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ta 


ure, 


] 


IX 


1 


6 


r 


V 


THE  BEE, 


ea 


'  C  i-ITERARY  WEEKLY  INTELLTGENOER, 


coMiiiTiMa  or 


I      •«RI0mAL  PIECES  AND  SELECTIONS  FROM  PERFORMANCES 
OF  MERIT,  FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC. 


^  WOKK    CAtC«T.ATKD    TO    »tHIMrNATl    VlirOL    XNOWttD«K 
AMOMC  ALL  »AMXt    OF   F*OPl«  AT  A  (MALL  SXr(M«B, 


BY 


JAMES  ANDERSON,  L  L  D. 
r  ■  t.  r  A>.  e. 

Htmraiy  Mtmbtr  of  the  Society  of  Artt,  jigricuhurt,  Sec.  at  Bath  {  eftkt 
PbiUiOfbkal,  and  of  the  Agricultural  Sicietitt  in  Ma  N  c  H  i  s  T  ■  ft  ;  of  tie 
Socittj for  fromttiitg  Natural Hittory,  London  }  ofthijUademj  of  Arttt 
Seitucet,  and  Billet  Ltttrei,  Vijcru  and  corrispomient  Mtmttr  tf  tbt 
Ry/al  Sotitljifagri$uJture,PAtlt',  Author  of  ttviral Performtuutt. 


VOLUME  TENTH. 


Aril  JtlATINyC  MOftK   MODO^VI. 


HoftACC. 


XOINBUROH  : 
tRIHTED  FOR  THE  EDITOK, 

ll,»CC,XCU.— TOl*'""* 


'i 


Contents  of  Volume  Tenth. 


Skstch  ofthelife  of  the  earl 

Buchtn>  with  a  portrait,  •  •  t 
The  imptoirtinent  of  flieepand 

wool,  -  -  ,  .  -  .  9 
On  the  poori  ratea,  -  -  -  17 
Characteriitical  anecdotei    of 

Fontaine,  the  French  fabuliit,  37 
The  petition  of  the  lharlci  of 

I       'frica, 34- 

J  :E<  .acta  from  Cose'i  tnveU,  -  36 
'"    To  correspondenta,    -     -      -    40 
£k<.-uhof  the  life  of  the  earl 

R>ehan,  concluded,    -     -     41 
1'  T1j«  '  «provement  of  Aeepami 
I       woo',  concluded,    -  -    -    -    47 
/  B  eoi '  .ka  on  taxation,  -  -  -  -  57 
I    0:i  -hs  milky  way,    •    -     -    6« 
i    Rsiidiig  memotanduma,  .  -  -  63 
G'itia'iag%  of  literature,— «l«c- 
tH<  i^ptoma  accompanying 
je.i -bquakea,    -    •   -    -    -    68 
At)it\i — hiit(>ry  of  the  effecta 
'f  •■  iird  drimitng,  by  J.  C. 
JL-- '<om,  M.D.  4to,  Lon- 

dt-.,  I79», 71 

Zztracta  from  Coxe'l  travels,  -  77 
Account  of  the  pangolin,  great 
mania,  or  acaly  lizard,  with 
,acut,    •     -     -----    81 

Xucubrattona  ofTimothy  Hair- 
brain,    -    -    ----    -    83 

Itemariu  on  Thunderprbora 

eftayi  by  Misobrontec,    -  -  96 
Readying  memorandami,    •  •  los 
Gleaninga  of  literatuie,  -  -  .  107 
A  Turkilb  cure  for  the  gout,    1 10 
Anecdote  of  a  new  made  juttice,i  la 
To  correapondenta,  -    -    -    -    ib. 

Efiwy  m  coughs  and  colds  -  -  I13 
■On  leaaea    -    -    -.----  ia« 

Additional  obsentationaondittos»7 
^On  Rupert's  glafa  dropat  -  -  130 
Anecdote  of  William  111.  -  •   134 

of  a  sailor,  -    -   .    -  135 

JOcaciiption  of  a  view  on  the 
WaterofLeith   -    -    .  .    136 
,  Aetachcd  icin»k|    •    '  -  -  Vk» 


rAOK 

On  Dr  Stuart's  elements,  •  -  140 
Szetciaes  in  practical  grammar,  I4i 
To  correapondenta,  -  -  -  •  ib. 
Account  of  the  armadillo,  with 

a  cut,  ------.-153 

Timoleon's  acoond  letterto  tite 

people  of  Great  Britain,   --15$ 
On  the  cotton  mani;.(acturc8,  •  1&4 
On  mathematica,  .....  .17a  ' 

An  anecdote  of  Jamei -I.  -  .  174 
Ciercises  in  pi  actical  grammar 

coatinucd,  •  -  .  -  •  -  -  ijy 
Seiico,  a  talc,  Iranalated  from 

the  French  of'M.  Fkirian  -  iSi 
Intelligence  from  New  South 

Waka  .  -  .-...-.  196 
To  correspondenta,  .-•>--  -  ib. 
Account  of  Arcadia  continued,  1^3 
Eftay  on  delicacy  of  sentiment,  aoi 
Anti<|Hit8ea  in  Scotland,  -  -  -  105 
Thcruins  of  a  vitrified  fortifi- 

cafSoB,  -    ■    -   -    -   ...  sit 
On  Voltaire,    -     -    -    .   -    »i2 
Seiico,  a  tale,  concluded,    -     31^ 
Anecdo^    .......  ^jj 

To  correspondents,  ^  -  .  -  -  334 
Timoleon's  third  letterto  the 

people  of'Great  Britain,  .33$ 
On  architecture,  -  -  .  -  334 
Grammatical  disquiaitiens,  -  •  339 
An  account  oCthe.agamie,  •  349 
Anecdotes  ofBroor,  the  oele- 

brated  Flemilh  painter,  -  •  351 
The  temple  oMIymen,  .  -  357 
Literary  intelligence,  -  .  .  36* 
Anecdotes  of  Alphonso,  king 

of  Arragon,  -  .  -  .  .  363 
To  cnrrespondents,  -  .  .  '364 
Oftaste  in  architecture,  -  .  365 
Description  of  the  fortifieationt 

at  Dun-o-deer  in  Scotland,  374 
Ground  plan  of  the  hill  of 

Dun-o-deer,  -  -  -  -  375 
West  and  north  views  of  the 

hill  and  fortifications  of  ditto,  376 
Grammatical  disquisitions,  -  374 
DeUKhcd  remark,    ...    *%$ 


I     ^'1 


Tt 


0ontents. 

vagp: 


Thobghtt  on  the  commotioni  m 

Rolsfcire, 897 

Hints  to  the    pvcroni  of  the 

Bee, »97— * 

Eiperimcnts  on  gypium,  300— « 
Tim«leon'«  letter  to  the  Edi' 

tor, 301—1 

On  Weir's  muieum,  -  -  -  10+ — 2 
Obiervationt  00  Spanidifiieep, 

with  a  cut  of  a  Spanilh  ram,  305 
Account  of  Don,  a  Merino  ram,  307 
iCrammatical  ditquiaitions  con- 
tinued,    •--.--  311 
On  revenue  law*,     -    -  -         319 
Wisdom  and  wealth  an  alle- 
gory,    -    -      -    .    -      -  313 
Hints   in    the    prosperity    of 

atates,    -    -    -     .    -    -  jas 
<flmt*  respecting  the  progrefs  of 

manufactures,    -    *    .*    -  3J' 
A  new  and  important  disco- 
very,   -        -----  33S 

To  correspondents,    -     •     -  336 
Historical  chronicle  at  the  end, 

PORTRT. 

The  lottery,  a  tale  for  the  la- 
dies, .  -    ^      -    -      -    -   a5 

Martial,  lib.  viii.  epig,  3  imi- 
tated,   -      -    .    -      -    -     65 

Rondo  by  T.H  Butler,  tothe 
memory  of  Mn  Sheridan,  -    H 

Verjes  on  the  spring,     -      -    67 

Sonnet,    -.-.--  105 


rjiaft 


cha- 


Modem  refinement  or  a 

rarter  of  the  times,      -    • 
Versec  from  a  poem  entitled 
a  Morning  Walk,   -    -    - 
The  peacock  and  dove  a  fable 
Verses  on  Aattery,     .    -  -    - 
Martial,.lib.  v.  epig.  10  imiu- 

ted,         .         -        - 
Martial,  lib.   xii.  epig.   31. 
imitated,        -         .         - 
The  ninth  elegy  of  Buchanan 

translated,         -        -        -   ib. 
Ovid's  epiatle  to  hit  wife,  from 

PontBii,  translaledt 
Verses  to  hope,     -      -    -     - 
The  lafs  of  Martindale,    -    - 
An  epigram,     .    -     -    -    . 
Verse*  on  patience,     .    -    . 
——'  wrote  by  a  lady  in  a  deep 
decline  to  her  child,  an  in 
fant  of  nine  months  old,    - 
Lines  wrote  by  Voltaire  on  hit 
death-bed,   supposed  to  be 
the  last  he  ever  wrote. 
An  ode  to  fancy,     -    - 
What  is  love  ?     -  «  -    ■ 
Martial,  lib.  ii.  ejpig.  8.  imi- 
tated,     

Martial,ditto,epig.4. ditto,  - 
The  disappointment,  -  -  - 
Thomson  to  Mift  Young,  - 
Martial,  lib.    xii.   epig.    21 

imitated,    .    -      - 
Marrial  ditto,  epig.  34  ditto,  •    ib. 
An  epigram,    -    -     -     -    -     ib. 


I7< 


ai6 
ai7 
siS 
Ib. 
*4« 


«47 

a4S 
aS6 
a«7 

%%% 
ib. 

3*9 

ib. 

330 


Errata. 

Yaoc  48  dele  the  three  last  linrs  of  the  pag^. 

105  line  9  for  thistle noiu  read  tbittlei  twini. 

163  line  ao  for  imm,  dtir  iougil,  read  state.  Dear  btugbl. 

-I  —  141  last  line  for  refiection  read  refiexim. 

Directions  for.  the  Binder. 
Place  the  chronicle  at  the  end  before  the  index ;  and  the  contents  next 
the  title  page.    There  are  two  signatures  r  r. 

fLATES. 

HiA»  of  the  earl  of  Buchan  fronting  p.  i. — ThePangorw  p.  ja. — ^View 

of  St  Bernard's  well  p.  1 36  —  The  armadillo  p.  iS3 Roineof  v'.tri-* 

fied  walla  at  Dun-o-deer  p.  a  1 1 . — Ground  plan  of  Ae  bill  of  ditto,  p.  V]% 
West  and  north  views  of  ditto  p.  176.— Spaniih  ram  ^.  30|. 


^t^ 


txet 

!nt  or  a  cha- 
iniM,      -   -     i»S 
oem  entitled 
ilk,  -    -    -     i3r 
1  dove  a  fable    139 

f,     -    -  -    -  17s 

pig.  10  iniu* 
-        -        -    ib. 
i.  cpig.    31. 

-  I7« 
r  of  Buclianan 

-  ib. 
hit  wife,  from 
ated,      •      -  ai6 

>      -    -    -  ai7 

tiridale,    -    -  si8 

.     .    .    .    ib« 

ice,    -    -    .   »4* 

lady  in  a  deep 

child,  an  in- 
mths  old,    -     347 
Voltaire  on  hit 
ipposed  to  be 
er  wrote,    -     148 
a«6 

-«  .    -    -    187 

etois.  8f  imi- 

...  -  »88 
pig.  4.  ditto,  -  ib. 
sent,  -  -  -  3*9 
ft  Young,  -  ib. 
cii.   epig.    SI 

....  330 
pig.  34  ditto,  •  ib. 
.    .     .     .    .     ib. 


tar  itugbt. 


id  the  contents  nest 


igolin  p.  ja. — y»m 

\ Rnina  of  v'.tri-* 

bill  of  ditto,  p.  a7f 


Ks'mtttTJIO       JfCR     THH  JiJSK 


T}jc  'CoiistaMeJP.E.ofBT7CiiAT^o 


i-'ti'-iittriiiiii-''"""'*""-"'"''-"^ 


rCHAT^-o 


«i. 


THE  BEE, 

on 
LIIERAR  r  WgESLT  INrElLICENCER,     ■ 

-,'■    ■    ■   ■    ■•■.::*i.',i    ir<c.'\ 


■  irjf, 


roB 


W*»fl«i»AT,  JittY  \\t  17^9. 


I   3 


■<•«'? 


j6HN.B1.0F  BUtttAN,  6&NSt  A%tk  OF  PR  ANCE. 

HAViN^i^ff^ed  ipth,WQi|der  «ad  r^gtet,  tiiat,  whHe , 
tI|Le.e4itorsit>f  the^  Q^^ni^ift  Bt^tannicM  have  been  ob- , 
t»a4iog  90  tJi^%  pii|)]j«.the  4iye».of  obacure clergymen^,  , 
i^Qse  nHMC  hmwirifyUe  f itoflitioil  i«  the  ihadq,  and. 
vpiboae  bept  mem^i^  '^  iht}f^TOii\i\tX  repi;^ation  pr«-  ( 
served  by  the  tradition  of  the  people,  thej  have  omitted^ 
seme  «f  th«:  most  iatevestiag  characters  that  h^  es^ 
ciaped  theiy.p^sde^efsors  in  the  former  edifioQ  of  thot 
Biograp^ia^  I  bayn,  thought  it  might  not  be -improper 
to  throw  upon  pi^r,  £or.  this  cespect^bl^  mi^peDanj^r 
tbe  oujLlines  of  a  life.'uid  chavfM;t«r,.that  hsw  been  hi- 
tlie^c) :  .uvguBtl7  neglectod  \>j  our.Britifli  biogra-- 

John  Stewart,  earl  of  Fuclian^  ccms^^^^ 

-  the  eldest  »on  oJ^J^^^d^^ Jj^jl^ 


vras 

VOL.  X. 


f    ' 


A  Ji/it/yohHttrii^BmeUm:        July  lU 

second  wife,  (Mariella  or  Maurielle  Keith)  daughter 
of  Sir  William  Keith,  great  mariftal  of  j^tatfS. 
He  was  bom  abuut  the  ^r  i^84,  ahd  trained  tnm 
his  earlj  yooth  to  the  profefaion  of  araM. 

His  father,  the  duke  regent,  gare  him  for  hit  ea^ 
tabliftnnem  the  laiids  endloriifluf  ofCovlr*?  wA 
frota  thence  he  waa  caUed  among  the  people,  tfa# 
Irave  John  o*  CmAb.  In  th0  Tear  »4o6,  he  wm 
named  one  of  the  hostagea  that  were  to  |p  to  Eng- 
land for  the  ranaom  of  the  earl  of  Dovg^as,  who  hat 
remained  a  priaimer  ainoe  the  battle  of  Shrewabvrjr, 
in  the  year  1401 4  Itnt  <h«l''n^|;dtllil^  for  the  libera- 
tioB  of  Dm^N  htftng  pfwred  iJaorttve^  hOi  witli^ 
the  other  intended  hoitagca^rcmiSQ^^  in  Swliad  f. 

The  eaddmB  tif  Bnchan,  ftating  been  vested  ni  the 
dnke  of  AtbanT,  •lAcie^^^blA  khU  biM^er  ■fAittm^ 
Aftder  M  die  fku  1^4  Be.  t^pM'  il^  '^tejj^itttkkit' 
to  th^  regen^TV  eOnfi^eft  «i»i».  Ilfto(9»  «f  i»»^«ek4ibM 
«n  Ms  aeh,  Jdhh  of'  Oool^  T«ri}ifti|||'li»>Miiv  M  dto 
«a«M  ^$me}  Uto  tXU^  «r  gtetr  i^MliMkirMBh^  ilw 
Idftgdbm,  Wh^  tliif  AH^  Ahd  iNM>  •!»»  tli»  yett" 

^ifitt-  ■''-"■''^'''     --t^'-HlKr  .,!?.%    .:  t,iu■^i  ,  ;.^v;.  ■ 

thiir  offiee  «»  IKmH)  dffiign  Irfii' Utinl^  ovlbird^  <|f 
l^N^hM  OB^;  aH(t%  tiie  >Mt«t  '4Mpmi6m-mifyt»- 
u  neme»ict  «  gWtitf HfOiy  lij^friaJilttlfW  Sii^'ll^ 
Kaab'IC^ith^  khci  inarMii^  M<r  iritfgiM«inpaaM*>Ue 
|{I«tidteoth«^'i(ltlM'lni«i  oifTbMH,  tWfft^iftl^ 
«f  StirUngfliire,  which  aeffictentfj  j^^ve  that  the^iANr 

*  ^1m^^  in  t}i9|»|iUic  aidivai 


h)  daughter' 

riincd  firom 

I  for  hit  Cf' 
«•!»•:?  «A 
people,  th# 
»6,  he  wts 
p»  to  Eng. 
M,  who  htti 
Ihrewtebni'jrf 
r  the  liber*- 

W  h<H  vi<li 
Scotliadf. 
Tsted  in  the 

ifaiy  M  dto 

il^titiigiliy 

Ben  «idy  to^ 
»« SitlVilh 

|i'FiNNiM*'Ue 
WMnAn^p 
that  ihe^Mi^ 


AttUijoCii^^ar^lDmjilonet  diiii^tt  iMtibat  ti«ie,coa- 
v^  the  jiMrisdMPiiQii  ia.  Scoil^ad* 

|n  te  jeiae  140^  •  chftitet  pafred  the  great  •€•!» 
for  eonvejfiog  the  «fllae  and  Jurisdiction  of  earl  to 
the  Uicd  Of  Buahaa  *.    The  creaitt«i  of  an  earl  in 

■  leptkiMlgaTe  nc  t<:>rfeicular  right  if  litttng  in  parlta- 
^aanl.  John  Stua;  t  «at^  befoee  hit  ereatien  to  Ae 
•Bfldoflii,  in  right  ef  hi*  ]andi»  The  Seotf » it  would 
feenH  1>«I  Qo  '^*'  io  thme  da|r»  «f  a  Ung  ercating  •> 
•ttfvcB  and  logiaktec. 

The  Juke  TOgeiit  ftbt^ined  likepriM  f«c  hie  mm,. 
•Jlwpb«i».the  eafldom' of  iUb«  en  iche  rcM^Mti«|n'  of 

mAemia,  the  datghftur  and  liairiMe>  •£  A4e»wdcr 
'Itedj  carl  nf  ]M«k  hf ,the  pnuwiefs  Itn)he^^|la«t^whO' 

.mufliB  daughter  of  AUvnjr  hy  Ms  fint  ^Hucriag  af. 
J^idMOobtaiaed  pofscluen  of  dte  earldPia  of  R^»; 

and  ejccrciseci  its  fBQctionst.«a  ivdl  M  took  the  titliSt; 

aa  vjffKtm  from^hb  ^harlari,  ;]3on«td-  !M*i3ot«dd^ 
. lendjOf  the  Isles^  desctalled.£r»rti.aeeiiMrk4)  thaanof 
-AtgylU  disputed  the  vaKditf  of  ihb  fimaaetApn  in' 
,>ig^of  his. wile,  fianghtthei ahatOe  pf  HairUw»  ottf* 

s4dSt  in  defence  of  hiafitiet«ib4<iafl,  Whach.iMws«  aftar- 

wMii,  bf  Aoapranuie.with  lfc«  c«ai(fa,.allciwied  tti^a- 

■  ■on.    t^  eaddadn  <p£  Kefa  wpe  bng  aftte  feififiMi* 
.tanlaMieiDed  iin>the  cnnm$.  bDt:f(Mnth«eliid7'}ot9B^,. 

theecicpaddanghMr  4if  Wifiiiin  Ae-  aiktiireari^  the 
.  preaant  lord  Aaltentia  :>dei»eniiad».  and  ia  her  hcif,  oat. 
■.<*ast«pp«ara)iegs%.  <affMed  fagr  Afe  aetaii#irj„ic^ 
,«a)cAiag  tOjoar  jiiadenijdeotiUM  af  ifiMfieit 


hMjIi^md 


t  Eiipit«p|{{k  VM  tSsk^f  4MK«a4f  ififi  ^9«t|  aM  M 
t»bcc9flk  k  Ma.  V  .     . 


V  4  fift  of  John  earl  of  Btuhau.  yt/fy  n . 

In  the  year  1408,  the  earl  of  Buchan  was  namol 

one  of  the  hostages  to  go  into  England  for  the  ran- 

<  som  of  his  brother  the  earl^of  Fife  * ;  but  though  a 
safe  conduct  was  sent  for  the  hostages,  the  transac 

'tion  did  not  proceed.     In  the  year  1413,  he  married 
the  lady  Elizabeth  Douglas,  daughter  of  Ardubald, 

•■  the  fourth  earl  of  Douglas,  by  whom  he  had  an  only 

'daughter,    who  became  the  wife  of  the  lord  SetOB» 

'  wcestor  of  the  earls  of  Winton  f . 

In  the  year  1416,  the  duke  of  Albany  having  re- 

<iiewed  the  negotiation  with  England,  for  the  ransom 

'  of  king  James  I.  who  had  beennow  ten  years  a  pri- 
soner, in  breach  of  the  law  of  nations,  appointed 

'^  Buchan,  with  other  great;i|prds,  to  Gonq>lete  the  treaty 
for  his  delivery ;  but  they  were  forced  to  return  to 

•  Scotland,  after  a  {hort  residence,  without  being  able 

•  to  bring  it  to  an  equitable  conclusion. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  y^ear  1419,  Buchan  wa» 
appointed  commander  in  chief  of  the  Scots  auxiliaries, 

•  for  supporting  the   right  of  Charles  vu.  while  dau- 
'  pfain  of  France,  to  the  succe&ion  to  that  kingdom, 

against  the  machinations  of  the  infamous  queen  Isa- 
bella,  and  the  arms  of  England.  Under  the  commaud 
of  the  earl  of  Buchan,  were  Sir  John  Stuaict.^f  Darn, 
ley,  Sir  Robert  Stuart,  Archibald,  earl  if  Wigton, 
son  to  earl  Ilouglsis,  Sir  Alexander  Lindsay,  brother 
to  the  earl  ol£rawfurd;  and  several  other  captains  of 
-distinguilhfd  bravery  and  reputation,  with  four  thou- 
sand chosen  vsterana  from  the.  militia  of  Scotland, 
who  had  served  under  the  banners  of  their  respective 


1 


>fy  n. 

was  namtfd 
For  the  rafl- 
nt  though  a 
the  transac- 
he  married 
'  Archibald, 
had  an  only 
lord  Setoii» 

'  having  rc- 
the  ransom 
jreara  a  pri- 
f  ai^ointed 
« the  treaty 
ta  return  to 
t  being  able 

Suchan  was 
auxiliaries, 

while  dau- 
kingdom, 

queen  Isa- 
le  conunaud 
ct.of  Darn- 
>f  WigtoB, 
ay,  brother 
captains  of 

four  thoii- 
Scotland, 

respective 


.1791/'  iifeefyohn  earl  0/ B'uchari'.  y 

ehiefttns  in  the  wars   with  England.     These  'troops 
were  landed  at  Rocbelle^  early  in  the  summer  of  that 

*yOaT ;  and  soon  after  proceeded  to  the  aid  of-  the  dau> 
phin,  who  had  been  lately  deceived  by  the  pretended 
rwdnoiliation  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy  ^t  Pouilly 

■UFort.  A  truce  soon  succeeded  b,  "  renewal  of 
hostilities  by  Henry  v.' 

It  would  exceed  the  limits  of  your  journal,  fhould 

r I  here  enter  i|ito  a  detail  of  the  circumstances,  not 
lefs  interesting  in  th<2ma«lve»  than  characteristic  of 
the  times,  wineb-Jiappenud  at  the  interview  between 
^  daoj^tK  aad   the  duke  of  Burgundy  at  Pouilly, 

■Bsdl^'  bonference  at  Montereau,   where  the  duke, 

'-  fratm  mu'  aocUejttal  Qustake,  was  cruelly  afsafsiuated . 

:  Nor  would -qiaaii^  of  youir  readers  be  deeply  interest- 
ed' in  the  political  struggles  of  that  kingdom  at  a  pe- 

'  rlod  novt  so  distant.  It  is  only  necefsary  to  say  that 
this  afsafsination  proved  highly  detrimental  to  the  in- 
teiriMts'of  the  dauphin.  It  served  to  unite  the  prin- 
cipal cities  against  him,  and  in  favours  of  Henry  v. 
of  England,  whose  son,  in  place  of  the  daupLin,  was 
aoknowicdged  to  be  the  presumptive  heir  to  thexrown 

:  of  France,  which  was  the  cause  of  those  unfortunate 
wars  that  rendered  both  countries   miserable  for  a 

■  long  time ;  and  happily  terminated  at  last  in  the 
'  total  Expulsion  of  the  Engliih  from  that-  kingdom, 
■■  and  a  total  reUnquiftiment,  on  our  , own  part,  of  all 
-  dftims,  unlefs  it  be  to  retain  the  eitipty  title  of  king 

■  of  France,  which  we  stiU,  absurdly  enough,  continue 
to  adopt. 

As  it  was  in  these  struggles  that  the  eaii-of  Buchan 
distinguiftied  hiooself,  so  much  of  the  histoi^y  only 


MSi!'^Si^f^file-&&'ih 


i^' 


4  i^^yatnmt»f^tuhm         fufy  f  T. 

AiBll  bsxMiiineA,  •«  i*  nMefeary  to  displaj  li»  •«- 
.chi«yeiaeatt  aad  dkanMCer. 

Tho  unhappf  CihariM  oc  of  Frsnce  dwd  Qn  tlie 
«6thOo|c^r  i4as,/«dientlM:  dKuphiii»&iduighimtj4£ 
Sedated  a  public  eftemy  hj  the  parlntment  of  Fana« 
aotwitiutanduig  the.  macamiDon  taclemencjr  of  the  wm- 
tcr,  afsembledhis  forces,  andicith  die  aidof  theSoata 
auxiliaries,  u(id6r  tiie  contmaBdoftbeearlof  Bachaii* 
whidihad  noetTifid  a  ma£airbeaKnt  from  Scottetii, 
marched  them  into  the  province  of  Aajon«  aad  joiNtt^ 
these  troops  to  the  militia,  onder  the;  eomuMMd^ttlie 
marilhal  de  la  Favvtte,  the  >Tisco«at  of  NadHow^iMril 
•dter  cicperieaced  oncers »  Tonegni  de  ClhaMni, 
and  other  codUeatitd  eoquiMUiders^  takiag  diMf9.<4ȣ 
the  force*  voder  the  |>M|iua>  Mmad&«Us.o>^^ 

Tours. 

.  Thftdukeof  Clarence*  who  cnwwMrtwIriilw  fl>rtt» 
of  the  kiag  of  England^  ai&er  having  for  aome  ttete 
watched  and  counteracted  tbe.movcflieQCft  of  the  alU«d 
forces  dT  the  dauphin,  nsolfad  to  attadt.  them  in 
their  poM,  adioininf  to  .Bamg^j  GlsireMe  expcctad 
to^  surprise  Buchaa  ia  his  camp  (  ftod  iHth.  tlMit 
desiga  drew  off  fifteen  hundred,  men  at  anas*  of  Ae. 
choeen  screugth  of  his  Jirmj,  together  with  afaouC 
four  thousand  militia^  lemriag  the  etil  of  Sdiiiuty  to 
eome  sp  with  the  mam  hbdj  of  the  mxmj  f  oo*f  r 
his  intend  attack.;  laut.Bficfttn  having  ■rteeuredfu- 
tsUigenee  of  tiie  approach  «fCla»eiNe»  r«(»i»«d  Ufa 
witihi  a>goo4  sonnteaiMUAnd  in  InUfocta.  .After  h(Mr-- 
ing  received  the  impetuous  Ihock  of  ClarcB«B*i  «t» 
tack,  he  drove  him  faac^^  his  .d«l«  aud^rmdefenpe 
uyoD^hM^Msr  guards  hrcakiag  throvkth  tiM  mk»  '«£ 


Ikd  pn  tliB 

at  o£Fuia« 
rofthewHUi 
of  ths'Ssat* 
lolBuehw* 
n  Scethtilt 
^  «ad  joiMi 
mi«id«£tlap 

<b  ",  ■■'        . 

IcAilK  ft>KttS 

r  •Mkfe  tbttc 
ftoftheallMd 
adc  them  ia 
expected 
«ttli  tliftt 
anas*  of  ^■ 
with  ahomt 
|f  Sdtimfj  to 

MoevreA  »• 
r«c»i*«dU«ni 

lfcu:cB«e*«  «»- 
tte  nmki '«£ 


the  Esglift^'aod^  afnr  •  kn^  Mid  dbatiatte  o6ttlif», 

gftitti»2  a  decisive  v<ict»r^,  iMrfofe  di«  maia  lod/  af 

tl«t^  anny  wa»  teronglit  up  ]vf  Siii&utf7<. 

%'fjba  dttk«^  GUfcnoa  waa  li^cd  ia  th«  k«f»fkfitn|^ 

of  tba  cBji^eineat^  •«  li  i»  aaidt  hjr  Biicliatt  faiiteel^ 

who  staaadli  and  uahtoMd  kuA  ))]r  a'  Udw  «f  fait' 

mace. 

Qt)»ers^iirifib«]^peai«aK(o  oftnitliciafiiefft  liar  BaehMk 
oiify  •(vtxdK  and  <i«li»f«ed  «h*  duka*  aad  tkaa  h*  wte 
kilkdbf  tite  klfd of  S^ofta*  ^  The  ««rl  d£  Ktet^ 
aad  tkc  imda  Hana  %lid  Gvej,i  were  aUKiNig^  da  slaao  $ 
tHeearh af Hantiogdaa  aAd SaaBertet»  and tfaaedaiit 
daiaiPeroIic^  weniaadQ  priaehara.  Thft  «h(4«  lad 
«f  ii^e  EiqjKfli  ia  eslateaiMd^lijwateikparBfj  wahcitaB, 
at  thwi^  tlmsiiand,  "and  od  tha  sidv«f  titt  dimplu^  at 
deren  hundred.  ' 

I^ManthMtaadbfi  ihk  advantage^  Badws  did  n6C 
attadotlu  naervc  tader  ike  carl  oif  Saiiftnirjv  beiof 
«£ndd^iii1^B  pMicnt  sttaiti<>a  aflfae  daap)BK%  a^ 
Albph^  of  haterdtnf  a  «lie<Hb<wfakli  taightlaftcatte  c£^ 
fact  of  •«  unpooDMit  m^iiAMjri  aaid th<Mfi^  he  piru«. 
4fen<^7)ed  bia  arm^  ta4yv«««vr«  «be  ^«v^<iai  thaC 
mighji  ofthotwifM  affMPd  mi]ii^art<»««rcngth«a  tke  army 
«f  «h«  eneiBjN  He  aceordioglj  iMNlc  kialaclf  aMuttct 
.44a«ver«ltfie«>9>dcirabla  {^aaas,  a«d  intested  the  fetw 
tre&  of  Alen^on,  to  tkt  veUttf  <»f  «hi(^  Ais  «adl  <i£ 
Balifburj  came  np^  bait  thenght  it  not  proper  to  at* 
<ack  Buchan  when  hfa  froopa  ^^  fluiKed  with  vie* 
*atjf  and  pcise&ed  of  a  favmirajtle  sHuatioQ  for 
iiattle. 

•  ^Kcitdr  of  tha  wofihy  iM  mt*t\Mt  Jm4  Swlataif  «ar«f  tt* 
lar4»  of  SeftlokJnScotianl. 


ff  ii/i  6fyo6ti  earl  o/Sucharr. '       'July.xti ' 

.  On  his  retreat,  Buchan  being  desirous  of  relinqaifli« 
ing  the  siege,  when  he  had  just  struck  terror  on  the 
enemy,  attacked  Salifburj,  and,  cutting  off  three  or 
four  hundred  of  his  troops,  penetrated  into  the  coutii* 
trjr  without  the  disadvantage  of  seeming  to  relinquilli 
the  siege  of  Alen9oh  from  motives  of  prudence.  In' 
this  conduct  Buchan  seems  to  have  exhibited  the  cau- 
tion and  foresight  of  %  political  commander,  who 
looked  to  the  general  posture  of  the  kingdom^  and  of 
the  daiiphin's  affairs,  rather  than  to  the  £ifliionabl« 
impetuosity,  of  the  times  ;  and  to  have  gained  credit 
for  his  cdnduct  at  Vemeuiel,  which,  notwithstanding 
the  French  accounts,  I  believe^  was  for  waving  battk 
and  protracting  the  war,  rather  than  hazarding  a  ge« 
nertd  engagement- with  disadvantage^  and  my^opinion 
is  founded  on  this  affair  at  Alen^on.     • 

The  accounts  of  the  victory  at  Baug^  were  receiviftd 
by  the  dauphin  at  Tours,  who,  with  a  view  to  attach 
the  Scots,  whose  valour  had  so  signally  contributed  to 
gain  this  advantage,  bestowed  the  sword  of  constable 
xA  France,  which  had  remained  unpofsefted  since  the 
death  of  the  count  d*  Armagnac,  on  the  brave  earl 
of  Buchan* ;  who  was  not  long  after  permitted  to  re- 
turn to  Scotland,  with  a  yiew  to  obtain  another  rein- 
ibrcsment  <  of  his  brave  countrymen  to  support  the 
cause  of  France  and  the  dauphin. 

To  ht  cottUnued» 


T 


*  L'HUtoire  it  France  par  Vtllarct,  p.  %%: 


Mifcrai,  Daniel,  4ff. 


Frelinquifh*  > 
;rror  on  the  . 
off  three  or  • 
to  the  couh- 

0  relinquifb  * 
udence.     Iti' ' 
ted  the  caU-  : 
lander,   who 
doiiii  and  of ' 

£a(hionable  < 
gained  credit : 
iiritbststnding  : 
raving  battU:  > 
arding  a  ge-  > 

1  my^opinioa  • 

■  > 
rare  received 
lew  to  attach ' 
antributed  to 
i  of  constable  '■ 
fsed  since  the : 
he  brave  earl' 
rmitted  t»  re- 
Uiother  rein-  ■ 
r  support  the  • 


li,  banitt,  tft.  ■ 


t^pli  iti^tneiieni  ofjktip  and  voosl. 


THE  IMPROVEMENT  OF  SHEEP  AND'WOOL. 

■To  Sir  Jobii'Sinc/ait;  bart.  and  lb*  other  direetars  and  members 
((ftbr  society  iiutitutedfor  the  improvement  ofBritiJb  voml 
'  'in" Scotland. 

GENTtXMBIf, 

It  must  give  pleasure  to  every  one  wha  hai  the  pro. 

•^Ijeritj  ot  this  country  at  heart,  to  see^  thst,  by  your 
means,  such  a  general  spirit  has  been  excited  iu  thU 
nation,  and  the  public  attention  ao  strongly  directed 

>-towards  the  improvement  of  -wool,  one  of  the  earliest 
smd  most  important  staple  productions  of  this  island ; 

:  aad  it  is  the  duty  of  every  good  man  to  co-«perate 

-with  you  in  rendering  tiiese  improvements  as  cont- 

,pletc  and  as  lasting  aspofisible. 

As  you  have  invited  every  person  to  suggest  what« 
ever  appears  to  them  of  utility  on  thi&  momentous 
subject,  I  beg  leave,^  in  compUaace  with  that  invi< 

'tatbn,with-anpo&ible  respect,  to  submit  thefoUoW" 
ing  hints  >to  your  consideratioa. 

TTie  attention  of  a  gre&t  part  of  Europe  is  now  di*- 

^vected  towards  you,  and  expectations  are  raised' that 
ought  not  to  be  disappointed.  It  therefore  behoves 
you   to  proceed  with    a  cautious    circuoospection. 

'Many  important  ybrKr  respecting  this  subject  are 
-httherto  unascertained  {  and  as  opinions  are  divided 
concerning  them,  I  humbly  beg  leave  to  submit  to 
your  consideration,  whether, -in  order  to  cut  fiiott  the 

<endlefs  arguments  that  must  occur  where  epimions 
are  offered  in^ead  of  facts,  it  mifht  not  be  proper  to 
voi..'x.  »  f 


\^6.  tmprovetntnt  o/Jheep  and  wool. -^       July  lu 

to  begin  with  making  such  experiments  as  fliould  ef- 

,  fcctttally  ■  ascertain  doubtful  facts  ;  after  which  we 
jnight  then  prbceed  to  reason  upon  them  with  pra> 
priety. 

Everj  gentleman  in  this  society  has  had  opportu« 
iiities  of  observing  the  confusion  that  arises  from 
different  persons  having  adopted  opinions  contradic- 
tory to  each  other.  Without,  therefore,  spending 
inore  time  oii  this  head,  I  ihall  proceed  to  mention  a 
■few  of  those  things  respecting  the  hature  and  econo- 
my of  the  Hieep,  that  are  still  disputable ;  and  to  point 
out  a  plan  by  which  it  is  probable  some  of  them  might 
T)e  ascertained. 

■  I^conceive  that  no  person  can,  at  the  present  mo- 
inent,  give  clear  and  satisfactory  answers  to  the  fol- 
iowing  queries,  from  facts"  that  have,  to  his  know- 
ledge, beeen  ascertained  by  clear  and  undeniable  esc- 
"periments,  viz. 

'"  1st.  What  is  the  influence  of  c///»a/tf  on  the  fine- 
tiefs,  and  other  qualities  of  wool  ? 
•     ad.  What  is  the  effect  oifood  in  altering  the  fine- 
^efs  and  other  qualities  of  wool  ? 

■  3d.  Whdt  effect  hz3  exercise  in" these  respects? 
4th.  What  is  the  effect  oi  sex i  castration,  He.  on 

the  quality  of  wool  and  its  quar/tity  ? 

.  5th.  How  does  age  affect  the  fiheniefs,  closenefs,  or 
•other  qualities  of  the  wbol  ? 

6th.  Is  the  size  of  the  animal  necefsarily  connec- 
ted with  the  finenefs,  length,  softnefs,  or  other  qua- 
lities of  wool  ? 

7th.  ^s  t}w  finenefs,  elasticity,  of  other  qualities  of 
'the  wool,  necefsarily  connected  with  the  hardinefs  or 
delicacy  of  the  constitution  of  the  animal  ? 


. 


Julyiu 
3  fliould  ef- 
r  which  we 
I  with  pro* 

nd  opportu« 
irises  from 
3  coQtradic- 
:,  spending 
>  mention  a 
and  econo- 
and  to  point 
them  might 

iresent  mo- 
I  to  the  fol- 
I  his  know- 
leniable  e3U 

on  the  fine- 

ig  the  fine- 

spects? 
on,  lie.  on 

losenefs,  or 

ily  connec- 
other  qua. 

qualities  of 
ardinefs  or 


t^^S.''      impr&otmentofjheepandwool.  fi 

•  8th'.  Is  the  eloienep  of  the  pile  necefsarlly  con- 
nected with  the  Jinenefs   of  the  wool,  or  the  reverse  ? 

■  i)th;  ATtJhortnefi  ofpiU,  and  "^^lengtb  of  staple,  spe- 
cifieally  different,^'  or  may  they  be  changed  withqut 
any  alteration  of  the  breed  ? 

•  idth.  Is /j/i^-fA  »/"  ji«/>/f  necefaarily  connected  with 
toarsenefs  of filamtnt,  or  v'tct  versa  i  t 
-  llth.^Isthe  tendency  to  fatten  etisily,  necefsarily, 
artd  invariably  connected,  either  with  fincnefs  of  wool^ 
tlosenefs  of  pile,  or  any  otliejr  particular  concerning 
the  fleece?  Kp.»ji~&4iiyL:fa- <;."4fi:  lo  '  ..  ,  ■  • 
'  -lith.  tWhat  is  the  influence  oi  breed  in  altering  the 
qualities  of  the  flock,  independent  of  all  other  circum- 
istances?          - 

■  Thes*  querie»  might  be  extended  to  a  much  great* 
tetr  length ;  but  a  few  observations  on  the  above:  par- 
ticulars will  be  sufficient  to  illustrate  my  meaning, 
and  to  point  out  the  utility  of  fhe  measure  I  intend 
to  propose.  ,      .  .       '     '- 

'-'"I'i  the  itifiuenct  of  clmate  on  the  qualities  of  wool, 

■  While  one  set  of  persons  contend  that;  cold  and  ri- 
gorous diimates^  produce  coarse  and  bahy 'v(ool^  mw*- 
ther  party  maintain^  with  equal  positivencfs,  that  such 
rigorousclimates  tend  to  render  wool' of  the  same 
animal,  finer  and  better  in  every  respect.  Which  of 
these  are  right,  or  whether  both  of  them  may  not  iu 
part  be  right,  and  in  part  )>e  wrong,  are  points  that 
require  to  beyet  ascertained  ;  and  before  this  can' be; 
done  with  precision,  various  circumstancpj  mustibe- 
severally  adverted  to..  .  •< 

'  Climate,  in  as  far  as  respects  the  present  6b}eGt  of 
discufsion,  may  be  considered  under  three  dtatiucL 


H  tm^anrntnt,  t^fjbfp  ^Jttml*         July  ^x^. 

beads,  vi%.  ist.  In  regard  to  h«at  and  qoid  i^IoQe. 
3d.  lo  regard  to  moisture  and  diTneftfQhoii  Ab«  «!&•&. 
And  5d.  In  tegard  to  the  particular  ,«Baaon  pfjthe 
T^e^r,  that  any  exccfs  in  Msjueot,  to  .fi^v.  of  tboH 
particulars  maj  most  prevail. 

With  vegacd  to  beat . end  cold:    >Jh»  thu .  point  jiiaa  < 
been  already  asceruinod  l^expetimwO,  <^iAion»4i£* 
fer  perhaps  le&  than  on  any  ethfT-^faid.     I.  believe  ^ 
most  persons  wJio  have  reflected  >on>ithi».:»nbj«ctt  arc 
now  satisiitd    that  he»t  .has  a  nati^sal:  teo<toiCf  t«' 
make  ,the  wool  of  fheep  coarser  in  quality  and  thnijnt, 
ner  ittipilc}  and-that<told;cn  the  othsr  hapd,  renders  * 
4he.fleec«L.both:finer  jin :  the . grain. and  closjsr  in  pile, . 
On  this  head,  I  myself  have  no  doubt,  having.made'- 
•  great,  xnaaji  experiments  «n  >.  this :  subject  vutli  rthe . 
flecefsttry<Aceuraey ,  .  .which  asoertained  ■  this  \  point  to^ 
die  entire  s^isfactioa,  not  only  of  myself,  but  of  .every 
«ther  person  who.  closely  .attended  to.,  tltem  *.    fiut 
others  may  doubt  of  this  ;  and  to  give  these  «xperir 
ntents  their  full'  degree  of  authenticity  it- would  ;be 
proper  that  these  Ihould  he  repeated  under,'  the.direc« 
don  of  t^is  society,  with  a  due  attention  to  every, 
circumstance  that  can  pofsibly  > affect  the^Eesult..   In' 
psfi^tioular,  it.  would  be  necefsary  to  advert  to  the  fol- 
lowing circumstances,,  which  were, not  under. my  view 
at .  the  time   these  .  experiments  -were   made,   vi». 
first,  the  permanency  of  a  changeprodticed  by  "Climate  .- 
on  th«  animal  itself  j  or,  second,!  tfte.in^UQn^  -that' 
a  temporary  variatitin  of  cHmai:«  mity  hoye.on-thp 

*  Tbete  experiments  are  faitlifulljr  recorded.    X>kMrvatioli»  on  juitioo- 
■1  iaduitr/]  LccMr  VI.  anJ  fottstn^t  to  ic^  t«  wli|«t>  tlK^  ciKi(hitK44c  *> 


laon  Qfjthe 
•r.  «f  U»«M 

i.pQtnc  Ins  > 
pitiioii»4i£<> 

L  I.  believe- 
inbjtct,  ar« 
eodencf  t«  * 
y  Md  thia* 
pd,  reader! 
ipr  in  p^e,' 
aTing.nMdc■■ 
:t  withrthe. 
lis  [point -tQ. 
butof.cYerj 
cm  *.     livit 
Use  cxperir 
it- would  ibe 
r-  tbe.divec- 
to  .every, 
scsult.,   la^ 

to  thefoU- 
erjay  view 
oaadCf   vhi. 

l^'tUinate.- 
uenc*  that- 
isye.-on.-th^ 

tiok»  on  jurtioo- 


Ai«(e«f  its  progeny.  Men  cupot  think  with  too^ 
nvchprwision  on  subjects , of  thi*  mature,  I  fhaW 
therefiire-MpUiin  myself. 

■  .'Ay  imytJipcriracittB  it  appcMs  to  be  un4eQiabl<, 
l^titliit  p«rt  of.overy  separate  filament  of  wool 
yrliiohigrows  during  theiw^rm  season  of  the  year,  tu> 
#«<irvrr«hMi  that  part  of  the  B«m«  filament  which 
grotvs  during  eold'  weather;  and  that  the  variation 
intihia  vespeat  will  be  proporuoned^to  the  difference 
between  the  heat  of  these  seasons.  It  has  n^'w  been 
«scertaib«d,.by  mauy  experiments-  made  by  others, 
that  if  a.fliecp/  be  carried  from  a  cold  climate,  to  one 
xrhieh  i&'gr«atly  warmer,  it  not  only  produces  wool 
ib£  a  coarsen  filament  than  before^  but  it  also  produces 
n-fioeee:  much  thinner,  in  the  pile  than  formerly.  The 
fKumsthatkl'  had  BO  opportunity  of  aKertain\og^are' 
Alt  follbwing,  jviz.  first,  Supposing  the  individual  ani- 
mal had  been  kept  some  yehrs- in  a  warm' climate,, 
and  then,  were  brought  back  to  its  original  climate, . 
would  it. again  produce  a  fl«e^  after  th'it,  as  fine  and 
as  close,  as  the  saote  iheeip  would  have  done  if  it  had 
nevsr  changed  its  climate  f  •0^,  would  it  have  had- 
its  constitution-so  altered,  as  oeyer  more  to  produce 
as  fine  wool  as  before  ?.  This  is  >  what  I  meant  above 
bythe  pbra«e  ^nmflMr/  of  (ffket  ofeUmate  on  tb»- 
amitotUksttf.  Qr,  Secopdly,  supposing  a  breed  of 
iheep  had;  been  carried  into  a  warm  climate  from,  a 
-oold  UDO  i  and  there  allowed  tn  procreate  for  several. 
igenesatioos,  without  intermixtuTe  with  any  other 
•brced.;.^od  fiionld  some  of  these  descendants  be  again 
•bxQug]it.baok  to  the  place  from  whence  they  ori- 
^i^ally  ;sct  out,  would  tht^e  &ecp,   thus  brought 


,1 


^ 


14  tmprovem0nt  o/Jbetp  ahd  umof.         July  it; 

back  to  the  cold  climate,  produce  wool  of  the  s«tn« 
«usility  as  their  parent  bteed  did  before  the  migra- 
tion ?  or  would  they  have  been  so  debtwtd  by  th« 
wartn  climate,  as  that  themselves,  and  their  dc^ceti^ 
dants,  would  continue  to  yield  coarser  wokil  than  the 
•parent  stock?  These  muy,  to  some,  appear  curious 
questions  only,  that  promise  to  be  of  no  great  prac*. 
tical  utility  ;  but  it  would  be  easy  to  Ihow  that  the 
ascertaining  these  points  beyond  dispute  would  hUve 
very  extensive  influence  on  practice  ;  and  would  give 
a  steadinefs  to  the  enterprises  in  Which  the  society 
arc  engaged,  that  they  never  otherwise  can  attain. 

In  regard  to  wet  and  storminefs  of  weather  (inde*. 
pendent  of  its  affecting  the  qua  ity  of  the  food,)  on 
its  altering  the  finencfs  or  other  qualities  of  the  wool 
of  fheep,  its  effects  have  never,  that  I  know  of,  been 
'experimentally  ascertained,  though  it  is  probable  that 
these   effects   must  be  very  great ;  perhaps  little  as 
affecting  xhtfnentfs,  but  probably  much  more  as  af- 
fecting the  elasticity,  ductility,  artd   strength  of  the 
filament.     This   is  therefore  a   very  important  ob- 
ject of  experimental  inquiry,  as,  itpon  the  result  of 
these  experiments,  must  be  founded  the  propriety  or 
the  inutility  of  many  inter  s^ing  particulars  respec- 
ting the  management   of  this    very   useful  auimal. 
Here  too  it  may  be  proper  to  observe,  that  although 
the   improvement  of  woo/  is  the  principal  object  of 
t!ie  attention  of  the  society,  it  ought  no«   to  be  cb»- 
sidcred  so  much   the  case  as  to  preclude  them  from. 
•iraking  other  uses  of  their  experiments  that  (hould  be 
in  idcntally connected  wichit.   Inobsetving.forexaak- . 
plf ,  the  effect  of  yariations  -of  cliittatu  upon. tlie  woo/,  ^t: 


July  I IV 
)f  the  sntn* 
the  migra- 
iMd  by  th« 
heir'drtceti- 
ckA  than  the 
ear   curious 
great  prac*- 
low  that  the 
would  htove 
I  would  give 
I  the  society 
an  attaitK 
Bather  (inde^ 
[he  food,)  on 
s  of  the  wool 
now  of,  been 
probable  that 
haps  little  at 
1  raore  as  af- 
'engtb  of  the 
nportant  ob- 
the  result  of 
:  propriety  or 
;ular»  respcc- 
seful  auimal. 
hat  although 
tpal' object  of 
ot   to  be  c6n>- 
de  thena  from, 
that  (hould  be 
iog,forexatn»- » 
oathewooA  ^t 


1-79 Iw    -       improvement  of  Jbi'tfy  and  u)ooi,  15 

would  be  an  easy  matter  at  the  same  time  to  remark 
its  effect  on  the  health  and  vigour  of  the  animal,  a»- 
well  as  the  effect  that  any  variati(«  1  of  climate  had  in 
promoting  or  retarding  its  fattening,  its  generating 
tallow f  the  swcetnefs  of  the  flejh  produced,  and  o- 
ther  particulars. 
a.   the  effect  ©/"food  in  altering  the  finenefs  and  other 

qualities  of  wool.  ,  ■ 

.  On  this  head  opinions  vary  still  more  than  in  res- 
pect to  climate.  Many  persons  believe,  and  afsert,  in 
the-tnost decisive. tonn,  that  rich  pastures,  turnip,  and 
other  succulent  food,  tends  irresistibly  to  debase  the 
quality  af  the  wool,  and,  in  particular,  to  render  it  of  a 
aauchfoarwr  filament  than  the  same  (heep  would  other-i 
wise  b^ve  produced.  Of  course  they  infer  that  it  is 
vain  ever,  to  hope  to  rear  fine  wool  in  the  improved 
fields  of  Britain,  and  that,  if  we  wiih  to  have  as  fine 
wool  as  formerly,  we  must  break  down  our  inclosures,' 
and  convert  the  rich  pastures. into  barren  heaths  once 
more.  Others^  on  the  contrary,  maintain,  and  among 
this  clafs  I  would  [rank  myself,  that  it  is  only  in  rich 
pastures  that woolof  the  best  quality  can  ever  be  ob- 
jti^tiBed,  and  that  fine  pastures  do  not  (independent  of 
Other'  circumstances)  render  the  wool  either  coarser. 
'  or  finer  in  the  filaqieat,  th^n  it  otherwise  would  have 
1>een.  Without  changing  the  finenefsof  the  filament, 
I  (hiok  there*  is  good  reason  to  believe  that  abun- 
dance  of  rich  and  succulent  fuod  renders  the  wool 
koftet,  stronger,  tougberj/and  probably  somewhat 
longer  also,  than  it  woiild  have  been  on  barer  pastures. 
jSo'longi  rhOvvcv^i',  as  these  opposite  opinions  (hall 
jvst  ii.pon  particular  obsetvutions  of  iadividuals  only. 


'1 


• 


id  improvtmmt  hfjhtip  Mi  tv'oT.        Juljf  •  i¥. 

vrho  niay  be  very  inaccnrtte,  there  is  no  tttio(vtvttng<- 
ling  ;  and  those  who  h«ve  not  been  Me  to  maki 
dbsetvations  thenolelvei,  most  range  thenHdVei 
on  the  side  that  accident  or  inclination  may  Ittid 
tberti  to  espouse.  A  few  etperiments  tccnntely 
made,  and  fairly  recorded,  would  for  ever  settle  thii 
pobt,  st>  as  to  enable  n»ankind  to  reason  justly  witR 
regard  to  it  ever  afterwards. 
3'  £**rrt«,  wBafeJiet  it  Blat  ttpon  tbt  qmHty  ofiht 

'  xuwil. 

Under  this  headl  wouM  inclndie  lhamrgetaHrtit  U 
gcnerd,  folding,  housing;  Uying,  Me.  Esperiihenta  oA 
t!»i»  head  have  been  made  in  France  ;  but  not  in  such 
s  way"  •«  to  pittive  entirely  decisive.  It  is  alleged  that 
flieep  are  kept  perpetually  in  the  «pen  air,  \^hicfl  allbrd 
the  finest  wool.  The  ftct,  however,  is  eontrdverlBed 
By  some  ;  so  that  here  experiments  are  still'vrVnttnf. 
As  tothe  effect  of  laying  withtar,  in  particuhtt,  mai*^ 
experiments  have  been  made  that  «re  siifiRtHMtiy 
decisive,  Vrerr  they  all  known ;  IwR  aU  otifers  may  W 
^rbposedj  whieh  eVety  itf«v5ift»l'  e«»u»d  mtki  fof 
himself  at  little  at  no  trmiMfr  oT'ek^Wice,  peil^pk 
the  most  effectual' way  td  8«t«fe  thia  pefintf  #ottM=B* 
for  the  society  to  dlgWt  a  pftfper  pttfntdf  l!<mdvi»tifl| 
these  experiments,  ^id  pobtilK  if  fortlW  irifoftttitiwi 
of  all  concerned. 

The  same  may  be  *iid'i*MJ  t*iti*<*ti'A^  4<*'  •»»* 
jth  ol^tsof  inqutty. 
y6.  ComtetU'M  httntni  ifbt  tii^   vf  tl'i  ai^at  0^ 

'  Prejudice  has  tieetfftfhi^WdfinNleoMtftflfciB  ^tlW^M 
^thottte«perimei«.    <l  ii  i»  jeiit»»»V»»3t  «»id»» 


ltd  of  MTTtngii 

(Me  to  mtlrt 
th«nitdyei 

u  Mccuntxlf 
'9t  settle  thii 
n  jueily  witll 

jmtKt/  ofiie 

itlVMtlHMt   in 

Eperiihentf  oA 
tt  not  in  tticll 
s  alleged  thnt 
,  'Virhfich  aflbrd 
contrdver^ 
still  vhfntinfi 
tieahtt,  matt^ 
e  tUfMM^ 
cNers  tamy  hi 
dTd  mtk^  fet 
^ce,  peil^pft 
nhf  #oaM  bi 
iwi!<»ndi«fitifl| 
MiitfofttrntiM 

M  tM  4«tll  MiA 

t  Miinat  Oitd 


_vjg%>  9tLfQorfr<jtn.  dt7 

I7  afserted  by  many,  that  large  (heep,  that  carry  much 
wool,  necefsarily  afford  it  unly  of  a  coarse  quality, 
and  that  fine  wool  can  be  expected  from  small  flicep 
alone.     Tbii,  however,  I  venture   to   afsert,  froQi 
abundant  experience,  is  not  trne.    I  have  bad  lar^e 
iheep  that  afforded  very  fine  wool,  and   exceeding 
email  ones  that   produced  wool  as  coarse  as  goat* 
hair.     It  it  easy  to  find  examples  of  the  reverse  of 
.^is.  A  judicious  set  of  expeyimeata,  therefor^  which 
ihottki  aet  this  matter  in  ita  trtu  light  would  prove 
^highly  useful  to  tb^  inq^ii^y  ^l  -which  vfc  ate  engaged^] 
To  ii  tontitttud  m  our  ru%t. 


"*«: 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  POORS  RATES. 

"  $IK,  To  the  EA'tor  o/tBt  B*t. 

"—  ■      •  *  _      •  ■■ 

.i«(  y.oHr  review  of  3ir  John  Sinclair's  autistics  (B^ 

.  vpLiit.  ^9.  9<)  there  is  an  account  of  the  poor  of  Duq 

AM^antbcpopulation  of  which  ia  872,  being  supported, 

.aad^  great  lurplus  saved  of  h-  »o  a  year^  ao^i  this  ^ 

.brought  as  a  proof  that  the  maintenance  of  the  poor 

way  be  safitly  Ifft  to  volu^t^y  donations.    If  the 

^oor  of  the  pari^i  tbove  naroad  be  suffi<;ieotly'  clotb- 

.ed  and  led,  it  aft^rda  this  proof  inde«d  pecfeetly  v^ 

<l^d<     I  ^U  Atate  die  aa^ount  of  the  annual  expeodi- 

;^«re  of  the  popi?  of  the  parifb  of  Wigton  in  C^mbar- 

land,  where  the  {(oor  laws  «f  England  are  inforced,  to 

■«•  he  compared  with  tUft  of  Dc^nichen.   The^pula- 

tion  of  (he  parifli  of  Wigton  may  be  set  at  3500,  or 

betwixt  th»t  number  and  4000,  a^d  the  average  ex- 

yea^itufe  on  the  poor  ia  vpwards  of  t>«  500.    It  must 

}]|e  xiaiarked,  that  this  part  of  Cumberland  ii  a  ^laoe 

i^hefe  provisiona  are  c|veap ;  andlc  19  belirfi!d»  the 

VOL:  ix.  C  ^ 


U 


, 


*^  tn poors  rates.  yuly  it, 

poor  rates  are  much  more  heavy  in  the  south  of  Eng- 
land. Is  it  not  of  such  importance  as^that  Conithif- 
sioners  fho.ild  be  appointed  to  examine  whether  the 
poor  of  Scotland  or  England  are  better  fed  j  and  so 
to  fhew  to  what  this  grea«;  inequality  in  the  provi- 
sions for  them  is  to  be  ascribed  ?  Your  ilaost  obedient 
.servant, 

mgt<mMay,%.n^i.  A.  RoBINSOV. 

To  the  above  I  beg  leavr  to  add  the  following  ac- 
' count  of  a  case  respecting  poors  rates,  extracted  from 
the  annals  of  agricnlfure,  by  Arthur  Young  esq; 
with  the  reriiarks  of  Mr  Young  upon  it,  as  it  fhows 
in  a  still  stronger  light  than  the  above,  the  baneful  ef- 
fects of  the  poor  laws  in  England. 

JOear  Sir,         To  jlrtbur  Toung  esq. 

"  Agreeable  to  your  request,  I  have  sent  you.ex- 
tracts  from  the  rate  book  arid  register  of  the  pari& 
of  Glemsford,  from  the  year  1772  to  1790  inclusive. 
I  forbear  to  comment- on  the  last  four  years  ;  I  fhall 
only  observe^  that  in  the  first  seven  years  of  the  pir- 
tiod  above  mentioned,  a  worthy  magistrate,  now  no 
more  (who  was  then  resident  in  the  parifli,)  gave 
unremitted  attention  to  all  the  minutiae  of  parochial 
businefs  ;  and  that  from  1788  there  has  tieen  no  Jits- 
ike  nearer  than  four  miles  from  the  scene  of  action." 
£»tractijfhdm  the  register  and  rate  hook  of  tht  parijb 
b/ClemsfordtnthetountfofSufo^i. 


'■Yeats.      Bapdinis.' 

"io    :  .  •  ■   ■' ■  :.:■'■.    ..: 


t 


Ifjd 


|5 

?9 
39 

W 


Boridls. 

44 
29 

31     - 


Rain  Ci  H«tr.,Vfor  the 

irlief  ^f  t(it- ppor. 

L.  i.  d:  f. 
678   5 

590    4«J 

.404    5 
343  »4 


a' 


456 


8 

6    utr 

4    » 


f\ 


yuly  11, 
louth  of  Eng- 
that  cohimif- 
!  whether  the 
'  fed ;  and  so 
in  the  provi- 
most  obedient 

Robinson. 
following  ac- 
xtrncted  from 
Young  esq; 
t,  as  it  ihows 
he  baneful  ef- 


sent  you.ez- 
of  the  pari& 
'90  inclusive, 
rears  ;  I  (hall 
ars  of  the  pi- 
rate, now  no 
siirifb,)  gave 
of  parochial 
iieen  no  j'kr' 
e  of  action." 
ofthtparijb 

(  &  H#ctf .;  for  die 
)ief  <:/ t}if  pjor. . 


'5 


"I 
8 
6 
8 

r ' 

4 


a' 

f 
i 


kiYears. 

-,I7r77 

.  >778 
1779 
•  1780 
.  1781 
»78a 
1783 
1784 

: S1785 
J786 

-    1789 
.1790 


on  foots  rates. 
B..ptisms.       BuriaUt 


33 

30 

46 

.40 

46 

35 

37 

46 

3» 

40 

43 

57 

53 

36 

!« 

4' 

66 

29 

46 

a2 

Ji 

5a 

47 

3» 

.  34 

6i,.,, 

':/f:-35 

Rate*  collected  for  th« 
relief  of  the  poor.  V 

L.    s.    d. 
484  18     3 
516  16     8 
6io    3 
II 
i6 
7 
3 
5 
II. 


4»2 

549 
645 
586 
496 

570 
607 

783 

948 

K>39 

1062 


»7 
8 

II 
6 
6 


5 
10 

8 

II 

6 

4 
4 
6 
6 

4 
4 
4 


o  . 
2. 

2 

o 

2 

Of, 

•cr>t 
2 


"  It  is  necefsary  to  observe,  in  these  ejitracts,  that; 
the  register  of  baptisms  anjl  burials  begins  January 
1st,  and  ends  December  31st  in  every  y-ear ;.  and. 
that  the  rate  book,  includes  all  the.  sums  collected  an- 
nually for  the  relief  of  the  poor,  from  Easter  to  Eas- 
ter.    The  pari (h  contains  about  2400  *  acres,  an4iS' 
rated  at  about  L.  18  ao  a^year..    It  pofitefses  L.  40  a-, 
year  in  estate  or  rent  charge,  for  the  use  of  the  popr..'^,, 
Yout's  sincerely, 

William  Butts. 
Ohstrvations-  an  the  above  by  Mr  Young:. 

*  The  public  are  much  obliged  tq  this  geatlimait 
for  bringing  before  their  tribunal  so  amaxing,  an  in- 
stance of  enormity  in  the  ris9  of  rates  as  this  account 
exhibits.  The  table  of  deaths  does  not  allow  us  to. 
attribute  this  effect  to  any  uncommon  fatality  of  di«- , 
temper ;  .nor  dDe»' the  column  of  births  allow  any; 
cQoclusioa  that  it  arises  from  a  great  increase  of  pn-y 
pulation.     We  know  that  it  could  not  proceed  from. 

*  tt.  B.  Thii  unountt  t04i.  /tr  acre  nearly}  fsci  inclading.the  L.  40 
mentioned  bel«w,.it  amounts  to  10 s. ^  acre.  Edit. 


i 


ftF  ^  ohptdrt  riMit  Jvly  irtt 

Sijr  riie  m  ttf6  ^rice  of  provisions.    To  wharthcv  is 
so  truly  alarriiing  an  iucrease  of  the  public  burdens 
tobe  att'Hboted  ?  Clearly  to  those  abuses  iir  pare*' 
chial  managenttnt,  that  flow  from  tlw  grols  absur^tj 
of  our  system  Qf  poor  law;,  which  give,  or  at  leaMal. 
low,  to  evils  of  this  complexion,  so  geheratiTc  i  fi^iul* 
ty,  that  here  \i  a  rise  of  L.  276,  in  ^hreeyeartf^  appa» 
reotly  for  no  bietter  reason,  than  thftre  having  bcMift. 
similar  rise  of  L.  287,   in  three  prJtcedtng<  years  : 
Ttiat  kbosie  Wsl^  submitted  to,  and  Airtfort  produbfd  \ 
the  new  onJe;  and  if  this  is  allowed,  doubtkft  the 
next  period  will  experience  a  yet.greater  one.     IViie- 
th%r  paupers  redeive  such  sums,  or  Whether  pKrtfli'of. 
ficerts  ett,  drink,  or  btlieniHse  sbsioll)  them,  M  not 
for  me  to  enquire ;  the  ^vtl  \K  the  sortie  ta  d<h^ 
c4se,  ami  will  equitilly  generate  tncrease. 

*  dtitWhftt  are  we  to  think  of  a  l^g^slottir^  «Ad: 
system  of  governmertt  which  tolerate  suteh  -  t^oaes'f' 
i#htcfa,  by  giving  to  pttrifi)  officers,  tad  justiMs  of  tfi^ 
peace,  (and  seemingly  in  this  caie  to  pari  flt  officers- 
atone,)  Ha.  tmlimtted  power  of  taXatiott,  allows,  atid . 
sanctions  such  abominable  tyranmy  as  this  account 
exhibits !  Doubtlefs  there  are  little  farmers  in  this, 
pariih.  Who  are  heavily  and  crtaelly  btirdehed,  either 
tiiapporf  sturdy  beggars,  who  ean,  bat  will  not 
rr^k,  aadwhtfarfe  richer  in  fact  t!han  fhentodves';  6r 
td  <ibtieHbate  to  the  9Iieit  profit!!  of  meh,  who  thrii^e 
b^  abused  thus  tolerated  by  the  legislature  of  s  eotin. 
try  th*t  calls  itself  free.»  A,  Y. 

Jtddifitm/  gifetnfothiH  ijf  the  £Jii6>. 
"IMI ;«ttiS)Sing  amottht'of  the  poors  rated  in  ^ttg^ 
\(taii  «nd  their  tobtimied  rise,  allbrd  the  mo»t  s^riu. 
ous  fllatm  ttt  CTory  tbinki^g  person  in  tiAit  king- 


Jviytti 
grhatthev  is 
ilic  burdens 
ses  iirpsro>- 
£}  absiirititj 
MFatlcMftal- 
ittTc  i.  fi^uL 
jear^t  appa- 
iving  been  a 
ling'  yean : 
irt  prOdutMl  > 
loubtlefitthe^ 
one.     Whe- 
ler  partfli'of*. 
th«m,  h^  not 
He  itt  tlfHtit' 

islotoit  iftd' 
ich  Abiwes*?' 
istiMs  of  tili! 
arifli  oflScers- 

allows,  and. 
this  account 
mers  in  this 
lebed,  either 
but  ^ill  not 
ntodfves'i  6r 

who  thrive 

of  a  eoTtn- 

A.  Y. 

fttei  in  Eo^*- 
most  s«ti«^- 
tllBt  king. 


dbm*.  The  tfiisfomine  it,  that  great  as  the  luibs  ctfU 
letted  for  (he  poor  are,  the  complaints  of  the  defici«n<ir. 
ef  of  the  poors  fusids,  and  the  necefsity  of  augmen. 
thkg  them  still  farther^  is  as  great  as  e^er  it  was.  The 
t^'.fth  iSt  that,  undet:  th<  eperatioii  of  these  lawe,  the 
tootest  aikl  indottrious  ate  pillaged,  and  the  itUe  and 
abandoned  part  of  the  cotemuaitjr  eacouraged  to 'prac- 
tise vice  ittd  pf^igal  4iftipation.  No  wonder  then 
if  the  hte  thanceUor,(Thnrlow,)-  when  he  heard  of' 
(A  appKcaittdn  diat  was  intended  to  be  made  by  the 
dMgisti^tes  of  a  eity  i»-Seothrfd,  for  a  power  to  afsefii 
die  people  with  a  p*«rt  ratt,  Ihoold  aflt  with  some 
kind  of  surprise,  **  If  the  people  of  Scotland  were 
gtme  mad  !'*  Fdrht  dieught  thu  nothing  bnt  insanity' 
cbuM  indnee  iHy  body  of  men^  having  the  example 
of  England  before  their,  eyes,  to  wiih  to  loadthehn-. 
«i9ves  with  such  an  opprefsive  burden  at  the  poors 
riite;  Happy  it  is  for  Scotland  that  no  poor  rate 
ckn  be  l^aily  imposed  on  its  inhabitants  without  a 
*  iMw  itt  of  parUamtnt  for  the  purpose  f ;  and  happier' 

'  ^  By  tecoun.!  Ian)  before  to  p^rliun^lit  in  the  >tar  178!,  it  app«ai$4 
thtt  tht  poori  ntff  in  SngluKl,  mm  ^776,  auMinitcd  on  the  whole  to  -  i 

L.  1,519,780 
itod  ia  the  ynr  1786,  the*  were  no  left  thta     ....    3,184,9041° 

I"  7Si,i»4, 
Sk  tbatiatMcMincofwW^yMnoalf,  the  poori  ratct  in.Entlana  ted 
ar'iMn  wven  hundred  luW  iilty-fiire  thoui  and  one  hundred  and  twenty-tou^  • 
fftMniM  ftr  tmum.     At  the  sime  rate  of  increase,  the  pqori  ra'^cs  in  halt 
accntur,  would  gkcjtly  exceed  the  \«kole  land  lenuofEngUnd.     The 
|ioort  rafti  \h  Walet  were  more  dkminbkdMi  theie  mrie  y<ari. 

TM  rtJder  will  «>bserve  tha:  |teat  a  thci:  sumt  art,  it  is  only  «/«r» 
•f  the  fundi  fllottcd  to  <)ie  iuppoct  of.thc  poor  i<i,E|>gland{  a«  all  moniea 
mort^td  fur  charlttble  purposes,  or  6ther  charltakle  funds,  are  not  included 
in  it.  These  additional  fitndt,  by  a  late  account  given  in  to  parliamMtr 
c^nal  the  pMitratM-lieaM^.  ' 

f  Jkfaai!  (cnou  will  think  I  hcfe  .ip«d|  Mty.  It  is  however  said 
with  due  consideration ;  as  I  hop:  to  be  able  to  prove  to  the  latisfactisn  ^ 
the  tc.idtr  at  some  fuJu-i*  prrioi,    ■ 

f — ~—  ■ — : — 


«»'  om  poors  rate*.  July  m*^ 

still  is  it  for  her,  that,  from  au  experience  of  near 
two  handred  years,  Ihe  finds,  that,  under  a  wise  and 
simple  mode  of  econdmj,  which  Ihe  has  discovered 
in  the  management  of  the  poor,  fl»e  is  able,  by  vo- 
luntary contributions  alone^  to  support  her  poor  as 
well  as  t!»e  state  of  the  case  requires,  without  having,, 
recourse  to  any  legal  compulsitor. 

The  poors  laws  in  England  may  furnifh  one  of  the 
most  satisfactory  lefsoo*  m  political  economy  th^t 
can  be  any  where  met  with.    Nothing  could  be  more, 
deserving  the  applause  of  men   than  the   priacipU 
which  suggested  these  regulations.     Justice  and  be-^ 
nevolence,  humanity  and  prudence,  seemed  for  once  to 
have  been  united  inlending  their  aid  to  this  institution. 
No  evil  that  could  be  foreseen  was  not  carefully  guar- 
ded against ;  and  the  framers  of  these  laws  exulted, 
in  the  thought  that  they  had  attained  to  a  pertection 
in  beneficent  legislation,  that  had  nfiv«r  before  been, 
experienced  on  the  globe.     Wisdom  and  humanity 
triumphed  over  niggardly  parsimo;ny,  and  churlifh. 
selfifhoefs  ;  such  was  the  idea  universally  entertain- 
ed of  this  important  political-regulation  by  all  the 
thinking  part  of  mankind,  when  new  adopted,     Not 
a  difsenting  voice  was  to  be  heard,  and  universal  sa- 
tisfaction resounded  through  the  whole  land.     How 
circumscribed  is  the  ^isdom  of  man  !  How  misera- 
bly different  have  been  the  real  effects,  from  what 
were  expected  to  result  from  this   regulation  ! — men 
were  not  more  un  animous  then  in  praise  of  it,  than 
they  novo  are  in  condemning  it.     What  appeared  i« 
prospect  io  infinitely  attractive,  has  proved  in  realhyi 
inconceivably  destructive.     It  will   be    well  if  this, 
striking  example  of  the  fallacy  of  relying  on  specu- 
lative principles,  in  regulating  t\\t  practical  concerns  oi 


l.^w■l■l|^^,lW^FJ|«■■  -J-imff  . 


;e  of  near 
a  ^ise  andr 
discovered 
>le,  by  vo- 
ler  poor  as 
loot  haviag.. 

I  ont  o£  the  - 
ntomy  th^t 
iH  be  more. 
te   principU 
ice  and  be-- 
4  for  once  to 
1  institution. 
•efuUyguar-. 
aws  exulted 
a  pertection 
before  been, 
id  hujnapitf 
ftod  churliflu 
ly  entertain- 
m  by  all  the 
iopted,     Not 
miversal  sa- 
l»nd.     How 
[ow  misera- 
from  what 
lation ! — ^men. 
of  it,  than 
appeared  tit 
ed  in  rtality 
well  if  this, 
ing  on  spt«u- 
al  concerns  ol 


1791.  OH  poors  rath.  23 

man,  {honld  teach  him,  in  similar  cases,  to  listen  to 
theoretical  improvements  with  diffidence  and  cath< 
.tion,  however  plausible.  It  is  practice,  only,  which  can 
ascertain  what  will  be  hnrtfnl  or  beneficial  in  regula- 
tions that  Mre't6 -affect  the  community  at  large.  - 
'**'Ih  regard  to  the  case  in  question,  it  has  been  found, 
that,  to  guard  against  abuses  in  the  execution  of  the 
-poor  laws,  has  been  impofsible ;  thoUgh^  to  protect  the 
Tights  of  individuals,  in  a  country  where  ideas  of  li- 
-berty  prevail,  it  has  been  necefsary  to  multiply  re- 
gulations to  such  a  degree  as  to  occasion  an  intricacy 
that  cannot  be  -unravelled.  There  are  about  twenty 
«tatutes,  and  2000  cases,  regnlatir.^g  the  various  mei- 
thods  by  which  a  Ipgal  establifliment  can  .be  obtained 
in  a  -parifh  *,  and  many  of  these  ca^es,  and  others,  rth- 
spectifig  the  poors  laws,  are  so  nearly  alike,  that  it  is 
often  the  subject  of  a  tedious  law  suit  to  discover 
•whether  or  not  a  pirticular  regulation  applies  to 
the  subject  in  dispute*  ■     '    >     .• 

In  proportion  as  odr  rights  come  to  be  mote 
«ccurately  defined,  this  clafs  of  evils  must  be  augmen- 
ted ;  so  that  it  is  eitsy  to  see  that  a  time  will  arrive, 
'whM  this  unweildy  fabric,  from  a  vain  attempt  to 
Tender  it  perfect,  must  become  a  source  of  in*-ole- 
i«bl«  opprefsion.  It  begins  to  be  already  felt ;  but 
•the  «^ils,  as  yet  ezperteocedi  are  ootlnog  to  \vhat  is 
to 'be  ezpectedv  ^&  wv-jflcoarfj-itt'l  TfiiBivm"' 

•'  'Once  niore,  then,  I  repieat  it,  Scotland  may  deem 
Jieirself  isingularly  happy  in  being  freed  from  this 
grievous  political  aaalady  i  and,  being  free,^  it  becomies 
tiw  doty  of<every  well- wiiher  of  his  country  to,  watch 

•■•''*fw'fti»  ftctlwn  ihd^tcil  to  a  'eniible  wifitcritttlw  St  June^; 
Chnokleibr  JunE;i6<  lyj^t^.  (  j     :  •    ,  "■.■>  i/umx 

'•  -  • .  •-..■....'■■''?  ::'.:n 


» 


I 


«4  .enpovutvttt'  yulf  %%, 

^over  that  freedom  wttU  the  most  jealoas  attsntion^ 
and,  uadernoprttevf  wiattper^  to  suffer  this  most  ior 
tolerable  abuse  to  creep  m  Among  us.     I  am  prou^ 
in  heing  able  to  say,  that,  as  a. private  citizen,  I  hav^^ 
in  oA«  instance,  succefs&iUy  oppose^  a|,  and  prfsfrvi^ 
»  very  exl;ensive  parijb  from  bcjng  hiKdleCrij  sub- 
jected to  thi»  burden  i  nor  ihaU  I  «e|Mc  in  »  public 
capacity* -to  take  evvry  proper  opportwiity  ofw^f^ 
ning  my  country  met)  of  the  daiiger  they  run>of  tofi4 
jniin,  (kould  they  ever  allow  diems«lvc»  to  be  lio§4h 
oi  with.poors  rate.    I  hvr*  promised  anexplaoAtioa 
■oi  our  poor  laws  in  Scotland  4  and  I  now  again  rer 
,p«)tt  the  promise,  when  opportunity  ball  permit 
^huih  I^rust  will  be  ere  long,  I  (onsidet  thi»  taAji 
at  Qccefsaiy,  not  only  to  semcfve  many  JUfou9d«i 
'  ^n^tidiee»  that  have  begun  to  prevail  respeotiag  th^ 
Jtg*litj  of  esttiUifluog  compulsory  poors  rate»  in  Scoi^ 
.land  {  but  also  to  c^plMiQ  to  those  of  od>er  nation 
the  very  salutary  tendency  of  that  judicious  mode  qf 
managing  the  poo«,  which  has  -Wn  discoyered  by  a 
people,  among  whom  luxury  had  nofbecn  introd«cic4» 
aor  those  vices  known  which  tend  to  contaminate 
the  manners  and  eormpt  the  heart*  of  men  mike 
bustling  departmeots  of  a  maaufactnf  ing  eociety.    It 
was  anmng  a  pec^e  ^wlkose  manners  were  simiiU, 
that  this  easy,  ccoQoinicttU  and  eSoanowsj)  mlede  «f 
providing  for  the  poor  was  devised }  aad  whieh,  «fttr 
an  ezperieBce  of  bwo  hundred  yeanl,  ha>  keen  ftmnd 
to  be  perfectly  ^equate  to  the  purposes  intended. 
;A  system,  wludi  being  founded  on  Ghristiao  eharity 
lalonc,  byits  natural  opera;tiott,  tends  to  proMMMia 
•cordial  good   will   and  kiodnels  between  di9raeiit 
Tanks  of  men,  and  without  legal  iatricscies  to  pr»> 
«iote  the  good  of  the  whole.  J.  A. 


<v>!l 


bis  most  'vor 
I  am  proaijl 
izen,Ihav9» 
)d  prt sf  rve4 
dldUy  nib- 
e  io  »i>iibU9 
lity  ofwpif. 
r  run.of  to)B4 

•XplUMtiWt 

)W  again  c«r 
ball  pcFmit» 
idee  this  ta(^ 
1^  illfouDidffit 
■espcotiag  th^ 
rate»ioSco6p 
other  aatiMH 
uom  mods  ^ 
Koycrcd  hj  » 
M  introd«Qc4» 
contaminAlie 

)i  men  i«  ^ 

ig  tcKaeiy.    It 

were  aiaaiiUf 

iotts,  sMi«  9^ 

^  beeoftmnd 
toses  intended* 
iriitiao  ehariigr 
t  to  proattoMA 
wecA  diffieaent 
rictjcies  to  p»- 
].  A. 


POETRr. 


THE  LOtTMT.      A  TALE  FO*.  THE  LADIES. 
Ttr  the  Btt, 

Dum  iplendeat — frangltur.  . 

Whilb  Fancy  in  her  brain't  reccfsi 

Draws  out  the  plan  of  hippincfi, 

And  Hbi'Si  with  many- a  winning  smiltj' 

Vpreari  the  vilionary  pile, 

Ahmet  that  fate,  with  enviotii  frown. 

Should  hurl  the  airy  f4bric  down. 

Ho'lrvoft  our  fav'rite  projects  are        ' 

Oe'rtutnVi,  in  ipite  of  all  our  care! 

This  (tory  ,unexaggeralej, 

Will  partly  tell  ye  when  related  i — 

Ai^entle  nymph  whnie  madding  veins, 

Were  fill'd  with  warm  and  sanguine  strcantji , 

That  ran  rabch  higher  than  hcrmeans, 

Anl ifill'd  her  head  with  airy  scheme>> 

Cvntrlv'd  in  Good/uck't  grand  afTaift 

Witii  other  friends  to  get  >  ihare.  ^ 

Not  all  the  arts  die  yet  had  tried 

To  gratify  her  soaring  pride; 

Vol  all  her  sicheines  of  mortal  bl{fs« 

Had  ftiov'd  her  hope*  and  fears  like  this;  .' 

i9or,  so  impatient,  fur  the  day 

That  crowns  the  cares  of  long  delay 

The  luver<wails,  in  anxious  duubt. 

As  Laura  for  the  time,  I  trow,   - 
When  the  huge  wondrous  wheel  turns  out 

It*  prizes  and  its  blanks  alS7. 
At  length  came  on  in  proper  pbce. 
The  day  which  must  decide  her  case; 
'  At  last,  ye  godtl  the  hour  is  come, 
(She  aies)  which  marks  my  future  doom|  , 
Whether  aioft  to  fune  I  go,  '  '>^ 

'  Or  here  remain  in  ffa/H  fM ). 
Whether  in  majesdc  state, 
I  snr.ile  at  alt  the  frowns  df^Ate; 
Or  here  dcbas'd  I  s'gh  in  vain. 
To  soar  above  the  vulgar  train.  ' 

'  IJnt  hence  I  such  soul-tormenting  «tre>'  ,• 
Aad  cv'ry  Ihadow  of  despair ; 
The  heart  from  fi>rnine  meets  denial. 
That  meanly  Ariaks  before  the  trial}  > 
VOL..X.  p  .  -j-  -' 


•  Wmi^inrmwsinW'  I 


2$  M^y'  Ji^yiu 

But  native  pride  and  grnutne  mtrit, 
E'tr  <howt  a  brave  and  daring  ipirit 

O  gentle  Hope  'tit  tiiou  that  cheara 
My  mind  from  all  ic<  doubt>-and  feari  { 
*Tii  thou  that  in  a  golden  dream, 
Didit  kindljr  prompt  my  fav'rite  i>.'heme ;  ■ 
*Twai  then,  methought,  I  heard  thee  say». 

<  Let  ambition  lire  thy  mind } 
Thy  (oul  so  great,  thy  form  to  gay, 
*  Were  not  tor  humble  ranlu  design'<d : 

For  thee  the  partial  hand  of  fatci 
Will  own  prepare  a  nobler  state ; 
For  thee  the  lotty  dome  fliail  riie, 
And  proudly  scale  the  vaulted  fliiea ; 
For  thee  the  coach  ihall  scour  along, 
.  ^  And  servants  wait, — a  nunv'rous  throng ! 

For  thee  fliail  uoops  of  lovers  sigh. 
And  from  the  lustre  of  thine  eye 
Deliciout  poison  drink,  and  feel 
A  fesc'ring  wound  which  nought  caa  beat, 
£»cept  thy  love  created  smile, 
Which  only  dimples  to  beguil*  i 
'  'I'iica  dare  to  scorn  thy  humble  sphere,  - 

And  nobly  spurn  it  with  disdain; 
While  the  mean  crin|ln(  soul  Aall  ittr,^ 

And  proud  ones  envy  you  in  vain.* 

'Ye  gods!  O  extacy  divine  I 
And  diall  these  honours  then  be  mine  f 
I  They  muni  they  must! — and  hwe  I  swtti). 

Ten  silver  altars  will  1  rear) 
V'  ^  And  yearly,  on  each  poli(hM  head« 

Arabic  odours  will  I  died 

In  Jbonjur  of But  hark  I  1  hear 

The  post-boy ! — Welcome  I  doubly  dear! ' 
Here !  here  the  packets,  bring,  flie  8aid< 
And  eagerly  the  Iheets  outspread} 
When  ah !  the  gods,— O  tale  of  woe ! 

iCeceive  a  curte,  instead  of  thanks ; 
And  Laura's  vision  breaks. — For  lo  I 

At  once  the  priies  »11  provt— — BtAMKsl 

Kence/brwa^d,  0  ye  gentle  fair, 

Tu  prudence  be  youi  mix  U  attach'di       > 

Of  Fancy's  airy  dreams  beware, 
■  t^V  count  vout  chickens  etc  they're  batcbM* 

G.  C. 


Jto/jrir. 


»79J. 


ttnteiotii  o/Tontmnt. 


Ill 


th'd* 


CHARACTERISTICAL  ANECDOTES  OP  LA  FONTAINE.  ' 

It  is  natural  for  those  ^ho  read  the  worka  of  men  of  ge' 
nius,  to  think  that  the  writers  of  these  excellent  perfor- 
mances fliould  be  endowed  with  talents,  in  every  respect 
superior  to  the  common  run  of  mankind  :  Nothing  can  be 
more  delusive  than  such  expectations.     Man  is  an  imper- 
fect creature,  and  though  heaven  sometimes  confers  upon 
'  individuals,  talents  of  a  certain  kind,  in  a  super-eminent  de- 
gree, it  is  seldom  that  any  one  naan  pofsefses  a  great  vari- 
ety of  talents  in   unusual  perfection.      It   oftener  hap- 
pens that  men  who  are  endowed  with  the  singular  faculty 
>  of  excelling  in  one  kind  of  composition,  are  remarkably 
'  deficient  in  other  respects.      It  would  seem  that  when  a 
'  inan^s  mind  is  so  totally  engrofsed  with  one  object,  as  to 
'  enable  him  to  carry  that  particular  object  of  pursuit  to  an 
<  extraordinary  degree  of  perfection,  it  was  necefsarily  ab- 
stracted ffom  othera;    so  that  it  often  happens  that  the 
'faculty  called  common  sense,  which  is  that  of  deliberately 
"Comparing  with  one  another  the  objects  that  occur  in 
common  life,  and  drawing  just  in&rences  from  them,  for 
regulating  the  ordinary  transactions  of  life,  seems  to  bti 
entirely  .obliterated  in  these  men. 

<  La  Fontaine,  the  celebrated  fabulist  in  France,  affords 
a  remarkable  illustration  of  the  truth  of  this  remark.  £- 
very  person  in  the  least  vertant  in  French  literature  is  ac- 
-^uaintcd  with  the  writings  of  this  author,  which  pofseis, 
in  an  unequalled  degree,  un  ease,  an  elegance,  a  natural  un- 
affected simplicity,  hoth  in  thought  and  explfcfsion,  that 
other  writers  have  in  vain  attempted  to  imitate.  Yet 
this  man,  though  endowed  with  the  singular  faculty  of 
writing  in  a  manner  that  no- other  person  has  yet  been 
able  to  attain,  was  to  remarkably  deficient  in  the  article 


m  auMifotet  of  FoH'.aiue.  -  Jt'fy  TU 

of  common  sense,  that,  in  the  ordinary  transactions  of  life, 
he  was  scarcely  to  be  distinguiflied  from  an  idiot.  The  fol- 
lowing anecdote*  of  this  singular  genius,  can  scarcely  prove 
uninteresting  to  any  one  who  wifhes  to  become  acquainted 
with  the  human  character. 

Jean  de  la  Fonfainf,  a  French  poet,  was  born  at  Chateau 
Thiery  in  1621,  died  at  Paris  in  1695,  aged  74  years. 

Fontaine  lived  in  a  «ort  of  apathy,  and  a  decided  indiffe- 
If  nee  for  everything  that  forms  the  objects  of  the  pur- 
suit of  most  men.     This  system  of  conduct  would  have 
done  honour  to  his  philosophy,  if  reflection  had  occasio- 
ned it  •,  but  it  was  in  him  a  g'ft  of  nature.     He  was  born 
gentle  and  easy,  without  pi  ide,  incapable  of  hatred,  and 
free  from  the  pafsions  which  tyrannise  over  the  soul.  Happy 
would  society  be  if  it  were  only  composed  of  men  Uke 
him  !  there  would  neither  be  troubles  nor  divisions.     It 
i»  true  he  did  not  add  to  the  pleasures  of  society.    Those 
xvho  saw  him,  without  knowing  him,  had  no  other  idea  of 
him  than  of  a  man  who  was  both  disagreeable  and  very 
tiresome.    He  spoke  little,  and  unlefs  they  spoke  of  some- 
thing  that  was  to  his  liking,  he  remained  in  a  stupid  silence, 
which  one  would  have  taken  for  an  indication  of  idiotism. 
Jf  he  told  a  tale,  he  toU  it  iU )  and .  that  -author  who  had 
written  stories  so  natural  and  so  lively,  interested  nobody 
when  b«  r^leted  one.      There  are  other  examples  which 
prove  Ihat  with  mufch  wh,  and  a  variety  of  talents,   one 
may  not  have  the  talent  of  conversation. 

A  farmer  general  had  invited  la  Fdntaine  to  dine  with 
him,  in  the  persuasion 'that,  an  author  whose  tales  all  the 
world  admired,.cj»uW  not  fail  to  be  amusing  in  society. 
Fontaine  ate,  ^ke  none,  and  rose  very  soon,  und^ 
pretext  of  going  to  the  academy.  They  toldhim  it  wa, 
not  yet  time.  *  /  know  it,  replied  he,  tolJhaUtake  ibt  longer 
time. 


•  i-umtiik""  »ni.  iin.iniuui!i.in«m.^n.ai:,.i,u<)>in;»>iii-J.)ii.'  '  Ji.  a."'. mmmnm 


July  TU 
.ctionsoflifc, 
ot.  The  fol- 
carcely  prove 
le  acquainted 

rn  at  Chateau 
74  years, 
xided  indiffe* 
ts  of  the  pur- 
t  would  have 
had  occasio- 
He  was  bom 
>f  hatred,  and 
E  soul.  Happy 
d  of  men  like 
divisions.     It 
ciety.    Those 
>  other  idea  of 
:able  and  very 
ipoke  of  some- 
stupid  silence, 
)n  of  idiotism. 
iithor  who  had 
iretted  nobody 
samples  which 
>f  t^entt,   one 

ke  to  dine  with 
)se  tales  all  the 
ng  in  society, 
y  soon,  undft 
old  him  it  v»a« 
II  take  tbclonger 


1792.  '"unteJotes  of  Fnntainr.  n^ 

Although  every  kind  of  continemcnt  was  contrary  iothe 
taste  of  Fontaine,  he  allowed  himself  however  to  marry  j 
but  he  only  determined  on  it  in  complaisance  to  his  rela- 
tions. They  made  him  espouse  Mary  Hcricnrd,  daughter 
•f  a  lieutenant  general  Je  la  Ferte-MUon.  I'his  lady  had 
wit  and  beauty,  but  her  dillicult  humour  hnd  diiven  away 
ker  husband,  who  was  come  to  Paris  to  live  in  his  own 
way.  lie  had  perhaps  totally  forgotten  her,  when  he  was  prr- 
aaaded  to  go  to  his  province,  to  sec  his  wife  and  be  recon- 
ciled to  her.  He  set  out,  in  consequence,  .  m  Paris  in 
the  public  stage,  arrived  at  his  house,  and  AiWed  for  his 
wife.  The  servant,  who  did  not  know  him,  told  him  that 
bis  mistrefs  was  at  evening  prayers.  Fontaine  went  di- 
tectay  to  the  house  of  a  friend,  who  gave  him  snpper 
and  a  bed,  and  kept  him  for  two  days  }  when  the  coach 
was  ready  to  retiun  to  Paris,  Fontaine  got  into  it,  and 
thought  no  more  of  his  wife.  When  his  friends  of  Paris, 
saw  him  return,  they  alked  l)im  news  of  his  reconciliation ; 
J  went  to  tumy  wife,  said  he,  hut!  did  notfmdbtr  i  fbe 
wat  at  prayert.  * 

There  never  was  a  man  who  believed  what  was  told  him 

'  «o  easily :  Witnefs  his  adventure  with  a  captain  of  dra- 
goons named  Poignan.  This  officer,  used  to  be  often  in 
the  house  of  Fontaine,  md  was  particularly  pleased  with 
the  conversation  of  his  wifie,  whose  society  was.very  agree- 
able. Poignan  was  neither  x>f  an  age,  humour,  nor  figure, 
to  disturb  the  peace  ef  a  husband.  However,  people  told 
stories  of  him  to  Fontaine,  and  told  him  he  was  diflienou* 
red  if  he  did  not  fight  the  captain.  Struck  with  that  idea,  be 
got  up  very  early  in  the  morning,  goes  to  the  house  of  his 
nan,  wakens  him, bids  him  dreCi  and  follow  him.  .Poignan, 
who  did  not  know  what  all  this  meant,  went  out  with 
kirn.     Tliey  arrived  at  a  remote  corner,  ont  of  the  city  : 

■/  wijh  tofigbi  witbyQu-^l bavt  betnadviseJ to  if.  .said  Foo- 


I 


g*  miecdolis  o/Fontaiiit.  .     Ju/y  rt* 

\aine  \  tnd  nfter  having  explained  the  reasoni  of  it  toliim 
in  a  few  wordi,  he  drew  hii  tword  without  waiting  thte 
aniwer  of  Poignan,  who  put  him$elf  on  the  defeniivc. 
The  comlmt  wu  not  long,  Poignan  diiarmed  him  at  the 
firit.  Fontaine  wu  latisfied.  Poignan  conducted  him 
home,  and  thejr  were  reconciled  at  breakfast. 

Fontaine  had  a  ion  wkoio  he  kept  very  Aort  time  with 
h;ni.  Me  put  hira  at  fourteen  yean  of  age  into  the  hand* 
of  M.  de  Harlay,  since  first  president,  and  recommended  to 
him  his  education,  and  his  fortune.  It-  is  said  that  Fon- 
taine went  one  day  to  41  botue  where  this  son  was,  whom 
he  had  not  seen  for  a  long  time.  He  did  not  know  him, 
and  told  the  company,  kowcTer,  that  he  thought  he 
■had  wit  and  taste.  Wbea  he  was  told  it  wu  his  wu, 
he  answered  calmly :  Ah  !  I  am  very  glad  of  it. 

Another  anecdote  about  Fontaine  -may  still  serve  to 
prove  that  every  man  who  applies  himself  to  study  through 
taste,  lives  in  a  manner  insulated  in  the  midst  of  the  world. 
Hence  these  natural  and  inattentive  insweis  which  so  of- 
ten fumifli  people  of  middling  talents  with  pretexts  to  ri« 
dicule  genius.  Fontaine  had  received  «n  invitation  to  go 
to  the  burial  of  a  person  of  his  acquaintance.  Some  tisie 
afterwards  he  went  to  diae  with  that  same  person.  The 
porter  told  him  that  his  master  wu  dead  eight  xlays  ago : 
jih  !  replied  he,  /  did  ml  think  that  it  bad  been  so  /oag. 

Rabeiats,  whom  Despreaux  called  rMMM  in  a  matk,  wm. 
always  the   idol  of  Fontaine.    -He  wu  the  «nly  author 
whom  he  admired  without  reserve!:    Itt  wu  one  day  at 
Despreaux's  house  with  Racine,  Boileau,  and«evera)  other 
persons  of  distlBguilhed  merit.    They  there-spoke  a  good- 
deal  about  St  Augustine,  and  his'  works.    Fontaine  did 
<  not  joiii  in  the  conversation,  but  kept  the  most  stupid  like 
■^silence.     At  lut  be  awakened,  *  as  from  a  most  profound 
'  <leep,  and  i^ed,  iu  a  very  scrioui  suumer,  -of  thc-abbS 


'S 

t 

n 

tl 
t\ 

Vk 

d 
di 
di 

•1 


.    July  «• 

of  it  to'liim 
waiting  tH^ 
B  dcfeniivc. 
\  him  at  the 
^doctcd  bin 

rt  time  vrtth 
to  the  h«ncU 
mmended  to 
d  that  Fon- 
I  wa>,  ^hota 
It  know  him, 
thought  hft 
ifu  his  toq, 
•it. 

till  serve  to 
itudy  through, 
of  the  world. 
which  lo  of- 
irctexts  to  ri« 
iution  to  go 

Some  time 
perton.    The 

It  days  ago ; 
m  to  long' 

a  maii,  was. 

only  author 
one  day  at 

«eTera)  other. 

spoke  a  good 
^ontaine  did 
■tupid  like 
It  profound 

:,«f  the.abi>6 


»792; 


imff doles  r^fTontaint. 


Buileau,  if  he  thoufj;ht  St  Augmtine  had    as  much  wit   as ' 
&ab«1ait,  lo  natural  and  lo  amusing  ?    The  doctor,  looking; 
at  him  from  head  to  foot,  told  him,  fcr  answer,  7ake  care: 
ill.  d«  la  Font  a  in*  i— you  haw  fmi  one  of  your  t  tacking  j  out 
side  in,  which  \vb»  the  case. 

Mr  Racine  carried  him  on  the  holy  week  to  a  Tene> 
bret,  and  perceiving  that  the  olfxt  appeared  long  to  him, 
he  gave  him,  to  amuie  him,  a  volume  of  the  Bible,  which 
contained  the  prophct^'  He  read*  the  prayer  of  the  Jewsv 
in  Baruch  >  and  not  being  able  to  satisfy  himself  admiring 
it,  he  said  to  Racine,  Barucb  was  a^ne  genuii !  Wbo  war 
hff  Next  day,  and'Several  days  afterwards,  when  he  met>. 
any  body  of  his  acquaintance  in  the  street,  after  the  ordi- 
nary compliments,  be  raised  his  voice  to  say,  '  Have  you 
read  Baruch?    He  was  a  great   genius*!' 

The  author  of  these  memoirs^  M.   Racine  the  son,  says  • 
that  Fontaine,  after- having  consumed  his  fortune,  preser-- 
ved  alwi^s  his  disintercstedncfs<     He.  entered  the  French 
academy  one  day,  and  the  bar  befng  drawn  below  the, 
namcst  he  could  not,  according,  to  establiditd  custom,  have 
any  ihare  in  the  medals  of  that  sitting.     The  academici- 
ans, who  all  loved  him,  said  unanimously,  that  they  ought: 
to  r?nke  ac  exception  of  the  rule  in  his  favour : '  No,  gentle- 
ntfi*.,  .aid  he,  that  would  not  be  just}  I  am  come  top  late, 
that  is  my  fault.*   Which  was  so  much  the  more  remarked,, 
that  a  moment  before,  an  academician,  extremely  rich,  and . 
who,  living  in  the  Louvre,  had  only  the-  trouble  of  comin;; 
down  suita  to  get  t(rth»  academy,  had'  half  open«d  the. 
door,  and  having  seen  that  he  was  too  late,  had  fliut  the 
door,  aod  gone  up  again. 

Fdntaine  preferred  the  fiahles  of  the  ancients  to  his 
•wn>  which  made  M.  de  Foctenelle  say,  Ia  Fonlaitieisfoo/- 
ijb  enough  to  think  that  the  tmciciUt  bdJ more  wii  than  him-. 
*  Memoirs  of  Jean  lUtin:. 


f 


p  anecdotes  of  Fontitinei  July  in 

self,  a  phrase,  says  la  Mote,  which    cxprefscs  finely  the. 
character  of  a  superiour  genius,  who  does  not  know  him- 
self, for  want  of  examining  hitmelf  with  enough  of  attenti- 
on.    On   reading  the  fables  of  this  author,  one  remark* 
such  a  native  ease,  that  we  would  think  they   had  fallen, 
from  his'pen,  which  made  madam*  de  la  Sabliert  call  him 
v^fablier,  as  they  call  the  tree  that  carriers  apples  pnmmier. 
This  superiour  woman,  witb  whom  he  lodged,  swd  one. 
day,  after  having  dismifced  her  servants,    '  1  have  only 
kept  with  me  my  three  animals,  .my  dog,  my  cat,  and  mf' 
Fontaine.' 

Racine  and  Desprcaux  called  him  the  goodman,  i-Hhough- 
thty  knew  all  his  worth  in  other  respects.  At  a  sapper: 
»  Moliere's  house;  where  was  also  Descoteaux  the  famous^ 
player  on  the  flute,  the  jrWrnaw.  appeared  to  dream  more 
than  ordinary.  Despreaux  and  Racine  endeavoftred  in 
vain  to  awaken  hhn  by  lively  sallies.  They  even  pufhed* 
the  raiHery  so  for,  that  Moliere  thought  they  were  going' 
beyond  bcnnds  •,  at  leaving  the  table,  he- took  Deicotcau.x' 
aside  into  the  embrasure  of  a  window,  and  talking  to  him* 
in  the  freedom  of  his  heart :  "  It  i»  in  vain,  said  he,  that; 
our  beaux  esprit  make  a  bustle,  they  will  not  efcce  the  < 
goodman.^* 

.      That  poet  livedin  an  extreme  indifference  with  respect' 
to  religious,  as  well  as  othermatters  •,  but  having  fallen  ill 
he  set  about  reading  the  New  Testament.     Charmed  with' 
that  reading-,  he  said  to  father  Paujet,  of  the  cratoire,  his 
director,  "  I  afsure  you  the  New  Testament  is    a  very- 
good  bo«k-;   yes,  in  truth,  it  is  a  very  good  boGf,    but 
there  Is  one  article  concerning  which  I  am  not  altogether' 
reconciled;  it  is  th»t  o^the  eternity  of  punilhment ;    I  do 
not  comprehend  how  that  eternity  can  be  consistent  with 
the  goodnelt  of  God.* 


7 


JulfiU 
s  finely  the 
t  know  hitn- 
ghofaWenti-    ^ 
one  remark*^ 
y   had  fallen, 
or*  call  hinr 
»plc»  fiommier. 
(jed,  swd  one. 
1  have  only 
J  cat,  and  vnf 

'man,  i^Uhough- 
At  a  supper: 
lUK  the  famous^ 
o  dream  more  ■■ 
ndeavolwed  in 
jy  even  pufheil* 
icy  were  going' 
ok  Deicoteawx' 
talking  to  him* 
1,  said  he,  that: 
i  not  cfihcethe* 

ce  with  respect* 
having  fallen  ill 

Charmed  with' 
the  cratoire^  his 
lent  is  a  very 
}od  boo't;  but 
n  not  altogether- 
niChment  j   I  do 

consistent  with 


f  791.  anecilotfs  of  Fontaine.  g^. 

Some  titne  before,  one  ef  his  friends,  who  undoubtedly 
iiad  bis  conversion  very  much  at  heart,  had  lent  hi  1  his 
St  Paul.  .  Fontaine  read  it  -with  avidity  ^  but  (hocked  at 
the  appafent  har(fanefs  of  the  writings  of  the  apostle,  be 
flmt  the  book,  sent  it  back  to  his  tiiend,  and  said  to  him, 
'  I  send'  yoa  back,  your  4}ook}  this  same  St  Paul  is  not 
imy  nuiQ.* 

One  of  his  oonfelsors  seeing  him  taken  dangeroosly  ill, 
exhorted  him  at  Irast  to  make  amends  for  the  scandal  of 
'tis  nfe  by  giving  alms.  'I  cannot,  said  the  poet.  I  hav^ 
nothins  ;  but  they  ate  making;  a  new  edition  of  my  works, 
•and  the  bookseller  is  to  make  me  a  present  ofan^undred 
•copies,  I  give  them  tc  you  j  you  will  cause  them  to  be 
■sold  for  the  benefit  of  tbe'^^KMr.*  Don  Jerome,  who  told 
this  anecdote,  declared  that  the  confefsor,  almost  as 
^sim^le  as  the  penitent,  came  to.aik  if  he  could  recei^ire 
.such  an  alms  f 

Stillone  otiertrait  which  provef  the  simplicity  of  manners 
■of  this  illustrious  map,  and  the  idea  which  those  who  ser- 
ved him  had  of  nim.  The  sick-nurse  who  was  beside  him, 
secin^  with  what  zeal  they  exhorted  him  to  penitence,  said 
fiTti  d»y  to  Mr rPoujet,  DohU  torment  him  jo  much;  be  it 
MorefMliJb  than  wicM.  God  voiH  never  have,  said  (he  ano- 
ther time  j  the  heart  to  damn  him. 

In  spite  of  the  apparent  apathy  of  la  Fontunc,  when  he 
was  wakened  out  of  his  xlreams,  and  when  he  was  interes- 
ted in  the  conversation,  he  (t  swed  as  much  heat  and  spi- 
rit,.as  those  who  used  to  make  him  the  object  of  their 
--ndUer/. 

After  his  death,  his  wife  having  been  troubled  for  the 
iwyment  of  some  public  charges,  M.  d'Armenonvjlle  then 
intendant  de  Soifsons,  wrote- to  his  deputy,  tb«t  the  fami- 
vot.  X.  c  x 


34  petition  of  the  Jbarhs.  Jidy  \%. 

ly  of  la  Fontaine  ought  to  be  exempt  for  tlie  future  of  all 
taxes  and  imposts ;  all  the  intendants  of  Soifsons  have 
«ince  made  it  aa  honour  to  confinn  that  fiivour.  ■ 


The  Petition  o>  thi  Shares  or  Avkica. 

The  following  jeu  d'nprit  deierves  to  be  preserved,  both  on  tccooiit  *i 
the  delicacy  ot'thcMtireit  cooveyiy  awl  the  cl«gance*of  iu  compoii- 

For  the  tike  of  nur  foreign  reader),  it  a»J  be  proper  briefly  to  >nentioc», 

that,  for  more  than  three  years  pait,  t|ie  abolitiendf  the  tlaVe  trad*,  cir- 

'    ried  on  fiom   he  coast  of  Africa  to  the  West  India  iilands,  by  BritiAi 

-  .  .'wt'  7  ts, ',        ■  -.en  warmly  agitated  in  the  pariiament  of  Britain  i  That 
:   ■  (C       '  1  c  Hrnie  of  Com^nooa  waf  appointed  to  eximtne  wit>- 

nefset  on  ;hH  head,  who  having  Mt  lon^g,  during  two  succefsive  tcftions 

of  parliament,  and  collected  a  great  body  of  evidence,  the  same  waf 
'printed  for  the  information  of  thememberi.  But  ai  this  tonsisted  of  a 
^  large  vohime   in  ftilio,  an  abrtdgement  of  the  whole  was  made  asd 

printed,  also  for  the  use  of  the  members.    Several  abridgements  of  this 

,  •abridgement  were  aftetwards  -ivide  iiid  publiAed.    These  were  sent 

..throughevery  partof  the  nation ;  and  the  people,  in  geOeral,  having  read 

these  publications,  warmly  espoused  the  partof  the  abolition.  Petitions 
'  were  presented  to  parliament  from  almost  every  description  of  men  in  the 

-  kingdomt  praying  that  this  traiHc,  which  they  deemed  s,  disgrace  to  hn- 
inanity,  tad  a  reproach  to  the  name  of  Christians,  might  be  abcriiflied. 

.  The  jRlQVtenf  Commons  having  taken  .tiheae  pet  itioaa  into  con«ldcratio]i> 

came,  in  a  committee  of  the  whole  house,  during  the  present  scfsiiu  of 

.  parliament,  to  a  resolution,  that  the  slave  trade  was  improper  to  be  con- 

~tinued,  but  that,  oft  account  of  certain  considerations  of  tttptditncy,  it 

'(lught  only  to  be  gradv  Vv  .Vitifhed.    A  law  to  this  effect  was  pafietf, 

•  permitting  the  tradr.  .-.-.•AsH  limitations,  to  be  carried  on  till  the 

•.  1st, of  January  170,.  v ''.     v  iV;  itiaie  it  fbouU  be  .totally  prbokibiudr 

When  this  bill  was   v  ,      ..-  '  rjt '  ouse  of  Peers,  they  found  it  was  np^ 

consistent  with  the  dignity  ,    t'  >t  i"'MC  to  admit  pf  any  evidence  that 

liad  not  been  taken  at  their  Vhi-.  bi.. ;  and  of  course  they  went  once  mort 

-into  the  examination  ofwimefaes;  and  as  this  examination  could  not  be 

closed  during  the  .present  seCiion  of  parliament,  the  bill  is  neeefsarily 

lost  for  the  presei:t  year.     The  allusions  to  these  circutnstmKuio  tbit 

little  performance  will  be  easily  perceived  by  every  reader. 


-'v.i>'ijM»Wti 


s  future  of  all 
ioiisons  have 
tur.  ■ 


.FMCA. 

thoa  Kcottnt  •( 
^•of  iu  s«mpusi- 

iefly  to  jnootioc, 
le  slave  trad»,  c»r- 
ilUnds,  by  BritiiJj 
ofBiitiuni  That 
;d  to  exun'M  wif- 
succcftivc  icfuoiu 
ce,  the  same  wa* 
thit  tonsisted  of  a 
ole  was  made  and 
ibriJgementi  ofthla 

Thete  were  Knt 
leOeral,  having  R«4 
lolition.  Petitions 
pt'ion  of  men  in  the 
ed  a  disgrace  to  hn- 
nigbtbe  abniiihed. 
I  into  conalderatioaf 
le  prcjent  leftiun  .qf 
mproper  to  be  con- 
ru  of  ixftdiencj,  it 

effect  was  paftetf, 
e  carried  on  till  the 
atally  prbolubittd^ 
;y  found  it  wat  npf 
f  any  evidence  that 
ley  went  once  more 
navion  could  not  be 

bill  it  neccfaarily 
■rcumicmiscsio  (bit 

udcr. 


lypr.  petition  ofiiejhari's.  gj 

Shbweth, 
*'  Th4t  your  petitioners  are  a  numerofjs  body,  and  at  pre- 
sent in  ft  very  flouriihing  situation,  ovnng  chiefly  to  the 
constant  visitation  of  the  (hipping  of  your  island. 

"  That  by  hovering  round  these  floating  dungeons  your 
petitioners  are  supplied  with  large  quantities  of  their  most 
£iT0urite  food— human  flefh. 

"  That  your  petitioners  are  sustained,  not  only  by  the 
carcases  of  those  who  have  fallen  by  distempers,  but  are 
frequently  gratified  with  rich  repasts  frcAn  the  bodies  of 
living  negroes,  who  voluntarily  plunge  into  the  abodes  of 
your  petitioners,  preferring  instant  destruction  by  their 
jaws,  to  the  imaginary  horrors  of  a  lingering  slavery. 

"  That  among  the  enormtMis  breakers  and  surfs  which . 
roll  on  the  (hores  of  your  petitioners,  numbers  of  Engliflt 
boats  are  destroyed,  the  crews  of  whicl}^  usually  fail  to- 
their  lot,  and  afford  them  many  a  delicious  meal ;  but,  a- 
bove  all,  that  large  vcfsels,  crowded  with  negroes,  are  some- 
times dalhed  on  the  rocks  and  flioals,  which  abound  in  thd 
regions  of  your  petitioners,  whereby  hundreds  of  homad 
beings,  both  black  and  white,  are  at  once  precipitated  mtd 
their  element,  where  the  gnawing  of  human  flelh,  aad  thtf 
crafhing  of  bones,  afford  to  your  petitioners  the  highest, 
gratification  which  their  natures  are  capable  of  enjoying, 

"  Thus  benefited,  as  your  petitioners  are,  by  this  widely 
cirtended  traffic,  a  traffic  which  ha»  never  before  been  mo* 
fested,  it  is  with  the  utmost  indignation  they  hear  diat 
there  are  in  Britainj  men  who,  tmder  the  specious  plea  of 
humanity,  are  endeavouring  to  acomplifh  its  abolition.— 
Sut  your  petitioners  trust  that  this  attempt  at  innovation, 
this  flourifliing^  of  the  trumpet  of  liberty,  by  which  "  more 
is  meant  than  meets  the  ear,''  will  b«  effectually  frustrated. 

"'  Should  the  lower  branch  of  the  legislature  be  so  far 
infatuated  by  this  new-fangled  humanity,  as  seiioudy  to 


"■~T — 


^#  Petition  of  tbtjbarkt.  July-ir, 

meditate  tlie  destruction  of  this  beneficial  commerce,  your 
petitioners  have  the  firmeet  reliance  on  the  wisdom  and 
fellow-feelings  of  the  lords  spiritual  and  temporal  of  Great 
Britain. 

"  Your  petitioners  know,  that  the  truly  benevolent 
will  ever  be  congistent,  ■■  that  they  will  not  sacrifice  one 
part  of  animated  nature  to  the  preservation  of  another,— 
that  they  will  not  suffer  fliarks  to  starve,  in  order  that  ne- 
groes may  be  happy  5 yet  your  petitioners  are  appre- 

lien^ve,  that  the  baleful  influence  of  this  philanthropic 
mania  is  alr'tady  felt  even  withia  the  walls  of  your  lord- 
(hips,  wherefore  they  crave  tobeBKAiu>  b«.  couwski,  at  the 
bar  of  your  august  afserably,  when,  notwithstanding  the 
wild  ravings  of  fanaticism, -they  hope  to.  evince,  that  the 
sustenance  of  fliarks,  and  the  bejt  interests  <rf  your  lord- 
ftiips,  are  intimately  connected  with  the  trafliic  in  humaa 
flcfli. 

.  '"  Fearful  of  becoming  tedious,  your  petitioners  have 
Qbly  to  add,  that,  fliould  the  abolition  take  place,  which 
the  god  of  fliark»  avert !  the  prosperity  of  your  petitioners 
wiU  inevitably  be  destroyed,  and  their  numbers^  by  being 
deprived  of  their  accustomed  food,  rapidly  diminiftied.— 
But,  on  the  other  hand,  flionld'your  lordfliips,  in  your  le- 
gislative capacity,  scorn  the  feelings  of  the  vulgpr,  and  no- 
bly interfere,  either  openly^  or  by  procrastination,  to  pre- 
serve this  invigorating  trade  from-  the  ruia  that  now 
seems  to  await  it,  your  petitioners,  and  their  wide-mouthed 
posterity;  as  by  nature  urged,  wiU  ever,  ever  pam,  tec",  , 


IXTRACTS  FROM  COXE's  TRAVELS. 

Sir,  To  the  EJitor  of  the  Bet. 

I  TOOi;  the  followbg  extracts  from  Coxe's  travels  into 
l»oland,  Rufsia,  tef.  they  may  perhaps  recommend  them- 
selves to  a  place  in  your  miscellany. 


'wm 


July  It. 
mmerce,  your 
:  vriidom  and 
^oral  of  Great 

ly  benevolent 
t  sacrifice  one 
of  another,— 
order  that  ne- 
ers  are  appre- 
[Jiilanthropio 
of  your  lord-» 
^OUMSU,  at  the. 
(hstanding  the 
rince,  that  thfr 
I  of  your  lord" 
caffic  in  httman 

■tUioners  have 
B  place,  whicH 
rour  petitioners 
ibers)  by  being 

diminiflted.— • 
ps,  in  your  le- 
t^vXytx,  and  no» 
nation,  to  pre- 
ruia  that  now 

v^ide-mouthed 
er  wutT,  ^.",  , 


ELS. 

♦s  travels  into 
omxnsnd  them- 


.    I 


17151. '  extracts  from  Coxe's  travels,  ^ 

"  The  first  Poli(h  noble  who  granted  freedom  to  his 
peasants, 'vras  Zamoikki,  formerly  great  chancellor,  who,  in 
1760,  enfranchised  six  villages  in  the  palatinate  of  Maso- 
via.     These  villages  were,  in  1777,  visited  by  the  author 
of  the  patriotic  letters,  from  whom  I  received  the  follow- 
ing information.      *  Oo'  inspecting  the  parifli  registers  of 
births  from "1758  to  1768*,  that  is\  during  the  ten  yeart 
of  slavery,  immediately  preceding  their  enf#aiichiscmcut, 
he  found  the  number  of  births  434^  in  the  first  ten  year» 
of  their  freedom,  from  1760  to  1770,  620,  and  from  1770 
to  the  beginning  of  1777,  585.'      Upon  signing  the  deed 
of  enfranchisemtnt.  of  the  sic  villages,  their  benevolent 
master  intimated  some  apprehensions-  to  the  inhabitants, 
that,  encouraged  by  their  freedom,  they  (hould  fall  inta 
every  species  of  licentiousnefs,  and  commit  more  disosder»- 
than  when  they  were  slaves.     The  simplicity  of  their  an-* 
swer  is  remarkable.     '  When  we  had  no^^ther  property,* 
returned  they,-  '  than  the  stick  which  we  held  in  our 
handsj  we  were  destitute  o^  all  encouragement,  to  a  right 
conduct,  and,  having  Bothidg.  to  lose,  acted 'on- all  occasi- 
ons in  an  inco>nsiderate  manner }   but  as  soon  as  our  hou- 
ses, our  lands,  and*  ewr  cattle  are  our  own,  the  fear  of  for- 
feiting them  will  be  »  constant  restraint  upon  our-  actions.* 
'"  The  sincerity  of  thtsalscttiw^  -/as  manifested  by  the 
event.    While  they  were  in  a  state  of  servitude,   Za- 
moiski  was  occasionally  obliged  to.  pay  fines-  for  disorders 
comniitted  by  his  peasants,  who,  in  a  state  of  drunkennefs, 
would  attack  and  sometines-kiU  pafiiengers )  since  their- 
freedom  he  has  seldom  receiv>  4  any  complaints  of  this 
sort  against  them.     Zamoiski,  pleased  with  the  thriving 
state  of  the  six  villages,  has  enfranchised  the  peasaats  on 
all  his  estates.'* 

Our  author  says,  Zamoiski's  example  has  been  followed 
by  another  nobleman,  and  a  clergyman,  with  umilar  succefs. 

•  I  luppoie  this  Aould  b«  from  1748  to  1758. 


v 


^  extracts  from  Coxe'^s  irave/f.  Ju/j  tu 

"  Prince  Stanislaus,"  proceeds  our  author,  "  nephevr 
to  the  king  of  Poland,  has  wiirmly  patroni.  ..  this  p^n^ 
and  has  enfranchised  four  villages,  not  far  from  Warsaw, 
in  whkh.  he  has  not  only  emancipated  the  peasants  from 
their' slavery,  but  even  condescend  direct  their  affairs. 
He  explained  to  me,  in  the  most  c.  actory  manner,  that 
the  grant  of  freedom  was  no  lei's  advantageous  to  the 
V>rd*,than  to  the  peasants,  provided  the  former  is  wil* 
Ung  to  superintend  their  conduct  for  a  few  years,  and  to 
put  them  in  a  way  of  acting  for  themselves }  for  such  is 
the  ignorance  among  the  generality  of  the  boors  arising 
fron^tbe  abject  slavery  in  which  they  are  held,  and  so 
little  have  they  been  usually  left  to  their  own  discretion, 
that  few  at  first  are  equal  to  the  pi^oper  management  of  a 
£arm.  From  a  conviction  of  these  facts,  the  prince, 
continues  his  attention  te  their  concerns ;  he  visits  theis 
eottages^  suggests  improvements  in  agriculture,  instructs 
them  in  the  mode  of  rearing  cattle  and  bees,  and  points 
out  the  enors  into  which  igpotance  and  incapacity  occasi-^ 
onally  betray  them/*  •  > 

This  leads  us  to  reflect  how  great  an.  enemy  ^laverj^' 
is  to  the  siifety  and  happioc&  of  mankind,  (as  well  those 
who  tyramiise,  as  thM*  who  are  the  objects  of  tyranny,) 
as  well  as  td'the  improvement  of  the  human  mind.  Those 
personsjare  ceitdnly  highly  deserving  of  esteem,  who,  devi- 
ating from,  the  general'  practice  of  any  country^  and  break* 
ing  the  fettera  of  education  and  prejudice,  set  the  ex- 
ample of  delivering,  from  bondagf:  any  of  the  human  race, 

*  Perbapi  tuch  argumentt  a«  th!i,  is  tbt  mouth  of  hit  uacle,  the  elo- 
•juent  Stanislaus  Augustus,  his  piesent  majesty,  induced  a  diet  consistir^ 
Of  PuRih  mbiiitf,  to- admit  the  third  ettatt  to  privileges,  formerly  ^joyed 
only  by  the  fonacr ;  and  thus  effected  the  pteseat  wonde.ful  hapfiy  revcr 

IJMJMI. 


Mffmmi 


'July  in, 

)r,   "  nephew 

..  this  p^an<, 

Front  WarsKW, 

peasants  from 
t  their  affairs., 
r  manner,  that 
ageous  to  the 
former  is  wiU 

years,  and  to 
I }    for  such  is. 

boors  arising 
!  held,  and  so 
vn  discretion, 
nagement  of  a 
;he  prince—— 
he  visits  thei> 
Iture,  instmctt 
les,  and  points 
apacity  occasL* 

enemy  slavery 
(as  well  those 
s  of  ty«nny,) 
mind.  Those 
em,  who,  dev»« 
iry,.  and  break.* 
set  the  ex- 
e  human  race. 

hit  uBcIe«  the  elo- 
:d  a  diet  contisriri^ 
,  formerly  enjoyed 
de.t'ul  happy  revcr 


3793.  tKlraetsfrom  Centers  travels,  tfn 

It  is  at  once  the  honour  and  iiUerest    of  all  in  such  cir- 
cumstances to  imitate  such  an  example*. 

It  would  certainly  be  no  dishonour  to  our  nobility  and 
gentry,  during  the  intervals  of  public  busincfe,  to  imitate 
the  exMnple  of  this  truly  great  and  amiable  prince.  From 
the  above  extract,  it  is  evident  that  licentiousoeis  is  not 
the  netefsary  effect  of  a  ttansition  from  slavery  to  free- 
dom. .,X^if  depend;  on  the  manner  in  which  the  change 
is  effected.  If  shves  acquire  aheir  freedom  by  dint  of 
.power,  they  naturally  revenge  themselves  on  those  wb» 
deprived  them  of  that  which  they  have  a  right  tc, — free- 
jlom.  But  if  liberty  is  .giveai  to  them  volunurily,  by 
those  who  migh't  have  contintied  their  bondage,  they,  feel- 
ing the  happy  effects  of  freedom,  will  look  up  with  vene- 
nerationtx)  their  deliverer,  will  make  his  interest  their'sj 
and  will  sacrifice  mucli  to  defend  him. 

A  raiBMO  TO  fclBMTTf*   • 

*  I  would  no|  be  underttood  »'■  an  adrocate  for  the  imnutiiait  emmf'- 
pation  «f  our^svea  in  dte  W«at  Indies.  I  ooo£efs,  i  with  for  it  a*  too* 
at  prvacwcc  will  admit.  Ciring  (item  tlieir  freedom  in  m  prefer  mmner 
k  nowjy  dangeraui. 

f  However  much  f  may  ipplaud  the  beneficent  spirit  of  this  comsponr 
dent,  mrtfWtymt  much  Imay  bt  uAt6tA<tf  the  geoeral  principle  that 
hetdami  under  •  proper  govcrmnent,  ia  the  beK  means  of  (niuring  proi 
priety  of  moral  conduct,  ai  well  aa  exertiona  of  induitry )  yet  J  feat  more 
^ircwnttancci  nfiiirc  to  be  adverted  to  than  he  lecma  to  be  aware  of,  to 
iuard  againat  the  delirium  that  autt  in  general  aoompany  a  dii«ct  cmancipa<- 
lion.  Like  men  in  the  loweit  ranks  of  lifs,  and  in  the  moat  abject pover» 
tf,  who  at  oiice  obtain  poftefiioR  orimmense  wealth,  and  who,  In^neral, 
aquander  It  in  the  meat  extravagant  and  absurd  apcciei  of  ditaipation,  it  i* 
t»  be  feared,  that  toaethiog  of  the  aame  kind  would  be  felt  on  the  event 
of  an  abrupt  emancipation.  To  render  it  a  real  blefting  to  the  persons 
who  are  intended  to  be  benafited  by  it.  It  certsirfy  ought  to  be  very  gra^ 
dual  indeed.  Thetumpleof  the  bopra  in  PoLmd,  if  MrCoKc'i  jnfomia- 
tion  can  be  relied  upon,  ia  the  most  striking  thing  of  the  kind  I  have  mti 
*ith.  Indeed  the  whole  of  the  political  events  that  have  of  Iste  taken 
place  in  Poland,  appear  to  me  the  most  extraordinary  of  any  that  have 
«ver  appeared  in  the  world,  and  Khali  wait  for  an  explanaticM  of  the  ralit. 
title  of  these  with  great  impailense.  The  revolution  in  France  is  com- 
paratively Jiothing  to  it.  ■     £Jit, 


/« twrapaiultnu. 


June  rx. 


TO  COKHnPONDBNTS. 

.'Thk  itriUile  remarlu  an  taxation,  from  Tr^dtr  Ptfitittl,  are  nttirti, 
and  Aall  be  duly  attended  to.  Whtn  inveitigatloaa  «f  thi*  aatwt  ate 
carrieH  on  with  temper,  without  being  intended  to  excite  uielefi  alami  or 
4inmcaniag'dMC(attcnt,  but  KieRly  to  pohit  out-unobtcrvedinjbnveiitcncea, 
that  th««  may  be  properly  correctrdi  they  cannot  tail  to  prove  booeficiat. 
It  13  (ucn  diiquliitiont  the  £i!itor  wifliei  to  encourage }  not  thotc  of  a 
•plenetir ,  »r  captioui  and  declamatiory  nature.  The  -  htiker  coimiiuiiicati- 
tiM  of  thii  comavondent  will  be  very  acceptable. 

The  tinei  by  ftiebk$  are  come  to  hand.  The  tdiMr  ii  much  obliged . 
to  this  writer  for  hie  gaud  opinion,  which  he  vrilUtudy  t»  diter«e.  Thic 
^ouag  poet  hae  inadvertently  varied  hia  meaiurt;  oa  thiii  and  tone  other 
-  account!,  it  will  require  to  be  attentively  revitcd  before  it  be  fit  for  the 
public  eye.  It  i«  impoftible  taoeftca  to  repeat,  that  aupcriour  nccl* 
leoc*  alone  in  poetry  can  reflect  honour  on  the.  writer. 

The  lonnet  by  A.  T.  will  be  interled  at  toon  as  pofbibU. 

"tttt  fsvour  •iA.  M.  M.  ie  come  ««  hand,  <>«  vrill  pleaae  be  informed, 
that  the  Editor  is  to  for  in  arrears  to. man:  '>>*  corretpondcnte  that  it 
it  imjxrftible  for  him  to  comply  with  their  wiiOet  for  a  long  time.  This 
h  the  eole  reacon  of  the  delay. 

The  gleanings  Iwm  B.  A.  are  thankfoUy  received,  and  ihall  be  duly 
-attended  tow 

The  aoonymou  lettter  containing  remarki  on  the  paper  of  A.  C.  Z. 
ie  aiia  rcceiwd.  Inwy  it  a  ilelicale  weapon,  which  requitct  t»  be  handle! 
with  great  addreia,  if  it  i«  to  be  productive  of  mu^  effect.    TIm  writer 


does  not  teeni  to  be  perfectly  matter  of  that  weapon,  and  therefore  hia 
piece  it  improper  for  this  mitcellaoy.  The  query  iball  be  luertcd  in  tllP 
irtt  ipaie  comrr. 


The  piece  signed  GnmUiGnmib,  cometwarly  imder  the  came  det« 
ciiptktn  with  the  abuve,  b«t  it  written  rather  in  a  better  manner*  It 
may  pofiibly  fold  a  place. 

The  favour  of  AlhmitMt  it  thankfolly  received. 

The  paper  tigned  -L.  Jumut  JhiMi,  -reached  th«  Iditor  the  evening 
liefore  ttie  irir— t^"t  fur  wiMte  ute  it  wu  intended.  It  wat  therefore  inr... 
pofsible  to  eqDploy  it  u  he  wifted.  Correipondentt  wiU-pleaee  obtsrve, 
that  it  it  not  practicable,  in  .general,  to  inteR  anv  communication  in  the 
Bee,  that  does  not  come  to  hand' at  least  a  fortnight  before  the  day  ofpub'^ 
iication  of  tiM-number  in-wklch  it  it  fanetted. 

The  eenHnunicadon  by- Jt^pe/ut  came  too  Jatt  for  iatwdon.  We  believe 
he  either  hat  been  imposed  on  himieif,  or  meant  to  impote.  The  poe- 
■  lage  ougi\t,to  have  been  paid.  Thit  it  the  third  uteleft  letter,  if  we  atenot 
ttistalctn,  we  have  received  from  thit  writer,  ^iM^r  wcr^tt/. 

MMrffffM't  favour  it  received,  it  <will  appear  if  poftible  next  nuntf 

A  ftmri*  Huttter  it  received  and  under  contideratioof  wc  ban  ice^ 
iJiim  write' much  better. 


n^.l^ggW^j 


June  TX. 


'fml,  tn  nttirti, 
if  thi«  natwt  we 
uielefi  alariBi  or 
!4in<bnveiih;iicMf 
s  prove  btocficMl. 
\  not  thoM  ef  a 
ker  coiAinuiiiMti- 

r  ii  nuidi  obliteJ . 
« ^tttf.    Thit 
I,  and  lome  otiMr 
I  it  be  fit  Ant  the 
lupcriour  excel* 

blc. 

MM  be  iiifoniMd, 
itpondeiitt  tbut  it 
nog  time.      Tkii 

ani  ihill  be  dujy 

aper  of  A.  C.  Z, 
liict  t»  be  handicl 
isct.  TJie  writer 
tod  therefore  hii 


be  fauertcd  in 


Ik 


ler  the(MMCdei<i 
tier  iMHUicr.     It 


:ditorthe  erenlnf 
wa«  therefore  inr.^ 
iU-pleace  obiervCf 
nunkatioa  in  the 
re  the  day  ofpiib'^ 

^n.  We  belicv« 

ipo>«.    The  po«- 

itter,  if  we  ate  not 

paid. 

ofiible  next  nui^ 

Mi>  we  iuTC  KC^ 


1  H£  BJ&jSf 

Wiii>iiB«*i*v,J-«Lri9.  in%. 


HKBTOB  or  TBI  lOTK  ^ 

JQiE|IV^OFJBUCHAN,CONSTABIJ£  OFF)iANC£« 

'Ottfaeretntnbf  the  eitl  d/Boelnii  to  Sootfauid,  he  i(ras 
icceired  with  high  exidt»tieni%jr  hii  countrj  and  b/ 
hb  tttnA*  the  te||ettt^  )ad  wfaett,  after  the  great  force 
Which' was  tta^^ijf/ithj  theTegeiat,  dtake  of  SedfiA^' 
in  France,  the  afiain  of  Charlea  at  the  battle /bfCrOi.^ 
««nt  (odk  u  nnfUrwuM^  thffa,  ho  was  igain  atat 
1^  the  council  of  the  iegct^jr  of  Seodand  into  Fi^aaee,^ 
ll^^ii  large  reinl^v^iemettt  to  €be  «id  of  the^ing,  |!i>' 
"vriiidi  his  £tthef'i^ih4A#,  die  ^1  of  Dou^,  wh^ 
IMI  ^r^ted  /*  ikiiai\9m  td  Frincc  ^  duke  of  Ttm- 
l^liu^  tM«  MNH^M^iit'cdn^aiid.'  It  wis  aj^eedbr*^ 
ttOtty^  negodtfMiBii^tt»>^rrof  Ciharles  bf  the  ardb-' 

Eiigbu^i  ymAtmlk  ^a»^  {BrticipotioD,  or  eenscnc  4ifi 
HnMNit.'  M:t  -  tiio  HMiie  '^ma  CSharlcs  conferred  ^ 
coontyofEirreiijE,  and  the  lordldp  of  Aubtgny»  oX' 
voti.  X.  »  •       t 


'  -'yynrMft^.^.  „ 


1 


4»  '  r/t  o/yobft  tariff  Btuban.  ^uily  l|| 

Sir  John  Stuart  of  Darnl^/who  had  officiate  as  pro« 
constable  £ar  Buchan*  and  had  commaadBd  the  vuKf 
of  Scots  auziliaric)  i^  hi*  ah^epM. 

