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6
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL
HISTORY OF AMERICA
€):plorattons anD Settlements
In America
FROM THE
jfltutnti) to tfje .Scbentrentf)
Century
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL
HISTORY OF AMERICA
EDITED
By JUSTIN WINSOR
LIBRARIAN OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CORRBSPONDING SECRETARY MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY
Vol. II
BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
€i)c itittierjetitic ^te^^, Cnnibritigc
Copyright, 1886,
By Houghton, Miffiin and Comi'ANV.
Ail rigliti rtsoTiJ.
7'he Riverside Press, Cambritt/^^ Mass.^ U. S. A.
Printed by H. O. Houghton & Company.
CONTENTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
[ Tht Ufanish arms on Iht title art cofied from th* titUpagi of Ntrrtra.]
INTROPUCTION.
Pau
Documentary Sources of Early Spanish-Aaierican History. T/ie Editor . i
CHAFrER I.
COLUMBD.^ AND HIS DISCOVERIES. T/ie Editor
iLLUiTRATlONS : Columbus' Armor, 4; Partii'g of Columbus with Ferdinand
and Isabella, 6 ; Early Vessels, 7 ; liuilding a Ship, ? ; Course of Columbus
on his First Voyage, 9; Ship of Columbus' Time, 10; Native House in
Hispaniola, 11; Curing the Sick, 11 ; The Triumph of Columbus, 12;
Columbus at Hispaniola, 13; Handwriting of Columbus, 14; Arms of
Columbus, 15; Fruit-trees of Hispaniola, 16; Indian Club, iC; Indian
Canoe, 17; Columbus at Isla Margarita, 18; Early Americans, 19; House
in which Columbus died, 23.
OuncAL Essay 34
Illustrations: Ptolemy, 26, 27; Albertus Magnus, 29; Marco Polo, 30;
Columbus' Annotations on the Image Afiindi, 31 ; on /Kneas Sylvius, 32 ;
the Atlantic of ti:e Ancients, 37; Prince Henry the Navigator, 39; his
Autograph, 39; Sketch-map of Portuguese Discoveries in Africa, 40; Portu-
guese Map of the Old World ( 1490), 41 ; Vasco da Gama and his Autograph,
42; Line of Demarcation (Map of 1527), 43; Pope Alexander VI., 44.
Notes 47
A, First Voyage, 46; B, Landfall, 52 ; C, Effect of the Discovery in Europe, 56;
D, Second Voyage, 57; E, Third Voyage, 58; F, Fourth Voyage, 59;
G, Lives and Notice* of Columbus. 62; H, Portraits of Columbus, 69;
I, Burial and Remains of Columbus, 78 ; J, Birth of Columbus, and AccounU
of his Family, 83.
CONTKNTS.
IlLUsthaiionsi Facsimile of (iisl page of Columbus' Letter, No. HI., 49; Cut
oil reverse of Title of No.i. V. ami VI., 50; Title of No. VI., 51 ; The Land-
ing of ColunibuH, 53 ; Cut In Clernian Translation of the Kimt Ix:ttcr, 53 ;
Text of the (ierniaii TranNlatioii, 54; the ilaliaina (>rou|> (map), 55; Sign-
nianuaU of I'erilin.uul and Isabel!.), 56; ScliaHtiaii Hr.iiit, 39; Map ot
Columbus' Kour Voy.igC!*, 60, (n ; I'.ic-siniiJe of page in the (iiustiniani
I'ltaltcr, 6j; I'crdinatul Columbus' Ktgister of Hooks, 65; .\utograph of
llumbolilt, OS; r.iiilus Joviiis, 70. I'ortraitii of Columbus, — after Cliovio,
71; the Vane^ rortr.iit,7J| after Capriolo, 73; the I'lorunte picture, 74 ; the
Dc Hry I'iclure, 75; the Jomaril LikenesH, 76) the Havana Medallion,
77; I'icture at Madrid, 78; after Montanus, y>). Coffer and Hones found in
Santo Uoniingo, ,So; Inscriptions on and in the Colfcr, <S|, S.: ; I'drlrait and
Sign-manual of Kerdinaiul of Spain, >S5 ; Ilaitholomcw Columbus, iS6.
Postscript
88
THE EARLIEST MAPS OF THE SPANISH AND I'ORTUGUESE
DISCOVERIES. I'/ie Editor 93
lLLUSTic\Tiu.N.s ; Karly Compass, 94; Astrolabe of Kegiomontanus, 96; I..ater
Astrolabe, 97 ; Jackstaff, 99; liackstaff, 100 j I'irckcymerus, \oz\ Toscan-
cUi's Map, 103; .Martin Ikliaim, 104; ICxtract from llehaim's Globe, 105;
Part of La Cosa's Map, 106; of the Cantino Map, 108; Peter Martyr Map
(1511), iio; Ptolemy Map (1513), III ; .Admiral's Map (1513), 112; Reisch's
Map (1515), 114; Kuysch's .Map (1508), 115; Stobnicza's Map (1512), 116;
Schoner, 117; Schiiner's Globe (1515), n8; (1520), 119; Tross (lores
(1514-1519), 120; Munster's Map (1532), 121; Sylvanus' Map (1511), 122 j
Leno.x Globe, 123; Da Vinci Sketch of Globe, 124-12O; Carta Marina of
Frisius (1525), 127 ; Coppo'a .Map (152S), 127.
CH.\FrER II.
Amerigo Vespucci. Sydney Harvard Gay 1 99
Ii.LUSTKATioHs: Fac-siinile of a Letter of Vespucci, 130; Autograph of Amerrigo
Vespuche, 138; Portraits of Vespucci, 139, 140, 141.
NOTES ON VESPUCIUS AND THE NAMING OF AMERICA. The
Editor 153
Illustrations: Title of the Jehan Lambert edition of the Mimdus Nmus, 157 ;
first page of Vor.stcrman's Miiiidus K(n<us, 158; Title of De Ora Antarctica,
159; title of VoniierwugefuiiJcn Region, 160; Fac-simile of its first page, 161 ;
Ptolemy's World, 165; Title of the C'ww(ifr<;////<r/«/m/M(7/(;, 167; Fac-simile
of its reference to the name of America, 168 j the Lenox Globe (American
parts), 170; Title of the 1509 edition of the Cosmoi;raphi<r Introdiictio, 171 ;
title of the C'obns Mundi, 172 ; Map of Laurentius Frisius in the Ptolemy
of 1522, 175; American part of the Mercator Map of 1541, 177; Portrait of
Apianus, 179.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF POMPONIUS MELA, SOLINUS, VADIANUS,
AND APIANUS. The Editor 180
Illustrations: Pomponius Mela's World, 180; Vadianus, 181; Part of
Apianus' Map (1520), 1S3; Apianus, 185.
CONTENTS.
m
CHAITLR ill.
The Compankjns of Columiius. Eihvard Uiannmg 187
iLLUsTK.vriuNbi Map u( llispaiiiulu, \^; Casiilia del Uro, 190; Cariaj(ena,
191s UalbiSa, 195; Havana, 30i.
Critical ICssav
Illustration : Juan dc Orijalva, aiO.
304
TML EARLY CARTOdRAl'HY OF THE GULF OF MEXICO AND
ADJACENT PARTS. TAc Editor 317
Illustrations! Map of the I'acitic I151M), 317 ; 01 the Gulf of Mexico (1520),
Jl8; by l.oreiu l-'ricfs (153.2). JlS; by M.tinllo (l5J7),3iyj by Nufio Garcia
de Tori'iii) (1527). no; l>y Riiiero (I5>9)i 221; Tlic so-called 1-ciiox Wood-
cul (1534), 223; Earlv Frentli Map, 224; Gulf of Mexico (1536), 235;
by Rot/ (1542), 226; by Cabot (1544). 227J in Ramusio (1556), 238; by
HoiiRMi (1S5S), 229; by Marlines (1578), 329; of Cuba, by Wytfliet
(1597). 230.
CHAFrER IV.
AsaENT Florida. John G. Shea ajl
Illustrations: Ponce de Leon, 235 ; Hernando de 8010,252; Autograph of
De Soto, 253; of Mendo2a, 254; .Map of Florida (1565), 264; Site of Fort
Caroline, 265; View of .St. Augustine, 266; S|>ani»h Vessels, 267; lluilding
of Fort Caroline, 26s ; Fort Caroline completed, 269; Mapof Florida (1591),
274J WytHiet's Map (1597), 281. »
Critical Essav 283
Illustrations: Map of Ayllon's Explorations, 285; Autograph of Narvaez,
286; of Cabcza de Vaca, 287; of Charles V., 289; of Hiedm?, 290; Map of
the Mississipjii (sixteenth century), 292; Uelisle's Map, with the Route of De
Soto, 294, 295.
CHAPTER V.
Las Casas, and the Relations of ihe Spaniards to the Indians.
George E. Ellis 200
Critical Essav ,,i
Illustrations: Las Casas, 332 ; his Autograph, 333 ; Titlepages of his Tracts,
334i ll^t 338; Fac-simile of his Handwriting, 339.
Editorial Note -.,
Illustrations: Autograph of Motolinia, 343; Title of Oviedo's Natural Hys-
toria (1526), 344; Arms of Oviedo, 345; his Autograph, 346; Head of
Benzoni, 347.
• ••
vtu
CONILNTS.
CHAITKR VI.
CoRi'<s AND HIS CuMi'ANiONH. The Editor 349
llXUSTHAnuN.'i I VcU!i(|uc/, 330; Caniiun of Corttis' time, J52 ; llelps's Map of
Corlcs' Voyage, 353 ; t'orlcs ami lii» Arnm, 354 ; (Jabricl I.aitku ck la Vega,
355 ; Cortes, 337 ; Map of the March of Ccjrlc», 35S ; Corttfx, 3O0; Monte-
zuma, 3()i, 3O3; Map of Mexico before the (Joiuiiiesl, 3O4 j I'eilro dc Alva-
railo, 306; hit Autograph, 3O7 ; Hclps'n Map of the Mexican Valley, 30"j(
Tree of I'risie Nothe, 370; Charles V., 371, 373; his Autograph, 372; Wil-
■oii'!i Map of the Mexican Valley, 374; Jourdanet'!* Map of the Valley,
cohrtU, 375 i Mexico under the l"oiu|uerors, 377 ; Mexico according to
Ramunio, 379; Cortes in Jovius, 3H1 ; hin Autograph, 3S1 ; Map of (iuate-
mala and ilonduraH, 384; Autograpli of Sandoval, 3K7 ; his Portrait, 388)
Cortes after ilerrera, 389; hiit Armor, H)p\ Autograph of Kuenleal, 3911
Map of Mexico after Herrera, 392; Acapulco, 394; KulMcngth Portrait of
Curtes, 395 i Likcncw on a Medal, J96.
CRinCAL EsiiAY
iLLUsTKATiuN s Autograph of Ica^balccta, 397.
.197
Noi'Es 402
Illustkatiuss : Cortes before Chirles V., 403; Cortes' Map of the Gulf of
Mexico, 404; Title of the Latin edition of his Letters (1524), 403; Reverse
of its Title, 406; Portrait of Clement VIL, 407; Autograph of Gayangos,
408; Lorcnzana's Map of Spain, 408; Title of Dc iitmlis iiii/<,r iir.;iilis,
409; Title of Gomara's Uisloria (1553), 413; Autograph of llernal iJia/,
414; of Sahagun, 416; Portrait of Uolis, 423 ; Portrait of William li. Pre«-
cott, 426.
DISCOVERIES ON
The Editor . .
THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA.
43'
Illustrations: Map from the fjloane Manuscripts (1530), 432; from Ruscelli
('544). 43-; Nancy Globe, 433 ; from Zieglcr's Schomtia (1532), 434; Carta
Marina (1548), 435 ; Vopellio's Map (155O), 436; Titlepage of Girava's Cos-
OTiU'ra/i///,;, 437 ; I'urlani's Map (1560), 43S ; Map of the Pacific (1313), 440;
Cortds' Map of the California Peninsula, 442 ; Castillo's Map of the Califor-
nia Gulf (1341), 444; Map by Ilomem {1540), 446; by Cabot (1544), 447;
by Krcire (1546), 448 ; in Ptolemy (154S), 449 ; by Marlines (153- ?), 430 j by
Zaltieri (1366), 451 ; by Merrator (l^b^)), 45J ; by Porcacchi (1372), 433; by
Furlani (1374), 434; from Molineaux' Globe (1392), 455; a Spanish Galleon,
436 ; Map of the Gulf of California by Wytfliet (1397), 438 ; of America by
Wytfliet (1397), 459; "f Tcrre de lesso, 464; of the California Coast by
Dudley (1646), 463; Diagram of Mercator's Projection, 470.
CHAPTER VII.
Early Explorations of New Mexico. Henry IV. Haynes 4^3
Illustrations: Autograph of Coronado, 481; Map of his Explorations, 485;
Early Drawings of the Buffalo, 488, 489.
CONTENTS. is
CriiiicAL Essay 498
EnnoHUL Nuie 503
CHAlTliR VIII.
PiZAKRo, AMI ■niE Conquest anu SKTrtEMENr of Peru and Chiu. C/fm-
ents Ji. Markluim 505
ll.U'srKArioNs I Indian Rafts, 508 j Skctch-innps of the Comiueat of Peru, 509,
511); picture of r.Mibiirk.ilioM, 51^; Runt''* Map of I'i/arro's Discoveries, 5131
Native Huts in Trees, 514 j At.ilitialpa, 515, 516; Aliti..i;io, 51SJ I'lan of Vnca
Fortress near Cusco, 5J1 ; Ituilding of a Town, ^11 ; (laliriel de Rojas, 5231
Si<ctch-map of tlie Concpiest of Chili, 524; I'edro de Valdivia, 529, 5301
I'astciic, 5JI ; I'izarro, 532, 533; Vaca de Castro, 535; I'edro de la (iasca,
S39i 54°; Alonzo de Alvarado, 544; Conception Hay, 54S ; Garcia WwX'
tado dc Mcndo/.a, 550; Peruvians worshipping the Sun, 551; Cusco, 3341
Temple of Cusco, 555; Wyllliet's Map of Peru, 338; of Chili, 3391 SotO»
mayor, 362; Title of the 1335 Xercs, 3O3.
Editorial Notes
Illustration i Prcscott's Library, 377.
573
THE AMAZON AND ELDORADO. The Editor 579
iLLisTRATlONs : Gon2alo Ximenes de Quesada, 380; Sketch-map, 381; Cas-
tellanos, 383; Map of the Mouths of the Orinoco, 386; De Laet's Map of
Parimc Lacus, 388.
CHAFFKR IX.
Magellan's Discovery. Edward E. Hah 591
Illustrations: Autograph of M.igellan, 392; Portraits of M.ngcllan, 393, 594,
395; Indian Heds, 597; South American Cannibals, 39S ; Giant's Skeleton
at Porto Desire, 602; Qu.iniambec, 603; Pigafctta's Map of Magellan's
Straiis, 605 ; Chart of the Pacific, showing Magellan's Track, 610 ; Pigafctta's
Map of the Ladrones, 6il.
CRmcAL Essay 613
INDEX 6ig
VOL. 11.
' SI
INTRODUCTION.
BY THE EDITOR.
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES OF EARLY SPANISH-AMERICAN
HISTORY.
'npHE earliest of the historians to use, to any extent, documentary proofs, was
Herrera, in his Historia general, first published in i6ot.* As the official
historiographer of the Indies, he had the best of opportunities for access to the great
wealth of documents which the Spanish archivists had preserved ; but he never dis-
tinctly quotes them, or says where they are to be found.-' It is through him that we
are aware of some important manuscripts not now known to exist.'
The formation of the collections at Simancas, near Valladolid, dates back to an
order of Charles the Fifth, Feb. 19, 1543. New accommodations were added from
time to time, as documents were removed thither from the bureaus of the ('rown
Secretaries, and from those of the Councils of Seville and of the Indies. It was
reorganized by Philip II., in 1567, on a larger basis, as a depository for historical
research, when masses of manuscripts from other parts of S[)ain were transported
thither ; * but the comparatively small extent of the Simancas Collection does not
indicate tliat the order was very extensively observed ; though it nuist be remetr-
bered that Napoleon made havoi; among these papers, and that in 1814 it was bi i
a remnant which was rearranged.'
' Sec further on Herrera /«/, p. 67.
'•' J. C. lirevoort, on " Spanish-Americ.m
documents, printed or inci.itetl," in Mai^azinc of
American ///jAv^', Marcli, 1879; Prescott, .lAx-
/<•(', ii. 91.
^ " Of all the narratives and reports furnished
to Herrera for his History, and of which he
made such scanty and unintelligent use, very
few have been preserved." — Markham, Rites
and Taul's of the Yiicas, p. vii.
■* An overcrowding of archives in the keep-
ing of the Council of the Fndies was sometimes
relieved by sending part of them to Simancas.
Bancroft, Central America, i. 28 1. Harrisse,
Christophe Colomb, i. 53, says all, or nearly all.
the papers relating to Columbus have been re-
moved to Seville.
^ Some of the documents at Simancas and
in other repositories, beginning with 1485, have
been edited in the Rolls Series (published for
the iMiglish Government) by (!. A. licrgennith
and by Gayangos (London, 1862-1S79), '" '''^
Calendar of Letters, Desfatclies, and Stale Papers
relating' to .Wxoliations />et-,ueen Kni^land and
S/'ain, contained in live volumes. Vol. i. comes
through 1509; and the secontl paper in it is a
complaint of Kerdinand and Isabella against Co-
lumbus, a French Admiral, for aiding the pira-
cies of the Krcnch in 1485. Various documents
from the archives of .Simancas -are given in Ala
Jl'
11
INTRODUCTION.
Dr. Robertson was the earliest of the English writers to make even scant use of
the original manuscript sources of information ; and such documents as he got from
Spain were obtained through the solicitation and address of Lord Grantham, the
English ambassador. Everything, however, was grudgingly given, after being first
directly refused. It is well known that the Spanish (lovernmcnt considered even
what he did obtain and make use of as unfit to be brought to the attention of their
own public, and the authorities interposed to prevent the translation of Robertson's
history into Spanish.
