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ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

EXPERIMENT STATION

BULLBTIN LXVII

WINTER WHEAT EXPERIMENTS

BY THOMAS SHAW, PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE, AND

0. A. ZAVIT/,, ASSISTANT SUPKRINTENDENT

OF EXPERIMENTS.

PUBLISHED «¥ THE DEPARTMENT OF AGBICULTUBE

Aug. 12, 1891

TORONTO

PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS

MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE

Hon. John Dryden, Toronto.

Outario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm, Guelph,
under control of the Minister of Agriculture.

J\ME3 Mills, M.A.

Thomas Shaw

A. E. Sht'ttlkworth, B.A.
T. HoYES Paktox, M.x\.., F.

F. C. GUENSIDK, V.S..

H. H. Dean, B.S.A.
E. Lawrence Hunt, B.A.
Captain Walter Clarke.,
C. A. Zavitz, B.S.A. .
George Harcourt, B.S.A.
A. McCallum, . .

. . President.

Professor of Agriculture and Farm Superintendent.

Sc. Profe3,sor of Chemistry

G.S. Professor of Natural History and Geology.

Professor of Veterinary Ssience.

Professor of Dairy Husbandry.

Assistant Resident and Mathematical Master.

Instructor in Drill and Gymnastic?.

. . Assistant Superintendent of Experiments.

Assistant Chemist.
.. .. .. ..Bursar.

ADVISORY BOARD.

C. C. .James, M. A., Secretary
John I. Hobson, Chairman

Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Toronto.
Mosboroigh, County of Wellingtoa.

BULLETIN LXVII.

EXPERIMENTS WITH WINTER WHIiATS.

The winter wheat crop will always be one of considerable
importance to Ontario notwithstanding the facilities for growing it
in Manitoba and the Northwest. This view is supported by the
following reasons along with other others which might be given :

1. A large portion of the province is well adapted to the growth
of wheat. In view of this fact the advantage of growing a less
amount than will suffice for home consumption is more than doubt-
ful. Adaptability should always be a prime factor in determining
the crops that should be grown. That winter wheat may still be
grown in western Ontario in as fine form as in any country in the
world has been amply demonstrated by the yields of the present year.

2. The winter wheat crop may with much advantage be made to
form a prominent feature of a regular rotation.

3. This crop provides bedding for live stock more abundantly
and more cheaply than any crop now grown. This feature alone
adds much more to the value of the crop than is generally supposed.

4. It furnishes a crop suitable for sowing grasses along with it,
a fact of no little significance in view of the probable decrease in the
acreage of barley. It also admits of the autumn sowing of timothy
which generally ensures a catch of the seed in any season.

5. The increased attention to stock production will tend to
improve the yield per acre owing to the increase of fertilising
materials which are thus made available to the farmer.

6. The growth of winter wheat tends to a more even distribution
of labor throughout th3 year.

7. It encourages the manufacture of flour in the country, and
this furnishes a plentiful supply of bran, which is almost indis-
pensable for certain feeding purposes.

8. In growing winter wheat for home consumption the farmers
always will have protection to the extent of the cost of conveyance
from other provinces.

Our farmers should therefore continue to give careful attention
to the growth of winter wheat in the parts of the province favorable
to the same. The aim should be not so much to grow a large acreage

as to adopt such methods of cultivation and to secure such varieties
as are likely to give a large yield per acre. With this end in view
the importance of good drainage, sowinsj at the right time and
suitable conditions of soil in relation to rotation, fertility and natural
adaptability cannot easily be over-estimated. All things considered
it would be better not to sow winter wheat at all than to sow it
under conditions not likely to produce a good crop.