The  duke  of  Be^Mrd  was  no  leli  active  in  obtai% 
ing  reinforcements  to  his  mrmj  from  &igbnd }  and, 
by  frefli  levies  made  in  Prance  and  in  Borg nndr,  the 
-war  was  renewed  with  Ireiki  vigottr!  Be&rd  ends* 
for  the  scene  of  his  action^  in  persqn,  that  part  of  th« 
country  where  the  arms  of  Charles  had  been  most 
succefsfoloa  the  confines  of  Normaady,  wtheca  dM 
fortified  town  of  Yvri  had  been  sometime  before  s«r« 
prised  and  taken  by.  QM[4nt  df^kBldi^e*  This  town 
being  Wieged  by  a  force  which  was  suflluciait  to  aiaka 
a'coaftid^te  Blockade^  k  was  agreed  by  the  gatns<M^. 
according  to  a  custom*  usual  ih  these  -wars,  that  the 
place  ihould  be  sutroiipden^if;naiuiccour  ihould  ar- 

^k«»flw  HlTM:  c%|i«d.f  J>>?fefi»=R^9pfi|i,  it  «rW(  Wd 

y^y  ■       .     .;.  ...  .'  .   .  .  „.. ,    •  .    .  ; 

"Vfmi  4fA^Pi4%r«At|iftv,^9fffl|iijtjt4^ 

•  of «lMMc  Aittiljr  W  tttt  ainrnftM  Ktfb  Sad  taOat,  iii  ikh'WtfitM 

%#«*«%  w«nfy>  "^mm  <4*k3»9isih^>wiu>ffJv>**M4iJlHi 

'?^'!^^'^'ff(%'mm, .      . ..,: .....     •    . . 


at^  as  pro- 
d  thftauoy 

e  IB  obtaittif 
|bndi  sad, 

rdnrdoidM 
tpartof  th« 
1  bara  most 
'  whiMrt  dM 
I  before  aur* 
,  Thisepwa 
MBt  to  maka 
kie  facmoiit. 
tra,  that  th« 
ir  ihould  ar- 
^§thr<9 
.  ■>.■  t 

SoiidaSa  tfao 

Tfi^Wr^r^  •  "-^  ^ 


•  (1 


li  t^  i^e  'dFHonVAteodh  Itk^t  l«ven  l^gue  s  f  JvtiH 
TM  i^}m>,'^9A%ih\Ki  96^;hi  laid  tUfgeb  V^l 
dii)iU,  WtSMttk  lit^hfc  doiAiid  fbhb<irl>-^<^f^f^«a  bV  iUi 
dbkJe'oTAt^ii^otii'Ud  baying  itkibii/otiM  the  giit^i^di 
ttittHiliclbr,  t%  fle^Uedth^  bl^iii^eiiis  bj  circhla- 
fl^-llie  iiiibKhatBH  ^  ^^iki;  kMitii  sili^e  <>£  YVrl 

support  the  attack.  '^ 

'  TAc'^^fAnoh-ma  'Mc^TBjarttKd  dtizbns  to  tike 
i«Ift|«  &i  m  tiaiba,  viFHieh,  ^b  a^s  alUr;,  Wid. 
tHittl  bj  Stbrte.     '  «'     •  ''^^ 

Bedford  had  no  sooner  Beeh  iilif8^in^d  of  t^is  eiro^,. 
tMnUk  iHmHtd^ii'mdii ahnj^'wIiiiiiQ  tkr^lei^es. 
•f  Vfehtfeiiil,  i»r>^h  i  ^ie«  tb  *ilna)«>B!ic1fai^.  %  It^ 
ing  hiftf  bittU>ctt|ri>dtid  iJF It»  d^ii ^^f :  '     '^^^^ 

•''iTiiiBfttiiiiitd^r  f^  6t>d^i»»l6fli  (ft%t  fdiittS'  tSi^i*  of 

C^leaiis''.  fidUfy  foi-  Fi4iic^,  it  «»  dd^miBSd  litM 

abiihctt  6f  wir  i^  liivi  thi  kitdn  wm^Mwm 

^MS^gt6i  aHlrtirl  llWii^iBK  '^ifdtf.itr  pn}&»(t 
tHf.  MA  Mdie  ffeptfhAit  ottl^tA!^^  iihe  <fia4 

tf  tK^  kiiiki  td  ^ik  aMaiSfei^  ^  i&ra>t&tirr  iui^' 
|iiyHtattgHtiyftayii»%^#^tiUUfiti^^^^    -' 

'  Tiki  7i«tt&'miftiik  li>hiaik  WIfMi  ib|  )Init']d^ 

Iheir. twr  aiilitia^  impifedwitb-. that  liveif  «o«rage 
wludk  acttnk'-  oafafak  toi  Frebduiteiij  oontetidiMi  1M  . 
iaJi{iJ(«iB4<i »(Mftt«ft9«  ^ titf^dii^ '^^IrfilMtfii. 
opinioD  ef  the  comtaUe,  d^  '^t  £t  bk^lli^ie^ 


i:?sf??f:!^Rfr3-^??>?s3 


jf4  Ufi  ffJiAm  url-^  BmhoM*        JaiftU^ 

c^nat  d'Attinika and  the odxitTctanui  conunudtn*. 
bjr  giTing  them  to  «pprelieiid»  thtt^  n^rntitioii  oC 
tboMoiu.-  fitvttoir  w«ttld  he  fkflbail  to  their  dctoraina- 
tion,  if  thtj  dedined  the  opporttiiil^  (p£lMttl**i  Mart, 
day,  the  lith  of  Auguet,  Aa  mif  eli  9edlbfd 
nuide  ite  efpt—th  widua  -nem  «i  VchmhU.  H« 
drew  np  hie  tooopp  in  %  un^  line,  the  uehert  on- 
the  fl»iuu»  end  two  thousand,  in  tlw  teat  fot  tctenre. 
Hie  center  ditnsion  was  led  on  hj  the  rqpmtytha 
winga  hj  the  c6rU  of  Saliiburj  and  Suffolk.  In  tk§ 
same  mannet  |ha  constable  taagcd  hia  aimj  under 
the  walls  of  VemeuiK ' 

.  In  ca#  of  hia.  wings  were  a  iftwifWMt  honi»  those 
bithe  right  commanded  hy  the  haren de  Gonlaiigcsr 
the  lords  of  TbtenviBe,  Estiftae,  and  Saintffaillcs» 
aoi^orted  hj  l\f»  dfKoufin.. 
^vQn  Hii  Itft  Iv^;  H  Bofg^  de  Caqnerank  the 
1i^  Vijpf  lijil),  ipjy  JUfBiB  de  Sue,  Lombards^ 
tog'  jilli  t^  4^1ii||a-of  tlMir  eoiH>tri««r 

•, .,  Tphe  wii^gs  ;«a>?a  'j^|pmipuide#:  %  ht  ^yatta  and-. 
Ifsirlrimae.  Tlift,  iia^itM*  l<Nlpa.ia.  tibe  center:*:  It 
^  die  intfs^ap  t^  order  of  ^v  iianstahla  diet 
^  attadk.  ihof^  kfkjreeeiwd,  and  nr^  gtireatrd»tt 
he  mighf  ^1^  %^^  thfi  iiiregn^  iwa^ 

iag{ieta«s|||^t  cjrjthp  aiepf.,»  B1^,  ihe  ipfiatieww 
of  ^r^..<l^i^^f|f|nt,«|  Narboana  f i;iis.'fl»Ved  tba^jwudcnt 
,•<<  0e  «|^^3>Ijp,' by  leading  up^  ta 

ja^Hri^'llfidm  coneeri,  wbicih  SfHcMd  the  pMh. 

t-^f  M«eirfrf»4t  h  »MMtt  i^/tS.  «^i  tMaing  Inilte  fuAriMk  mA^ 
'%9»«'«& Imw wvriM Ui«:4*d««<i «£ ffcacauatUt* the  kapctiMP* Ibk 


^■;r'ii'"!'.>.:'y<»ti'i;iai^Mg.-W^."'^. 


T 


7«/>tfi 


^pntatiaiKiC 
rdetcnuas- 

■tll»*tJMKt 

oH  Hedlbrd 

HMuU.    He 

•fdMft  oa. 

foff  f«tenr«. 

iregwtwtht 
blk.  Intlta 
•tmj  nodct 

botM»  tboie 

SaintniUM» 

'Mifr.  ■. 

l^jatt*  Midi 
e  c«nteiv:  It 
wtttlik  that 

nregnhf  iMM^ 

L  the  pxttdcat 
hU  wmg  ta 

Kt  patrioilc  wMlk 
the  iaipctwwiaK 


UptW  to  bting^  up  th«  tiroplf  luddcnlj  to  hU-top> 
fiortt  tkuthc  Um  of  tht  utnj  might  mc  h«'brQken» 
,  TWhcftrjr  tnocd  foIdier»»  and  the  (roopt  in  gene- 
nl,  w««  thus  bfottfht  up,  ualbtmgd  mkI  bre»tbl«(s« 
to  he  feoMircd  bj  the  firm  calbtttled  erraj  of  the 
EogUib,  defaided»  as  thej  were,  oa  their  front  bj  a 
breaat  woric.  of  palea,  a  militarj  deyice,  much  and  sue. 
eeftfnUjr  vaad  hj  the  Engltfli,  to  oppoce  tha  rafli  uof 
patttoaitjtfif  ^  Freofch  and  Scou.  Thej  carried 
paUsa4e«  CMprtafltljr  with  them,  and  iwe^  them  00  the 
iBM|  trtii[^9aolai««»of  provineiid  war. 

NotwjdlMtaadiag  this  inezcutable  and  fatal  blonder 
of  NafhawiHf  tibe  eavalrj  of  the  wings  attacked  the 
£o^ih  afsheri^  iriko  wqri;  oj^scd  to  th^m,,  wifh 
•Of  h  inpatiiotit/,  that  thpj  Ivokc  their  ranks,  and 
traoapled  thein  «yiec  foot  with  great  slaughter  i  hni 
die  ca^  tja  the  right,  diaobedient  to  orders,  pur>^ 
,aacd  tlie.  ^jing  futthen*  li^  {oltowed  .th^  troops  off 
Lombatd/,  with'  die  s^r^jigth  pf  the  FreiMM|  eraaj* 
aappokinf  t^  via^oty  «»■  b^  fi^tjtiaed ;  apd  thuia  per- 
■littuig  ^  aaen  to  q^t  ^iaia  ranks  and  ]>lu|id«r  the 
bag^ge  of  1^  coemjr. 

thiaiUsorOcv^proyed  fatid  fo  the  ceostablc  and  tp 
the  hooQur  pf .  ^  dMy,  The  J^Pi^tifli  general  availed 
hiflmelf.of^i  and,  c<^JQg.^np  with  firaanef*  and  or- 
dtttrilll^  i>«>&<W  hour,  the  t^qch  and  Soots  weK 
tDta%  4>*<so^ted  and  rout^dy.^  Engliih  arehefs 
yaUjin|^  coiapteating  the  ikfeat  and  caraag,e  of  the 

.  Of  the  French  it  appears,  bjj^rallel  accounts,  that 
there  fell  four  thousand*  with  their  brave  comman- 


i 


4«j  *    hfehfibmi^i'lifivem.        Jul}  i%: 

der  thfe  *art  of  Buchan,  thfe  fekrl  of  Douj^as,  and  hfe' 
son,  with  itAny  otheif  ^Mons  of  aistinctioti; 

•ilie  viscount  of  Narbonne  was  among  the  first  to 
Suffer  by  4ri  hdnoiiraljife  deith,  the  g^htle  pUhiflimcnt 
of  his  raAacfs.  Hts  body  ^as  souj^ht  for,  found, 
an^.  barbSH-ously  quattered,  and  hung  upon  gibbets 
by  order  of  Bedford,  as  having  beert  accfefsai-y  td  the 
aisufsi'.iaticn  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy. 

On  the  part  of  the  Engliflii  arttiy,  ttlij  victdtjr  wa» 
Qbtairted  with  the  lofs  of  no  more  than  sixteen  hUili 
dred  men  at  arms  ;  the  lords  of  Audleigh  arid  Carle- 
ton  being  amoiig  the  flain.  The  number  of  the  wound- 
ed was  more  considerable,  and  rejoicings  were  pro-* 
hibitedfor  jo  bloodjr  a  conquest.  Nettday  "Vefneuil 
was  occupied  by  an  Englifli  ^arriiooV"^''^'^ '  ^ 

Thus  perilhed  John  Stuatt,  earl  of  BticHan,  tljporf 
the  bed  of  honour,  worthy  df  that  ttaly  royal  and 
accomplilhed  family  to  Which  be  oWed  hi&  brigln. 
•  To  no  family  in  Europe  can  we  akribe  Stiperior 
gallantry,  geniUs,  eleganfce  of  taste,  Or  splendoHi:  tt 
military  and  cduftly  abilities,  thart  to  the  ftmilj'  dt 
Stuart,  9M  for  so  long  a  period  to  ndr^«/ fatnlly  ill 

the  world.  ,  ; 

Tames  I.  with  the  earl  of  Buchan  and  the  lord 
d'Aubigny,  bis  coiisihsi  itt  a  littl6  court  like  that  ist 
Scotland,  formed  a  riiatchlefs  groupe  ;  ah*d.  In  ihi 
raceof  d'Aubigoy,  tilfthc  conclusion  of  the  great  civil 
war  in  the  year  1648,  we  Wlibld  a  succefciou  of  heroes 
during  the  whole  of  its  career :  Nor,  smce  thsir  cha- 
racters start  from  the  canvas  of  history,  is  it  necef- 
sajy  to  point  iJuMn  ont  to  the  admifatibn  df  poste*. 
rity,  .    -  r* 


ffti)Sis^LSyjf'ifBV^*<'»'WfefflJW''g''J^!8W 


Ia3,  and  hiV 
an;  - 

the  first  to 
puhiflimcn't 
for,  found, 
jon  gibbets 
fiai-y  td  the 

victdty  wait 
ixteeft  hUJi-t 
I  arid  Carl6- 
the  wound- 
S  were  pro- 

ky  Vefncuil 

m^.         -  ■  f 

icrian,  tljpotf 
(r  royal  and' 
i&brigiii. 
[)€  Stiperior 
piendour  bf 
e  femily  dt 
'«/faniIly  irt 

rid  itlie  lord 
like  that  ot 
arid,  iti  ihi 
(jie  great  civil 
ioti  of  heroes 
ce  th«lr  cna- 
•,  18  it  necef- 
ibn  of  poste*. 


%3^%,  ittfprovfment  ojfjheep  and  woo/. 


T-l    ,■■.. 


rrrr 


THE  IMPROVEMENT  OF  SHEEP  AND  WOOL. 

Continue// /r  3m  0.  jy', 
7-  CottH^ctipnhetueenJinem'j  ofwoo/and.hardinets^ 

TT  .  '         f"  ;-----■    •    if   ■, 

fiERE  again   prejudi9e  l^^j  ^een  lqi[\y?|rd  1:9  4ecid% 
and  ha?  decid^,  as  HsuaJ.  Jiaprope^^.     J.^  i^  y^^j 
generally  belieyed,  tha^  f.»eep  which  Wrry  fifie  Tijqc^ 
ace  nece(?arily  ^jqre  Kfc^^xi  th^A  »ho^e  f|^t  yiq^i4  it 
9f  a  co^raer  ^lament.     Thi^,  ^p,  I  have  «o  J^esita- 
tion  in  saying,  is  not  true  ;  ^nd  evety  maji  Fho  lif^ 
tis  eye,  opep  in  a  fl^eep  ti^icket.  w  iR  »  flofifc  «f  ftcQp^ 
must  observe  it  as  well  as  me.     \  caosidv  this  at 
&  most  pernicipHs  wrpr,  thm,  if  »pt  eradicated,  must 
fvar  xmA  to    s^^i^ti^  thq  pfQ6(4   o«  flwepi  forming. 
4  «?;m»  Vb«  M  cpnyinc^cl  ihat  in?  wool  cap  pnJy  bf 
obtained  fro<^  ^  weakly  and  i|ja%  breed  ofOwep, 
ipuat  bea  fool  if  h^  dpes  npt  df^eraxiqe  aipncp  tp.war 
on^  cpaf^e  wool,     ^^t  tf»v^  h«  tA  Ue  cpnyioced,  as  I 
»ffl  satwAed-^e,  9»ay  be,  ^  a,  «et  0?  judiwPlw  experi,. 
ift^iu*  dij?€cted  fp  this  point*  that,  a;,  bar4y  Oiwp  can  b« 
found  whicl^.  cgrry  ^/gi|f  vQd,  a«  apy  vWcb  carty 
?oflr''  wool,  (s^nd  thwe  ^^s  aptiyUly  ift  Scotland,  ait* 
flsewl.V!rp,  l,i;^eda  plftaeg,  th^  psfj-y  y<f/y  iw«i  wwl» 
|ar -wM-e  haj-^  tl^an  otlw^r.  bree^i^  in  tb?  sam^  couUr 
try.  th^t  carry  coarse  wool,)  l^e  Would  m?I^e  baste  tp 
ptpp^gat^  tjip  4)ne,  and  tj^  g^t  a^^i^  tip,  p^feet,  to.  bif 
pwp  grea^  ^moluni^n^. 

Jflanfttt,', 
.   ^^  '^  \h  a?l»eyal  belMjvf4  th^t  a  fi^c  |jeece  of  wool 
%  ^^Pm***^  Ijgh?,  "«yien.cftn%B?t?d  i«iili  sm.  thai;  ii 


!^^|.'j)!.>'!i|^jr 


j|%  impro^yemenfofjlieepaniwoT.        July  itk 

coarser,  though  my  own  experience  obliges  tne  to  de- 
clare, that  I  conceive  thi?  general  prejudice  to  be  en- 
tirely unfounded.  I  have  seen  many  Ihcep  that  car- 
ry very  thin  and  light  fleeces,  though  the  wool  was 
extremely  coarse ;  and  others  exceedingly  fine  that 
were  as  clofe  as  it  is  pofsible  to  conceive.  Indeed  it 
is  now  well  known  to  every  member  of  this  society, 
that,  for  closenefs  of  pile,  no  breed  of  flieep  in  this 
country  can  be  compared  wfifh  the  Spanrfti  breed.  But 
it  is  not  the  word  of  an  individual  that  ought  to  have 
weight  incases  of  this  sort.  It  is  clear  and  accurate 
experiment  alone  that  ought  to  be  relied  on,  and  it  it 

for  that  I  contend. 

g.  Sborttuft  •r  itngtb  of  ttapU. 

It  can  hardly  be  disputed  that  richnefs  of  pastures, 
and  other  favourable  circumsta^ices,  have  an  influence 
in  lengthening  the   pile  of  wool.     Some  have  hence 
inferred  that  fhort  and  long  wool  might  be  inter- 
changeably converted  the  one  into  the  other  ;  hence 
that  no  carding  wool  can  be  expected  on  rich  pas- 
tures,  nor  combing    wool   upon   heathy  commons. 
Others,  -on  the  conttary,  contend  that  there  is  a  per- 
manent, and  unalterable  diff'erence  in  the  length  of 
the  wool  of  different  breeds  of  flieep,  which  no  ma- 
nagement can  destroy  ;  that  though  a  rich  pasture 
win,  in  all  cases,  produce  a  lengthier  wool  tham  one 
that  is  poorer,  in  the  same  manner  as  a  rich  soil  will 
produce  a  more  luxuriant  growth  of  plants  of  every 
sort  that  Ihall  be  reared  on  it,  than  if  they  had  grown 
«n  one  that  is  poorer  ;  yet  that  this  does  not  tend  to 
alter  the  ultimate   proportional  size   of  plants,    to 
which  nature  has  prcsaibed  certain  differCiUcs  that 


mmsimM- 


Bs  tne  to  de- 
ce  to  be  en' 
ep  that  car- 
e  wool  was 
{Ij  fine  that 
.  Indeed  it 
this  society, 
heep  in  this 
1  breed.  But 
light  to  have 
and  accurate 
on,  and  it  ii 

k.  • 

;  of  pastures, 
an  influence 
e  have  hence 
;ht  be  inter- 
jther ;  hence 
in  rich  pas- 
y  commons, 
lere  is  a  per- 
the  length  of 
rhich  no  ma- 
rich  pasture 
rool  than  one 
rich  soil  will 
ants  of  every 
ey  had  grown 
es  not  tend  to 
of  plants,    to 
Seretucs  that 


i79*«  impyovement  ofjhtep  and  wool.    ■  49 

on  one  that  is  poorer,  yet  that  this  does  not  tend 
to  alter  the  ultimate  proportional  size  of  pbnt3  ta 
which  nature  has  prescribed  certain  differences  thut 
cannot  be  interchanged.  A  gooseberry  bufli,  on  a 
rich  soil,  m»y,  perhaps,  sometimes  attain  as  great  a. 
size  as  a  hawthorn  on  a  poor  soil,  or  a  hawthorn  a* 
an  oak ;  yet,  in  equal  circumstances,  the  hawthora 
will  always  exceed  the  gooseberry  in  size,  and. 
tiie  oak  the  hawthorn.  It  is  just  so,  say  they, 
with  the  length  of  wool  produced  by  certain  breeds 
of  (heep,  some  of  which,  though  they  may  be  acci- 
dentally lengthened  or  stinted,  will,  upon  the  whole, 
preserve  an  invariable  difference  between  each  other, 
if  the  breed  be  not  contaminated.  Which  of  these 
opinions  are  well  founded  ?  Nothing  but  accurate 
experiments  can  aiford  a  satisfactory  answer  to  this, 
question. 

10.  Connection  between  length  of  staple  and  coarsenejt. 
.  ofjilament.  ,. 

No  opinion  has  been  more  generally  received  than 
that  there  is  a  necefsary  ana  invariable  connection  be- 
twet  "  length  of  the  staple  of  wool,  and  the  coarse- 
nefs  ot  ji  filament.  That  is  to  say,  that  the  finest, 
wool  must  occefsririly  be  fliort,  ind  \ice -jersa.  I. 
am,  howpver,  clearly  convinced,  that  there  is  no  real 
foundation  for  this  opinion  ;  bee  use  I  have  had  in 
roy  own  flock,  (beep  that  carried  wool  tot  exceeding 
two  inches  in  length,  which  was  of  an  exceeding 
coarse  quality  j  and,  at  the  une  time,  I  had  wool 
that  measured  seventeen  inches,  which  was  finer  in 
filament  than  the  finest  Spanifh  wool  I  could  obtain. 
It   is  of  great   importance     that  '     ^   circumstance 

VOL.  X.  O  t 


SflPiUllWii;"'  '  ■^ 


jo  tmpraifemenf  cf'Jbtef  itn^^ooaf:        'July  i8. 

ftould  be  ascertained  by  fair  and  indisputable  expe* 
titnents  }  so  that  the  public  fliould  neithsr  rely  up- 
on my  word,  nor  that  of  any  other  individual,  in  v 
matter  0^90  much  national  impurtancr. 
Zi.  Connectian  between  the  tendtney  tofattm^  andn»^ 
'  ture  of  the  fleece. 

It  is  profit  alone  that  the  farmer  ought  to  regard 
fti  choosing  a  breed  of  fiieep,  and  not  fanciful  refine, 
naents  of  any  sort.     The  improvement  of  wooi  is  a. 
principal  object  of  the  attention  of  this  society  ;  but 
if,  by  attempting  to  do  this,  the  farmer  must  sacrifice 
more  valuable  considerations,   it  would   be  folly  in. 
him  to  attempt  it.  In  all  their  expert  men's,  therefore, 
respect  ought  to  be  had  to  thequalities  of  the  carcase  o£ 
the  ftieep  as  well  as  its  wool.    If  flicep  that  carry  fine> 
lirool  are  necefsarily  and  invariably  more  tender,  or 
more  difficult  to  fatten  than  those  that  carry  coarse 
Wool,   it  were,  perhaps,  better  never  to  thiiik  of  the 
former.     But  if  the  quality  of  the  wool  has  no  w- 
ttfsary  connection   with  the  other  peculiarities  of 
carcase,  then  it  may  happen   that  by  attention  and: 
care,  a  breed  may  be  found  that  fhall  afibr-d'  at  the  same 
time  fine  wool,  and  be  easily  fatted.    It  is  a  matt<<r, 
therefore,  of  the  utmost   importance,  to  have  this 
point  clearly  elucidated  by  the  fairest  and  .nose  de- 
cisive experiments.  My  own  observations,  on  a  pretty 
extensive  scale  of  experience,  leave  me  no  room  to 
dbubt  on  this  head ;  but  it   is  not  for  my  own  satis- 
faction I  now  enquire,  but  for  the  satisfaction  of  the 
public  at  large.     And   the  public   Ihould  not  rely 
on  any  afsertioos  of  iudrviduals  in  matters  of  so  high 
importanse* 


"|Fwk^ 


lUtable  exp»'' 
h«r  rely  up- 
ividual,  in  • 

<Uen%  and  na^ 

jht  to  regard, 
neiful  refine- 
of  wooi  IS  a> 
!ociety  ;  but 
nust  sacrifice 
i  be  folly  in 
)s,  therefore, 
the  carcase  of 
lat  carry  fine- 
re  tender,  or 

carry  coarse 
think  of  th*:^ 
tol  has  no  tie- 
suliarities  of 
at<tention  and- 
4  at  the  same 
t  is  a  matter, 
to  have  this 
and  -.fiost'  de- 
s,  on  a  pretty 

no  room  to 
ly  own  satis- 
faction of  the 
old  not  rely 
;r3  of  80  high 


Xypa.**  "improntmtnt  t^J>etpmdvjool.  51 

la.  Lnflutnee  o/hrted  in  alterini;  tbe  qualities  ofjbeep. 

■Opinions  diflfcr  prodigiously-ircspectingthia  impor- 

flant  object  of  disGufsion.     Nor  can  it   be  otherwise, 

while  the  objects  aoove  specified  fhall  remain  undo- 

•ctded.    Were  all  ithese  previous  qjieatipns  to  be  fully 

lasoertained,  we   fliould  then   be  able   to  speak  with 

«ef  tainty  of  the  influence  of  breed,  and  to  act  de^- 

,ctsively  in  practice.      Till  they  he  ascertained  \»e 

anust. remain  in  a  state  of  perpetual  uncertainty  aud 

^oubt. 

Ey  tbe  practice  of  the  greatest  improvers  in  Bri- 
*ain,  it  appears  that.^r^is^  seems, to  be  found  to  have 
«  sovereign  and  uacontroulable  influence  in  altering 
the  nature  of  the  animal,  though  it  has  not  a  powe^ 
of  ehecking  the  collateral  influence  of  other  circum- 
stances on  the  animal  economy-  No  man,  for  ex- 
ample, who  breeds  from  a  Lanoafliire  long  horned 
bull  and  cow,  will  ever  produce  a  cow  of  the  fliott 
horned  Dutch  breed.  Here  the  effect  of  breed  is  in- 
«t8i>tly  obvious,  and  cannot  be  mistaken.  But 
ihould  a  man,  in  the  the  rich  vale  of  Gloucester, 
breed  from  a  Highland  f:ow  and  bull,  which,  in  an 
ordinary  soil,  would  not  exceed- twenty-eight  or  thirty 
stone  weight,  he  will  gradually  raise  them  to  such 
«  sizie  as  to  weigh  sixty,  seventy,  or  perhaps  eighty 
♦tone  or  upwards ;  while  a  breed  of  Engliih  cattl»,  by 
being  reared  for  a  length  of  time,  upop  a  poor  pas- 
ture would  be  gradually  diminiflicd  iu  size  till  it  be- 
came smaller  than  the  Highland  breed,  reared  upon  3 
i\cher  soil.  Thus  would  the  i^two  breeds,  in  respect 
tovfiae  at  least,  be  apparently  interchanged  the  one 
for  Uie  other,  as  the  smaller  might  become  the  lar- 
gfir,    Thisi  to  luwty  observers,  would  seem  to  be  a 


52  improvmtnt  o/Jfeep  and  wool.         ^ufy  i9. 

real  alteration  of  the  qualities  of  the  breed  ;  though 
it  be,  in  fact,  only  an  a4:cidental  variation,  occasioned 
by  the  influence  of  collateral  circumstances ;  for,  in 
all  other  respects  but  the  siie,  these  breeds,  in  all 
circumstances,  preserve  their  original  and  distinctive 
difference;  and  let  them  change  places  they  will 
quickly  return  to  what  they  w? re  before.  The 
Highland  cattle,  restored  to  their  barren  hills* 
will  dwindle  to  their  former  size ;  and  the  Englifli 
breed,  in  its  rich  vales  afsume  their  former  magnt>' 
tude,  and  be  exactly  the  satn*  thing,  aftei:  many  ge- 
nerations, as  they  were  at  first,  if  the  breed  has  not 
been  contaminated.  Just  eo  it  happens  in  the  vege^ 
table  kingdom.  The  hawthorn  which  springs  up 
in  a  rich  and  fertile  vale,  rises  to  a  lofty  tree,  spreads 
wide  its  branches  around,  and  outstrips  the  oak  itsetf 
which  grows  on  a  niggard  soil,  and  in  an  exposed  si- 
tuation ;  but  this  deviation  from  the  laws  of  nature 
is  only  an  accidental,  not  a  rfl</»c«/ change. 

It  is  in  this  way  that  circumstances  which  only 
produce  accidental  changes  on  the  qualities  of  flieep 
and  wool,  having  not  been  distinguilhed  from  the 
more  permanent  changes  resulting  from  breeds,  have 
occasioned  a  confusion  of  ideas  on  this  head  that 
ought  to  be  removed  :  An  enterprise  that  seems  to 
be  highly  worthy  the  attention  of  this  society.  Many 
men  have  observed,  for  example,  that  rich  pastures 
augment  the  length  of  wool,  which,  it  no  doubt  does  ; 
hence  they  conclude,  that  long  or  fhort  wool  depend? 
entirely  on  pastures,  andnot  on  the  nature  of  the  on- 
ginal  breed  ;  though  they  must  very  often  see  in  the 
same  pastures,  different  breeds,  which,  in  this  respect* 
t  reserve  all  their  original^qualitiej  unimpaired.  Other* 


"yx- 


•>fllS5!?H5^^^rsSft*HrB5!S^^ 


■is*i.3Sjf^^^ 


eed  ;  though 
If  ocoasioned 
ices  i  for,  in 
kreeds,  in  sitt 
id  distinctive 
!S  they  will 
>efore.  The 
tarren  hills^ 
the  Engliih 
irmer  magnte 
tejr  many  ge- 
hreed  has  not 
in  the  vege^ 
,  springs  up 
tree,  spreads 
the  oak  itscH' 
n  exposed  si- 
iws  of  nature 

which  only 
ities  of  iheep 
led  from  the 
.breeds,  have 
is  head  that 
that  seems  to 
sciety.  Many 
rich  pastures 
)  doubt  does ; , 
wool  depend? 
re  of  the  on- 
"ten  see  in  the 
n  this  respectv 
laired.  Other* 


i^^'ie«i.w:- 


1792.  improvetntnt  of  Jhup  and  wool.  55- 

having  observed  thui  some  uf  tiiecorninun  breeds  carry 
long  wool  that  is  very  coarse,  have  concluded  that  these 
-qaalities  (1.  e.  length  and  coarsenefs,)  cannot  be  dis- 
joined ;  and  that  the  influence  of  brttd,  in  this  case^ 
will  soon  be  lost.  Others  having  observed  that  the 
fleece  produced  by  the  same  fheep  in  one  season, 
has  been  much  coarser  than  that  which  the  same 
iheep  afforded  in  a  former  season,  have  thought  they 
had  good  reason  to  conclude,  if  the  (heep  chaiKred  to 
be  moved  from  a  coarser  to  a  finer  gang,  that  thi« 
change  was  undoubtedly  occasioned  by  the  richer 
pasture.  They  did  not  advert  that  if  the  season  ia 
which  the  wool  was  produced  was  warmer  than  the 
former,  the  wool  must  of  necefsity  have  been  much 
coarser  than  the  wool  of  the  former  season,  though  the 
iheep  had  been  kept  upon  its  former  pasture.  If 
the  iheep  chanced  to  go  from  a  richer  to  a  coar- 
ser pasture,  the  obvious  deterioration  of  the  wool 
would  be  as  inevitably  attributed  to  the  pasture,  not 
to  the  change  of  climate  between  one  year  and  ano^ 
iher.  Thus  it  must  ever  happen,  that  so  long  as  we 
are  ignorant  of  the  precise  effect  of  a  change  of  cli- 
mate, pasture,  management,  sex,  age,  \3c.  on  the 
quality  of  the  same  breed  of  fheep,  we  mnst  be  per- 
petually groping  in  the  dark,  and  reasoning  as  fancy 
or  caprice  nwy  dictate,  so  that  our  practice  must  be 
unsteady,  and  our  o^Mnions  contradictory.  What 
enterprise,  therefore,  could  be  more  worthy  of  a  so* 
ciety  which  has  so  strongly  attracted  the  notice  of  all 
Europe,  than  to  begin  by  chalking  out  and  steadily 
pursuing  a  set  of  experiments  calculated  to  remove 
those  doubts,  and  to  introduce  certainty  in  a  matter 
of  so  much  national  importance  ? 


^4  improventtHt  ofjbtep  mnd  vnoi.        Jufy  r8'. 

Committte  of  experiments. 
From  these  cousicicratioin,  I  would  beg  leave  to 
propose  that  a  cn.iunittee  of  this  society  Qiouldbc  ap- 
]^inted«  under  the  name  of  ifae  committee  af  tMptrir 
mentis  to  make  a  cleitr  and  distinct  apofification  of 
such  experiments  as  they  Ihould  deem  uecc&ary  tp 
be  made  for  elucidating  the  particulars  above  allti- 
ded  to,  and  others  they  (houU  deem  of  equal  iropot- 
*Bnce,  and  to  report  to  the  society  the  result  of  their 
deliberations.  And  let  it  be  an  article  of  instruction 
to  that  committee,  to  be  very  minute  in  describing 
all  the  particulars  necefsary  to  be  atiendsd  to  in 
making  these  experiments,  30  as  to  guard  againat  er- 
ror. Should  such  a  report,  corrected  by  the  societjtt 
be  afterwards  publiflied,  it  may  scwe  as  a  clue  to 
direct  the  experiments  of  such  public  spirited  indi- 
viduals as  were  desirous  of  co-operating  with  the 
society  in  forwarding  so  useful  an  undertaking. 

The  great  object  to  be  ever  held  in  view  by  this  so- 
ciety, in  these  and  every  other  enterprise,  must  be 
the  improvement  of  Britifli  wool  ;  and  in  the  first 
place  the  improvement  of  our  Ihort  ca;rding  wool. 
But,  in  attempting  to  obtain  the  object  aimed  at, 
care  must  be  taken  not  to  sacrifice  any  other  ad- 
vantage we  already  pofsefe  that  Ihould  tend- to  di- 
minilh  the  profit  of  the  farmer.  The  prudent  flieep 
rearer  will  not  rafliiy  depart  from  what  he  knows 
to  be  profitable,  for  another  practice  he  does  not 
know  with  certainty  to  be  better.  If'to  obtain  one 
pound  of  fine  wool  he  loses  two  of  a  coarser  sort — if 
he  must  adopt  a  more  tender  instead, of  a  liardier 
breedj  fine  wool  would  be  purchased  at  a.prioe  iar 


'  »;.J::.<yi  .^^Jgl^?fcj}j^S»^at#feW-»^ 


yufy  r8. 

beg  leave  >to 
[hould  be  ap>. 
Ite  of  tttptrir- 
«ification  of 
ueceisary  tP 

above  alligu 
equal  impot- 
>!i\ilt  of  tiie»T 
»f  instruction 
in  describing 
tended  to  in 
'd  againat  er- 
r-the  society, 
AS-  a  clue  to 
spirited  indi» 
ing  with  the 
-taking. 
;w  by  this  so- 
ise,  must  be 
[  in  the  first 
arding  wool. 
«t  aimed  at, 
Xj  other  ad- 
Id  tend- to  dU 
prudent  flieep 
at   he  knows 

be  does  not 
to  obtain  one 
arser  sort — if 
l,of  a  hardier 
at  a. price  £ar 


ins^m- 


beyond  its  vahie.    But  it  it  (hall  be  proved  byas«t  of 
judicious  expenments,  which  I  have  no  doubt  will  be 
the  ease,  that  fineiiefs  ot  wool  does  luit  necefsarily  tend 
todiminilh  its  quantity,  and  that  flieepol'the  hardiest 
sort  may  be  found  that  produce  the  finest  and  closest 
pile  of  wool,  then  his  attention  would  be  directed  to 
make  diligent  search  to  try  if  he  could  discover  that 
breed  wich  pofsefsed  all  the  difi^rent  qualities  which, 
render  (beep  valuable  in  the  highest  degree.     But  in. 
this  enquiry  he  ihould  proceed  with  caution,  and  ne- 
ver go  an  inch  beyond  the  bounds  that  accurate  ex- 
periments prescribe  to  him;  fancy  and  afiecti  on  fliould 
be  here  out  of  the   question, — it  is  pr(ifit  only  that 
ought  to  be  regarded.     When   ever  the  farmer  ha» 
obtained  a  good  breed,  let  him  lay  it  down  as  a  maxim, 
from   which   nothing^  (hall   make  him   depart,   ne- 
ver, on  the  one  haadr  to  alter  it  or  change  it  for  ano- 
ther, till  he  has  had  decisive  experience  that  he  is  to 
do  it  for  the  better  ;  nor,  on  the  other  hand,  ever  to 
rest  satisfied  that  his  breed  cannot   be   improved  till 
he  has  obtained  one  that  pofcefses  every  estimablet 
quality  in  the  highest  known  degree. 

That  I  may  not  be  here  raisunderstoody  let  it  be 
supposed  that  he  has  obtained  a.  breed  that  af^ord9^ 
very  fine  wool  if^  abundant  quantity,  and  thrives 
kindly  upon  his  gang  ;  though  another  kind  (hould 
come  in  his  way,  that  fattaied  a  little  more  easily, 
let  him,  before  he  resolves  to  adopt  this,  last,  make  a 
fair  experiment  to  try  if  the  whole  of  the  flieep  of 
that  kind,  which  can  be  kept  on  a  given  quantity  of 
such  food,  as  he  can  command,  will  afford  him  more 
profit,   taking  iu  every  aaide  ia  euaulof   carcaae^;  • 


,6  imprwement  ofjbeep  and  wool.        July  1 9. 

Ilcect,  mA   accidents,  than    Biiother  kind  with  which 
it  is  compared.     If  th;i  experiment  (hould  turn  out 
in  favour  of  hi*  own  breed,  let  him  reiict  the  strange 
breed  with  which  it   was  cimpared  ;    >ut  let  him  not 
rest  satisfied   that   it  rever  can  be   improved.     Let 
him  be  ever  on  the  search  for  a  breed  of  fine  wooUed 
fceep,  that  fatten  verv  kindly.     Let  him  watch  for 
the«e  with    the  utmost  care,  and,  wherever  he  can 
find  them,  let  no  expence  deter  him  from  giving  them 
s  fair  experimental  trial.  But  if  he  has  been  so  lucky 
as  to  come  near  to  perfection  with  his  own  flock ;  where 
is  he  so  likely  to  meet  with  that  valuable  kind  as  in  that 
flock?  With  a  view  to  discover  these  valuable  indivi- 
duals let  him  observe  them  continually  with  the  most 
attentive  eye.  Let  him  handle  them  often,  and  carefully 
discriminate  those  which  have,  in  the  highest  degree, 
tlie  valuable  qualities  he  willies  to  obtain.     Let  them 
be  selected  from  the  others,  the  very  best  rams  put 
to  the  picked  ewes,   and  so  on,  perpetually  selecting 
the  bert  from  the  best.     In  this  manner,  by  a  con- 
tinued   attention,    it    is    inconceiveable    what     im- 
provements may  be   made  in  a  continuance  of  years. 
I  myself  once  chanced  to  observe  a  little  cow  of  my 
own,  that  continued  at  all  times  fat,  when  treated  in 
the  same  way  with  my  other  cattle ;  and  though  fhe 
was  scarcely  ever  in  her  life  that  flie  might  not  have 
been  slaughtered  for  beef,  others  of  my  cows,  equal- 
ly fed  with  her,  were  sometira  ,a  very  lean.     1  kept 
k»r  many  years,  but  never  was  so  lucky  as  to  obtain* 
bill  calf  trom  her  that  lived ;  yet  I  can,  at  this  day ,  easily 
distinguifti  that  breed,  by  their  good  plight,  from  my 
<«her  cattle,  after  Ihe  has  been  dead  more  than  twen- 


"  tm^Ai'.mism&'i^mfmi.mM'm^^f'^s'''^!^'^-'^'^- 


with  which 
Id  turn  out 
the  strange 
let  him  not 
roved.     Let 
line  wooUed 
1  watch  for 
:ver  he  can 
giving  them 
;en  so  lucky 
flock ;  where 
ind  as  in  that 
table  indivix 
ith  the  most 
ind  carefully 
rhest  degree, 
.     Let  them 
;st  rams  put 
My  selecting 
r,  by  a  con- 
what    im- 
nce  of  years. 
e  cow  of  my 
en  treated  in 
i  though  fhe 
ght  not  have 
cows,  equal- 
ean.     1  kept 
as  to  obtain  « 
lis  day,  easily 
jht,  from  my 
c  than  twcQ- 


rjUB 


on  taxatliifi.  ^j 

Such  being  the  evident  permanency  of 
let  me  recommend  this   circumstance  very 
warmly  to  the  sttention  of  all  who  wifti  to  engage 
seriously  in  the  improvement  of  their  flieep.    But  let 
no  iheep  rearer  ever  forget,  that  it  is  the  breed  of 
flieep  which,  on  hit  ou:n  particular  gang,  and  not  on  that 
of  another,  yields  him  the  most  profit,  that  is  the 
kind  he  ought  to  rear,  whether  it  carry  coarse  or 
fine  wool,  or  whether  it  be  in  vogue  at  the  time,  or 
the  reverse.     It  is  money  only   that  mates  the  pot  to 
ioil.     And  let  him  also   advert,  that,  if  breed  be  so 
powerful  in  improving,  it  is  equally  efficacious  in  de~ 
teriorating  a  flock  ;  so  that  he  ought   to  take  great 
care  how  he  alters  that  breed  which  he  already  pof- 
sefses ;  and  on  no  account  ought   he  to  introduce  a 
strange  ram  into  his  flock,  till  the  superior  qualities 
of  tliat  breed  over  his  own  have  been  ascertained  in 
the  most  indisputable  manner  by  clear  and  decisive 
experiments. 

Jas.  Andersok. 


ON  TAXATION.  "» 

Amongst  the  various  departments  In  the  science  of 
JpoTitics,  I  believe  there  is  none  in  which  lefs  pro- 
jj'i.'fs  has  been  made,  in  point  of  improvement,  than 
that  pf  taxation.  Notwithstanding  the  numerous 
and  deep  discufsions,  that  almost;  every  branch  of  the 
revenue  lav/s  has  undergone,  both  in  and  out  of  par- 
liament, we  find  ourselves  loaded  with  taxes,  that 

VOL.  X.  U  J^ 


58  tftiaxatfon.  ^tf/y  iff. 

produce  evHs  ten-fold  greater  than  thejr  are  capable 
of  occasioning,  were  the  duties  payable  the  onlj  cause 
of  complaint, — with  revenue  officers  to  soch  an  im- 
mense number  both  under  the  customs  and  excise, 
that  they  form  one  of  the  greatest  and  most  constant 
articles  of  expence  to  government, — and  withal  we  are 
overcome  with  smugglers,  and  revenue  sales  of  set- 
zed  goods,  to  such  an  extent,  that  in  many  branches  of 
commerce  the  fair  trader  is  beaten  out  of  the  field. 
With  a  view  to  point  out,  as  far  as  lies  within  my 
power,  the  cause,  of  these  evils,  and  to  excite  in 
others,  endowed  with  more  information  and  abilities,  a 
desire  of  turning  theireyes  toward  an  object  of  so  much 
importance,  and  endeavouring  to  devise  the  means  of 
putting  our  taxations  on  a  more  simple  and  lefs  hurt- 
ful footing,  1  fliall,  with  thc>  permifsion  of  the  Editor 
of  the  Bee,  offer  to  the  public,  from  time  to  time,  my 
observations  on  srch  parts  of  the  revenue  laws  as 
tome  immediatel ,  under  my  observation,  in  the 
course  of  my  oa'h  t'  sinefs  as  a  merchant. 
{.  Of  otmrstreacbing  taxation. 
It  13  a  very  plausible  and  generally  received  idea, 
that  the  higher  aniuty  is,  th',  more  it  prodoces  ;  but 
there  is  not  any  principle  more  fallacious  or  more 
dangerous.  I  ftiall  pick  out,  as  particular  instances, 
the  duties  payable  on  the  importation  of  tpirits  and 

tobacco. 

On  all  European  spirits  there  Is  a  duty  payable  on 
importation  to  Britain,  of  five  fliiilings  and  ten-pence 
per  gallon. 

The  cost  of  geneva  oif  the  first  (fuality  is  at  pre- 
sent, at  Rotterdam,  about  1 8.  10  d.^^r  gallon,  brandy, 


>/y  1 8. 

are  capable 
e  onl  J  cause 
sach  an  inl- 
and excise, 
io3t  constant 
rithal  we  are 
tales  of  sei- 
branclies  of 
of  the  field, 
within  my 
o  excite  in 
id  abilities,  a 
•t  of  so  much 
he  means  of 
id  lefs  hurt- 
f  the  Editor 
to  time,  my 
inue  laws  as 
ion,   in  tbs 


ceived  idea, 
}daces ;  but 
lis  or  more 
r  instances, 
spirits  and 

'  payable  on 
id  ten-pence 

f  is  at  pre- 
lon,  brandy, 


1179 !•  en  toMtitiott.  '  59 

•ince  the  commencement  of  the  disturbances  in  France, 
has  been  much  dearer,  which  h»s  in  a  great  degree 
prevented  the  smuggling  of  that  article. 

The  consequence  of  this  very  high  duty,  it  being 
•bove  three  limes  the  value  of  the  spirits,  is,  that  an 
immense  smuggling  has  been  carried  on  ever  since  it 
was  so  high.  And  notwithstanding  tyery  method 
that  could  be  devised  for  its  prevention  having  been 
adopted  by  government,  it  still  continues.  The  evils 
of  this  smuggling  are  easily  seen  :  1  fliall  enumerate 
some  of  them.  j  ', 

1st.  It  destroys,  in  a  double  capacity,  legal  com- 
merce, the  support  of  which  every  good  politician 
pays  much  atterition  to.  In  the  first  place  the  smugg- 
lers are  enabled  to  bring  the  spirits  to  market  at  a 
price  far  lower  than  the  person,  who  pays  the  duties 
can ;  and,  in  the  second  place,  there  are  such  great 
quantities  of  these  spirits,  that  have  been  seized  and 
condemned  by  the  revenue  oflScers,  exposed  to  sale 
at  the  custom-house  and  excise  office,  that  it  is  im- 
pofsible  for  the  fair  trader  ever  to  compete  with 
them,  however  low  his  prices  may  be  ;,  for  the  lower 
he  sells,  the  lower  will  these  condemned  spirits  be 
knocked  off  at,  as  they  must  be  sold  at  what  they 
will  bring. 

id.  It  brings  ruin  into  the  part  of  the  country 
where  it  exists.  The  temptation  is  so  great  that 
persons  pofsefsed  of  capital,  allured  by  the  glittering 
prospect  of  gain,  relinquiflx  lawful  occupations,  as 
xjiean  drudgery,  and  grasp  eagerly  at  the  thousands 
that  they  are  to  gain  by  purchasing  spirits  at  is.  icd. 
and  selling  them  at  7  s.  lod.Jier  gallon.     They  pur- 


I 


'*  "i 


<5o  OH  taxation!.-  ^  fuly  i8/. 

chase  fliips,  engage  men,  scad  out  remittances,— theif- 
vefsels  and  cargoes  are  seized,  thiey,  and  their  families, . 
who  livad  in  affluence   and  respect,    are  plunged  at*, 
once  into  bankruptcy  and  indigence,  drawing  along 
with  them  many  small  dependants.     But  Ihouldthey, 
be  so  fortunate  as  to  succeed  in  the  attempt,  and  gain  v 
great  sums  by  the  prosperous  ifsue  of  their  lawlefjf  .- 
enterprise,  they  stop  not  there.     Fate  acts  the  same?' 
part  by  them,  as  a  cunning  {harper  at  whist  does  by  a  -; 
pigeon  ;  allowing  them  to  run  on  ia  the  gaudy  path'v 
of  gain  till  their  heads  are  uplifted  with  the  iuchanting'; 
phantom  j  and  with  one  blow  they  are  cast  down,  ,i 
and  all "  their  flowery   prospects  come    to    nought. 
Thus  it  happens  with  all,  rich  and  poor,  ih  those  un- 
happy countries  where  smuggling  prevails.     If  1  ex- 
cept a  very  few,  indeed,  who  die  worth  considerable'. 
sums  of  money  made  by  the  diabolical  trafBc;  and 
these  increase  the  evil  by  being  looked  at  by  their  - 
countrymen  as  happy  examples,  worthy  of.  imita- . 
tion. 

idly.  'The  good  murals  of  the  people,  by  this  term't' 
I  mean  the  proper  direction  of  the  principle,  of  dis- 
tinguifhing  right  from  wrong,  are,  by  every  able  po-  . 
litician,  whether  in  a  publit  or  private  capacity,  con- 
sidered a3  an  object  of  the  firat  importance.     And' 
these  are,  by  smuggling,,  entirely  destroyed.     When  , 
the  laws  in  one  instance  are  held  at  nought,  very  . 
little    respect  is    paid  to   them  in  another ;  and  it 
is  a  well  known,  fact,  that  in  every  country  where 
smuggling  is  practised  extensively,  it  is  not  only  ac-  . 
counted  no  crime  to  defraud  the  revenue,  but  it  is 
also  considered  as  a  virtue  ;  and- 1  believe  -that,  had- 


■'Ai 


CCS,— their 
:ir  families, 

plunged  at 
wing  along 
Qiould  they 
pt,  and  gain 
leir  lawlefs 
ts  the  same 
^  does  by  a 
gaudy  path 

iuchanting 
cast  down,  . 
to  nought. 
ii  those  un- 
s.  If  I  ex. 
onsiderable 
:rafBc;  and 
It  by  their  - 
T  of.  imita>  . 

y  this  term 
iple.  of  dis- 
ry  able  po- 
lacity,  con- 
mce.  And 
:d.  When  . 
ight,  very 
er  i  and  it 
itry  where 
lOt  only  ac- 
e,  but  it  is 
I  4hat,  had 


17$**  «n  thi  miiky  way.  ^  6v 

smuggling  been  as  near  the  origin  of  society  in  Galw 
loway,  as  fighting  was  in  Rome,  virtue  *  would  have 
implied  dexterity  in  smuggling  in  the  former,  as  it 
did  bravery  in  the  latter.  How  often  do  we  not  hear 
of  spightfal  murders  being  committed  in  Kent,  of  re- 
bellious combats  in  GaUoway  and  Ajrfliire,  betwixt 
his  majesty's  officers  and  the  people  ;  and  of  un- 
paralleled, and  bragged-of  feats  of  swindling  in  all 
the  smuggling  counties  of  Britain  ?  All  arc  owing 
to  smuggling. 

I  could  enumerate  many  more  instances  of  the 
baneful  efFects  of  illieit  commerce,  all  of  which  opcj 
rate  most  powerfully  in  those  very  parts  of  our  coun- 
try that  are  destined  by  nature  to ihine  in  commerce, 
and  spread  wealth  and  happiuefs  around  them,  if  that 
evil  were  removed ;  but  I  must  hold  for  the  present, 
and  in  my  next  paper  I  fhall  probably  state  what  are 
the  effects  of  exorbitant  duties  on  the  amount  of  the 
revenue,  v/hich  is  the- primary  object  of  considera- 
tion in  imposing  them. ,  ;, 
^'"*'  '79*.                                Trader  Political. 


ON  THE  MILKY  WAY. 
For  the  See. 

If  our  sun  were  viewed  by  a  person  at  the  nearest 
iixed  star,  that  star  would  appear  a  sun,  and  our 
sun  would  appear  a  fixed  star.  How  grand  is  the 
idea  that  every  fixed  star  is  a  sun  to  a  number  of 
planets  around  it  !  And  yet,  if  we  reason  from  ana-, 
logy,  it  is  not  more  strange  than  true.  The  breadth 
•  Vhtutf  Id  Latin,  signifies  br»veiy. 


iri 


iSt  oitthe  milky  way.  yufy  i8» 

of  the  earth's  orbit  scarcely  bear*  any  sensible  pro- 
portion to  the  distance  of  the  nearest  fixed  stars. 

We  ftiall  here  hazard  a  conjecture  concerning  the 
universt  from  the  appearance  of  the  milky  way. 
The  milky  way,  (when  Sv'en  to  perfection  in  a  clear 
night,  so  clear  as  to  occur  only  once  or  twice  in 
twelve  months,  and  brighter  than  is  necefsary  to  dis- 
cover the  planet  Herschell  to  the  naked  eye,)  the 
milky  way  appears  a  great  circle  in  the  heavens, 
pafsing  by  the  swan  on  the  north,  and  dog-star  on 
the  south,  and  riot  far  from  the  pole  of  the  ecliptic. 
Of  this  great  circle  of  the  milky  way,  the  earth  of 
course  appears  to  be  the  center. 

The  conjecture  we  hazard  from  this  appearance,  is^ 
that  the  universe  of  the  fixed  stars  is  a  great  zodiac, 
or  grand  ecliptic,  of  some  thicknefs,  but  of  little  thick- 
nefs  in  comparison  to  its  vast  length  and  breadth,  oc 
amazing  circumference  :  That  the  fixed  stats  have 
formed  themselves  into  such  a  grand  zodiac  by  mutual 
attraction  ;  as  the  planets,  by  a  like  attraction,  have 
resolved  themselves  into  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic:. 
That  we,  who  are  placed  in  the  middle  of  this  grand 
zodiac  of  the  universe,  see  the  more  distant  parts  of 
Tt  like  a  round  belt,  or  great  circle,  of  some  breadth, 
of  which  we  ourselves  are  in  the  center  ;  That  this 
great  circle  is  the  milky  way  :  That  the  fixed  stars 
we  see  on  every  side  of  us,  are  all  comprehended 
within  the  compafs  of  the  grand  zodiac ;  but  being 
comparatively  near  us,  must  appear  to  us  ia  all  point* 
©f  the  sphere :  That  we  only  perceive  it  to  afsume 
the  figure  of  a  zodiac  in  those  parts  that  are  compa- 
ratively  more  remote  :  And  that,  in  the  most  dis- 
tant parts  of  it,  myriads  o^  fixed  stars,  forming  them- 


)r  sensible  pro- 
xed  stars.  j| 
concerning  the 
:  milky  way. 
ction  in  a  clear 
e  or  twice  in 
jcefsary  tod  is* 
iked  eye,)  the 
I  the  heavens, 
,nd  dog-star  on 
of  the  ecliptic. 
ft.  the  earth  of 

appearance,  isr 
I  great  zodiac, 
t  of  little  thick- 
md  breadth,  or 
xcd  stars  have 
idiacby  mutual 
ttiaction,  have 
[)f  the  ecliptic:. 
e  of  this  grand 
listant  parts  of 
•  some  breadth, 
:er  :  That  this 
the  fixed  stars 
comprehended 
jac ;  but  being 
us  ia  all  pointa 
vre  it  to  afsume 
bat  are  compa- 
the  must  dis- 
forming  them* 


.'I 


179**  reading  memorandums.  6% 

selves,  rank  behind  rank,  into  embattled  legions,  pre- 
sent  to  us,  and  to  our  view,  the  great  circle  of  the 
milky  way.  Our  ecliptic  stands  nearly  at  right 
angles  to  the  surface  of  our  earth :  The  position  of 
the  milky  way  may  have  determined  the  position  of 
our  ecliptic.  Astronomicus. 


READING  ME'\10RANDUMS. 
The  weak   mind,  unable  to  think,  naturally  flies 
toanecdote  to  find  conversation  ;  and  you  will  seldom 
be  entertained  with  a  happy,  or  decent  selection. 

There  is  often  an  unfortunate  eoncurrence  of  cir- 
cumstances, which  is  sometimes  so  intricate,  from 
chance,  as  to  leave  the  innocent  bewildered  in  the 
mazes  of  suspicion,  witliout  affording  the  slightest 
clue  for  them,  to  retrace  their  way  out  of  it. 


Friendlbip  (like  love,)  now  a-days  is  a  word  of 
faftiion.  'Tis  a  sort  of  superstitious,  cabalistical 
word,  which  once  had  the  power  of  joining  people 
together,  but,  like  witchcraft,  lias  now  lost  its  force. 


Let  not  the  unfeeliog  stoic  deride  the  pleasures  of 

this    world,    and    despise   a   happinefs,    which    his 

gloomy  soul  is  incapable  of  tasting;  it  presents  many 

enjoyments,   which  the  .eye  of  reason  may   behold 

ivitb  approbation. 

"  The  ways  of  prov'idenc*  are  darU  and  intricate, 
••  Puzzled  with  mates,  and  perp  ex'd  witli  errors." 


On  reading  Blair's  sermons,  it  is  observed,  "  those 
sermons  are  piety  in  the  most  enticing  form ;  and 


^6^  ''  reading  memorandums.  y^^y  i8« 

whilst  you  admire  the  elegant  language  they  are  re- 
plete with,  a  secret  impulse  bids  you  follow  the 
charming  precepts. 


Melancholy  brings  to  one's  mind  tlie  exprefsions  of 
others,  which  exactly  describe  our  own  sensations, 
more  than  any  other  affection. 


We  are  never  more  angry  than  when  we  find  our- 
selves duped.  Natural,  justifiable  pride  revolts 
against  duplicity  ;  and  we  can  sooner  forgive  any  ia^. 
jury  than  that  of  deceit. 


Courage  incites  soldiers  to  fight  for  their  country  : 
But  it  is  cowardice  alone  that  drives  duelists  toge* 


ther. 


Three  maxims  never  to  be  departed  from,  for  ^ 
happy  life. 

1st.  An  implicit  acquiescence  in  the  will  of  pro- 
vidence, from  a  conviction  that  all  its  dispensations 
are  ultimately  intended  for  our  good. 

2d.  That,  without  embarafsing  oa^selves  by  re-, 
verting  to  the  past,  or  looking  forward  to  the  future, 
we  ought,  in  every  present  instance,  to  act  in  strict 
conformity  to  the  dictates  of  conscience  and  reason. 

3d.  Never  consider  slight  omifsions,  and  trifling 
errors,  as  beneath  our  care  and  attention. 


Many  things  would  remain  perfectly  harmlefs  by 
neglect,  that  are  too  frequently  exalted  into  mischief 
by  being  legally  noticed. 


yin 


July  1 8. 
age  they  are  re- 
you  follow   the 


lie  exprsfsions  of 
own  sensations. 


ien  we  find  our- 
e  pride  revolts 
r  forgive  any  in* 


r  their  country : 
:s  dueliftts  toge« 


:ed  from,  for  '9, 

the  will  of  pro- 
Its  dispensations 

□^selves  by  re-, 
d  to  the  future, 
to  act  in  strict 
ce  and  reason, 
ns,  and  trifling 
ion. 

:Iy  harmlefs  by 
:d  into  mischief 


yOETRT. 


MARTIAL  LIB.  VIII.  EPIC.  lU.  IMITATED. 

When  fliall  you  end  my  tlionghllcfs  barj  ? 

What  rrams  of  vcrfet  would  you  v»riee  ? 
W.Jiout  *n  atom  ofrtw.Tid, 

Ti.ough  all  admire  your  cv'ry  fl'ght. 

The'camD.  the  city,  and  the  court, 

Trie  f.iirr.cr  p.'oJdIng  at  hid  plough, 
Tiic  premier  etekng  each  rei.irt, 

To  pay  our  dc^ts  the  devil  knowj  how !'' 

•MI. 

All  these  and  fifty  thousand  others, 

Have  learn'J  your  charmij.-;  odfs  by  heart;  :'  ' 

Till  iigh  spite  their  admiration  .motben, 

Ev'n  critics  murmur  your  dcstit.  '  ' 

IV. 

Whtn  creeds,  and  farces,  and  revlewa, 

And  dictionaries  pas:  all  number, 
Shall  plug  the  windows  of  our  stews, 

A3  tight  as  J_e:nniy  Boswell's  lumber: 

V. 

When  you  have  rotted  in  a  jail, 

Witho\it  one  turf  your  bones  to  cover. 
The  milk  maid,  blu/hing  o'er  her  pail,  , 

Shall  tune  your  ballads  to  her  iover. 

VI.  '  '■'"■ 

The  fliepherd  while  hij  lambs  are  f«eding, 

And  his  fond  bantlings  throrg  to  hear, 
Shall  on  the  daisy,  where  he's  reading, 

Drop  the  pure  homage  of  a  tear, 
vn. 
Lift  others  in  their  lofty  rhime, 

Raist  ruffian  valour  to  the  fkies,- 
But  scorn  to  prostitute  your  time. 

In  teaching  homicide  diiguise. 

VIII. 

T'were  past  all  Creek, —  ill  Shikisspeare's  glory.  , 

It'tender,  innocent,  amusing,  .  '    , 

While  not  one  trime  pnf^net yctu  ttory, 

NsLLV  fhall  think  it  worth  i:ei using, 
l». 
For  since  in  baby  clothes  >oung  nature. 

Fit  si  tried  ten  thousand  ojbs  to  whirl, 
Thi  re  has  not  stnilsi  in  mortal  featuie,. 

So  lovely,  so  divine  a  girl !  'EoMBAHDiNiorr 

VOL.  X,  1  ■^: 


^ 


ptetry. 


"July  18. 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Bee. 

iJr  Edilcr, 

I  hsppenrd  to  h^ve  the  giod  fortune  to  be  prfsent  at  the  grand  concerf 
which  w,i»  pert'ormci  n:  ihe  oper»  hnus;  London,  for  the  btn'fit  ot 
Thomaj  Linley,  esq,  itwasjt  this  concert  that  the  muchlimen.a.-!  M13 
Sheridan  iung  for  the  las.  time  in  public.  Tiie  effect  Mrs  Shcridin's 
wo-.iitrfully  pathetic  powers  had  up«n  me,  Mr  Editor,  I  am  un.iMe  lo 
describe,  pen  and  piper,  even  in  a  ftilltul  hand,  could  give  bur 
a  very  faint  idea  of  it.  The  house  was  so  overflowed  that  furm,  were 
obliged  to  be  placed  on  the  stage  ;  and  thc3e,bting  filled  by  ladies,  a 
crowd  of  gentlemen  were  thankful  to  get  standing  room  between  ilie 
s:  Jc  scenes,  &c.  6fc.  1  menlion  these  circumstances  to  /hew  the  anxie-. 
ty  of  the  public  on  this  occasion  j  and  among  this  numerous  aficrablage 
J  don't  think  ther«  was  a  dry  eye  to  be  found  during  the  time  that  Mrs 
Sheridan  was  singing  her  pathetic  songs;  and  the  profafsors  in  ths  or- 
.-licstri  were  »o  deeply  affected,  that  tjiey  almost  forgot  their  functions.  Mr 
Editor  1  was  one  of  the  singing  boys  belonging  to  the  chapel  royal,  apd 
received  the  first  part  of  my  musical  educatiou  undir  the  late  Di- 
Nires,  organ'st  and  composer  to  the  kingj  and  diirit.g  my  stay  in  the 
iliapel  royal,  I  frequented  the  oratorios,  opera  house,  play  houses,  ami 
all  the  concerts  of  note,  and  consequently  heard  all'  the  singers  of 
the  day  ;  and,  011  my  quitting  the  chapel  royal,  1  went  to  Italy,  where  I 
remained  several  ytais;  but  neither  there,  nor  any  where  else,  have  I 
yet  !it-.ard  a  singer  that  uqualled,  or  carr.e  any  thing  near,  in  the  pathetic 
stile,  the  late  Mrs  Sheridan.  I  am,  Sir,  your  constant  reader  and  well 
wi/licr, 

Brtugbtiajuly  \-i<)z.  T.H.Butler. 


A  DIRGE,  OR  PATHETIC  VOCAL  RONBO,  DEDICATED  TO  THE  MEMORY 

OK   THE  LATE  MRS  SHERIDAN,  BY  T.  H.  BUTLER. 
The  favourite  Scots  air  of  Lewie  Cordon  is  the  musical  theme  of  th's 
composition  ;    but    those  additiors    which  form  it  into   a  rondj  arc 
mostly  ncwj  the  whole  will  be  humbly  presented  to  the  public  in  a 
Iho.t  time. 

Rondo. 
Bow  the  head  thou  lily  foir, 

Bow  the  head  in  mournful  guiie> 
Sickly  tum  thy  fliinirg  white, 
Bend  thy  italk  and  never  rise. 

Shed  thy  leaves  thou  lovely  rose, 

Si.cd  thy  leaves  so  sweet  and  giy  y 
Spread  them  wide  on  the  cold  earth, 

Qjickly  let  tbtm  fade  away. 

Buwthyheai,  fe^c. 


"July  18. 


1792. 


H 


at  the  grand  concert 
ii  for  the  btn'fit  ot 
emuchlimen.auMia 
fleet  Mrs  Shcridin's 
itor,  I  xm  un.iMe  ir> 
nd,  could  give  but 
wed  that  furm.  were 
ig  filled  by  ladies,  a 
g  room  beiweea  tiie 
f  s  to  (hew  the  anxie-. 
numerous  aficinblage 
^%  the  time  chat  Mrs 
profofsors  in  ths  or- 
ittheir  functions.  Mr 
Lhc  chapel  royal,  apj 
I  iindsr  the  Ijte  Di- 
iirirjg  my  stay  in  the 
se,  play  houses,  anil 
I  all'  the  bi.igert  of 
•ent  to  Italy,  wliere  I 
y  where  else,  have  I 
near,  in  the  pathetic 
tant  reader  and  well 

.  H<  Butler. 


D  TO  THE  MEMORY 
UEK. 

usical  theme  of  th's 
it  into  a  rondj  are 
\  tu  the  public  in  a 


ptetry, 

Frjgrant  woodbire  all  untwine, 

All  untwine  from  yondtr  bow'r;  ■  v '     -;—!,' 

Drag  thy  brniichei  on  the  ground,  ^ 

Slain  with  dust  each  tender  flow'r. 

Bow  the  head,  ^c, 
•For  mute  is  that  harmonious  voice, 

That  wont  to  breathe  the  sounds  of  love; 
And  lifelcfs  are  those  beauteous  limbs, 
That  with  such  ease  and  grace  did  move. 

Bow  the  head  &c. 


■ON  TH£  SPRINO. 
Tor  the  Bte, 


Fair  spring  advance  and  lead  the  hours, 

In  festive  round,  to  favour  love{ 
In  yonder  desolated  bow'rs, 

May  we  thy  sweets  ambrosial  prove ! 
II. 
"Farewell  the  dreary  winter's  feign, 

The  cold,  the  lonely  hours  are  put} 
Hail  lovely  spring !  and  all  thy  train! 

Thrice  welcome  art  thou  to  our  coast ! 
ni. 
Now  chearly  o'er  the  mofsy  lawn 

The  swain  trips  fast  to  see  his  fair; 
His  heart  elated  with  the  dawn 

Of  verdant  Spring's  most  wholesome  air. 
IV. 
Joct  so  (he  mtn,  whose  heart  on  lire, 

Is  rack'd  with  dreadful  discontent  j 
Till  in  his  mind  new  thoughts  respire. 

And  Jove'D  almiglity  aid  is  s«nt. 

V. 

With  this  rencw'/d  his  spirit  braves 

.Each  danger  and  despairing  thought; 
He,  rolling  on  life's  troubl'd  waves. 

To  ib«re  with  peace  and  safety's  biought* 


Mi 


ii,  ^c. 


"t^f^ 


.    .  CLEANINGS  OF  LITERATURE. 

Electric  symptoms  accompanying  earthquakes,  exemplified  in 
an  account  of  the  earthquahfs  of  Jamaica,  anno  1^66,  eX' 
traded  from  a  letter  from  Dr  J,bn  Martin  Butt. 

Sir,  To  the  Editor  of  the  Bee. 

r  ROM  the  I  ith  of  June  to  the  present  time  we  have 
either  expected  to  be  buried  by  earthquakes,  or  blown 
away  by  hurricanes }  but,  thank  God,  no  great  mischief 
has  yet  been  done,  although  our  neighbours  of  Cuba 
have  suffered  consideyably  by  the  former,  and  we  are 
hourly  in  dreadful  apprehension  of  hearing  that  they  have 
had  a  violent  hurricane,  from  tl.e  symptoms  observed  in 
our  sea  and  atmosphere. 

"  The  first  earthquake,  for  we  have  had  no  fewer  than  forty 
ihocks,  happened  a  few  minutes  past  midnight  of  the  1 1  ih 
of  June,  after  a  long  course  of  intensely  hot  weather.  That 
evening  I  had  invited  a  company  to  sup  with  me  ;  but  be- 
fore eight  o'clock  felt  such  a  trembling  of  my  limbs,  with 
stricture. and  anxious  uneasinefs  on  my  breast,  and  vertigo, 
that  I  was  forced  to  retire  from  ray  guests  and  go  to  bed. 
I  then  felt  precisely  as  I  was  wont  to  do  under  the  influ- 
ence of  electricity,  which  always  affects  my  nerves  so  sur- 
prisingly, that,  when  others  are  undergoing  electrical  fliocks, 
I  decline  the  experiment,  as  I  do  not  recover  the  eflect  of 
it  for  hours.  ' 

"  Not  knowing  the  cause  of  my  uneasinefs,  and  apprehen- 
ding approaching  disease,  I  determined  to  let  blood,  and 
put  my  feet  in  warm  water,  after  which  I  fell  into  a  sweat, 
-and  then  into  a  disturbed  sleep,  out  of  %vhich  I  was  awake- 
iZied  by  the  violence  of  a  fliock  of  earthquake. 


m. 


>6'  18. 


•es,  exemplified  in 
I,  anno  i'}66,  ex- 
m  Butt. 


It  time  we  have 
[uakes,  ur  blown 
lo  great  mischief 
hbours  of  Cuba 
ler,  and  we  are 
g  that  they  have 
}ms  observed  in 

o  fewer  than  forty 
night  of  the  1 1  ih 
ot  weather.  That 
vith  me  ;  but  be- 
f  my  limbs,  with 
;ast,  and  vertigo, 
ts  and  go  to  bed. 
under  the  influ- 
ay  nerves  so  sur- 
electrical  (liocks, 
)ver  the  effect  of 

fs,  and  apprehen- 
to  let  blood,  and 
fell  into  a  sweat, 
ich  I  was  awake- 
ake. 


I792'     *  gleanings  of  {it  era  tun-,  ^ 

*'  Mrs  Butt,  v/ho  has  much  presence  of  mind,  ^nd 
was  If  rs  confused  than  .uyself,  as  Die  had  not  gone  to  sleep, 
thought  this  first  fliock  consisted  of  three  or  four  in  succef- 
iion,  following  each  other  like  pulses,  or  waves  of  the  sea. 

"  What  from  my  diizinefs,  the  rocking  of  the  earth, 
the  thufldering  hollow  noise  of  the  atmosphere,  joined  to 
the  rattling  bf  furniture,  bursting  open  of  doors  and  win- 
dow ihuttcrs,  the  combined  cries  of  goats,  dogs,  cats,  and 
poultry,  tiie  cracking  of  the  timbers  of  the  houses  and  other 
circumstances,  the  di»may  and  horrwr  of  the  scene  was 
inexprefsible. 

This  (hock  proceeded  from  north  to  sottth  or  from 
N.  N.  E.  to  S.  S.  W.  as  appeared  afterwards  from  the 
progrefs  of  the  mischief  of  which  I  was  previously  convin- 
ced by  observing  that  some  specimens  of  natural  history  j 
which  I  had  placed  on  (helves  in  my  library,  in  that  di- 
rection, were  not  displaced,  as  others  were  in  a  contrary 
posture,  but  only  forced  in  a  regular  manner,  by  protrusion, 
on  the  little  perpendicular  paititions  that  subdivided  the 
fiielves,  to  separate  the  contents. 

"  In  the  account  of  the  earthquake  felt  at  London  in  the 
year  1749,  communicated  by  Martin  Folkes  to  the  royal 
society, -it  is  mentioned,  that  fiflies  leapt  above  a  foot  and 
an  half  high  from  their  pontis,  and  the  same  appcRrance 
was  noticed  here  at  Mosquito  Point }  and  to  prove  how 
violent  the  stroke  was  upon  the  waters,  the  men  of  >  ,r, 
and  other  fhips  in  these  seas,  received  such  a  fiicck,  that  the 
seamen  imagined  they  had  struck  or  run  alliore. 

"  I  remember  that  in  Donah's  account  of  the  earthquake 
fslt  at  Turin,  in  the  year  1755,  contained  in  bis  letters  to 
Abraham  Trembly,  which  are  epitomised  in  the  philoso- 
phical transactions  of  the  year  1766,  the  following  que»y 
ij  offered; 


-;::.( 1-^ 


":&^-\iJMi:^M.: 


i 


76  Flcaningt  of  literature.  July  18. 

"  Whether  there  is  not  a  great  co-operation  of  electricity 
in  the  production  of  earthquaites  ?  and  this  query  was 
brought  up  forcibly  to  my  recollection,  from  what  I  felt 
upon  this  occasion,  which  I  have  already  described. 

"  For  if  earthquakes  are  solely  owing  to  the  causes  that 
have  been  usually  afsigned,  whence  proceeded  those  sensati- 
ons which  I  never  experienced,  save  under  the  action  of 
electricity?  and  whence  the  dead  calm,  and  motionlcfs 
-state  of  the  clouds,  which,  for  an  hour  before  the  (hock,  al- 
most suffocated  many  people  here,  obliging  them  at  mid- 
night to  get  out  of  bed  and  sit  in  their  piazzas  ? 

"  Moreover,  the  sound  immediately  preceding  the  eartli. 
quake,  «o  exactly  resembled  the  noise  of  thunder,  that,  ta- 
king every  circumstance  into  consideration,  tke  query  of 
Donah  descrrves  to  be  notaced  with  tttention. 

"  If  explosion  from  pent  up  steam,  or  other  subterranean 
theory  of  earthquake,  were  only  to  be  t«ken  into  considera- 
tion in  explaining  these  appearances,  how  comes  it  to  pafs 
that  congenial  syroptoms  of  the  atmosphere  iS'c^  were  felt 
in  Sumatra,  during  the  earthquake  of  Lisbon  in  the 
year  175?? 

^'  Besides,  the  electric  feelings  of  the  people  here,  .prior 
■to  ti>e  great  fliock,  were  felt  more  severely  on  the  moun- 
tains (tian  on  the  low  lands,  which  does  not  correspond  to 
the  modern  theories  of  Mitchel,  and  other  approved  vn* 
ters  on  the  subject  of  earthquakes. 

"  In  our  case,  the  mountains  continued  almost  incefsantly 
tremulous,  while,  on  the  low  lands,  there  were -spaces  of  an 
hour  between  the  ihotks,  whkh  would  not  comport  with 
the  theory  of  steam  acting  by  the  communication  of  the 
strata,  as  conjectured  by  Mitchel. 

"  As  to  the  direction  of  michief  in  eannquakes  heretofore 

mentioned,  it  seems  to  agree  very  well  with  the  stnticsl 

'Construction  of  the  globe,  but  not  without  the  co-op erati« 


>/>  18. 
ion  of  electricity 
this  query  was 
rom  what  I  felt 
described, 
o  the  causes  that 
led  those  sensati- 
ler  the  action  of 
,  and  notionlcfB 
ire  the  (hock,  al- 
ig  them  at  mid- 

iZZSiS  ? 

:eding  the  eartli- 
hunder,  that,  ta- 
in, tke  query  of 
ion. 

bet  subterranean 
n  into  considera- 

cotnes  it  to  pafs 
c  <fc'f,  were  fek 

Lisbon   in   the 

oplc  here,  .prior 
ly  on  the  moun- 
ot  correspond  to 
r  approved  wri' 

Imost  incefsantly 
V ere -spaces  of  an 
>t  comport  with 
unication  of  the 

oakes  heretofore 
ith  the  stnticsl 
t  the  co-operaU« 


mmim. 


'792.  en  harj thlnh'n^.  ^| 

on  of  the  electric  Huid,  whicli  has  indeed  been  nlso  ol)jer. 
vcd  in  all  the  ^jrcat  eruptions  of  Eti.a  and  Vcjiuviuv,  and  so 
anciently,  W  I  rtniembcr  right,  n«  by  Pliny. 

"  lu  my  feelings,  pnorto  this  earthquake  of  ours,  I  have 
not  been  singular  ;  as  you  will  remember,  from  the  iiccount 
given  by  Ulloa  of  the  synii>toms  fel»  at  Cadix  in  the  year 
1755,  during  the  e^nhqualvc  at  Lill.on.  Almost  every  body 
there  suffered  either  by  the  head  ach,  convul*ive  attack., 
fudden  langours.  Hying  pains,  and  an  opprefsion  of  spirits, 
with  siccncfs,  purgip.gs.  and  vomitings,  for  hours  before 
any  tremulation  of  the  earth  was  observed. 

"Dr  Shehely  in  his  philosophy  of  earthtjuakes,  mentions 
similar  circumstances  relating  to  the  experience  of  the 
people  at  Lundon,  during  the  tiine  of  tbi?  grt-at  cat*, 
strophe. 

"For  my  own  part,  I  mean  to  draw  no  inferences,  nor  to 
rum  at  the  folly  of  a  system,  but  only  to  relate  to  your 
lordlhip  what  1  felt  during  the  lat«  cartlsquakes  in  out 
island." 


REVIEW. 

HISTORY  OF  SOME  OF  THE  tFFECTS  OF  HARD  DRINKINXJ,  BY 
J.  C.  LETTSOM,  M  D.  F  R  S.  F  S  A.    410. 

Tw's  small  pamphlet  exhibits  a  striking  view  of  the  mi- 
serable effects  tl;at  are  the  consequences  of  hard  drinking, 
which  deserve  to  be  particularly  attended  to  at  the  pre- 
sent time,  when  the  price  of  spirits  are  so  low,  as  to  liold 
out  a  temptation  to  persons  in  the  lowest  ranks  of  life  to 
exceed  in  this  way.  It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  per- 
sons  of  this  description  ^^ill  attend  to  anv  thing  that  can 
be  said  or  written  on  tliis  hciid)  but  those   who  have  the 


s^|r'^^rssp^^^i^s^p^oi?;KssiJg«"^.~'~ 


••J  on  bnrt! drinkinj^.  July  \K 

wtlfarcof  the  country,  and  tlio  h;i|.i'Iner,  of  tire  people  at 
heurt,  ought  surely  to  exfrt  tlicnisslvfs  to  try,  if  pol^iblr, 
to  mitigate  an  evil  productive  of  such  jniserable  cotiie- 
jjucnces. 

Alter  a  few  iiitroduct'.ry  observation*,  the  benevolent 
author  divides  the  tnjes  of  this  clafs  under  the  foUowini; 
he:idt! : 

"  The/z-x/,  says  he,  are  those  who  early  in  life  have  ha>^ 
bituated   themselves   to  drink    <"'eely  of  wine   of  various 
kinds,  and,  I'ronx  their  siiuations  in  life,  undergone  a  change 
of  ctimate,   us  fn^ni   Kuro/ie  to   tlie  Iiidivs,  Clc.       Punciv 
drinkers,  likewise,  have  been  liable  to  sirallar  complaints. 
'1  he  nrst  appearaivcj  of  dlsi  asc   is  iofs   of  appetite,   whick 
>t  Icni^lh  is   so  weakened  and  vitiated,  that,  after  taking 
fcod,  before  the  return  of  the  nc.ct  meal   a  kind  of  heavy 
pain  of  the  stomach,  without  u  constriction  of  the  muscle* 
of  the  aWomen,  comes  on,  and  with  a  slight  effort,  a  sweet  ^ 
iili,  bracklih,  or  acid  fluid,  is  thrown  up,  and  the  pain  and 
constriction  for  a  Ihort  time  subside.     For  several  yea.s 
in  this  unhappy  state,  the  patient  drags  on  a  life,  rend'.red 
now  and  then  more  supportable,  either  by  renewed  pota- 
tions, or  exputations,  till-  at  length  the  bodily  f.nd  mental 
powcis  become  impaired  j     the   object  grows  emaciated, 
the  whole  body  flirinks ;    neither  swelling  nor  dropsy  ap- 
jjear,  tliQiigh  the  countenance  looks  sallow  j   the  region  oJ 
the  liver  is  not  enlarged,  and.  the  liver  itself  seems  lefs 
than  natural  j   the   urine  is  not  very  high  coloured  }    the 
faces  are  hard  and  dark  coloured  •,    the  stomach  will  take 
and.  retain  food,  but.  after  receiving  it,  it  rs  opprefsed,  and 
feels  ijghtene({  or  conitactedin  its  dimensions  j    the  pati- 
ent   e.sprefses  it,   as  if  it  were    tied  by  a  strait  bandage  ; 
the  saa.c  sensation  affect!,  the  intestines,  and  the  abdomen 
suffer*  such   irregular  constiicrtona,  as  btcome  cvideat  to 
the  e.\tcrnal  tou«b,  the  njuscles  being  dr^wn  into  irregular 


",  of  the  people  at 

Id  try,  if  pol'.iblr, 

miserable  cunic- 

»,  the  benevolent 
Jcr  the  foUovvinj; 

ly  in  life  have  ha-. 
"  wine  of  various 
ndcrgone  a  change 
Jn:s,  etc.  PuncK 
ifiiUar  complaints. 
>f  appetite,  which 
that,  after  taking 
'.  a  klnJ  of  heavy 
ion  of  the  muscle* 
rht  effort,  a  sweet  ^ 
,  and  the  pahi  and 

For  several  yea.s 
on  a  life,  rend'.red 
by  renewed  pota- 
bodily  s'.nd  mental 

grovs  emaciated, 
ng  nor  dropsy  ap- 
3W  J  the  region  ol 
ir  itself  seems  lefs 
igh  coloured  ;    the 

stomach  will  take 
it  is  opprefsed,  and 
icnsloas ,  the  pati- 
r  a  strait  baiidage  ) 
,  and  the  abdomen 
bt  come  cvitleat  to 
r^wn  into  irregular 


I79I'  onhtirj  dnnkin^.  ». » 

action,   the   surface  of  the  belly   is  diversified   with  prot- 
herances  and  cavities  j  sometimes  the  spasmodic  strictures 
run  transversely,    and  raise  the  surface  like   waves  of  the 
sea.     The  pain  continues  increasing   to  such  excefs,  that 
tlic  miserable  sufferer  is  obliged  to  prefs  against  a  table  or 
some   hard  body,  to  mitigate   his  distrefs,  till  vomiting 
brings  a  respite  ;    or  he  hastens  this  operation,  by  thrus'^ 
iilg  his  finger  into  the  throat }    and  thus  relieve*  himself 
till  the  next  reception  of  nourifhment,  when  the  same  tra- 
gedy is  repeated.     The  matter  discharged  is  thin,  acrid, 
sour,  sweet,  or  brackifli.     Sometimes  instead  of  conitipa- 
tion,  an  occasional  purging  ensues,  and  mitigates  the  pain, 
whilst  it  subdues  the  constitution  j  and  after  years  of  mi- 
sery, the  victim  slides  into  a  fatal  decay ;  but  long  before 
this,  the  powers  of  th«  mind  have  been  debilitated,  and 
its  recollection  and  actions  impairedi 

"  The  seeand  train  of  distrefsful  symptoms  which  I  fliall 
relate,  more  generally  succeed  the  free  use  of  spirits,  or  of 
wines,  with  the  admixture  of  spirit*,  as  Madeira;  and  espe- 
cially where  late  hours  and  Ulicit  amoui*  have  been  su- 
peradded.  \:j-. 

"  The  early  symptnms  of  cotnplaint  are,  a  pain  and  op- 
prefsion  about  the  pit  of  the  stomach  after  eating,  or  dis- 
tension from  fluids  J  this  pain  extends  to  the  brkst  and 
ihoulders ;  there  are  frequent  eructations  of  wind,  which 
seem  to  bum  the  throat  as  they  ascend  ;  these  symptoms, 
which  are  usual  in  affections  of  the  liver,  and  particularly 
in  bilious  effusions,  arc  at  first  so  trivial,  as  seldom  to  a- 
larm  the  fears  of  the  patient,  or  he  slightly  mentions  them 
as  symptoms  of  the  gout,  whilst  he  attempts  to  avert  the 
ptesent  suffering,  by  indulging  more  freely  in  the  very 
ca^sc  of  the  mischief,  till  repeated  fillips  of  raw  spirits,  or 
a  dilution  of  the  poison,  render  existence  miserable. 

vol.,  X.  X  J.        . 


■  aJs^*isffi*«<»»wwis*»«^- 


"■tsgjWBisTTiiiiiniriiii.i 


m 

I  m 
m 


•J A  an  hnrd  (binh!n!r.  y.v/y  i8. 

"  The  appetite  now  totally  fails,  but  an  insatiable- thirst 
continues,  and  if  it  be  not  supplied  with  an  exliilaratini; 
cofdiail,  the  vital  spirits  instantly  Hag,  and  such  horrors 
tiike  place  as  are  dreadful  even  to  a  bye-slander-,  the  poor  vic- 
tim is  so  deprefsed,  as  to  fancy  a  thousand  imaginary  evils ; 
he  expects  momentarily  to  expire,  and  starts  up  suddenly 
ffom  his  seat  ■,  walks  wildly  about  the  room  ;  breathes 
fliort,  and  seems  to  struggle  for  breath  •,  if  these  horrors 
seize  him  in  bed,  when  waking  from  slumber,  he  springs 
up  like  an  elastic  body,  with  a  sense  of  suffocation,  and 
the  horrors  of  frightful  objects  around  him  ;  at  the  same 
time  the  pain  of  the  stomach  continues  and  augments  ; 
ihe  sight  of  wholesome  plain  food  gives  disgust  instead 
of  appetite  •,  drink  is  his  cry  j  or  if  hunger  is  excited, 
it  is  after  high-seasoned,  salt,  or  acrid  nourifliment. 

"  At  this  time,  if  a  dropsy,  or  fatal  jaundice,  do  not 
terminate  existence,  the  legs  (brink,  are  swarthy  coloured 
like  the  rest  of  the  body,  and  sometimes  purple  spots  ap- . 
pear  and  disappear  for  many  months ;  the  extremities  feel 
sore  to  the  tomch,  and  upon  scratching  them,  exude 
blood ;  the  thighs  likewise  flirlnk ;  but  the  body,  and 
particularly  about  the  region  of  the  liver,  enlarges,  and  the 
hardnefs  of  the  liver  may  be  frequently  traced  :  The  face 
is  nearly  copper-coloured,  is  emaciated,  sometimes  with 
little  suppurations,  which  dry  and  turn  scaly  ;  the  breath 
smells  like  rotten  apples,  and  the  morbus  tnger,  or  vomitings  . 
of  a  fluid  like  that  of  coflFce-grounds,  snatch  the  patient 
from  complicated  misery.  tiometimcs  a  purging,  or 
bloody  discharge,  hasten  the  catastrophe. 

"  The  third  train  of  symptoms  to  be  described,  is  not 
confined  to  age  or  sex,  but  is  in  general  more  frequently 
the  attendant  of  the  female  sex. 

■'  The  persons  liable  to  the  symptoms,  have,  been  those ; 
of  delicate  habits,  who  have  endeavoured  to  overcome  the 


>/v  1 8. 
nsatiablc-  thirst 
n   exhilaratinij 
I  such  horrors 
• ;  the  poor  vic- 
naginary  evils ; 
:s  up  suddenly 
cm  ;    breathes 
f  these  horrors 
)er,   he  sprin;^s  ■ 
iffocation,   and 
I ;  at  the  srtme 
nd   augments  j 
iisgust  instead 
rcr   is  excited, 
ifliment. 
undice,   do  not 
arthy  coloured 
arple    spots  ap- 
jxtremities  feel 
them,    exude 
the   body,   and 
ilarges,  and  the 
ccd  :   The  face 
iometimes  with 
ily  ;  the  breath 
?;•,  or  vomitings 
ch  the  patient 
t    purging,    or 

scribed,   is  not 
acre  frequently 

lavc  been  those 
3  overcome  the 


J  792-  on  hard  drinking.  'jr 

iieivoiis  debility,  by  the  aid  of  spirits;  many  of  these  have 
begun  the  use  of  these  poisons  from  persuasion  of  their 
utility,  rather  than  from  the  love  of  them-,  the  relief, 
however,  beino;  temporary,  to  keep  up  their  eifects,  fre- 
quent accefs  is  had  to  the  same  delusion,  till  at  length 
what  was  taken  by  compulsion,  gains  attachment,  and  a  little 
drop  of  brandy,  or  gin  and  water,  becomes  as  necel'sary  as 
iood;  the  female  sex,  from  natural  delicacy,  acquire  thi^; 
custom  by  slow  degrees,  and  the  poison  being  admitted  in 
small  doses,  is  slow  in  its  opcratioiis,  but  not  lefs  painfud 
in  its  effects. 

"  The  soberer  clafs  of  tradesmen,  also,  who  occasionally 
i.i.lulgc  in  their  sixpenny-worth  of  brandy  and  wato, 
gradually  slide  iiiro  the  same  unhappy  habits,  and  entail 
^ipon  their  constitutions  the  same  misery,  which  I  fhall 
-I'.jw  introduce. 

"  The  first  appearaiwre  of  indisposition  very  much  re- 
sembks  what  has  been  last  described ;  and  under  the  decep- 
tion of  the  gout,  the  fuel  is  heaped  upon  the  fire,  till  the 
delusion  has  been  too  long  maintained  to  admit  of  retreat 
in  general,  at  least  the  attachment  to  the  use  of  sp.rituous 
dnnks,  becomes  so  predominant,  that  neither  threats  nor 
persuasions  are  powerful  enough  to  overcome  it.  The 
miserable  suiferer  is  so  infatuated,  as,  in  spite  of  locks  and 
keys,  to  bribe  by  high  rewards  the  dependent  nurse  pri^ 
.vatsly  to  procure  it. 

Eut  the  concluding  symptoms  are  very  different  from 
either  of  fhc  foregoing  histoiies  j  frequently,  indeed,  the 
appetite  for  food  vanishes,  bu*.  sometimes  continues  voraci- 
ous ;  and,  at  the  same  time,  whilst  the  body  U  costive  and 
no  vomiting  ensues,  the  lower  extremities  grow  more  and 
nioif  emaciated  ;  the  legs  become  as  smooth  as  poliilied 
ivory,  and  the  soles  of  the  feet  even  glatsy  and- fhining, 
and  at  the  same  time  so  tender,  that  the  weight  of  the  fin- 
ger excites  Ihricks  and  moaning  ;    and  yet  J  have  knovai. 


ly. 


*j6  »n  hard  drifiiin^.  ^uiy  iH. 

that,  in  a  moment's  time,  heavy  prefsure  has  given  no  un- 
easinefs.  The  legs,  and  tlif  vvnole  lower  extremities,  lose- 
all  power  of  action  ^  wherever  they  are  placed,  there  they 
remain  till  moved  again  by  the  attendant ;  the  arms  and 
hands  acquire  the  vanie  palsified  state,  and  the  patients  arc 
rendered  incapable  if  feeding  themselves.  Tlius  for  years 
they  exist,  with  no  material  alteration  in  the  seize  of  the 
body,  or  aspect  of  the  countenance.  , 

"  AVhether  they  leally  undergo  the  agonies  they  appear 
to  sufftr,  I  much  doubt,  as  at  this  period  their  minds  ap- 
pear idiotiili  ■■)  they  often  Ihriek  out  with  a  vehemence  that 
may  be  heard  at  a  considerable  distance,  but  upon  inquiring 
about  the  seat  of  pain,  they  have  been  vague  and  indeci- 
hive  in  their  answers.  When  a  cramp  comes  on  the  low- 
tr  extremities,  involuntary  motions  draw  np  the  legs, 
and  produce  the  most  piercing  Hirieks ;  and  the  features 
(ii  the  face,  altcved  by  convulsive  twitchings,  excite  pain 
in  a  spectator.  For  some  months  before  they  die,  these 
ftirieks  aje  more  incefssnt,  and  as  violent  as  the  strength 
will  admit." 

After  some  other  observations,  which  we  are  sorry  our 
limits  prevent  us  from  inserting,  the  author  remarks, 
that  "  there  is  something  i  spirituous  liquors  so  injurious 
to  the  iiuman  frame,  that  too  much  attention  cannot  be 
paid  to  the  discouraging  the  use  of  them.  Many  of  the 
unhappy  victims  I  have  attended,  ascribe  their  sufiering 
(to,  the  MBguarded  advice  of  some  medicAl  practitioner,  who 
has,  under  the  idea  of  wine  turning  &our  on  the  stomach, 
permitted  a  little  drop  of  brandy  and  water  to  be  substitu- 
ted, oeldom,  indeed,  a  day  pafscs  without  introducing  me 
tc  the  sick  bed  of  some  deluded  object  of  misery  ;  and  it 
is  from  the  mo-t  dctidei  conviction  of  the  injury,  that  I 
would  guard  every  person  from  beginning  with  even  a 
little  drop  of  this  fascinating  poison,  which  mce  admitted, 
js  seldom,  if  ever,  afterwards  overcome.  Whenever  I  hear 
the  patient  plead  for  some  substitute  for  beer  or  wine,  un- 


■na 


lias  given  no  un- 

extremities,  lose 

laced,  there  they 

it ;    the  arms  and 

1  the  patients  arc 

Thus  for  years 

the   seize  ol  the 

Dnies  they  appear 
I  their  minds  ap- 
a  vehemence  that 
lut  upon  inquiring 
'ague  and  indeci- 
iraes  on  the  low- 
aw  up  the  legi, 
and  the  features 
ings,  excite  pain 
!  they  die,  these 
t  as  the  strength 

we  are  sorry  our 
author  remarks, 
[^uors  so  injurious 
intton  cannot  be 
a.  Many  of  the 
)e  their  aufl'ering 
practitioner,  who 
on  the  stomach, 
cr  to  be  substitu- 
it  introducing  me 
if  misery  ;  and  it 
the  injury,  that  I 
ling  with  even  a 
ch  ince  admitted, 
Whenever  I  hear 
beer  or  wine,  un- 


I 

1792.   ''  ■  extrfids  from  Coxt's  travels,  y^s 

dcr  the  supposition  oif  their  turning  sour,  my  fears-are  alar- 
med, and  my  endeavours  excited,  to  pluck  the  unsuspici- 
ous patient  from  the  brink  of  destruction  ;  this  plea  is  ne- 
ver  made  till-  the  exhilarating  influence  of  splrij  has  been 
experienced  •,  and  not  a  moment  Ihould  be  lost  in  war- 
ning such  objects  of  their  danger." 

Our' benevolent  author  ,goes  on  to  point  out  the  roost 
practicable  means  of  gradually  weaning  such  as  have  not 
gone  too  far,  from  the  use  of  this  pernicious  beverage,  and 
ot  accustoming  the  stomach  to  bear  the  use  of  whole- 
some food  ; — but  seldom  cva  this  be  practised. — Obstinate 
habits  cannot  be  counteracted, — The  safest,  plan  in  this 
rase  is  to  guard  against  the  evil,  and  to  Hy  from  the  temp- 
tation before  its  fascinating  power  has  been  experienced. 


EXTRACTS  FROM  COXE's  TRAVELS. 

Sir,  To  the  Editor  of  the  Bee. 

The  extracts  sent  you  formerly,  and  those  that  follow,  will 
be  well  known  to  many  of  your  readers  ;  to  others  of  them 
they  will  not.  The  former  I  hope  will  excuse  the  inser- 
tion of  these  for  the  sake  of  the  latter. 

"  The  peasants  in  Rufsia,  Mr  Coxe  says,  are  first  those 
that  belong  to  the  crown.  Many  of  these  the  emprefs  has 
enfranchised,  and  allowed  them,  with  others  of  the  second 
clufs  wlio  may  obtain  their  freedom,  which  is  not  easily 
done,  to  settle  in  any  part  of  her  dominions,  and  to  en- 
roll themselves  among  the  burghers  or  merchants,  accor- 
ding to  their  respective  capitals  J  by  which  (lie  has  given  a 
stability  to  their  freedom,  and  afforded  the  strongest  in- 
cite.Ticnts  to  industry. 

"  The  second  clafs  are  those  who  belong  to  individuals. 
These  are  as  much  the  property  of  the  landholders  as 
implements  of  agriculture  or  herds  of  cattle.  The  lord  is 
lestraincd  by  uo  law,  either  in  the  exaction  of  money  or 


•mA 


■"mr- 


Elf!21 


r 


78  fxtracts  from  Voxels  tr.f. -h.  Ju'y  1%. 

in  tlic  mode  of  einplDyiiig  his  VHrsaJs.  He  is  absolute 
miister  of  thcii  time  and  labour;  some  he  employs  in  agri- 
culture, a  few  he  makes  his  menial  servants,  and  from 
others  he  p.vacts  an  annual  payment.  Some  tontvibute  tour 
or  five  (hiliisigs  a  year,  others  who  are  engaged  in  traflic  or 
trade  are  alsefsed  in  proportion  to  their  supposed  profits. 
I  saw  a  muson  who  was  rated  at  L.  6 per  annum,  a  smith  a-. 
L.  12,  and  others  as  hi^h  L.  20.  Any  capital  whicli  they 
I  n.ay  have  acquired  by  their  Industry,    maybe   seized,  ai.  J 

*™"  there  can  be  no  redrefs  j  as,  according  to  the  old  feudal  law, 

which  still  exists,  a'  slave  cannot  institute  a  procefs  against 
his  master.  Hence  it  occasionally  happens  that  several 
peasants  who  have  gained  a  lar^e  capital,  cannot  purchase 
tljeir  liberty  fur  any  sum,  because  they  are  subject  as  long 
as  they  continue  slaves  to  be  pillaged  by  their  masters. 

"  The  vafsals  who  worh  for  their  musters  generally  re- 
ceiving their  maintenance,  always  enjoy  in  a  sunitieat 
abundance  the  coir  aon .  necefsaries  of  life,  and  usually 
spend  any  .little  money  they  are  able  to  acquire  in  clothes 
or  spirituous  liquors.  Those  who,  in  contradiction  to  tlits 
general  rule,  save  the  profits  which'they  may  have  earnt-d 
by  their  labour  or  by  trade,  conceal  as  much  as  pofsille 
any  acquisition  of  fortune,  and  frequently  bury  their  moi 
ney  under  ground,  this  is  one  of  the  causes  of  the  scarcity 
of  silver  currency. 

"  By  the  new  code  of  laws  the  enormous  power  of  the 
lord  over  the  persons  of  his  vafsals,  is  reduced  by  restric- 
tions, more  consonant  to  the  humane  principles  which  dis- 
tli:gn5lhall  the  regulations  of  the  present  empicfsjand  the 
riglit  of  inllicting  punilhment  is  lodged,  where  it  ever 
oii_r,ht  to  be,  in  t]»e  hands  of  the  public  magistrate  •,  abuses, 
I  liov.evi.r,   still  subsist,  but  must  in    time  yield  to  the  influ- 

ence of  such  salutary  -'nstitutions. 

"  I  am  far  from  afserting,  proceeds  our  author,  that  inhu- 
mnr.ity  is  the  general  cJiaracteristic  of  the  Rufsiii;i  nohlH- 
ty,  or  that  there  are  not   lOwa^-  persons   who  treat  their 


He  is   absolute 
employs  in  aj^ri- 
rvants,   ar.d  fictn 
ne  tontiibute  tour 
;agtd  in  trafllc  or 
supposed  profits. 
tiDium,  a  smifii  at 
ipital  which  they 
ly  be   seized,  ai.J 
he  old  feudal  h.w, 
a  procel's  against 
)ens    that  several 
,  cannot  purchase 
e  subjtct  as  long 
their  masters. 
;ers  generally  re- 
■f    in   a  sullicient 
ire,  and  usually 
cquire  in  clotlies 
tvadlction  to  tliis 
nay  have  earned 
luch   as   pofsible 
y  bury  their  mo- 
is  of  the  scarcity 

)us  power  of  the 
iuced  by  restric- 
ciplts  which  dis- 
empiefs;  and  the 
,  where  it  ever 
gistrate  •,  abuses, 
icld  to  the  influ- 

luthor,  that  inhu- 

Ruisi,:'-;    no!,ili- 

who  treat  their 


1792,  (xtrdcnfmm    Coyii^s travels.  'jcf' 

vafsals  with  the  utinon  benevolence  and  justice.  I  am 
also  aware  that  several  peasants  are  in  such  a  liouviihing 
condition  as  to  have  formed  very  considerable  capitals 
without  dread  of  exaction;  and  th^t  some  even  pofsefs  lan- 
ded estates  under  their  mister's  name  ;  but  if  we  consi- 
der the  unhapiiy  pleasure  which  too  many  feel  in  f  ran- 
irlsing  over  their  inferiors,  we  have  every  reason  t  /  con- 
clude that  the  generality  of  boors  must  still  be  cruelly 
opprefsed. 

"  A  peasant  may  obtain  his  liberty,  first,  by  manumifsion, 
which,  upon  the  deatii  of  the  master,  is  fiequently  granted 
to  those  wlio  have  served  in  tlie  capacity  of  his  immediate 
domestic  ;  second  by  purchase  *  ;  third  by  serving  in  the  ar- 
my or  navy, — after  entering  either  of  these  they  are  for 
t'ver  free  from  their  masters  j  and  in  all  these  cases  the 
emprefs  has  facilitated  the  means  of  obtaining  freedom  by 
waving  certain  rights  of  the  crown,  which  in  some  mea- 
sure obstructed  the  aciiuisition  of  liberty,  and  (he  has  ifsued 
several  laws  in  their  favour,  which  have  given  them  some 
alleviation  of  their  bondage. 

"  I  was  surprised  to  find  upon  inquiry  that  no  noble  in 
Rufsia  had  fram  hised  his  vafsals,  in  the  same  manner 
as  1  before  mentioned  to  have  been  practised  in  Po- 
land ;  but  I  may  venture  to  predict  that  the  time  is  not 
far  distavii,  although  an  almost  general  prejudice  seems  at 
present  to  prevail  with  respect  to  the  incapacity  of  the 
peasants  for  receiving  their  liberty.  And  this  perhaps 
may  be  true  in  the  literal  stnse,  as  many  of  them,  unlefs 
properly  instructed,  would  scarcely  be  enabled  to  derive  a 
solid  advantage  from  their  frecdiun. 

"  In  consequence  of  a  present  of  a  thousand  ducats  sent  in 
7  766  by  an  anonymous  person,  to  the  economicals  ociety  at 
i)t  Peierburgh,  and  a;  the  desire  of  the  said  perwn,  tlie  soci- 

•  This  must  deptna  on  the  wiil  o:  ;jit  jiKSter  wiio  may  piWajc  tJhcm 
tf  twt'CS  a  mind,  ^s  is  siid  ab^vei 


w^. 


^  extract  J  from  Cooui's  travels,  Ju/y  18. 

ety  offered  apremium  of  fifty  ducats  and  a  gold  medal,  value 
twenty-five  ducats  to  the  author  of  the  best  difsertation  on 
the  fdllowing  question  :  "  Is  it  most  advantageous  to  the 
state  that  the  peasant  fliouild  pofsefs  lands,  or  only  per«onal 
effects  J  and  to  what  point  fliould  that  property  be  exten- 
ded for  the  good  of  the  public  ?  "  The  premium  was  ad- 
juged  to  the  author  of  a  French  efsay  in  favour  of  the  pea- 
eants.  The  following  judicious  reflection  of  the  present 
emprefs  perhaps  comprehends  in  few  words  the  sum  of  the 
hat  arguments  which  may  be  advanced  on  this  subject. 
"  Agriculture  can  never  flourifli  in  that  nation  where  the 
husbandman  pofsefses  no  propeity."  Thus  far  Mr  Coxe. 
-  The  emprefs  is  certainly  much  to  be  esteemed  for  her 
patronage  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  notwithstanding  the  am- 
bition which  appears  to  have  excited  many  of  her  measures 
■with  regard,  to  fbrcigni  powers.  The  dea'.hof  her  favourite 
Potemldn,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  wiill  stop  all  such  measures  for 
the  future.  The  example  (he  has  set  the  nobles  by 
franchising  the  peasants  wo  were  her  own  property,  is 
amiable  j  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  Ahe  nobles  will  soon  be  con- 
vanced  that  it  is  tlieir  iniercGt  to  inutate  her.  Till  this  is 
done  it  is  evident  from.  the.  above  extracts  that  the  pros- 
perity of  the  country  must  be  greatly  retarded. 

As  to  the  ignorance  of  peasants,  it  would  appear  that 
the  lords  of  such  peasants  are  strangets  to  the  sweets  of  li- 
berty, since  they  are  noi;  more  anxious  that  their  fellow 
men  ftiould  enjoy  them  ;  or  arc  under  the  most,  selfifli  pre- 
judiced, and  depraved  principles.  But  this  is  not  peculiar 
to  Rufsian  lords  j  many  among  ourselves,  notwithstanding- 
our  boasted  superior  knowledge,  are  nu  strangers  to  these 
principles)  witnefs  tie  African  sl*v«  tiade. 

*♦  Oh  I   it  there  not  some  isattiot,  in  fhosc  pow't 

That  best,  that  godlike  lutury  ii  |u.:  li, 

Ofblcfsing  thousands,  tiacasajids  )ccuabDrn, 

Thro   late  pusterity  .'" 

A  FUEMo  TO  Lafxr*. 


'Is.  July  18. 

1  gold  medal,  value 
)est  difsertation  on 
ivantageous  to  the 
5,  or  only  penonal 
property  be  exten- 
premium  was  ad- 
favour  of  the  pea- 
on  of  the  present 
irds  the  sum  of  the 
1  on  thk  subject. 

nation  where  the 
rhus  far  Mr  Coxe. 
;  esteemed  for  her 
tbstanding  the  am- 
ny  of  her  measures 
\b  'of  her  favourite 
'.  such  measures  for 
et  the  nobles  by 
;  own  property,  is 
IS  will  soon  be  con- 

her.  Till  this  is 
acts  that  the  prosr 
taxded. 

would  appear  that 
o  the  sweets  of  li- 

that  their  fellow 
e  most,  selfilli  pre- 
his  is  not  peculiar 
;s,  notwithstandinp 

strangers  to  these 
ie. 
ISC  pow'r 


I£MD  TO  LIIXKT?. 


'  .     Ha«*  \ 


u. 


■  '•  !*-:.  •'•    1     :•; 


-? 


THE  BEE, 

-fO'  v: :  - 

►tB  \l*  ei&il'^r.-na^  -si.  ■ 

LllERARY  WEEKLY  INTELLIGEN-CER; 

to*.  ■       ' 


PS':'.. 


THE  PANGOLIN,  GREAT  MANIS, 

OKSCALT  LIZAKS. 

The  powers  with  which  animals  are  endowed  for  self 
defence  are  greatly  diremified,  and  very  surprising. 
The  fltunk  annoys  its  ^fsailants  by  emitting  a  fetid  li- 
quor that  is  intolerably  disagreeable  to  every  other 
creature}  the  tortoise  rests  secure  from  all  annoy- 
ance within  its  impenetrable  ftieU ;  the  hedge  hog 
rolls  itself  into  a  ball  that  presents  a"  hedge  of  prickles 
■on  every  side,  that  secures  it  from  the  attacks  of 
every  larg«  voracious  animal. 

VOL.  X.  I.  T 


l!'i,'..-ji.A 


I 


82  the  pangolin,  or  great  manis.  ''July  z^. 

Somewhat  similar  to  that  is  the  armour  with 
which  nature  hath  cloathed  the  manis.  All  the  up- 
per parts  of  its  body  are  closely  coVered  with  scales 
of  different  sizes,  which  it  can  erect  at  pleasure,  op- 
posing to  its  adversary  a  formidable  congeries  of  of- 
fensive weapons.  The  tiger,  the  panther,  or  leopard, 
in  vain  attempt  to  devour  il.  The  moment  it  per- 
ceives the  approach  of  a  powerful  enemy,  it  rolls  its- 
self  up  like  a  hedge  hog,  and  by  that  means  secures 
all  the  weaker  parts  of  its  body. 

This,  like  most  animals  that  are  so  powerfully 
armed,  is  a  timid  htffmlefs  creature  ;  and  though  it 
^rows  to  a  great  size,  .sometimes  im^asuting  eight 
feet  in  length,  it  never  attacks  any  crtMure  by  vio- 
lence. 

It  feedft  upoft  itnt£(,  w^ch  it  catehes  by  laying  out 
its  long  red  tongue,  covered  with  an  unctuous  slime, 
acroJbthe  paths  of  those  insects.  It  is  a  native  of 
JPormosa,  end  the  Indian  iskd )  Whaf«  these  insects 
^'*afe  found  in  such  e|Uantitie8  astdfurnifb  abllndaht 
food  for  this  large  animal,  many  millions  of  which 
it  must  devour  in  a.  day.  It  thus  co-operates  with 
man,  in  destroying  those  voracious  insects.  It  is 
also  a  native  of  Guinea. 

Its  flefli  is  much  esteemedl  for  its  delicacy,  but  it 
is  difficult  to  procure;  as  the  aftimal  avoids  mankind, 
and  lives  in  obscure  fetteats,  ifi  Woods,  ahd  marlhy 
places.  With  its  peculiar  habit  j  We  are  of  course 
as  yet  but  little  acqualuteif. 


armour  with 
All  the  up<^ 
ed  with  scales 
pleasure,  op- 
ngeries  of  of. 
r,  or  leopard, 
oment  it  per- 
ij,  it  rolls  itt- 
neans  secures 

o  powerfully 
td  though  it 
suring  eight 
iture  b/  tio- 

>j  layidg  out 
ctuous  sUme^ 
is  afiAtive  o^ 
these  insects 
ii&  abundaht 
ons  of  which 
perates  with 
sects.     It  is 

icaey,  but  it 
ids  mankind, 
,  atid  marfhy 
ire  of  course 


1791. 


Tituotiy  Hai^irain, 


»5 


l^UCyBRATiPNS  OF  TIMOTHY  HAIRBAIR.N. 

'      .;  •  »  -  :     '  "    For  the  Bee. 


Cod  jtroiper  well  our  Aoble  king, 
Our  Uvea  and  ufeticsall  j 

I  think  the  people  are  gone  mad— 
fhe  devil  take  them  all. 


-1   Sirii  m  WllS 

• 

Oldkalhi.     * 

Th£  prosperity  of  this  country  is  at  present  greater 
than  it  ever  was  at  any  former  period  :  Her  agricul- 
ture improving,  her  manufactures  advancing  with  a 
tapidity  formerly  unknown,  her  trade  extending 
more  and  more  every  day :  The  persons  and  pro- 
perty of  her  subjects  protected  at  home  and  abroad, 
beyond  those  of  any  other  nation  that  now  is,  or  ever 
was  upon  the  globe.  Yet  there  are  a  set  of  people 
who  complain  loudly,  and  seem  seriously  to  believe 
that  the  government  of  this  country  is  opprefsive  ; 
that  the  people  are  enthralled  j  that  their  property  is 
unjustly  taken  from  them  ;  and  that  it  is  necefsary, 
by  armd,  to  force  a  total  revolution  in  government, 
and  put  this  people  into  %  state  entirely  different 
from  that  in  which  they  now  are  placed  !  Ego  video 
stultos ;  stu/ti  vident  me  !  Where  fliall  we  find  tay- 
lors  to  make  fools  caps  enow  for  such  a  multitude  ? 

A  hair  brained  senator,  whose  upper  works  have  been 
a  little  deranged  for  some  time  past,  publiflted,  a  while 
ago,  a  book  containing  some  hundred  pages  of  prose  run 
mad,  in  praise  of  kings  and  queens,  ladies  and  squires, 
and  feats  of  ancient  chivalry.  The  people  ran  to  look 
at  this  strange  production,  as  they  would  have  flocked 
to  see  a  rhinoceros  or  a  mermaid  ;  and,  to  Indulge 
their  curiv«ity,  parted  with  their  superfluous  (hillings 


m'i 


W^ 


-yb":^..:y^Mv^ 


'■■sBUimM^&:m^mm.m^ 


k 


n 


I  i 


14  yjmoihjf  Nairbnaut,  *JuIp  9  ft 

vrithout  scrapie.  This  filled  the  pockets  of  the  re-. 
aftctabU  senator,  and  made  the  pot  to  boil  at  home, 
as  we  Scotsmen  saj.  And  where  was  the  mightjF 
harm  in  thus  enabling  th«  hungry  orator  to  get  a 
comfortable  repast  in  his  old  age,  after  so  many 
years  brawling  in  vain  for  that  purpose  ?  For  my 
%>wn  part,  I  congratulate  him  on  his  having  been 
able  to  obtain,  at  length,  a  litUi;  in4cpcadent  pt£Um 
Hum  in  any  way.  „,.^  . , 

But  in  this  Is^nd  of  enterprise,  where  so  many 
men  are  oa  the  catch  for  lucrative  employments,  was 
it  to  be  supposed  that  this  busiaefs  ihoiild  pafs  over 
unobserved  ?  Or  that'  others  would  not  wifli  to  pro* 
fit,  as  he  had  done,  by  the  naticmal  folly  ?  No,  no^ 
this  could  not  be ;  many  tried  to  pick  up  a  little 
gleaning  for  themselves  in  the  same  way. 

Among  these,  one  was  particularly  conspicuous. 
His  notions  were  still  more  wild  and  extravagant 
than  those  of  his  precuraor ;  but  he  took  the  op>* 
posite  side  of  the  question.  This  man,  who  pofsef-* 
sed  more  wit  than  judgement,  more  actitenefs  '  ban 
penetration,  publiflied  scwne  beoks,  in  which  he  ra^ 
*  d  with  wonderful  volubility  against  kings,  ^d 
priests,  and  dignities,  and  pwwers.  All  things,  \j^ 
his  system,  (hould  be  changed.  Those  that  used  tw 
rule,  ihould  be  made  to  obey.  The  belly  said  to  the 
head,  I  have  no  need  of  thee  ;  therefore  we  will 
cut  thee  off  and  cast  thee  from  us  i  and  all  the  people 
were  called : 

A  wonder,  a  wonder,  a  wonder  to  see^ 

A  kingdom  with  itt  head  where  its  feet  fKould  be  \ 

And  they  flocked  with  eagcrnefs  to  behoid  thi» 
strange  sight  j   .ad  the  money  dancod  once  more  wU 


cets  of  the  ri^ 
I  hoU  at  home, 
as  the  mighty 
rator  to  get  a 
kfter  so  many 
)Ose  ?  For  my 
having  been 
pendent  ftcum 

lere  so  many 
oyments,  was 
tuld  pafs  ovet 
t  wifli  to  pron 
oily  ?  No,  no, 
Ic  up  a  little 

y- 

J  conspicuous. 
1  extravagant 

took  the  op.* 
,  who  pofseCf 
actitenefs  ban 
which  he  ra^ 
It  kings,  *>Mi 
fVU  things,     r 

that  used  to 
Uy  said  to  the 
sfore  we  will 
.  all  the  people 

lauld  be ! 

o  behoid  thJ» 

once  oxyre  vA 


1791.  Itmotby  Hatrhrain.  8j 

t>f  their  pockets,   into  those     *'  the  v/riter,  in  great 
abundance,  to  his  no  small   emolument  and  satisfac- 
tion. '"'••» 
But  a  wonder  lasts  only  nine  days.    As  the  novel- 
ty of  these  doctrines   wore    oiF,   the   people  began  to 
neglect  them,    and   the   sale  of  these  writings  had 
greatly  abated  ;    so  that  poor  Tom  was  likely  to  h& 
obliged  to  wheel  to  the  right  about,  and  seek,  out  ano-  f 
ther  country  for  vending  his  wares  in  ;  when,  lo  I   a 
band  of  heroes,  armed  at  all  points,  rulhed  out  in  his 
support.     I  say  in  his  support ;  though,  m  imitation 
of  thel)ick.pockets  of  London,  they  found  it  would 
best  answer  their  purpose  to  make  a  mock  attack 
upon  him,  in  order  that  they  might  thus  be  able  the 
more  effectually  to  serve  him.     They  beheld  with 
seeming  regret,  it  would  appear,  that  Tom's  writings 
began  to  pall  upon  the  people,  and  to  lie  upon  the 
booksellers  (helves.     And  knowing  that  John  Bull  is 
a  headstrong  kind  of  a  beast,  who  may  be  led^  but 
cannot  be  easily  driven,   they,  therefore,  instead  of 
an  advertisement  recommending  the  book,  publilhed 
^proclamation  prohwitino  thesale  of  such  writings. 
The  effect  was,  what  they  had  no  doubt  foreseen. 
The  sale  was  instantly  augmented  a  thousand  fold   . 

•  Perhaps  there  ««y  be  a  •htle  exaggeration  here.  1  know  that  in  a 
tun'l  town  in  the  north  ,f  Scot',  .ttl,  before  the  proclamation,  there  was 
juet  OIK  copy  of  Payne's  pai«>hleti  and  ihe  boakseller  of  the  place  «U-  , 
clared  three  w.eki  aRo,  that  he  hJ.  since  then,  «oId  .even  hundred  and 
fifty  coptea  of  it.  And  a  bookseller  o  Edinburgh  told  me  that  he  had, 
before  rhe  proclaroatici,  a  zooi  many  cot.ej  of  it  that  lay  to  long  on  hi* 
hand,  that  he  would  gladly  have  sold  them  ,11  at  two  fcilUngs  a  coriy. 
He  has  S'nce  sold  th»  whole  of  these,  and  man>  inore»»t  three  flillUn^s 
ib4  sixpence  each.  ' 


'^^ismii^^^^-^m^Asmmi'^^^m- 


m 


8«  rimotA^  HairiraU.  July  ^i 

The  prefew  in  the  most  diatant  corners  of  the  coan-' 
tiy  groaned  under  the  burden  of  ..rowing  ofFsur- 
repftiou,  editions  of  these  works;  comrnifsions  carte 
from  all  parts  for  the  hooi  that  is  forbidden  to  he  sold 
30  eajfer  are  the  people  to  see  what  kind  of  a  thinr 
It  IS  that  the  ling  delightetb  to  honour.     Those  that 
couad  read,  pored  their  cje,  out  in  looking  at  it ;  and 
f  those  who  could  not  read,  listened  with  astoniftment 
to  the  wonderous  things  they  heard.     For  they  never 
once  before  suspected,  what  they  now  are  perfectly 
convinced  of,  that  they  are  wiser  and  better  men 
than  their  superiors,  and  much  more  capable  of  di- 
recting the  affairs  of  the  nation  than  they  are. 

Now  what  good  can  result  to  the  nation  from  afl 

this  fufs  and  fracas,  which   our  •wise  rulers   have 

thought  proper  to  excite  about  this  foolifl,  affair,   I 

am  not  able  to  foresee.     And  whether  the  ministers 

in  all  this  busine&  have  displayed  most  of  ro^w  or  of 

fool,  I  pretend  not  to  know.     But  this  I  can  easUy 

say,  that  they  must  either  fit  themselves  with  the 

foolscap;  or  we  fliall  be  forced  to  lend  them  the 

other.     Which  I  thus  demonstratively  prove. 

These  writings  were  either  proper  to  bt  read  by 
the  people,  or  they  were  not  proper.  If  they  were 
proper  to  be  read,  the  ministry  acted  a  fooJi/h  part  in 
condemning  what  they  ought  tobav*  approved  of, 
and  111  eicitiiig  a  bustle  and  ftrnnent  in  the  nation 
which  they  ought  rather  m  have  prevented.  If  these 
writings  were  not  proper  to  be  read  by  the  people, 
then  they  acted  a  kicked  ^&tt  in  thm  g«mpelling  the 
people,  as  I  m9:f  say,  universaUy  to  read  them.    I 


m 


■'^'' 


July  2^ 
lers  of  the  coan- 
'-rowing  ofFsur- 
itnrnifsions  canle 
bidden  to  he  sold, 

kind  of  a  thing 
ur.  Those  that 
loking  at  it ;  and 
ifh  astonifhment 

For  they  never 
19  are  perfectly 
md  better  men 

capable  of  di- 
he/  are. 
nation  from  all 
ise  rulers   have 
foolifli  affair,  I 
't  the  ministers 
itoi  rogue  or  of 
his  I  can  easily 
elves  with  the. 
lend  them  the 
r  prove. 

to  bt  read  by 

If  thej  were 

I  fooli/h  part  in 

approved  of  j 
in  the  nation 
ited.  If  these 
jy  thff  people, 
mtttpeUing  the 
read  them.    I 


jnfeamamamm 


taiESH""  Min 


tMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


//^.5^!^ 


1.0 


1.1 


ui  1^   12.2 

:s  ii£  12.0 


I: 
1 

L25  iu  ii6 


K.V 


S; 


FholDgra{iiic 

SoHices 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

VWBSTIR.N.Y.  14StO 

(71«)«72-4S03 


ifilllllWllll    >     III  III fT>"'f 


I79»*  ^imdthy  Hairbrain,  87 

leave  those  who  art  wiser  than  myself  to  solve  thia 
important  dilemma.  , 

To  conclude  the  farce,  however,  this  samo  proolav 
mati*o,  which  almost  every  man  in  the  n«ion  con* 
siders  as  foolifh  at  least,  ii  not  highly  iwrnicious, 
must  be  publicly  praised  ty  all  the  great  aggregate 
bodies  Of  people  in  Britain.     The  mail  coaches  are 
creaking  under  the  load  of  addrefses  flowing  from      I 
every  <Jorn«r  of  the  country,  thanking  the  king  for  his 
paternal  care  of  his  people  j  and  commending  the  mi- 
nister for  ifiuing  a  proclamation  for  supprefsing  sedU 
tious  writings ;  while  the  fame  coaches  in  return  are 
ready  to  break  down  with  loads  of  these  seditious  wri* 
tings,  to  satisfy  the  curiosity  of  the  worthy  addrefsers. 
Individiialswho  sign  these,  most  frankly  wimit,  in 
their  private  capacity,,  that  no  mode  they  could  devise 
wooW  have  proVed  so  efficacious  for  difeeminating 
these  wHtinga  thiy  call  seditious,  as  the  very  procla- 
mation they  applaud.     May  we  not  now  join  in  one 
grand  chorus,  to  the  tune  of 

twtari  r»ra/ot./i  aIl,/«A  aU ! 

Your  foreign  readers  will  no  doubt  be  surprised 
.at  thisy»/*  picture  I  draw  of  my  countrymen  ;  and 
wiU  be  particularly  at  a  l^fs  to  account  for  the  last 
part  of  this  conduct.  They  have  heard  that  the  vom 
populi  is  the  vox  Dei.  For  their  satisfaction  I  Ihall 
add  a  few  virwds,  to  let  them  see  what  is  the  nature  of 
that  Deity  to  which  they  offer  up  sacrifice  and  ado- 
ration. To  most  of  your  Britilh  readers  this  informa- 
,tion might  have  been  superfluous. 

Men  in  public  stations,  and  public  bodies  of  men, 
in  this/rte  country,  have  always  bof^s  of  obtaining. 


« 


f 


-88  Timothy  Hairbraiit.  July  li. 

one  day,  from  the  administrators  of  government,  some 
favour  or  other.  Now,  though,  like  the  purchasers  of 
lottery  tickets,  they  well  know  that  not  on«  hundred 
thousandth  part  of  the  favours  that  are  expecttd  cm 
ever  be  conferred;  yet  every  one  hopes  that  he  him- 
self may  chance  to  be  the  lucky  gainer.  Hence  every 
one  is  eager  to  put  himself  forward  as  far  as  he  can, 
that  he  may  be  in  Fortune's  way.  And  as  they  know 
that  a  minister  will  consider  it  as  a  much  higher 
compliment  to  him,  when  they  disregard  common 
sense  and  propriety  for  his  sake,  than  if  they  merely 
do  what  prudence  and  good  sense  would  approve  of, 
they  must  have  a  much  better  chance  of  getting  his 
favour  when  they  follow  him  where  he  has  CTidsnt- 
ly  done  wrot.g,  than  where  he  had  only  acted  a  wise 
and  patriotic  part.  This  perfectly  accounts  for  that 
phrenetic  zeal  which  has  displayed  itself  on  the  pre- 
sent, as  well  as  on  many  other  occasions.  What  else 
could  have  induced  xhc  individuals  of  the  congregated 
addrefsers  to  discover  such  extreme  anxiety  to  have 
their  names  severally  specified  in  the  addrefses  ?  A 
splenetic  observer  would  peeviMy  cry  out,  0  servum> 
pecus ;  But  I,  for  my  part,  who  have  not  one  drop 
of  gall  in  my  composition,  consider  these  as  men  nei- 
ther better  nor  worsi  than  other  men,  all  over  the 

world. 

As  I  myself,  Mr  Printer,  am  a  solitary  being,  be- 
low the  hope  of  ever  attracting  ministerial  favour, 
and  above  the  fear  of  ever  deserving  puniihment,  I 
look  upon  the  world,  as  it  goes,  with  a  kind  of  philo- 
sophic indifference,  which  allows  me  the  full  use  of 
my  faculties,  while  the  perceptions  of  so  many  others, 


«t    •  ♦ 


>//  25. 

tvernment,  some 
he  purchasers  of 
not  ooe  hundred 
are  txfMCttd  can 
}es  that  he  him- 
r.  Hence  every 
as  far  as  he  can, 
nd  as  they  know 
a  much  higher 
iregard  common 
a  if  they  merely 
ould  approve  of, 
ce  of  getting  his 

he  has  evident- 
nly  acted  a  wise 
iccounts  for  that 
tself  on  the  pre- 
ions.    What  else 

the  congregated 
anxiety  to  have 
le  addrefses  ?  A 
y  out,  0  servum 
ve  not  one  drop 
hese  as  men  nei- 
nen,  all  over  the 

itary  being,  be- 
listerial  favour, 
5  punifliment,  I 
1  a  kind  of  philo- 
e  the  full  use  of 
'  so  many  others, 


I79>.  •  .timothy  Haiih:ain,  89 

of  much,  better    talents  than  myself,  are  lulled  to 
sleep,  or  roused  into  phrenzy,  by  hope  or  by  fear.    I 
therefore  seldom  admire  without  reserve  ;  nor  con- 
denm  any    one  without  mercy  ;  for   when  men   are 
neighbour-like,  what  more  fliould  we  expect  ? 
.     Every  one,  Mr  Printer,  strives  only  to  get  a  taste 
of  the  loaves  and  fiflies.     The  ministry  willi  to  hold, 
as  long  as  they  can,  what  they  have  got.     Their  fa- 
vourers hope  to  gain  by  sycophantising,  what  the  op- 
position expects   to  force  by   bullying ;  and  though 
they  sometimes  fall  upon  devices  for  that  purpose, 
that  an  impartial  person  cannot  commend,  the  same 
sort  of  thing  is  found  to  take  place  in  all  other  em- 
ployments. 

The  afsociatlon  for  a  reform  of  the  constitution  is 
/evidently  one  of  these  culpable  devices.     There  are 
in  this  afsociation   many  respectable  names  ;  and  so 
much  the  greater  pity  for  it.     Had  they  been  all  log- 
gerheads I  could  have  supposed  they  were  misled,  as 
many  an  honest  numbscuU   has   been    before  them. 
But  there  are  men  in  this  society  who  must  see,  that, 
•to  endeavour  to  rouse  the  multitude  to  force  a  re- 
forjn  in  government,  is,  of  all  foolilh  projects,  the  most 
pernicious   that  could  be  adopted.      It  is  as  if  they 
appealed  to   an  afsembly  of  porters  to  decide  on  the 
merits  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton's  principia.     They  know 
all  this  very  well ;  but  they  no  doubt  hope,  that,  by 
rousing  this   many  headed  monster,  such  a  confusion 
may  be, produced,  as,  in  the  scramble,  might  leave  an 
opening  for  them  to  creep   into  the  saddle  of  power. 
In  vain  do  they  plead  in  their  excuse   that  Pitt,  and 
Richmond,  andotliers,  who  now  sit  snugly  at  the  helm, 
^    VOL.  X.  M  '      *    '-^ 


";;  ; 


n 


AQ  Timothy  Hairhraitt.  July  2$. 

attempted  a  plan  exactly  of  the  same  kind  they  now 
have  thought  of.  They  have  perfectly  succeeded  in 
proving  this,  it  is  true  ;  but  what  does  the  nation 
gain  hy  that  ?  Two  blacks  do  not  make  a  white  in 
this  country.  And  it  is  but  a  small  consolation  to 
the  people,  to  have  proof  positive  laid  before  their 
eyes,  that  the  rogues  that  are  out  of  place  are  equ^i?- 
ly  unprincipled  with  those  that  are  in.  I  fear  I  n  ust 
now  change  my  tune,  but  instead  of  adopting  the 
•faOiionable  French  air  fa  ira,  pa  ira  ;  we  (hail  keep 
by  our  good  old  Englifti  ditty, 

Tintara  nua  rop^ua  all,  rogues  all. 

'     It  will  not  be  expected,  while  I  entertain  such  an 
opinion  of  the  rulers,  and  of  the  ruled  in  this  nation, 
that  I  fhould  think  there  is  nothing   in   this  country 
that  requires  amendment.     God  forbid  that  I  fliould 
ever  entertain  so  monstrous  an  opinion  !      May  God 
mend  us  all,  say  I ;  for   we  have  much   need  of  it : 
and  every  thing  that  comes  through  the  hands  of  such 
bunglers,  must  stand  in  need  of  constant  amendment. 
But  since  we   are  such  a  parcel  of  rogues  and  fools, 
common  sense  requires,   that,   In  this   said  work  of 
amendment,  we  Qiould  proceed  with  all  due  caution,  so 
as  to  be  sure,  that,  in  attempting  to  stop  up  one  hole, 
we  do  not  make  a  dozen,  that  are  each  of  them  worse 
than  the  old  one.     Instead,   therefore,  of  putting  ten 
thousand  hammers  at  once   into  the  hands  of  men 
who  never  had  a  hammer  in  their  hands  before,  and 
inviting  thp.m  to   fall  pell  mell  to  work  on  the  old 
cauldron  of  the  constitution,    I   would   be  for  em- 
ploying  some    good  experienced  hands  to  look  conti- 
nua'Uy  around  it ;   and  wherever  a  flaw  begins  to  ap- 
pear, let  a  remedy  for  that  particular  evil  be  quietly, 


,-^. 


■% 


7«(y  25. 