In his preface Dr. Robertson speaks of the peculiar solicitude with which the
Spanish archives were concealed from strangers in his tini : and he tells how, to Span-
ish subjects even, those of Simancas were openeil only upon a royal order. Papers
notwithstanding such order, he says, could be copied only by payment of fees too ex-
orbitant to favor research.* By order of Fernando VI., in the last century, a collection
of selected copies of the most important documents in the various depositories of
archives was maile ; and this was placed in the Bil)lioteca Nacional at Matlrid.
In 1778 Charles III. ordered that the documents of the Indies in the Spanish
offices and depositories should bi' brought together in one place. The movement
did not receive form till 1785, when a commission was appointed; and not till
1788, did Simancas, and the other collections drawn upon, give up their treasures
to be transported to Seville, where they were placed in the building provided for
them.''
Muiioz, who was born in 1745, was commissioned in 1779 by the King with
authority ' to search archives, public and family, and to write and publish a Hisioria
man's La Kif>ti!'!uii Mejicana, three volumes,
1.S44-1S49. \Vc get glimpses in the Ilistoria
of Las Casas of a large niinibcr of the letters
of Columbus, to which he must have had access,
but which are now lost. Marrisse thinks it was
at Simancas, that Las Casas must have found
them ; for when engaged on th.at work he was
living within two leagues of that repository.
It seems prob.ible, also, that Las Casas nmst
have had use of the Hiblioteca Colombina,
when it w.is deposited in the convent of San
Pablo (1544-1552), from whose Dominican
monks Ilarrisse thinks it possible that Las
Casas obtained possession of the Toscauclli
map. He regrets, however, that for the jierso-
nal history of t^olumbns and his family, Las
Casas furnishes no information which cannot
be found more nearly at lirst hand elsewhere.
See Ilarrisse, Christophc Colomb, i. 122, 125-
•27, 129. •33'
' Robertson prefixes to his History a list of
the Spanish books and manuscripts which he
had used.
"The Knglish reader," writes Irving in
1S2S, when he had published his own Life of
Volumhits, "hitherto has derived his information
almost exclusively from the notice of Columbus
in Dr. Robertson's Ilistoty ; this, though admir-
ably executed, is but a general outline." — ZZ/i*
ofirfiiii;, ii. 313.
- I larrisse, Christofhc Colomh, i. 35. He also
refers to the notarial records preserved at Seville,
as having been but partially explored for eluci
dations of the earliest exploration. He found
among them the will of Diego, the younger
brother of Columbus (p. 38). Alfred Demers.ay
l)rinted in the DiiUttin de ta Socii-ti de Geographic,
June, 1S64, a paper, " Une mission geographique
dans les archives d' Kspague et de Portugal,"
in which he describes, particularly as regards
their possessions of doc\micnts relating to
.Ainoric.a, the condition at that time of the
archives of the Torre do Tombo at Lisbon
(ci" which, after 1842 and till his death, .San-
tareui was archivist); those of the Kingdom of
Aragon at liarcelona, and of the Indies at
Seville ; and the collections of Muiioz, embrac-
ing ninetv-five vols, in folio, and thirty-two in
qu.irto, and of Mata-Lanares, included in eighty
folios, in the Academy of History at Madrid.
He refers for fuller details to Tiran's Archives
,r Aragon ct de Simancas (1S44), and to Joao
Pedro Ribeiro's Mcmorias Authcntieas para a
Llistoiia do real Archi-'O, Lisbon, 1819.
3 This authority to search was given later
in 1781 and 17S8.
INTRODUCTION.
il outline." — Z/yi'
laux. 1 he W
le the fra«- /O^ J^
part, in the / // ^
~ vi_>
AUTOGR^XPH OF .MUNOZ.
</^/ nucvo mundo. Of this work only a single solume,' bringing the story down to
1500, was completed, and it was issued in 1793 Munoz gave in its preface a critical
review of the sources of his subject. In the prosecution of his labor he formed a
collection of documents, which after his death was scat-
tered; but parts of it were, in 1827, in the possession of ^yMlunaZ/^
Don Antonio de Uguina,* and later of Ternaux. The
Spanish Government exerted itself to reassemble
nicnts of this collection, which is now, in great part,
Acatlemy of History at Madrid,' where it has been increased
by other manuscripts from the archives at Seville. Other
portions are lodged, however, in ministerial offices, and the
most interesting are noted by Harrisse in his Christnphc
Colomb.* A paper by Mr. J. Carson Brevoort on Munoz and his manuscripts is in
the American Bibliopolist (vol. viii. p. 21), February, 1876.' An English translation
of Munoz's single volume appeared in 1797, with notes, mostly translated from the
(lerman version by Sprengel, published in 1795. Rich had a manuscript copy
made of all that Muiioz wrote of his second volume (never printed), and this
copy is noted in the Brinlcy Catalogue, no. 47."
" In the days of Muiioz," says Harrisse in his Notes on Columhus, p. i, "the great
repositories for original documents concerning Columbus and the early history of
Spanish America were the Escurial, Simancas, the Convent of Monserratc, the col-
leges of St. Bartholomew and Cuenca ;'t Salamanca, and St. Oregory at Valladolid,
the Cathedral of Valencia, the Church of Sacro-Monte in Granada, the convents of
St. Francis at Tolosa, St. Dominick at Malaga, St. Acacio, St. Joseph, and St. Isidro
del Campo at Seville. There may be many valuable records still concealed in those
churches and convents."
The originals of the letters-patent, and other evidences of privileges granted by the
Spanish monarchs to Columbus, were preserved by him, and now constitute a part
of the collection of the Duke of Veragua, in Madrid. In 1502 Columbus caused
several attested copies of them and of a few other documents to be made, raising the
number of papers from thirty-six to forty-four. His care in causing these copies to
be distributed among different custodians evinces the high importance which he held
them to have, as testimonials to his fame and his prominence in the world's history.
' This volume is worth about five dollars.
2 It was he who allowed Irvinp; to use them.
^ J. C. Urevoort, in the Magitziiie of Amcihctti
ftislfliy, March, 1879. Cf. Prescott's Fadinaud
and fsiibella (1873), ii. 50S, and his Mi-.xUo,
preface.
■• Vol. i. p. 66, referring to Fustcr's " Copia
de los manuscritos que recogio D. Juan Rautista
Munoz," in Diblioteca ViiUnciatin, ii. 202-23S.
* Harrisse, in his A'oles on Cohimhiis, p. 5,
describes a collection of manuscripts which were
sold by Obadiah Rich, in 184S or 1849, to James
Lenox, of New York, which had been formed
by Uguina, the friend of Munoz. There is in
the Academy of History at >radrid a collec-
tion of documents said to have been formed by
Don Vargas ron9e.
" Harrisse (Christophc Coliintb, i. 65) refers
to an unpublished fragment in the I,cno.\ Li-
brary. The Tichitor Cii/tiltxiw (p. 244) shows a
discourse on Mufioz read before the .Academy
of History in 1833, as well as a criticism by
Iturri on his single volume. Harrisse [Chris-
tophc Colomh, i. 65) gives the titles of other
controversial publications on the subject of
Munoz's history. Muiioz died in 1799. It is
usually said that the .Spanish Government pre-
vented the continuation of his work.
v^
iv
INTRODUCTION.
1
H
One wishes lie could have had a like solicitude for the exactness of his own statements.
Before sotting out on his fourth voyage, he intrusted one of these copies to Francesco
di Rivarolo, for delivery to Nicol6 Od^rigo, the ambassador of Genoa, in Madrid.
From Cadiz shortly afterwards he sent a second copy to the same Od^rigo. In 1670
both of these copies were given, by a descendant of Oderigo, to the Repul)lic of Genoa.
They subsequently disappeared from the archives of the State, and Harrisse ' has
recently found one of them in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Paris.
The other was bought in 1816 by the Sardinian Government, at a sale of the effects
of Count Michael-Angelo Cambiasi. After a copy had been made and deposited in
the archives at Turin, this second copy was deposited in a marble custodia, surmounted
by a bust of Columljus, and placed in the palace of the Doges in Genoa." These
documents, with two of the letters addressed (March 21, 1502, and Dec. 27,
1504) ° to Oddrigo, were published in Genoa in 1823 in the Codice diplomatico
Colombo- Americano, edited with a biographical introduction by Giovanni IJattista
S])otorno.* A third letter (April 2, 1502), addressed to the governors of the Bank
of St. George, was not printed by Spotorno, but was given in English in 1 85 1 in the
Memorials of Columbus by Robert Dodge, published by the Maryland Historical
Society.*
The State Archives of Genoa were transferred from the Ducal Palace, in 181 7,
to the Palazzetto, where they now are ; and Harrisse's account' of them tells us what
they do not contain respecting Columbus, rather than what they do. We also learn
from him something of the " Archives du Notariat Gt^nois," and of the collections
formed by the Senator Federico Federici (d. 1647), by Gian Battista Richeri {circa
1724), and by others ; but they seem to have afforded Harrisse little more than stray
notices of early members of the Colombo family.
Washington Ir\ing refers to the *' self-sustained zeal of one of the last veterans
of Spanish literature, who is almost alone, yet indefatigable, in his labors in a country
where at present literary exertion meets with but little excitement or reward."
Such is his introduction of Martin Fernandez de Navarrete,' who was born in 1765
]|
1 Christophe Colomfi, i. 20.
- Sec post, p. 77. A tliiid copy, made by
Columbus' direction w.is sent to liis factor in
Ilispaniola, Alonzo Sanchez de Carvajal. This
is not known ; and Harrisse does not show that
the archives of .Santo Domingo offer much of
interest of so e.arlv a date. A fourth copy was
deposited in the monastery of the Cuevas at
Seville, and is probably the one which his son,
Diego, was directed to send to Caspar Gorri-
cio. Cf. Harrisse, Christophe Colomb, i. 16-23,
41,46.
3 This letter is given in fac-siniile in the Na-
varrete Collection, French translation, vol. iii.
■• This book was reprinted at Cicnoa in 1S5-,
with additions, edited by Giuseppe Banchero,
and translated into English, and published in
1.S23 in London, as Memorials of a Collection of
Aulliciilic Doiuments, etc. A Spanish edition
was issued at Havana in 1867 {Leclerc, nos.
■34> '35)- Wagner, in his Colombo niid seine
Entdcckiiugeu (Lcipsic, 1825), makes use of
Spotorno, .-ind translates the letters. These
and other letters are also given in Torre's
Scritti di Colombo ; in the Let/ere iii/tot^rn/e di
Colombo, Milan, iS6j; and in Navarrete 's Co-
leccion, vol. ii. following the text of those in the
Veraguas collections. Cf. North Amcricati Re-
view, .wiii. 417 ; x.xi. 398.
*• Dodge also translated the other letters.
Photographic fac-similes of these letters are in
the Harvard College Library and in the Library
of the Massachusetts Historical Society. See
the Proceedings of the latter Society, P'ebruary,
1S70.
* Christophe Colomb, p. II.
' Prescott, in the jirefacc to his Afexicc^
speaks of him as "zealously devoted to letters ;
while his reputation as a scholar was enhanced
by the higher qualities which he possessed as
INTRODUCTION. V
anil as a young man gave some active ami meritorious sen'ice in the Spanisii navy.
In 1789 he was forced by il!-healtli to abandon the sea. He then accepted a commis-
sion from Charles IV. to examine all the depositories of documents in the kingdom,
and arrange the material to be found in illustration of the history of the Spanish
navy.' This work he continueil, with interruptions, till 1S25, when he began at
Madrid the publication of his Cokccion dc los viagcs y descubrimicnlos que hicieron
' por mar los Espanolcs desde fines del siglo XV.,"^ which reached an extent of five
volumes, and was completed in 1837. It put in convenient printeil form more than
five hundred documents of great value, between the dates of 1393 and 1540. A
sixth and seventh volume were left unfinished at his deatii, which occurred in 1844,
at the age of seventy-eight.* His son afterward gathered some of his minor writings,
including biographies of early navigators,* and printed (1848) them as a Cokccion dc
opi'isculos ; anil in 1851 another of his works, Bibliokca marUima Espatiola, was
printed at Madrid in two volumes."
The first two volumes of his collection (of which volumes there was a second
edition in 1858) bore the distinctive title, Rclacioncs, cartas y otros docnmcntos, conccr-
iiicnks d los citatro viagcs que hizo el Almirante D. Cristobal Colon para el dcscit-
brimiento de las Indias occidcntaks, and Docnmcntos diplomdticos. Tiiree years later
(1828) a French version of these two volumes appeared at Paris, which Na\arrete
himself revised, and which is further enriched with notes by Humboldt, Jomartl,
^\'alckenaer, and others." This I'"rench edition is entitled : delation dcs qnatrcs voyages
entrepris par Ch. Colomb pour la dccouvertc dit Nonvcan Monde de 1492 a 1504,
tradiiite par Chaliimcau de Vcrncnil et de la Roqucttc. It is in three volumes, and is
worth about twenty francs. .An Italian version, iVarrazione dci quattro viaggi, etc.,
was made by F. Giuntini, and ajjpeared in two volumes at Prato in 1S40-1841."
Navarrete's literary labors did not prevent much conspicuous service on his part,
both at sea and on land ; and in 1823, not long before he published his great CoUeo
tion, he became the head of the Spanish hydrographic bureau.' .Vfter his death the
Spanish Academy printed (1846) his historical treatise on the Art of Navigation
and kindred subjects (Disertacion sobre la historia de la ndntica^), which was an
enlargement of an earlier essay published in 1802.
.T m.in, — by his benevolence, his simplicity of
manners, .ind unsullied mor.il worth."
1 Ills projected work on the Spanish navy
was never printed, though a fragment of it
appeared in the Memorias of the Academy of
History (Tickiior Cutiiioi^m; p. 247).
- Leclerc s.iys it is " difticile a trouvcr," and
prices it at 80 francs. The Knglish price is
from £2 to £2,. A letter by Navarrctc, descrip-
tive of his Coleccion, is to be found in Zach's
CorrcsponJmce, xi. 446. Cf. also Duflot de
Mofra-, Meiidoza et A'n-arrete, Paris, 1845,
quoted by Ilarrissc, Christoplu Colomb, \. 67.
' There is a memoir of him, with a catalogue
of his works, in the Coleccion de docunientos hu'd-
itos, vol. vi.; and of those published and unpub-
lished in his Biblioteca maritima Espaiiohi, ii.
458-470. These si.xth and seventh volumes have
never been ])iiblishcd. The si.\th was to cover
the voyages of Grijalvaand I.opcsdc Villalobos.
Harrisse (C/iristo/<lr Colomh, i. 68) learned that
the Cartas dc Iihi..i (Madrid, 1S77) cont.'.ins
some ]iarts of what was to appear in vol. vii.
■* Columbus, Vcspucius, f Ijeda, Magellan, etc.
^ It is an alphabetical (by (.'hristian names,
— a not uncommr— Sjjanish fashion) record of
writers on mari. i.e subjects, with sketches of
their lives and works.
^ Cf. an article in the A'orth American Ri-.'ie-iv,
x.xiv. 265, by Caleb Gushing.
' These form vols. i. and ii. of Mannocchi's
Collection (Leclerc, no. 133).
* Uancroft, Central America, i. 199.
8 licknor Catalogue, p. 247.
ii
■ t
%■
VI
INTRODUCTIOy
■ i;
1,,
('
If
i H
i^.
While Navarretc's great work was in jj^press at Madriil, Mr. Alexander Ii.
Everett, the .\iiieriean Minister at tliat Court, urj^ed upon Washington Ir\ing, then at
Bordeaux, the translation into I'.nglish of the new material which Navarrcte was jjre-
paring, togethi.-r witii his Commentary. Upon this incentiv.- Irving went to Madrid
and inspected the work, which was soon pul)lishcd. His sense of the popular demand
easily convinced him that a continuous narrative, based upon Navarrete's material, —
hut leaving himself free to use all other hel[)S, — would afford him better opportu-
nities to display his own graceful literary skill, and more readily to engage tue favor
of the general reader. Irving's judgment was well founded ; and Navarrete never
(juite forgave him for making a name more popularly ass''"iated with that of the great
discoverer than his own.' Navarrete afforded Irving at this time much personal
helj) and encouragement. Ohailiah Rich, the .American Consul at Valencia, under
whose roof Irving lived, furnished him, however, his chief resource in a curious
and extensive library. To the Royal Library, and to that of the Jesuit College of
S;m Isidro, Irving also occasionally resorted. The Duke of Veraguas took jileasure
in laying before him his o.vn family archives.- The result was the Life and Voyages
of Christopher Columbus ; and in the Pn face, dated at Madrid in 1827,^ Ir\ing made
full acknowledgment of the services which had been rendered to him. This work
was followed, not long after, by the I'oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of
Columbus ; and ever since, in English and other languages, the two books have kept
constant company.*
Ir\ing ]5roved an amiable hero-worshipper, and Columbus was pictured with few
(juestionable traits. Tiie writer's literary canons did not call for the scrutiny which
destroys a world's exemplar. " One of the most salutary purposes of history," he
says, " is to furnish examples of what human genius and laudable enterprise may
accomplish," — and such brilliant examples must be rescued from the " perni-
cious erudition " of the investigator. IiTing's method at least had the effect to
conciliate the upholders of the saintly character of the discoverer ; and the modem
school of the De Lorgues, who have been urging the canonization of Columbus, find
Ir\ing's ideas of him higher and juster than those of Navarrete.
Henri Ternaux-Compans printed his Voyages, relations, et memoires originaux
pour scrrir cl riiistoirc de la decouvcrtc de r.Amcrique, between 1837 and 1841.'
I
' Magazine of A>iieri<(iti History, iii. 176.
Cf., however, X.nvarrete's generous estirMte of
Irving's l.nbors in the Introduction to the thifl
volume of his Coleccioii.