Selection of Varieties. In selecting varieties to
sow, a careful regard must also be given to the wants of the millers.
Those good yielding varieties only should be grown which are well
adapted to milling purposes. Some years ago quantity was the great
consideration with the grower. At present quality is at least equally
important with quantity. This statement finds ample confirmati. n
in the low price paid for the Wild Goose wheat notwithstanding its
ample yields. The choice of the millers is not a mere arbitrary one.
As in this fastidious age the tastes of the consumer rule, the miller
must cater to those tastes or he will lose his custom. The consumer
demands a beautifully appearing snowy white bread, and the miller
must furnish Hour that will produce it. In this we find one of the prin-
cipal reasons for his preference for white wheats. The baker wants a
strong flour, that is, one rich in gluten, and the miller must give it to
him or he will cease to buy. Because of this the Manitoba Fyfe
spring wheat stands high in favor with the millers. A heavy
weighing wheat gives a larger percentage of flour than a light
weighing one, hence the preference of the millers for the varieties
which weigh the heaviest. The faruier.s therefore will do well to
give diligent heed to the recommendations of the millers as to the
varieties which stand high in favor with them, and in making their
selections for sowing they should choose accordingly.

The V a r I k t I e s Grown. There were in all some 70
plots of winter wheat grown at this station during the present year,
including 51 varieties. A few of the varieties were grown in dupli-
cate plots, and in another field we grew 10 varieties in acre and
half acre plots. These larger plots, however, were simply duplicates
of varieties grown in the smaller plots, with the exception of the
Longberry Red, a variety introduced last year from Indiana, and
which through some unfortunate oversight was not grown in the
small plots. The details relating to the larger plots will be given in
the annual report. Of the al varieties 24 'were Canadian and
American, and Tt were foreign. The foreign varieties came chiefly
from Germany, England, France and Russia. As none of the
foreign varieties have as yet proved ec^ual to some of the Canadian
and American kinds we do not feel justified at present in recom-
mending them to be sown. This bulletin, therefore, gives the par-
ticulars relating to 23 Canadian and American varieties grown under
exactlv the same conditions.

Gbnkkal Classikicaton or Vauiktiks of Fall Whkats.

Head. *

White
Grain.

White
Chaff. "'

Red
Grain.

r White

Red J ^^''«^"-

Cl'-ff- 1 Red

L Grain.

r White f
j Grain. (

Bearded '
Head. 1

White

t Grain.

Red j Red

Cliaff. ^ Grain.

r (2) Garfield or Natural Cross.
j (3) Surprise.
) (4) Canadian Velvet Chaff.
\ \h) Bunnell or Landreth.

(11) Winter Pearl.
(. (14) Martin Amber.

f (1) American Bronze.
j (9) Red Velvet Chaff.
1 (10) Jones' Winter Fyfe.

(12) Rogers.
(19) Golden Drop.
(23) New Monarch.

(G) Seneca or Clawson.

(7) Standard.

(8) Early Red Ciawson.

(16) Manchester.

(17) Bulgarian.
(22) Democrat.

■J (13) Egyptian.

( (1.5) Golden Cross or Volunteer.

j (18) Red Lyon.

I (20) Hybrid Mediterranean.

V (21) Lancaster.

The above classification is based upon the recognition of all winter
wheats as belonging to the bald or bearded varieties. But observe
that those varieties with very short beards, often found only on the
upper portion of the head, are classified as bald. The wheats in each
of these general divisions are again classified according to the color
of the grain. It should be borne in mind that sometimes we have
white chaff with red wheat, and red chaff with white wheat. The
finer distinctions of shade in color, as amber, bronze, etc., are not
given in this classification, as they are liable to vary with a change
of soil and climate. The number standing before the name of each
variety gives the order of i-he yield of the said variety.

Location and Soil. All the varieties of winter wheat
both native and foreign were grown in plots side by side in the same
range. These piots contain exactly the one-fiftieth of an acre each.
The aspect of the land is north-easterly, but the slope is very gentle.
The soil may be termed a clay loam with good natural drainage.

Preparation of the Soil and Sowing. The
soil was prepared on the bare fallow system as it was felt that a test
of this nature should be made under the most favorable conditions

summer.
Farmyard manure

The seed waa sown
sowing in drills in

a::Ain.able. to bring out to the fullest extent the capabilities of the
jr&ins grown. This is the only hare fallow that wo had on the
farm. The ground was plowed twice the previous
Adiirional surface cultivation was also given,
vra^ appliet.1 at the rate of 15 tons to the acre.

