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HISTOR 


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AND 


GEOGRAPHY 


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Toronto,  1897 

PRINTED  AT  THC   SCMTINtt  OrFICE,   TORONTO 


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STUDENTS' 


....Reference  Book.... 


OF 


HISTORY 


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GEOGRAPHY 


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BY 


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PRICE,       -      20    CENTS 


Toronto,   1897 


0 

V 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Parliament  of  Canada,  in  the  year  One 
Thousand  Eight  Hundred  and  Ninety-Seven,  by  Wm.  R.  Wood. 
at  the  Departmant  of  Agriculture. 


PREFATORY  NOTE. 


In  submitting  this  little  book  to  the  public  the  writer  lays 
no  claim  to  literary  excellence.  It  is  merely  a  compilation  of 
facts  stated  in  as  concise  a  form  as  possible,  and  arranged  in 
such  a  way  as  it  is  hoped  will  make  them  easy  of  reference  and 
at  the  same  time  will  give  a  connected  view  of  the  progress  of 
five  centuries  along  the  lines  of  Invention,  Exploration,  Re- 
ligious Organizations  and  Literature. 

Sections  five  and  six,  while  primarily  intended  for  the  use 

uf  the  pupils  of  our  Public  and  High  schools,  will,  it  is  believed, 

be  found  to  contain  much  that  is  of  interest  to  the  general 

reader. 

Wm,  R.  Wood. 
RivERBANK,  June  1st,  1897,  , 


1 

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1 

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),.! 


**  Writers  of  history  by  an  exact  and  scrupulous  dili(fc.v,^c  and 
ohservatioriy  o'^it  of  monuments^  names^  vjords,  p^^overbs^  tradi- 
tionSj  private  records  and  evidences,  fragmeuU  of  stories,  passages 
of  books  that  concern  not  story,  a)id  the  like,  do  save  and  recover 
somewhat  from  the  deluge  of  Time,^' — Bacon. 


,    i. 


nEtt'se««!WMm  wvaw 


SECTIONS 


I.  Inventions. 
il.  Exploration. 

III.  Literature. 

IV.  Religion  and  Morals. 
V.  Historical  Definitions. 

VI.  Geographical  Definitions. 


m 


SECTION  I. 


Events  in  the  History  of  Invention  and  Discovery  in  the  In- 
dustrial Arts  and  Sciences,  and  other  similar  advances, 
since  the  beginning  of  the  Fifteenth  Ctntury. 

I4»0.        IVinting  from   wooden   blocks  iixtroduced   by  Faust, 
1442. 
Guttenburg  uses  types  cut  from  metal,  1444. 
Cast  metal  types  first  used,  1452. 
Manufacture  of  glass  in  England  begun,  1457. 
Caxton's  printing  press  set  up  at  Westminster,  1473. 
Straight-grooved-bore  rifles  used  in  Germany. 
liWO.        St.  Pelers  at  Rome  begun,  1506. 

Spirally  star-grcoved  rifles  invented  by  Koster,  1520. 
Newsheet,  "Gazetta,"  printed  in  Venice,  1536.     ^ 
Diving  bell  first  used  (about),  1538. 
Copernican  theory  of  the  heavenly  bodies  first  pub- 
lished, 1543. 
Royal  Exchange  established  in  London,  J  566. 
Dip  of  magnetic  needle  first  noted,  1676. 
-     Wheel-lock   guns   (ignited   by    friction)   invented,  by 
Auremberg,  1577. 
*' English  Mercurie,"  war-notes,  printed,  1588. 
Kepler  discovers  elliptical  orbits  of  the  planets,  1594. 
Ittoo.        Gilbert's   theory  of   terrestrial   magnetism  (a    single 
magnetic  core  from  pole  to  pole)  announced,  1600. 
Galileo  discovers  the  satellites  of  Jupiter,  1610. 
James  I.,  of  England,  issues  '•  Book  of  Sports,"  1618. 


W-^^' 


6 


1700. 


1795. 


studenth'  rbference  book 

London  "  New  River,"  (a  canal  supplying  water)  com- 
pleted, 1619. 
Van  Drebbel's  air  thermometer  constructed,  1021. 
Vernier's  scale  first  used,  1631. 
Founding  of  Royal  Society,  1662. 
Speaking  trumpet  invented,  1670. 
Silk  carding  inventioa  patented,  1671. 
First  electric  machine  constructed  by  ffuericke,  1672. 
Tourniquet  first  used  in  surgery,  1674. 
Roemer's  discovery  of  the  velocity  i»f  light,  1675. 
Foundation  of  Greenwich  observatory  laid,  1675. 
Return  of  first  predicted  comet,  1682. 
Newton's  *'  Principia,"  which  enunciates  the  Law  of 
Gravitation,  published,  1687. 

Firelock  (flint  and  steel)  muskets  introduced,  1(590. 

Roemer's  transit  instrument  invented,  1690. 

New  coinage  issued  in  England,  1696. 

Newton's  thermometer  invented,  1701, 

Newcome's  atmospheric  engine  patented,  1705. 

St.  Paul's  Cathedral  completed,  1708. 

Hawksbee's  electric  machine  constructed,  1709. 

Fahrenheit  constructs  his  mercurial  thermometer,  1714. 

Aberration   of    fixed   stars   noted   and    explanied   by 
Bradley,  1720. 

Halley's  diving  bell  c(mstructed  (about),  1720. 
William  Ged  discovers  the  process  of  stereotyping, 

1725. 

Reamur's  scale  for  marking  thermometer  nitroduced, 

1730. 
Muschenbrock's  pyrometer  invented,  1731. 
Nautical  chronometer  invented  by  Harrison,  1736. 
Eclipse  of  Mercury  by  Venus  noted,  1737. 
Leyden  jar  invented,  1746. 
Heliometer  invented  by  M.  Bouguer,  1747. 


OF   HISTORY   AND   OEOORAPHY.  7 

'■.■.■*■'.'     ■  ,  ;  • 

Porcelain  first  painted  on,  1749.  .     A* 

Roebuck's  method  of  manufacturing   sulphuric   acid 
perfected,  1749.  . 

1150.         British  Museum  founded,  1763.  * 

Bridgewater's  canal  from  Worsley  to  Manchester,  first 

in  England,  1758. 
Lightning  conductors  first  constructed  by  Franklin, 

1760.  - 

Accidental  discovery  of  kaolin  in  France,  1766.      '  ?  -/ 
James  Watt  constructs  his  model  of  a  steam  engine, 

1765.  ,  ■   .  ■;;.,..,,:...::. 

Ark  Wright's  water-frame  spinning  machine  constructed, 

1769.  . 

Society  of  Civil  Engineers  organized,  1771.       :..  >    : 
Hydrochloric  acid  gao  discovered,  1772. 
James  Watt  surveys  course  for  Caledonian  Canal,  1773. 
Oxygen  and  chlorine  discovered,  1774. 
Herschell's  five-foot  reflector  constructed,  1774. 

1775.         Jasper  or  Wedgewood  ware  invented  by  Josiah  Wedge- 
wood,  1775.  ,  .  ,  V 

Volta's  electrophorus  invented,  1775.  }'''y'-::'r'''i'X- 

Hydrogen  discovered  by  Cavendish,  1776. 

Bonneman  devises  incubating  apparatus,  1777. 

Crompton's  mule-jenny    (a    movable  frame  for    the 
spindles  in  spinning)  invented,  1779. 

Nairn's  two-fluid  electric  battery  invented,  1780. 

Herschell  discovers  planet  Uranus,  1781. 

Volta's  electric  condenser  invented,  1782. 

Royal  Society  of  Edinbursjh  incorporated,  1783. 

Fiifu  embossed  book  for  the  blind  printed,  1784. 

Watt's  steam  hammer  patented,  1784. 

Cort's  process  of  rolling  and  puddling  iron  introduced, 
1784. 


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$  .  students'   llEFERENCE   BOOK 

Chlorate  mixtures  exploded  by  percussion  first  used  in 
.  rifle  shooting,  1786. 

Cause  of  acceleration  in  moon's  revolution  discovered, 

1787. 
Meikle  invents  grain  threshing  mill,  1787.  * 

SiT.eaton's  diving  bell  constructed,  1788. 
Herschell's  great  telescope  co-    *^ructed,  1789. 
Metal  strontium  discovered,  1793. 
Decimal  system  introduced  in  France,  1793. 
Semaphore    signal    towers    first   established    by    the 

French,  1794. 
Leblanc's  process  of  soda  ma^^ufacture  introduced,  1794. 
Discovery  of  anti-v6.r'olous  power  of  vaccination  (about) 

1796. 
Voltaic  pile  constructed,  1799. 
^SOft.        Laughing-gas  suggested  as  an  aniesthetic,  1800. 

First  of  the  asteroids  discovered,  January  1,  1801. 
First  census  of  Great  Britain  taken,  1801. 
Caledonian  Canal  begun,  1803. 

Development  of  eloctro-chemical  decomposition,  1806. 
•     i       Metals  potassium,  sodium,  barium,  strontium,  calcium 

and  magnesium  first  obtained  by  electricity,  1807. 
Fulton's  first  steam  voyage.  New  York  to  Albany,  1807. 
Captain  Manby  invents  life-mortar  for  throwing  mis- 
sile with  chain  attached,  1807. 
Aluminum  discovered,  1808. 
Deluc's  dry  electric  pile  constructed  (gold  and  silver 

paper),  1809. 
1810.         Evening  schools  first  established,  1811. 

Lighthouse  on  Inchcape  (Bell  Rock),  completed,  1811. 

Brewster's  dioptric  lighthouse  invented,  1812. 

First  iiteamer  used  for  commercial  purposes  ("  Comet" 

on  the  Clyde),  1812. 
Davy  discovers  electric  light  and  the  voltaic  arc,  1813. 


?■' 


,»**'-' 


■ 


OF   HISTORY  AND  GEOGRAPHY. 


9 


Stephenson's  locomotive  constructed  (6  miles  an  hour), 
1814. 

First  steam  printing  press,  "  Times,"  London,  1814. 

Permanent  jihotographic  pictures  produced,  1814. 

Davy's  safety  lamp  invented,  1815. 

Stephenson's  safety  lamp  invented,  1815. 

Elementary  form  of  bicycle  constructed,  1815. 

Kaleidoscope  invented  by  Brewster,  1817. 

First  steam  voyage  from  England  to  America,  1819. 
1830.         Action  of  electric  current  on  magnetic  needle  noticed 
by  Ersted,  1820. 

Petroleum  first  discovered  in  Ohio,  1820. 

Introduction  of  lithography,  1821. 

Tengrove's  rocket  apparatus  constructed,  1821. 

Prof.  Danifcll  invents  an  improved  pyrometer,  1821 . 

First  mechanics'  institute  founded  in  London,  1823. 

Caled<mian  canal  completed,  1823. 

Pins  first  made  by  machinery,  1824. 

First  steam  voyage  to  India,  1825. 

Lachiiie  Canal  opened,  1825. 

Thames  tunnel  begun,  1826. 

Bell's  reaping  machine  patented,  1826. 

Amalgamated  zinc  first  used  in  galvanic  battery,  1826. 

Dye  stuffs  first  obtained  from  coal  tar,  1826. 

First  railway  in  the  United  States,  Quincy,  Mass,  1827. 

First  horseless  carriage  constructed  in  England,  1827. 

Rings  of  Saturn  measured,  1828. 

Hot  air  blast  introduced  in  iron  manufacture,  1828-30. 

Bessel's  heliometer  mounted,  1829. 

Welland  Canal  opened,  1829. 
1830.         S^-^nhenson's  engine  "  The  Rocket,"  beginning  of  rail- 
^■'-'^ds,  1830. 

Leloge's  water-filter  invented,  1831. 

New  London  Bridge  opened,  1831. 


,      V 


10 


1840. 


STJDENTS  KEFERENCE  BOOK 

Barlow  announces  his  theory  of  the  electrical  origin  of 
terrestrial  magnetism,  1831. 

Faraday  discovers  induction  of  electric  currents,  1832. 

Ericcson's  caloric  engine  invented,  1833. 

Hussty  and  McCormick  obtain  a  patent  for  reaping 
machines,  1833-34. 

Gospel  by  St.  John,  first  book  of  Bible  printed  for  the 
blind,  by  James  Gall  of  Edinburgh,  1834. 

Lucifer  matches  come  into  use,  1834. 

Accidental  discovery,  by  Liebig,  of  method  of  deposit- 
ing a  coating  of  silver  on  glass  (afterward,  about 
1840,  used  in  the  manufacture  of  mirrors),  1836. 

Daniell's  electric  battery  constructed,  1836. 

Colt's  revolver  patented,  1836. 

First  railway  in  Canada  (Laprairie  &  St.  John,  P.Q.), 
1836. 

Electro -metallurgy  discovered,  1837. 

Cook  and  Wheatstone's  magnetic  semaj)hore  signal  ap- 
paratus, June,  1837. 

Steinheil's  3-mile  telegraph,  July,  1837. 

Morse's  automatic  recording  telegraph,  October,  1837. 

Grove's  nitric  acid  battery  constructed,  1839. 

Discovery  of  daguerreotype,  1839. 

Ozone  discovered  by  Schonbein,  1839. 

Armstrong  constructs  his  hydro-electric  machine.  1840. 

Calotype  or  Talbotype  process  of  photography  pat- 
ented, 1841. 

Metal  uranium  first  isolated  in  a  pure  form,  1841. 

Wilson's  improvements  on  the  Nasmyth  steam  ham- 
mer, 1843. 

Introduction  of  gut  i  percha,  1843. 

Bunsen's  carbon  b    tery  invented,  1843. 

Thames  tunnel  completed,  1843. 

First  telegraph  line  in  America,  1844. 


1« 


OF  HTSTOKY    \ND   GEOGKAPHY. 


H 


1860. 


New  Brunswick  and  Canada  Railway  begun,  1844. 
Ross'  telescope  at  Birr,  Ireland,  completed,  1846. 
Elias  Howe  invents  the  sewing  machine,  1845. 
Faraday  shows  that  all  bodies  are  affected  by  magnet- 
ism, 1845. 
Dr.  Galle  discovers  the  planet  Neptune,  1846. 
Sulphuric  ether  used  as  an  antt3sthetic,  1846. 
Gun  cotton  invented  by  Schonbein,  1846. 
Smithsonian  Institute   organized  by   U.S.    Congress, 

1846. 
First  telegraph  line  in  Ontario.  1847. 
Survey  of  course  of  Suez  Canal,  1847. 
Chloroform  first  used  as  an  anajsthetic,  1847. 
Gold  fields  of  California  discovered,  1847. 
Great   bell   of    R.C.   Cathedral,   Montreal,  cast,  (13^ 

tons)  1847. 
Type  casting  machinery  patented,  1848. 
St.  Lawrence  canals  completed,  1848. 
Brewster  constructs  the  stereoscope,  1849. 
Bomb-shells  invented,  1849. 
Northern  railroad,  Canada,  begun,  1850. 
Dalgreen  invents  a  cast  inm  gun,  1850. 
Ruhmkorff's  induction  coil  invented,  1850. 
Britannia  tubular  bridge  (over  Menai  Strait)  contruct- 

ed,  1850. 
First  submarine  telegraph,  1851. 
Discovery  of  gold  in  Australia,  1851. 
Collodion  discovered,  1851. 
Crystal  Palace  built  for  Industrial  Exhibition,  London, 

1851. 
Enfield  rifle  invented,  1853. 
Condensers  for  induction  coils  introduced,  1853. 
Wilson's   "Circular  balanced   valve"   applied  to  the 

steam  hammer,  1853. 


iSi 


:§ 


m.: 


12 


STUDKNTS     REFERENCE   BOOK 


1860. 


Torpedoes  first  used,  1854. 

Bunsen  first  produces  pure  strontium,  1855. 

Niagara  Suspension  Bridge  completed,  1855. 