- The stoiv of tliis undertaking: is told in
Pierre Irving's Life of W'ashingloii /'T/V/i;', vol. ii.
chaps, xiv., xv., xvi. The hook was kindly re-
viewed bv Mr. A. II. Everett in the North Ameri-
am A^Tinc, January, lS2(j 'vol. wviii). Cf. other
citations and references in .Mlilione's Victioiiary,
.343, and Poole's /luiix, p. 2S0. A portion, at
least, of the manuscript of the book is in exist-
ence (Afassiic/insctt.'! Historical Soiii-ty's Procivil-
i'lgs, XX. 201). Longfellow testified to Irving's
devotion to his subject (Proc, iv. 394). See
post, p, 68.
■■• Irving also early made an abridged edition,
to foresiall the action of others.
* Their bil;'iography is fully given in .Sabin,
vol. i.\. ]). 150.
■'■ It was completed in twenty volumes, and is
now worth from 250 to 300 francs. Sec Leclerc,
no. 562, for contents ; Field's Indian Bibliogra-
phv, no. T,540 ; .\lexander Voung in \orth Amer-
iiaii A'cTvWc, xlv, 222. Ternaux died in 1864
Santarem speaks of " the sumptuous stores of
his splendid American library." Cf. H, 11.
Bancroft, Central America, ii. 759.
if
INTRODUCTION.
Vll
Alexander H.
Irving, then at
arretc was prc-
ent to Madrid
opiilar demand
e's material, —
better opjjortii-
iiga^^e tue favor
lavarrcte never
at of the great
much personal
Valencia, under
e in a curious
suit College of
i took j)leasure
[fc and I 'fly ages
7," Irving made
m. This work
Companions of
)ooks have kept
ictured with few
scrutiny which
of history," he
enterprise may
the " perni-
the effect to
nd the nioilem
Columbus, find
oircs ong-.naux
37 and 1841.'
., iv. 394). See
abridged edition,
;• given in Sabin,
y volumes, and is
ics. See Leclerc,
India tt Biblio^a-
g in \orth Anier-
iix died in 1S64
iptuous stores of
cf. H. a
759-
This collection included rare books and about seventy-five original documents, which
it is susijected may have been obtained during the French occupation of Spain.
Tern..iix published his Archives des voyages, in two volumes, at Paris in 1840;' a
minor part of it pertains to American affairs. Another volume, published at the same
tir^'.', is often found with it, — Rcciuil de documents el memoires originaiix sur I'/iistoire
des possessions Espagnoles dans rAmerique, whose contents, it is saiil, were derived
from the Muiioz Collection.
The Academy of History at Madrid began in 1842 a series of documentary illus-
trations which, though devoted to the history of Spain in general {Coleceion de doeii-
mcntos ineditos para la liistoria de Espaua), contains much matter (jf the first impor-
tance in respect to the history of her colonies.''' Navarrete was one of the original
editors, but lived only to see five volumes published. Salv;\, Haranda, and others
have continued the publication since, which now amounts to eighty voliunes, of which
vols. 62, 63, and 64 are the famous history of Las Casas, then for the first time put
in print.
In 1 864 a new series was begun at Madrid, — Cokccion de dociimentos ineditos rela-
tivos al desc.ibrimiento, conqiiista y colonizacion de las posesiones Espanolas en America
y Oceania, sacados, en su mayor parte, del Real Archivo de Indias. Nearly forty
volumes have thus far been published, under the editing of Joacjuin V. Pacheco, Fran-
cisco de CArdenas, and Luis T'orres de Mendoza at the start, but with changes later
in the editorial staff.''
Mr. E. G. Squier edited at New York in i860 a work called Collection of Rare
and Original Documents and Relations concerning the Discovery and Conquest of
America, chiefly from the Spanish Archives, in the original, with Translations, A'otes,
Maps, and Sketches. There was a small edition only, — one hundred copies on small
paper, and ten on large paper.* This was but one of a large collection of manuscripts
relative to Central America and Mexico which Mr. Squier had collected, partly during
his term as charge d'affaires in 1849. Out of these he intended a series of publica-
tions, which never went beyond this first number. The collection " consists," says
Bancroft,'^ " of extracts and copies of letters and reports of audicncias, governors,
bishops, and various governmental officials, taken from the Spanish archives at Madrid
and from the library of the Spanish Royal Academy of History, mostly under the
direction of the indefatigable collector, Mr. Buckingham Smith."
Early Spanish manuscripts on America in the British Museum are noted in
its Index to Manuscripts, 1854-1875, p. 31 ; and Gayangos' Catalogue of Spanish
Manuscripts in the British Museum, vol. ii., has a section on .-Kmerica."
1 Now worth from 5i2 to S15.
'^ Cf. contents in Tichior Cutalogue, p. 87.
' Cf. Magazine of American History, i. 256 ;
ii. 256 ; (by Mr. Krevoort), iii. 175 (March, i^'/g) ;
Sabin, Dictionary, vol. xiv. no. 58,072. Leclerc,
BiHiot/ieca Americana, Sitfipthnent, no. 3,016, for
22 vols. \ )o francs). Harrisse, referring to
this collection, says : " It is really painful to
see the little method, discrimination, and knowl-
edge displayed by the editors." The docu-
VOL. II. — C.
ments on Columbus largely repeat those given
by Navarrete.
* Sabin, Dictionary, vol. xiv. no. 58,270.
* II. II. Bancroft, Central America, \. 4S4 ;
ii. 736.
•■ Collections like that of Icazbalceta on
Mexico may be barely mentioned in this place,
since their characteristics can better be defined
in more special relations. I'rescott had eight
thousand manuscript pages of copies of docu-
It
II
Vlll
INTRODUCTION.
.
,«^'^
; I
Regarding the chances of further developments ii> depositories of manuscripts,
Harrisse, in his AWcj w; 6'(V//;«/'//j-,' says : " For Jie I'resent the historian will find
enough to gather from the Arcliivo (leneral de Indias in the Lonja at Seville, which
( ontains as many as forty-seven tiioiisand huge packages, brought, within the last fifty
years, from all parts of Spain, liut the richest mine as yet unexplored we suppose
to !;•; the archives of the monastic orilers in Italy ; as all the exjjcditions to the New
World were accompanied by Franciscan, Dominican, Benedictine, and other monks,
who maintained an active corres|)ondence with the iieatls of tiieir res|)ective congre-
gations. The private archives of the Dukes of Veraguas, Medina-Sidonia, and Del
Infantado, at Madrid, are very ricii. There is scarce anything relating to that early
period left in Simancas ; but the original documents in the Torre do Tombo at
Lisbon aie all intact." -
Among the latest contributions to the documentary history of the Spanish coloniza-
tion is a large folio, Cartas de Indias, puhHialas por primera rez el miiiisterio d.
fonuiito, issued in Madrid in 1877 imtler the ausjjices of the Spanish Government.
It contains one iumdred and eiglit letters, covering the i)eriod 1496 to 1586, the
earliest date being a supposed one for a letter of Columbus which is without date."
nients relating to Mexico .niul rem. C'f. I'refacc
to his Mexico. \\\ 1792 Father .Manuel <lc la
Vega collected in Mexico thirty-two folio vol-
umes of ])a|)ers, in obedience to an order of the
Spanish (iovernment to gather all documents
to be found in New Spain "fitted to illustrate
the antiquities, geography, civil, ecclesiastical,
and natural history of America," and transuiil
copies of them to Madrid (I'rescott, Miwico,
iii. 409).
' This book was priv.atv. • ,irintcd (ninety-
five copies) for Mr. S. L. M. li.irlow, of New
York. It has thrice, at least, occurred in sales
(.Menzies, no. 1S94, — S.i;7.5o ; J. J. Cooke,
vol. iii. no. 580; Urinley, no. 17). It is an
extremely valuable key to the do. umcntary and
printed references on Columbus' career. To
a verv small number (nine) (/ a separate issue
of the portion relating to the letters of Colum-
bus, a new Preface was added in 1S65. Cf.
Krnest Dcsjardin's Rapport siir Ics dvux oirr-
r(ii;cs dc biHiographic Amiri inc tie .)/. Iliiiri
Ifarrisse (Paris, 1867. p. 8), extracted from the
Jiitl/i'liii dc' la Societt' dc Gco<;raphie. The article
on Columbus in Sabin's Dictionary (iv. 274,
etc.) is based on Harrisse, with revisions. Cf.
references in H il. liancroft. Central America,
i. 23S ; .Saint-Martin, Ilistoirc de la );i'oi;rap/iie
(1873), P- 3'9i ^'- *'• Cancellieri's Desserlazi-
oni epistolari bibliografichc sopra Colombo, etc.
(Rome, 1809).
2 The .Archives of Venice, at the beginning
of this century, contained memorials of Colum-
bus which can no longer be found (Marin,
Storia civile e politica del comniercio de' I'oteziaiii,
Venezia, 1800; Harrisse, Pibl. Anier. I'ct. Ad-
ditions, p. xxi). This is perhaps owing to the
Austrian depredation upon the Venetian ar-
chives in the Frari and Marciana in 1.S03-1805,
and in 1S66. Not a little, however, of use has
been preserved i\i the Calendar 0/ State Papers
in the Archives of I'enice published by the lirit-
ish (lovernment, in the Rolls .Series, since 1864.
They jjrimarily illustrate English history, but
al'ford some light upon American aflfairs. Onlv
six volumes ,the last volume iii uirec parts)
have been printed. Mr. Rawdon lirown who
edited them, long a resident of Italy, dy.ne at
Venice, Aug. 25, 1.S83, at eighty, has sent, during
his labors in this field, one hundred and twenty-
six volumes of manuscript copies to the English
Public Record Office.
■* Of these, twenty-nine arc also given in fac-
simile ; there are besides about two hundred and
fifty fac-similes of autographs. The volume is
priced at 150 marks and 300 francs. Cf. Eeclerc,
no. 2,688. II. H. liancroft (Mexico, ii. 606) says
of the volume : " There are .about two hundred
and twenty-four pages of geographical notes,
vocabulary, biographical data, a glossary, and
cuts, maps, and indexes. The letters and fac-
similes, from the first to the last, are valuable
in a historic sense, and the vocabulary is use-
ful ; but the biographical and historical data
arc not always reliable, numerous errors hav-
ing been detected in comparing with official rec-
ords and v.iLn memoranda of witnesses of the
events related." Mr. Bancroft's own library is
said to contain twelve hundred volumes of manu-
script amassed for his own work; but a large
portion of them, it is supposed, do 'lot concern
the Spanish history of the Pacific coast.
The
will'
hi^
Xiii
del .
y ac
cess
after
t.iry
signe
died
The
cont;
numi
J'ro;
and
first
was
did 1
. 'I
INTRODUCTION. faf
The 'ate Mr. George Dexter,' who has printed •' a translation of this letter (together
with one of another letter, Feb. 6, 1502, and oiir of Veiipucius, Dec. 9, 150S), gives
hii? reasons for thinking the dale should he lu'twcen March 15 and Sept. 25, 1493.'
.■\t .Madriil and I'aris was pnblislicd, in 18X3, a single octavo volume, — Costa- Kiai,
xXiiiiragiia y I'anamd en el si^/o XVJ., sit historia y sus iimltes six'u/i los do:umentos
i/d Archivo dc Indias de Sa'illa, del de Simatieas, ete., recogidos y pnblkados con nolas
y ifdiiranoiu's historicas y geof^riiftcas, por D. Maniu' Af. </<■ /\ni//tj.
The more special and restricted ilocumentary sources are examined in the suc-
cessive chapters of the present volume.
Spanish coloniza-
• Mr. Dexter, a graduate of Harvard in 1858,
.ifter must serviceable labors as Kccording .Secre-
tary 01 I e M,.ssachiisetts Historical Society, re-
signed that |)ii>ition on account of ill health, and
(lied at Santa Harbara, California, Dec. i8, iS.Sj.
The rnuMliiif^s of tlie Society for January, 1884,
cnntaii; tributes to his memory. Various com-
munications in earlier volumes of the same
J'lvadhixs show the painstaking of his research,
and the accuracy of his literary method. The
first chapter in Vol. IV. of the present History
was his last cffo.'t in historical study, and he
did not live 10 correct the proofs. His death
has narrowed the circle of those helpful friends
who h;ive been ever ready to assist the Kditor
in his present labors.
- Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc.y xvi. 318 ; also issued
sc|iarately. The letters of Columbus are also
translated in the .\fiii;iizinf of Aiiifriciin History,
January, i88j, p. 53.
" An Italian version of the letters of Colum-
bus and Vespucius, with fac-similes of the let-
ters ( 7'/r letters di Colombo ed V\'s/^ucci), edited
by Augusto Zeri, was printed (six hundred cop-
ies) at Rome in iSSl. Cf. Murphy Catalo;.;ue,
no. 642.
/
-t
//
)j
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL
HISTORY OF AMERICA.
CHAPTER I.
COLUMliUS AND MIS DlSCOVIiRIES.
IIY JUSTIN WINSOK,
Til,- lUlilor.
BEYOND his birth, of poor and respectable parents, we know nothing
positively about the earliest years of Columbus. His father was
probably a wool-comber. The boy had the ordinary schooling of his
time, and a touch of university life during a few months passed at Pavia;
then at fourteen he chose to become a sailor. A seaman's career in
those days implied adventures more or less of a piratical kind. There are
intimations, however, that in the int als of this exciting life he followed
the more humanizing occupation of : filing books in Genoa, and perhaps
got some employment in the making of charts, for he had a deft hand at
design. We know his brother Bartholomew was earning his living in this
way when Columbus joined him in Lisbon in 1470. Previous to this there
seems to be some degree of certainty in connecting him with voyages
made by a celebrated admiral of his time bearing the same family name,
Colombo; he is also said to have joined the naval expedition of John of
Anjou against Naples in 1459.^ Again, he may have been the companion
of another notorious corsair, a nephew of the one already mentioned, as is
sometimes n.aiitained ; but this sea-rover's proper name seems to have been
more likely C.'.seneuve, though he was sometimes called Coulon or Colon.'^
' Irvinj;'s Life of Coliimhus^ ai)p. no. vii.
2 Ferdinand Columbus tried to m.ike his
readers believe that his father was of some kin-
ship with this corsair. The story of Columbus
esca])ing on an oar fr(5ni a naval fight off Ca])e
St. Vincent, and entering I'cirtug;il by floating to
the shore, does not agree with known facts in his
life of the alleged date. (Ilurrissc, Zw Colombo,
VOL. II. — I.
p. 36.) .Mlegri Allegretti, in his Ef'luiiiciiihs
Seneuscs ah anno 1450 usijiie <;</ 1496 ( in Muratori,
.xxiii. 827), gives a few particulars regarding the
early life of Columbus. (Ilarrisse, jVoles an Co-
liimhiis, p. 41.) Some of the latest researches
upon his life previous to his appearing in Portu-
gal are examined in Harrissc's Fcrnan Coloind,
and in his essays in support of that book.
i
NAKKATIVi; AND CKITICAI. HISTOKY oK AMr:i<ICA.
til-
•II
■A
11
Columbus spcMit tlio years i47C>-r4S4 in Portugal. It was a time
wIk'u tlu- .lir was Cillcd with talcs of discovery. Tin; captains of Prince
Henry of I'urtut^.il liad been ^;radu.llly |)ushinti tlicir sliijw down tlic Afri-
can coast, and in some of tiicse voyaj^es Columbus was a participant. To
one of his navif^ators Prince Henry had ^{iven the jjovernorsiiip of the
Ishmd of Porto S.mto, of tiie Madeira t;roup. I'o the ilaut^iUer of this
man, I'ercstrello,' Columbus was married; ami with his widow Columbus
lived, and derived what advantajje he could from the papers and charts
of the ok! navi^,'ator. 'I'here was a tie between his own and iiis wife's
family in the fact that IVrestrello was an Italian, and seems to have been
of ^'ooil f.imily, but to have left little or no inheritance for his daughter
beyond some property in Porto Santo, which Columbus went to enjoy.
On this island Columbus' son Die^o was born in 1474.
It was in this same >ear (1474) that he had some correspondence with
the Italian savant, Toscanelli, re^jardin^f the discovery of land westward.
A belief in such discovery was a natural corollary of the object which
Prince Henry had had in view, — by circumnavigating^ Africa to find a way
to the countries of which .Marco Polo had given golden accounts. It was
to substitute for the tedious indirection of the African route a direct western
passage, — a belief in the practicability of which was ilrawn from a confidence
in the sphericity of the earth. Meanwhile, gathering what hope he could
by reading the ancients, by conferring with wise men, and by questioning
mariners returned from voyages which had borne them more or less west-
erly on the great ocean, Columbus suffered the thought to germinate as it
would in his mind for several years. Iwen on the voyages which he made
hither and thither for gain, — once far north, to Iceland even, or perhaps
only to the Faroe Islands, as is inferred, — and in active participation in
various warlike and marauding expeditions, like the attack on the Venetian
galleys near Cape St. Vincent in 141^5," he constantly came in contact with
those who could give him hints affecting his theory. Through all these
years, however, we know not certainly what were the vicissitudes which fell
to his lot.^
It seems possible, if not probable, that Columbus went to Genoa and
Venice, and in the first instance presented his scheme of western explora-
tion to the authorities of those cities.'' He may, on the other hand, have
tried earlier to get the approval of the King of Portugal. In this case
the visit to Italy m.^y have occurred in the year following his departure
from Portugal, which is nearly a blank in the record of his life. De Lorgues
• This name is sometimes given Ptilestrtllo. < It cannot but be remarltecl how Italy, in
■^ Rawdon Brown's Cali'itdiir 0/ S/iiU Papers Columbus, Cabot, and Vespucius, not to name
/'// tlu Archives of Vcnict\ vol. i. (1S64). others, led in opening the way to a new stage in
* Prescott (Fcrdimvid and /sti/u-Hd, ed. 1S73, the world's jirogress, which by making the
vol. ii. p. 123) says: "The discrepancies among Atlantic the highway of a commerce that had
the earliest authorities are such as to render mainly nurtured Italy on the Mediterranean,
hopeless any attempt to settle with precision conduced to start her republics on that decline
the chronology of Columbus's movements pre- which the Turk, sweeping through that inland
vious to his first voy.ige." sea, confirmed and accelerated.
k'
if.
IICA.