Manner a n d T i m e of Seeding.

bv hand, as we have no machines suitable for

r!ct* of the size mentioned. The plots were all sown September 4th
V::h the exception of the Winter Pearl variety, which was sown on
Sepienirier Sth. The same amount of seed by weight was sown upon
eaihplot. and it was sown at the rate of 1§ bushels per acre. As
tbe location was favorable, the soil well prepared, the weather
:hTcrab!'=' froi^ time of sowing until time of reaping and especially so
izrir^z ibe ripening period, as there was no rust or blight to interfere
v-ith the filing of the grain, and as all the conditions were exactly
^n.ilitr and favorable to the most complete development, we may
ssir 7 conclude that a more favorable opportunity for testing the full
s&pikbiliiie? of those wheats when at their best could not easily have

ToV.r I shows the average yields of twenty- three varieties for 189L

Nc.

If.

Varieties.

S >"-

AiLrnc&n Er.nz'r

Giri«:;d or Natural Cross.

,>nte

Citr.i-'i-in Vel\et Chatf . . .

h-jZiiu'r'^ ■>r Landreth

S^^ijrCi or Clawsvn

.S'-ii^ Z.bJ'i

Li.:.T t^z Ciawson

r-^i V el -^et Chaff

Z '.'Zif-. W:Et,er Fvfe . ...
WjiverP-iarl. .:

jLttTy \j ^iSkXi

M'fc.n;r Aiiiber

'^■.•.:;^a Cr'.»5r or Volunteer.

yiAZi'zli^fi^T

Lili'trjin

5v^; L}jii " '.

''j-'.'iid*r:. hz-j'.j

K v->r.- M'^d;t^rninean

JjaZt'^^^^T

'LffUi'y:vA\

y-rrv Mor-arch

Weight of

grain per

measured

bushel.

lb.

6:^.00
(52.00
63.25
62.25
62.75
62.75
63.50
62.. 50
64.00
61.25
61.00
62.50
64.00
61.00
64.00
64.. 50
64.50
64.00
63.00
64.25
64.50
64.50
63.50

63.28

Amount
of straw
per acre.

tons.

2.16
2.52
1.99
1.82
2.26
2.07

2.02
1.93
1.92
1.77
2.51
1.83
1.94
2.13
2.17
1.53
1.60
1.67
1.61
1.92
2.11
1.69
1.72

1.95

Yield of

grain per

acro(bu8h.

601b.)

65.2
64.4
63.8
59.9
59.6
58.9
58.3
58.3
56.9
66.3
55.5
64.6

.4
.9

53.

50.

49.

47.

46.3

44.5

44.3

44.0

42.8

41.6

40.8

62.93

the
I the
iner.
nur©

sown
IIh in
r 4th
n on
upon
Aa
ither
ly so
rfere
actly
may
3 full
have

1891.

It will he noticed that in tlie above table the 2.3 varieties
of wheat mentioned have given most extraordinary yields, and
produced wheat of an uncommonlv good quality. The. hij^hest yield
is from the American Bronze, which produced at the rate of 65.2
bush, per acre, and the lowest is from the Now Monarch, which
produced at the rate ot 40.8 bush, per acre. The average yield of
the 23 varieties ia at the rate of .52.93 bush, per acre.
The highest weight per bush, was Oih lb., reached by several of
the varieties; the lowest weight was 61 lb. per bush., and the
average weight of the 23 varieties was 63.28 lb. per bush. In
view of the extraordinary yield.s thus obtained, and the even
more extraordinary weights of the grain, the curiosity is not un-
natuial which would desire to know whether these yields have a
parallel on the continent of America.