Balance  construction  of  portable  steam  cranes  adopted, 

1856. 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  completed  to  Toronto,  1856. 
Spherograph  invented,  1856. 
Alden's  type-setting  machine  invented,  1856. 
Bessemer   process   in   steel    manufacture  introduced, 

1856. 
Uranium  first  obtained  in  compact  form,  1856. 
First  attempt  to  lay  Atlantic  Cable,  1857.  i-' z'--      ■Mr^^  ? 
Great  Eastern  launched,  1858.  < ,,  ;v  -r 

Suez  Canal  begun  by  DeLesseps,  1858. 
Suez  Railroad  opened,  1858. 
Decimal  currency  adopted  in  Canada,  1858. 
Bishop's  great  floating  derrick  (London)  built,  1859. 
•First  large  iron-plated  warship  built,  1859. 
Completion  of  Victoria  Bridge,  Montreal,  1859. 
Gold  discovered  in  British  Columbia,  1859. 
New  bronze  coinage  in  Great  Britain,  1860. 
Spectrum  analysis  invented  by  Bunsen  and  KirchoflP, 

1860. 
Petroleum  first  discovered  in  Ontario,  1860. 
Gatling  gun  invented,  1861. 
Metal  thallium  discovered,  1861. 
Snider's  rifle  patented,  1862. 
Metropolitan  underground  railway  opened,  1863. 
Telegraph  to  India  via  Persian  Gulf  completed,  1865. 
Holtz's  electric  induction  machine  invented,  1865. 
First  "  Walter"  Press  erected,  Times,  London,  1866. 
Atlantic  Cable  successfully  laid  by  Great  Eastern,  1866. 
Matrix  compositor  for  stereotyping  invented,  1867. 
Pratt's  typewriter  invented,  1867. 


OP   HISTORY    AND   GEOGRAPHY. 


13 


j^i^ht^ 


1870. 


^sri' ■'■'■' •;' 


1880. 


Dynamite  invented  by  A.  Nobel,  1868. 
Lockyer  and  Janssen  discover  the  chromosphere,  18^8. 
Use  of  the  Air  Brake  introduced,  1869. 
Submarine  telegraph  cable  laid  between  Brest  and  St. 
Pierre,  1869.  ,.         ,   ,.   , 

Suez  Canal  completed  and  opened,  1869. 
British  telegraphs  transferred  to  the  Government  1869. 
Mont  Cenis  tunnel  opened,  1871.  ■ 

Martini-Henri  rihe  invented,  1871.  <r    ':    •  /    .^v 

First  elevated  railroad,  New  York,  1872.    -   !  :.  :  ;^i    l' 
Book  sewing  machine  invented,  1872. 
"Challenger"  cir^^umnavigating  voyage  for  exploring 

the  sea-floor,  1872-76. 
Gold  dollar  made  unit  of  value  in  the  United  States, 

1873. 
First  extensive  manufacture  of  Remington  typewriter, 
^'^^873.    ^•^^^-^^•■■''-■-^:'^"  ---^^^ 

Postal  Congress   at   Berne ;  Universal   Postal    Union 
■  formed,  1874.  3; 

Prince  Edward  Island  Railroad  opened,  1875.  { '• 

Metal  gallium  discovered,  1875.     ^  .-  vm? 

Grand  Opera,  Paris,  opened,  1875.  v     -       ' 

England  purchases  the  Suez  Canal,  1876.    f  ■■'    ■ 
First  railroad  hi  China  opened,  1876.  ;f 

Intercolonial  Railroad  opened,  1876.  -     : 

Phonograph  invented  (not  perfected),  1877. 
First  C.P.R.  locomotive  at  Winnipeg,  1877. 
Silver  remonetized  in  the  United  States,  1878. 
Cowper's  autographic  telegraph  invented,  1879. 
Fleuss'  diving  dress  invented  (oxygen  supply  and  caus- 
tic soda  to  absorb  carbonic  acid),  1880. 
Great  bell  of  St.  Paul's  (17i  tons)  cast,  1881. 
Electric  cars  snccessfully  run  at  Paris,  1881. 
Armoured  trains  used  in  England,  1882.     _  ;._ 


i 


14 


STUDENTS     REFEaENCE   BOOK 


1890. 


Nickel  discovered  in  Canada,  near  Sudbury,  1883. 

Brooklyn  Bridge  completed,  1883. 

Bartholdi's  Statue  of  Liberty  begun,  1884. 

Washington  monument  completed  and  dedicated,  1885. 

M.  Pasteur  introduces  inoculation   for   hydrophobia, 
1886, 

Great  lens  of  Lick  telescope  completed,  188G. 

Welding  of  copper  iSrst  accomplished,  1886. 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway  completed,  1886. 

Colonial  and  Indian  Exhibition,  London,  1886. 

Electric  welding  discovered,  1887. 

Phonograph  perfected,  1888. 

Graphophone  invented,  1888. 

Lick  observatoiy  and  telescope,  California,  completed, 
1888. 

Electrocution  adopted  as   method  of   capital  punish- 
ment in  New  York  State,  1889. 

Koch's  tuberculosis  cure  announced,  1890. 

Button's  pneumatic  balance  lock  for  ship  canals  in- 
vented, 1891. 

Campania,  Cunard  Liner,  launched  on  the  Clyde  (600 
ft.  long,  75  ft.  wide),  1892. 

Electric  street  railways  established  in  Montreal,  1892. 

Acetylene  comes  into  use  as  an  illuminant,  1894. 

Race  of  motor  vehicles  at  Paris  gives  an  impetus  to 
invention  in  that  line,  1895. 

Element  Helium  identified  by  spectroscope,  1895. 

Prof.   Roentgen  discovers  X  rays  photographic  pro- 
cess, 1896. 

Process  of  color  photography  discovered  by  M,  Chas- 
sagne,  Paris,  1897. 


OP  HISTORY    AND  GEOGRAPHY. 


16 


SECTION  II. 


Chronology  of  Discovery,  Exploration  and  Colonization. 

Prellmliinry  Not«.— The  geographical  knowledge  of  an- 
cient and  medisBval  nations  extended  only  to  West- 
ern and  Southern  Asia,  Northern  and  North-eastern 
Africa  and  Europe.  In  986,  A.D.,  Bjarne  Herjulf- 
son,  on  a  voyage  from  Iceland  to  Greenland,  was 
driven  south-westward  out  of  his  course  and  passed 
within  sight  of  the  coast  of  the  North  American 
continent.  In  1000,  A.D..  Lief,  son  of  Eric  the 
Red,  visited  the  continent  and  passed  south  along 
the  coast  as  far  as  what  is  now  New  England,  where 
having  noticed  grapes  growing  he  named  the  country 
Vinland.  Two  years  later,  Thorwald,  a  brother  of 
Lief,  spent  some  months  exploring  the  coasts  for- 
merly visited  by  his  brother  ;  and  in  1007  another 
hardy  Norseman,  named  Thorfinn,  led  an  expedition 
of  160  men  to  America  and  spent  three  years  on  its 
shores.  None  of  these  men,  however,  made  any 
permanent  settlement  and   the  knowledge  of  their 

-  discoveries  did  not  spread  to  continental  Europe. 
During  the  latter  half  of  the  thirteenth  century 
Marco  Polo,  a  Venetian,  made  several  remarkable 
journeys  across  Southern  Asia,  penetrating  as  far  as 
Tonquin,  and  on  his  return  published  an  account  of 
what  he  had  seen. 

1400.         Christopher  Columbus  visits  Iceland,  1477. 

Bartholomew  Diaz  reaches  the  Cape  of  Good   Hope, 
1487. 


if" 


16 


STUDENTS     REFERENCE   BOOK 


't 


ColumbuH  discovers  San  Salvador  and  other  West  India 

Islands,  1492-93. 
Second    voyage    of    Columbus  ;    explores    the    West 

Indies  and   North-west   coast    of    S«juth    America, 

1493-96. 
John  Cabot  visits  Newfoundland,  1497. 
Sebastian  Cabot  reaches  lat.  07°  30',  and  then  explores 
south  to  lat.  38°  and  discovers  Florida,  1498. 
Third  voyage  of  Columbus,  1498. 
1500.         Cortereal's  expedition  to  Labrador  and  Newfoundland, 

15()0. 
Cabral  visits  Brazil,  1500. 
St.  Helena  discovered  by  Portuguese,  1502. 
Death  of  Columbus,  1506. 
Mauritius  discovered  by  Portuguese,  1507. 
Ponce  de  Leon  takes  possession  of  Florida  for  Spain, 

1512. 
Balbua  reaches  the  Pacific  Ocean,  1513. 
Cordova  discovers  Mexico,  1517. 
French  settlement  attempted  in  Acadia  (N.S.),  1518. 
Magellan  leaves  Spain  on  voyage  of  circumnavigation, 

1519. 
Magellan  enters  and  names  the  Pacific  Ocean,  1520. 
Conquest  of  Mexico  by  Cortez,  1520. 
Magellan's  expedition  (he  having  been  killed)  reaches 

Spain,  1522. 
Verazanni  explores  Labrador  and  Newfoundland,  1524. 
Cabot  discovers  the  La  Plata,  1526. 
Pizarro  conquers  Pern,  1533. 

Jacijues  Cartier's  first  voyage  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  1534. 
Jacques  Cartier's   second    voyage,  exploration  of   the 

St.  Lawrence,  1535-36. 
De  Soto  reaches  the  Mississippi,  1540. 
First  exploration  of  the  Amazon,  1540, 


^m 


'ft  I 


OF  HISTORY  AND  OEOORAPHY. 


17 


Expedition  of  Cartier  and  Roberval  to  the  Fjt.  Law- 
rence, 1641. 

Australia  charted  by  the  French  as  Java  Le  Grande, 
1542. 
IMMK         Stephen  Burroughs  reaches  Vaygatz  Strait,  1656. 

Drake's  first  voyage  to  South  America,  1572. 

Forbisher  visits  Newfoundland,  1676, 

Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert's  voyage  to  Amerioa,  1576. 

Drake  coasts  along  Upper  California,  1578. 

Florida  settled  by  Spaniards,  J  ^80. 

Pet  and  Jackman  enter  Kara  Sea,  1580. 

Sir  H.  Gilbert  takes  possession  of  Newfoundland  for 
Great  Britain,  1583. 

Raleigh  attempts  to  colonize  North  Carolina,  1685. 

Trinidad  colonized  by  Spaniards,  1588. 

Falkland  Islands  discovered  by  IJawkins,  1594. 

Spitzbei^on  discovered  by  Barentz,  1596. 

Mauritius  taken  by  the  Dutch,  169§  (afterwards  aban- 
doned). 
l«oo.         Colony  at  Port  Royal  (N.S.)  established,  1605. 

Barbadoes  settled  by  jbhe  English,  1605. 

Torres  Strait  visited  and  named,  1606. 

Henry  Hudson   rieaphes  lat.   80°  30^,  iiorth  of   Nova 
Zembla  and  SpM^zbergep,  1607. 

Virginia  founded  by  S^r  Walter  Ralejgh,  |607. 

Cham  plain  fou^d/s  Quebec,  1608. 

Champlain  ascends  the  Richelieu  to  Lake  Champlain, 
1609. 

Dutch  settleijaent  at  New  York,  1609. 

First  passage  around  Cape  Horn,  1609. 

Hudson's  first  voyage  to  Hudson's  Bay,  1610, 

Bermudas  settled  by  the  English,  1611. 

Guiana  settled  by  the  Dutch,  1613. 


il 


V  I 


r 


^:    ! 


18 


STUDENT  S   REFERENCE   BOOK 


Champlain  discovers  Lakes  Nipissing,  Huron  and  On- 
tario, 1616. 

Voyage  of  the  Mayflower  and  settlement  of  the  *'  Pil- 
grim Fathers,"  1620. 

First  English  colony  in  Newfoundland,  1622. 

New  Hampshire  settled  by  the  English,  1623. 

Barbadoes  colonized  by  Sir  W.  Courteen,  1625. 
1625.         French  Colony  established  in  Newfoundland,  1626. 

New  Jersey  and  Delaware  settled,  1627. 

Gulf  of  Carpentaria  visited  and  named  by  Carpentier, 
1628. 

Bahamas  settled  by  the  English,  1629. 

Swedish  settlements  in  Pennsylvania,  1631. 

Rhode  Island  settled  from  Massachusetts,  1631, 

Antigua  (W.I.)  colonized,  1632. 

Maryland  founded,  1634. 

Connecticut  settled  from  Massachusetts,  1635. 

First  British  settlement  at  Madras,  1639. 

Tasman   discovers  and   names   Van    Dieman's   Land 
(Tasmania),  1642. 
1650         Jamaica  taken  from  the  Spaniards,  1653. 

French  settlements  in  Michigan,  1670. 

New  York  and  New  Jersey  taken  by  England  from 
the  Dutch,  1674. 

Pennsylvania  granted  to  Penn  by  Charles  II.,  1861. 

La  Salle  descends  the  Mississippi,  1682. 

Paraguay  founded  by  Jesuits,  1690. 

French  settlement  in  Hayti,  1690. 

Scotch  expedition  to  Darien,  1698. 
ITOO.         French  Canadians  form  a  settlement  at  Detroit,  1701. 

Kolessof  discovers  the  Kurile  Islarids,  1713. 

Mauritius  re-colonized  by  the  French,  1715. 

Manitoba  and  Kewatin  explored  by  French  merchants 
from  Montreal,  1731. 


vso. 


1800. 


.Tld 


rom 


701. 


lants 


X>V   mSTOKY   AND   G£OO^APHY. 

/ 

'Frenchmen  explore  the  Missouri,  1733.'/- 
Behring's  secoml  expeditioa,  1 740.         ^*^'    «2      /On*. 
Captain  Oook  visits  Australia,  X^*1<1,  *My 

Hearne  crosses  fron*  Hudi^on  Bay  to  the  reouth  of  the 


Copper  mine,  1771. 


.'./# 


.V 


'V 


........         /  i..'»» 

First  British  settlement  in   Australia  (t*t.  Ja^ksonX^ 
1788.  ... 

First  transportation  to  Botauy  Bay,  17^8. 

Bass  Strait  explored,  1790, 

English  colony  at  Sierra  Leone,  1790, 

Mackenzie  crosses  from  the  moUth  of  tlie  Mackenzie 

River  to  the  Pacific,  1789-93, 
Moreton  and  Hervey  Bay  (Australia)  explored,  1792, 
Mungo  Park's  first  voyage  to  Africa,  1795, 
Norlh-eas't  coast  of  Australia  explored,  1801. 
Wellesley  province  purchased  by  Great  Britain,  1802. 
Colony  of  Victoria  explored  and  surveyed,  1802. 
First  settlement  in  New  South  Wales,  1803. 
First  settlement  in  Tasmania,  1803. 
Scoresby  reaches   lat.  SV  30',  north   of   Spitzbergen, 

1806, 
Ascension  Island  first  occupied,  1^15, 
Singapore  Island  purchased  by  Great  Britain,  1819. 
Alexander's  and  Pete^rs'  land  (in  the  Antarctic  ocean) 

discovered,  1821. 
Malacca  taken  from  the  Dutch,  1824. 
Captain  Parry  reaches  lat.  82°  40*  in  boats  mid  sl-edges, 

north  of  Spitzbergen,  1827. 
Peninsula  Boothia  Felix  discovered  and  named   bj 

Booth,  1829, 
Melbourne,  Australia,  founded,  1835. 
Complete  exploration  of  Australian  coast,  1837-43, 
i^abr^na  L^nd  discovered,  1839™ 


lir 


«'i 


tii' 


flD 


students'  reference  book 


Ross  Antarctic  expedition  discovers  volcanoes  Erebus 

and  Terror,  1840. 
Victoria  Land  discovered  and  coast  traced  from  lat. 