Lind  they  now 
'  succeeded  in 
)e3  the  nation 
ike  a  white  in 
consolation  to 
d  before  their 
lace  are  eqnn?- 
I  fear  I  n  ust 
f  adopting  the 
we  (hail  keep 


ertain  such  an 
in  this  nation, 
1   this  country 
i  that  I  Ihould 
n  !      INIay  God 
:;h   need  of  it : 
:  hands  of  such 
nt  amendment, 
gues  and  fools, 
said  work  of 
due  caution,  so 
op  up  one  hole, 
of  them  worse 
of  putting  ten 
hands  of  men 
nds  before,  and 
irk  on  the  old 
lid   be  for  em- 
s  to  look  conti- 
w  begins  to  ap- 
evil  be  quietly, 


179^'  limothy  Hairhrain.  ej 

and  cautiously  applied  ;  always  recollecting  the  good 
old  a'lage,  tliat  "  a  stitch  in  time  saves   nine."     Let 
the  master  tinkers,  then,  who  have  served  a  regular 
apprentice/hip,  be  continually  on  the  watch  to  see  that 
nothing  goes  far  wrong  ;  but,  as  to  the  fellows  with, 
strong  arms   only,  and  weighty  hammers,  give  then* 
some  common  job   to   work  at,  where,  if  they  do  no 
good,  they  can  do  little  harm.   Who  would  ever  think 
of  employing  a  blacksmith  to  repair  a  Harrison's  time- 
keeper?  Who  would  think  of  listening  to  the  ravings 
of  an  illiterate  mechanic,  who  thought  that  he  had  dis- 
covered the  longitude,  as  thousands  of  such  have  se- 
riously believed  they  had  done  ?   But  the  constitution 
of  a  government  is  a  much  more  complicated  machine 
than  a  lime-piece ;  and  it  requires  much  greater  ta- 
lents to  discover,  a  priori,  what   would  be  right  or 
wrong,  with  regard  to  it,  than  to  discover  the  longi- 
tude.   The  speculations  on  this  subject  of  More,  Har- 
rison, Locke,  Moiitesquieu.Hume,  Stewart,  and  Smith, 
are  well  known  to  be,  in  many  particulars,  only  im- 
practicable reveries.     If  the  minds  of  such  men  then 
have  been  unable  to  grasp  this  wide  subject,  in  all  its 
extent,  what  are  we  to  expect  will  be  the  result  of  the 
speculations  of  butchers  and  taylors,  porters  and  dray- 
men, when  they  pretend  ta  decide  upon  it  ?    These 
are  all  respectable  members  of  society  when  they 
act  in  their  own  spheres,  but  when  they  depart  from 
it  they  become  truly  ridiculous — "  Non  omnia  pof- 
sumus  omnesy"  h  an  old  and  a  just  adage.     "There 
are  two  points  in  politics,"  says  a  verj   ingenious 
writer,  whose  works  are  too  little  known  *,  "  very 
hard  to  compafs.     One  is,  to  persuade  legislators  that 
•  Bentham's  view  of  the  Panopticon  p.  66, 


I 


w^rnk 


m 


IV 


I  »*l  f 


^  Yimotby  Hair  brain.  J^^y'^-S- 

they  do  not  understand  nioemaking  better  than 
ihoemakers ;  the  other  is,  to  persuade  fhoemakers 
that  they  do  not  understand  legislating  better  than 
legislators.  The  latter  point  is  particularly  difficult 
in  our  own  dear  country  ;  but  the  other  is  the  har- 
dest of  all  hard  things  every  where." 

These,  Mr  Editor,  are  the  plain  thoughts  of  a  plain 
man,  exprefsed  plainly  and  without  disguise.  I 
fhall  conclude  these  lucubrations  with  an  illustration^ 
by  way  of  variety. 

-  The  constitutiou  of  Britain  may  be  likened  ta 
a  rose,  which,  though  one  of  the  most  beautiful  ob- 
jects in  nature,  still  is  armed  with  thorns,  that 
^metimes  prick  those  to  the  quick  who  come  near 
it.  This  rose,  however,  with  all  its  defects,  is 
the  finest  object  of  its  kind  that  is  to  be  met  with  in 
nature  j  and  may  therefore  be  called  the  rose  unique.. 
It  was  picked  up  by  onr  forefathers,  some  thousand 
years  ago,  in  the  wilds  of  Germany,  where  it  was  a 
poor,  weakly,  stinted  thing ;  but  being  transplanted 
into  the  Britifh  soil,  it  vhere  took  root  and  throve 
amazingly.  It  has  been  there  carefully  nursed  and 
improved  by  incefsant  culture,  till  it  has  gradually 
acquired  a  health,  a  vigour,  a  magnitude,  that  never 
had  a  parallel  upon  the  globe.  Its  foliage  is  frefh  ; 
and  it  yields  every  y^ar  such  an  air.azing  abundance  of 
beautiful  and  fragrant  flowers,  as  to  be  the  astonifli- 
ment  of  all  the  universe.  People  from  the  most  dis- 
tant nations  come  to  look  at  and  admire  it.  But  still 
these  cursed  thonis  give  infinite  umbrage  to  some 
finical  gardeners,  who  will  be  satisfied  with  nothing 
ihort  of  perfection.     These  thornji  are,  to  such  per- 


•       7«h  "^s- 

l  better  than 
ide  fhoemakers 
ing  better  thau 
cularly  difficult 
ther  is  the  har- 

ughts  of  a  plain 
t  disguise.  I 
an  illustration^ 

be  likened  to 
St  beautiful  ob- 
h  thorns,  that 
who  come  near 
its  .defects,  is 
be  met  with  in 
the  rose  unique^ 
some  thousand 
where  it  was  a 
ng  transplanted 
oot  and  throve 
Lilly  nursed  and 
:  has  gradually 
ide,  that  never 
oliage  is  frefh  ; 
ng  abundance  of 
}e  the  astonifli- 
in  the  most  dis- 
-e  it.  But  still 
ibrage  to  some 
id  with  nothing 
:e,  to  such  per- 


1792.  Timothy  HaWhrain.  ^g 

sons,  so  very  disgusting,  that  they  can  see  nothing 
else.  There  is  no  beauty  in  this  rose  they  say  ;  it  is 
altogether  an  abonfination  ! — Yes  !  say  they,  with 
Jonah,  in  a  pet,  '  we  do  well  to  be  angry  with  this 
thing,  even  unto  death.' 

At  last  a  bold  empiric  appears,, who,  like  Paracel- 
sus, pretends  to  have  discovered  an  infallible  cure  for 
this  disorder.     "  Pluck  up  this   rose  by  the  root, 
says  he.     The  soil  in  which  it  grows  is  rank  and 
foul,  and  worn  out  with  age,  which  occasions  those 
vile  prickles  tliat  distrefs  us.     Pluck  it  c".  by  the 
root,  I  say,  without  fear.  Trench  up  the  soil  on  which 
it  grows  ;  bury  deep  that  vile  fat  earth  which  ge- 
nerates this  disease  ;  and  bring  up  some  poor  mould 
from  the  bottom,  in  which  no  noxious  weeds  will  find 
nouriihment.     Then  by  sprinkling  it  with  a  quantum 
fufficit  of  our  newly  discovered  manure,  and  planting 
the  ro?e  afrefli,  after  lopping  off  all   its  spiny   bran- 
ches, it  will  spring  up  with  much  greater  vigour 
than  it  ever  did  before:  Its  beautiful  branches  will  be 
smooth  as  a  willow ;   its  flowers  will  be  more  abun- 
dant, more  fragrant ;  and  in  every  respect  superior 
to  any  thing  that   ever  has  been  seen  in  the  world, 
tluck  it  up,  I  say;  make  haste, — every  hour  you  de- 
lay is  only  a  lofs  of  time.     I'll  answer  for  the  conse- 
quences ,     Fear  nothing." 

*  Nay,  nay,  says  the  owner  of  this  fine  plant,— not 
quite  so  fast  friend,  if  you  please.  It  has  required  a 
great  attention  and  many  years  incefsant  care,  to  bring 
this  plant  to  its  present  perfection.  The  soil,  you  see, 
is  perfectly  congenial  to  it;  the  climate  suitable.  It 
has  long  resisted  storms  and  hurricanes  that  have  ruined 
many  other  plants,  that  appeared,  in  tbtir youth,  topof- 


r 


c^  timothy  Hairhrain.  July  .35. 

sefs  much  vigour.     I  mubt  first  beg  leave  to  know, 
in  case  your  infallible  manure  fbould  prove  like  the  in- 
fallible phial  of  Paracelsus,  how  I  fhall  be  able  to  re- 
store that  to  life,  which  is  already  dead  ?     A  garden- 
er, like  yourself,  came  last  year  to  this  place  from 
France,  with  a  great  variety  of  fine  plants,  which  he 
afsured  me,  in  the  most  positive  manner,  were  all  ge- 
nuine ;    and  I  might  trust  my  life  to   their  proving 
true.     He  sold  to   me  a  plant  which  he   said  would 
produce  black  roses.     I  paid  him  a  high  price  for  it: 
See  thereat  grows, — a  puny  plant  it  is;    and  the  few 
roses  it  bears  are  of  a  pale  pink  colour.     Now,  what 
would  become  of  me  (hould  you  turn  out  as  great  a 
■  quack  as  he  was  ?   There  is  only  this    single  plant  of 
its  kind  in  the  universe  ;  (hould  it  be  once  lost  I  ne- 
ver may  find  the  like  again.      No,  no,  friend  ;   were 
Baron  Van   Haak  himself  to  rise  from  the  dead,, 
and  afsert  the  omnipotence  of  this    manure,  I  would 
not  take  his  word  for  it.    I  Qiould  tell  him  to  go  and. 
rest  in  peace  with  his  fathers.     Nothing  Ihall  ever 
induce  me  to  destroy  this  valuable  plant,  while  it  is. 
evidently  pofscfsed  of  a  health   and  vigour  that  no 
other  plant  of  the  same  sort  ever  could  equals 

'  I  know  indeed  that  it  has  spines.  This  is  one  of 
those  inevitable  evils  which  nature  hath  annexed  to- 
all  sublunary  things.  But  look,  around  and  com- 
pare it  with  all  other  plants  of  the  same  kind  you 
have  ever  seen !  How  poor, — how  puny, — how  insig- 
nificant are  they,  when  compared  with  it  !  Try  your 
manures  if  you  think  proper  upon  other  soils,  they 
have  evidently  occasion  for  it.  There,  the  puny  plants,. 
in  place  of  flowers,  carry  not  even  leaves  to  cover  their 


\  I  . 


yw//  as- 

leave  to  know, 
rove  like  the  in- 
II  be  able  to  re- 
el ?     A  garden- 

this  place  from 
ilants,  which  he 
ler,  were  all  ge- 
I  their  proving 

he  said  would 
igh  price  for  it: 
is}  and  the  few 
,r.     Now,  what 

I  out  as  great  a 
single  plant  of 

:  once  lost  I  ne- 
D,  friend  ;  were 
from,  the  dead^ 
nanure,  I  would 

II  him  to  go  and 
)thing  Ihall  ever 
plant,  while  it  is. 

vigour  that  no 
Id  equals 

This  is  one  of 
hath  annexed  ta 
round  and  com> 

same  kind  you 
ny, — how  insig- 
h  it  !  Try  your 
her  soils.      iTiejf 

the  puny  plants^ 
vcs  to  cover  their 


179a.  Timothy  Haiti ra'ti.  jjf 

naked  stalks.  Immense  swarms  ot"  insects  suck  out 
their  vital  snp  ;  and  no  sooner  does  a  leaf  appear 
than  a  caterpillar  siezes  on  it,  warps  it  up  like  a  gar- 
ment around  her,  and  soon  consumes  it.  It  is  true 
that  a  few  insects  sometimes  are  found  attempting 
to  prey  upon  ihis  plant  of  mine  too  ;  but  I  have 
people  const,'\ntly  upon  the  watch  to  brulh  them  off 
with  a  feather.  By  this  gentle  kind  of  remedy  we  have 
contrived  to  keep  them  under ;  and  though  we  never 
can  eradicate  these  insects  entirely,  we  so  diminiih 
their  power,  that  they  do  no  material  damage  to  the 
plant :  And  if,  at  a  time,  a  caterpillar  fhould  chance 
to  seize  upon  a  leaf,  it  is  soon  discovered,  «nd  picked 
off  by  hand,  and  singly  destroyed.  Under  this  mode 
of  management  has  our  rose  flourillied  for  ages  ;  and 
has  at  length  attained  the  envied  pre-eminence  it 
now  enjoys:  And  tliough  it,  indeed,  cannot  boast  of 
perfection,  yet  by  the  same  mode  of  management, 
and  the  blefsing  of  heaven,  we  hope  to  be  able  to 
make  it  attain  a  still  higher  degree  of  b;;auty. 

*  Go  elsewhere  then,  Mr  Quick,  and  sell  your 
boasted  wares.  Britain  is  not  the  place  for  you  to 
succeed  in.' 

Here   ends,  for   the  present,  the   lucubrations  of 

TlMOTHT  HaIRBRAIN  *. 

•  The  obove  remarks  of  our  (x\zrA  Ua'irbra'm,  m\ny  will  think,  are 
more  pUiii  than  pleising.  And  on  the  first  glance,  we  were  in  some  doubt 
whether  the  inserting  of  ihem  m'ght  not  g'Ve  umbrage  '.o  some  of  our 
readers.  But,  on  a  second  perusal,  there  seemed  to  be  in  good  truth  so 
much  good  humour,  and  so  very  little  gall  in  every  part  of  them,  that  it 
seemed  to  be  Impofilble  any  one  could  be  seriously  displfased  to  see  our 
facetious  correspond' nt  makirg  g.imc  ofallwhocame  inhisw.iy  as  he  pal- 
ced  along     If  any  one  fliould  find  himself  disposed  to  be  piqued  ar  s:ci:'g 


mi 

WL 

Is 

i 


'•;■  "■*;'''-» 


q6        remarks  on  Tbunderprooft  cfsays.         July  i^. 


IIURACk. 


Pori. 


Seribitid'i  rtcti  laftre  nt  it  prindpium  cl  funt. 

"'  '"'f  ^    A  littlt  learning  i»  a  dngerouJ  thing, 

, '  .Drink  deep,  or  taste,  nut  the  Pierean  tpring : 

Sir,  To  the  Editor  of  the  Bee. 

A3  fi-  \  struck  out  by  the  friction  of  certain  bodies 
so  truth  frequently  (hines  forth  amidst  the  collisi- 
ons and  jarrings  of  opposite  opinions  and  sentiments. 
For  this  reason  the  following  animadversions  on  a 
verv  censurable  performance,  entitled  "  remarks  oa 
the  politiaal  progrefs  of  Britain,  by  Timothy  Thun- 
derproof,"  will  hardly  need  an  apology  to  one  whose 
chief  aim  in  his  present  lucubrations  is  the  discove- 
ry of  truth,   as  well  as  the  difsemination  of  useful 

knowledge. 

I  fliall  confine  myself  entirely  to  those  "  remarks," 
contained  in  your  Bee  of  February  29th  ;  not  that 
these  are  more  faulty  than  their  predecefsnrs,  but 
because  I  fliould  otherwise  swell  my  letter  to  a  very 
inconvenient  size. 

Mr  Thunderproof's  arguments,  if  such  they  may  be 
called,  hardly  merit  a  serious  refutation.  He  seems 
to  be  a  gentleman  whose  temper  of  mind  is  soured  by 
disappointment,  perhaps  by  misfortune,  and  on  that 

his  favourites  treated  with  i  little  fnedom,  he  h.is  only  to  go  on  a  lltll?, 
and  he  will  be  put  into  to^J  humour,  by  seeing  those  he  does  not  like  be- 
come in  iheir  turn  thebutt  of  this  droll  jwhi,  like  the  wife  of  3ath,(not  Chau- 
cer's wife,  but  the  old  Sco.cii  wifi:  ot  Bath)  reads  every  one  their  ditty,  in  or- 
der to  sHence  them;  to  humble  their  pride,  by  (hewing  them  that  they  arc 
themselves  no  better  than  they  Oiould  be,  and  that  therefore  they  have  n« 
right  to  huld  others  in  contempt,  who  have  not  perhaps  been  so  fortunate 
as  themselves  ;.i  their  journey  tbi  uagh  life.  Men  are  perhaps  as  nearly 
allkehy.  llulr  parity  in  lallUs,  as  by  any  other  c'.riuinst.ince.  Ed.t. 


'lys.         July  35. 

iig;  Po»«. 

if  certain  bodies 
nidst  the  collisi- 
s  and  sentiments. 
1  ad  vers  ions  on  a 
led  "  remarks  oa 
r  Timothy  Thun- 
>gy  to  one  whose 
s  is  the  diacove- 
ination  of  useful 

tiosc  •'  remarks," 

'  29tb  ;  not  that 

(redecefsnrs,   but 

letter  to  a   very 

such  they  may  be 
itiqn.  He  seems 
nind  is  soured  by 
ane,  and  on  that 

s  only  to  go  on  a  litll?, 
,ose  he  does  not  like  be- 
;  wife  of  Bath, (not  Chau- 
ery  one  their  ditty,  in  or- 
:wing  them  that  tliey  arc 
t  therefore  they  have  nu 
eriiaps  been  so  fortunate 
\n  ire  perhaps  as  nearly 
:uinst.ir.ce.  Edit. 


1792.         rcmavlt  en  Tlunilerproof^se/says.  97 

acf.ount  ought   no  doubt  to   be  treated  with  greater 
lenity  than  Jii;  iiert'orma.ice  deserves. 

The  finjt  thing  Mr  Thunderproof  quarrels  with,  in 
these  latter  remarks,  is  the  fortrefs  of  Gibraltar,  the 
retention  of  wliich,  by  Britf;in,  he  considers  as  higlily 
criminal  as  well  as  absurd,   \V;    cher  this  garrison  has 
produced  advantages  to  Britain  tmiivalent   to  the  en- 
ormons  e.xpence  it  has  cost  her,  may  pe^h;^. ;   le  difli- 
tult  to  say :   Could  it  be  ra/.ed  to  the  ground,  or  over- 
whelmed by  an  earthquake.,  or  some  convulsion  of  na- 
ture, without  occasioning  the  lofs  of  any  lives,  either 
of  these  events  might  pcrlnps  be  auspicious  to  this 
country;    but  as  we  can  hnv<    no  reasonable  expecta- 
tion of  getting  rid  of  it  in  this   manner,  it  is  certain 
that'  if  we  do  give   it   up,   it    must   oafs    into  the 
hands  of  the  Spanilh  monarch,  or  at  least  into  those 
of  some  of  the  other  Eurgpean  princes  ;  and  its  im- 
portance is  such  as  must  make  it  add  considerably  to 
the  weight  and  consequence  of  the  sovereign  to  whom 
it  belongs.     Now,  as  it  is  a  settled  maxim  in  politics, 
that  in  proportion  as  any  nation  rises  in  strength  and 
power,  its '  neighbours  :ink  into  insignificance  and  ob- 
scurity, perhaps  this  consideration  alone  may  afford  a 
sufficient  reason  for  its  retention;  not  to  mention  that 
it  flielters  our  fleets  in  the  time  of  war  ;   that  it  ren- 
ders our  commerce  in  the  Mediterranean  and  Le- 
vant more  secure  than  that  of  any  other  European 
nation;  and,  besides,  that  it  materially  contributed 
to  the  preservation  of  our  West  India  islands  in  our 

late  wars  with  P'rance  and  Spain.    Mr  T ,  as  it  is 

natural  to  suppose,  would  fain  make  us  believe  that 
these  wars,  on  the  part  of  the  latter  power,  drew  their 
origin  chiefly  from  our  pofscfsion  of  this  fortrcfa. 
vol,.  X.     •  -  N  f 


f 


L 


^S  rtmarks  en  Tljundcrproofs  ejsayu  ^idy  2^. 
He  surely  cannot  be  ignorant  that  tlicj  originated 
altogetlief  in  the  family  compact,  which  was  un- 
doubtedly powerful  enough  to  give  birth  to  them, 
without  the  intervention  of  any  other  cause.      "  '*  "^ 

The  war  of  tlie  Spanifli  succefsion,  which,  on  the 
part  of  the  allies,  was  undertaken  solely  to  preserve 
an  equality  in  the  balance  of  power  among  the  Ru- 
ro;)e«n  prinjces,  was  evidently  a  wise  and  necefsary 
war  in  its  beginning,  whatever  it  was  before  its  con- 
clusion ;    yet   Mr  T afserts,    in    defiance  of 

common  sense,  and  in  his  usual  petulant  manner,, 
thai  "  England,  with  a  degree  of  insolence,  unmatch- 
"  ed  in  history,  interfered  in  favour  of  an  Austrian 

"  candidate."     This  Mr  T no  doubt  admires 

as  a  smart  exprcfsion.     Indeed  the  quality  of  smart- 
nefs  is  all  that  he  seems  to  aim  at; — common  sense - 
and  regard  to  truth   are  out  of  the  question,      Mr  • 

T fhould,    however,    reflect,   that    though    a 

;.raart  and  lively  exprtfiion,  when  it  conveys  a  mean- 
ing, affords  us  much  pleasure,  yet,  when  it  conveys 
no  meaning  at  all,  or  covers  an  absurd  or  an  uni- 
foimded  aisertion,  it  is  the  more  reprehensible,  that 
it  proves  the  writer,  though  ignorant  and  weak,  to 
be  nevtrthclefs  vain  and  afsnming.  Of  this  kind, 
too,  is  the  following  paragraph,  which  is  indeed  as 
extravagant  as  any  ever  committed  to  paper.     After 

praising  James  i.  for  his  pacific  measures,  Mr  T 

adds,  *'  Had  it  been  pofsible  to  prolong  the  life  of 
"  this  monarch  to  the  present  day,"  (an  uuinterrup- 
ted  peace  would  no  doubt  have  followed  as  a  necefsa- 
ry consequence,)  "  Britain  would  long  befor?  this 
"  time  have  advanced  to  a  state  of  cultivation  not  iu- 
"  ferior  to  that  of  China."     James  was  by  no  ni'.an3 


jy.t.  'july  2$. 
Iicj  originated 
hich  was  un- 
birth  to  them, 
cause.  ■  '-*  "; 
which,  on  the 
\y  to  preserve 
imong  the  Eu- 

and  necefsary 
before  its  con- 
in  defiance  of 
tulant  manner,, 
ence,  unmatch- 
of  an  Austrinn 

doubt  admires 
lalicy  of  smart- 
•common  sense- 
auestion,  Mr  " 
that  though  a 
anveys  a  mean- 
hen  it  conveys 
urd  or  an  un>. 
rehensible,  that 
t  and  weak,  to 

Of  this  kind, 
:h  is  indeed  as 
)  paper.     After 

ires,  Mr  T 

long  the  life  of 
^an  uuinterrup- 
'cd  as  a  necefsa- 
ong  befor?  this 
Itivation  not  iu- 
'as  bv  no  ni';an3 


1792.         remarhsf^n'fhunclerpr oof  s  ef says  99 

a  warlike  monarch,  because  the  bent  of  his  mind  lay 
more  to  books  than  to  the  bustle  of^war  ;  but  can 
any  man  be  so  void  of  intellect  as  to  maintain  this 
ridiculous  paradox,  that  peace  can  always  be  preser- 
ved, consistently  with  national  safety,  because  a  par- 
ticular prince  may,  and  did  preserve  it  for  a  cmM. 
derable  time,  by  putting  up,  in  a  dastardly  manaci, 
with  the  insults  and  bufietings  of  the  nations  around 
him  ?  It  is  certain,  indeed,  that  nations,  like  men, 
are  always  quarrelling  among  themselves,  and  en- 
croaching upon  each  other's  privileges ;  and  it  is  no 
lefi  certain  that  insults  and  encroachments  of  this 
kind  increase  according  to  the  backwardnefs  or  pu- 
sillanimity, discovered  by  any  particular  state  in  de- 
fending itself,  and  repelling  the  invaders  ;  nor  will 
they  be  discontinued  till  such  state  be  entirely  stripped 
-of  its  commerce  and  its  appendages,  and  itself,  at  last, 
dismembered  and  parcelled  out  among  its  more  en- 
terprising and  warlike  neighbours  :  At  least  W3 
must  fairly  ackaowledge  that  this  would  be  the  ne- 
ctfsary  consequence,  were  it  not  for  the  wise  and 
cautious  policy  of  the  balance  of  power,  so  well 
knov/n  to  modern  times  ;  though  this  prudential  sys- 
tem was  entirely  overlooked  iu  the  case  of  the  dis- 
memberment-of  Poland,  I  think  about  twenty  years 
a,go  by  the  Shakespeare  of  kings.  In  fact  it  would 
be  as  ridiculous  and  unaccountable  in  a  nation,  to 
behold  with  indifFerenee  the  insults  and  infractions 
Qt  its  neighbours,  as  it  would  be  in  a  man  to  allow 
himself  to  be  beaten,  or  run  through  the  body,  with- 
out making  any  exertion  in  his  own  defence. 

On  this  principle  we  were  under  the  nccefsity  of 
reseating  the  late  infractioa  gf  the  Spaniards,  though 


I 


100       remarks  on  Thunderproof^s  efsays.     jf'u/y  25. 

Mr  T condemns  us   for  it,  as   having  acted  a- 

gainst  the  pacific  system.  The  monarch  already- 
mentioned  was  the  best  of  kings,  and  Sir  Robert 
Walpole  the  best  of  ministers ;  while  lord  Chatham 
is  reprobated  as  "  the  worst  minister  that  ever  any 
"  nation  was  cursed  with." 

Upon  the  whole,  every  thing  is  making  a  rapid 
progrefs  to  destruction.  The  constitution  is  nought 
but  a  "  conspiracy  of  the  rich  against  the  poor."  It 
is,  however,  sufficient  to  excite  laughter  in  the  most 
puritanical  countenance,  that  the  only  instance  he 
brings  forward  in  proof  of  all  these  accumulated 
evils,  is  that  of  an  old  woman  who  *'  had  been  in  the 
"  practice  of  supplying  her  neighbours  with  half- 
"  penny-worths  of  snuff;  but  is  now  in  an  excise 
"  court,  and  will  probably  be  soon  reduced  to  beg- 
*'  gary." 

From  Mr  T 's  glancing  at  Ireland,  and  the' 

dean  of  St  Patrick,  in  some  of  his  former  remarks, 
it  would  seem  that  he  considers  himself  another 
Swift,  risen  to  reform  the  world  ;  and  is  therefore 
determined  that  all  tilings  (hall  be  wrong,  that  he 
may  have  the  merit  of  setting  them  to  rights.  In 
this  point  of  view,  indeed,  he  very  much  resembles 
the  celebrated  knight  of  la  Mancha,  whose  behavi- 
our, upon  the  whole,  he  seems  to  have  laid  down  as 
a  pattern  for  himself.  He  must,  neverthelefs,  ac- 
knowledge, that  his  imitation  of  this  great  prototype 
and  master,  has  not  been  slavilh  ;  we  must  even  fairly 
allow  him  the  merit  of  making  one  considerable  im- 
provement. For  whereas  the  renowned  Don  Quixote 
was  pleased  to  take  unto  himself  a  fair  lady  for  a  DuU 


ays.  July  2j. 
aving  acted  a- 
jnarch  already 
nd  Sir  Robert 
;  lord  Chatham 
■  that  ever  any 

laking  a  rapid 
jtion  is  nought 
the  poor."  It 
ter  in  the  most 
ly  instance  he 
ie  accumulated 
dad  been  in  the 
urs  with  half- 
V  in  an  excise 
educed  to  beg- 

eland,  and  the' 
rmer  remarks, 
imself  another 
id  is  therefore 
vrong,  that  he 
to  rights.  In 
luch  resembles 
whose  behavi- 
rc  laid  down  as 
:vcrthelefs,  ac- 
jrePit  prototype 
Just  even  fairly 
tnsiderable  im- 
1  Don  Quixote 
lady  for  a  Dul-. 


1792.  remarit  on  Thnnderproof's  (f.sflys.  jot 

cinea,  this  same  disciple  of  his,  in  tht-  true  spirit  of 
knight  errantry,  has  adopted  a  poor  old  dnur>.sell- 
mg  matron  ;  and  this  is  the  more  generous,  that  he 
t-  lis  us  himself  flie  is  now  almost  reduced  to  begga- 
ry. To  be  serious:  This  gentleman  may,  indeed, 
fancy  himself  another  Swift,  or  a  very  great  politician, 
but  it  is  certain  that  the  wiser  .part  of  your  readers 
consider  him,  in  tliis  respect,  as  very  much  resem- 
bling  the  frog  in  tlie  fable. 

If  Mr  T continues  his  remarks,  I  may  some 

time  or  other  trouble  you  with  another  letter-  In 
the  mean  time  I  fhail  beg  leave  to  conclude  with  a 
rcllection,  that,  I  hope,  you  will  not  think  altogether 
unseasonable. 

There  is  nothing  in  nature  more  ridiculous  than 
that  universal  propensity  in  ^1  inferior  geniuses  to 
ape  their  superiors.  Incapable  of  reaching  their  high- 
er attainments,  they  generally  content  themselves  with 
imitating  their  imperfections.  Men  of  illustrious 
talents  diffuse  around  their  very  errors,  a.i  ingenu- 
ity and  a  splendour,  that  dazzle  and  ensnare  the 
bulk  of  mankind ;  while  the  productions  of  inferior 
writers,  stuffed  with  these  very  defects  and  imper-. 
lections  they  have  so  industriously  gleaned,  pofsefs 
not  a  single  ray  of  that  flame  of  genius,  so  indispen- 
sibly  necefsary  to  render  them  anywise  supportable. 
I  am,  Sir,  with  much  respect^  your  most  humble 

-^^^^^U  MiSOBRONTES*. 

G::o,  Square,        1  •  •    >:  j, 

Alarch  3.  1792,    J 


"fiji 


•  In  proof  of  that  impartialiry  which  the  E.IUor  hopes  h«  evtr  (hzW 
he  found  to  ,.^here  to,  and  on  n»  other  account,  the  ;bovc  niece  hae  been 
«lucunt!y  aJraitteJ.     The  personalities  it  cjatams,  arc  far  .om  what 


T 


loa 


reading  memorandums. 


July  IS- 


!;'..' 


READING  MEMORANDUMS.  ;>  ,  • 
1  ;  *'  <  ■:.,  >  i  -For  the  Bee. 
"  No  pleasure  5s  comparable  to  the  standing  upon 
the  vantage  ground  of  truth,  (an  hill  not  to  he  com- 
mandcd,  and  where  the  air  is  always  clear  and  se- 
rene,)  and  to  see  the  errors,  and  wanderings,  and 
mists,  and  tempests  in  the  valley  below:  So  always, 
however,  that  this  prospect  be  with  pity,  and  not 
with  swelling  of  pride.  Certainly  it  is  heaven  up- 
on earth  to  have  a  man's  mind  move  in  charity,  rest 
rn  pravidcnce,  and  turn  upon  the  poles  of  truth." 

lord  Bacon's  e/says. 


'  «« It  is  as  natural  to  die  as  to  be  bom  ;  and  to  alittle 
infant,  who  anticipates  no  evil,  perhaps  the  one  is  as 
Httle  painful  as  the  other. 

"He  that  dies  in  an  earnest  pursuit,  is  like  one  that 
h  wounded  in  hot  blood,  who,  'for  the  time,  scarce 
feels  the  hurt ;  and  therefore  a  mind,  fixed  and  bent 
upon  somewhat  that  is  good  and  praise  worthy,  does 
t-hereby  avert  the  terrors  of  death."  Bacon. 

he  wifte.  to  see  in  this  mlscell  ny,  and  h.pes  no  one  will  so  far  presume 
upon  this  indulg-nce  as  to  exptct  a  s'lnilar  mode  of  writing  will  be  en- 
couraged by  him.  Should  this  be  f  ermitted  we  might  expect  rejoinders 
and  replies  without  end,  where  ewry  one  ro.  tf ndrd  rnly  tor  victory,  or 
to  display  tl-.e  stretch  of  his  o«n  talents.  To  avoid  such  uselefs  d.icuf.i  - 
ons,  the  EJitor  begs  leave  to  inform  this  writer  and  others,  that  he  will 
tare  fully  reject  such  pieces  as  appear  to  him  to  b  .Iculated  for  that  pur- 
ppse.chiefly,  by  whomsoever  they  be  written,  or  on  whatever  tubject. 
Where  men  differ  in  opinion  from  each  other,  and  calitly  adduce  argu- 
ments in  favour  of  that  opinion,  without  any  personal  allus.ons,  they  Aal 
he  attended  to  with  all  pofsibic  tem-ernefs,  if  they  do  not  run  out  to  too 
great  a  length.  This  conduct  he  thinks  Ilwuld  give  no  just  crjse  si 
t^flcnce  to  any  c»ndid  person. 


July  IS- 


UMS.        vH   ,   . 

standing  upon 
1  not  to  be  com- 
ys  clear  and  se- 
wanderings,  and 
low :  So  always, 
h  pity,  and  not 
it  is  heaven  up- 

in  charity,  rest 
ics  of  truth." 
' Bacon's  ef says. 

m ;  and  toa-little 
aps  the  one  is  as 

t,  is  like  one  that 

the  time,  scarce 

d,  fixed  and  bent 

iise  worthy,  does 

Bacon. 

one  will  so  fjr  presume 
le  of  writing  will  be  er- 
might  expect  rejoinders 
drd  rnly  for  victory,  or 
id  such  uselcfs  dlicuf.i  - 
and  others,  that  he  will 
.IcuUted  for  that  pur- 
sr  on  whatever  tubject. 
nd  calitly  adduce  argu- 
unal  allus.ons,  they  Aal' 
ley  do  not  run  out  to  too 
1  give  ao  just  cause  &i 


I792'  ^ctiiing  memorandums.  1-3 

VV^hat  a  noble  incitenK;nt  dots  the  great  lonl  Vtru- 
km  give  heru  to  aiun  idiaiefs,  and  to  be  up  and  be 
doing  in  behalf  of  our  friniilies  and  country  !  Be- 
lieve me,  said  that  glorious  philosopher,  that  xvhen  a 
man  has  obtained  worthy  ends  and  expectations,  the 
sweetest  canticle  to  his  soul  will  be  a  "  Lord  now 
Icttcst  thou  thy  servant  depart  in  peace." 

'  Death  hath  tiiis  also,  (adds  he,)  that  it  openeth 
the  gate  to  deserved  fame,  and  crctinguiflieth*  envy. 
"  Extiuctus  amabirur  idem." 


«  The  perpetuity  by  generation  is  common  to  beasts : 
But  memory,  merit,  and  noble  works,  are  proper  tJ 
men :  And  surely  we  iliall  observe  that  the  noblest 
uorks  and  foundations  have  proceeded  from  childlcft 
men,  who  have  sought  to  exprefs  tiie  images  of 
tlieir  minds,  where  those  of  their-  bodies  have  beui 
wanting,  or  have  failed.^  Bacoti. 


An  ciirn  statuas  et  imagines,  non  animorum  simul- 
acra scd  corporum,  studime .multi  summi  homines  reli- 
^iierunt  ;  consiliorum  relinquere,  ac  virtutum  nostra- 
rum  ejigiem  nonne  multo  malic  dehmus,summis  ingeniis 
exprefsam  et  politam  P 

Ciceronis  Oratio  pro  Archia  poeta,  Cap.  xii. 

May  these  truly  wise  and  important  reflections 
find  their  way  to  the  eyes,  hearts,  and  understand, 
higs  of  those  who  are  seeking,  in  vain,  for  happi- 
ucfs  in  frivdlous  pursuits  ;  and,  may  they  be  excited 
to  cultivate  the  universal  pafsion  by  d.-eds  that  may 
render  it  pleasing,  permanent,  and  respettable  !  Nor 
let  the  softer  sex  imagine  tliat  thej  are  exeinpted 


J04  rcadlnf:t'i'vi-ran-:tr;u  July  li. 

from  the  laiidnMc  pursuit  ot  Icgirimate  fanif.  H  >vv 
many  famUics  have  been  blefsfd  :ind  rt-stored  by  the 
prudence  ar.d -economy  of  mothers  and  wives  who 
have  sitr\  ivod  thei-  hiiftands  ! 

What  fi  bounty  they  have  Jo  improve  their  minds, 
and  to  elevate  their  thoughts,  that  they  may  be  able 
to  in>bue  the  tender  minds  of  their  children  with 
useful  knowledge,  and  with  the   principles  of  moral 

sentin-ent,  without  which   nothing  excellent  can  be 

expected  when  they  rise  to  maturity. 

____ ———By  il(grres 

Th-:  humm  bljiiom  bluw»,  and  iVery  day,  •    ' 

Soft  a-  *  rfilli  along   dicws  s.mi     i"  ■  rli.irm,     '  ..«. 

Tie  f.irhei's  lustre  aril  t'  eiuitlicr'a  blonm. 
,  ■  Tlien  infant  ,easnn  g-aws  .ipjcc,  andcalls  ."^   ' 

F',r  tl.e  kind  hand  oi'lin  afjiiluoiiS  can?} 
Delight  till  tar*!    to  rear  tfe  tfnJcr  thought,'     •   ■     ■' 
To  te  th  ths  young  i'ica  hnw  to  ihiot,  '      -, 

.'   ^    To  ^'our  th«  fri-ih  instruction  o'ri  tlje  mind,  ■ 

•   '/ '  ',    To  breathe  rh'  inspiriiij}  spirit,  and  to  pl?nt 
'  ■   The  generous  purpose  in  the  glowin;^  breast.  ff 


1 


•  The  dear  and  tender  attachments-that  bind  parents 
to  their  children,  serve  also  as  a  subsequent  and  more 
affecting  nuptial  band  for  uniting  those  parents  more 
intimately  to  each  other,  and  draw  about  them  a 
new  circle  of  interest  and  of  love. 


F  orcknowlege  of  evil,  would  but  double  the  mi- 
sery ;  and  foreknowledge  of  good,  would  but  de- 
prive us  of  hope,  by  certainty  ;  and  hope- is  a  blefsing 
perhaps  preferable  to  pofsefsion. 


Happinefs  is  not  the  gift  of  riches  alone,  but  de- 
pendent on  a  right  way  of  thinking,  and  a  proper  re- 
gulation of  our  pafsions  snd  appetites. 


July  If. 

ite  fonif.     H  >w 

rt'storcd  by  the 

and  wives   who 

nve  their  miiuk, 
hey  may  be  able 
ir  children  vvitli 
iciplfs  of  moral 
•xcellent  can  be. 


grcfs 

y  Jay»         • 

• '  i-li.irm, 

■- 

blo'irn. 

.c^lls 

,• 

irf} 

hought. 

3t, 

e  mind. 

to  plcnt 

S  breast. 

ff 

that  bind  parents 
lequent  and  more 
ose  parents  more 
f  about  them   a 


double  the  ml- 

■would  but  de- 

hopeis  a  blefsing 


;s   alone,   but  de- 
and  a  proper  re- 
es. 


POETRT. 


SONNET.  { 

Fir  the  Bte. 
Tho*  Saiton*  thy  damaini  unftelter'd  seem, 

And  lefs  than  each  adjacent  village  fair. 
Yet  with  that  light  which  mem'ry't  clafiic  beun 

Arouad  thee  tbrowa,  can  nought  of  thein  compars 
In  thee  Dunbar,  «f  Scottift  bards  supttme,      ^ 

InhaJ'd  his  earliest  draught  of  vital  air} 
Dunbar,  whole  «ong  with  fancy's  brilliant  gleim, 

Conjoini  the  comic  boast  of  hamour  rare. 

Duabar,  whose  mystic  Rose  and  Thittle  twine. 

Unfading  glory  may  so  baldly'claim, 
Whose  Golden  Tergef,  enrich'd  with  form  divine, 

Shall  haag  for  ever  in  the  hall  of  fame  ! 

Hail  charming  bard,  to  thee  soaie  future  day. 
Perhaps  my  critic  pow'rj  may  larger  tribute  pay. 
SaltQn,  June  14.  17J2. 


A.  T.J 


WOfeERN  RIFtNSHINT,  OR  A  CHARACTER  «?  THE  TIMES. 
AN  t?l9TL£  TO  A  FRIENO  ON  THE  NIW  YEAR. 

For  tbt  Bet, 
"  Nona  tefa$  agitur,  pyora  quo  teculaferri 
•  •«   7emptrtbuft  quorum  utUri  ton  invnit  if>i0 
«   Nomui,  tt.a  Hulltfotuit  natura  mttuVo."    Juv.  Sat.  13. 

■  Worse  than  the  iron  age ! — these  modem  times 
Ate  so  depraved,  that  nature,  for  their  crimei, 
'  Not  in  her  bateit  metal  finds  a  naaie. 

WmiB  I  the  prevalence  of  vice  bewail. 
My  fViend,  my  genius,  my  MsEcenai,  hail  !  ,    -' 

By  thee  inspir'd,  and  prompted  by  thy  praise, 
1  first  presum'd  to  scan  my  iilAnt  lays  i 
And  now  more  versant  in  ApoUo^s  laws. 
Present  them  to  the  world  far  its  applause. 
*  The  village  of  Salton  in  East  Lothian. 

■t  The  Thistle  and  Aose,  the  Colden  Terge,  (Ihield)  both  alletorical 
poema,  and  esteemed  the  best  of  Dunbar'a  compositions. 

}  A  critical  account  of  the  ancient  poets  of  Seorlanii  is  still  wanted ; 
fur  although  Mr  Pinkerton  has  begun  to  tread  ■■  'hat  walk,  yet  the  field 
is  so  wide,  and  the  views  that  may  be  taken  '<f  that  subject  so  various ; 
that  there  is  here  roam  for  many  labourer*,  without  interfering  with  each 
•ther.  We  hope  our  ingenious  correspondent  will  net  relinquifh  the  design 
pointed  at  in  these  lines}  and  sincerely  with  hia  health  and  spirits  hap- 
jiity  toaccomplilhit.  Etlit. 

VOL.  X.  •■-...         .  .  ,  f 


I 


III 

m 


H 


fl    if."'' 


»o5 


>'» 


i'l 


—     }$etrf.    ••  ■■       7"^  »S' 

When  1  appear*  candid Jte  for  fame,  _-ii 

Grant  rae !  the  flitlter  of  thy  name. 

Dear  to  thy  friends,  and  to  the  musi »  dear* 
Thy  poet  greeti  thee  on  the  new  born  year. 

If  in  th"  event,  'tis  happieit  for  thee,  . , 

May  heaven  prolong  •  life  'o  d«jr  to  m« . 

And  if  to  future  times  my  rhymes  descend,  Ij 

Let  them  record  that was  my  »riend  }         - 

Thy  aweet  retreat  I  hope  to  see  e're  long, 

Meanwhile  accept  the  tribute  of  a  song.  _ 

Hail  Ninety-two!  while  yet  unsta.n'd  with  blame, 

Erect  new  trophies  to  Britannia's  fame ! 

But  check  the  grofs  corruption  of  the  iimea, 

Great  is  her  glory,  greater  are  her  crinjes! 

Now  let  the  wisei  the  good,  the  sons  of  light*  X 
To  stem  the  torrent,  all  their  pow'rsumte  i     ^ 

Now  let  religio'i's  feuds,  and  party  real,  ,  -       « 
Yield  to  the  int'rest  of  the  public  weal. ..    '■ 
My  feeble,  best  endeavours,  I'll  exert,  , 

Nor,  while  I  live,  the  glorious  cauij  desert.       , 
May  he,  whose  grace  can  prosper  the  event,       h 
Accept  the  means  and  bleft  the  instrument  I  _ 

One  si«ncr  from  the  error  of  his  ways 
•  To  save,  the  labours  of  a  life  repays.  ' 

■VPhat  will  this  •aughty  world  come  to  at  last  ?     . 
p.ach  rising  age  more  vicious  than  the  put  j 
Jiefintd  in  vite,  in  all  the  arts  of  fraud  j 
Lefs  by  divine  than  human  justice  aw  d  1 

We  (hun  the  villany  of  ruder  times. 

Though  for  mot«  tecret  more  malignant  crimes. 

Under  the  mask  of  firiendlhip,  void  of  ftame, 

We  now  betray  and  wound  our  neighbours  fame. 
%Candow,  benevolence,  truth,  justice,  fail } 

Self-love,  deceit,  iniquity,  py«v»''; 

Dire  luxury,  with  all  her  tram  of  ills. 

The  heart  mflames,  with  pride  and  pafslon  fills. 

Taught  by  our  sires  contempt  for  all  above. 

Like  hopeful  sons  we  on  their  crimes  improve. 

Th'  exploded  doctrines  of  the  sacred  page. 

The  scorn  and  jest  of  this  licentious  age; 

Vice  like  its  author,  boldly  walks  abroad. 

We  laiigh,at  virtue  and  insult  our  God. 

We  own  (such  is  out  character  at  best) 

No  God  but  gold,  no  tie  but  interest. 

By  mercehary  motives  •»  are  led  5 . 

Faitk  from  the  earth  has  with  religion  fled. 

In  (hort  no  action  is  too  «ie»n,  too  base. 

Tor  this  perfidious  execrable  race. 

How  vainly  boasu  the  self-enlighten'd  sage, 

Th'  unri vall'd  wisdom  of  this  impious  age . 

Such,  so  corrupt  the  manners  of  the  times. 

The  world  must  sink  beneath  th*  burthen  of  her  crimes. 

5</«/r«wi7««.i.  I79».  THtotoous.  , 


>h  *s« 


iie< 
dear* 
n  year< 


I  xtA 


scendf        ^  I, 

end  i  '       , 

long, 

ing. 

i,n'd  with  blame, 

le! 

:  timet, 

rimes ! 

I  of  light»  - 

I' unite} 

eal,  ,  -     .V . 

veal.  .  ■* 

irt, 

:  desert. 

e  event,        i 

-umenti 

ys 

ne  to  at  last? 
■le  put ; 

.dj  '■-: 

w'd  1 

nant  crimei.  ■    ;; 

of  fhame, 
jhbourt  fame. 
e,  fail i 

lis,         •  '   * 

pafslori  fills. 

all  above, 

jet  improTC. 

d  page, 

sage; 

abroad, 

God.        ' 

beat) 

St. 

[ion  fled. 
baae, 

ten'd  sage, 

ious  age '. 

he  times, 

burthen  of  her  erimesi' 

THtOLOCUI. 


.  *  CLEANINGS  OF  LITERATURE, 

■    Sir,  To  the  Editor  of  the  Bee. 

Althoitgh  the  authors  of  the  theory  of  Moral  Sentimentir 
and  the  Rambler,  have  contributed  to  bring  into  discredit 
every   kind  of  miscellaneous  and  periodical  publication. 
I  remain  perfectly  convinced  of  their  utility,  on  account  of 
their  tendency  to  diffuse  knowledge  among  the  m"  idling  and 
poorer  ranks    of  society,   and  to  attract  the  notice  of  id- 
lers  and  triflers,   I  have  therefore  from  the  beginning  been 
a  friend  to  your  undertaking,  which,  without  descending  to 
foment  the  frivolity  and  lubricity  of  the  times,  applies  it- 
self  judiciowly  to  that  love  of  novelty  and  variety,  which 
distinguilhes  our  modern  world  from  the  plodding  world 
of  bur  fathers. 

With  a  view  to  contribute  somewhat  to  the  pasture  of 
the  Bee,  I  have  thought  that  it  might  not  be  amifs  to  set 
an  example  of  forming  an  article  in  your  miscellany,  com- 
posed  of  pertinent  selections  from  the  epistolary  corrcspon- 
,   dence  of  persons  of  learning  and  taste,  which  have  not 
been  publifhed  5   thereby  preserving  many  curious,  useful 
and  agreeable   particulars,  which  might  otherwise  be  finall 
ly  lost,  either   from  the  inadequacy  of  the  whole  pieces 
in  which  they  arc  contained,  to  appear  before  the  public' 
or  the  difhculty  of  rendering  them  in  that  Ihape  profitable' 
either  to  the  editor  or  to  the  reader. 

Many  important  facts,  many  vivacious  and  agreeable  re 
marks,  many  beautiful  and  prolific  thought,,  are  to  be  found 
scattered  amid  the  rubbilh  of  trivial  correspondence  :  and 

pre'erer         ^^^   *^''  '^'^  ^""^^  ^^  ^"^^^^   "P  "'I 

Every  person  of  literary  eminence,  indeed  almost  every 

person  of  taste,  sentiment,  and  social  inclination,  must,  in 


ttjft  .'  gUamtigs  if/iltrature.  Jufy  45. 

the  course   of  an   ordinary  lifetime,  be  pofsefied  of  man/ 

specimens    of  fruitful  imagination,   painful  investigation, 

or  light  brilliant  and  agreeable  remark  or  reflection,  in  the 

-letters  of  his  friends,  and,  without  impropriety,  may  render 

them  anonymously  useful  to    society  at  large.      Retired 

from  the  brsy  world,  my   own  correspondence  ba»  not 

been  extensive  *,  yet  it  contains  many  etaanatians  of  the 

human  mind  divine,  that  may  be  useful  and  agreeable  to  a 

remote   posterity,  and  ought  not  to  be  involved  in  the 

general  heretical  catastrophe  that  generally    attends  the 

letters  of  the  vulgar.     Why  (hould  a  fine  thought  be 

doomed  to  inclose  a  ponnd  of  butter,  a  roll  of  tobafcco,  or 

to  singe  a  pullet,  when  it  might  light  up  a  brilliant  flamei 

in  the  mind  of  a  poet,  or  fumilh  matter  for  the  page  of  a 

philosophical  historian  ? 

Having  said  so  much,  Sir,  by  way  of  apology,  for  offering 
my  scanty  gleanings  ask  specimen  of  what  1  wiih  to  pro* 
mote,  I  fliall  proceed  frankly  to  present  them  td  your,  rea- 
ders, hoping  that  they  may  hereafter  call  forth  such  as 
may  be  found  more  worthy  of  their  attention.  I  an,  Sir, 
your  hnmble  servant,  Pafy aivs  PrAcursgk. 


"  I  met  yesterday  with  a  line  of  Martial  that  fdeaied' 
me  much,  and  I  will  here  give  it  a»  it  majr  have  escaped 
your  observation. 

"  Fortuna  multit  dat  n!m!s,  null!  litis." 

**  As  the  goddefs  has  not  thought  proper  to  distinguilft 
you  or  your  humble  servant  by  the  first  part  of  the  line, 
I  vtould  fain  hope,  that,  in  one  of  her  whlms»(he  will  give 
us  the  talis.  £ut  alas !  what  is  tliat  sotit  I  our  atellifluoua 
Englifh  poet,  with  all  the  aid  of  the  philosophical  Bo« 
l^ngbroke,  (hrunk  from  the  definition  (^  satis  in  his  bold' 
description  of  happinefs,.  while  health  and  peaee  cost  him 
but  a  few  scratches  of  his  elegant  pen  | 


ofsefied  of  many 
Pul  investigation, 

reflection,  in  the 
^ety,  may  render 

large.  Retired 
ondence  ba»  not 
taanatians  of  the 
nd  agreeable  to  a 

involved  in  the 
ally    attends  the 

fine  thought  be 
oil  of  tobafcco,  or 

•  bfilliaint  flamci 
for  the  page  of  a 

ology,  for  offering 
bat  1  nifli  to  pro* 
them  td  your,  rea- 
call  forth  auch  as 
ntioD.  I  an,  Sir, 
YKIVS  PrAcursgr. 

irtial  that  fdeaied' 
najr  have  escaped 

iti«." 

>per  to  distingsijft 
;  part  of  the  line, 
himsyflie  will  give 
it  I  our  atclliflvoua. 
philosophical  Bo- 
i>f  satis  in  hit  boldi 
nd  peaee  cost  him 


1791.  gfnnittgs  of  littfantrti  t6^ 

.  "  Methlnks  he  was  chicken  hearted,  and  might  have  done 
it  with  a  dafh,  by  letting  it  down  to  the  account  of  mode- 
rate desires. 

"  It  is  the  fret  that  gets  upon  our  minds,  and  the  want 
of  sedatives  to  allay  it,  that  plays  the  devil  with  us  all. 

"  Let  us  cultivate  engaging,  and  rational,  and  easily  at- 
tainable pursuits,  as  the  sedatives  for  this  fret,  and  all  will 
be  well. 

"  If  fortune,  who  governs  all  things,  fliall  call  us  Into 
•minent  or  busy  stations,  let  us  be  daring  and  busy,  but  if 
(he  compels  us  to  remain  in  the  ihade,  let  us  remember 
that  the  laurel  thrives  in  the  (hade  with  peculiar  prpcerity. 

**  I  ivasborn  to  the  pofsefsion  of  a  small  estate^  and  ha- 
ting mifsed  my  way  in  the  world,  by  some  of  the  freaks 
of  the  fickllp  She  that  ;tands  upon  the  globe  with  a  ban- 
dage en  he^  eyes,  I  have  lately  ended  a  poetical  efiay  on 
my  own  pursuits,  in  the  following  manner,  after  having 
•aid  UiBt  1  desire  not  "  volitare  vivut  per  ora  virum  i 

**  Thui  would  I  pafs  my  unambitious  days, 
"  Vnlcnown  10  envy,  undittufb'd  with  pniM) 
"  Ouilcleis,  enjoy  the  lotHaaT'n  freely  gave, 
"  Steal  soft  thiough  lift,  ind  hide  me  in  the  grave. 

"  Tlie  great  misery  with  respect  to  this  said  businefsof 
contentmtut,  is,  that  we  imagine  we  can  obtain  it  by  the 
power  of  ratiocination  j,  and  by  comparing  our  situations 
with,  sucb  as  are  more  unfortunate  than  our  own.  Now 
contentment,  as  I  said  before,  is  only  to  be  obtained  by 
going  out  of  ourselves,  to  dwell  upon  agreeable,  interest- 
ing, and  permanent  objects  and  pursuits,  that  prevent  u* 
fttom  felling  back  (as  it  werej  and  prefsing  upon  ourselves, 
which  mtut  certainly  terminate  ia  quarrelling  with  our- 
selves, ot  ia  the  production  of  the  EngUfli  sple»n,  or 
IVench  rnnui,  a  disease  from  which,  that  you  may  be  pre- 
tttved,  by  my  admirabh:  nostrum,  is  the  sincere  and  hearty 
prayer  of,  my  dear  Su,  your  afiFectionatc  humble  servant." 

B.  A 


m 


110 


a  curt  for  iht  gout. 


>b  2j. 


A  TURKISH  CURE  FOR  THE  GOUT. 

On  rtading  the  following  little  story  you  will  find  the  cure. 
A  RICH  Turk,  a  man  of  considerable  note  in  bis  own  coun- 
try, having  been  taken  by  a  Maltese  galley,  had  the  good 
fortune  to  please  the  knight  who  commanded  her.  He 
took  this  Turk  into  his  own  service,  and  treated  him  in 
such  a  manner  as  the  slave  had  no  room  to  expect.  That 
knight  was  often  subjected  to  very  severe  uttacks  of  the 
gout ; — his  slave,  whom  he  loved,  and  who  was  even  fami- 
liar wiA  him,  said  often  to  him,  '  if  you  were  in  roy  coun- 
try I  would  cure  you  entirely  ;  but  the  remedy  is  sucU 
as  cannot  be  made  use  of  in  this  place.* 

After  some  years,  the  knight  being  satisfied  with  hi» 
slave,  gave  him  his  liberty  without  ransom.  The  Turk 
on  his  return  home,  made  an  armament  to  cruise  against 
the  Christians.  He  had  the  good  fortune  to  take  a  vefsel 
bound  for  Malta.  When  the  prisoners  pafsed  in  review 
before  him,  he  recognised  the  knight,  his  old  master  and 
benefactor.  He  made  a  sign  that  this  knight  Ihould  be  se- 
parated from  the  others ;  gave  orders  that  he  fliould  not  be 
put  in  irons ;  and  that  they  fliould  treat  him  as  his  own 
person  *,  but  he  would  not  see  nor  speak  to  him. 

The  corsairs  having  arrived  at  the  place  of  rendezvous^ 
the  Turkifh  captain  afked  of  his  af'ociates  that  particular 
slave,  in  preference  J  and  that  b>  mg  granted  him,  he  caused 
thrm  give   him  a  horse,  and  conduct  him  to  bis  house. 

Scarcely  was  he  arrived  and  lodged  in  a  handsome  apart- 
ment, magnificently  fuinifhed  according  to  the  manner  o£ 
the  plpce,  when  he  saw  seven  or  tight  men  enter,  who, 
without  saying  a  word,  undrefsed  him,  stretched  him  on  a 
matrafs  in  the  middle  of  the  room,  tied  bis  feet  to  a  great 


>0  is- 


(OUT. 

will fnd  the  cure. 

in  his  own  coun- 
lley,  had  the  good 
landed  her.  He, 
d  treated  him  in 
to  expect.  That 
ere  -attacks  of  the 
ho  was  even  fami- 
were  in  roy  coun- 
;  remedy  is  tucb 

satiiiiied  with  hi» 
som.     The  Turk 

to  cruise  against 
le  to  take  a  vefsel 

pafsed  in  review 
is  old  master  and 
light  Ihould  be  se< 
tt  he  (liould  not  be 
t  him  as  his  own 

to  him. 

ice  of  rendezvous^ 
tes  that  particular 
ited  him,  he  caused 
liro  to  his  house. 
I  handsome  apart- 

to  the  manner  o£ 

men  enter,  who, 
tretched  him  on  a 
bis  feet  to  a  great 


J  791.  t  cure  for  the  put.  1 1 1 

»tick,  and  two  of  them  gave  him  faur  or  five  hundred 
strokes  with  a  sniidl  rod  on  the  solts  of  !..<  feet,  whicli 
made  them  swell  to  an  amazing  size.  Another  Turk  after- 
wards scarified  them  with  much  addrcl's,  and  made  all  the 
curdled  blood  run  out,  and  poured  upou  them  a  remark- 
ably  odoriferous  balm:  After  which  they  carried  him  to  a 
balcony,  wheie  there  was  a  bed  compoticd  of  good  matraf- 
tti,  with  rich  coverings.  The  physician,  with  three  or 
four  slaves,  watched  him  continually,  and  served  him  with 
infinite  attention.  They  drefsed  his  feet  twice  a-day ;  they 
gave  him  the  best  food.  But,  without  entering  intp  conver- 
sation with  him,  they  only  bade  him  have  good  cou- 
rage, and  afk  whatever  he  wanted. 

The  knight  did  r.ot  know  what  to  think  of  such  odd 
treatment  j  he  waited  for  the  explanation  of  it  ;vith  impa- 
tience. When,  at  the  end  of  six  or  or  seven  days,  his  wounds 
were  quite  cured,  and  he  felt  himself  able  to  rise  and 
walk,  they  gave  him  a  very  rich  Turkifh  drefs,  and  his 
patron  came  to  see  him.  He  demanded  first  to  know  who 
he  was,  and  then  alked  if  he  knew  him  :  The  knight  could 
not  recollect  his  old  slave,— years  had  changed  him  j  along 
beard  Ihaded  part  of  his  face,  and  the  tlourilhing  condition 
in  which  be  saw  him,  rendered  .<t  impofsible  to  Know  hin^ 
again. 

What !  £aid  the  Turkifh  captain,  is  it  pof^ble  that  you 
have  forgot  your  slave  Ibrahim  ?  it  is  I  whom  you 
treated  with  so  much  generosity ; — know  that  a  benefit  is 
never  lost  among  muisulmans.  I  had  pity  ,upon  you  when 
jou  suffered  the  tortures  of  the  gout,  and  1  told  you  tiiat 
if  you  were  in  my  country  I  would  have  you  cured  so  as 
never  to  be  more  troubled  with  it :  I  have  been  as  good 
as  my  word  }-— you  are  cured,— you  have  suffered,- but 
you  fhall  suffer  no  longer ; — the  gout  fhall  never  distrefs 
you  more.  The  knight  thanked  him  for  the  good  treat- 
ment wbich  he  had  leceived,  after  a  modest  complaint  t| 


j| 


J 


J 12  io  corretpondentt.  June  %$4 

the  bastinado  j  soon  after,  there  was  no  more  woid  of  it. 
He  staid  six  months  with  his  benefactor,  who  loaded  him 
with  favours  and  carefses  ;  and  when  the  knight  wiftied  to 
return  to  his  country,  he  caused  him  to  embark  in  a  Chris- 
tian vefscl  with  his  people,  and  defrayed  the  expences  of 
his  pafsagc. 

Such  is  the  remedy : — It  is  at  the  service  of  all  who  are 
troubled  with  the  gout.  ,  The  balm  which  they  made  us« 
<jf  was  the  true  balm  of  Mecca  or  Judea,  which  is  knowa 
ftrery  where  In  Europe. 


ANECDOTE  OF  A  NEW  MADE  JUSTICE. 
A  MKW  made  justice  of  the  peace,  in  order  to  qualify  him- 
self for  discharging  the  duties  of  his  office,  pored  over 
spmc  old  law  tooks,  in  one  of  which  he  found  an  act,  inflicf- 
ting  apenali  in  such  persons  as  Ibould  '/r*  any  be*eoii,* 
which  he  uv  fortunately  read,  'fry  any  baeaa:  His  wor- 
Ihip,  a  few  days  after  this  discovery,  riding  through  a  vil- 
lage, caught  a  poor  woman  in  the  very  act  of  firying  some 
tafhers  forher  dmrict  j  iealous  to  Mfil  his  duty,  he  cause4 
her  immediately  to  be  apprehended  and  committed  to  pri- 
son, and  at  the  next  quarter  sefiions  had  her  brought  forth 
and  arraigned  for  that  oflenefc;  when  an  exphination  took 
place,  grsatly  at  the  expenoe  of  his  worftiip's  «udition, 
ind  to  the  no  small  diversion  of  a  crowded  cuur# 


TO  COHRESrONOENTS.  _  ' 

MArrHBWBRAMBLEU  tale  is  wc.ivea.  ^*'«' ^^•"'^uJj' 
«,uir«J  a  little  more  cone«:»f.  in  "n.po..t.o»,  and  «h«ttnrf.  of  ta«e^ 
E.lucubr»tipn8  n,»y  probably  be  well  received  by  the  publK.  Utht 
meanwhile  it  will  be  necef.art  to  attend  lomewhat  mr«  than  he  has 
Te'  dolt,  tW  particular..    It  is  evident  that  nothing  .s.  m  general, 

■ued  intercourse  In  the  polite  circle.  But  Y'^JZy^^vL\t,«  had  th-. 
justing  than  the  forward  Aoydon  pertneft  "' °»'=;;'^' »°' "^J  "?  ^e  IW* 
fame  opportunity  of  improving,  .ffeet.  that  ease  of  manaer  WhicJx  he  ItM 
•0  much  admired  ia  others.  ,. 

Farther  acknowMgemnts  deferred .f'.r  went  ^frorn.      ^ 


I  more  woid  of  it. 
,  who  loaded  him 
B  knight  wiftied  to 
:mbark  in  a  Chris- 
1  the  expences  of 

vice  of  all  who  are 
ich  they  made  use 
I,  which  is  knowa 

fUSTICB. 

ler  to  qualify  hin»-- 
ofBce,  pored  over 
Found  an  act,  inflicj- 
I  '^r«  any  beteoti^ 
bacan.''  His  wor- 
ding through  a  vil- 
act  of  frying  some 
bis  duty,  he  cause4 
,  committed  to  prir 
i  her  brought  forth 
n  explanatioi)  took 
irorfhip's  uudition, 
ded  cuur^ 


.Wfeea  *U  writer  h(^ 

,  tind  chatKnef$  of  XMt, 
by  the  public.  In  the 
what  in<^<e  than  hr  has 
t  nothing  isi  in  general, 
!  who  have  good  sensf, 
f  h«v«  h«d  a  long  twKi- 

;hing«  cw>  h»  """*  ^*' 
who,  not  hating  had  th-. 
>f  manBerwhidi  he  it«« 

<f^  vmnt  «/ rostn.      ' 


8: 


'•''■^"^—c^     XriE  BEr/|  a'-"'-'--'**  "»*#-'''*'^ 

LITERARY  WEEKLY  INrELLlGENCER,  r 

.  ««viU  ro*  1  fii'-iw  ii):row'sd 

■'     Wxukisday,  Au«u«'r  t^'r79>.'      ;tr>'j»ibn[Ot:>l 


01 


h'&M 


ESSAY  ON  COUGHS  AND  COLDS. 
For  the  Bee. 

Xh"  distemper  is  called  by  foreigners  the  EngUfli 
plague.  It  consists  w4th  my  knowledge,  that  foreign- 
ers are  some  timies  prevented  from  visiting  our  island, 
from  a  dread  of  catching  what  they  call  la  consomp- 
tiott  Angioise.  Ihavfiitnown  this  dread  operate  u- 
pon  foreign  gentlemen,  ptherwise  sufficiently  manly, 
and  very  desirous  of  paying  us  a  yisit.  ,^^,  ^„,  'j^,^^^', 

The  gener^  belief  on  the  continent  is,  th«t  a  cougV 
is  a  contagious  distemper^  There  is  a  story  at  Rome 
of  an  Italian  nobleman,  and  all  his  family,  having  died 
of  a  xsoiM^mption,  which  they  were  supposed  to  have 
caught  &y  using  an  Engliih  gentleman's  post  chaise, 
sold  after  his. dying  of' this  disease. 

It  is  not  long;  sinQe  a  friend  of  mme,  who  n  the 
physidans  of  IfOndon  advised  to  sai,l  for  health,  was 
refused  admittance,  into  the  city  of  Cadiz.  Nay, 
after  leave  had  been  obtained  from  the  Office  of  Health, 
there  was  but  one  innkeeper  in  that  .town  (an  Irifli- 
man,)  who  would  admit ^im  i>^to  his  ijotel ;  and  that 
lOnly,  after  agreeyig  for  the  value  of  aU  th«  furniture 

VOL,  X.  ,  *  + 


rilO 


...m 


LI 


114  o«  coughs  «ni  colds.  -^vg.  % » 

of  the  apsirtment,  to  which  the  invalid  was  admitted. 
He  died  in  a  few  days,  when  every  bit  of  this  furni- 
ture and  bedding  wtts  bui^t  ih  tlife  <iourt  yard  of  the 
hotel. 

Before  we  condemn  an  opinion  which  appears  to 
us.  to  pTbctti  ftom  prejudice  ahd  igndriiAce,  it  tnkj 
be  worth  while  to  exarnine  how  far  there  is  any 
foundation  in  reality  for  it.  And  this  is  the  more 
necefsary  that,  with  Us,  this  distemper  is  often  found 
to  baffle  the  Ikill  of  our  best  physicians.  Perhaps, 
like  the  gout  and  rheumatism,  tlife  Cause  of  this  dis- 
temper has  hitherto  winded  all  otir  researches. 

The  following  hitftt  itt  sug^csted^  with  ihuch  de- 
ference artd  humility,  fat  the  tfdnsideratiMn  of  the 
public,  by  one,  not  a  pbysiei^,  Mr  at  dl  versxnt  in 
the  scietice  of  medicine. 

1st.  To  define  the  dlstettrp^r  I  aim  (it«atiBf  of: 
It  begins  by  a  slight  aiFectioa  of  the'  gtatfds  of  the 
throat  and  nose,  which  in  a  d*y  at  two  oiccasiont  a 
coughing  th«t  increases  in  vidlence  for  aorae  time  } 
after  which  it  either  gfaduiBy  tthatti,  or  ends  in 
what  is  called  a  con'smtirption,  oecittioped  by  ulcers 
or  other  tutiercles  in  the  lungs.     I  WotlM  dlMurve, 

id.  The  futility  of  tbe  causes  CcHUitlbftly  jl'signed 
for  our  catching  cold.  Avoid  wetting  your  feet, 
avoid  sitting  in  a  draxight  of  itir,  dWd  night  debits, 
avoid  damp  liffert,  atre  arfvices  ewttWionly  given  to 
those  in  \*hdse  health  ive  take  art  iwerest.  Yet  bovr 
riiany  catch  coWs  which  catt  be  ilttp^ted  to  none  of 
these  causes  J  and  hotv  many  preserve  theoiselvM 
perfectly  free  from  this  distcirfet,  alth0i»gh^  daily  e»»' 
pdeed  to  them  ail  f  ,    ■ 


"T 


lid  was  admitted, 
bit  of  this  furni- 
iourt  yard  of  the 

ivhich  appears  to 
^n'driiAce,  it  in\j 
far  there  is  any 
;hk  is  the  more 
ler  is  often  found 
:cians.  Perhaps, 
Cause  at  this  dis- 
esearches. 
[i,  with  ibuoh  de- 
tideration  o£  the 
at  sill  versacnt  in 

aim  (it«atn^  of: 
i»'  gtatfds  of  the 
two  oiQcasion*  a 
'  for  some  time  ) 
aites,  or  ends  in 
tsiopiid  by  ulcers 
ttotM  diMurve, 
mttibnlyfl^i'gtieti 
tttng  youe  feet, 
vMA  night  deMts, 
Mbonly  given  to 
:*r*st.  Ym  bow 
pttted  to  none  of 
ierve  themselves 
[tl«)i»|ti  daily  €»*■ 


1792.  OH  4mughs  and  eolds .  ufl 

A  Highlander's  first  sjtep  in  the  mormog  Is  into  a 
brook,  for  the  purpose  of  weU^ig  his  feet.  Hij 
house  son\etiiives  b^  no  door  to  exoliudp  a^  draught  of 
air,  nor  his  window  any  gUfs.  He  is  indee^  not  much 
exposed  to  wet  linen,  -but  tQany  tradesmen,  by  hard 
labour,  are  in  ..  co(itiau.al  perspiration,  and  have  their 
iinen  constantly  wet»  -; 

3d.  There  ?ire  none  ,who  doubt  of  the  influenza 
being  contagious.  Its  sytnptpms,  .however,  differ, 
very  little,  except  ip  their  violf^ncg,  from  a  commoji 
,«old.  May  it  not  bc  owing  to  its  pupcr.ipr  degree  of 
violence,  th^t  its  con^a^on  ^pre^^ds  jyider  than  the 
icqnt^ipn  of  common  colds  ?  It  is  npedlpfs  to  enlarge 
upon  a  si^^ject  so  geper^lly  ki^o^n,  and  30  often  felt, 
by  many  ^f  your  readers,  9a  the  effects  of  the  influenza. 
I  \vas  told  by  the  capt^in  of  a  yefsel,  a  man  of  honour 
and  veraciry,  that  his  bark  carri<:d  the  influenza  in 
the  year  ji  784,  first  into  Shetland,  and  then  to  the 
Orkneys.  It  had  raged  all  that  spring  on  the  main 
lapd  >  i»ut,  till  he  arrived,  the  distemper  had  not  ap- 
peared in  those  i^l^ands.  .But  in  twenty-four  hours 
after  his  landing,  the  whole  inhabitants  were  seized 
withi#;  ^nd  the  satne  thing  continued  to  bappett 
,inv.i(«:i?bly  at  every  islwd  where  he  touched. 

4th.  pQ(Qtnpn  colds  are  sptnetimes  little  kfs  conta- 
^iQ\(3.  Tviro  writers  of  veracity  Mr  Martin  and  the 
,?evd.  Mr  ^laculloch,  afsure  us  that  the  steward  of 
St  Kilda,  on  his  annual  visit  to  collect  the  rents  of 
thftt  isl.anjd,  generally  carries  this  contagion  with 
j^m,  ?nd  tfjat  ;.hc  whole  inhabitants  are  violently 
^ect^d  by  jt  ia.?  few  days  after  his  arrival. 


m 


1 


tl6  on  coughs  and  Colds.  -^ug-  t. 

His  visit  being  only  paid  once  in  the  year,  it  U 
probable  the  salubrious  air  of  the  island  perfectly 
eradicates  the  distemper,  till  it  be  again  imported 
afrefli  in  the  same  maniier. 

5th.  A  surgeon  of  a  man  of  war  afsuted  me  that 
he  had  often  remarked,  tNat,  although  colds  were  fre- 
quent in  his  fhip  before  it  pilt  to  sea,  the  people 
soon  got  well,  and  never  were  taken  ill  again  till 
they  put  again  into  porft  The  same  observation 
was  made  to  me  by  many  other  seafaring  people. 

A  lieutenant  of  a  man  of  war  afsured  me,  that,  on 
returning  from  the  Newfoundland  station,  where  the 
people  had  been  remarkably  healthy,  and  free  from 
colds,  they  were  all  coughing  in  the  first  week  after 
the  fliip's  return  to  England.  Neither  do  I  learn 
that  the  excefsive  cord  of  Greenland  exposes  our 
filhers  to  that  distemper.  ' '     ''" 

6th.  Those  who  quit  the  country  to  pafs  the  win- 
ter in  our  cities,  particularly  in  London,  are  frequent- 
ly seized  with  a  cold  imtraediately  on  their  coming  to 
town,  although  much  lefs  exposed  to  the  severity  o£ 
the  winter  than  in  the  country. 

7th.  May  it  not  be  inferred  from  hence  that  the 
air  in  our  towns,  in  the  winter  season,  is  infected, 
■with  this  contagion,  perhaps  in  proportion' tO' the 
size  of  the  towijs,  and  the  huddled  manner  in 
which  the  inhabitants  are  crammed  together  la 
them? 

8th.  People  ascribe  their  colds  very  commonly  to 
8  cold  blast  they  have  got  in  coming  from  cburcft, 
playhotfse,  and  other  crowded  afsemblies.  May  not 
their  colds  be  more  probably  owing  to  the  foul  ia« 


1792. 
fee  ted  a 
these  pi 

9th. 
pores  be 
cold  wh 
tion  fro 
in  while 
pores, 
first  ste 
among  s 
sels  or 
mists  IT 
covered, 
and  arte 
flux  of  1 
If  this  f 
absurd  I 
pores,  a 
poisonec 
'  loth; 
with  abs 
bibe  air 
Along  V 
any  com 
to  be  lo: 
our  bei: 
abroad  i 
fast? 

iitb. 
apt  to  I 
colder, 
of  the  in 


the  year,  it  ii 
island  perfectly 
again  imported 

fsured  me  that 

colds  were  frc- 

sea,  the  people 

n  ill  again  till 

me  observation 

ing  people. 

ed  me,  that,  ibh 

ition,  where  the 

r,  and  free  JFrom 

first  week  after 

ther  do  I  learn 

nd  exposes  oux 

to  pafs  the  win- 
>n,  are  frequent- 
their  coming  to 
>  the  severity  o£ 

I  hence  that  the 
son,  is  infected, 
oportion  to  the 
died  manner  in 
ed  together    in 

ry  commonly  to 
;  from  fch-urcft, 
blies.  May  not 
\  to  the  foul  ia< 


■l792»"  ■    OH  coughs  and  colds,  H^ 

fected  air  they  have  breathed  for  so  long  a  time  in 
these  places  ? 

9th.  Some  have  fancied  colds  to  be  owing  to  the 
pores  being  suddenly  fliut  up.  Yet  we  rarely  catch 
cold  when  we  rise  from  our  beds,  although  a  transi- 
tion from  a  warm  bed,  to  the  half  naked  state  we  are 
in  while  we  drefs,  must  certainly  fliut  up  all  our 
pores.  A  Rufsian  cure  for  the  cold  is  said  to  be 
first  stewing  in  a  steam  bath,  and  then  rolling 
among  snow.  Our  pores  serve  as  discharging  vtf- 
sels  or  emunctuarles  to  the  body.  Perhaps  anato- 
mists may  discover,  if  it  has  not  been  already  dis- 
covered, that  our  pores  are  provided,  like  our  veins 
and  arteries,  with  valves  to  prevent  any  retrograde 
flux  of  humours  back  again  into  the  human  body. 
If  this  fhould  prove  to  be  the  case,  it  would  be  as 
absurd  to  suppose  we  could  imbibe  contagion  by  the 
pores,  as  to  siippose  the  water  of  a  river  could  be 
poisoned  at  its  mouth,  instead  of  its  source. 

» loth;  It'  is  known  that  the  human  body  is  provided 
with  absorbent  vefsels,  the  purpose  of  which  is  to  im- 
bibe air  and  nourilhment  into  the  animal  system. 
Along  with  air,  may  not  these  vefsels  also  imbibe 
any  contagious  vapours  with  which  the  air  chances 
to  be  loaded  ?  And  is  not  this  opinion  confirmed  by 
our  being  much  more  apt  to  catch  cqld,  if  we  go 
abroad  fasting,  than  after  making  a  hearty  break- 
fast? 

iith.  It  is  observed  that  moist  weather  is  more 
apt  to  give  colds,  than  dry  frosty  weather,  though 
colder.  Does  not  this  amount  to  an  absolute  proof; 
of  the  infectious  nature  of  the  disease  ?  because  moist 


■\ 


m 


^"gs* 


m 


^:^i^ 


118  wt  coughs  and ea/^i.  -^"g.  2. 

^it  is  better  fitted  for  attracting  and  suspending  con- 
tagious vapours,  than  when  dried  either  by  excefjivp 
heat  or  cold.  A  hot  summer  causes  the  jplaguc  to 
cease  at  Constantinople,  as  readily  as  a  cold  vvinter, 
and  indeed  mpre  so  ;  because  furs  and  woollen  clothes,^ 
the  ^rcat  retainers  of  conts^gion,  are  rao.r?  us^ed  in 
winter  than  summer. 

1 2th.  Air  being  heavier,  and  more  loaded  with 
vapours  as  it  approaches  nearer  to  the  earth,  jnay 
be  the  reason  why  theiqfluenia  commonly  seizes  first 
upon  dogs  and  horses,  and  why  it  is  considered  as 
more  wholesome  to  live  in  an  upper  story,  than  op 
,the  ground  floor  of  a  house. 

13th.  The  most  succeisful  prescriptionj  .9Qd  o)i,e 
to  which  physicians  are  driven  w.hen  colds  arc  very 
obstinate,  is  country  a^r.  May  no,t  its  effiqaoy  '\n 
curiug  the  distemper  proceed, as  n^uch  from  its  feeing 
lefs  impregnated  with  contagious  va^ppur^,  $is  /rpl!& 
its  being  purer  in  other  respects  ? 

14th.  Certaki  habits  of  bpdy  efpPse  ^qme  iiuJivU 
duals  of  a  family  p  cat;ch  cold  more  re?dily  tjian 
others  living  i^  tbe  same  bpuse,  and  bre^itliing  the 
same  air.  May  npt  this  rather  prpye  thitttbe  distem- 
per is  not  very  cootagious,  tbfm  that  it  w  flPt  .<?pn- 
tagipus  in  any  degree  ? 

15th.  It  h»3  \>cen  pbfierved  that  4wDp  b€;4  H)P«n, 
in  the  country,  isajit  to  occaaipn  disorders  jki  the 
bowels  ;  but  that  in  towns  it  is  apter  to  prp^uco 
coughs  :  That,  at  sca»  being  wet  jpocsi&iopp  rheuma- 
tisms sometimes,  but  lucyer  colds.  Be^ipe  t}}fi  ob- 
servation that  being  wet  vitf*  a^C  ?f»Ht  i«  »«)*  ^0 
dangerous  as  with.freflu 


saspcnding  con- 
ither  by  exccfsivp 
es  the  plague  to 

as  a  cold  yvinter, 
id  woollen  clothes^ 
re  xno.rc  us^cd  ip 

r>ore  loaded  with 

0  the  earth,  jnay 
atnoplj  seizes  first 
t  is  considered  as 
er   story,  than  op 

icription,  »pd  on,e 
en  colds  arc  very 
tio,t  its  elSqacy  in 
ich  from  its  being 
ir^^pur^,  $is  ,frpl!& 

pose  9qme  i94ivi> 
hore  re^ily  than 
uid  breathing  the 
rethftt  the  distem* 
hat  it  i^  flPt  CQU- 

t  4wDp  b<l4  l»)P*n» 

1  di^ocders  w  the 
apter  to  prp^uco 

:}o<??&iow  ?h«m«na- 
,  He^ioe  tlv  oh- 
4t  juam  isftot^o 


*79*'  OH  doughs  tini  eoltb,  n^ 

«  i6th.  May  not  the  great  care  of  the  police  of  Spain 
hare  extirpated  coughs  frofh  that  kirtgdom,  as  the 
plague  has  been  from  tlittt  and  the  other  kingdoms  of 
Eufbpe  ?  Is  it  too  late  to  try  tvliether  the  same  care 
would  not  produce  the  Sa«ie  effect  in  001"  isianf*  ? 
;t7th.  Those  M^ho  have  IJted  for  these  last  forty 
years,  haVc  seen  the  sting  drawn  out  of  many  dis- 
tempers, fof  merly  consideted  as  rhortafl.  fio#  ittany 
fevers  have  been  cured  or  p^evdnted  by  the  Jesuits 
bark,  Dr  James's  powders,  and  other  antimonial  pre- 
patations  .'  How  miafny  cholics  have  been  eured  by 
laudanum !  And  how  rtiany  lites  hav«  been  saved 
by  imtoculating  for  the  sihaH  pox  !  What  good  has 
not  Goulard's  extract  of  le*d  done  iti  the  cure  of  in- 
veterate sor<i4,  and  recent  wounds,  4rtd  straitts,  and 
bruised  !     Why  despair  of  eradicating  cbldii  alsb  ? 

1 8th.  If  we  examine  the  bills  of  mortality,  or  re- 
cotlect  the  events  within  otir  oWtt  ctrcie^  We  fliaU  find 
there  is  ilo  distemper  rrtorfe  fktal  to  huiiAi^  life  than 
colds.  With  the  yoting  it  id  apt  to  degeitei^at^  into  & 
consfuihptidn.  To  thtf  o\^  atid  iriflrifA,  k  u  almost 
certaitt  de&th.  For  being  attended  #ith  soMe  degree 
of  fever,  Arid  occasionittg  great  bodily  coAcdfeiun,  it 
frequeutly  proves  too  violent  to  be  resisted  by  per- 
sons infeelHeid  ciither  by  age,  or  A  weakly  habit  of 
body,  in  so  much  that  we  consider  it  as  an  effort  of 
strength,  and  a  piece  of  good  fortune  for  s»ch  people 
to  turn  t1>e  winter. 

1 9th  .£1  very  climate  has  its  dr^rn^baeks.  Many  climates 
are  more  genial  than  that  of  Great  Britairj  ^  yet,  upon 
the  whole,  few  are  more  fit  for  the  habitriitioa  of  man-i 
kind.     Exempted  from  extremes  of  every  kind,  from 


h 


120  on  coughs  and  co/Jt.  ^ug.  i.  • 

scorching  heats  in  su  umer,  and  keen  frost  in  winter, 
were  it  not  for  the  very  distemper  in  question,  there  is 
no  climate  in  which  human  life  might  be  protracted  to 
a  greater  length,  nor  whose  longevity  would  be  attend- 
ed with  fewer  drawbadts  and  inconvcniencies.  Hence, 
the  importance  of  discovering  the  ttae  cause,  and  con- 
sequently the  best  method  of  curing,  and  even  eradi-. 
eating,  by  degrees,  this  distemper  from  the  catalogue 
of  Britifti  diseases,  as  the  plague  and  leprosy  have 

been. 

20th.  I  would  propose  that  the  faculty  (hould  bend 
their  whole  attention  to  observe  whether  this  distem- 
per be  contagious  or  not :  That  a  society  and  corres- 
pondence be.establiflied  fortius  purpose:  That  the 
nesult  of  the  observations  made  over  the  whole  island, 
or  perhaps  over  aU  Europe,  be  digested  and  publifh- 

ed.  ,         • 

list.  Should  tliosc  observations  afford  rational 
grounds  for  believing  the  distemper  to  be  contagious, 
I  ftio«ld  then  propose,  that  the  Faculty  ordered  all 
their  patients  to  country  qiiarters,  as  soon  as  unequi- 
vocal symptoms  of  a  cold  appeared:  That  the  great- 
est attention  Aould  be  paid  to  walhing  all  the  linen, 
and  airing,  and  even  fumigating  the  woollen  and  cot- 
ton  clothes  of  the  coovalescents  before  returning  to 

town.  .    . 

22d.  For  the  poorer  sort,  by  a  small  subscription, 
they  might  be  enabled  to  retire  to  cottager's  houses 
in  the  country,  who,  we  may  presume,  would  not  be 
unwilling  to  receive,  for  payment,  such  guests  ;  and 
on  such  occasions  proper  measures  might  be  devisei 


'il»,j»W*.U"'W'l»."f  fifftf-**  ■  • 


Auji,  1.  • 
rost  in  winter, 
lestiun,  there  is 
le  protracted  to 
rould  be  attend- 
tiencies.  Hence, 
cause,  and  con- 
and  even  eradi-. 
n  the  catalogue 
d  leprosy  have 

Ity  (hould  bend 
ler  this  distem- 
ety  and  corres- 
pose :  That  the 
he  whole  island, 
ted  and  publilh- 

affbrd  rational 
o  be  contagious, 
Ity  ordered  all 
soon  as  unequi- 
That  the  great- 
ng  all  the  linen, 
vooUen  and  cot- 
(re^jrctiWning  to^ 

lall  subscription, 
;ottager'8  houses 
le,  would  not  be 
uch  guests ;  and 
might  be  devised 


179*'  «»  ctughs  and  colds.  j  3 1 

for  purifying  their  clothes  and  the  furqiture  of  the 
chambers  they  inhabited. 

»3d.  Pains  might  also  be  taken  to  introduce  the 
custom  of  airing  and  fumigating,  during  the  course 
of  the  »ummer,  the  clothes  which  were  worn  in  win- 
ter, and  the  same  precaution  might  be  used  as  to  beds 
and  furniture. 

a4th.  A  clerygman,  whom  I  know,  causes  his 
beadle  to  open  the  doors  and  the  windows  of  his 
church,  every  fine  day,  through  the  course  of  the 
week,  and  seems  to  think  there  is  lefs  coughing  in, 
his  church  than  before;  though  the  fliort  while  he 
ha«  tried  this  experiment  prevents  his  speaking  with 
great  certainty  on  the  subject.  He  is  certain,  how- 
erver,  that  coughing  has  not  IncreMed  since  he  begao^ 
this  practice.  '" 

It  would  be  safe  therefore  to  recommend  this  ex- 
periment  to  be  tried  in  dl  our  churches,  playhouses, 
coffeehouses  ,«nd  other  places  of  public  resort. 

ajth.  The  mortality   occasioned  by  putrid  fevers 
in  Batavia  is  well  known.     There  is  scarce  a  family 
which  has  not  lost  some  of  its  members  or  connec- 
tions, in  the  sea-faring  line,  who  have  touched  at 
that  port.     The  cause  of  this  mortality  was  not  dis- 
covered till  of  late,  that  the  doctrine  of  the  conta* 
giousnefs  of  svch  putrid  distempers  has  been  esta-' 
blifhed.     There  is  in  the  great  city  of  Batavia  but^ 
one  public  hotel  for  the  reception  of  strangers.    Tha 
right  of  keeping  this  hotel  is  farmed  by  the  govern, 
ment.     The  governor,  and  higher  members  of  the 
Dutch  council,  there,   fljare  in   the   profits  of  this 
farm.    Private  bo^9«9  are .  therefore  forbidden,  un- 


.■i! 


[]' 


.J 


xi\  0n  lease t.  j4ug.  t. 

der  severe  penalties,  to  let  lodgings  to  strangers,  and 
strangers  who  arrive  at  Batavia,  are  frequently  put 
into  the  beds  and  apartnncntd  from  whence  those 
who  have  died  of  putrid  fevers  have  been  removed, 
only  the  da/  before.  There  is  said  to  be  the  lefs 
pains  taken  to  clean  these  apartments,  that  conside- 
rable perquisites  arise  to  the  landlord  and  his  ser- 
vants from  the  death  of  theit  guests.  This  is  cer- 
tain,  that  the  people  of  higher  ranks  in  Batavia,  who 
can  afford  villas,  to  which  they  resort  every  night, 
after  their  busintfs  in  town  ia  over,  iive  as  long,  and 
enjoy  as  gpod  health,  as  in  any  sprc  on  the  globe. 

If  these  rude  hints  fliould  serve  to  excite  our  atten- 
tion to  the  cause  of  colds ;  and  lead  eithjr  to  a  more  ef- 
ficacious method  ofcUre,  or  tolefscn  the  frequency  of 
the  distemper,  the  writer  will  have  attained  his  ob- 
ject, in  requesting  the  favour  of  your  inserting  them 
in  your  useful  paper.     I  am,  Mr  Bee,  Yours, 

PuLMONicua. 


•.,  V 


--:,,.'  ,  -h  :v^  roN  LEASES. 

Sir,  To  the  Editor  of  the  Bee. 

Permit  me,  through  the  channel  of  your  very  useful 
paper,  to  expreCs  my  sentiments  upon  the  subject  of 
lands  let  upon  lease.  I  fliall  inquire  into  the  advan- 
tages and  disadvantages  both  of  long  and  of  ihort 
leases,  a«d  make  seme  observations  intended  for  the 
benefit  both  of  proprietors  and  tenants. 

Many  proprietors,  of  every  rmk  in  this  kingdom, 
have  let  the  whole  or  part  of  their  lands  upon  long 
leases ;  some  for  thirty-eight  years  and  a  life,  and  some 


Aug.  I. 
I  to  strangers,  and 
ire  frequently  put 
>in  whence  those 
ve  been  removed, 
aid  to  be  the  lefs 
nts,  that  conside- 
llord  and  his  ser- 
sts.  This  is  cer- 
:s  in  Batavia,  who 
esc  ft  every  night, 
,  'iive  as  long,  and 
t  on  the  globe, 
o  excite  our  atten- 
ithjr  to  a  more  ef- 
■n  the  frequency  of 
!  attained  his  ob- 
)ur  inserting  them 
lee,  Yours, 

PULMONICUS. 


f  your  very  useful 
pen  the  subject  of 
ire  into  the  advan- 
long  and  of  ihort 
IS  intended  for  the 
mts. 

&  in  this  kingdom, 

lands  upon  long 

inda  life,  and  some 


1791'  «« lease t.  123 

for  fifty-Sfven,  with  certain  obligations  and  restricti- 
ons ;  for  instance,  besides  the  rent  stipulated,  the 
obligation  to  build  sufficient  houses,— to  inclose  the 
farms  according  toa  mode  prescribed  and  agreed  to,— 
and  to  plant  a  certain  quantity  of  ground  :  all  these 
articles  to  be  performed  within  a  certain  number  of 
years) — to  lay  out  the  fields  and  to  raise  crops  in  such 
a  manner,  that,  at  the  end  of  the  leases,  the  lands 
may  be  in  a  state  of  high  cultivation,  and  prepared  1  ■ 
letting  at  a  very  advanced  rent.  Lands  let  in  thi, 
manner,  however  unpromising  in  appearance,  and  of 
however  little  value  at  first,  in  a  few  years  become 
like  anew  creation,  and  an  ornament  to  the  country  ; 
and  at  last  yield  to  the  present  proprietors,  or  tlieir 
heirs,  a  very  handsome  income.  The  tenants,  if  men 
of  sense,  have  much  scope,  and  many  motives,  to 
make  great  improvements;  they  are  happy  in  the  en- 
joyment of  a  sense  of  liberty,  and  of  independence  to 
k.  certain  degree  ;  they  not  only  procure  present 
subsistence  for  themselves  and  their  families,  but,  by 
laying  up  something  for  their  children,  have  the  con- 
solation to  foresee  that  tliey  will  not  be  kft  desti- 
tute. To  the  proprietor  and  his  family,  to  whom 
they  lie  under  so  many  obligations,  they  consider 
themselves  as  related  in  a  remote  degree :  to  them 
they  look  up  with  reverence  and  esteem,  and  feel 
the  most  affectionate  attachment;  circumstances  very 
agreeable  both  to  themselves  and  their  superiors. 
How  pleasant  a  thing  it  is  to  see  proprietors  regard- 
ing their  tenants,  and  the  families  of  their  tenants, 
as  their  children,  and  rejoicing  in  their  happinefs  ; 
and  these  families,  on  the  other  hand,  happy  in  the 


m 


im  M  hattt.  Aug,  I. 

homage  thej  paj,  ftitd  the  gratitude  they  (how  to  tlieir 
benefactors ! 

Manj  proprietori,  again,  thinking  it  an  hardfliip  to 
be  to  long  dirested,  a»  it  were,  by  long  leases,  of  their 
property,  and  observing  that,  many  disagreeable  cir* 
cuQistances,  in  the  course    of  tl;<!se    leases,    occur, 
which,  at  their  commencement  were  not  foreseen  : 
for  instance,  tliat  by  the  rapid  and  unexpected  improve- 
ments in  hu(bandry,  the  tenant  often  enjoys  an  undue 
advantage,  in  which  the  proprietor  has  no  (hare  ;  and< 
that  however  worthy  a. man  the  original  tenant  may 
be,  he  is  sometimes  succeeded  by  a  son  or  heir,  of  a . 
very  different  character,   a  man  disgusting  to  his  su-  ■ 
perior,  and  a  pest    among  his  neighbours ;  and  yet, 
because  he  pays  his  rent,  and  keeps  without    the 
reach  of  the  law,  cannot   be  removed  :    determined 
by  such  circumstances  as  these,  they  have  adopted  aa- 
otlier  mode  of  letting  theirlands ;   that  is,  upon  ihort 
leases  of  nineteen    years,   some  longer,  and  many 
ihorter.     In  the  case  of  (hort  leases,  the  proprietor: 
must  build  house;;  and  improve  the  lands,  expecting 
to  be  reimbursed  by  a  rise  of  rent  in  proportion  ; .  or 
if  the  tenant  build  and  improve,  he  must  be  allowed  a . 
deduction  of  rent ;  and  this  requires  on  both  sides  doe 
consideration. 

Long  leases  appear  to  be  best  calculated  for  unib*. 
ing,  more  efftctually,  the  different  ranks  of  society ; 
and  for  promoting,  as  I  have  mentioned  above,  the 
general  happinefs.  Short  leases  and  high  rents  natu^ 
rally  produce  the  opposite  effects.  Here  the  contention 
is  who  (liall  have  tlie  greatest  advantage  \  here,  as 
there  is  no  generosity  nor  humauity  oa  the  oae  sidCt 


Jlug,  I. 
ey  (how  to  tlieir 

t  an  harcKhip  to 
;  leases,  of  their 
isagrceablc  cir> 
leases,    occur, 
not  foreteen  : 
pcctedimprove- 
njojs  an  undue 
J  no  (hare  ;  and  < 
rial  tenant  maj 
on  or  heir,  o£  a . 
sting  to  his  su-  - 
ourB}  and  yet, 
s  vrithout    the 
1 :    determined 
ave  adopted  an- 
t  is,  upon  ihort 
Itty  and  manjr 
the  proprietor: 
inda,  expecting 
proportion ; .  or 
List  be  allowed  a. 
I  both  sides  doe 

.latcd  for  unib*. 
inks  of  society ; 
oned  above,  the 
ligh  rents  natu^ 
e  the  contention 
tage  j  here,  as 
>a  tho  oaesidci 


I79>'  onUattt,  12  j; 

there   is  no  room  left  for  gratitude  or  affection  on 
the    other.    The  proprietor  and  tenant  arc  held  to- 
gether  by  a  ijery  slender  tie,    in    which  the  heart 
has  seldom  any  (hare,  and  which  we  see  daily  bro- 
ken by  the  slightest  accident.     It  has  been  observed 
by  men  of  acknowledged  abilities,  that,  in  letting  a 
lease,  circumstances  (Iiould  be  so  calculated  that  the 
tenant,  after  paying  his  rent,  and  defraying  the  ex- 
pences  of  his  family  and  servants,  Ihould  have  re- 
maining, annually,  perfectly  free,  the  interest  at  least 
of  the  stock  or  principal  laid  out  in  furni(hing  the 
farm.   The  reasons  are  obvious,  because  had  "he  been 
bred  to  any  other  businefs,  he  would,  by  attention 
and  care,  have  provided  for  the  subsistence  of  his  fa- 
mily, and  saved  his  capital  and  interest,  as  a  fund; 
for  thtir  future   supply:     and  how  many  arise  to  a 
state  of  affluence,  who  had  originally  no  fund  at  all  ? 
Another,  reason   is,  that  if  he  is  not. placed  in  a  si- 
tuation such  as  I  have   described,  he  is  degraded 
Itelow  the  condition  of  a  common  servant ;  for  a  ser- 
Taqt  not  only  Uvea  at  present  comfortably,  and  void  of 
care,  but  h.^.s  It  in  his  po  rer  to  lay  up  something  for 
the  supply  of  his  fature  wants.    In  a  word,  when  he 
&ot  only  bestows  his  time  and  labour,  but  is  himself 
oUiged,  in  the  course  of  his  lease,  to  expend  his  own 
money,  or  principal,  for  the  proprietor's  advantage,  he 
repents  his  bargain, — his  spirits  are  hurt, — his  ttm- 
per  soured, — he   considers    himself  as  a  slave   in  a 
Iftnd  of  freedom,^— and  looks  upon  his  masteror  supe- 
rior with  iaexprefsiblc  aversion  and  abhorrence. 

That  a  proprietor  may  be  able  to  judge  for  him- 
aelf,  and  let  his  farms  in  sudia.  maaner,.  or  upoa 


I 


116  on  least i.  jiug.  t, 

such  terms j  as  will  give  satisfaction  to  all  concerned, 
he  fhould  attentively  observe  the  annual  produce  of 
the  lands  in  his  own  immediate  pofsefsion;  or  if  he  has 
not  had  an  opportunity  of  making  proper  observations 
of  ''his  kind  for  a  suiKcient  length  of  time,  the  books 
of  his  man  of  businefs,  relating  to  this  subject,  regu- 
larly kept  for  some  years,  will  supply  that  defect : 
for  by  observing  the  medium  prices  of  grain  fcf  a 
a  certain  number  of  years  past,  and  the  annual  pro- 
duce  of  a  certain  number  of  acres  for  the  same  space 
of  time,  by  comparing  the  acres  to  be  let,  with  those 
under  his  own  management,  making  allowance  for 
the  difference  of  soil,  if  there  is  any,  and  by  compa- 
ring ihe  probable  future  prices  with  the  actual  pre- 
sent ones,  and  deducting  expcnce  of  management,  he 
will  be  able  to  judge,  with  confidence,  of  the  value 
of  his  farms,  without  depending  on  the  judgement 
of  any  man. 

There  are  two  things  nccefsary  with  regard  to  those 
who  propose  to  enter  into  Itases,  or  take  farms,  and 
these  are,  that  they  be  njen  of  some  substance,  and 
in  poiiy  of  moral  characttr  unexceptionable.  When  a 
proprietor,  theft,  after  minute  inquiry,  is  satisfied  with 
regard  to  a  man's  temper,  his  sense,  his  manners, 
and  taste  for  rdigion,  he  (hould  give  him  the  prefer 
rence,  though  he  may  happen  not  to  be  so  wealthy  as 
his' rivals ;  for  his  diligence,  and  sobriety,  and  wisdom, 
will  create  wealth  ;  but  wealth  can  never  make  a 
fool  a  wise  man,  nor  the  society  happy  with  which 
he  is  connected.  From  inattention  to  this  subject 
may  be  traced  all  the  troubles  and  vexation  which 
proprietors  meet  with  from  their  teaauts,  and  many 


Jlttg.  f . 

to  all  concerned, 
mnual  produce  of 
fsion;  or  if  he  has 
oper  observations 
f  time,  the  books 
his  subject,  regu- 
[jply  that  defect ; 
es  of  grain  fcr  a 

the  annual  pro< 
or  the  santie  space 
be  let,  with  those 
ig  allowance  for 
j^  and  by  compa- 
th  the  actual  pre- 
management,  he 
ice,  of  the  value 
on  the  judgement 

th  regard  to  those 
r  take  farms,  and 
e  substance,  and 
tlonable.  When  a 
y,  is  satisfied  with 
ise,  his  manners, 
e  him  the  prefer 
(  be  so  wealthy  as 
iety,  and  wisdom, 
n  never  make  a 
appy  with  which 
m  to  this  subject 
i  vexation  which 
eaauts,  and  many 


1792.  on  leatet.  '    lay 

of  the  evils  which  distrefs  society,  of  which  the  in- 
stances are  too  many.     Yours,  ii'f.  Amicus. 


m 


n^    Additional  observations  on  the  same  suhject. 

The  ingenious  writer  of  the  above  efsay  is  among 
the  few  who  have  considered  leases  in  tb';i«-  proper 
point  of  view,  vix.  the  effects  they  produce  on  the 
industry,  manners,  and  dispositions  of  the  people. 
A  very  intelligent  writer  in  the  Bee,  vol.  ii.  p.  281, 
has,  with  great  propriety,  considered  the  effects  of 
the  old  mode  of  tenure  of  church  lands  in  Scotland, 
in  this  respect.  It  would  be  well  for  the  community 
in  general,  if  political  writers,  in  discufsing  subjects 
of  this  sort,  would,  by  losing  sight  of  individual  case% 
extend  their  views  to  the  community  at  large. 

Nothing  has  perhaps  tended  to  give  Britain  such  a 
decided  superiority  over  neighbourit)g  nations,  as 
the  practice  which  has  so  long  prevailed  of  having 
her  lands  cultivated  under  the  protection  of  leases. 
The  Greeks  and  Romans,  who  were  unacquainted  witb 
this  beautiful  regulation  in  political  economy,  found 
themselves  involved  in  difficulties  at  every  step  in 
their  operations  of  agriculture,  that  rendered  it  te 
them  a  troublesome  and  a  slavifh  busiaefs  *.     And 

•  Among  the  Crteks  andRomuis,  the  general  pr»"tice  was,  that  every 
proprietor  of  lard  cultivated  it  by  means  of  his  own  servant!  and  slaves, 
very  much  in  tie  same  manner  that  the  proprietors  of  West  India  estate* 
do  at  present.  This  gave  rise  to  innumerable  frauds,  peculations,  and  a- 
buses,  that  no  laws  were  suificient  to  guard  against ;  and  he  was,  in  gene- 
ral, the  most  soccefsful  farmer  who  could  watch  his  people  best ;  not  hiim 
who  reared  the  best  crops.  To  guard  agiinst  these  lirauds,  it  was  ne- 
lefsiry  to  arm  the  landowner  with  adespotic  authority  that  is  altogether 
Inconsltteut  M'ith  freedom.    A  large  Uaded  estxe  became  then  a  burden 


■'■m-^M^Mi 


zaS  on  leans.  Aug.t, 

our  neighbours  upon  the  continent,  iB  general,  from 
the  tame  circumstance,  have  had  the  progrefs  of  their 
agriculture  prodigiously  retarded,  in  comparison  of 
what  it  r-' |ht  otherwise  have  been'*.  Tlie  Nether- 
lands is  a  singular  exception  to  this  role  ;  and  their 
progrefs  in  rural  improvements  has  been  proportion- 
ally rapid. 

The  progrefs  of  Scotland  in  agriculture,  when 
compared  with  Englaat),  has  been  prodigiously  re- 
'  tarded  from  the  same  cause.  For  many  centuries 
back  the  security  of  tenants  in  England  was  nearly 
the  same  as  at  ^:  '.w\  Tn  Scotland  it  is  only  of  late 
that  our  courts  o.  \-»'fii  have  begun  to  give  that  va- 
lidity  to  contracts  of  lease  that  they  ought  to  hav« 
had.  And  it  is  only  since  that  period,  •  that  our  te- 
nants have  begun  to  think,  and  to  act,  as  free  agents, 
whose  property,  as  well  as  that  of  the  land  owners* 

upon  a  rich  man't  flioutdcri  that  he  wu  unable  himself  ro  bear.  He  it- 
vnlved  his  authority  upon  deputie*  and  subdeputies,  whose  businefi  it  was 
to  opprcfs  those  below  them,  and  Co  che^c  those  i<bove  thenii  which  pro- 
duced an  cnJIefs  train  of  evils  that  it  would  be  unpleasant  to  recount.  No 
spirited  agriculture  cani  in  these  citcumttances,  ever  prevail.  The  clafsi- 
-  cal  reider,  who  has  turned  his  attention  to  the  private  life  of  the  aacirnts, 
will  easily,  from  this  source,  be  able  to  explain  an  infinite  variety  of  par 
ticulars  that  have  occurred  in  the  course  of  ^is  reading,  which,  without 
adverting  to  thtse,  will  appear  to  be. totally  'ncrplicablc. 

*  In.  most  parts  of  Germany,  Sweden.  D:i  atr't,  Poland,  and  Rufsia, 
the  stock  employed  for  cultivating  tht  i,  ■  li-  p»operty  of  the  land- 
l«Nrd,  frequently  ofthe  crown}  the  tenmt  ■"  •  >!.''  a  temporary  use  of 
h.  It  is  easy  to  see,  that,  in  order  tosctoi  v.  .  ,-tl!  i's  property,  in  these 
circumftancei,  it  becomes  neccfsary  to  confer  itj  ■{  him  an  authority  over 
hit  tenants,  that  is  totally  incons'sieit  with  iieedam.  This  is  felt  eveii 
in  the  most  civilized  states  in  the  above  lilt ;  and  where  the  greatest 
,tretches  have  been  made  to  secure  the  lower  orders  of  the  people  from 
opprefsion.  In  many  cases,  thoM  who  cultivate  the  dU  ate  Utile  better 
th.m  slaves,  at  this  hour. 


Aug.  I, 
IB  general,  from 
progrefs  of  their 
n  comparison  of 
.  T*e  Nether- 
role  ;  and  their 
»ecn  proportion- 

iculture,  when, 
irodigiously  re- 
oiany  centuries 
land  was  nearlj 
tis  only  of  late 
to  give  that  va- 
ought  to  hav« 
sd,  •  that  our  te- 
,  as  free  agents, 
lie  land  owners* 

self  10  bear.  He  it- 
whose  buiinefi  it  was 
ive  them ;  which  pro- 
easant  to  recount.  No 
prevail.  The  clafsi- 
te  Vih  of  the  aacirnti, 
nfinite  variety  of  par 
idlng,  whichi  without 
iblc. 

,  Poland,  and  Rufsia, 
property  of  the  land- 
<'  a  temporary  ut:  of 
i's  property,  in  thcie 
iim  an  authority  over 
li.  This  is  felt  even 
id  where  the  greatett 
rs  of  the  people  from 
|]U  arc    litdc  better 


1792-  M  leases.  ija 

is  secured  to  them  by  law  *.  To  every  one  acquaint- 
ed with  the  decisions  of  our  courts  of  justice,  these 
facts  need  no  illustration.  They  will  find,  upon  look- 
ing into  the  statute  books,  and  revising  the  establilh- 
ed  practice  of  inferior  county   courts,  that  improve- 

•  The  earliest  period  of  modern  improvements  in  Sco'Imd  cannot  be 
carried  farther  back  than  the  year  1746.     The  abolirtiing  heritable  juris- 
dictions,  at  that  time,  gave  to  the  supreme  courts  of  justice  an  authority 
they  had  not  till  then  pofsefscd  }  but  it  was  long  after   that  period  before 
podr  teninfs,  in  distant  parts  of  the  country,  felt  that,  by  means  of  an  ap- 
peal  from  inferior  county  courts,   whose  decisions  were  in  many  cases  re- 
gulated  by  former  practice,  called  un  and  wont,  they  coulJ  obtain  that 
full  security  they  ought  to  enjoy.     Hence  it  was  common  for  landlords, 
in  many  parts  of  the  country,   whatever  were  the  terms    of  the   lease, 
to  resume  pofsefsion  on  the  death   of  the  person  to  whom  the  lejse  was 
granted ;  and  this  was  so  comnaon  that  the  hiirs  did  not  even  think  of 
lodging  a  claim  for  it.     This  practice,  is  J  believe,  in  mojt  parrs  of  the 
country,  now  exploded.     But  in  distant  parts  of  the  country  an  innume- 
rable  train  of  opprefsive  circumstances  still  are  inforccd  by  a  blind  adhe- 
rence to  customs,  unauthorised  by  law,  respecting  mil!»,  anJ  servitudes  of 
various  sorts,  which  tend  greatly  to  deprefs  the  tenants  j  and  which  their 
fliort  sighted  proprietors ,  in  many  cases,  support  with  all  their  authority  j 
not  aware,  that  while  they  ar«  doing  so,  they  ate,  in  the  most  eftcctual 
manner  they  can,  diminifliing  their  own  income.     The  idea  which  so  long 
and  universally  prevailed  in  Scotland,  of  a  proprietor  having  the  entire 
and  absolute  authority  over  those  on  his  estate,  has  still  kept  so  muchpof. 
sefsion  of  men's  minds,  as  to  make  landlords  in  general  look  with  a  jea- 
lous eye  uijon  long  leases,    and  secure  pof.efsion  to  a  tenant.     They  are 
not  aware,  that  while  men  can  obtain  -bsolute  security  to  enjoy  the  fruits 
of  their  industry  in  other  profefsions,  they  will  require  it  in  agriculture, 
otherwise  they  will  employ  their  stock  elsewhere.     They  see  spirited 
men,  in  countries  where  these  notions  prevail,  abandoning  farming,  and 
employing  their  stock  in  other  undertakings.     Still,  however,  a  predilec- 
tion prevails  in   the  distant  parts  ofthU  country  for  farming,  which  de- 
tains  a  few  in  that  busiticfs.  Should  that  predilection  totally  abate,  a  gene- 
Ml   poverty  of  tenantry  must  issue.     U  is  the  interest  of  every  land- 
lord  to  guard  against  this   great  evil  j  which  in  aland  of  freedom  can 
only  be  done  by  giving  such  leases  as  insure  a  [>:;per  return  to  the  tenant 
for  the  outlay  of  stock,  and  industry  upon  the  subject. 

VOL.  X.  «  t 


L 


13©  •»  giofi  drops.  -^ug.  I. 

ments  In  agricultur*,  in  every  part  of  the  country, 
are  more  intimately  connected  with  this  circum- 
stance than  with  any  other  whatever ;  unlefs  it  b« 
that  of  establifliing  tarnpike  roads,  which  it  must  b« 
allowed  affords  a  greater  ftimulus  to  industry  th*a 
«ny  thing  else. 

Since  then  the  general  prosperity  of  the  country^ 
'mndthe  kindly  connection  between  the  higher  and  low- 
er clafses  of  the  community,  so  much  depend  upon  a 
proper  security  given  to  tenants,  by  mews  of  leases, 
as  this  ingenious  jorrespondent  justly  observes, 
J  cannot  help  recommending  this  subject  to  the  at- 
tention of  my  readers,  as  one  of  the  most  primary 
importance.  Nor  ihall  I  at  present  say  more  on  this 
head,  in  the  hopes  of  obtaining  some  farther  elucida- 
tions of  it  upon  great  and  liberal  principles.  Should 
these  elucidations  prove  unsatisfactory,  I  fliall  per- 
haps think  it  necefsary,  at  a  future  period,  to  suggest 
some  farther  hints  on  this  subject,  with  a  view  to  lead 
to  the  discovery  of  sound  principles  o^  practice  in  re- 
gard to  this  very  important  object.  J.  A. 


ON  RUPERT'S  GLASS  DROPS. 

AVhzw  gUfs  is  taken  in  a  fluid  and  fine  state  from  a 
.glafshousc  pot,  and  dropped  into  cold  water,  it  forms 
a  drop  with  a  long  and  slender  tail,  which  bursts  iu 
pieces  on  this  tail  being  broken. 

Chamber's  Encyclopedia  says,  "  the  best  way  of 

making  them  is  to  take  up  some  of  the  metal  out  of 

'  the  pot.  upon  the  end  of  an  iron  rod,   and  immediate- 


^ug.  I. 
:  of  the  countrjr, 
th  this  circum- 
ver;  unlefs  it  b« 
which  it  must  b« 
to  industry  th*B 

I 

f  of  the  country, 
le  higher  and  low- 
ch  depend  upon  a 
Y  means  of  leases, 
justly  observes, 
lubject  to  the  Ht- 
:he  most  primary 
t  say  more  on  this 
\&  farther  elucida- 
inciples.  Should 
story,  I  ihall  per> 
period,  to  suggest 
nih  a  view  to  lead 
I  of  practice  in  re- 
J.  A. 


5  DROPS. 

1  fine  state  from  a 
Id  water,  it  forms 
1,  which  bursts  iu 

'  the  best  way  of 
f  the  metal  out  of 
I,    aod  immediate- 


1791.  *n  glafs  drops,  131 

]y  let  it  drop  into  cold  water,  and  there  lie  till  it  is 
cold.  If  the  metal  be  too  hot  when  it  is  dropped  in- 
to the  water,  the  businei's  does  not  succeed,  but  the 
drop  frosts  and  cracks  all  over,  and  falls  to  pieces  in 
the  water ;  and  every  one  that  docs  not  crack  in  the 
water  bat  lies  in  it  whole  until  it  is  quite  cold,  is 
sure  to  be  good.  There  is  a  great  nicety  in  hitting 
a  due  degree  of  heat  in  the  metal,  and  the  workmen 
who  best  know  their  businefs  cannot  promise,  before 
hand,  which  fhall  succeed  ;  but  often  two  fail  for  one 
that  is  right.  Some  of  them  frost  over  the  surface 
without  falling  to  pieces ;  and  others  break  into 
pieces  before  the  red  heat  is  quite  over,  and  that 
with  a  small  noise ;  others  break  soon  after  the  red 
heat  is  over  and  make  a  great  noise ;  and  some  neither 
break  nor  crack  until  they  seem  quite  cold,  and 
hold  together,  while  they  are  in  the  water,  but  fly 
10  pieces  when  they  are  taken  out  of  it ;  some  do  this 
on  the  instant,  others  an  hour  or  two  after  ;  and  o- 
thers  will  keep  several  days,  nay  weeks,  and  at  last 
fall  to  pieces  without  being  touched. . 

"  These  drops,  thus  formed,  are  so  hard,  that  they 
will  bear  smart  blows  with  a  hammer  wuliout  break- 
ing ;  and  yet  if  you  grind  the  surface,  or  break  off 
the  tip  of  the  tail,  they  will  fhatter,  with  a  loud  re- 
port, into  powder ;  and,  in  an  exhausted  receiver,  with 
greater  impetuosity  than  in  the  open  air,  and  into  a 
finer  powder,  exhibiting  light  when  the  experiment 
is  made  in  the  dark.  But  if  the  drops  are  ground 
with  thii  powder  of  emery  and  oil,  and  annealed  by 
the  fire,  they  will  escape  breaking.  This  surprising 
phenomenon  is  supposed  to  arise   from  hence,    that . 


...■:<il.W-:aVSM. 


r-m^)X^m&m$ 


13*  on  glafs  drops.  Aug.  x, 

while  the  glafs  is  in  fusion,  or  in  a  melted  state,  the 
particles  of  it  are  in  a  state  of  repulsion  ;  but  being 
dropped  into  cold  water,  it  soon  condenses  the  par. 
tides  in  the  external  part  of  their  •  superfi'''''s,  that 
they  are  thereby  reduced  within  the  po  jf  each 
other's  attractioii,  and  by  that  means  they  .orm  a  sort 
of  hard  case,  which  keeps  confined  the  before  men- 
tioned particles  in  their  repulsive  state  j  but  when 
this  outer  case  is  broken,  by  the  breaking  off  of  the 
tail  of  the  drop,  the  said  confined  particles  have  then 
liberty  to  exert  their  force,  which  they  do  by  burst> 
ing  the  body  of  the  drop,  and  reducing  it  to  a  very 
peculiar  form  of  powder." 

The  above  is  all  the  reason  that  has  hitherto  been 
offered  to  the  public  for  these  phenomena. 

In  tiiejirst  place,  the  metal  is  not,  when  taken  out 
of  the  pot,  in  a  repulsive,  but  in  an  expansive  state  ;. 
and  that,  according  to  the  degree  of  heat  in  which 
it  is  when  taken  from  the  furnace. 

2d.  It  is  not  pofsible  that  the  externsl  part  of  the 
drop,  when  let  fall  into  cold  water,  fhould  condense 
the  external  particles  of  their  superficies,  and,  at  the 
same  time,  keep  the  inner  particles  confined  in  theiir 
repulsive  (iliould  say  expansive')  state.  When  tlie 
glafs  is  first  taken  out  of  the  pot,  the  metal  is  of  an  u- 
niform  degree  uf  heat,  and  by  dropping  it  into 
water  must  certainly  make  the  whole  mafs  contract 
equally;  for  if  the  external  part  fhould  contract,  and 
not  the  inner  particles,  it  of  course  must  crack  at 
the  surface,  from  the  outer  fkin  not  being  able  to 
cover  a  larger  suiface  than  its  own^  hence  the  reason 


,  ji»i;ijwtMM!a»j!>B.ii(iifJjj,.-"lit: 


""^IP^^*^ 


^Ug.    I. 

elted  state,  the 
lion  ;  but  being 
denses  the  par. 
upcrfi'''''s,  that 
!  po  jf  each 
:hey  »orin  a  sort 
he  before  men- 
ate  ;  but  when 
iking  off  of  the 
tides  have  then 
sy  do  by  burst- 
ng  it  to  a  very 

Ls  hitherto  been 

lena. 

when  taken  out 

fxpansive  state  j 

'  heat  in  which 

n&I  part  of  the 
fhould  condense 
;ies,  and,  at  the 
onfined  in  thei<r 
:e.  When  tlie 
aetal  is  of  an  u- 
spping  it  into 
!  mafs  contract 
id  contract,  and 
must  crack  at 
being  able  to 
ence  the  reason 


I792*  ^     OH g/a/j  drops.  j^t 

of  their  being  very  often  frosted  who  in,  snd  when 
taken  out  of  the  water. 

3d.  Allowing  that  the  external  parts  of  the  drops 
were  contracted,  and  the  interior  particles  were  in 
a  state  of  expansion,  in  that  case  the  drops  would  not 
make  that  explosion  upon  breaking  off  the  tail,  the 
inner  particles  being  already  in  an  exparjsive  state  ; 
but  the  outer  case  or  fkin  being  in  a  contracted  state 
would  only  burst  into  powder,  and  leave  the  inner 
part  entire. 

From  <he  experiments   I  made,  I  have  found,  upon 
breaking  these  drops  in  the  dark,  there  is  not  any  ap- 
pearance of  light.    I   infer  from  these  glafs  drops  re- 
sisting no  inconsiderable  stroke  of  a  hammer,    that 
they  must  be  very  hard  and  brittle  ;  which  no  d  ubt 
is  owing  to  their  being  dropped  into  cold  water.  The 
water  to  supply  the  place  of  an  equilibrium,  attracts, 
from  the  red  hot   drop,  the  late  t  heat,  which  it  o- 
therwise   would   have    contained,  had  it   been  regu- 
larly    annealed.      Upon   putting   one  of  these    Ru- 
pert^s  drops,  when   cold,   into  a  common  house  fire, 
It  will  not  crack  or  break,  owing  to  the  power  of  at- 
traction which  it   bears  for  the  caloric  of  the  fire.  On 

the  contrary.every  one  knows,  that  a  piece  of  glafs  which 
had  been  properly  annealed,  would,  upon  being  put  into 
a  fire,  almost  immediately  crack.  This  always  hap. 
pens  provided  the  glafs  be  of  any  considerable  thick- 
nefs  and  size.  But,  in  the  former  case,  the  glafs  will 
bear  a  sudden  transition  from  cold  to  a  red  heat  with- 
out  bre  .king.  Thus  a  glafs  drop,  deprived  of  its  la- 
tci.t  heat  flies  in  pieces  upon  having  the  small  end 
snapped  off;  but  a  drop  that  has  been  properly  and 


f34'  meciotes.  ^vg.  t. 

regularly  aimsalod,  or  saturated  with  latent  heat, 
will  not  fly  or  break,  as  the  former,  upon  losing  a. 
part  of  its  small  tail. 

Another  phenomenon  proves  that  these  drops  are 
deprived  of  latent  heat,  or  any  gas  or  air  that  is  in 
their  composition  ;  for  every  one  of  these  drops  con-- 
tain  in  the  body  of  the  glafs,  small  blebs  or  vacui- 
ties :  Now  if  those  blebs  or  vacuities  contained  any 
of  the  above  matter,  it  must  evidently  expand  upon 
putting  them  into  a  fire,  and  consequently  would  cause 
the  drops  to  fly  into  pieces  ;  but  this  not  being  the 
case,  fliows,  these  blebs  are  perfect  vacuums  that  are 
deprived  of  all  aeriform  matter. 

How  it  comes  about  that  these  drops  fhc-id  break, 
because  they  are  deprived  of  latent  heat,  is  not  so 
easy  to  judge.     It  is  my  opinion  that  upon  breaking 
or  depriving  them  of  a  part  of  thei*  long  tail,  a  tre- 
mulous  motion  is  communicated  to  the  rest  of  the 
^afs,  which  being  of  so  hard,  consequently  so  brittle  a 
nature,  it  immediately  flies,  and  breaks  into  the  pecu- 
liar powder,  with  some  degree  of  noise  and  violence. 
I  must  here  remark  that  all  substances  are  exceed- 
ingly brittle  when  deprived  of  latent  heat,  as  tnay  be 
seen  in  the  tempering  of  metals ;  and,  in  particular, 
steel,  which  may  be  made  to  bend  and  twist  all  ways, 
and  upon  being  deprived  of  its  latent  heat  wiU  then 
be  more  brittle  than  glafs  itself.  Ch«MICUS. 


ANECDOTE  OF  WILLIAM  IIL 
Lord  Molesworth,  who  had  been  ambafsador  at 
the  court  of  Copenhagen,  publiflied,  at  the  end  of  the 


-i*i» 


!giif}^t^>vi-Mm" 


^tig!i»M^'4wrjl#»'J-/''''»»»"'5.'-''L'i?*.^' 


Aug.  r. 

th  latent  heat, 
upon  losing   a. 

these  drops  are 
If  air  that  is  in 
hese  drops  con-" 
blebs  or  vacui-* 
IS  contained  any 
:ly  expand  upon 
itly  would  cause 
s  not  being  the 
icuums  that  are 

js  Iht  ..id  break, 
c  heat,  i»  not  so 
t  upon  breaking 
long  tail,  a  tre- 
the  rest  of  the 
lently  so  brittle  a 
cs  into  the  pecu- 
ise  and  violence, 
jnces  are  exceed- 
:  heat,  as  may  b« 
d,  in  particular, 
id  twist  all  ways, 
int  heat  will  then 

CHiBMICUS. 


IM  III. 

n  ambafsador  at 
at  the  end  of  the 


'J»!"''W',','HJLli>.'W 


■p^ 


'79''  antcdotet.  i^r 

the  last  century,  an  esteemed  work,  entitled,  ««  Ac- 
count of  Denmark,"  This  writer  spjke  of  the  ar- 
bitrary  government  of  that  kingdom,  with  that  free- 
dom which  the  liberty  of  England  inspires.  The  king 
of  Denmark  then  reigning  was  off-ioded  at  some  re- 
flections of  the  author,  and  ordered  his  minister  to 
complain  of  them  to  William  in.  king  of  England. 
♦*  What  would  you  have  me  to  do?"  said  William  : 
'  Sire,'  replied  the  Danifli  minister,  ♦  if  you  had 
complained  to  the  king,  my  master,  of  such  an  offence, 
he  would  have  sent  you  the  head  of  the  author.' 
"  That  is  what  I  neither  will,  nor  can  do  ;"  replied 
the  king  ;  "  but,  if  you  desire  it,  the  «uthor  fhaU 
put  what  you  have  told  me  into  the  secoud  edition  of 
his  work." 


ANECDOTE  OF  A  SAILOR. 
One  of  the  men  who  hud  been  round  the  world 
¥ri,th  commodore  Byr©n,  sow  after  his  return  toEng- 
land,  jfwent  to  bis  native  place,  where  he  was  consi- 
dered W  ?  very  extraorrfinwy  personnge,  and  was  in- 
vited to  a  dub  of  his  townsmpn,  who  expected  to  be 
greatly  tdjfied  by  bis  conversation.  Jt  w^s  plain 
that  a  9ian  yi\io  had  been  round  the  world  qms^t  know 
more  of  it  than  any  other  body.  But  the  circumna- 
vigator could  give  them  but  very  little  information 
with  respect  to  what  he  had  seen  in  his  voyage  ;  and 
seemed  to  hav«  very  little  to  say  for  himself,  till 
lomeiif  the  .cl^b  began  to  fuestioa  him  $bout  the 
world  being  round  :  then  he  opened  -with  a  tone  of 
authority,  "  as  to  that,  I'll  tell  you  what  it  is  ;  they 
say  the  world  is  round ;  but  I  have  been  all  round  it, 
-and,  by  G~d,  it  is  is  flat  as  this  table." 


136 


reading  mtmorandumt. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  PLATE. 
Th«  view  represented  in  the  plate  which  accompa. 
nies  this  Number,  is  taken  within  an  hundred  yards 
of  that  given  in  No.  71.  of  this  work.     It  repre- 
sents a  part  of  the  Water  of  Leith,  winding  in  a  deep 
rocky  dell,  overhung  with  woods.    On  one  side  of  the 
river  appears  a  neat  temple  to  Hygeia^  reared  in  tho 
chastest  stile  of  Grecian  architecture^  by  lord  Gar- 
denston,  whose  name  can  never  be  mentioned,  in  this 
country,   without   a   particular   degree   of  respect. 
This  temple  covers  a  spring  of  mineral  waters,  which 
proves  highly  salutary  to  the  inhabitants  of  Edin- 
burgh, who  now  can  enjoy  the   pleasure  of  an  easy 
walk  of  half  a  mile  from  town,  in  a  delightful  rural 
situation,  conjoined  with  the  benefits  that  are  derived 
from  drinking  this  mild  salubrious   water.       The 
public   spirited   owner   of  this    well   proposes,  for 
*e  farther  accommodation  of  the  inhabitants,  to  erect 
a  long.room  near  the  well,  which,  when  finiihed,  will 
render  this  a  delightful  place  for  rural  recreation. 

The  distant  view  represents  the  frith  of  Forth, 
with  the  island  of  Inchkeith,  and  the  hills  of  Fife  be. 
yond  it. 


rSs==- 


DETACHED  REMARK. 
How  pleasant  for  parents,  during  the  infkncy  of 
their  children, 

"  To  rear  the  leader  thought, 

<•  And  teuh  the  youog  idea  how  toAoot. 


'LATE. 

which  accompa- 
1  hundred  yards 
'ork.     It  repre- 
inding  in  a  deep 
ti  one  side  of  the 
'a,  reared  in  tho 
e»  hy  lord  Gar- 
intioned,  in  this 
rec   of  respect, 
il  waters,  which 
itants  of  Edin- 
sure  of  an  easj 
lelightful  rural 
that  are  derived 
water.      The 
proposes,  for 
bitants,  to  erect 
:n  finiflwd,  will 
1  recreation, 
frith  of  Forth, 
lills  of  Fife  be. 


i. 


the  infancy  of 


loet. 


*?5 


'*        ' 


-■;r    p'     .       ,<. 


MHAtfM^MMHl 


■       -     ^  ■■_a...a;. 


lift  mr  IMI  *» 


--^ 


»w' ■ 


A  Ha*«  KROM  A  N£W  POEM,  ENTITLED  «  A  MORNING  WALK.' 
Ji'si   ruatisHEn. 
^tA.nNof,oft.lcPgfu!   N.W  to  the  wild, 
Naturr  s  ,.tm,rer  hi«  l.im,  while  hi,  heart 
1  hn.b.  with  omoti>,n,  exquisitely  s  ift, 
;AnJ  on.y  known  to  tho.t,  „.|„  ,c  bn.o.ns  f.el 
r  he  durm  o»  genuine  be  luty.     H  inpy  few  > 

I;.r  you  the  v.ll>..y,a,il„it).e  lonely  W.I  J   '       . 
^  K  1,1b  you  s.rnic  cnjoyn>tnt ;  and  to  you 

rhc  ho,,.y  mo,mt..in,  nigged  and  nbrupt, 
Admm :..cr,  sublime  del  ght.     How  bleft'd 
\  our  r.rly  w.rulcri  ,g,  u,  obicrv'd,  and  rapt         ' 
Incont.„.p|a„„n!     H.w  ,erenely  sweet 

V....r  evemne  W.Ik  .  a,  if.  with 'nflnence  miid. 
•       Ang.Is  unse,  n  attended,  and  cmvey'd  ' 

Joy  to  your  ,piri,«  ,  not  tumultuous  joy. 

o"  m.-  tTn'/:"*  ':  """«  "•  "•'  '"8^-"""-  mood 
"fmcrrngtendernel..     Although  to  yw, 
Way  not  l^  B,v'„  those  high  creative  poWrl 
I  hat  animaic  the  canvas,  or  entrance 
lhesoul,nth-ext.,cic.ofraptVou.*ong, 

thatnatu-     uth  to  yon,  with  nigsjird  hind. 
•.,..  i^"8'';=';'P?"'''-     l^ft^hathbJstowM     ' 

t^.wr.  to  dutinguini  beauty,  but  dcny'd 
rh  mvcnfye  energies ;  perchance,  with  these. 
.'',''; '''".'"y  hath  withheld  the  recklef,  ,.,' 

e1  inT."  1'  "«";'''"«  "^"'  '»■"'  'warm 
J-vninthebow'roffancy.     Ye  ,nU 

Subbme,  untasted  pleasure;  tmallay'd 

*um  d  for  discerning  eVry  pleasing  form 
W gra.-eful  eleg.nce   you/s'ouls  are^aln^5 
C.lm  as  yon  „ver,  that  so  slowly  moves. 
His  progre.s  pafte,  unob,e,  Vd.  the  while 

And  blofsom,  waving  o'er  th'enamellM  batUc. 

accoun's,  deserves  applause.  Unaflect.T*  .•  "  »'?«"'' «'»"fh,  on  many 
.sc  be,uty  In  poetry.'^Ld  7h.  m"o«"if  l?t'o'^^I'  ''fr  '»"  «"=- 
ta.nj  much  of  that.     Perhaps  a  little  m..r.  .?"^        This  poem  con- 

the  author  j.  greater  f-ility'i^  .llT„rhirrum\V«  "'"'"J  """'"'  «'*^ 
though  uDt'lj.e  «Q,t  efsential  in  po^lS.  an  ««ft^,' ~'  ^'Z'^  *'''"'' 

f 


tipB* 


11  never  (hould  be  d  sTegard«d. 
<]uire  to  be  coirectcd  ; 


poelry 


Au^.  I. 


The  following  vere,  among  otheis,  if 


— —  or  entrance 


The  soul  in  th'  esctjcies  of  rapt'rous  song 
Sec  also  lines  6j,  69,  71,  81,  92,  ^t. 

There  is  great  beauty  in  the  fuUowing  pafsage  :  ^ 

Ot:  let  me  ranje  the  devious  wild,  where  rocks  , 
Rise  in  fantastic  grandeur,  bare,  or  cloth'd 
With  ivy;  while  aloft  the  msnnfd'Wfy^  '^      ,- 

Waves  fr>m  the  tow'ring  dift';  an<l  far  below  •■ ,  , 

Til' unriiffl.d  lake  reflects  the  »;of/;i/.im  «/*, 
The  tow'r.ng  dift',  and  cv'n  the  goat  thac  dares 
Aloi'u  the  [).-ecipJce's  ihag^y  «i.rga 
Ciop  the  scant  herbage.  , 

Ii  not  the  repetition  of  llie  mountain  a(h  rather  an  overstrained  aflccM- 
tion  of  simpllcit)  ?  Would  it  not  be  fullyas  natural, ani  murepicturtSHuc, 
ro  say  the  '  tuft'jd  tree?" 

•1  he  following  pafsage,  but  for  the  two  harlh  lines   we  have  marked,  is  . 
highly  be  mtiful: 

Chief  let  me  seek  the  mtiamorpboi  4  scene. 
Where  Ai. CON  hath  o'er  nature's  form,  (ere  while 
A  form  uncouth,  uns-craly,  unarray'd,) 
With  easy  grace,  tiirown  tie  loo.c  flowins:  robe ' 
Of  rural  beauty.     Soft  may  southern  ihow'rs        •  , 

A  Pi'scend!  and  gently  may  Favonian  giles  ^ 

Shake  their  moist  pinions !   May  the  vernal  beam 
.\nd  kindly  dews,  with  genial  influence  feed 
'I'he  rising  plants,  till  eVry  swelling  hill 
Waves  with  a  verdant  grove!  '^id  these  gay  fields, 
.With  him  whose  genuine  taite  reforms  the  rude' 
Bleak  desart,  and  makes  frowning  nature  smile, 
Let  me  enjoy  the  Social  walk  i  with  him  v 

Falhion  the  winding  path,  the  mantling  grove,  ' 
■.  '  The  lawn  wpod-skirtrd,  the  meandering  brook, 

The  lake  with  ■willctu'J  margin,  lb'  $htlijk,  ^ 

Or  fane,  intcriyd  with  tb' b-Mur'd  vames  cf  iutb 
As'  have  by  valiant  deed,  or  counsel  sage, 
Or  laurel  earn'd  by  science  or  the  muse, 
Enhanc'd  the  glory  of  their  native  land. 
Might  not  these  lines  be  altered  somehow  thus  ? 