COLUMHUS AND HIS UlSCOVLKItS.
was a time
ins of I'rincc
>\vi) the Afri-
■ticii)ant. To
)rsliip of the
ij^litcr of this
L)\v Cohimljus
rs and cliarts
lul liis wife's
to have been
• Iiis ilau^lUer
cut to enjoy.
londence with
uui westward.
object which
; to find a way
uiints. It was
direct western
11 a confidence
lope he could
jy questioning
: or less west-
erminatc as it
Iiich he made
,'n, or perhaps
articipation in
the Venetian
contact with
ugh all these
es which fell
to Genoa and
tern explora-
r hand, have
In this case
lis departure
Do Lorgues
vcd liow Italy, in
Kins, not to name
to a new stage in
by making the
nimcrcc that had
Mcditerranc.in,
3 on that decline
rough that inland
M
believes in the anterior Italian visit, when both Genoa .\nd Wnicc rejected
his plans; and then makes him live with his f.ithcr .it S.ivone, gainin^i a
living,' by constructinjj charts, and by sellintj maps and books in Genoa.
It would appear that in 14S4 Columbus h.ul urged his views upon the
I'lirtiigiKse King, but with no further success than to induce the sovereign
to despatch, on other [)retences, a vessel to undertake the passage westerly in
secrecy. Its return without accomplishing any discovery opened the eyes
of Columbus to the deceit which that monarch woidd have put ui)on him,
and he (k'p.irted from the Tortuguese dominions in not a little disgust.'
The ileath of his wife had severeil another tie with I'ortug.il ; and taking
with him his boy Uiego, Columbus left, to go we scarcely know whither, .so
obscure is the record of his life for the nest year. Mufio/. claims for this
period that he went to Italy. .Sharon Turner has conjectured that he went
to I '.ngl.md ; but there seems no ground to believe that he had any rela-
tions with the Knglish Court e.vcept by deputy, for his brother Hartliolomew
was despatched to lay his schemes before Henry VII.- Whatever m.ay
have been the result of this application, no answer seems to have reached
Coliyiibus mitil he was committed to the service of Spain.
It was in 14S5 or 14S6 — for authorities differ'' — that a proposal was
laid by CoUinibus before h'erdinand and Is.ibella ; but the steps were slow
by which he made even this progress. We know how, in the popular story,
he presented himself .it the Franciscan Convent of Santa Mar{a de la
Rabida, asking for bread for himself and his boy. This convent stood on
a steep promontory about half a league from I'alos, and was then in charge
of the Father Superior Juan Ferez dc Marchena.'' The appearance of the
stranger first, and his talk next, interested the Prior; and it was under his
advice and su|)port after a while — when Martin Alonzo Finzon, of the
neighboring town of I'alos, had espoused the new thcor)' — that Columbus
was passed on to Cordova, with such claims to recognition as the Frior of
Rabida coidd bestow upon liim.
It was perhaps while success did not seem likely here, in the midst '^'"
the preparations for a campaign against the Moorish kings, that his brother
Hartholomew made his trip to England.'' It was also in November, 14S6, it
• Notwithstanding this disappointinent of
Columbus, it is claimed that Alfonso V., in 1474,
had consulted Toscanelli as to such a western
passage " to the land where the spices grow."
- There is great uncertainty about this Kng-
lish venture, lienzoni says Cobnubus's ideas
were ridiculed ; lt.acon {/-i/f of //ciiiv I'f/.)
says the acceptance of them w.as delayed bv
accident ; I'urchas says they were accepted too
late. V. Cr.adock, in the Dedication of his
H'liilth Disci'-.'t-rcil, London, i(')6r, regrets the
loss of honor which Henry VII. incurred in not
listening to the project. (Sabin.v. 55.) Thereis
much confusion of statement in the e.-irly writers.
Cf. I.as Casas. lib. i. cap. 29; Karcia, Ifist. d,l
AliiurantCy cap. 10; Ilerrcra, dec. i. lib. 2;
Ovicdo, lib. i. cap. 4; Gomara, cap. 15; liar-
risse, />'//'/. Amcr. Vet., )). 4.
•'' As, for instance, Oviedo and l?ossi.
•• The same whom Isabella .advised Colum-
bus to take " as an astrologer " on one of his
later voyages. Cf. I'. Augustin d'Osimo's Chris-
ti'phc Colomh ft U Pire Juan J\rt-z </<■ Marcluna ;
oil, (/(• /i( iti-o/ii'm/ion i/cs fraiuiscains li hi Jitou-
7-t-rlc de l'Ai>n'ri</ih\ 1S61, and I'. Marcellino da
Civczza's Ilistoire ginirale dcs missions francis-
ciiiiiis, 1S63.
^ Cf. Schanz on " Die .Stellung der beidcn
erstcn Tudors zu den Entdeckungen," in hi*
En^^liscke Handdspolitik.
i
/\
■■^\
\
:'i
4 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
•A'ould seem, that Columbus formed his connection with licatrix Hnriquez,
while he was waiting in Cordova for the attention of the monarch to be
disengaged from this Moorish campaign.
Among those at this time attached to the Court of Ferdinand and Isa-
bella was Alexander Geraldinus, then about thirty years old. He was a
traveller, a man of letters, and a mathematician ; and it was afterward the
boast of his kinsman, who edited his Itiinniriiiiii ad trgioiics sub iCqiii-
noctitxli plaga coitstitutas^ (Rome, 163 1), that Geraldinus, in one way and
another, aided Columbus in pressing
his views upon their Majesties. It
was through Geraldinus' influence, or
through that of others who had be-
come impressed with his views, that
Columbus finally got the ear of Pedro
Gonzales de Mcntloza, .Archbishop
of Toledo. The way was now surer.
The King heeded the Archbishop's
advice, and a council of learned men
was convened, b)' royal orders, at
Salamanca, to judge Columbus and
his theories. Here he was met by
all that prejudice, content, and igno-
rance (as now understood, but wisdom
then) could bring to bear, in the shape
of Scriptural contradictions of his
views, and the pseudo-scientific dis-
trust of what were thought mere vis-
ionary aims. He met all to his owu
satisfaction, but not quite so success-
full)' to the comprehension of his
judges. He told them that he should
find Asia that way; and that if he
did not, there must be other lands
westerly quite as desirable to dis-
cover. No conclusion had been reached when, in the spring of 1487, the
Court departed from Cordova, and Columbus foinid himself left behind
without encouragement, save in the support of a few whom he had con-
vinced, — notably Diego de Deza, a friar destined to some ecclesiastical
distinction as Archbishop of Seville.
COLUMBUS' .VRMOR.'^
' Stevens, J/istcriuil C\>/h\th<ii, vol. i. no.
l,-(iS; Lcckre, no. 235 (120 francs); C.irtcr-
Hruwn, vol. ii. no. 376; .Sabin, vol. vii. no.
27,116; Murphy, no. 1,046. This liook, which
in 1S32 Rich i)riceil at £1 los., has recently been
The book was written in 1 522; its anllior was
born in 1465, anil died in 1525 as bishop of
Santo Domingo.
- Tliis follows a cut in Kuge's Ccschkhtt
<!vs '/.citaltcrs iler EiUil<:ckuui;cH, p. 245. The
(piotcd bv Quaritch at ^'5 5^. Ilarrisse calls armor is in the Collection in the Royal Palace
the book mendacious (Xolcs on Columbus, p. 37). 'it Madrid.
'I . i
«■
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES. 5
Uuriiig the next five years Columbus experienced evcrj' vexation attend-
ant upon delay, varied b}' participancy in tiie wars which tlie Court ur<^cd
a^^ainst the Moors, and in which he sought to propitiate the royal powers
b\- doing them good service in the field. At last, in 1491, wearied with
excuses of pre-occupation and tiie ridicule of the King's atlvisers, Columbus
turned his back on the Court and left Seville,' to try his fortune with some
of the Grandees. He still urged in vain, and sought again the Con\ent of
Rabida. Mere he made a renewed impression upon Marchena; so that
fuialiy, through the Prior's interposition with Isabella, Columbus was sum-
moned to Court. He arrix'cd in time to witness the surrender of Granada,
and to find the monarchs more at liberty to listen to his words. There
seemed now a likelihood of reaching an end of his tribulations ; when his
demand of recognition as viceroy, and his claim to share one tenth of
all income from the territories to be discovered, frightened as well as dis-
gusted those appointed to negx)tiate with him, and all came once more
to an end. Columbus mounted his niule and started for franee. Two
finance ministers of the Crown, Santangel for Arragon and (Juintanilla
for Castile, had been sufficicmtly impressed by the new theor\- to look with
regret on what they thought might be a lost opportunity. Isabella was
won; and a messenger was despatched to overtake Columbus.
The fugitive returneil ; and on April IJ, 1492, at .Santa Fe, an agreement
was signed by Ferdinand ami Isabella which gave Columbus the office of
high-admiral and vicero)- in parts to be discovered, and an income of one
eighth of the profits, in consideration of his assuming one eighth of the
costs. Castile bore the rest of the expense; but Arragon athanced the
money,- and the Pin/.ons subscribed the eighth part for Columbus.
The happy man now solemnl)- vowed to use what profits should accrue
in accomplishing the rescue of the Holy Sepulchre from the Moslems.
Palos, owing some duty to the Crown, was ordered to furnish two armed
cara\'cls, and Columbus was empowered to fit out a third. On the 30th
of .April the letters-patent confirming his tlignities were issued. His son
Diego was made a page of the royal household. On May 12 he left
the Court and hastened towards Palos. Here, upon showing his orders
for the vessels, he found the town rebellious, with all the passion of a
people who felt that some of their number were being simply doomed
to destruction beyond that Sea of Darkness whose hounds they knew
not. Affairs were in this unsatisfactory condition when the brothers
Pinzon threw themselves and their own vessels into the cause ; while a
the II.Tiv.ud College
1 There arc twci views of Seville in l!i;iiiii 110.712. 'Hie book
and llogeiiberg's Cn-i/ii/i's or/i/'s hri;ini/ii, pub- Library,
lisheil at Antwerp in 1572, and again at llrussels ^ Santangel supplied about seventeen thou-
(in French) ni 1574. In one of the engravings sand lloriiis from Ferdinand's treasury. Ucrgcn-
a garden near the Pucrta de Goles is marked roth, in his Ti-troduttion to the Spanish State
"Guerta de Colon ; " and in the other the words Papers, removes not a little of the mellow splen-
" Casa de Colon " are .ittached to the top of one dor which admirers have poured about Isabella's
of the houses. Muller, /uHii-s on Aiiuriia, i,S77, character.
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
I'/!
Iflfl
I
PARTING OF COLUMBUS WTIH FERDINAND AND ISABELLA.'
third vessel, the " Pinta," was impressed, — much to the alarm of its
owners and crew.
And so, out of the harbor of Palos,^ on the 3d of August, 1492, Columbus
' Fac-simile of the cngr.iving in Ilcrrera. de Espaua. (Harrisse, ^/W. ^wj^n K<?/., no. 2S1.)
It originally apjK'arcd in De Ury, part iv. Irving described it in 1S28. Its present unmari-
'^ Talos is no longer a port, such has been time character is set forth by E.E. Hale in ..4wf?.
the work of time .ind tide. In 1548 the port is Antiq. Soc. Proc, ii. 159; Seven Spa'iis/i Cities,
described in Medina's Li/no de gi\iiide:as y cos<is p. 17 ; and Orerland Monthly, Jan., 1883, p. 42.
RICA.
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
KJ
mm<
. C)9u3 ....
tu-"..'^'
alarm of its
^92, Columbus
Mwr. Vet; no. 2S1.)
ts present unmari-
l. E. Hale in Atncr.
Vfii Shtuis/i Cities,
Jan., 18S3, p. 42.
EARLY VESSELS.'
1 This representation of the vessels of t'le
early Spanish navigators is a fac-simile of a cut
in Medina's Arte lie mrregar, Valladolid, 1545,
which was re-engraved in the Venice edition of
1555. Cf. Citrter-Iircniin Catah\i;ue, vol. i. nos. 137,
204 ; Huge, Geschichtc des '/.eitallcrs der EiitdecK-
tingeii, PI). 240, 241 ; Juricn de la Gravierc's Lcs
marins dii XV' et dii Xl'I' si\h;\d\. i. pp. 38,
151. In the variety of changes in methods of
measurement it is not easy to find the equivalent
in tonnage of the present day for the ships of
Columbus's time. Those constituting his little
fleet seem to have been light and swift vessels
of the class called caravels. One had a deck
amidships, with High forecastle and poo|) , and
two were without this deck, though high, and
covered at the ends. Captain G. V. Fox has
given what he supposes were the dimensions
of the larger one, — a heavier craft and duller
sailer than the others. He calculates fur a
hundred tons, — makes her sixty-three feet over
all, fifty-one feet keel, twenty feet beam, and ten
and a half feet dr.aft of :zr. She carried the
kind of gun termed loir, rds, and a crew
of
fiftv men. U. S. Const S.inry Report, iSSo, app.
iS '; liecher's Landfall of Coliivihiis ; A. Jal's Ar-
cheologic navalc \,\\\x\i, 1S40) ; Irving's Columbus,
app. .\v. ; H. H. B.incroft, Cenlnil America, i.
1S7; Das Auslaiid, 1S67, p. i. There arc other
views of the ships of Columbus' time in the cuts
in some of the early editions of his Letters on the
discovery. See notes following this chapter.
m
I !
8
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY- OF AMERICA.
■i'
sailed with liis three little vessels. The " Santa Maria," which carried his
flag, was the only one of the three which had a deck, while the other two,
the " Nina " and the " I'inta," were open caravels. The two Pinzons com-
manded these smaller ships, — Martin Alonzo the " Pinta," and Vicente
the " Nina."
The voyage was uneventful, except that the expectancy of all quickened
the eye, which sometimes saw over-much, and poised the mind, which was
alert with hope and fear. It has been pointed out how a westerly course
from Palos wotdd have discouraged Columbus with head and variable winds.
Running down to the Canaries (for Toscanelli put those islands in the lati-
nUILDING A SHIP.'
tude of Cipango), a westerly course thence would bring him within the con-
tinuous easterl)- trade-winds, whose favoring influence would inspirit his
men, — as, indeed, was the case. Columbus, however, was very glad on the
22d of September to experience a west wind, just to convince his crew it
was possible to have, now ruid then, the direction of it favorable to their
return. He had proceeded, as he thought, some two hundred miles farther
than the longitude in which he had conjectured Cipango to be, when the
urging of Martin Alonzo Pinzon, and the flight of birds indicating land
to be nearer in the southwest, induced him to change his course in that
direction.^
' Tliis follows a fac-simile, given in Ruc;c, 6V-
schichte dcs /.i-italtcrs dcr Entdccl;tiiii;t-ii p. 240, of
.1 cut in liernliardus (le lireydenbach's /'tvvii,'-////-
alioih-x, M.iinz, 1486.
- Cf. Trvinp;, app. no. xvi., on the route of
Columbus. Brcvoort in his Vi'iinzaiw, p. loi,
describes the usual route of the early navigators
from Spain to the West Indies. Columbus kept
two record"! of his progress. One w.as an un-
worthily deceitful one (reminding us of .an earlier
deceit, when he tampered with the compass to
mislead his crew), by which he hoped to check
the apprehensions of his men arising from his in-
creasing longitude ; and the other a dead reck-
oning of some kind, in which he thought he was
appro.ximateiy accurate. The story of his capit-
acA.
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
:h carried his
:he other two,
Pinzons com-
' and Vicente
all quickened
nd, wiiich was
esterly course
/ariable winds,
ids in the lati-
thin the con-
Id inspirit his
\y glad on the
ICC his crew it
rablc to their
1 miles farther
> be, when the
lulicating land
course in that
One was an un-
iiig us of an earlier
til the compass to
le hoped to check
arising from his in-
other a dead reek-
he thought he was
story of his capit-
About midnight
between the 1 1 th and
I2th of October, Co-
lumbus on the look-
out thought he saw
a light moving in the
darkness. He called
a companion, and the
two in counsel agreed
that it was so.^ At
about two o'clock, the
moon then shining, a
mariner on the " Pinta"
disceri.cil unmistaka-
bly a low sandy shore.
In the morning a land-
ing was made, and, with
prayer^ and cccnion)',
ul.itini; t'> his (rinv,aml agree-
ing Id turn liatk in tlucc days
in case land was not reached,
is only tuld liv Ovicdo on the
testimony of a pilot iiostile to
Columbus.
1 It may have been on some
island or in some canoe ; oi
just as Mkely a mere delusion.
The fact that Columbus at a
later day .set up a claim for
the rewaid for the first di.s-
covery on the strength of t is
mysterious light, to the exclu-
sion of the poor sailor who
first actually saw land from
the " I'iiita," has suljjected his
memory, not unnaturally, to
some discredit at least with
those who reckon magnanim-
ity among the virtues. Cf.
Mifn nrfi% iii. 6i;.
^ The prayer used was
adopted later in similar cases,
under lialboa, Cortes, I'izarro,
etc. It is given in C. Clem-
cntc's Tablas c/iroiioUygicas,
Valencia, 16S9. Cf. Ilarrisse,
A'dto on Coliimhiis, \>. 140;
Sabin, vol. iv. no. 13,632 ; Car-
fer-lirown, vol. ii. no. 1,376;
Murphy, no. 599; and II. Ii.
liancroft's Central America, i.
371-
•* This follows a map given
in Das Aiislainf, 1S67, p. 4, in
a paper on Columbus' Jour-
nal, "Das Schiffsbuch des
vol.. ir. — 2.
n
o
c
w
C
o
c
a
d
o
r"- <.
PI
m
10
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
possession was taken of the new-found island in tiic name of the Spanish
sovcrcifjns.
On the third day (October 14) Columbus lifted antiior, and for ten days
sailed among the minor islands of the archipelago; but struck the Cuban
coast on the 28th.'
Here the " Pinta,"
without orders
from the Admiral,
went off to seek
some gold-field, of
which Martin Alon-
zo I'inzon, its com-
mander, fancied he
had got some inti-
mation from the
natives. Pinzon
returned bootless;
but Columbus was
painfully con-
scious of the muti-
nous spirit of his
lieutenant.- The
little fleet next
found Hayti (His-
paniai insula,^ as
he called it), and
on its northern
SHIP OF Columbus's iime.* side the Admiral's
ship was wrecked.