71°  to  lat.  78°  10'  (highest  south  latitude  reached)  by 

Ross,  1841  43. 
Hong  Kong  ceded  to  Britain  by  China,  1842. 
Franklin  starts  on  his  last  voyage,  1845. 
Labuan  becomes  a  British  possession,  1846. 
Livingstone  discovers  Lake  Ngami,  1849. 

18S0.         Robert  McClure  discovers  a  North-west  Passage  via 

Banks'  Strait,  Melville  Sound  and   Barrow  Strait, 

1860. 
Livingstone  crosses  Africa  westwards,  1853-54. 
Livingstone  re-crosses  Africa  eastwards,  1854-56. 
Oudh  annexed  to  the  British  Empire,  1856. 
Remains  of  Franklin  Expedition  found  on  the  borders 

.)f  King  William  Land,  1867. 
Speke  discovers  Victoria  Nyanza,  1858. 
livingstone  explores  the  Zambezi  and  discovers  lakes 

Shirwa  and  Nyassa,  1868-63. 
Baker  ascending  the  White  Nile,  reaches  the  Abert 

Nyanza,  1864. 
Spitzbergen  accurately  mapped  by  Nordenskoild,  1868. 
Austro-Hungarian  Polar  Expedition  starts,  1872. 
Return  of  Austro-Hungarian  Polar  Expedition  after 
discovery    of    Franz    Josef  land ;    explored    to    lat. 

82°  5'  N.,  1874. 
Cameron   explores    lower    half    of   Lake  Tanganika, 

1874-76. 

I»I5.         Stanley  explores  the  Victoria  Nyanza,  1876-76. 
Captain  Nares  reaches  8S°  20'  N.,  1876-76. 
Stanley  descends  tho  Congo,  1877. 


OP  HISTORY   A5D  QBOORAPHV. 


21 


The  Vega  of  Gothenburg,  under  Nordenskoild,  accom- 
plishes the  N.E.  passage  and  eyph)re8  the  coast  of 
Asia  from  the  Yeiiesei  to  Behring  Sea,  returning 
(1879)  via  Suez  Canal,  1878. 

American  Arctic  ExpMition  under  (Ireeley  reaches 
lat.  83°  24'  N.,  1883 

Return  of  Nansen  Expedition,  which  reached  lat.  86" 
14'  W.,  1896. 


^M 

*■ 

i  » 

■  ,\ 

'r  ^ 

...  . ,  ■ 

22 


students'  reference  booh: 


SECTION  ni. 


f> 


i     -; 


-h,.    V,       Literatuie  and  Authors. 

Prellnilnai'y  Note.— In  earlier  English  history  the  chief 
names  connected  with  literature  are  Be'^e,  *'  the 
Venerable"  (d.735),  who  wrote  a  "History  of  the 
Church  of  the  Angles "  ;  Bacon  (1214-1292),  who 
wrote  a  scientific  work,  entitled  ""Opus  Majus"; 
and  Chaucer,  "The  Father  of  English  Poetry'"' 
(1328-1400),  whose  chief  work  was  "  The  Canterbury 
Tales."  Wickliffe's  trrtijsi.ition  of  the  Bible  wa* 
published  in  1380. 

''The  EllzHbethan  Era,  the  first  period  of  great  literary 
.  activity  in  England,  was  preceded  by  four  great 
events  :  1st.  The  Revival  of  Learning  ;  2nd.  The 
Reformatum  ;  3rd,  The  extension  of  Geographical 
knowledge  by  the  discoveries  of  such  men  as  Vasco 
;',  de  Gama  and  Christopher  Columbus,  and  4th.  The 
announcement  of  the  Copernican  theory  of  the 
heavenly  bodies. 

This  period  derives  its  chief  glory  from  such  names  as. 
Shakespeare,  the  first  and  greatest  of  dramatists  ; 
Milton,  unsurpassed  in  epic  poetry,  and  Bacon, 
prince  of  the  scientists  of  the  time. 

The  time  of  the  ¥lcl.orlnH  Era  corresponds  in  a  general 
way  with  that  of  her  Majesty's  reign  ;  and  as  that 
reign  is  the  longest  in  the  history  of  our  nation^ 
and  the  most  glorious  in  the  moral,  social  and  politi- 


1 


OP  HISTORY    AND   GEOGRAPHY. 


23 


cal  advancement  it  has  «een,  so  is  it  unprecedented 
in  the  vastness,  variety  and  general  excellence  of 
the  literature  it  has  produced.  Among  others,  four 
chief  causes  may  be  assigned  for  this  wonderful 
literary  acti"ity  and  success  : 

Ist.  The  extension  of  public  education  and  general 
enlightenment. 

2nd.  The  advances  in  the  art  of  printing,  book- 
binding and  publishing. 

3rd.  The  improved  means  of  transit  and  inter- 
communication between  the  different  parts 
of  the  world. 

4th.  Religious  and  Parliamentary  Reform,  which 
has  given  to  the  humblest  member  of 
Church  and  State  an  interest  and  a  voice  in 
the  greatest  questions  of  the  day. 

Out  of  hundreds  of  worthy  names  we  select  the  follow- 
ing as  being  *>emeof  those  who  deserve  highest  rank: 

In  History — Macaulay,  Carlyle,  Hallam,  Park- 
man,  Green,  McCarthy. 

In  Fiction — Thackeray,  Dickens,  George  Eliot, 
Lew  Wallace,  Hawthorne,  Charlotte  Bronte. 

In  Poetry  — Tennyson,  Longfellow,  Whittier,  Aus- 
tin, Browning. 

In  General  Literature — Arnold,  Drummond,  Lyt- 
ton,  Newman,  D'Israeli,  Kipling. 

Among  Living  Authors,  the  following  are  some  of  the 
names  attracting  most  attention  : 

Ian  McLaren  {Dr.  Watson),  J.  M.  Barrie,  Alfred 
Austin  (Poet  Laureate),  William  Watson,  C.  G.  D. 
Roberts,  Margaret  E.  Sangster,  .7.  W.  Riley,  Rud- 
yard  Kipling,  Conan  Doyle,  F.  Brete  Harte, 
W.  D.  Howells. 


■ 

m 

■ ,""' 

1 

mi 

m 

Ii  $■ 


24 
14M. 


students'  reference  book 


ISOO. 


ISM. 


GeoflFrey  Chaucer  died 

1400. 
Caxton  born  1410. 
Sir  Thomas  More  bora 

1480. 

St.  Francis  Xavier  born 
1506. 


Sir  T.  More's  "  Life  of  Ed- 
ward V."  First  work    in 
modern  Enjjlish,  1609. 
Erasmus'  "  Praise  of  Folly," 

1610. 
More's  "  Utopia,"  1516. 
TiUther's  Ninety-five  Propo- 
sitions, 1617. 
Erasmus'  * '  Colloquies, "  1 522. 
Tyndale's  translation  of  the 

Bible,  1626. 
**  On  the  Revolution  of  the 
Heavenly      Bodies,"      by 
Copernicus,  1630. 
Calvin's   "Institutes  of  the 
Christian  Religion,"  1534. 
News  sheet,  *'Gazetta," 

printed  in  Venice,  1536. 
Bibles  placed  in  the  parish 
churches,  England,  1640. 


Edmund  Spencer  born 

1663. 
Sir  Philip  Sidney  born 

1664. 
Francis     Bacon    borii 

1561. 


OP  HISTORY  AND   GEOGRAPHY. 


25 


KMNK 


Spencer's  "Shepherd's  Cal- 
endar," 1579. 


Marlow's  "Tamburlaine," 

1587. 

**  English  Mercurie"  war- 
notes,  printed  1588. 

"Faerie  Queen,  1590." 

"  Venus  and  Adonis,"  1593. 

"Every  man  in  his  Hu- 
mor," 1596. 

Bacon's  Essays,  1597, 


Christopher  MarJov' 

born  1562. 
Shakespeare  born  1564. 
Ben  Jonson  born  1574. 


Dr.  Ussher  born  1580. 
Sir  Philip  Sidney  died 
1886. 


Marlow  died  1593. 


Edmund  Spencer  died 
1598. 


Bacon's    **  Advancement   of 
Learning,'*  1606. 

Milton  born  1608. 
Samuel  But^  ir  born  1612. 
Ben    Johnson    made    Poet    Jeremy  Taylor  "   1613. 
Laureate,  1616.  .  Shakespeare  died  1616. 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh  exe- 
cuted 1618, 
Bacon's  "Novum  Organum," 

1620.  Algernon  Sidney  born 

1622. 
Francis  Bacon  died  1626. 
John  Bunyan  born  1828. 
John  Locke  born  1632. 


t 
♦  ■■■ 

1 

26 


1650. 


1700. 


students'  reference  book 


Milton's  "  Allegro  and  Pen- 
Keroso,"  1633. 

Milton's  "Comua,"  1634. 

Sir  W.  Davenant  made  Poet 
Laureate,  1637. 

Milton's  "Lycidias,"  1638. 

Taylor's  "Holy  Living, "1650. 
"       "Holy  Dying,  "1651. 

Walton's  "  Complete  An- 
gler," 1653. 


hj'r 


Ben  Joniiondied  1637. 


Dr.  Ussher  died  1656. 
Daniel  Defoe  born  1661. 
Jeremy  Taylor  died  1667 


John   Dryden  made  Poet 

Laureate,  1670. 
"Pilgrim's  Progress,"  1670. 
"Paradise    Regained"    and 

"Samson  Agonistes,"  1671. 


Milton  died  1674. 
Samuel  Butler  died  1680 


Dryden's      "  Absalom     and 

Achitophel,"  1681. 
Newton's  "  Principia,"  1687.     John  Bunyan  died  1688. 

Alexander    Pope    born 
.  1688. 

.  T.   Shadwell    made    Poet 
Laureate,  1690. 
Locke's  Essay  on  the  "  Hu- 
man Understanding,"  1690. 
Nahum  Tate  made  Poet  Lau- 
reate, 1690. 


The    "Tatler"    established 
1709. 


Benjamin  Franklin  born 
1706. 

Dr.  Johnson  born  1709. 


n. 


1760. 


OF  nrSTORY   AND   GEOGRAPHY. 


Pope's  "Essay  on  Criti- 
cism," 1711. 

The  "  Spectator"  established 
1711. 

"Rape  of  the  Lock,"  1713. 

Niciiolas  Rowe  made  Poet 
Laureate,  1715. 

Ljiwrence  Eusden  made  Poet 
Laureate,  1718. 

"  Robinson  Crusoe,"  1719. 


"Gulliver's  Travels,"  1726. 
Thomson's  "Seasons,"  1727. 

C.  Cibber  made   Poet   Lau- 
reate, 1730. 


David  Hume  born  1711. 


Horace    Walpole    born 
1717. 

Joseph    Addison     died 

1719. 
Adam  Smith  born  1723. 
Adam  Smith  born  1726. 

Goldsmith  born  1728. 
Edmund    Burke     born 

1730. 
William    Cowper    born 

1731. 
Daniel  Defoe  died  1731. 


Swedenborg's  "Opera  Mine- 

ralia  et  Philosophia, "  1733. 

Pope's    "Essay    on    Man," 


Robert  Burns  born  1769. 


Hume's  "History   of    Eng- 
land," 1762. 


f 


1735. 

.'   1  ;'  :','- 

i 

• 

Edward    Gibbon 

born 

]n 

^ 

1737. 

"  Cas'.la  of  Indolence,"  1748. 

"  Elegy  in  a  Country  Church- 

* 

yard,  1760. 

Wm.  VVhitehead  made  Poet 

Laureate,  1757. 

.;,.W 

28 


STUDENTS  REFERENCE  BOOK 


m 


"  Vicar  of  Wakefield,"  1764. 
*' Deserted  Village,"  1770. 


Smith's   ''Wealth    of    Na- 
tions," 1776. 


Warton  made  Poet  Laureate, 
1785. 

*' Daily  Universal  Register" 
(afterwards,  1788,  "The 
Times")  estivblished  1785. 

Cowper's  "Task,"  1785. 

First  volume  of  Burns  pub- 
lished 1786. 

"Decline  and  Fall  of  the 
Roman  Empire,"  1787. 


"  Reflections  on  the  French 
Revolution,"  1790. 

H.  J.  Pye  made  Poet  Lau- 
reate, 1790. 


Wordsworth  born  1770. 
Sydney     Smith      born 

1771.  ^ 

S.   T.    Coleridge    born 

1772. 
J"mes  Hogg  born  1772. 
Robert    Southey    born 

1772. 


Henry  Clay  born  1777. 
Thomas  Campbell  born 

1777. 
Washington  Irving  born 

1783. 
Leigh  Hunt  born  1784. 


Henry  K.   White  born 
1785. 


Lord  Byron  born  1788. 
J.     Fennimore-Cooper 

born  1789. 
Adam  Smith  died  1790. 
Benjamin  Franklin  died 

1790. 


►rn  1770. 
h      born 

ge    born 

)rn  1772. 
ey    born 


)rn  1777. 
bell  born 

ving  born 

>rn  1784. 

hite  born 


»orn  1788. 
re-Cooper 

aied  1790. 
nklin  died 


OP   HISTORY   AND  GEOGRAPHY. 


29 


Roger's  "  Pleasures  of  Mem-    P.     B.     Shelley     bom 
ory,"  1792.  1792. 

Felicia    Hemans    born 
.  1793. 

Edward    Gibbon    died 

1794. 
W.  C.  Bryant  born  1794. 
John  Keats  born  1795. 
Thomas   Carlyle    bom 

1795. 
Robert  Burns  died  1796. 
Edmund    Burke    died 

1797. 
Thomas     Hood      born 
1798. 
Campbell's    *' Pleasures    of 
Memory,"  1799. 
Igoo.  William    Cowper    died 

1800. 
Southey's  "  Thalaba,"  1801.     Cardinal  Newman  bom 

1801. 
Edinburgh  Review  first  pub-    Hugh  Miller  bom  1802. 

lished  1802. 

R.   W.  Emerson   born 

1803. 
Nathaniel     Hawthorne 
born  1804. 
*'  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,"    Lord  Lytt<m  born  1805. 
1805.  H.  K.  White  died  1806. 

Longfellow  born  1807. 
Edinburgh  Ency6lop8edia  be-    Whittier  bom  1807. 

gun  1808. 
Quarterly  Review  established    0.    W.    Holmes    born 
'1809."  1809. 


•1 

ii 


JlM 


Imi  ^ 


30 


STUDENTS^   REFERENCE  BOOK 


Campbe^' s     "Gertrude     of    Teh ny sou  born  1809. 

Wyomiiig,"  1809,  W.  E.  Gladstone  born 

Knickerbocker's  "  History  of        1809. 
New  York,"  1809, 

Thackeray  born  1811. 
E.  A.  Poe  born  1811. 
•'Thanatopsis,"  1812.  Mrs.  H.  B.  Stowe  born 

First    Cantos     of     "  Childe         1812. 

Harold's  Pilgrimage"  pub-     Charles    Dickens    born 
lished  1812,  1812. 

Robert  Browning  bom 
1812, 

Shelley's     "Queen     Mab," 

1813. 
Southey's  "  Life  of  Nelson,'* 

1813. 

The  Queen's  Wake.'* 
'Waverley,"  1814, 

Charlotte  Bronte  born 
181H. 


i 


Hallajn's    "  Middle    Ages, 
1818, 


7> 


Heavysege  born  1816. 


Rev.  C.  Kingsley,  A.  H, 
Clough,  Maria  Evans 
(George  Eliot),  J.  R. 
Lowell,  Walt  Whitman 
and  John  Ruskin  born 

1819. 
J  ohn  Tyndall  born  1820, 
Alice  Gary  born  1820. 
Keats  died  1821. 
Jenny  Lind  born  1821^ 


I 


OF   HISTORY   AND  GEOGRAPHY. 


31 


1895. 


Rogers'  "  Pleasures  of  Mem- 
ory," 1822. 

♦'  Bracebridge  Hall,"  1822. 