The  lake  with  willow'd  maigin,  the  proud  fane 
Or  oteli/k,  inscrib'd  with  names  of  such,  &c. 
There  are  several  instances  of  wrong  punctuation  occur  ia  this  potro, 
which  marr  the  s'nse :  ,      ,.        . 

While  th'  azure  gleam,  from  yonder  distant  giove 
Of  n.idding  hyacinths,  s?emJ  like  th'  expa^l^e 
Of  a  thin  vapour,  frefhexhal'd. 
The  idea  is  here  new  and  beautiful,  were  it  not  marred  by  the  amb  gn- 
ity  whicii  is  o<:f '.sioned  by  our  thinking  of  the  incMgruity  ot  a  nodJiDg 


■sa!iiiSMgj»P'tog;^a^a?'aii>a^^  mWte ""' 


^11^.  I. 

e,  among  othei!>  ic- 
ance 

ocks 

low 
darca . . 

overstrained  affecta- 
vM  mure  p'icturtsi]ue, 

we  have  markeJ,  is 


ire  while 
;  robe ' 

r'rs 

il  beam 
ed 

^ay  fields, 

e  rude' 
smile, 

rove, 
)rook, 

cfiutb 


id  fane 

a  occur  la  this  pocroi 

int  giove 

ijme 

narred  by  the  amb'gn- 
aagruity  of  a  nodJius 


1791.^       _  foetry.    -  139 

grove  of  hyar'nt!is.  Tli;  aurfjor  evidently  means  to  aiy,  •  While  fiom 
yonder  distant  jfove,  the  azure  glrram  ot'  nodding  hyjcinrlis,  sctnns  liki- 
th'  inpansr  ot  a  thin  va]io>.r.'  This  ambiguity  would  be  ren-.oved  by 
placii'^  a  comma  after  the  word  grove, 

Tlie  fi)llowiii;  words  require  to  be  reconsidered  !  Influe  icf,  1.  199 — 
■  wittdl,  I.  589 — liken,  not  in  its  true  st'iue,  1.  106 — d.ign  impirt  1.  243 
— testifies,  1.  247 — JownM,  1.  Z95,  coining  words  is  a  baiii:nipJoymtm  for 
a  poet; — niomo.'y,  1.  159. 

The  author  is  much  too  free  in  elisions,  which  gives  a  larlhntfa  to  ma- 
ny  of  Hii  lin:s  that  are  unpleasing.  By  a  little  pains,  this  smill  blci,;i>!t 
may  be  avoided  in  a  future  edition. 


'^^^^!^m 


'lllE  PEACOCK  AND  THE  DOVE,  A  F/.CLE. 
F-jr  the  Bet,  '■!■  "'•■"', 

A  riAuny  p^^acock  twellM  with  pride,  ' 

Invites,  to  dine,  a  turtle  dove  j  ■,    ■■ 

But  couli  not's  ost.-itati-)n  hide, 

Before  the  little  bird  of  love.  ^'   ■  ^    ,+ 

The  gihied  fowl  v^ith  eye  aikinc,  •■^" 

Struts  round  the  tender  hearted  mate, 

^nd  -ijw  and  then  the  scorntal  gl.iiice,  • 
Inferr'd  the  dift'^rence  ot  their  state. 

With  Alining  crest,  erected  high,  ' 

In  haughty  stile  tlie  dove  ajdresr; 
•'  .S;e  how  my  varying  train  Jn;s  fiy  ; 

"  See  with  what  robes  my  peison's  dre;t. 

••  The  t'ly  parterre  thou  secst  around, 
"   The  verdant  mead,  the  flow'ry  vale; 

"  'Tis  min:  all  that  extensive  bound, 
"  And  here  I  screen  me  from  tt  e  gale." 

Shock'd  with  his  pride,  and  screeciiing  voice, 
Though  all  things  round  were  rich  and  gay  j 

Tlic  turtle  couldnot  praiic  iiis  choice, 
But  s.iecch'd  her  wings  and  flew  away, 

Stunn'd  with  the  little  lover's  flight. 
He  call'd  her  back,  bu:  all  in  vain;    . 

Nor  couKi  his  weil'.h,  nor  colours  bright, 
Bring  b;ck  the  turtle  dove  ag  lin. 

She  wing'd  her  flight  up  to  her  nc;:, 
Whe.c  enters  neither  i"-'.Jc  nor  strifcj 

Lull'ii  0:1  her  hulband's  cLearing  breast, 
In  sweet  contirtment  pafdes  life. 

f.ToR  AL. 
Take  note,  Oh  pride! — Thy  haughty  frown 

Each  gen  loiis  soul  dii\es  from  thy  hail  j 
The  social  bhfs  to  thee  unknown, 

Dcej  oft  to  humbler  u.eiit  fall.         '*      " 


u. 


3^0 


til  Sn.Trt'^s  elements. 


4^g 


IT.  I 


T 


JJiR,  To  the  Editor  of  the  Bee. 

WiiKN  I  refli  ct  on  the  progrefs  of  my  life  nnd  sentiment, 
1  am  apt  to  divide  the  whole  into  teras  denominated,  its 
well  ns  sugKested,  by  the  recollection  of  those  by  whom 
niv  mind  has  been  succefsively  imprefsed;  and  the  space  of 
lime  appears  longer  or  (liorter  between  the  different  peii- 
ods,  according  to  the  vivacity  and  multiplicity  of  Impref- 
.  sions  that  have  accompanied  my  studies  and  observations, 
i'hese  evolutions  and  revolutions  of  intellect,  have  for- 
med, as  it  were,  a  series  of  time-pieces,  whereby  I  am  in- 
duced to  form  an  estimate  of  the  endurance  of  my  intel- 
lectual existence. 

Eurhanan,  and  Gregory,  and  Watson,  at  St  Andrews,. 
Krlkine,  and  Matthew  Stuart,  and  Cullen,  at  Edinburgh, 
J^.eid  and  Campbell,  at  Aberdeen,  Smith  and  Black,  at 
Glasgow  with  other  excellent  persons,  to  whom  I  have 
been  indebted  for  the  improvement  of  my  understanding, 
liave  marked  in  my  mind  the  prcgrefs  of  my  cpntemplu- 
tive  life,  and  have  conspired  from  the  multitude  of  excitc- 
rotnls,  and  of  investigations  arising  from  tUose  excite- 
nteiiis,  to  exaggerate  the  conception  I  have  of  the  time 
that  has  intervened  since  th*;  faculties  of  my  understanding 
began  to  be  unfolded  for  the  reception  of  the  philosophical 
truth.  Eefore  the  printing  ptefs,  tlwt  palladium  of  the 
human  race,  was  employed  to  diffuse  knowledge  univer- 
sally among  all  degrees  of  people,  the  progrefs  of  philoso- 
phy, or  the  reason  »f  things,  was  sa  slow  and  equable,  that 
the  life  of  no  individual  couJd  include  any  remarkalilc  range 
of  intellectual  melioration  in  society,  so  tliat  I  wonder  the 
lifs  at  the  continual  complaints  of  our  ancestors  concer- 
ning the  brevity  of  human  life,  as  the  sense  of  interval  i* 
continually  erased  by  tke  paucity  of  vivacious  ixnprefsicns. 


'Sfi^mdm&s^^imsmdm'm^^^^^i'^^'iMMk  ^-  *■-  ":^  -  ^^^  -i'-^- 


4^ 


and  scBtiment, 
enotninated,  »s 
;hose  by  whonri 
nd  the  space  of 
;  different  peri- 
Lcity  of  impref- 
id  obbcrvatidp.s. 
lect,  have  for- 
lereby  I  am  in- 
ce  of  my  inttl- 

at  St  Andrews,. 
,  at  Edinburgli, 
I  and  Black,  at 
o  whom  I  have 
■  understanding, 
my  cpntemplii- 
titude  of  cxcitc- 
n  tUose  excite- 
ave  of  the  time 
ly  ui)derstandin(>; 
he  philosophical 
alhdium  of  the 
•wledge  univer- 
grcfi  of  philoso- 
iid  equable,  that 
emarkablc  range 
lat  I  wonder  the 
icestors  concer- 
ise  of  interval  i» 
ious  iraprersitus. 


W^^MMMS"'' 


179^'  <"'  Stuari's  elements.  iifr 

For  my  own  part,  when   I  remember  that   I  have  lived* 
iiom  the  B/irfiara  ce/arent  of   the   year  1754,  to  the   ele- 
ments of  the  philo<;ophy  of  the    human  mind   in   the    ye^r 
1792,  I  almost   think  myself  the  wandering  Jew,  and  feel 
myself  the  subject  of  histoiian  ages. 

It  is  for  this  reason.  Sir,  that  1  desire  to  recommend  tb 
the  public  the  masterly  volume  of  Dr  Dugald  Stuiut, 
in  which,  by  a  patient  and  discerning  selection  of  the  ele- 
ments of  the  p!  ilosophy  of  the  human  mind,  he  has  btgnn 
to  erect  a  plntform,  upon  which  tliere  may  be  hereafter 
erected  a  fabric,  that  may  aspire,  like  Babel,  to  the  celestial 
regions,  but  without  prophanity  and  folly,  or  any  of  the 
consequences  that  have  arisen  from  the  philosophical  theo- 
ries of  the  moderns.  I  perceive  in  this  hook,  as  in  the  ex- 
cellent efsay  on  political  economy  by  Adam  Smith,  clear 
ideas,  distinctly  displayed  by  an  enlarged  and  luminous  un- 
derstanding,  fully  pofscfved  of  the  subject  of  which  the  au- 
thor treats  ;-and  I  see  it  happily  witliin  the  reach  of  every 
coptemplativc  and  cultivated  reader,  so  that  I  can,  wilnoat 
any  impropriety,  recommend  it  to  the  perusal  of  your  rea- 
ders ill  general.  Some  of  Dr  Stuart -s  chanters  will  no 
doubt  be  too  deep  for  men  uf  biisincl'.  in  the  ordinary 
profelsions  of  life  hut  these  may  be  pafsed  over  in  the  per- 
¥s>al,  or  convey  h  of  sentiment  to  excite  a  desire  in 

them,  either  to  go  vtr  the  grojuj  ntcefsary  to  unt'  Id 
his  arguments,  or  to  be  at  pain  to  giv.  thcic  advant.ijjes 
to  their  children,  or  to  those  youn;;  people  who  arc  com- 
mitted to  their  charge.  They  will  see  here,  likt  vise,  the 
unspeakable  advantage  arising  from  an  instruction  in  Hie 
principles  of  mathematical  learning,  aftd  be  induced  to  be- 
stow it  in  the  same  manner.  They  will  also  be  convinced 
that  none  but  the  enemies  of  the  human  i.ice,  and  of  the 
happinefs  arising  from  a  peaceable  and  good  adniiui  ,tiaiion 
of  public  affairs,  will  ever  object  to  the  gentr.il  tilf^usion 
•f  moral  and  political,  as  well  ai  other  useful  t      wlcjdge, 


J.  2  en  Sfu/iri^s  r/cmr.'ifs.  '         Aii^.\. 

among  the  lower  ranks  of  society  ;  or  ever  be  led  to  ima- 
gine thai  ignorance  can  be  the  parent  of  peace  or  ofhapoi- 
ntfs.  And  as  I  have  said  so  much  upon  the  influence  of  the 
f;refs  on  the  melioration  of  mankind,  I  cannot  do  better 
ihan  support  this  well  grounded  opinion,  by  giving  a  spe- 
cimen of  Dr  Stuart's  book,  in  his  reflections  on  this  for- 
tunate invention. 

"  Of  the  progrefs  vs^iich  may  yet  be  made  in  the  different 
branches  of  moral  and  political  philosophy,  we   may  form 
some   Idea,   from  what  iias   already  happened   in  physics 
since  the  time   that  lord  Bacon  united,  in  one  useful  di- 
rcction,  the  labours  of  those  who  cultivate  that  science. 
At  the  period  when  he  wrote,  physics  was  certainly  in  a 
more  hopelefs  state  than  that  of  moral  and  political  philoso- 
phy in  the  present  age.     A  perpetual  succefsion  of  chime- 
rical theories  had,  till  then,  amused  the  world  j  and  the  pre- 
vailino-  opinion  was,  that  the  ca.se  would  continue  to  be 
the  same   for  ever.    Why  then  fliould  we   despair  of  the 
con^pelency  of  the  human  faculties  to  establift.  a  solid  and  ' 
permanent  system,  upon  other  subjects,  which  are  of  still 
more  serious  importance  ?, Physics,  It  is  true,  is  free  fronv 
many  ditliculties  which  obstruct  our  progrefs  in  moral  and 
poUtical  inquiries  i  but  perhaps  this  advantage  may  be  more 
th.n  counterbalanced  by  the  tendency  they  have  to  engage 
a  more  universal  and    a  more  earnest  attention,  in  conse- 
quence vl  their  coming  home  more  immediately  to  our 
"  businefs  and  our  bosoms!"  When  these  sciences,  too,  begm 
to  be  prosecuted  on  arcgularand  systematical  plan,  their  im- 
provement will  go  on  wiihan  accelerated  velocity  •,  not  only 
as  the  number  of  speculative  minds  will  be  every  day  mcrea- 
scdby  the  diiTu',ion  of  knowledge,  bat  as  an  acq'OiniUance 
with  the  just  ruks  of   inquiry   will  more   and  more   place 
important  diM  overies   uuhin  the  reach  of  ordinary  under- 
stanaings.     "  Such  rules  (says  lord  Bacon,)  do  in   some 
sort    equal  mens  v.itsj    and  have  no  great    advantage    or 
pi. .eminence' to  the  perfect  and  excellent  motions  of  the 


^^!^^a,^,,vtfw'.Wl^'W^  ^"'"^^ 


All!(\  T. 

;r  be  led  to  ima- 
icace  or  ofhapoi- 
e  influence  of  ihc 
cannot  do  better 
by  giving  a  spe- 
tions  on  tiiis  for- 

,de  in  til c  different 
[)Y,  we  may  form 
pened  in  physics 
in  one  useful  di- 
vate  that  science, 
vas  certainly  in  a 
i  political  philoso- 
ccefsion  of  cliimc- 
oi'ldj  and  the  pre - 
d  continue  to  be 
we   despair  of  the 
itablifti  a  solid  and  ' 
which  are  of  still 
true,  is  free  from, 
igrefs  in  moral  and 
ntage  may  be  more 
ley  have  to  engage 
ttention,  in  cunse- 
mmcdiately  to  our 
sciences,  too,  begin 
itical  plan,  their  im- 
1  velocity  j  not  only 
jc  every  day  increa- 
as  an  acqiuiii^tance 
ire   and  more   place 
of  ordinary  uudtr- 
acon,)  do  in   some 
rreat    advantage   or 
[cut  motions  of  the 


^■a:.Hr;:-.g^J!tia"' 


1792.  'on  Sniart\f  demaits.  143 

spirit.  To  draw  a  straight  line,  to  dcji-fibe  a  circle,  by 
aim  of  hand  only,  there  must  ue  a  grc^i  dirit-rcncc  bstvveen 
an  unsteady  and  unpractised  hanJ,  and  a  steady  and  prac- 
tised one  ;  but  to  do  it  by  rule  and  compals  is  much  alike." 
"  Nor  must  we  omit  to  mention  tho  value  which  the 
art  of  printing  communicates  to  the  most  limited  exer- 
tions of  literary  industry,  by  treasuring  up  as  materials  foi? 
the  future  examination  of  more  enlightened  inquirers.  In 
this  respect  the  prcfs  bestows  upon  the  sciences  an  ad- 
vantage somewhat  analogous  to  that  which  the  mechani- 
cal arts  derive  from  the  division  of  labour.  As  in  these 
arts  the  exertions  of  an  uninformed  multitude  are  united 
by  the  comprehensive  skill  of  the  artist,  in  the  accompliih- 
ment  of  effects,  astonifliing  by  their  magnitude,  and  by 
the  complicated  ingenuity  they  display ;  so,  in  the  scien- 
ces, the  observations  and  conjectures  of  obscure  indivi-i 
du  lis,  on  those  subjects  which  are  level  to  their  capacities, 
and  which  fall  under  their  own  immediate  notice,  accu- 
mulate, for  a  course  of  years,  till  at  last  some  philosopher 
arises,  who  combines  these  scattered  materials,  and.  cxliibitj 

-in  his  system,  not  merely  the  force  of  a  single  mind,  but 
the  intellectual  power  of  the  age  in  which  he  lives. 

"  It  is  upon  these  last  considerations,  much  more  than 
on  the  efforts  of  original  genius,  that  I  would  rest  my 
hopes  of  the  progrefs  of  the  human  race.  What  genius 
alone  could  accompHfh  in  science,  the  world  has  already 
seen  :  And  I  am  ready  to  subscribe  to  the  opinion  of  those  who 

--think  that  the  splendour  of  its  past  exertions  is  not  likely  to 

-be  obscured  by  the  fame  of  future  philosophers.  But  the 
experiment  yet  remains  to  be  tried,  what  lights  may  be 
thrown  on  the  most  important  of  all  subjects,  by  the  free 
discufsions  of  inquisitive  nations,  unfettered  by  prejudice, 

.and  stimulated  in  their  inquiries  by  every  motive  that  can 
awiken  whatever  is   either  generous  or  sclfdh  in  human 


■144  ""  Stuart^s  e/ifHenls.  -^"S-  '• 

nature.  How  ttifling  are  the  effects  which  the  bodily 
ftrcngth  of  an  individual  is  able  to  produce,  (however 
great  may  be  his  natural  endowments,)  when  compared 
Avith  those  which  have  been  accomplift.ed  by  the  conspi- 
jing  force  of  an  ordinary  multitude  !  It  was  not  the  single 
arm  of  a  Theseus,  or  a  Hercules,  but  the  hands  of  men  such 
Ks  ourselves,  that,  in  ancient  ^gypt,  raised  those  monuments 
of  architecture  which  remain  from  age  to  age  to  attest 
the  wonders  of  combined  and  of  persevering  industry  ;  and 
while  they  humble  the  importance  of  the  individual,  to  ex- 
alt the  dignity,  and  to  animate  the  labours  of  the  species. 
"  These  views,  with  respect  to  the  probable  improvc- 
mtnt  of  the  world,  are  so  conducive  to  the  comfort  of 
those  who  entertain  them,  that,  even  although  they  were 
founded  i^i  delusion,  a  wise  man  would  be  disposed  to 
cheriih  them.  What  ihould  have  induced  some  rcspcctablt; 
•ivriters  to  controvert  them  with  so  great  an  asperity  uf 
I  xprcfsion,  it  is  not  easy  to  conjecture  •,  for  whatever  may 
he  thought  of  their. truth,  their  practical  tendency  is  sure- 
ly favourable  to  human  happinefs ;  nor  can  that  temper  of 
mind,  which  disposes  a  man  to  give  them  a  welcome  re- 
ception, be  candidly  suspected  of  designs  hostile  to  the  in- 
lerests  of  humanity.  One  thing  is  certain,  that  the  great- 
est of  all  obstacles  to  the  iniprovement  of  the  world,  is 
that  prevailing  belief  of  its  improbability,  which  damps 
ihe  exertions  of  so  many  individuals  j  and  that,  in  propotti- 
on  as  the  contrary  opinion  becomes  general,  it  realises  the 
.event  which  it  leads  us  to  anticipate.  Surely  if  any 
thing  can  have  a  tendency  to.  call  forth  in  the  public  ser- 
vice the  cxertions.of  individuals,  it  must.be  an  idea  of  the 
.r-iagnitude  of  that  work  in  which  they  are  conspiring,  and 
a  belief  of  the  permanence  of  those  benefits  which  they 
,<  onfcr  on  mankind  by  every  attempt  to  inform  and  en- 
jlighten  them.     As  in  ancient  Rome,  therefore,  it  was  re- 


y^ug,  I. 
lilch  tlie  bodily 
)clu(;e,  (however 

when  compared 
i  by  the  conspi- 
as  not  the  single 
tnds  of  men  such 
hose  monumeats 
to  age  to  attest 
ig  industry  ■,  and 
ndividual,  to  ex- 
>  of  the  species, 
obable  improvc- 

the  comfort  of 
lough  they  were 

be  disposed  to 
some  respectable 
:  an  asperity  of 
)r  whatever  may 
endency  is  sure- 
n  that  temper  of 
1  a  welcome  re- 
hostile  to  the  in- 
1,  that  the  great- 
sf  the  world,  is 
ty,  which  damps 
that,  in  propotti- 
al,  it  realises  the 
Surely  if  any 
I  the  public  ser- 
be  an  idea  of  the 
e  conspiring,  and 
efits  which  they 
)  inform  and  en- 
efore,  it  was  re- 


»79«'  OK  SiH^r^j  elements.  f  ^^ 

garded  as  the  Mark  of  a  good  citiacn,  nfever  trt  despair  of 
the  fortunes  of  the  republic  ,j — so  the  goad  citizen  of  the 
world,  whatever  may  be  the  political  aspect  of  his  own 
times,  win  never  despair  of  the  fortunes  of  the  liuraan 
race ;  but  will  act  upon  tlj*  conviction,  that  prejudice, 
slavery,  and  cortuption,  must  gradually  give  way  to  troth, 
liberty,  and  virtive  }  and  that,  in  the  moral  world,  as  well 
as  in  the  material,  ihe  iarther  our  observations  extend,  and 
the  longer  they  are  continued,  the  more  we  fliall  perceive 
of  order  and  of  bcneuroleat  design  in  tlie  universe. 

"  Nor  is  this  change  in  the  qonditioa  of  man,  in  conse^ 
quenceofthe  progrefs  of  reasw,  by  any  means  contrary 
to  the  general  analogy  of  bis  natural  history.     In  the  ini 
fancy  of  the  individual,  his  existence  is  preserved  by  in- 
stincts, which  disappear  afterwards,  when  they   are    no 
longer  necefsary.     In  tlie  savage  state  of  our  species,  there 
are  instincts  which  seem  to  form  a  part  of  the  human  con- 
stitution, and  of  which  no  traces  remain  in  those  periods 
of  society  in  wliich  tJicir  use  is  superseded 'by  a  more  eh*^* 
larged  experience.     Why  then   ihould  we  deny  the  pro, 
iability  of  something  similar  to  this  iu  the  history  of  man, 
considtred  ia  Ws  political  capacity  ?    I  have  already  had 
occasion  to    observe,  that    the  governments  which  tho 
woUd  has  hitherto  seen,  have  seldom  or  never  taken  their 
^ise  from  deep  laid  schemes  of  human  poUcy.     In  every 
state  of  society  which  bas  yet  existed,  the  multitude  has, 
^n  general,  acted  from  the  immediate  impulse  ofpafsion,  oc 
from  the  p^fsure  of  their  wants  and  necefsities ;  and  there- 
fore    what  we  commonly  call  the  political  order,  is,  at 
least  4n  a  great  measure,. the  result  of  the  pafsions  and 
vrants  of  man,   combined  with  tlie  circumstances   of  his 
Situation  J  or,  in  other  words,  it  Is  chiefly  the  result  of  the 
wisdom  of  nature.  So  beautifully,  indeed,  do  these  pafsions 
and  circumstances  act  in  subserviency  to  her  designsj  and  so 


|»«»li:S  IB  J. 


•im. 


mM^>'' 


i^a  ■■        a  diettonrtry.'  j^ug.  X. 

iirvariably  liave  they  le;n  found,  in  the  history  of  past 
ages,  to  conduct  men,  in  time,  to  certain  beneficial  arrange- 
ments, that  we  can  hardly  bring  ourselves  to  believe,  that 
the  end  -was  not  foreseen  by  those  who  were  engaged  in 
the  pursuit.  Even  in  those  rude  periods  of  society,  when, 
like  the  lower  animals,  he  follows  blindly  his  instinctive 
principles  of  action,  he  is  led  by  an  invisible  hand,  and 
contributes  his  (hare  to  the  execution  of  a  plan,  of  the  na- 
ture and  advantages  of  which  he  has  no  conception.  The 
operations  of  the  Bee,  when  it  begins  for  the  first  tinae 
to  form  its  cell,  conveys  to  u?  a  striking  image  of  the  ef- 
forts of  unenlightened  man,  in  conducting  the  operations 
►i.i  an  infant  government.     I  am,  Sir,"  6*f.  Albanicus. 


EXERCISES  IN  PRACTICAL  GRAMMAR. 
Continued  from  voL-viii.^.  184. 
Dictisttttry. 
Great,  adj.   A  relative  w(*d,  denoting  largencfs  of  quan- 
tity, number,  i^c  serving  to  augment  the  value  of  those 
terms  with   which  it  is  combined.       Opposed  to  small  or 
little.  The  principal  circumstances  in  which  this  word  can 
be  employed  are  the  following  :  .         ,     •  u 

1.  When  merely  inanimate  objects  are  considered  witji 
regard  to  quanUty,  yr^a/ -is  with  propriety  employed 
to  denote  that  that  quantity  is  considerable  j  as  0  great 
mountain,  a  great  house,  &c.  and  it  is  here  contrasted  with 
small.  Vf  hen  great  is  thus  employed  we  have  no  other 
word  that  is  exactly  synonymous. 

2.  When  Inanimate  objects  are  considered  with  regard 
to  their  extent,  this  term  is  sometimes  employed,  although 
with  lefs  propriety  5  as  a  great  field,  a  great  plain,  &c. 
In  this  sense  it  is  nearly  synonymous  with  large  j  and  they 
are  often  used  indiscriminately,  but  with  some  difference  of 
meaning  .j  for  as  target  a  term  chiefly  employedto  detiote 


■r'^i:Wr  \'i-3^~ 


Aug.  r. 
Iiistory  of  past 
leficial  arrange- 
to  believe,  that 
ere  engaged  in 
f  society,  when, 

his  instinctive 
sible  hand,  and 
plan,  of  the  na- 
nception.     The 

the  first  tinae 
mage  of  the  ef- 
r  the  operations 
.  Albanicus. 


lAMMAR. 

>•  i84> 

irgenefs  of  quan- 

value  of  those 

osed  to  small  or 

ch  this  word  can 

considered  witji 
priety  employed 
ble  \  as  0  great 

contrasted  with 
re  have  no  other 

"red  with  regard 
ployed,  although 
great  plain,  &c. 
I  large  •,  and  they 
ome  difference  of 
iployedto  dehote 


::f.:g""!r 


;i792'  a  dictionary.  y^-^ 

superficies,  and  m  great  moxt  particularly  regards  the  quanti- 
ty of  matter,  therefore,  when /«rf*  is  applied  to  any  object, 
which  is  not  merely  superficial,  it  denotes  that  it  is  the  ex- 
tent of  surface  that  is  there  meant  to  be  considered,  without 
regard  to  the  other  dimensions;  whereas  when  the  icrm great 
is  employeri,  it  has  a  reference  to  the  whole  contents.  If 
therefore  we  say  a  large  hotue,  or  a  large  river,  we  exprefs 
that  the  river  or  the  house  have  a  surface  of  great  extent, 
without  having  any  necefsary  connection  with  the  size  in 
other  respects :  but  if  we  say  a  great  house,  or  a  great 
river,  it  at  once  denotes  that  they  have  not  only  a  large 
surface,  but  are  also  of  great  size  in  every  respect. 

3.  Great,  when  applied  to  the  human  species,  never 
denotes  the  size  or  lar^enefs  of  the  body,  but  is  applied 
solely  to  the  qualities  of  the  mind.  Thus  when  we  say 
that  Socrates  was  a  great  man,  we  do  not  mean  that  he 
was  a  man  of  great  size,  but  that  he  was  a  man  who  ex- 
celled in  the  endowments  of  the  mind. 

The  te Kins  which  denote  largenefs.  of  size  in  the  human 
body,  are  big,  bulky^  huge,  &c> 

4.  Great  is  .  sometimes  applied  to  the  human  species 
as  denoting  high-rank.  In  this  case  It  is  oftener  used  in 
the  plural  number  than  otherwise ;  thus  we  say  the. 
great,  meaning  the  whole  body  of  men  in  high  station, 
as  opposed  to  mean.  It  fliould  seldom  be  employed  in 
this  sense,  as  it  tends  to  confound  dignity  of  rauk  with 
elevation  of  mind.  . 

5.  As  this  is  a  general  term  of  augmentation,  it  may  be 
joined  with  all  noun*  which  denote  quantity,  quality,  tium- 
ber,  excellence,  or  defects  i  or  such  as  xm^ly  praise,  blames 
anger,  contempt,  or  any  other  affection  of  the  mind. 

6.  It  is  employed  to  denote  every  step  of  ascending  or 
descending  consanguinity,  as  great  grandfather^  great- 
grandson,  &c.  '     »','•'  '  .         ;■ 


i-fe^j'-a^w 


148  «  dictionary.  Aii^.  t. 

Hkart,  In  nnntomy,  the  member  of  the  body  from 
which  the  blood  is  propelled  towarc's  the  extremities  by 
mciins  of  the  arteries,  and  towards  vrhith  it  is  again  brought 
back  by  the  vrins. 

In  a  figurative  sense  it  is  deemed  the  seat  of  the  af- 
fections, as  the  head  is  accounted  the  seat  of  the  under- 
standing. Hence  a  man  of  a  sound  hiort,  and  weak  html^ 
is  the  same  as  a  mam  of  good  duposilions  and  weak  under- 
■standinsr.  In  this  sense  the  word  occurs  frequently  in  all 
languages. 

HicJM,  adj.  Exalted  in  a  perpendicular  direction  at  a  dis- 
tance from  the  surface  of  the  earth  j  opposed  to  /ow. 

1.  High  is  a  term  altogether  indefinite^  and  is  employed 
to  exprcfs  the  degree  of  eleration  of  any  inanimate  body. 
Thus  we  say  a  high  mountain,  a  higii  houtr,  steeple,  toiver, 
pillar,  &c.  Nor  is  there  any  other  word  that  can  be  here 
considered  as  exactly  synonymouj;  hfiy  being  only  em- 
ployed to  denote  a  very  eminent  degree  of  eltvatioin 

2.  To  exprefs  the  perpendicukr  elevation  of  vegetabJer, 
cither  high  or  tall  may  be  employed,  as  bcin^  in  this  caw 
nearly  synonymous.  We  may  therefore  say  a  high  or 
tall  tree,  a  high  or  tall  mart,  irr;  but  with  this  difference, 
between  these  two  exprefsions,  that  /<i//can  be  more  pro- 
perly applied  to  those  that  are  much  elevated,  and  of  sniaU 
dimensions;  and  high  to   such  as  are  more  bulky  and  o£ 

greater  size. 

n.  The  perpendicular  height  of  roan  can  never  be  ex* 
praised  by  the  word  high;  tall  being  here  the  proper  ex- 
prcfslon.  And  although  hi^h  is  sometimes  used  to  ex- 
prcfs the  height  of  other  animals,  yet  it  seems  .:^  be  aa 
improper  exprefsion.     See  Tali.  ' 

4.  High,  when  applied  to  the  human  species,  alwaya  re- 
fers to  the  mind,  and  denotes  haughtinefs,  statelitufs,  fride^ 
&c.  and  when  combined  with  the  exprefsions  o£  any  ener-^ 


Aiift.  t. 

'  the  body   from 

!  extremities  by 

is  again  brought 

seat  of  the    af- 
t   of  the  under.^ 
f,  and  iveak  html, 
and  went  under' 
frequently  in  all 

itrection  at  a  dis^ 
ised  to  /ow.    ' 

and  is  employed 
'  inanimate  body, 
tr,  steefi/f,  tovfer, 
I  that  can  be  here 

being  only  em- 
of  elcvatioin 
ion  of  vegetabler, 
bein^  in  this  ca»« 
re  say  a  high  or 
h  this  differenc*. 
an  be  more  pro- 
ited,  and  of  smaU 
tore  bulky  and  of 

can  never  be  ex* 
re  the  proper  ex- 
limes  used  to  ex-* 
it  seems  l.:^  be  aa 

pecies,  always  re- 

siatelintfs,  pride^ 

sions  o£  any  ener^ 


T792.  a  dictionary.  i^() 

gy  of  the  mind,  it  denotes  that  in  a  more  eminent  degree, 
III  this  sense  it  is  opposed  to  meannefs,  abjcctm/s,  and  bu- 
rn Hi  ty, 

5.  As  this  is  an  indefinite  term,  tending  to  denote  any 
thing  that  is  elevated  abo%e  us,  it  mny  be  combined  with 
almost  every  noun  which  admits  of  this  elevation.  And 
as  objects  high  above  us  are  always  out  of  our  reach,  in 
a  figurative  sense,  it  is  used  to  denote  an  v  thing  that  seems 
to  be  above  tlie  ordinary  condition  of  mankind*,  or  those 
qualities  or  endowments  of  the  mind  which  arc  not  easily 
acquired  :  as  dignity  or  eltvation  of  sentiment,  dignity  of 
rank,  actitenrfs  of  reasoning  on  difficult  subjects,  pride, 
haiightinefs,oTzx\y  other  quality  which  seems  to  be  beyond 
the  ordinary  level  of  mankind  ;  dianicfs  of  price,  &c. 

6.  In  the  same  manner  we  apply  this  term  to  time, 
which  having  a  metaphorical  resemblance  to  a  river  flow- 
ing on  with  an  unceasing  current,  through  all  succcfsive 
ages,  any  thing  of  remote  antiquity  i»  denoted  by  the  term 

bigh. 

7.  Likewise  those  degrees  of  latitude  far  removed 
from  the  line,    where  the  pole  becomes  more  elevated. 

8.  And  to  some  particular  crimes  as  beiug  attended  by 
peculiar  degrees  of  guilt,  as  high  treason. 

Tall,  adj.  Something  elevated  to  a.  considerable  degree 
in  a  perpendicular  direction  j  opposed  to  low. 

I.  This  term  is  chiefly  used  to  exprefs  the  height 
of  man  and  other  animals  -,  and  is  employed  to  denote  the 
height  of  the  b.  'jr  only,  without  having  any  reference  to 
the  mind.  When  applied  to  man,  no  other  word  can  be 
substituted  in  its  stead  :  when  applied  to  other  animals, 
high  is  sometimes  considered  as  nearly  synonymous.  Se« 
Hick.  ^  -  "• 


150  a  dicUuntry.  ^wjf.  i, 

2.  It  is  likewise  employed  to  denote  the  perpendicular 
hfi^^ht  of  vegetables  \  and  in  this  caic  it  is  nearly  S)noi\y- 
inous  wjth  hi;;h.     See  Mu.n. 

3.  It  can  in  no  case  be  employed  to  exprefs  the  height 
cf  merrlv  inanimate  ol  jecls.  W'c  can  never  say  a  toil 
steeple,  t'jwer,  or pUlar,  but  a  high  stiifU,  lower,  &.c.  Foi 
the  distinctions  in  these  tast«,  see  ]iicu. 

Long,  adj.  A  relative  term,  dcnoilng  the  distance  be- 
iween  the  extremes  of  any  body,  wliith  is  extended  more 
in  one  of  it:i  geometrical  dimensions  than  another :  op- 
posed tojlort. 

This  term  may  be  appli*  d  to  all  inanimate  objects 
"whose  (dimensions  in  one  way  exceed  the  other,  and 
when  not  in  an  erect  posture,  whatever  be  the  other 
circumstances  attending  themj  whether  it  relates  to 
superficies  alone,  or  to  solid  bodies,  whether  these  be 
bounded  or  open,  straight  or  crooked,  flexible  or  rigidj 
or  tn  any  other  circumstances  whatever  j  thus  we  say 
a  long  or  Jhort  lane,  a  lutig  oTjhort  ridge,  street,  ditch,  ro/>e^ 
chaih,  sta'j,  &c.  But  it  is  to  he  observed,  that  although 
long  is,  in  the  strict  sense,  only  opposed  to  Jhort,  yet, 
as  it  cxprefsei  the  extensio  ,  of  matter  in  one  of 
its  geometrical  proportions,  it  is  often  contrasted  by. 
those  words  which  exprefs  the  other  dimensions,  when 
we  mean  only  to  describe  the  several  proportions  j  as  a 
table  long  and  broad.  And  as  these  several  dimensions  are 
exprefsed  by  diflferent  words,  according  to  their  various 
forms,  modifications,  and  circumstances,  in  which  the  bodies 
are  found,  therefore  it  is  in  this  sense  contrasted  by  a 
great  diversity  of  terms,  as  a  Lng  and  broad  or  wide,  nar- 
row or  strait  street  or  lane  ;  a  long  and  thick,  or  small  rope, 
chain,  staff.  Tor  the  distinctions  in  these  cases,  see  Bkoad, 
Wide,  is'c. 

2.  Objects  necefsarily  fixed  in  an  erect  position,  can 
never  have  this  term  applied  to  themj   and  therefore  wc 


jfut;.  I, 
the  perpendicular 
is  nearly  synony- 

xprefs  the  hei,';ht 
never  say  a  tall 
tower,  &.C.     For 

the  distance  be- 
is  extended  more 
an   another :    op- 

nanimwte   objects 

the  other,  and 
ver  be  the  other 
T  it  relates  to 
vhether  these  be 
flexible  or  rigidj 
er  J  thus  we  say 
streH,  dilch^  '■'/"'» 
k1,  that  although 
;d  to  Jhdrl^  yet, 
Iter  in  one  of 
n  contrasted  by. 
iimensions,  when 
proportions  j  as  a 
al  dimensions  ere 

to  their  various 
1  which  the  bodies 

contrasted  by  a 
Md  or  ifji/f,  nar- 
ick,  or  jma//  rope, 

cases,  see  Bkoax>, 

ect  position,  can 
and  therefore  wc 


I7')2'  ti  tiiitionrtry.  ijf 

cannot  say  a  /rn^,  but  a  /jtgh  stcfftJe  or  towfr.  And  for  tlic 
lame  itu'.on,  while  trees  are  j^ruwing,  and  fixed  in  an 
erect  position,  we,  caimot  apply  this  term  to  them  j  but 
wlien  they  arc  felled  and  laid  upon  the  giouiul,  it  is  quite 
proper  and  necefsary.  Thus  we  do  not  say  a  /ung,  but  a  tail 
or  high  tree,  while  it  is  growing;  but  we  say  a  lonfr,  not  a  toll 
iog  of  wood  i  and  in  the  same  manner  we  say  a  laU  mast, 
when  it  is  fixed  in  the  (hip  ;  but  a  long  t/iau,  while  it  lies 
upon  the  beach.     See  Tall  and  High.       .  .  '  i 

3.  Those  vegetables  which  ar©  of  a  tender  pliant  na. 
ture,  or  so  weak,  as  not  to  be  able  to  retain  a  fixed  posi- 
tion, being  considered  as  of  a  middle  nature  between  e- 
rect  and  prostrate  bodies,  admit  of  either  of  the  terms, 
long,  til//,, or  high  :  as  a  long  or  ta/l  rufli,  or  wi//ow  wand; 
or  a  long  ta//,  or  high  sta/i  of  corn.     Sec  Hich  and  Tall. 

4.  The  parts  of.  vegetables  when  considered  as  distinct 
from  the  whole,  even  when  growing  and  erect,  afsumc  the 
term  long  j  for  wc  do  not  say  a  ta//,  but  a  long  Jhoot 
sfa  tree ;  .and  a  tree  with  along  stem,  in  pr«fcrence  to.  a 
tnce  with  a  high  stem.  , 

5.  For  the  same  reason,,  a  staff  and  pole,  even  when  fix- 
ed in  a  perpendicular  direction,  afsume  the  word  long  in 
preference  to  tall  or  high. 

6.  With  regard  to  animals,  the  general  rule  is  applied 
without  exception;  tall,  and  not  long,  being  .employed  to 
denote  the  height  of  the  human  body,  when  in  an  erect 
posture  ;  long,  and  not  tall,  to  denote  its  length,  when  in 
an  incumbent  situation.  Long,  applied  to  all  other  ani- 
mals which  do  not  walk  erect,  always  denotes  their  great- 
est length,  in  an  horizontal  position,  from  head  to  tail. 

7.  In  a  figurative  sense  it  denotes,  with  regard  to  time, 
«ny  thing  at  a  great  distance  from  us. 

8.  As  also  any  thing  that  takes  up  much  time  before  it 
is  finiflicd ;  as  a  long,  discourse,  or  frotracted  note  in  mu- 
sic,.^c. 


jEjt  to  cotTfsfionJents.  -^"f-  'i 

JBroad  adj.  The  distance  between  the  two  nearest  sides 
of  any  body  whose  geometiical  dimensions  are  larger  in 
oiie  direction  than  another.  It  has  a  reference  to  super^ 
fjcies  only,  and  aevcr  to  the  solid  contents  :  opposed  tp 
narrow.  k-^^  :'.,  \^i,  -...i^i  C     .'  .■■.:,,^   -^ 

1.  Broad,  in  the  strictest  acceptation,  is  applied  to  d«f- 
note  those  bodies. only  whose  sides  arc  altogether  open  and 
unconfined  ;  as  a.iroad  table,  a  broad  wlnel,  &c.  And  io 
these  cases  it  is  invariably  contrasted  by  the  word  narrow, 
nor  is  ther^  any  other  word  which  can  be  xonsidored  as 
txactly  synonym,  us  with-it. 

a.  When  any  object  is  in  some  sort  bounded  on  the 
sides,  although  not  quite  closed  up,  as  a  road,  stxect,  ditch, 
^'c.  either  broad  or  wide  raay  be  employed,  but  with  some 
•diflFerence  of  signification  j  broad  .being  most  properly 
used  for  those  which  arc  more  open,  and  u-ii/?  for  those 
•  which  are  more  coufin  ;c'  j  nor  can  this  term  be  ev«er  applied 
to  such  objects  as.  arc  close  bounded  all  around,  as  a  house, 
a  church,  h'c.  wide  being  here  employed.  For  the  more 
accurate  distinctions  in  these  cases,  see  the  article  WjDfi. 

To  be  ioncluded  in  our  next. 


TO   CQRAESPJONDliNTS. 

Thc  verses  by  Gulliver  are  received.  Though  that  sp'^cits  of  compositioii 
is  not  favoured  by  the  Editor,  ih?se  lines,  on  account  of  their  cxacutiun, 
1)ijU  he  admitted. 

The  paper  of  yf|;r««j  is  come  to  hand.  Perhaps  all  the  nine  position* 
he  afsumer.  minht  be  granted,  without  much  a^eain^  the  argument  j  they 
might  however  be  disputed, — this  would  ojun  too  wide  a  dour  for  atgi.- 
jjient  on  a  subject  that  would  be  little  inter-'Sting  to  any  persons  but  the 
c  mbatants  t!iem?'.lvcs.  On  tWs  account  it  \i  improper  for  our  miscclKit 
ny.  It  might,  when  finifhcd,  form  a  separate  publication.  If  the  pajer  be 
vantcd  for  thii  purpose  it  (hall  be  delivered  when  called  for. 

The  communication  from  C  R.  11.  is  received ;  though  the  case  can* 
.  jiot  be  as  the  wtitcr.consideis,  the  fact  stated  is  so  singular  and  curiouSithat 
-tl;c  paper  ftall  be   insfrtedtlie  fust  convenient  opportunity, 

,  t'ttrtbtr  MkiiKvlcJgcRtOiis  difirrtd  f.r  luaut  t/  rttnn. 


mmmmm 


:wo  nearest  sides 
ns  are  larger  in 
ferencc  to  super- 
nts :  opposed  t9 

is  applied  to  de« 
)gethei  open  and 
e/,  &c.  And  in 
he  word  narrow, 
be  considered  as 

bounded  on  the 
}ad,  stxeet,  .ditck» 
:d,  but  with  some 
;  most  properly 
ad  wide  for  those 
m  be  ev%r  applied 
round,  as  a  house, 
1.  For  the  mure 
lie  article  Wjde. 


■?;    :'-.. 


sf'xits  of  compositiod 
,nc  ot'  their  cxucutiun, 

all  the  nine  positions 
g  the  argument)  they 

wide  a  dour  for  argt.- 
to  any  persons  but  tlie 
roper  for  our  misccllaT 
:ation.  It'  ttie  fuer  te 
allcH  for. 

;  though  the  case  CDiw 
ngiiUrand  curiouJuthaC 
irmnlty. 
iinl  if  renit  ^'  jt 


ife';i%^:.^.tmfc'«M 


.     8^.    .^1 


THE  BEE, 


,Ji    „    .^; 


•  y  '?7;^  vr. 


OR. 


,  lirERARY  WEEKLY  INTELLIGENCER,  I 


WlDNXSRAY,  AVQUST  8.   \^<)^, 


'  '^^  '*  -r  THE  ARMADILLO. 

1  HIS  animal  derives  its  name  from  the  covering  that 
nature  has  bestowed  upon  it,  which  is  a  close  compact 
coat  of  armour,  so  exceedingly  well  fitted  for  defence, 
and  so  much  resembling  the  armour  of  our  forefa- 
tliers,  that,  had  the  animal  been  a  native  of  Europe, 
we  might  naturally  have  conjectured  that  man  had 
taken  his  first  hint  of  a  ooat  of  mail  from  this  ani- 
mal. The  structure  of  the  fliell  of  the  armadillo  is, 
however,  far  morfc  elegant  and  commodious -than  any 
of  the  inventions  of  man  ;  and  the  animal,  though 
completely  armed,  moves  with  nearly  as  much  free- 
dom, and  has  as  much  command  of  all  the  joints  of  lU 
body,  as  if  it  were  covered  with  a  ^oft  flexible  ijsin. 
VOL.  X,  '  o      '     '■"'"'  ^^  '^'"'  f  "'"  ■* 


v;.' 


-':::\mmmM^ 


WML 


1^4  tBe  armadillo .  ■^fg,  8. 

All  this  clafs  of  animals,  of  which  there  are  man/ 
varieties,  are  natives  of  south  America.  They  are 
all  covered  with  a  strong  crust  or  fhell,  nearly  as 
impenetrable^as  that  of  the  tortoise  ;  ard  are  distin- 
guiihed  from  each  other  by  the  number  of  flexible 
bands  of  which  it  is  composed.  They  differ  from  each 
other  in  various  other  particulars ;  but,  in  general ,  there 
are  two  large  pieces  that  cover  the  Ihoulders  and  the 
Tump,  between  which  lie  the  bands.  These  bands 
are  not  unlike  those  in  the  tail  of  a  lobster  ;  and, 
being  flexible,  give  way  to  the  motions  ot  the  ani- 
mal. The  bar.ds  and  other  parts  of  the  (hell  are  or- 
namented with  a  vast  variety  of  figures,  which  ren- 
der thifi  covering  no  lefs  beautiful  than  coaveatent. 

(t  is  a  haroikfs  iRoffensive  animal  j  feeds  on  roots, 
fruits,  and  other  vegetables ;  grows  very  fiw ;  and  is 
greatly  esteemed  for  thp  delicacy  of  its  flefli. 

No  attempt  has  yet  been  made  to  domesticate  this 
animal ;  though,  if  it  were  capable  of  being  tamed,  ■ 
it  would  probably  add  considerably  te  the  luxuries 
of  the  table,  and  the  emolument  of  the  farmer.  The 
Indians  hunt  it  with  small  dogs  trained  for  that  pur- 
pose. It,burrows  under  ground  like  the  rabbit.  When 
surprised  it  runs  to  its  hole  ;  or  if  it  cannot  get  to 
it,  attempts  to  make  a  new  one,  which  it  does  with 
great  expedition,  having  strong  claws  on  its  fore 
feet,  with  whiqh  it  adheres  so  firmly  to  the  ground,  . 
that,  if  it  (hould  be  caught  by  the  tail  whilst  making 
its  way  into  the  earth,  its  resistance  is  so  great,  that 
it  will  sometimes  leave  it  in  the  hands  of  the  pur- 
suers. To  avoid  this,  the  hunter  has  recourse  to  pr- 
tifice  ;  and,  by  tickling  it  with  a  stick,  it  gives  up 


K^^ 


Aug,  8. 
here  are  man/ 
ca.  They  are 
[hell,  nearly  as 
ar  d  are  distin- 
btr  of  flexible 
liffer  from  each 
n  general,  there 
tulders  and  the 
These  bands 
;  lobster  ;  and, 
ms  of  the  ani- 
le  (hell  are  or- 
es, which  ren- 
n  coaveaiont. 
feeds  on  roots, 
sry  fikt }  «id  is 
s  flefli. 

omesticate  this 
f  being  tamed, 
e  the  luxuries 
;  farmer.  The 
d  for  that  pur- 
;  rabbit.  When 
t  cannot  get  to 
;h  it  does  with 
v%  on  its  fore 
to  the  ground, 
whilst  making 
s  so  great,  that 
ids  of  the  pur- 
recourse  to  pr- 
ck,  it  gives  up 


'■..■^■ui^^nmy. 


T79*.  on  the  constitutioH,  x^e 

iXi  hold,  and  suffers  itself  to  be  taken  alive.  It  no 
Other  means  of  escape  be  left,  it  rolls  itself  up  witli- 
in  its  covering,  by  drawing  in  its  head  and  legs,  und 
bringing  its  tail  round  them,  as  a  band  to  connect 
them  more  forcibly  together!  in  this  situation  it 
sometimes  escapes,  by  rolling  itself  over  the  edge  p£ 
9  precipice,  and  generally  falls  to  the  bottom  unhurt^ 

The  most  sucoeCsful  method  of  catching  armadil- 
loes  ie  by  snares  laid  for  them  by  the  sides  of  rivers^ 
or  other  places  where  they  freq,uent.  They  all  bur^ 
row  very  deep  in  the  ground,  and  seldom  stir  abroad, 
except  during  the  night,  whilst  they  are  in  search.  p£ 
food. 

The  figure  prefixed  represents  the  six  handed  ar- 
madillo, called  Tatou.  It  is  about  the  size  of  a 
young  pig  ;  between  the  folds  of  the  bands  are  a  few 
scattered  hairs  ;  its  belly  and  thighs  are  covered  with 
long  hairs ;  its  tail  is  long,  thick  at  the  base,  and  ta- 
pers to  a  point.     It  is  found  in  Brazil  and  Guiana. 


zpacc 


TIMOLEON's  SECOND  LETTER. 
To  the  people  of  Gnat  Britain. 
Agreeable  to  my  promise  I  now  proceed  to  olFcr 
some  observations  on  the  question,  "  In  what  hands 
may  power,  ia  the  administration  of  government,  be 
most  safely  intrusted;  and  under  what  modifications 
ought  it  to  be  put,  so  as  to  guard  the  most  efFectUdUy 
against  the  abuses  of  it?" 

This  question,.!  conceive,  can  only  be  properly  an- 
swered by  having  recourse  to.  experience  ;  for  as  to 
speculative  reasoning,  in  matters  of  this  sort,  no  re- 
liance can  safely  be  had  upon  it. 


? 


h'  tel.'Jil''jW!'."y.lggBWH"" 


156  ett  tie  comtttutioft.  jiu^.fi. 

In  looking  back  to  the  history  of  psst  times,  we 
find  that  the  earliest  form  of  government  that  can  be 
traced  is  the  tegal :  and  the  royal  authority  iu  the 
Asiatic  dominions,  in  general,  seems  to  have  been 
subject  to  few  restraints.  As  far  as  their  history 
can  be  traced,  the  decrees  of  the  prince  constituted 
the  law  of  the  land.  Ddsjiotism  appears  to  have  been 
congenial  to  these  climates.  And  it  has  there  taken 
such  firm  root  as  stiU  to  prevail  in  that  fine  country. 
Human  nature,  of  course,  appears  in  Asia  only  in  a 
degraded  state.  The  faculties  of  the  mind  seem  not 
to  have  been  there  ever  fully  developed.  Their  vi- 
cious system  of  government  reprefses  every  noble 
exertion ;  and  we  there  look  in  vain  for  that  energe- 
tic ardour  which  conscious  independence  can  alone 
inspire. 

From  Asia,  we  have  good  reason  to  believe  that 
Europe  was  originally  peopled.  And  the  colonip- 
which  migrated  from  thence  naturally  introducea 
the  same  form  of  government  they  had  experienced 
at  home.  In  this  way  we  find  that  the  earliest  states 
in  Europe,  that  occur  in  history,  were  subjected  to 
regal  authority  :  but  by  degrees  the  people  becoming 
sensible  of  the  abuses  to  which  power  gave  rise 
among  them,  endeavoured  to  vindicate  their  rights, 
by  not  only  destroying  the  tyrants,  but  also  by  sub- 
jecting those  who  were  intrusted  with  sovereign 
sway,  to  various  restraints,  with  a  view  to  prevent 
those  evils  which  unlimited  power  in  the  sovereign 
had  engendered.  To  circumstances  of  this  sort  we 
are  to  attribute  the  origin  of  what  has  been  called  the 


)sst  times,  we 
ent  that  can  be 
jthority  in  the 
to  have  beeit 
i  their  history 
nee  constituted 
irs  to  have  been 
das  there  taketv 
t  fine  country. 
\sia  only  in  a 
mind  seem  not 
sd.  Their  vi- 
s  every  noble 
31  that  cnerge- 
:nce   can  alone 

to  believe  that 
id  the  colonip- 
ly  tntroducea 
ad  experienced 
t  earliest  states 
re  subjected  to 
;ople  becoming 
wer  gave  rise 
te  their  rights, 
it  also  by  sub- 
with  sovereign 
iew  to  prevent 
I  the  sovereign 
if  this  sort  we 
been  called  the 


'79**  on  the  constitution.  rcT 

free  states  of  Greece,   and  the  establifliment  of  tha 
Roman  republic. 

The  devices  which   these   people   adopted  for  cur-  : 
bing  the  power  of  the  first  magistrate  were  various  f - 
and  the  effects  of  these  changes  in  the  administration 
of  government  soon  became  apparent.     Man,,  in  these 
free  states,  became  a  more  active,  a  more  bustling,  a 
more   turbulent   animal   than   formerly.     These  ef- 
fects cannot  be  denied.     It,  is,   however,   somewhat  . 
difficult  to  answer  a  question   that   modern   philosow 
phers  have  started,  vi%.  whether  the  happii.efs  of  the 
human  race,  was,  upon  the  whole,  augmented,  or  di- 
miniflied  by  the  changes?   On  the  one  hand,    ibere 
seems  to  be  no  doubt  but  the  faculties  of  the  human 
mind  were  thus  enlarged.     But  whether,  as  in  para- 
dise, the  knowledge  of  good,    did  not  also  introduce 
with  it  the  knowledge  of  evil,  in  a  yet  higher  degree, 
is  difficult  to  say.     All  that   we   are   authorised   to 
pronounce  with  certainty,  from  a  review  ot  these  an- 
cient  free  states,  is,  that  the  changes  they  adopted  in 
their  form  of  government  were  by  no  means  calcu- 
lated   to   produce  the    effect   intended;    for    though 
power  was  thus    taken  fr6m   one   set  of  persons,  and 
giveh  to  another,  it  was  still  liable  to  be  abused  ;  and 
these  abuses  became  in  a  Ihort   time  so   great,  a=  t3 
end  in  the  total  overthrow   of  the  respective  con&ti'* 
tutions    of  government,     and     enslavement   of  the 
people  in  all   of  them.     The   existence   of  all   these 
free  states  was  Ihort :    the  whole  course  of  their  poli- 
tical life  was    "  a  troubled   stream  :"   private  pro- 
perty    was    never  among  them  effectually  secured  ; 
manufactures  and  industry  were  scarcely  there  known; 


"mmpm- 


^5^ 


on  the  cottJiiiuiioM. 


Jug.  8. 


w»r  W8»   their  trade,  »nd  rapine  was  deemed  he- 
roism.    The  real  ends  of  government   ware  not  o£ 
course  answered  by  the  political  institutions  they 
adopted.     It  iar  not,  therefore,  among  the   ancients 
that  we  are  to  look  for  lefson*  in  the  art  of  gorern- 
ment.     Mankind  were  then  evidently  unacquainted 
with  the  eircumstancea  which  constitute  the  efsenco 
of  political  freedom.     And,  were  we  not  accustomed 
from  our  infwjcy  to  admire  the  institutions  of  the 
states  of  Greece  and  Rome,  without  understanding 
them,  we  ihould  perhaps  e»ecrate  them  as  the  basest 
political  establifbments  that  ever  existed  on  tlw  globe. 
What  we  have  been  accustomed  to  adore  under  the 
name  of  struggles  for  freedom,  if  they  had  been  deno- 
minated, as  they  really  were,  oontentioas  for  power, 
would  have  excited  out  disgust  instead  of  admiration. 
So  little  wai  the  prosperity  of  the  country,  by  whicU 
I  mean  the  general  happiaefs  and  tranquillity  of  the 
people,  attended  to,  or  understood,  that  there  is  not, 
among  all  their  squabble*,  which  are  recorded  with  so 
much  pomp  and  parade  by  their  historians,  one  single 
institution,  either  proposed  or   adopted,    that  had  a 
clear  and  direct  tendency  to  that  end*     It   i*  a.  con- 
tinued bustle  for  that,  which,  if  it  had  been  obtained, 
could  have  profited  them  nothing.     It  i»  not  tbcrefora 
from  the  models  of  antiquity  that  'Ubt  Jrunds*/ tbt 
ptepU^'  wifli  to  borrow  theit  i4eaa  of  improving  the 
Constitution  of  Britain,  bu*  from  othe»  IpU  objection- 
able soureea. 
The  great  object  which  seema  to  have  been  aa«ied  at 
by  the  constitution- makers  of  antiquity,  was  to  hmit 
the  time  during  which  the  supreme  autbeni^ji  <rf  tl»» 


Aug.  8. 
vas  deemed  he- 
;nt  were  not  of 
istitutions  they 
ig  the  ancients 
»  art  of  gorern- 
ly  unacquainted 
tute  the  efsenco 

not  accustomed 
stitutioDS  of  tho 
t  understanding 
:m  as  the  basest 
Led  on  X\m  globe, 
adore  under  the 
r  had  been  deno- 
tioas  for  power, 
id  of  admiration, 
untry,  by  which. 
auquilUty  of  the 
;hat  thecfl  is  not, 
recorded  with  so 
fians,  one  single 
>ted,    that  had  a 
A.     It   is  a.con- 
iHlbeea.  obtained, 
b  19  not  therefore 

thijrunis  tjtht 
of  improving  the 
les  \tS»  objection.' 

Te  been  aodped  at 
jity,  w«8  to  limit 
}  autbonii^y  «£  tb« 


*79»'  on  the  constitution.  j^q 

first  magistrate  could  be  held  by  any  one  man  ;  and 
provided  this   was   effectually  done  they  seemed  td 
think  that  all  was  well.     They  were  not  aware  that 
wliiic  they  thus   rcprefsed  the  insolence  of  one  man, 
they  conferred  that  power  on  thousands  of  others, 
who  would  be  much  lefs  scrupulous  in  exercising, 
and   with  more   difficulty  checked    in  abusing  it. 
While  they  Ihut  the  door   against  one  abuse,  they 
opened  up  a  source  of  corruption  that  was  insatiable. 
Virtue,  in  those  who  there  aimed  at  power,  was,  of 
all  qualities,  that  which  was  the  most  unsuccefsfuL 
Frugality  and  public  economy  were  in  him  the  worst 
of  crimes ;  and  he  who  could  squander  the  publitf 
money  with  the  most  laVifh  profusion  in  feasts,  en- 
tertainments, and  fhows,  was  the  person  who  was 
deemed  the  most  capable  of  conducting  public  affairs. 
In  this  way  the  body  of  the  people  became  corrupt- 
ed,--.their  leaders  abandoned  in  principle,— and  their 
political  existence  of  course  came  quickly  to  an  end. 
It  was  reserved  for  modern  times,  warned  by  the 
tmfortunate  fate  of  these  ill  judging  states,  to  devise 
a  political  system  by  which  the   power  of  the  first 
magistrate  ftiould  be  so  respectable  as  to  be  able  to 
cuil,  disorders  in  the  state,  though  at  the  same  time 
so  limited  as  to  be  unable  to  opprefs  the  weakest  in- 
dividual.    It  is  that  system  which  the   ♦•  friends  of 
the  people"  wifl,  to  defend  ;  and  it  is  to  guard  against 
corruptions  that  threaten  to  sap  the  foundations  of 
rt  which  has  induced  them  to  afsociate  together  at 
present,  and  to  step  forward,  as  the  true  vindicators 
of  freedom  inour   happy  constitution.     Where  we 
adhere  to  these  principles,  who  will  deny  that  we 


f)*SSS(i«V».-- 


b' 


jgQ  on  the  constitution.  Aug.  8. 

ought  to  be  supported  '  Whenever  we  depart  from 
them,  flittuld  we,  throuph  ignorance  or  inadvertency 
do  so,  we  wifli  to  be  instantly  abandoned  by  all  the 
world.  He  who  sets  us  right  in  such  a  case  will  be 
deemed  our  best  friend.  We  contend  not  for  vic- 
tory :  the  welfare  of  our  country,  and  the  happi- 
ncfs  of  her  people,  are  the  objects  we  have  in  view, 
and  the  sole  end  of  ail  our  struggles.  ^  ,^>  .  -,; 

%■  It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  experience  in  modern 
times  Ihould  have  proved,  that  the  peaceful  security 
to  the  subject  was  best  to  be  obtained  by  a  procedure 
directly  the  reverse  of  what  the  ancients  seemed  to 
think  constituted  the  very  efsence  of  freedom  }  and 
that  the  same  axpericnce  fhould  have  proved  that  it 
was  even  best  to  be  obtained  by  a  procedure  that 
reason,  unaided  by  experience,  would  in  all  cases 
pronounce  to  be  preposterous  and  absurd.  After 
long  experiencing  the  multiplied  evils  that  proceed- 
ed from  the  frequent  elections  of  the  first  magistrate, 
they  caihe,  at  last,  universally,  in  every  country  in 
Europe,  to  confer  upon  him  that  authority /or  life. 
Contrary  to  what  might  have  been  expected  by  rea- 
soning a  priori  on  this  subject,  it  was  soon  found  that 
this  alteration  tended  very  much  to  augment  the 
public  security,  when  accompanied  with  some  other 
salutary  regulations  that  experience  enabled  them 
also  gradually  to  discover.  Nor  did  they  stop  here: 
the  same  experience  enabled  them  to  discover  that 
the  benefits  that  were  derived  from  rendering  the 
chief  magistracy  hercduary  In  one  family,  rather  than 
clective,were  also  great  and  unequivocal.  Thcnceithas 
happened  that  as  the  benefits  resulting  frona  personal 


ylug.  8. 

we  depart  from 
or  inadvertency 
loned  by  all  tlie 
ch  a  case  will  be 
nd  not   for  vic- 

and  the  happi- 
we  have  in  view, 

•«*^i    •  .  -; 

rience  in  modern 

peaceful  security 
d  by  a  procedure 
iKicnts  seemed  tu 
of  freedom }  and 
ve  proved  that  it 
a  procedure  that 
)uld  in  all  cases 
absurd.  After 
lis  that  proceed- 
first  magistrate, 
ivery  country  in 
luthority  ybr  life. 
expected  by  rea- 
ls soon  found  that 
to  augment  the 
with  some  other 
tee  enabled  them 
d  they  stop  here  : 
to  discover  that 
[Ti  rendering  the 
imily,  rather  than 
)cal.  Thence  it  has 
ing  from  personal 


1792.  on  the  constitution.  i(n 

security,  and  that  of  property  became  better  known 
in  Europe,  the  election  of  kings  was  gradually  get 
aside,  and  the  rule  of  hereditary  succefsion  was  cs- 
tabliflied  in  its  stead.  These  are  facts  that  cannot  be 
controverted,  and  tend  most  clearly  to  prove,  that,  in 
matters  of  governnient,  experience  discovers  that 
what  appears  to  be  inviting  to  contemplate,  often 
proves  to  be  very  prejudicial,  and  that  which  in  spe- 
culation would  seem  to  be  demonstratively  absurd,  i» 
yet  in  the  highest  degree  salutary  when  reduced  to 
practice. 

The  society  of"  the  friends  of  the  people,"  aware 
of  the  arts  that  have  been  employed  to  depreciate  them 
in  the  eyes  of  sensible  men,  know  well,  that  those 
who  have  this  object  ia  view  have  endeavoured  to 
represent  them  as  enemies  to  regal  power  of  every 
sort;  though  nothing  can  be  more  calumnious  and  un- 
just. On  this  head  I  beg  leave  to  quote  a  pafsage 
from  the  justly  celebrated  historian  of  the  decline 
and  fall  of  the  Roman  empire,  which  coincides  entire- 
ly with  my  own  opinion,  as  well  as  with  tliat  of  a 
great  majority  of  onr  society. 

"  Of  the  various  forms  of  government  which  have 
prevailed  in  the  world,  says  Mr  Gibbon,  an  heredi- 
tary monarchy  seems  to  present  the  fairest  scope  for 
ridicule.  Is  it  pofsible  to  relate,  without  an  indig- 
nant smile,  that,  on  the  father's  decease,  the  pro- 
pe^y  of  a  nation,  like  that  of  a  drove  of  oxen, 
descends  to  his  infant  son,  as  yet  unknown  to  the 
world  and  himself;  and  that  the  bravest  warriors, 
and  the  wisest  statesmen,  relinquilhing  their  natural 
right  of  empire,  approach  the  royal  craddle  with  bea- 

VOL,  X.  X.  .  + 


ii:» 


•^-  ■  ■       •  ^'     a 

ifil  en  tie  constttutton.  y9ug.  8. 

ded  knees,  arsd  protestations  of  inviolable  fidelity  ? 
Satire  and  declamation  may  paint  these  obvious  to- 
pics in  the  most  dazzling  colours ;  but  our  more 
serious  thoughts  will  respect  an  useful  inventi.on, 
that  cstabliflies  a  rule  of  succefsion,  independent  of 
the  pafsions  of  mankind;  and  we  fliall  chearfull/ 
acquiesce  in  any  expedient  which  deprives  the  multi- 
tude of  the  dangerous,  and,  indeed,  the  ideal  power, 
of  giving  themselves  a  master.  In  the  cool  (hade 
of  retirement,  we  may  easily  devise  imaginary 
modes  of  government,  in  which  the  bceptre  (hall  be 
constantly  bestowed  on  the  most  worthy,  by  the  free 
and  incorrupt  sufTerage  of  the  whole  community. 
Experience  overturns  these  airy  fabrics,  and  teaches 
us,  that,  in  a  large  society,  the  election  of  a  monarch 
can  never  devolve  on  the  wisest,  or  most  numerous 
part  of  the  people.  The  army  is  the  only  order  of 
men  sufficiently  united  to  concur  in  the  same  senti- 
ments, and  powerful  enough  to  impose  them  on  the 
rest  of  their  fellow  citizens  ;  but  the  temper  of  sol- 
diers, habituated  at  once  to  violence  and  slavery,  ren- 
ders them  very  unfit  guardians  of  a  legal,  or  even  a 
civil  constitution.  The  superior  prerogative  of 
birth,  when  it  has  obtained  the  sanction  of  time 
and  popular  opinion,  is  the  plainest,  and  least  invi- 
dious of  all  distinctions  among  mankind.  The  ac- 
knowledged right  extingui(hcs  the  hopes  of  faction, 
and  the  conscious  security  disarms  the  cruelty  of  the 
monarch.  To  "the  firm  cstablKhment  of  this  idea, 
we  owe  the  peaceful  succefsion  and  mild  administra- 
tion of  European  monarchies  *." 

*  Gibiwn,  vol.  i.  p-  124. 


^ug.  8. 
tlable  fidelity  ? 
se  obvious  to- 
but  our  more 
ful  invention, 
independent  of 
ball  chearfullj 
ives  the  multi- 
le  ideal  power, 
the  cool  Hiade 
is6  imnginarjr 
bceptre  (hall  be 
by,  by  the  free 
le  community. 
OS,  and  teaches 
n  of  a  monarch 
nost  numerous 
;  only  order  of 
he  same  senti- 
e  them  on  the 
temper  of  sol- 
id slavery,  ren- 
fgal,  or  even  a 
prerogative  of 
iction  of  time 
and  least  invi- 
tind.  The  ac- 
jpes  of  faction, 
e  cruelty  of  the 
It  of  this  idea, 
lild  adminisira- 


l'792.  an  tht  cumtitution.  xd^ 

Perfectly  convinced  of  these  important  truths, 
the  society  of  "  the  friends  of  the  people,"  are  so  far 
from  adopting  the  wild  ideas  which  some  have  attri- 
butad  to  them,  of  wilhing  to  destroy  hereditary  mo- 
narchy, that  they  will  employ  their  most  strenuous 
efforts  to  protect  this  wise  institution,  against  the 
machinations  of  (hort  sighted  innovators,  whose  feeble 
understandings,  onlylkimming  the  surface,  arc  struck, 
with  the  apparent  absurdities  that  catch  every  one  who 
cannot  look  deeper  to  mark  the  real  state  of  things. 
Such  childifh  ideas  we  Ihould  be  afliamcd  to  adopt. 

Even  the  French  legislators,  whose  efforts  at  for- 
ming a  constitution  we  by  no  means  hold  up  to 
the  w^orld  as  a  model  of  perfection,  have  recognised 
tho  justnefs  of  this  principle..  And  though,  by  emas- 
culating the  ^jwer  of  their  hereditary  representative 
of  the  people,  as  they  are  pleased  absurdly  enough. 
to  stile  the  king,  they  have  conferred  upon  the  army 
a  power  that  it.  never  ought  to  pofsefs  in  a  well  con- 
stituted state,  dear  bought  experience  will  probably 
soon  tea9h  them  their  error  ;  and  we  hope  will  enable 
them,  to  correct  that,  together  with  several  other  ra- 
dical errors,  into  which  the  natural  vivacity  of  that 
people  has  inadvertently  precipitated  them. 

But  while  we  thus  despise  the  stupid  rage  for  in- 
d^iscriminate  innovation,,  which  some  turbulent  spi- 
rits wifh  to  encourage,  vve  fliall  strenuously  strive,. 
by  every  constitutional  means  iu  our  power,  to  bring 
about  such  alterations,  as  reason  and  experience  fha}l 
clearly  prove  to  be  salutary  and  expedient ;  for  of  all 
absj^rd  things  that  can  be  conceived,  surely  the  moat 
absurd  is  that  which  supposes  that  aqjr  humau  in- 


in 


iMri 


J 64  9H  tht  cotton  manu/aeturtt.  Aug.t. 

stitution  cnn  ever  be  so  perfect  as  never  to  stand  in 
need  of  any  amendment. 

London,      7  Timolkom. 

>»r?  29.  1792.1 


ON  THE  COTTON  MANUFACTURES. 

For  the  Bee. 
It  is  within  all  our  memories  that  there  was  not  a 
single  piece  of  entire  cotton  cloth  woven  in  Great 
Britain.  The  manufacture  of  Manchester  consisted 
originally  of  linen  warp  and  worsted  woof;  such  as 
checks,  pluthes,  and  linsey  winsey  goods  ;  after- 
wards the  woof  of  cotton  was  introduced.  The  art 
of  spinning  cotton  with  jennies,  enlarged  this  kind  of 
manufacture.  But  the  cotton  so  spun  was  of  too  de- 
licate a  texture  to  serve  as  warp.  At  last  the  spin- 
ning by  water  engines  was  invented  by  Mr  Ark- 
wright.  The  advantages  of  these  engines  are  innu- 
merable, in  so  much  that  the  cotton  manufacture 
may  date  the  rera  of  its  commencement  from  this  in- 
vention. By  means  thereof  cotton  was  spun  many 
times  cheaper  than  it  had  been,  and  the  cotton  yarn 
was  so  even  and  hard  twisted,  as  to  be  peculiarly  fit- 
ted for  the  warp  of  that  fabric.  The  progrefs  of  the 
manufacture  was  thenceforth  mo^t  amazingly  rapid'.. 
In  a  few  years  after  the  discovery,  Mr  Arkvvright 
owned,  or  was  partly  interested  in  eleven  different 
engines.  Some  of  those  consisted  of  4000  spindles 
which  are  worked  night  and  day,  or  at  least  twenty- 
three  of  the  twenty-four  hours  j  one  hour  being  af- 
Iot(ed  for  examining  and  oiling  the  machinery.  There 


ver  to  stand  in 
TiMOLSON. 


CTURES. 

-« 

[lere  was  not  a 
iroven  in  Great 
lestcr  consisted 
woof;  such  as 
good's  ;  after- 
Hced.  The  art 
;ed  this  kind  of 
I  was  of  too  de- 
t  last  the  spin- 
[1  by  Mr  Ark- 
gines  are  innu- 
tn  manufacture 
It  from  this  in> 
vas  spun  many 
the  cotton  yarn 
e  peculiarly  fit- 
progrefs  of  the 
mazingly  rapicf^ 
Mr  Arkvvright 
eleven  different 
I  4000  spindles 
it  least  twenty- 
hour  being  at- 
chinery.  There 


1 
1792.  on  the  ration  manu/acturet.  ifij; 

is  as  regular  a  relief  of  hands,  watch  and  watchr 
about,  as  in  a  fliip.  The  thread  yarn  is  in  univer- 
sal demand.  Mr  Arkwright's  sales,  alone,  are  not 
lefs  than  from  L.  12,000  to  L.  15,000  per  month. 
His  gains  in  some  years  arc  said  to  have  exceeded 
L.  40,000  sterling,  as  may  be  well  imagined,  so  long 
as  he  could  retain  a  monopoly  of  this  valuable  discove- 
ry.  The  trade  was  still  farther  extended  by  invasions 
made  on  Mr  Arkwright's  patent.  Some  bought  the 
privilege  of  him  at  L.  7  per  spindle  ;  others  disputed 
the  discovery  with  him,  and  foiled  him  at  law.  The 
patent  not  extending  to  Scotland,  sever:*!  engines 
were  soon  erected  there.  Noltinghamfhire,  Der- 
byfliire,  Chelhire,  and  Yorkfliire  have  many  of 
tkem;  they  are  erecting  every  where.  A  new  en- 
gina  is  also  discovered  which  goes  by  the  hand,  and 
Unites  the  properties  of  the  jennies  and  the  spinning 
water  engines  ;  and  is  therefore  called  a  mule.  It  is 
capable  of  spinning  yarn  ten  fliillings  in  the  pound 
weight  finer  than  the  water  engines,  and  equally  fit 
for  warp.  I  heard  of  one  pound  of  yarn  so  spun, 
being  sold  for  L.  2 :  la  :  6.  Neither  this  nor  the  en- 
gines have  lefsened  the  number  of  spinning  jennies  ; 
but,  on  the  contrary,  greatly  increased  their  number. 
The  one  spins  only  warp,  the  other  woof;  so  that 
they  mutually  aid  each  other. 

When  it  was  first  discovered  that  cotton  cloth 
could  be  woven,  lord  Howe,  at  the  desire  of  his  Not- 
tftigham  friends,  obtained  a  r'emifsion  of  the  double 
duties  paid  on  printing  cloths  entirely  cotton,  if 
manufactured  in  Britain  ;  and  a  few  years  ago  a 
bounty  was  given  on  Britiih  cottons  when  printed 


tiU  eit  the  cotton  manufactures.  -^m-  8. 

^nd  exported.  By  means  yf  those  various  inven- 
tions and  encouragements,  the  progrefs  of  the  cotton 
xpanufacture  has  been  rapid  beyond  belief.  It  is 
iM?w  become  a  general  wear  both  for  men  and  wo- 
pen.  It  is  substituted  in  the  room  of  East  India 
cotton  ;  of  German,  Iriih,  and  Scotch  linen  \  and  also 
in  place  of  much  of  the  thin  woollen  and  worsted 
goods  of  England.^  It  is  found  a  mor^  agreeable  and 
;»  cheaper  wear,  than  any  of  the  shove  mejitioned. 
Hitherto  little  of  it  has  been  used  for  ihirts,  Iheeting, 
pr  tabling.  But  those  who  have  tried  it  in  all  those 
ways  give  it  the  preference,  eipecially  in  (he  two  first. 
It  is  found  to  last  longer,  and  to  be  warmer  ai\d 
cheaper  j  so  that  there  is  hardly  a  doubt  of  its  sup. 
planting,  in  a  Ihort  time,  all  the  diff<;rent  manufac» 
tures  above  mentioned.  This  opinion  coincides  with 
Mr  Arkwright's  delivered  four  or  live  years  ago.  It 
rot  only  consumes  the  cotton  of  our  own  West  In-, 
dia  islands,  but  large  quantities  ar?  imported  from 
France,  Holland,  a,nd  Spain ;  which  last,  ;jind  that  of 
Demerary»  and  Surinam,  is  the  finest  co^on  brought 
to  Europe. 

I  know  but  two  means  by  which  the  ^iaen  manur 
faccurers  can  escape  b^ing  ruined  by  th?  rapid  pro- 
grefs of  the  cotton  manufacture.  Qne  is  (he  inven- 
tion of  a  means  of  spinning  linen  yarn  by  machines  ; 
Jkjr  Arkwright  is  said  to  have  discovered  the  art  of 
doing  so.  But  he  is  too  old  &n4  too  rich  to  prosc^ 
cute  an  uncertain  au(i  laborious  discovery.  The 
Other  is  ipr  the  linen  mantifactnrers  to  betake  them- 
selves to  the  manufacturing  of  cotton.  From  the  fa- 
cility with  which  the  Manchester  people  have  learnt 


various  inyen- 
fs  of  the  cotton 
i  belief.  It  is 
r  men  and  wo- 
n  of  East  India 
linen  ^  and  also 
:u  and  worsted 
^  agreeable  and 
ove  mentioned, 
{hires,  Iheeting, 
d  it  in  all  those 
in  (he  two  first. 
!e  warmer  ar\d 
}abt  of  its  sup* 
Vrent  manufac* 
1  coipcides  with 
e  years  ago.  It 
own  West  In-, 
imported  from 
last,  ;^nd  ths^t  of 
co^on  brought 

be  ^iaen  manur 
'  th?  rapid  pro- 
;ie  is  the  inven- 
a  by  machines  j 
>V«red  the  art  of 
o  rich  to  prose- 
iscovery.  The 
to  betake  them- 
I.  From  the  fa- 
lople  have  learnt 


1792*^;  •«  cotton  manufuctttres.  ti^ 

this  branch  of  businefs  within  these  last  seven  years, 
we  may  presume  the  transition   is  not  difficult,  far 
lefs    impofsible.     And   if  this   supposition   be    well 
founded,  it  would  be  easy  to  fliew  that  Scotland  poi- 
sefses  other  advantages,  which   would   enable  it  to 
cope  witli,   if   not  to  rival,  and  even  outdo   Eng- 
land in  cotton,  as  much  as  it  has  done  in  gauze  and 
lav/ns.     I. very  where  in  Scotland  the  accefs  to  Lon- 
don, by  sea,  is  easy  and  expeditious.     In  England 
much  of  the  cotton  is  sent,   and  the  goods  roturned, 
hundreds  of  miles,  by  land  carriage.     Fuel  is  equal- 
ly cheap,  labour  much  cheaper,   also   materials   for 
building  are  every  where  at  hand,  and  the  people  are 
equally  industrious,  much  soberer,  and  more  easily 
maintained.     Neither  need  we  fear  that   the  cream 
of  the  businels  is  over,   or  the  market  in  danger  of 
being  over  stocked.     Hitherto   the  demand  has  sur- 
pafsed  the  means  of  supplying  it.  And  will  not  this  be 
the  case  for  many  many  years  to  come,  if  cotton  can 
be  introduced  in  the  place  of  linen  ?  What  avast  car- 
reer  is  open  for   this  mnnufacture  I  estimating   tha 
German  linen  imported  into  Great  Britain  at  twentj .. 
five  millions,   the  Irifti  at  fifteen   millions,  and  the 
Scotch  at  as  much,  not   to  mention  the   number   of 
wooiien  fabrics  which  cotton  is  likely  to  supplant  \ 
The  immense  wages  earned  by  the  cotton    manufac- 
turers   is    a   strong   confirmation    of    this   opinion. 
Children  of  eight  years  old  earn  2  s.  a  week,  no  weaver 
lels  than  that  sum/itr  day,  many  of  them  30  and  35  s. 
a  week,  a  woman  by  spinning   can   get  a  Ihilling  a 
■day.     The  towns  where  it  is  carried  on   are  increa- 
sing amazingly  in  population.     The  couutry  no  lefa 


-)*W^SjI3.^  i."-.,  fejjfesir^ 


im 


i68-  ott  cotton  manufactures.  Aug,  8. 

so.  There  is  hardly  a  field  in  Lancafliire  in  which 
you  do  not  see  built  or  building,  a  cluster  of  four, 
live,  or  six  manufacturers  houses  ;  land  round  their 
towns  lets  at  L.  4  or  L.  $per  acre  ;  and  a  general  ap- 
pearance of  wealth  and  plenty  diffusts  itself  where 
ever  the  cotton  businefs  is  carried  on.  Favoured  as 
the  India  cotton  is,  the  parliament  will  not  hesitate  to 
impose  duties,  and  even  prohibitions,  on  such  articles 
as  we  are  able  to  furniih  for  ourselves.  Not  only 
the  Britiih  market  is  open  to  us,  but  all  Europe  calU 
for  our  Ma.»chester  and  cotton  goods.  Some  states 
admit  them  freely,  others,  under  higher  duties  ;  and 
the  rest  in  a  contraband  way  contrive  to  obtaia 
them.  The  consumptisn  in  France,  by  the  way  of 
Holland,  is  immense.  Considering  how  much  wf 
have  got  the  start  of  other  nations,  considering  our 
liberty,  our  industry,  our  capital,  it  is  hard  to  say- 
when  they  will  be  able  no  vie  with  us.  It  is  belie- 
ved there  would  be  full  employUient  for  them  all,  if 
every  parifti  ia  Scotland  contained  a  spinning  ma- 
chine, five  :imes  as  big  as  its  parifh  kirk.  The  five 
dieady  erected  in  Scotland  go  on  with  a  degree  of 
succ.'fs  which  cannot  fail  to  produce  more. 

Prudence  requires  us  to  forbear  entering  upon  one 
of  the  most  important  considerations  relative  to  this 
subject.  I  mean  the  nroper  way  to  proceed  in  order 
to  introduce  this  branch  most  speedily  into  Scotland. 
There  are  certain'-  dimculties  in  the  way,  which 
would  be  increased  by  discoursing  about  them.  The 
more  quietly  this  is  undertaken  the  better  chanfce  it 
has  to  succeed.  Little  (hould  be  said  till  we  are  ful- 
ly pofaefsfcd  of  every  r.  achine,  vhethcr  for  weaving 


railiire  in  which 
cluster  of  four, 
and  round  their 
and  a  general  ap- 
iists  itielf  where 
1.  Favoured  as 
ill  not  hesitate  to 
on  such  articles 
ves.  Not  onlj 
:  all  Europe  calls 
is.  Some  states 
;her  duties  ;  and 
strive  to  obtaia 
:,  by  the  way  of 
;  how  much  Wf 
considering  our 
it  is  hard  to  sa/ 
us.  It  is  belie- 
t  for  them  all,  if 
a  spinning  ma- 
kirk.  The  five 
ivith  a  degree  of 
more. 

itering  upon  one 
s  relative  to  this 
proceed  in  order 
ly  into  Scotland, 
the  way,  which 
)out  them.  The 
better  chanfce  it 
d  till  we  are  ful- 
:her  for  weaving 


1 


r792.'  OH  the  Cotton  manufacturei.  i6a 

or  spinning  that  is  known  and  used  any  where  else. 
J  must  observe,  however^  that  the  present  seems  to 
be  the  fittest  time  for  the  undertaking.     While  the 
profits  are  higher  thaa  on  any  other  branch  of  busi- 
aefs,  there  is  wherewithal  to  compensate  the  expence- 
of  so  new  an  undertaking,  and  to  allow  for  the  blun- 
ders and  awkwardnefs  of  our  artificers,  weavers,  and 
spinners.     By  and  by  this  will  ,noc  be  the  case.     It 
is  hardly  to  be  doubted  the  profits  will  be  gradually 
Icfsened  by  competition.     Mr  A.rkwrigiit  has  lower- 
ed his  yarn  20  per  cent,  within  this  month.     It  will 
at  last  be  reduced  to  the  general  average  of  the  pro- 
fits of  trade  in  a  free  country,  whicli,  if  necefsary,  it 
would  be  easy  to  prove  to  be  equal  in  every  branch 
of  trade,  where  novelty  and  monopoly  are  excluded. 
The  adoption  of  the  cotton  trade  is  not,  therefore, 
proposed  as  a  means  which  will  long  produce  supe- 
rior and  extraordinary  profits  to  those  concerned  in 
It ;    but  as  a  resource  for  the  inhabiMnts  of  a  coun- 
try who  are  likely  to  be   deprived   of  their  present 
means  of  earning  their  livelihood;  and  as  a  businefs 
which  will  not  only  secure  to  the  present  linen  ma- 
uufacturers  certain  bread,  even  when   the  linen  ma- 
nufacture iTiall  be  extinguilhed,  but  promises  fair  ta 
be  of  a  more  durable  and  extensive  nature  than  ever 
the  linen  manufacture  has  hitherto  been,     ft  is  also 
certain  of  more  and  better  encouragement  from  par- 
Uavaent,  which,  on  account  of  the  woollen  trade,  ha* 
treated  foreign  lipens  with  more  gentlenefs  than  any 
other  manufacture  that  stood  in  comptition  with  our 
own  J  besides,  the  IriQi  cannot  import  i  t  as  they  do  their 
linen  into  Great  Britain,     it.  wou^  Ue  a,  matter  of 

VOL,  X.  ■  ''f  '  '  ,        1 


r,i 


"^f■»^Sf^^!'i^gj^Jg' 


Ml 


17*  *f>  t^f  cotton  MBtiufacturet,         Aug.  8^ 

curious  speculation  to  consider  whether  the  cotton 
or  linen  manufacture  merits  best  to  be  .eticouraged. 
To  consider  the  subject  in  a:  public  and  national  view, 
"would  lead  to  very  extensive  discufsions,  snd  some- 
trhat  foreign  to  the  present  subjeof,  which  proceeds- 
•n  a  supposition  that,  whether  the  cotton-  tnanufac- 
«ure  be  most  eligible  for  oup' country  or  nof,  it  will 
infallibly  establish  itself.  Suffice  it  to  say,  our  West 
India  islands  will  be  greatly  benefitted  by  it ;  our 
ftipping  and  navigation  to  the  West  Indies  must  in- 
«rease  by  the  transportation  of  so  bulky  a  eooimodi- 
♦y,  and  the  proportionable  exports  to  the  West  In- 
dies ;  the  heavy  balance  against  us  with  the  Baltic 
for  flax  will  be  lefsened  ;  and,  (hould  the  growth  of 
flax  at  home  be  thereby  discouraged,  it  is  a  matter 
of  some  doubt  if  flax  be  a  production  altogether  con- 
genial to  our  soil  and  climate  j  and  also  whether  the 
land  of  Scotland  can  be  better  employed  than  in  bear- 
ing food  for  its  people.  The  high  price  of  meal  for 
many  years  gives  room  to  believe  it  would  not.  The 
law  of  the  present  sefsion,  lowering  the  duties  on 
©ur  home  distillery,  to  an  alarming  degree,  promises 
to  be  favourable  to  the  farmer  at  least,  if  not  to  the 
health,  and  morals,  and  industry  of  the  people  at  large, 

G.  D. 


N.  B.  Some  of  the  spinning  mills  are  worked  by 
water,  raised  by  means  of  a  fire  engine.  There  is 
one  at  Manchester,  the  fire  engine  of  which  costs  up- 
wards of  L.  1 200  a  year,  and  raises  about  9000  gal- 
lons of  water  in  a  minute,.~abou:  :  16,000  hogfheads* 
m  79,000  tons^r  day. 


^J. 


;/.  At(g.  8^ 
her  tho  cotton 
be  .eticouraged. 
national  view, 
on3,  2nd  sorne- 
which  proceeds 
itton-  manufac- 
r  or  Aor,  if  wiU 
I  say,  our  West 
ted  by  it ;  our 
Indies  must  in- 
ky a  eoaimodi- 
9  the  West  lu- 
vith  the  Baltic 
the  growth  of 
it  19  a  matter 
altogether  con- 
bo  whether  the 
;d  than  in  bear- 
ice  of  meal  for 
ivould  not.  The 
g  the  duties  on 
egree,  promises 
St,  if  not  to  the 
:  people  at  large. 
G.  D. 

are  worked  by 
fine.  There  is 
which  costs  up- 
bout  9000  gal- 
»,ooo  liogfheads. 


179**  •«  ntathematics.  1^4 

Cotton   stockings  have   supplanted  linen   thread 

stockings  completely,  and  begin  to  be  worn  by  manr 
people  who  wore  only  silk  before.     This  alone  is  a 
vast  branch  for  which  the  twisted  yarn  of  the  ma- 
chines u  re.-narkably  fit :    some  of  it  for  stockings  is 
made  as  fine  as  ninety  hanks  to  the  pound  weight. 

The  African  trade  is  supplied  with  a  great  deal 
of  coarse  Britifli  cotton  goods  made  to  imitate  the 
judian. 

^  Yarn  of  various  kinds  are  spun  with  the  wate  r 
machmes :  a  pound  of  some  thread  requires  eighty 
days  to  be  spun  with  one  spindle,  and  a  pound  of  the 
coarser  kinds  only  three  dpys.  But  the  most  profit  is 
gotten  from  spinning  the  middling  kinds. 

It  is  to  be  observed,  that  cotton  cloth  can  be  bleach, 
ed  at  a  fourth  of  the  expence  and  time  required  for 
bleaching  linen  of  the  same  finenefs.. 

N.ii.  1'k^  above,  written  in  the  year  1784. 


ON  MATHEMATICS.. 
SiR>  *r<t  the  Editor  of  the  Eae:      •  j^* 

A  ENjor  much  pleasure  in  perusing  your  papers,  and 
would  long  before  this  have  attempted  to  contrihate 
my  aid  in  promoting  the  succefsof  your  laudable  un- 
dertaking, but  besides  being-  much  employed,  I  was 
very  diffident  or  any  thing  I  wi/hcci  to  con^muiucate  :: 
this  prevented  me  fr.m  testifying  my  appro6ati.in, 
or  uniting  my  feeble  efforts  to  vary  the  entertain- 
ment and  add  utility  to  the  pertor  nance. 

The   design    of  rendering   the   Bee  u.eful   to  the 
clergy,  for  tl»c  reasons  afsigned,  makes  it  a  cliuto^-l  oi 


. 


^n^f^Mi 


Jji 


J  "7 2  on  mathematics,  -^^g.  8. 

informalion  to  them  and  others,   and  may  convey  to 
many,  in  quest  of  literature,  subjects  suited  to  pleaise 
or  to  inform.    My  reason  for  writing  to  you  is  chief- 
ly because  the  clergy  are   the   only  set  of  men  that 
are  to  be  supposed  acquainted   with  those  who  pur- 
sue  learning  in   any   profefsion,    particularly  tliose 
who  have  the  same  studies  in  view  :  and  such  being 
the  case,  tliey  arc  always  considered  by  the  Tiroes  in 
science,  as  the  directors  of  their  studies,   and  their 
patrons  in  the   pursuit  of  it ;   they  are  consulted  in 
every  difficulty, — they  are  advised  of  every  plan, — it 
is  then  in  their  power  to  administer  an  advice  that 
may  prove  beneficial.    Tiiere  is  one  particular  branch 
of  their  study  I  mean  to  recommend, — u  branch  which 
is  least  of  all  attended  to,  and  which  I  think  princi- 
pally demands  attention,  that  is  the  science  of  mathe- 
matics, and  all  the  collateral  branches.    It  is  certain 
tliat  to  such  a  piece  of  learning  they  must  partly  at- 
tend as  a  neetfsary  preparation  for  their  admifsion  to 
sacred  studies ;  but  it  is  too  certain  that  such  a  science 
is  termed  dry  and   insipid,  treated  with  carelefsnefs, 
and   reckcved  uselefs.     To  those  who  have  entered 
fully  into  tlie  study,  this  conduct   appears   foolifli    m 
tlie  higl'.est  degree.     Natural   philosophy,    without 
previous  acquaintance   with   mathematics,    is  partly 
lost  to  those  who  attend  it,  and  wiil  seem   as  insipid 
as  the  principles  cakiikted  to  illustrate  it.     Eminent 
teacliers  are  oi'tcn  blamed  by  ignorant  hearers  as  ab- 
'  struse  ;   and  the  utility  of  the  wise  is  depreciated  by 
unfliilful  critics,  which  sometimes  has  been  the  case 
with  the  science   last  mentioned  ;  but   -»hen    -jA  ac- 
knowledge the  value  of  ^hilosi^hj^^  w-fij;  triit  with 


•^ug.  8. 
may  convey  to 
suited  to  plealse 
to  you  is  chief- 
jet  of  men  that 
those  who  pur- 
rticularly  tliose 

aud  such  being 
y  the  Tiroes  m 
dies,  and  their 
ire  consulted  in 
every  plan,^it 

an  advice  that 
irticular  branch 
-u branch  which 

I  think  princi- 
ience  of  mathe- 
s.    It  is  certain 

must  partly  at- 
eir  admifsion  to 
at  such  a  science 
rith  carelefsnefs, 
lio  have  entered 
pears  foolifli  m 
sophy,  without 
atics,  is  partly 
seem  as  insipid 
te  it.  Eminent 
It  hearers  as  ab- 
j  depreciated  by 
as  teen  the  case 
It   -shen   aii  ac- 

w^  uifit  with 


i 


i'j^ti  »rr  mathematics.  173 

those  branches  of  literature  on  which  the  knowledge 
of  most  of  its  doctrines  are  founded  ?  It  is  an  error 
however  that  too  many  commit ;  and  by  thus  indul- 
ging an  aversion  at  a  particular  study,  are  in  danger 
of  rivetting  the  principle  on  their  own  minds,  and  of 
transmitting  it  to  those  who  may  in  future  be  under 
their  inspection  ;  thus  it  becomes  pernicious  to  them- 
selves and  posterity.  But  I  am  apt  to  believe,  were 
the  clergy  carefully  to  examine  and  attend  to  the 
studies  of  those  under  them,  and  chiefly  to.  inculcafe 
strict  perseverance  and  attention  in  the  pursuit  of 
mathematical  learning,  especially  as  that,  of  all  tht; 
rest,  is  least  regarded,  we  would  see  rising  genius  ar- 
rive at  greater  perfection,  and  with  joy  would  pre- 
sage illustrious  succefiors  ;  and  would  see  the  chairs 
of  literature  filled  v/ith  those  who  bid  fair  to  bring 
science  to  maturity.  Such  an  exertion,  on  the  part  of 
the  clergy,  will  not,  I  hope,  be  reckoned  burdensome  : 
the  prospect  of  good  arising  from  the  ta(k,  will  the 
more  excite  a  benevolent  mind  to  devute  time,  and 
study,  to  that  work,  which  not  only  promises  personal 
advantage,  but  general  benefit.  Much  is  in  the  mi- 
nister's power,~hc  cannot  only  recommend  the  science 
to  their  attention,  but  may  promote  their  progrefi?., 
and  can  timeously  have  opportunity  of  discovering 
how  far  they  arc  instructed  in  the  science,  and  may, 
therefore,  with  precision,,  be  able  to  decide,  whether 
their  knowledge  in  it  is  a  sufficient  preparation  for 
•ntering  on  'hose  parts  of  literature  that  are  thereby 
illustrated,  and  contribute  his  afsistance  accordingly. 
If,  throuifh  your  influence,  the  clergy  would  be  still 
puue  iiidiii  m  cxcrliii^  (Jii>{nswiyes  iu  favour  of  those 


1^! 


174  »ntcdote.  -^vg.  %. 

who  will  in  future  occupy  their  placr,   and  have  the 
field  of  science  under  their  review,  the  guod  eJSects 
might  very  soon  appear.  If  this  attempt  can,  by  your 
attention,  be  prepared  for  a  place  in  the  Bee,  it  will, 
highly  favour  your  constant-  reader, 

Fhicsicofhilologus. 


ANECDOTE  OF  JAMES  I. 

James,  the  first  of  England,  and  sixth  of  Scotland,  who 
was  no  way  deficient  in  sense,  or  knowledge,  or  wit, 
seems  to  have  been  remarkably  deficient  in  the  no  lef» 
important  talent  of  steadinefs  or  vigour  of  mind.  It 
iii  said  he  knew  well  enough  his  own  defect ;  and  that 
he  was  once  told  of  it  in  a  very  curious  manner  from 
the  pulpit.  He  heard  of  a  famous  preacher,  who,  accord- 
ing to  the  faihion  of  the  times,  was  very  witty  in  his 
sermons,  and  peculiarly  happy  in  his  choice  of  texts.. 
James  got  this  person  ta  preach  before  him  ;  who, 
with  all  suitable  gravity,  gava  out  his  text  in  the 
following  words  :  James,  first  and  sixth,  in  the  lat,. 
ter  part  of  the  verse.  *'  He  that  wavereth  is  like  ai 
wave  of  the  sea,  driven  by  the  winds  and  tofsed." 
"  He  is  at  me  already,"  said  the  king.  The  text  is 
genuine,  and  the  application  of  it  witty,  even  inde- 
pendently of  the  pun,  which  seems  so  well  suited  to 
the  tast  e  of  the  times,  and  especially  of  James  and 
bis  court. 


,  and  have  the 
he  guod  eJ9«(:>ts 
It  can,  by  your 
he  Bee,  it  will. 

?HILOXOGUS.    ' 


I. 

f  Scotland,  who 
vledge,  or  wit, 
It  in  the  no  lef» 
r  of  mind.  It 
;fect ;  and  that 
snnanner  from 
:r,who,  accord- 
ry  witty  in  his 
:hoioe  of  texts,, 
re  him  ;  who, 
lis  text  in  the 
th,  in  the  lat. 
trereth  is  like  9.x 
is  and  tofsed.'*^' 
;.  The  text  is 
itty,  even  inde- 
>  well  suited  to 
of  James  and 


eOETRT. 


^..r 


ON  PLATTERr. 

Fvr  the  Set. 

SiNct  fjults  in  the  b-jt  heirt  *re  Wend<(L 

Tiut  J  am  tardy  to  idmite, 
KinJ  Sir,  you  cannot  be  offended, 

To  flatter  make*  our  patience  tire. 

'T^  lang  tince  I  have  gone  to  school. 

To  leirn  the  virtutt  at  high  stauuiM 
Nnr  (hall  I  be  the  wretched  tool 

Of  any  rjscal'j  celebration. 

The  cIo«er  one  lurveyj  hi«  friend,  > 

The  left  he  fiids  himsflf  his  debtor: 
-All  pine^yiijts  in  the  end 

Perceive,— the  ftorter  tale  the  better.      , 

That  man  who  truly  meritt  praise, 

When  juch  a  man  ii  In  existenw, 
Seeks  not  to  make  the  vulgar  gaze,  .     '•  • 

But  keeps  all  wliite  waii  at  a  distance.  ' 

TUMBtEDOVVJJ. 

MARTIAL, \,IB.  V.  KPIQ,  «.  IMITATED, 
fir  tbt  Sft. 

You  simply  \vonder  how  it  comes  to  p:,r«, 

That  merit  when  alive  it  oft  neglectej ; 
I  tell  >ou  this  dull  world's  a  jealous  afs, 

■And  (oily  may  for  ever  be  expected. 

'Tis  Envy's  triumph  to  prefer  the  past, 

Siill  on  each  current  hour  the  dimon  scowls; 

Ai  if  our  sires  mpuier  moulds  were  cast, 

And  had  not  like  ourselves  been  rogue,  and  fo.ls. 

Homer,  they  say,  whom  every  dunce  admires, 

Had  but  a  very  sorry  vagrant  life  : 
And  Socrates  with  all  his  fame  expires, 

itarv  d  by  hit  friends,  and  henpeck'd  by  hi.  wife. 

That  every  fujure  age  will  read  with  rapture 
These  wond  rous  works,  m.sc  evident  app-.rs: 
,„7  '"y  ''""''  """St  bc^in  th,  chapter, 
J  li  wait  With  patience  fcr  an  hundred  years. 

•TiiuNumtKoor, 


MV 


■? 


176  poetry.  Aug,  8. 


MARTIAL,  LIB.   XII.  KPIQ.  XXXI.   IMITATED. 

for  the  Bee. 

That  grove«  thcie  fountains,  this  delightful  fliadf, 

In  summer's  richest  luxurirs  .irrny'd; 

The  pear,  the  peach,  thcor.inge>  and  the  vine. 

These  olives  1  su  proudly  mark  as  mine; 

Those  rtow'ry  meadows,  yon  transparent  p""', 

The  speckled  trout,  the  plump  dtliiious  fowl, 

MarccUa  gave;   from  thirty  years  »f  toil. 

When,  friendlefs,  I  return'd  to  see  my  nitire  soil. 

More  priz'd,  more  precious  far  than  all  the  rest. 

She  gave — that  love  which  (ires  her  godlike  breast. 

In  my  chill'd  veins,  tumultuous  joy  revives; 

1  live  but'to  adore  tke  first  of  wives.  AMlCtiS. 


: 
i 

: 


THE  NINTH  ELEGY  OF  BUCHANAN  TRANSLATED. 

,        ,  *  For  Ike  Bet, 

Tir'd  of  disastrous  love's  insulting  yoke, 

I  fled  my  misttefs,  and  her  bondjgs  brnke, 

But  Cupid's  jealous  eye  puisu'd  my  flight, 

"  And  dare  you,  thus,"  he  cried,  "  our  empire  slight^" 

He  said,  ani  wav'd  his  torch;  the  tcjich  appears. 

Long  since,  alas  !  extinguifli'd  by  my  tear">. 

The  angry  boy  intent  on  vengeance  frown    , 

And  cast  his  rattli:'g  quiver  on  th'   ;;round.       -        , 

]nst<Bt  It  me  he  levell'd  ev'ry  dan, 

A  thousand  (hafts  are  buried  in  my  heart; 

Uefore,  behind,  his  rage  afsails  me  rou  ui, 

Till  my  whole- bi  dy  seems  one  common  wound. 

Mad  that  1  bear  hij  arrows  undismay'd, 

He  flic     dear  Fa'iny  !  to  demand  your  aid  ;       " 

A<Jvani.ii  K  boldly  while  asleep  you  lay. 

He  caught  your  gulden  locks,  and  stole  a  hair  .jiray  ; 

And  as  I  laugh'i!. — for  who  could  fancy  harm-; 

From  such  a  source?  he  sternly  bound  my  aims. 

Wbile  long  anU  hard  I  strove,  but  strove  in  vain. 

He  forc'd  me  back  your  captive  to  remain. 

Ev'n  I  who  in  contempt  the  tyrant  held, 

And  vaunted  that  his  sway  for  ever  was  cxpell'd, 

Now  feci  thi-  punijs  of  love  revolt  again. 

And  a  fre(h  fevfr  boils  in  every  vein; 

But  you  whom  Venus  views  with  kinder  eyes. 

And  surtcrs  to  attain  a  happy  prite  ; 

Liugh  not  too  proudly  that  I  thus  repine, 

■Your  fate  to-morrow  may  be  such  as  mine. 


CWSA, 


r 


^ug.  8, 


MITATED. 

;htful  (Jildf, 

t  vine, 
i 

pnni, 
fowl, 

itiye  soil. 
he  rest, 
ike  biea;)t. 
yes; 

Amicus. 

anslateo. 


e, 

:e, 
It, 

empire  slight?" 
appears. 


Id. 

wound. 

di 

,  h^ir    -way  ; 
lurm: 
ly  arm*. 
:  in  vain, 
n. 

cxpeird, 


ejfe«, 

!f  ■: : 

t 

le. 


ClKN*. 


1792. 


a  dictionar\'. 


»77 


EXERCISES  IN  PRACTICAL  GRAMMAR. 

Continued  from  p.  132. 
Dictionary. 
W,D«,  adj.  A  term  employed  to  denote  relative  extent  in 
ccrta.n  circumstances.      Opposed  to  narrow  and  strait. 

I.  This  term  is,  in  ite  proper  sense,  applied  only  to  dc 
note  the  space  contained  within  any  body  closed  all  round 
on  every  s,de,  a,  a  house,  gate,  i:,ci  and  differs  from  broad 
m  this  that  It  never  relates  to  the  superficies  of  solid  ob- 
jects,  but  .s  employed  to  .  xprefs  the  capaciousnefs  of  any 
body  which  containeth  vacant  space  5  nor  can  capacious. 
y^^^^,   .n   this  sense,  be  exprefscd  by  any  other  word   but 

2.  As  many  bodies  may  be  considered  either  with  res- 
pect to  their  ,  .ipaciousnefs  or  superficial  extent ;  in  all  these 
cases  eithe  the  term  ^/W,  or  u.,/.,  may  be  used  j  as  ^ 
broad  or  ■u.destreel,  orditc/,,  &c.  but  with  agreatcr  or  lelier 
degree  of  propriety,  according  to  the  circumstances  of  the 
object,  or  the  idea  wc  wi(h  to  convey.  In  a  street  where 
the  houses  are  low,  and  the  boundaries  open,  or  a  ditch  of 
^mall  depth  and  large  superficies,  as  this  L.rgends  of  su- 
perfK.es  bears  the  principal  proportion,   broad  would   be 

duch  of  great  depth,  anJ  capaciousnefs  is  a  principal  pro- 
peny  tha  affects  the  mind,  we  would^  naturally  say  a 
.o,de  street  or  dttcb  ;  and  tlie  same  may  be  said  of  all  simi, 
lar  ca,--«  K,.t  thc.e  are  some  cases  in  which  both  these 
terms  are  applied,  with  a  greater  differeace  of  mean- 
ing  :  thus  we  say  a  broad  or  a  -w.de  ^ate  ;  but  as  the  gate 
-employed  other  to  ienote  the  aperture  in  the  walL  or 
the  matter  which  closes  that  aperture,  these  terms  are 
each    ,.     them  used  to  d^aofe   that   particular  quality  t. 


178  0  Jicthnary.  j4iig. 'i. 

whit:li  they  are  applied  ;  and  as  the  ofcnlng  itself  tan  ne- 
ver be  considered  as  a  superficies,  the  term  wuU,  in  'his 
case,  denotes  the  distances  betw-n  the  sides  of  the  apt. - 
ture  ;  wliile,  on  the  contrary,  i/vW  denotes  the  extent  of 
matter  fitted  to  close  that  aperture  ;  nor  can  these  two 
terms  in  any  case  be  substituted  for  one  another. 

3.  As  a  figurative  exprefsion  it  is  used  as  a  cant 
phrase  for  a  mistake  ;  as  you  are  luidt:  of  the  mark  ;  that  is 
not  near  the  truth. 

Narrow,  .adj.  A  relative  term;  denoting  a  proportional 
distance  between  the  sides  of  the  superficies  of  plain  bodies. 
Opposed  to  broad. 

1.  As  this  is  only  applied  to  superficies,  it  is  exactly 
contrasted  by  broad,  and  is  applied  in  all  cases  where  the 
term  broad  can  be  used,  (see  broad)  and  in  no  other  case 
but  as  a  contrast  to  it,  except  the  following. 

2.  It  sometimes  is  employed  to  describe  the  smallnefs 
-of  space  circumscribed  between  certain  boundaries,  as  op- 
posed to  wide,  and  nearly  synonymous  with  j//rt//,-  we  say, 
a  wide  or  a  narrow  house,  church,  &c.  For  the  necefsary 
distinctions  here,  see  the  article  Strait. 

3.  In  a  figurative  sense  it  ianoits  parsimony,  poverty, 
confined  sentiments. 

Strait,  adj.  A  relative  term  denoting  the  extent  of 
space  in  certain  circumstances.  Opposed  to  wide.  See 
Wide. 

1.  This  term  is  employed  in  its  proper  sense  to  denote 
only  space,  as  contained  between  suiTounding  bodies  ;  in 
such  circumstances  as  to  denote  some  degree  of  confine- 
ment ;  and  is  exactly  opposed  to  wide,  as  a  wide  or  a  strait 
£ate,&ic.     See  Wide. 

2.  So  necefsary  is  it  that  the  idea  of  confinement  fliould 
be  connected  with  this  word,  that,  in  all  those  cases  where 
ihe  space  conlained  is  large,  as  a    church  or   house,  "we 


ning  itself  tan  iie- 
tc'im  witiv,  in  vliis 
c  sides  of  the  apc- 
lotts  the  extent  of 
or  can  tiiese  two 
another. 

s  used  as  a  cant 
fihe  tnart  ;  that  is 

ing  a  proportional 
ies  of  plain  bodies. 

ries,  it  is  exactly 
ill  cases  where  the 
d  in  no  other  case 
ing. 

cribe  the  smallncfs 

boundaries,  as  o^- 

i'nhslrfiit ;  we  say, 

For  the  necefsary 

Parsimony,  poverty, 

ng  the  extent  of 
sed  to  wide.     See 

:r  sense  to  denote 
nding  bodies  ;  in 
legree  of  confine- 
i  a  wide  or  a  strait 

onfinement  fliould 
1  those  cases  where 
ch  Of   house,  'we 


J 


*^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


■i^  Ui&    12.2 


I.I 


lU 

Ki 

lit 


IM 


1^ 
I 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STRIET 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

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Collection  de 
microfiches. 


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I 


r 


179*.  adictionary.  179 

cannot  exprefs  a  smaller  proportional  width  by  this  term. 
And  as  we  have  no  other  word  to  exprefs  space  in  these 
circumstances,  we  have  been  obliged  to  force  the  word 
narrow  from  its  natural  signification,  and  make  it  exprefs 
this.     Sec  Narrow. 

3.  In  some  particular  cases  narrov  or  jttait  may  be  em;- 
ployed  to  denote  the  same  object ;  as  a  narrow  or  a  strait- 
lane  :  but  here  strait  is  never  employed  but  where  an  idea 
of  confinement  is  suggested,  and  where  it  is  exactly  con- 
trasted to  wide  J  nor  can  narrow  be  employed  but  in  such 
circumstances  where  broad  ■^ovXA  be  a  perfect  contrast  to 
it.  Therefore  these  two  terms  may  be  always  employed' 
in  the  sane  circumstancfc"?  as  those  which  contrast  them, 
may  be.     For  an  account  of  which,  see  Wide. 

4.  Strait  is  also  employed  to  denote  a  narrow  opening 
in  the  land,  through  which  the  sea  flows,  as  the  Straits 
of  Gibraltar,  the  Straits  of  Dover,  the  Straits  of  Sun- 
da,  iffc.  This  word  ought  never  to  be  confounded  with-. 
straight.     See  Straight, 

5.  ITic  term  strait  is  likewise,  in  a  particular  manner,-, 
used  to  denote  the  smallhefs  of  the  internal  dWmeter  of 
those  small  bodies  which  are  fitted  to  receive  or  contain 
others,  as  any  kind  of  bag,  tube;  body-clothes,  mortoises,. 
and  others  of  the  same  kind  }  and  in.  all  these  cases  this- 
term  may  be  employed  to  denote  the  smallnefs  of  their  lef- 
ser  diameter,  and  never  the  term  narrow.  But  in  cer- 
tain circumstances  the  word  tight  may  be  substituted  for 
it.     See  Tight. 

6.  Strait,  in  a  figurative  sense,  denotes  any  sort  of  con- 
finement of  sentiment  or  disposition. 

Tight,  adj.  A  term  employed  in  certain  circumstances 
to  denote  the  internal  capacity  of  particular  bodies  j  nearly 
synonymous  with  strait.. 


iSa  « Jichomry.  Aug.  8. 

ThUtermiscenfinedentirely  to  denote  the  jmallnefs  of  the 
internal  dimensions  of  such  objects  as  are  formed  to  covet,  or 
to  receive,  or  contain  other  solid  bodies,  and  can  be  employed 
in  no  other  case.  And  although  it  agrees  with  jtraii,  ia 
always  denoting  confinement,  and  by  being  applicable  to 
the  same  species  of  objects,  yet  it  differs  in  the  following 
respects:  i.  If  there  be  any  difference  of  the  diameter  o£ 
the  objects  to  which  the  term  strait  ca.n  be  applied,  it  al* 
ways  has  reference  to  the  smaller  y  yjet  tight  may  be  ap- 
plied to  any  sort  of  confinement,  whether  it  regards  tho 
length  or  the  breadth,  p..  Strait  can  be  applied  to  all  bo, 
dies  of  capacity  when  of  small  diameter,  without,  any  sott 
of  reference  to  the  nature  of  the  substance  which  it  may; 
be  capable  of  containing.  For  we  can  say  a  strait  bag,  a 
strait  sletve,  a  strait  mortoise^  a  strait  gate,  &f.c.  whereas 
tight  can  only  be  applied  to  any  body,  when  it  is  consider 
r^d  as  having  a  reference  to  another  body  which  is  in»- 
tepded  to  be  contained  in  it,  and  is  pinched  &r  want  of 
room.  Thus  we  say  ihe  sleeve  of  a  coat  is  too  tight  Jfor  tbf: 
arm,  the  mortoise  is  too  tight  for  the  te/ion-^  &c  y  but  we  can- 
not say  1^'  bag  OT  the  gate  is  too  tight,  because  these  arc 
fitted  to  receive  any  sort  of  objects.  And  hence  it  hap, 
pens  that,  in  many  cases,  the  dimensions  of  the  same  bo- 
dy may  be  exprefsed  by  tight  or  str'ait  when  considered  in: 
diifercat  circumstances.  Thus  we  may  say  this  sleeve  is 
thq  strait,  when  we  look  at  a  coat  when  lying  on  the  table, 
and  consider  its  proportions;,  but  it  i«  not  till  we  have 
tried  it  upon  the  arm  that  it  is  intended  to  cover,  that 
we  call  it  tight.  And  we  may  say  agata  is  too  strain,  ox- toot 
tight :  but  in  the  first  case  we  consider  it  as  being  too  conr 
fined  for  admitting  objects  to  pafs  through  it }  and»  in  the 
la?t,  as  being  too  confined  with  respect  to  the  leaves  that 
are  to  (hut  the  aperture,  hot  Uliowii^  them  space  to  move 
with  freedom. 


k 


raallnef>  ofthe 
fdtocovei,  or 
n  be  employed 
with  strati,  ia 

appliobte  to 
the  foUowing 
he  diameter  o£ 

applied,  it  al* 
bt  may  be  ap- 
t  regards  tha 
lied  to  all  bo<! 
Lthout  any  sott 
which  it  maj; 
a  strait  bag,  4 
,  &c.  whereas 
L  it  is  considcf 
ly  which  i»  in*- 
d  £or  want  oi 
too  tight  Jbr  the.- 
c  'f  but  we  can-^ 
ause  these  are 

hence  it  hapjf 

the  same  bo> 

considered  in 
» 

y  this  sleeve  it 
g  on  the  table, 
till  we  have 
LQ  cover,  that 
oe  strain  or-  toor 
being  too  conr 
t }  and,  in  the 
the  leaves  that 
space  to  move 


>792'.  atScttemtny.  i8i; 

Stkaiout,  a^.  A  general  Urm  which  denotes  that  thi 
object  to  which  it  refers  is  not  bent  or  crooked  in  any  dio 
rection }  always  contr-xstcd  with  heni  or  crooked,  and  ne-. 
Tcr  with  broad  or  •wide. 

A  straight  /ine^  tYie  fliortest  line  that  can  be  drawn  be> 
tween  two  points. 

Thb  word  had  no  ether  signification  in  the  Englifli  lan- 
fuage  till  a  few  years  ago,  when  some  affected  writers  toolfr 
it  in  tkeir  head  to  counfound  it  with  strait,  or  to  interchange 
the  one  word  for  the  other ;  so  that  strait  and  straight  are 
now  frequently  confounded  with  each  other :  notiiing  i» 
now  more  common  than  to  hear  o^  a  strait  line,  and  tb« 
Straights  of  Gibraltar.  This  is  a  corruption  of  the  language 
that  cannot  be  too,  severely  reprehended.. 

These  examples  may  serve  to  give  some  idea  of  the 
|ilan.of  an  EngliOi  dictiocary  composed  upon-  philosophi- 
cal principles  >  but,  besides  the  circumstances  above  enu* 
aoerated,  there  are  many  others  which  wduldrequire  parti*^ 
cular  autentton  in;  the  execution  of  a.  work  of  this  kind. 
In  the  Engliih  language  a  great  variety  of  terms  occur^ 
«(hicb>1enote  matter  under  certain  general  forms  or  circum« 
stances,  without  regard  to  the  minute  diversities  that  mar 
take  place  y  as  the  word  cloth,  whichdenotes  matter  manu- 
facturcd  into  a  particular  form  including  under  it  all  the  va. 
xicty  of  stuffimauufactored  in  that  particular  way  of  what« 
ever  materials,  colours,  te&tures,  or  finenefs  they  may  be. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  woody  iron,  yarn,  and  a  great  vari- 
ety of  othec  terms  of  t^e  same  nature,  some  of  whi£h.cannot 
afsums  anjT  plural,  while  others  admit  of  it  in  all  cases,  and 
others  admit  or  refuse  it  according  to  the  different  circum* . 
stances  in  which  they,  are  considered.  In  a  dictionary, 
therefare,  all  this  variety  of  cases,  ought  to  be  clearly  and 
distinctly  poiatei^  out  under  each,  particular  article  :  this 
is  the  more  necefsary,  as  some  of  these  words  have  others 
formed  UatOk  tbem,  whkh  might  be  readily  misttkea  fbs 


1 82  Selieo,  a  tale.  Aug,%, 

their  plurals,  although  they  have  a  very  different  significa- 
tion J  as  clothes,  which  docs  not  denote  any  number  of  pieces 
or  different  kinds  of  cloth,  but  •wearing  apparel.  The  fol- 
lowing  example  will  elucfdate  this  head. 

Wood,  n.  A  solid  mbstancc  of  which  the  trunks  and 
branches  of  trees  consist. 

1.  This  term  is  employed  to  denote  the  solid  parts  of 
vegetables  of  all  kinds,  in  whatever  form  or  circumstances- 
they  ara  found.  Nor  does  this  term  admit  of  a  plural  with 
propriety,  unkfs  in  the  circumstances  after  mentioned  j 
for  we  say,  many  different  kinds  of  wood,  in  preference  ta 
many  kinds  of  •woods;  or  we  say  oat,  ajh,  or  elm  woo</,not 
woods. 

2.  But  where  we  want  to  contrast  wood  of  one  quali. 
ty  or  country  with  that  of  another,  it  admits  of  a, 
plural:  for  we  %vf  "white  woaids  are  in  general  softer 
than  red ;  or  West  Indian  "woods  are  generally  of  greater 
specific  gravity  than  the  European  •woods ;  but  unlefs  where^ 
the  colour,  or  some  quality  which  distinguilhes  it  from' 
growing  wood,  is  mentioned,  this  j>lural  ought  as  much  as- 
pofsible  to  be  avoided,  as  it  always  suggests  an  idea  of 
growing  wood. 

•  3.  Wood  likewise  denotes  a  number  of  trees  gfowing 
near  one  another  j  being  nearly  synonymous  with  forest* 
Set  Forest.  In  this  sense  it  always  adinits  of  a  plural: 
as,  je  woods  and  wilds,  whose  solitary  gloom,  8e:. 

Many  other  particulars  would  require  to  be  adverted  tO' 
in  foriTiing  a  perfect  dictionary,  which  are  omitted  to  a* 
void  becoming  tedidus ;  our  design  is  merely  to  suggest  ai 
few  general  notions  on  this  subject. 


SELIGO,  A  TALE. 
translated  from  the  French  of  M.  Florian. 
If  one  would    believe  what  some  philosophers  afsert,  that 
this  world  is  governed  by  two  powers,,  one  who  gives  {Ul> 


Ir^ 


:rent  significa- 
mber  of  pieces 
'el.     Thefol- 

le  trunks  atul 

solid  parts  of 
circumstances- 
\  a  plural  with 
r  mentioned; 
preference  tor 
;  elm  tuood,  not 

of  one  quali- 
:  admits  of  a 
general  softer 
illy  of  greater 
:  unlefs  where^ 
iiiffaes  it  from' 
fat  as  much  ar 
ts  an  idea  of 

rees   gyowing^ 
s  with  forest* 
of  a  plural: 
8c:. 

)e  adverted  to  • 
omitted  to  a<- 
f  to  suggest  tu 


^lorian. 
ers  afsert,  that 
who  gives  osl. 


179  a.  Seltco,  a  late.  183 

the  little  good  we  enjoy,  and  the  other  all  the  evil  which 
abounds,  wc  (l»ould  be  induced  to  think  that  in  Africa 
this  doctrine  had  its  foundation.  No  land  produces  so 
many  poisons,  venomous  reptiles,  or  wild  beasts.  The  little 
we  know  of  the  history  of  Morocco,  of  the  negroes  of 
Andia,  of  the  Jaggas,  and  other  districts  along  the  coast 
to  the  country  of  the  Hottentots,  appears  very  much  to  re- 
semble the  histories  of  lions,  panthers,  and  serpents,  so 
worthy  to  partake  of  this  burnt  up  land  with  its  cannibal 
kings  who  carry  tc  market  the  fle(h  of  their  prisoners. 
In  the  midst  however  of  these  sanguinary  monsters  and 
disgusting  horrors,  (some  who  sell  their  children,  and 
others  who  eat  their  prisoners,)  natural  equity  and  jus- 
tice, real  virtue,  constancy  in  pain,  and  a  contempt  of  death, 
are  sometimes  to  be  found.  These  examples,  rare  as  they 
may  be,  are  sufficient  to  interest  us  in  these  degraded 
beings,  and  *'  remind  us  they  are  men.  I'hus  in 
the  most  barr«..  desart,  a  few  green  plants,  which  con- 
sole the  distrefsed  traveller,  remind  him  that  he  is  still 
upon  the  earth. 

In  the  kingdom  of  Juida,  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  beyond 
the  cape  of  three  points,  and  not  far  from  the  city  of  Sabi, 
in  the  year  1727,  lived  the  widow  Darina.  She  was  the  mo- 
ther of  three  sons  whom  (lie  had  nursed  with  a  tenderneis 
fortunately  ver)'  common  in  nature,  but  not  so  in  these 
climates,  where  children  are  looked  upon  as  objects 
of  commerce,  and  sold  by  their  unnatural  parents.  The  eldest 
was  called  Guberi,  the  second  Telonc,  the  youngest  Selico. 
AH  of  them  had  good  dispositions  and  adored  their  mother, 
who  now,  aged  and  infirm,  only  existed  by  their  attentions 
and  care.  The  riches  of  this  family  were  comprised  in  a 
hut,  which  they  inhabited  together,  and  a  small  field  nearit 
which  supplied  them  with  maize.  Every  morning  one  of  the 


»'4  Se/ica,  a  tale,  jfug.  8. 

brothers  alternately  Mrent  a  hunting,  cultivated  the  field, 
•or  attended  their  mother.  At  night  they  met  together, 
'the  hunter  brought  his  partridges,  his  parrots,  or  his  comb  of 
fconey,the  fanner  his  herbs  and  roots,  and  he  who  remained 
at  home  had  the  repast  ready  prepared  j  they  supped  all 
four  together,  contending  with  each  other  for  the  pleasure 
of  waiting  on  their  mother;  and  afterwards  laying  them- 
selves down  on  straw,  slept  in  quiet  till  the  return  of  day. 

Selico,  the  younge«t  of  the  brothers  went  often  to  Sabi 
to  carry  the  earliest  fruits  as  offerings  of  his  poor  family 
to  tht  temple.of  the  deity  :  this  deity,  as  is  well  known 
was  a  huge  serpent,  of  the  sort  called  y^icAw,  which  haVe 
no  venom,  and  who  devour  others  which  are  venomous  j 
they  are  so  much  revered  in  Juida,  that  any  person  kil- 
ling one  would  be  thought  guilty  of  a  gi«at  crime ;  there- 
fore  this  i^ecies  of  snake  is  increased  to  a  prodigious  dt- 
gree  ;  and,  being  sacred,  they  are  found  in  quantities  in 
every  town  or  village,  where  they  eat  familiarly  froto 
their.platea,  and  even  lay  their  eggs  in  the  beds  of  tlie 
natives,  wlio  look  upon  it  as  the  most  fortunate  of  events, 
and  a  certain  presage  of  their  well  doing. 

Selico  was  the  'handsomest,  the  best  made,  and  the  most 
amiable  of  all  the  negroes  of  Juida  ;  he  had  seen,  in  the 
temple,  Beiifsa,  the  daughter  of  the  high  priest,  who  surpaf- 
sed  all  her  companions  in  elegant  grace  and  beauty.  Selic« 
adored  her  and  was  happy  in  having  his  love  returned. 
Every  Wednesday,  sacred  to  religion  and  repose  amonj;  the 
negroes,  the  yqung  lover  hastened  to  the  temple,  and  paf- 
«cd  the  day  with  bis  dear  Berifia,  conversing  with  her  6f 
his  mother,  his  love,  and  the  happinefs  they  (hbiild  enjoy 
when  Hymen  had  united-  them  j  Berifsa  did  not  disguise 
her  sentiments,  and  the  agsd  Faculho  her  father,  who  ap- 
proved of  this  union,  promised,  as  he  embraced  theip, 
-that  he  would  soon  crown  their  mutual  tendernefs. 


jtug.  8. 
ated  the  field, 
met  together, 
or  his  comb  of 
who  remained 
iiey  supped  all 
}r  the  pleasure 
I  laying  them- 
return  of  day. 
t  often  to  Sabi 
liis  poor  family 
9  well  known 
«/,  which  haVe 
are  venomous  ^ 
ny  person  krl- 
crime ;  there- 
prodigious  de- 
n  quantities  in 
'amiliarly  from 
'le  beds  of  the 
nate  of  events, 

and  the  most 
seen,  in  the 
:st,  who  surpaf- 
beauty.  Selida 
ore  returned, 
ose  amon;;  the 
nple,  and  paf- 
g  with  her  of 
r  (hdUld  enjoy 
nor  disguise 

ither,  who  &p. 

braced  thetn^ 

incfs. 


.T792.  Selico,  it  htle.  ilj 

At  length  this  long  wilhed  for  epocha  came, — the  day 
ivas  fixed  for  the  ceremony, — the  mother  of  Selicoand  his 
two  brothers  nad  already  prepared  the  hnt  for  the  bride  and 
bridegroom,  when  the  famous  I'ruro  ^udati,  king  of  Da- 
homai,  whose  rapid  conquests  have  been  celebrated  even 
in  Europe,  invaded  the  kingdom  of  Andia  and  exterminated 
its  inhabitants.  In  advancing  at  the  head  of  his  formidable 
army,  he  was  stopped  by  the  large  river  which  divides  it 
^rom  Juida,  whose  king,  a  pusillanimous  and  cowardly  be- 
inff>  governed  by  his  wives  and  ministers,  never  thought 
pf  opposing  any  troops  to  those  of  the  conqueror ',  he 
thought  that  his  gods  would  defend  his  country,  and  or- 
dered all  the  serpents  fetiches  to  be  carried  to  the  banks 
uf  the  river.  The  conqueror,  surprised  and  picqued  to 
IjBve  only  such  reptiles  to  combat,  plunged  into  the  river 
with  his  troops,  and  soon  swam  over.  The  gods  from  whom 
such  miracles  were  expected  were  soon  cut  into  pieces, 
roasted,  and  devoured  by  the  conquerers.  The  king  of 
Juida,  not  thinking  any  farther  effort  of  avail,  fled  and  hid 
himself  in  a  neighbouring  island.  The  warriors  of  Audati 
spread  all  over  his  kingdom,  and  with  fire,  and  sword 
burnt  villages  and  forests,  and  mafsacred  all  without  pity. 
lear  had  dispersed  what  few  inhabitants  had  escaped  this 
Jbutchery  ;  the  three  brothers  at  the  first  approach  of  the 
conqueror,  had  fled  with  their  mother  on  their  (boulders, 
to  hide  themselves  in  the  thickest  forest.  Selico  would 
not  quit  Darina  as  long  as  (lie  was  exposed  to  the  smallest 
danger  j  but  he  no  ooner  saw  her  in  safety,  than  trem- 
bling for  Berifsa,  he  hastened  to  Sabi  to  inquire  after  her, 
to  save  her,  or  to  peri(h  together.  Sabi  had  just  been  ta- 
ken by  the  Dahomais  ; — the  streets  ran  with  blood  ; — the 
houses  pillaged  and  destroyed  j— the  palace  of  the  king, 
the  temple  of  the  serpent,  were  no  longer  any  thing  but 
«moking  njips,  co\'ered  with  carcases,  whose  heads  the 
■vot.  JC.  A  A  -J 


fWm 


*>*»^' 


f 


l%6  Se/i'co,  a  tale.  jfag.  t. 

barbarians  had,  according  to  their  custom,  carried  awajr 
Vvith  them.  The  unhappy  Sclico,  in  despair,  wiflied  for 
death,  and  dared  it  a  thousand  times  in  the  midst  of  this 
soldiery,  drunk  with  brandy  and  with  blood.  Sclico  search* 
«d  all  these  miserable  ruins,  looking  for,  and  calling,  with 
cries  of  grief,  on  fierifsa  and  Faculhoj  but  in  vain !  he  cuuld 
not  discern  their  bodies  amiust  so  many  mutilated  trunks. 
After  having  given  up  five  days  to  this  fruitlels  And  melan- 
choly search,  Selico  set  out  to  return  to  his  mother,  no  longer 
doubting  but  that  Berifsa  and  her  father  had  fallea  vic- 
tims to  the  ferocious  Dahomais.  He  found  his  mother  in 
the  same  wood  where  he  had  left  her  with  his  brothers. 
The  melancholy  and  distracted  looks  of  Selico,  frightened 
•nd  alarmed  a  family  already  miserable.  Darina  wept 
over  his  misfortunes,  and  attempted  consolations  which 
her  son  was  insensible  to.  He  refused  all  food,  and  seem- 
ed determined  to  ttarve  himself  to  death.  Guberi  and 
Teloa6  did  not  endeavour  to  alter  his  resolution  by  rea- 
soning or  intreaties ;  but  pointed  to  their  old  mother, 
who  now  had  not  any  longer  home  or  bread,  or  any  thing 
in  this  world  but'  her  children,  and  then  alked,  if,  after 
such  a  sight,  he  did  not  feel  himself  bold  enough  to  live. 
Selico  promised  he  would }  and  endeavoured  to  '  think 
no  more  of  his  misfortunes,  but  to  divide  with  his 
brothers  their  attention  to  his  mother.  They  penetrated 
more  into  the  interior  parts  of  the  forest  ;  built  a  hut  in 
ft  sequestered  valley  }  Ad  endeavoured  to  supply,  by  the 
chace,  the  maize  and  roots  which  they  were  in  want  of. 
Having  lost  their  bows  and  arrows,  and  other  things 
which  they  had  pot  time  to  carry  off  with  them,  they 
soon  felt  the  effects  of  faminei  Fruits  were  scatce  in  this 
forest,  where  th*  monkies  disputed  them  with  the  three 
brothers.  The  land  only  produced  grafs ;  they  had  no 
instruments  to  work  it,  and  no  seed  to  sow,  if  it  had  been 
^ivoiked.    The  rainy  season  was  setting  in,  and  their  dis* 


'^tg.  s. 