It should be stated here that the weights of the different varieties
of wheat, as given in the above table, were obtained from tests con-
ducted at our request by Mr. James Croldie, Guelph, of James
Ooklie tfe Sons. When the weights were taken Mr. Goldie considered
all the varieties sufficiently dry to grind, with but two or three
exceptions.

Discounting the Yield. It may be well, also, to re-
mark that yields such as the above would not have been obtained
from whole fields of these respective varieties, nor could they be
looked for from cultivation given under average conditions. Small
plots yield more relatively than large ones, owing to cultivation
around the borders and probably to other causes, and from this
extra yield it has been thought that if one-fifth were deducted, the
result would be a fair average to expect from a whole field under
like conditions in other respects.

Table ii gives comparative summary results :

Class.

Number
varieties.

Weight per
measured bushel.

Yield per acre.

(Htandard bushel

by weight).

( Bald

10
13

62.88
64.25

63.03
63.75

62.75
03.71

55.<J3
46.07

54.19
50.55

55.86
50.68

Bearded

(White Chaff

iRed Chaff

/White Wheat....
tRed Wheat

From this table it is apparent that when wheat is grown under
favorable conditions the bald varieties yield considerably more than
the bearded, but that the bearded varieties weigh heavier on an
average. It would be interesting to know how far these comparative

results would ho modified on .oils leas fertile and in Bcasons less pro-
nitious The white chaff varieties were also the best yielders but
they did not nuite e^jual the red chaff varieties in weight, and the
white grain virieties also gave the highest yield per acre, but the
red grain varieties were ahead in weight.

Taulk hi gives many interesting particulars relating to the dif-
ferent varieties :

\ariety.

I Anu'riciin Breii/t' ...
2Uartifld or Natural

Urnss

3 Surprise

4 Canadian Velvet Chatf
Sliouneli (tr Latnlretli.
0 Seneca <.r ClawsdU

7 Standard

8 Karlv Red Clawson. .
I 9Ked"Velvetr]iatf .. .
'10 Jones' Winter Fyfe. . .

II ]\V inter Pearl

1*2 Ki'«ers

13, Egyptian

1 14 Martin Amber

115 ilolden ( 'ross or V'olun-
j 1 teev

It) Manchester

17 P>nl}i:arian

118 Red Lyon

|ly (ioldeii Drop

20 Hybrid Mediterranean
j21 Lancaster

122 l)emocrat

123 New Monarcli

1 37

1 80

2.8
2.9
2.5
3.1
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.2

27.1

43.3

28.8

41.1

30.8

40.1

22.(1

44.2

34.9

44.3

25.7

44.7

21.3

48.8

27.2

40.1

32.2

41.4

From the foregoing table we learn that there were only four days
of dilVerence in the ripening of the 23 varieties. The greatest differ-
ence in the average length of the plant in the plots was only seven
inches, and the average length of the plant in all the plots was 38.4
inches. The width of the straw is given in millimeters to give an
idea of size and to some extent of its strength. As the straw in all
the varieties stood fairly erect until the time of cutting, it would not
be so easy perhaps to convey a correct idea in any other way. The
average length of head was 2.9 inches, and the average number of
grains per head was 30.1. From the column giving the weight in
grammes of 1,000 grains of each variety, a somewhat accurate idea
of the comparative size of the grains can be obtained.

pro-
but
tho
the

dif-

lays
ffer-
ven
58.4
I an
all
not
■The
of
in
dea

The seed in If) varietieH was obtainf^d from the Colloge, and the
Imlanco as follow8 : Nos. 1, 8, 10, and 16 (Steele) ; Noa. 4 and 16
-(Pearce) ; No. 11 (Wilkinson) and No. IIJ ((tordon).

The color of the straw was white in all varieties, except Noa. 15
and 21, which were a deep slate, and Nos. 10, 18 and 20, which
were a light slate.

The surface of chatF was smooth with the exception of the three
velvet varieties, Nos. I, 9 and 10.

In table iv. the yields of the If) leading varieties for 1890 are given
in comparison with the yields of the same for 1891 :

Varieties.

Weight of grain per
measured bushel.