First  Mechanics'   Institute, 
1823. 


E.  E.  Hale  born  1822. 

P.  B.  Shelley  died  1822. 
Francis  Park  man  born 

1823. 
Phoebe  Gary  l^orn  1824. 
Byron  died  1824. 
T.  D.  McGee  born  1825. 
W.     W.    Collins    born 

1825. 


"Constitutional  History  of 
England,"by  Hallam,  1827. 

"Poems  by  Two  Brothers," 
1827. 

Irving's  "  Columbus,"  1828. 

ChristimL  Guardian  estab- 
lished by  Dr.  Ryerson, 
1829. 

"Poems,  chiefly  Lyrical," 
Tennyson,  1830. 

Irving's  "  Alhambra,"  1832. 
Carlyle's  "  Sartor  Resartus," 
1833. 


Lew  Wallace  born  1827. 

D.    G.    Rossette    born 
1828. 


S.    L.    Clemens    (Mark 

Twain)  born  1830. 
Sir  E.  Arnold  born  1831 . 
Scott  died  1832. 
L.  M.  Alcott  born  1833. 

C.    H.   Spurgeon   bom 

1834. 
S.    T.    Coleridge    died 

1834. 
Geo.    DuMaurier    born 

1834. 
Wm.  Morris  born  1834. 
CeliaThaxterborn  1835. 


32 


students'  reference  book 


E.  B.  Browning's  "Prome- 
theus Bound,"  1836. 


"Pickwick  Papers,"  1837. 
Carlyle's   "French   Revolu- 
tion, 1837. 


Longfellow's      "Psalm    of 

Life,"  1838. 
"  Hyperion,"  1^39. 
"Excelsior,"  1841. 

H.  Miller's  "  Old  Red  Sand- 
stone," 1841. 

Poemc  by  Alfred  Tennyson, 
1842. 

Wordsworth  made  Poet  Lau- 
reate, 1843. 

E.  B.  Browning's  "Drama 
of  Exile,"  1844. 

Thackeray's  "  Vanity  Fair," 

1846. 
Tennyson's  "  The  Princess," 

1847. 
Longfellow's  "Evangeline," 

1847. 

"  David  Copperfield,"  1849. 

Macaulay's  "  History  of  En- 
gland," 1849, 


Mrs.  Hemans  died  1836.  ^ 
Alfred  Austin  born  1836. 
James  Hogg  died  1836. 
T.B.Aldrich  born  1837. 
A.  C.  Swinburne  born 

1837. 
W.    D.    Howells    born 

1837, 
Walter     Besant     born 

1838. 
Bret  Harte  bom  1839. 
L.delaIuime("Ouida") 

born  1840. 


Southey  died  1843. 

Sydney  Smith  died  1846. 
Thofl.  Hood  died  1846. 
Arch.  Henry  Sayce  born 
J  846. 


OP   HISTORY   AND   GEOGRAPHY. 


33 


iHftO. 


Free  libraries  firat  opened, 

1050. 
Miller's  "Footprints  of  the 

Creator,"  1850. 


Wordsworth  died  1850. 


Tennyson  made  Poet  Laure-     Robert    L.    Stevenson 
ate,  1850.  born  1850. 

"In  Menioriam,"  1850. 

Thackeray's  "  Rebecca  and 
Rowena,"  1850. 

Prof.     Henry      Drum- 
mond  born  1851, 

^'Esmond,"  1852. 

*'  Hiawatha,"  1855, 

"•Thackeray's    **The    New- 
comes,"  1855, 

E.  B.  Browning's   '*  Aurora 
Leigh,''  1856. . 

Miller's  "Testimony  of  the 
Rocks,"  1857. 

*' Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast 
Table,"  1857. 

*' Courtship  of   Miles  Stan- 
dish,"  1858. 

*"Carlyle'8   "Frederick  the 
Great,  1858. 

•*'  Origin  of  Species,"  1859. 

*"The  Land  ard  ^he  Book," 
by  W.  L.  Thompson,  1859. 

"^'The  Professor  at  the  Break- 
fast Table,"  1860. 

*' Tales  of  a  Wayside  Inn,"    Thackeray  died  1863, 
1863, 

Hawthorne  died  1864. 


Washington  Irving  died 
1859, 


J.  M.  Barrie  born  1860. 


M 


84 


students'  keference  book 


Emerson's  "  Oration  on  the 

Death  of  Lincoln,"  1865. 
Ibsen's'*  Brand,'*  1866. 
Ibsen's'' Peer  Gynt,"  1867. 


"  The  Poet  at  the  Breakfast 
Table,  1872. 

•*  Short  History  of  the  Eng- 
lish people,"  by  J.  R. 
Green,  1874. 

Tennyson's  "Queen  Mary," 
1876. 

MuUer's  "  Chips  from  a  Ger- 
man Workshop,"  1875. 

Whittier's  Centennial  Hymn, 

1876. 

Tennyson's  "  Harold,"  1877. 

Ibsen's  "  Emperor  and  Gali- 
lean," 1878. 

Emerson's  "  Fortunes  of  the 
Republic,"  1878. 

Sir  E.  Arnold's  "Light  of 
Asia,"  1880. 


T.    D.    McGee    killed, 

J  868. 
Chas.  Dickens  died  1870. 
Alice  and  Phoebe  Cary 

died  1871. 
Lord  Lytton  died  1872. 


W.  C.  Bryant  died  1878. 


Revised  version  of  the  Bible, 

Oxford,  1885. 
3.     M.     Barrie's     "Better 

Dead,"  1887. 


Thos.  Carlyle  died  1881. 
R.    W.    Emerson    died 

1882. 
Longfellow  died  1882. 
D.  G.  Rossetti  died  1882. 


OY  HISTORY    AND  GEOGRAPHY. 


35 


ISM. 


"A    Window    in   Thrums," 
1889. 

'*  My  Lady  Nicotine,"  J 890. 
"The  LiUle Minister,"  1891. 


M.  Arnr4d  died  188a 


Kipling's  "The  Other  Jungle 

Book,"  1895. 
**  Beside  the   Bonnie  Brier 

Bush,"  1895. 
"  Poems  Here  at  Home,"  by 

J    VV.  Riley,  1896. 
*' Motley,".!.  VV.  Bengough, 

1896. 

"Kate  Carnegie,"  1896. 
Kipling's  "Seven  Seas," 

1896. 
''Low  Tide  on  Grand  Pre," 

by  Bliss  Carman,  1896. 
**A  Child   World,"  J.   W. 

Riley,  1896. 
"  The  Mind  of  the  Master," 

by  Ian  MeLaren,  1896. 
"  Enster  Bells,"  M.  E.  Sang- 

ster,  1897. 
*^  Margaret  Ogilvy,"  1897/ 


Cardinal  Manning  died 

1892. 
Whittier  died  1892. 
Whitman  died  1892. 


*'  3ill  Nye"  died  1896, 

W.  Morris  died  1896, 
Geo.    DuMaurier   died 
1896. 


Prof.     Jlenry     Drum- 
mopd  difld  1897. 


nii^ 


36 


STUDENTS     REFERENCE   BOOK 


■m 


ii:  J 


SECTION  IV. 


./.. 


Chronology  of  Events  in  the  World  of  Religion  and  Morals. 


'ff) 


l*r<^liitilnarT  Sfote.— Events  before  1400  A.D.: 
Cbristianity   was   carried   during    the    first    century, 
chiefly  by  the  apostles   Peter  and   Paul,  to   many 
jroiiits  in  Southern  and  Western  Europe.     From  these 
points  it  advanced  and  soon  became  firmly  estab- 
lished in  all  the  countries  along  the  coasts   of  the 
Mediterranean.     It    was    introduced    into    Ireland 
about  432  A.D.   by  Patrick,  (afterwards   canonized 
Ireland's  patron  saint)  ;  into  Scotland  about  563,  by 
Columba,  an  Irish  monk  ;  and  into  England  in  596, 
by  Augustine,  sent  from  Home  by  Pope  Gregory. 
About  the  same  time  the  followers  of  Columba  had 
penetrated  into  the  north  of  England. 
The  following  Ecumenical  Councils  bad  been  held  be- 
fore 1400  A.D. : 
I.  Nicea,  325  A.D. 
II.  Constantinople,  381  A.D. 

III.  Ephesus,  431  A.D. 

IV.  Chalcedon,  451  A.D. 

V.  Constantinople,  553  A.D. 
VI.  Constantinople,  680  A.D. 
VII.  Nicea,  787  A.D. 
VIII.  Constantinople,  869  A.D. 

Special  at  Placentia,  1095  A.D. 
Special  at  Clermont,  1096  A.D, 


OF  HISTORY   AND   GEOGRAPHY.  37 

IX.  Ist  Lateran,  1123  A.D. 

X.  2nd  Lateran,  1139  A.D. 

XI.  3rd  Lateran,  1179  A.D. 

XII.  4th  Lateran,  1215  A.D. 

XIII.  Lyons,  1245  A.D. 

XIV.  Lyons,  1274  A.D. 
XV  Vienna,  1311  AD. 

The  following  are  the  dates  and  leaders  of  the  dif- 
ferent Crusades  and  religious  wars  undertaken  by 
European  Christians  to  drive  the  Mohammedans 
from  the  Holy  Land  : 

LEADERS. 

1st.    1097... Godfrey  of  Bouillon. 

Hugh  of  Verniandtus. 

Robert  of  Normandy. 

Robert  of  Flanders. 

Bohemund  of  Tarentum. 

Raymond  of  Toulouse. 
2nd.  1 149 , .  Emperor  Coiirade  TI. 

Louis  VII.  of  France. 
3rd.  1190 Frederick  Barbarossa,  Emperor. 

Richard  I.  of  England. 

* '  Philip  II.  of  France. 

4th.  1203  .. Baldwin  of  Flanders. 

5th.  1228 Frederick  II.  of  Germany. 

6th.  1244 Louis  IX.  of  France. 

7th.  1270 Louis  of  France. 

Prince  Edward  of  England. 
8th.  1291. 

The  Mohammeaans  were  at  last  successful  and  the 

Crusaders  forced  to  leave  Palestine. 

Kvents  lending  np  to  the  Rerornititloii  t 

Such  men  as  Wickliflfe,  IIuss  and  Thomas  A'Kempis 
held  reformed  views  on  religious  subjects  before  the 


iti' 


38 


STUDENTS     REFERENCE   BOf>K 


1400. 


ISOO. 


n:i 


-  _  ^ 

time  of  Luther,  and  by  their  preachings  had  ronsedl 
the  people  to  a  sense  that  the  Churh  of  Rome  was 
not  in  everything  pure  and   perfect.     They  were 
"  Reformers  before  the  Reformation. '^ 

The  revival  of  learning  and  the  translation,  pub- 
lication and  study  of  the  Bible  led  people  to  read 
and  think  for  themselves,  and  showed  them  pure 
Christianity  as  oppc>sed  to  the  greedy  and  licentious 
lives  led  by  the  clergy  of  the  time. 

The  sale  of  indulgences  by  the  Pope  and  his  agents 
roused  conscientious  men  to  a  sense  of  the  hypocrisy 
of  the  hierarchy  of  the  Church. 

Law  passed  in  England  condemining  heretics   to   be 

burned,  1401. 
16th  Ecuu>enical  Council,  Pisa,  1409; 
17th  Ecumenical  Council,  Constance,  1144-1448. 
John  Huss  burned,  1415. 
18th  Ecumenicel  Council,  Basle,  1431-1443. 
First  preaching  of  Savonarola,  1482. 
Martin  Luther  born,  1483. 

.Birth  of  John  Knox,  1506. 

Tetzel,  a    Dominican  friar,  selling   indulgences   near 

Wittenberg  is  opposed  by  Martin  Luther,  1617. 
Martin  Luther  burns  the  Papal  bull,  1620. 
Franciscan  friars,  selling  indulgences  in  Switzerland, 

are  opposed  by  Zwingli,  1520, 
Diet  of  Spires  resolves  that  the  princes  of  Germany 

have  full  power  to  order  ecclesiastical  affairs  in  their 

own  dominions,  1526. 
Conference  of  Protestant  leaders  at  Berne,  1528. 
Second  Diet  of  Spires  decides  all  changes  in  the  Church 

unlawful  except  such  as  may  be  authorized   by  a 

general  council  (Protested),  1529. 


'^Mk. 


OF   HISTORY   AND  GEOGRAPHY. 


39 


k 


1550. 


1«00. 


Confession  of  Basel,  1530. 

Convention  of  Augsburg,  1530. 

Tetrapolitan  Confession,  1531. 

Alliance  of  Protestant  princes,  a  crisis,  1631. 

Treaty  of  Nurnberg,  a  victory  for  Protestantism,  1532. 

Henry  VIII.  declares  himself  head  of  the  English 
Church,  1634. 

Society  of  Jesus  (Jesuits)  founded  by  Loyola,  1534. 

Protestant  convention  at  Smalkald ;  the  Smalkald  Arti- 
cles drawn  up,  1637. 

John  Knox  becomes  a  Protestant,  1543, 

Council  of  Trent  begun,  1545. 

King's  Primer  (Prayer  book)  issued  in  England,  1545. 

Luther  dies,  1546. 

First  Prayer  Book  of  Edward  VI.  issued,  1549. 

Roman  Catholicism  restored  in  England  by  accession 
of  Mary,  1553. 

Cranmer,  Ridley,  Latimer  and  Hooper  burned,  1555. 

John  Knox  returns  from  exile  and  preaches  at  St. 
Andrew's,  1569. 

Gallic  Confession,  1569. 

Thirty-nine  Articles  revised  and  approved  by  convoca- 
tion and  Parliament,  1571. 

First  Presbytery  in  England  formed,  1572. 

Massacre  of  Huguenots,  St.  Bartholomew,  1572. 

Palatine  and  Heidelberg  confessions,  1576. 

Arminius  becomes  pastor  at  Amsterdam,  1588. 

Defeat  of  Spanish  Armada,  a  victory  for  Protestant- 
ism, 1688. 

Jesuits  re-instated  in  France,  1603. 
Hampton  Court  Conference,  which  resulted  in  the  trans- 
lation of  the  Bible,  1604. 
King  James'  version  of  the  Bible  prepared,  1608-1611. 


h'" 


I*. 


Jii 


40 


STUDENTS  KBFERENCE  BOOK 


-  Bt'-i 

m 


m 


f-nr 


1650. 


1700. 


Doctrine  of  Divine  Right  of  Kings  originates  during 

this  period. 
Recollet  Fathers  arrive  in  Canada,  1615. 
Puritans  leave  England  to  seek  "freedom  to  worship 

God,"  1620. 
Laud  attempts  to  force  Scotland  to   use  the  Prayer 

Book,  1637. 
Scottish  "National  Covenant"  drawn  up,  1638. 
Presbytery  of  Carrickfergus,  Ireland,  formed,  1642,' 
Westminster  Assembly  forniulate  Confession  of  Faitli 

and  larger  and  shorter  Catechisms,  1643. 
Solemn  League  and  Covenant,  1643. 

Canada  made  an  Apostolic  Vicariate  under  Laval,  1659. 
Corporation    Act    passed,  requiring  officials   to   obey 

the  King  and  receive  the  sacrament  in  the  English 

Church,  1661. 
Act  of  Uniformity  passed,  requiring  all  ministers  to  be 

ordained  by  a  Bishop  and  to  use  the  Prayer  Book, 

1662. 
Conventicles  forbidden  by  Act  of  Parliament,  1664. 
Five-mile  Act,  1666. 
Persecution  of  Covenanters  in  Scotland. 
First  yearly  meeting  of  Quakers,  1672. 
Settlement  of  Friends  in  Philadelphia,  Penn.,  1682. 
Friends  who  had  been  imprisoned  for  their  faith  set 

at  liberty,  1686. 
Roman  Catholics  forever  excluded  from  the  Throne  of 

England  by  Bill  of  Rights,  1689. 
First  Presbyterian  congregation  in  America  organized, 

1690. 