Okrried  awaf 
ir,  wiflied  for 
midst  of  thii 
Selico  search- 
calling,  with 
rain!  hecuuld 
iUted  trunks. 
!&  And  mclan- 
her,  nu  longer 
id  fallea  vic- 
his  mother  in 
his  brothers. 
;o,  frightened 
Darina  wept 
latious  which 
od,  and  seem- 

Guberi  and 
ution  by  rea- 

old  mother, 
,  or  any  thing 
liked,  if,  after 
lough  to  live, 
rod  to  think 
ide  with  his 
ij  penetrated 
built  a  hut  in 
upply,  by  the 
e  in  want  of. 
other  things 
h  them,  thef 
scatce  in  this 
ith  the  three 
they  had  no 
if  it  had  been 
and  their  dis< 


^791.  Selico,  m  laU.  1S7 

trefs  still  augmented.  The  poor  mother  continually  suf- 
fering upon  a  bed  of  dried  leaves,  never  complained,  but 
was  declining  very  fast :  her  sons,  worn  out  with  hunger, 
could  no  longer  go  into  the  woods,  which  were  now  un- 
der water  :  they  set  traps  for  small  birds,  and,  when  they 
took  any,  which  was  very  seldom,  they  carried  it  to  their 
mother,  and  gave  it  her  with  a  forced  smile  }  but  the  mow 
ther  scarce  would  eat  it,  because  (he  could  not  make  her 
sons  partake  of  it. 

Three  months  pafsed  without  bringing  any  change' 
to  their  miserable  situation.  The  three  brothers  obliged 
at  last  to  come  to  some  determined  resolution,  consulted 
together  unknown  to  Darina.  Guberi  proposed  first  that 
they  fliould  go  to  the  coast,  and  that  one  of  them  (hould 
be  sold  to  the  first  European  factory,  in  order  to  buy 
bread,  maize,  instruments  of  agriculture,  and  every  thing 
necefsary  to  support  their  aged  parent.  A  melancholy 
silence  was  the  answer  of  the  two  brothers.  To  sepa- 
rate,—to  quit  each  other  for  ever,— to  be  the  slave  of 

white  men  \    That  idea  distracted  them. "■  Who  will 

be  sold  ?"  cried  out  Telon6,  with  a  doleful  voice.  "  For- 
tune (ball  determine  it  •,"  answered  Guberi  •,  <*  Let  us 
throw  three  different  sized  stones  into  this  pitcher  of 
muddy  water,— ftiake  it  well, — and  be  who  draws  out 
the  sndlest  fluU  be  the  unfortunate  person.— —No  bro- 
ther, interrupted  Selico,  fortune  has  already  determined. 
It  is  me  who  a«  the  unfortunate  Vmo"  J— you  have  forgot 
then  that  I  have  lost  Berifsa,  and  that  you  alone  hindered 
me  from  dying,  by  telUng  me  I  fhoold  be  useful  to  my 
•nottier :  now  is  the  time,  perform  your  promise^  and  sell 
me.  Guberi  afA  TeIon6  endeavoured,  btit  in  vain,  to  op. 
pose  the  gcneroiu  offer  of  their  brother ;  Selico  was  deaf 
to  their  prayers,  refused  to  draw  lots,  and  threatened  to 
go  alone  to  the  £rctory,  if  they  obstinately  persisted  in  re- 
iusing  to  accompany  bim.    1  be  two  eldest  at  last  consea- 


.*^'  SeKco,  a  ta/t.  yfug.  9. 

ted,  and  it  was  agreed  on  that  Guberi  ftiould  remain  with 
his  mother,  and  that  TeJonc  iliould  accompany  Selico  to 
the  Dutch  factory,  whers  he  Hiould  receive  the  price  of 
his  brother's  liberty,  and  li^ould  then  retura  with  the  pro- 
visions, ire.  of  which  th'v  were  in  want. 

During  this  agrecmeni  oelico  was  the  only  one  who  did. 
jjot  weep ;   but  what  difficulty  and  distrels  did  he  suffer  to 
hide  his  tears  when  he  was  to  leave  his  mother,  and   bid 
her  an  eternal  adieu  !     to  embrace  her  for  the  last   time  ! 
and  to  deceive  her  in  swearing  that  he  would  soon  return, 
with  Teloni !  that  they  were  only  going  to  revisit  their  for. 
met  habitation,  and  find  if  they  could  not  again  take  pof. 
sefsion  of  it !  The  good  old  woman  believed  them,  but  (he. 
could  scarcely  tear  herself  out  of  the  arms  of  her  sons  ;  ilie 
trembled  for  the  dangers  they  were  about  to  run  j  and  by  an 
involuntary  foresight  (he  ran  after  Selico,  when  he  bad  dis- 
appeared from  her  presence.     The  two  young  brothers, 
ijf  whom  it  was  difficult  to  say  which  was  the  most  to  be 
pitied,  arrived  in  a  few  days  at  the  city  of  Sabi.     Tho: 
murders  had  ceased  }  Peace  began  to  raise  her  head  }  and 
the  king  of  the  Dahomais,  quiet  pofselior  of  the  states  of 
Juida,  widied  to  encourage  an  intercourse  with  Europe, 
ans,  and  had  given  them  an  cstablllhment  witlun  bis  walls. 
Many  Englilh  f\nd   French  merchants  were  admitted  t'o; 
his  court,  to  whom  he  sold  hi»  numeroua  prisonws,  and. 
he  divided  among  his  soldier*  the  lands  of  the  conquered, 
TeloB^  soon  found  a  mecchant  who  offered  him  an  hun-. 
died  crowns  for  his  brother.     Whilst  he  was  hesitating; 
and  trembling  at  this  honible  bargain,  a  trumpet  sound* 
in  the  squart,  and  a  public  crier  proclaims  with  a  loud 
voice,  that  the  king  of  Dahomai  woiUd  give  four  hundred 
ounces  of  gold  to  whoever  would  deliyer  alive  a.  negro,  as. 
yet  unknown,  who  had  dared  to  profane,  the  preceding 
night,  the  seraglio  of  the  monarch,  and  had  escaped  a( 
daj' -break,  mnidst  the  aims  of  his  guards.  Selico,  ob  heat* 


P*'**' 


d  remain  with 
any  Selico  to 
e  the  price  of 
with  the  pro- 

f  one  who  did. 
id  he  suiFer  to 
her,  and   bid 
le  last  time! 
d  soon  return, 
.risit  their  for* 
;ain  take  pof. 
them,  but  lh«. 
her  sons ;  fli« 
n  'y  and  by  an 
•■a  he  bad  dis^ 
lag  brothers,, 
le  most  to  be 

Sabi.  The: 
:r  head  ',  and: 
the  states  of 
i;ith  Europe^ 
lui)  his  waUs< 

admitted  t'o; 
rison^rs,  and. 
e  conquered, 
him  an  hun*. 
as  hesitating: 
impet  sounds 
with  a  loud 
Four  hundred 
E  a^  negro,  as. 
le  {irecedinf 
1  escaped  at 

icO,  OB  hs^n 


.'79^«  Se/ico,  t  tale.  if^ 

ing  this  proclamation,  made  a  sign  to  Tclon^  not  to* con- 
clude the  bargain  with  the  merchant  j  and  taking  his  bro- 
ther  aside,  spoke  thus  to  him  in  a  firm  and  determined 
voice :  "  thou  must  sell  me,  and  I  am  resolved  on  it,  in 
order  to  preserve  my  mother  j   but  the  moo*,  dte  price 
this  white   oifers  thee,   will  aot   make   her  comtortable. 
Four  hundred  ounces  of  gold  will  be  a  large  fortune  for 
her  and  you  both.     You  must  not  let  this  opportunity 
•lip  ;  no,  brother,  you   roust  bind  me  directly,  and  con- 
duct me  to  the  king  as  the  criminal  he  is   in  search  of. 
Don't  be  frightened,  I  know   as  well  as  you  what  punish- 
ment awaits  me  j  I  have  calculated  its   duration,  and  it 
cannot  last  longer  than  an  hour  ;  and  when  my  mother 
brought  me  into  the  world,  fhe  suflfered  much  longer." 
Telon4  trembled  so  much  he  could  not  answer.     Full  of 
alarm  and'  tendernefs,  he  fell  at  the  feet  of  Selico,  embra- 
ced his  knees,  and,  prefsing  them,  besought  him  by  the 
name  of  their  mother,  by  that  of  Berifsa,  by  every  thing 
he  held  dear  and  sacred  on  this  earth,  to  give  up  so  ter- 
rible a  resolution.     "  Of  whom  dost  thou  speak  ?"  replied 
SelicQ  with  a  smile  of  anguifti,  "  I  have  lost  Berifsa ;  I  am. 
anxious  to  meet  her  again  j — I  preserve  my  mother  by 
my  death,  and  render  my  brothers  richt.r  than  ever  they 
could  have  expected,  and  I  save  myself  a  slavery  that  may 
Jiave  lasted  forty  years.     My  determination  Is  fixed  j  do 
not  argue  longer,  or  I  will  go  and  deliver  myself  to  the  king; 
Ihou  wilt  lose  the  benefit  of  my  death,  and  be  the  means 
of  destroying  her  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  our  exist- 
,  ence." 

Intimidated  by  the  tone  and  manner  with  which  Selico 
fronounced  these  last  words,  Telone  dared  not  to  make 
any  reply  j  he  obeyed  his  brother,  and  went  for  cords  to 
bind  him.  He  tied  hi»  two  anns  behind  his  back,  as  he 
bathed  it  with  his  tears  j  and,  driving  him  before  him,  went 
t9  the  palace  of  .the  king. 

to  be  concluded  in  our.  next. 


FARTHER  INTELLIGENCE  FROM  NEW  SOUTH  WALES. 
Continued  from  vol.  ix.  p.  80. 
Sydnty,  New  South  Wales,  Oct.  29. 1791. 
•1^  BE  governor  continues  to  direct  his  views  chiefljr  t» 
Norfolk  island,  and  the  settlement  at  Ros«h>U,  (now  callr 
^,  ed  Parramatta  from  the  native  name.)     The  towtt  there 

■continues  to  enlarge,  according  to  the  ftrst  plan,  and  20» 
additional  acres  oi  land  are  cleared  of  the  timber.  But 
the  intense  drought  which  has  prevailed  for  upwards  of 
twelve  months  past,  has  almost  deprived  us  of  water  to 
drink,  and  marred  our  hopes  of  reaping  any  considerable 
increase  from  the  harvest. 

Indian  corn  is  likely  to  be  the  most  profitable  graitt 
that  can  be  raised  in  this  country }  and  our  views  aro 
chiefly  directed  to  the  cultivation  of  that  article  }  but 
how  we  can  succeed  in  raising  a  snfHcient  quantity,  I 
know  not,  without  a  more  speedy  method  of  preparing^ 
the  ground  is  hit  upon,  than  that  by  the  spade  and  hoe. 

To  labour  with  a  plough  is  impracticable,  as  the  stumpt 
of  the  trees  and  their  roots  stiU  remaia  in  the  ground,  and 
cannot  now  be  removed  without  an  immensity  of  labour,. 
Such  of  the  convicts  whose  times  are  out^  and  choose  to 
become  settlers,  have  small  grants  of  land  given  to  them^ 
and  men  to  cut  down  the  trees,  with  eighteen-  months 
provisions  from  the  public  store^  But  the  clearing  and 
cultivation  of  the  land  depends  wholLy  upon  themselves.. 
The  governor  has  endeavoured  to  place  them  as  contigU' 
ous  to  fre(b  water  as  possible  y  but  that  article  is  so  scarce 
that  there  is  a  danger  of  their  being  without  it,  even  witb 
the  best  management.  They  are  allowed  grain  also  t» 
sow  their  first  crop,  and  a  good  many  lately  have  made 
trial  of  the  busiuels ;  but  smne  of  them  are  already  re- 
penting of  their  bargains,  and  it  is  highly  probable  tk^ 
will  have  greatex  catuc  eie  long. 


atet.      jfug.  9« 
JTH  WALES. 

1791. 

Bws  chiefljT  t9 
tiill,  (now  calU 
'he  town^  there 
plan,  and  20» 
:  timber.  But 
or  upwards  of 
us  of  water  t9 
ly  considerable 

irofitable  graitt 
our  views  ars 
t  article  }  but 
int  quantity,  I 
I  of  preparing 
ide  and  hoe. 
,  as  the  stumpf 
le  ground,  and 
isity  of  labour,, 
and  choose  to 
g;ive&  to  them,, 
rhteen-  months 
:  clearing  and 
>n  themselves,, 
;m  as  contigU' 
:le  is  so  scarce 
t  it,  even  witb 
\  grain  also  t» 
;ly  have  made 
re  already  re- 
probable  tkcf 


Uyoi.         .  inteUigtnte  from  New  South  Wakt.  rpt 

A.  reform  of  government,  (if  this  country  is  continu- 
ed,) is  much  wanted )  but  nothing  can  be  so  truly  accep- 
table  as  freedom  and  a  trial  by  jury,  in  all  cases. 

Our  journies  to  the  northward  or  southward,  along  the 
coast,  have  not  as  yet  extended  farther  than  Broken  Ba/ 
and  Botaoy  Bay.  But  the  country  backwards  has  been 
penetrated  and  pretfy  accurately  examined  for  upwards 
of  thirty  miles  \,  but,  «s  I  have  formerly  said,  it  has  nut 
been  commended,  some  fewr  tract*  excepted,  that  hav^ 
presented  a  better  appearance. 

Norfolk  island,  I  am  informed,  from  the  benignity  of ' 
its  soil,  bids  fur  to  support  five  or  six  hundred  colonists 
very  wel  But  a  greater  number  it  is  thought  would 
prove  a  burden,  as  a  sufficient  quantity  of  timber  must  be 
left  to  stand  for  firewood }  and  the  whole  island  does  not 
exceed  11,000  acres. 

At  this  place,  and  Parramatta,  bricks  and  tiles  are  made 
in  numbers,  and  with  ease  }  so  that  more  permanent  build- 
ings than  our  original  habitations  were,  are  erecting  as 
fast  as  pofsible.  I  wi(h  we  could  fill  our  granaries  as  rea- 
dily as  we  can  build  houses. 

The  Mary  Ann  arrived  here  on  the  9th  of  July  last, 
with  141  female  convicts,  after  a  pafsage  of  four  montks 
and  twelve  days  from  Gravesend,  Since  which  the  Gor- 
gon, and  six  of  the  transports  bound  to  this  part  of  the 
world,  have  come  in  all  safety  j  the  other  four  were  left 
lit  the  cape.  * 

They  have  been  very  healthy  throughout  the  voyage,  and 
few  of  them  have  greatly  exceeded  five  months  on  their 
pafsage. 

These  ten  sail  of  transports  will  nearly  land  us.  2000 
convicts  •,  without  bringing  more  than  a  proportibn  of  six 
months  provisions  for  their  subsistence  j  so  that  store  fhips 
will  need  to  arrive  Ihortly,  or  else  we  Ihall  loon  be  sorely 
flinched.     . 


'^^..'".■"Im, 


I92  '    to  niresponJents ,  Avg.  8l 

The  governor  w  authorised,  by  tliis  conveyance,  to  in- 
form such  of  the  convicts  as  have  served  their  terms  of 
transportation,  that  they  are  at  liberty  to  go  where  they 
think  pr  (jcr ;  had  this  been  made  known  before,  it 
would  have  prevented  much  murmuring  and  discontent  t* 
mong  them.  They  all  despaired  of  ever  being  able  to 
leave  this  country,  which  operated  so  powerfully  on  their 
minds  that  labour  became  painful,  and  any  chance  of  esca* 
|)ing,  however  dangerous,  appeared  to  them  preferable  to 
to  that  of  remaining  in  perpetual  slavery  Fifteen  of 
them  set  out  at  ditiRerent  times  in  two  open  boats  belong- 
ing  to  the  settlement.  How  they  will  succeed  I  cannot 
devise,  but  the  chance  is  certainly  much  against  them. 

The  marines  who  have  justly  felt  much  indignation,  at 
the  treatment  they  have  met  with  here,  are,  to  their  great 
joy,  to  return  home  immediately  in  the  Gorgon.  On 
■their  arrival,  as  well  as  captain  Hunter,  matters  must  be 
brought  to  light,  and  I  have  no  doubt  but  the  injured  will 
obtain  ample  justice. 

The  discontent  and  murmuring  that  has  already  arisen 
in  the  New  Sooth  Wales  corps,  prognosticates  very  little 
harmony  in  that  quarter,  and  I  believe  the  chiefs  in  poli- 
tics here  are  heartily  sorry  for  the  exchange,  but  as  them- , 
selves  are  to  bkrae  for  it,  they  do  not  deserve  pity. 


TO   COKRESPONDZNTS. 

•flit  very  eliboraw  and  interesting  eftiy  by  John  Burnt  ii  thankfiilly  re> 
ceived,  and  Aall  be  iiufrted  at  toon  «i  pofiible.  - 

_  The  critiqup  by  A.  M.  M.  came  (ife  to  hand.  The  poem  to  whicji 
It  r«feri  ii  perhaps  one  of  the  most  unequal  in  the  Englilh  language  5  he 
lU'ght  have  picked  ou(  many  luch  faulty  pa&ages.  Tfce- remark  see  mi 
Voryjust. 

J.  M'.  leems  to  be  nore  afraid  than  the  aubjeet  require*,  and  more 
aealou!  than  ii  necefiary  :  ««  persecute  ui,  and  we  will  thrive,"  It  an  aid 
reqiark.  If  the  doctripei  he  tepiebends  be  really  pemlcioua,  thea  the  true 
way  to  prevent  them  from  d«:.ig  hurt  is  10  let  them  fall  to  the  ground 
■wriihout  farther  notice.  The  Editor  of  the  Bee  ii  no  friend  to  PCriecutioft 
an  any  form. 

Maty  atkittwlidgtmtttti  ttUl  JtfentJ  for  want  cfnm. 


jrance,  to  in< 
eir  terms  of 

where  they 
rn  before,  it 
discontent  «• 
eing  able  to 
uUjr  on  their 
ance  of  esca* 
preferable  to 
Fifteen  o£ 
oats  belong- 
!ed  I  cannot 
St  them, 
iignation,  at 
o  their  great 
rorgon.  On 
ers  must  be 

injured  will 

[ready  arisen 
:«  very  little 
iefs  in  poll- 
but  as  them- , 
!  pity. 


t  thankfully  re> 

poem  to    which 

\  language}  he 
Tcnurk  seemt 

lire*,  and  more 
irive,"  It  an  aid 
I,  th«a  (he  true 
1  to  the  ground 
i  to  periecutwft 


^. 


THE  BEE, 


OK 


ZITERJRT  WEEKLY  INTELLIGENCER, 


W«nji«»DAY,  AvousT  15.  179*. 


-An  account  of  the   society  of  arcadia  at  romk     Bt 
aibktournkr,  teacher  of  languages,  edinburgh,  author 
f  of  the  anecdotks  of  pope  ganganelli,  6'f. 

Continued  fiom  vol.  ix.  p.  281. 

As  I  promised  you  in  my  last,  I  proceed  in  the  nar- 
rative of  the  establilhment  of  our  Roman  Arcadia. 

The  new  Arcadians  continued  for   some   time  m 
their  literary  exercises,  much  to  their  own  improve- 
ment, as  well  as  tliat  of  those  who  frequented  their 
afsemblies  and  public  rehearsals,  which  always  af- 
forded great  satisfaction  to  the  audience.     But  as 
they  had  it  in  view,  from  the  beginning,  to  institute 
a  pure  and  simple  form  of  government,  congenial  to 
a  pastoral  nation,  they  went  on  for  the  space  of  six 
years,  (or  of  an  olympiad,  and  two  years,  to  speak  in 
the  stile  of  Arcadia,)  from  time  to  time  enacting  such 
institutions  as,  by  their  conformity  with  the  rights 
of  nature,  promised  to  be  firm  and  permanent,  an4 


VOL.  X, 


MM 


MWW" 


'94  Italian  literature.  jiug,  15. 

were   generally  approved   and   accepted  by  all  the 
members  ;  ordering  certain  customs   also  to  be  in- 
troduced according  as  circumstances  seemed  to  re- 
quire.    These  regulations    were  several  times   en- 
larged, varied,  and  rejected,  until,   by  the  universal 
consent  and  obedience,  it  was  decide*  which  of  them 
were  to  be  selected  for  the  permanent  regulation  of 
this  literary  republic.     But  as  the  members  of  Ar- 
cadia  had  by  this  time  encreased  to  an  extraordinary 
number,  it  would  have  been  difficult  to  make  the  es- 
tabliflied  rules  and  orders  be  observed,  unlefs  they 
were   collected    under   certain   heads,   which   were 
known  to  every  person  ;  it  was  resolved  to  reduce 
them  in  the  form  of  laws,  vaA  Alfesibeo  Cario^  at  that 
time  custode,  or  guardian  of  Arcadia^  was  .ordered 
to  attend  seriously  to  this  important  buainefs. 

In  consequence  ofjhis  resolution,  the  custode  col- 
lected these  rules  and  orders,  comprefsed  them  into 
ten  tables  or  laws^  and  two  sanctions,  which,  that  they 
might  claim  more  veneration,  he  caused  to  be  writ- 
ten by  Opico  Erimantho  (the  celebrated  jurisconsult,  ' 
Gian  Vincenzo  Gravina,)  after  the  manner  of  the  ten 
tables  of  the  old  Roman  laws. 

The  Arcadian  codex  being  thus  brought  to  perfec- 
tion, in  order  that  no  person  might  plead  ignorance, 
a  general  afsembly  of  the  fhepherds  was  called  at  the 
£osco  Parrasio,  (or  the  Parrhasian  grove,)  which 
then  existed  on  mount  Palatine,  once  famous  for  the 
Arcadian  Evander  and  his  mother  Cartnenta,  in  the  ' 
Orti  Farnesiarii,  and  were  publiflied  to  them  on  the 
20th  May  in  the  year  1696.  The  custode  began  the ' 
premulgatioa  of  the  laws,  by  the  solemn  formula  Veli. 


^ug.  15. 

by  all  the 
io  to  be  in- 
:med  to  re- 
1  times  en< 
e  universal 
ich  of  them 
rgulation  of 
bers  of  Ar- 
traordinarj 
ake  the  es- 
unlefs  thej 
■hich   were 

to  reduce 
rio,  at  that 
as  .ordered 
efs. 
•ustode  col- 

them  into 
1,  that  thej 
to  be  writ- 
risconsult, 

of  the  ten 

:  to  perfec- 
ignorance, 
lied  at  the 
e,)  which 
lus  for  the 
ita,  in  the 
m  on  the 
began  the 
mula  VeiU 


^>J^^,  Italian  literature,  1 9  j 

tisjuheatis,  Jrcades,  Sec.  ^^which  you  may  sec  at  the 
end  of  the  laws,)  then  Palemone  Licurio  (Silvio 
Stampiglia)  one  of  the  founders,  wi^i  a  clear  voice 
read  aloud  the  laws  and  the  sanction.  These  had 
been  carved  on  two  large  tables  of  fine  marble,  at  the 
expencc  and  by  the  orders  of  Cdrisia  Alantino,  (An- 
thony Farnese  duke  of  Parma^  at  that  time  in  Rome 
and  an  acclamated*  fhepherd  of  Arcadia.  The 
marble  tables  were  fixed  on  the  walls  of  a  little  amphi- 
theatre, which  was  purposely  made  out  for  the  con- 
veniency  of  the  Arcadians,  all  of  which  exist  at  this 
day,  although  the  Parrhasian  grove  has  been  trans- 
ferred to  another  place. 

After  the  reading  of  the  laws,  the  marble  tables 
were  uncovered  and  thus  exposed  to  the  public ;  Opico,. 
in  an  eloquent  harangue,  which  is  printed  in.  hia 
works,  required  the  afsembly  publicly  to  approve 
and  confirm  those  laws,  if  agreeable  to  their  wiflics. 
The  tablets,  being  distributed  to  the  ftiepherds,, 
who,  by  secret  votes  or  ballot,  gave  their  approba- 
tion to  the  laws  and  sanction}  the  cuslode  Alfe^ 
sib'o  repeated  the  formula  Velitii  jubeatis,  &c.  The 
three  who  had  been  appointed  to  examine  the 
votes  answered  coetus  universus  scivit. 

After  the  publication  of  the  laws,,  tlie  oustode  read: 
some  regulations  conducive  to  the  practical  obser- 
vance  of  them,  after  which  Euganio  Libade,  (Men- 
zini,)  and  Erilo  Cleoneo,  (Guidi,)  rivalled  one  ano- 
ther in  the  rehearsal  of  two.ex«cllent  Italian  poems,. 

•  I  (h»ll  have  occis'.on  to  speak  hereafter  tf  the  leception  in  Arcadia 
by  acclamation. 


T^ 


^ 


>9^  Italian  lit$raturt,  ^ug.  i^.. 

relative  fo  the  promulgation  of  the  laws,  which  waa 
thus  concluded. 

It  would  be  depriving  this  narration  of  one  of  its 
most  interesting  parts,  if  I  fhould  omit  to  present 
your  readers  with  the  laws   of  Arcadia  in  their  ori- 
ginal form.     They  may  serve  as  a  model,  on  a  small 
scale,  of  a  truly  free  government.     To  good  sense, 
time,  and  observation,  unincumbered  by  metaphysi- 
cal squabblings,  and  sophistical  arguments,  did   the 
founders  of  the  Roman  Arcadia  trust  the  permanency 
of  their  respectable  literary  republic,   guarding  by- 
wise  laws  its  constitution,   alike  against  the  tumults  i 
of  democracy,  and  the  overbearing  influence  of  aris- 
tocracy.    Happy  were  it  for  Rome,  once   the  queen, 
of  nations,  that  ihe  might  yet  emerge  from  the  dark:, 
cloud  that  has  covered  her  since  the  fall  of  tltat  em«- 
pire,  which  owed  its  origin  to  superior  energy  in  a 
free  constitution  of  government ;   and  as>  the  course 
of  political  knowledge  even  here,  as  well  as  in  most 
other  parts  of  Europe,  seems   to  be  lefs  obstructed* 
and  the  reign  of  bigotry  seems  to  be  near  an  end,  it 
is  probable  that  it  may  yet  emerge.     Hoc  erat  in-  ' 
•botis,  quod  Diifaxint. 

As  an  Englilh  translation  cannot  sufHciently  con^. 
vey  the  beauties  of  the  manly  stile  of  the  original 
Latin,  T  presume  this  will   be  acceptable  to  a  great 
part  of  your  readers. 

Your  readers,  who  are  conversant  with  the  Latin 
clafsics,  will  undoubtedly  reliih  the  beauties  of  the 
original,  for  the  others  I  fl  all  endeavour  to  give 
hem  a  translation,  which,  if  it  does  rot  convey  that 
nervous  masculine  stile  of  which  the  Latin  language 


Aug.  15.. 
s,  which  was 

of  one  of  its 
it  to  present 
in  their  ori- 
I,  on  a  snnall 
I  (i[ood  sense, 
■  metaphjsi- 
:nts,  did   the 
permanencj 
guarding  bj- 
the  tumultSj 
ence  of  aris>- 
;   the  queen; 
}m  the  dark;. 
[  of  tltat  em«- 
energj  in  s 
i'  the  course 
I  as  in  most 
obstructed*. 
vc  an  end,  it?'. 
Hoc  trat  in^ 

iciently  cona- 
:he  original 
B  to  a  great 

th  the  Latiit 
uties  of  the 
)ur  to  give 
convey  that 
in  language 


179*.  lialian  literature,  tgf 

is  sascepttble,  it  will,  however,  inform   them  of  the 
good  sense,  which  is  contained  in  these  laws. 


Laws  OF  THE  Arcadians. 

I.  The  supreme  power  fliall  belong  to  the  com- 
munity. Every  individual  fliall  have  a  right  to  re- 
sort to  the  same  *. 

H.  The  custbt  for  the  administration  and  care  of 
the  public  affairs,  fliall  be  created  by  the  community 
every  olympiad.     An  unfit  one  fliall  be  removed f. 

III.  The  castas  fliall  have  a  vicar,  and  twelve  col- 
leagues. Of  these  the  custos  fliall  choose  every  year, 
in  turn,  six  new  ones,  with  the  consent  of  the  general 
afsembly,  and  (hall  retain  six  of  the  old.  He  fliall 
thoose  for  himself  two  afsistants.  Besides  these, 
there  fliall:  not  be  any  other  public  employments.. 
There  fliall' be  no  patron  |. 

IV.  The  votes  fliall  be  secret.  In  creating  or  re- 
moving a  custot  two  thirds  fliall  form  the  majority. . 
In  other  affairs,  any  thing  more  than  half  fliall  be  the 
majority ;  if  the  votes  are  equal  they  must  be  re- 
peated} after  which,  if  still  equal,  the  affiir  fliall 
be  consigned  to  chance  ||. 

Leges  Arcadvm. 
*'  I.  Penes  commune  summa  pocescas  tita.     Ad  idem  cuilibet  prpvo- 
care  jus  esto. 

,  'f  II.  Custot  rebus  gerundis«  et  procurandis  singulis  o1ympiadibu»  a 
communi  creator,  minusque  idoneus  remnvetor. 

,  %  III.  Custodi  vicuriusi  et  CMlIegie  duoiccim  adsunto.  Eorum  tinguli* 
innis  custos  consul'o  universii  coetu  novos  sex  in  orbem  dig  to,  sex  ve- 
Krum  retineto.  Adminlstrns  sioi  duos  adsumito.  Prx.er  hsc  »>ia 
munera  publica  ne  sunto,     Patronus  nullus  esto. 

II  IV.  Sufiragia  lecreu  tunto,  eaque  in  cusMde  creand»*ut  removcndo 
trifariam  dividuntor,  juitus()ue  numeriu  dus  p arcct  tunto.    Catuii  in 


-Up 


lp8  Italian  literature.  -^tig.  iy» 

V.  Whatever  (hall  be  acted  or  done  by  the  coHege, 
in  regard  to  public  aiTairs,  the  cuites  fhall  refer  it  to 
the  communitj  to  the  purpose  of  having  it  establish- 
ed for  ever  *. 

VI.  The  general  afsembly  fliall  be  called  by  the 
eustos,  at  least  twice  in  winter,  within  doors,  to  the 
purpose  of  hearing  what  there  is  to  be  said,  and  ex- 
amining what  has  been  done  ;  but  for  the  purpose  of 
rehearsing  the  poems,  or  difsertations  of  the  (heph^rda 
who  are  present,  six  times  in  the  year,  once  for  thosa 
of  the  absent,  during  the  vacancies  of  spring  and 
summer,  in  the  Parrhasian  grove  in  the  open  airf.  % 

VII.  Evil  and  satirical  verses,  obscene,  supersti- 
tious, and  impious  writings,  (hall  not  be  repeated  |. 

VIII.  In  the  afsembly,  and  in  treating  the  affairs  of 
Arcadia,  the  pastoral  customs  Hiall  be  always  used  ;. 
but  in  the  poetical,  or  in  the  prose  compositions,  as  fac 
only  as  the  subject  will  allow  it  || . 

IX.  Nothing  ihall  be  printed  with  the  Arcadioa 
name  without  leave  from  the  public  $. 

rebus  bifariam  dispertiMntor,  quique  partem  dimidiam  ezsuf  erat  numerus 
Justus  rsto;  ai  paria  fuant  iterantor  j  dcinctpi  res  torti  committitor. 

*  V.  Qnidquid  per  collegium  de  rebui  communibus  actum  gcttumve 
fuat  quo  perpctuo  ratum  iict  ad  commune  lefcrtor. 

"f  VI.  Ccetus  universus  rclaticnibus  audiu.idis,  actisque  cognoscundis 
hycme  silrem  bis  insedibus  }  carminibug  autem,  aut  orationibus  prouun- 
ciandis,  presentium  quidcm  pastotum  per  annum  Sfxici,  absentium  scrael, 
Tcrnis  cc  lEKiTis   feriis  iir  nemus  Parrhasium  per  cuModem  3ub  dio  con> 

vocator. 

« 

I  vn.  Mala  Carmina,  et  famosa,  obaccna,  iupersticiosa,  impiave 
scripta  ne  pronunciantor. 

tt-»tii.  In  coecu  et  rebus  ArcadicJi  pattoritius  mos  perpetuo,  in  car* 
minibus  >utcm,  et  orationibus  quantum  rri  fert  adhibetor. 

^  IX.  Arcadico  nomine  typic  injufiu  publico  nequid  editor •. 


r  the  coHegc, 
all  refer  it  to 
;  it  establiih- 


alled  by  the 
doors,  to  the 
said,  and  ex- 
e  purpose  of 
the  (heph^rda 
nee  for  those 

spring    and 
open  airf. 
le,  supersti- 

repeated  %. 
the  affairs  of 
ilways  used ;: 
litions,  as  fac 

lie  Arcadioa 


Kuf  erat  numetus 
committitor. 

actum  gcstumve- 


que  cognoicundi). 
ationibus  pronun« 
absentium  S(iiiel> 
dem  Mb  dio  con» 

sticioM,  impiave 

perpetuo,  in  car* 
>r. 
Iitar> 


1791. 


Italian  literature. 


»99 


X.  As  many  deno  ninations  as  tliere  arc  of  Arcadian 
lands,  as  manv  fhall  be  the  ihcpherds  a.itl  the  pastoral 
names :  when  any  is  deceased  or  expelled,  anotheif 
fhall  take  his  place*. 

Sanctiow. 

If  any  person  acts,  fhall,  or  fliould  act,  against 
these  laws,  or  ihall  hinder  any  one  from  acting  ac- 
cording to  them,  he  (hail  be  immediately  expel- 
led  from  Arcadia,  and  his  name  fhall  be  erased  by 
the  cujtode,  in  the  presence  of  the  colleagues. 

If  any  thing  in  these  laws  fhould  be  found  obscure, 
or  intricate,  or  not  understood,  the  right  of  interpre- 
ting or  supplying  (hall  belong  to  the  community  of 
the  Arcadians,  after  having  consulted  the  most  ex- 
perienced amongst  the  fhepherds  according  to  the  cus- 
tom of  our  ancestors  ;  and  whatever  fhall  be  decreed, 
or  judged,  fhall  be  carefully  preserved  by  the  custos  ; 
nor  fhall  it  be  introduced  in  the  tables  of  the  Jaws. 
It  fliall  not  be  permitted  to  any  one  to  introduce 
new  laws. 

Alphesiboeus  Caryus,  custosy  thus  requested  the 
general  afsembly  :  May  it  be  your  will  and  your 
command,  O  !  Arcadians,  that  what  is  comprehended 
and  ordered  in  these  laws,  for  the  government  of  our 
community,  fhall  be,  by  common  authority  and  com- 
mand, deemed  firm  and  establifhed  for  ever. 

And  that  the  fliepherds  from  hence  forth  fhall  be 
bound  by  them  for  ever }    so  ihat   whoever   after 

*  X.  Quot  praeJiorum  Arcadicorum  t'ltuli  totidem  pastores,  pas(orun». 
que  nomina  sunco,  ioqus  mortui  aut  ex  puncti  locum  uiius  sufKciLor, 


'I*'  ■«L?i!i.j! :: 


200  Italian  literature .  ^«g' "^S' 

Jhis  fliall  be  received   into  Arcadia,  flisll  be  obliged, 
as  by  oath,  to  the  obedience  of  these  laws  *. 
'the  general  afsembly  agreed. 
In  the  third  year  of  the  six  hundred  and  eighteenth 
olympiad  ;  the  second  year  of  the  second  olympiad 
from  the  reftoration  of  Arcadia,  a  joyful  day  for 

evert.  .    ,      ,  . 

Before  the  afsetnbly  retired  they  wisely  decreed, 
to  dedicate  and  consecrate  their  laws  to  the  pope  a« 
prince  of  the  country  who  was  then  pope  Innocent  xil. 
By  decree  of  the  general  afsembly. 

To  InnoMnt  xil.  most  good,  and  most  high 
pontif,  moderator  of  the  world,  defender  of  divine 
and  humin  rights,  Arcadia  dedicates  and  consecrates 
her  laws  %. 

S  AI4  CT to* 

•  SI  qui,  .dT.  .u.  h.  1.  facit,  fax.t.  fecerit,  quique  fadt,  f«!t.  fecerlm 
quo  minu,  q..-..  secundum  h.  I.  »ace,«.  fecifKtTe,  f«turu.ve  .,«  confc.- 
L  »arcas  «to,  .jusque  nomea  coram  coll.gio  per  cu.todm  mducor. 

Si  quid  in  hi,  legibu.  obscurum  perplexumve  s.et,  s.ve  comprehensum 
n..  siet,  communi  Arcadum.  con,ul.i,  p.ritioribu.  m.er  pa.tor.,.  mo'. 
n^.jorum/murprctandi,  .uppKndVque  ju.  e.to",  quodque  deer.tum  jud- 
ca.umvesietp.n«  custodem  ad.ervatori  in  legem  tabula,  ne  red.guor. 

Nulli  nova,  lege,  fe"e  f«  '"0.  _ 

Alphesiboeu,  Caryus  custc.  coetum  univenum  lU  rogav.t.  Vel.ti. 
lubratis  Arcade,  ut.  qu«  in  hi.  legibu.  ad  no.rri  communi,  reg.men  com- 
prehensa  pre.crip.aque  .unt.  authorita.e  jufsuque  commun.  ju.ta  raU 
firma  re.petuo  ,ient.  lisdemque  pasture,  po.tbac  om.e.  perpetuo  e- 
lnv..r.  ut  quicumquc  A«adic„m  deincep,  nomen  adsum.er.t  ob.tr.ctu. 
H.  L.  veluti  Sacramento  .let. 

COBTV,   VHIVIR.V.  .CIVIT. 

t  Olympiad.  »cxv.u.ann.  iii.  ab  a.  ..  olympiad  ...  ann.  \i.  die  per- 
eetuo  laeta. 

Ex  COBTV,   OWIVIII,.  CON.WITO. 

X  Innocemio  ....  pontifici  optimo  maximo  moderatorl  o;*-';  ""»-*>' 
Jai.  human-quc  juri,  tutelx  sua.  Arcadia  lege,  d.cat  con.e«al,u.. 


j4ug.  15. 
1  be  obliged, 


id  eighteenth 
)nd  olympiad 
yful  day  for 

sely  decreed, 
>  the  pope  as 
;  Innocent  xii. 

I  most  high 
let  of  divine 
id  consecrates 


»cit,fiix!t,fecerlt»e 
turutve  liet  confet- 
stodem  induciior. 
sive  comprehcnsum 
Iter  paitores,  mo't 
que  decretum  judi- 
abuUt  ne  redigicor. 

ta  rogavit.  Veliti* 
nunis  regimen  com- 
ommuni  justa  rata 
om'^e»  perpetuo  te- 
dsumierit  obitrictu« 


II.  aim.  ii.  die  pcr- 

ro. 

itori  orbii'  terraruiht 

at  coniecratque. 

* 


ESSAY  ON  DELICACY  OF  SENTIMENT. 

For  the  Bee. 

Oh !  teach  ui, — yet  unspoil'd  by  wealth ! 

That  lecret  rare,  between  tir  ixcreroei  to  move, 

Of  mad  good  nature,  and  of  mean  iclt°  lore.  Port. 

The  character  of  delicacy  of  sentiment,  to  esteemed 
at  present,  seems  to  have  been  unknown  to  the  an> 
cients.  It  is  certainly  a  great  refinement  on  huma- 
nity. Refinements  are  never  attended  to  in  the  ear- 
lier ages,  when  the  occupations  of  war,  and  the  wants 
of  unimproved  life,  leave  little  opportunity,  and  lefs 
inclination,  for  fanciful  enjoyments.  Danger  and 
distrefs  require  strength  of  mind,  and  necefaarily  ex- 
clude an  attention  to  those  delicacies,  which,  while 
they  please,  infallibly  enervate. 

That  tendernefs  which  is  amiable  in  a  state  of  per. 
feet  civilization,  is  despised  as  a  weaknefs  among 
unpoliOied  nations.  Shocked  at  the  smallest  circum- 
stances which  are  disagreeable,  it  cannot  support  the 
idea  of  danger  and  alarm.  So  far  from  exercising 
the  cruelties  which  are  sometimes  politically  neccf- 
sary  in  a  rude  state,  it  starts  with  horror  from  the 
sight,  and  at  the  description  of  them.  It  delights  in 
the  calm  occupations  of  rural  life,  and  would  gladly 
resign  the  spear  and  the  {hield  for  the  (hepherd's 
crook  and  the  lover's  garland.  But  in  an  unformed 
Oommunity,  where  constant  danger  requires  constant 
defence,  those  dispositions  which  delight  in  retire- 
ment and  ease  will  be  treated  with  general  contempt ; 
and  no  temper  of  mind  which  is  despised  will  be  long 
ejiidemical.  ^ 

VOL.  X.  c  c  f 


I 


,a»l  Of   ItUeaey  of  itntimiU.  jfug.x^. 

The  anc*ent  Greeks  and  Roauns  were  the  most 
civilJred  people  on  the  earth.  The/,  however,  were 
unacquainted  with  thit  extreme  delicacy  of  senti- 
ment which  is  become  so  universally  prcvaknt  in 
modern  times.  Perhaps  some  reasonable  causes  maj 
be  aTsigued.  The  stoic  philosophy  endeavoured  t» 
ihtroduce  a  total  apathy,  and,  though  it  was  not  ens* 
btaeed,  in  all  its  rigidity,  by  the  vulgar,  yet  it  Itad  %■ 
sifficient  number  of  votaries  to  diffuse  a  general  tasto 
for  ad  insehsibilrty  of  temper.  It  perhaps  orignvally 
meant  no  more  than  to  teaci  men  to  govesa  their 
affections  by  the  dictates  of  reason  ;  but  as  a  natural 
want  of  feeling  produced  the  same  effects  as  a  ra- 
tional regulation  of  the  pafsions,  it  soon  pafsed  among^^ 
the  vulgar  for  what  it  could  lay  ao  claim  to,  a  phi- 
losophical indifference. 

That.respectftil  attention  to  women,  which  in  mo- 
dern times  is  called  gallantry^  was  not  to  be  found 
among  the  ancients.  Wemen  were  looked  upon  as 
inferior  beings,  whose  only  duty  was  to  contribut« 
to  pleasure,  and  superintend  domeettc  economy.  It 
was  not  till  the  days  of  chivafi-y  that  men  (howed 
that  dfsire  of  pkasing  the  softer  s«c,  which  seema 
-to  allow  them  a  superiority.  This  deference  f-  wo- 
men refines  the  manners  and  softens  the  temper  ;  and 
it  is  no  wonder  -that  the  ancients,  who  admitted  no 
women  to  their  social  conversations,  fbould  acquire  a 
-it)ughnefs  of  manners  incompatible  wit  h  dtlicocy  of 
itntiment. 

Men  who  acted,  thought,  and  9^oke,like  the  ancients, 
■were  unquestionably  furni&ed,  by  nature,  with  every 
feeling  in  great  perfection.  But  theiranodeofedttcatiofi 


L 


jiug.  15. 
'c  the  most 
wrevcr,  were 
'.J  of  sentl- 
)rcvalcnt  in 
oiuses  mtj 
eaV^oiircd  t*^ 
«M  Hot  am* 
yet  it  iwift. 
;«neral  tasts 
M  origiivail^ 
ortca  their 
as  a  natural 
icts  as  a  ra- 
afscd  among 
m  to,  a  phi- 

hich  in  tno- 
to  be  found 
ed  upon  a< 
}  contribut« 
onomj.  It 
nen  ihowed 
(rhich  seems 
ence  t>"  wo- 
emper ;  and 
tdmitted  no 
Id  acquire  a 
delicacy  of 

he  ancients, 
I  with  every 
of  education 


1793.  0/1  dtlUaey  of  stntimtnt.  a&3 

co'Uributed  rather  to  harden,  than  to  mollify  their 
hearts.     Politic*  and   war  were  the  sole  general  ob- 
jects.    Ambition,  it  is  well  known,  renders  all  other 
p^fsions  sub.ervient  to  itself  ;  and  the   youth  who 
had  been  accustomed  to  military  diicipline,  and  hsd 
endured  the  hardlhips  of  a  campaign,    though    he 
might  yield  to  the  ailuremcnta  of  pleasure,    would 
not  have  time  to  attend  to  the  refinements  of  deli- 
cacy.    But  the  modern  soldier,  in-thc  present  mode 
of  conducting  war,  is  not  compelled  to  undergo  many 
personal  hardlhips,   either  in  f!ie  preparation  for  his 
profefsion,  or  in  ths  cxerci'ie  of.  it.     Commerce,  but 
little  known  to  many  anci-int  nations,  gives  the  mo- 
derns an  opportunity  of  aiquiring  opulence  without 
much  difficulty  or  danger  ;  and  the  infinite  numbers 
who  inherit  this  opulence,  in  order  to  pafs  away  life 
wi:h  ease,  hav?  recourse  to  the  various  aits  of  ex- 
citing  pleasure*.    ITie  profefsions  of  divinity    and 
law,  leave  sufficient  tiror,  opportunity,   and  inclina- 
tion to  most  of  their  profefiors,   to   pursue  every 
amusement  and  gratiucation.     The  general  pUv»  of 
modern  education,  which,  among  the  liberal,  consists 
of  the  study  of  the  poets   and  sentimental    writers, 
contributes,  perh^s  more  than   all  other  causes,,  to 
humanise  the  he^rt   and  refine  the  sentiments  :  for,, 
at   the  period  when-  education,  is  commenced,  the 
heart  is  most  susceptible  of  imprefsion.. 

Whatever  disposition'  tends  to  soften,  without 
weakening  the  mind,  must  be  cherilhed  ;  and  it  must 
lie  allowed  that  delicacy  01  sentiment,  on  this  side 
t»ie  extreme,  adds  greatly  to  the  happiaefi  of  map- 
]|4d4,   by    difiiusiing  aa  universal   benevolence. .     U 


204  on  delicacy  of  sentiment.  Aug.  15. 

teacher  men  to  feel  for  others  as  for  themselves  ;  it 
disposes  us  to  rejoice  with  the  happy,  and,  by  par- 
taking, to  increase  their  pleasure.  It  frequently  ex- 
cludes the  malignant  pafsions,  which  are  the  sources 
of  the  greatest  misery  in  life.  It  excites  »  pleasing 
sensation  in  our  own  breast,  which,  if  its  duration 
be  considered,  may  be  placed  among  the  highest  gra- 
tifications of  sense.  The  only  ill  consequence  that 
can  be  apprehended  from  it  is,  an  ciFeminacy  of  mind, 
which  may  disqualify  us  for  vigorous  pursuits  and 
manly  exertions. 

In  the  most  succefsful  course  of  life,  obstacles  wfll 
impede,  and  disagreeable  circumstances  disgust.  To 
bear  these,  without  feeling'  them,  is  sometimes  necef- 
sary  in  the  right  conduct  of  life  r  but  he  who  is 
tremblingly  alive  all  over,  and  whose  sensibility  ap- 
■  proaches  to  sorenefs,  avoids  Ve  contest  in  which  he 
knows  he  must  be  hurt.  He  feels  injuries  neVer 
committed;  and  resents  affronts  never  intended. 
Disgusted  with  men  and  manners,  he  either  seeks 
retirement,  to  indulge  his  melaneholy,  or,  weakened 
by  continual  chagrin,  he  conducts  himself  with  folty 
and  imprudence.  ^*fl*fe-3«ij     ... 

How  thai  fliall  we  avoid  th<  extreme  of  a  d'ispost^ 
tion,  which,  in  the  due  medium,  is  productive  of  the 
most  salutary  consequences  ?  In^  this  excefs,  as  well 
as  all  others,  reason  must  be  called  iu  to  moderate. 
Sensibility  must  not  be  permitted  to  sink  us  into 
that  state  of  indolence,  which  effectually  reprefses 
those  manly  sentiments  that  may  very  well  consist 
with  the  most  delicate.  The  greatest  mildnefs  is 
commonly  united  with  the   greatest  fortitude  in  thd 


bL 


Aug.  tjv 
■  themselves ;  it 
>7,  and,  by  pa^. 
It  freqaentlj  ex- 
1  are  the  sources 
scites  a  pleasing 
t  if  its  duration 
jtbe  highest  gra- 
:(Misequencfe  that 
minacy  of  mind, 
IS  pursuits  and 

e,  obstacles  wfll 
es  disgust.  To 
Jmetimes  necef. 
>ut  he  vrho  is 
sensibility  ap- 
5«t  in  which  he 
injuries  neV^er 
ever  intended, 
he  either  seeks 
,  or,  weakened 
iself  with  folty 

e  of  a  disposi- 
tductive  of  the 
xcds,  as  well 
I  ta  moderate, 
sink  tts  inta 
»H7  reprefses 
f  well  consist 
t  nn^ildQefs   is 
rtitode  in  tb& 


179I.  antiquitiej  in  Scotland^  20< 

true  hero.    Tcndernefs,  joined  with  resolution,  form, 
indeed,  a  finiftied  character. 

The  affectation  of  great   sensibility   is  extremely 

.  common.  It  is,  however,  as  odious  as  the  reality  is 
amiable.     It  renders  a  man  contemptible,,  and  a  «r<j- 

•man  ridiculous.  Instead  of  relieving  the  afflicted, 
which  is  the  necefsary  effect  of  genuine  sympathy,  a 
character  of  this  sort  flies  from  misery,  to  ftiew  that 
it  is  too  delicate  to  support  the  sight  of  distrefs. 
The  appearance  of  a  toad,  or  the  jolting  of  a  carnage, 

•  will  cause  a  paroxysm  of  fear.  But  it  is  remarkable 
that  »his  delicacy  arid  tendernefs  often  disappear  in 
solitude,  and  the  pretender  to  uncommon  sensibility 
is  frequently  found,  in  the  absence  of  witnefses,  to 

•  be  uncommonly  unfeeling. 

To  have  received  a  tender  heart  from  the  hand  of 

nature,  is  to  have  received  the  means  oi  the  greatest 

blefsings.     To  have  guided  it  by  the  dictates  of  rea- 

soii,  is  to  have  acted  up  to  the  dignity  of  human  na- 

.  ture,  and  to  have  obtained  that  happinefs  of  which 

the  heart  was  constituted  susceptible. 

May  a  tempery  thus  laudable  in  itself,  never  be 

rendered  contemptible  by  affectation,  or  uselefs  by 

neglect  \ 

Edinburgh,     1  MESCHKZABEEr.. 

Jan,  i6.  i7y2.  J 


ON  VIT2IFIED  FORTIFICATIONS 

■  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Continued  from  vol.  ix.  p.  2i6. 

SiNCS   the  foregoing  account   of  vitrified  fortifica- 
tions in  Scotland  was  written,  I  have  examined  se- 


M 


^n6  ttHtijvitiej  in  Stotiand.  ■  jiitg,  i$t. 

Tcral  etber  hills,  Ibrtified  after  the  siinie  iqftnner  as 
that  of  Knockferrel,  but  I  find  th^y  differ  from  each 
other  ia  some  particulars.  At  Knockierj^l  the  vi- 
trified crust  surrounded  the  wail  only  on  the  outside, 
whereas  at  Tapo-noath  in  Aberdeenfliire,  where  a 
, large  fortitication  of  this  kind  has  been,  the  vitrified 
■crust  is  only  discoverable  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
wall,  without  any  marks  of  vitrificaxi^n  oa  the  out- 
side, except  at  one  place,  where  the  whole  of  the 
conical  wall  is  incrusted  on  both  8ic}e».  I  apprehend^ 
indeed,  that  the  whole  of  the  wall  on  thi?  hill  has 
been  originally  incrusted  on  both  sides,  but  as  the 
hill  is  very  steep,  and  the  wall  has  probably  been 
built  very  hear  the  edge  of  the  precipice,  the  founda- 
tion has  gradually  given  way,  so  as  to  allow  the  vi- 
trified eriist  on  the  outside,  to  slip  dow«  tb«  hill^  at 
tlie  foot  of  whieh  larf«  mafses  of  it  are  stiil  to  be 
found  in  abundance  ;  and,  being  thus  demoliflied,  n^ 
thing  now  remain^jon  that  part  of  the  wall  but  the  loose 
stones,,  that  formed  oriiginally  theh«a/rc  of  th«  wall, 
tumbled,  in  part,  down  the  hill;  whcreasthe  v«Mtiges 
of  the  inner  crust,  whdae  foundations- remain  firm,  are 
»till  distinctly  perceptihie.  The  hillj  on  that  part 
where  the  wall  remains  entire,  is  lefs  steep  than  the 
othar  part  of  it;  the  green  sod  remiainicg:  entire  to 
the  very  foot  of  the  wall^  which  seems  to  eonfirm 
tiais  conjeoture. 

On  the  top  of  Ae  hiU  oalled  Dii»tO-4e«r  in  Aber- 
deenfhiie,  there  are  also  vestiges  of  a  fortification  of 
the  8&me  kind; -but  as  I  have  observed  some  parti- 
culars that  I  did  not  discover  in  any  of  the  othev 


■Jug.   I  $4. 

\t  ti)ftnner  as 
it  from  each 
ecjrej  the  vi- 
I  the  outside, 
re,  where  a 
the  vitrified 
'  side  of  the 
I  oa  the  oat> 
wholtt  of  the 
I  ^ptehendy 
this  hill  hits 
s,  but  R9  the 
rofaably  been 
,  the  founda- 
ajlow  the  vi> 
'9  the  hill«  at 
tve  stiil  to  be 
inoU&ed,  n^ 
[but  the  loose 
;  of  the  wa}l, 
>^  the  vMtigcs 
uin  firm,  are 
on  that  part 
teep  than  tke 
leg:  entire  to 
«  to  eonfirm 

leer  jn  Aber- 

irtification  of 

I  some  parti- 

of  the  other 


T7g4.  antlqidtkt  ht  Sevtlund.  aidf 

ImIIs  of  the  same  cla&  that  X  examined,  I  Aall  des* 
ctib*  them  with  some  degree  of  accoracy. 

This  is  a  beautilul  green   hill,    situated   in   the. 
raiddleof  the  extenaive  rale,  called  the  Garo.^h.  This; 
hill  was  celebrated  by  Boethios,  as  cotitidiang  ine»> 
haustibk  mints  of  gotd  in  its  bowels,  from  which 
there  i£sued  such  ft  aubals  effluvium,  or  exudation, 
or  what  you  please  to  cftii  It,  a«  tinged  the  teeth  of- 
the  fceep  which  pastured  ap«n  it,  in  his  daye,  with  a: 
beautifiil  golden  hue.     But  he  lired  in  that  age  when 
dchemy  flouviflied,  io  tlut  it  was  no  dilEcuk  matter 
for  them  to  convett  ir^n  int«  gold. 

On  the  top  of  this  hill,  besides  the  vitrified  wail 
already  alluded  to.there  are  also  the  remains  of  an©* 
ther  aneient  structure  of  stone  and  iime,  which  is  by 
the  vulgar  supposed  to  have  been  the  palace  of  o-e 
of  the  kings  of  Scofeknd.  It  discoven  no  remains  of 
princely  magnificence,  and  has  been  evidently  a 
strong  hoW,  erected  at  t  \at  period  when  every  prince- 
ly-baron was  obliged  to  have  such  habitations,  for 
securing  himself  and  his  vafsal*  from  the  sudden  at- 
tacks of  his  barbarous  neighbour. 

This  castle  has  been  originally  ft  square,  sixty 
feet  on  each  side,  the  walls  about  twelve  feet  in  thick- 
nefs,  with  small  windows,  in  the  common  stile  of 
building  in  those  days.  It  is  now  in  rubbilh,  except  a 
small  part  of  the  west  wall,  whifch  was  lately  repair- 
ed, so  as  to  keep  it  from  falling,  at  the  expence  of 
the  neighbouring  gentlemen,  who  wifeed  to  preserve 
it  on  account  of  its  picturesque  appearaace,  which  ift 
seen  from  afar.  The  site  of  this  building  ia  marked 
on  the-plan  at  Hi  the  part  that  is  ataoding  is  fliaded^ 


00 8  antiquities  in  Scotland.  Aug.  15. 

black.  There  is  no  tradition  of  the  time  when  ei- 
ther  this  structure,  or  the  vitrified  walls,  were  erec- 
ted ;  but  it  is  sufficiently  apparent  that  the  lat- 
ter must  have  been  of  a  date  much  prior  to  the  for- 
mer, and  built  by  a  nation  in  a  very  different  state  of 
civil  polity  ;  for,  at  the  latter  period,  the  lord  of  the 
domain  having  found,  we  may  suppose,  the  old  vi- 
trified fortification  inadequate  to  the  purpose  of  de- 
fence, or  inapplicable  to  the  state  of  his  private  af- 
fairs, has  purposely  demoliflied  them,  and,  yirith  their 
rains,  erected  his  own  hAbitation.  This  if  evident 
from  the  fragments  of  the  vitrified  walls  and  scorch- 
ed stones,  which  are  every  where  discoverable  in  the 
ruins  of  the  stone  and  lime  building. 

This  circumstance,  in  my  opinion,  deserves  to  be 
particularly  attended  to,  as  it  serves  to  throw    some 
light  upon  the  ancient  state  of  our  civil  polity,  and 
its   revolutions,    where   more  distinct    records   are 
wanting.     In  the  infancy  of  society,   perhaps  in  all 
nations,  no  man  afsumed  any  other  authority  over 
others   than  what  was   voluntarily  yielded  on  ac- 
count of  his  lire,  experience,  or   superior  abilities, 
whether  mental  or  corporal.    But  man  could  hardly 
be  placed  in  society  before  he   would  discover  that, 
without   the   afsistance   of  his   fellows,    he  was   a 
weak   defencelefs   animal ;   so  that,  although   each 
might  live  independent   of  another   while  at  peace, 
when  any  danger  threatened  they  would  find  the  ne- 
cefsity  of  uniting  together  for  mutual  defence,  and 
of  submitting,  for  the  time,  to  be  directpd  by  the  wis- 
dom of  some  man  in  whom  they  in  general  placed 
confidence.   In  this  state  of  society  it  would  exceed  the 


U 


time  when  tU 
>]ls,  were  erec- 

that  the  lat- 
ior  to  the  for- 
fferent  state  of 
the  lord  of  the 
le,  the  old  vi- 
purposeof  de- 
his  private  af- 
md,  virith  their 
'his  if  evident 
lU  and  scorch- 
sverable  in  the 

leserves  to  be 
>  throw  some 
n\  polity,  and 
records  are 
perhaps  in  all 
Lithoritj  over 
ielded  on  ac- 
rior  abilities, 

could  hardly 
liscover  that, 
),  he  was  a 
Ithough  each 
lilc  at  peace, 
[  find  the  ne- 

defence,  and 
i  bj  the  wis- 
;eneral  placed 
>ld  exceed  the 


1^9 1.  mntiquities  in  Scotland.  .  10^ 

power  of  any  imdividual  to  render-  his  own  place  of 
residence   sufficiently  strong  to  resist  the  attacks  of 
any  invading  power  ;  and,  therefore,  it  would  become- 
the  interest  of  the  whole  community  to  fortify,,  iai 
the  best  falhion  they  could, .  some  places   of  strength; 
to   which   the   whole   community   could   retire  for  ■ 
safety,  in  tin>es  of  danger.     So  long  as  they  con-, 
tinued   to  migrate  from  one -region .  to  another,    ia; 
hordes,  this  place  of  strength  would  be  only  a  tem- 
porary fortification,. of  the  nature  of  a  camp  •,  and. this 
seems  to  have  been  the  stag^to  which  the  Germansr 
had  arrived  ia  the  time  of  TacLtus.     Btrt  in  a  more^ 
bftrren  country,  .where  grain  could  only  be  raised;, 
with  ease  on.  those  spots  which  had  been  already; 
cultivated,  and  in  a  «tate  of  society   somewhat,  more  < 
advanced  in.  civilization,  ..when  some  idea  of  privates 
property  began  to   take  place,  the  man  whi^   at  a,,. 
great  deal  of  trowbley  ,had  cleared  a  small  spot  for. 
himself)  and  .erected  an  habitation,  that  could  stand.! 
for  more  than  one  season^  would  look  out  for  a  place . 
of  strength' not  far  from  himself,  .to  which  he,  could: 
retire  occasionally  in  cases  of  danger,'  which  bet  would  ; 
fortify  in  «  durable  and  substantial  mfanner..    In  tlus.- 
stage  of  society,  have^  in  all  probability,  these  vitri-- 
fied  fortifications  been  reared,  which-  served,  not  as-. 
a  place  of  continued  residence  to  any  o^e,^  but  mere-  . 
ly  as  a  place  of  temporacy  retreat,  when  any  na- 
tional danger  threatened  which  .indi.viduals  were  not  . 
able  to  repel... 

But  wheiiy  at'  an  after  period,'  honours  and  ifiefs  :. 

became  hereditary,  when  particular  families  waxed.' 

great  in  power,  and  each  chieftan,  at  the  head  of  his  . 

clan,  became  a  sort  of  pettj      --neign  in  his  own  dis-  • 

vol.  X.  D  »  ..t 


fXO  antujuities  in  Scotland.  Aug.  \$'. 

trict,  ?nd  afsumed  to  himself  the  charge  of  protec- 
ing  h'.s  vafsals,  and  avenging  their  quarrels,  he.  found 
it  necefsary  to  have  a  fixed  habitation,  proportioned 
to  his  own  digpity,  in  which  he  could  reside  at  all 
times  himself  in  safety,  and  to  which  some  of  his 
vafsals  might  occasionally  repair  for  Ihelter.     The 
open  fortifications,  which  could  only  be  defended  by 
a  great   number    of   men    perpetually   upon   their 
guard,  were,  in  that  state  of  perpetual  alarm,  by   no- 
means  adapted  to  his  wants,  and  therefore  he  had 
recourse  to  smaller  fortifications  of  another   kind, 
which,  by  Ae  strength  of  their  walls  and  gates,  wercr 
not  liable  to  be  suddenly  surprised,  even  when  de- 
fended by  a  few  only.     This  gave  rise  to  those  nu- 
merous strong  holds,  of  the  uature  of  the  stone  and 
lime  tower  now  in  question,   which  superseded  the 
use  of  fhe  old  vitrified  open  forts,  which  were  then 
either  neglected,  and  suffered  to  fall  to  ruin  of  them- 
selves,  or  were  pulled  to  pieces,  like  that  of  Dun-o- 
deer,  to  afford  materials  for  a  dwelling  better  suited 
to  the  wants  of  the  owner. 

From  this  cause  the  ruins  of  the  vitrified  walls  on 
the  top  of  this  hill,  afsume  a  very  different  appear- 
.  adce  from  the  others  already  mentioned.  Where  the 
vitrified  matter  h»s  been  so  ill  compacted,  as  to  ad- 
mit of  being  ))roken  into  small  pieces,  they  have 
been  carried  away,  and  the  walls  razed  to  the  very 
founda\ion  ;  but  where  these  vitrified  mafses  were 
too  firmly  united  to  admit  of  being  easily  broken  in- 
to  small  pieces,  they  liave  been  sufiered  to  remam  m 
their  place,  where  they  still  exhibit  to  the  eye  of 
the  ♦curious  traveller,  venerable  remains  of  ancient 
nrt,  now  mistaken  by  the  carelefs  for  the  operations 


;e  of  protec- 
ts, he  found 
proportioned 
reside  at  all 
some  of  his 
belter.  The 
defended  by 
upon  their 
larm,  by  no- 
iforc  he  had 
lother  kind, 
i  gates,  were 
ren  when  de- 
to  those  nuo 
lie  stone  and-" 
perseded  the 
;h  were  then 
'uinof  them- 
at  of  Dun-o- 
better  suited 

[fied  walls  on 
rent  appear- 
.  Where  the 
ted,  as  to  ad- 
I,  they  have 
I  to  the  very 
mafses  were 
y  broken  in- 
to remain  in 
)  the  eye  of 
ns  of  ancient 
lie  operations 


1792.  antiquities  in  Scotland.  2tt 

of  nature,  some  of  which  afsume  a  beautiful  and  pic- 
turesque appearance,  as  may  be  perceived  by  the  faint 


representation  annexed,  which  has  been  perforated  by 
a  hole  Uke  a  natural  rock. 


u 


2ti  on  Voltaire.  Aug,  ty. 

These  ruins  are  indeed  the  firmest  mafses  of  the 
kind  I  have  met  with.-  Here,  however,  as  wns-tobe 
expected,  we  in  vain  look  for  the  large  backing  of 
loose  stones,  to  be  found  in  all  the  other  buildings  of 
this  kind  thai  I  have  seen  :  thej  have  been  carried 
away  to  the  stone  and  'lime  tower,  and  nothing  re- 
mains but  pieces  of  the  vitrified  rock,  if  I  maj  ven- 
ture that  exprefsion,  stripped  entirely  naked,  rising 
up  in  irregular  mafses  round  the  hill :  yet  even  here 
6ome  stones  ^are  found  with*  oneend  firmly  immersed 
in  the  vitrified  matter,  while  the  t>ther  end  projects 

'  considerably  beyond  it,  and  is  only  browned  by  the 
heat.     This  circumstance  sufficiently    marks   that 

■  these  walls  must  have  been  built  after  the  same  ge- 

-  neral  plan  with  others  of  this  clafs. 
.!&  hi  continued. 


ON  VOLTAIRE. 

'Thet  say  that 'if  Voltaire  were  alive  he  would  be 

'  of  the  aristocratic  party,  because  that  he  ioved  to 

sign  himself  count    of  Ferney ;  and  though  incef- 

santly  reviling  court3,"iie  was  still  a  courtier.     His 

writings  are,  however,  an  ttjf^eal  to  the  sevolutioa 

which  has  been  brought  about,  and  which  he  had 

foretold.     A  good  paoiphlet  might^be  made  of  all  his 

'  queries  >and  advices  on  the  reformation  of  .abuses  in 

ihe  laws,  in  the 'government,  in  the  administration  of 

justice,  in  the  magistracy,  in  the  finance,  in  the  clergy 

and  church.    It  is  he  who  has  exalted  the  noblenefs 

of  agriculture,  and  of  consequence  debased  the  truly 

'  low  nobility  of  knight-errantry,  since  it  was  sloth 

•  «ruihed  it  from  the  iidght  of  its^  cuined  towei&. 


Aug.  xy. 
mtfses  of  the 
,  Rs  wns  tobe 
ge  backing  of 
r  buildings  of 
I  been  carried 
1  nothing  re- 
F I  may  ven- 
laked,  rising 
ret  even  here 
ilj  immersed 
end  projects 
twned  by  the 
marks  that 
the  tame  ge- 


he  would  be 

he  4oved  to 

hough  incef- 

jurder.     His 

he  seTolutioa 

hich  he  had 

lade  of  all  his 

of  .abuses  in 

linistration  of 

in  the  clergy 

Lhe  noblenefs 

Bed  the  truly 

it  was  sloth 

cowersu 


1792,  ttnVohalrt,  213 

There  13  a  small  pamphlet  extracted  from  his 
works,  which  bears  a  great  resemblance  to  the  pam- 
phlets of  the  late  Jursetal.  The  title  of  this  pam- 
phlet is,  •  Laws,  civ ir  and  ecclesiastical.* 

"In  the  papers  of  a  certain  lawyer  are  found  these 
notes,  which, 'perhaps,  merit  some  examination,  That 
no  ecclesiastical  law  (hall  ever  have  eflPect,  except 
it  (hall  have  received  an  exprefs  sanction  from  go- 
■vernment.  It  was  by  adhering  to  these  principles 
that  Athens  and  Rome  avoided  all  religious  disputes. 

**  These  disputes  belong  to  nations  uncivilized,  or 
become  so. 

"  That  the  magistracy  alone  flionld  have  it  in  their 
hands  to  permit,  or  prohibit  labour,  during  holidays, 
because  it  belongs  not  to  a  priest  to  prohibit  a  man 
from  cultivating  the  fields. 

"  That  every  thing  rcspecHng  marriage  fliould 
depend  solely  on  the  magistracy,  and  that  the  priests 
Ihould  confine  themselves  to  the  solemn  function  of 
benediction. 

"  That  money  given  out  at  interest  ihould  be 
-purely  the -object  of  the  civil  law,  because  that  it 
alone  presides  over  commerce. 

"*'  That  ecclesiastics  ihould  in  every  case  be  sub- 
jected to  government,  because  they  are  subjects  of 
the  state.  He  would  have  said  at  presenfv  because 
they  are  subject  to  the  law. 

**  That  they  never  ihould  have  .the  disgraceful 
impectinence  of  paying  to  a  foreign  priest,  the  first 
revenues  of  those  lands  which  have  been  consigned 
<l)f  citizens  to  a  priest,  a  fellow  citizea. 


ai4  on  Vohdire,  -^ug.  i$» 

••  That  no  priest  (liould  ever  have  it  in  his  power 
to  deprive  a  citizen  of  the  least  prerogative,  under 
pretext  that  this  citixen  is  a  sinner,  because  that  the 
priest,  a  sinner  himself,  ought  to  pray  for  sinners,  not 
judge  them. 

"  That  the  magistrates,  the  labourers,  and  the 
priests,  fliould  pay  an  equal  fliare  of  the  burdens  of 
the  state,  because  that  they  all  belong  equally  to  the 
state. 

"  That  there  fhould  be  every  where  the  same 
weight,  i.ieasure,  and  custom. 

**  That  the  punifliment  of  criminals  fliould  hi 
serviceable.  A  man  hanged  is  good  for  nothing, 
while  a  man  that  is  condemned  to  the  public  works, 
etill  serves  his  country,  and  is  a  living  lefson. 

*'  That  every  law  fliould  be  clear,  uniform,  and 
precise.     To  interpret  it  is  generally  to  corrupt  it. 

"  That  nothing  fliould  be  infamous  but  vice. 

**  That  the  imposts  fliould  always  be  proportion* 
ally. 

"  That  the  law  fliould  never  be  in  opposition  to 
custom,  because  if  the  customs  Are  good,  the  law 
signifies  nothing." 

This  small  pamphlet  presents  us  with  t  great 
number  of  reformations  besides  ;  and  which  properly 
are  so.  One  or  two  sittings  of  the  national  afsem- 
h\y  would  suffice  to  ratify  tl?em.  It  is  a  good  thing 
that  the  sittings,  in  an  instant,  transform  into  laws, 
those  eternal  truths  which  our  fathers  had  lost,  and 
their  sons  have  restored.  We  have  opened  their  eyes. 
People  there  ate  who  wifli  to  deprive  us  of  th«m| 
ibut  to  this  we  never  will  agree. 


Hi 


jiug.  15, 
In  his  power 
ative,  under 
luse  that  the 
r  sinners,  not 

•rs,  and  the 
le  burdens  of 
ijualljr  to  the 

re  the   same 

Is  fhould  bii 
for  nothing, 
tublic  works, 
lefson. 

uniform,  and 
corrupt  it. 
ut  vice. 
;  proportion* 

opposition  to 
ood,  the  law 

with  a  great 
dich  properly 
itional  afsem- 
a  good  thing 
rm  into  laws, 
had  lost,  and 
ed  their  eyes, 
us  of  tbem^ 


Sir,  To  the  Editor  of  the  Uee. 

The  nine  books  of  poetical  epistles  which  Ovid  conaposeil 
during  tlic  seven  first  years  of  hit  melancholy  exile,  arc 
well  observed  by  Mr  Gibbon  to  pofsefs,  besides  the^mcrit 
of  elegance,  a  double  value. 

"  They  exhibit  a  picture  of  the  human  mind  ("writes  he,) 
under  very  singular  circumstances,  and  they  contain  many 
curious  observations  which  no  Roman  except  Ovid  cguld 
have  an  opp  >»:unity  of  making*." 

I  have  frequently  regretted,  that  no  gentleman  who 
united  the  poet  and  the  scholar  in  one  character,  has  ap. 
pearcd  to  give  us  at  once  (in  Englifli  verse,)  the  softnefs 
and  elegance  of  the  original,  and  to  elucidate  the  text 
n\l\\  topographical  and  moral  remarks. 

With  respect  to  the  poetical  partof  such  an  undertaking,  I 
am  persuaded  that  no  one  individual  Ihould  ever  think  of  com- 
pafsing  above  a  few  of  those  epistles,  such  as  have  often  attrac- 
ted his  attention  a'"'>cngaged  his  poetical  fancy  J  and  that,  af- 
ter a  select  number  were  written  in  this  manner,  by  various 
hands,  and  con  amore,  that  the  bookfhould  be  publilhed  with 
its  subsidiary  elucidations,  that  these  isolated  epistles  ihould 
make  their  first  appearance  in  literary  miscellanies,  and  thus 
be  subjected  to  the  criticism  and  correction  of  the  public. 

I  beg  leave  to  offer  you  a  hazardous  attempt  of  mine 
to  promote  such  a  plan  by  a  free  translation  of  that  beau- 
tiful epistle  in  the  first  book  of  his  Pontics,  which  is  ad- 
drefsed  to  his  wife.  I  will  not  disgrace  myself  by  decry- 
ing the  merit  of  what  I  offer  to  the  public,  but  content 
myself  with  saying  that  I  hope  it  will  at  least  be  more  ac- 
ceptable to  the  lovers  of  poetry  than  such  sing  song  origi- 
nals,  as  are  ungilded  by  the  bright  rays  of  a  genuine  A- 
psUo,  or  unfraught  with  a  strong  ardent  spirit  of  invention. 
I  am.  Sir,  your  constant  reader,  Philotuesis. 

•  Gibbon,  vol.  Ui.  p.  121.  note. 


OVID's  inSTtK  TO  HIS  WIFE  KROM  fONTUS. 
BOOK  I.  trilTLt  iv. 

TiMtV  iron  hind  ploughs  furrows  down  Biy  face, 
Tlir  f.o.t  of  sg«  hath  silver'd  o'er  my  browj 

Sorrow  hath  robb'd  me  of  tach  manly  gracf, 

And  (ports  which  lately  ple^s'd  mc,  please  n«t  now< 

Did  you  but  see  me  that  to  care  consignM, 

Did  you  hot  mirk  eath  ruinous  decay, 
Yuur  Ovid  scarcely  cuuld  yuu  call  to  mindi 

His  well  known  tbim  no  semblance  would  betfay. 

Time,  it  is  true,  the  brightest  blof««m  seirsi 

But  toil  and  grief  have  turn'd  these  temples  hoacf  • 

For  by  my  troubles  did  you  count  my  years, 
Not  Pylian  llesCur  could  have  number'd  mote. 

Yon  ox, —  though  late  th<  sturdiest  of  his  brccdy 
The  constant  labour  of  the  field  impairs } 

And  where  succefslve  harvests  quick  niccced, 
£Vn  tarth  grows  weak  teneath  the  load  (he  bear*. 

The  fleetest  steed  that  e'er  the  ttadium  crofs'd> 
Mtist  fairer,  if  to  e»*ry  contest  driv'n  j  > 

The  bulkiest  vefsd  ocean  ever  tost, 

Not  ay  can  bear  the  storms  of  angry  heav'n. 

Thus  lengthen'd  'tvocs,  in  sad  succtfsiun  join'd,- 
Lo.  g,  etc  his  djie,  have  turn'd  your  lover  gray} 

Rest  cheats  the  body,  solaces  the  mind, 
But  toil  unccjsing  wears  then)  b7'b  away. 

See  how  the  ion  cf  JE^oa's  growing  hme. 
To  distant  ages  brighter  seems  to  Aine  ^  ■ 

Zut  far  inferior  w^s  his  pUu^Ive  claim. 
His  boasted  toils  to  Icfs  severe  than  mine< 

Pelias  indeed  to  Pontus  made  him  Tee, 

Hoping  himself  to  wear  Thef<:alu*s  crown  •  i 

But  Czsar's  mightier  anger  exiles  me, 

Cksu,  before  whole  nud  a  woild  bows  down! 

Long  wal  my  voyage,  distant  was  my  port, 
A  swifter  pafsage  -, outht'iil  giory  sped; 

The  chiet's  of  Crctce  to  /Eaon'i  hcii  resort, 
While  all  my  friends  in  base  desertion  fled. 

*  A  liberty  it  here  Ukcn  with  the  tut,  but  not  with  tlM  itorfl 


'ONTUS. 
By  fate, 

OW) 

'i 

it  im  now. 


d  httHf. 

S| 

pies  hoarf  ■ 

t 

mote, 

brtcdf  . 

\ 

ed, 

(he  bev>. 


ift'd,  ■ 


in'd, 
:rgrjyi 


Be« 

vn*t 

down! 


rt, 
Hed. 


iridt  tlM  itorf) 


«v 


r792.  poeiiy,  217 

A  t^altllcr  fl\ip  than  lils  itj  rourcf  re'er  run,  ;, 

In  a  trail  bark  1  brav'd  the  torning  tide  i 
No  pilot  Typh'n, — no  Agrnor'i  !i  n, 

To  teach  me  where  to  ttecr,  or  what  avoid. 

Juno  and  Pallas  made  hit  freight  thrir  care,  > 

No  tutelary  pow'rs  my  tratit  purjue  } 
By  love'a  ily  arti  he  foil'd  each  deadly  mare, 

Would  that  in  these  1  had  not  aidetl  too  !  ~  ' 

Safe  he  returned  i — more  hard,  dear  wife  !  my  fatej 

Condemn'd  to  perifh  on  a  foreign  fliore; 
To  bear  great  C«iar'!  unrelenting  hale, 
And  luch  fierce  wrath  ai  Jaion  ill  had  bore. 

I  left  thee  young, — but  fancy,  long  iince,  drew 
Thy  f?ce,  by  my  njiifortunes,  cioth'd  in  ) ears  5 

O  !  would  to  heav'n  that  I  thii  change  could  vicwi 
I'Mi  thy  paie  cheek,  and  miii^le  teatt  with  tears. 

That  these  fond  arms  thy  slender  form  could  prefs, 
(Now  grown  more  slender  with  its  griefs  for  me) 

While  all  my  soul  pour'd  forth  its  past  distrefs, 
And  drank  the  kindred  tale  of  woe  from  thee  ! 

Then  would  we  offer  at  each  grateful  dawn, 

An  incense  worthy  of  our  royal  sire! 
O  bright  Aurora  I   speed  th.it  happy  morn. 

And  calm  s:ern  Cxtir's  too  insatiate  ire;  T.  P> 


10  hUPE. 
For  tht  Bte. 

SrARK  of  th'  etherial  fiie,  cnchantirg  maid. 
Without  thee  none  but  conscience  inly  torn  ; 

Still  let  thy  pow'r  be  felt,  and  still  display'd, 
Where  the  dark  vapour  feels  the  flow'.-  of  morn. 

Friend  of  the  friendlefs,  comforter  in  woe, 
Guide  of  the  wand'rer,  and  the  captive's  life  j 

Where  slav'ry  decks  with  care  the  loaden'd  brow. 
And  tyrants  spurn  when  suppliants  alk  relief. 

Point  to  the  track  from  which  so  late  I  swerv'd, 
Conduct  me  to  the  peaceful  realms  of  blifs } 

Teach  me  to  l«jpe  for  blefsing;  still  reserv'd. 
And  still  to  hope  for  life  and  happinefs. 

Thy  sacred  beam  enlivens  iiif.u-.t  faith ; 
Friend  of  the  gasping  wretch,  be  mine  till  death.  Q^D.  C. 
vol.  X.  IS  f 


g|«nSSM 


mmim 


■fW?li^'MEr\'^X«*.' 


Sir. 


To  the  Edim  of  the  Bet. 


ir  the  following  long  tend  not  to  depreciate  the  dijiuty  af  your  Mil 
cellany,  by  intening  it  you  would  muih  oblige  Vlfc. 

THE  LASS  OF  MAHTINDAUt. 

At  Marrindile,  a  villagt.gay, 

A  damsel  deigns  to  dwill) 
Tier  looks  are  like  a  tutnnier's  diy. 

Her  charms  no  tongue  can  tell  i 
Whene'er  I  meet  her  on  my  way, 

I  tell  my  am'rous  tale} 
Then  heave  a  ugh,  or  softly  say 
Sweet  maid  ot'Martindale! 
Sweet  maid  of  Martinddle ! 
Sweet  maid  ofMartindale ! 
Then  heave  a  sigl.,  or  softly  s«y 
Sweet  nuid  cf  Martindale 

This  nymph  hath  numbers  in  hrr  trata^ 

From  Hodge  up  to  rhe  'squire ; 
A  conquest  makes  of  ev'ry  swain. 

All  g  lie  and  all  admire  s 
Then  Where's  the  hope,  Alas!  forme, 

That  I  fljould  e'er  pievail ; 
Yet  while  I  breathe  I'll  think  of  thee, 

Sweet  maid  of  Martindale ! 

Sweet  maid  of  Martindale,  Wc. 

Should  fate  propitiou*  be  my  lot, 

To.  call  this  charmer  mine, 
I'd  dwell  content  in  lowly  cot, 

And  pomp^ius  thoughts  resign ; 
■  But  if  Ihe  scorns  e--K  heart-felt  sigh. 

And  leaves  me  to  -wail} 
•lor  ihee,  my  Fair !  for  thee  I'll  die, 
Sweet  maid  of  Martindale ! 
Sweet  maid  of  Martindale, 
Sweet  maid  of  Martindale  ! 
For  thee,  my  Fair,  for  thee  I'll  die, 
Sweet  maid  of  Martindale  i 


AN  £?IORAM. 
For  the  See 
'BiiNG  afk'd  \*hy  in  Scotland  they've  paper  ft)i  gold, 

A  satirical  jade  who  let  nothing  escape  her, 
Made  an  answer  at  once  both  convincing  and  bold, 

Where  there's  plenty  of  rags,  there  is  always  much  p*fer. 


-Ay.  15 


difnity  af  your  Mi* 
Vift. 


1 

ee, 

h, 
II  die, 


pri-  for  gold, 

her, 

nd  bold, 

Iways  mutb  pafcr. 


»792. 


Svlico,  a  tale. 


SELICO,  A  TALE. 


2r9 


Continued  from  p.  1%^  and  concluded. 

Stopped  by  the  first  guards,  he  demanded  lo  be  con- 
ducted  to  the  king  j — his  name  and  purpose  is  announced, 
and  he  is  presented  to  the  monarch.  The  king  of  Da- 
homai,  covered  with  gold  and  precious  stones,  is  half  re^ 
•clincdupon  a  sopha  of  scarlet  and  gold,  his  head  leaning 
on  the  breast  of  one  of  his  favourites,  clothe!  with  petti- 
coats of  brocade,  and  naked  from  the  waist  upwards. 
The  ministers,  nobles,  and  officers,  very  richly  ores t,  were 
prostrated  at  twenty  steps  from  him  j  the  bravest  wexe 
distinguifhed  by  a  collax-  of  human  teeth,  each  of  which 
-was  a  mark  of  a  victory.  Many  women,  with  firelocks  on 
.their  (boulders,  guarded  the  doors  of  the  apartment : 
large  vases-  of  gold  containing  palm  wiae,  brak.dy,  and 
strong. liquors,  werr.  placed  indiscriminately,  at  a  little  di- 
stance from  the  king,  and  the  lloor  was  paved  with  the 
ikuUs  of  his  enemier.. 

"  Sovereiga  of  the  world  !  said  Telon^j,  bowing  his  fore- 
head to  the  ground,  1  come,  according  to  thy  sacred  ordws,, 

to  deliver  into  thy  hands." He  could  say  no  more,  his 

voice  faultered,  the  king  questioned  him,  but  he  could  not 
answer.  Seiko  then  sj;oke  :  '  king  of  Dahomai,  you  see 
before  you  the  criminal  who,  instigU^J  by  a  fatal. pafsion, 
penetrated  last  night  into  your  seraglio.  He  who  holds 
me  bound,  was  so  long  my  confidential  friend,  that  I  in- 
trusted him  with  my  secret ;  'zealous  to  serve  thee,  he 
has  betrayed  his  friend.  He  surprised  lae  when  sleeping,, 
bound  me,  and  brings  mc  here  to  demand  thy  promised  re- 
compence,  give  it  him,  for  the  wretch  has  well  earned  it.' 
The  king,  withsut  deigning  to  answer  him,  makes  a  sign 


•t1 


22C  Seiico,  a  tale.  ^"g.  15. 

to  one  of  his  ministers,  who  siezes  the  culprit,  delivers  him 
to  the  armed  women  \,  and  counts  out  to  Telon£  the  four 
hundred  ounces  of  gold.  He,  loaded  with  this  gold, 
whose  touch  is  dreadful  to  him,  hastens  to  buy  provisions, 
and  then  ruflies  out  of  the  c'  ■  in  a  hurry  to  carry  them 
to  his  mother. 

Already,  by  orders  from  the  monarch,  they  had  begun 
the  preparations  for  the  terrible  execution,  with  which  a- 
dultery  with  the  king's  wives  *^as  puniihed  in  Juida.  Two 
wide  ditches  are  dug  at  a  (hort  distance  from  each  other.  In 
that  destined  for  the  guilty  wtfe  the  criminal  is  fastened 
to  a  stake,  and  all  the  ladies  of  the  s.;raglio,  drefsed  in 
their  best  apparel,  carrying  large  v  fs  liling  water, 

march  to  the   sound   of  drums   an;J    'ivi;.   '..A  pour  this 
water  upon  her  head  until  Ihe  expires.    In  the  other  ditch 
there  is  a  pile  of  wood,  above  which  is  an  iron  bar  sup- 
ported by  two  stakes,  to  this  bar  the  other  criminal  is 
tied,  and  when  the  pile  is  lighted,   the  extremity   of  the 
flames  do  but  touch  him,  and  he  perifhes  by  length  of  tor- 
ture.    The   square  was  full  of  spectators.     The   whole 
army  under  arms  formed  a  square  battalion  of  firelocks  and 
darts.      The   priests,   in  their  drefses  of  ceremony,   were 
waiting  to  lay  their  hands  on  the  victims  and  devote  them 
to   death.       The   prisoners  came  from  opposite  quarters 
guarded  by  women.     Selico,  calm  and  resigned,  marched 
with  an  erect  countenance  and  firm  step.  Having  romr  to 
the  fatal  spot,  an  involuntary  movement  made  hir>:  tcr.t. 
his  eyes  to  view  his   companion  in   misery  j — w'<"      5ii  his 
surprise  ?  wliat  is  his  grief,  to  see  Bcrifsa!!  He  scrr       . .  .'I 
and  attempts   to  lly  to   her,  but   his  executioners  ^      -  ;:t 
hitn.  Indignation  directly  takes  pofsefuon  of  hiuij--"wrett  J 
says   he  to  himself,    during  the  time  when  I  was  bewail- 
ing her  lofs,  and  seeking  death  in  order  to  follow  her,  fl>e 
was  one  of  those  vile  mistrefses  that  dispute  the  heart  of  a 
tyrant  I     Not  content  with  having  betrayed  her  love,  flie 


^ug.  15. 
it,  delivers  him 
'elon£  the  four 
with  this  gold, 
buy  provisions, 
to  carry   them 

they  had  begun 
I,  with  which  a- 

in  Juida.  Two 
I  each  other.  In 
tinal  is  fastened 
iglio,  drefsed  in 

'  ■  liling  water, 
.  Hi-il  pour  this 

the  other  ditch 
n  iron  bar  sup- 
her  criminal  is 
xtremity  of  the 
)y  length  of  tor- 
:s.  The  whobe 
I  of  firelocks  and 
ceremony,  were 
and  devote  them 
pposite  quarters 
signed,  marched 
Having  romr;  to 

made  hirs  turn 
ry  \ — w'<'  .:  'v.i  hJfl 
!  He  serf  . .  .1 
utiuners  p  .  ;:t 
f  him;--"wrettJ . 
n  I  was  bewail- 
3  follow  her,  fl>e 
ite  the  heart  of  a 
•ed  her  love,  flie 


811 


1792.  SeV.co,  a  tale.  221 

was  faithlefs  to  her  master  !  (he  deserved  the  name  of  adul- 
trefs,  and  the  chastisement  with  which  they  are  punifhed. 
O  my  dearest  mother !  it  is  for  you  alone  I  die  !  it  is  you 
alone  that  I  willi  to  think  of !"  At  the  same  instant  the  un- 
fortunate Berifsa  had  discerned  Selico,  (he  cries  out,  and 
calls  the  priests  to  her,  and  declares  that  the  young  man 
at  the  stake  is  not  the  person  who  broke  into  the  serag- 
lio,—(he  con(irms  this  by  all  the  most  redoubted  oaths. 
The  priests  are  alarmed, — stop  the  execution, — run  to  inform 
the  king  what  had  happened,  who  comes  in  person  to  the 
great  square.  Anger  and  indignation  are  strongly  painted  on 
the  face  of  the  monarch,  as  he  approaches  Berifsa.  "Slave  I" 
says  he  wi.h  a  tremendous  voice, "  thou  who  disdained  the 
love  of  thy  master,  thou  whom  I  wi(hed  to  raise  to  the  dig- 
nity of  my  (irst  wife,  and  whom  I  suffered  to  live  in  spite 
of  your  refusals,  what  is  thy  object  in  denying  the  crime  of 
thy  accomplice  ?  Dost  thou  wifti  to  save  him  ?  If  he  is 
not  thy  lover,  name  him  then  guilty  girl,— point  him  out 
to  my  justice,  and  I  will  immediately  deliver  the  innocent." 
'  King  of  Dahomai,*  replied  Berifsa. '  who  was  then  tied 
to  the  stake,  I  could  not  accept  of  thy  heart ;  mine  was  no 
longer  in  my  pofsefsion,  and  I  was  not  afraid  to  tell  thee 
so.  Dost  thou  imagine  that  her  who  would  not  tell  a 
falsehood  to  (hare  a  throne,  could  be  capable  of  it  at  the 
moment  (he  is  going  to  expire  ?  No  j  I  have  owned 
every  thing,  I  will  repeat  all  I  know.  A  man  pene- 
trated last  night  into  my  apartment ;  he  only  quitted  me 
at  day  break,  but  that  prisoner  is  not  the  man.  I'hou 
afketh  me  to  name  him ; — neither  my  duty  nor  my  will 
can  consent  to  do  so.  I  know  nothing  can  save  me,  and 
I  only  wilh  to  prolong  these  terrible  moments  to  hinder 
you  from  committing  a  crime.  I  swear  again,  king  of 
Dahomai,  that  tVje  Uiiiod  of  this  innocent  man  will  fall  on 
thine  own  head.     Let  him  be  released,  and  let  me  suffer,, 


Stllco,  a  tafe.  ^i- ^S-^ 

that  U  all  I  request.-    The  king  was  struck  with  the  tone 
and  manner  with  which  Berifsa  had  pronounced  these  last 
words  ;-he  remained  musing,  holding  down  h.shead  j  and 
was  astonifted  himself  at  his  own   secret  repugnance,  for 
once,  to  (hed  blood.     But  recollecting  that  this  negro 
had  accused  himself  as  being  gvulty   and  fancying  that  Be- 
tifsa's  eagernefs  to  save  him,  was  from  her  love  toh.m,  all 
L  rage  returned  ,    he  makes  a  sign  to  the  executioner, 
«ho  immediately  s.ts  fire  to  the  pile  •,    the  women  begm 
Their  procefsion  with  their  vases  of  boihng  water    when 
3n  old  man,  quite  out  of.  breath,  and  covered  w.th  bb«l 
Ld  wounds.  pu(hes   through  the  crowd,  and    throws  h,m- 
'clf  at  the  king's  feet.  "  Stop !"  cried  he,  "s.op  In  .s    wno 
am  the  guilty  person,-it  was  I  who  scaled  the  walls  of 
Ty  seralHo  to  carry  off  my  daughter.     I  was  formerly 
the  priest  of  the  deity  who  was  worlh.pped  on  th»  spot  ,- 
„y  daughter  was  torn  from  my  arms,  and  dragged  to  thy 
Tlace  ,    ever  since  1  have  constantly  watched  to  see  her. 
This  last  night  I  got  into  her  chamber,--(he  m  vam  at. 
Lpted  to  fdlow  me,-thy  gua^s  saw  her  ^-^}^^ 
amiL  (bowers  of  arrows  of  which  you  see  here  the  mark,. 
I  come  to  rive  myself  up  as  a  victim  to  you,-to  expire 
Jth  her  foTwhom'alone  I  wl.hed  to  live."     He  had  not 
finifhed,  when  the  king  ordered  the  two  P""""»;°  ^ 
unbound  and  brought  before  him.     He  -»"';«^';/;  ' 
co,-he  was  desirous  to  know  what  motive  could  be  power. 
&  enough  to  ihakehim  wilh  for  so  cruel  a  pum(hment. 
Selico.  whose  heart  beat  with  joy  to  find  that  h.s  Benfsa 
had  not  been  faitblefs  to  him,  wa,  not  afra.d  to  in  oxm  the 
Lnarch  of  every  particular.    He  related  hu  rn.sfortuoes 
■    the  indigence   of  hi.  mother    -«»  ^^'^  ^f  ^/Z^';,' 
taken  to  gain  the  400  ounces  for  her.     B«>f«  "^^j/^- 
ther  listened  in  (hedd.ng  tears  of  admiration.     Ihe  chiefs 
the  soldiers,  and  thft  people,  were  affected  j  the  kmg  felt- 


c  with  the  tone 
need  these  last 
1  his  head  ;  and 
repugnance,  for 
hat  this  negro 
icying  that  Be- 
love  to  him,  all' 
iie  executioner, 
■  women  begin 
ig  water,  when 
red  with  blood 
nd    throws  him- 

5tOp  1  it  is  1  WHO 

ed  the  walls  of" 
I  was  formerly 
I  on  this  spot  •,— 
dragged  to  thy 
ched  to  see  her. 
-(he  in  vain  at- 
;r,  and  I  escaped 
here  the  marks, 
you, — to  expire 
."     He  had  not 

prisoners  to  be 
iterrogated  Selt* 

could  be  power, 
el  a  punilhment. 

that  his  fierifsa. 
aid  to  inform  the 

his  misfortunes, 
resolution  he  had 
lerifsa  and  her  fa* 
ion.     The  chiefs,, 
d  i  the  Wing  felt. 


1792.  vnecdou.  223 

tears  run  down  his  cheeks   for  the  first  time  j    such  is  the 
force  of  virtue  that  even  barbarians  adore  it. 

The  king,  ^ftcr  Selico  had  finiOied,  stretched  forth  his 
hand,  and  raised  him  up,  then  turning  to  the  European 
merchants,  whom  this  sight  had  brought  there,  "  tell  me,** 
says  he,"  you  whom  wisdom,  and  long  experience  have 
taught  the  nicest  valuation  of  a  man,  how  much  is  Selico 
worths"  The  merchants  bluihed  at  this  question)  but 
a  young  Frenchmen,  bolder  than  the  rest,  cried  out,-  ten 
thousand  crowns  of  gold.  Let  them  be  given  directly  to  Be- 
rifsa,  replied  the  king,  and  with  this  sum  (he  (hall  not  pur- 
chase, but  marry  Selico.  After  this  order,  which  -was  imme- 
diately executed,  the  king  retired,  surprised  at  feeling  b 
sensation  of  joy  which  he  had  never  before  experienced. 
Faculho  this  same  day  gave  his  daughter  to  Selico.  The 
next  day  they  all  three  set  out  with  their  treasure,  for  the 
hut  of  Darina,  who  almost  expired  with  joy,  as  well  as 
his  brothers,  at  the  sight  of  them.  This  virtuous  family 
were  never  again  separated, — enjoy«d  their  riches, — and  in 
■a  barbsrous  country,  were,  for  a  long  time,  the  brightest 
example  under  heaven,  namely,  happinefs  and  opulence 
acquired  by  virtue. 


ANECDOTE. 
Some  time  since,  a  young  man,  with  two  of  his  compani. 
ons,  went  to  Weaver's  tavern,  in  Philadelphia,  and  ordered 
a  supper  to  be  prepared.  He  sent  his  companions  about 
three  miles  on  the  other  side  of  the  Connesiogoe,  to  bring 
in  a  .girl  who  had  promised  to  be  ready  to  marry  him  tha* 
night.  The  young  fellows  returned,  and  informed  the 
groom,  that  tl  »  girl  said  "  (he  had  quite  forgot,  and  that 
it  was  then  tdo  late."  The  groom  (who  in  the  mean 
time  had  obtaiaed  the  licence)  was  very  much  enraged  at 


a-24  '"  corresponaentt.  -^ug.  15, 

the  disappointment  ;  but,  upon  recollecting  that  he  had  an- 
other string  to  his  bow,  desired  the  young  fellows  to  wait 
a  little  while,  and  swearing  he  would  not  go  home  with- 
out a  wife,  he  rode  about  six  miles  and  brought  in  his  o- 
ther  sweetheart  •,  they  went  to  the  minister,  who,  upon 
reading  the  licence,  told  the  groom  that  the  name  in  the 
licence  was  not  the  same  as  that  of  the ^rl,  and  that 
there  must  be  some  mistake.  "  I  know  that  well  enough, 
says  the  groom  j  there  is  no  mistake  j  this  is  not  the  same 
girl  neither,'*''  The  parson,  upon  hearing  the  story,  had  the 
name  altered,  they  were  married,  returned  to  the  tavern, 
and  eat  of  the  supper  that  had  been  prepared  for  the  wo- 
man that  made  default. 


TO  CORMSPONDENTS. 

The  query  by  a  ctmtant  reader,  (hall  have  a  place  as  soon  as  pofsible. 

The  affecting  versf  a  by  Elviim  are  leceived,  and  (hall  have  a  place  with 
the  first  cor.ve-irncy. 

The  communication  by  H  R.  has  been  accidentally  too  long  overlook- 
ed.  The  vers' s,  considi  ring  tf  e  situation  of  the  composer,  are  surprising. 
The  greatest  fault  is  their  le'  gth  5  we  will  try  to  find  room  for  them. 

PAi/c/e^KJ  ft.ll  have  a  pl.ce  in  his  turn. 

The  fragment  by  D.  P.  R.  S.  is  received  and  (hall  be  admitted. 

The  Editor  is  mutji  obliged  to  Comogory  Secundut ;  his  communication 
fcall  be  attended  to.  .  i       . 

The  Txrcr  i(.  leceived.  The  attempt  is  not  without  merit  ;  but  it 
bears  so  near  a  resembla  \ce  to  a  noted  tory,  and  is  so  much  inferior  to 
that  in  point  of  compostion,  that  the  parallel,  *hich  almost  every  reader 
must  involuntaril  ■  nuke,  would  prove  disadvantageous  to  the  writer. 
Perhaps  at  a  futuie  pet  od,  with  a  little  mote  originality,  he  may  succeed 

better.  . 

The  communication  by  Ph'ila  Merit  is  too  long,  and  in  other  respects 
not  suitable  for  the  Bee.  Perhaps  time  and  experience  may  enable  thit 
V  titer  alio  to  do  bet.er.  But  he  has  many  seeps  to  advance  before  he 
could,  with  propriety,  appdi  in  public,  in  good  company.    ^ 

If  we  thought  the  country  uhtoUmaittr  would  be  eltectually  attended 
to,  his  paper  (hould  be  admuifd.  But  as  this  is  not  to  be  expected, 
and  as  it  could  prov.  little  irnti!  sting  to  most  of  our  readers,  we  beg  leave 
to  decline  inserting  it. 

The  Amarks  on  Young't  ttvr  in  France,  by  an  eld^orrespondent,  are 
thankfully  received,  and   Hiall  be  duly  adverted  to.     j^»a  also  the  hints  by 

BiographUui,  .,  ,        ,■       u 

The  hints  by  Rcrdo  fliail  also  U  attended  to  5  and  if  the  subject  be  not 
«oan  treated  by  some  correspondent,  some  remarks  upon  it  (hall  be  olTeied 
by  the  Editor. 


, 


Aug.  15. 
that  he  had  an- 
ellows  to  wait 
p  home  with- 
lught  in  his  o- 
er,  who,  upon 
e  name  in  the 

girl,  and  that 
It  well  enough, 
!r  u  not  the  seme 
i  story,  had  the 

to  the  tavern, 
id  for    the  wo- 


I  loon  ai  pofsible. 

II  have  a  place  with 

too  long  overlook- 
iter,are  surprising, 
room  for  them. 

be  admitted. 

his  communication 

lut  merit  ;     but  it 

0  much  inferior  to 
ilmost  every  rrader 
out  to  the  writer. 
Ity,  he  may  succeed 

id  in  other  respects 
ice  may  enable  thit 

1  advance  before  he 
iny.    , 

eftiectually  attended 
lot  CO  be  expected, 
:aders,  we  beg  leave 

correspondent,  are 
tit  also  the  hints  by 

if  the  subject  be  not 
on  it  ihall  be  offered 


, 


88. 


THE  BEE, 


OK 


LirERARY  WEEKLY  INTELLIGENCER, 


WiDNiSDAV,  August  21.  179*. 


TIMOLEON's  THIRD  LETTER. 

To  the  people  of  Great  Britain. 

Those  who  have  wiQied  to  frustrate  the  views  of 
"  the  society  of  the  friends  of  the  people,"  seen^  to 
have  rested  their  hopes  of  succefs  upon  misrepresen. 
tation  alone.  With  this  intent  they  have  l>eld  us  up 
to  public  view  as  enemies  to  all  distinctions  of  rank, 
and  honorary  dignities  :  they  have  said  we  wiihed  to 
aboliih  all  orders  of  nobility,  and  have  represented  us 
as  turning  into  ridicule  the  notion  of  having  a  set  of  he- 
reditary legislators.  Nothing  can  be  more  calumni- 
ous than  such  allegations.  We  are  fully  aware  of 
the  benefits  that  a  well  ordered  community  may  de- 
rive from  distinctions  of  rank,  and  honorary  digni- 
ties ;  and  it  is  so  far  from  being  in  our  mind  to  des- 
troy these,  that  our  best  endeavours  iball  ever  be 
exerted  to  preserve  them.  As  to  hereditary  legisla- 
tors, we  are  too  well  read  in  the  constitutional  histo- 
ry of  Britain,  and  have  too  great  respect  for  the 
fundamental  principles  of  that  constitution,  not 
VOL.  X.  J  J  t 


226  ««  '*'  constitution.  -^ug.  22. 

to  venerate  that  branch  of  our  legislature,   as  that 
part  of  it  which  approaches  the  nearest  to  its  origi- 
nal.    We  cannot  forget  that  when -the  foundations  of 
this  constitution  were  laid,   every  free-man    in  the 
state,  was,  by  birth,  an  undoubted  legislator  for  the 
country.     Hereditary  legislation  is,  therefore,  so  far 
from  being  an  innovation  in  our  constitution,  that  it 
may  be  considered  as  the  oldest,  and   ths  most  un- 
doubted fundamental  part  of  it ;  and  that  part  to  which 
it  owes  its   permanence   and   stability.     When,  inl 
«leed,  a  great   majority  of  these  hereditary  legisla- 
tors found  it  convenient,  from   a  change  of  circum- 
stances, voluntarily  to  relinquifti  their   privilege  of 
legislating,  a  new  mode  of  supplying  that  deficiency, 
and  of  guarding  against  the  power  of  a  domineering 
aristocracy,  became  necefsary  to  be  adopted.     It  was 
this  arrangement,  which  went  to  compel  the  people 
of  smaller  property,  much  against  their  wills  indeed, 
Btill  to  retain  a  Oiare  in  the  legislature,  that  at  length 
produced  that  mixed  form  of  gevernnwnt  we   now 
enjoy,  whidi  pofsefses  the  advantages  of  all  the  forms 
of  government  adopted  by  the  ancients,  without  the 
inconveniencies   to  which  these  were   severally  sub- 
jected.    We  venerate  this  system,   and  we  would  al- 
most adore  the  wisdom  that  formed  it,  could  we  flatter 
ourselves  with  tlve  idea  that  chance  had  not,  at  the  be- 
ginning, had  a  considerable  Ihare  in  the  formation  of 
it.     Without  entering  into    this  discufsion,  our  ob- 
ject is,  by  a  retrospective  view,  to  examine   that  sys- 
tem,  and  to  correct  such  abuses,  as  by  imperceptible 
degrees  have  begun  to  prevail,  and,  acquiring  strength 
by  a  continuation  of  habit,  threaten  at  length,  if  not 


Jug.   22. 

ture,   ai   t'lat 
:  to  its  origi- 
foundations  of 
'e-man   in  the 
islator  for  the 
erefore,  so  far 
itution,  that  it 
the  most  un- 
t  part  to  which 
r.     When,  in- 
ditary  legisla- 
nge  of  circum- 
ir  privilege  of 
hat  deficiency, 
a  domineering 
opted.     It  was 
ipel  the  people 
ir  wills  indeed, 
,  that  at  length 
iment  we   now 
of  all  the  forms 
ts,  without  the 
severally  sub- 
d  we  would  al- 
could  we  flatter 
d  not,  at  the  be- 
he  formation  of 
:ufsion,  our  ob- 
imine   that  sys- 
y  imperceptible 
juiring  strength 
at  length,  if  not 


I 


l^gj.  oH  the  comtitutioil.  iVJ 

adverted  to,  gradually  to  overturn  that  goodly  fabric 
we  SB  much   adoiire.     Though   it  now  appeareth  to 
be  strong,   "and   the  height  ther-of  reacheth   unto 
heaven,  and  the  sight  thereof  to   the  end  of  all   the 
earth  ;"  yet  if  its  basis  be  not  firm,  the  foundation  be- 
gins to  give  way,  and  the  fabric  itself  must  ultimately 
fall  to  the  grouiid,  however  beautiful  the  superstruc- 
ture may  appear.     Without,  therefore,  trenching  so 
near  as   to  be  in  danger  of  undermining  it»  or  heed- 
lefsly  pulling  out  any  of  those   important   p«g5  on 
which  it  now  materially  rests,  our  aim  is,  merely  to 
take  a  narrow  and  circumspect  view   of  these  foun- 
dations ;    to   mark  those  parts   that    are    evidently 
decayed,  and  mouldering  to  dust ;  and  to  have  these 
repaired  in  the  best  manner  that  the   situation   of 
things  will  admit  of.     These  are  the  objects  we  have 
in  view;  and  if  we  fliall  act   up  to  these  principles, 
who   can  deuy  that  we   Ihall  be  well  entitled  to  the 
name  we  have    afsumed   to  ourselves,  that  of  "  the 
friends  of  the  people  !" 

We  are  sufficiently   aware  of- the   dtilicacy  of  the- 
underlying  in  which  we   are  engaged  ;  and  there- 
fore we  have  resolved  to  proceed   with   the   utmost 
caution.    We  know  that,  to  exttrnal  view,  a  particu- 
lar  part  may  appear  rotten  and  decayed,  which  is  still 
sound  and. entire  within  ;  and  thatif  thdse  [jarts  wera. 
hastily   removed,    the    whole    might,  tumble   dowm 
at  once,  and   crufh   not  only  ourselves,  but  many 
others   in   the  ruins.     We  know   also,  that   if  we 
were   to    attempt   to    lay    open    all    the    soros   at 
once,   the   sound    parts,  by  beieig  left  destitute  of 
support  on   several   sides,  at  the  same  time,  would 
be  in  in  the  most  dangerous  state.     To  avoid  these- 


ai8  M  the  constitution.  Aug.  21*. 

riflss,  which  every  sensible  person  who  reflects  upoav 
the  subject j  must  dread,  it  is  our  intention  nevtr  to 
remove  the  smallest  particle  of  matter  that  is  not 
evidently  rotten  and  corrupted  ;  and  never  to  attempt 
to  go  farth  »  than  that  corruption  has  already  evi- 
dently penetrated.  Even  in  this  work,  thus  cauti- 
ously conducted,  we  intend  to  proceed  only  by  piece- 
meal, always  repairing  one  defect  before  another  be 
opened  up.  How  different  is  this  conduct  from  that- 
which  the  enemies  of  this  society  have  been  pleased 
to  represent  it !  But  while  these  persons  profit  by 
the  corruptions  of  which  we  complain,  is  it  a  wonder 
they  fhould  endeavour  to  prejudice  the  public  against 
those  who  aim  at  removing  that  rotlennefs  they  so> 
carefdlly  endeavour  to  conceal  ? 

No  part  of  our  conduct  has.  called  down  such  point- 
ed animadversion,  as  that  which  respects  tbe  taking 
the  opinion  of  the  people  at  large  before  we  proceed. 
And,  indeed,  had  iii;  been  our  intention  to  call  toge- 
ther mobs  of  the  lowest  clafses  of  the  people,  and  to 
instigate  then>  to  madnefs,  by  alarming  their  fears, 
and  inducing  them  by  tumult  and  violence,  to  call; 
out  for  alterations  in  government,  the  nature  and 
consequences  of  which  they  are  incapable  of  know- 
ing, we  fhonld  justly  have  deserved  all  thatoppro- 
brium  they  have  endeavoured  to  thraw  upon  us  : 
but  these  intentions-  wt  utterly  disclaim.  We  are- 
aware  that  certain  persons  in  this,  country,  whose 
real  obiect  we  preteRd  not  to  judge,  of,  have  difsemi-. 
nated  writings  which  may,  without  much  violence- 
of  interpretation,  be  supposed  to  be  intended  to  ope-, 
rate  in  this  manner  j,  and  as  the  authors  of  these 


reflects  upoa> 
tion  nevtr  to 
■   that   is  not 
'er  to  attempt 

already  evU 
,  thus  cauti- 
nly  by  piece- 
re  another  be 
Lict  fronii  that- 

been  pleased 
[>ns  profit  by 
9  it  a  wonder 
public  against 
nefs  they  sot 

ti  such  point-, 
ts  ibe  taking 
;  we  proceed. 
1  to  call  toge- 
>eople,  and  to 
I  their  fears, 
ilence,  to  call' 
!   nature  and 
ble  of  know-. 
\  that'oppro- 
yvr  upon  us  : 
nri.     We  are- 
mtry,   whoso- 
iiave  difsetni- 
uch  violence- 
ended  to  ope-, 
lors  of  these- 


1791.  on  tic  conttitutiam  '    %%^ 

writings  offer  them  to  the  public,  under  the  specioud 
idea  of  leading  to  a  reform  of  national  governments,, 
our  enemies  have  endeavoured  to  confound  us  with. 
them.     But  as  justly  might   they  try    to  dc;#reciate 
those  who,  with  a  pure  heart  and  sound  understand, 
ing,  venerate  the  holy  religion  we   profefs,  because 
some  wild   fanatics   have  perverted   that   religion  to 
the  worst  of  purposes,  as  to  endeavour  by  this  means 
to  vilify  us.     We  have    already  publicly  declared, 
ourselves  inimical  to  that  kind  of  reform  ;  and  no- 
thing but  sinister  views  could  induce  any  one  to  put 
lis  in  the  same  clafs  with  these  persons.     So  far  are 
we  from  wiibing  to  encourage  the  populace  to  endea- 
vour  to  force  a  reform  by  violence,  thnt  we  dare  not 
venture  of  ourselves,  even  after  mature  study  on  our 
part,  to  propose  remedies  for  what  appears  to  be  evi.. 
dently   wrong.      Before  we    do    this,  we   wifh   to- 
have  the  united  judgement  of  all  the  i«/iJt3/«  part  of 
the  nation,  that  we  may  thus  guard  against  adopting* 
alterations  which  may  ultimately  prove  hurtful,  in-. 
stead  of  being  beneficial.     In  the  course  of  our  deep 
iovestigations  on  this  subject,  we  have  so  frequently 
seen  this  happen  to  others,  that  it  would  have  been 
inconsistent  with  our  principles  not  to  take  the  be- 
nefit  of  every  afsistance  in  our  power  before  we  ven- 
tured to  adopt  any  measure  definitively.     We  can 
indeed  of  ourselves,  easily  perceive  abuses  ;  but  how 
to  correct  these  abases  effectually,   without  giving, 
rise  to  others  that  may  perhaps  be  worse,  requires 
an  attention  to  so  many  particiilari,   at  once,  that  no, 
individual  can  ever  hope  to  do  it  perfectly ;  but  wfaich» 
k^  auoki  temperate  discufsionsii  may  be  gt adually  de- 


II 


a-0  9tt  tht  constitution.  Aug^  VX»- 

veloped.  Can  any  thinR  be  more  absurd  than  to 
■ccuse  of  precipitancy  those  who  wilh  to  proceed 
with  such  cautious  circumspection  ? 

We   ».ave  been   represented  as  wifhing  to  proceed 
-with  a  reform  in  the  same  manner  as  has  happened 
in  France  ;  and  as  wiftiing  to  establidi  in  this  coun- 
try a  similar  form  of  government,  if  government  it 
can  be  called,   as   that   which  there  prevails.     Had 
this  been  our  intention,  our  conduct  must  have  been 
very  different  from  that  which  we  have  adopted  r—we 
n.ould,  in  that  case,  have  proceeded  with  all  pofsiblc 
precipitancy,  that  while  the   furor  for  innovation^ 
which  we  know  prevailed  among  the  lefs  considerate 
p«rtof  the  community,  was  at  its  foil  height,  we 
might  have  availed  ourselves  of         So  far,  however, 
was  this  from  being  out  inter  that  we  studious- 

ly delayed  bringing  forwai-d  i    .     -tion  till  a  future 
day,  before  which  time,  we  doubt  not,  such  events 
will  have  taken  place  as  to  moderate  the  fervour  of 
that  patriotic  enthusiasm,  which  hath  seized  so  great 
a  proportion    of   the   generous    and    well-meaning, 
though  ill-informed  parts  of  the  community.     It  is 
our  decided  opinion,  that  the  constitution  of  our  go- 
.  vernment  will  acquire  much  stability  from  the  revc- 
lution  in  France;  not  by    adopting  the  plans  that 
nation  has  pursued,  but  by  attending  to  the  conse- 
quences of  these  innovations.     Even  already,   many 
men  who  six  months  ago  could  sec  nothing  defective 
in  that  constitution,  begin  to  think  that  many  things 
might  have  been   more  happily  contrived.     Those 
■who  thought  that  the   mode   of  electing  members  of 
the  legislative  afscmbly  was  perfectly  uncxception* 


bsurd  than  to 
(h  to  proceed 

ling  to  proceed 
1  has  liappeaed 
li  in  this  comi- 

government  it 
prevails.  Had 
nust  have  been 
.  adopted  : — we 
/ith  all  pofsiblc 
for  innovation^ 
lefs  considerate 

full  height,  we 
io  far,  however, 
at  we  studions- 
ion  till  a  future 
lot,  such  events 
;  the  fervour  of 
1  seiz«d  so  great 
well-meaning, ' 
nn)unitj.     It  is 
ution  of  our  gO" 
^  from  the  revc- 

the  plans  that 
ig  to  the  conse- 
1  already,  many 
nothing  defective 
that  many  things 
mtrived.  Those 
;ting  members  of 
tly  unexception*^ 


1791. 


on  the  conttitutton,  IJI 

able,  and  calculated  to  gii,ir«i  a^^ain^t  every  kiiul  of 
corruption,  betvn  to  pe.ceivc  that  llici':  ni.i;-  I'.-^ome 
deficiencies.  The  difficulty  that  w, is  found  t)  iduce 
the  voters  in  Parn  to  come  forward,  even  when  it 
had  the  allurement  of  novelty  to  recommend  it,  has 
(bowed  them  that  there,  as  well  as  every  wnere 
rise,  "  what  is  every  body's  businefs  is  deeintd  the 
busincfs  of  nobody,"  which  e  \cites  a  well  grounded 
fear  that  this  mode  of  election  may,  in  time,  degene- 
rate into  a  mere  farce,  where  the  great  body  of  those 
who  have  a  right  to  vote  will  disregard  that  right }  and 
where  of  course  the  elections  will  come  to  be  carried 
by  a  private  junto,  who  will  make  it  their  businefs 
to  avail  themselves  of  the  neplig-nce  of  others. 
When  this  evil  stares  them  in  die  face,  and  when 
they  try  to  devise  a  mode  of  correcting  it,  they  be- 
gin to  perceive  that  it  will  be  even  a  more  difficult 
taflc  than  that  of  determining  a  Westminster  election 
by  scrutiny.  Those  who  thought  that  a  House  of 
Peers  was  a  wen  in  our  constitution,  which  the  French 
liai  happily  cut  off,  begin  already  to  suspect  that 
virtue  is  not  exclusively  confined  to  the  poorer  er- 
ders  of  the  community,  and  that  wisdom  is  not  pecu- 
liarly appropriated  to  any  one  clafs  of  people.  They 
begin  to  advert  to  what  they  have  often  heard  be- 
fore, that  a  man  who  has  much  property  to  lose,  has 
a  stronger  inducement  to  support  a  government  that 
secures  the  property  of  every  individual,  than  one  who 
has  little  at  stake  ;  and  that  of  course  a  body  of  weal- 
thy men,  may  be  expected  to  be  at  least,  more  cau- 
tious legislators,  than  men  of  small  fortunes.  They 
now  see  clearly  that  the  French  constitution  is  super- 


T 


i 


aja  on  the  constitution.  Aug,  2*. 

laiively  defective  in  having  devised  no  check  for  ne- 
cefsarily  retarding  the  precipitancy  of  judgement  in 
enacting  laws  on  the  moment,  without  a  pofsibility  of 
having  the  facts  on  which  they  proceeded  duly  constitu- 
ted. This,  if  unaltered,  would  soon  introduce  a  species 
of  despotism,  perhaps  more  to  be  dreaded  than  that  of 
the  ua'imited  power-of  any  individual.     They  begin, 
therefore,  to  see  the  wisdom  of  our  forefathers,  who 
not  only  prescribed  forms  of  procedure  in  parliament, 
well  calculated  to  prevent  a  raflx  judgement  from 
being  hastily  adopted  at  any  time  ;  but  which,  by 
necefsarily  requiring  every  law  to  p»fs  deliberately 
through  two  different  afscmblies,  gives  time,  not  only 
for  reflection  to  the  legislators   themselves,  but  for 
representations  from  without,  that  may  set  them  right 
as  to  ill  understood  facts,  and  lead  their  minds  to 
form  a  proper  judgement.     These  particulars,  and 
many  more,  have  already  occurred  to  almost  every 
thinking  mind.     There   are  others   of  equal  impor- 
tance respecting  the  influence  of  the  doctrine  of  the 
rights  of  man  on  the  subordination  of  the  army  ;  the 
steady     administration     of     government;    and    the 
security  of  property  and  personal  freedom,   which 
the  events   that   are  now  daily   occurring    in  that 
distracted  country  are   powerfully  illustrating.    To 
the    influence   of   these   illustrations    we    trust  for 
the    correcting    of  many    erroneous    doctrines   res- 
pecting government,  that  have  been  difseminated  in 
this  country  by  the  admirers  of  the  French  revolu- 
tion.    With  these  ideas  strongly  imprefsed  on  our 
minds,  let  me  afli,  if  we  had  seriously  wiflicd  to  pro- 
.pagate  these  ck)Ctrines  ourselves,   or  to  avail  our- 


Aug.  2^. 

10  check  for  ne« 
>f  judgement  in 
c  a  pofsibility  of 
^■d  duly  constitu- 
troduce  a  species 
aded  than  that  of 
il.  Tliey  begin, 
Forefathers,  who 
•e  in  parliament, 
udgement  from 

but  which,  by 
)ftfs  deliberately 
:s  time,  not  only 
nselves,  but  for 
ly  set  them  right 

their  minds  to 
particulars,  and 

to  almost  every 
of  equal  irapor- 
>  doctrine  of  the 
if  the  army  ;  the 
ment ;  and  the 
freedom,  which 
curring  in  that 
illustrating.  To 
IS  we  trust  for 
s  doctrines  res- 
I  difseminated  in 
;  French  revolu- 
nprefsed  on  our 
ly  wiflied  to  pro- 
of to  avail  our- 


wm 


1792,  -^on'the  canstittttion,  233 

selves  of  the  temporary  phrenzy  of  those  who  do,  we 
would  have  put  off  the  proposition  of  our  intended 
rdform  to  a  distant  day  ?  Those  who  think  thus  must 
suppose  us  destitute  of  common  sen  ,e  indeed.  "' 

It  thus  appears  that  those  who,  profiting  by  the  abu- 
ses of  government,  and  therefore  nreading  any  kind  of 
reform,  knowing  at  the  same  ti  .ne  the  upright  prin- 
ciples of  "  the  society  of  the  f .lends  of  the  people," 
have  found  no  other  mode  of  cl^fence,  so  likely  to  suc- 
ceed, as  that  of  calumny  and  misrepresentation. 
Duplicity  is  so  nataral  co  some  people  themselves, 
that  they  could  scarcely  oppose  even  a  faulty  pro- 
position with  a  candid  opennefs  of  conduct ;  but 
where  they  see  nothing  they  can/a/r/y  lay  hold  of, 
in  opposing  a  reasonable  demand,  there  seems  to  be 
a. sort  of  excuse  for  them  being  driven  to  the  very 
objectionable  mode  of  defence  I  now  reprobate. 
This,  however,  will  not  induce  the  respectable  body, 
of  which  I  have  the  honour  to  be  a  member,  to 
adopt  a  similar  conduct.  We  neither  court  popula- 
rity by  giving  our  support  to  culpable  doctrines, 
which  may  be  the  favourites  of  the  day  ;  nor  decline 
to  probe  with  freedom  the  defects  of  a  constitution 
we  venerate.  Sensible  that  government  is  no  long- 
er of  use  than  while  it  tends  to  preserve  public  tran- 
quillity, to  encourage  industry,  and  to  protect  the 
person  and  property  of  every  individual  alike  from 
the  power  of  the  king,  of  an  aristocracy,  or  a  mob, 
we  fhall  as  steadily  oppose  every  innovation  liiat 
does  not  obviously  tend  to  promote  these  objects,  as 
we  Ihall  zealously  promote  the  reform  of  every  abuse 
vol..  X.  GO  f 


y.: 


nrffiiniiinirinTiirtritiTirinBI 


234  •/!  taste  in  architeclure .  ^ug.  It. 

that  has  a  necefsary  influence  iii  abating  the  public 

prosperity  and  happinefs  of  the  people. 

These  are,  I  am  satisfied,  ^he  sentiments  of  a  great 

majority  of  the  members  of  our  society  ;  but  they 

are  here  offered  only  as  the  private  sentiments  of 

London,       \  TiMOLEON. 

>/y  12.  1792.5 


ON  TASTE  IN  ARCHITECTURE. 
'  Si*,  To  the  Editor  of  the  Bee. 

In  the  prospectus  of  your  valuable  miscellany  (whict 
may  be  considered  as  the  magna  charta  of  your  sub- 
scribers,) you  have  judiciously  observed,  that  "  to 
polifh  the  manners  and  humanize  the  heart,  are  the 
first  steps  required  in  an  attempt  to  inspire  a  taste 
for  literary  excellence,  and  to   excite  exertions   for 
attaining  the  highest  perfection     in   arts  ;"  and  as 
some  accompliflied  gentlemen  of  France  and  Italy, 
who  have  lately  visited  Britain,  have  afsured   me, 
that  our   island  has  not  yet  reached  the  summit  of 
perfection   in   taste  and  elegance,  I  beg  leave,  with 
diffidence,  to  communicate   to  your   readers   what  I 
conceive  to  be  the  elements  of  beauty  and   excellence 
-in  architecture  ;  after  which  I  ftiall  proceed,  in  suc- 
ceeding numbers  of  your  paper,  to  apply   the  same 
principles  to  poetry,  painting,  music,  gardening,  and 
-all  the  other  subjects  of  taste. 

*As  I  write  these  lines  in  a  remote  retirement  from 

.the  bustle   of  the  world,  unperplexed  by  books,  and 

undisturbed,  as  well  as  unsullied  by  vulgar  society, 

i  confide  in  the  stoves  of  my  memory,  warmed  by 


Aug.  11. 
ig  the  public 

iits  of  a  great 
:y  i  but  they 
iments  of 

TiMOLEOK. 


URE. 

:eUany  (whicU 
I  of  your  sub- 
bed, that  "  to 
heart,  are  the 
inspire  a  taste 
exertions   for 
arts  ;"  and  as 
ice  and  Italy, 
e  afsured   me, 
the  summit  of 
»eg  leave,  with 
readers   what  I 
and  excellence 
roceed,  in  suc- 
;pply   the  same 
gardening,  and 

etircment  from 
I  by  books,  and 
vulgar  society, 
>ry,  warmed  by 


rjtji.  otiifiite  in  architecturt,  235 

sensibility,  and  enlightened  by  the  torch  of  truth,  for 
discovering  the  grand  outlines  of  an  art  which  gre\T 
originally  out  of  the  necefsities,  the  superstitioni, 
and  the  vanities  of  mankind,  under  which  thvee  heads 
I  ihall  arrange  the  subject  of  my  discourse. 

§  I.  Concerning  the  architecture  of  necefsity,  I  a;n 
fooliih  enough  to  believe,  in  the  end  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  that  man  was  originally  the  tenant  of  a  gar- 
den, that  God  was  his  friend  and  master,  and  reason, 
with  dire  necefsity,  his  instructors. 

The  circle  is  the  most  capacious  of  all  figures, 
and  an  arbour,  formed  in  that  figure,  the  most  obvi- 
ous and  commodious  of  all  dwellings;  in  which  form 
we  find  the  huts  of  the.  people  whom  we  are  pleased 
to  call  savages,  in  all  countries  ;  iind  of  such  forms  are 
the  old  Pictifti  dwellings,  the  remains  of  which  are 
yet  to  be. seen  in  Rofsfhire,  Sutherland,  and  Caith- 
nefs  in  Scotland,  and  every  where  on  the  northern 
Continent  of  Europe.  *'  Naturam  licet  expc/lasfurca 
tamen  usque  recurrat"  A  predilection  for  the  cir- 
cular form,  and  the  dome  in  the  architecture  ot  the 
most  poliflied  nations,  still  whispars  from  whence 
arose  the  primary  idea  of  beau       uui  ihtltcr. 

The  fire,  where  necefsary,  was  kindled  in  the  renter.- 
of  the  area ;  and,  from  the  top,,the  fuaus  oi  the  fuel 
were  emitted,  while  all  the  family/  had  an  cjual  Ihare 
of  the  light  and  heat  of  the  chearer  of .  the  igid 
winter.  As  life  began  to  be  a  little  more  opprefscd . 
with  care,  and  the  wants  of  men  more  numerous,  a 
place  would  be  found  wanting  to  prepare  food,  and 
would  give  rise  to  a  sort  of  peristyle,  or  adject,  to  the 
circular  hut,  where  the  Sarah  of  the  woods  would: 


«l 


wmm 


mmmm 


536  on  tustt  in  architecture.  Ju^^.  ii: 

bake  cakes  for  angels  when  they  came,  and  for  mere 
men  when  angels  were  not  so  common.  The  smoke 
in  this  adject  would  be  disposed  of  in  the  same  man- 
ner, but  at  ihe  extremity  of  the  area,  leaving  room 
only  for  benches  or  seats  of  stone  or  turf,  around 
which  the  females  or  servants  would  sit,  after  the 
labours  of  the  day  were  over,  and  every  fhepherd 
would  tell,  or  repeat  his  tale,  as  he  had  done  hereto- 
foxe  under  the  hawthorn  tree. 

««  Extren-dper  ilktjuititia  tXicdiut  lerris 
«'  Viitigiii  fct-it, 
'  Fair  virtue  then  and  freedom,  blest 

Arcadian  ftiepherds  s  w  j 

Asrrca's  steps  they  fondSy  prcit,  , 

And  sought  no  otlier  law ! 

GOLDEN  riieci-,  Stanto  iv. 

But  the   inclemency  of  the   weather,   in  the  more 
northern   and    antartic   regions   of  the  earth,  would 
render  it  nccefsary  to  fence  dwellings  more  effectual^ 
ly  from  cold  and  moisture;  and,  during   the  rainy 
seasons,   within   the   tropics,  these  houses   would  lie 
found  quite  Inadequate  to  the  protection  and  comfort 
of  the  people.     They  would,  therefore,  fix  deeply  in 
tlie  soil,  or  in  rock  where  it  could  be  obtained,  large 
straight  steramed  trees,  placed   in   the  same  circLkt 
form^  at  convenient  distances,  and  wattling  the  inter- 
stices with  oziers  or  withes,  wovjld  coat  them  over  with 
clay  and  mud,  heat  into  plaister,  with  the  admixture 
of  dried  leaves,  or  other  decayed  vegetables,  to  keep 
the  ttiaterials  together.     This  hypothesis  is  verifyed 
liy  the  writtrs  referred  to  in  the  margin,  and  by  tl« 
testimony  of  all  our  modern  circumnavigators*. 

•  Diodorus  Sicul.:5.  lb  l.  p.  5x-  S.mchnn  apud  Euseb.  p.  35'  Voyagrs 
■a  Perou  par  M.  Bcjucr,  p  8  and  10.  Plin.  lib.  7-  §  57-  "nd  P-4> J. 
The  travels  And  voyjg^s  ofUiaU,  Sulonder,  Coske,  &(.  &c. 


Aug.  22-. 
and  for  mere 
The  smoke 
le  same  man- 
leaVing  room 
turf,  around 
sit,  after  the 
ery  fhepherd 
,  done  hereto- 


;rci)  Staiwom. 
,  in  the  more 
;  tarth,  would 
nore  effectual- 
ing   the  rainy 
uses   would  lie 
)n  and  comfort 
;,  fix  deeply  in 
obtained,  large 
;  same  circufer 
tling  theinttr- 
them  over  with 
the  admixture 
itables,  to  keep 
esis  is  verifyed 
gin,  and  by  tl« 
vigators*. 

useb.  p.  35.  Voyages 
7.  §  57.  and  p..  41 3, 

eft.  efc. 


ty^l.  on  taste  in  architecture,  237 

The  roof  of  this  improved  arbour  would  be  cover- 
ed in  after  the  sane  man.ier,  aad  similarly  fortified 
against  the  accefs  of  wind  and  rain,  according  to  the 
circumstances  of  the  climate.  This  dwelling  would 
exhibit  no  mean  image  of  an  original  temple,  to 
which  it  would  lead  in  the  next  stage  to  improve- 
ment, which  iLall  be  the  subject  of  our  immediate 
consideration.  / 

§  II.  Me.i  protected  against  the  injuries  of  weather, 
and  the  molestation  ot  beasts,  would  be  induced  some- 
times by  fear,  and  sometimes  by  gratitude,  if  not  by 
traditional  theology,  to  adore  or  deprecate  the  Majesty 
of  heaven,  or  the  supposed  power  of  invisible  beings. 
He  would  ascend  high  mountains  where    he  thought 
himself  nearer  to  tranquillity  and  happinufi,  and  to 
the  seats  of  eternal  natures.     He    would  kindle  fire 
in  honour  of  the  vivif.ing    author  of  day,  rejoice  in 
his  approach,  or  mourn   his  departure.     Some  place 
of  fhelter  would  be  nectfsary  to  p^-rform  the  adormg 
or  appeasing  rites,  and  he  would  naturally  adopt  and 
amplify  that   mode  of  building   which  he  had  chosen 
for  domestic  comfort ;  but  the  object  of  his  adoration 
or  fear,  being  invisible,  he   would   not  at  first  think 
of  excluding  this  mansion   from  tiie   accefi   of  light, 
or  of  the  external  air, — it  would  bt,  (as  we  may  say,) 
an  open  rotunda.     O  1  very  high  mountains  the  elec- 
tric  aura  encompafies  the  heid  with  a  phosphoric 
nimbus,  with  which  adject,  accordingly,  thv;  worftiipr 
pers  of  the  sun  were  wont  to  be  represented, — a  sym.- 
bolthat  has  been  adopted  in  the  mythology  of  our  so*, 
phisticated  religio.i  during  the  dark  ages.     As  sjciety 
became  closer  aad  more  cjin^jucated,  and  its  powers 


^^t  •«  ioste  in  architecture.  Aiig.  a  a* 

increased,  these  places  of  worfliip,  would  be  impro- 
▼ed  and  rendered  more  magnificent,  and  to  trees  would 
succeed  pillars  of  stone,  coarsely  ftiaped,  to  imitate 
their  form  ;  imposts  of  stone  would  be  laid  acrofs 
these  uprights,  and  constitute  circular  temples  after 
the  manner  of  Stonehtnge  *. 