Out of her timbers Columbus built a fort on the shore, called it " La
Navidad," and put into it a garrison under Diego de Arana.''
.■li
Entdeckcrs von Amerika." The routes of Colum-
bus' (our voyages are marked on the map accom.
panying the Sfm/i l>iof;rafii-i c biblioi^riifici jiub-
lished by the Societa Gcografica Italiana in 1SS2.
('f. also the map in Charton's Voyagcurs, iii. 155,
leproduced on a later page.
1 Humboldt in his Cosmos (English transla
tion, ii. 422) has pointed out how in this first
voyage the descriptions by Columbus of tropi-
cal scenes convince one of the vividness of his
impressions and of the quickness of his obser-
vation.
'^ Pinzon's heirs at a later day manifested
hostility to Columbus, and endeavored to mag-
nify their father's importance in the voyage. Cf.
Irving, App. x. In the subsequent lawsuit for
the confirmation of Columbus's right, the Pin-
ions brouglit witnesses to prove that it was their
urgency which prevented Columbus from giving
up the voyage and turning back.
•■' This Latin name seems to have been ren-
dered by the Spaniards I.a Espanola, and from
this by corruption the English got Hispaniola.
■• This follows a fac-siniile, given in Ruge,
Gesdiichlc (Its /.ciliillcrs <icr F.ntdccknugcn, p. 241,
of a cut in liernhardus de lireydenbach's Pere-
griiKitiones, Mainz, 14S6.
^ There is a wide difference as reported by
the early writers as to the number of men which
Cohimbus had with him on this voyage. Ferdi-
nand Columbus says ninety ; Peter Martyr, one
hundred and twenty ; others say one hundred
and eighty. The men he left at Hayti are reck-
oned variously at thirty-nine, forty-three, forty-
eight, fifty-five, etc. Major, Select Letters, p. 12,
reckons them as from thirty-seven to forty. Th»
j terview
guese ]
Lisbon
» reached
; 15th of
labsencL
imonths
He A
»the peo
:i- seaport
tions ai
Barcelo
' f
IICA.
COLUMIJUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
II
f the Spanish
d for ten days
ick the Cuban
t on the 28th.'
: the " Pinta,"
lout orders
I the Admiral,
t off to seek
e gold-field, of
;h Martin Alon-
'inzon, its com-
ider, fancied he
got some inti-
ion from the
vcs. Pinzon
irncd bootless ;
Columbus was
n f u 1 1 y c o n-
lus of the muti-
is spirit of his
tenant.- The
tic fleet next
nd Hayti (His-
ia; insula,^ as
called it), and
its northern
the Admiral's
was wrecked,
called it " La
hinibus from giving
ick.
to liave been ren-
spahola, and from
h got Hispaniola.
e, given in Kiige,
iihhrkniigi-ii, p. 241,
rcydcubach's J'fre-
lice as reported by
mbcr of men which
liis voyage. Ferdi-
Pcter Martyr, one
say one hundred
at Hayti are reck-
, forty-three, forty-
Select Letters, p. 1 2,
even to forty. Th»
NATIVE HOUSE IN HISPANIOLA.'
With the rest of his company and in his two smaller vessels, on the 4th o(
January, 1493, Columbus started on his return to Spain. He ran northerly to
the latitude of his desti-
nation,and then steered
due east. He experi-
enced severe weather,
but reached the Azures
safe!)- ; and then, pass-
ing on, entered the
Tagus and had an in-
I tervicw with the Portu-
guese King. Leaving
I Lisbon on the 13th, he
[reached Palos on the
j 1 5th of March, after an
J absence of over seven
[months.
He was received by
Ithe people of the little
'i- ...
iSeaport with acclama-
Jtions and wonder; and, despatching a messenger to the Spanish Court at
Jarcelona, he proceeded to Seville to await the commands of the nion-
archs. He was soon
bidden to hasten to
them ; and with the tri-
umph of more than a
conqueror, and pre-
ceded by the bedizened
Indians whom he had
brought with him, he
entered the city and
stood in the presence of
the sovereigns. He
was commanded to sit
before them, and to tell
the story of his discov-
ery. This he did with
consci .I's pride; and
not forgetting the past,
CURING THfi SICK.''
Ilists show .imong them an Irishman, " Guillcrmo
I Ires, natural de Galney, en Irlanda," and an
JEnglishm.in, " Tallartc dc Lajes, Ingles." These
[are interpreted to mean William Herries — prob-
jably " a namesake of ours," says Harrisse — and
lArthur Lake. Mernaldez says he carried back
Iwith him to Spain ten of the natives.
1 Fac-simile of a cut in Oviedo, edition of 1547,
fol. lix. There is another engraving in Char-
ton's / 'ovci:;i-urs, iii. 1 24. Cf . also Ramusio, A^av.
et Fii/^y/, iii.
2 This is Benzoni's .sketch of the way in which
the natives cure and tend their sick at Hisi)a.
niola. F.dit'on of 1572, p. 56.
12
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
'<'!?■
)}
' ii
m
4i-
THE TRIUMPH OF COLUMBUS.'
he publicly renewed his previous vow to wrest the Holy Sepulchre frora
the Infidel.
The expectation which had sustained Columbus in his voyaj^e, and
which he thoutrht his discoveries had confirmed, was that he had reached
' This is a reduction of .1 fac-similc by I'il-
inski, given in Margi v'- Li's A'dfi^'ii/iiuis Frr.ii-
(<ilsi-s, p. 360, — an earlier reproduction h.aving
been given liy M. J.l in Im Friincc marilimc. It
is also figured in Cliarton's I'ovaxi'iiis, iii. 139.
The original sketch, by Cclumbus himself, was
sent by him from Seville v\ 1503, and i^ i)rc-
served in the city hall at Clenoa. M. J.il gives
a descri|)tion of it in his /),• P,irisi) A'ir/'/fs, iSjfi,
i. 257. The figure sitting beside Columbus is
Providence; Envy and Ignorance are hinted at
as monsters following in his wake ; while Con-
stancy, Tolerance, the Christian Religion, Vic-
tory, and Hope attend him. Above all is the
floating figure of Fame blowing two trumpets,
oiie marked " Genoa," the other " Fama Co-
lumbi." Harrisse (jVotes 011 Columbus, p. 165)
says th.at good judges assign this picture to
Columbus's own hand, though none of the draw-
ings ascribed to him are authentic beyond doubt ;
while it is very true that he had tlie reputation
of being a good draughtsman. Feuillet de Con-
ches (Kr.ue contcm/'craiiic, .\xiv. 509) disbelieves
in its authenticity. The usual signature of Co-
limbus is in the lower left-hand corner of the
.above sketch, the initial letters in which have
never been satisfactorily inter|)reted ; but per-
haps as reasonable a guess as any would make
them stand for "Si:rvus sui'I'i.e.x Altissimi
Sai.vatoris — CiiRisrus, Mari.v, Yosei'ii —
Christo Jln-iis.'^ Others read, " Skrvidor sus
Ai.TF.ZAs .sacras, Christo, Maria, Ysaiiki.
[or Yosr.t'it ]." The "Christo ferens " is some-
times replaced by " El Alinirantc." The essav
on the autograph in the Cartas de India! is
translated in the Magazine of American History,
Jan., 1SS3, p. 55. Cf. Irving, app. .\.\.\v. Huge,
Ccschicliti des Zeitaltcrs der Eiitikckungtn, p.
317; Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings,
xvi. 322, etc.
AMERICA.
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
n
)ly Sepulchre fronj
n his voj'agc, and
at he had reached
at he had the reputation
itsman. Feuillet do Con-
I'lu; xxiv. 509) disbelieves
c usual signature of Co-
r left-hand corner of the
al letters in which have
ly interpreted ; but jier-
ucss as any would make
\fVS SL'PPLEX ALTISSIMI
'US, Maria, Yoseph —
s read, " Skrvidor sus
RisTo, Maria, Ysadki.
Christo ferens " is some-
.4/nt/niii/t:" The cssav
the Cartas <fe Iiulias is
iiic of American History,
rving, a|)p. xxxv. Ruge,
s ilcr EntiiickiDigen, p.
orical Society Proceedings.
COLUMDUS AT HISPANIOLA.'
the western parts of India or Asia, and the new islands were accordingly
everywhere spok-cn of as the West Indies, or the New World.
The ruling Pope, Alexander VI., was a native Valencian ; and to him an
appeal was now made for a Bull, confirming to Spain and Portugal respec-
1 P^ic-siniile o( engraving in Herrera, who follows DeBry.
i!
14
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMKRICA.
tivc fields for discovery. Tliis was issued May 4, 1493, fixinfj a line, on the
tiiitiier side of which Spain was to be master ; and on the hither side, I'ortu-
l»al. This was traced at a meridian one luindred leat,nies west of the Azores
and Cape de Verde Islands, which were assumed to be in the same lon^i-
i'-;
v/i
lltWfT".
/\ CXK mf U ^Mr • il ■ ■ L
ly
• A •!
Siix
HANDWRrriNG OF COLUMBUS.'
tude practically. The thought of future complications from the running
of this line to the antipodes docs not seem to have alarmed either Pope
or sovereigns ; but troubles on the Atlantic side were soon to arise, to
be promptly compounded by a convention at Tordesillas, which agreed
(June 4, ratified June 7, 1494) to move the meridian line to a point three
* Last page of an autograi)h letter preserved a photograph in Harrisse's A^o/es on Columliiis,
n\ the Colombina Library at Seville, following p. 218.
'■ ,
RICA.
COLUMUUS AND HIS DISCOVERIKS.
15
^ a line, on the
icr side, Portii-
t of the Azores
he same longi-
hiuulrcd and seventy Ica(;ues west of the Cape de Verde Islands, — still
without dream of the destined disputes respecting; ilivisions on the other
side of the ^,'lobe.'
Thus everything favored Columbus in the i)rcparations for a second
voyage, which was to conduct a colony to the newly discovered lands.
*
XaCnto -
M4N* / 1/
r~^v^^^^
ARMS OF COLUMnUS.-
the running
[d cither Pope
pn to arise, to
which agreed
a point three
Votes on Columbus,
Twelve hundred souls were embarked on seventeen vessels, and among
them persons of consideration and name in subsequent history, — Diego,
' The line of 1494 gave Portugal, Urazil, the
Moluccas, the Philippines, and half of New
Guinea. Jurien dc la Graviirc, Les marins du
XT' d du XVI' sikle, i. 86.
- As given in Oviedo's CoroiiUa, 1547, fol. x.,
from the Harvard College copy. There is no
wholly satisfactory statement regarding the ori-
gin of these arms, or the Admiral's right to bear
them. It is the quartering of the royal lion and
castle, for Arragon .ind Castile, with gold islands
in azure waves. Five anchors and the motto,
" A \or i'orI Castilla y a \or por] Leon
NuEVo MuNDo Dio \or hallo] Colon,"
were later given or assumed. The crest varies
in the Oviedo '1. cap. vii.) of 153s.
/r
i6
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMKRICA.
i'lil
i
the Admiral's brother, Hcrnal Diaz del Castillo, Ojcda, and La Cosa, with
the Pope's own vicar, a Ikiicdictinc named Huil, or Moil. Columbus ami
the destined colonists sailed from Cadiz on the ^5th of September. The
ships si^dited an islanil
on the 3d of November,
and continuing; tiieir
course amoni; tlie C.ir-
it)bee Isl.uuls, they fmal-
ly reached La Navidad,
and found it a waste. It
was necessary, however,
to make a be^innin^
somewhere; and a little
to the east of the ruim-d
fort they landed lhi:ir
supplies ami be^an the
laying; out of a city,
which they called Isa-
^gcr-- pirtMno,
FRUn-TREES (Jl'' HISl'ANIOI^\.''
Cl^-Jlir^r^fc* I '■-<
bella.' i'.xpeditions were
sent inland tt) finil tjold.
The explorers reported
success. Twelve of the
ships were sent home with Indians who hail been seized ; and these ships
were further laden with products of the soil which had been jj^athered.
Culuiiibus himself went with four hundred
men to begin work at the interior mines ; but
the natives, upon whom he had counted for
labor, had begun to fear enslavement for this
purpose, and kept aloof. ::30 mining did not
flourish. Disease, too, was working evil.
Columbus him.self had been prostrated; but
he was able to conduct three caravels west-
ward, when he discovered Jamaica. On this
expedition he made up his mind iii.it Cuba
was a part of the Asiatic main, and somewhat unadvisedly forced his men
to sign a paper declaring their o.vn belief to the same purport.*
Returning to his colony, the Admiral found that all was not going well.
He had not himself inspired confidence as a governor, and his fame as an
explorer was fast being eclipsed by his misfortune?; as a ruler. Some of
his colonists, accompanied by the papal vicar, had seized ships and set sail
1 liaiKioft, C<7///r// W/«<77ij, i. 496, ilcsciibcs ■• Navanctc, ii. 143. It is the frucjuciit re-
tlif proccduies riiially establishcil in laving ont currcncc of such audacions anil arrogant acts (in
towns. the part of Columbus which explains his sad
- This is licnzoni's sketch, coition of 1572, failure as an administrator, and seriously im-
{>. Co. pairs the veneration in which the world would
" As given in Ovicdo, edition of 1547, fol. Ixi. rejoice to hold him.
INDIAN CLUB."
II :I
COLUMHUS AND Ills PISCOVKRIES.
»7
a Cosa, with
for home. The natives, emboUleneti by tlic cruelties practised upon them,
were laying siege to his fortified posts. As an otTset, however, liis brother
Hartliolnincw li.ul arrived fniin .Spain with three store-shi|)s ; and later
came Antonio dc Torres with foiir uliicr ^hips, which in due time were
l.NDIAN CANOE.
.. 1
sent back to carry some samples of gold and a cargo of natives to be sold
as slaves. The vessels had brought tidings of the charges preferred at
Court against the Admiral, ami his brother Diego was sent back with
the ships to answer
these charges in the
Admiral's behalf. Un-
ftjrtunately Diego was
not a man of strong
character, and his ad-
vocacy was not of the
best.
In March (1495) Co-
lumbus conducted an
expedition into the in-
terior to subdue and
hold tributary the na-
tive population. It was
cruelly done, as the
world looks upon such
transactions to-day.
Meanwhile in Spain
reiteration of charges
was beginning to shake the confidence of his sovereigns ; anc' Juan
Aguado, a friend of Columbus, was sent to investigate. He reached
' As depicted in Oviedo, edition of 1547, tol. a Ueiizoni gives this dr.iwing of the canoes
Ixi. There is another engraving in Cluirtoii's of the co.ist of the Gulf of I'aria and tliete-
Voyagairs, iii. loO, called " Pirogue Indienne." about. Kditioii of I S72, 1). ■;.
vol.. II. — T..
INDI.W CANOE.-
k
>;:
. f,
M
i8
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
.v.
f!
i.r
i:M
i: •)
COLUMBUS AT ISLA MARGARITA.'
Isabella in October, — Diego, the Admiral's brother, accompanying him.
Aguado did not find affairs reassuring; and when he returned to Spain
with his report in IMarch (1496), Columbus thought it best to go too, and to
make his excuses or explanations in person. They reached Cadiz in June,
just as Niilo was sailing with three caravjls to the new colony.
' Fac-similc of engraving in Herrera.
f
i
!r
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
19
Ferdinand and Isabella received him kindly, gave him new honors, and
promised him other outfits. Enthusiasm, however, had died out, and de-
lays took place. The reports of the returning ships did not correspond
with the pictures of Marco Polo, and the new-found world was thought to
IiM
'h
^l^^ss^pj^rar^
4 i -1 1
^^'"^^-wPS^
P ^ 1
"^^^LJt^ Ifc^J
1
^H
i
■ ..j^P^^h^^^^^Mj^
CM 'M|||i^^^^S
Jnl / Yv ^^*^^\ilvfi^ffl—
^s
iW
3
m
K^^
^^^^^^^^*yj
^
ml
jB
m|
ij^'^i^^^^jl 1 ^U*
^1
y^^^^Vjkl^^^
^s^^^^
Pii f / \iA L, I ill/
f^ i\ f^^v^\\ \^-^ "V-
3^B5^^&J
S-S^*-!^ ya*T~WTT"
^mmJ
AMERICANS
m
be a \cry poor India afte- all. Most people were of this mind ; though
Columbus was not disheartened, and the public treasury was readily opened
for a third voyage.
Coroncl sailed early in 1498 with two ships, and Columbus followed with
six, embarking at San Lucar on the 30th of May. He now discovered
I This is tlic earliest icprcscntalion wliich
wc have of tlic nativf s of tlic \e\v World, sliow-
ing such .as were loiiiul liy the rortiiguese on the
north eo.ast of .South America. It has been sup-
posed that it was is:ucd in Augsburg somewhere
Ijctween 1497 and 1 504, for it is nc^ dated. The
only copy ever known to bibliogi.iphers is not
now to be traced. Stevens, A'cco//. of jfamis
Lenox, p. 174. It measure.'^ 13* X SA inches,
with a (lernian titlj and inscription, to be trans-
lated as follows : —
" This figure rcjjrescnts to us the people and
island which have licen discovered by the Chris-
tian King of I'ortugal, or his subjects. The
people are thus naked, handsome, brown, well-
shaped in body; their heads, necks, arms, pri-
vate parts, feet of men and women, are a little
covered with featliers. The men also have
many precious stones on their faces and breasts.
No one else has anything, but all things are
in common. And the men have as wives those
who please them, be they mothers, si 'ters, or
friends ; therein make they no distinction. They
also fight with each other; they also eat each
other, even those who are slain, and hang the
flesh of them in the smoke. They become a
hundred and fifty years of .age, and have no
government."
The present engraving follows the f.ac-simile
given in Stevens's American lUhliographcr, pp.
7, S. Cf. Sabin, vol. i. no. 1,031 ; vol. v. no.
20,257 ; Marrisse, /)//'/. Amer. Vet., no. 20.
20
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
^^l!