First  Protestant  missionaries  (Danish)  arrive  in  India, 

1705. 
First  Presbytery  in  America  (Philadelphia)  organized, 

1705. 


OF  HISTORY  AND  GEOGRAPHY. 


41 


1750. 


Act  of  Union  makes  Preabyteiianisni  the  established 
religion  of  Scotland,  1707. 

First  Presbyterian  Synod  in  America  organized,  171(>. 

New  Testament  translated  into  French  by  Abauzit» 
1726.  ,:^ 

Protest  of  four  Presbyterian  ministers  in  Scotland, 
origin  of   Secession  Church,  1733. 

Religious  movement  at  Oxford  and  afterwards  through- 
out England  and  parts  of  America,  led  by  the  Wes- 
leys  and  Whitfield,  resulting  in  the  organization  of 

,    the  Methodist  denomination,  1738. 

Jesuits  expelled  from  Portugal,  1759. 

Jesuits  suppressed  in  France,  1764. 

Methodist  meetings  first  held  in  America  and  classes 
organized  in  New  York,  1766. 

Jesuits  suppressed  in  Spain,  1767.     '■''^^'■■■-■-■■''-■^'       ^s 

First  Methodist  church  in  America — Wesley  Chapel- 
dedicated,  1768. 

Jesuit  Society  suppressed  by  Pope  Clement  in  all  the 
States  of  Christendom,  1773. 

Kev.   John   Murray   organizes   the  first   Universalist 

Church  in  the  United  States  at  Gloucester,  Mass., 

1780. 
First  Sunday  School  opened  by  Robert  Raikes,  1781. 

General  convention  of  Protestant  Episcopal  Church; 
revised  Prayer  Book  and  Articles,  issued  as  "The 
Proposed  Book,"  1785. 

First  community  of  Shakers  formed,  17S7. 

Protestant  Episcopal  Prayer  Book  adopted,  1789. 

Rev.  Dr.  Carroll  appointed  first  R.C.  bishop  of  Balti- 
more, 1789. 

Dr.  Carroll  forms  Synod  of  twenty  priests,  1791. 

New  Connexion  Methodists  organized,  1797. 


I 


! 


f- ;  «■  M 


A:  :: 


m^ 


«rUl>£NT8     HEFBRBNCE  BOOK 


1895. 


Union  of  Presbyterians  and  Congregationalists  in  New 

York,  1801. 
Pope  Pius  permits  partial  re-estjiblishment  of  Society 

of  Jesus,  1801. 
Sanhedrin  of  Jews  called  at  Paris  by  Napoleon,  1806, 
Primitive  Methodist  Church  formed,  1807. 
Organization  of    first  "Cumberland  Presbyteiy"  in 

Kentucky,  1810. 
First  American  Missitmaries  sent  to  India,  1812. 
Society    of    Jesus    completely  re-established    by   the 

Roman  Catholic  Church,  1814. 
Day  of  Thanksgiving  for  the  restoration  of  peace  in 

the  United  States  appointed  by  President  Madison, 

1816. 
African    Methodist    Episcopal    Church    organized    in 

Philadelphia,  1816. 
Zion  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church   organized 

inNew  York  City,  181ft 
First  Methodist  Conference  in  Canada  (Niagara),  1819. 
Jesuits  banished  from  Russia,  1820. 
One  Presbytery  in  Lower  Canada  and  three  in  Upper 

Canada  formed  into  a  Synod  for  the  two  Provinces, 

1820. 

American  Temperance   Society  organized  at  Boston, 

1826. 
Secession  of    Hicksite  (Unitarian)  Friends  from  the 

Orthodox,  1827. 
Protestant  Methodist  Church  organized  in  England, 

1829. 
Catholic  Emancipation  Act  passed  in  England,  1829. 
Methodist  Protestant  Church  organized  in  Baltimore, 

1830. 


sv 


Mix: 


Mr 


.OF   HISTORY   AND  OlSOORAlPHT. 


43 


1850. 


Union  of  Synod  of  Ireland  and  Secession  Church  of 

Ireland,  1830. 
Ab(jlition  of  Slavery  in  British  Colonies,  1833. 
Association  Methodists  organized,  1835. 
Parker's    Missionary    Hospital     in     Canton,    China, 

opened,  1836. 
Division  of  American  Presbyterian  Church  into  two 

sections,  old  and  new  schools,  1838. 
Father  Matthew  commences  temperance  crusade,  1838. 
Parker's  sermon  "  On  the  Transient  and  Permanent  in 

Christianity  "  preached,  1841. 
Book  of  Morm<*n  published,  1841. 
The  "Disruption"  in  Scotland;  formation  of    Free 

Church  of  Scotland.  1843. 
Wesleyan  Methodist  Church  organized,  1343. 
Jews  first  admitted  to  British  Parliament,  1845. 
Liquor  traffic  suppressed  in  the  State  of  Maine,  1846. 
Dr.  Geddie,  first  Foreign   Missionary  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church  in  Canada,  sent  to  the  New  Hebrides, 

1846. 
Migration  of  Tjatter  Day  Saints  to  Salt  Lake,  1847. 

Order  of  Good  Templars  originated  in  New  York,  1851. 

Alcoholic  drinks  in  State  of  Maine  confiscated,  1851. 

Fi..st  organized  Prohibition  movement  (United  King- 
dom Alliance)  in  Great  Britain,  1853. 

J.  Hudson  Taylor  sent  to  China  by  China  Evangeliza- 
tion Society,  1853. 

Doctrine  of  the  Immaculate  Conception  promulgated 
by  Papal  authority,  1854. 

Ratazzi's  bill  for  the  abolition  of  convents  (Italy)  lost, 
1854. 

Associate  and  Associate  Reformed  Churches  of  North 
America  unite  as  U^nited  Presbyterian  Church,  Pitts- 
burgh 1858. 


M-- 


lit! 


It 


ill 


'!!;  r 


44 

1800. 


1870. 


STUDENT  8   REFERENCE   BOOK  . 

Annual   Thanksgiving   Day   appointed    by    President 

Lincoln,  1863. 
Spurgeon's  Sword  and  Trowel  established,  1865. 
Salvation  Army  established  as  the  Christian  Mission 

in  London,  England,  1865. 
American  Branch  of  the  Red  Cross  Society  organized, 

1866. 
Centenary  of  American  Methodism  celebrated,  1866. 
Jesuits  banished  from  Spain,  1868. 
Irish  Church  disestablished,  1869. 

Union  of  the  two  bodios  of  Presbyterians  in  the  United 
States  of  America,  1870. 

Organization  of  the  Colored  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  in  America,  1870. 

American  Wesleyan  Conference  enjoins  the  use  of 
unfermented  wine  in  the  Sacrament,  1872. 

Church  of  England  Temperance  Society  formed,  1873. 

Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States  separates,  a 
new  church.  The  Reformed  Episcopal  Church,  being 
formed,  1873. 

Jesuits  expelled  from  the  German  Empire,  1873. 

Brooklyn  Tabernacle  opened,  1874. 

Congregational  Union  Total  Abstinence  Society  en- 
dorsed, 1874. 

Canadian  Presbyterian  Churches  unite,  1875. 

Union  of  Presbyterian  Churches  in  England,  1876. 

Wesleyan  Methodist  Conference  inaugurates  Temper- 
ance movement,  1877. 

Chautauqua  Literary  and  Scientific  Circle  formed, 
1878. 

Salvation  Army  extends  its  work  to  America,  1878. 

United  Methodist  Free  Church  organize  a  Temperance 
League,  1788. 


OP  HISTORY    AND   GEOGRAPHY. 


45 


I 


1880. 


1890. 


Wesleyan   Methodiat    Conference   forniH  Tempernnce 

and  Band  of  Hope  Union.  1879. 
Primitive  Methodists  form   Connexional  Temperance 

League,  1879. 

Edmunds'  law  against  Mormon  polygamous  marriages, 
1882. 

Incorporation  of  Salvation  Army  of  America,  1885. 

Rabbinical  Convention  at  Pittsburg  adopts  a  reformed 
Jewish  platform,  1885. 

Order  of  Evangelists  adopted  by  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church,  1886. 

Advance  of  Salvation  Army  into  Utah,  1887. 

Fourteen  missionaries  of  the  China  Inland  Mission 
leave  America  for  China,  1888. 

Council  for  North  America  of  the  China  Inland  Mis- 
sion constituted,  1889. 

Catholic  Summer  School  of  America  established  near 

Plattsburg,  1891. 
Parliament  of  Religions  held  at   Chicago  during  the 

World's  Fair. 
Mgr.  Satolli  appointed  Papal  Ablegate  to  the  United 

States  of  America. 
Council  for  North  America  of  the  C.  I.  M.  sends  out 

28  missionaries,  1896. 
Secession  of  American  section  of  the  Salvation  Army, 

"  God's  American  Volunteers,"  1896. 
Mgr.  del  Val  appointed  Papal  Delegate   to  Canada, 

1897. 


II  ' 


46 


SirDBNTS  REFERENCE  BOOK 


SECTION  V. 


Act  of 
Furllanieni 


Definitions  of  Terms  in  History. 

AcceHHlwn.        The  coming  of  a  sovereign  to  the  throne. 

A  bill  that  has  received  a  favorable  vote  in  both 
Houses  of  Parliament  and  has  been  assented  to 
by  the  Sovereign  or  the  representative  of  a 
Sovereign.  Acts  of  Parliament  are  also  known 
as  Statutes  or  Laws. 

Adjourn.         To  dismiss  the  members  of  Parliament,  to  meet 
'  again  at  a  fixed  time,  when  any  unfinished  busi- 
ness may  be  resumed. 

AdmlnlHtratloii.  The  Cabinet  or  Ministry  ;  the  work  done  by 

them  as  a  Government. 

AUleriiien.       The  members  of  the  municipal  council  of  a  city. 

AUlniice.  A  union  of  powers,  generally  for  defence  or  pur- 
poses of  war. 

AnibttHHador.  A  messenger  or  agent  of  the  highest  rank  sent 
from  one  sovereign  or  government  to  another. 

Anarchy.  A  state  of  political  and  social  confusion  arising 
from  want  of  government. 

Anarchists.— Members  of  secret  revolutionary 
societies  having  branches  in  many  of  the 
foremost  natio^^s  of  the  present  time. 

Arbitration.  The  settling  of  a  dispute  in  a  peaceful  manner  by 
submitting  the  question  to  two  or  more  men 
(called  arbitrators),  who  decide  the  terms  of  set- 
tlement and  by  whose  decision  the  disputing 
parties  agree  to  abide. 


OF  HISTORY  AND  GEOGRAPHY. 


^ 


Archon. 


I^j 


ArlNtocrney. 


Arninnieiit. 


Amiy. 


Bin. 


Bill  of 
Attnlnder. 

Blockade. 


Under  the  ancient  Athenian  constitution,  a  chief 
officer  or  magistrate  chosen  to  superintend  civil 
and  religious  matters. 

The  nobles  or  peers  of  a  nation  ;  government  by 
the  nobility. 

A  strong  body  of  men  equipped  for  war  ;  applied 
to  land  or  naval  forces. 

A  collection  or  body  of  men,  organiiied  under 
officers  and  armed  and  trained  for  war. 

Arclierf).    Soldiers  who  use  bow  and  arrow. 

A  proposed  law  under  discussion  by  a  Legislature. 
After  it  passes  it  becomes  a  Law,  Statute  or  Act 
of  Parliament. 

A  law  condemning  one  charged  with  treason  or 
felony  to  death,  banishment  or  confiscation  of 
property,  without  a  trial  in  the  ordinary  courts. 

Surrounding  a  place  by  military  forces  so  that  all 
means  of  intercourse  with  other  places  are  taken 
away. 
Boiulmrdiiieiit«  Firing  shells  or  other  destructive  missiles  into  a 
town  to  destroy  the  buildings. 

A  statement  of  the  finances  of  the  country  uiade 
at  each  session  of  Parliament  by  the  Finance 
Minister  in  Canada,  and  by  the  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer  in  the  Imperial  Parliament. 

A  word  formed  from  the  initial  letters  of  the 
names  CliflTord,  Arlington,  Buckingham,  Ashley 
and  Lauderdale,  intriguing  advisers  of  Charles 
L,  and  now  used  to  denote  a  clique  of  plotters 
or  schemers  whose  object  is  the  advancement  of 
some  scheme  of  their  own,  regardless  of  the  in- 
terests of  or  even  at  the  expense  of  the  nation. 

The  Ministry  or  Executive,  that  body  of  men 
who  actually  superintend  the  transaction  of  the 
business  of  Government. 


Budget. 


CiibiiL 


Cftblnet. 


F 


48 


STUDIJNTS'   REFKKJSNCE   BOOK 


Campatgii. 


Cnptttil. 


Ceusuft. 


The  Imperial  Cabinet  iH  a  body  of  men  selected 
by  the  Sovereign  through  the  Premier  and  en- 
trusted with  the  administration  of  the  Govern- 
ment.    It  necessarily  consists  of  : 

1.  The  Prime  Minister, 

2.  The  Lord  Chancellor. 

3.  The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer. 

4.  The  Home  Secretary. 

5.  The  Foreign  Secretary. 

6.  The  Colonial  Secretary. 

7.  The  Secretary  of  State  for  India. 

8.  The  Secretary  of  War. 

9.  The  President  of  the  Privy  Council. 
The  Dominion  Cabinet  consists  of  : 

1.  The  President  of  Council  and  Premier. 

2.  Minister  of  Public  Works. 

3.  Minister  of  Customs. 

4.  Minister  of  Railways  and  Canals. 

5.  Minister  of  Militia  and  Defence. 
0.  Minister  of  Agriculture. 

7.  Minister  of  Inland  Revenue. 

8.  Mmister  of  Marine  and  Fisheries. 

9.  Minister  of  the  Interior. 

10.  Secretary  of  State. 

11.  Postmaster-General. 

Part  of  a  war  completed  during  one  season's  opera- 
tions, or  part  of  a  war  occurring  in  one  dis- 
trict ;  a  section  of  a  war. 

The  chief  city  of  a  country,  state  or  province. 
The  seat  of  government. 

A  numbering  of  the  people  in  a  country.  In  the 
British  Empire  a  census  is  taken  every  ten 
years,  the  last  being  in  1891. 


m 


OP  HIHTORY   AND  OEOORAPHY, 


41) 


t'liiirtcr. 


Civil  LiNt, 


CloMwr*'. 


A  document  given  by  a  sovereign,  government  or 
other  authority,  promising  certain  rights  or 
conferring  certain  special  privileges  on  a  person, 
a  cf>mi)any  or  a  corporation. 
Clrcuiiii..iTiK«ii«,..  Sailing  around.  The  globe  was  first  circum- 
navigatetl  by  Magellan,  1519-22. 

The  money  reciuired  for  the  payment  of  v>arlia- 
mentary  officials  and  conducting  the  various 
departments  of  government. 

Closing  the  debate  on  any  question  when  a  suf- 
ficient time  has  been  allowed  for  its  discussion 
C«,.Mervntlv«.  One   of    the   political   parties    in    Canada.     The 
leaders  of  the  party  since  Confederation  are  as 
follows : 

Sir  John  A.  Macdonald, 
J.  J.  C.  Abbott, 
Sir  John  Thompson, 
Sir  Mackenzie  Bowell, 
Sir  Charles  Tupper. 
CoiiNtltneiicJcH.  Electoral  divisions  of  a  country,  each  of  which 

sends  a  member  to  the  legislature. 
CoiiHtitntloii.  The  rules  or  laws  which  a  nation,  an  association  or 
a  cofnpany  adopts  for  the  regulation  of  its  gov. 
ernment.     It  generally  indicates  what  officers 
or  bodies  of  men  shall  hold  authority  and  do- 
tines  what  the   [)ower8  and  duties  of  those  in 
authority  shall  be,  as  well  as  by  what  rules  of 
action  and  order  they  shall  govern  themselves. 
The  €oiiMtltiitl4>u  of  Cireiit  Brltiiln   is  the   whole 
body  of    law,  custom  or   i)recedent  which 
defines  the  powers  of   government  in  all 
its  departments.     It  is  not  contained  nor 
stated  in  any  one  formal  document. 