In  procefs  of  time  these  uprights  would  be  formed 
by  the  chisel  to  the  beautiful  taper  of  the  smooth 
barked  tree,  the  imposts  .would  be  channelled  and 
grooved,  to  cast  deep  and  distinctive  fhadows,  and  last 
of  all,  the  obolo,  and  other  members  of  the  (haft  and 
capital,  would  be  superadded.  The  ornaments  of 
the  capital  andi  the  architrave,  pedestals,  and  other 
refinements  in  architecture,  belong  to  the  age  of  high 
refinement,  caprice,  and  vanity,  which  we  are  after- 
wards to  describe. 

In  the  columniation  of  a  temple,  we  behold  the  ori- 
ginal  grove ;  and  the  adoption  was  natural,  since,  as 
we  are  informed  by  Herodotus,  that  to  the  temple  of 
Diana,  one  of  the  most  magnificent  in  his  age,  the  ap- 
proach was  by  an  avenue  of  lofty  trees,  *'  trees 
aspiring  to  heaven +.'• 

•  This  temple  of  the  Beljacin  Britain,  is  propably  alluded  to  in  a  fng- 
jnent  of  Hecataeui,  where  it  is  recorded  that  certain  Tjrrian  navlgitoiE, 
visited,  in  the  plains  of  North  Britan,  •  huge  temple  dedicated  to  the 
sua  In  the  epis-le  of  Quintus  ca  his  brother  Marcus  Tulliuj  Citero,  in 
the  fifth  volume  of  this  work,  a  descriptio*  is  given  of  the  manner  in 
which  those  gigantic  monuments  were  raised  without  any  extraordinary 
efforts. 

f  This  is  represented  in  the  stnictufts  w«  are  pleased  to  call  Gothic, 
by  thebaiilicon  or  nave  of  the  church,  that  by  which  the  priests  ap- 
proached in  procefsion  to  the  sanctuary,  which  wiS  placed  at  the  east  end 
of  ll.»  building  adjoining  to  the  high  altar.     Sec  the  very  seiisible   nd 


Ailg.  39» 
I  be  impro- 
tree?  would 
,  to  imitate 
laid  acrofs 
emples  after 

d  be  formed 
the  smooth 
Lnnelled  and 
>ws,  and  last 
he  (haft  ^md 
rnaments  of 
!j,  and  other 
:  age  of  high 
/e  are  after- 

;hold  theori- 
ral,  since,  as 
;he  temple  of 
I  age,  the  ap. 
ees,     "  trees 


lludcdtoin  a  fng- 
Pyrian  navigitoiEf 
e  dedicated  to  the 
Tullius  Cicero,  in 
of  the  manner  in 
any  extraordinary 

jicd  to  cal)  Gothic, 
ch  the  priests  ap- 
iced  at  the  ratt  end 

;  very  sei'.tlblc  ..nd 


1792.  gratfimaticai  diqMuitioMs,  239 

In  the  ornament  of  the  capital  we  contemplate  the 
beauty  and  virtue  of  the  Indian  Lotus,  which  had  un- 
doubtedly given  origin  to  the  foliage  of  the  pillar 
idly  ascribed  to  the  accident  of  the  tile  and  the  acan- 
thus. In  the  decoration  of  the  Ionic  order  we  are 
to  reflect  on  the  ornaments  of  the  Delphic  altar,  and 
of  the  Ammonian  Jupiter  ;  and  for  othar  improve- 
ments we  arc  to  examine  the  history  and  manners  of 
the  countries  in  which  they  were  adopted;  and  to  clafs 
those  of  latter  ages  under  that  head  of  architecture, 
which  falls  hereafter  to  be  considered,  and  must  oc- 
cupy several  succefsive  articles  in  this  miscellany,  if, 
from  this  specimen  of  my  feeble  endeavours  to  illus- 
trate a  subject  of  so  much  importance,  your  readers 
fhall  exprefs  any  desire  that  they  Ihould  be  continu- 
ed.    I  am.  Sir,  ' 

Your  humble  servant.  B.  A.  • 


GRAMMATICAL  DISQUISITIONS. 

Agreeable  to  my  promise,  Bee  vol.  vii.  p.  171.  I 
now  beg  leave  to  offer  a  few  remarks  on  "  the  philo- 
sophy of  grammar." 

T!ic  radical  principles  of  language  bemg  the  same 
in  all  nations,  one  would  naturally  imagine  that  gram- 
mar would  be. an  easy,  a  simple,  and  of  course  a 
pleasing  study.  The  reverse  of  this  is  found  in  prac- 
tice to  be  the  case.  If  every  language  must  have 
words  of  the  same  kind  to  exprefs  the  ideas  that  oc- 

accurale  efcay  on  Gothic  structurei,  Be.,  vol.  ii.  p.  »47.  &'■  This  mod. 
of  architecture.  I  a?prch=nd  to  have  been  of  Scythic  or  T.rs^c  ong.o, 
.anJ  w  Litroduced  by  the  Hellenic  Goths,  afteiwirJs  c.aci  Ceeks. 


■I 


»40  grammatical  disquisitions.'  -^ug-  42» 

cur  to  the  human  mind,  which  cannot  be  denied,  it 
would  seem  that  nothing  could  be  more  simple  or 
easy  than  the  tianshting  fiom  one  language  into  ano- 
ther, because  nothmg  more  would  be  wanted  than  to 
Substitute  one  word  in  place  of  another  ;  yet,  when 
we  come  to  attempt  this  in  practice,  it  is  found  to  be 
an  intricate  and  a  difficult  talk.  It  would  be  an  use- 
ful enterprise  to  attempt  to  account  for  this  seeming 
contradiction. 

The  fundamental  principles  of  grammar  are  doubt- 
lefs  the  same  in  all  languages,  and  admit  not  of  any 
variation.  But  in  the  primary  formation  of  words, 
in  their  combinations,  and  modifications,  the  pofsible 
variations  are  almost  infinite.  Grammar,  therefore, 
in  the  abstract,  can  only  be  one,  and  if  the  efsential 
circumstances  alone  are  adverted  to,  it  must  be  both 
simple  and  easy :  but  in  practice  it  may  be  infinitely- 
various  :  and,  if  casual  variations,  and  unefsential 
modifications,  be  not  carefully  distinguiflied  fromi  ef- 
sential principles,  it  will  become  an  intricate  study, 
a  complicated  chaotic  mafs,  in  which  nothing  but  dark- 
nefs  and  confusion  appear. 

This  has,  in  fact,  been  too  much  the  case ;  and 
those  who  have  attempted  to  explain  the  principles 
of  grammar,  especially  in  modern  times,  have  usual-. 
ly  set  up  some  one  language  as  a  standard  of  perfec- 
tion, all  the  anomalies  of  which,  they  have  consider- 
ed as  efsential  principles,  which  has  introduced  a  con- 
fusion into  that  study  that  renders  our  ideas  respec- 
ting it  indefinite  and  obscure. 

It  would  greatly  exceed  the  bounds  of  an  efsay  in 
a  miscellany  of  this  nature  to  enter  fully  into  this 


Aug,  %i% 

denied,  it 
simple  or 

;e  into  ano- 

ted  than  to 
yet,  when 

Found  to  be 
be  an  use- 

lis  seeming 

r  are  doubt- 
not  of  any 
n  of  words, 
the  pofsible 
',  therefore, 
the  efsential 
mst  be  both 
be  infinitely 
unefsential 
led  fronk  ef- 
icate  study, 
ngbut  dark- 

e  case ;  and 
»e  principles 
have  usual- 
rd  of  perfec- 
ve  consider- 
duced  a  con- 
ideas  respec- 

f  an  efsay  ia 
lly  into  this 


*79**  grnmmatical  iltsquisittoris.  t.^i 

di  cufsion.  All  t:  i  can  be  with  propriety  attempt- 
ed, is  to  select  a  fc >  cases  by  way  of  illustration, 
tbat  may  serve  as  exercises  for  those  who  wifii  t* 
acquire  definite  ideas  on  this  interesting  subject. 

0/  nouns. 

The  names  of  the  different  objects  of  perception',, 
form  nearly  half  the  words  of  every  language  ;  and, 
as  nearly  the  same  objects  occur  in  all  nations,  words 
denoting  the  most  common  objects  in  nature  are 
found  in  almost  all  languages.  A  man,  a  tree,  a 
rock,  water,  earth,  fire,  and  so  on,  are  known  every 
where,  and  have  in  every  language  an  appropriated 
name.  These  names,  therefore,  must  constitute  a  ra- 
dical part  of  universal  grammar.  Wherever  grammar 
has  been  attended  to  at  all,  this  clafs  of  words  has 
been  discriminated,  and  a  name  has  been  appropria- 
ted in  all  civilized  nations  to  denote  them.  The  La- 
tins, with  much  propriety,  distinguiftied  this  clafs  of 
words  by  simply  calling  them  kames  ;  so  that  the 
very  word  itself  serves  instead  of  a  difinition  :  in 
Englifli  we  call  the  same  clafs  of  words  nouns,  a 
word  which,  till  it  be  particularly  explained,  conveys 
no  idea  at  all  to  a  mere  Englifli  scholar.  Here,  at 
the  very  threfliold  of  our  enquiry,  we  meet  with  a  ma- 
terial difference  in  the  two  languages. 

The  Latins,  however,  included  more  under  that 
title  than  with  pTopxicty  belonged  to  it.  They  in- 
cluded not  only  the  objects  themselves,  but  the  qua- 
lities also  which  might  be  accidentally  combined  with 
these  objects.  They,  therefore,  divided  this  claf* 
of  words  into  two  parts  ;  the  first  they  called  wames 

VOL.  X.  H  a  + 


«At  grammatical  disquisitions  Aug.  1%- 

substantive,  and  the  last  they  denominated,  ham.s 
adjective  ;  of  this  last  we  (hall  at  present  say  nothing, 
but  proceed  in  our  analysis  of  the  first. 

f^the  Latin  language  was  beautiful  in  the  original 
choice  of  the  word  for  denoting  the  clafs.  we  are  now 
led  to  perceive  that  it  was  not  only  imperfect    but 
Itneous,  in  as  far  as  the  same  word  was  em^oyed 
to  denote  qualities  as  well  as  substances.     This  1^ 
hem  into  another  error,  by  ^enommating  ^*.--J^ 
the  whole  clafs  of  names  properly  so  called.      Ihe 
IZ  substantive  was  evidently  adopted,  because  a 
Teat  many  of  the  objects  for  which  these  names  were 
f„"    itTd  consist  of  solid  mattep,   called  substance ; 
Tttuder  this  clafs  is  included  a  prodigious  variety 
of  deal  objects,  that  have  neither  form  nor  substance. 
ThU  terlforJ.  misleads  the  rnind .  so  ^hat  her.  our 
unmeaning  .ou.  has  the  preference  *°  ^*  J-J  ^^ 
have  been  so  fond  of  the  Latm  as  even  to  adopt  thi, 
v^ord.  and  indifferently  say  noun  or  ^«*^""''"";^ 

It  would  be  tiresome  to  go  farther  in  this  kind  of 
parallel ;  and  we  only  went  thus  far  to  give  an  id  a 
oTth     manner  in  which  the  mind  is  -Pe-pnb  7 
Lied  in  all  languages,  by  the  very  terms   hat  .re 
„ade  use  of  in  that  language  i  and  tofhow  in  what 
"ay  a  particular  ,i.o«,«*.V  exprefsion  in  one  language 
lay  co'nvey  a  sensation  of  pleasure  or  ^-gust  to   he 
„.iJd.  that  cannot  be   fdt  when  it  is  translated   into 
L  nearest  equivalent  words  of  another  language 
The  above  only  exhibits  one  instance  m  its  simp  est 
form;  but  when  we  advert  to  the  infiaxte  d.ver  ity 
•      of  latent  ideas,  to  adopt  a  new  phrase,  that  mu.t  be 
annexed  to  particular  words,  by  a  kind  of  reHectvoa 


Aug.  »». 

sd,    NAMES 

ly  nothiiigf 

;he  original 
wc  are  now 
lerfect,  but 
,s  employed 
,     This  led 
subitantives 
iUed.     The 
I,  because  a 
names  were 
[  substance; 
ious  variety 
)r  substance, 
hat  here  out 
it ;    but  we 
to  adopt  thia 
antive- 

I  this  kind  of 
give  an  idea 
mperceptibly 
:rms  that  are 
bow  in  what 
one  language 
disgust  to  the 
■an slated   into 
ler  language, 
n  its  simplest 
lite  diversity 
,  that  muit  be 
d  of  reflection 


' 


1791.  grammatical  disquisitions.  243 

from  th^ir  derivatives,  by  certain  inflections  an;l 
particular  combinations,  it  will  be  very  apparent 
that  an  attempt  to  convey,  precisely,  similar  sensa- 
tions, in  adifferciit  language,  must  be  altogether  im- 
pofiible;  an 'I,  as  it  is  these  delicate  submeaningi, 
which  extif  tht  ecstatic  pleasure  that  a  feeling  mind 
alonr  cen  know,  and  which  constitutes  the  eficnce 
of  what  is  called  a  fine  taste  ;  we  hence  perceive  the 
reason  why  it  has  ever  been  deemed  impofsible  to 
convey  a  just  idea  of  the  beauties  of  a  poem  into 
another  language.  Though  in  mere  philosophical 
enquiries  it  is  a  much  lefs  difficult  ta(k. 

To  return  to  nouns.     The  bulk  of  grammarians 

have  afserted  that  nouns  admit  of  a  threefold  varia- 

tion,  viz.  that  which  respects  1st.  NUMBER,  2d.«EN. 

DER,  and  3d.  CASE.     The  propriety  of  this    distinc- 

•  tion  may  be  disputed. 

By  a  variation  of  the  noun,  these  grammarians 
mean  a  change  of  the  word  itself  that  constitutes  the 
■name  of  any  object,  by  an  addition  or  change  of  some 
letters. 

The  distinction  respecting  number,  is  natural,  and 
probably  may  be  found  more  or  lefs  complete  in  all 
languages.     There  are  few  objects   in  nature  that 
>    are  single  of  their  kind.     In    nost  cases   there  are 
great  numbers  of  the  same  Ci  's  of  objects  ;  but  as 
one  or  more  of  them  may  be  the  object  of  discufsion, 
Q  variation  of  the  name  has  been  in  general  adopted 
to  denote  plurality.     Thus,  king  denotes  one  object ; 
Kings,  denote  any  number  of  the  same  objects   more 
than  one.     In  the  same  manner  prince,  princes,  man, 
men,  and  so  or..     Every  language  we  know  of  has. 


244  grammatical  d'nquLitlons.  Aug.  t%. 

adopted  this  two-fold  distinction  at  least,  of  singular 
and //«rfl/ respecting  NUMBER. 

In  most  languages  the  ditinction  by  inflection  is 
no  more  than  two-fold.  Wherever  the  part  cular 
value  of  plurality  is  meant  to  be  specified,  the  num- 
ber is  added,  as  two,  three,  ten,  twenty,  or  an  hundred 
kings.  In  some  languages,  however,  a  particular  in- 
flection has  been  :'.doptcd  for  exprefsing  the  number 
two,  which  has  been  called  the  dual  number  ;  and  we 
can  easily  conceive  it  pofsible  for  some  language*  to 
have  other  variations  of  the  noun,  for  yet  higher  de- 
finite numbers,  though  none  of  these  have  been  yet 
discovered. 

With  regard  to  oender.  This  also  has  been  said 
to  be'  threefold.  tIz.  masculine,  feminine  and  ncutrf. 
The  idea  here  inculcated  has  been  evidently  bor- 
rowed from  the  practice  of  the  Latins,  who,  by  a 
particular  artificial  construction  of  their  lang-iage  in, 
other  respects,  found  it  extremely  convenient  to  t-d  yt 
the  variations  here  specified ;  and  from  the  Latins 
we  have  borrowed  these  words,  without  seeming  to 
have  annexed  any  precise  ideas  to  them.  What  re- 
spects the  inflection  of  the  neuter  gender  has  no  foun- 
dation at  all  in  nature  ;  and  it  will  be  easy  to  fhow 
that  what  relates  to  the  other  genders  is  accidental 
also,  and,  if  it  were  necefsary,  imperfect. 

God  hath  b^en  pleased  to  create  most  part  of  ani- 
mafe  male  znA  female.  There  is  nothing  therefore 
unnatural  in  denoting  the  male  and  the  female  of  the 
same  animal,  by  the  same  word  slightly  diversified. 
It  may  therefore  happen,  that  in  some  languages  thi3 
variation,  of  the  noun  docs  take  place,  as  m  prince, 
frincefs,  pee!;peercjs ;  in  which  case  the  nouks  might 


Aug.  i«. 
f  sitij^ular 

iflectioii  19 
part  cular 
the  num- 
n  hundred 
ticular  in- 
hc  number 
r  ,•  ai'-i  we 
nguagis  to 
higher  de- 
e  been  yet 

}  been  said 
md  neuter, 
ently  bor- 
who,  by  a 
ang'iagf  in 
!nt  to  t.'c!  i\i'i 
the  Latins 
seeming  to 
What  te- 
as no  foun- 
iy  to  ftiow 
I  accidental 

part  of  ani- 
g  therefore 
male  of  the 
diversified, 
iguages  this 
\  in  prince t 
OUKS  might 


'*79*'  grammaticii  d'uqulrtlont.  245 

be  said  to  ad.nit   oi  Oac  iia>eullue   \M\fe>ni'nnec.^.t(- 
BKR,  by  inflection.     Bat  this  can  in  no  bciisc  be  con- 
sideied  as  ai.  if  c.>t->l  prt.  cr'y  o.  t  e  noun.    It  would 
be  easy  to  adopt  Uiii'cre  it  words  for  tiiij  purpose,   a* 
we  in  fact  do  in  ma  .     cases,  -m  iing  and  queen,  horse 
and  mare,  bull  and  cow,  ram  and  ewe,  Jitc.  which  are 
all  distinct  words.     Therefore  to   say  that  nouns  ne- 
ccfsarily  require  a  variation  by  irfflection  for  (  ;nder, 
is  imp  oper  ;  and  if  we  were  to  admit  that  a  mascu- 
line and  feminine  g'inder  were  required,  we  fliould  still 
find  that  -.everal  other  genders  were  ncccfsary.  Many 
animals  have  no  sex  at  all,  as  grubs,  caterpillar-,  ijfir. 
many  others  are  of  both  sexes,  as  different  kinds  of 
worms  ;  many  others  have  no  apparent  sex,  as  snails, 
slugs,  Uc.      To  denote  all  these   variations,  a  mucii 
greater  diversity  of  genders  than  the  masculine  and  fe- 
minine therefore  would  have  been  nccefsary.  The  truth 
however,  is,  that  no  variation  of  tiie  Nouv  w'latever 
is  required  respecting  ^*«</t'r,  and   oar   notions  have 
been,  as   to  this  particular,  totally  perverted,  by   en- 
deavouring to   erect   the  anomalous  practice  adopted 
in  a  particular  language  into  a  radical   principle   in 
grammar.     The  doctrine  of  genders  is  indeed  one  of 
the  most  intricate,  and  as  it  has  been  applied,  one  of 
the  most  absurd,   in   grammar,  and  highly   requires 
elucidation  ;  but   that  will    come    to  be    more   pro- 
perly investigated  under  a  separate  head,  if  we  ihould 
ever  go  so  far. 

The  variation  respecting  case  is  still  more  absurd, 
and  the  doctrine  that  has  been  found>  d  on  it,  yet 
more  ridiculous  j  but  this  fliall  form  the  subject  of  a 
separate  paper. 

To  b«  continued* 


POETRr. 


VVKME6  ON  PATIENCE,  WRITTKN  AT  THE  REqjJEST  OF  A  FRIENB. 

BY   DR  BYROM. 

For  the  Set. 

A  viBsi  on  patience?— Yes, — but  then  prepare 

Your  mind,  friend,  Roberc,  with  a  reati'mg  (hut, 

Or  cloe  'twill  give  you  rather  lefe  thjn  more, 

To  hear  i^  mentioned  than  jou  had  before  : 

If  mine  to  write,  rerecmber  'tis  jour  ta(k 

To  read  the  iinss  which  you  arc  pleaa'd  to  aik. 

Patience  the  theme  ? — a  blefsed  inmate  this! 
The  nursing  parent  of  our  bosom  blifs  } 
AbroiJ  for  blifs  (he  bids  us  ..ot  to  roam, 
But  cultivate  its  real  fund  at  homei 
A  noble  treasuic! — when  the  patient  soul. 
Sits  in  the  csnter  and  surveys  the  whole. 

The  bustling  world,  to  fetch  her  out  from  thence* 
Will  urge  the  various,  plausible  pretence; 
Will  prove  perfectioni  of  a  grander  name, 
Sound  great  exploits,  and  call  her  out  to  fame} 
Amust  and  flatter,  till  the  joul,  too  prone 
To  selt-activii/,  deserts  her  throne. 

Be  on  your  guard, — the  bus'nefs  of  a  man 
!>;  to  be  sure  to  do  what  good  he  can  i 
Bii'-  first  at  home,  let  puience  nile  within, 
Wliere  charity  you  know  must  first  begin  i 
Not  moiiieii  love,  ai  foidly  underr,-cod. 
But  calm  sedate  propensity  ro  good. 

The  genuine  virtue  of  the  modest  friend, 
Which  you  oblige  me  here  to  recommend  ; 
The  trial  this  of  all  the  rest  beside. 
For  without  patience  fhey  arc  aU  but  pride; 
A  strong  ambition  (hints  within  its  sphere. 
But  P'-y"?!!  Its  weaknefs,  when  it  cannot  bear. 

There  lies  the  test,— bring  ev'ry  thing  to  that ; 
Ir  (hows  us  plainly  what  v..;  would  be  at: 
Of  g!;n'roiis  actio-s  we  may  count  the  sum, 
But  scarce  the  wo.th,  till  disappointments  come; 
'  Men  oft  are  then  more  gen'roiisly  absurd, 

Their  own  good  actions  have  their  own  bad  wo;d. 


LL» 


r  OF  A  rRIENB. 


repjre 
h^rri 


ik. 


« 


hence* 


c»r. 

that ; 

n, 
come; 

id  woid. 


w44^>\|>'^^ 


1792.  pof^^y-  ^f 

Impatience  bites  ingratiiud?,  tVsonth ! 

VVhy  ? — it  d  scoveii  our  ingrateiul  truth  j  ,f    , 

Thit  having  done,  for  interest  or  fame. 

Such  and  such  doings,  (he  has  luic  her  aim; 

While  thanklefs  people,  rejlly  in  her  debt, 

Have  got  all  theirs,  and  put  her  in  a  tret. 

Pofsest  of  patience,  a  right  humble  mind, 
At  all  evnM,  is  totally  res'g^i'd: 

Does  gooJ  lor  »aKc  u\  ijuj  ■-  •  "■  •"•  "'  ' » 

Leaves  that  to  heav'n  and  ktc}>i  to  its  content } 
Good  to  be  doi.e,  or  to  be  surter'd  ill. 
It  acts,  it  bea  8,  with  meek  jubmifsive  will- 
Enough,  enough !— Now  tell  me  if  you  please. 
How  IS  it  to  be  had,  this  mental  ease  ?    ^ 
God  kiiovvs,— 1  do  not,  how  it  is  acquir'd } 
But  this  I  know,— if  heartily  (ksird, 
■    We  (hall  be  thankful  for  the  donor's  leave 
To  alk,  to  hope,  and  wait  till  we  receive. 


VERSES  WROTE  BY  A  LADY  IN  A  DEEP  DECUNE  TO  HB* 
INFANT  NIME  MONTHS  OLD. 

For  the  Btt. 

SwiiT  babe  !  you  smile  unconscious  in  my  arms 
Of  all  the  fears  which  my  foad  heart  alarms  i 
Thy  little  h»ndt  fast  wipe  my  tears  away> 
You  seem  to  say,  be  chearful,  O  be  gay  ! 

Ah  I  lovely  infant  little  do«t  thou  krsow 
Thy  mother's  agony,  her  grief,  her  woe  j 
Her  hours  of  c ire,  her  many  restlefs  nrghts, 
The  thousand  terrors  that  her  soul  affrights 

You  tittle  know  the  ills  that  round  you  wait, 

And  seem  to  threat  your  yo<ing,  your  helph  fs  s'ate  }    . 

Misfortune  o'er  thee  waves  her  baleful  w.^nd. 

And  gloomy  clouds  of  sorrow  lowr  around 

Peaceful  thy  father  res  r       Heath's  dark  tomb, 
And  soon  thy  ni>ther  r^o  must  meet  her  loom  ; 
Soon  01  my  palid  c  leek  the  worm  wll  f^jed, 
And  the  tauk  grafs  wave  cheailef*  round  my  head. 


I 


-'— rwyyT  nwm-irn  twiiimmiimfifmim 


•243 


WVio,  then,  my  child  !  will  guide  tliy  trmfcr  yenrs. 
An  I  gently  lead  thee  through  this  vale  of  tejis  ? 
From  penury  and  want  who  will  thee  save, 
When  both  thy  parents  sleep  in  death's  cold  grave  ?' 

Fatal,  perhaps,  thy  op'ning  charmi  may  prove, 
Thv  chi-elcs  soft  crimson,  and  mil  1  eye  of  Iovp, 
When  thou  hast  no  frie-id  ta  protect  thy  youth, 
To  teach  the:'.  spotUfs  innocence  and  truth. 

These  thoughts  with  wild  emotlrtr.s  throb  my  breast,. 
And  de°p  despair  depriyrs  my  soul  of  rest  \ 
Th"S'  thm;ghts.  O  d^ath  !  add  horror  to  thy  d.irt, 
And  thrills,  with  anguifti  keen  a  mother's  heart. 

Religion  come,  and  chear  affliction's  hour, 
Ah  let  my  blcd'ng  bosom  feel  thy  pow'rl 
Teach  me,  resign'd,  to  view  appr 'aching  dsathi 
And  yield  without  rejjret  to  heav'n  my  breath. 

Mv  God,  though  this  frail  form  will  s'nk  in  dust, 
Still  in  thy  arm,  all  powerful '  will  I  trust  j 
Thou  art  the  orphan's  (held,  the  widow's  stay, 
And  thou  my  babe  wilt  guide  in  virtue's  way. 

ELVINA. 


LINES  WRITTEN  BY  V0L1  MRE  ON  HIS  DEATH  BED, 
lUPPOSED  TO  BE  THE  LAST  THING  HE  EVER  V""1T» 

"  Diiu  qu'on  mecconoit 
(>  Dieu  que  tout  annonre  j 


Entena  le  diniifr  mot, 

Q^e  ma  biiuche  prononce; 
Si  j    ra,.  suis  trompe, 

C'.:i:  en  cherchant  ta  loi{ 
Mon  cteur  se  peu'  egjrer, 

M.i:s  il  est  plein  de  toi. 
Je  vo  s  sans  m'al'armer, 

L'eterrite  pjroitrt  j, 
Et  je  m:  put  penser, 

Q^cn  Dieu  (^ue  m'a  fait  naitrC) 
<^m  D  eu  que  sur  mes  jours 

V'  '81  tt  It  d:  bieifaic, 
Qu  nd  Ici  jours  so  it  eteints^ 

Me  tourmente  a  jamais 


>fi<f»  2T, 


enrs. 


breast^ 

Urt,. 
rt. 


lust, 


ELVINA. 


II  BED, 
VrnnT*:. 


^I79a. 


vecouni  of  the  agamJe. 


M% 


Sir,  To  the  Editor  qf  th(  Bee. 

i  TRANSCRrMD  thc  followiiig  article  from  a  London  perio- 
dical  publication  that  was  stifled  in  its  craddle,  after  a  few 
numbers  only  had  been  publiflted.  As  it  has  never  per- 
haps  been  seen  by  any  of  your  readers,  and  was  doubtlefs 
•ortknown  to  your  correspondent,  ft  young  observer,  when  he 
wrote  the  account  of  the  baya,  vol.  viii,  p.  18.  it  may  bs 
considered  as  a  proper  companion  for  that  article.  Wilh- 
ing  succcfs  to  your  laudable  undertaking,  I  am.  Sir,  your 
humble  servant,  An  old  book  wokm. 


Account  of  the  agame'e,  a  singular  bird, 
.  Nothing  tends  so  much  to  demonstrate  the  immense 
distance  there  is  between  man  in  a  savage  state,  and  man 
in  a  state  of  society,  as  the  conquests  which  the  latter  hae 
made  over  the  wild  animals.  He  is  aided  by  the  dog  on  num. 
berlefs  occasions ;  the  horse,  the  ox,  the  afs.  the  camel, 
the  rein  deer,  the  kma,  become  his  servants,  and  enable 
him  to  transport  burdens  which  his  own  strength  never 
could  have  mastered.  He  rears,  under  his  own  eye,  fowls, 
turkies,  geese,  ducks,  pheasatjts,  and  peacocks  j  he  has  do- 
mesticated pigeons,  and  made  the  bees  themselves  gather 
stores  for  his  use.  Tlje  savage  pays  little  attention  to 
these  acquisitions,  Insomuch  that  there  are  few  cases  in 
which  he  has  attempted  to  make  any  of  the  animals  mini- 
Mer  by  their  labour  to  his  wants,  still  fewer  in  which  he 
has  thought  of  making  them  contribute  to  his  pleasures 
or  amusements. 

Man  is  formed  for  society  ;  he  is  therefore  most  highly 
pleased  with  those  of  his  own  species  who  seem  to  be 
most  sensibly  touched  with  those  marks  of  attention  which 
indicate  a  partiality  fof  him  j  and  he  never  fails  to  be  par- 

VCL.  X.  I  ,  ^ 


J.J  account  of  the  tgamft.  jfug.  ii. 

ticularly  delighted  with  those  animals  which  are  capable  of 
exprefsing  an  attachment  to  him.  and  of  rely  .ng  upon  h.m  for 
their  proLtion  and  support.  The  dog,  on  account  of  the 
sensibility  he  pofsefses  in  so  surprising  a  degree.  »  .«  eve- 
ry civilized  country  a  particular  favour.te  of  man.  .nde- 
^ndently  of  his  utility.  The  cat,  and  other  small  ammak. 
which  admit  of  being  tamed,  are  more  or  ef,  e»teem«l 
Tthey  pofsefs  this  quality  in  .  greater  or  left  degree  of 

'Imtg  the  feathered  tribe,  some  have  been  taken  into 
fe.our  on  account  of  the  sweetnefs  of  theu  song  5  others 
on  account  of  the  beauty  of  their  plumage  or  some  o  her 
Angularity  in  their  exterior  appearance  •,  but  the  attach- 
Tent  that'these  animals  ll^ow  to  their  master,  .  .n  general 
«  very  slight,  that  there  are  but  few  instances  m  which 
They  «n  by  cUim  to  any  degree  of  favour  upon  thu 

•^'Tt'only  instance  of-any  considerable  degree  of  that 
«rt  of  attachment,    on  the  part  of  any  of  the  buds  we 
Tow  of,  is  that  which  is  manifested  by  a  bud  wh.ch 
tbe   French  call  the  .f.««^..     This  bird   .s  a  nat.ve   of 
Cavenne  in  South  America,  and  attaches  itself  to  man, 
S  as  much  fidelity  and  warmth  of  affection  as  even  a 
I  g  does.       If    an    .,.««/«  »  admitted  m,o  any^huus  , 
it  Lches  itself  to  some  one  person  with  the  utmost  fide- 
ity,  and  afford,  the  most  unequivocal  marks  of  the  plea- 
u«  it  takes  in  his  company,     h  comes  to  its  master  on 
To  casions  with  evident  marks  of  satisfaction -carefses 
Hm  wUh  eagernefs,  flies  before,  or  follows  after  h.m.  and 
e  prefer by%ario;  motions,  the  py  it  feels  at  seeing  0. 
cUanying  him.       It  comes  readily  >^^;-;^ '  ; - 
Uatever  manner  it  m.y  chance  to  be  engaged  at  the  t,me^ 
U  ides  to  be  carefstd,  and  presents  its  head   and  neck  to 
Wv-ked  by  him.  with  a  satisfaction  seemingly  equal  to 
tha^  whicha  catexprefses  in  similar  circumstances.     It 


fi^m 


jiug.  X3. 
e  capable  of 
upon  him  for 
:count  of  the 
ee,  i»  in  eve- 
F  roan,  inde- 
imall  animals, 
eft  esteemed 
e(s  degree  of 

:n  taken  into 
song  J  others 
r  some  other 
It  the  attach- 
,  is  in  general 
ices  in  which 
)ur  upon  this 

legree  of  that 
the  birds  we 
a  bird  which 
is  a  native   of 
itself  to  man, 
lion  as  even  a 
i\o  any  huuse, 
he  utmost  fide- 
is  of  the  plea- 
)  its  master  on 
ction  J  carefses 
after  him,  and 
Is  at  seeing  oi  ^ 
vhen  called,  in 
ed  at  the  time : 
id  and  necK  to 
mingly  equal  to 
;um5tances.    It 


f  79».  ■  anecdotes  of  Adrian  hroat.  aji 

loves  to  accompany  its  master  at  table,  and  being  extreme- 
ly  jealous,  it  never  fails  to  drive  away,  if  pofsible,  all  cats 
•nd  dogs,  or  other  animals,  that  seem  to  fhare  in  its  mat- 
tor's  affection,  especially  when  it  is  petitioning  for  food  } 
and  being  fierce  and  couragious,  it  seldom  fails  to  succeed. 
It  is  entertaining  to  see  with  what  art  it  evades  the  bite  o£ 
«  dog,  by  soaring  above  his  reach,  and  then  darting  dowi| 
suddenly  upon  him  while  he  is  off  his  guard.  It  always 
alms  his  strokes  at  the  eyes,  which  it'  attacks  both,  with  its 
bill  and  its  talons  with  great  fiiry  ;  and  when  k  has.  once 
obtained  a  victory, it  pursues  its  enemy  with  the  mosrsur* 
prising  obstinacy,  and  would  never  cease  tormenting  it 
till  it  died,  if  not  preveiMed. 

In  ftiort,  $»  strong  is-  the  attachment  this  bird  (hows  to 
nan,  that,  in  this  respect,  it  seems  to  hold  the  same  rank 
as  the  dog  among  quadrupeds,  and),  io  seme  instances,  it 
even  seems  to  approach  near  tothat  aoin^al  in  point  of 
docility.  It  i»  aieerted  that  the  ag^mie  cao  be  taught  to 
guard  a  flock  of  fiieep  in  the  same  manner  as  the,  dog. 
Since,~  then,  these  birds  love  domesticity  so  much,  where- 
fore fliould  we  not  endeavour  to  rear  them  in  abundance,, 
employ  them  in  suphuscf  as  they  are  capable  of  being. put 
to,  and  endeavour  still  farther  to  improve  their  natural  in- 
stincts, and  tender  them  more  exteixsivcLy  serviceable  ta 


■'.Vt..-     .  • 


ANECDOTES  Of  ADRIAN  BROOR,  A  C£t£BRATEDFU>MIS» 
^j  MINTBa^ 

I  MG  leave  to-  offer  the  following  anecdotes  of  Broex,  a. 
noted  Flemi<^  painter,  as  another  instance  of  the  sUani^ 
eccentricities  of  some  men  of  geniuti 
t 'Adrian  Broor,  or  Brawer,  or  Brauer,  was  born  at  Ou* 
denarde  in  the  year  1608^  and  died  J64P. 


J 


$5*  Mtteciiotef  of  Adrian  Brow.  Aug.  TV. 

Of  T»U  parentage  nothing  is  known,  ortly  that  they  wore 
ef  the  lowest  ranks  of  the  people.  Without  instructor  of 
any  sort,  and  solely  by  an  irresistible  propensity  of  nature, 
Broor,  while  yet  in  a  manner  an  infant,  used  to  amuse  him. 
self  i»painting  birds  and  flowers,  opoa  small  bits  of  linen  % 
and  his  mother,  for  a  subsistence,  sold  them  to  women  of 
the  country,  who  employed  them  as  ornaments  of  their  drefs. 

While  he  was  thus  employed,  'Ftancis  Hals,  a  famous 
painter,  went  hy  chance  to  the  fJace  where  the  young 
Broor  lived,  and,  struck  by  his  rising  talents,  he  proposed 
to  instruct  him.  Boor,  ehatmed  with  this  kicky  rencoun- 
ter, did  not  hesitate  t*  follow  hitn.  But  what  he  looked 
upon  as  extremely  fortunate,  was  to  \A«i  the  source  of  in- 
finite chagrins  and  disappointment.  The  avarice  of  Hals 
and  hi*  wifc  instigated  them  to  «vail  themselves  of  thd 
talents  of  the  young  unfortunat*;,  whose  hard  fortune  they 

seemed  to  bewail. 

A*  soon  as  they  had  him  ki  their  power  they  made  Wm. 
kbour  to  excefs,  and  made  him  almost  die  of  hunger; 
Lfcait  and  tmaciatedi  he  had  scarcely  the  appearance  of 
a  human  being  -,  the  rags  with  which  he  was  covered 
gave  him  the  appearance  of  the  utmost  misery.  Whilst  h« 
himself  was  in  want  of  the  necefearies  of  life,  the  Httle 
fictum  at  which  he  worked  night  and  day  were  sold  at » 
very  great  price.  The  greedinefe  of  his  masters,  only  in* 
creasing  in  proportion  »  they  found  the  means  to  satisfy 
themselves,  they  (Imt  him  up  in  a  garret,  that  he  mig^^ 
be  able  to-  produce-  more  works. 

That  separation  inspired  the  anxiety  or  the  curiosity 
•f  his  companions,  disciples  of  Hals,  who  watched  the  mo* 
aient  of  bis.  absenct  to  discover  what  Broor  did  in  his  pri>- 
son.  They  went  up  each  in  theit  turn,  and, -by  means  ^>* 
a  small  window,,  they  saw  with  surprise  that  this  poor  and 
despised  app«n^i<i*>  ***  *  S."^^^'  fainter,  apd  made  very 


Jug.  tl\ 
t  they  were 
instructor  of 
:y  of  nature, 
I  amuM  hltn> 
its  of  linen  ; 
to  women  of 
>f  their  drefs. 
rU,  n  famou» 
;  the  young 
he   proposed 
:ky  rencoBH- 
>at  he  look«d 
lource  of  in' 
'arice  of  Hals 
selves  of  th* 
fortune  they 

i»y  made  Mm. 
c  of  hunger; 
ippearance  of 
was  covered 
y.  Whilst  hftf 
life,  the  Httle 
were  sold  at» 
iters,  only  m* 
eans  to  satisfy 
:hat  be  might 

I  the  curiosity 
itched  the  mo  A 
did  in  his  pri'* 
d,  -by  oieans^ 
;  this  poor  and 
ad  made  very 


X7.92.  anecdotes  of  yiArian  Braor.  *5g 

pretty  pictures.  One  of  these  younj^  people  proposed 
to  him  to  paint  x\aifive  stmts  at  four  sous  a>piece.  Broor 
executed  them  so  4vell,  that  another  asked  of  him.thc  twtlim 
months  ofthtytar  at  the  sami;  price. 

Our  prisoner  thought  himself  very  happy,  aiid  consider 
red,  as  a  goodibrtune,  the  purchase  mon«y  of  these  little 
tubjects  which  he  did  by  stealth,  and  in  some  leisure  mo- 
ments \  bat  the  considerable  profits  which  his  works  brought 
him  determined  Hals  and  his  wife  to  watch  him  so  closely 
that  he  (hould  not  have  a  single  mimUe  to  dispose  of.^,  these 
unconscionable  guards,  not  content  with  exhausting  him 
with  labour,  diooinilhed  day  by  day  the  small  pittance 
destined  fox  hit  subsistence. 

ij /This  dreadful  situation  was  like  to  drive  him  todespaii-, 
when  one  of  his  comrades  advised  him  to  make  his. escape, 
and  evea  iiMrniflied  him  with  the  means.   Deprived  of  every 
thing,,  antf'almott  naked,  firoor  strayed  through  the  city  not 
knowaqg  when  to  go,  nor  what  would  be  his  lot.  After  ha* 
ving  wandered  along  tine,  he  «topt  at  the  (hop  of  a  ginger- 
bread baker,  and  bought  a^  much  as  ^ould  serve  him  aU> 
day,  paying  for  it  all  the  money  wluch  he  had,  and  ran-  tO: 
tdace  lumtelf  mider  the  organ  of  the  great  church.    Whilst 
he  was  there,  ruminating  in  his  mind  how  he  fliould  get- 
into,  a  more  comfortable  situation,  he  was  recognised.  by< 
an  intimate  friend  who  took  him  back  to  his  master,  who- 
YsaA  bcca  at  much  pains  to  find  him,  and,  overjoyed  at  re>r 
cpvering  him>  promised  to  use  him  better  in  time  to  come^ 
Hals  piqued  himself  upon  the  performance  of  his  pro- 
ntise  'y  he   bought  hUn  a  suit  of  second  hand  clothes^  and 
fed  hima  little  better.     Broor,  thus  encouraged,  set  about 
his  work  with  ardour,  but  always  for  the  protit  of  bis  mas- 
ter, who  sold  very  dear  the  pictures  which  he  badjor  almost 
nothing.  Broor  alone  was  ignorant  of  his  talents^  and,  the 


jl54  anecJoies  of  Adrian  Broer.  Aug.  23. 

resources  wKich  they  would  have  procured  him.  iTiformed 
at  last  by  his  comradci  of  the  price  of  his  pictures,  he  esca- 
ped more  effectually  than  the  first  tbte,  and  toelk  refuge  in 
the  city  of  Amsterdam,  where  he  arrived  without  friends  o> 
money.  His  good  stars  conducted  him  to  an  honest  seller 
of  pictures,  who  granted  him  an  asylum.  One  may  guefe 
with  what  pleasure  Broor  learned  that  his  works  were 
known  in  Amsterdam,  and  that  they  sold  for  a  considerablo 
price. 

He  would  have  perhaps  doabted  it,  if  an  amateur  had  not 
given  him  about  an  hundred  ducats  for  one  of  his  pictures. 
As  soon-  as  Broor,  who  had  demanded  that  sum  tremblingpr 
saw  himself  in  pofsefsion  of  so  much  money,  he  spread  ib 
out  upon  hi«  bed,  transported  with  joy ,  and  rolled  himself 

upon  it. 

Ten  day*  pafsed  in  a  debauch  with  the  peopW  of  the  \tTf 
lowest  sort,  who  soon  made  him  find  the  bottomof  his  pursu.. 
He  thea  came  back^  rejoiced  and  content,  to  the  picture 
merchant  where  he  lodged,  who  a^ing  him  what  he  had. 
dpne  with  his  money  :  "  I  have  got  happily  rid  of  it,"  said 
be,  "  in  order  to  be  more  free." 

This  alteraative  between  labour  and  difsipati'on  was  hii' 
constant  plan  of  conduct  all  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  ne- 
ver dreamed  of  taking  the  pencil  until'  he  had  no- more 
money..  He  wias  continually  involvsng  himself  in  drun- 
ken quaurels  with  the  drcgsof  the  populace,  after  having 
drank  freely  with  them.  His  work  (hop  was  generally; 
in  an  inn,  where  he  was  often  obliged  to  send  his  worJts  «>- 
sell  to  the  amateurs,  to  -pay  hi»  expence. 

Broor  gave  himself  up  with  such  enthusiasm  when  at 
work,  that  he  was  often  heard  speaking  Spanilh,  Italian, 
aad  French,  as  if  he  bad  been  with  the  persons  whom  he 
was  painUug.^ 


Aug.  2X 
fiim.  Informed 
:turei,  he  e(cii< 
tuctk  refuge  in 
ihout  friends  ot 
in  honest  seller 
)ne  may  guefe 
s  works  were 
aconsiderabls 

nateur  had  not 
of  hit  pictures, 
ium  tremblin^r 
ff  he  spread  ib 
rolled  himself 

phf  of  the  very 
im'of  hispursiu.' 
to  the  picture 
I  what  he  had* 
rid  of  it,"  said 

pation  was  his- 
life.  He  ne- 
;  had  no- mote 
sself  ia  drun- 
c,  after  having, 
was  generelljti 
d  his  works  to- 

iasm  when  at 
panifli,  Italian, 
;sons  whom  he 


S79?.  mcciloles  of  Adrian  Broor.  255 

There  is  notiiuig  more  divertin;^  than  the  adventures 
which  Broor  met  with  every  day.  In  one  of  his  rambles 
he  was  stript  entirely  oy  robbers.  Not  having  money  to 
purrhase  a  how  wartirobe.  he  took,  it  into  his  head  to  make 
hisiseil  1  habit  of  linen,  on  which  h«  painted  flowers 
in  the  taste  of  the  Indian  robes.  The  ladies  were  de- 
eeived  by  it,  and  were  anxious  to  have  a  similar  stuff  and 
pattern.  Broor  contrived,  in  order  to  undeceive  them,  to 
mount  a  stage  at  the  end  of  a  performance  ;  and,  taking  a 
spunge  soaked  with  water,  he  effaced  before  their  eyes  aU 
the  pictnrei  on  his  drcfs. 

Whilst  war  was  entirely  desolating  Flanders,  Broor  was 
very  desirous  of  going  to  Antwerp.  Notwithsundingthe 
representations  of  his  friends,  he  could  not  resist  his  impa. 
tience,  and  was  taken  in  that  city  for  a  spy.  Being  fliut 
up  in  the  citadel,  he  had  there  the  good  fortune  to  meet 
the  duke  of  Aremberg,  whom  he  informed  of  his  profefsi- 
on.  The  duke,  who  received  sometimes  visits  firom  Ru- 
bens, begged  that  great  artist  to  give  to  a  prisoner  some 
materials  and  other  things  wanted  for  painting.  Rubens 
had  no  sooner  cast  his  eyes  on  the  picture  which  the  pre- 
tended  spy  was  making,  than  he  cried  out,  TAix  is  a  picture 
of  Broor's!  and  was  absolutely  for  paying  him  six  hun- 
dred florins. 

Rubens  employed  all  his  friends  to  get  Broor  out  of  pri- 
son  •,  he  even  became  surety  for  him,  and  having  obtained 
his  enlargement,  he  clothed  him,  and  took  care  to  have 
him  lodged,  and  bre^ight  him  to  his  own  table.  Far  from 
making  a  proper  return  for  all  these  generous  cares,  Broor 
fled  precipitately  from  the  house  of  his  illustrious  bene- 
fector  in  order  to  enjoy  his  liberty. 

Broor  perceived  at  length  that-he  was  despised  by  his 
relations  on  account  of  his  ill  drefs.  Sensible  of  the  mark* 
of  their  disdain,  he  bought  a  very  genteel  drefs  of  velvet. 
One  of  his  cousins  seeing  him  so  well  e-iuipped,  begged  him 


^^ii~siS.!mvi«^'<^^^>''fJ'S»Ji^S^^'i»'IM 


,ijmiMtmmmiu»»»i>iLtma»iKjeeifm',»>i»ml$imry^ 


J 


Sj6  anecJotes  of  Adrian  Brocr.  ^ug,  22. 

to  come  to  his  marriage,  firoor  did  not  fail  to  be  there, 
and  »  during  the  repast  the  coupanj  praised  the  good 
tasie  and  propriety  of  the  drels  of  our  painter,  he  took  » 
plate  fiUied  with  sauce,  and  threw  it  all  upon  it,  and  spoil- 
ed at  once  with  the  grease  all  his  fine  apparel,  saying  it 
ought  to  enjoy  its  full  (hare  of  the  good  chear,  since  it  was 
evident  it  was  his  drefs  alone  that  was  invited,  and  not  hintp. 
self. 

After  this  fonlifii  action,  he  threw  his  coat  into  the  fire 
-ul..prcience  of  the  company,  and  went  and  Ihat  himself  up 
in  an  inn,  where  the  pipe  and  a  bottle  of  brandy  supplied 
the  place' of  riches  and  worldly  greatnefs. 

Tired  of  being  pofseised  of  nothing,  Broor  retired  to  the- 
house  of  a  baker  in  Brufssls  who  had  a  pretty  wife.  He 
founH  '  -ans  to  insinuate  himself  into  the  good  graces  of 
both  iiusband  and  the  wife,  a  singularity  which  hap- 
pens every  day.  That  baker  who  also  followed  the  busi- 
nefs  of  a  picture  dealer,  lodged  and  boarded  his  new 
friend.  Broor,  in  return,  taught  him  to  paint,  and 
did  other  good  offices  to  the  lady.  The  connection  be- 
tween these  two  men  was  so  close,  and  their  characters 
were  so  like,  that  they  were  scarcely  a  moment  asunder. 
They  even  pufiied  their  disorders  so  far  as  to  render 
themselves  liable  to  legal  punilhment ',  an  accident  which 
obliged  them  to  betake  themselves  to  flight,. 

.After having  wandered  some  time,  Broor  came  back  tO' 
Antwerp,  being  reduced  to  the  utmost  misery  ;  he  fell  ill 
there,  and  had  no  other  asylum  than  the  hospital,  where 
he  died  at  the  end  of  two  days. 

Rubens  honoured  him  -  with  his  tears,  caused  his  body- 
to  be  lifted  from  the  grave  where  it  was  buried,  and  intei- 
red  it  anew  with  magnificent  pomp  ;  the  city  of  Antwerp 
Mised  a  fine- tomb  over  him. 


UȤ 


'  y^-rrmr^F^''" 


ylug.  22. 
i  to  be  there, 
led  the  good 
ter,  he  took  » 
it,  and  spoil- 
rel,  saying  it 
r,  since  it  was 
,  and  nothing. 

into  the  fire 
at  himself  up 
uidy  supplied 

retired  to  the- 
ty  wife.  He 
tod  graces  of 
f  which  hap> 
wed  the  busi- 
rded  bis  new 
paint,  and 
innection  be> 
eir  characters 
lent   asunder. 

as  to  render 
xident  which 

came  back  to 
ry  i  he  fell  ill 
ispital,  where 

ised  his  body 
ied,  and  intei* 
r  of  Antwerp 


1792. 


the  temple  of  Hymen. 


1 


^57 


THE  TEMPLE  OF  HYMEN. 

In  a  letter  written  by  a  young  gentleman  of  Philadelphia  to  a 
young  lady, 

M?  DEAR  FRIEND, 

IjAst  night  I  slept,  and  I  dreamed  that  I  was  walking  on 
a  beautiful  spacious  plain,  in  the  middle  of  which  stood  a 
lofty  magnificent  temple,  which  appeared  to  be  ancient 
and  venerable  :  and  though  some  people  advanced  in  years 
who  were,  present,  remarked,  that  it  was  much  decayed 
since  they  had  first  paid  a  visit  there  •,  yet  to  me,  and  all 
young  persons  who  were  in  the  single  line  of  life,  it  ap- 
peared to  be  the  most  elegant  and  beautiful  dome  we  had 
ever  beheld.  As  I  was  admiring  it,  I  saw  innumerable 
crowds  of  people  rufhing  forward  towards  it,  in  pairs ) 
though,  I  confefs,  I  thought  them  very  strangely  coupled ; 
as  I  observed  men  of  fifty,  leading  nymphs  of  fifteen  j  and 
widows  of  forty,  attended  by  beaux  of  twenty -two.  I 
stepped  to  a  person  standing  near  me  who  belonged  to  the 
place,  and  alked  him  what  the  dome  was  called.  He  said 
it  was  called  the  temple  of  Hymen  ;  "  and  those  you  see 
prefsing  towatds  if,"  continued  he,  "  are  desirous  of  being 
united  in  the  bands  of  matrimony ;  tlie  cause  of  the  dispa- 
rity in  age,  is,  that  all  these  are  money-matches."  I  then 
seated  myself  near  the  gate  of  the  dome,  to  take  a  view 
of  them  as  they  entered.  There  appeared  in  their  coun- 
tenances a  certain  languor  and  cold  indifference;  and 
many  of  them,  I  tliought,  appeared  unhappy ;  and  the 
nearer  they  approached  the  temple,  the  more  their  anxie- 
tj  seemed  to  increase.  My  attention  was  particularly  ta- 
ken with  a  handsome  youth  of  about  twenty-two  years  ofage, 
who  was  attending  an  antiquated  maid,  who  appeared  ad- 
vanced in  life.     He  seemed  to  be  gloomy  and  dejected  ; 

VQL.X.  K.JI  J, 


2j8  tbttemt>/e(>fUymtn.  j4ug.  27. 

and  when  he  had  nearly  arrived  at  the  gate  were  I  stood, 
he  tore  himself  from  her,  and  fled  precipitately,  with  a 
degree  of  apparent  pleasure. 

I  felt  a  sincere  sorrow  for  the  lady,  who  appeared  to  be 
overwhelmed  in  the  utmost  consternation,  grief,  and  an- 
ger •,  but  my  sympathy  considerably  abated,  when  the  in- 
tqlligent  person  from  whom  1  had  my  information  respec- 
ting the    dome,  told  me,   that  (he  was  a  lady  of  great 
wealth,    but   small  accomplilhmcnts.      "    She  has    been 
sought  after,"  said  he,  "  in  her   earlier   years,  by   many 
who  were  her  superiors  in   point  of  merit:  but  because 
they  were  inferior   in   fortune,   (he  treated   them   with 
the  most  insolent  contempt  •,  in  consequence  of  which  Oie 
was  forsaken  by  the  sex,  till  this  youth,  falling  into  difR- 
cult  circumstances,  addrefsed  her  from  pecuniary  motives : 
apd  though  his  addrefses  were  cold  and  inanimate  through 
want  of  affection,  (he  afsented,  arid  this  was  the  appoioN 
ed  day  for  celebrating  the  nuptials :   but  as  he  approached 
the  temple,  a  weight  of  anxiety  pervaded  his  breast,  and 
a  struggle  between -the  laws  of  honour,  and  a  regard  for 
his  own  felicity,  rent  his  troubled  heart  with  torture  •,  till 
at  length,  his  feelings  overcame  every  other' consideration. 
He  violated  the  laws  of  honour,— he  opposed  the  impulse 
of  interest,  rather  than  be  bound  in  the  lasting  tyrannical 
chains  of  an  unhappy  matrimonial  union."     '  She  is  not  to 
be  pitied,'  said  I,   '  (he  has  slighted  the  offers  of  generous 
Jove  :— (lie  has  sported  with   the  feelings  of  her  real  ad- 
mirers  -.—(he   has  trifled  with"  human  happinefs  ;    and 
has  met  with  h<:r  reward:    yet  bad  I  been  her  judge,  I 
fliould,  from  a  delicacy  for  the  sex,  inflicted  a  smaller  pu- 

nilliment.* 

The  crowd  that  had   entered  the  temple,  were  united 
rby  words, but  not  in  heart ;   and  then  they  returned 


jiug.  3a. 

(Tcre  I  stood, 
ately,   with  a 

ppeared  to  be 
grief,  and  an- 
whcn  the  in- 
lation  respec- 
lady  of  great 
She  has    been 
;ars,  by   many 
:  but  because 
d    them    with 
e  of  which  flie 
ling  into  difli- 
niary  motives : 
nimate  through 
■8  the  appoint- 
he  approached 
his  breast,  and 
d  a  regard  for 
th  torture  •,  till 
r' consideration, 
sed  the  impulse 
sting  tyrannical 
'  She  is  not  to 
Fers  of  generous 
of  her  real  ad- 
bappinefs  ;    and 
en  her  judge,  I 
:d  a  smaller  pu- 

ile,  were  united 
n  they  returned 


*792'  the  temple  (\f  tJymen,  259 

to  their  habitations,  to  wiaiiglc  out  their  lives  in  as  much 
han.iony  as  tliey  could. 

Next  appeared  a  giddy  thronaf,  whether  greater  or  smal- 
ler than  the  other,  I  was  not  able  to  discover.  They 
were  on  tlie  sinic  errand,  but  acted  from  different  mo- 
tives, il"  motives  they  could  be  called.  They  appear- 
ed  to  be  the  thoughtkfs  children  of  di&ipation,  and  en- 
tered  this  solemn  scene,  with  as  little  reflection  as  they 
use  in  every  otlier  action  of  life.  They  appeared  to  have 
chosen  their  companions,  just  as  chance  or  fancy  directed, 
without  any  regard  to  merit,  or  similarity  of  dispositi- 
on.  They  came,  were  united,  and  returned  all  jovial, 
airy,  and  chearful,  as  if  they  were  entering  a  blifsful  para- 
disc. 

"  Ah  thoughtlefs  mortals"  said  I,  "  how  soon  will  your 
fancied  bloom  be  nipped  in  the  bud  !  your  idle  dreams  of 
pleasure  will  vanilh  aF  the  morning  dew,  and  you  join  the 
disappointed  marriarc  train,  in  expatiating  onjthe  uninter-. 
rupted  pleasures  of  celibacy." 

Next  appeared  a  small  company  moving  towards  us 
slowly,  and  with  graceful  easy  pace  \  their  countenances 
were  neither  clouded  with  gloom,  nor  distorted  with  levi- 
ty  }  but  sweet  complacency  sat  easy  smiling  on  each  fea^ 
•  ture,  proceeding  from  a  well  grounded  hope,  that  the 
most  elevated  degree  of  human  felicity,  would  be  the  re- 
sult of  the  union  into  which  they  were  about  to  enter. 

But  imagine  my  surprise,  when  I  saw  among  this  happy 
number  my  friend  Maria.  She  was  attended  by  a  most 
engaging,  accomplilhed  youth }  his  eyes  were  piercing  and 
lively,  his  features  strong,  manly,  and  regular  ;  his  man- 
ners graceful  and  easy,  and  1  discovered  in  his  aspect,  the 
strongest  traits  of  an^ardcnt,  noble,  disinterested,  and  gene- 
rous affection.  He  oeliavcd  towards  my  friend  with  the 
mj-t  polite,  ini,agij;g,  tender  atteiitionj  his  kindnefs  to. 


BMta!mM>uai«ai8«««aK.iiiw«mw«»« 


ago  ■''    the  temple  of  Hytrun.  Aug.  tl. 

wards  her  seemed  altogether  involuntary,' and  as  natural  to 
him  as  to  breathe  the  air.     "  You  seem  surprised,"  said  my 
intelligent  "  friend,  on  seeing  your  amiable  acquaintance  at   ^ 
the  temple  of  Hymen,  but  I  can  afsure  you  (he  never  had 
.  any  objections  to  matrimony,   provided  ihe  could  meet 
a  partner  pofsefsed  of  such  cccomplilhments  as  ihe  con- 
ceived   i.ecefsary    to  render  her    happy   in    a    married 
life-,  her  sentiments  on    this  subject  were  indeed  so  far 
;  refined,  as  to  border  on  the  romantic  ;  this  (he  always 
found  to  be  the  case,  till  addrefsed  by  the  amiable  young 
gentleman  who  now  attends  her.     They  were  immediately 
attached  to  each  other  by  the  indifsoluble  ties  of  genuine 
aflfection,  under  tlie  benign  influence  of  which  they  are  to 
live   a  most  serene    and  happy  life."     O  supremely  blest 
pair !  exclaimed  I,  atid  in  a  transport  of  joy  awoke,  but 
behold  it  was  a  dream.  AtONao. 

On  receiving  the  above,  the  lady  wrote  t&  Alonzo,  re- 
gretting tl:.  t  his  slumbers  had  terminated  so  abruptly,  and 
"wiflung  they  had  continued  till  the  completion  of  t.he  uni- 
,   on,  on  which  he  sent  her  the  following  lines : 

,  ,  When,  lo !  msthought,  I  stood  with  heart  elatej 

'  Kear  to  th'  Hymenean  temple's  gate, 

■Where  late  1  saw  with  exquisite  delight 

.     ;    5,,,         The  fair  Maria  led  by  Mr  Wright  t 

Light  fancy  paints  the  recent  sieiie  anew, 
Aa^  brings  the  happy  pair  before  my  view; 
T^iey  to  the  pal<ce  door  with  pleasure  mov;, 
A  pleasure  wafted  on  the  wings  of  iove ; 
A  blifs  which  sordid  souls  have  never  known, 

;  Who  feel  nor  woea,  nor  blefsiiigs  not  their  own  ; 

Nor  those  ligiit  thoughtlefs  souls  who  never  prove 
The  sweet  uniting  charms  of  gen'rous  iove. 

.  .  At  length  arriv'd,  th'  attentive  Cupid  waits, 

To  oiin^  the  happy  pair  within  the  gates ; 
Hf  viev'd  them  u'erj — he  stopr  with  strangs  surpritCt 
Tu   ee  such  beauties  beaming  from  their  eyt^s; 
The  siy  young  rogue,  with  »vondBr  stood  to  gaze : 
"  Oi  happy  pair!"  ke  cried  in  fond  amaze  j 


»iM»<.t» lllW.iliillHiilifl^'PH 


Aaig.  22, 
ind  as  natural  to 
prised,"  said  my 
acquaintance  at 
u  (he  never  had 
ftie  could  meet 
nts  as  (he  con- 
in    a    married 
re  indeed  so  far 
this  (he  always 
e  amiable  young 
fere  immediately 
e  ties  of  genuine 
hich  they  are  to 
supremely  blest 
joy  awoke,  but 
Alonzo. 

e  t&  Alonzo,  re- 
so  abruptly,  and 
Ictiori  of  t.he  uni- 
Ines: 
eart  elate^ 


iw, 

moYS, 

ej 

known, 

heir  own ; 

never  prove 

iuve. 

waits, 

tes; 

strange  sutprite, 

eir  eyo; 

tod  to  g9se  s 

imaze } 


»792- 


the  temple  of  Hymen. 

''  Oh  happy  pair'  walk  in,  tlie  god  invites} 

"  Walk  in, — receive  the  matrimonial  rites. 

"  You  for  each  other  surely  were  design'd, 
"  So  like  in  «ach  accomplifhment  of  mind; 

"  Your  hearts  are  join'd,  walk  in  and  join  your  hands 

''  In  matrimnnial  taatific  bands." 

Then  to  the  s\cred  Ihrlne  the  pair  he  led, 

The  rev'rend  grxl  with  wonder  rais'd  his  head  } 

For  many  years  h,id  pafs'd  since  he  had  spied 

So  kind  a  bridegrooni,  or  so  fair  a  bride. 

Then  sweet  mdodioss  music  fillM  the  dome. 

And  op'n'ng  roses  died  a  rich  perfume ; 
■  Tht  hoary  momirch  giz'd  with  fond  delight, 

Then  on  the  happy  p.Vir  cor  i    ''d  the  rite ; 

Th'  attending  crowd  the  niip".'..  anthem  sings  i 

"  Thrice  happy  pair!"  the  echoing  tempi;  rings;.. 

"  Thrice  happy  pair!   your  choice  we  well  approve, 
"  All  hail !  and  welcome  to  the  dome  of  love  ! 
"  You. from  each  other\  love  ami  peerlefs  woirth, 
"  Shall  find  a  bllfsful  paradise  on  earth." 

Then  to  a  garden  Cupid  led-  the  way, 
V^here  fragrant  flow'rs  were  drcfs'd  in  rich  r.rray^, 
A  happy  train  whom  love  and  peare  surround, 
Thtir  heatis  with  beauteous  flow'ry  garlands  crowft'd  ; 
Here  pafa'd  away  fheir  lives  in  [  tace  and  ease. 
To  please  each  other  was  thcm<;t    es  to  please. 
A  silver  rill  descending  from  its  source. 
In  m;i5ty  windings  took  its  peaceful  course ; 

-It  added  beauty  to  the  pleasing  scene, 
And  doth'd  the  garden  in  parpecual  green. 
The  place  was  ihaHed  by  the  flow'ty  trees, 
Ani  fann'd  by  zephyrs  in  a  gentle  breeze. 
Which  wafted  on  their  wings  a  rich  periume^ 
Exhal'd  from  roses  in  eternal  blosm  ; 
The  charming  songsters  on  the  blofsom'd  sprayr, 
Attun'd  in  rapt'rous  melody  their  lays. 
The  happy  train  thus  pafs'd  their  hours  away, 
From  rising  morning  till  the  ev'ning  grey 
Hfr  curtain  draws,  and  the  bright  suurc-:  of  light 
yields  his  dominion  to  the  queen  of  night; 
A>  o'er  tjic  world  vhe  silent  darknefs  gro.vs. 
The  purlir.g  riil  with  softer  murmur  flows : 
No  jarring  sounds  the  peacefi'l  tribe  molest. 
But  faUirg  waters  lull  their  souls  to  rest, 
Our  happy  palr.were  we)com'd  in  with  joy. 
While  tunrful  airs  the  flcilful  choir  employ  ; 
Their  utmost  flciil  the  joyfu'  bands  display. 
In  celebrating  this  import :nt  day;  ^ 

So  8tro;ig  and  loud  grew  the  exulting  strains,'' 
They  broke  my  silent  slumber's  silken  chains  i 
I  woke,  difsolv'd  in  extacy  suprcoie; 
M  y  heaven  indulgent  realize  the  dre-ra! 


I  ..■yijii^ni)  J  yjsi|ifti|),|JHii|jj(i4J>|MawtWjwiil)l.1i^iiiwltel.M^ 


261 


!■  tt-?*-..^i-.  ■-— .  ..■ 


LITERARY  INTELUCENCE. 
1  HE  Study  of  natural  his'.ory  has  made  gtcM'YrogreU  in 
Scotland  of  late,  and  the  lover  of  that  inteiesting  study 
pofsefses  advantages  here  which  hr  did  not  formerly  enjoy. 
A  few  years  ago  there  was  not  in  this  place  a  single  collecti- 
on of  specimens  in  natural  history,  public  or  private,  that 
deserved  to  be  noticed.  Since  Dr  Walker  was  appointed 
profefsor,  and  read  lectures  on  the.  subject,  things  have  ta- 
ken a  great  change.  His  own  museum,  for  a  private  col- 
lection, coutaius  a  grei:t  variety  of  be?  tifui  specimens,  in 
high  preservation,  of  anini.'.ls,  vegetables,  and  .  minerals. 
Lord  Gardenston  has  imported  from  abroad,  aud  picked 
up  at  home,  a  select  and  valuable  collection,  chiefly  in  the 
mineral  kingdom,  to  which  the  amateurs  in  that  science 
have  -i  most  ready  accefs  by  the  obliging  liberality  of  spi- 
rit of  the  owner.  And  the  museum  of  Mr  Weir,  which 
hasbeenexhiuitcd  for  some  years  past,  has  been  a  valuable 
acquisition  to  the  public.  That  gentleman,  with  a  public 
spirit  that  would  do  honour  to  the  highest  char?cter,  con- 
tinue;; to  make  daily  additions  to  his  collection  ,  which, 
considering  his  station  in  life,  is  tiuly  '^mazing,  and  which 
nothing  but  a  decided  taste  for  that  study  could  have  pro- 
duced. He  has  lately  purchased  a  house  In  Prince's  street 
and  fitted  it  up  in  the  most  elegant  manner  for  the  re- 
ception of  his  museum,  wiiich  he  has  just  opened  for  the 
public,  1  his  will  afford  an  agreeable  and  instructive  mor- 
i.ir.g's  lounge  to  the  people  of  talhion  who  reside  in  £din- 
burgn. 

Mr  Weir's  musejim,  cannot,  it  is  true,  in  p^int  of  sixf, 
be  oomjjarcd  with  that  of  iir  Aihton  Lever,  and  many  o- 
th  ■  J  that  might  be  named,  but  in  respect  to  the  natural 
atlil  ides  in  which  the  animals  are  placed,  a.  1  their  per- 


Jiug,  22. 


esting  study 
merly  enjoy, 
ngle  collecti- 
private,  that 
/as  appointed 
ings  have  ta- 
private  col- 
specimens,  in 
id    minerals. 

aud  picked 
:hieHy  in  the 
that  science 
irality  of  spi- 
Weir,  which 
vn  a  valuable 
rith  a  public 
lawcter,  con- 
tion  ,  which, 
g[,  and  which 
Id  have  pres- 
rince's  street 

for  the  rc- 
sened  for  the 
tructive  mor- 
side  in  £din- 

p.^int  of  si%*, 

and  many  o- 

)  the  natural 

1  their  per- 


11792.  anecdotes.  263 

feet  preservation,  it  Is  far  beyond  them  all.     Lord   Gar 
denston,   in  his  travelling   memoianclams,   rsmaiks,  that 
after  having  seen  the  finest  collections  of  natural  history 
in  France,  Italy,  and  Germany,  he  had  found   none  in 
which  the  objects  were  so  naturally  disposed,  or  so  per- 
fectly preserved,  as  in  that  of  Mr  Weir.     His  birds  and 
fifties  especially  deserve  particular  notice.     The  fifties  re- 
tain  the  plumpnefs  and  the  freftinefs  of  nature,  without 
any  thing  of  that  diied,  ftirivelled  appearance  so  usual  in 
other  collections  j  nor  ever  lose  any  thing  of  it.      And  as 
to  birds  Mr  Weir  pofsefses  the  rare  secret  of  curing  them, 
so  as  to  remain  entirely  free  of  vermin  of  every  sort. 
Dr  Walker  has  at  present  in  his  collection,  birds  which 
were  prepared   by  Mr  Weir  upw.irds  of  tliirty  years  ago, 
whose   plumage   is   as  frefli   and  glofsy   as  that   day   they 
vwere  killed  ,  and  Mr  Weir  with  confidence  afserts,  that 
they    will   continue   so  for    ages.       How   different   this 
from   the  birds    in  the  Britifti,  and  every  other  muse- 
um in  Europe  I    Wliat  a  pity  that  a  secret  of  siich  singu- 
lar utility  fliould  be  confined  to  one  man  !    Why  do  not 
the  public  purchase  it  from  him,  for  the  general  improve- 
ment of  science  in  every  part  of  the  globe  ?  Mr  Weir  is  a 
man  of  too  liberal  principles  to  with-hold  it  upon  reason- 
able terms ;  but  it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  a  man  who 
Is  not  in  affluent  circumstances,  ftiould  part  with  a  thing 
of  that  nature  without  a  proper  compensation. 


ANECDOTES  OF  ALPHONSO  KING  OF  ARRACON. 
This  trait  of  his  liberality  is  well  known.  One  of  hh 
treasurers  had"  brought  him  a  sum  of  ten  thousand  ducats. 
An  officer  who  waS  there  at  that  time,  said  i.  a  low  voice 
to  somebody,  I  fliould  ask  no  more  than  that  sum  to  be 
happy  :  you  Jhall  be  so,  said  Alphouso  who  had  heard  him. 


'wwwiwiwmiwww 


<l(WlllMI!»i|»iawiWM>.llllilu 


264  to -correspondents,  Aug.Vl,' 

and  he  made  the  ten  thousand  ducats  be  given  to  him  di- 
rectly. 

He  had  gone  with  some  of  his  courtiers  to  see  the  jew- 
els of  a  jeweller.  He  was  scarcely  out  of  his  (hop  when  the 
merchant  came  running  after  him  to  complain  of  a  theft 
they  had  made  of  a.  diamond  of  great  value.  Alphonso 
Went  back  to  the  shop  of  the  merchant,  and  having  made 
him  bring  a  large  jar  filled  with  bran,  he  ordered  that 
each  of  his  courtiers  fhould  put  in  their  hand  (hut  and 
bring  it  out  open.  He  began  first.  After  they  had  all 
done  he  ordered  the  jewelkr  to  empty  the  jar  oa  the  table : 
by  this  means  the  diamond  was  found  and  nobody  ^iflio- 
ncured. 


Alphonso  used  to  say,  that  among  so  many  things  that 
men  pofse  fs,  or  that  they  seek  after  with  ardour  during 
the'course  of  their  life,  all  is  but  vain  amusement,  except 
dry  and  old  wood  to  burn,  old  wine  to  drink,  old  friends 
to  converse  with,  and  eld  booksto  read. 


TO   CORRESPONDENTS. 

Thk  Editor  returns  thanks  to  the  gentleman  who  has  taken  the  trouble 
of  transcrXi'tng  an  article  from  the  ialt  a  tttet.  Is  nwch  obliged  to  him 
fof  his  kind  intentions,  and  liberal  offer  of  afsistance.  But  is  sorryvhe 
cannot  avail  himself  of  his  kind  offer.  The  Bee  /hall  never  be  so  far  pro- 
stituted as  to  become  the  vehicle  of  scandal  and  lubricity. 

The  Editor  is  much  obliged  to  Mr  S s  S lie  for  his  good  opi- 
nion and  kind  hints,  which  ftall  be  duly  attended  to.  The  Indtx  md'tca- 
toriout  has  been  only  deferred  for  a  time,  from  circumstances  which  will 
s«on  have  no  longerany  inAuence,  when  it  (hall  be  refuraed,  if  the  rea- 
ders in  general  seem  to  think  it  agreeable ;  some  readers  objected  to  tho 
iJ6t  of  books,  which  they  thought  occupied  more  room  that  it  was  worth. 

The  observatir  b  by  D.  X.  are  received.  General  remarks  on  manner$| 
where  no  personal  allusions  are  wade,  will  be  very  acceptable. 

Jmftirtmiity  is  received,  and  under  consideration. 

Sevtral  fi'tes  deferred  fur  want  ofrtam. 


Mn 


Aug.  22.' 
to  him  di- 


iee  the  jew- 
op  when  the 
I  of  a  theft 
Alphonso 
iving  made 
irdered  that 
id  (hut  and 
they  had  all 
iH  the  table: 
ibody  4liflio- 


things  that 

lour  during 

lent,  except 

old  friends 


ken  the  trouble 
nbliged  to  him 
But  is  sorryvhe 
sr  be  so  far  pro* 

or  his  good  opi- 
be  Indtx  indica- 
nces  which  will 
ed,  if  the  rea- 
objected  to  the 
It  it  was  worth, 
rks  on  manncrSi 
>ble. 


:&9. 


THE  BEE, 


OR. 


-LITERARY  WEEKLY  INTELLIGENCER, 


WiDKKtDAV,  August  29.  179a. 


OF  TASTE  IN  ARCHITECTURE. 

Continued  from  p,  239. 

Sir,  To  the  Editor  of  the  Bee. 

I.  HAVE  fhown  the  progrefs  of  architecture  from  its 
simplest  forms  in  the  infanvy  of  society  to  the  rude, 
but  magnificent  efforts  of  superstition,  to  erect  temples 
to  the  invisible  power  of  heaven  ;  and  I  now  proceed 
to  consider  it  under  the  influence  of  vanity  and  os- 
tentation in  the  ages  of  liucury  and  refinement. 

This  last  and  copious  subject  of  my  efsay,  natu- 
rally divides  itself  into  the  consideration  of  those  im- 
provements which  arose  from  the  vanity,  pride,  and 
ostentation  of  princes,  in  the  erection  of  public  edi- 
fices, and  of  those  which  in  later  times  have  sprung 
from  the  wealth  of  private  individuals. 

In  the  beginning,  Jmost  all  the  wealth  of  nations 
was  accumulated  in  the  state.  The  nation,  or,  in 
other  words,  the  prince,  was  very  rich,  and  the  people 
A'ery  poor  ;  neither  commerce  nor  manufactures, 
4ior  the  plunder  of  provinces  by  rapiCiOQs  governow., 

VOi.  X,  XL  t 


I 


mm 


266  •«  taste  in  architecture.  Aug,  29. 

nor  the  right  of  primogeniture,  nor  the  accumulaiioa 
«f  property  by  marriage  or  collateral  succefsioti,  'lad 
rendered  private  individuals  capable  of  erecting  last- 
ing monuments  of  taste  and  magnificence. 

The  whole  revenues  of  the  commonwealth,  tliat 
could  be  saved  from  the  exigencies  of  governmti.r, 
•were  employed  either  in    the   building   of  stately 
temples  in  honour  of  the  gods,  or  in  defraying  the 
expence  of  public  roads,  bridges,  aqueducts,  or  plea- 
sing the  populace   by  the  celebration  of  spectacles 
and  games,  to  feed  the  vanity  of  the  public  or  of 
the  prince.     The   extinct  empire   of  middle   Asia 
seems  to  have  been   the   first   that  ertcted  durable 
monuments  of  architectural  grnndf-ur  ;  and  as  in  the 
remains  of  these,   lately  contemplated  -by  the  trulj 
learned  and  excellent  Sir  William  Jones,  in  the  uei gh- 
bourhooid  of  Bombay,  and    at   Benares  in  Indostant 
■we  perceive  the  semblance  of  the  manners,  drefs,  re- 
ligion, customs,   and  architecture,  of  the  Gothic  and 
Scythian  nations  ;  so  we   may  fairly  conjecture  that 
all  sciences  and  arts  have  followed  the  course  of  the 
natural  day. 

Averting  our  eye  with  ti  respectful  smile,  from 
t^e,calculati>ns  of  Mr  Bailli  on  the  antiquity  of 
these  nations,  let  us  tall  ourselves  home  to  objects  of 
contemplation  where  we  have  better  guides.  "  They, 
(writes  the  ingenious  Mr  Riou)  who,  to  judge  of 
the  origin  of  a  custom  or  of  an  art,  and  of  its  pafsage 
from  one  people  to  another,  ad^.;re  to  the  mere  con- 
.templation  of  any  detached  circumstances  which  may 
offer  certain  appearances  of  likenefs,  and  thus,  trom 
«<)xxie  particular  eijjuivocal  forms,  drav»  their  cobcIu- 


y 


^ug,  29. 
:umuluiioa 
efsioii,  'lEid 
:cting  lasN 

wealth,  tliat 
overnmtiit, 
of   stately 
traying  the 
ts,  or  plea- 
'  spectacles 
lublic  or  of 
iddle    Asia 
:ed  durable 
id  as  in  the 
y   the  trulj 
ithe  ueigh- 
in  Indostan, 
s,  drefs,  re- 
Gothic  and 
ijecture  that 
ourse  of  the 

smile,  from 
mtiquity  of 
to  objects  of 
es.  "  They, 
to  judge  of 
if  its  pafsage 
le  mere  con- 
s  which  may 
d  tlms,  trom 
:heir  cot9clu> 


X79?*  on  taste  tn  archttecturi,  2^7 

sions  about  the  generality  of  an  art,  are  grofsly  de- 
ceived." It  is  certain  that  Egypt  was  to  the  Greeks, 
what  Greece  afterwards  became  to  the  Romans,  the 
pattern  of  imitation  ;  the  nursery  of  legislators,  phi- 
losophers, and  artists.  The  language,  manners,  and 
customs  of  the  Greeks,  sufficiently  fliow  that  they 
were  a  Scythian  or  eastern  people  ;  and  nothing  but 
vague  hypothesis  can  invite  the  belief  that  the  con- 
quering emigrants  brought  any  thing  along  with 
them  but  their  language,  their  superstition  and  cus- 
toms, hunger  and  their  arms,  into  Europe,  then . 
peopled  by  wandering  hordes  of  savages  and  covered 
with  marihes  and  forests.  How  many  centuries  elajx- 
sed  from  the  settlement  of  the  first  colonies  of  the 
Hellenic  Greeks,  until  the  first  dawn  of  histary, 
Jt  is  impofsible  with  any  degree  of  accuracy  even  to 
conjecture ;  but  we  know  with  certainty,  that,  while 
the  Greeks  were  barbarous,  the  arts  flouriftied  in  the 
city  of  Thebes,  and  that  they  were  of  immemorial 
antiquity  in  Egypt. 

Thc'  fable  of  the  Troglodytes  and  a  subterranean 
nation,  appears  evidently  to  be  founded  on  thc  pri- 
msBval  custom  of  man's  fliekering  himself  from  dan- 
ger and  the  inclemeneies,  of  the  weather,  in  caves  and 
dens  of  the  earth. 

M^an,  endowed  with  reason  and  progrefsive  powers 
of  improvement,  which  is  denied  to  every  other  ani- 
mal, would,  when  roused  from  his  slugijifh  nature, 
go  oa  the  wild  beast  of  the  ImU  anu  consider  his  ways 
ami  be  wise  ;  1^  would  first  ibelter  himself  in  natural 
caritics  of  the  eartfa.  and  ^l«eiwiurii&  make  excavations 
hts  himself.     Masj  of  tbese  pruuicval  dwelht/j^s  are. 


.i)'|.  .^WWJ-         — ■' 


a68  ontaste  in  architecture.  Au^.  20. 

yet  to  be  seen  in  the  vicinity  of  Thebes,  and  I  believe 
in  ^1  the  anciently  inhabited  regions  of  the  earth; 
In  various  parts  of  Britain  these  Troglodytic  villages 
are  to  be  seen,  and  particularly  in  Leiccsterftiire, 
Where  subterraneous  accommodations  have  been  disw 
^covered  fit  to  contain  some  hundred  families;  and 
such  are  not  uncommon  in  Scotland,  though  on  a 
smaller  scale.  These  were  the  habitations  of  what 
the  Greeks  would  have  called  the  Autochthonoi  of 
Britain ;  a  people  who,  by  Scythian  and  Belgic  inva- 
sions, were  driven  into  the  fastnefses  of  Wales  and 
of  Caledonia. 

.  In  the  obelilk  and  pyramid  of  Egypt,  we  behold 
the  hydrometer  of  the  Nile,  and  the  emblem  of  that 
luminary  without  which  the  waters^^would  have  been 
fatal  to  the  fruits  of  the  earth.  ^  In  the  ruins  of  their 
palaces  and  temples,  we  behold  a  rude  magnificence-,, 
ansubjected  to  any  elegance  of  taste ;  nor  are  the  ele^ 
ments  of  Egyptian  architecture,  any  farther  than  as 
they  are  founded  on  nature,  discernible  in  the  Greek. 
It  is  not  probable,  therefore,  that  the  Greeks  copied 
in  their  buildings  the  architecture  of  the  Egyp- 
tians. They  had  nothing  to  copy  in  the  manners  of 
the  savages  whom  they  found  in  the  country  ;  and, 
therefore,  we  are  to  look  for  the  elements  of  Greek 
architecture  in  that  beautiful  nature  which  they  saw 
every  where  around   them  in  that  garden  of  Eu^ 

rope. 

Mr  Riou  in  treating  of  the  Grecian  orders  of 
architecture,  has  likewise  very  pertinently  observed 
that  the  Greeks  "had  scarcely  the  opportunity  of 
becoming  plagiarists  of  the  Egyptians ;  because  be^ 


IL 


Aug.  20. 
,nd  I  believe 
fthe  earth, 
ytic  villages 
;icc3ter(hire, 
,Ve  been  disw 
milies  ;   and 
hough  on  a 
ons  of  what 
ochthonoi  of 
Belgic  inva- 
>f  Wales  and 

:,  we  behold 
iblem  of  that 
lid  have  been 
uins  of  their 
nagnificence, 
r  are  the  elet 
rther  than  as 
n  the  Greek, 
rreeks  copied 
F  the  Egyp- 
le  manners  of 
)untry  ;  and, 
■nts  of  Greek, 
lich  they  saw 
xdcn  of  Eui 

an  orders  of 
Qtly  observed 
pportunity  of 
;  because  be^. 


»79l.  on  taste  in  arcStttcture:  2^'' 

fore  the  reign  of  Fsamettichus,  entrance  was  denied 
to  every  stranger,  and  the  art  of  architecture  had 
been  then  cultivated  by  the  Grecians." 

Besides,  in  studying  the  beautiful  remains  of  temples^ 
in  Greece,  a  progrefs  from  the  rude  models  of  the 
highest  antiquity,  to  the  perfection  of  the  art  in  the 
age  immediately  preceding  the  Macedonian  conquest, 
is  plainly  discernible  ;  after  which  the  false  taste  for 
internal,  and  finally  external,  ornament  on  the  capitals^ 
freezes,  and  architraves,  of  columns,  and  the  pedi- 
ments of  the  porticoes  of  their  temples,  marked  the 
consequences  of  Asiatic  conquest  and  luxury,  by  the 
introduction  of  fastidious  and  corrupt  ornament. 

With  respect   to   the  architecture  of  the  Romans, 
it  was  originally   borrowed  from  Greece,   but  at  a 
time  when  Rome   was  not  s'.ifficiently  wealthy  tO' 
vie  with  them  in  magnificent  structures. 

Before  the  accefsion  of  Augustus  to  the  supreme 
power,  Rome  was  chiefly  composed  of  brick  or  wood- 
en houses ;  and  these  having  no  party  walls,  were  ex- 
posed continually  to  the  ravages  of  fire.  Few  of  the 
houses  were  insulated  or  separate  from  others,  and 
these  in  general  were  temples  or  public  edifices'; 
and  great  structures  for  public  meetings,  were  so 
few,  that  we  observe  the  temples  were  generally 
used  upon  solemn  occasions,  and  even  frequently  for 
the  afsemblies  of  the  senate. 

With  respect  to  the  houses  of  the  private  citizens 
in  town,  they  appear  to  have  been  very  simple,  and 
modest,  and  seldom  elevated  above  one  range  of  apart- 
ments ;  though  when  luxury  and  caprice  began  to 
insinuate  themselves  after  the  end  of  the  Carthagi- 


■Hp- 


m^li^mm^ 


'*¥'''-<'!^fi^.^'ftBiiO*i>^''****'""'' 


MMkn 


il 


tye  on  tntte  in  arilitttturt*  Aug;  ij,- 

nean  war,  mutatoria  or  change-houses  were  common 
for  variety,  and  these  in  the  subuibs,  which  were 
uicceeded  by  elegant  villas  in  the  country. 

But  the  multiplicity  of  these  houses  and  villas 
led  t«  their  being  composed  of  flimsy  materials,  and 
not  constructed  for  extensive  duration. 

The  earliest  writers  in  Italy  after  the  fall  of  the 
Roman  empire,  give  us  no  accounts  of  the  ruins  of 
rural  magnificence,  though  they  speak  much  of  the 
beauty  and  ameenity  of  the  situations  where  they 
had  formerly  existed.  In  fliort  there  were  greater 
captains  than  Marlborough,  but  no  Blenheims  in 
Italy,  and  still  lefs  in  Greece.  All  great  magnificence 
was  dedicated  to  the  gods  and  to  the  public.  Noble 
example  worthy  of  imitation  I 

Neither  does  it  appear  that  before  the  empire  of 
Augustus,  any  temples  of  extraordinary  or  durable 
magnitude  or  splendour  had  existed  at  Rome  }  and 
hardly  had  a  taste  for  beautiful  structures  been  esta- 
bliflied  by  the  munificence  of  the  usurper,  than  itbe- 
canne  vitiated  by  the  caprice  of  redundant  decoration. 
Of  this  wc  are  afsured  by  the  authority  of  Vitru- 
vius.  , 

Tacitus  too,  that  great  historian  of  a  declining  age, 
whose  faults  in  style  have  been  a&iduously  copied  by 
Mr  Gibbons,  and  other  writers  of  these  times,  who . 
are  thought  to  belong  to  an  age  and  country  of  ad- 
vancing taste  and  improvement,  informs  us,  that 
after  the  battle  of  Actium,  the  P/o/iry  of  the  Roman 
arms,  when  a  visible  decline  o^  free  sentimtnt  appear- 
ed among  the  Romans,  it  extended  itself  (as  a  were) 
to  the  understandings  of  individuals,  whenct  iearning 


L 


ven  common 
which  were 

its  and  villas 
latertals,  and 

he  fall  of  the 
the  ruins  of 
much  of  the 

1  where  thej 
were  greater 

Blenheims  in 
mtgnificence 

iblic.     Noblft 

the  empire  of 
y  or  durablti 
Rome  }  and 
res  been  esta>- 
er,  than  it  be- 
nt decoration, 
ity  of  Vitru- 

declining  age, 
asly  copied  by 
se  times,  who . 
ountry  of  ad- 
irms  us,  that 
of  the  Roman 
imeat  appear* 
f  {ai  it  •were}. 
\hence  karniag: 


1792.  OH  taste  inarchitecturi,  if% 

and  all  the  C'le  arts  which  had  tluurllhcd  to  adm  a* 
tion,  and  for  so  long  a  period  in  Greece  and  Italy, 
fell  into  disrepute,  and  were  overwhelmed  by  Asiatic 
barbarisms,  and  the  whims  of  extraordinary  and 
sudden  influx  of  wealth  from  the  plunder  of  the  pro. 
vinces.  Thus  you  see  the  age  of  fine  taste  in  archi- 
tecture, either  by  invention  or  imitation,  in  Greece 
or  iu  Italy,  extended  only  to  the  coatinuance  of  five 
or  six  centuries.  All  before  or  after  is  one  blank  or 
biot  in  the  annals  of  art  or  of  literature.  Mechmks 
I  hear  the  voice  of  ages  crying  aloud  to  nations, 
*'  Oiscite  libertatem,  moniti  non  adorare  regcs." 
Sc'isible  Sir,  of  the  respectable  prejudices  of  great 
men,  1  exprefs  myself  with  caution  in  an  unknown 
language.  It  is  fit  that  men  whi  pretend  to  liave 
taste  Qiould  not  fliock  the  ^yes  or  ears  of  the  elegant 
'  elohims  of  the  earth. 

As  it  seems  desirable,  that  every  individual  who 
pretends  to  be  what  was  formerly  understood  by  the 
appellation  of  a  gentleman,  and  who  are  now  called 
esquires,  Oiould  ''■>:  acquainted  with  the  construction 
of  the  houses  01  a  icient  Rome,  before  they  became 
accommodated  t  sreign  luxury,  I  Ihall  eii'leavouu, 
in  very  few  words  ind  witJiout  the  interposition  of 
quDtatfon  or  of  for>.  ^n  languages,  to  describe  with 
EugUfti  phrase  and  id  airi,  tl)'-  places  of  abode  of  the 
more  wealthy  citizens,  whu  had  obtained  high  and 
lucrative  employrnents  in  the  commonwealth. 

After  the  frequent  fires  that  had  destroyed  whole 
quartors  of  the  city,  and  particularly  after  the  gene- 
ral conflagration  that  occuvrc  i  in  the  reign  of  Nero, 
the  streets    w  lich  before  tiiat  time  hai'  been  as  nar- 


■mr-s?f; 


imimifminrninf 


i-jt  on  tatte  in  architecture.  -^ug.  a^ 

row  M  thtj  are  now  in  grand  Cairo,  and  other  eas- 
tern   cities,    WL-re    made     wide    and  spacious  ;    and 
the  houses  which  had   formerly  been   constructed  of 
w'od  or  brick  were  built  of  stone  ;  and  at  certain  in- 
tervals, it  was  enacted  that  there  Ihould  be  insulated 
houses  surrounded  with  courts  or  gardens,  to  prevent 
the  communication  of  fire  for  the  future.     The  com- 
mon approach  to  houses  of  eminence,  was  through  a 
quadrangular   court,  sometimes  surrounded  by  piaz- 
zas, to  defend  the  guests  or  visitors  from  the  weather, 
and  leading  to  the  principal  front;  annexed  to  which 
there  was  a  large  portico,  to  which  there  immediate- 
ly adjoined  a  salloon,  which  they  called  a  seat  joom, 
as  being  that  used  for  dinner,  where  they  lay  to  eat 
on  beds,  three  or  sometimes  four  to  a  bed ;  which  cus- 
tom, during  the  prevalent  falhion  of  beards,  must  have 
exhibited,  especially  in  the   use  of  spoon  meat  and 
liquors,  many  very   visible   and   inconvenient   acci- 
dents.    Beyond  the   dining   room   was   the  servants 
waiting  room,  where  all  accommodations  for  th«  butler 
and  slaves  in  waiting  were  provided,  and  where   at 
all  times  there  were  slaves  to   give   notice  to  their 
afsociates  of  any  call  made  upon  them  by  the  family, 
supplying  in   early  times   the   want  of  bells  which 
fire  now  used  for  that  purpose.      In  this  large  anti- 
chamber  were  commonly   placed  in  niches  or  other- 
wise, the  statues  of  their  ancesmrs,  or  of  illustrious 
citizens;  and   in  one    such  of  these,  supposed  to  be 
Ihe  house  of  Asinius  Poltio,  was  discovered  by  cxca- 
vature   the  wonderful  groupe    of  Laocoon  and  his 
sons. 


Aug.  a^ 
nd  other  eas- 
jncious  ;    and 
:onstructed  of 
at  certain  in- 
1  be  insulated 
ns,  to  prevent 
e.     The  com- 
ras  through  a 
nded  by  piaz- 
n  the  weather, 
exed  to  which 
re  immediate- 
i  a  seat  Joom« 
[ley  lay  to  eat 
d;  which  cus- 
rds,  must  have 
oon  meat  and 
ivenient  acci- 
the  servants 
s  for  the  butler 
and  where   at 
lOtice  to  their 
by  the  family, 
»f  bells  which 
his  large  anti- 
ches  or  other- 
r  of  illustrious 
supposed  to  be 
vered  by  cxca- 
Locoon  and  his 


iMjJWUi-l  wWiiii 


r  ■ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1^128     Ug5 
^  Ui   12.2 

1.8 


I 

m  iBiu  11.6 


»•! 


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V 


^>. 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Coiporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WnSTIR.N.Y.  M5S0 

(716)872-4503 


1 


6^ 


I. 


■mmtmm*fii>^ifsmtimtmi«'ii»''>''i<>i''^ 


MMMWMWff-"  • -•  ' -^ 


■^-■„  -;-■-.  -..i^ 


■f^isste^^^^s^^"  '^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historlques 


^^"^ 


fjnt.  '  on  taste  is  arehitectart.  47^ 

The  length  of  the  saloon  was  generally  double  that 
of  its  breadth,  and  the  height  was  equal  io  the  latter, 
■when  the  nature  of  the  building  would  permit. 

On  the  right  hand  of  the  saloon  were  the  other 
apartments  of  the  family,  either  for  state  or  retire- 
ment, for  amusement  or  repose  ;  and  on  the  left  the 
servants  apartments.  As  to  wine  it  was  buried  in 
large  vefsels,  some  6f  them  containing  a  quantity 
equal  to  our  pipe,  in  subterraneous  apartments,  of 
simply  in  the  earth,  excavated  and  rammed  full  again 
with  sand.  In  the  country  their  accommodations 
were  much  more  numerous  and  extensive.  They 
had  apartments  for  all  the  varying  seasons  of  the 
year,  some  with  stoves  for  the  winter,  and  others  for 
only  admitting  an  extraordinary  degree  of  solar  heat 
and  light,  in  spring  and  autumn  ;  reserving  the  cool 
subterraneous  vaulted  apartments,  with  small  wini 
dows,  for  the  heats  of  summer. 

Thus  far  with  respect  to  the  houses  of  the  ancient 
Komans.  In  my  next,  I  Ihall  endeavour  to  trace  the 
luxury  of  the  moderns,  and  subject  it  to  the  rules 
and  criticism  of  clafsic  ekgance ;  without  pretend- 
ing to  offer  any  opinions  of  my  own,  or  venturing 
to  excite  the  vengeance  of  the  moderns  against  an 
admirer  of  the  Greeks.     I  am.  Sir, 

Your  humble  servant,   '^•' 
B.A." 


VOL.  X. 


M  M 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  FORTIFICATIONS.. 


iU    31 


AT  DUN-O-DEER. 


C9nti«utd  from  ^.  213. 
The, entry  to  both  these  oastle^  has  been  from  the 
I  v»e8U  near  the  stone  and  lime  tower,  whera  the  hill 

i«  of  more  eqaal  ascent  tbaa  at  any  other  place,  »U 
though  the  descent  towards  the  east,  is,  near  the  awm- 
mit,  much  more  gentle  than  towards  the  west,  which, 
haa  occasioned' some  additional  works  there^  the  (ra>-. 
«ea  of  which.are  still  aufEcientlj  distinct,  and  are  de- 
lineated imthe  plan  for  your  inspection,  (see  plate 
fig,  I .)  where  A  A,A  is  the  vitrified  wall  surrounding 
the  whol«  bdU  B  B  is  the  remains  of  another  wall  that 
haa  been  dtafiwn  right  acrofs  the  hilj,  at  that  part  where 
the  descent  to  the  eastward  begins  to  be  pefceptihie. 
No  marks  of  vitrification  are  diseowrable  in  this 
W«lh  E  E  is  the  remains  of  aditeh,  with  «  rampart,, 
•twtching  cut  heyotid  the  vitjrified  wall  still  farther 
to  the  eastward .  Beyond  that,  and  considerably  d6wn 
the  declivity  «f  the  hiU,  is  the  remains  of  another 
ditch  of  «rt4imvallation,  D  D  D;D,  seen  in  the  per- 
«psetive  views  of  the  hitt  at  £  &(  G  fig.  a.  and  D  D 
fig.  3.  Belcw  thia.  iq  seme  part*  of  the  Mil;  there 
are  some  indistiucf  aiarks:  of  another  ditch ;.  but  thia 
i»  ivDW  in  a.f^reat  m»;asure  obliterated. 

BcMdes  thtic  line*  of  oironafwallation,  which  have 
p'  been  evidently  intended  for  defence,  there  are  seve- 

ral excavations  in  the  hill,  plainly  artiiScial,  the  in- 


!"■  ■' 


^VN-O'DE'EIl  TIC.  J. 


been  from  the 

where  the  h»U 
other  place,  sl^ 
i,  near  the  suvi- 
;he  west,  which. 

thecet,  the  tra- 
ict,  and  are  de« 
tlon,  (see  plate 
all  surrouRding 
nother  wall  that'.: 
thatpart  where 
be  perceptible. 
MFable  in  this 
with  «  ranvpart,. 
all  still  farther 
isiderablj  d6wn 
aiiw  of  another 
een  in  the  per. 
fig.  a.  andDD 

the  hill;  there 
ditch  j  butthi» 

• 

on,  which  have 
there  are  seve- 
rtificial,  the  in. 


^GROUND  PhUNOTTBE  SILL  OF  DUN-O-DEER,    UTTU 
^V£4PeliTlFICATJ0NS  ON  IT, 


♦* 


■A-  < 


.•:? 


I 

i 

I 


i 

i 

I 

§ 

3 


1792.  Atttiquitiet  in  Scotland,  ^fj 

tention  of  which  is  not  quite  so  obvious  ;  although 
I  think  it  probable  that  they  also  were  meant  for 
defence.  Two  of  these  are  found  between  the  cir- 
cular rampart  to  the  east,  and  the  vitrified  wall  at 
EEfig.Ii.  These  hollows  may  be  about  five  or  fix  feet 
deep,  with  an  easy  and  smooth  descent  to  the  bottom 
from  all  sides.  The  hill  is,  at  this  place^  only  of  a 
gentle  declivity,  which  would  render  the  works 
more  difficult  to  be  defended  than  where  it  was  more 
steep.  This  gives  room  to  conjecture  that  these 
cavities  might  either  be  intended  to  screen  the  de- 
fendants on  ordinary  occasions,  from  the  mifbile 
weapons  of  the  enemy,  by  way  of  a  guard-house,  or 
to  conceal  a  body  of  men  by  way  of  ambuscade.  Up- 
on examining  the  face  of  the  hill,  along  the  east  side, 
where  the  ditch  of  circumTallafion  runs  along  a 
more  level  surface  than  at  any  other  part  of  the  hill, 
«nd  where,  of  course,  it  was  much  more  liable  to  be 
forced,  four  more  excavations  of  the  same  kind  are 
discovered,  which  are  marked  beyond  C  C ;  no,-  could  I 
perceive  any  more  of  the  same  kind,  on  any  otiier 
part  of  the  hiJl,  save  two  on  .the  west  side,  marked 
G  Gfig.  I.  &.  2.  and  EE  fig.  3.  I  leave  others  to  con- 
jecture  what  may  have  been  the  intention  of  these 
hollows.  For  although  I  do  not  fsrgei  that  fame 
has  plac^  gold  in  the  bowels  of  this  mountain, 
which  might  have  induced  some  perso  13  to  dig 
in  search  of  these  imaginary  treasures,  yet  there 
^eems  to  be  little  reason  to  suppose  that  the^e  cavi- 
ties have  been  formed  by  that  means,  as  they  are 
jvreatly  too  wide  for  their  depth,  and  as  the  rubbilh 
*bat  has  been  taken  out  of  them,  has  been  carried 


27B  antiquities  in  Scotland.  -^ug,  49, 

*c]eftr  awsy,  which,  it  is  natural  to  think,  would  have 
been  tumbled  carelefsly  down  this  hill  from  the 
mouth  of  the  hole,  had  they  been  opened  only  in 
search  of  treasure. 

It  has  been   said,  that  these  vitrified  walls  are  no 
ivhere  to  be  found  but  where  the  rock -on  which  they 
stand,  is  of  the  plumb-pudding  kind  ;    but  this  I  can 
iif&ure  you  is    a  mistake.     The  hill  of  Tap-o-noath 
consists  chiefly  of  small  fragments  of  rotten  granite  ; 
that  of  Dun>o-deer  is  a   mafs  of  slaty  iron   gravel. 
Many  other  vitrified  fortifications  have  been  disco- 
vered in  Scotland,  several  of  which   I  myself  have 
examined  j   but  I  fliall  here  only  specify   one  more, 
because  of  some  peculiarities   there  observed,  that 
'tend  to  throw  soaie  farther  light  on  the  nature   of 
•  these  structures. 

For  many  years  past  philosophers  hai^e  been  a- 
.Tiunting  after  volcanoes  in  every  part  of  the  globe, 
and  the  slightest^pptarance  of  vitrified  matter  has 
been  by  many  accounted  the  most  undoubted  proof 
of  a  volcanic  origin.      Hence   a    general  pre;udic2 
^prevails  among  those  ivho  have   not  examined  these 
■structures  themselves,  that  their  origin  can  only  be 
attributed  to  that  cause.     'I  have-  already  mentioned 
-several  circumrtances,  that,  to  the  intelligent  reader, 
will  aflPord  full  conviction  that  these  can  only  have 
been  works  of  art  ;  but  one  circumstance,   which  af- 
fords a  yet  clearer  proof  of  it  than  any  of  those  al- 
•.  ready  adduced,  I  had  occasion  to  observe  at  the  hill 
.of  Finhaven,  in  the  ihire   of  Angus,  about  six  miles 
jiorth  from  the  town  of  Forfar  j   on  the  top  of  whict 


Aug.  119, 
would  have 
1  from  the 
ned  onlj  ia 

vails  are  no 
,  which  they 
[)t  this  I  can 
rap>o-noath 
ten  granite  ; 
iron  gravel. 
!  been  discc-i- 
tiyself  have 
J  one  more, 
served,  that 
e  nature   of 

ave  been  a- 
f  the  globe, 

matter  has 
ubted  proof 
al  pre;udic3 
mined  these 

can  only  be 
7  mentioned 
gent  reader, 
a  only  have 
;,  which  af- 

of  those  al- 
ire  at  the  hill 
ut  six  miles 
top  of  whicti 


t79a'  amtiquiius  in  Scotland'.  ztp. 

there  are  the  remains  of  an  extensive  fortification  of 
this  sort. 

Here,  as  usual,  the  vitrified  wall  surrounds  a  level 
area  on  the  top  of  the  hill,  running  all  round  in  an 
Irregular  form,  so  as-t©  he  every  wliere  on  the  edge 
of  the  precipice  of  the  hill.  Nothing  uncommon  is 
discoverable  in  the  appearance  of  the  walls,  unlefg  in 
une  place,  where  the  farmer,  who  occupies  the  hill 
snd  the  fields  around  it,  had  opened  up  a  free  stone 
quarry,  which  he  had  accidentally  discovered  on  the 
aide  of  the  hill  near  to.  the  top  of  it,  out  of  which  he 
dug  free  stone  for  the  purpose  of  inclosing  his 
farm.  In  purstiing  the  eourae  of  the  quarry,  he 
oame  at  length  to  uadermine  tlie  foundations  of  the 
w^llt  when  part  of  it  tumbled  down,  and  laid  open 
the  internal  structure  of  that  wsdl,  which  exhibited: 
phenomena-  coasid^raUy  different.from  any  \  had  hi., 
therto  observed. 

That  part  of  the  vitrified  wall  which  remained 
there,  when  \  visited  it  in  th©  year  1788,  consisted 
of  irregular  i^ortseanta/strealu,  I  cannot  call  themstra. 
ta,  of  vitrified  matter,  and  unvitrificd  stone,  inter, 
mingled  alternately  between  one  another.  These 
vitrified  streaks  were,  as  I  said,  irregular,  and  had 
evidentally  been  produced  by  some  cause  that  aoted 
by  fits  and  starts,  and  had  no  connection  with  the  na- 
ture  of  the  materials^  of  which  the  wall  had  been 
made,  %%  this  consistedof  aoongeiiesof  stones,  of  va- 
rious serta  and  aiaes,  that  had  been  carelefsly  thrown 
tvgethRf,  that  were  evidentally  of  the  same  nature  in 
the  part»,  that  were  vitrified,  and  i^:  those  that  were 
only,  ^lore  or  kiii  scorched.     Sometimes  oue  part  of 


aSo  antiquities  in  Scotland.  Aug,  V). 

a  st'ine  was  entirely  vitrified,  and  another  part  of  it 
unvitrified  through  every  part  of  the  wall. 

This  phenomenon  most  clearly  proves,  that  the 
vitrification  itself  was  not  a  volcanic  production, 
but  a  work  of  art.  And  the  free  stone  quarry,  be- 
low the  foundation  of  the  wall,  is  the  clearest  de- 
monstration, that  the  hill  itself  on  which  the  fort 
stands,  is  not  formed  by  a  volcano;  for  free  stone  has 
never  yet,  that  I  know  of,  been  suspected  to  be  of  a 
volcanic  origin. 

The  appearance  of  the  heart  of  this  broken  down 
wall,  so  exactly  resembled  that  of  a  lime  kiln  I  once 
saw,  that  had  been  in  part  vitrified  during  the  bur- 
ning of  it,  that  it  immediately  occurred  to  rtie,  that 
the  phonomcna  in  both  cases  might  be  attributed  to 
a  similar  cause. — In  the  lime  kiln,  the  lime  stone  be- 
ing very  much  mixed  with  sand,  and  consequently 
very  vitrescible,  there  were  irregular  horizontal 
layers,  or  streaks  of  vitrified  matter,  with  spaces 
more  or  lefs  between,  in  which  some  part  of  th* 
stone  had  not  been  so  much  burnt  as  to  be  capable 
of  falling  down  into  lime,  with  the  addition  of  wa- 
ter, while  other  parts  of  it  fell  down  into  lime,  so 
that  it  remained  a  mixed  mafs,  exactly  resembling 
the  other. 

.  The  cause  of  this  phenomenon  in  the  lime  kiln, 
we  well  know  was  the  irregularity  in  the  force  of 
the  winds  that  prevailed  during  the  time  the  kiln 
was  burning.  When  the  wind  was  very  high,  it 
acted  as  a  bellows  upon  the  fuel  put  among  the 
atones  for  the  purpose  of  calcining  them,  and  by  con- 
sequence, it  burnt  then  with  so  much  force  as  to 


Aug,  ig. 
ther  part  of  it 
vail. 

Qves,  that  the 
[c  production, 
e  quarrj,  be- 
e  clearest  de« 
vhich  the  fort 
free  stone  has 
;ted  to  be  of  a 

broken  down 
ne  kiln  I  once 
ring  the  bur- 
;d  to  itie,  that 
;  attributed  to 
lime  stone  be- 
consequently 
ar    horizontal 
,  with  spaces 
e  part  of  th^ 
to  be  capable 
Idition  of  wa- 
into  lime,  so 
ly  resembling 

(he  lime  kiln, 
n  the  force  of 
time  the  kiln 
very  high,  it 
ut  among  the 
k,  and  by  con- 
;h  force  as  to 


1791.  antiquities  in  Scotland.  47? 

vitrify  tlie  whole  mafi  that  was  on  fire  at  the  time;  ; 
but  as  only  a  small  part  of  the  fuel  in  a  lime  kiln  is 
on  fire  at  one  time,  the  fire  asccmling  gradually  as 
the  fuel  is  consumed,  from  the  bottom  to  the  top,  if 
the  weather  was  calm  the  day  after  a  high  wind, 
the  fuel  burnt  them  much  more  slowly  j  so  that  the 
part  of  the  stone  imme4iately  above  the  vitrified 
layer  was  not  sufficiently  burned.  Thus  it  happened 
that  the  irregularity  of  the  weather  produced  the 
disagreeable  eifects  already  described.  In  like  man- 
ner might  the  fuel  that  was  applied  for  the  purpose 
of  vitrifying  these  walls,  be  alternately  blown  up  in- 
to a  melting  flame,  by  the  force  of  a  high  wind  one 
day,  and  suffered  to  burn  slowly  during  a  succeeding 
calm  day,  or  more,  so  as  to  act  then  with  so  little 
-force  upon  the  stones,  as  not  to  melt  them  at  all. 
According  to  this  hypothesis,  it  would  seem  pro- 
bable that  the  fuel  had  been  here  intermixed  with  the 
stones  in  building  the  wall,  which  does  not  seem  to 
have  been  the  case  with  any  of  the  others  I  obser- 
ved. But  on  this  head,  the  facts  are  not  so  clear  as 
to  enable  us  to  speak  with  certainty:  probable  conjec- 
ture is  all  that  can  be  here  offered. 

On  the  whole,  respectinj;  these  strflctures,  the  on- 
ly particular  that  seems  to  be  with  undeniable  cer- 
.  taihty  ascertained  is,  that  they  are  not  volcanic  pro- 
ductions,  but  clearly  works  of  art,  that  have  bien 
calculated  for  some  sort  of  defence  against  the  at- 
tacks of  afsailing  foes.  J.  A. 


VOL.  X. 


vv 


r 


GRAMMATICAL  DISQUISITIONS.  ^ 

Continued  from  p.  245.  >,. 

0/*  CASES,  and  particu  y  of  that  peculiarity  in  the 
Englijb  language  which  hat  been  usually  called  the 
genitive  case. 

To  give  an  idea  of  what  is  meant  by  case  to  a  mere 
EngliOi  reader  is  not  very  easy.  He  will  observe 
that  nouns  may  be  considered  as  connected  with  the 
different  objects  that  can  affect  them,  in  a  great 
many  points  of  view.  A  man  may  walk  to  ox  from 
a  place,  he  may  be  placed  above  or  below  it,  he  may 
go  before  or  behind  another,  he  may  talk  of,  he  may 
converse  with,  he  may  be  affected  by  another  man. 
If  we  could  suppose  that  the  noun  had  a  particular 
variation  to  denote  eacli  of  these  relations,  and  all 
the  others  of  the  same  kind  that  can  occur,  these  va- 
riations would  be  called  cases. 

Merely  from  the  announcing  of  these  particulars, 
it  will  be  obvious  to  the  most  superficial  observer, 
♦hat  this  peculiarity  of  language  cannot  be  deemed 
«fsential.  It  is  indeed  so  little  necefsary  that  many 
languages  have  no  variation  whatever  respecting 
this  particular ;  nor  is  there  any  language  that  has 
perhaps  a  tenth  part  of  the  variations  of  this  kind, 
in  other  words  cases,  that  would  be  required. 
Yet  so  much  are  we  attached  to  the  practice  that 
has  beeii  incidentally  adopted  by  the  Greeks  or  Latins, 
that  most  of  our  grammars  continue  to  enumerate 
the  CASE  as  an  efsential  variation  of  the  noun. 


Mg.  igf 


ONS. 


Uarity  in  the 
'ly  called  the 

3E  to  a  mere 
will  observe 
:ed  with  the 
in  a  great 
t  to  ox  from 
v  it,  he  may 
:  of,  he  may 
nother  man. 
a  particular 
ons,  and  ail 
ir,  these  va- 

particulars, 
il  observer, 

be  deemed 
'  that  many 
respecting 
ge  that  has 
'  this  kind, 
5  required, 
ractice  that 
Ls  or  Latins, 
I  enumerate 
oun. 


1794.  grammatical  dhquisitioHt.  jj^ 

Wherever  a  partiality  of  this  kind  prevails,  trifles 
are  often  magnified  into  matters  of  importance  ;  and 
subjects  which  would  be  plain  of  themselves,  if  not 
warped  by  system,  become  the  cause  of  long  and  intri- 
cate  discufsions.  On  this  principle  it  has  happesedthat 
our  grammarians,  however  much  they  may  Oiffer  as 
to  other  particulars,  have  all  concurred  in  acknow- 
ledging that  the  Engliih  nouns  admit  of  a  particular 
inflection,  which  they  in  general  have  denomina- 
ted a  genitive  case,  or  at  least  a  pa-ticular  case  of  the 
Engliih  noun.  I  doubt  if  this  distinction  is  well 
founded,  for  the  following  reasons. 

For  though  it  be  allowed  that  in  the  Engliih  lan- 
guage, there  is  a  certain  clafs  of  words,  evidently  de- 
rived from  nouns  by  a  particular  inflection,  whica 
words  have  the  sam*;  meaning,  in  certain  circum- 
stances, as  the  genitive  case  of  the  Latins,  such  as 
yobfi's  staff,  and  WiUiam^s  house  ,•  in  which  phrases 
the  words  foMi  and  William^s  are  equivalent  to  the 
phrases  •/'John  or  o/" William;  and  as  the  preposi- 
tion of  in  Englifli,  is  in  general  the  translation  of 
the  Latin  genitive,  it  has  been  concluded  that,  as  that 
preposition  can  be  supprefsed,  and  the  same  meaning 
conveyed  by  adding  to  the  noun  an  apostrophised  V, 
that  this  forms  a  true  and  genuine  inflected  genitive 


cas«. 


Dr  Lowth,  however,  sensible  of  the  difficulties: 
that  accompany  this  hypothesis,  has  hesitated  about 
adopting  the  phrase  genitirn,  and  wtlhes  rather  to 
call  it  the  pofsefsivt  case  ;  but  this  rather  tends  to 
augment  instead  of  removing  the  tlifiicttlties,  as  I 
IkaJl  have  occasion  to  (how  in  the  sequek 


i: 


476  grammatical  disquuitionf.  Aug-,  i^. 

1st.  Oh  the  hypothesis  that  the  particular  clafs  of 
Svordb  above  named  are  real  inflected  genitives,  it  would 
be  difficult  to  afsign  a  reason  vehy  one  clafs  of  Engli/k 
nouns  fliould  admit  of  this  peculiar  inflection  and  not 
the  whole.     In  those  languages  which  admit  of  cases 
in  general  we  find  no   such  distinction ;  but  in  Eng- 
lifli,  tlxe  words  ho/ine/s,  significance,  deptndance,  dili- 
gence,  exposure,  ttumkuefs,  idlenefs,   chillnefs,  entice- 
ment, arrangement,   intricacy,  discordancy,  and  thou- 
sands of  others,  amounting  perhaps  to  nearly  one 
half  the  nouns  in  the  language,  admit  not  of  any  in- 
flected genitive  at  all.     Whence,  it  might  be  aflced, 
arises  this  peculiarity  i  I  fliall  have  occasion  to  solve 
this  difficulty  in  a  future  part  of  this  efsay,  though 
it  seems  to  be  impofsible  to  solve  it  on  the  fore  men- - 
tioned  hypothesis.  i  .   s^N***" 

id.  If  there  be  no  other  reason  for  calling  the  par- 
ticular clafs  of  Englifli  words  here  mentioned,  the 
genitive  case  of  the  nouns  from  which  they  are  ob-  - 
viously  derived^  but  merely  that  they  hawe  in  ge- 
neral the  same  sense  as  the  noun, -.without- variation, 
with  the  word  q/"  prefixed  to- them,  we  fliall  find  that 
irany  other  words  have  a  claim  to  be  admitted  into 
the  clafs  erf  Englifli  genitives  besides  those  usually 
ranked  in  this  clafs.  Indeed  the  woi'ds  having  that; 
genitive  siguification  *,  (and  the  same  might  be  said . 

•  I  beg  the  reader  will  not  here  thiiik  that  I  adopt  a»  my  owrv,  the 
ld«as  g'ven  in  the  text.  I  am  fufly  ien*ble  of  **.improprj«y,.  to  e»- 
prefs  it  in  no  5tr<ingfrJargvigfi,.  of  forming.flur  idea  of /am^Jj)  the  mac-- 
ner  I  ere  e«pUinedi  I  raly  mean  to  give  a  candid  repiMtnta'tion  of  the 
ir.ode  of  reasoning  that  has  been  adopted  by  tnglfli  g:  uiimariahyin  gene- 
lal  on  this  Subject  J  and  1  hop«  it  wUl  be  fotiha  th»t  i  do  it  very  fajfly  i» 


tf  Aug:  29. 

rtic«lar  clafs  ot" 
enitiveSj  it  would 
;  clafs  of  EiigUrti 
nflection  and  not 
:h  admit  of  cases 
on  ;  but  in  Eng- 
deptndance,  dili- 
cbillne/s,  entice- 
dancy,  and  thou- 
is  to  nearly  one 
lit  not  of  any  in- 
might  be  aflced, 
occasion  to  solve 
his  efsay,  though 
on  the  fore  men-. 


r  calling  the  par- 
nientioned,  the 
dich  they  ate  ob-  - 
they  hawe  in  ge- 
krithout- variation, 
we  fhall  find  that 
be  admitted  into 
des  those  usually 
mi'ds  having  that- 
ime  might  be  said 

adopt  a»  rhy-  own,  the 
f  Ae.impToprjetyj,  to  e»- 

idea  of/Au^Jp  the  rtii^- 
4iil  repiotntatlon  of  the 
•111  g:  uiimariahs'in  gwe- 
that  i  do  it  very  faiily  in 


ii79>'  grammatical  disquisitionsi  277  , 

pf  the  pofsefsive)  are  so  numerous,  and  afsume  so 
jnany  different  forms,  that  it  would  be  a  laborious 
ta(k  to  f numerate  the  whole.  I  here  only  offer  a 
specimen  of  a  few» 

The  foUovVing  words  afsume  this  genitive  signifi- 
cation without  any  change  at  all  of  the  noun  :  mar" 
riage-eontract,  spade-Jba/t,  gun-barrel,  mill-wbeel, 
hat-band,  jword-blade,  church-yard,  day-break,  cart- 
load, doomsday -book. }.  to  .which  might  be  added 
jtnany  others.  ■;-'•■' 

Not  efsentially  different  in  form  from  these,  with 
A  similar  genitive  signification,  are  the  words,  Jljtp- 
buililir,  candle-maktr,  watch-  maker,  sugar-baker,  soap-  ■ 
iboiler,  and  others  of  the  same  clafs. 

It  appears   under  a  diiFerent  form  in   the  word 
■Frencb-man,  Englijh-man,  Scots-man,  &.c. 
,    Another  variety  of  this  clafs  are  the.  words  High^ 
lander,  Lowlander,  Londoner,  Comrhomr,  Laplander. 

Still  more  different  in. form)  but  with  the  same  ge- 
jiitive  signification  it  appears  in  the  words  Dane, 
Ruft,.Swtd4^  &c. ;  and  in  Lombard,  Spaniard,  Savoy- 
sard ;  as  also,  Italian,  Biscay  an,  Germaitf  Persian  ; 
land  in  Genevese^  Japanese,  Chinese,  lurk,.  Jew,  Sa- 
moyedi  Ltvite,  Jacobite,  Bamabitt,  cum  'multis  aliis; 

3^.  Our  grammarians,  who  have  in  some  instan- 
ces 60  readily  bestowed  the  name  of  genitives  on  z 
particular  ciafs  of  words,  derived  from  some  of  our 
-nouns  by  one  mode  of  inflection,  and  refused  to  give 
that  name  toothexrword^  derived  from  .our  noans  by 
any  other  inflection,  have,  in  other  cases,  bauiflied, 
from  the  rank  of  nouns  entirely,  other  \vord3  which 
have  a  similar   genitiyc,  signijication,  that  are  de> 


178  gyafftftiatical disquisitions.  Aug.  39* 

rived  from  oar  nouns  by  another  mode  of  inflection, 
calling  them,  not  nouns,  but  adjectives.  Of  this  kind 
are  some  of  the  words  above  enumerated ;  as  also 
the  w^rds  brazen,  wooden,  golden,  Sac.  which  sig- 
nifjrnearly  the  same  thing  as  of  gold,  ofhrafs,of 
wood.  Thus,  a  golden  crown,  is  equivalent  to  a 
crown  0/  gold ;  a  brazen  trumpet  to  a  trumpet  of 
brafs  ;  a  wooden  mallet  to  a  mallet  of  wood.  If  the 
reason  usually  afsigned  be  sufficient  to  constitute  a 
genitive,  it  would  be  difficult  to  fliov  why  this  clafs 
ihould  not  be  intitled  to  the  same  denomination  *. 

/^th.  If  our  grammarians  have  denominated  cer- 
tain words  adjectives,  which,  according  to  their  own 
mode  of  reasoning  ibould  have  been  called  genitives^ 
so  they  have  ranked  as  pronouns  other  words,  which 
ought,  with  still  greater  propriety,  to  have  been  cal- 
led genitives.  The  words  my,  thy,  our,  your,  their, 
mine,  thine,  ours,  yoursy  theirs,  his,  her,  hers,  its,  and 
theirs,  are  always  ranged  in  the  list  of  pronouns ; 
though  it  is  plain  they  bear  exactly  the  same  rela- 
tion to  the  original  pronouns  from  which  they  are 
derived,  as  that  variatioa  of  the  noun  which  has 
been  called  a  genitive,  bears  to  the  noun  from  which 
it  has  been  derived.  Thus,  supposing  John  to  be  the 
speaker,  who  says,  in  the  first  person,  my  bouse,  this 
phrase  is  of  the  same  import  ait  if  he  had  said  ths^ 
house  »f  mi  i  and  differs  not  in  the  smallest  degree 
from:  the  phrase  John's  house,  if  it  had  been  expref- 
sed  in  the  third  person  by  anodier  speaker.     For 

•  I  muit  «gain  repeat  It  that  1  do  not  contend  that  any  of  these  are  gt- 
ritivn,  I  mejii  only  to  fliovr  the  impropriety  of  ever  having  adopted  that 
tem,  in  any  caae,  in  the  Englilh  language. 


L 


ode  of  inflection, 
es.  Of  this  kind 
serated ;  as  als9 
ficc.  which  sig- 
old,  ofhraft,  of 
equivalent  to  a 
to  a  trumpet  of 
/wood.     If  the 

to  constitute  a 
V  why  this  clafs 
lomination  *. 
enominated  cer- 
ing  to  their  own 
called  genitives, 
;r  words,  which 
o  have  been  cal- 
our,  your,  their, 
er,  hers,  its,  and 
St  of  pronouns; 
r  the  same  rela:. 
which  thty  are 
loun  which  has 
oun  from  which 
g  John  to  be  the 
I,  mjf  house,  this 
he  had  said  tbe^ 

smallest  degree 
lad  been  expref- 
r  speaker.     For 

lat  any  of  these  are  gt- 
er  having  adopted  that 


1 79^'  grammatical  disquisitions.  jy^ 

both  these  phrases  in  this  case  would  mean  the  bouse 
of  or  belonging  to  yohn.  The  same  reasoning  will 
apply  to  all  the  words  above  enumerated,  and  it  will, 
upon  investigation,  be  found,  that  they  have  all  the 
same  relation  to  the!  •  respective  pronouns,  as  the 
variation  of  the  noun,  which  gave  rise  to  these  spe« 
culations,  has  to  the  original  noun  from  which  it  is 
derived ;  though  they  have  not  been  dignified  with 
the  name  of  genitives. 

For  the  circumstances  that  constitute  the  difference 
between  my  and  mine,  thy  and  thine,  our  and  ours,  &c. 
it  is  not  properly  our  businefs  here  to  inquire ;  nor 
yet  to  (how  the  exact  similarity  in  power  of  the  sup« 
posed  inflected  Engliih  genitive  to  both  these  clafses 
of  words.  This  may  with  more  propriety  be  done 
on  some  future  occasion,  in  a  separate  difsertation  on 
that  subject*. 

5/i.  If  the  Engliih  words  which  gave  rise  to  these 
remarks  deserve  the  name  of  genitives,  merely  be- " 
cause  in  some  cases  they  are  equivalent  in  significa- 
tion to  the  genitive  case  of  the  Latins,  we  ought,  by 
the  same  mode  of  reasoning,  to  allow  that  some  £ng- 
lifii  nouns  admit  of  a  dative  or  ablative  case,  as  some 
words  will  be  found  that  admit  of  a  dative,  and  many 
more  of  an  ablative  signification.  Thus,  a  mill  horse 
means  a  horse  for  turning  a  mill ;  a  horse  mill,  a  mill 
to  be  driven  by  horses ;  a  handsaw  is  a  saw  to  be  used 

*  ThU  I  fliall  do  in  an  early  number  of  the  Bcs,  t»,  from  an  analysis  of 
the  clafs  of  words  here  specified,  much  light  will  be  thrown  upon  a  very 
important  part  of  our  language,  which  has  not  hitherto  attracted  the  no< 
tice  of  philologists  so  much  as  it  desei  «es.  Indeed  had  it  not  been  to  pave 
the  way  for  that  difsertation,  the  present  efsay,  as  much  left  inferescin^^. 
ivould  have  been  supprcfsed. 


^<8d  grammatical  Jtsqaisitions.  Aug.  2<J. 

hy  the  hand  ;  a  table  knife,  a  krife  to  he  used  at  tahU. 
To  the  same  clafs  belong  'Match-chain,  pen  knife^  tea 
spoon f  slop  bason,  hand  kerchief,  and  many  others 
•which  it  would  be  tedious  to  enumerate  ;  and  which 
■would  have  an  equal  claim  to  the  titles  of  ablatives, 
as  those  formerly  mentioned  have   to  that  of  gene- 

•tives  *. 

It  has  been  already  remarked  that  Dr  Lowth  calls 
this  variation  of  our  noun  z  pofsefsive  case,  and  the 
greatest  part  of  our  grammarians  term  the  pronouns 
above  named,  pofsefsive  pronouns.  As  to  the  teiim 
pofsefsive  case,  if  it  Ihould  be  adopted,  it  gives  an  idea 
oi cases,  altogether  different  from  that  which  has  been 
ever  admitted  among  ancient  grammarians,  and  would 
lead  to  conclusions  that  would  produce  the  greatest 
-confusion  in  grammatical  speculations.  There  is  no 
doubt,  it  is  true,  but  that  many  of  the  words  of  this 

.  clafs  indicate  pofsefsion,  as  well  as  the  words  above 
enumerated,  that  have  been  c9\\i:Apofsefsive  adjectives; 
but  it  is  not  clear  that  either  the  one  is  entitled,  in 
strict  propriety,  to  the  name  of  dijectives,  or  the 
other  tathzt  oi  cases.     If  we  fhould  admit  this  clafs 

.  of  words  to  the  rank  of  a  particular  case,  we  fhall 

•  find  other  words  derived  from  our  nouns  by  other 
inflections  that  would  have  an  equal  claim  to  the  same 
honour.  Thus  Johnsoniana  is  a  word  derived  front 
Johnson  by  a  peculiar  inflection  ;  and  as  it  implies  a 
collection,  we  ftiould  call  it  the  collective  case.  Even 
Johnson  itself  is  a  word  derived  from  John  by  a  par- 

•  Once  more  1  must  request  the  reader  to  remember  that  I  hcie  oniy 
reason  for  the  sake  ofanikgy.  I  by  no  oieam  contend  that  any  of  these 
could  properly  be  called  casei. 


/ 


± 


•r      Aug.  2<}. 

he  used  at  tabh. 
n,  pen  knife,  tea 
i  many  others 
ite  ;  aiid  which 
les  of  ablatives, 
6  that  of  gene- 

Dr  Lowth  calls 
ve  case,  and  the 
m  the  pronouns 
As  to  the  term 
,  it  gives  an  idea 

which  has  been 
rians,  and  would 
ace  the  greatest 
s.  There  is  no 
le  words  of  this 
he  words  above 
efsive  adjectives; 
le  is  entitled,  in 
^ectives,  or  the 
admit  this  clafs 
r  case,  we  fliall 

nouns  by  other 
laim  to  the  same 
rd  derived  front 
d  as  it  implies  a 
five  case.  Even 
n  John  by  a  par- 
ember  that  I  hcie  omy 
atend  tliat  any  of  these 


I 


1792'  grammatical  disquisitions.        ,  *      281 

ticular  inflection  denoting  filiation,  we  fhould  there- 
fore call  it  t\it  Jiliative  case.  Cumberland,  and  others 
of  this  kind,  might  be  called  words  in  the  territorial 
case;  Xo«</onfr,  j^t^^/a/i^^r,  would  constitute  other 
cases.  In  fhort,  the  variety  of  cases  we  ihould  be  un- 
der the  necefsity  of  adopting  would  be  so  great,  as 
even  to  prevent  a  pofsibility  of  inventing  names  for 
them  all  j  and  would  introduce  a  mode  of  casation,  \i 
I  may  adopt  that  word,  so  entirely  different  from  any 
thing  that  has  ever  been  in  use,  in  any  language,  as 
could  oiUy  prove  the  source  of  perplexity  and  confu- 
sion. 

6tb.  If,  however,  our  predeliction  for  the  word 
cuse,  is  such,  tltat  we  must  at  any  rate^adopt  it  with 
regard  to  any  of  the  claijses  of  words  above  enume<- 
rated,  I  ihould  think  they  have  a  better  title  to  that 
oi  uomiaatives  thin  to  that  of  aay  other  ra^^.  My 
reasons  for  this  opinion  are, 

In  the^rj*  place,  that,  in  all  cases,  the  variation  of 
our  noun  that  has  been  called  the  iniiected  genitive, 
occupies  the  same  place  as  a  nominative.  In  the 
phrase  Jamts^s  house  u  stately,  there  is  no  other  no- 
minative to  the  verb  iV,  but  Jatnes^s  house  :  far  it  is 
evident  that  the  word  house,  taken  by  itself,  cannot 
be  the .  nominative,  as -it  can  only  make  a  com- - 
plete  sense  when  united  -  with  yaw^jV.  Both  tOr 
gether,  therefore, .  form  a  true  nominative.  In 
like  manner,  in  the  phrase  the  hand- taw  cuts  well, 
hand^saw  is  the  only,  nominative  to  the. verb  cuts  ; 
and  the  same  might  be  said  of  all  the  others.  I 
must  here,  however,  add,  that  as  no  distinction  takes 
I>lace  between  tlie  form  of  the  nominative  and  accu-  ^ 

VOL.  X.  .  0  0-  f , 


r 


a  hand  saw. 
of  a  hand  saw. 
to  a  hand  saw. 
by  a  hand  saw. 


284  grammatical  disquhitionu  Aug.  i^. 

sativr  of  Englifh  nouns  ;  so  this  clafs  of  nominatives, 
like  all  others,  becomes  accusatives  also,  merely  by  a 
change  of  their  position  with  respect  to  the  verb. 

In  th  e  mxt  place,  this  clafs  of  nouns  can  be  regu- 
larly declined,  through  all  their  cases,  by  the  aid  of 
prepositions,  in  the  same  manner  as  any  other  nouns 
in  the  Englifh  language,  as  thus  : 
Nominifitive,        John's  house, 
Genitive,         '    of  John's  house. 
Dative,  to  John's  house, 

Ablative,  by  John's  house. 