Trinidad (July 31), which he named cither from its three peaks, or from
the Holy Trinity; struck the northern coast of South America,' and skirted
what was later known as the Pearl coast, going as far as the Island of
Margarita. He wondered at the roaring fresh waters which the Orinoco
pours into the Gulf of Pearls, as he called it, and he half believed that its
exuberant tide came from the terrestrial paradise.^ He touched the south-
ern coast of Hayti on the 30th of August. Here already his colonists had
established a fortified post, and founded the town of Santo Domingo. His
brother Bartholomew had ruled energetically during the Admiral's absencCj
but he had not prevented a revolt, which was headed by Roldan. Colum-
bus on his arrival found the insurgents still defiant, but was able after a
while to reconcile them, and he even succeeded in attaching Roldan warmly
to his interests.
Columbus' absence from Spain, however, left his good name without
sponsors ; and to satisfy detractors, a new commissioner was sent over with
enlarged powers, even with authority to supersede Columbus in general
command, if necessary. This emissary was Francisco de Bobadilla, who
arrived at Santo Domingo with two caravels on the 23d of August, 1500, find-
ing Diego in command, his brother the Admiral being absent. An issue
was at once made. Diego refused to accede to the commissioner's orders
till Columbus returned to judge the case himself; so Bobadilla assumed
charge of the Crown property violently, took possession of the Admiral's
house, and when Columbus returned, he with his brother was arrested and
put in irons. In this condition the prisoners were placed on shipboard,
and sailed for Spain. The captain of the ship offered to remove the man-
acles; but Columbus would not permit it, being determined to land in
Spain bound as he was ; and so he did. The effect of his degradation was
to his advantage; soveieigns and people were shocked at the sight; and
Ferdinand and Isabella hastened to make amends by receiving him with
renewed fa\'or. It was soon apparent that everything reasonable would
be granted him by the monarchs, and that he could have all he might wish,
short of receiving a new lease of power in the islands, which the sover-
eigns were determined to see pacified at least before Columbus should
again assume government of them. The Admiral had not forgotten his
vow to wrest the Holy Sepulchre from the Infidel ; but the monarchs did
not accede to his wish to undertake it. Disappointed in this, he proposed
a new \oyage ; and getting the royal countenance for this scheme, he was
supplied with four vessels of from fifty to seventy tons each, — the " Capi-
tana," the " Santiago de Palos," the " Gallego," and the " Vizcaino." He
1 The question of the i^riority of Columbus'
discovery of the niainlanc! over Vcspucius is
discussed in the following chapter. M. Merrera
is said to have brought fi.'iward, at the Congros
lies Americanistcs held J Copenh.agcn in 1SS3,
new evidence of Columbus's l.uiding on the nia-n-
land. Father Manoel de la V("a, ii- his llistoria
:/i'l dt'scohrimicnto tic la Amcricii scptciurional,
tirsi published in Mexico in 1S26 by liusta-
mante, alleges that Columbus in this southern
course was intending to test the theory of King
John of Portugal, that land blocked a westerly
l)assage in that direction.
2 Irving, app. xxxiii.
>, ;'
Lie A.
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
91
zaks, or from
1,' and skirted
the Island of
h the Orinoco
:lievcd that its
lied the south-
) colonists had
lomingo. His
liral's absencCj
Idan. Colum-
as able after a
^oldan warmly
name without
sent over with
Dus in general
Bobadilla, who
just, 1500, find-
ent. An issue
sioner's orders
)adilla assumed
r the Admiral's
IS arrested and
on shipboard,
move tne man-
led to land in
gradation was
ic sight; and
i\ing him with
isonablc would
le might wisli,
ch the sover-
unibus should
forgotten his
monarchs did
s, he proposed
chemc, he was
- the " Capi-
c^izcaino." He
ivV.; scptoil^ioncil,
m 1S26 by Susta-
in this soulhcrii
llic theory of King
blocked a westerly
sailed from Cadiz May 9, 1502, accompanied by his brother Bartholomew
and his son Fernando. The vessels reached San Domingo June 29.
Bobadilla, whose rule of a year and a half had been an unhappy one,
had gi\ en place to Nicholas de Ovando ; and the fleet which brought the
new governor, — with Maldonado, Las Casas, and others, — now lay in the
iiarbor waiting to receive Bobadilla for the return voyage. Columbus had
been instructed to avoid Hispaniola ; but now that one of his vessels leaked,
and he needed to make repairs, he sent a boat ashore, asking permission to
enter the harbor. He was refused, though a storm was impending. He
sheltered his vessels as best he could, and rode out the gale. The fleet
which had on board Bobadilla and Roldan, with their ill-gotten gains,
was wrecked, and these enemies of Columbus were drowned. The Admiral
found a small harbor where he could make his repairs; and then, July 14,
sailed westward to find, as he supposed, the richer portions of India in
exchange for the barbarous outlying districts which others had appropri-
ated to themselves. He went on throng! calm and storm, giving names to
islands. — which later explorers re-named, and spread thereby confusion on
the early maps. He began to find more intelligence in the natives of these
islands tlian those of Cuba had betrayed, and got intimations of lands
still farther west, where copper and gold were in abundance. An old
Indian made them a rough map of the main shore. Columbus took him
on board, and proceeding onward a landing was made on the coast of Hon-
duras August 14. Three days later the explorers landed again fifteen
leagues farther east, and took possession of the country for Spain. Still
east they went; and, in gratitude for safety after a long storm, they named
a cape which they rounded Gracias a Dios, — a name still preserved at the
point where the coast of Honduras begins n trend southward. Columbus
was now lying ill on his bed, placed on deck, and was half the time in
revery. Still the vessels coasted south. They lost a boat's crew in getting
water at one place; and tarrying near the mouth of the Rio San Juan,
they thought they got from the signs of the natives intelligence of a rich
and populous country over the mountains inland, where the men wore
clothes and bore weapons of steel, and the women were decked with corals
and pearls. These stories were reassuring ; but the exorcising incanta-
tions of the natives were quite otherwise for the superstitious among the
Spaniards.
They were now on the shores of Costa Rica, where the coast trends
southeast; and both the rich foliage and the gold plate on the necks of
the savages enchanted the explorers. They went on towards the source
of this wealth, as they fancied. The natives began to show some signs
of repulsion ; but a few hawk's-bells beguiled theiii, and gold plates were
received in exchange for the trinkets. The vessels were now within the
southernmost loop of the shore, and a bit of stone wall seemed to the
Spaniards a token of civilization. The natives called a town hereabouts
Veragua, — whence, years after, the descendants of Columbus borrowed the
22
NARRATIVK AND CRITICAL HISTORY OK AMERICA..
V
V >
I'
I
r
ducal title of his line. In this region Columbus dallied, not su.'pecting
how thin the strip of country was which separated him from the great
ocean whose farther waves washed his desired India. Then, stilt pursuing
the coast, which now turned to the northeast, he reached Porto Bello, as
we call it, where he found houses and orchards. Tracking the Gulf side
of the Panama isthmus, he encountered storms that forced him into har-
bors, which continued to disclose the richness of the country.'
It became now apparent that they had reached the farthest spot of
Bastidas' exploring, who had, in 1501, sailed westward along the northern
coast of South America. Amid something like mutinous cries from the
sailors, Columbus was fain to turn back to the neighborhood of Vcragua,
where the gold was ; but on arriving there, the seas, lately so fair, were
tumultuous, and the Spaniards were obliged to repeat the gospel of Saint
John to keep a water-spout, which they saw, from coming their way, — so
Fernando says in his Life of the Admiral. They finally made a harbor at
the mouth of the River Belen, and began to traffic with the natives, who
proved very cautious and evasive when inquiries were made respecting gold-
mines. Bartholomew explored the neighboring Veragua River in armed
boats, and met the chief of the region, witli retainers, in a fleet of canoes.
Gold and trinkets were exchanged, as usual, both here and later on the
Admiral's deck. Again l^artholomew led another expedition, and getting
the direction — a purposely false one, as it proved — from the chief in his
own village, he went to a mountain, near the abode of an nemy of the
chief, and found gold, — scant, however, in quantity compared with that
of the crafty chief's own fields. The inducements were sufficient, how-
ever, as Columbus thought, to found a colony; but before he got ready
to leave it, he suspected the neighboring chief was planning offensive
operations. An expedition was accordingly sent to seize the chief, and
he was captured in his own village ; and so suddenly that his own people
could not protect him. The craft of the savage, however, stood him in
good stead ; and while one of the Spaniards was conveying him down the
river in a boat, he jumped overboard and disappeared, only to reappear,
a few days later, in leading an attack on the Spanish camp. In this the
Indians were repulsed ; but it was the beginning of a kind of lurking war-
fare that disheartened the Spaniards. Meanwhile Columbus, with the shir,
was outside the harbor's bar buffeting the gales. The rest of the prison-
ers who had been taken with the chief were confined in his forccasJp By
concerted action some of them got out and jumped o'. orboard, while those
not so fortunate killed themselves. As soon as the storm was over, Colum-
bus withdrew the colonists and sailed away. He abandoned one worm-eaten
caravel at Porto Bello, and, reaching Jamaica, beached two others.
A year of disappointment, grief, and want followed. Columbus clung
to his wrecked vessels. His crew alternately mutinied at his side, and roved
' H. H. Bancroft, Central Aimricti, vol. i. of this voyage and the varying cartographical
chap, iv., traces with some care the coast-findines records.
COLLMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
»s
about the island. Ovando, at Hispaniola, heard of his st^aitr, but only
tardily and scantily relieved him. The discontented were finally humbled ;
and some ships, despatched by the Admiral's agent in Santo Domingo, at
last reached him, and brought him and his companions to that place,
where Ovando received him with ostentatious kindness, lodging him in his
house till Columbus departed for Spain, Sept. I2, 1504.
On the 7th of November the Admiral reached the harbor of fin Lucar.
Weakness and disease later kept him in bed in Seville, and to his letters
of appeal the King paid little attention. He finally recovered suffi-
ciently to go to the Court at Segovia, in May, 1505; but Ferdinand —
Isabella had died Nov. 26, 1 504 — gave him scant courtesy. With a fatal-
istic iteration, which had been his error in life, Columbus insisted still on
the rights which a bette: skill in governing might have saved for him;
and Ferdinand, with a dread of continued maladministration, as constantly
evaded the issue. While still hope was deferred, the infirmities of age and
a life of hardships brought Columbus to his end ; and on Ascension Day,
the 20th of May, 1506,
he died, with his son
Diego and a few devoted
friends by his bedside.
The character of Co-
lumbus is not difficult to
discern. If his mental
and moral equipoise had
been as true, and his
judgment as clear, as his
spirit was lofty and im-
pressive, he could have
controlled the actions of
men as readily as he
subjected their imagina-
tions to his will, and
more than one brilliant
opportunity for a record befitting a ruler of men would not have been
lost. The world always admires constancy and zeal ; but when it is fed,
not by well-rounded performance, but by self-satisfaction and self-inter-
est, and tarnished by deceit, we lament where we would approve. Co-
lumbus' imagination was eager, and unfortunately ungovernable. It led
him to a great discovery, which he was not seeking for ; and he was far
enough right to make his error more emphatic. He is certainly not alone
among the great men of the world's regard who have some of the attributes
of the small and mean.
HOUSE IN WHICH COLUMBUS DIED.
;
' This follows an engraving in Rugc, Gcschichte des Zcitaltcrs dcr Eiitdakun^eu, p. 313, taken
from a photograph. 'I'hc house is in Valladolici.
24
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION.
IT would appear, from docun-' its printed by Navarrete that in 1470 Columbus was
broodin;^ on the idea of land to the west. It is not at all probable that he would
himself have been able to trace froin germ to flower the conception which finally possessed
his mind.* The age was ripened for it; and the finding of Brazil in 1500 by Cabral
showed how by an accident the theory might have become a practical result at any tims
after the sailors of Europe had dared to take long orean voyages. Columbus grew to
imagine that he had been independent of the influences of his time: and in a manuscript
in his own hand, preserved in the Colombina Library at Seville, he shows the weak, almost
irresponsible, side of his mind, and flouts at the grounds of reasonable progress which
many others besides himself had been making to a belief in the feasibility of a western pas-
sage. In this unfortunate writing he declares that under inspiration he simply accomplished
the prophecy of Isaiah." This assertion has not prevented saner and later writers' from
surveying the evidences of the growth of the belief in the mind, not of Columbus only, but
of others whom he may have impressed, and by whom he may have been influenced. The
new intuition was but the result of intellectual reciprocity. It needed a daring exponent,
and found one.
The geographical ideas which bear on tiiis question depend, of course, upon the
sphericity of the earth.* This was entertained by the leading cosmographical thinkers
of that age, — who were far however from being in accord in respect to the size of the
globe. Going back to antiquity, Aristotle and Strabo had both taught in their respective
times the spherical theory, but they too were widely divergent upon the question of size, —
Aristotle's ball being but 1 ^an in comparison with that of Strabo, who was not far wrong
when he contended that th^ 'dd then known was sop'-'thing more than one third of the
actual circumference of the whole, or one hundred and twenty-nine degrees, as he put it;
while IMarinus, the Tyrian, of the opposir.g school, and the most eminent geographer before
Ptolemy, held that the extent of the then known world spanned as much as two hundred
and twenty-five degrees, or about one hundred degrees too much.^ Columbus' calculations
were all on the side of this insufficient size." He wrote to Queen Isabella in 1503 that " the
earth is smaller than people suppose." He thought but one seventh of it was water. In
sailing a direct western course his expectation was to reach Cipango after having gone
1 Helps says: "The greatest geographical
discoveries have been made by men conversant
with the book-knowledge of their own time."
The age of Columbus was perhaps the most il-
lustrious of ages. " Where in the history of na-
tions," says Humboldt, " can one find an epoch so
fraught with such important results as the dis-
covery of America, the passage to *he East Indies
round the Cape of Good Hope, and M.igellan's
first circumnavigation, simultaneously occurring
with the highest perfection of art, the attain-
ment of intellectual and religious freedom, and
with the sudden enlargement of the knowledge
of the earth and the heavens .' " Cosmos, Eng.
tr., ii. 673.
- This manuscript is the Lihro de las profccias,
of which parts are printed in Navarrete. Cf.
Harrisse, Notes on Columbus, p. 156, who calls it
a "curious medley of quotations and puerile in-
ferences ; " and refers for an analysis of it to
Gallardo's Eiisnyo, ii. 500. Harrisse thinks the
hand is that of Ferdinand Columbus when a boy,
and that it m.ay have been written under the
Admiral's direction.
"Irving, book i. chap, v.; Humboldt, Exa-
men criliipie and Cosmos ; Major, Prince Henry
cf Portugal, chap. xi.x. and Discoveries of Prince
Henry, chap. -xiv. ; Stevens, Azotes ; Helps,
Spanish Conquest ; and among the early writers,
Las Casas, not to name others.
■• Columbus, it is well known, advocated later
a pear-siiapc, instead of a sphere. Cf . tk ; " Ter»
ccr viage " in N.ivarrcte.
'' Robertson's America, note xii. Humboldt
cites tlie ancients ; Examen critique,'\, 3S, 61, 98,
etc.
" Ferdinand Columbus says that the Arab
astronomer, Al Fergani, influenced Columbus
to the same end ; and these views he felt
were confirmed by the reports of Marco PoIq
and Mandiville. Cf. Yule's Marco Pclo, vol. i.
p. cxxxi.
I.I,
<ICA.
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
*5
VTION.
J Columbus was
le that he would
finally possessed
1500 by Cabral
;sult at any tims
)liimbus grew to
1 in a manuscript
the weak, almost
progress which
o£ a western pas-
ply accomplished
ter writers' from
lumbus only, but
influenced. The
daring exponent,
lourse, upon the
raphical thinkers
) the size of the
a their respective
nestion of size, —
vas not far wrong
I one third of the
ees, as he put it ;
eographer before
as two hundred
nbus' calculations
in 1503 that "the
t was water. In
iter having gone
umbiis when a boy.
written under the
Humboldt, JExa-
ijor, Prince Henry
i scorer ies of Prince
Notes ; Helps,
the early writers,
rs.
vn, advocated later
ere. C£.th;"Ter-
ite xii. Humboldt
ritique,\. 3S, 61, 98,
xys that the Arab
lucnced Columbus
ese views he felt
rts of Marco Polo
!\farco fclo, vol. i.
about three thousand mdes. This would actually have brought him within a hundred miles
or so of Cape Henlopen, or the neighboring coast ; while if no land h.id intervened he
would have gone nine thousand eight hundred miles to reach Japan, the modern Cipango,'
Thus Columbus' earth was something like two thirds of the actual magnitude.'' It can
readily lie understood how the lesser distance was helpful in inducing a crew to accom-
pany Columbus and in strengthening his own determination.
Vhatever the size of the earth, there was far less p.alpable reason to determine it than
to settle the question of its sphericity. The phenomena which convince the ordinary
mind to-dav. weig'ied with Columbus as they had weighed in earlier .ages. These were the
hullin" down of ships at sea, and the curved shadow of the earth on the moon in an eclipse.
The law of gravity was not yet proclaimed, indeed; but it had been observec' iiat the men
on two ships, however far apart, stood perpendicular to their decks at rest.
Columbus was also certainly aware of some of the views and allusions to he fc -.nd in
the ancient writers, indicating a belief in lands lying beyond the Pillars of Hercules.^ He
enumerates some of them in the letter which he wrote about his third voy.nge, and which is
printed in Xavarrete. The Colombina Library contains two interesting memorials of his
' liy a great circle course the distance would
have l)cen rciUiccd to something sliort of (ive
thousand eight hundred miles. (Fox in i'. S.
Coast .Siirri-v Kcport, iSSo, app. xviii.) Marco
Pok) had not distinctly said how far off the coast
of China the IsLand of Cipango lay.
- Cf. D'Avczac in Bulletin de la Societl de
GivgniJ'liie de Paris, August -October, 1S57,
p. 97. liehaim in his globe placed China 120°
west of Cape St. Vincent ; and Columbus is sup-
posed to have shared lichaim's views and both
were mainly in accord with Toscanelli. Htmi-
boldt, JCxtimcii Criliqtu\ ii. 357.