II 


50 


student's  reference  book 


The  Constltntloii  of  €aiiR<ln  i»  contained   in  the 

British  North  America  Act  passed  by  t^he 

Imperial  Parliament  in  1867. 
By  that  Act  the   Dominion   Government  is 

defined  to  ccmsist  of  : 
1st.  The  Governor-Genera-I,  appointed  by  the 

crown  for  five  years  and  receiving  a  salary 

of  $50,000  from  the  Dominion  Treasury. 
2nd.  His  advisers,  the  Cabinet  or  Ministry, 

chosen  by  the  Governor-General  through 
^  i  the  Premier  from  the  party  having  a  ma- 
S  }  jority  in  the  Houae  of  Commons. 

3rd.  The  Senate,  the  members  of  which  are 

appointed  by  the  crown  for  life. 
4th.  The  House  of  Commons,   a  representa- 
tive body  elected  by  the  people. 
The  Dominion  Parliament  has  the  following 

powers  : 
1st.  To  raise  a  revenue  by  imposing  customs 

on  excise  duties. 
2nd.  To  control  the  militia  and  all  matters  of 

international  importance. 
3rd.  To  manage  postal  affairs. 
4th.  To  issue  currency. 
5th.  To  maintain  penitentiaries. 
6th.  To  appoint  jadges. 
7th.  To  manage  important  public  works. 
.  8th.  To  control  or  dispose  of  any  Crown  land» 

which  do  not  belong  to  any  of  the  provinces. 
By  this  Act,  also,  the  Provincial  Governments 

were  to  consist  of : 
1.  A  Lieutenant-Governor,  appointed  by  the 


Governor-Gen  < 
termi  of  years, 


of  the  Dominion  for  a 


©P  HISTORY   AND  GEOGRAPHY. 


51 


r-i 


ComsuIh 


CosiTciitloii. 


€oiivciie. 


Corporittloji. 


2.  Th€  advisers  of  the  Lieutenant-Governor, 
or  Executive  Council. 

3.  A   Legisla4:.ive  Council  (optional  with   th« 
provinces). 

4.  A  Legislativtj    Assembly,  elected  for  f(.ur 
years  by  the  people. 

The  Provincial  Governments  have  the  follow- 
ing powers  : 

1.  To  control  education. 

2.  To  appoint  and  maintain  courts  of  justice, 

3.  To  build  and  maintain  asylums  and  jails. 

4.  To  regulate  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquor, 

5.  To  manage   and   dispose   of  Crown  lands 
within  the  province. 

6.  To  raise  a  revenue  by  direct  taxation. 

Or  praefur!>i  in  ancient  Rome  were  elected  annually 
and  invested  with  legal  authority .  They  were 
first  elected  in  509  B.C.  Consuls  in  France 
were  three  supreme  magistrates  first  appointed 
in  1799. 

A  consul  is  a  person  cf>m missioned  by  a  nation  to 
represent  it  in  a  foreign  country  to  protect  and 
advance  its  interests. 

Any  gathering  of  people  for  business.  A  Conven- 
tion Parliament  is  one  convened  without  th« 
authority  of  a  Sovereign  as  that  of  1039. 

To  call  together  the  members  of  Parliament  for 
business.  It  is  done  by  the  Sovereign  or  a 
representative  of  the  Scjvereign. 

A  council,  association,  company  or  other  body  of 
men  authorized  by  law  to  transact  business  aa 
an  individual,     A  body  corporate. 


i 


62 


CroM^ii  LiiimIh. 


€riiMi«lcs. 


ta-Ml 


CuHtoniD. 
Beuiocraey. 


llcpoHitlou. 


lllctMtor. 


ntsMolve. 


UyuttHly. 


Klecttoii. 


"fi 


ft-— 


STUDENTS     llEPF    ENCE   BOOK 

Lands  not  owned  by  any  individual,  but  under 
control  of  the  Government,  to  be  disposed  of 
as  it  may  see  fit.  v  r      , 

Wars  of  the  cross,  undertaken  at  the  instigation 
of  Peter  the  Hermit  to  drive  the  Mohammedans  , 
from   Palestine.     There  were   eight,    the   first 
leaving  Europe  in  1096.  -  r  ; , 

Duties  imposed  by  Government  on  goods  passing 
f    into  or  out  of  a  country.        -.■S'\.--^'iC^J/^:M'A:>i^:---^n-' 
A  form  of  government  where  the  chief  power  is 
in  the  hands  of  the  people,  who  administer  it 
either  directly  by  an  assemblage  of  the  popu- 
lace or  indirectly  by  means  of   representative 
bodies:  rule  by  the  people.     ^^.:V\.:.' :.  ^'■- ':..■:■ -■■^  :.'  C 
The  dethroning  of  a  king  or  other  sovereign  ;  put-  ^' 
I    ting  a  sovereign  off  the  throne.     •  ?r't  :5' 

In  ancient  Rome,  men  chosen  in  times  of  special 

'    danger  to  the  State  and  invested  with  supreme 

^    authority.     The  first  dictator  was  appointed  in  • 

■■    501  B.C.  '->■-•■   V--- v?o' /  :-^  ,.,,r.;:f^'-;vv.v;;: .,:  , 

To  dismiss  the   members  of  Parliament  and  call' 
for  a  new  election. 

The  sovereigns  of  a  country  that  belong  to  one 
family  or  are  descended  from  a  common  parent. 

Deciding  by  vote  which  candidate  shall  be  the 
member  to  represent  a  district  in  a  legislature. 

A  tleiieral  Klectlon  is  one  in  which  each  constitu- 
ency under  the  jurisdiction  of  a  legislature 
selects  a  repre9?ntative. 

A  By-Electlou  is  one  in  which  a  single  constituency 
selects  a  representative  on  account  of  the 
seat  having  been  rendered  vacant  by  death, 
resignation  or  other  cause. 


E 


Fa 


ate 


rei 


OF   HISTORY   AND   GEOGRAPHY. 


53 


■y 


EnibnMHy.  l*ersons  intrusted  with  messages  between  govern- 
ments ;  the  mission  of  an  ambassador ;  the 
official  residence  of  an  ambassador. 

Excise.  A  tax  levied  by  Government  on  articles  of  home 

manufacture. 

Executive.       That  part  of  government  which  actually  transacts 

its  business.    The  Executive  in  Canada  is  chosen 

G'p-i     by  the  Governor-General,  through  the  Premier, 

from  the  party  having  a  majority  in  the  House 

:  ■■      of  Commons  and  thus  are  responsible   to  the 

people.  ':'^^: ^:.  ''"■:■-':-■■,:.--'■•■:'' '-''rf'^ :->:'■:- M 

ExtnuUtloii.    The  sending  back  to  their  own  country  of  crimi- 
nals who  have  run  away  to  escape  justice  (See 
^         Ashburton  Treaty,  1842).  ^     -^^:^^^-^^*    ■ 

A  Parliament  such  as  that  of  the  Dominion,  which 
represents  a  number  of  provinces,  each  one  of 
which,  however,  retains  the  management  of  its 
own  local  affiiirs.  ''■■•      -  '^' 

Feileral  A  form  of  government  such  as  that  of  the  United 

Kepiibllc.  States,    consisting  of  States   which,    while  ac- 

knowledging this  union  under  and  subjection 
to  a  central  Government,  yet  retain  for  them- 
selves certain  rights  of  local  self-government. 
Federals  in  the   American   civil  war  were   those 

who  maintained  the  Union. 
€4»»fe<lerntes  were  those  who  desired  to  secede. 

EeiiluiiN.  Members  of  a  secret  revolutionary  society  com- 

posed mainly  of  Irishmen  and  American  sym- 
pathizers whose  object  was  the  establishment  of 
an  Irish  Republic.  In  1866  they  made  several 
raids  into  Canada,  but  were  repulsed  and  their 
schemes  frustrated. 


federal 
Pari  lament 


■'r;VS; 


il 


51 


STUDKNTS'^  REFERENCE   BOOK 


FlHcal  Policy.  The  plan  a  political  party  takes,  or  would  take  If 
elected,  to  supply  itself  with  a  sufficient  revenue 
for  the  maintainance  of  Government. 

Fortlfleutl4»ir.  A  place  strengthened  fur  attack  by  earthworks, 
walls  or  otherwise. 

The  right  of  voting  for  a  member  of  Parliament. 

Allowing  articles  of  trade  to  be  imported  free  of 
duty. 

The  study  of  the  progress  of  men  and  nations  in 
the  past  and  of  events  connected  therewith. 

Under  the  feudal  system,  acknowledgement  of 
overlordship  by  a  man  on  receiving  land  as  a 
vassal  :  ackiiowledging  one  as  a  superior,  lord 
or  king. 

rmnifKmfloii.  The  coming  of  settlers  into  a  country. 

Impeacliment,  Trying  a  public  officer  before  the  peers  as  a  judi- 
cial body  for  misgovernment  or  other  public 
crime. 

liiHurrectloiu  Open  and  warlike  opposition  to  the  authority  of 
Government ;  rebellion. 
liMHrgciiti^  are  those  who  take  part  in  an  insurrec- 


li'ntiiclilM'. 
Free  Trade. 

History. 
Homage. 


lion  ;  rebels. 


lutrlgae. 


luv  anion. 


Jingoism. 


JiuSlelary. 


Plotting  against  established  government  or  au- 
thority. 

Attacking  or  marching  into  a  country  with  armed 
forces  in  a  hostile  mannei. 

Writing  or  s[)eaking  in  a  boastful  and  insulting 
manner  of  going  to  war  with  another  nation  ; 
inciting  to  hostility. 

The  courts  and  officials  invested  with  the  power 
to  administer  justice  in  a  nation  ;  the  whole 
body  of  judges. 


f-m. 


% 


OF  HISTORY    AND  GEOGRAPHY. 


55 


^f 


of 


liCglMlator. 
LeglHlatiire. 


LestNlntlve 
Union. 

JMagliifrnlc. 


mayor. 
Ministry. 


Monnrrliy. 


One  experienced  in  the  study  and  practice  of  law. 

One  who  makes  or  helps  lo  make  laws. 

Any  body  of  men  in  a  nation  invested  with  the 
power  of  making  and  repealing  laws. 

A  union  of  two  or  more  states  under  one  govern- 
ment, there  being  no  local  legislatures. 

A  justice  of  the  peace  ;  one  who  dispenses  justice 
in  the  local  police  courts  ;  one  intrusted  with 
some  branch  of  executive  governmenc. 

The  chairman  or  presiding  officer  of  the  council 
in  a  town  or  city. 

(See  Cabinet  and  Executive). 

A  t'oftlliion  MinlHtry  is  one  composed  of  mem- 
bers drawn  from  more  than  one  of  the 
political  parties  in  the  Legislature. 

A  nation  in  which  the  supreme  power  is  vested  in 
one  person,  who  generally  holds  the  office  he- 
reditarily. 

A  llhittcd  nionnrcliy  is  one  in  which  the  power  is 
shared  by  a  body  of  advisers,  Council,  or  Par- 
liament. 

The  following  are  the  greatest  limited  monar- 
chies of  the  present  time  :  British  Empire, 
Austria-Hungary,  Germany,  Greece,  Italy, 
Belgium,  Denmark,  Japan,  Portugal,  Spain, 
Sweden  and  Norway. 
An  nliMoInte  nionnrchy  is  one  in  which  the  sove- 
reign has  absolute  legislative  and  administra- 
tive power. 

The  following  are  the  chief  absolute  monarchies 
of  the  present  time  :  China,  Morocco,  Per- 
sia, Russia,  Siam  and  Turkey. 


(| 


1  '*' 


56 


STUDENTS     REFERENCE   BOOK 


t^ 


Monopoly.  An  exclusive  right  given  to  a  person  or  company 
to  trade  in  a  certain  commodity  or  in  a  certain 
district. 

Mmihrlpnlity.  A  township,  village,  town,  county  or  city,  having 
a  council  for  the  control  of  its  own  local  affairs. 

Mnttiiy.  A  rising  of  soldiers  or  sailors  against  their   su- 

perior officers  or  against  the  State. 

Nftvy.  The  ships  of  war  belonging  to  a  nation. 

Ncgoiilatlon.  Holding  intercourse  between  the  governments  of 
different  nations  respecting  any  matter  of  inter- 
national concern. 

Government  by  a  few.     A  form  of  government  in 
,  which   a   small,  exclusive   class   hold   supreme 
power. 

The  party  in  a  legislative  body  which  opposes  the 
Administrati(m  for  the  time  being. 

A  regulation  made  by  the  Sovereign  through  the 
executive  without  passing  through  the  houses  of 
Parliament  in  regular  coursse  as  a  statute.  Or- 
ders-in-Council  are  required  to  be  afterwards 
ratified  by  Parliament. 

Pairly  fiSoveriinient.  The  selecting  of  the  members  of  the  execu- 
tive from  the  political  party  having  a  majority 
in  the  Legislature. 

In  ancient  Rome  a  free-born  citizen,  a  land  owner. 
One  who  belongs  to  an  aristocratic  family. 

One  who  loves  his  country.  The  name  is  applied 
in  contempt  to  those  who  took  part  in  the 
Rebellion  of  ]  837-38. 

The  rank  or  dignity  of  a  nobleman  (duke,  mar- 
quis, earl,  viscount  or  baron) ;  tlie  body  of 
peers  in  a  nation. 


Olligarcliy. 


Oppoi^lflofli. 


Order-lii- 
C^nucll. 


Pntrlciaiii. 


Patriot. 


Peerage. 


OF  HISTORY   AND   GEOGRAPHY. 


57 


Plntforin 
or  Policy 

Plebiscite. 


Piracy.  The  crime  of  attacking  and  robbing  a  ship  on  the 

high   seas.     Those   who   engage   in   piracy  are 
called  pirates  or  corsairs. 

A  statement  of  the  views  and  plans  of  a  party  in 
connection  with  the  principal  questions  of  the 
day. 

A  vote  of  the  whole  body  of  electors  on  some 
disputed  question  of  legislation.  An  ai)peal  to 
universal  suffrage, 

Pleiilpoteiitlnry.  An  ambassador  or  envoy  at  a  foreign  court, 
having  power  to  transact  business  t>r  carry  on 
negotiation  on  behalf  of  the  country  he  is  sent 
from. 

A  statement  by  a  political  party  of  its  views  and 
intended  legislation  in  connection  with  the  prin- 
cipal questions  of  the  day. 

The  science  of  government.  It  sometimes  is  used 
in  the  sense  of  partyism  and  to  refer  to  the 
platforms  and  contests  of  political  parties. 

Soraething  done  or  said  that  may  serve  as  a  rule 
for  action  in  similar  cases  which  may  occur 
afterwards  ;  a  decision  given  which  may  serve 
as  a  rule  for  the  giving  of  later  decisions  on 
similar  questions. 

Premier  or     The  person  to  whom  the  Sovereign  or  Governor- 
Prime  Minister.  General  intrusts   the   formation   of  a  Cabinet 

and   the   leadership   and    management  of    the 

Government. 

The  highest  officer  in  a  republic,  holding  office  by 
being  elected  for  a  term  of  years. 

A  president  is  said  to  be  Imingnruted  when  he  is 
solemnly  inducted  into  office  and  assumes  his 
official  obligations. 


Policy. 


Politico. 


Precedent. 


President. 


■■:» 


i   i 


•} 


W 


58 


STUDENTS     REFERENCE   BOOK 


l*rivy€«iiiieil.  The  advisers  of  the  Sovereign,  a  numerous  body  ; 
the  Cabinet  is  really  a  committee  of  the  Privy 
Council  ;  the  Cabinet  Ministers  are  chosen  from 
Parliament  and  become  Privy  Councillors  on 
being  so  chosen. 