And  in  the  same  manner  may  be  declined  every  other 
noun  belonging  to  this  clafs  of  words. 

Lastly  y  they  are  always  the  name  of  some  particn*. 
lar  object,  which  they  denote  as  distinctly  as  any  other 
noun  whatever  ;  and,  therefore,  many  words  of  this 
clafs  find  a  place  in  every  dictionary  as  proper  names-. 
The  following  are  a  few  words  of  this  clafs  that 
have  been  selected  from  Johnson's  dictionary,  air- 
pump,  hallad-singer,  hee-Jtour,  hearts  breach,  hird*s 
foot,  ht/hop-wted,  blind-man*s  luff,  hristol-ttone,  but^ 
Cher's  broom,  cat's  eye,  Charles's  wain,  cheese-mongery 
church-yard,  day-Kgbt,  dial-plate,  &c.  If  Charles'^s 
wain  and  bijhop-vjeed,  be  admitted  as  nouns,  properly  so 
called,  under  what  pretext  can  we  refuse  this  same 
name  to  Saint  PauPs  church-yard,  tire  queen's  house,. 
or  any  other  word,  of  which  these  genitives,  as  they 
have  been  called,  form  a  part  ? 

That  the  phrases  into  which  this  clafs  of  words  env. 
ter,  are  names  in  the  strict  and  proper  sense  of  the 
word,  farther  appears  from  this  circumstance,  that 
the  names  thus  formed,  and  simple  uncorapounde* 


wmi'^m^ 


ir  Aug.  ig. 
of  nominatives, 
50,  merely  by  a 
to  the  verb, 
ns  can  be  regu- 
is,  by  the  aid  of 
iny  other  nouns 

a  hand  saw. 
of  a  hand  saw. 
to  a  hand  saw. 
by  a  hand  saw. 
ned  every  other 

jf  some  particip. 
:tly  as  any  other 
ly  words  of  this 
IS  proper  names', 
this  clafs  that 
dictionary,  air- 
t  breach,  hird*s 
■istal-ttone,  hut" 
r,  cbeese-mongery 
cc.  If  Charleses 
juns,  properly  so 
refuse  this  same 
te  queen's  house^ 
mitiveis,  as  they 

fafs  of  words  enw 
(per  sense  of  the 
rcumstance,  that 
;  uncompounded 


1792.  grammatical  disquisitions.  283 

names,  may  be  easily  interchanged  for  one  another  ; 
or,  that  an  object  which  in  one  language  has  a. simple 
name  appropriated  to  it,  may  afsume,  in  another 
language,  one  of  these  inflected  genitives  as  a  consti- 
tuent part  of  that  name.  The  Pantheon,  in  the  lan- 
guage of  ancient  Rome,  was  the  name  of  a  particular 
building  well  known  in  that  city.  The  same  building 
still  remains,  and  has  been  known  by  two  different 
names,  viaj.  the  ratundo,  alluding  to  its  form ;  but  it 
is  now  more  commonly  called  the  church  of  all  saints » 
As  these  are  only  different  names  for  the  same  ob- 
ject, they  must  be  accounted  words  of  the  same  clafs; 
that  is,  nouns  properly  so  called. 

In  the  same  manner  scalpellum,  in  Latin,  is  the 
name  of  a  particular  implement,  which  we  call  ia 
EngliQx  a/M-i«i/>,  both  which  we  must  equally  rank 
in  the  clafs  of  nouns.  Again,  in  Englifli  we  denote 
a  certain  part  of  the  human  body  by  the  word  toe, 
which  in  French  is  called  Jinger  of  the  foot.  And 
that  part  of  drefs  which  we  call  a  glove,  is,  in  the 
German  language,  called  fboe  far  the  hand.  Who 
doubts,  but  as  these  different  phrases  convey  the 
^ame  idea  to  the  mind  of  the  oersons  who  hear 
them  used  in  either  language,  th^  are  all  words  be- 
longing to  the  same  general  clafs  ?  Each  of  them  is 
evidently  t\i6  proper  name  of  a  particular  object,  and 
as  such  must  be  clafsed  among  nouns,  each  of  which 
nouns  admit  of  the  same  construction  as  other  nouns 
in  the  same  language. 

It  will  perhaps  be  objected,  that  those  words  which 
have  been  called  Englifh  genitives,  differ  not  in  this 
respect  from  the  genitive  of  the  Latins,  in  certain 


If 


184  grarmnntical  dUquUitlons.  Avg.  2T). 

circumstances.     This  will  be  granted  ;  but  the  con- 
clusion is  not  thereby  invalidated. 

It  will  be  farther  said,  that  in  Latin,  as  well  as 
in  Englifli,  these  genitives. only  afsume  the  appear- 
ance of  performing  the  function  of  a  nominative, 
when  they  are  joined  with  another  noun.  This  also 
will  be  admitted  without  altering  the  conclusion. 

It  may  be  farther  objected,  that  adjectives,  in  some 
cases,  are  so  joined  witli  other  nouns,  as  to  become  ft 
part  of  the  proper  name  of  certain  objects  ;  such  as 
long-Jhanis,  strong-bow,  red-head,  and  others.  This 
afso  is  admitted.  And  what  are  we  hence  to  infer  ^ 
metelj'  that  names,  properly  so  called,  are  •ften  com- 
pounded of  different  elements,  which,  as  in  chemis- 
try, coalesce,  and  form  a  new  mixt,  differing  in  qua- 
lities from  the  simple  elements  of  which  they  arfe 
compounded  :  and  if  some  of  these  elements  can  ne- 
ver be  exhibited  in  a  separate  form,  there  will  be 
nothing  new  in  this  circumstance*. 

From  the  foregoing  considerations,  I  presume  it 
•will  be  admitted,  that  that  clafs  of  Englifh  words 
which  has  been  usually  called  inflected  genitives,  are 
only,  in  some  particular  cases,  equivalent  in  sense  to 
the  Latin. genitive  case  :  that  many  other  words  have 
•the  same  genitive,  or,  according  to  Dr  Lowth,  /•/- 
je/iive  signification,  which  never  have  lien  called  eU 
thcr  genitives,  or  po/se/iives:  that  other  words  are 
found  in  abundance,  which  have  a  dati-ue  or  ablative 
signification,  though  they  have   never  obtained  tbe 

•  The  termination,  «r,  is  a  particular  eawof  this  kind,  Ltndimtr,  swgtr, 


Aug.  29. 
but  the  con- 

:In,  33  well  as 
le  the  appear- 
a  nominative, 
uti.  This  also 
:onclusion. 
xtives,  in  some 
as  to  become  ft 
3Cts  ;  such  as 
others.  This 
ence  to  infer  ^ 
are  Bften  com- 
as in  chemis- 
ffering  in  qua- 
irhich  they  arfe 
iments  can  rie- 
,  there  wit!  be 

1  presume  it 
Englifh  words 
.  genitives,  are 
lent  in  sense  to 
er  words  have 
T  Lowth,  p»f~ 
'.  wen  called  ci- 
ther words  are 
tive  or  ablative 
s  obtained  the 

ind,  Ltndonir,  tixgir, 


i792.  detatcbed  remark.  284 

name  of  datives  nor  ablativts  :  tliat  if  the  meaning 
only  of  words  were  to  constitute  different  claf  's  of 
cases,  we  would  not  only  depart  in  some  measure 
from  the  idea  of  cases  in  ancient  hnguagcs,  but 
would  be  under  the  necefsity  of  creating  au  cndlefs 
variety  of  cases  tltat  never  had  hitherto  been  thought 
of:  and  that  all  these  different  clafses  of  words  per- 
form in  language  the  ofEce,  and  have  the  power,  of 
nouns,  strictly  so  called ;  and  are  liable  to  all  the 
changes  that  other  nouns  in  our  language  admit  of. 
From  whence  I  infer,  that  they  are  neither  genitives, 
nor  ablatives,  nor  adjectitres,  strictly  so  called,  nor 
belong  to  any  of  those  various  clafses  of  words  in 
which  they  have  hitherto  been  ranged  ;  hut  that  they 
form  a  distinct  clafs  of  words  by  fhemselves,  the 
properties  and  uses  of  which  have  not  been  hitherto 
distinctly  ascertained.  The  remaining  part  of  this 
efsay  will  be  appropriated  to  a  more  particular  inves- 
tigation of  this  subject. 

7b  be  continued. 


DETATCHED  REMARK. 

The  ordinary  attacks  of  calumny  and  detraction 
ought  to  be  lobked  upon  as  sparks,  which,  if  you  do 
not  blow  them  will  go  out  of  themselves.  This  was 
an  observation  of  the  great  Herman  Eoerhaave's,  and 
nothing  can  be  mora  worthy  of  our  attention  and 
nractice. 


AN  ODE  TO  rANcr. 


For  tht  Bte. 
O  wArr  me,  Fincy,  when  you  (!y 
To  tinge  with  gold  lome  a»ure  fky  j 
Or  when  you  roam  through  Alblon'i  iiie» 
O  lead  me  where  the  muiet  imile  ) 
Leid  me  to  Shakeipeare'i  lacred  tomb, 
Where  violeti  breathe,  and  ro»es  bloom  % 
Let  ua  the  seaiow  cbarm>  aurvey, 
Wh-re  nature  painti  the  devioui  way ; 
Along  the  winding  riv'let'i  aide 
Where  Shenitone  once  waa  wont  to  glide  } 
And  penaive  itand  by  mofay  cell, 
Where  fayi  and  fairiea  ui'd  to  dwell  \ 
Or  0!i  the  banka  of  Levtn's  (hore. 
The  early  fate  of  Bruce  deplore  j 
And  liiten  to  the  voice  of  airing. 
When  thy  lo»'d  Login  us'd  to  irg ; 
While  deep  «mbow'r'd  in  Limond't  vale, 
The  cuckow  carelefs  chaunts  hia  tale. 

In  Thomson'a  grove  by  Tweed'a  pure  atrea:*, 
Vou  wrapt  me  in  a  myatic  drtaro. 
Which  mem'ry  plcak'd  Ihall  oft  renew, 
And  fondly  ev'ry  tr«e  pursue: 
I  saw,  with  wonder  and  aurpriae, 
Amidst  a  grove,  an  altjr  rise  ; 
A  spiral  wreath  of  Manruan  bay 
Xntwln'd  it  round  ;  and  on  it  lay 
The  fruita  jnd  flow'ti  ot"  ev'ry  field, 
And  all  that  eailii  and  a  ?8  cou'd  yitrldj 
While  radiant  forms  descending  came, 
And  thrre  ador'd  grett  nature's  name  J 
Some  of  those  tirms  I  irstaiit  knew, 
While  others  ararce  appr  r'd  to  view, 
At  distance  gliding  through  tl.e  space,    ^ 
Like  n.iaty  forms  in  solemn  pace. 
The  muses  led  the  blind  along, 
First  fathers  of  the  vocal  ilirong  i 
1  heard  the  early  Spartan  fife. 
Wake  martial  music  in'-i  l.fe. 
And  Ofsian's  harp  the  sounds  *pr'''<"'8> 
And  Milton  ture  hi.  \'   ndrous  song. 

Thtn  ciine  a  bird  whom  lOu  ^^d  firm'd, 
Whom  genius  with  her  wings  adorn'd, 
Wildly  to  soar  -iloU  un  high. 
And  in  the  whitlwind'i  breath  to  fly  i 


I  ; 

■t-i 


,   .10. 


ill*, 


ide  ) 


H 


179  fioflrf. 

To  him  you  give  your  magic  wand, 
Each  human  pafiion  to  command  j 
"  To  harrow  up  the  loul  with  fear, 

Or  to  difiolve  it  in  a  te.ir. 

Ne»t  him  another  form  drew  near, 
With  all  the  beautiet  of  the  year, 
Depending  graceful  in  his  triin, 
With  which  his  genius  seem'd  to  reign  ; 
^  His  voice  was  music  in  the  spring, 

«  And  summer  taught  his  tongue  to  sing  { 

When  pensive  Autumn's  sighing  brcf  re, 
Blew  murm'ring  through  the  leafelefs  trcee. 
Congenial  were  his  mflting  lays, 
He  warbled  sweet  in  nature's  pt-xite^ 
■.  Till  fte,  approving,  ojvn'd  the  pair 

,v  To  be  her  chief,  her  fav'rite  carci  » 

Loud  thunders  rolt'd,  the  altar  blax'd, 
Then  through  the  clouds  her  sons  flie  rais'd } 
The  fleeting  vision  fled  away, 
And  left  me  on  Tweedside  to  stray.         R.  V, 


2»7 


lie, 

ire  itrevB, 


^i 


'-.1- 


f.irm'd, 

d, 


WHAT  IS  LOVE  i 

riOM  AH  OtD  COtLtCTlOW  OT  MAIIUSC«I?T  rOBMf> 
COMMUMICATID  BY  A  rilBND. 

For  ibi  Bte. 

Lovi**  no  irregular  desire, 
No  sudden  start  of  nging  pain  ^ 

Which  in  a  moment  gniws  a  fire, 
And  in  a  moment  cools  again. 

Not  found  in  the  sad  sunileteer 
Who  sings  of  d  irts,  despair,  and  chains  ^ 

And  by  whose  dismal  voice 'tis  clear, 
He  wants  not  sense  alone, — but  brains 

Mer  is  it  center'd  in-th«  beau, 
Who  sighs  by  rule, — in  or  ler  dies) 

Whose  sense  appears  in  outward  llio>«. 
And  want  of  wit  by  dreb  supplies. 

No  i — love  is  something  so  divine. 
Description  would  but  make  it  lef*} 

•Tis  what  I  know,  but  can't  define, 
»Tis  what  1  ftel,  but  can't  expreft. 


MAKTIAL,  LIB 

If  my  iigw'on  rtidtrmeet* 

A  cnuplct  r.jtelcft  or  obscure  i 
Or  iutlgit  these  immorul  (hecti 

From  injui'd  iyiu»  h4idly  pure  I         ^  ,  , 

-» 
Such  errorj  never  cin  be  mine  ; 

For  leainirg  you  may  give  me  crediti 
I  spelt  and  fomted  every  line  J 

£.ich  bull, — the  bingling  printer  made  k< 

But  if  you  hint  that  I  myietf, 

Mib'i' '1*0  Coihic  blunder!  fill. 
You're  a  protine  irreverend  elf  J  .^ 

J  iwear  you  have  no  tatte  at  all. 

Ani  \(  you  ttill  pursue  me  close, 

With  flaws  I  can't  deny  nor  hide  \ 
Your  own  .rjnscendent  page  expose, 

Aai  then  I'll  mortify  youc  pride.  BdMBADDlKioC. 


! 


C' 


MARTIAL,  LIB.  U.  «IG.  4.  IMITAtZD. 

Far  the  Bit. 

"■•'■■■■" 
M  V  booleeeJIers  ein  ne'er  get  done 

With  wondar  I  have  been  so  luclcy, . 

My  birth-day  odes  are  just  begun 

A  tenth  edition  at  Kentucky.  ,        '  ' 

The  ChickesiWi  end  Cherokees, 

No  longer  ruOi  in  <ut-throat  columns, 
Bat  quit  their  pipei  »nd  scalping  fees, 

To  ponder  these  ptoUigiou»  volumnv 

The  factor  vending  beads  »nd  <hot, 

At  Hudson's  bay  who  thaws  hi   ftin»; 
Ttie  negro  driver  who  mindt  not 

What  Corte*  sufTera  for  hi«  eiiii : 

The  centry  on  Gibraltar's  rock, 

The  pilot  founder'd  at  its  bottom, 
Cf  former  bards  if  e'er  they  spoke, 

Have  now,  my  fame  be  thank'd,  forgot  ihem. 

TKUNOEKrHQOT. 


ATXO. 


dtti 
mide  it< 


.  BdMBADDIKIOir. 


TAXED. 


iimn8| 


tMi\ 


,  forgot  them. 

TKUNOEKFKQOF. 


THOUGHTS  ON  THEPRESENT  COMMOTIONS  IN  P  OSS-SHIRE. 

Some  popular  commotions  have  of  late  taken  place  in 
Rofslhire,  which  demand  the  most  serious  attention  of 
government,  as  they  proceed  neither  from  wantonnefs  and 
turbulence  of  disposition  among  the  people,  as  some  v»iU 
represent,  nor  from  a  cruel  and  opprcfsive  disposition  ni 
Inndlords,  as  most  people  here  seem  willing  to  l>elieve. 
They  proceed  entirely  fiom  a  dcfectire  system  of  leRula- 
tion  that  I  have  often  been  obliged  to  repichcnd  on  for. 
mer  occasions,  which  has  been  naopted  by  our  govern- 
ment, and  persisted  in,'  merely  £rom  the  men  in  admini- 
stration  being  uoacquainted  with  the  real  state  of  thtsc 
countries,  and  unconscious  of  the  exceeding  pernicious 
tendency  of  tho«e  measures,  to  a  part  of  the  country, 
which,  if  under  proper  management,  would  soon  be  pro- 
ductive  of  a  high  revenue  to  the  state,  instead  of  bting  a 
hnavy  deduction  from  it,  as  it  is  at  present  •,■  -a  part  of 
a  country  which  in  some  future  day  will  be  the  seat  of 
industry.'  of  arts,  of  wealth,  and  national  resource,  when 
the  other  parts  of  it  fliall  be  sunk  in  viJous  debility  uiid 
difsiptition.  ' 

It  is  long  since  I  pointed  out  the  impofsibility  of  avoid- 
ing  that  very  distrefs  which  now  exists  j— what  I  then 
Slid  was  disregarded  j— what  1  (hall  now  add  may  perhaps 
be  disregarded  also  •,  but  the  urgency  of  the  case  seems  to 
give  room  to  hope  it  may  perhaps  in  some  measure  be  ad- 
verted to.  If  it  ttiould  not,  I  (hall  at  least  have  the  con- 
scious recollection  of  having  cfone  what  was  incumbent  on 
me,  to  aUeviate  the  distrefses  of  the  country.  At  a  future 
period  perhaps  it  may  be  reverted  to. 

VOL.  X.     .  r  F  t 


4b 


CjS  tp  the  commotions  in  Rofsjhire.  -^vg'  29. 

The  immediate  cause  of  the  present  commotions,  is  the 
letting  of  some  extensive  farms  in  Rofs(hire  for  the  pur- 
pose of  breeding  (heep,  instead  of  having  them  parcelled 
.  Aut  into  small  allotments  among  a  great  number  of  poor 
families,  who  had  no  means  of  stocking  these  so  as  to 
'avail  themselves  of  their  natural  produce,  nor  any  other 
means  of  subsistence  fhan  that  which  they  derived  frum 
the  miserable  culture  of  a  small  part  of  the  ground,  for 
which  they  were  able  to  pay  next  to  no  rent  whatever. 

That  I  am  by  no  means  exaggerating  on  this  occasion 
will  appear  from  the  following  well  known  fact.  1  he 
late  Sir  John  Lockhart  Rofs  of  Balnagowan,  having  re- 
solved to  convert  a  small  part  of  his  estate  into  a  Ihtep 
farm,  sent  for  some  ikiiful  flieep  farmers  to  go  over  it, 
and  to  pitch  upon  a  place  proper  for  that  purpose.  They 
made  choice  of  a  vale,  with  hills  on  each  side,  to  a  great 
extent.  They  computed  that  this  farm  would  be  suffici- 
ent to  maintain  throughout  th  .vhole  year,  Jive  thousand 
head  of  (beep  j  but  they  advi^'d  him  to  understock  it  at 
first,  till  he  saw  how  they  succeeded  j  and  therefore  pro- 
posed he  (hould  put  no  more  than  three  thousand  upcn  it 
at  first.  At  the  most  moderate  computation  any  (heep 
rearer  would  have  been  willing  to  pay  him  three  hundred 
pounds  rent  for  this  farm.  On  inquiry  he  found  that  it 
was  at  that  time  occupied  by  thirty.two  families,  with  six 
persons  in  each  family,  on  an  average,  who,  altogether, 
paid  to  him  thirty-one  pounds,  tenfiillings  df  rent }  and 
this  rent  was  supposed  to  be  so  very  high  that  these  poor 
persons  paid  it  with  great  difficulty,  and  could  not  afford 
«o  give  him  twenty  Ihillings  more,  had  he  exacted  it  with 
ever  so  much  rigour.  The  humane  landlord  foreseeing 
that  these  people  would  be  reduced  to  misery  if  he  car. 
tied  his  plan  into  execution,  desisted  from  it,  and  made 
choice  of  another  district  for  that   purpose.     A  similar 


hire.  jfvg.  29. 

commotions,  is  the 
ifs(hire  for  the  pur- 
ing  them  parcelled 
at  number  of  poor 
ing  these  so  as  to 
uce,  nor  any  other 
they  derived  ftura 

of  the  ground,  fur 
o  rent  whatever, 
ig  on  this  occasion 
known  fact.  1  he 
tgowan,  having  re- 
estate  into  a  ihtep 
ners  to  go  over  it, 
lat  purpose.  They 
ach  side,  to  a  great 
n  would  be  sufHci- 

ytix,Jive  thousand 
to  understock  it  at 

and  therefore  pro> 
e  thousand  upcn  it 
putation  iiay  ftieep 
■  him  three  hundred 
:y  he  found  that  it 
o  families,  with  six 
;e,  who,  altogether, 
//I'ngs  6f  rent ;  and 
ligh  that  these  poor 
id  could  not  aflPord 

he  exacted  it  with 
landlord  foreseeing 
o  misery  if  he  car. 

from  it,  and  made 
lurpose.     A  similar 


1-0  2.  on  the  commotions  in  Ro/sjhirc.  299 

conduct,  in  many  instances,  that  consist  with  my  own 
knowledge,  has   been  pursued   on  like  occasions  by  the 
duke  of  Argyll,  the  duke  of  Gordon,  and  many  private 
persons,  owners   of  lands   in  the  Highlands  ;    yet  these 
men  are  now  indiscriminately  branded  by  ignorant  specu- 
lators, as  hard  hearted  opprefsors,  who  grind  the  faces  of 
the  poor  to  such  a  degree  as  to  deserve  the  detestation  of 
all  good  men.     That  there  are  no  proprietors  of  land  iu 
the    Highlands,    who,  take  advantage  of  the  power  that 
the  state  of  the  country  confers  upon  them,  to  abuse  it, 
will  not  be  maintained  by  any  person  of  sense.     But  that 
these  instances  are  as  rare  among  them,  as  among,  any- 
other  set  of  men,  who  have  an  equal  chance  of  impunity, 
I  will  boldly  maintjin  as  z  fact.     1  myself,  who  have  no 
predeliction  for  the  gentlemen  of  the  Highlands,  more  than 
others,  am  clearly  convinced,  that  there  are  as  many,  if 
not    more,   acts     of    disinterested    generosity,    practised 
among  this  set  of  men,  from  Jiumane  and  patriotic  consi- 
derations, as  among  any  others  in  this  island.     But  where 
is  the  men,  who,  as  a  body,  will  refuse  to  add  to  their  in- 
come by  fair  means,  when  the  power  of  doing  it  is  so  easy  ? 
Can  any  person  of  sense  say,  that  in  order  to  provide  for 
some  people,  who,  in  their  present  state  can  only  be  ac- 
counted  unprofiublc    cumberers    of  the   gound,    a    man 
(hould  sacrifice  the  interesU  of  his  family,  and  diminilh 
the  income  of  the  kingdom,  by  preventing  tlie  improve- 
ment  of  his  estate,  merely  because  some  ill  judged  laws 
prevent  those  persons  who  have  been  accidentally  plac"' 
on  his  estate,  from  being  able  to   support  themsel'"  by 
tlieir  own  industry  ?     If  the  state  condemns  t^m  to  un- 
availing poverty,   why   fliould  the  buiden  of  supporliof, 
them  lie  exclusively   upon   these  pvop-*tors  ?   Let  tho.e 
who  are  loudest  in  their  clair.ours  ^ons.der  fcr  a  nionitnt, 
»|d  thej  will  see  that  ^oliLu^  ^"^^h  which  owe  their  ex- 


-p- 


303  on  loe  commoticHs  tn  Rofsjbire.  yliig,  1^. 

istence  to  defective  legislation,  and  not  to  the  fault  of 
individuals,  ought  to  be  tedreised  by  the  state  ■,  and  that  tf 
the  peoplr  must  be  supported  by  charity,  that  charity  ihould 
flow  from  the  purses  of  the  community  at  large,  and  not 
from  the  poclet  of  individuals.  There  can  be  no  doubt 
that,  in  the  instance  above  given,  the  169  uselefs  persons 
on  the  estate  of  Balnagowan,  had  in  strict  justice,  an 
equal  claim  on  any  manufacturer  or  merchant  in  Britain, 
in  proportipn  to  their  income,  as  on  Sir  John  Lockbart 
Rofs  for  their  support.  . 

Let  us  therefore  turn  our  attention  from  the  gentle- 
men proprietors  of  lands  in  the   Highlands,   and  acquit 

•  them  of  blame  on  the  .present  occasion,  that  we  may  be 
enabled  the  more  distinctly  to  discriminate  the  real  causes 

W)f  this  political  malady,  which,  if  not  removed,  threaten* 
to  be  attended  with  very  disagreeable  consequences  to  the 
community. 

'  People  dispersed  in  separate  hamlets,  in  a  wide  coon- 
try,  without  market  towns  or  roads,  haye  no  means  of 
converting  their  industry  to  profit.  If  they  are  able  to 
rear  a  scanty  subsistence  for  themselves  from  the  soil, 
they  can  scarcely  in  any  case  do  more ;  and  where  the  cli- 
mate is  indifferent,  even   that  scanty  subsistence  must  be 

•  precarious.  They  have  no  inducement  to  rear  more  than 
enough  in  ordinary  years,  because  they  could  not  find  a 
market  for  it.  For  the  same  reason  they  cannot  convert 
their  industry  in  any  other  way  to  profit.  Perpetual  po- 
verty, therefore,  must  be  the  bt  of  these  people  ;  and  of 
cours»  they  can  neither  afford  to  pay  an  adequate  rent  to 
the  propiVtor  for  the  land  they  pofcefs,  nor  pay  any  taxes 
so  as  to  augmntjt  the  revenue  of  the  state*.     Could  any 

•  The  following  acf  Ou,t  exhibits  such  a  true  picture  of  the  rtate  of  the 
Highlands,  an-l  the  inconven-^ces  to  which  the  inhabitants  of  these  coun- 
tries  are  subjectld  io  the  ptogrel*  ,>f  induitry,  tb»t  \  With'pleiiwe^teRrt 


T 


Aug.  2§. 
to  the  fault  of 
Bte  -,  and  that  tf 
at  charity  fhould 
t  large,  and  not 
an  be  no  doubt 
)  uselefs  persons 
trict  justice,  an 
hant  in  Britain, 
r  John  Lockbait 

rom  the  gentle- 
nds,  and  acquit 
that  we  njay  be 
e  the  real  causes 
loved,  threatens 
sequences  to  the 

in  a  wide  coon- 
ye  no  means  of 
hey  are  able  tu 
I  from  the  soil, 
id  where  the  cli- 
istence  must  be 
o  rear  more  than 
could  not  iind  a 
r  cannot  convert 
Perpetual  po- 
:  people  ;  and  of 
adequate  rent  to 
or  pay  any  taxes 
e  *.     Could  a«y 

re  of  the  rtate  of  the 

bitantt  of  these  coun« 

With'pltnute^teKtt 


1792.  »n  the  commotioni  in  Rof^tjhire.  3©! 

inquiry  better  deserve  the  attention  of  the  legislature  of  an 
enlightened  country  than  to  try  to  discover  the  means  of 
remedying  this  great  political  malady,  and  rendering  the 

people  happy  and  useful  members  of  the  community  '. 

« 

jt.  It  is  writren  by  the  reverend  Mr  J.  Anderson,  minister  of  Kingufiie 
in  Invtrnifsfliirt. 

"  There  is  no  vil!ag»,  either  in  the  pwifli.  or  in  the  whole  district. 
This  inconvenience  is  severely  fel.".  ,  ,  only  th»  luxuries,  buceven  rai- 
ny of  the  common  neceftdries  of  life,  must  be  sent  fur  to  tiie  distance  of 
more  than  forty  miles.  Trad:iimen  have  no  fix:d  place  of  ri.'s'dcnce 
where  they  cin  be  resorted  to.  There  is  no  center  for  the  little  traiBc  or 
bartt-r  requisite  to  be  carried  on  in  an  inland  countr,..  The  wool  t hit 
could  have  been  manufactured  in  that  place,  must  be  sent  by  a  long  land 
carriace  to  buyers  invited  fiom  another  kingdum.  The  flax  that  mig!it 
have  proved  a  source  of  wealth  to  both  proprietor  and  taclcsman,  has  been 
n.-glected,  because  /kilful  people  are  not  collected  together  into  o:.e  close 
neighbourhood,  to  cairy  it  through  the  whole  proiefs." 

The  above  is  extracted  from  Sir  John  Sinclair's  Statistical  Acccunt  of 
Sco'.land,  vol.  iii.  p.  38,  a  book  that  will  do  honour  to  the  age  in  which  it 
w.is  written,  and  lay  th:  foundation,  it  is  hoped,  of  many  cfsential  im- 
provements in  Scotland.  To  the  above  allow  me  to  add,  that  even  the 
carcase  of  the  fheep  in  these  situations,  is  of  little  value.  What  could  a 
poor  man  make  often  or  twelve  fal  fli  -j,  if  he  had  them  ?  All  his  neigh- 
bours have  mutton  of  their  own,  and  no  buying  butcher  is  to  be  found 
within  perhaps  an  hundred  miles  of  him.  Unlefs  a;flock  of  several  tliou- 
sands  be  kept  tog-ether,  these  cannot  aftbrd  carrying  them  to  market. 
How  are  rents  in  these  circumitanccs  to  be  paid  ?  How  can  taxes  be  paid^ 
or  collected  i 

•  Too  much  praise  cannot  be  bcstowei  upon  Mr  Dale  of  Glasgow,  <6e 
his  great  and  patriotic  exertion,  in  relieving  f.  number  of  bis  unhappy 
ccju-itrymen,  frjm  a  severe  calamity  in  which  they  foani  themselvet  io' 
vstved  at  the  time.  Nothing  but  a  g:nerous  philanthropic  ardourt  which 
despises  to  test  on  little  inconveniences,  could  have  suggested  the  great 
idea, — The  same  philanthropy  alio  suggested  the  noble  idea  of  forming  ibe 
•aciety  fur  bringing  persons  from  the  Highland.*,  to  settle  in  the  maiiufa*- 
turing  districts  of  this  country.  Yet,  'however  much  I  may  honour  the 
.contriver  of  this  beneftcfent  flan,  a  regard  for  truth  forbids  roe  to  say, 
that  «ny  very  exteiWtve  bwiefit  can  be  expected  to  result  from  It.    B^ 


*©^f  t/;  the  cdmiHoiions  in  RofiJJnrt.  Aug.  2f, 

Nature  has  conferred  on  that  country  one,  and  only  one, 

great  and  obvious  source   of  industry   and  wealth  \   but 

that  is  truly  a  great  one.     Yet,  with  ablindnefs,  to  say  no 

neficence  and  philanthropy  miy  influence  tome  minds  continually}  but, 
jft  general,  that  re^rd  to  cone's  own  family  and  connections,  which  pru- 
dence suggests,  will  prevent  them,  when  unconnected  with  interest,  from 
producing  powerful  effects.  Unlefs,  therefore,  it  were  ciear,  that  the  per- 
sons who  (hall  engage  in  th'l  enterprise,  would  be  immediately  andcleaily 
gainers  by  it,  I  fear  littl'.relisnce  can  be  had  upon  the  continuance  of  that 
ardour.  This,  however,  my  own  experience  in  life  forbids  me  to  expect.  If 
ehildren  only  could  be  brought  from  these  countricj,  before  they  had  acquired 
confirmed  habits  of  any  sort,  and  put  under  the  m  jnagement  of  persons,  who 
would  f5»jn>«//oi<»^  discharge  the  duty  of  parents  tothem,at  any  great  raanu- 
ficrute,  the  benefits  to  the  undertaker  would  not  be  equivocal ;  but  where  can 
w:  expect  to  find  a  number  of  mas'er  manufacturers,  .who  will  bestow  the 
attention  and  care  that  this  requires  ?  And  if  thl.  attention  be  withdrawn, 
perhaps  no  profit  will  be  drawn  by  the  underuker  from  this  enterprise, 
nor  benefit  result  to  the  state. 

But  if  there  be  doubts  as  to  the  expediency  of  brlngiogjfsaBff  personr 
•,n  the  lowest  ranks  of  life,  from  one  part  of  the  country  to  another,  there 
ij  not,  I  am  afraid,  any  room  to  doubt,  that  neither  pleasure  nor  profit  can 
result  to  the  undertakers,  by  bringing  those  at  a  mote  advanced  period  of 
lift  from  one  part  of  the  country  to  another.  We  all  know  the  force  of 
Jiabits^on  man,  and  the  difficulty  with  which  he  (hakes  them  oft';  Those, 
therefore,  who  have  grown  old  without  being  in  the  habit  of  constant  ex. 
ertions  of  any  sort,  find  it  a  very  difficult  matter  to  fall  into  that  line  of 
life.  If,  howevc.; ''hey  come  of  thtir  civn  accord,  convinced  thst  they 
can  have  no  reliance  on  any  btmg  under  heaven  for  their  subsitience,  but 
themselves,  they  will,  in  these  circumstances,  do  wonders;  and  when  the 
earnings  sf  industry  have  been  experiencedj  we' have  all  seen  with  what 
ardour  great  exertiotts  have  been  made.  But  where  -one  is  induced  to 
felve  hit' home,  umiir  fbtpatronagt  efamtbtr,  the  case  is  totall)  different. 
I  have  had  occasion  myself  to  experience  this,  and- 1  have  alw-iys  found. 
Jut  if  you  take  a  dependant  from  one  part  of  the  country  to  another, 
one  of  two  thi|>gi  is  the  consequence.  Either  he  thinks  himself  superior 
t«  those  with  whom  he  is  to  aftociate,  and  he  becomes  insolent,  overbear- 
ing, and  extravagant  in  his  deownds.  In  his  mind,  his  services  can  never  bu 
sufficiently  paid,  and  eternal  discord  and  difsatisfattion  is  the  cpnsiquence. 
«,  he  thinks  you  who  have  carried  hi  m  ftom  kis  native  lione,  have 


f;-<  ■  ■ij,".-"j'".T' 


Aug.  29. 
,e,  and  only  one, 
id  wealth  -,  but 
idnefs,  to  say  no 

I  continually  i  bi\t> 
lections,  which  pru- 
i  with  interest,  from 
:  cicjr,  that  the  per- 
mediately  andcleaily 
e  continuance  of  that 
lidi  me  to  expect.  If 
ibre  they  had  acquired 
ment  ofper>ons,  who 
m,atany  great  manu- 
vocal;  but  where  can 
.who  will  bestow  the 
tentlon  be  withdrawn, 
from  this  enterprise^ 

ingiegjfsaBf  personr 
ntry  to  another,  there 
ilessure  nor  profit  can 
re  advanced  period  of 
all  know  the  force  of 
:es  them  oft';  Tho»e, 
habit  of  constant  ex> 
fall  into  that  line  of 
,  convinced  that  they 
their  subsistence,  but 
nders ;  and  when  the 
e  all  seen  with  what 
ere  -one  is  Induced  to 
ise  is  total!}  different. 
I  have  alw.iys  found* 
I  country  to  another, 
kinks  himself  superior 
ics  insolent,  overbear- 
lis  services  can  never  bu 
on  is  the  cpnsiqutnce. 
M  native  lune,  have 


1792.  on  the  commolions  in  Ro/tjhire.  303 

worse,  that  deserves  the  severest  reprehension,  our  legisla- 
ture has  not  only  neglected  to  avail  itself  of  that  circum- 
stance J  but  has  even  contrived,  by  cruel  and  absurd  laws 
totally  to  preclude  the  people  from  the  pofsibility  of  a- 
vailing  themselves  of  those  advantages  which  nature  had 
conferred  upon  them  j  and  have  converted  that  whick 
ought  to  have  been  a  blefsing  to  these  realms,  into  a 
source  of  distrcfs  and  opprefsion  to  the  people. 

Those  who  have  been  long  readers  of  the  Bee,  will 
easily  perceive  I  here  aHude  to  the  fiflieries,  and  the  salt 
laws  respecting  them,  [see  Bee  vol.  viii.  p.  192.]  Had 
the  people  been  left  at  perfect  freedom  to  catch  and  cure 
fifli,  and  trade  in  them  either  at  home  or  abroad,  without 
restraint,  they  would  naturally  of  themselves  have  esta- 
blilhed  filhing  towns  and  villages  along  the  coasts,  in 
which  they  could  have  provided  for  themselves  a  subsis- 
tence by  industry  and  traffic.  By  the  money  they  would 
thus  have  acquired,  they  would  have  become  buyers  of 
the  natural  productions  of  the  internal  parts  of  the  coun- 
try.  Roads  to  these  markets  would  then  hgvc  become 
necefsary  •,  and  would  of  course  have  been  formed. 
These  roads  being  once  made,  manufacturers  would  have 
gradnally  sat  down  in  the  internal  parts  of  the  country,  to 

contracted  a  debt,  which  you  never  can  discharge  1— he  becomes  U»y, 
indolent,  careUfs  of  wlut  he  does,  but  constantly  craving  for  more, 
more.  In  fliort  his  demands  are  insatiable,  and  his  exertions  nothing. 
To  a  generous  mind,  this  is  most  distrefsing  j  and  he  submits  to  it  as  K}  a 
grievous  burden  he  knows  not  how  to  remo\e.  To  one  of  Icfs  delicacy, 
a  total  brcich  follows,  and  clamourous  complaints  of  cruelty  and  unjus.ice 
are  the  unavoidable  xonsequences. 

From  thert  consideratiois  I  am  convinced,  the  humane  exertions  of 
this  beneficent  society  cannot  afford  any  radical  and  permanent  relief  to  the 
people  ofthat  country  5  and  that  in  spite  of  their  exertions,  if  nothing 
more  effectual  can  be  d,  ne,  considerable  emigrations  from  the  noith  of 
Scotland,  must  ttilJ  continue  to  prevail. 


•04  *"  '^'  commohons  in  Rofsjhire.  ^ug.  I9* 

avail  themselves  of  the  infinite  advantages  tliey  could  de- 
rive from  the  great  falls  of  many  streams  of  water,  for 
turning  machinery.  These,  again,  would  have  con.umed 
in  manufactures,  the  wool  that  ought  to  be,  and  inevita- 
bly will  be,  in  time,  the  chief  production  of  these  moun- 
tains, and  would  themselves  consume  the  carcases.  Thus 
might  the  country  support  ten  times  the  number  of  in- 
habitants it  has  at  present,  without  feeling  any  superfluity 
of  people.  The  tenants  would  be  at  liberty  to  stock  and 
and  manage  their  farms,  in  the  most  economical  manner, 
without  distrefsing  any  individuals.  The  proprietors  would 
draw  a  fair  and  adequate  rent  for  their  lands,  without  be- 
ing accused  of  opprefiion.  And  the  state  would  derive 
an  ample  revenue,  without  distrefsing  the  inhabitants, 
from  a  numerous  people,  who  at  present  exhaust,  instead 
of  augmenting  the  national  treasure  j  while  they  are  at  the 
same  time  opprefsed  with  the  severity  of  revenue  laws, 
that  tend  only  to  alienate  their  affections  from  govern- 
ment, instead  of  conciliating  their  good  will. 

These  pleasing  consequences  .would  so  plainly  result 
from  the  abrogation  of  the  salt  laws  alone  i  and  they  arc 
90  obvious  to  every  person  of  sound  sense,  who  is  perfect- 
ly acquainted  with  the  state  of  that  country,  though  they 
will  appear  to  be  problematical  to  all  those  who  have  li- 
ved in  a  cultivated  country,  and  formed  their  opinion  of 
things  from  what  they  see  around  them,  that  I  canno 
helptecurring  to  it  again  and  again,  even  at  the  riik  of 
being  tedious.  Well  I  know  the  time  will  come,  when 
wTiat  I  now  say  will  be  adverted  to,  though  I  mujh 
doubt  it  is  not  yet  arrived.  Yet  such  incidents  as  the 
present,  which  were  long  ago  foreseen  and  mentioned, 
ought  to  tend  to  open  the  eyes  of  those  who  have  the 
welfare  of  the  people,— the  prosperity  of  the  country, — 
and  the  augmentation  of  its  revenue  at  heart. 


JIMB* 


s  they  could  de- 
ms  of  water,  for 
d  have  connumed 
be,  and  inevita- 
i  of  these  moun- 
:  carcases.  Thus 
le  number  of  in- 
ig  any  superfluity 
:rty  to  stock  and 
nomical  manner, 
proprietors  would 
lands,  without  bc- 
ate  would  derive 
the  inhabitants, 
exhaust,  instead 
ile  they  are  at  the 
of  revenue  laws, 
)ns  from  govern- 
vill. 

so  plainly  result 
le  J  and  they  arc 
e,  who  is  perfect- 
itry,  though  they 
ose  who  have  li- 
,  their  opinion  of 
m,  that  I  canno 
'en  at  thfl  rifls.  of 
will  come,  when 
though  I  mujh 
incidents  as  the 
n  and  mentioned, 
)se  who  have  the 
of  the  country,— 
leart. 


t792.  f>titi  *o  tht  patrons  of  ihe  Bft,  297—* 

I  have  already  said,  sec  Bee  vol.  viii.  p.  153.  that  I 
have  been  informed  the  ministter  is  cordially  disposed  to 
free  the  nation  from  this  oruel  and  opprefsive  tax  j  but 
I  fear  the  eyes  of  the  people  are  not  yet  sufficiently  en- 
larged to  be  ready  to  afford  him  that  firm  support  in  car- 
rying forward  this  measure,  that  he  would  require.  I 
liave  not  forgot  the  saying  of  a  sensible  foreigner  :  "  Wo 
be  to  that  minister,  whose  knowledge  goes  before  that  of 
the  age  in  which  he  lives."  These  remarks  are  therefore 
rather  intended  for  the  people  than  the  premier.  If  they 
lliall  unanimously  require  the  icpeal  of  this  tax,  not  by 
tumultuous  clamours,  which,  heaven  avert !  but  by  cordi- 
ally concurring  in  agreeing  to  put  some  reasonable  substi- 
tute of  equal  value  to  the  state  in  its  stead,  there  is  no 
reason  to  fear  that  he  will  not  give  his  afscnt  to  the  same. 
lfthat,andthe  coast  duties  on  coals  Ihould  be  removed,  then  < 
would  a  door  be  opened  for  augmenting  the  prosperity  of 
this  kingdom,  to  a  degree  that  neither  we  ourselves, 
nor  foreign  nations,  can  at  present  form  an  idea  of.  I 
fliall  venture,  in  a  future  paper,  to  throw  out  some  hints 
on  this  truly  interesting  subject,  in  the  hope  that  the  pub- 
lic, by  considering  it  with  attention,  will  in  time  fill  up- 
on some  unexceptionable  device  for  attaining  the  ojiecis 
•in  view. 

HINTS  TO  THE  GENEROUS  PATRONS 
AND  JLEAllNEO  COS.KESPONDENTS  OF  THE  SEE. 

For  the  Bee. 

The  rapid  advancement  of  Scotland  in  agriculture,  manu- 
factures, arts,  sciences,  polite  literature,  trade,  and  navigati- 
on, since  the  peace  of  Aix  la  Chapelle,  has  excited  so  great 
attention  in  political  economists,  and  seems  so  striking  an 
example  of  the  benefit  to  be  derived  from  the.  improvement 
of  the  soil  injprecedence  to  t  he  estgblilhment  of  manufactures, 
and  from  the  general  excitement  of  industry,  arising  from 
vol..  X.  t  f— 2  f 


B98— 2  htnts  to  the  pntront  of  the  Bee.        yfiig.  2^i 

connections  formed  with  a  j^rnerous.  .irt.vt,  and  ind  istri- 
ous  nation,  to  which  it  liad  be-  n  formerly  hostile,  de- 
serves  to  become  the  subject  of  minute  discufsion  by 
those  rare  spirits  who  know  how  to  analisc  the  causes  of 
the  wealth  and  happinefs  of  nations,  and  to  connect  the 
discufsion  with  brilliant  and  entertaining  remark,  and  re- 
flection. I 

I  know  of  no  method  so  likely  to  place  such  interest- 
ing  disquisitions  in  a  proper  point  of  view,  as  the  lives  of 
those  illustrious  and  worthy  citizens  who  have  contribu- 
ted signally  to  the  melioration  or  ornament  of  their  na- 
tive country  •,  and  among  such  1  fljall  beg  leave  to  suggest 
a  few,  whose  lives  might  afford  the  description  of  the  pro- 
grefs  made  in  the  various  clafses  and  departments  of  use- 
ful knowledge  and  art,  during  the  present  century. 

Cockburn  of  Ormiston  is  an  article  under  which  every 
thin^  relating  to  the  improved  agriculture  of  East  Lo- 
thian might  be  arranged,  and  under  which  due  honour 
might  be  done  to  the  memories  of  all  his  cotemporanes, 
who  in  Scotland  have  promoted  the  judicious  culture  of 
land  •,  and  this  article  (liould  have  for  its  decoration,  por- 
traits of  Cockburn,  lord  Kaims,  and  others,  whose  charac- 
ters come  into  the  fore  ground  of  the  landscape. 

In  the  line  of  manufactures,  lord  Milton,  and  the  e»- 
tablilhcrs  of  spirited  works  at  Glasgow,  Paisley,  Aber- 
deen, Carron,  and  Leith,  well  deserve  to  be  chronologi- 
cally described,  under  such  names  of  the  principal  subjects 
that  may  be  most  agreeable  to  the  compilers. 

In  architecture,  Sir  William  Bruce  of  Kinrofs  is 
well  worthy  of  the  highest  place,  with  a  portrait,  and  an 
*xact  catalogue  of  all  his  works  -,  and  after  discufsing  the 
elder  Adam  Milne,  and  others  entitled  to  notice,  to  give 
:t  view  of  the  introduction  of  a  new  taste  in  building, 
wherein  the  late  carl  of  Marr's  beautiful  designs,  and  tlje 


ee,  ^iig^  29. 
vt,  and  i'.idistri- 
;rly  hostile,  de- 
e  discufsion  by 
se  the  causes  of 
to  connect  the 
remark  and  re- 

ice  such  interest- 
w,  as  the  lives  of 
)  have  contribu- 
ent  of  their  na- 

leave  to  suggest 
iption  of  the  pro- 
lartments  of  use. 
;  century, 
ider  which  every 
ire  of  East  Lo- 
hich  due  honour 
is  cotemporanes, 
icious  culture  of 

decoration,  por- 
rs,  whose  charac- 
dscape. 

Iton,  and  the  es- 
■,  Paisley,  Aber- 

0  be  chronologi- 
princlpal  subjects 
lers. 

:  of  Kinrofs  is 
a  portrait,  and  an 
ter  discufsing  the 
to  notice,  to  give 
taste  in  building, 

1  designs,  and  tlje 


tf^l,  hinti  to  the  patrons  of  the  Bee.  599—1 

part  he  had  in  suggesting  the  plan  of  New  Edinburgh, 
an.,  .-thcr  national  designs,  will  fall  to  be  mentioned  and 
desciibed.  And  lastly,  under  the  article  of  Robert  A- 
dar.i,  will  arrange  themselves  every  circumstance  relating 
to  the  present  state  of  civil  architecture  ;  as  under  that 
of  general  Roy  every  circumstance  relating  to  military, 
■«^•herein  general  Watson,  the  reverend  Mr  Bryce  of  Kirk- 
ncwton,  and  others,  will  fall  properly  to  be  commemora- 
ted. 

In  the  art  of  engraving,  now  rendered  an  object  of 
commerce  to  the  extent  of  more  than  L.  ico,ooo  a-year 
to  Britain,  Sir  Robert  Strange  will  afford  an  article,  not 
only  containing  a  list  of  his  valuable  works,  but  the  pre- 
sent state  of  that  beautiful  art,  not  only  in  respect  of  or- 
nament, but  use,  in  the  advancement  of  arts  and  sciencts 
by  diagrammatic  elucidation.  ' 

The  article  of  George  Drummond,  lord  provost  of 
Edinburgh,  may  contain  almost  every  thing  relating  to 
the  state  of  the  flourilhing  city  of  Edinburgh,  with  its 
port  of  Leith,  and  call  forth  the  remembrance  and  men- 
tion of  useful  citizens  in  the  same  station,  who  have  fol* 
lowed  out  the  laudable  designs  formed  during  the  magi* 
stracy  of  Drummond. 

In  the  improvement  of  useful  arts,  Mefsrs  Sraitoun 
and  Watt,  and  abov<  all  the  worthy  Roebuck  and  Dale, 
will  fall  to  be  celebrated  without  encomiums,  and  by  on- 
ly enumerating  the  good  consequences  of  their  zeal  and 
ingenuity.  In  the  sciences,  polite  literature,  and  the 
other  depattments,  which  I  now  forbear  to  accompany, 
with  the  designation  of  names,  many  will  fall  to  be  dis- 
cufsed  i  and  I  ftiall  only  subjoin  at  present,  that  without 
encomium  or  criticism,  it  will  be  best  to  state  matters  of 
fjact^  connected  with  the  honour  and  prosperity  ot  tha 


joo— 'J  exptriments  on  gy/>surn.  -^'H-  2^« 

country,  and  leave   the  rest  to  the  rtttlectioni  of  the  rea- 
der, ^r 
These  surely  are  noble  and  useful  subjects  to  employ 

tire  leisure   of  my  intelligent  countrymen,  and  let  me  at; 

least  glory  that  they  are  numerous*. 

"  Hi*  mihi  erunt  arm  paciique  imponerc  morem." 

BlOGRAPHICUS. 


EXPERIMENTS  ON  GYPSUM. 
IT  a.   PROCTOR  AMOIRD(]N,  OF  HENLAOE,  SOMERSETSRIRE. 

[From  Young's  annals  of  4tgriculture.'\ 

Htniadt.  Dec.  it,  1791. 
LiAST  spring  I  procured  two  hundred  weight  of  alabaster, 
or  gypsum,  from  a  rock  at  Hurcott,  near  Somerton,  in 
this  county,  at  2  s.  6  d.  J>fr  hundred  weight  at  the  rjuarry,, 
which  I  got  beaten  to  powder  with  hammers,  and  ran  it 
through  a  fine  hair  sieve,  or  cleansing  range,  and  then 
through  a  malt  mill,  which  was  not  injured  by  the  opera- 
tion -,  but  to  pulverise  it  on  a  large  scale  in  this  manner 
would  be  too  expensive  for  the  farmer's  practice,  if  it 
were  to  be  much  used  for  a  manure. 

The  two  hundred  weight  produced  about  ten  pecks  in 
powder ;  a  peck  of  powder  weighed  twenty-one  pounds 
ten  ounces.      At  the  rate  of  six   bufhet»  to   an  acre,  it 

•  The  Editor  will  be  much  obliged  to  such  of  his  reidcrs  as  have  hail 
accefs  to  be  well  informed  with  respect  to  »ny  of  tl  e  abuve  mentio:it>t 
pjrticuhiJ,  for  such  hints  or  mcmoriali  as  they  can  furnilh,  particularly 
rr'^pecting  Cockburn  of  Ormiston;  and  will  be  glad  to  know  if  thcie  b« 
uny  genuine  portrait  of  him,  ani  whrre  it  is  to  be  found  j  as  a'.so  of  Sir 
Willijm  Bruce  of  Kinrofj ;  ard  any  of  the  others  of  whom  portraits  have 
no*,  been  alue.dy  engraved. 

A  held  of  lord  Milton,  from  an  original  painting  in  the  pofsefiion  of 
Mr  Micmillan,  is  niw  in  tie  hands  of  the  engraver,  which  will  be  ac- 
companied by  meipoirs  of  that  distiiiguifhed  personage,  oy  a  gentlfnnan  to 
whom  the  Editor  of  the  Bee  lies  ur.dcr  very  ^,  rticular  oblifations. 


Ag.  2€fi 
ioni  of  the  rea- 

ects  to  employ 
and  let  inc  a^ 

BlOGRAPHICUS. 


IMERSETSRIRE. 

urf."] 

Dec.  18.  1791.     , 

ht  of  alabaster, 
r  Somerton,  in 
t  at  the  quarry,, 
era,  and  ran  it 
angc,  and  then 
i  by  the  opera- 
in  this  manner 
s  practice,  if  it 

[It  ten  pecks  in 

nty-one  pounds 

to   an  acre,  it 

reidcrs  as  have  had 
e  abuve  mentiontit 
furnWh,  iwniculurljr 
to  know  if  th«ie  b« 
unJ  i  as  i.io  of  Sir 
rhom  fortrjitj  have 

in  the  pofs?riion  of 
which  will  be  ac- 

,  sy  a  gentlfnnan  to 
obligations. 


J 79 2.  txptr'imetils  on  ffypsum.  joi— 5 

vitible  to  an  inch  how  far  beyond  the  line,  and  from  pe^ 
would  be  ri  oz.  jVifl°  ^°  ^  square  yard  \  at  tiiat  rate  five 
hundred  weight  is  sutlicient  for  an  acre,  and  forty-one 
pouuds  allowed  for  waste.  The  rough  material  at  the 
quarry  12s.  6d.  />er  acre}  but  there  are  rucks  against 
the  sea.  in  this  county,  near  Minehead  ;  in  Dcvonlhirc, 
on  the  south  coast,  near  Sydmouth  ;  and  most  likely  on 
the  sea  coast  in  most  parts  of  the  island,  which  may  prO' 
bably  be  come  at  on  more  easy  terirj.  The  dilKculty 
will  be,  to  reduce  it  to  powder  at  a  small  expence,  if  it 
fhould  be  found  answerable. 

In  April  and  May  last,  at  different  timet  in  gentle 
rains,  on  five  different  places  on  a  clayey  soil,  on  a  pas- 
ture laid  down  more  than  twenty  years  ago  with  ryc-grafs, 
I  sowed  in  each  place  one  peck  of  the  powder ;  also  one 
peck  on  sanfoin  in  its  fifth  year's  growth ;  one  peck  on 
young  oats  j  and  one  peck  on  spring  vetches  or  tares  j  all 
at  the  rate  of  six  bulliels  per  acre,  and  it  has  had  no  ap> 
parent  effect  on  either  of  those  places. 

But  on  the  same  aay  on  which  I  sowed  four  pecks  of 
the  above  experiments,  was.  April  13.  1  sowed  i}  oz.  of 
this  flour  of  gypsum  on  a  square  yard  of  grafs  ground, 
where  no  stock  goes,  which  was  laid  down  sixteen  or  se- 
venteen years  ago,  partly  with  Dutch  clover  seed.  There 
(the  soil  an  heavy  loam,)  from  the  middle  of  May  to  the 
end  of  June,  when  it  was  mown,  the  grafs  was  greener 
than  that  around  it.  In  the  beginning  of  July,  slight 
rains  falling,  it  appeared  greener,  and  by  the  end  of  Au- 
gust,  the  grafs  on  that  spot  was  not  only  greener,  but 
thicker  and  higher,  and  the  leaves  of  the  Dutch  clover 
broader  than  on  the  outsides  of  it.  August  the  aist 
it  was  mowed  again,  and  the  same  appearances  en- 
sued and  continued  until  the  10th  of  November,  when 
it  was  movved  again  It  is  observable,  that,  at  the  time  of 
•owing  the  gypsum  powder,  the  wind  blew  S.  E.  and  it  is 


^fil-*-2  txpgrimentt  on  gyf)fum,  ^ug.  2r)& 

to  pear-  tlie  powder  was  blown  towards  the  N.  W.      From 
hence  1  conclude,  so  far  as  my  experiments  go  : 

"  That  on  many  plants,  or  in  many  soils,  or  both,  gyp- 
sum powder  will  have  no  effect  ;  but  that  it  has  an  effect 
on  old  clover  in  a  loamy  soil;  and  that  a  greater  effect 
may  be  reasonably  expected  from  it,  when  applied  to 
younger  plants  of  the  same  sort  or  nature." 

I  forgot  to  remark,  that  trying  to  boil  a  small  portion 
of  the  powder  over  a  wood  tire,  to  prove  its  goodnefs,  it 
got  into  a  state  of  fusion,  and  admitted  a  straw  to  be 
thrust  to  the  bottom  of  an  iron  pot  (in  which  brimstone 
used  to  be  melted,)  which  it  would  not  admit  of  before  it 
was  put  over  the  fire.  It  was  then  removeu,  and  put 
over  a  stronger  coal  fire  ;  the  appearance  and  the  sub- 
stance continued  ps  nearly  the  same  as  could  be  j  the  vei- 
sel  in  which  it  was  put,  became  red  hot. 

I  have  about  a  peck  of  the  powder  left,  which  I  (hall' 
be  ready  to  try  in  the  spring,  in  any  manner  you  may  re- 
commend. Pray  do  you  know  any  thing  of  the  truth  of 
the  experiment  of  applying  this  powder  to  seed  oats,  steep- 
ed in  wat(  r,  by  a  farmer  near  Epping,  last  spring,  of 
which  there  was  an  account  in  the  public  prints*? 

I  have  ordered  some  pounas  of  chicory  seed.  I  look 
hard  in  your  annals  for  a  plan  of  a  threflung  machine. 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  observe  your  midland  tour. 
I  will  not  despair  of  seeing  you  again  in  the  west ;  but  I 
despair  of  introducing  you  to  such  adventures  as  form  the 
tup  society.     Yours,  iffc.  R.  Procter  Anoerdon. 


A  LETTER  FROM  ONE  OF  THE  FRIENDS  OF  THE  PEOPLE. 

Sir,  To  the  Editor  of  the  Bee. 

I  HAD  prepared  for  your  Miscellany  another  paper  in  coiu 
(inuation   of  those  I  already   sent  to  you ;  but   the  late 

•  I  am  n  •    uformed     r"  n     dc.  expiminent.     The  experiment  to  be 
fecoinmcBdedj  is  tor  common  broad  clove.-.  A.  Y. 


Jug.  Jr)6 
e  N.  W.  From 
t«  50  : 

lis,  or  both,  gyp- 

t  it  has  an  effect 

a  greater  effect 

when  applied  to 

1  a  small  portion 
e  its  goodnefs,  it 
1  a  straw  to  be 
which  brimstone 
dmit  of  before  it 
cmovca,  and  put 
>cc  and  the  sub- 
uld  be  J  the  vel- 

"t,  which  I  ihall' 
ner  you  may  re- 
g  of  the  truth  of 
1  seed  oats,  steep- 
,  last  spring,  of 
;  prints  *  ? 
•y  seed.  I  look 
ing  machine. 
XI  midland  tour. 
the  west ;  but  I 
itures  as  form  the 
'i.K  Anoekoon. 


OF  THE  PEOPLE. 


ber  paper  in  con> 
)U  \  but  the  late 
rhe  experiment  to  be 

A.  y. 


i7()l.  Timofeon  to  the  KtHtor.  go^—l 

transactions  in  France  I'ave  made   itic  suspend  the  faither 
]>ro.st:cuiion  of  that  subject  for  the  pitstnt. 

I  fear  these  alarming  incidents  xvill  not  tend  to  make 
it  a  favourite  subject  with  the  people  of  liritam  at  ttiig 
time. 

I  will  be  candid,  Hnd  frankly  own,  that  they  have  made 
a  strong  inipref'^ion  on  my  own  mind :  they  have  excited 
doubtit  about  the  propriety  of  adopting  certam  modes  of 
conduct  that  did  not  appear  liable  to  objection  before  } 
and  till  these  doubts  (lull  be  removed  I  have  thought  pro- 
per to  susjiend  my  remarks. 

I  never  wos  disposed  to  allow  tlie  suggestions  of  reason 
alone,  unaided  by  experience,  to  have  that  weight  which 
some  others  gladly  have  done  ;  but  the  awful  transactions 
now  before  our  eyes,  have  inspired  a  respect  in  me  for 
practices  that  have  been  sanctioned  by  experience  that  I 
did  not  formerly  feel.  I  even  feel  a  sort  of  dread  at 
touching  the  parts  of  our  establilliment  that  appear  to  be 
evidently  faulty,  lest  the  fabric  may  be  so  deranged  as  to 
go  to  ruin  : — and  from  my  own  feelings  1  judge  of  others. 

I  am  induced  to  believe  that  the  cause  of  freedom  has 
received  a  deeper  wound  by  the  late  transactions 
in  France  than  it  could  hriv!  received  from  any  other 
quarter.  The  tide  of  popular  prejudice,  without  doubt, 
ran  too  high  among  a  great  many  inuividuals,  even  in  Bri- 
tain, in  favour  of  democratical  principles  j  and  one  object 
of  our  afsociation  was  to  moderate  that  ardour.  These 
transactions  have  given  it  a  sudden  check,  and  there  is 
now  reason  to  fear  that  the  tide  may  take  an  opposite  run-; 
and  if  it  lliould  rise  as  high  in  support  of  the  crown 
against  the  people,  ns  it  has  already  done  on  the  opposite 
side,  who  can  say  what  may  be  the  consequences  ?  I  have 
thought  that  the  writings  of  Paine  and  his  afsociates  had 
too  rapid  a  circulation  here  j  and  I  now  prepare  myself 
for  an  inundation  of  writings  of  an  opposite  tendency. 


SPSBB???!?SSir 


^04 J  e«  Weirds  museum.  ^ug.  29. 

that  will  bear  every  thing  befors  them  for  a  time.  Un- 
der the  influence  of  this  apprehended  phrenzy,  much  mis- 
chief may  be  done.  Pray  heaven  my  fears  may  prove 
groundlefi !  As  a  sincere  friend  to  the  human  race  I 
ihall,  in  that  case,  deplore  in  secret,  what  I  cannot  per- 
haps  effectually  prevent. 

Candour  required  me  to  make  these  acknowledgements 
to  you,  Sir,  and  to  thank  you  for  the  readinefs  with  which 
you  insetted  my  remarks  in  your  valuable  Miscellany, 
I  wifti  it  succefs  with  all  my  heart.  From  what  I  have 
already  observed  of  you,  ^  htve  no  doubt  but  you  wiU 
preserve  that  steady  and  unbiafsed  conduct  which  a  sin- 
cere desire  to  promote  the  welfare  of  society  will  natu- 
rally inspire.  If  ever  a  proper  opportunity  occurs,  and 
not  before,  you  Ihall  hear  farther  from 

London,         1  TiMOLtON. 

y?(/j.  22.  179a.    3  ^__^___ 

Sir,  Totke  Editor  (f  the  Bee. 

1  HAVE  l^een  lo".g  a  lover  of  narur.il  liis'ory,  and  a  great  admirer  of  Mr 
Wtir's  |.a-para.i'  ns  of  bird*  and  flrties,  which  1  am  sor.y  to  say  I  think 
in  ■>  £'=■»'  measure  lost  in  th'.s  place,  iccausc  unknown.  I  was  th;  tefore 
hig  \s  pleased  with  the  notice  vou  havr  take:-  ol  that  eleg  nt  collection 
in  tie  U- 1  number  of  the  Bee.  1  could,  how. vi,  havr  wiftied,  that  you 
),ad  cxpiefseJ  ti-e  last  sen  ence  in  a  u.flcre  l  m-nne.  j  as  it  may  by 
kome  be  uiidersti.oj  to  convey  an  insinuat  on  that  1  am  or.vince.l  yoa)Our- 
'  self  nrver  imaiJcd.  Mr  W^ir  is  a  man  ot  i.idcli.u;..'.,.  ifsid-ity  in  bu,!- 
mfe.and  only  appr.-prijtcs  wh,t  tin.e.:n.i  attcnn.n  1  air  tfrtai/i  -le  caiiwe^l 
alford  to  sr.irc,  en  r!ie  cmbcllilhm     •  of  tins  fivo.i.  -e    Ijvct. 

My  dis'gn  in  wriiirg  -his  is  n.e  -v  to  bulges  .1  siig'e  hint,  which  I 
think,  if  advtrted  to,  might  piovi  grai.-ful  to  Mr  W  it,  and  usetul  to  the 
public.  Many  inliv.duals  clunce  at  times  to  get  >.>  me  ri.e  articles  m  the 
Jme  of  nitural  history,  which  they  cann  .t  p.opnly  preserve  themselves 
lor  w  nt  of  conveniencies  and  cve.-y  one  wli..  mai>e.  a  ci.liettioii  mu,r  tomt- 
times  have  tlupli  ates  of  li  e  s.nie  Jii-  g.  Some  la  es  .ue  ■  ur'O^'s  m  faie  S'» 
hirds ;  and  rpre  a  lim  lis  .ire  som:  times  iMoi.gh'  lioic  ;— when  any  ot  thtse 
die,  were  the  circa':es  or  ntl,  ranicUs  that  can  deeajiiy  sp-'tfd  sent  to  Mr 
Weir  wi;h  cut.  th.v  wuuIJ  end  to  ..ngment  t'ni:,  c.;l!ccti„.  w.thou:  ex- 
jience  o  any  one  ;  and  prcse  ve  for  the  use  of  the  puSilic,  what  would  0- 
thervviiC  liave  bten  lost. 

An  Admirir  or  the  works  or  Nature". 

•  The  Editor  ii  much  otiigej  to  this  rorresj  rnittrt  fir  his  ccrrrction      It  ij 
ml  men  in  e»sy  eireumstcinrcs ,  ht  n..hobs/.»m  hJia  wl  3  ought  to  s^jrt  ttr.r 


money  inj^ublic  strvices,  without  thoughts  offrivat: 


1,  Aug,  29. 

I  for  a  time.  Un- 
hreniy,  much  mis- 
r  fears  may  prove 
the  human  race  I 
what  I  cannot  per- 

acknowlcdgements 
iadinefs  with  which 
luable  Miscellany. 
From  what  I  have 
loubt  but  you  will 
iduct  which  a  sin- 
'  society  will  natu- 
rtunity  occurs,  and 

TiMOLION. 


id  a  great  admirer  of  Mr 
am  sor.y  to  say  I  think 
ciiown.  I  was  th' refore 
I  that  e!fg  nt  collection 
1,  havr  wifhed,  that  you 
m.'noe:  ;  as  it  may  by 
,  am  or.vinceJ  T0a)0ur- 
iiijjalic  ifsidi'i'.y  in  bu^i- 
[)  1  air  csrcaiii  he  can  we^l 
ii.  -e   .■^j•-•ct. 

:s'  .1  Siiig'c  hint,  which  I 
t  W  it,  and  useful  to  the 
.  fccmc  riic  articles  in  the 
rily  preserve  themselves 
Es  a  <.(iliectioiimu>Tkome- 
es  )it  .  urioiis  la  foie  gn 
leie: — when  any  ot'ihise 
eajily  spnrd  sent  to  Mr 
lis.  coUectioi  vv.thour  ex- 
l^e  public,  what  would  u- 

AORKS  OF  NaTURI*. 

?/  ftr  hh  ccrrection  It  « 
fiVi  "w/.  5  ciigi't  to  sfort  tbtlr 
tc  emclumnKt. 


00. 


THE  BEE, 


OR 


IITERARY  WEEKLY  INTELLIGENCER, 


W«DH1SDAY,  August  29.  1791. 


SPANISH  RAM. 

Spain  has,  for  about  an  hundred  years  past,  supplied 
Britain,  and  the  gteatest  part  of  Eurtjpe,  with  fine 
cloathing  wool,  without  so  much  as  an  attempt  hav- 
ing been  made,  in  that  time,  to  regain  this  once  staple 
commodity  of  this  island.  Of  late,  by  the  patriotic 
exertions  of  Sir  John  Sinclair,  a  society  has  been  cs- 
tablifhed  for  endeavouring  to  regain  the  commerce 
of  fine  cloathing  wool  to  Britain.  And  their  cxcr- 
VOL.  X.  <L<L  ^ 


mm 


306  on  Spanijhjheep,  Aug.  19. 

tions  have  been  crowned  with  greater  succefs  than 
there  was  any  reason  to  expect.  Wool,  under  the  pa- 
tronage of  that  societj,  has  been  already  reared  of  so 
fine  a  staple  as  to  be  made  into  superfine  cloth  of  the 
best  quality  ;  and  there  ig  every  reason  to  believe, 
that  wool  of  a  much  fine-  ^uality  than  has  hitherto 
been  here  produced,  will  be  obtained  by  a  continued 
attention  to  this  important  oject. 

It  was  one  of  the  first  objects  of  the  attention  of  the 
society,  to  obtain  some  of  the  best  breeds  of  flieep 
that  are  known  on  the  globe  ;  and  among  these  the 
Spanifli  breed  was  one  of  the  chief.  By  the  obliging 
liberality  of  M.  d^Auhenton  in  Franr  •,  c:ome  flieep  of 
the  Spanifli  breed  that  had  bi«fer  'ft,:^-'^?  in  France 
were  obtained.  Our  gracious  sovtreign  himself,  who 
has  far  some  years  past  propagated  the  Spanifli  race 
of  flieep  in  England,  has,  with  the  most  obliging  con- 
descension, presented  the  society  with  a  Spanifli 
ram  ;  and,  from  the  liberality  of  Lord  Sheffield,  they 
have  obtained  a  considerable  number  of  a  mixed 
breed  from  South  Down  ewes  crofeed  with  a  Spanifli 
ram.  The  wool  of  all  these  fliee;»  has  evidently  not 
grown  worse  since  they  came  into  the  pofsefsion  of 
the  society ;  and  it  is  the  opinion  of  the  best  judges 
who  have  examined  it,  that  it  is  both  finer  and  softer 
than  before  :  but  of  this  we  have  not  yet  unequivo- 
cal proofs. 

Measures  have  been  adopted  for  obtaining  b.  f.  f 
the  finest  flieep  of  the  Spanifli  breed.  Am;  :.  . 
ciety  have  reason  to  believe,  that  some  -of  the  Thilit  ■: 
breed  of  flieep  are  now  on  their  pafsage  from  India. 


Aug.  29. 
:er  succefs  than 
ol,  under  the  pa. 
:ady  reared  of  so 
rfine  cloth  of  the 
ison  to  believe, 
lan  has  hitherto 
d  by  a  continued 

e  attention  of  the 
breeds  of  flieep 
imong  these  the 
By  the  obliging 
•.  ':ome  flieep  of 
«-:■'■  in  France 
ign  himself,  who 
the  Spanifli  race 
ost  obliging  con- 
wlth  a  Spaiiifli 
■d  Sheffield,  they 
ber  of  a  mixed 
ed  withaSpaniih 
las  evidently  not 
the  pofsefsion  of 
f  the  best  judges 
I  finer  and  softer 
it  yet  unequiva- 

staining  !><  rv;  jf 
d.  Ani;  c .  -<^ 
lie  -of  the  Thilit  i 
ige  from  India. 


r79l.  grammatical  disquisittofit.  307 

In  the  mean  while,  to  satisfy  the  curiosity  of  the 
public,  the  portrait  of  a  Spanifti  ram  h  given  above. 
The  horns  are  the  most  striking  peculiarity  of  this 
breed  of  fheep,  which  are  very  faithfully  represented 
in  the  plate.  The  remarkable  clofsnefs  of  the  fleece, 
which  is  peculiarly  striking  to  those  who  have  seen 
them,  though  not  so  obvious  from  the  drawing,  is  the 
next  and  most  valuable  peculiarity  of  this  breed.  The 
iheep  are,  in  other  respects,  firm  and  healthy.  The 
other  peculiars  of  the  breed  will  be  best  known 
by  the  following  comparative  trials  made  by  Arthur 
Young,  esq;  who  also  obtained  a  ram  in  a  presenfr 
from  his  majesty. 


Account  of  Don,  a  Merino  ram,  extracted  from  the 

Annals  of  Agriculture. 
"  How  many  millions  of  men  are  there  that  would 
smile,  if  I  were  to  mention  the  sovereign  of  a  great 
empire,  giving  a  ram  to  a  farmer,  as  an  event  that^ 
merited  the  attention  of  mankind  !  The  world  is  full 
of  those  who  consider  military  glory  as  the  proper 
object   of  the  ambition  of  monarchs  ;  who  measure 
regal  merit  by  the  millions  that  arc  slaughtered  ;  by 
the  public  robery  and  plunder,  that  are  dignified  by 
the  titles  of  victory  and  conquest  ;   and  who  look 
down  on  every  exertion  of  peace  and   tianquillity  aS' 
unbecoming  those  who  aim  at  the  epithet  great,  and 
unworthy  the  aim  of  men  that  are  bom  the  masters^ 
of  the  globe. 

"  My  ideas  are  cast  in  a  very  different  moulS  ;  and; 
I'  believe  the  period  is  advancing,  with  accelerated. 


3o8  en  SpanUbJhtep.  Aug.  19^, 

pace,  that  fhall  exhibit  characters  in  a  light  totally 
new  ;  that  (hall  rather  brand  than  exalt  the  virtues 
hitherto  admired  \  that  ihall  place  in  the  full  blaze 
of  meridian  lustre,  actions  lost  on  the  mafs  of  man- 
kind ;  that  fhall  pay  more  homage  to  the  memory  of 
a  prince  that  gave  a  ram  to  a  farmer,  than  for  wield- 
ing the  sceptre — obeyed  alike  on  the  Ganges  aii^ 
the  Thames. 

"  I  fhall  presume  to.  offer  but  one  other  general  ob- 
servation : — when  we  see  his  majesty  practising 
hufbandry  with  that  warmth  that  marks  a  favourite 
pursuit  ; — and  taking  such  steps  to  diffuse  a  foreign 
breed  of  fheep,  well  calculated  to  improve  those  or 
his  kmgdons  ; — when  we  see  the  royal  pursuits  takfr 
such  a  direction,  we  may  safely  conclude,  that  the 
public  measures  which,  in  certain  instances,  have 
lieen  so  hostile  to  the  agriculture  of  this  country, 
have  nothing  in  common  with  the  opinions  of  our 
gracious  sovereign  :  such  measures  are  the  work  of 
men,  who  never  felt  for  hufbandry  ;  who  never  prac*^ 
tised  ;  who  never  loved  it : — it  is  not  such  men  that 
give  cams  to  farmers. 


Meaiure  of  the  rtyal  rant: 

Girt, 

I  at  chine, 

-i^—  of  netk, 

ef  leg, 

Thicknefs, 


— — at  chine. 

Length  of  carcase, 
•~-—  of  neck. 


42  inches^ 

20 

4* 
II 

9 
J 


Aug.  19^, 
I  light  totally 
lit  the  virtues 
the  full  blaze 
mafs  of  man- 
he  memory  of 
han  for  wield- 
I  Gauges  aji^ 

:r  general  ob  - 
rr  practising 
ts  a  favourite 
use  a  foreign 
rove  those  or 

pursuits  take 
ude,  that  the 
stances,  have 
this  country,, 
inions  of  our 

the  work  of 
o  never  prac>^ 
uch  men  that 


hcsw 


1792.  on  Spatiijh  Jheep.  3C9 

Breadth  of  loin,        -        6  inches. 
Weight,         -         -       91  lb. 

"The  thicknefs,  bardnefs,  and  closenefs  of  his  coat, 
are  singular  ;  the  colour  to  the  eye  very  dark,  dirty, 
and  even  blackiih,  arising  from  that  superior  degree 
of  closenefs  ;  but  when  opened,  for  examining  the 
wool,  the  extreme  beauty  of  the  staple  is  at  once  ap- 
parent. The  fibre  fine ;  twisted  ;  full  of  that  yel- 
lowifti  waxey  grease,  that  distinguiflics  the  Spanifh 
fleeces  ;  the  flsin  oily  to  an  extraordinary  degree. 

"  In  regard  to  the  thriving  quality  of  this  breed,  it 
is  a  point  of  such  importance,  that  I  was  anxious  to 
ascertain  ic :  of  the  wool,  none  could  have  any  doubt  j 
but  from  certain  points,  which  predominate  in  Spa- 
nifli  Iheep,  this  was  certainly  a  question.  I  had  it 
not  in  my  power  to  make  a  trial  absolutely  complete  ; 
but  1  formed  a  comparison,  the  result  of  which  fol- 
lows:— I  tied  him  up  in  stalls  during  a  part  of  the 
winter,  and  the  rest  of  it  he  was  in  the  field,  fed  ex- 
actly (during  the  whole)  as  other  rams  that  were 
compared  with  him.  In  stalls,  he  beat  the  Norfolk 
breed. 
No.  I.  Dec.  31,  Don  weighed         -  841b.. 

2.  A  ram  \  South  Down,  \ 

Norfolk,  i  Bake  well,      -     141 

3.  A  South  Down,  from  Mr 

£llman,  -  .         136  Ib.^ 

These  were   fed  abroad  together  till  March  aothy 
when  tliey  weighed 

No.  lb.  Gaia 

It  100  i5 

9»  Z48  7 

3»  »44  » 


310  an  Spanijh  Jbttp.  Aug.  If),- 

"  This  was  a  superiority,  which,  I  confefs,  I  did 
not  dream  of.-^The  comparison  is  not  exact,  because 
the  ages  are  not  the  same.  No.  i,  has  eight  broad 
teeth;  No.  2,  has  six;  and  No.  3,  has  only  four': 
but  it  seems  to  imply,  that  this  ram  is  of  a  thriving 
race. 

"  Another  comparison  of  ram  hoggets,  proved  fa- 
vourable to  the  Spani(h  blood. 


No. 

1,  Half  South  Down,  1  Bake- 
well,  and  ^  Norfolk, 
a.  Ditto, 

3,  h  South  Down,   4  Spanifii, 
J  Ryeland, 

4,  Ditto,  a  late  lamb, 

5,  Seven    whole    bred    South 
Down ;  average  weight, 


Jan. 
'4- 

Vq. 

J,in 
3'- 

lb. 

Mar. 
20. 

ib. 

97 
99 

94 
102 

82 

100 

99 

37 

104 
50 

108 

48 

80 

81 

94 

lb. 
o 
I> 

9 
II 

14 


"  Itjhould  seem,{rom  this,  and  various  other  trials, 
that  so  small  an  addition  as  one-fourth  of  Norfolk 
blood  does  a  marked  and  efsential  mischief.  Of 
these.  No.  4  much  exceeds  the  rest,  a  fheep  of  37  lb. 
gaining  11  lb.  is  in  the  proportion  231b.  gain  by  one 
of  So  Ib.  instead  of  which  it  is  only  14  lb. 

"  Speaking  generally,  1  believe  the  Spaniih  blood 
will  be  found  to  have  a  good  disposition  to  fatten  ; 
if  not  in  the  same  clafs  as  some  of  our  long  woolled 
breeds,  at  least  much  superior  to  some  of  our'fine 
woolled  ones. 

"  I  put  him  to  forty  of  my  finest  woolled  South 
Down  ewes,  and  therefore  may  expect  to  breed  some 


Aug.  %<).- 

I  confefs,  I  did 

Dt  exact,  because 

has  eight  broad 

has  only  four': 

is  of  a  thriving 

ggets,  proved  fa* 


lb. 

o 

II 
14 


rious  other  trials, 
mrth  of  Norfolk 
il  mischief.      Of 

a  flieep  of  37  lb. 
;3lb.  gain  by  one 
14  lb. 

the  Spaniih  blood 
isition  to  fatten  ; 
our  long  woolled 

some  of  our'fine 

St  woolled  South 
ect  to  breed  some 


J.m 
3'- 

Mar. 
20 

lb. 

94 
102 

ib. 

82 

100 

104 
50 

108 
48 

81 

94 

1792.  grammatical  iisquisitiom,  3 1 1 

rams  well  adapted  for  propagating  fine  wool,  and  some 
ewe  which,  covered  two  years  hence  by  Don,  will 
give  me  a  yet  nearer  approximation.  A.  Y. 


GRAMMATICAL  DISQUISITIONS. 
Continued  from  p.  245. 
On  the  supposed  Engl'tjh genitive  case. 
Lanouage,  in  whatever  way  the  idea  of  it  was  first 
communicated  to  man,  has  evidently  been  modelled 
by  him,  so  as  to  suit  his  circumstances.  Necefsity 
has  often  whetted  his  invention,  and  given  rise  to 
new  words,  as  new  ideas  dawned  upon  the  mind  ;  in 
the  choice  of  which  words,  chance,  rather  than  philo- 
sophical principles,  has  influenced  him.  In  all  situa- 
tions he  must  have  felt  a  great  want  of  words,  which 
might  be  employed  as  names  to  distinguifli  the  vari- 
ous objects  of  perception,  for  the  want  of  which  he 
would  be  forced  to  adopt  many  contrivances  to  afsist 
him  in  conversation.  To  develope  all  these  contri- 
vances would  aflTord  matter  of  curious  speculation; 
but  this  is  beside  our  present  purpose. 

Particular  words,  appropriated  as  the  name  of  ge- 
neral clafses  of  objects,  would  be  adopted  at  an  early 
period  :  and  we  find  such  terms  in  all  languages  that 
have  hitherto  been  discovered.  Such  as  animal,  ve- 
getable, &c. 

Names  also,  at  an  early  period,  would  be  afsigned 
to  the  greater  subdivisions  of  these  clafses,  as  »w«, 
horse,  tree,  plant,  &c. 

Individuals  also,  among  such  of  those  clafses  as 
were  most  under  the  eye  of  man,  would  obtain  parti- 


3t2  grammatical  disquisitioHt.  Aug.  29. 

cular  appropriated  iianics,   as    Casar,  Pompey,  JleX' 
ander.     In  bestowing  which  names  men  would  some- 
times be  influenced  by  chance   or  accidental  circum- 
stances ;  though  we  know  that  these  names  were  fre- 
quently compounded  of  distinct  words,  which   had 
originally  a  reference  to  the  powers  or  appearance  of 
the  object  to  whicli  they  were  applietl,  though  they 
were  afterwards  used  without  any  reference  to  these 
appearances ;  as  red-bead,  bare-foot,  bairn' s-fatber,  &c. 
But  as  the  diversity   of  individual  objects  is  so 
great,  that  no  man  can  know  them  all  by  name  ;  or, 
if  he  liimself  did  know  them,  could  he  make  others 
know  at  first  sight,  the  name  by  which  each  particu- 
lar  object  had  been   distinguirtied,  among  different 
clafses  of  men,  it  must  frequently  happen,  that  ob- 
jects will  occur,   with  whose  appropriated  name  a 
man  is  entirely  unacquainted.     When  such  a  case  oc- 
curred, what  would  he  do  ?    He  would  naturally  first 
refer  it  to  that   general  clafs  of  objects   to  which  it 
obviously  belonged,   and   then  would  have  recourse 
to  description  to  supply  the  want  of  an  appropriated 
name.     Let  us  suppose,  for  example,  that  a  man  had 
seen  an  ox  for  the  first  time,  he  would  naturally  say 
to  another,  I  saw  a  large   animal  witb  four  legs,  and 
two  horns,  and  so  on,  till  lie  had  finiflied  the  descrip- 
tion in  the  best  way  he  could. 

But  as  this  mode  of  communicating  ideas  is  bolh 
tedious  and  troublesome,  he  would  have  recourse  to 
some  contrivance  to  avoid  these  difiicultles,  and  fliort- 
en  his  nomenclature  ;  and  with  this  view  would  lay 
hold  of  such  particulars  as  accident,  or  the  circum- 
stances in  which  he  found  himself  placed,  first  sug- 
gested to  him. 


tt.  ylug.  29. 
•,  Potnpey,  Jlex- 
nen  would  some- 
:idental  circum- 

names  were  fre- 
)rds,  which  had 
or  appearance  of 
ed,  though  they 
eference  to  these 
lirn's-fathery  &c. 
lal  objects  is  so 
all  bj  name  ;  or, 

he  make  others 
ich  each  particu- 

among  diiTerent 
happen,  that  ob- 
ropriated  name  a 
en  such  a  case  oc- 
uld  naturally  first 
jects  to  which  it 
aid  have  recourse 
f  an  appropriated 
e,  that  a  man  had 
luld  naturally  say 
nth  four  legs,  and 
liflied  the  descrip- 

ing  ideas  is  both 
1  have  recourse  to 
licul ties,  and  fliort- 
is  view  would  lay 
It,  or  the  circum- 
f  placed,  first  sug- 


15 9>'  grammatical  disquisitions.  313 

Among  these  peculiarities,  the  circumstances  that 
denoted  relation,  or  necefsary  connection,  between  one 
object  and  another,  would  be  soon  observed,  and 
would  afford  a  hint  for  forming  a  general  clafs  of 
words,  that  might  be  employed  for  this  purpose.  In 
9.  civilized  country,  as  soon  as  an  idea  of  property 
begins  to  prevail,  it  will  naturally  occur  to  every 
one  on  seeing  any  un  novn  object,  that  it  must  in 
general  belong  to,  or  be  appropriated  to  the  use  of 
some  person  :  and,  as  we  '  ave  bestowed  such  a  par- 
ticular attention  to  man,  as  to  confer  an  appropriated 
name  upon  cacli  individual,  we  naturally  make  use 
of  that  proper  name  to  -er  e  as  a  help  for  identify- 
ing those  objects  that  peculiarly  belong  to  him. 
Thus,  for  example,  I  see  a  house  for  the  first  time ; 
and  as  I  know  that  liouse  must  have  an  owner,  or 
an  occupier,  I  enquire  who  that  owner  is,  and  upon 
being  answered,  John  or  Wiliiam,  I  lay  hold  of  that 
circumstance  to  distinguifli  it  from  others,  and  ever 
afterwards  call  it  yoA«'j  or  f^7//;flOT'j  AoKJf. 

In  like  manner,  as  every  whole  must  consist  of 
parts,  by  referring  that  particular  member  of  any 
body  we  wilh  to  identify  to  the  whole,  of  which  it 
forms  a  constituent  part,  we  can  readily  distinguifli 
it  from  other  members  of  the  same  kind,  as  a  horse^s 
hoof,  •3,fheep''s  foot,  a  bullock's  head,  and  so  en  :  or 
still  more  particularly,  James's  band,  George's  head, 

&c. 

The  above  examples  furnilh  us  with  one  instance, 
out  of  many  thousands  that  might  be  produced,  of 
the  (hifts  that  mankind  have  been  obliged  to  adopt, 
in  forming  languages,  by  stretching  general  prin- 

VOL.  X.  R  R  * 


mm 


314  grammatical  Msquisitiotts.  Au^.  3^ 

ciples,  so  as  to  make  them  comprehend  several  col- 
lateral ideas  without  altering  the  form  of  the  vnrds 
employed.  Thus,  if  we  were  to  suppose  that  pro- 
perty was  the  idea  that  first  gave  rise  to  that  varia- 
tion of  nou".,  denoted  by  the  addition  of  an  apostro- 
phised 'j,  it  has  been  found  so  convenient  as  to  give 
rise  to  its  being  extended  to  denote  pofipfsion  also  ; 
for  we  equally  denote  a  particular  house  in  this  man- 
ner by  the  name  of  the  pofsefsor  or  the  pfopnetor. 
In  like  manner  it  hn. .  been  extended  to  denote  totality, 
when  considered  with  relation  to  the  parts  of  which 
it  consists.  We  even  j^o  farther,  and  make  the 
same  inflection  denote  nciiiier  pofsefsion,  nor  property  ^ 
nor  totality^  as  above  defincil,  Uat  a  sort  of  a  compli- 
mentary relation,  for  which  I  do  not  know  any  ap- 
propriated name.  Thus,  St  Ani'rews  Square  does 
not  imply  that  the  square  is  either  the  property  of 
St  Andrew,  or  is  po/se/red  by  him,  but  merely  that, 
in  honour  of  that  saint,  it  is  called  after  his  name. 
This  particular  variation  of  nouns,  does  not  thcreibre 
In  all  cases  denote  po/se/ston,  as  has  been  alleged  by 
some  eminent  grammarians,  but  exprefses  many  dif- 
ferent relations,  all  of  which  it  would  be  tedious  to 
enumerate,  tut  all  tending  to  the  same  purpose,  that 
af  identifying  a  particular  object ;  other  circumstances, 
about  which  I  at  present  enquire  not,  have  been  laid 
.'hold  of,  and  employed  for  the  same  purpose. 

Such,  then,  is  the  origin  and  use  of  this  clafs  of 
-ii^ords,  about  whicl^  grammarians  have  hitherto  been 
so  much  puzzled.  These  words  evidently  all  bc- 
Ibng  to  that  clafs  which  Harris  has,  with. great  pro- 
priety, called  definitives.     Of  these,  a  small  number 


\  Aug.  a^ 
:nd  several  col- 
li of  the  v'ords 
pose  that  pro- 
:  to  that  varia- 
n  of  an  apostro> 
lient  as  to  give 
pofiffsion  also ; 
use  in  this  man- 
the  pfxprietor. 
>  denote  totality, 
parts  of  which 
and  make  the 
n,  nor  property  f 
ort  of  a  coinpli- 
t  know  any  ap- 
ws  Square  does 
the  property  of 
ut  merely  that, 
ifter  his  name, 
es  not  therefore 
been  alleged  by 
efses  many  dif- 
i  be  tedious  to 
le  purpose,  tlwt 
■  circuinstances, 
have  been  laid 
urpose. 

of  this  clafs  of 
e  hitherto  been 
idently  all  be- 
vith. great  pro- 
i  small  number 


'791'  gramtnatical  disquisitions.  315 

have  bc-n  separated  from  other  words,  and  clafsed 
by  themselves,  in  modern  languages,  under  the  name 
of  articles  ;  but  a  much  greater  number  of  thcni 
have  been  puflied  into  other  clafses,  without  order  or 
discretion,  which  has  occasioned  a  confusion  in  gram- 
mer  that  requires  to  be  rectified. 

Definitives,  as  their  name  importfp,  ore  all  such 
words  as,  without  conveying  an  idea  of  any  peculiarity 
inherent  in  the  object  itself,  to  which  they  refer,  serre 
merely  to  separate  itfrovi  others  0/  the  tame  kind,  so 
as  to  distinguijb  it  from  them. 

The  words  of  course  can  only  re'er  to  nouns; 
and  80  intimate  is  their  connection  with  that  clafs  or 
words,  tliat  they  can  on  no  occasion  appear  in  lan- 
guage without  a  noun,  whose  more  general  meaning 
they  serve  to  limit  and  defne  ;  and  so  intimately  do 
they  unite  with  that  noun,  as  both  together  to  stand 
only  as  one  proper  name. 

Definitives,  considered  as  a  distinct  clafs  of  words, 
are  formed  by  derivation  from  words  of  almost  eve- 
ry other  clafs  :  from  nouns,  pronouns,  adject ives^ 
verbs,  sometimes  with,  and  sometiin-js  without  any 
variation  of  the  original  word*. 

They  are,  Wi  all  languages,  a  very  numerous  clafs 
of  words,  and  of  very  common  use  ;  every  particular. 

•  Dtfinitivesfrom  nouns,  wkhaUeritinns,  Jamis'i,  H^illiam's,  Datufs 
—without   change,    hand-pin-   mill-vhetl,  htnt-null    tniU-horse,  arm-fit,. 
k»ir-kreadtb,  itrato-hrtadtb,    iron-mallet,  fnadtr-l.iirn,   wttel-iarmv  l—- 
■  [torn  fWtioiini,m^,  thy,  our, ycur,ti!,ber    iit,  tlcir,  &c.j — fV;.Ti    adjec- 
tive!, red'biady  griy-bcard,  j^rtai-bank,   trucirati^ — i'.om  verbi,  mek*  ir 
ffUk'CT,  turH'tr,  iak'tr. 


3i6  grammatical  disquisitions.  jluf^.  i^. 

language  having  its  own  mode  of  derivation,  and  of 
compounding  them  with  other  words. 

It  has  been  already  Ihown  how  it  happens  that  de- 
finitives, under  that  form  which  has  been  called  ge- 
nitives, are  naturally  derived  from  all  nouns  which 
dt  note  corporal  substances,  or  beings  pofsefsing  sen- 
sible qualities ;  because  all  these  may  be  conceived 
either  as  belonging  to  some  individual,  or  as  being 
affected  in  some  sensible  manner,  either  in  whole,  or 
in  part :  but  with  regard  to  intellectual  existences, 
or  those  object*  of  which  we  form  an  idea  only  in  tb'c 
abstract,  we  find  no  particular  on  which  we  can  lay 
hold,  'from  which  a  definitive  might  be  formed. 
Such  nouns,  therefore,  though,  like  others,  they  ad- 
mitof  a  regular  genitive  case,  arcording  to  the  ana^ 
logy  of  the  language  to  which  •'  belong,  do  not 
admit  of  that   particular   infle  hich   has  been- 

called  the  Englifh  genitive.  That  this  is  the  real 
cause  of  the  exception  taken  notice  of  In  the  begin- 
ning ot  this  tfsay  with  regard  to  abstract  nouns,  and 
not,  as  some  imagine,  the  harfb  sound  of  the  apos- 
trophized ^j,  is  evident  when  we  advert  that  the  word 
Jameses  is  as  harfb  as  conscience's,  and  more  so  than 
enticement\t,  urrangiment's  ;  though  the  first  is  com- 
mon,  and  the  last  never  permitted  in  our  language. 

The  limits  to  which  I  must  here  confine  myself,  Ao 
not  permit  mc  to  iirtce  this  numerous  clafs  of  words 
through  ail  their  divarications,  or  to  give  even  an 
idea  of  tht  different  ways  in  which  they  may  be  em- 
ployed in  forming  compound  nouns.  They  on  some 
occasions  so  intimately   coalesce,   and  form  so  com- 


f .  Aug.  2  (J. 

rivation,  and  of 

lappcns  that  de- 
been  calUd  ge- 
ill  nouns  which 
pofsefsing  stn- 
\y    be  coiiceired 
,al,  or  as  being 
(ler  in  whole,  or 
tual  existences, 
idea  only  in  the 
hich  we  can  lay 
;ht  be    formed, 
others,  they  ad- 
iing  to  the  an?- 
belong,    do  not 
'hich   has  been- 
this   is  the   real 
if  in  the   begin- 
tract  nouns,  and 
and  of  the  apos- 
rt  that  the  word 
id  more  so  than 
the  first  is  com- 
our  language, 
jnfine  myself,  do 
s  clafs  of  words 
0   give  even  an 
ley  may  be  em- 
They  on  some 
d  form  so  com- 


1791,  grammatical  (Inquisitions.  3 '  7 

pact  a  word  as  not  to  be  distinguilliable  from  an  un- 
compounded  noun.  In  procefs  of  time,  the  iilea 
which  gave  rise  to. their  original  composition  being 
lost,  the  name  of  the  object  only  which  the  word 
stands  for,  comes  to  be  attended  to,  and  it  is  then  em- 
ployed as  a  simple  word  in  forming  new  compounds. 
A  noted  instance  of  this  kind  occurs  in  tlie  word 
midwife,  from  which  is  derived  the  singular  com- 
pound man-midwife.  Doomsday-book,  and  pocket- 
handkerchief,    belong  to  the  same   clafs. 

I  (hall  only  farther  observe,  in  regard-  to  the  use 
of  this  clafs  of  words  in  compound,  g  others,  that  all 
our  patronimic  names,  are  formed  by  their  afsistance  ; 
such  as  IVi/iiumson,  Johnson,  Davidson,  in  Englifli. 
Tlie  same  may  be  said  of  the  Irifti  Vac'j  and  O'j,  the 
Welch  Up^s,  and  the  De^s  in  French  and  modern  La- 
tin. To  which  may  be  added  the  names  of  places 
ending  in  burgh,  hill,  ford,  burn,  dam,  dike,  haven, 
mouth,  and  many  others  which  it  would  be  tedious 
to  enumerate. 

For  the  distinction  between  this  clafs  of  words  and 
adjectives,  which  in  some  particulars  they  so  nearly 
resemble  ;  for  the  rules  that  have  been  observed  in 
regard  to  their  derivation  }  the  modes  that  have  been 
adopted  in  respect  of  their  composition  with  other 
words ;  and  other  particulars  relating  to  them,  I  must 
leave  these  to  be  ascertained  by  others  who  have 
talents  better  adapted  to  such  investigations,  and  who 
have  better  opportunities  of  prosecuting  such  studies 
than  myself:  and  will  be  happy  if  these  cursory 
hiats  fhaJl  have  a  tendency  to  induce  some  one  better 


jlS  grammatical  dhquisitioni.  -^ug:  294 

qualified   than  I    am  to  undertake  the  talk,  which 
they  will  find  notlefs  entertaining  than  instructive*. 

•  This  efsay  having  been  read  in  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh,  a  ve- 
ry imperfect  abstract  of  it  was  given  in  the  firjt  volume  of  thejse  transac- 
tions, which  called  forth  the  following  critique  from  the  reviewer,  in  the 
Gentleman''!  Magazine  for  June  1788.  April  19.  Dr  Jame»  Anderson 
read  observations  on  a  peculiarity  in  the  Englifh  language,  usually  called 
ehe  genitive  case.  He  is  of  opinion,  "  that  the  Englith  noun  admits  of 
"  no  inflection  by  cases,  and  therefore  that  the  term-  genitive  is  impro- 
•'  per."  He  contends,  that  "  the  addition  of  the  letter  'j,  with  an  apos- 
•'  trophe  to  a  noun,  as  John'i  ttaff,  is  not  an  inflec'ion  of  the  noun,  and 
"  therefore  cannot  be  termed  a  case."  He  attirmt,  that  "  when  a 
«•  noun  undergoes  a  change  of  this -sort,  it  ceases  to  be  itself  a  noun^  and' 
««  becomes  immediately  a  definitive." 

"  If,"  adds  this  elegant  critic,  "  this  be  be  not  absurd,  it  has  much  the- 
appeara.ice  of  absurdity;    and  we  woald   advise  Dr  Andersen,  before  he 
ventures   again  to  read  any  thing  in  the  society,  about  nouns  cuting  to  he 
ncuns,  and  bicmkg  definitive,  to   pursue  with   attention,  the  dhersims  »f ' 
furliy"  Sec. 

Perhaps  ifDr  Anderson  advised  this  profound  critic^  before  he  agiin 
ventured  to  criticise  works  of  this  nature,  to  have  recourse  to  his  gram- 
mar, or  any  common  dictionary,  he  would  make  a  very  proper  returnj 
for  he  will  there  find,  that,  so  far  is  it  a  wonderful  case,  that  a  noun,  by  a 
slight  variation,  ceasis  to  it  a  nsun,  and  ranges  under  stmt  ctber  fart  of  sftetk, 
that  he  can  scarcely  read  a  sentence  in  which  something  of  that  kind  does 
not  occur.  And  the  same  thing  happens  with  regard  to  verbs  and  adjec- 
tlives.  Ift  vwll  admit  that  jfifir  is  a  noun  j— he  cannot  deny  x.\i%\.  fiighty 
's  the  samenoun.  with  a  small  variation; — but  this  he  will  find  by  his  dic- 
tionary is  no  longer  accounted  a  noun,  but  an  adjective.  The  same  adjK- 
nV«,by  another  slight  variation  into  flightinefs,  ceases  once  moreto  b«-.m  ad* 
jeetht,  and  becomes  again  a  otiw.  Such  mutations  in  grammar  are  so  com-  - 
mon,  as  to  be  familiar  with  everyTyro  in  grammatical  rudiments.  Sometimes 
these  mutations  ate  made  without  any  change  of  letters ;  as  haste  a  nouxf 
to  make  haste,  a 'yrrA;  as  also  from  the  same  root,  hastily,  advert  i 
hasty,  adjective',  hastinefs,  tiitract  mmt.  Examples  of  this  sort  might 
be  multiplied  virithout  end.  Where  then  is- the  absurdity  of  saying  that 
the  same  thing  may  take  place  in  the  formwion  of  definitives  as  takea 
place  in  regard  to  verbs,  adjectives,  adverbs,  and  nouns?  there  surely 
would  be  no  impropriety  in  saying,  indifferently,  either  this  is  an  aiiurd 
critic  ;  or  he  writes  aisurJly ;  or  he  uttera  an  absurdity ;  in  which  case 
the  same  word  absurd,  v»ith  very  slight  variatioas,  is  made  to  stand  as  aa 
adjfdive,  an  adverb,  and  a  »»»»• 


Aug.  2(}i 

the  taik,  which 
tian  instructive*. 

ty  of  Edinburgh,  a  ve^ 
roltime  of  th«ue  transac- 
om  the  reviewer,  in  the 
9.  Dr  Jamet  Anderson 
anguage,  usu<illy  called 
EngUni  noun  admits  of 
lerm-  genitive  is  impro- 
:  letter  'i,  with  an  apos- 
ec  ion  of  the  noun,  and 
liirmt,  tiut  "  when  a 
to  be  itself  a  noun^  and' 

.ibsurd,  it  has  much  the- 
Dr  Andersen,  before  he 
)hi>ut  mum  cutting  to  be 
cncion,  the  diver sinu  of ' 

criticj  before  he  agiin 
It  recourse  to  his  grjm- 
e  a  very  proper  returnj 
il  case,  that  a  «our,,  by  a 
itrnt  clbt}  fart  tf  spteih^ 
ething  of  that  kind  does 
'gard  to  verbs  and  adjec- 

caanotdeny  xhnt^igbiy 
3  he  will  find  by  his  dic- 
:ctive.  The  umeadjei-- 
its  once  more  to  be.in  «/-> 
in  grammar  are  so  com-  - 
al  rudiments.  Sometimes 
letters ;  as  haste  a  muKf 

root,  hastily,  adverb  j 
spies  of  thi*  sort  might 
absurdity  of  saying;  tliat 
1  of  defiilitlvcs  as  takes 
nd  nouns  ?   there  surely 

eithrr  thi«  is  an  abmrd 
abturdity ;  in  which  case 
),  is  made  to  stand  as  aa 


ON  REVENUE  LAWS. 

Continued  ffom  fi.6t. 

Sir,  To  the  Editor  of  the  Bet. 

In  my  last  paper  I  pointed  out,  in  some  degree,  the 
evils  accruing  to  the  community  from  importation 
smuggling,  which  has  been  found  to  be  an  insepa- 
rable attendant  on  high  dutifs.  The  eiFects  that 
these  produce  on  the  revenue  jf  government,  and  the 
expediency,  in  that  respect,  of  reducing  them,  come 
now  under  consideration. 

High  taxes  produce  smuggling,  in  a  degree  of  com- 
parison, much  above  the  rates  of  the  duties  :  for  in- 
stance, if  a  duty,  in  one  case,  is  twice  as  -much  as  in 
another,  it  will  produce  a  great  deal  more  thantwica 
Bs  much  smuggling. 

To  illustrate  this  more  fully,  the  following  Ikctch 
-of  the  rilk  in  smuggling  gin,  is  submitted  to  the 
consideration  of  the  reader. 

A  cargo  of  gin  of  500  ankers,  will  cost  at  Flufliing 
about  17  s.  per  anker,  of  the  strength  of  20  per  cent. 
below  Hydrometer  proof,  which  is,    L.  425     0     o 
The  expence  of  freight  of  such  a  cargo, 

will  be  to  the  smuggler,  exclusive  of 

the  rife  of  seizure,  about  75 

Landing  charges,  bribestolabourers,si'r.      30 


o 
0 


Amounting  in  all  to  L.  550     o     o 

The  value  of  the  vefsel  will  be  about       ^00     0     o 


Total  sum  to  be  rifeed 


8jo 


on  revenue  laws.  ^»S-  ^9- 

If  the  duty  on  spirits  was  3  s.  per  gallon,  proof, 
the  current  price  of  Geneva,  legally  imported,  would 
beabout4S./"r  gallon,  of  the  small  strength  ;  of 
course  500  ankers,  of  9*  gallons  each,  if  lawfully 
imported,  would  be  worth         -  L.975     o     o 

But  as  purchasers  of  smuggled  spirits 

run  a  ii(k,  the  smuggler  would  not 

procure  so  mucli ;  there  must  there-      • 

fore  be  deducted  an  allowance  for 

that,  suppose  10  per  cent. 


97  10 


So  the  produce  of  the   cargo  which 

cost,  L.  550  i.         -  -  ^-^^   '°     ° 

Yielding  a  clear  profit,  if  the  cargo  be  clearly 
got  off,  of  L.3a7,  »o^-  ^"^  there  is  L.  800  sub- 
fccted  to  the  rifle  of  seizure  at  sea ;  and  L.  550 
at  ].r.d.  Now,  supposing  this  rilk  to  be  in  the 
proportion  of  two-thirds  at  sea  and  one-tlnrd  at 
land,  which  I  would  apprehend  to  be  about  a  just 
computation,  the  average  sum  hazarded  would  be 
L.  7.7  so  that  the  smuggler  would  save  h.mself  m 
getting  clearly  away  with  z.  cargoes   for  every  one 

he  loses.  , 

The  duty  on  gin  is  at  present  5".  lo^;  P^r 
gallon,  proof;  and  spirits  of  the  strength  mentioned, 
usually  ?o  off,  at  the  Customhouse  sales,  at  about  5  s. 
8d.  per  gallon  ;  and  as  the  p-.rchasers  must  have  a 
good  profit,  in  consideration  of  the  trouble,  time,  and 
intrigue,  employed  about  the  businefs,  1  suppose 
that  smugglers  can  sell  at  the  same  rate  ;  in  which 


yiug.  29. 

er  gallon,  proof, 

imported,  would 

lall  strength  ;  of 

each,  If  lawfully 

L. 975     o     o 
its 
lot 
re- 
for 

97  10     • 

ich 
L.  877  10     o 

irgo  be  clearlj 
re  is  L.  800  sub- 
sea  ;  and  L.  5J0 
(k  to  be  in  the 
aud  one-third  at 
be  about  a  just 
izarded  would  be 
1  save  himself  in 
es  for  every  one 

It  5  s.  lod.  per 
•ength  mentioned, 
sales,  at  about  5  s. 
isers  must  have  a 
rouble,  time,  and 
sinefs,  1  suppose 
i  rate  ;  in  which 


T79S.  »«  revenue  laws^  311 

case,  a  cargo  of  the  above  description  would  bring 

1.1381      J     o 
And  the  cost  the  same  as  before  850     o     o 


So  that,  in  this  case,  there  is  a  profit  of  L. 531     5     o 

With  not  a  farthing  more  rifle  than  in  the  other 
instance  ;  so  that  a  smuggler  now  saves  himself,  if 
he  can  get  clear  away  with  i*  cargoes  for  every  one 
he  loses. 

The  inference  to  be  drawn  from  the  above,  is, 
that  if,  by  their  exertions,  the  servants  of  the 
crown  could  seize  two  vefsels  and  their  cargoes,  out 
of  three  and  one-fourth,  and  no  more,  smuggling 
would  be  entirely  annihilated,  in  the  case  of  the  duty 
being  3  s.  per  gallon  ;  but  in  the  case  of  its  hjing  5  s. 
and  10  d.  as  it  is  at  present,  there  would  be  a  profit 
of  very  nearly  25  per  cent,  on  the  stock  so  em- 
ployed ;  and  the  money,  would  be  turned  over  com- 
pletely in  the  space  01  three  or  four  months. 

This  statement  may  be  erroneous  in  some  parti- 
culars (as  I  am  no  smuggler,)  but  that  the  general 
principle  is  founded  in  truth,  I  do  not  think  will  be 
denied. 

Hence  it  appears  evident  thai  -re  is  a  certain 
rate  at  which  the  duties  ought  to  be  fixed,  in  oidei 
to  prevent  smuggling  ;  and  that  if  they  wcr.  d  at 
thnt  rate,  that  branch  of  trade  would  infallibly  tall 
to  the  ground. 

It  is  very  certain  that  the  duty  is  by  no  means 
low  enough  at  present  to  prevent  smuggling,  unkfs 
we  establilh  yet  more  revenue  cruizers,  excise  of- 
ficers, \Sc.  (with  which  we  are  far  too  much  cloggei 

VOL.  X.  8  S  t 


"«■ 


^i«  M  teifinue  hiifS.  /lug.  If* 

already,)  for  there  are  at  present  lying  in  Leith  har- 
boar,  ten  vefsels  that  have  been  condemned  for  smug- 
gling spirits,  many  of  which  must,  agreeably  to  the 
law,  be  broken  up  and  the  materials  sold.  And  there 
is  scarcely  a  week  pafses  without  a  prize  of  some 
denomination  being  brought  up  by  the  honourable 
captain  Cotihran  of  the  Hind,  captain  Ogilvy  of  the 
Royal  George,  or  captain  Elder  of  -te  Royal  Char- 
lotte, the  laudable  exertions  of  v.  ht  n  I  cannot  re- 
frain from  taking  notice  of  on  this  i/ccasion. 

At  the  same  time  it  must  be  oh^cr/ed,  that  the 
duty  cannot  at  present  be  greatly  abi.ve  the  standard 
atwhich  smuggling,  during  the  prebc  t  e^tabliihmenty 
would  be  thrust  out;  as  the  observ  in  j/ reader  wilt 
remark,  that  a  very  small  sum  in  the  d  ity  makes  a 
very  great  difference  in  the  profits  of  the  smuggler. 
And,  moreover,  I  know  from  ray  personal  informa- 
tion from  smugglers  themselves,  that  it  is  now  what 
is  termed  a  bare  trade,  yielding  little  pay  for  much 
labour,  although  the  great  allurement  held  forth  by 
the  prospect  of  considerable  gain  does  still  keep  it 
up. 

In  fliort  I  am  conBdent  that  if  the  duty  were  re- 
dticed  to  4  s.  8d. />«r  gallon,  which  is  the  present 
duty  on  rum,  all  illicit  trade  in  spirits  worth  no- 
ticing would  fall  to  the  ground. 

This  part  of  the  subject  will  be  continued  in  the 
next  paper  of  Trader  political. 

Lt'nb,  IJ9». 


/lug.  If* 

ig  in  Leith  har- 
aned  for  snuig- 
greeably  to  the 
Id.  And  there 
prize  of  some 
the  honourable 
Ogilvy  of  the 
te  Royal  Char- 
n  I  cannot  re- 
usion. 

T  /ed,  that  the 
ve  the  standard 
t  establifltmenty 
'irij^  reader  will 
e  (litj  makes  » 
:  the  smuggler, 
rsonal  informa- 
it  is  now  what 
pay  for  much 
t  held  forth  by 
:8  still  keep  it 

;  duty  were  re- 
is  the  present 
rits  worth  no- 

•ntinued  in  the 

l£R  FOLITICAJU 


ON  WISDOM  AND  WEALTH,  AN  ALLEGORY. 


O  dea  (erte ! 


ViRG. 


In  the  beginning  of  things,  before  experience  had  in- 
structeu  either  celestial  or  terrestrial  beings  in  the 
consequences  attending  the  indulgence  of  different 
pafsions  and  affections,  a  dispute  arose  for  prece- 
dency between  Wisdom  and  Wealth.  The  contest 
was  to  be  decided  before  the  throne  of  Jupiter, 

In  advancing  to  that  awful  tribunal.  Wealth  was 
the  foremost,  and  afsumed  to  herself  the  right  of 
first  addrefsing  the  god.     She  was  preceded  by  two 
gorgeous  lacqueys,  who  were  known  to  be  Pride  and 
Arrogance  ;  and  was  followed  by  the  revel  rout  of 
noisy   and  tumultuous  Luxury.      She   was   herself 
sumptuously,,  but   not  elegantly    apparelled.     Her 
robes  were  of  cloth  of  gold,  adorned  and  embroidered 
with  a  profusion  of  geuis  and  colours.     She  wore  on 
her  bead  a  most  splendid  tiara,  loaded  with  gold  and 
jewels.     "  I,"  said  fiie,  "  O  !  Jupiter,  have  the  best 
right  to  precedence.     By  me  niun  fhall  enjoy  all  the 
pleasures  of  life.    By  me  he  ftiall  dwell  in  magnificent 
palaces,  be  carried  in   superb  carriages,   be  arrayed 
with  the  finest  raiment,  feed  upon  the  most  dainty 
▼lands,  and  live  upon  earth  even  the  lif^  of  the  gods.. 
Let  me  add,  O  Jupiter  !    that  by   giving  me  prece- 
dence thou  wilt  study  thine  own  interest ;  for  by  me- 
man  (hall  be  enabled  to  do  thee  homage  in  lofty  tem- 
ples and  with  costly  oblations."     She  ceased^  scarce*- 
ly  deigning   to  vield  obeisance,  even  to  him  who  satt 
•n  the  throne  ot  Olympus. 


r 


324  «n  wisdom  and  wealths  Aug.  ic^ 

Meantime  Wisdom  advanced,  arrayed  in  white 
robes,  and  having  over  them  an  azure  mantle,  as  a 
symbol  of  the  consistency  and  permanency  of  her  be- 
nefits. She  wore  a  veil.  Her  approach  was  modest 
and  respectful  to  the  Divinity.  She  was  attended  by 
an  old  man,  whose  hoary  locks  deserved  veneration, 
and  whose  piercing  eye  seemed  as  if  it  would  dart 
its  beams  into  the  darkest  obscurity.  He  was 
known  to  be  Learning,  the  tutor  of  Wisdom,  and  who 
attended  her  at  present  to  support  her  in  her  contest, 
ta  invigorate  her  addrefs,  and  abafli  Wealth  and 
her  vain-glorious  attendants.  "  01  Jupiter,"  said 
Wisdom,  with  composed  but  modest  speech,  "  if  I 
may  trust  the  indications  of  my  own  mind,  and  the 
suggestions  of  this  venerable  sage,  I  fhall  contribute 
largely  to  the  improvement  of  the  human  race.  Of 
their  pleasures  I  make  little  ^couRt ;  but  by  pro- 
moting their  improvement  I  fhall  enlarge  their  hap- 
pinefs.  By  the  invention  of  useful  arts,  I  fball  enable 
them  to  overconae  all  the  difficulties  of  their  condi- 
tion. By  me,  they  flialJ,  with  perfect  security,  tra- 
verse the  billows  of  the  boundlels  deep.  By  me 
they  iball  obtain  tlvat  opulence  which  is  so  much  ex- 
tolled  ;  and  not  only  so,  but  by  roe  alone  they  fhall 
b  able  t(v  enjoy  it.  Without  me,  it  will  be  to  them 
only  a  souice  of  discord,  of  strife,  and  of  anxiety.  By 
nw  too,  though  they  fhould  not  obtain  riches,  they 
will  learn  to  be  happy  without  them.  By  me  they 
fhall  obtain  tranquillity,  peace  of  mind,  and  content- 
ment. By  me  they  Ihall  live  in  friendly  society  ;  and 
by  me  they  fhall  at  length,  arise  to  celestial  mao* 


sions. 


>' 


Aug.  7C^ 

rrayed  in  white 
Lure  mantle,  as  a 
anency  of  her  be- 
oach  was  modest 

was  attended  by 
;rved  veneratioii, 

if  it  would  dart 
iirity.  He  was 
Wisdom,  and  who 
er  in  her  contest, 
afh  Wealth  and 
)  I  Jupiter,"  said 
St  speech,  "  if  I 
'n  mind,  and  the 
I  fhall  contribute 
human  race.  Qf 
mt ;  but  by  pro- 
iilarge  their  hap- 
rts,  I  fhall  enable 
s  of  their  condi- 
"ect  security,  tra- 
fs  deep.  By  me 
:h  is  so  much  ex- 
:  alone  they  fhall 
it  will  be  to  them 
id  of  anxiety,  l^jr 
tain  riches,  they 
m.  By  me  they 
nd,  and  content- 
idly  society  ;  and 
0  celestial  maUc 


1792.  on  the  frt'osperity  of  states.  ^z$ 

Wealth,  during  the  bpevch  of  Wisdom,  felt  herself 
90  much  abalhed,  tliat  ftie  would  have  anticipated  the 
decree  of  Jupiter,  and  retired.  But  by  the  sugges- 
tions of  her  two  menials,  Ihe  afiumed,  in  her  depar- 
ture, an  air  of  pretended  confidence  and  superiority  ; 
and  said,  "  flie  set  no  value  on  the  award  of  Jupiter; 
for  that  by  her  own  means  flie  would  readily  obtain 
from  innumerable  votaries  and  admirers,  sufficient 
superiority." 

The  beams  of  celestial  favour  ifsuing  from  th« 
throne  of  heaven,  in  the  form  of  a  radiant  crowu,  in- 
vested the  head  of  Wisdom. 

JULIAN.K.. 


HINTS  ON  THE  PROSPERITY  OF  STATES. 

It  is  commonly  remarked,  that  "  nothing  permanent- 
ly great  can  be  expected  from  a  nation  enjoying  the 
means,  and  in  the  habits  of  luxury."  Reflecting  on 
this  remark.  I  have  been  led  to  the  following  obser- 
vations. 

Amongst  rude  nations,  even  those  wha  have  lea3t 
of  all  ftiaken  off  their  native  barbarism,  an  attention 
to  the  obligations  of  virtue  is  no  common  qualifica- 
tion. Indeed  it  is  difficult  to  discover  what  virtue 
is  practised  in  uncivilized  states,  or  even  in  those  in 
which  civilization  hath  made  but  small  progrcfu.  A 
promiscuous  commerce  of  the  sexes  obtains  in  unci- 
vilized states  in  general,  and  is  found  in  the  rudest 
nations  which  pretend  to  civilization.  A  free  uae 
of  spirituous  liquors  is  common  to  all  countries 
which  are  acquainted  with  distilling.  Ornaments 
in  drefs  are  more  sought    after  than  even  useful 


3%6  •HtitproiptriiyofstttttJ.       ^iig:  tg* 

coTerlng,  in  nations  of  no  refinement  in  science. 
Honesty  is  not  the  virtue  of  savages,  as  captain  Cook 
hath  ihewn  us,  by  his  observations  on  the  natives  of 
the  South  Sea  islands ;  nor  indeed  can  there  be  any 
honesty  vrbere  the  distinction  of  private  proptrty  is 
not  known.  Let  no  one,  therefore,  when  he  ob- 
serves difsimulation,  intemperance,  and  debauchery, 
in  highly  civilized  nations,  conclude  that  these  are 
all  the  children  of  luxury  and  refinement;  or  believe 
the  descriptions  of  poets,  who  paint  the  manners  of 
rude  nations  free  from  every  taint  of  crime.  Let 
us  inquire  how  luxury,  and  what  degree  of  it^  tends 
to  destroy  the  consequence  of  nations  and  states. 

This  can  only  be  in  the  following  ways  :  First,  by 
totally  debasing  the  moral  principle  ;  or  second,  by 
destroying  the  health,  and  consequently  the  strength 
and  energy  of  men. 

There  are  two  ways  in  which  luxury  tends  to  de- 
base the  moial  principle,  Jirst,  by  the  means  which 
rich  and  luxurious  people  enjoy,  of  corrupting  the 
moral  principle,  by  presenting  temptations  to  men 
which  overcome  their  power  of  resistance.  And,  se- 
conily,  by  the  power  which  riches  give  a  man  of  in- 
dulging every  desire  and  appetite.  But  the  second  of 
these  sources  operates  directly  in  destroying  the 
health,  and  therefore  must  be  considered  under  that 
clafs  which  we  have  before  pointed  out  as  tending  to  • 
destroy  the  energy  of  man. 

The  tendency  of  wealth  to  corrupt  man,  by  bribing 
liim  into  crimes  ;  is  of  the  most  alarming  nature,  and 
threatens  the  ruin  of  kingdoms.  But  this  is  most 
felt  where  wealth,  or  the  mean*  of  luxury,  is  in  few 
hands  ;  and  nations  which  are  enriched  by  coniquest 


atet.       Aug:  T9* 
ment  in  science. 
i,  as  captain  Cook 
on  the  natives  of 
can  there  be  any 
•ivate  proptrty  is 
e,   when   he  ob- 
and  debauchery, 
e  that  these  are 
;ment ;  or  believe 
t  the  manners  of 
it  of  crime.     Let 
legree  of  it^  tends 
IS  and  states. 
;  ways  :    First,  by 
[e  ;  or  second,  by^ 
:ntly  the  strength 

xury  tends  to  de- 
the  means  which 
►f  corrupting  the 
mptations  to  men 
[stance.  And,  se^ 
give  a  man  of  in- 
But  the  second  of 
in  destroying  the 
jidered  under  that 
I  out  as  tending  to  > 

Jt  man,  by  bribing' 
rming  nature,  and 
But  this  is  most 
luxury,  is  in  few 
chcd  by  coni^uest 


T79*i  on  fhe  protpirity  tf  states.  337 

are  most  in  danger  of  experiencing  the  effects  of  this 
evil.  This  application  of  the  means  of  luxury,  ard 
their  being  thus  procured,  and  in  few  hands,  was  tht 
real  cause  of  the  ruin  and  downfall  of  the  Romait 
empire.  Commercial  natiotu  are  not  subject  to  /• 
speedy  a  destruction  from  this  cause  ;  for  commerce 
diffuses  the  means  of  Wealth  into  many  hands,  and  ' 
by  that  means  prevents  the  fatal  influence  of  in<* 
dividuals  of  overgrown  fortune.  Commerce  being 
much  attended  to  by  many,  divides  the  prolit  of  it, 
and  consequently  lefsens  this  effect.  Tt>  England, 
commerce  has  got  the  very  best  tendency  ;  for  the 
lands  are  many  of  them  held  from  the  \oY<h  by  long 
leases ;  and  the  riches  of  commerce  tumbles  the 
tradesman  to  purchase,  and  thus  to  emancipate  him> 
self  and  family ;  and  many  of  the  lands  arc  held, 
frorti  the  feudal  tenure,  by  payment  of  an  arbitrary 
fine  on  the  death  of  lord  and  tenant ;  and  commerce 
enables  the  landholder  to  buy  his  lands  free.  As  the 
means  of  corruption  were  fornfterly,  and  are  greatly 
yet,  in  the  hands  of  the  lords,  commerce  operates  in 
its  effects  as  a  check  to  such  corruption,  as  it  enables 
the  inferior  clafs  to  emancipate  themselves,  and  act 
an  honest  and  independent  part.  The  lordly  fortune*  * 
from  India  indeed,  in  the  hands  of  a  few  individuals, 
are  an  objection  to  this  reasoning  ;  and  it  is  perhaps 
doubtful  whether  this  source  of  luxury  and  corrupt 
tion  be  a  good  to  England. 

I  do  not  consider  the  luxury,  or  rather  the  means 
of  luxury,  of  any  nation  of  Europe,  at  all  threatening 
at  present  in  this  view  of  the  subject.  For  where 
riches  are  in  the  hands  of  a  few,  and  but  a  very  few« 
■the  danger  from  this  quarter  seems  i^reatest. 


3e8  on  th*  prosperity  of  states.  Atig.t^, 

We  are  -low  to  cocis  Jfr  the  second  great  source  of 
injury  from  luxury,  namely,  its  destroying  the 
health  and  energy  of  men.  As  the  danger  is  great- 
er in  the  foi  iner  view  of  the  subject,  when  riches 
are  confined  to  a  few  persons  ;  so,  in  tliis  view,  the 
dui.ger  is  greatest,  when  the  greatest  number  of  in- 
dividuals pof^efs  the  means  of  luxury.  Now,  \  do 
presume  that  the  health  and  energy  of  man,  (and 
consequently  his  power  of  defence)  can  never  be  de- 
stroyed by  luxury,  until  the  means  of  indulgence 
can  be  procured  by  him,  without  that  exercise  which 
is  necefsary  to  keep  his  frame  in  proper  tone.  Now 
when  we  consider  the  very  great  numbers  who  are 
cut  off  with  too  severe  labour  in  this,  and  every  other 
nation,  and  the  labour  necefsary  to  procure  the  means 
of  life,  from  the  bulk  of  the  people,  I  think  we  have 
not  yet  much  to  fear  from  this  quarter.  Besides, 
great  refinement,  and  an  advanced  state  of  know- 
ledge, has  been  found  favourable  in  preventing  one 
kind  of  fatal  intemperance  in  some  degree,  namely, 
the  excefsive  use  of  spirituous  liquors. 

We  are  not  to  estimate  the  national  luxury,  and 
national  character,  from  the  inhabitants  of  Lon- 
don or  Paris,  or  other  large  towns.  Except  in  the 
large  towns,  the  means  of  luxury  have  little  exis- 
tence in  France,  England,  or  America,  or  few  other 
countries.  More  peiifn  through  the  want  of  food  and 
cleanlinefs,  than  by  luxury.  At  present,  then,  we 
need  not  tremble  for  the  state  on  account  of  luxury  : 
let  us  attempt  political  reform. uion  j  and  count  upon 
many  centuries  of  dignilv  ■■■nd  consequence,  before 
luxury  fliall  overturn  our  empire.  N.  N. 


Aug.  19. 
great  source  of 
destroying  the 
danger  is  grcat- 
ct,  when  riches 
I  tliis  view,  the 
t  number  of  in- 
ry.  Now,  \  do 
'  of  man,  (and 
m  never  be  de- 
I  of  indulgence 
it  exercise  which 
per  tone.  Now 
umbers  who  are 
and  every  other 
ocure  the  means 
[  think  we  have 
arter.  Besides, 
state  of  know- 
preventing  one 
legree,  namely, 
s. 

•nal  luxury,  and 
itants  of  Lon- 
Except  in  the 
lave  little  exis- 
ca,  or  few  other 
want  of  food  and 
;sent,  then,  we 
ount  of  luxury : 
and  count  upon 
sequence,  before 
N.N. 


fOETRr. 


THE  DlSAPfOINTMKNT. 


Spcm  tefellit. 


Vi»o, 


FioM  the  long  toiU  of  travel  I  return'd, 

tVell  pleas'd  at  length  to  lee  my  native  (horei 
For  Bettjr  iitill  my  faithtui  bosom  burn'd, 

For  Betsy't  heart  was  all  her  lailot'i  icore. 
II. 
With  eager  steps  I  sought  the  rural  cot, 

Where  dwelt  my  love  in  peaceful  lowly  state, 
And  liv'd  contented  with  her  humble  lot, 

Far  from  the  cares  and  grandeur  of  the  great, 
III. 
Silent  and  leaflefs  was  the  neighb'ting  wood, 

Torn  by  the  fury  of  the  raging  winds ; 
And  the  gay  sp^t  where  once  the  cottage  stood, 

Lone  and  forsaken  by  the  rural  hinds. 

IV, 

The  swelling  main  urg'd  by  the  boist'rous  wind, 
With  wide  spread  billows  swept  th'  adjacent  Ihore  { 

No  trace  of  the  lov'd  cot  was  left  behind, 
Save  the  old  oak  that  grew  beside  the  door. 

V. 

As  o'er  an  elm  I  bent  in  silent  woe. 

And  gai'd  with  sorrow  o'er  the  dreary  scene  j 

An  ancient  Ihepherd  from  the  mountain's  brow 
With  tott'ring  footsteps  pafs'd  along  the  green. 

VI. 

•«  Oh  lonely  vet'ran  of  the  plain,"  I  cried, 
"  Tell,  if  thou  can'st, — alas!  'tis  all  I  crave, 

"  Is  Betsy  safe?" — his  tears  alone  replied. 

And  pointed  to  the  yew  that  nodded  o'er  her  grave, 

K'mgU  celltge,  Abtrdeen,  Academicus. 


THOMSON  TO  MISS  YOUNG  *  WITH  A  PR  .;  SNT  OF  THE  liBASONS. 
Ftr  thi  Bt*. 

i  AccifT,  lov'd  nymph!    this  tribute  due 

To  tender  friendfliip  love  and  yon ; 
But  with  it  take  what  breith'd  the  whole, 
O !  take  to  thine  the  poet's  soul. 
\{  fancy  here  her  power  displays. 
And  if  a  heart  e^calts  these  lays, — 
Vou  fairest  in  that  fancy  (hine, 
And  all  that  heart  it  fondly  thine. 
•  Amanoa. 
VOL,  X,  T  T  T 


^3» 


^etry* 


MAHTIAt,  LIB.  Xii.  EPIO.   21.  IMITATED. 

Who  could  be«e»e,  MarcelU,  th»t  thy  bitth 

Had  ilignified  this  humble  nook  of  earth  ? 

That  lo  muck  wit,  and  clnqucncci  anJ  tiite, 

Had  sprung  uiilutor'd  from  thU  lonely  wjMC  i 

Iv'n  Rome,  proud  emprcfi  of  the  world,  would  claim, 

Were  half  tiiy  talents  known,  her  portion  of  thy  fame. 

Not  the  whole  daughters  of  her  am  lent  line. 

Can  boast  a  single  spouse  of  worth  like  mine  ; 

Fot  Rome,  and  all  I  lov'd,  no  more  I  mourn, 

III  thee  concenttr'd  all  her  charms  return.  Emiiiw*. 


MARTIAL,  LIB.  XH.  KPIO.  34.  IMITATED. 
For  tbt  Bet, 
THRict  ten  revolving  years  at  least. 

Dear  Julius  have  we  been  atquainted  } 
AnJ  both  upon  the  whole  been  blest, 
Though  daiiy  with  vexation  tainted. 

When  foes  re'  ilM,  or  friends  betray'd, 

Our  hearts  have  wrung  perhaps  with  lorrowj 

But  a  firm  effort  always  made 
Complete  resources  for  to-morrow. 

The  way  to  (hun  a  thousand  woes, 

EotaiI'd  by  nature  on  existence, 
Is  to  let  neither  friends  nor  foes 

Intrude  within  a  guarded  distance* 

For  why  repine  at  vice  elate,  > 

For  injur'd  worth  our  courage  drown; 
Let  us  who  cannot  alter  fate, 

Mind  no  man's  bus'nefs  but  our  own.   S(i.wA»«  TotU 


AN  EPIGRAM  f  ROM  A  COLLECTION  OF  POEMS  NEVER  PUBLISHEC 

For  tbt  Bee. 

Criis  Celia  to  a  rev'tend  dean, 

What  le^son  cjn  be  given, 
Sinci;  marriage  is  a  holy  thing, 
•'  That  there  are  none  in  heaven  ? 

There  ate  no  women,  ht:  replied. 

She  quick  returns  the  jf  «t  s 
Women  there  are ;  but  I'm  afjraiii 

They  caiittOt  find  a  priest. 


MITATSO. 


ibiich 

1? 

ttte, 

,  would  cl/ioii 
»n  of  thy  fame* 
Untt 
mine ; 
kouriii 


MITATKO. 


ted} 


d. 


tb  lorrow^ 


3wr.   S<j.vAii«  TozU 


MS  NEVER.  PUBLISUBD. 


HINTS  RESPECTING  THE  PROGRESS  OF  MANUFACTURES, 

AND  THEIR  PRESENT  SI  ATE  IN  SCOTLAND. 

The  mtnufactures  of  Scotland  continue  to  prosper  in  a 
.urprising  degree.  Every  duy  produces  some  new  im- 
provement on  the  old,  or  some  useful  invention  for  lay- 
ing  the  foundation  of  new  manufactures  there.  It  is  a 
pleasing  thing  to  contemplate  these  progrefsive  improve- 
ments,  in  the  low  and  populous  parts  of  the  cor  ntry.  How 
much  is  it  to  be  regretted,  that   it  does  not  extend  over 

the  whole  ! 

Cotton  ntaiuifacture. 
It  is  scarcely  fifteen  years  since  the  first  yard  of  cottem 
cloth  was  woven  in  this  country  ;  and  only  about  twelve 
years  since  the  first  mill  for  carding  and   spinning  cotton 
wool  was  erected ;  now,  there  are  at  least  a  dozen  cotton, 
mills  on  a  large  scale,  containing  from  three  to  four  thousand, 
spindles  each,  going  both  night  and  day,  besides  an  inde- 
finite number  of  smaller  ones  in  every  part  of  the  country. 
Yet  such  is  the  demand  for  the  cotton  manufactures  of  Scot- 
land, that  all  these   are  insufficient  for  keeping  the   wea- 
vers at  work  j   so  that  cotton  yarn,  to  tlie  value  of  more 
than    L.jOO,ooo  is    annually    imported   from    England. 
Riders  from  the  continent  are   now  seen  fre<)uenii/  ni 
Scotland,  not  for  the  purpose    of  taking;  commllsions  for 
their  own  manufactures,  but  for  commifsioning  the  manu. 
iacturcs  of  this  country. 