^ X(it long from the tiine of his first voyage
the Orhis h-n'iayiion of I.ilius, which later
passed through other editions and translations,
summari/.ed the references of the ancients
(Stevens, />'//>/. Geo<;. no. 1,670). But Ilarrissc,
/Votes on Coliiml'iis, p. iSo, holds that the ear-
liest instance of the new found islands being
declared the p.arts known to the ancients, and
referred to by Virgil in the 6th book of the
./Encid, —
"Jacet extra sidera tellus," etc.,
is in the Gco;^iitpIiia of Ilcnricus Glarcanus, pub-
lished at Basle in 1527. Cf. also Gravier, Zi-j
Normands siir hi route des /iides, Rouen, 18S0, p.
24; H.irrissc, ^/W. Am. P'ct. 262. Mr. Murphy,
in placing the 1472 edition of Strabo's Ve Situ
orhis in his American collection, pointed to the
belief of this ancient geographer in the exist-
ence of the American continent as a h.ibitablc
part of the globe, as shown when he sa>s:
" Nisi Atlantici maris obst.iret magnitudo, posse
nos navigare per eundem parallelum ex Ilisp.a-
nia in Indiam, etc." Cf. further, Charles Sum-
ner's Prophetic Voices conccrnini; America ; also
in his Works ; Bancroft's A'otivi Races, v. 68,
122; Baldwin's Prehistoric Nations, 399; Yoxi-
taine's //iTt/ Mt' World luas peopled, p. 139; Las
Casas, ffistoria general; Sherer, Pesearclies
touching the New World, 1777 ; Recherches sur
VOL. !I. — 4.
Ill geogra/>hie des aiicieiis, Paris, 1797-1S13J
Memoirs of the Lisbon Academy, v. loi ; Paul
Gaffarcl, V Amerique avant ColomI; and his" Les
Grecs ct les Komains, out ils connu I'Amerique .' "
in the Revue de Geographic (1S81), ix. 241, etc. j
Ferdinanf' CoUmibus' life of his father, and
Himiboldt's examination of his views in nis
Excmen critique; Brasscur de Bourbourg's
Introduction to his Popul-Vuh.
Glareanus, above referred to, w.as one of the
most popular ot the condensed cosmograi)hical
woi ks of the time ; and it g.avc but the briefest
reference to the Xew World, "de rcgionibus
extra Ptolemxum." Its author was uiidcr tliirty
when he published his first edition in 1527 at
Basle. There is a copy in the Carter-Brown
Library [Catalogue, i. 90). Cf. also Bibl. Amer,
Vet., 142; Huth, ii. 602; Wcige!, 1S77, p. 82,
priced .at 18 marks. It was reprinted at Basle,
the next year, 1528 (Tromel, 3), and again in
1529. [Bibl. Amer. Vet., 143, 147.) Another
edition w.as printed at Freiburg (Brisgau) in
1530, of which there are copies lii Harvard Col-
lege and Carter-Brown [Catalogue, m. 95) libra-
ries. (Cf. Bibl. Amer. Vet., 147; Mjlier, 1877,
no. 1,232.) There were other Freiburg imprints
'" 1533. '536. 1539. 1543. ^-"d 1551. [Bibl. Amer.
Vet., 1S3, 212, 248; Additions, 121 ; Carter-Brown,
i. 160; White Kcnnett, p. 12; Tromel, no. 12;
Murphy, 1049.) There were Venice imprints in
'534. «S37. 1538. 1539. and 1544- [Bibl. Amer.
Vet., 225, 228, 259; Auditions, 120; Lancetti,
Biichersaal, i. 79.) An edition of Venice, with-
out date, is assigned to 1549. [Catalogue of the
Sumner Collection in Ilan'ard College Library.)
Editions were issued at Paris in 1542, with a
folded map, "Typus cosmographicus univer-
salis," in 1550 (Court, 144), and in 1572, the
last repeating the map. [Bibl. Amer. Vet., 139.)
The text of ai. these editions is in Latin. Sabin,
vol. vii. no. 27,536, etc., enumerates most of the
editions.
1
/;
>■<'
^
/ '
\
26
NARRATIVK AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
connection with this belief. One is a treatise in his own hand, giving his correspondence
witii Father Gorricio, who gatliured the ancient views ami prophecies ; ' and the other is a
copy of Gaietanus' editioii of Seneca's tragedies, published indeed after Columbus' death,
in which the passage of the Medea, known to have been much in Columbus' mind, is scored
with the marginal comment of Ferdinand, his son, " Hac prophetia explcta 0 per patre meus
cristoforfi colO almirr-'O anno 1492." - Columbus, further, could not have been unaware of
JParme^doSim^ iotumdiumaMatheJis
ri'OI.F.MY.'
%
• li-
the opposing theories of Ptolemy and Pomponius Mela as to the course in which the fur-
ther extension of the known world should be pursued. Ptolemy held to the east and west
theory, and Mela to the northern and southern view.
The Angelo Latin translation of Ptolemy's Greek Geographia had served to dissemi-
nate the Alexandrian geographer's views through almost the whole of the fifteenth century,
1 Such as riiUo's in his Crilias and Tinuais, " Fac-simile of a cut in Tcones sive imagines
and Aristotle's in liis De Miiin/o, cap. iii., etc. e/Vir Uteris d. virortim . . . cum elogiis variii
- Harrissc, Bibliotheca Americana I'eiitstis- per A^icolaiim Rciisncriim . Basilicc, CID ID
tima ; Additions, no. 36. XIC, Sig. A. 4.
nil'
I LA.
correspondence
ul the other is a
blumbus' death,
mind, is scored
} per patrc meus
been unaware of
COLUMUUS AND HIS UlSCOVERIKS.
2^
for that version had been first nude in 1409. In 1475 it had been printed, and it had
helped strengthen the arguments of those who favored a belief in the position of India as
lying over against Spain. Several other editions were yet to be printed in the new typo-
CL T?T0XOMAEVS ALEXAN-
dtlnas/L^niiaxutticas.
ftTfiUJ^oSrlrutotumdii^iuMaAefh
PTOLEMY.l
n which the fur-
e east and west
rved to dissemi-
fteenth century,
nes size imagines
urn eloffiis varih
Sasilin, C/D ID
graphical centres of Europe, all exerting more or less influence in support of the new views
advocated by Columbus. = Five of these editions of Ptolemy appeared during the interval
1 Fac-similc of cut in Iconcs she imagines
virorum Uteris illustrium . . . ex sectinda rccog-
nitione Nieolai Reusneri. Argentorati, CIO ID A'C,
p. I. The first edition appeared in 1587. liru-
net, vol. iv., col. 1255, calls the editions of 1590
and Frankfort, 1620, inferior.
'■^ Bernaklez tells us that Columbus was a
reader of Ptolemy and of John de Mandeville.
Cf. on the spreading of Ptolemy's views at
this time Lelewel, Geographic dti moytii Age, ii. [).
122; Thomassy, Les papes g^vgrnplies, \i\>. 15, 34-
There are copies of the 1475 edition of Ptolemy
in the Library of Congress and the Cartcr-l'-r^wn
Library (cf. also Miirp/iy Catnlrgiie, nu. 2,044) ; of
the 1478 edition, the only copy in this country,
so far as known, is the onr in the Carter-Brown
Library, added to that cjUection since its cata-
logue was printed. T'le Perkins copy in 1873
brought j^So (cf. Livn r pnyes en rente piMtque
i,oooJ'ra>tes, etc., p. 137) It was the first edition
i
aS
NAKKATIVE AND CRITICAL lllSlOKY UF AMERICA.
, 1
ii^Jj
from 1475 to 1492. Of I'oniponiiis Mela, advocntinx tlic views of which the Portuguese
were at tiiis time proving tiie truth, the earliest printed edition iiad aiipeared in 1471.
Mela's treatise, JJe situ tiifiis, had been produced in the first century, while Ptolemy had
made his views known in the second; and the aije of Vasco da (iania, Columbus, and
Magellan were to [jrove the com|)lenieiit,d rel.itioiis of their respective theories.
It has been said that Macrobius, a Roman of the fifth century, in a commentary on the
Drciiin of Scipio, had niaintained a division of the globe into four continents, of which
two were then unknown. In the twelfth century this idea had been revived by (iuillaume
de Conches (who died .about 1 150) in iiis P/ii/oxof'/iut Afiiiot, lib. iv cap. 3. It was again
later further jjromulgated in the writings of ISede and Monort? tl'Autun, and in the Micro-
cosmos of Geofiroy tie Saint-Victor. — a manuscript of the thirteenth century still pre-
served.' It is not known that this tlieory was familiar to Columbus. The chief directors
of his thoughts among anterior writers appear to have been, directly or indirectly, Albjr-
tus Magnus, Roger liacon, and \'inceiizius o£ Ileauvais;- and first among them, for
importance, we must place the Opus iMajiis of Roger IJacon, completed in 1267. It was
from Bacon that Petrus de Aliaco, or Pierre d'Ailly (b. 1340; d. 1416 or 1425), in his
y>ii(ii^o miindi, borrowed the passage which, in this French imitator's language, so
impressed Columbus."
with maps. Lclcwcl (vol. ii. p. 134) h.ad traced
the intlucncc of tlic .\gathoiUx'mon (I'tolciiican)
maps on tlic cnrto^rapliy of tliu Middle .Ages.
The maps representing the growtli of geograph-
ical ideas anterior to Columbus will he exaiii-
incil in another place. The Ulm edition of
I'tolemv, 14SJ, showed in its map of the world
a part of what is now called America in repre-
senting (trccnland ; but it gave it a distinct rela-
tion to Europe, by making (Ircenland a peninsula
of tlie .Scandinavian north. There seems reason
to believe that this map was made in 1.(71, anil
it passes for the earliest engraved map to show
that northern region, — " Kngrone-land," as it is
called. It we reject tlie Zeno map with its alleged
date of 1400 or thereabout (published long alter
Columbus, in 155S), the oldest known delinea-
tions of Greenland (which there is no evidence
that Columbus ever saw, and from which if he
had seen them, he could have inferred nothing to
advantage) are a Genoese manuscri])t map in the
ritti palace, which Santarem {Histoirc (ic hi du-
toi^riipliiCy vol. iii. p. xix) dates 1417, but which
seems instead to be properly credited to 1447,
the peninsula here being "Grinlandia " (ct. I.ele-
•wel, I'.piloi^uc, p. 167; Miixmiiw of Aiiicfiitin
History, April, iSSj, p. 290) ; and the map of
Claudius Clavus, assigned to 1427, which be-
longs to a manuscri])! of Ptolemy, preserved in
the library at Xancy. This, with the Zeno map
and that in the Ptolemy of 14S2, is given in
Trois cartes prlcolombieniics rcprSsciitant Grocii-
laud, facsimile prcscntes an Caiii;ri!s des Amiri-
canistcs ii Copciiliagiie ; par A. E. A^ordcitskibUl,
Stockholm, 1S83. In the Laon globe (14S6-14S7)
" Grolandia " is put down as an island off the
Norway coast. There is a copy of this 1482
edition of Ptolemy in the Carter-Brown Library,
and another is noted in the Miirpliy Cataloi^iie,
no. 2,046. Its maps were repeated in the i486
edition, also published at Ulm; and of this
there was a copy in the Murphy Collection
(no. 2,047, — bought by President White, of Cor-
nell); and another belongs to the late G.W. Kiggs,
of Washington. In 1490 the Roman edition of
1478 was reproduced with the same maps ; and
of this there is a copy in the Cartcr-Urown Li-
brary ; and another is shown in the Miirp/iy Cata-
logiic (no. 2,048). ,\ splendidly illuminated copy
of this edition sold in the Sunderland sale (part
V. no. 13,770) has since been held by Quaritch
at ;^6oo. See further on these early editions of
Ptolemy in Winsor's Iiihlio;^raphy of J^tolemy's
Geography, jnihlished by Harvard University.
' (jravier, Les Normaitds sur la route des
fndes, Rouen, 1S80, p. 37.
- Humboldt, Cosmos (Kng. ed.), ii. 619. The
Speculiiiii iiatiirale of Vincenzius (1250) is an
eneydopxdic treatise, closely allied with other
treatises of that time, like the De rerttm natiira
of Cautipratensis (1230), and the later work of
Meygenberg(i349).
■' HumboUlt, F.xaiiieii Critique, i. 61, 65, 70;
ii. 349. Columbus (pioted this passage in Octo-
ber, 1498, in his letter from Santo Domingo to
the Sjianish monarch. Margry, A'arigatioiis
Francoises, Paris, 1867, p. 71, "Les deu.v Indes
du XV*^^ siecle et I'influence Fran9aise sur Co-
lomb," has sought to reflect credit on his country
by tracing the influence of the Imago muudi in
the discovery of the X'ew World; but the bor-
rowing from Bacon destroys his case. (Major,
Select Letters of Columl'us, p. .xlvii ; Harrisse,
A''otcs on Columbus, p. 84.) If Margry's claim
is correct, that there was an edition of the
Imago muudi (irinted at Nuremberg it,' 1472, it
would carry it back of the beginning of Colum-
bus's advocacy of his views ; but bibliographers
find no edition earlier than 1480 or 1483, aau
most place this editio princeps ten years later
ni^
J Si
(if'*'
, !'')i'
I l!(
ICA.
the Portuguese
pcired iti 147 1.
ile I'tok'my had
, Columbus, and
orics.
iiiiicntary on the
liiiLiits, of which
cd by (iuillauiiiL'
3. It was again
lid in thL- .I//V/V-
jLiUiiry still pre-
le chief chrcctors
indirectly, AUvr-
iniong them, for
in 1267. It was
or 1425), in his
r's language, so
!hii; and of this
iluiphy Collection
lent White, of Cor-
lie lateG.W. Riggs,
Roman edition of
e same maps ; and
e Carter-lirown l.i-
n the Miirf/iy Cita-
\y illiiininated copy
nderland sale (part
I held by Quaritch
sc early editions of
;•(;//;,)' 0/ Ptolemy's
vard University.
stir la route i/es
ed.), ii' 619. The
n/.ius (1250) is an
allied with other
/)(■ reriim luitiira
the later work of
tiipie, i. Ol, 65, 70;
s passage in Octo-
Santo Dcmiingo to
argry, A'liTis^^dtio/is
Les deux Indes
I'"ran9aise sur Co-
edit on his country
le Imago miiinli in
rid; but the bor-
liis case. (M.ajor,
xlvii ; Harrisse,
If Margry's claim
edition of the
emberg ii: 1472, it
ginning of Colum-
but bibliographers
480 or 1483, aiid
r ten years late
COLUMUUS ANIJ .IIS DISCOVEKIKS.
«•
An important element in the i)roblem was the statements of Marco Polo regarding a
large island, which he called Cipango, and wliich he represente<l as lying in the ocean oil
the eastern coast of Asi.i. This carried the eastern verge of the Asiatic world farther tlian
the ancients had known ; and, on the spherical theory, brought land nearer westward from
ALBERTVS MAGNVS EPI
fcopusKatifpoaenlis.
Hj^tBermsopbixdoSortPritful^jfacmumi
MitA mmr^ vUmlbmuliluet^
M. cccrx.cii.
AI.IiERTUS MAGNUS.'
xs Humboldt does. It is generally .agreed that
the book was written in 1410. A copy of this
first edition, of whatever date, is preserved in
the Colombina Library in Seville ; .and it wms
the copy used by Columbus and Las C.asas. Its
margins are annotated, and the notes, which are
by most thought to be in the hand of Columbus,
have been published by Varnhagen in the Biilte-
tin lie la Soci^ti Je Geographie i/c Paris, January,
1858, p. 71, and by Peschel in his Ceschuhte des
Zeitalters der Enldcckungtn, p. 112, — who, how-
ever, ascribes the notes to Bartholomew Colum-
bus. A facsimile of part of them is given on
p. 31. Cf. M.ajor, Prime Henry, p. 349; Carter-
Brown, vol. i. no. 3 ; Murphy Catalogue, no. 27,
bought by Cornell Univ. and Dinau.x, Cardinal
P. iVAilly, Cambray, 1S24.
1 Fac-simile of cut in Rcusner's hones,
Str.asburg, 1590, p. 4. There is another cut
in Paulus Jovius's Elogia virorum litteris illus-
trium, Basle, 1575, p. 7 (copy in Harvard Col-
lege Library).
30
NARRATIVE ANU CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
I V*
'hi'
Kiirnpc tlinn could earlier have been supposed. It is a qticslion, however, if Columhu*
had any ItnowlcdKi; of tlie Latin or Italian maniiscripl.s of Marco I'olo, -the only form in
whicli anybody could have studied his narrative before the printing of it at Nurendjerg
in 1477, in (Jcrman, a language which Columbus is not likely to liavc known. Humlioldt
has pointed out th.it neither Colum-
l)Us nor his .son Ferdinand mentions
Marco i'olo; still wc know ttiat he
had read his book. Columbus fur-
ther knew, it would seem, what
>F!neas Sylvius had written on Asia.
Toscaneili had also imp.irted to him
what he knew. A second (lerman
edition of Marco Polo appeared at
Augsburg in 14S1. In 1485, with the
Iliiii-nii iii.io{ Mandeville,' publisliod
at Zwoile, the account — " De rei^ioni-
buH oricntalii)us " — of Marco I'olo
first appeared in Latin, translated
from the orij^inal French, in wliicli it
had been dictated. It was proiiably
in this form that Columbus first saw
it.'- There was a separate Latin edi-
tion in i4(jo.''
The most <lefinite confirmation
and encouragement wliicli Columbus
received in his views would seem to
have come from Toscaneili, in 1474.
This eminent Italian astn.nomer, who
was now about seventy-eight years
old, and was to die, in t482, before
Columbus and Da ( lama had con-
summated their discoveries, had reached a conclusion in his own mind that only about
tifty-two degrees of longitude separated Europe westerly from Asia, making the earth
much smaller even than Columbus' inadequate views had fashioned it ; for Columbus had
MARCO POLO,*
'Mi.