Yield of grain
in bushels o

per acre
f 60 It).

1891.

1890.

Average
1890-1.

1891.

1890.

Average
1890-1. 1

Surpr! 8«

Reel Velvet Chfttf

63.3
64.0
62.8
62.5
63.5
62.5
62.8
61.0
64.0
64.5
63,0
64.5
64.3
64.0
63..".

63.3

58.7
61.0
61.0
58.0
59.3
60.8
.59.0
62.5
58.3
61.0
61.2
61.7
60.2
60.0
56.7

60.0

61.0
62.5
61.9
60.3
61.4
61.7
60. !>
61.8
61.2
62.8
62.1
63.1
62.2
62.0
60.1

61.7

63.8
.56.9
59.5
58.3
58.3
54.6
.58.9
.50.4
49.9
47.7
44.3
42.8
44 0
44.5
40 8

51.6

29.6
35.8
32.1
32.1
31.7
34.6
25.4
32.5
32.1
30.4
32.5
33.3
32.1
29.2
20.0

30.9

46.7
46 3
45.8
45.2

45.0 !
44.6 1

42.1 1
41.5

■n.o ,

39.1 1
38.4
38.1
38.1

lionnell or Laiuireth

Karlj' Red Clawson

Standard

Rogers

Seneca or Cl.awHon

Martin Amber

Golden Gros.^ or Volunteer

Manchester

Golden Drop

Lancaster

' Hybrid Meriiterranean

Red Lyon. ... . , ,

36.9

New Monarch

Averages

30.4

41.3 I

It will be observed that the Surprise heads the list, while as has
been already stated it ranks high as a milling wheat The Red
Velvet Chaff which stood first last year for yield and weight com-
bined, is second in comparison for the two years, but drops down to
ninth place in the list of 1891. It may also be observed that on
the whole, the different varieties have given yields in much the same
order for the two years. The average yield per acre for the two
years, and the average weight per bushel, are certainly satisfactory.
The former was no less than 43.1 bushels, and the latter 61.7 ft.

Report of the Dominion Millers' Association.

A deputation was appointed by the Dominion Millers' Association
to visit this station, examine the different kinds of winter wheat and
report upon the same. The deputation consisted of ten persons, in-

eluding the President and Secretary of the Association. The visit
was made on August 5th and the following is a summary of the re-
port :

" The Committee are anxious to extend the growth of white wheat.
They think very highly of the Surprise variety and advise farmers
to sow it. They highly recommend the Canadian Velvet Chaff and
regard it is a good milling wheat. They also consider the Bulgarian
an extra good milling wheat.

'• In regard to the red varieties they advise tluit the Rogers should
not be sown as it is inclined to smut and contains no good milling
properties. TLey also fear that the ^Fa ichester is a weak wheat for
milliui: purposes, l)ut this conclusion is only based on the grinding of
small quantities. They consider the Jones' Winter Fyfe an extra-
ordinatily good wheat lor griiTding, and they are of the opinion that
if the farmers could raise it plentifully it would obviate the necessity
of using so much ]\ranitol)a wheat. They very highly recommend
thf Hybrid Mediterranean, looking upon it as a good wheat, and
they also highly recommend the Longberry Red."

More complete particulars regarding these wheats maybe obtained
from the report of the ]\Iillcrs' Association, which will doubtless have
reached the public through the press before the issuing of this bul-
letin.

CONCLUSIONS.

The results of the experiments may be thus summarised :

1. Ihe bplendid returns obtained in this experiment prove
that the capal'ilities of Ontario, as a wheat producing country,
are still of a high order.

2. The bald wheats have on an average given 9. 86 bushels more
per arrp. or 21.42 per rent, than the bearded varieties, but the latter
have weighed on an average 1.37 lb. more per bushel.

3. The white wheats have given an average of 5.18 bushels more
l>er acre than the red wheats, and they also stand higher in the
estimation of the millers than the latter.

4. The bald white chaff white wheats gave an average of 13.6
bushels per acre more than the bearded red chaff red wheats.