Woollen  carded  and  spun  by  machinery. 
The  difference  between  the  mode  of  manufacturing  cot 
ton  and   animal  wool  is  so   small,  that,  alter  tl.e  su.    d- 
fal  operations  on  cotton  by  machinery,  it   was  not  lu  be 
expected  attempts  would   not  be  made  to  caixl  a:.d   spin 
animal   wool  in  the  same  way.     For  some  time  u.esc  iit- 


«»2  '  on  manufactures.  Aug,  2i>, 

tempts  were  not  succefsful  j  the  exact  variation  tlsat  was  re- 
tailed on  the  machinery,  could  not  at  once  be  precisely- 
ascertained.  Succefsive  trials,  however,  at  last  brought 
about  the  discovery.  Many  machines  for  carding  and 
spinning  wool  have  been  erected  in  England,  and  some  in 
Scotland,  which  have  been  found  to  succeed  extremely 
well.  Thi«  branch  of  manufacture  is,  however,  still  in  its  in- 
fancy; and  wc  only  here  note  it  to  mark  the  progrels  of  im- 
provements. One  machine  has  been  erected  at  Dundee,  for 
coarse  wool  chiefly.  Another  has  been  just  set  agoing  at 
Edinburgh,  for  the  finest  kinds  of  wool,  which  performs 
its  operations  with  amazing  delicacy  and  accuracy ;  so  that 
there  seems  to  be  no  room  to  doubt,  that  our  fine  woollen 
fabrics  will  be  very  much  improved  by  that  circumstance, 
the  price  of  goods  thereby  diminifhed,  and  the  extent  of 
sale  of  course  proportionally  augmented.  Both  these  ma- 
chines are  on  a  small  scale,  and  being  establiftied  in  places 
where  running  water  cannot  be  had,  as  a  moving  power, 
they  can  be  considered  only  as  experimental  eJsays. 
Linen  yarn  spun  by  machinery. 
This  is  a  farther  extension  of  Mr  Arkwright's  discover 
rics.  It  was  long  doubted  whether  it  would  be  pofsible 
to  get  flax  spun  by  machinery  -^ — the  succefs  of  several 
trials  both  in  Scotland  and  England ,  have  fully  establiflied 
its  practicability.  Some  time  ago  a  machine  was  erected 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Dundee  for  spinning  coarse  tow 
(the  (hort  stuff  that  comes  from  flax  in  the  drefsing)  which 
has  been  found  to  answer  extremely  well.  Another  uikll 
has  been  erected  neai\,Leven  in  Fife,,  far  spinning  fine 
flex.  This  is  an  improvement  on  the  original  machine  e- 
rected  at  Darlington  in  England,  which  was  not  found 
to  answer  at  first  the  expectations  of  the  undertakers.  That 
at  Leven,  we  are  afsuied^  makes  yarn  of  such  an  excellent 


m»ras^ 


mmmw^s^^iim^^mmmi^^m^ 


variation  tliat  wasie- 
it  once  be  precisely 
'er,  at  last  brought 
les  for  carding  and 
ngland,  and  some  in 
>  succeed  extremely 
owever,  still  in  its  in- 
k  the  progrel's  of  im- 
ected  at  Dundee,  for 
en  just  set  agoing  at 
ool,  which  performs 
nd  accuracy  j  so  that 
hat  our  fine  woollen 
•y  that  circumstance, 
i,  and  the  extent  of 
ed.     Both  these  ma- 

establifhed  in  places 
as  a  moving  power, 
mental  eJsays. 
'inery. 

^.rkwright's  discovc-- 
t  would  be  pofsible 
i  succefs  of  several 
lave  fully  establiriied 
nachine  was  erected 
pinning  coarse  tow, 
I  the  drefsing)  which 
well.  Another  mkll 
;,.  far  spinning  fine 

original  machine  e> 
Lch  was  not  found 
e  undertakers.  That 
of  such  an  excellent 


1792.  »n  manufactures.  jjj 

fabric,  that  the   demand  for  it  far  exceeds  the  quantity 
they  can  produce.  -^  ^,>i'<  f     :'!.-':• 

Weaving  by  machinery. 
This  has  been  attempted  in  several  places,  we  arc  toldi 
with  succefs;  and  it  is  hire  mentioned  barely  to  mark 
the  period  when  this  improvement  began  to  be  adopted  j 
for  it  has  not  yet  been  carried  to  a  great  extent  any 
where.  There  can  be  no  doubt  but  in  time  it  will  be. 
come  universal,  in  regard  to  all  fabrics  that  consist  of  a 
strong  chaui  or  warp. 

Glafs  manufacture. 

About  thirty  years  ago  there  was  only  one  glafs  house 
company  in  Scotland  j  the  hands  working  half  the  yenr 
at  Leith,  and  half  the  year  at  Glasgow  •,  and  their  ope- 
rations were  so  languid,  that  one  house  now  will  perform 
more  than  double  the  work  this  could  then  execute  ;  there 
are  now  six  glafs  houses  at  Leith  alone, ,  besides  a  great 
many  others  in  different  parts  of  the  country. 

At  the  time  I  first  mention,  nothing  else  than  bottles 
of  coarse  green  glafs  was  made  there  ;  and  to  that  article, 
the  glafs  house  company  at  Leith  confined  their  efforts, 
till  about  a  dozen  years  ago,  wlien  they  began  to  make  fine 
glafs  for  phials,  and  other  articles  of  that  nature.  About 
four  years  ago,  they  introduced  the  manufacture  of  crowa 
glafs  for  windows,  which  they  now  make  in  great  perfecti- 
on, and  in  considerable  quantities. 

After  ihey  began  to  manufacture  white  glafs,  they  fell 
into  th'b  way  of  cutting  it  for  ornament,  and  engraving 
upon  it.  In  this  last  department  they  have  reached  a 
higher  degree  of  perfection  than  it  has  perhaps  any  where 
else  ever  yet  attained.  A  young  man  who  was  bred  to , 
that  businefs,  having  discovered  a  taste  in  designing, 
and  an  elegance  of  execution  that  was  very  uncommon, 
the    proprietors  of  the    wtrk  were  at    pains  to    give 


-f  immmmsmmm: 


354  *"  tnanufteturer.  Jtug.  2(ft 

faim  every  aid  in  the  art  of  drawing  that  this  place  can  af- 
ford, and  he  has  exhibited  some  specimens  of  his  powers 
in  that  line,  that  are  believed  to  be  unrivalled. 

It  is  but  of  yesterday  that  this  glafs  house  company, 
«rho  are  in  a  Very  Hourifliing  state,  encouraged  by  their 
saccefs  in  other  respects,  introduced  the  art  of  preparing 
glafs  in  iinitation  of  gems,  and  of  cutting  it  in  facets,  and 
working  it  ioto  elegant  forms  for  chandeliers,  and  other 
ornamental  kinds  of  furniture.  In  this  department  their 
very  first  attempts  have  been  highly  succefsful  j — and  they 
have  now  executed  some  pieces  of  work,  that  they  need- 
not  be  afbamed  to  compare  with  ^e  best  that  can  be 
procured  elsewhere. 

Iron  manufacture. 

It  is  about  forty  years  since  the  Carron  company  wa» 
establifned  near  Falkirk.  Their  object  was  to  smelt 
iron  from  its  ore,  and  to  cast  it  inlo  various  utensils. 
They  also  carry  on  the  branch  of  making  forged  iron. 
This  was  the  first  manufacture  that  was  seen  in  Scotland, 
carried  on  upon  a  large  Scale,  and  it  was  resorted  to  from< 
all  parts  of  the  country  to  be  viewed  as  a  wonder.  It  con- 
tinued the  only  wonder  of  its  kind  in  Scotland  for  many 
years,  pnd  pofseised  a  kind  of  monopoly  of  that  branch  of 
businefs  ;  but  gradually  some  private  undertakers  ventu- 
red into  that  businefs  on  a  smaller  scale,  and  with  lefs  vari- 
«ty  of  undertakings.  Seme  contented  themselves  with 
barely  smelting  the  ore,  and  making  pig  iron,  while  others, 
buying  that  pig  iron  ready  made,  confined  their  views 
entirely  to  the  making  utensils  or  articles  of  utility  from 
it.  In  this  way  small  founderies  are  establilhed  in  many 
parts  of  the  country,  where  innumerable  articles  that  are 
wanted  for  the  accommodation  of  the  people,  are  made  at 
a  kfs  expence,  and  perhaps  in  great«r  perfection  than  at 
the  Uuger  works.    The  efflect*  of  monopoly  are  thus  done 


Aug.  2flt 
this  place  can  af- 
:ns  6f  his  powers 
called. 

s  house  compatiy> 
;ouragcd  by  their 
art  of  preparing 
i;  it  in  facets^  and 
deliers,  and  other 
department  their 
efsful  }■— and  they 
L,  that  they  need- 
best  that  can  be 


ron  company  wa» 
:ct    was  to    smelt 

various  utensils, 
king  forged  iron, 
seen  in  Scotland, 
I  resorted  to  fromi 
\  wonder.  It  coii* 
cotland  for  many 
of  that  branch  of 
indertakers  ventu< 
ind  with  lefs  vari- 

themselves  with 
iron,  while  others, 
incd  their  views 
»  of  utility  from 
tabliihed  in  many 
1  articles  that  are 
ople,  are  made  at 
)erfection  than  at 
>oly  ate  thus  done 


1792.  o«  bleaching fia».  ^        5^$ 

away.  Individuals  have  an  opportunity  of  getting  thei« 
ijmall  orders  executed  to  their  mind,  and  the  public  arc 
thus  properly  served. 

ro  supply  the  demand  that  thus  arises  for  pig  iron, 
smelting  houses  are  daily  starting  up  in  parts  of  tlie  coun- 
try, where  nothing  of  this  kind  was  ever  before  thought  of. 
Coal  and  iron  stone,  in  the  internal  parts  of  the  counuy, 
which  were  formerly  of  no  value  to  the  proprietors,  become 
the  sources  of  opulence  to  him,  and  of  wealth  to  a  numerous 
people,  whose  industry  is  thus  exerted,  where  only  povtrcy 
and  indolence  must  otherwise  for  ever  have  prevailed. 
Roads  and  canals,  for  conveying  these  articles  to  maiket, 
become  necefsary  j  so  that  e^rt«  are  now  making  for 
carrying  these  into  effect,  in  parts  of  the  country  where 
otherwise  nothing  of  this  kind  could  ever  have  been 
dreamt  of. 

One  iron  work  hat  been  lately  establiflied  by  Mr 
Edington,  on  the  ban!  :  of  the  Clyde,  on  such  an  extensive 
scale,  as  bids  fair  for  rivalling  ^at  of  the  Carron  company 
itself.  And  another  at  Muirkirk,  in  conjunction  with 
the  making  of  coal  tar,  in  an  inland  part  of  the  country, 
where,  without  that  valuable  discovery,  both  the  coal  and 
the  iron  stone,  which  there  abound,  must  have  remained 
for  ages  of  no  use  to  the  proprietor  or  the  public. 


A  NEW  AND  IMPORTANT  DISCOVERY, 

The  Editor  was  lately  (hown  two  samples  of  flax,  one 
parcel  of  each  of  them  was  in  the  state  it  had  been  left 
by  th«  drelser  j  another  parcel  of  each  was  of  the  same 
quality,  but  white  and  well"  bleached.  He  was  aftu- 
Tcd  that  these  were  parts  of  the  same  flax  and  hemp 
with  the  "unbleached  parcels,  and  that  the  operation  of 
^itening  had  ,becn  completely  effected  in  the  space  of 


1 


J 


1» 

236  fo  eorrSipondents.  ^ug,  29. 

ba/fap  hour,  without  the  aid  of  acids  of  any  sort,  either 
dephlogisticated  or  otherwise,  or  alkalis.  He  was  far- 
ther afsured  that  the  proccfs  was  extremely  cheap  and 
easy :  and  upon  examination  he  perceived  that  the  strength 
of  the  materials  was  not  sensibly  impaired  by  the  procefs. 

In  a  Ihort  while  he  will  be  at  liberty  to  communicate 
farther  particulars  respecting  this  useful  discovery.  At 
present  the  above  is  all  he  is  permitted  to  say. 


.'O  CORRESPONDENTS. 

The  communicition  by  Btnignui  is  received,  and  ftiall  be  attended  ta. 
The  fuLure  corretpundence  of  this  gentleman  will  be  very  acceptable. 

The  hints  respecting  ambafsador  L.ockhart  are  thankfully  received. 
The  Editor  will  thank  any  of  his  readers  for  whatever  authentic  memoita 
they  can  furnilh  reipecting  this  distinguiOied  character. 

The  observatione  of  d  tcbo»lmaitir  pro  tempore,  are  received,  aad  flioulA 
have  readily  had  a  place,  were  ic  not  for  their  great  lengch,  and  the  fear 
thai  they  might  lead  to  a  long  discufsion,  that  would  prove  uriinteresiing 
to  most  of  the  readers  of  the  Biee.  The  Editor  indeed  regrets  that  he  was 
inadvertently  induced  to  give  a  place  to  the  former  observations  on  that 
hrad,  as  he  perceives  they  would  give  rise  to  long  altercations  which  he  it 
determined  as  much  u  pofsible  t(i  avoid.  Should  any  thing  (hort,  and 
particularly  concluiive,  on  that  side  of  the  question,  appear,  it  Iball  be  in- 
serted  as  a  final  close  to  that  d.acufslon. 

The  above  wilt  equally  apply  to  the  communlcatioo  by  a  lavir  c/i,ur 
young  Scoti,  fat  whose  opinions  rhe  Editor  has  a  great  respect.  This  ela- 
borate efsay  would,  indeed,  be  much  better  suited  to  form  a  pamphlet  by 
itself,  than  a  paprr  in  a  periodical  work.  As  a  separate  publication,  it 
might  be  read  with  profit  by  many  persons  who  have  the  welfare  of  this 
country  at  heart.  The  manuscript  will  be  preserved  for  the  use  of  the 
author,  if  ever  he  fliould  choose  to  demand  it. 

The  Editor  regrets,  that  Jubit<!r  Juitice  Ihould  have  put  himself  to  s» 
much  trouble  in  transcribing  so  much  of  a  performance  that  he  can  make 
no  use  of.  The  Bee  (hall  never  be  employed  tor  propagating  acardal,  or 
encouraging  lubricity. 

ya/trh  is  received  j  as  also  the  curious  remarkt  on  the  Chinese  language. 

The  beneficent  efii;sion  of  Libiralis  is  received.  He  will  observe  that 
It  has  been  in  some  measure  anticipated  by  some  papers  lately  inserted  in 
the  Bee.  We  must  not  dwell  too  long  on  any  one  subject.  He  fbrg«t  t* 
pay  the  postage  of  his  letter. 

The  letter  to  Hcrumias  came  to  hand,  and  fljall  be  duly  attended  to. 

The  performance  ofGntubo  is  received,  and  fliall  not  be  overlooked. 

The  anonymous  publication  on  the  borough  reform  is  received.  This  ii 
a  subject  the  Editor  wlfhes  to  avoid,  for  the  same  reason  as  he  has  avoid- 
ed many  other  popular  topics,  becaus;  he  fears  it  might  give  rise  to  warM 
and  acrimonious  altercations.  The  Editor,  however,  entertains  great  re- 
spect for  the  Intentions  of  the  writer. 


•^ug,  29. 
of  any  sort,  either 
lis.  He  was  far- 
emcly  cheap  and 
1  that  the  strengtk 
il  by  the  procefs. 
f  to  communicate 
1  discovery.  At 
3  say. 


fliall  be  atteniied  to. 

very  acceptable. 

thankfully  received. 
er  authentic  memoir* 
ter. 

■■  received,  aad  Ihould 
t  length,  and  the  fear 
d  prove  uriinterestin); 
ed  regrets  that  he  wa» 
-  observations  on  that 
[creations  which  he  ii 

any  thing  Ihort,  and 
appear,  it  Ihall  be  in- 

itioq  by  a  lovir  ofiur 
t  respect.  This  ela- 
'  form  a  pamt>hlet  by 
parate  publication,  it 
'<■  the  welfare  of  this 
ed  for  the  use  of  the 

veput  himself  to  sb 
ice  that  he  can  make 
ipagating  jcandal,  or 

he  Chinese  language. 
He  will  observe  that 
•ers  lately  inserted  in 
ibject.     He  fbrgst  {• 

duly  attended  to. 
lot  be  overlooked. 
is  received.     This  ii 
son  as  he  has  avoid- 
ht  give  rise  to  warn 
entertaint  great  re* 


SHORT  chronicije: 

W  EVENTS. 


July  1$.  1792. 


FoMMN, 
India. 

The  Bombay  gazette,,  4a^ 
ted  a^b  February,  states,  that 
tn^or  Cupping's  detachmeot 
was  encamped  at  the  foot  of 
the  Guccrety  Pafs»  where  he 
was  joined  daily  by  a  nunber 
ef  deserters  fr«m  the  ea«iBy, 
who  report  that,  there  i|»a«  a 
general  diwfiectioa  ainoag.  Tip*- 
poo^s  troops  \  that  T»ppo»  had 
fourid  himself  uad«t  the  neceC 
•ity  of  making  ccrtaia  coacef- 
sioas  to  Coman  Odin  Khaot 
who,  pa  the  other  haad»  deem- : 
cd  it  prudent  ta  sacrifice  feel- 
ing and  hojiMMU  upoa  the  altars 
•f  aaabitita  »nd  avarice  "v  and 
that  they  are  bow  friends,  at 
least  in  appeataacer  The  same 
advices  raeotipn,  that  the  ra- 
jahs on  the  Malabar  coast  l)ad 
declared  an  intentioa  to-  thnaw 
•ff  the  tyrant's  yoke,  and  ear- 
nestly desired  has  overthrow. 
Lttler  from  L.   CorHwUii*  ta 

Sir  CbarUt  Ouhelej. 
CBm^tuar  Str  ngap*tma, 

Sm,  FctK  %,  1790. 

"  On  the  ;tb  iiist.  I  encamped 

•beut  seven  miks  to  the  aortb- 

VOb.  X.  i 


ward  af  Seringapatanr,  fronv 
whence  I  saw  that  Tippoo  had^ 
according  to  aiy  intormatiovi, 
taken  a  position  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  river,  with  its 
fronts  and  flanks  covered  by 
a  bound  hedgCj  and  a  number 
of  ravines,  swamps,  and  water 
courses^  and  Ukewise  fortified 
by  »  chain  ef  strong  redoubts, 
fdl  ef  cannon^  as  well  as  by 
the  artillery  of  the  fort,  and 
of  the  works  on  the  island. 

'*  It  would  have  cost  us  aigreat 
many  men  to>bave  att  acbed  the 
caaip  in  the  day,  and  perhaps 
the  saccefs  might  not  have  been, 
qiiita:  certaiir;;  I  ^eteroiined, 
therefore,  to  maka  the .  trempt 
i»  the  night,  and  fos  this  pai>< 
pose  I  marched  on  the  ^b»  a» 
sooa  after  suatet  a*,  the  tr«op>> 
i  could  be  formed  in  three  divf. 
sionsr  The  right  divieioiDcom- 
ma»ded  1^  general  Meadows^ 
and  the  cental  divisioa^  under 
my  imaaediftte  dtfectiouiweie 
destined  fvr  t^  attick  »f-the 
eneaj's  canp,  and  the  diwisiai^ 
^  on  the  Icftf  consistiag  of  four 
battaUons,  under  licuunant  co> 
lomtl  Makw«lVvi;«c  ordered,  t» 
■Ik  • 


his  tor  leaf  chronic fe. 


U 

attack  the  works  that  the  ene- 
my were  constructing  on  the 
heights  above  the  Karrigat  Pa- 
goda. 

*'  The  officers  commanding  the 
leading  corps  in  the  right  and 
center  divisions  were  directed, 
i^ter  driving  the  enemy  from 
their  camp,  to  endeavour  to 
pursue  them  through  the  river, 
and  eitablifh  themselves  on  the 
island  j  and  it  was  recommend- 
ed  to  lieutenant  colonel  Max- 
well, to  attempt  to  pafs  the 
river,  if,  after  having  pofsefsed 
liimself  of  the  heights,  he  saw 
that  our  attack  on  the  camp 
was  succefsfiil. 

"  The  left  and  center  divi- 
sions were  so  fortunate  as  to 
kccompliih  completely  the  ob- 
jects proposed.  Lieutenant 
colonel  Maxwell  gained  the 
keights,  and  afterwards  pafsed 
the  river,  and  the  first  five  corps 
of  the  center  division  crofsed  o- 
ver  to  the  island,  leaving  me  in 
pofsefsion  of  the  camp,  which 
was  standing,  and  of  all  the  ar- 
tillery of  the  enemy's  right 
wing. 

•'  The  division  of  the  right, 
by  some  of  those  accidents  to 
which  all  operations  in  the  night 
are  liable,  approached  much 
too  near  a  very  strong  detached 
work,  which  it  was  not  my  in- 
tention to  aTsatilt  that  night, 
and  which  must  bav  fallen  in- 
to our  hands  without  giving  us 
any  trouble,  if  we  succeeded 
in  forcing  the  enemy's  camp. 

f  Tie  advaoccd  (U]ad  coga* 


ged  in  the  attack  of  this  work, 
before  they  CDuld  be  prevented 
by  the  officers  in  the  .front  of 
the  column,  and  the  latter  who 
had  been  used  to  carry  forts 
with  great  facility,  did  not 
think  It  necefsary,  or,  perhaps, 
creditable,  to  oblige  them  to 
desist  \  but  the  garrison  of  this 
redoubt  conducted  themselves 
very  differently  from  those 
which  we  had  lately  met  with, 
and  their  resistance  was  so  ob- 
stinate, that  it  was  not  carried 
without  costing  us  several  lives, 
and  a  very  considerable  delay. 

"  £j  this  time  the  firing  at 
the  center  attack  had  entirely 
ceased,  and  general  Meadows^ 
concluding  from  that  circum» 
stance  that  I  was  in  complete 
pofsefsion  of  the  whole  of  the 
enemy's  camp,  and  apprehen- 
ding that  a  part  of  'his  corps 
might  be  wanted  to  support 
the  troops  on  the  island,  wi(hr- 
ed  to  communicate  with  me  m 
speedily  as  pofsible. 

"  Some  guides,  who  under- 
took to  lead  his  division  to  join 
mine  by  a  direct  road,  conduc- 
ted him  to  the  Karrigat  Pago- 
da without  his  meeting  with 
me,  and  day-light  was  then  too 
near  to  admit  of  his  undertah 
king  any  farther  operations. 

"  These  untoward  circuiii- 
stances  did  not  depriveus  of  any 
of  the  solid  advantages  of  our 
victory,  for  we  are  in  pofsefsi- 
on of  the  whole  of  the  enemy's 
redoubts,  of  all  the  grsund  ota 
the  north  si4c  of  the  river,  and 


iutorical  chronieli. 


tttack  of  this  work, 
CDuld  bn  prevented 
ers  in  the  .front  of 
,  and  the  latter  who 
ised  to  carry  forts 

facility,  did  not 
:efsary,  or,  perhaps, 
to  oblige  them  to 
the  garrison  of  this 
iducted  themselves 
ently  from  those 
lad  lately  met  with, 
distance  was  so  bb- 
t  it  was  not  carried 
ting  us  several  lives, 
considerable  delay. 
s  time  the  firing  at 
attack  had  entirely 
I  general  Meadows^ 

from  that  circum> 

I  was  in  complete 

)f  the  whole  of  the 

imp,  and  apprehen- 

part  of  'his  corps 

wanted  to   support 

on  the  island,  wilhr- 

nunicate  with  me  ts 

pofsihle. 

guides,  who  under* 
j  his  division  to  join 
direct  road,  conduc- 
the  Karrigat  Pago- 
E  his  meeting  with 
y-Iight  was  then  too 
nit  of  his  undertat* 
irther  operations. 

untoward  circuii»- 
not  depiiveus  of  any 
I  advantages  of  our 
r  we  are  in  pofsefsi- 
Fhole  of  the  enemy's 
)f  all  the  ground  Ob 
ide  of  the  river,  and 


«f  grent  part  of  the  island  j  but 
as  the  force  with  which  I  re- 
mained in  the  enemy's  camp 
did  not  much  exceed  three 
battalions  \  and  as  I  found 
from  parties  that  I  sent  out, 
that  the  left  wing  of  Tippoo's 
army  kept  their  ground  all 
night,  1  could  not  bring  off  any 
trophies  from  the  field,  except 
those  which  were  near  the 
(pot  where  our  imprefsion  was 
made. 

"  I  have  not  yet  been  able 
to  ascertain,  with  precision, 
the  number  of  guns  that  have 
fallen  into  our  hands,  but  I  un- 
derstand that  of  brafs  and  iron 
it  amounts  to  upwards  of  sixty 
of  diffeisnt  callibres. 

"  I  iliall  take  up  my  ground 
to-morrow  as  nsar  to  the  chain 
of  redoubts  as  poisible,  without 
being  exposed  to  the  fire  of 
the  fort  j  and  as  our  posts  up- 
on the  island  are  now  nearly 
Mcuxed  against  any  attempt  of 
the  enemy,I  (hall  soon  be  ready 
to  proceed  with  vigour  upon 
the  operations  of  the  siege. 

"  It  has  been  hitherto  im- 
^bible  to  collect  the  returns 
oif  killed  and  wounded,  but  I 
have  every  reason  to  hope  that 
our  lofs  in  £uropeans  will  be 
under  200.  Major  Close  will 
send  to  Mr  Jackson  a  list  of 
the  officers  that  were  killed, 
in  order  to  prevent  the  anxious 
alarms  of  the  friends  o»  the 
survivors.    I  am."  &.c. 


ni 
to 


Letter    from   L.  Comwallis 

Sir  Charles  Oalteley,  hart. 
Camp  near  Seringafiatatfif 

StR,  Feb.  24.1792. 

"  Being  very  much  hurried,  I 
have  only  time  to  tell  you, 
that  preliminaries  were  settled 
last  night ;  that  a  cefsation  of 
hostilities  has  taken  place  this 
day ;  and  that  two  of  Tippoo'* 
sons  are  expected  in  our  camp 
this  evening. 

"  I  transmit  a  translation  of 
the  preliminary  articles,  and 
request  that  you  will  be  plea- 
sed to  forward  copies  of  them 
both  to  Bengal  and  Bombay. 

*'  If,  by  any  accident,  the 
Vestal  ihould  not  have  sailed 
before  this  letter  reaches  Ma- 
dras, you  will  be  so  kind  as 
desire  captain  Ofbornc  to  re- 
main until  he  hears  farther 
from  me.  I  am,"  &c. 
Copy  of  the  preliminary  articles 

agreed  upon  and  exchanged, 

dated  Feb.  22.  1792. 

1.  One  half  of  the  dominions 
which  were  in  the  po&efsion  of 
Tippoo  Sultan  «it  the  com- 
mencement of  the  present  war 
(hall  be  ceded  to  the  allies,  ad- 
jacent to  their  respective  bour.« 
daries,  and  agreeably  to  their 
selection. 

2.  Three  crores,  and  thirty 
lacks  of  Sicca  rupees,  (hall  te 
paid  to  the  allies,  agreeably  to 
the  following  particulars,  viz. 

First,  one  crore,  and  sixty< 
five  lacks  (hall  be  paid  imme- 
diately in  pagodas,  or  gold  mo- 
huif,  or  rupee*  of  full  weight 


J 


IV 

tnd  standard,   or   in    gold  or 
silver  bullion. 

Second,  the  remainder,  one 
.crore,  and  sixty-Hve  lacks,  at 
three  instalments,  not  exceed- 
ing four  months  each,  in  the 
three  coinn  before  mentioned. 

3.  All  subjects  of  the  four 
several  powers,  who  may  have 
been  prisoners  from  the  time 
of  the  late  Hyder  Allj  Khan 
to  the  present  period,  fhall  be 
{airly  and  unequivocally  relea- 
*sed. 

4.  Upon  the  due  perform- 
iaice  of  the  three  articles  above 
mentioned,  two  of  the  three 
eldest  sons  of  Tippoo  Sultan 
fliall  be  given  as  hostages,  on 
the  arrival  of  whom  a  cefsation 
of  hostilities  fhall  take  place. 

5.  When  an  agreement,  con- 
taining the  articles  above  writ- 
ten fhall  arrive,  bearing  the 
seal  and  signature  of  Tippoo 
Sultan,  counter  agreements 
fliall  be  sent  from  the  three 
powers  ;  and,  after  the  cefsa- 
tion of  hostilities,  such  a  de- 
finitive treaty  of  perpetual 
friendfhip,  as  fhall  be  settled 
by  the  several  parties,  fhall  be 
radjusted  and  entered  into. 

Po/attd. 
Warsaw,  June  20.  The 
Rufsians  after  the  actions  near 
Mir,  attempted  to  take  pofsef- 
sion  of  the  castle  thcic ;  a 
place  belonging  to  prince  Rad- 
zivil }  but  the  artillery  mount- 
ed on  its  walls  forced  them  to 
retire  with  consideiable  lofs. 
yvn*  22.     On  the  20th  iast. 


historicnl  cbronicU. 


r 


an  account  wu  received  from 
the  camp  of  prince  Joseph  Po- 
niatowiky,  that  he  had  retired 
further  within  thu  country.  The 
othcialdetailofthisretreat  is  not 
yet  publiHucd,  but  the  follow- 
ing is  said  to  be  the  substance 
of  it : 

The  rear-guard  of  the  Ruf- 
sian  army  advanced  by  forced 
marches  or  a  day  and  a  night 
with  such  rapidity,  as  to  tura 
both  our  A.mK^  without  being 
perceived.  Tlie  rest  of  their 
troops  they  mov  id  forward,  and 
we  saw  ourselves  surrounded 
on  all  sides. 

Our  general  collecting  cou- 
rage in  proportion  to  th*  dan- 
ger, immediately  resolved  to 
open  his  way  over  the  bodies 
of  the  enemy.  His  orders 
were  .  instantly  ifsued  \  our 
troops  moved  boldly  forward  j 
attacked  the  Rufsians  on  the 
flank  of  our  camp,  broke  and 
marched  through  them  with 
our  baggage  and  cannon. 

Nothing  could  resist  the  Po« 
lifh  impetuosity  ;  and  this  re- 
treat was  made  with  an  order 
and  regularity  that  would  have 
done  honour  to  the  most  illus- 
trious general. 

In  the  mean  time,  the  Rufsi- 
ans in  front  oi  our  camp,  infor- 
med of  what  was  pafsing,  mo- 
ved in  a  body  to  succour  their 
broken  wing  )  but  they  came 
too  late. 

Prince  Joseph  Poniatow&jr 
covered  his  rear  with  two  bat- 
talions of  the  flower  of  bis  nr- 


J 


vas  received  front 
prince  Joseph  Po- 
liat  he  had  retired 
1  the  country.  The 
of  thisretreat  is  not 
1,  but  the  follow- 
I  be  the  suDstance 

guard  of  the  Ruf- 
vanced  by  forced 
«  day  and  a  night 
lidity,  as  to  tirra 
's.s  without  being 
Ihc  rest  of  their 
lovid forward,  and 
lelves  surrounded 

al  collecting  cou- 
irtion  to  the  dan> 
itely   resolved  to 

over  the  bodies 
ay.  His  orders 
ly    ifsued  j     our 

boldly  forward  ; 
Rufsians  on  the 
camp,  broke  and 
mgh  them  with, 
ind  cannon, 
uld  resist  the  Po- 
ty  *,  and  this  re- 
e  with  an  order 

that  would  have 
o  the  most  illus- 

time,  the  Rufsi- 
our  camp,  infor- 
vas  pafsing,  mo- 
to  succour  their 

but  they  came 

ph  Poniatowfk^ 

If  with  two  bat- 
lower  of  bis  u- 


historieal  cbronulc. 


tny :  560  men  almoit  renew- 
ed the  spectacle  of  Thermup- 
ylas,  and  made  the  enemy  pay 
dearly  for  the  advantage  ot  oc- 
cupying the  ground  which  we 
wcxe  obliged  to  abandon,  but 
not  till  we  had  bathed  it  with 
their  blood. — Oi  tiiese  300 
brave  men,  not  one  thought  of 
retreating  after  the  army  :  but 
each  covered  with  his  body 
the  spot  on  which  he  had 
fought. 

JuAe  23.  The  following 
intelligence  is  just  received 
from  the  camp  of  prince  Po- 
niatowiky,  near  Zaclaw,  dated 
the  19th  instant  :— 

1  he  two  armies  began  the 
cannonade  on  the  1 7th  inetant. 
two  miles  from  Zdclaw,  which 
lasted  from  seven  in  the  mor- 
ning till  five  in  the  after 
noon.  At  last  our  troops  got 
the  better,  broke  into  the  right 
wing  of  the  enemy,  and  put 
them  entirely  to  ttight.  Soon 
after  the  ieft  wing  left  the 
field  of  battle,  and  our  troops 
being  masters  of  the  same,  con- 
tinued there  for  two  hours, 
and  then  withdrew  to  the 
camp.  We  lost  800  men  and 
))00  horses.  The  enemy's  lofs 
is  said  to  be  more  consider- 
able. 

This  day  Warsaw  gazette, 
however,  mentions,  that  500 
men,  who  were  to  protect 
prince  Poniatowiky's  rear- 
guard, were  defeated  by  the 
enemy. 
We  have  accounts  here,  that 


prince  Poniatowlky  attacked 
general  Kutusaff,  chaced  the 
Kulsiuns  twice  from  a  vil- 
lage near  J^aslaw,  defeated  B 
great  nuiubti,  made  some  pri- 
sonei!>,  and  look  d  pair  ol  co- 
lours. Our  JoU  was  not  so 
consideiat)ie  }  ijO  infantry., 
aiid  400  cavdiry  were  killed. 
M.  Vvitluhoifky  lost  )oo  in- 
fantry, and  three  01  four  hun- 
dred cavalry.  We  also  lost 
several  guns. 

June  20.  Some  days  ago,  the 
account  of  the  Rufsians  enter- 
ingWilnawas  made  public  here. 

'I  wo  battle;  have  taken 
place  }  the  one  on  the  icth  of 
June,  where  we  lost  seventy 
men  *,  and  the  second  on  the 
I  itli,  which  did  not  last  long. 
We  were  obliged  to  retreat, 
wi  icb  we  eif<  cted  in  the  best 
order.  Both  battles  were 
fought  near  Mire  and  Swjr- 
zen. 

The  king  will  go  this  week 
to  Kozimice,  and  from  thence 
to  the  camp  at  Lubor,  in  order 
to  act  in  conjuction  with  gene« 
ral  Poniatowfky. 

Minsk  is  in  pofsefsion  of  the 
Rufxians. 

1  he  following  letter  from 
the  camp  of  prince  Poniatows- 
ky,  dated  the  14th  instant,  has 
just  been  received  : 

"  We  have  just  received 
accounts  of  a  battle  fought 
near  bieniawka,  under  majorPe* 
rakladowfky,  who  encountered 
.300  Cofsacks  and  beat  them  > 
but  pursuing  them  too  far,  he 


hittorkal  tbnnkfe. 


fell  in  with  two  other  parties 
of  Cofsacks.  While  he  was  re- 
treating; he  was  attacked  in 
flank  by  a  party  of  Cofsacks. 
Some  hundred  men  were  killed 
on  botti  sides,  and  the  major 
himself  taken  prisoner.  I'he 
rfcsulc  of  the  battle  of  Mire  in 
Lithuania,  was,  that  our  troops 
cetired  in  good  order  to  Nie- 
wiez.  I'he  Kufsians  entered 
the  city,  but  were  repelled  by 
the  rampaits  of  the  castle } 
on  which  occasion  a  great 
number  was  killed.' 

An  armistice  is  talked  of  here, 
during  which  negociations 
will  take  place,  in  order  to  make 
up  matters  if  pofsible  with- 
out her  effusion  of  blood. 
Misceltaneuus. 
AVe  are  informed,  thatin  the 
town  of  Bafseterre,  about  the 
middle  of  April  last,  the  inha- 
bitants were  visited  with  the 
mo^t  tremenduous  hurricane 
ever  remembered ;  that  the 
storm  continued  several  days, 
and  proved  very  detrimental 
to  the  lives  and  property  of 
all  those  resuding  on  the  island, 
that  "  whole  Iheets  of  rain" 
fell  with  such  impetuosity,  as 
to    cause    the    overthrow    of 


were  totally  destroyed.  It  is 
impofsiblr  to  conceive  the  hor- 
rors arising  from  the  cries  of 
the  unhappy  sufferers,  the  whites 
and  blacks  perilhing  without 
distinction  by  the  same  calami- 
About 300  negroes  perifhed 
in  Bafseterre  alone  j  and  there 
is  scarcely  a  mile  of  the  island 
but  what  lias  visible  marks  of 
this  visitation  of  providence. 

In  Nevis,  St  Eustatia,  and 
all  the  adjacent  islands,  the 
rains  were  experienced,  al- 
though not  in  such  a  dreadful 
degree  j  neither  do  we  learn 
that  any  lives  have  been  lost 
in  these  last  mentioned  places. 
It  is  thought  that  some 
years  will  be  necefsary  to  re- 
pair the  damages  sustained. 

It  is  with  pleasure  we  men- 
tion, that  the  inhabitants  of 
the  town  of  Bafsetere,  and  o- 
ther  parts  of  the  island,  have 
been  plentifully  supplied  with 
provisions,  and  neceUariet  of 
all  kinds. 

In  la  Fayette's  account  of 
the  attack  made  by  the  Aus- 
trians  on  his  advanced  guard 
at  Maubeuge,  it  is  said,  "  that 
the  enemy  suffered  considcra- 
buildings  \  that  the  water  from  bly  from  his  cannon,  and  par- 
this  unexpected  deluge  was  se-    ticularly   from  four  pieces^  of 


vera!    feet 


streets  -,    that 


deep  in  all  the 
cafks,  logs  of 
wood,  cattle,  and  even  men 
and  women,  were  swept  away 
promiscuously  in  the  torrent) 
and  that  many  lives  and  estates 


artUlery  on  horte6aci.\  This 
truly  singular  species  of  ord- 
nance is,  we  understand,  the 
invention  of  an  ingenious 
gentleman    of  Glasgow,    and 


ill  7  destroyed.  It  U 
r  to  conceive  the  hot- 
ng  from  the  cries  of 
ipy  suiFercrs,  the  whites 
ks  perilhing  without 
in  by  the  same  calamU 

:  300  negroes  periflied 
erre  alone }  and  there 
,y  a  mile  of  the  island 

has  visible  marks  of 
ation  of  providence. 
:vis,  St  Eustatia,  and 
adjacent  islands,  the 
:re  experienced,  al> 
ot  in  such  a  dreadful 

neither  do  we  learn 
lives  have  been  lost 
lafit  mentioned  places. 

thought    that    some 
11  be  necefsary  to  r«« 
damages  sustained, 
rith  pleasure  we  men- 
it  the    inhabitants  of 

of  Bafsetere,  and  o- 
ts  of  the  island,  have 
itifuUy  supplied  with 
s,   and   neceUarieS  of 

Fayette's  account  of 

k  made   by  the   Aus- 

his  advanced  guard 

EUge,  it  is  said,  "  that 

ly  suffered  considcra- 

his  cannon,  and  par- 

fiom  four  pieces  of 

on  horjreAaci.\       This 

gular  species  of  ord- 

,  we  understand,   the 

X    of     an     ingenious 

n    of  Glasgow,    and 


historical  chroniefe. 


was  communicated  by  him  to 
M.  la  Fayette  in  summer  last. 

The  free  cities  of  the  re- 
public of  Poland,  have  pre- 
sented twelve  cannon,  twenty- 
four  waggons  of  four  wheels, 
and  150  horses  to  the  Diet. 

The  king  of  Hungary's  in- 
tended visit  to  Coblentz  and 
the  combined  army  against 
France  is  given  up.  The 
duke  of  Brunswick  is  to  com- 
mand that  army,  and  it  was 
thought  inconsistent  with  his 
majesty's  dignity,  to  visit  an 
army  not  commanded  by  a 
subject  of  his  own. 

Letters  from  New  York, 
by  the  Betsey,  captain  Mes- 
nard,  mention  the  particulars 
of  a  severe  and  wide-spreading 
calamity,  vvhich  has  occurred 
there  in  consequence  of  an  ex- 
cefsive  speculation  in  the 
funds  of  the  United  States. 
Two  hundred  failures  have  oc- 
curred there  within  these  last 
two  months. 

•1  The  six  per  cents,  which 
lately  sold  at  24s.  6d.  the 
pound,  have  been  as  low  as 
J  9s.  The  three  ^rr  cetiis  and 
deferred  debt,  fell  in  the  same 
proportion.  Half  bank  fhaies, 
which  about  two  months  since 
sold  at  ziQ per  cent,  have  been 
sold  at  95.  In  consequence 
of  this  fsJI,  some  of  the  t  rst 
people  there  have  been  sunk  at 
once  from  opulence  to  begga- 
ry. Its  general  effect  has  rea- 
ched to  every  description  of 
citizens. 


This  intetligence  will  forci- 
bly operate  against  the  credit 
of  their  intercourse  with  tbi» 
country. 

"  At  no  time  since  the  fa« 
tal  23d  of  August  1791,  have 
the  affairs  of  Hispaniula  been 
in  a  more  distracted  state  than 
they  are  at  the  present  mo- 
ment. The  innumerable  fac- 
tions into  which  the  people 
are  divided,  weaken  every  ef- 
fort for  the  general  good,  and 
all  is  confusion  and  dismay. 

The  situation  of  the  town 
of  Cape  Francois  was,  by 
late  advices  from  that  quarter, 
reported  to  be  so  perilous,  that 
in  the  dark  nights  the  sentinels 
are  sometimes  stabbed  at  their 
posts  ■,  so  great  is  the  temerity 
of  the  revolters,  encouraged 
without  doubt,  by  the  discord 
and  disunion  which  reign  a>- 
mong  the  inhabitants. 

"  By  the  last  account  however 
from  St  Mark's,  in  Hispaniula^ 
we  learn,  that  peace  and  order 
were  again  establifhed  at  that 
place,  a  number  of  the  most 
turbulent  and  refractory  ha». 
ving  been  arrested  and  thrown 
into  prison,  with  the  appruba« 
tion  and  a&istance  of  the 
chiefs  of  their  party.  The 
exportation  of  cotton,  there- 
fore, from  that  quarter,  wl  ich 
had  experieiKcd  a  temporary 
interruption,  is  agfain  likeiy 
to  be  renewed." 

Letters    were   received    by 

the  mail  of  i6th  from  Holland 

announcing  the  demise  of  prince 


! 

J 


Ferdinand  duke  of  Brunswick, 
rrho  died  a  few  days  since  of 
an  apoplexy  in  the  73d  year 
of  his  age. 

Vienna  Junt  23.  The  fortrefs 
of  Choczim  i>  still  in  our  pof* 
leision  ;  it  is  by  some  belie- 
ved, that  in  consequence  of 
the  war  between  Rufsia  and 
Pohnd,  we  Ihall  still  remain 
for  sn  unlimited  time  in  paf- 
leision  of  this  place ;  other 
persons  say  that  at  the  peace 
of  Czistove,  it  was  agreed, 
that  the  prisoners  of  the  two 
powers  Ihould  be  exchanged  y 
our  court  scrupulously  confor- 
med, and  reitored  all  the 
Turks,  but  some  thousands  of 
Austrians  who  fell  into  the 
Turkilh  captivity  ace  still  mif- 
ling. 

As  the  Porte  does  not  ap- 
pear disposed  to  restore  them, 
our  court,'  it  is  said,  has  decla- 
red, that  till  the  Divan  thall 
have  faithfully  executed  this 
article,  the  fortrefs  ofChocaim 
inill  be  kept  in  pofsefsion. 


DuMEsric. 
On  July  6:  came  under 
the  review  of  the  Court  of 
Sefsion,  a  reclaiming  petition, 
the  action  at  the  instance  of 
the  York  Buildings  Compaay 
ngainst  Mr  Alexander  Mac- 
keazie,  writer  to  the  signet, 
for  reducing  and  setting  aside 
the  sale  of  two  lots  of  the  e- 
state  of  Winton,  purchased 
bj  that   gentleman  la   1779^7. 


hitttrietl  chn^U!*. 


the  court,  by  tlieir  first  iatcrlo* 
cutor,  had  ditmifscd  the  action . 
and  found  Mr  Mackenzie  en- 
titled to  a  certain  part  of  his- 
expences.  But  upon  review, 
ing  that  jndgcmcnt  their  lord- 
ihips,  by  a  majority,  (six  to 
five,)  reduced  the  sales  in  que- 
stion, thus  alteciag  their  for- 
mer interlocutor.  They  were 
all  clear  that  there  was  no 
fraud  in  conducting  the  sales, 
but  the  majority  were  of  opi- 
nion, that  a  common  agent 
was  barred  from  becoming  a 
purchaser  of  an  estate,  the  ma- 
nagement and  sale  of  which 
was  committed  to  him  by  the 
court ',  and  that  it  was  incom-> 
patible  for  a  person  acting  aa 
agent  for  others,  to  be  at  the 
same  time  seller  and  purchaser,. 
On  these  grounds  chiedy  th« 
sales  were  reduced.  Thera 
were  two  votes  put,— the  first 
Adhere  or  Alter,  which  stood 
as  follow* :  Adhere  5,  Alter  6. 
The  next  vote  was.  Whether 
the  reduction  (houki  be  in  is- 
ttim,  or  the  sale  sustained,  and 
damages  given  ?  and  it  carried, 
that  the  reduction  Ihould  be 
IM  toium. 

The  president,  whose  vote 
it.  only  admifhijle  in  case  of  e- 
quality,  gave  his  opinion  in  fa- 
vour  of  Mr  Mackenzie. 

The  cause  is  again  to  comr 
under  the  review  of  the  court 
at  the  instance  of  Mr  Macken» 
zie. 


IS- 


by  t1i«ir  first  inUrlo* 
Jijimifscd  the  action^ 

Mr  Mackenzie  rn- 

certain  part  of  his- 

But  upon  review. 
dgcmcDt  their  lord- 
I  majority,  (six  to 
ccd  the  sales  in  que- 

altering  their  for- 
icutor.  They  were 
that  there  was  no 
onducting  the  sales, 
ijority  were  of  opi- 

a  common  agent 
from  bccorning  a 
ii  an  estate,  the  ma- 
and  sale  of  which 
itted  to  him  by  the 
i  that  it  was  inconu 

a  person  acting  as 
>tliers,  to  be  at  the 
seller  and  purchaser^ 
grounds  chiedy  the 
I  reduced.  There 
votes  put,— the  first 

Alter,  which  stood 
:  Adhere  5,  Alter  6. 
vote  was.  Whether 
ion  (houki  be  in  i*- 
:  sale  sustained,  and 
iven  ?  and  it  carried 
reduction  ihould  be 

csidetu,  whose  vote 
nifsijle  in  case  of  e- 
ivc  his  opiiiioa  in  fa* 
:  Mackenzie. 
jsc  is  again  to  come 
review  of  the  court 
ance  of  Mr  Macken» 


SHORT  CHRONICLE 


OF  EVENTS. 


Aii;ais;  n.  i7"a. 


,  TOREIGN. 

France. 
QuEM  Di'us  vu/t  perdcre  firius 
flfineiitit.  The  national  afsem- 
bly  of  France  at  present  seems 
to  be  seized  with  a  wonderful 
degree  of  infatuaiion.  While 
a  powerful  confederacy  is  for- 
med to  invade  their  dominions, 
and  while  tumult  and  d'iorder 
teign  in  every  part  of  the  em- 
pire, instead  of  driiberating 
upomthe  measure?  that  ought 
to  be  adopted  for  allaying 
these  fcrmer.is,  and  repelling 
the  attacks  of  invading  foes 
with  vigour,  their  time  is  ta- 
ken •  up  in  listening  to  the 
most  frivolous  accusations  from 
all  parts  against  the  king,  the 
ministers,  the  generals  of  the 
army,  and  a  variety  of  other 
individuals.  Every  man  seems 
to  disi.rust  his  neighbour  •,  and 
no  sooner  does  he  entertain  a 
prejudice  against  him,  than  he 
runs  to  the  bar  of  the  national 
afsembly,  where  he  utters  his 
rage  in  the  most  vehement 
terms  he  can  conceive  j  and, 
let  the  grounds  of  his  com- 
4)lairit  be  ever  so  frivolous,  or 

VOL.  X. 


the  object  he  aims  tt  erer  «• 
ridiculous,  the  most  Important 
diiculsions  must  give  way  to  lu 
He  is  heard  with  patience  to 
the  end,  and  invited  to  the  ho- 
nour, as  they  call  it,  of  tlie  sit- 


tmg. 


Never    in    this    world 


was  there  exhibited  such  aa 
humiliating  view  of  an  afsem- 
bly of  men  who  afsume  to 
themselves  both  the  legislative 
and  the  judicial  powers  of  a 
great  nation.  Every  true 
friend  of  rational  freedom  must 
deplore  this  extraord'nary  in- 
fatuation, which  threatens  to 
overturn  all  that  has  been  there 
done  in  the  cause  of  liberty  : 
for  unlefs  they  (hall  lay  their 
domestic  animosities  aside,  and 
cordially  unite  to  repel  the  in- 
vading foe,  their  efforts  must 
be  feeble  and  unavailing;  and, 
Paoulcl  the  enemy  obtain  pow- 
er, who  can  say  that  they  wilt 
not  abuse  it,  in  favour  of  that 
cause  which  kings  must  natu- 
rally deem  peculiHily  their 
own  ?  The  only  effort  that 
the  national  afsembly  has  seri-- 
ously  made  to  counteract  the 
operations  of  thtir  enemies  is, 
b  + 


X  iistorlcal 

that  of  endeavouring  to  induce 
their  troops  to  desert,  by  hold- 
ing out  A  ))iemium  to  those  who 
lliall  abandon  the  combined  ar- 
my. This  they  do  without  hav- 
int^  provided  effectual  funds  for 
•even  paying  their  own  troops, 
or  t;.k'ng  measures  for  esta- 
blifliing  the  permanency  of 
their  own  authority,  on  which 
alone  the  perman^jncy  of  the 
pensions'  they  proffer  can  de- 
pend. They  seem  to  forget 
thr.t  their  own  private  difsen- 
tions  must  tend,  in  the  most 
unecjuivocal  manner,  to  weak- 
en the  confidence  that  ought 
to  be  reposed  in  them,  and  Qy 
tliis  means  to  counteract  the 
operation  of  this  proclamation. 

General  Luckner,  as  well  as 
Fayette,  leaving  the  army  he 
commanded,  has  appeared  at 
the  bar  of  the  national  alsem- 
biy.  His  secretary  has  also 
appeared  at  the  bar  to  deny  the 
truth  of  the  accusations  against 
Fayette. 

The  combined  army  of  Pruf- 
sia  and  Austria,  in  the  mean 
while,  is  forming,  and  prepa- 
ring vigorously  for  an  attack  ; 
v/hile  the  French  general?  arc 
fortivying  themselves  as  well 
as  they  can  on  the  frontiers. 

A  report  prevails  that  Bti- 
tuin  and  Holland  have  made 
offer  of  their  mediation  to 
settle  the  difference  between 
the  contending  paities;  but 
the  conduct  of  France  with  re- 
spect to  the  king,  affords  no 
room  to  hope  that  any  leasoii- 


chronicle, 

able  termi  of  accommodatloft 
will  be  tiiere  listened  to,  for 
the  present. 

The  king  of  Prufsia  publith- 
ed  a  concise  expottuon,  as  he 
stiles  it,  though  it  is  too  pro- 
lix for  our  bounds,  ot  thii  rea- 
sons which  have  deteimmed 
him  to  take  up  arms  against 
France,  dated  at  Berlin  the 
24th  of  July  1792.  It  con- 
sists, as  \isual,  of  complaints 
against  the  French  for  infrac- 
tion of  treaties,  and  a  desire  to 
preserve  the  balance  of  power 
in  Europe,  to  free  the  king 
from  prison,  and  to  destroy  the 
anarchy  that  unfortunately  pre- 
vails in  that  kingdom,  &c. 

I'his  was  followed  by  a 
DECLARATION  by  the  duke  of 
Brunswick  Luneburg,  com- 
manding the  combined  armies 
of  their  majesties  the  empe- 
ror and  the  king  of  Prufsia,  to 
tlic  people  of  France,  dated 
Coblentz  2jth  July. 

In  this  declaration  he  says, 
that,"  convinced  that  the  so- 
ber part  of  the  French  nation 
detest  the  excefses  of  a  faction 
which  has  enslaved  them,  and 
thr^t  the  majority  of  the  inha- 
bitants wait  with  impatience 
the  moment  when  succours  (hall 
arrive,  to  declare  themselves 
openly  against  the  odious  en- 
terprises of  their  opprefsors, 
his  majesty  the  emperor,  and 
his  majesty  the  king  of  Prufsia. 
earnestly  invite  them  to  return 
without  delay  into  the  palh-j 


i  of  accommodation. 
uere  listened  to,  tor 
It, 

ig  of  Prufsia  publilh- 
ISC  exposition,  as  he 
hough  it  is  too  pro- 
:  bounds,  ot  tlirt  rea- 
:h  have  deteinuned 
ke  up  arms  against 
ated  at  Berlin  ihe 
uly  1792.  It  con- 
isual,  of  complaints 
!  French  for  infrac- 
aties,  and  a  desire  to 
he  balance  of  power 
;,  to  free  the  king 
n,  and  to  destroy  the 
at  unfortunately  pre- 
at  kingdom,  &c. 
vas  followed  by  a 
ON  by  the  duke  of 
L  LuNEBURG,  com- 
the  combined  armies 
najesties  the  empe- 
e  king  of  Prufsia,  to 
2  of  France,  dated 
2jth  July, 
declaration  he  says, 
nvinced  that  the  so- 
F  the  French  nation 
excefses  of  a  faction 
enslaved  them,  and 
ajority  of  the  inha- 
ait  with  impatience 
It  when  succours  (hall 
declare  themselves 
ijnst  the  odious  en- 
if  their  opprefsorsj 
)•  the  emperor,  and 
f  the  king  of  Prufsia. 
nvite  th:m  to  return 
[clay  into  the  palh-j 


hlstaricnl 
lof  reason  and  justice,  of  order  1 
and  peace."  1 

With  that  view   he  declares 
that  the  allied  cnurf  disclaim 
all  idea  of  conquest  for  them- 
telves ;    that    thcv  do   not  in- 
tend   to  intermeddle    in    the 
private  government  I'f  France; 
but  only  to   set  the  king  at  li- 
berty ;    and    pi't    liim   into  a 
place  of  safety,  where  he  may 
summon  a   fiee  convention   of 
his  subjects  to  settle   such  a 
form  of  government  as   they 
Ihall  approve.      He   promisi-o 
to   protect  the     villages,   and 
the  persons  and    property    of 
those  who   fliall  submit  to  the 
king  ■,    but  that  those  to^vns 
or  burghs  which  (hall   oppoic 
them,   (hall  be  treated  accor- 
ding to  the  most  rigorous  rules 
of  war.     He    tells   the  inha- 
bitants of  Paris,  that,  "  li  the 
least   violence  be  offered,   the 
least  outrage    done,  to    their 
majesties,  the  king,  the  queen, 
and  the  royal  family  j  if  they 
be  not  immediately  placed   ia 
saCety,  and  set  at  liberty,  they 
will  inllict^n  thase  whojbaihk- 
seiue  it,  the  most  e'^nmpiary  end 
ever    sncmorable   aveni^mg  />v- 
niflimcnt^,  by  giving  uft  the  city 
e)  Ftfis  to   military  execution, 
and  exMshig  it  to  total  destruc- 
tion^'     He  concludes  thus : 

"  In  fine,  1  declare  and  pro- 
mise in  my  own  individual 
name,  and  in  my  above  quali 
ty,  to  cause  to  be  observed  e- 
very  where,  by  the  troops  un- 
der my   command,    good  and 


chronicle.  xt 

strict  discipline,  promising  to 
treat  with  mildncfs  and  mo- 
deration those  well  disposed 
subject!,  who  (liall  submit 
peaceably  and  quietly,  and  to 
employ  force  against  those  on- 
ly who  ihall  be  guilty  of  resis- 
tance or  manifest  evil  inten- 
tions. 

"  I  therefore  call  upon,  and 
expect  all  the  inhatitants  of 
the  kingdom,  in  the  most  ear- 
ns, t  -nd  forcible  manner,  not 
to  make  any  opposition  to  the 
troops  under  my  coxumand  -,  but 
rather  to  suffer  tliem  evcry%Yheie 
to  enter  the  kingdom  freely, 
and  to  afford  them  all  the  af- 
sistance,  and  (Iil-w  them  nil  the 
benevcience  which  circumstan- 
ces mwy  require." 

Auj  2.  The  following  de- 
cree wiV5  pafsed  by  the  nation- 
al afsemhly,  on  t'le  proposition 
of  the  extraordinary  commit- 
tee for  the  encouiagcment  of 
persons  coming  over  from  the 
enemy. 

"  The  National  Afsembly, 
considering  that  whatever  is 
connected  with  the  succefs  of 
the  French  arms  can  admit  oT 
no  delay,  decrees  that  there  i« 
urgence. 

"  l"he  National  Afsembly, 
conaidtring  that  freemen  alone 
have  a  coiV' try  ;  that  he  who 
abandons  a  land  of  slavery  to 
ta'.e  refuge  in  aland  of  liberty, 
only  avails  himself  of  a  lawful 
right  j  and  that,  on  the  parjt 
of  a  man  deprived  of  his  na- 
tural rights,  no  obligation  caa 


■xu 


historical  chronicle, 


exist  towarcts  t!ie  man  who  has ,  France,  and  prcsert  themselves 
wrebted  them  from  him:  ]  at  any  military  post   to  any  ot' 

"  Considering  that  no  means  the  constituted  authorities,  or 
ought  to  be  neglected  of  termi-  !  to  a  French  citiztn,  ihall  be 
Hating  a  war  which  the  Fr"  vh  I  greeted    with   friendlhip     and 


nation  has  undertaken  for  the 
sole  purpose  of  defending  her 
constitution  and  her  indepen- 
dence, and  that  among  those 
means  fl>e  ought,  above  all,  to 
prefer  iu;h  as,  by  tending  to 
spare  the  efi'usion  of  human 
blood,  nre  therefore  most  ac- 
cordant with  her  principles 


traternily  ;  and  to  receive  in  the 
first  instance,  as  a  sign  of  a- 
doption,  a  cockade  of  the  three 
national  colours. 

2.  "  .I'he  non-commif\ioned 
officers  and  soldiers,  after  de- 
claring their  wifh  to  embrace 
the  cause  of  liberty,  lliall  re- 
ceive as  an  indemnification  for 


"  Considering,  in    fine,  that    the   sr-rifice   which  they  may 


if  the  cause  of  liberty  be  the 
cause  of  all  men,  and  if  it  be 
the  duty  and  the  bes:  interest 
of  all  men  to  devote  them- 
selves to  its  defence,  the 
French  nation  ought  neverthc- 
lefs,  if  it  were  only  under  the 
title  of  an  inderanifici.Mon,  to 
give  marks  of  her  gratitude  to 


have  made,  a  brevet  for  a  pen- 
sion ot  a  ICO  livres  a  year,  du- 
ring their  residence  in  France, 
to  be  paid  in  advance  from 
three  mouths  to  three  months, 
by  the  receiver  of  the  district 
in  which  they  ihall  reside. 
'1  hey  ihall  be  admitted  to  take 
thfc  civic  oath,  and  a  copy  of 


those  warriors,  who  iliall  come  i  the  minute  of  their  having  ta- 
to  range  themselves  under  her  I  ken  this  oath  fhall  be  delivered 
colours,  or  quit  those  oi'  her  c-    to  them. 

remies  in  order  not  »o  be  forced  I  3."  They  fliall  receive  3 
to  turn  tl;eii  anns  against  a  peo-  j  gr;uilication  of  50  livres  to  be 
pie,  all  whose  vii(he>  and  whose  !  paid  by  order   of  the  military 


principiis  arc-  ilirctted  to  the  u 
nivcrsal  |;eace  and  happincfs  of 
mankind. 

'"Desirous,  moreover,  of  mil- 
king known  to  foreign  nations 
the  principles  of  justice  which 
alv^ays  direft  its  conduct,  de- 
crees, as  follows : 

I."  The  nou  commifsioned 
ofFf  f  nnd  soldiers  ot  the  e- 
ncmy's  armies,  who,  zerdous  to 
live  in  u  land  of  libeity  and 
equality,     fhall    abandon     the 


or  civil  oflicer,  before  whora 
they  ihall  h:ive  made  the  de- 
claration prescribed  ;n  article 
second. 

4.  ''  They  fliall  "at  ht  obli. 
gtd  to  enter  into  any  military 
engagement  j  but  such  of  ihem 
as  chute  to  do  .  ^,  (hall  be  ad- 
mitted into  anv  of  the  French 
corps  in  service  without  distinc- 
tion. 

5.  "  £.  h  of  them  a>  Ihall 
enter  into  these  corps  ihaJl  re- 


colours  of  a  power  at  war  with    ceivt  the  usual  bounties  over 


1  prcsert  tliemselvcs 
aiy  post  to  any  ot' 
ited  authorities,  or 
1)  citiztn,  Ihall  be 
th  friendlhip  and 
and  to  receive  in  the 
e,  as  a  sisfn  of  a- 
[ickadc  of  the  three 
ours. 

;  iion-comn:ifsioned 
soldiers,  after  dc- 
r  wifh  to  embrace 
f  liberty,  Ihall  re- 
indemnification  for 
5  which  they  may 
a  brevet  for  a  pcn- 

0  livres  a  year,  rlu- 
isidrnce  in  France, 

in  advance  from 
s  to  three  months, 
:ver  of  the  district 
[hey  ihall  reside. 
>e  admitted  to  take 
th,  and  a  copy  of 
if  their  having   ta- 

1  Ihall  be  delivered 

;'  (IvAl  receive  a 
of  50  livre<i  to  be 
r  of  the  military 
er,  before  whora 
ve  made  the  de- 
scribed  in   article 

'  fiiall  "at  Ije  oLh'- 
into  any  miiitary 
but  such  of  ihein. 
0  ^,  (hall  be  ad- 
nv  of  the  French 
:c  without  distinc- 

of  them  a>  thall 
ese  corps  (hull  re» 
lal  bounties  over 


btitorkal  chrtnicle. 
anJ  above  the  grattficstion  a -u   mud  the    election  of 
pensioH, 

6.  "  A  list  of  them  (hall  be 
formed,  and  ..  .  neial  aggre- 
gate of  cheir  pensions,  which 
Ihall   continue    to    be    divided 


a  new 

K.j,>.o  in  i  national  convention. 
M.  PEitoN  supported  his 
petition,  uy  exhibiting  a  view 
of  the  king's  conduct  since  the 
revolution.   "  He  has  always," 


among  the  suivivors  of  themin    said  he,  '•  ihewn  himself  an  e 

the   manner  of  a   tontine,  till,  neniy  to  the  people, — an  ene- 

the  pension-  of  each  amount  to  ,  my  to  the  new  laws, — and  an 

enemy  to  France." 

Evening  silting. 
Mefs.  Ricurd  and  Lewinte 
announced  addrefses  from  A- 
vaioQ  and  Falaire,  requesting 
that  the  king  njight  be  depo- 
sed, tieveral  members  moved 
that  the  addrefs,  presented  by 
M,  Pciion  in  the  morning 
from  the  forty-eight  sections 
of  Paris,  fhould  be  printed,-— 
Ordered 

fhe  kin;i  sent  to  the  »f- 
sembly  dibpatches  which  he 
had  received  from  his  ambaf- 
sadors  to  the  elector  of  Co- 
logne and  the  duke  of  Wir- 
tembeig.  His  majesty  noti- 
fied, that  these  two  princes 
were  preparing  hostilities  a- 
gainst  France,  and  that  no 
confidence  was  to  be  placed  ia 
the  promise  of  neutrality  made 
uy  the  duke  of  Wirlemberg. 

Mefs.  'i'huriot  and  Grange- 
neuve,  excJaimed  against  the 
treachery  of  the  executive 
power,  who  afsured  the  af- 
sembly,  that  nothing  v.  as  ttt 
be  apprehended  from  the 
petty  princes  of  Germany. 
I'hursday  nc;:t  was  fixed  by 
the  afsembly  for  determining 
the  important  question  respec* 


530  livres  a  year 

7.  "  The  pension  of  a  hun- 
dred livres  ihall  be  continued 
to  the  widows  of  such  of  them 

as  ihall  marry  in  France. 

m     t     *     *     *     * 

14.  "  The  National  Afsem- 
bly  granis,  as  a  security,  the 
produce  of  the  estates  of  the 
cmljiranls,  the  sale  of  which 
has  been  decreed,  and  collate- 
rally the  revenues  of  the  ilaie 
for  the  payment  of  the  annuities 
above  promised." 

Several  otiier  provisions  of 
leCs    consequence  are   omitted. 

Of  all  the  violent  steps  tiiat 
have  been  adopted  in  France 
since  the  commencement  ot 
the  present  dj-.turbani.es,  the 
followi.ig  seems  to  be  the 
rojsc  extraordinary,  and  clear- 
ly evinces  what  are  the  real 
views  of  the  faction. 

Deposition  of  the  king. 

The  envoys  of  the  common- 
alty, of  Paris,  with  M.  Peti- 
o-j  demanded  in  the  name  o; 
tue  forty-eight  sections,  that 
the  KING  ihould  be  excluded 
from  the  throiic,  that  the  ma- 
nagement of  affairs  during  the 
interregnum  (hould  be  entrist- 
*:d    to   responsible    ministers, 


JHV  '^    htitorical  chronicfe. 

ling    the    deposition    of  the  ,  and  general  Czapfki,  who  each 
king.  commanded  a  brigade  in  his  ar- 

Poland  I  my  ;  he  is  of  opinion  i.bat,had 

The  brave  and  unfortunate  those  two  officers  done  their 
Poles  are  still  suffered  to  fight  duty,  the  advantage  over  the 
their  own  battles,  without  the  Rufsians  would  have  been  Hill 
afsistance  of  any  foreign  state,  greater.  They  are  in  conse- 
Since  our  last  several  fkirmi-  quence  to  be  tried  by  a  court 
files  have  taken  place  of  no  martial.  This  action  at 
great  consequence.  The  Poles  Zaslaw  is  the  first  occasion  on 
have  been  in  general  obliged  which  the  king  has  made  use 
to  yield  to  superior  numbers,  ,  of  the  new  order  which  his 
and  old  disciplined  troops,  j  majesty  has  created  for  milita- 
Being  obliged  to  act  entirely  ;  ry  merit.  This  order  will 
on  the  defensive, — as  is  usud  j  consist  of  three  claffes :  the 
in  such  cases,  the  party  who    first  for  general  and  staff  offi- 


sittacks  has  carried  their  point 
to  a  certain  degree ;  but  not 
an  inch  is  gained  without  a 
well  disputed  contest.  The 
progrefs  of  the  Rufsians  is  thus 
extremely  slow.  In  the  mean 
while  the  Polilh  army  is  aug- 
menting daily,  and  the  most 
cordial  unanimity  seems  to 
prevail  among  all  orders  of  the 
state. 

Private  subscriptions  are  o- 
pened  in  London,  and  many 
other  parts  of  Britain,  for  the 
relief  of  the  Poles  5  and  seve- 
ral considerable  sums  are  said 
to  be  already  raised  by  that 
means.  But  we  hear  of  no 
public  national  interference  in 
their  favour. 

Warfaw  Jifnc  30th.  Since 
the  action  of  the  17th,  at  Zas- 
law, the  Rufsians  have  made  no 
further  progrefs  in  Volhjnia. 


cers,  who  will  wear  a  gold 
crofs  suspended  round  their 
necks,  by  a  red  ribband ;  the 
second  for  subalterns,  who 
will  wear  a  gold  mtdal  with  a 
red  ribband  through  their  but- 
ton hole  3  the  tliird  forof.cers 
of  an  infeiior  rank,  and  sol- 
diers, will  be  a  silver  medal 
with  the  same  decorations. 
The  king  has  sent  seventeen 
crofses  and  a  hundred  medals  to 
his  nephew  prince  Jos.ph  Po- 
niatoulki,  to  distribute  among 
those  who  deserve  them. 

From  the  motions  of  the 
Ruffians  Warsaw  appears  to  be 
the  place  to  which  their  chief 
attention  is  directed  ;  his  ma- 
jesty, therefore,  in  consequence 
of  the  danger  which  threatens 
his  capital,  instead  of  joining, 
as  was  his  attention,  the  ar- 
my of  the  prince  his  nephew 


From  what  we  cati  learn,  it  i  in  Volhynia.,  is  now  anx\  's 
seems  the  commander  in  chief  only  for  the  safety  of  that  in 
is  displeased  with  the  conduct  I  Lithuania.  He  has  in  con- 
<;f  prince  Michael  Lubomirfki    sequence  ordered  his  baggage 


—jj 


al  Czapfki,  who  each 

:d  a  brigade  in  his  ar- 

i  of  opinion  i.hat,had 

officers  done  their 

advantage  over  the 
would  have  been  Hill 
They  are   in    conse- 

be  tried  by  a  court 

This      action      at 

the  first  occasion  on 

king  has  made  use 
:w  order  which  his 
IS  created  for  milita- 
This  order  will 
three  claffes :  the 
;neral  and  staff  offi- 
»  will  wear  a  gold 
)ended     round    their 

a  red  ribband ;  the 
it  subalterns,  who 
a  gold  mtdal  with  a 
>d  through  their  hut- 

the  tiiird  forof-.cers 
eiior  rank,  and  sol- 
1  be  a  silver  itiedal 
same  decorations. 
;  has  sent  seventeen 
i  a  hundred  medals  to 
w  prince  Jos.ph  Po- 

to  distribute  among 
)  deserve  them, 
the  motions  of  the 
Warsaw  appears  to  be 
to  which  their  chief 
is  directed  ;  his  ma- 
■efore.  in  consequence 
iger  which  threatens 
1,  instead  of  joining, 
lis  attention,  the  ar- 
le  prince  his  nephew 
mia,  is  now  anxi  ''s 
the  safety  of  that  in 
I.  He  has  in  con- 
ordered   his  bnggagc 


historical  chronitle. 

part  of  which  was  on  its  way 
to  the  Ukraine,  to  be  sent 
back,  and  has  given  orders  for 
a  camp  to  be  formed  beyond 
the  Vistula  near  Warsaw,  to 
cover  that  city,  and  to  be  leady 
in  case  of  necefsity,  to  rc-en- 
fbrce  the  armies  of  generals 
Zibiello  Judycki.  The  camp, 
it  is  supused  will  consist  of  about 
lo.ooomeii.  The  regiment  of 
Lithuanian  horse  guards,  and 
some  other  corps,  cavalry  and 
infantry,  arrived  at  the  spot 
pitched  on,  yesterday. 
Eatt  Indies. 

By  the  "rrival  of  the  Nor- 
thumberland from  Madras,  has 
been  received  a  full  confirma 
tion  of  the  treaty  with  Tippoo 
Saibj  and  though  that  prince 
has  Ihowed  some  inclination  to 
piocrastinate,  yet  it  is  not 
doubted  but  the  steadinefs  of 
lord  Cornwallis,  will  ultimate- 
ly compel  him  to  fulfil  the  sti- 
pulated conditions : 

The  definitive  treaty  was 
signed  on  the  19th  of  March, 
and  the  first  payment,  wz.  one 
crore  and  sixty-five  lacks  of  ru- 
pees has  been  already  made  by 
him.  Part  of  that  money  it  is 
said  has  been  given  to  our  troops. 

Tippoo's  sons,  one  ten  and 
the  other  eight  years  of  age,  are 
very  accomplilhed  princes. 

The  present  state  of  things 
in  India  will  appear  by  the 
following  extract  of  a  letter  to 
the  Editor,  dated  Fort  St  Geo. 
17th  March  1792,  which  con- 
tains the  most  distinct  account 


xr 

of  Tippoo's  dominions  that  has 
ever  yet  appeared  in  print. 

''  Our  am. J  s  s'.iU  .  t  Sfriiigipatam  \ 
there  lias  \>\.>:\i  consi  eiable  Uclay  in 
dsceriain  ng  tie  v;!iit:  of  the  money 
that  hii  luen  p^iJ.  Ac  last  it  h.  s 
been  jg.ct  I  to  rake  it  at  its  curienc 
vake.  The  ascertaining  li.e  value  pt' 
the  toii!  tries  to  be  ceded,  h  s  aiso 
been  ci.e  cai-,-e  of  much  discufsion,  i% 
it  is  so;-p  ;e.  lippoo  has  t'als.fied  the 
Kcoun.s  01  the  fevf  nue  ;  all  which 
iTiight  easily  have  been  prevented  by 
iiatning  the  coun  rics  .j  be  ceded.  The 
leltliiig  ,if  this  1.  SI  paint  may  detain 
our  army  some  time  at  Sering  patam, 
*liere  the  barrenr.efs  of  the  suriound- 
i.'g  country,  the  scarcity  of  forage  for 
tiK:  cattle,  the  su 'til"  Is  that  is  gain  ng 
giour.d  in  the  irmy,  pio  uccd  no  doubt 
Dy  the  filth  of  so  nimcrous  an  hostcr- 

mpcj  so  b  ng  (in  the  same  ground, 
causes  every  delay  to  be  of  serious  mo- 
ment. 

"  It  is  not  yet  certainly  known  what 
ciVintnes  we  (hall  keep  ;  but  it  is  sup- 
p  s  d  all  his  pofiefsiors  on  this  side, 
.>■  L.W  the  Gauts  or  mountains,  vm. 
Buramaal,  Cnimb.ttore,  Dindigul,  &c. 
^Oiintries.  and  Ofsore  as  a  garrison  in 
i.e  Myborc  country  ;  the  Malabar 
>ost  to  be  guaianeed  to  the  different 
rjaiS:  by  which  we  Ihall  get  all  the 
■  rade  of  that  coast,  which  will  be  of 
more  value  to  the  compair.  fur  the 
liurope.m  and  Ci  ina  mari<i  t,  than 
;nOstoflhtir  other  pofstfs;cn^..  The 
Mahrattas  to  have  Sannore  and  Dar- 
'.varj  the  Nizam,  Canpul,  Adoni  and 
Cudapah. 

"  'fhe  Mys.)rc  country  would  never 
r.ave  defiajeJthe  expence  in  our  hands 
of  the  establilhmtnt  that  mu.it  have 
been  kept  there  \  it  is  by  no  hieans 
capable  of  the  same  cultivation  th»t 
the  Carnatic  is^  the  country,  ;s  far  *t 
1  have  seen,  and  I  believe  the  wh^o 
of  it,  is  undula  cd  or  gently  waved  i(» 
.1  wonderfully  regular  manner;  and  it 
is  only  in  the  ho!  o«i,  where  the  rain 
wjter  can  he  framed  by  banks,  Sfcat 
rite  can  be  ci.itivated,  whiih  l<  he 
great  crop,  and,  where  it  can  b«  got, 
the  only  fcoi  of  the  natives  j  tie  cul- 


1 


XVI  historical  chronicle. 

ture  of  the  small  grams  is  more  ^.c...  ./'«  ici  ..^c,  w/iicli  wai  dEipentoJ* 
rious  ani  they  ^re  lefi  noufiJhi^i  d  anJ. ..,  iosc  the, r  way,  by  which  they 
foi  being  on  '.Ik  hiy'i  (jromios,  li.ey  were  uiubk  o  i:o-jper»:e  vvilh  lorJ 
can  onl  be  wa.e  ea  Ifom  the  hvivens,  Cornw.illiS,  which  ihcy  would  hdvs 
where u  the  wii.iie  of  tfte  Car.^atic,  done  had  i^ey  pulhed  th,o,,gh  the 
(by  the  regulai  slops  tV)m  the  Gaus  '  enemy's  camp  lo  thp  river;  Diluie  they 
to  the  se.i,  winch  is  supposed  by  D.- ■  tur'ieJ  to  t.'.e  Iftt,  by  wh.ch  it  is  sup- 
Anderson  to  be  ten  feet  m  everj  m;lc,)  pos-.'d  we  mould  have  entered  Seringi- 
may  be  cultivated  by  only  rais  nj  suf 
ficicn.  binks  ^o  the  eas  ward,  to  re- 
tain the  r  im  that  falls  in  .he  monsjon, 
which  is  s  1  considerable,  tliAt  in  tna 
course  of  six  werlts,  by  accurate  in^a- 
suiemcnti  it  wai  found  near  fitiy  in- 
chf!.  had  fallen  at  Madras  j  mnre  after 


aiim  along  with  Tippoo,  at  least  wc 
must  have  taken  «very  thing  he  wav 
poftpfsed  of  out  of  tfe  fort. 

"  On  the  26th  ul  .  when  the  two  hos- 
tages were  delivercd.a'd  every  thinuwas 
settled,  he  went  to  h.s  ten',  and  wis  wirh 
«li(Hcuhy  prevented   rrom  do.pg  a  raft 
wards  fell,  but  the  quantity  J  do  not   deej,  that  all  :!ie  army,  and  almost  eve 


knoivj  our  last  moiaO.>n  however  was 
uncommonly  severe,  more  so  than  had 
been  known  for  many  years. 

"The  elevationof  the  Mysore  coun- 
try above  the  sea  ni'ist  be  very  great. 
Th?.  paf.es  on  the  Malabar  coast  have 
been  ascended  by  the  Bombay  arm) 
with  much  difficulty  i  and  on  ths  coast 
on  ascending ihe Padnadurgum  pafs  ore 
hundred  miles  fronuhe  sea,  in  an  hour's 
walk,  1  gJt  into  a  country  fifteen  de- 
grees cooler  than  the  Carnatic. 

"  Tippoj,  by  all  that  appears,  has 
been  the  friend  of  the  poor;  the  rich 
he  alwn\s  toik  the  liberty  of  plunder- 
ing, and  he  hid  inti^.dvuei  many  va- 
lualilo  and  exteniiv;  manufactures  in 
the  p.:ttaho.-toAnofBa,ig.ilirc.  Eefljre 
our  irmy  came  there,  it  is  said  TOjdOO 
weavi'  g  families  were  maintained  j  a.jd 
we  found  lo:ig  atre^ts,  wiih  almost 
every  hoiic  tilled  wah  oton;  but 
the  Mysore  country  can  never  main- 
tain a  great  u  .wer.  htugh  an  excel- 
lent one  to  defend,  being  evry  wh>  re 
protected  by  almost  impret^.u.  le  fo.'i. 
Biddanore  is  the  country  with  Coira- 
batore,  thi'  made  Hyder  s  1  powerful  ; 
and  as  Tippoi  is  all-.wed  to  keep  Bid- 
danore,  he  is  still  very  respc-ailde. 

"  Ouv  joy  at  the  p^'ace  was  verj  much 
damped  oy  an  unlucky  ciicunist.mce 
that  happened  jc  genera!  Mcado^Ks, 
whose  zeal  and  personal  br:ivery  be  ng 
always  fotemist  in  every  d  i"g-r,  lud 
endeared  him  10  the  whole  army.     H- 


had  appeared  unhappy  ever  since  the  a 
'a.ck  of  the  lints,  wlien  the  rit,ht  wing 

which  he  commanded,  after  taking  l.al-  benefitted  b)  our  concjt  csts. 

Yours,  &c. 


ry  person  in  India  would  havi^  loii^'  de- 
plored. It  seems  he  imagined  that  ths 
army  conceived  this  miB.ake  on  the 
6rh,  w.  s  done  on  purpose  to  prevent 
the  complete  victory  that  lord  Corn- 
wallls  would  otherwise  have  gained; 
and  that  he  could  not  co  wince  them 
to  tlie  coniiary  but  by  this  ralh  act, 
I  am  very  happy,  however,  to  tell  you, 
that  he  has  recovered,  and  is  now  out 
of  danger,  and  easy  in  mind,  being 
convin.cd  that  the  army  have  always 
gven  him  the  greatest  credit  for  his 
cheaiful  and  zealous  eo-oper.ition  with 
lord  C.^rnwallls  on  all  occ.slons  You 
will  observe  that  in  these  circumstan- 
ces there  is  a  peculiar  delicacy  in  lord 
Comwallis's  public  thanks  to  the  army, 
in  which  he  meniicvns  Meadows  in  the 
most  liandsome  terms. 

"We  are  now  all  enjoying  the  hap- 
pinefi  that  peace  gives,  and  it  too^ 
place  mjst  opportunely  for  the  co!ie>- 
lection  of  the  crops  j  for  in  our  rvor;h- 
trn  circus  ihe.e  is  a  most  dreadful  fa- 
in,ne  rag.rg  ;  one  half,  n»jr  th:ee 
foiir'l'.s  of  the  Inhabitants  desTcye.;, 
ihe  country  every  where  b'-ing  cover- 
ed wi.h  human  bon-s.  The  fa, lure 
of  'he  crops  in  sou,,  me  :sure  in  Ben- 
itil,  wikich  cblg.  the  g  ivernnwnt  te 
lay  an  e'mbi  go  0,1  the  cxnorta^/an  ot 
grain,hasni  dethedevaitatons  rreat ; 
nd  if  thcCavnaric  had  bfcr  reduced  to 
similar  disr.efs,  whichn  gbth^vehap- 
pe'-ed  at  this  tine  by  th«  mvasicn  of  a 
fw  l,>iise  preventing  t'.-e  collection  of 
the  crop,  we  (hould  have  been  kutlittle 


-itfpr 


le. 

Kii,  which  wai  dcipentCjV 
use  riidr  way,  by  which  thf  y 
c     o   i:o-jper»:e  vviih  lorj 

which  they  would  hdvs 
ilicy  pufhetl  [hiojgh  the 
np  lo  thi-  rivff;  Diluie  they 
iC  l?tt,  by  wh.ch  it  is  sup- 
oulJ  have  ciireied  Seringi- 
5  with  Tippoo,  it  least  wc 
taken  «vety  thing  he  wav 
'  out  of  tf  e  fort. 
26th  ul  .  when  the  two  lios- 
elivercd.a'd  every  thingwas 
/ent  to  h.s  ten',  and  was  wirU 
rtvented  rrom  do.pg  a  raOi 
II  :!ie  army,  and  almost  eve- 
India  would  havs  loii^j  de- 
eems  he  imagined  that  ths 
Mved  this  mie.alte  on  the 
me  on  purpose  to  prevent 
te  victory  thut  lord  Corn- 
d  otherwise   have  gained; 

could  not  CO  wince  thera 
iiary  but  by  this  raih  act, 
lappy,  however,  to  tell  you, 
rccoverr-d,  and  is  now  out 
and  easy  in  mind,  being 
hat  the  army  have  always 
the  greatest  credit  for  his 
1  zcaliius  co-operation  with 
illis  on  all  occ.slons  You 
:  that  in  these  circumstan- 
a  peculiar  delicacy  in  lord 
s  public  ihanks  to  the  army, 
:  meniicvis  Meadows  in  the 
ume  terms. 
e  now  all  cnjoyi-^g  the  hap- 

peace  gives,  and  it  tuol-. 
oppoitimely  for  the  colliv 
le  crops ;  for  in  our  nor:h- 
he.e  is  a  most  dreadful  fa- 
g  ;  one  half,  n»y  thiee 
tlie  Inhabitants  des'r  >><.', 
every  where  b'-iiig  love:- 
m:an  bon-s.  The  fa, lure 
i  in  son.     me  sure  in  Beii- 

cblg.  the  g  ivernrtvent  (e 
r  go  oil  the  cxnortac  an  of 

lie  the  dev.iitaton  5  jreat ; 
Liinaric  had  been  reduced  to 
efs,  which  n-  gbt  have  hap- 
is  tin  e  by  ttae  invasion  of  a 
.rever.ting  tl  e  collection  of 
eftiould  have  been  kutiittle 
5  J  our  conqt,cs:s." 
rours,  &c. 


SHORT  CHRONICLE 


OT  EVENTS, 


A-.vu',.  29.  1^92. 


1 


Foreign. 
Fo/anJ. 
,The  struggle  in  Poland  is  now 
over.     Justice  has  been  obli- 
ged to  give  way  to  force.  The 
Rufsian   troops,   supported  by 
continual  reinforcements,  bore 
every   thing    before  them,  so 
that  necefsity  constrained  tlie 
king    and    the  nobles  of  that 
unfortunate  kingdom   to  sub- 
mit to  the  laws   the  emprefs 
has  thought  proper  to  impose 
upon   them.      The  particulars 
have  not  yet  reached  us  ;  but 
it  is  probable  that   her  eager- 
nefs  to  join    the    confederacy 
against    Fiance,    may    induce 
the   emprefs  to  be  more   mo- 
derate    in   respect  to  Poland, 
than  ihe  otherwise  would  have 
been.        Should    the    confede- 
rated  armies   prove   succefsful 
in  Fraace,  it  is  not  at  all  im- 
porsiole  but  thev,   at  a  future 
period,  may  dirtVi  among  them- 
selves as  to   the    final    settle- 
ment of  ih':  constitution  at  Po- 
lar.c. 

The  Warsaw  gazette  of  tbe 
2^  Jttly  luronns  u.-^   that  cbe 
<oiaoMiatioa  of  turet  powerful 
vol.,  .X. 


neighbouring  states,  while  the 
Poles  were  left  without  the 
aid  of  a  single  ally,  reduced 
them  to  the  mortifying  necef- 
sity of  agreeing  to  an  accom- 
modation with  Ru&i-a,  to  pre- 
vent a  partition  of  their  terri- 
tories among  their  unfeeling, 
and,  we  may  say,  treacherous 
neighbours. 

The  king,  finding  not  only 
that  his  ally  the  king  of  Prul- 
sia  had  deserted  him,  but  that 
he  had  joinea  the  emprefs  in 
her  ambitious  and  tyrann  cal 
views,  called  a  meeting  si  the 
deputies   of  the  different  pro- 
vinces upon   the   2  :id  of  July, 
to  deliberate  on  the  best  mea- 
sures to   be    pursued   tor    the 
welfare  of  the  country.  Of  two 
evils    t^y    were     obliged    to 
choose  the  leas; ;  either  to  have 
their  country  entirely  destroy- 
ed   by    the    immense   armies 
which  w  ere  oven;unning  it,  and 
perhaps  to  have  their  existence 
as  a  "Ute  annihilated,  or  to  «- 
grce  to  the  haughty  terms  im- 
posed upon  thera  by  tlteir  too 
{Kjwerfui  neighbonrs. 

The  Iting  was  o)>.i^d  to  an- 


xvm 

nul,  not  only  the  constitution 
of  3d  May  1791,  and  agree  to 
the  re-cstablithment  of  that 
which  existed  before  the  revo- 
lution, but  even  to  order  the 
army  under  prince  Poniatows- 
ki  to  be  delivered  up  to  the 
Rufslan  general  Brinicki.  This 
was  to  take  place  according  to 
the  agreement  on  the  29th  Ju- 

Many  people,  however,  have 
difsented  from  the  general  re- 
solution. Malachowzki,  Po- 
tocke,  Sapiheat,  Soltik,&c.  re- 
fused to  sign  the  reconferation 
Upwards  of  40CO  nobles,  and 
several  others,  afsembled,  call- 
ing out,  "  T^hc  constitution  with- 
out the  king  /"  They  sought  af- 
ter Malachowzki,  prince  Sapi 
heat,  Potocke.  and  Soltik,  and 
carried  them  round  in  public. 

In  the  grand  dukedom  of 
Lithuania  in  particular,  a  spi- 
rit of  resistance  still  seems  to 
manifest  itself.  \Vliat  a  dis- 
grace to  the  policy  of  Europe, 
that  not  one  state  could  be 
found  friendly  to  a  cause  so 
honourable  to  humanity  ! — It 
IS  not  many  months  since  Eu- 
rope was  on  the  eve  of  a  gene- 
ral war  for  a  barren  territory 
between  the  Bog  and  the  Dnei- 
stcr,  to  preserve  the  balance  of 
/lower ;.  and  now  a  whole  king- 
dom has  been  allowed  to  fall  a 
victim  to  the  ambition  of  Rufsia, 
without  a  single  suspicion  be- 
ing thrown  out  by  any  one 
power  that  the  same  balance 
would  be  thereby  endingered  !  I 


historical  chronicle. 


The  following  are  additional 
circumstances  • — the  emprefs  of 
Rufsia,  desirous,  as  (he  preten- 
ded, of  stopping  the  farther  ef- 
fusion of  blood,  sent  orders  to 
her  generals  to  propose  an  ar- 
mistice, which  was  accepted. 
She  afterwards  wrote  a  letter 
with  her  own  hand,  to  the  king 
of  Poland,  in  which  (lie  point- 
ed out  the  folly  of  his  attempt- 
ing to  defend  the  new  consti- 
tution by  the  force  of  arms, 
as  flie  was  resolved  to  double 
and  even  triple  hfr  army,  if 
neccfsary,  in  order  to  overturn 
it.  She  at  the  same  time  in- 
formed him,  that  the  courts  of 
Berlin  and  Vienna, /////y  agreed 
in  sentiments  with  her;  and  that 
farther  obstinacy  on  his  part 
would  induce  these  powers  to 
unite  their  forces  against  him.. 

This  letter  made  such  an  im- 
prefsion  on  the  mind  of  Stanis- 
laus, that  he  immediately  re- 
solved to  sign  a  renunciation 
of  the  new  constitution  ;  and 
this  intention  he  communica- 
ted to  the  diet  of  Warsaw, 
which  will  even  be  difsolved 
to  give  place  to  that  of  Tan- 
gowitz. 

It  is,  however,  stated  with 
much  confidence,  and  we  be- 
lieve on  good  authority,  that 
the  new  constitution  will  not 
be  entirely  annulled,  but  un- 
dergo considerable  alterations. 
One  article  is,  "  That  the  suc- 
cefsion  to  the  throne  of  PolaniJ 
iliall  be  settled  on  prince  Coik 


>wing  are  additfoiial 
aces  • — the  emprefs  of 
:sirou$,  as  Ihe  preten- 
apping  the  farther  ef- 
blood,  sent  orders  to 
als  to  propose  an  ar- 
vhich  was  accepted, 
vards  wrote  a  letter 
iwn  hand,  to  the  king 
,  in  which  ([\e  point- 
e  folly  of  his  attempt- 
fend  the  new   consti- 

the   force  of  arms, 
i  resolved  to  double 

triple  hfr  army,  if 
in  order  to  overturn 
t  the  same  time  in- 
m,  that  the  courts  of 
I  Vienna,  /ii//j>  agreed 
tts  with  her;  and  that 
istinacy  on  his  part 
uce  these  powers  to 
r  forces  against  him.- 
ter  made  such  an  im- 
1  the  mind  of  Stanis- 
he  immediately  re- 
sign a  renunciation 
V  constitution ;  and 
tion  he  tommunica- 
e  diet  of  Warsaw, 
1  even  be  difsolved 
ace  to  that  of  Tan- 

jwever,  stated  with 
fidence,  and  we  be- 
jood  authority,  that 
;onstitution  will  not 
y  annulled,  but  un- 
liderable  alterations, 
e  is,  "  That  the  suc- 
the  throne  of  Polan<J 
Itled  on  prince  Coin 


1 


historical  chronicle,  xix 

Slaritlne  Paulowltz,  second  son  ing  similarly  circumstanced' 
of  the  grand  duke  of  Rufsia, ,  The  constitution  establiflied  by 
and  his  heirs  male.  ithe  last  national  afscmbly,  and 

This  sudden  chanrre  in  the  sworn  to  by  every  individual 
political  hemisphere,  has  been! of  the  nation  a  few  months  ago 
communicated  by  exprefs  to '  entirely  set  aside  ;  the  king 
every  court  in  Europe.  The  ]  superseded,  and  in  prison,  and 
king,  it  is  said,  deeply  affected !  under  order  for  trial :  all 
in  being  thus  disappointed  of  the  judges  of  the  land  dis- 
carrying  his  beneficent  view* '  placed,  and  a  new  set  of 
into  execution,  has  resolved  to  judges  elected  by  the  people  to 
retire  from  the  supreme  ma-  take  cognizance  of  the  crimes 
nagement  of  affairs,  and  even  alleged  to  have  been  comn'it- 
from  the  capital,  where  in  fu-   ted  by  many  hundreds  of  citl- 


ture  he  can  experience  nothing 
but  mortification.  With  re- 
gard to  the  elector  of  Saxony 
this  event  proves  that  he  acted 
Mke  a  wise  and  prudent  prince, 
in  not  raftily  accepting  the 
crown  which  was  offered  him. 

Prince  Constantine  Paulo- 
witz,  who  has  been  named  to 
the  Poli(h  succefsion,  was  born 
en  the  8th  of  May  1779;  and 
his  appointment  will,  no  doubt, 
at  any  rate  prevent  the  dread 
of  a  partition.  The  emprels 
after  settling  this  affair,  it  is 
not  impofsible,  may  think  of 
extending  her  territories  more 
southward,  and  even  her  good 
friends  and  allies,  Austria  and 
Prufsia,  by  their  wavering  ac- 
tions, may  one  day  be  engaged 
in  a  war  of  her  kindling. 
France. 

Critical  as  the  situation  of 
Trance  has  been  for  many 
months  past,  it  is,  at  the  pre- 
sent moment,  still  more  critical 
than  ever  :  nor  Is  there  an  in- 
Jstance  in  the  annals  of  past  his- 
tory of  a  great  nation  tver  be- 


zens  recently  cast  into  pris'in  ; 
three  great  armies  on  the  Iron- 
tiers  already  entered,  or  ready 
to  enter  the  dominions  of 
France  •,  the  generals  who 
command  the  armies  that  are 
to  oppose  them,  superseded  by 
the  party  at  present  in  power, 
and  ordered    into  confinement 


for  trial  ;  one  half  of  these 
armies  declared  for  the  formi  r 
constitution,  and  the  other 
half  for  the  present  order  of 
things.  Such,  In  a  few  words, 
is  the  present  situation  of  af- 
fairs in  France.  That  order 
may  soon  come  out  of  con- 
fusion, and  that  peace  may  fol- 
low, with  a  settled  form  of  go- 
vernment, that  (hall  be  calcu- 
lated to  protect  the  Uvea  and 
property,  and  secure  the  liber- 
lies  of  the  people,  ought  to  be 
the  wWli  of  every  good  man  1 

Our  limits  prevent  us  from 
giving  a  detailed  account  of 
these  transactions  ;  but  the  fol- 
lowing paillculars  will  mark 
the  nature  of  lliem  -with  suUi- 
cient  dis'.inctnel"'. 


iim'iTii  ria  I 


XX  historical  chronicle, 

Thursday  Aug.  9.  Midnight,   themselves,  a  feneral  council  of 
the  alarm  bell  sounded  in  every 
quarter  ;  the  general  was  beat, 
and   the    citizens    hurri'sd    to 


arms. 

Soon  after,  the  Afsembly 
were  informed  that  M.  Petion, 
who  had  gone  to  the  palace  for 
the  purpose  of  preserving  tran- 
quillity, was  detained  there  as 
pn  hostage  for  the  Kino's 
safety. 

The  Afsembly  ordered  M. 
Petion  to  appear  at  the  bar- 
lie  soon  appeared,  and  reported 
the  different  measures  nhich 
he  had  adopted  for  the  public 
safety.  He  was  applauded, 
and  desired  to  return  to  his 
duty. 

Friday  morning,  Aug.  10. 
As  day-light  approached,  the 
minister  of  justice  entered  the 
hall,  imploring  for  the  king 
that  protectioii  trom  the  Af 
scmbly,  which,  from  the  out- 
rageous conduct  of  the  mob  af- 
sembled  in  the  Thuillerit- s,  he 
had  but  little  reason  to  expect 
from  the  '  affections  of  the 
people. 

While  they  were  deliberat- 
ing upon  the  most  proper  mea- 
sures to  be  adopted  in  this  aw- 
ful and  alarming  crisis,  some 
municipal  ofliceis  announced, 
1;  that  a  tie'w''f>roviiionary  adinim- 

|{  stratioii  had  been  formed  at  the 

*  Commons  Hailj  that  the  peo- 

ple, afsembled  in  their  diffe- 
rent sedVions,  had  named  com- 
mif>ioners,  ivho,  in  virtue  of 
their  powers,  had  denominated 


the  camrni'ni  y ;  and  tha  the 
munici)>u  )i>  h  H  lu-en  suspen'l- 
ed  duiing  the  conui  uante  of 
this  temporary  authority  j  Mcfs. 
Petion,  Manui-.i,  and  Danton, 
being  the  only  members  allow- 
ed to  Kmain  in  the  t\t;rcise  of 
their  funct;ons.  They  added, 
that  M.  Petion  was  surround- 
ed by  a  numerous  bo.iy  of  the 
people,  who  had  con.iucted 
him  to  his  house,  in  order  to 
protect  his  person  and  proper- 
ty ;  and  that  the  firovisionary 
adminislratioit  had  placed  M. 
Santehhk  at  the  head  of  pub- 
lic force,  forbidding  him  to  obey 
the  staff-officers,  or  any  other 
authoiity  but  theirs. 

The  afsembly  resumed  the 
discufsion  of  the  main  question  j 
•mt  were  again  interrupted  by 
the  news  of  atrocities  commit- 
ting in  different  quarters  of  the 
city. 

About  nine  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  almost  every  person 
who  could  procure  aims,  hur- 
ried towards  the  Thuillerit- , 
callii  for  the-  dethronement 
of  tht;  king — adding,  that  he 
was  a  traitor,  and  had  forfeited 
the  confidence  of  the  nation. 

The  king,  alarmed  at  the  fu- 
rious dispositions  mamfesttd  by 
the  pecple,  left  the  Thuilleries  y 
and,  attended  by  the  Swifs  re- 
giment of  guards,  proceeded  to 
the  National  Afsembly,  accom- 
panied by  the  queen,  his  sister, 
and  the  rtjyal  children.  He 
first  placed  himself  by  the  side 


0  general  council  of 
ly;  ami  tha  the 
\  li  H  lu-en  suspend- 
the  coniM  uiiMce  of 
irv  autiiorily  j  Mds. 
\NOEi,  and  Danton, 
nly  members  allow- 
in  in  the  t\trcise  of 
ons.  'I'hcy  added, 
;tion  was  surround- 
mC'Dus  bo.ly  of  the 
bo  had  con.:ucted 
house,  in  order  to 
person  and  proper- 
lat  the  firovuionary 
ion  had  placed  M. 
It  the  head  of  pub- 
rbiddinghimtjobcy 
(icers,  or  any  other 
rut  theirs. 

embly  resumed  the 
)f  the  main  question  j 
gain  interrupted  by 
if  atrocities  commit- 
erent  quarters  of  the 

nine  o'clock  in  the 
ilmost  every  person 
pvocure  aims,  hur- 
rds  the  Thuilleric , 
■  the  dethronement 
ng — adding,  that  he 
or,  and  had  forfeited 
;nce  of  the  nation, 
ig,  alarmed  at  the  fu- 
isitions  manifested  by 
,  left  the  Thuilleries  j 
Jed  by  the  Swifs  re- 
guards,  proceeded  to 
>al  Afsembly,  accom- 
the  qv.een,  his  sister, 
rfoyal  children.  He 
d  himself  by  the  side 


historical  chronide,  xxi 

of  the  president,  and  afterwara-.  .At  last,  honid  to  relate  !  the 
retired  to  the  bar  with  tus  (a-  Swil^  were  obH^,^d  to  yit'd  lo 
m'lv  ;  but  as,  according  lo  the    .-.uptiioi    force  ;  and,  almost  to 


teims  of  the  constitution,  tlif 
af'.cmbly  could  not  iHrloiratht! 
functions  of  a  deliberative  body 
while  he  was  •  r.  em,  he  was 
desired  to  remove  into  out  ol 
the  boxes  set  apart  for  tht  use 
of  the  editors  of  newspapers. 

The  afsemoly  then  sent  ten 
commilsioneis  to  endeavour  to 
appease  the  people. 

In  the  mean  time,  detach 
nients  from  the  national  guard, 
citizens  armed  with  pikes,  and 
a  number  of  the  Marseilkse 
and  Federates,  ranged  them- 
selves in  the  I'lace  de  Caruuxel. 
and   psocccdcd    to   attack,    the 

palace,  \s\\\ch  was  guarded  by 
a  body  of  Swifs. 

The   Swifs  having  been  in- 
sulted, and  liard   prefsed  upon 

hv     those    who    came    against 

them,  were  at   last   obliged  to 

fire  in  their  own  defence,  and, 

at  I'lrst,   the   mob    were  put  to 

flight;     but,   bfii   -    rcinfotic'l 

by    the  Marseille      aid   Fede- 
rates from   Bres! 

a  great   number 

they    rallieil    again 

n-nctd    a    heavy    tiic   against 

their  oppoui'nts. 

The  gates    being  at  last  vo 

Itmtarily  opened   Ly  the  Swii's. 

or  violently  forrt...  by  the  mob, 

an    obstinate   con  lat   ensued  •, 

the  Swifs  defending  themselves  I  country. 

with   signal   bravery,    and   tl)  It  svas  observed,  thfit   many 

populace  continuing  the  attack  j  members,  titl:Lr   throu  ,'i  fear, 

with  the  most  sanguinary  fury,  j  or   froB     >on!e    other   motive. 


well  a:>  by 

Parisians, 

nd  com- 


a  niiin,  were  inhumanly  buuher- 
id  I  T  ley,  however,  sold  tlicir 
li  es  d  a  ,  and  did  not  yield 
till  ihty  had  killed  several  hun- 
(i.fds  Of  their  opponents. 

Among  the  vitiims  sari- 
ficcd  on  this  occasion,  to  po- 
pular frenzy,  besides  ihc  bwii's 
gu-.irds,  and  their  colonel  M. 
d'Affry,  were  the  abb  Bnull- 
lun,  Alelsieurs  Carle,  Mandat, 
and  many  others. 

After  tl:e  mob  had  got  pof- 
sefsion  of  the  pa'ace,  an  im- 
mense crowd  burst  into  the  dif- 
i'erent  apartments  ;  some  of 
whom  carried  to  ll'c  Afsembly 
the  '!  :^en's  lewels,  valuable  ef- 
fcct>.  money,  and  important 
papers.  The  furniture  was 
taken  to  the  sections,  after  an 
inventory  of  it  had  bei  n  ma  >.•  , 
and  the  papers  were  sent  to  the 
committee  of  safety. 

ihe  statues  of  Louis  xiv. 
and  XV.  were  destroyed. 

Duilng  this  tumult,  whi'e 
the  noise  of  cai  non  was  heard 
in  the  afsembl  .  and  several 
.  Alts  even  enleK-ti  the  windows, 
I  he  members  still  continued 
their  delibriaiioii.;,  the  jacobin 
part,  exclaiming.  Liberty!  E- 
quaiity !  and  all  raising  their 
iiands  towards  heaven,  swear- 
ing liiey  woui^'  die  to  save  their 


xxii 

were  absent :  It  was,  thtrc 
fore,  coniidered  as  of  impor- 
tance to  make  a  call  of  the 
house  to  determine  who  were 
present:  tins  beint^  decrftd, 
each  member  took  the  follow- 
ing oath  : 

*'  I  swear,  in  the  name  of 
the  nation,  to  maintain 
liberty  and  equality,  or  to 
die  at  my  post  ! 


Domestic. 

Lord  CornwijHis  has  sijjnifi- 
ed  his  intention  of  returninj; 
to  Europe  in  January  next, — 
his  lordlhip  will  De  accompa- 
nied home  by  general  Mea- 
dows. 

General  Meadows  at  his  rc- 


bhloricat  chronlclt, 

turn,  is  to  be  invested  with 
one  o\  the  vacant  knighthoods 
of  the  bath. 

Lord  Macartney  succeeds 
earl  Cornwallis  as  governor 
general  in  India, — his  lord- 
lhip will,  after  concluding  liis 
embafsy  to  China,  embark  from 
thence  to  Madras. 

The  mayor  of  Leeds  has  if- 
sued  orders  to  the  manufactu- 
rers adjoining,  to  send  patterns 
of  their  commodities  to  lord 
Macartney,  to  be  (linwn  by 
his  lordlhip  in  china.  Hali- 
fax, Huddersfield,  Wakefield, 
hradford,  and  almost  every 
manufacturing  town  in  the 
kingdom,  are  adopting  the 
same  measure. 


Whitehall  Aug.  21. 
The   definitive  treaty  with  Tippoo  Sultan,   was  received  at 
the  India  house  overland  yesterday  from  Bombay. 

ABSTRACT  OR  THE  ARTICLES  IN  THE  TREATY. 

I.  The  treaties  of  1770,  with  Hyder  Ally  Khan,  and  of  1784, 
with   Tippoo  Sultan  are  confirmed. 

II.  The  fourth  article  of  the  preliminary  treaty,  by  which 
Tippoo  agiees  to  yield  half  the  country,  and  pay  certain  sums 
of  money  therein  stipulated,  and  deliver  two  of  his  sons  as  hos- 
tages, for  the  performance  of  these  stipulations  is  ratified 

III.  The  general  abstract  of  the  countries  ceded  by  Tippoo, 
are  hereunto  subjoined,  and  the  detail  of  them  is  inserted  in 
a  separate  schedule,   bearing  the  seal  and  signature    of  Tippoo 

Sultan. 

Districts  ceded  to  the  heitinratJe  Eitglijh  Company. 

Cilicut  63    aloiks         —         —             —  — 

P<ilg.iuccheri\                   —                  —  ■  — 

D  ndigul  ar.d  I'ulmvecrpac'trv  :  t.1'0  ks  — 

%-iWm             —             —             —  —             "" 

K.ofh                 _               _              —  —             . 

Namkool             —         —  — 

Sunk-i^hcrry                —            — 


SScoo 
goo-.O 
24000 
Soco 
I  £000 
40000 


Carried  forward, 


n 14765     5     4 


to  be  invested  with 
:  vacant  knighthoods 
h. 

Macartney  succeeds 
wallis  as  governor 
n  India, — his  lord- 
after  concluding  liis 
I  China,  embark  from 
Madras. 

[yor  of  Leeds  has  if- 
:s  to  the  manufactu- 
ling,  to  send  patterns 
:ommodities  to  lord 
y,  to  be  rtinwn  by 
ip  in  china.  Hali- 
Lersfield,   Wakefield, 

and     almost    every 
ring     town     in    the 

are    adopting     the 
ure. 

Vhiteball  Aug.  21. 
tan,   was  received  at 
embay. 

S  TREATY. 

^  Khan,  and  of  1784, 

ry  treaty,  by  which 
ind  pay  certain  sums 
'o  of  his  sons  as  hos- 
tions  is  ratified 
:s  ceded  by  'I'ippoo, 
them  is  inserted  in 
signature   of  Tippoo 


»  Company. 


S48765  5  4 

8S000  o  o 

goo.o  o  o 

24000  o  o 

Scco  o  o 

16000  o  a 

-    40000  o  o 

n 14765  5  4 


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WIBSTIR.N.Y.  14SI0 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductlons  historiquas 


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3fc. 


K;  .  '. 


r 


historical  chnnick.  ji  xiU 

BtrahM«hu!,qtttooki,\\t.  Bruughc  forwaid,  ^14765    5    4 

Barah  Mohul  —  —  64000    o    o 

Coveripulcun  ■  — —         locoo    o     o 

Verbuddcrdroog  —  —  gtoo    o    o 

PaytoctJi  —  —         —  80CO 

Kaoguondie  —  —  6000 

Daranpo  ^y        —  __        gcoo 

P<nnagur  _  loooo 

Tengrjcocub        —  —        laoco 

C'uvcrypoor  —  '^oco 


o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 


Ahtow  Arruntgurry  —  _ 

Permuuce  —  — 

Shadmungul  -  — 

Vamluoi  —  .        .  .    _ 

Diurict,  ctded  to  the  Nawaub  Aftopb  Jab  BibmuJer. 

iaiuok  Hctpah,  61  t<tloo!cs  —  — 

'heDoab  15  talooka        —  1648099 

Deduct  as  ibllows. 
In  Che  Pe/hwa's  Ihare,       1306666    6  10 
Rematna  with  Tippoo 
Sultan,  Anagooudy  61101     o    o 

1366767 


134:0c 
i8coo 
14000 
aoooo 
160CO 


1316765 
83364? 


6  10 


Remaini  ta  the  Nawaub  Afioph  ]ah 
BanKupilly  and  Cbincbumulla,  2  talooka 
Slngputtun  and  Chilwara.  — 

Oak  — 

Hanwantgooud  — 

WiniplUy  Tcmla  — 

Moaka  —  — 

/«  Gaotf  4  liilsokt,  viz. 
Tarpatry,  — 

Tamurry        —  — 

Velanoor  — 

Singunmulljr       —  — 


>8ii33i 
41804 
aoooo 
aoooo 
15000 
12565 


—  iai6a    6  14 


1905s  o  4 

1407a  8  o 

8800  o  o 

10855  o  e 


Biiwapoor  ,  —  —  — 

Buthary,  Koerkoor,  ftc.  X  talooks        —  35000    oi   o 

Deduct 
Remain*  with  Tippoo,  a  talooks,  Koorkoor 

and  Dunmoor  —  —  laooo    o    o 

In  Koorkoor        —  _-  _ 


.S»78*    »    4 
5000    o    o- 


23000    o    a 
370    a     5. 


Dhlrictt  cidtd  ta  itsw  Pumlit  Purdbauii 

Btinuider. 
The  Doub,  15   alouks  — 

Deduct  remjina  wjch  Tippo'}  Sultan, 
An-'fioudy,  I  talonk  60101 

In  the  (bar*  of  the  Nawaub 

Afaoph  jail. 
Kopui,  8 lalookt  106137  3    9 
Kani'ckgur)  An  7t;ioo  o    o 
la  Gujcodergar    960^4  a  55  281331 


1 316666  6  LI 


1648099  3  a 


o  o 


6  8 


34143*  6  8 


i      1 

u 


niAif 


Hemain,  M  M^  Pu»dit  P'^^'^^''^' 


hutaricMl  ahnmcle. 


DawJli  8  taluuki* 
Hawanitur,  t  do. 
Dummoor 
Baltkapoor,  l6  do. 
Sirkully  4  do. 
Keloor  1 1  do.    — 
Godduck  4  do.        — 

tiliokal,  5  do.  —         — 
tummul  4  'io.  "~ 

Shanore  »6  <i6.  —        "~" 
Latngurry  Soudunhy 
In  Oujenderghur 

8  talooki         101977  9  • 
PcduccHidiareof 
Nawaub  Alioph 
Jah  9P°94  *  S 


138536  8 
30604  a 
15394  6 
250426  6 
6^843 
J43J97 
45*97 
7318$ 
49090 
340946 
148953 


BrougUt  fofward, 

5 
5 

7 
10 

3 

9 
14 

It  -   » 

'J 
o 


1989531    9  •» 


5883  6    7 


Trm  Cr.tj. 
Sundoor, 


-       t30(66ft    <  » 

leooo    o    o 

I3i666«    6    o 

ti,trict.  ceded  to  Row  Pundit  Purdliaua  Bchauder,  ditto        J310000 ^ 

Grand  Toul  in  pagodas,  —  39S'»9'  > 

'  TV  Provide*  tfeat  exchanges  (hall  be  mutuallj  made  of  such 
*am  rfX  aboTceded  d.suicts,  as  (hall  be  inconveniently  «. 
Cd  for  eithrpany.  for  others  of  equal  value  m  a  more  con- 

^T  PrSitr  the  easy  delivery  of  fort,  and  -Hjng  -ij^ 
putes  about  outstandiag  balance,  respecting  them,  the  dehvery  of 

hr^^:^^t:r£i:^-v^^  suita. 

inihe  fon  Thich  the  said  Tippoo  Sultan  has  agreed^tP  cede  m 
the  alUcd  powers,  an  equal  number  of  guns  and  flf»^«>;"  ^^« 
K  forts  which  the  allitd  powers  have  agreed  to  tertore  to 

*';rZeSrs  and  Aumildar,  in  baJance  to  cither  party  ft«Ji 
n^t";  Weltered  by  the  other  j    and  provides  for  the  adjustment 

°^1;^V^%1l^?^s"ind  zemindar,  of  this  country  whoij 


rward,    1989531    9  ** 


— — 

1306666 

< 

for 

ICOOO 

0 

0 

I3i666« 

6 

0 

lown, 
ditto 
ceo 

131676s 
1316666 
1 316666 

1 
6 

4 

0 

3950098    S    9 

ttuall;  made  of  such 
be  incoaveniently  ri'^ 
value  in  a  more  conr 

»,  and  avoiding  div* 
them,  the  deUfery  o£ 
nics.  ' 

iit  by  TIppoo  Sultan 
has  agreed  to  cede  to 
i  and  ibot  fhall  be  left 
agreed  to  restore  to 

e  to  cither  party,  fliaU 
les  for  the  adjustment 

this  count  ry  who  in 
chcd  themselves  and 
i  that  accaant,  in  any 
by  Tippoo  Sultan. 

if*  jtgr  ofMarib,  179I. 
CoKKWALLIs* 


INDEX. 


:<9i 


A. 

-AccQVMT    of   thg    armadjllo^ 

with  a  cut,  IJ^— o»  the  micm- 

'     iy  ot  Arcadia  at  Rome,  193— 

of  thr  agaffl£e,  a  singular  bird,  S49 
Aiirian  9ruor,  anecdote*  of,  asr 

4(kff  lean  tal«,  sSi-at9 

,1    ■■..    (harkft  petition  of »  34 

Agaokee,  a  tingnlar  bird,«coeant  «t,*jt9 
Albanici^s  on  the  life  of  John  earl 
of  Bucban>  i-4<''-«oSruart**e- 
lementt,  ttpa 

mt  Alljgoryon  wisdom  and  wealth,  31} 
Alonso.'on  the  (Omple  of  Hymen,  S57 

-  Mphonio,  king  of  Anagun,  aaec- 

-  dotes  of,  »*3 
Aoiicu*  ocrleaaas,  m 
Andenon>  James^on  the  improve- 
ment of  (Keep  and  wool,            9-47 

Anecdotes,  313— «f  la  Fontaine, 
•7— >of  a  new  made  justicr,  lut  ■ 
—of  William  lu.  1.34— "f  a 
sailor,  13$— of  James  1.  174 
—of  Adrian  Broor,  151 — of 
Alphoriao,  king  of  Arragon,  _  163 
'  An  old  bookworm  on  the  agamcs,  I49 

Antiquities  i.''  Scotland,  io5-»74 

Arcadia,  laci'  'f  of,  in.  Rome,  aC- 
iiount  of,  193 

^rchitectare,  taste  in,  >34'M5 

'  Armadillo,  account  of  the,  with  a 
cut,  153 

AstrooomicM  on  the  inilky  war.     61 

.Biographical  remarks  on  dist^ngui- 
'■     (hedcharactersin Scotland,    997  3d< 
Biogr.tphlcus,    interesting    hinta 
by,  .  *97  *<>• 

.  ,B1m  hiog.of  fla«,  ^  33S 

Bi>ok  worm  on  the  ^gamec,  »49 

Brp^'. ,  AdrUn,  anecJoci  s  of,  tfl 

Irtice,  Sir  W.  of.Kiarofs,  notScts 
of,  »98  »d' 

'    Bucban.'Jok  carl  oft.  life  of,  with 
a^rttait,  1-4* 

VOL.  t»  ' 


»7 


Butt,  Dr,  hi*  account  of  an  earths 

quakr, 
Butts,  William,  on  poors  rates, 

C 
Case  of  nouns,  explanation  of  the,  174 
Characteristical    anecdotes  of  la 

Fontaine,  *y , 

Chemicu»  on  Rupert's  glafs  drops,  130 
Cl.mate,  influence  of,  on  qualities 

of  wooh  ;      " 

CloMnefs  of  pile  and  finenefs  m 

wool)  conntrction  between,  47 

Cockbum>  of  Ormiston,   notices 

of,  *i)%M. 

on  Colds  anb  coughs,  113 

Commotions  in  Rofslhire,  thoughts 

on,  *9r 

Conttitutkm,  thoughts  on  the,  iS5-aas 
Consumptions,  an  efaay  on,  II3 

Corrttponaenis,  acknowledgementa 

to,  4o-m--is*— »9«'-«*4--**4 

304»d -33*  ,  . 

.«»  Cotion  manufactures,  104 

Cotton  manuractutes,  on  the  piu* 

grefs  of,  33* 

Cox-i's  travel*,  extracts  from,     36-77^ 
Cure  for  the  gout,  >ro 

•  D. 

Definitives.  oxpUnat'oft  of,  315 

:Oelicicy  of  sentiment,  an  efsay  oa,  aoi 
Desciiptioo  of  a  view  pn  the  water    . 
■    of  Leith,  Aith  a  plate,  136' 

Dictionary,  a  specimen  of,      146-477 
'Disquisitions  on  gtammar,s39-»74-3  »  * 
,Di«,  a  Merina  ram,  account  of,     307- 
Drinkiivg,  history  of  effects  of,  re- 
'.    view  of,  .   '        '7* 

Drummond,  Ooo.  notices  of,    299  id.. 
,Dun-t>-deer,  account  of,  »o6-«74 

—ground  plan  of  *7  5— view  of 

from  the  north,  and  ditto  froin 

the  west,  a7*' 

E. 
Effects  of  hard  dtinkingt  Ustoiy 

of,  review  of,  T* 


iMfalW— 


k 


^S 


hWf,  iV.'Vm..i<iifj 


vtA  index. 

Electric  tymptomi  iccompanying 

an  earchf  uake,  -  61 

*m;tht  SpUdct  of  Ovid.  %  1 5 

Zfuy  on  coughi  aAd  coliU,  113— 

on  Muesi  x<a 

Efujr  «n  itelicicy  of  Mntiattnt,      sot 
Zterclwi  effect*  of  on  <|ualitici  of 

Wool  16 

Exerci«ej  Inpnctical  grunmar ;  l4'->77 1 


Ectnctt  fnxn  Cose't  travels> 

F, 
,  Finhaven,  bill  of*  vitrified  fortifi^ 
cations  on,  *^% 

Fonuine,  anecdoCci  of,  vf 

Foodicffec*  of  on  qualitiei  of  wool,  15 
Friend  tB  liberty  on  Cexe'i  traveli, 

J6.77 
O. 
Gander  of  nouni,  explanation  of,    244 
Oonitive  case  ia  Engliih,  critical 

difierution  on»         .  S74'3i' 

Clafa  drops,  an  efsay  on,  1 30 

Glafii  Aianufacnire,  progref*  of,      333 
Gleaning,  of  Uteratute,  it-ioy 

Gypsum,  experiments  0%        300  id. 
Cranuoar,  exercises  in,  146-177 

GTainmaricald':squisitionl,s  39474-311 
Great  minis,  account  of,  Si 

Creciai  architcGtute»  account  of 

the  origin  of,  ,     t6S 

Gottt,  TurkJih  cure  for,  1 10 

HairbraiA,  Timotliy,  lucubratkmt    , 
of,  •        *3 

Hard  drinkihg,  Lettsom  oo,  71 

Hardineft  of  ueep.  **i  fincne<a  ef 
wool,  connection  between, ,  '       47 

Hint*  on  the  proaperitji  of  tute*, 
3*5 — respecting  jthe  progiti*  of 
manufactures.  331— <o  tttrre*- 
pondent*  of  the  Bee,  i97Sd. 

Hymen,  the  temple  of,  157 

I.  J. 

Improvemsttt  «f  fiiecp  and  wool 
oa  the,  ••47 

Intelligpuce  fironoi  Mew  South 
Wales,  190 

Intelligence  in  literature,  t6« 

IroamaoufiKtures,  en  the  pngrcA 

if;  3J4 

Italian  K|teratore,  i$3 

Joliau  oa  wiidom  and  we«Kh|      313 


L. 

La  Fontaine,  anecdotes  of, 
Laws  of  tlie  Arcadians  of  Rome, 
Leases,  an  efsay  on, 
Lcttsom,  Dr  J.  C.  review  of  his 

history  of  eifecis  of  hard  drink- 

log. 
Life  of  John,  cari  of  Buchan,  with 

a  portrait. 


71 

36-77    Linen  y«n  spun  by  machinery,      33a 
Literary  inrelUgence,  »6» 

Lucubrationa  of  'timothy  Hair> 

brain,  *3 

Manufacture*  of  cotton,  concerning,  164 
— — —  on  the  progrefs  of;  3J1 

Mathcmarics,  efiay  on,  171 

Memorandums,   reading,  63-ioi-i3& 


Meschrsabecl,  on  delicacy  of  ten- 
rimcw,  ...  *Oi 

Milky  way,  conjectures  «t  the,       6x 

Misobrontes  on  Thunierproof'* 
efsay*,  f^ 

Museum,  accountofWeir**,i6&.  304*4. 

New  South  Waler,  Intelligence 
from,  'S® 

Nouns  in  the  Englifh  language, 
a4i-H>n  number,  a43— ; 
gender,  944— case,  974 

Number,  of  nount,  explanation  of,  t4S 
O. 

Obsetvarioos  on  poor  rate*,  17-- 

'  on  leases,  iiz— on  the  cottsti* 
tution,  i5S-*a5-—oa  cotton 
manufscturet,  (64 

en  Overstretching  taxation,       57*3^9 

Ovid**  epistles,  an  e&ay  oa,  21}  ' 

Pangolin,  account  of  the,  with  a   - 
■    cut,  8« 

Papyritts  PfKcurtor,  on  gleaning*  • 

of.literatiire,  iof 

Pearantryi  emancipatioa  oftinPo- 

land,  3:t^in  Rufsia,  77 

Petition  of  the  flurku  of  Africa,  34. 
Philosophy  of  grammar,  »39-«74-3iE 
Philotuesi*  on  Ovid's  epistles,  ti5 
Physicuphilolegut  on  mathemarics,J7i 
Polifli  peasantry,  on  the  emancU  ' 

pation  of,  3' 

,  Poon  nteij  tli«u|h'.»  en>  if 


L. 

,  anecdptti  o(t  »j 

Arcadians  of  Rome,  '  197 
fsay  on,  it* 

r  J.  C.  review  of  hit 
cifecia  of  hard  diink- 

k,  call  of  Buchan,  with 

ipun  by  aaclMMryt      33s 
ilUgence,  xi% 

a  of  Timothy  Haiiw 

Et  of  cotton,  concerning ,  164 
the  progrefs  of^  331 

I,  e&ay  on,  171 

ms,   reading,  €3*ioz.-i36 

«1,  on  dclicMy  of  len- 

aoE 
,  conjectures  «t  the,  6x 
I   on  Thunierproof'a 

countofWeir*(,i6&-3a4>4. 

N. 
I  Waler,   intelligence 

the  Englifh  language, 
number,       a4J— ; 
144— case,  »74 

fnount,  explanation  of,  •4J 

O. 
»a  on  poor  ratca,  17— 
,  1X2 — on  the  cottsti- 
i55-ia5——oa  cotton 
turea,  ((4 

itching  taxation,       57-3i9 
lUet,  an  e&ay  on,  aij  ' 

P. 
iccosnt  of  the,  with  a   - 

U 
fccuraor,  on  gleaning*  • 
ure,  I'oy 

emancipatioi  oftinPo- 
—in  Ruftia,  77 

the  Ourlui  of  Africa,  34. 
ofgrammtr,  »39474-3iE 
I  on  Ovid's  epistles,  « 1 5 
lolegut  on  mathematicSfjyi 
aatry,  on  the  emancl- 

f,  3» 

I,  tli«u|h-.»  on>  if 


«  indeit, 

Pneticalgranunar,e«erciiesi«»i4'-»;7l  I'imoleon  to 
Prosperity  of  states,  hints  on,         3»S 
Pulmoaicus  on  coughs  and  colds,   113 

R. 
Reading  memorandums,  63-io»-i36- 

Remarlci  on  Thunderproof 's  ef- 
tiys,  9* 

Revenue  laws,  hints  on,  by  Tra- 
der Political,  .  57"J«9 

Review  of  Lettiom  on  hard  drink- 
ing, 71 

Robinson,  A.  on  poor*  rat<:s,  17 

Konun  private  dwelling*,  descrip- 
tion of,  *7* 

jteofsihire,  commotion*  in,  thought* 
on,  a97 

Rupert's  glaft  drops,  efsay  on,        1 30 


xxvii 

the  Editor  of  the 
Bee,  303  xi. 

M  Thunderproof 's  efsayt,      .         96 
Tiinothy  Halrbrain,  lucubration* 

of,  «J 

M  Timothy  Thunderproof 's  efssys,  96 
Tourn«r  Abbe,  hi*  account  of  the 

society  ot  Arcadii  in  Romc>     f 93 
Tnder  Political,  on  taxation,    57-319 


Tutkiih  cure  for  the  gout,  1 10 

v. 

OS  Vitrified  fortifications,  105-275 

——view  of,  2ri 

«n.  Voltaire,  '  *1% 
W. 


Rufsia,  sute  of,  77 

s.-  ■■■ 

Scaly  l^ard,  acount  of,  81 

Scottifls  anticirittc*,  205-274 

Seiko,  a  tale,  182-219 

Sentiment,  on  delicacy  of,  201 

Sharks  of  Afirica,  petition  of,  34 

Sheep,    Spaoiih,  compared    with 

others,  308 

Sheep  and  wool,  on  the  improve- 
ment of,         ,    ■  ^     9-47 
t*  th$  Shortnefi  or  length  of  staple 

of  wool,  48 

Sixe  of  Iheep,  and  fiienef*  of  wool, 

connection  between,  16 

Sketch  9f  the  life  of  John  earl  of 

Bnchta,  with  a  pourait,  1-41 

Society  of  Arcadia  in  Rome,  ac< 

count  of,  •  193 

Spanidi  fltcep,  account  of^  with  a 

cut  30s 

State  of  Hew  South.  Wale*,  190 

States,  Kinu  «in  the  pnitperity  of,   32  5 
St  B«mard*«  well,  detcription  of, 

with  a  view,  .  136 

Strange,  Sir  Robert,  notice*  of,  299  2d. 
M  Stuart**  element*,  of  the  philo- 

taphy  of  the  hum*n  mind,  140 

•     ..  ,  T.     ■■  ,  .         -.  - 

Tale,  St'Sco,  182-219 

Ml  Ta^in  architecjtur*,        *i^*^S 
M  Taxation,  "      'sH** 

tb*  Temple  of  Hymen,  257 

Timolton'*  *econd  letter  to  the 

people  of  Great  Britain,  155 — 

Jtli  thM  fetter,  21$ 


WeAvipg  by  maciiinery,  333 

Weir's  museum,  accountof,262-304  2d. 
Wisdom  and  wealth,  aii  allef(uiy,  323 
WooU  carded  and  spun  by  machi-    . 

nery,  J3X 

Wool  and  Iheep,  on  the  imptovc* 

mcnt  of,  9-47 

Y. 
Young,  Arthur,  on  poor*  rates         in 

POETHr. 
A. 

Academicus,  disappointment  by,  329 
Amicus,  imitation  of  Martial  by,  17S 

B. 
Bombardininn,  imitation  of  Mar- 
tial's epigrams,  65-28^ 
Buchanan  translation  from,  176 
Butler,  T.  H.  to  the  memory  of 

Mr*  Shcrdan,  66 

■iyram  Dr,  on  patience,  246 

C, 
t  Character  oi  th(  timet,  IC4 

Ciifna,  ttanalation  from  Buchanan, 
by,  ♦  176 

D.         ■<■ 
(T  Dirge  to  the  memory  of  Mr%  She- 
ridan,' V         66 
iht  Disappointment,  ~         329 

2.  ■      '■•:'• 

Elyina,  verae*  by,  247 

Emtliusj.imititionef  Maithilbyi  3jo> 
Epigrams,  ■  .  *..  ,  ,.  "  2iS-33a 
Epi4tle  tb  a  friend  on  the  New 

Year,  icj 

EpistW  of  Ovid  to  hi*  wife  from 

Pontua,  F,  ,216 

f  Fable,  i}9 


s<7 


H  Faneyi  an  odCt 

«•  Flattery  by  TumUcdown, 

»♦  H«{e,  ^  "^      ,     , 
Vymcn,  the  tempi*  «« 

Imitation  of  Martial,  «Sri7S->7<-»W 

Ladles,  a  tal«  fcr,  «« 

iit«L>r*«fMartiiidkle,  mS 

#<«  Lottery  a  tale  for  the  Ud>n»  «5 

M* 
Martial,  imitated, 

6s»i75-i76-»8»-53P 

Martindale,  lafi  of,  »>3 

Modern  rrfinem«Bt»  105 

Murnins  walk,  esirMta  ftom,  137 

O. 

Cde  M'fiuicy,  ••J 

O'  Dieu  qu'on  meocennait,  S4» 
Ovid'a  «piaUe  to  hi*  wife  fiom 

Pontut,  «'* 
P- 

ra  Pitience,  *4' 

'Peaoek  and  doTe  «  fable  tj9 


aliS 

175I  r»  SakaQr  "^^     '»«>j; 

Signet,  4       10$ 

««  rt<  Sptinf ,  ^7 

Squire  Toe*,  lmit*<io>t  «f  Martial 


ros 
W9 


Kondo,  to  the  memory  of  Mr* 
Sheridan*  •• 


by,  3J0 

Tile  for  the  ladies,  %i, 

tbt  Ttmf  I*  of  Hymen,  *^ 

The  laft  of  Martindale,  »i> 

Theologus     M   modem    refine- 
ment, 
rhonton  to  Mif*  Yaivi(, 
rhundrrproof,  imiution  of  Mar- 
tial by,  tJSrf** 
Tra><flatioa  fi«m  By«hw«n,  by 

Cinna,  '7* 

rum^jcd«wn.«a-ll«ttCTy>  »7S 

V. 
Verse*  ,fMm  a  new  poem,  entitled 

the  morning  walk,  137 

Verses  on  patience,  *^ 

Verse*  by  a  lady  in  a  dedipc  to 

her  child,  HT 

Vol-ure,.  line*  by  on  jtis  death- 
^    bed,  «*» 

Wh»ti^lo»e>     '  MT 


ENP  of  FOLUJUB  *tENTH. 


>    \ 


•'-^*»..»w«.|„^^; 


.J^£i»-^ 


.    .  <^''    '°S 

Iprinfi  V 

Toei,  ImiUfiokofMHtlal 

3J0 

>r  the  ladies,  aj.. 

np Ic  of  Hjimttnt  »6o 

hofMartindalc,  SiS 

gut     M  iBo4eia   refine- 

ros 

ion  to  Mift  Yatmg,  3115 

f  rproof,  imitation  of  Mar- 
by,  i7Jr*W 
atioo  Aom  Bitthfwai  by 
m,  176 
le40Mrn,«arfltttC(]r>  >7S, 

V. 

i,A*ai  a  new  poem,  entitled 
morning  walk,  l]7 

I  on  patience,  146> 

I.  by  a  lady  in  a  dcclipe  to 
child,  347 

re,,  linei  by  on  hit  dcatb* 


i»<l0TC^ 


Tents, 


I  HI  .  n—  '