Prolilbltloii.    Stopping  the  public  traffic  in  intoxicating  liquors. 

Prorogue.  To  close  Parliament  at  the  end  of  a  session.  It 
is  done  by  a  sovereign  or  a  representative 
of  the  sovereign.  All  unfinished  business  is 
dropped  and  at  tl  e  succeeding  session  must  be 
begun  as  if  nothing  had  been  done. 

Protecttoii.  The  plan  of  imposing  high  duties  on  certain  manu- 
factured articles  of  import  in  order  to  further 
the  interests  of  home  manufacture  of  those 
articles. 

ttuornni.  The  number  of  members  of  an  association,  a  com- 

pany or  a  legislative  body  required  by  its  con- 
stitution to  be  present  before  business  can  be 
transacted. 

Ratlflcntloii.  The  approving  or  sanctioning  of  a  measure  by  one 
in  authority  or  by  a  body  of  men  in  authority. 

Rebellion.  Open  opposition  or  resistance  to  the  authority  of 
government. 

Reciprocity.  Free  trade  on  the  part  of  two  or  more  nations 
trading  one  with  the  other,  the  commercial 
rights  and  privileges  of  both  being  equal. 

Reeve.  The  chairman  or  presiding  officer  of  the  municipal 

council  of  a  village  or  township. 
Reforui  Party.  One  of  the  political  parties  in  Canada  at  present 

in  p«)wer  under  the  leadership  of  Hon.  Wilfrid 

Laurier. 

RcKlnie.  Form  of  government ;    the  administration   of   a 

certain  leader  or  party. 


OF  HISTOKY   AND  GEOGRAPHY. 


69 


Responsible 
Government 

BevolHtlon. 


Oepubllc.        A  commonwealth  or  political  state  in   which  the 
government  is  in  the  hands  of  an  elected  body 
or    of    the    people    collectively.     The    United 
States  is  a  Federal  Republic  (q.v.). 
Tne  following  are  tbe  principal  republics  of  the  present  time : 
United  States,  France,  Brazil,  Argentine  Republic,  Bolivia, 
Chili,  Colombia,  Equador,  Mexico,  Orange  Free  State,  Para- 
guay,  Peru,   Switzerland.  Uruguay,   Venezuela  and  the 
greater  Republic  of  Central  America  (recently  formed  by 
union  of  three  smaller  republics). 

RepreNentntlve  A  government  elected  by  the  people,  each  mem- 

Ciovernuient.    ber  representing  a  certain  district  or  a  certain 

number  of  the  population. 

A  government  drawn  from  the  majority  of  the 

Commons  and   thus   responsible   to    the    elec- 
tors. 

A  sudden  change  in  the  government  or  in  the 
constitution  of  a  country,  as  that  of  1688  in 
England,  that  of  1789  in  France  or  that  of  1776 

•    in  America. 
^•Jiool  Boiml.  A  body  of   men   elected   by  the   people  of  each 
school  section  to  transact  busniess  in  connec- 
tion with  the  maintenance  of  the  schools. 
A  disorderly  rising  in  a  country  tending   towards 
treason  or  rebellion. 

Placing  an  army  in  position  against  a  fortified 
place  in  order  to  attack  or  reduce  it. 

In  Canada  the  Upper  House  of  the  Dominion 
Parliament,  the  members  of  which  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  Crown  for  life. 

A  sitting  of  parliament. 

A  sum  of  money  granted  by  Parliament  generally 
for  some  purpose  of  public  utility  ;  a  sum  paid 
by  one  government  to  another  to  meet  war 
expenses. 

A  vote,  or  giving  one's  voice  in  deciding  a  ques- 
tion or  choosing  a  representative. 


Sedition. 


Slese. 


Senate. 


Session. 
Subsidy. 


SnflVage. 


60 


STUDENTS     KEPERENCE   BOOK 


Sovereljen*  Moiiart'U  or  Kniperor.  The  chief  ruler  in  a  monarchy. 
The  office  is  generally  hereditary,  but  in  Great 
Britain  the  succession  to  the  throne  is  under 
control  of  Parlianient. 
In  Great  Britain  the  following  are  the  clilcf  pre- 
roKutiveM  of  the  HovcrcilKii  i 

1.  To  declare  war. 

2.  To  pardon  those  who  break  the  laws. 

3.  To  confer  titles  of  nobility. 

4.  To  veto  a  bill  and  thus  prevent  its  becoming 
law. 

6.  To  convene,  prorogue  and  dissolve  Parlia- 
ment. 

Syiidlcnte.       A  company  or  body  of  men  formed   to  prosecute 
some  particular  enterprise  or  financial  scheme, 

Tarlir.  A  list  of  articles  of  counnerce  with  the  duties 

imposed  on  each  when  passing  into  or  out  of  a 
country. 

A  Keveime  Tariff  is  a  list  of  charges  imposed  only 
for  the  purpose  of  supplying  money  to  defray 
the  expenses  of  government. 

A  Protective  Tariff  is  one  which  is  intended  to 
further  home  manufacture  of  certain  articles 
by  imposing  high  duties  on  such  articles  when 
being  imported  from  other  countries. 

Tlieoeracy.      A  government  under  the  direct  control  of  God,  as 
that  of  the  ancient  Israelites  was. 

Treason.  The  crime  of  plotting  against  or  betraying  a  gov- 

ernment or  a  sovereign. 
A  traitor  is  one  who  is  false  to  his  country  or  is 
guilty  of  treason. 

Treaty.  A  formal  agreement  or  contract  between  govern- 

ments or  sovereigns. 


#■■  -*' 


Tyniiiiiy. 
Veto. 


Warden. 


OF   HtSTOKY   AND   GEOGKAPHY. 


61 


A  temporary  peace  sometimes  agreed  to  }   iween 
hostile  nations  in  time  of  war. 

Oppressive    government ;    encroachment   on   the 
rights  of  the  i)eople. 

To  refuse  assent  to  and  thus  forbid  from  becom- 
ing law. 

The  Sovereign  of  Great  Baitain,  the  Governor- 
General  of  Canada  and  the  President  of  the 
United  States  have  in  their  respective  countries 
the  power  to  veto  the  Acts  of  the  Legislatures, 
but  it  is  seldom  if  ever  exercised. 

•The  chairman  or  presiding  officer  of  a  County 
Council. 


Il 


1  ', 

j  '" 

t 

_; 

...- 

■, 

}: 

]   ~ 

I  '' 

- 

i 

t 

•|; 

i 

i 

1 

L 

1  k? 

62 


STUDENTS     IIKFEUENCE   BOOK 


SECTION  VI. 


Cieognipliy.  A  description  of  the  earth,  its  land  and  water  surface, 
the  atmosphere  by  which  it  is  surrounded,  its  size 
and  place  as  one  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  its  motions 
and  their  results,  the  races  that  inhabit  it  and  the 
divisi(m  of  its  surface  by  those  races  into  distinct 
countries,  provinces,  cities,  etc.,  and  of  the  various 
plants  and  animals  that  are  found  on  its  surface. 

Matli<*nintlnil  <;coskiii>iiy  describes  the  form,  size  and 
motions  of  the  earth  and  its  relation  to  the  other 
heavenly  bodies. 

riiyglcnl  (ieogriipliy  describes  the  natural  divisions  of 
the  earth's  surface  and  the  varying  atmospheric 
conditicms  which  cause  diflference  )f  climate  in  dif- 
ferent parts, 

Polltlnil  Ueogrnpliy  treats  of  the  earth's  surface  as 
divided  by  man  into  countries,  etc.,  the  government 
of  these  divisions  and  their  relations  to  one  another. 

The  A  large,  dark  body,  shaped  somewhat  like  an  orange, 

iliirtli.  kept  suspended  in  space  and  moving  in  an  elliptical 

path  around  the  sun  by  the  attraction  of  the  sun 

and  planets. 

1.  Its  form   is  said,    technically,  to    be   that    of 

an  oblate  spheroid — %.€.,  a  sphere  slightly 
flattened  at  two  opposite  points  (the 
poles)  on  its  surface. 

2.  Its  dinnieier  from  pole  to  pole  is  7,899  miles. 

The  equatorial  diameter  is  7,925  miles. 


mm 


■*■ 


OP   HISTORY   AND  OKOORAPHY. 


63 


The  Land. 


3.  Its  flrciinirereiir(>  is  24,85tj  ti.iles. 

4.  Its  tireii  JH  abouh  197,000,000  fi((uaro  niileH. 

6.  Its  volniiie  or  Holid  Cfnitents  ia  about  200,000,- 
000,000  cubic  miles. 

6.  Of   its  Niirrnco  only  about  one-fourth  is  land, 

the  remaining  three-fourths  water. 

7.  The  Earth  has  two  motloiiHi 

1st.  A  (billy  rotation  on  its  own  axis, 
resulting  in  the  succession  of  day 
and  night. 

2nd.  A  yearly  revolution  around  the  sun, 
which  with  the  inclination  of  its  axis 
results  in  the  changes  of  the  seasons. 

8.  The  AxIh  of  the  earth,  an  imaginary  line  join- 

ing the  i)oles,  is  inclined  at  an  angle  of 
23|  degrees  from  a  line  perpendicular  to 
the  plane  of  the  earth's  orbit ;  this  in- 
clination, with  the  motions  of  the  earth, 
causes  the  differences  in  the  length  of 
day  and  night  and  also  the  changes  of  the 
seasons. 

9.  The  Poles  are  the  opposite  ends  of  the  earth's 

axis. 

10.  'rhe  Uqnntor,  an  imaginary  line  passing  around 

the  earth  at  equal  distances  from  the 
poles,  divides  the  earth  into  northern 
and  southern  HeiiilnpltercM  or  half  globes. 

11.  The  continents,  Asia,  Africa  and  Europe,  are 

termed    the  Enslern  Hemisphere  or    Old 
World,  and   North  and   South  America 
the  Western  Heuitspliere  or  New  World. 
The  Surftiee  of  the  Globe  is  divided  into  tive  con- 
tinents,  having  approximately  the  followmg 
areas  : 


FM 


C4 


students'  reference  book 


North  America 

8,330,000  sq. 

miles. 

South  America     . . 

7,500,000  " 

^^ 

Asic\    ,  .     ^  k ,      ■ .  , 

17,000,000  " 

a 

Africa     ..      .,      ». 

11,500,000  " 

n 

Europe      . .      .^      . . 

3,800,000  '' 

(< 

f)»pe.       A  point  of  land  jutting  out  into  the  water.    • 
'-.:A-  ;*     A  promontory  or  headland  is  an  elevated  rocky  cape. 
(Continent.  The  largest  division  of  land.  .  -. 

8liorr  ***"  ^^^^  lyii».i?  along  a  body  of  water. 

Bcltn.  An  island,  often  three-cornered,  between  two  mouths 
of  a  river,  having  been  formed  by  earth  and  sand 
carried  down  by  the  river. 

iHlniiil.     A  portion  of  land  entirely  surrounded  by  water. 

The  following  are  f^ome  of  the  largest   Islands,  with 
their  areas  : 

Australia 2,950,000  sq.  miles. 

New  Guinea         306,000 

Borneo      240,000 

Madagascar 220,000 

New  Zealand,  South  Island,        55,000 
'      New  Zoalaiid,  North  Island, 
England  ..  50,820  sq.  miles 
29,820  " 
7,300  '' 


45,000 


It 


(i 

n 
i  i 


Scotland 
Wales 


88,000 
43,200 
32,531 
20,000 


n 


a 
a 
n 


vy  u  oa      ..      ..      ..      ..      .. 

Ireland      

Ceylon 

Moiiii(n!u.  A  huge  mass  of  earth  and  rock  rising  over  1,000  feet 
above  the  common  level  of  the  land. 

1 .   A  Mountain  Kiii.tge  is  a  series  of  mountains  in 
a  line. 


mummmmmummii.jKmBammmm^mitvmsfTsrs 


wmmixmrnmimiitjaliiiti 


* 


IS 

d 


,h 


8. 


et 


m 


PInln. 


OF   HISTORY    AND  UECKIKAPHY. 


2.  A  fl«u„t«in  ^yntem  is  a  number  of  mnges  neur 

to  one  another  and   separated   only   by 
elevated  valleys  or  defiles. 

3.  A  lllli  is  t,ne  elev.-i,ted  mass  of  earth  (and  sonie- 

tiuies  rock)  less  than  1,000  feet  above  the 
common  level  of  the  land. 

4.  A  V«i«.a,i«  is  a  mountain  or  hill  which  sends 

out  from  an  opening,  ^t  or  near  the  top, 
smoke,  ashes,  cinders  and  lava. 
J.  An  extinct  volcano  is  one  which  has  at  some 
time  been  active,  but  has  now  ceased 
to  emit  smoke,  etc. 
2.  The  crater  of  a  volcano  is  the  opening  fnmi 
which  the  smoke,  etc.,  arc  forced  out. 
r>.    A  IMiitenii  or  TnUIe-IaiHl  is    a    broad    area    of 
land  much  elevated  above  the  surround- 
ing country. 
(>.  A  Moiiiitalii  PnHH  is  a  narrow  road  or  defile  be- 
tween mountains. 

7.  A   %«liey,  i>Mle  or  4,;ieii  is  a  depression  between 

hills  or  mountains. 

8.  A  4'Hitoii  (pr.  can'yon),  is  a  long,  narrow  gorge 

or  ravine  between  mountains.  They  are 
found  chiefly  in  the  Rockies  and  other 
UK.untains  in  Western  North  America. 

9.  In  Asia  the  highest  n)oi».:itain  is  Mt.  Everest, 

29,000  ft..;  in  South  America,  Mt.  Acon- 
cagua, 22,800  ft.,:  in  North  America,  Mt. 
St.  Elfas,  19,30C  ft.,  and  in  Europe,  Mt, 
Blanc,  15,700. 

A  large  tract  of  level  land  with.>ut   any  great  eleva- 
tions or  depressions, 
1.   Prairie.   A  large  tract  of  level,  frrtile  land,  having 
few,    if   any,  trees,  but  covered  with  tali,  coar.se 


^  M" 


!  i  i  #  '^ 


66 


students'  reference  book 


grass  and  flowering  plants  (term  used  chiefly  in 
the  western  parts  of  North  America.) 

2.  Sjivaiiiiali.  An  open,  grassy  plain  or  meadow,  (term 

used  chiefly  in  tropical  America.) 

3.  PampiiH.  Wide  grassy  plains    (Term  used  chiefly  in 

the  south  of  South  America.) 

4.  Llanos.  Vast  grassy  plains.    (Term  used  chiefly  in 

the  north  of  South  America.) 

5.  Laiides.   Heath  covered  or  sandy  plains.  (Term  used 

in  France  and  other  parts  of  Western  Eur()})e.) 

6.  steppes.  Low  lying,  wide  stretching   plains.  (Term 

used  in  Russia  and  Siberia). 

7.  Selvas.  Forest  covered  plains.  (Used  chiefly  of  the 

basin  of  the  Amazon. ) 

8.  Wesert.  A  dry,  barren,  sand-covered  plain. 

An  Oasis  is  a  watered,  fertile  spot  in  a  desert. 
The  greatest  deserts  are  Sahara  in  Africa,  Gobi  in 
Central  Asia,  and  the  Arabian  Desert." 

9.  Mrtor.  A  tract  of  waste  land  covered  with  heath. 

TUe  Waiters  of  the  lilobe  occupy  about  three-fourths  of 
its  entire  surface.  Of  this  very  much  the  greater 
part  lies  south  of  the  equitor.  The  following  are 
the  largest  bodies,  with  their  approximate  areas  : 


Arctic  Ocean 
Antarctic  Ocean 
Pacific  Ocean 
Atlantic  Ocean 
Indian  Ocean 
Mediterranean  Sea 
Hudson  Bay 


4— " 


Lake  Superior 
0<r«aii.  The  largest  division  of  salt  water 


20,000,000  sq.  miles. 