5. The seven leading varieties in point of yield were all white
wheats except the American Bronze.

Ck Thc?e experiments tend to confirm the popular opinion that
white wheat? under favorable condition will give more bountiful
returns than red wheats, and that the same may be said of the bald
varieties as contrasted with the bearded.

7. The four best yielding white wheats for 1891 were the
Garfield, r^urprise, Canadian Velvet Chaff and Bonnell ; and the
tour best yielding varieties of red wheat were the American Bronze,

Early Red Clawson, Red Velvet Chaff and Jones' Winter Fyfe, in
the order named in both instances.

8. The best four weighing varieties were the Manchester, Bul-
garian, Lancaster and Democrat, each of which gave 64| lb. per
bushel.

9. The three velvet chaff varieties gave an average yield of 4.77
bushels per acre in excess of the mean average of the 23 varieties,
and weighed .22 lb. more per bushel, and they are also included in
the leading varieties mentioned in conclasion 7.

10. Of the varieties enumerated in thi« bulletin, the Dominion
Millers' Association recommend the following as the most serviceable
for milling purposes, viz., of the white wheats, the Surprise, Canadian
Velvet Chaff and Bulgarian ; and of the red %rheats, the Jones'
Winter Fyfe, the Hybrid Mediterranean and the Longberry Red.

.6
ite

DISTRIBUTION OF SEED.

As we have received many enquiries regarding seed, we append
the following in reference to the mode of distribution that we
have decided to adopt : We will supply any of the following
varieties, viz., the Surprise, Red Velvet Chaff, Bonnell or Landreth,
Early Red Clawson, Bulgarian, Garfield, American Bronze and
Canadian Velvet Chaff in one bushel and half bushel lots. As
we have only a limited quantity of tho seed of each of these
varieties, we can only furnish seed while the supply lasts and
in the order in which we receive the applications. The prices
charged will be moderate. For further information apply to the
Professor of Agriculture.

The varieties will be distributed in smaller lots through the
medium of the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union. The
Experimental Union, which meets annually at the Agricultural
College, is composed of the otlicers, ex-students and students of the
college, and all farmers throughout the province are invited to
co-operate in the work that is being carried on by the Association.
This work consists of the testing of seeds and fertilisers, under con-
ditions as nearly similar as can be found practicable. The seeds are
furnished by the Union free to the farmers, and full instructions
regarding the mode of conducting the tests are also furnished at
the same time. The only return asked of the farmer is a report of
the results, to be sent after harvest by a time fixed upon as mentioned
in the instruction sheet. These reports are made upon blank forms
furnished to each experimenter along with the instructions.

At the present time there are no less than 1,642 plots under ex-
periment, which are conducted by ex-students and other farmers

throughout the province. These plots comprise the following : —
70 with fertilisers, 196 wit-h lucerne and corn, 350 with roots,
1,026 with spring wheats.

The results of this work, which are published annually, cannot
fail to be of immense service to the farmers.

In the subjoined table will be found the different seta of varieties
of wheats, which will be furnished by mail in half pound lots of
•each variety, to farmers applying for them, and in the order of the
applications so long as the supply lasts.

Five Sets op Fall Wheat for Co-oprpativk Tests

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

American

Bronze.

Bronze.^

Bronze.

Canadian Vel-

Canadian

vet Chaif.

vet Chaff.

Velvet Chaff.

Surprise.

Garfield.

Bonnell.

Winter Pearl.

Lonf?berry

Manchester.

Golden Cross.

Early Red

Red Velvet

Red.

Bulgarian.

Standard.

Clawson.

Chaff.

Jones' Winter

Lancaster.

Hybrid Medi-

Fyfe.

terranean.

Democrat.

Each farmer wishing one of these sets will please address to the
Secretary, 0. A. Zavitz, Experiment Station, Guelph, mentioning
which set lie dedres, and the grain, instructions for testing and
4jlank forms on which to report Avill be forwarded to his address.

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