25,000,000  "  " 

50,000,000  "  " 

25,000,000  ''  " 

25,(K)0,000  "  " 

950,000  "  '' 

600,000  " 

32,(K>0  '' 


(( 


m^ 


OP  HISTORY  AND  GEOGRAPHY, 


67 


©cpiiu  Currents.     Movements  of  large  bodies  of  water 
m  tlie  ocean,  caused  mainly  by  the  evaporation  in 

;  tropical  regions  exceeding  that  in  other  parts  of 
the  ocean,  and  the  speed  of  rotation  in  those 
regions  also  being  greater  than  in  the  temperate 
and  frigid  zcnies.  Cold  currents  from  the  north 
and  south  flow  towards  the  equator,  to  take  the 
place  of  that  which  is  evaporated,  but  are  deflected 
by  the  more  rapid  rotation  in  the  regions  to  which 
they  flow,  and  are  also  much  modified  by  the  con- 
formation of  the  land  they  encounter  in  their 
courses. 

"Thles.  Risings  o."  the  water  in  the  ocean  caused  by 
the  attraction.  They  occur  regularly,  there  always 
being  a  tide  wave  on  that  side  of  the  earth  which 
in  its  diurnal  rotation  is  turned  toward  the  moon, 
and  another  on  the  side  of  the  earth  directly  oppo- 
site to  that. 

Fiooil  tide.   The  rising  or  flowing  up  of  the  water. 

Kbb  tide.    The  falling  or  flowing  out  of  the  water. 

Spring  tide.  High  tidos  at  new  and  full  moon,  the 
attraction  of  sun  and  moon  acting  in  a  line. 

M«ni  ide.  Low  tides  at  the  moon's  first  and  third 
q  irters,  the  attraction  of  sun  and  moon  act- 
ting  at  right  angles. 

Waves.    More  or  less  violent  movements  of  the  sur- 
face waters  of  oceans  and  other  bodies  of  water 
caused  by  winds  or  by  swift  flowing  currents. 

Arclilpclago.    A  sea  contai.  Mig  a  great  many  islands. 

Hay  or  «nir.   A  body  of  water  partly  enclosed  by  land. 

Caual.      An  artifieial  watercourse  for  commercial  or  irrigation 
purposes. 


f 


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i 


-  4  -t- 

I   ■ 
ri  - 


,68  students'  bbfebence  book 

Channel.  A  body  of  water  wider  than  a  strait  connecting  larger 
bodies. 

Lake.  A  body  of  water  entirely  surrounded  by  land.  The 
following  are  the  largest  lakes  of  the  world  with 
their  greatest  length  and  breadth,  and  height  com- 
pare! with  the  sea  level  : 

Length.     Breadth.  Height. 

Superior 355  miles  160  miles  000  ft.  above  S.L. 

Michigan 320     *'        80     *'      578 

Huron 280     "       190     "      678 

Victoria 

Nyanza..230     '*       220     *'     4,000 

Albert  Nyanza   97  "  22  ♦*  4,000            '' 

Bli^ckSea....700  "  400  '*  Sea  level. 

Caapian  Sea  .  .740  **  430  '*  84  ft.  below  S.L 

Tanganika. ...  500  "  50  "  2,600  ft.  above  S.L. 

Nyassa 350  **  38  *'  2,600 

Aral  Sea 265  "  145  "  300  ft.  below  S.L. 

Dead  Sea 46  '•  9  *'  1,308 

River.      A  large  stream  of  water  flowing  through  the  land. 

1.  C'reeky  rlvnlet,  brook,  brooklet  and  rlU  are  names  of 

smaller  streams. 

2.  The  source  of  a  river  is  where  it  begins  to  flow. 

3.  The  MMMitli  of  a  river  is  where   it  discharges   or 

empties  itself  into  another  body  of  water, 

4.  A  rlver-basln  is  the  land  which  is  drained  by  a  river 

and  its  tributaries. 

5.  A  tributary*  tributary  river  or  affluent  is  a  stream 

which  flows  into  a  larger  river, 

6.  A  river-bed  is  the  channel  which  a  river  has  formed 

for  itself  in  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

7.  A  confluence  is  a  place  where  two  or  more  rivers 

flow  together. 


OP   HISTOKY   AND   OEOGKAPHY. 


Q'^ 


8.  The  rlglit  bnuk  of  a  river  is  on  one's  right  going 

down  stream. 

9.  The  left  bauk  of  a  river  is  on  one's  left  going  down 

stream. 

10.  A  rnpia  is  a  place  where  the  water  descends  a  slopft 

and  consequently  moves  at  a  speed  greater  than 
the  usual  rate  of  the  river. 

11.  A  c»tanict»  ciLscjule  or  yraterriill  is  a  place  where  a 

river  falls  over  a  cliff  or  precipice. 

12.  An  estuarj  is  the  wide  mouth  of  a  river  in  which 

the  tide  ebbs  and  flows. 

13.  A  doiia  is  an  island  formed  in  the  mouth  of  a  river 

by  alluvial  deposits  of  sand  or  earth. 

Atmosphere,   or  air,    is   the   gaseous    envelope    which    covers 
and  encloses  the  earth.     It  is  composed   mainly 


of    a    mixture    of   the    two    gases,    o 


■^j» 


en 


and 

nitrogen  (pure  air  has  21  parts  O.  to  79  N.  by 
weight)  ;  but  exhalations  from  decomposing  mat- 
ter, the  waste  gases  of  factories  and  the  breaths  of 
animals  combine  to  maintain  an  amount  (really 
very  large,  but  small  in  comparison  with  the  whole 
volume)  of  carbonic  acid  and  other  gases. 
The  atmosphere  is  usually  supposed  to  extend  to 
a  height  of  about  50  miles  above  the  surface  of  the 
earth. 
Motions.  Heat  and  other  modifying  causes  so  affect 
the  atmosphere  that  it  is  never  at  rest.  Masses 
of  air  particles  in  motion  are  termed  winds  ;  or  if 
the  speed  of  these  currents  is  excessive,  gales  or 
storms.  The  speed  of  storms  is  sometimes  as  high 
as  150  miles  an  hour. 

Trade  Wln«l».  Constant  winds  blowing  within  the  tropics  : 
on  the  north  from  the  N.E.  towards  the 
equator,  and  on  the  south  from  the  S.E.  towards 


70 


•STUDENTS     KETERENCE   BOOK 


the  equator.  They  are  caused  by  the  intense  heafc 
and  consequent  area  of  low  pressure  over  the 
equator,  and  the  inflowing  currents  from  the  north 
and  south  are  deflected  towards  the  S.  W.  and  N.  W. 
respectively  by  the  rapid  rotation  of  the  equatorial 
regions.  They  are  so  named  because  their  steadi- 
ness makes  them  of  advantaj^e  to  commerce. 

Lniid        Winds  which  occur  in  the  coast  regions  of  tropical 
aud  Seal  countries  in   the   evening   and  forenoon  respec- 

Breezeti.  tively,  i.e.:    A   breeze  from  land   to   sea   in   the 

evening  and  a  breeze  from  sea  to  land  in  the 
morning.  Causes — The  land  in  the  day  I  ime  ab- 
sorbs the  sun's  heat  m(jre  rapidly  than  the  sea, 
and  there  is»  consequently,  over  it  an  area  of  low 
pressure  toward  which  the  cooler  air  from  the  sea 
flows.  The  land  in  the  night  radiates  its  accum- 
ulated heat  more  rapidly  than  the  sea,  and  conse- 
quently over  it  there  is  an  area  of  high  j)ressui*e 
from  which  air  flows  towards  the  sea. 

Dlo]i.soonf4  Periodical  winds  occurring  chiefly  in  the  Indian  Ocean 

or  Season        and  the  southern  part  of  Asia.     Causes — During 

WliMiA.  summer   in   the   N.    Hemisphere   the   plateau  of 

f  South  and  Central  Asia  are  areas  of  warm  air  and 

consequent   low   pressure   towards   which   winds 

blow  from  the  cooler  ocean.     During  summer  in 

the  8.  Hemisphere  the  case  is  reversed,  the  ocean 

■    "        •        being  an  area  of  warm  air  and  low  pressure  while 

the  land  is  cold  arid  the  air  currei»ts  set  towards 

the  south.     Violent  storms  usually  accompany  the 

changes  of  the  monsoons  in  April  and  October. 

HnrmaUaii.  A  hot,  dry  wind  which  blows  perir>dically 
across  Northern  Africa  towards  the  Atlantic  ocean. 


OP  HISTOKY  AND   GEOGRAPHY.  yj 

"'"';'"•  t,  •':";  '''^""'^■•'y  '''»<'  Wowing  towards  Egypt 
usually  lasts  about  fifty  days) 

*'""lfrica    '";\'""'   "'"'    """"'«  '"   Northern 
Afnca  and   Arah.a,  often  bearing  choking  clouds 

of  dcert  sand  and  du8t  which  prove  fatal  to  the 

caravans. 

8I..«..«  «r  s«,a„„.  A  wind  blowing  towards  the  Medi- 
terranean  from  Northern  Africa. 

Other  local  winds  are  the  Texas  northers,  the 
Argentine  pamperos  and  the  Peruvian  punas. 
U««...    Bodies  of  aqueous  vapor  floating  in  visible  forn.  in  the 
air.     If  the  vapor  floats  low  over  the  land  or  ocean 
It  IS  termed  mist  or  fog 
«'lrr«,  i,  a  form  of  light  senn'-transparent,  fleecy  cloud, 
generally  floating  high  in  the  air 

""'""'"'  '»  "  f"™  "f  «l»»cl  composed  of  dense,  bulky 
masses.  >     "  •^j' 

«tr,u„.  is  a  form  of  cloud   elongated  horizontally  and 

generally  seen  near  the  horizon 
The  falling  of  water  drops  caused  by  cloud  particles 
condensing,  uniting  and  becoming  too  heavy  to  be 
supported  by  the  air. 
Six-sided  water  crystals  formed  in  the  air  when  below 
the  freezing   point,  and  falling   to   the   earth   in 
flakes  of  varying  degrees  of  hardness. 
Minute  water  particles  deposited  on  cold  substances 
from  the  nmisture  in  the  air  in  contact  with  them. 
The  Ile«v.„,y  Rortle-  consist  of  fixed   stars   or   suns 
planets    satellites  or  moons,  comets  and  meteor.s 
or  aerolites. 

They  are  divided  into  two  classes  : 
l8t.  LumlnouM  b«rtle.-Those  which  shine  by  their 
own  light ; 


Rafii. 


Snow, 


Dew 


^7i. 


72 


STUDENTS     REFERENCE   BOOK 


Fixed 

8tnrH. 


2nd.  Keflectlns  bodies -Those  which  shine  only  by 
reflecting  light  from  a  luminous  body. 

Bodies  like  our  sun,  but  many  of  them  larger  and 
brighter,  shining  with  their  own  light  and  perhaps 
attended  by  planetary  bodies  forming  other  solar 
systems  like  our  own,  but  unseen  by  us  owing  to 
the  inconceivable  distance  at  which  they  lie.  The 
stars  are  divided  according  to  their  appearance 
into  stars  of  the  first,  second,  third,  etc.,  magni- 
tudes and  according  to  the  position  they  occupy 
into  star  groups,  clusters  or  constellations.  The 
largest  and  brightest  of  the  fixed  stars  is  Sirius,  in 
the  constellation  Canis  Major. 

The  iiuii.  A  vast  globe  of  hot,  luminous  matter,  supplying  light 
and  heat  to  the  earth  and  other  planets.  Its  di- 
ameter is  883,000  miles  and  its  distance  from  the 
earth  about  96,000,000  miles.  The  sun  seems  to 
be  stationary  with  regard  to  inferior  bodies,  but 
is  supposed  with  the  fixed  stars  (of  which  it  is  one) 
to  be  performing  a  revolution  inconceivably  great 
in  magnitude  and  in  duration  around  some  un- 
known but  mighty  centre. 
The  Solar  HyMteiii  consists  of  the  sun  as  a  centre,  with 
the  planets,  comets  and  satellites  which  move 
around  it. 

Plaiieli.  Dark  bodies  which  move  in  elliptical  orbits  around  the 

sun  and  reflect  its  light. 

The  following  are  the   principal   planets,   with   their 

diameters  and  their  mean  distance  from  the  sun  : 

Diam.  Dis.  from  Sun. 

Jupiter  ...    .....   84,846 475,692,000 

Satani 70,136 872,137,000 

Neptune 34:,276 2,745,998,000 


OF  HISTORY   AND   GEOGRAPHY. 


73 


'''"""*    33,247 1,753,809,000 

***'••'' 7,925 95,000,000 

^«''"'* 7,510 60,134,000 

^'^^^ry 3,058 35,392,000 

BateluteH,  or  Moons  (sometitnea  called  secondary  planets).  Dark 
bodies  which  move  around  planets  and  give  them 
light  by  reflecting'  the  light  of  the  sun.  They  are 
less  in  size  than  the  primary  planets  around  which 
they  move. 

The  Moon,  the  satellite  which  attends  the  earth,  is  a 
globe  2,153  miles  in  diameter  and  situated  at  a 
mean  distance  t)f  237,600  miles  from  the  earth. 
Tt  accomplishes  a  revolution  around  the  earth  in 
27  days,  7  hours,  45  min.,  but  as  the  earth  is  at 
the  same  time  moving  on  its  orbit,  we  have  new 
moon  only  once  in  29  days,  12  hours,  41  min. 

ConietH.  Luminous  bodies,  consisting  of  a  more  or  less  well 
defined  nucleus  and  a  long,  hazy  and  less  luminous 
tail.  The  diameter  of  the  nucleus  is  generally 
small,  seldom  exceeding  3,000  miles,  but  the 
le-igth  of  the  tail  is  often  very  great,  reaching  in 
some  cases  the  amazing  length  of  150,000,000 
miles.  Their  orbits  are  generally  very  eccentric  • 
some  move  whr)lly  within  the  bounds  of  the  solar 
system,  while  others  visit  it  only  at  intervals  of 
many  years,  their  orbits  being  greatly  elongated 
ellipses,  of  which  the  greater  part  lies  away  in  the 
depths  of  unmeasured  space,  far  beyond  the  orbit 
of  our  sun's  most  distant  planet. 

Meteors,  or  ^rolites  (commonly  though  wrongly  called  shouting 
stars).  Luminous  bodies  seen  in  the  higher  re° 
gions  of  the  atmosphere,  generally  between  50 
and  75  miles  above  the  surface  of  the  earth. 


74 


STUDENTS*   REPEKENC'E   BOOK 


\k' 


Their  origin  has  not  yet  been  satisfactorily  ex- 
plained,  but  they  are  supposed  t*)  be  small  bodies 
moving  in  the  system,  which  coming  within  the 
sphere  of  the  earth's  attraction  are  drawn  towards 
it,  and  on  entering  our  atmosphere,  ignite,  be- 
come luminous,  and  are  destroyed  by  combustion. 
Masses  of  a  peculiar  stone  (jr  metallic  substance 
which  have  fallen  in  various  countries  are  sup- 
posed to  have  their  origin  in  these  meteors. 
Nebula;.  Vast  masses  of  faintly  shining  vapor  or  cloudy  matter 
which  have  been  found  in  the  heavens. 

The  Nebular  Theory  supposes  that  the  bodies 
now  composing  the  solar  sysf  i  once  formed  a 
nebula,  and  that  this  nebula,  gradually  cooling, 
threw  off  great  masses  from  the  central  nucleus, 
which,  cooling  faster  than  the  nucleus,  have 
formed  the  planets,  while  the  sun,  originally  the 
nucleus  of  the  nebula,  yet  remains  in  a  fiery 
state. 


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