' Mandcvillc had m.idc his Asiatic journey
and long SDJinirn (thirty-four \ cars) tliirty or forty
years later than Marco I'olo, and on his return
had written his narrative in Lnglish, French, and
Latin. It was first jirinlcd in French at Lyons,
in 1480. The narrative is, however, unauthentic.
- A copy of this edition is in the Coloinhina
Li!)rary, with marginal marks ascribed to Co-
lumbus, but of no .'■ignificancc except as aids to
the memory. C'f. JAvfir's Monllily, xlvi. p. I.
^ There were other editions between his first
voyage and his death, — an Italian one in 1496,
and a Portuguese in 1502. For later editions,
tf. Ilarrissc, Bibl. Am. />/., no. 89; Navarretc,
Dibl. maritima, ii. 668; lirunct, iii. 1,406; .Saint-
Martin, I/istoire de Li Gi'os^raphif, p. 27S. The
recent editions of distinctive merit are those, in
Fnglish, of Colonel Yule; the various te.xts is-
sued in the Recticil de vovii!;es ct de mhiioires
publih par la Society de Glo<rfaf<hie de Paris ;
and Le livre de Marco Polo, r^digi en Francois
sous sa d/e/t'e en 1 298 /nr Rtisticicn de Pise, pnbl.
four la V'/ois (faprHs 3 JAS'.S". iut'd., at', variaiites,
cotnmeiit. g^ot^r. ct histor., etc., jjar G. Pauthier.
2 vols. Paris: Didot, 1S65. ('f. Foscariiii,/'<7/a
Ictt. Ven.2y); '/a\x\:i, Di Marco Polo ; Maltebrun,
Ilisloiredcla Cco^^rap/iic ; Tiraboschi, .S/oria delta
left. Ital, vol. iv.; Vivien de Saint-Martin, His-
toire de la Geographic, p. 272; and tlic bibliog-
raphy of the MSS. and printed editions of the
Mitionc given in Pictro Aniat di S. Filipjjo's
Studi I'iog. e bibliog., jiublished by the Societi
Geografica Italiana in 1882 (2d ed.). A fac-
simile of a manuscript of the fourteenth century
of the I.ivre de Marco Polo was prepared under
the care of Nordenskiold, and printed at Stock
holm in 1S82. 'I'he original is in the Royal
Library at Stockholm.
* This follows an engraving in Rage's Gesch-
ichtc des Zcitalters der Eutdeckungen, p. 53. The
original is at Rome. There is a copy of an old
print in Jules Verne's Dhouverte de la Terre,
COLUMIUJS AND HIS DISCOVKUIliS.
3J
, if Colunibuf
i; only form in
,t Nurcnil)cr(»
1. Huinlxildt
cither Colum-
land mentions
know fli.1t he
.■olumlius fur-
sceni, what
itten on Asia.
il)arte(l to him
cond German
I) appeared at
I485,\vitli tiie
ille,' puhlishod
-" I)e ri'i^ionU
1 Marco I'olo
tin, translated
ich, in whicli it
t was probably
mbus first saw
irate L.atin edi-
e confirmation
liich Columbus
would seem to
:anelii, in 1474.
stronomer, who
ity-eight years
n 148:;, before
inia had con-
liat only .about
king the earth
Columbus had
V« (/<• J'ise, (■ul'l.
:'</., av. -i'liriiiiiti's,
par (i. rauthicr.
Foscariiii, /><■//«
|'ii/ii ; Maltebrun,
|sclii,.S'Ai/-/i; lii-Uii
lint-Martin, His-
[iiul the l)il)liog-
editions of the
di S. Filipi)o's
by the Socioti
Id cd.). A fac-
jirteenth century
l)rc|)ared under
jirintcd at Stock-
Is in the Royal
Un Rage's Gesch-
Iff//, p. 53. The
\ copy of an old
de la Terre.
tw»A^.Wr-^"«*<''
- »»H« ^•f.n ...•1 '— 7
,^t\f^-»Uf%^\^
(»•
y.WwWAf,Ty^w<yv«..-U-^^
satisfied himself that one hundred and twenty dcRrees of the entire three hundred and
sixty was only as yet unknown.' With such views of the inferiority of the earth, Tosca-
nelli liad .addressed a letter
to Martinez, a prebendary of
Lisbon, accompanied by a
map professedly based on
infiirniation derived from the
liookof Marco I'olo.- When
Toscanclli received a letter
(if inquiry from Columbus,
lie re|)lied by sending .1 copy
(if tliis letter and the map.
As the testimony to a west-
ern passage from a man of
■j'oscanelll's eminence, it was
of m.irked importance in the
conversion of others to sim-
il.ir views.'
It lias always been a
(piestion how far the prac-
tical evidence of chance
'lenoniena, and the abso-
am.\^r»^ «il tAVv.V5 ^(i4),^«.t ,
l»>l- V'*«5'
I
lute kiiowled;;e, derived from
' 1 lie actual distance from
Sp;iiii wi'stcrly to tUiina is two
hin\iin.(l and tliirty-one degrees.
- Cf. Zurla, Fra Afaiiro, p.
152; I.C
ewfl II. 107.
'' The Italian text of Tos-
(anclli's letter has been long
known in Ferdinand Coluni-
Inis' Life of his father ; but
llarrissc calls it " trcs-ine.xact
et iiitcrpolLc j " and, in his />'//'/.
Am. Vi't. Adililions (187.:), p.
xvi, Ilarrisse gives the Latin
text, which he had already
printed, in 1871, in his Don
/•'cniaiu/o Colon, published at
.'-Seville, from a copy ninde of it
which had been discovered by
the librarian of the Colonibina,
transcribed by Coliind)us him-
self in a copy of /Vaicas .Sylvius'
(I'ius II. 's) Jlistoria rvnim
iilnipK qesliiniiii, Venice, 1477,
preserved in that library. liar-
ri:x(; also gives a photographic
f:ic-siniile of this memorial of
Columbus. Cf. I)'Avc7,ac, in
the Biillttiii (k la SocieU' de Gcos^aphic de Paris,
October, 1S73, p. 46 ; and Ilarrisse, I.es Cortereal,
p. 41. The form of the letter, .as given in Navar-
rcte, is translated into English in Ketteirs/owr-
nal of Columbus, p. 26S, and in Bechcr's Landfall
if Columbus, p. 183. Cf. Lelewel, Glographie du
moyen dge, ii. 130; bulletin de la SociM de Gio-
t^raphie, 1872, p. 49; Huge, Geschichte des Zeit-
>itfirci Cnfam lit^rm «u
^fb(u« nnntS rarentem ba
jrtranrcd inocw > 5<fra
nncar f rugca oicr bycmis
J bomuies . drpbantca in
.•0 prrao(beplnnmotf ^b\
I dbontji gnffes ac immcfo Bi-».,~«r *'*j^''7 '^" <' "fH
inpia oaloc magna cRa^ ,t„r^^iiS^v\^
)|a f(l r^na p'"'^ ^^^t^hj
ipnr btcac ifuropa; cfR ma
Dicoijit'cpfronelnote f^?j-
1 prop err rrgtoncm "patba
.ij maritf magnij orffoioca
.am infmortm feu ?lfncaj
110 inoif Offcoioit a tropi
uomonrcm AOalra.irfgi
-rnunc ilr^mtinfaturRa
.-fte^cne- ona futrroini
loofquiinunctftrcrmo •
no. tn meoto babirahonid
jCnoetf fcptctnonf 1 mm
iniomapcneas t?ttnifalc
'►"[alucfm in incotortrre-
. e babiwbilii^ oc ofTenoiic
iinificucfupraoiccumcft '*.
/ilib!>lnDif.' (Ta xei
nota (IT cHOcaK 9ro(r
wirabiliu uanetatc. Ra
i&lgtnn Diiog cubiconi^ !>^.^i
[jartut octauofctiefhint •
amen ffrpflitnm qiit ibi. f f"*lt»
• -*r'
f.if^ r»""^ |;vrrwfa:r
"i nw^MK-rrx-
urobU>ni.cubtto;: logi (m».-^oU ,i ^>t«r^>4^^
taaqjet ungues pfmitie )r'ff^-i '
'O in igne amore alrer al
punt parat iimpiua fu ^ '^^'^^rf*^ir»^instp'^
ANNOTATIONS liY COLUMBUS.''
al/ers der Entdeckun^cn, p. 225. H. Grothe, in
his Leonardo da Vinci, lierlin, 1S74, says that
Da Vinci in 1473 h.id written to Columbus re-
specting a western passage to the Indies.
* On a copy of Pierre d'Ailly's Imago
mundi, preserved in the Colombina Library at
Seville, following a photograph in Harrisse's
Notes on Columbus, p. 84.
I
32
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
.
^K^^
; \1.IU t*" «juil %UM«4»Tir/r<5»^»N
,«•"
««^"
\htti i.t\ dci mill fl iV>rA|Ai>oiru'
. M
^— -
MPMo. ii.unfo tt<HTfOnv-I0 «I\t^ »• heMx
■..-■ -=4-
phagosrquj ultra boshabicauejcTIiooni:
Turn paruas gcntcs quf auftraha caucali «
qiic ponn Scptcnmonalc larus.ultra Cru'
aniiminnumirabilcsiaccncgcnccs;quasa
daiidicaboncri utPtbolomfo placet R.
m Plimo5: mulnsaliisIogiitimusCafp)
qui banc coram incolunr fcycbarum nonr
ixis Pcl)olomcus Sarmatbas appellat:qu
cfl:i«:a)iosariancosuocacaTbanai ulq
OS Europcs;qui gaTtianum inta Tbana
ro iilcra 6i intra Iinaum monccm collocat
nimcd.Scripcorcsalii Socbarumnonu
unc:quosagermanicpIimice ufqucad ip
pelagas occupare arhicranturrSC fiait bab
Ecbyopibus tradidcrunr : part modoScj
quoscuin Sarnutbisconfudcrunc . Die?
tcm apud Xraxim fl umcn ongincm bab
ab initio nationcin fui lie ck modicc ccrr
ignobilicatcma uicinis concariptam:n
quondam bcllicofum: 5^ mtlicarvuirtut
pliaO'e moncanos: quod uft^ ad Cauca
ufq^adocceanum Si Meotidem Rum*
lam quoquc adducit natamapudScyt
bellicotenus bomims fornria rdiqiia m
cnt nomine fcytbam.qu! otnrti Jm ar t<
ndmen exfc populisuocabulurn.incU(
ros duo fiacres cxticcnnt rumma.uirtui
appellacus:q magnis rebus gcfbis regnt
populos Pluconesralccrosnapas uoat
nies regioncs ulcra Tbanaim ufqucad'
fl fq ue deindc m alccram partem arn\is
nericrrcdacftis in poceftaCem omnibus
cibus dCuCqi ad orienasocceaniuii:df i
procedehcmulcor^regcs babuic mtp
ANNOTATIONS liV COLUMIiUS,
> On a copy of the Historiii reriwt uhiqtie gestantm of ^uieas Sylvius, preserved in the Colomblna
Library at Seville, following a photograph in Ilarrisse's Kotfs ah Columbus, appendix.
t
•;:|
!' I
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
33
other explorers, bearing upon the views advocated liy Cokimbus, may have instigated or
confirmeil liim in his belief. There is just enough |)lausil)iiity in some of the stories which
are cited to make them fall easily into the pleas of detraction to whicii Columbus has
been subjected.
A story was repeated by Oviedo in 1535 as an idle rumor, adoi)ted by Gomara in 1552
without comment, and given considerable currency in 1609 by Clarcilasso de la \'ega, of
a Spanish pilot, — Sanches, as the name is sometimes given, — who had sailed from
Madeira, and had been driven west and had seen land (Ilispaniola, it is inferred), and
wlio being shipwrecked had been harbored by Columbus in his house. Under this roof
the pilot is said to have died in 14S4, leaving his host the possessor of his secret. La
Vega claimed to have received the tale from his father, who had been at the Court of
Spain in the time of Ferdinand and Isabella. Oviedo repeated it, but incredulously ; *
and it was later told by Gomara, Acosta, Eden, and others. Robertson,- Irving," and
most later writers lind enough in the indecision and variety of its sha[)es to discard it
altogether. Peter Martyr, Hernaldez, and Ilerrera make no mention of it. It is singular,
however, that Ferdinand de Galardi, in dedicating his Traitc politique dcs abassuiicHrs,
published at Cologne in 1666, to a descendant of Columbus, the Duke of Veraguas, men-
tions the story as an indisputable fact ; ■* and it has not escaped the notice of querulous
writers even of our day."
Others have thought that Columbus, in his voyage to Thule or Iceland," in February,
1477, could have derived knowledge of the Sagas of the westerly voyages of Eric the Red
and his countrymen.' It sei ms to be true that commercial relations were maintained be-
tween Iceland and Greenland for some years later than 1400; but if Columbus knew of
them, he probably shared the belief of the geographers of his time that Cireenland was a
peninsula of Scandinavia.'*
The extremely probable and almost necessary pre-Columbian knowledge of the north-
eastern parts of America follows from the venturesome si)irit of the mariners to those
seas for tisji and trattic, and from the easy transitions from coast to coast by whicli they
would have been lured to meet the more southerly climes. Tl.e chances from such natu-
ral causes are quite as strong an argument in favor of the early Northmen venturings as
the somewhat (|uestionable representations of the Sagas." There is the same ground for
representing, and similar lack of evidence in believing, the alleged voyage of Joao Vas
Costa Cortereal to the Newfoundland banks in i4C)3-i464. Harrow finds authority for it in
Cordeyro, who gives, however, no tlate in his llisloria Insnlaiui das Ilhas a J'oi/iii;al,
Lisbon, 1717; but Bitldle, in his Cabol, iwWi, to be satistied with Harrow's uncertain ref-
erences, as enforced in his Chronological History of I'oyi'i^is into the Arctic Rci^ions,
London, 1818.'"
1 Navairctc, iii. 2S.
- Note .wii.
" .Apiieiulix xi.
^ Stevens, /)■///. Gcog.y no. il.)7, and Sabin,
Diclioihvy, vii. no. 20,342, give dit'fcront dates.
* CioiKlrich's Lift' of the so-idlLJ Clirislophcr
Columbus. Cf. Luciano Ccudciro, " I.es I'or-
tiig;\is dans la dOeouvcrtc do l'An\c'rii|ue," in
Coiif^ris ik's AniC'iicanistos, 1S75, i. 274.
" I hnnbdlilt sees no reason to dmibt that Ice-
land was niiaiit. {lixumcn irilit/in% i. 105; v. 213;
Cosmos, ii. 611.) It may l)e remarked, however,
that " Thyle " and " Islanda " are l)oth laid clown
ill the rtoloiny map of 14S6, whicli only signifies
probably that the old and new geography were
not yet brought into accord. Cf. Journal of
tite Amt'rican Gcogra[<hiial Society, xii. 170, 177,
where it is stated that records prove the mild
VOL. ll. — 5.
winter for Iceland in 1477, which Columbus rep-
resents at Thule.
' .\ like intimation is sustained by I)c Costa
in Coliimlms niiil the (jcoi^rii/</iers of the A'ort/i,
Hartford, 1S72; and it is disliiictly claimed in
.Anderson's America itol lii.uo'cered by Columbus,
3d edition, 1SS3, ]). .S5. It is also suriniseil that
Columbus may have known the Zciii niai).
** 1 1 iniiholdt discusses the (picstion whether
Columbus received any incentive from a knowl-
edge of the Seaiulinavian or Zeni exiilorations,
ill his Exoiueii crilii/ue, ii. 104; and it also forms
the subject of api)endiccs to Irviiig's Columbus.
i' This problem is more p.articularly exam-
ined in Vol. I. C't. also Vol. IV. p. 3.
•' Ilarrisse, I.es Corternils, p. 25, who points
out that liehaim's globe shows nothing of such
a voyage, — which it might well have done if the
■ 1|'
34
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
I'l I
Another of these alleged northern voyagers was a Polish navigator, John Szkolny, —
a name which we get in various Latinized or other forms, as Scolve, Skolnus, Scolvus,
Sciolvus, Kolno, etc., — who is said to have been on the Labrador coast in 1476, while in
the service of Denmark. It is so stated by Wytfliet,* Pontanus,'- and Hoin.^ De Costa
cites what is known as the Rouen globe, preserved in Paris, and supposed to belong to
about 1540, as showing a legend of Skolnus reaching the northwest coast of Greenland in
1476. ■* Hakluyt quotes Gemma Frisius and Ciirava. Gomara, in 1553, and Merrera, in
1 60 1, barely refer to it.''
There is also a claim for a Dieppe navigator. Cousin, who, bound for Africa, is said to
have been driven west, and reached South America in 1488-1489. The story is told by
Desmarquets in his Manoires chronolof^iques pour icrvir a I'histoirc de Dieppe^ i. 92,
published at Paris, 1785. Major, giving the story an examination, fully discredits it."
There remains the claim for Martin Behaim, the Nuremberg cosmographer and navi-
gator, which rests upon a passage in the Latin text of the so-called A'tircmbcrg Chronicle''
which states that Cam and Behaim, having passed south of the equator, turned west
i.'l
li'il
voyage had been made; tor Behaim had lived at
the Azores, while Cortereal was also living on a
neighboring island. Major, Se/etr/ Le/fers 0/ Co-
litmhus, p. xxviii, shows that Faria y Sousa, in
Asia Portugitesa, while giving a list of all expe-
ditions of discovery from Lisbon, 1412-1460,
makes no mention of this Cortcre.al. W. D.
Cooley, in his Maritime and Island Discm'ery,
London, 1830, follows Barrow ; but Paul B.irroii
Watson, in his " Bibliography of pre-Columbian
Discoveries" appended to the 3d edition (Chi-
cago, 1883) of Anderson's America not discorered
by Columbus, p. 1 58, indicates how Humboldt
(Examen critique, i. 279), G. Folsom (North
American Rnnc-w, July, 1838), Gaffarel (Etudes,
p. 32S), Kohl (Discffi'ery of Maine, p. 165), and
others dismiss the claim. If there was any truth
in it, it would seem that Portugal deliberately
cut herself off from the .advantages of it in ac-
cepting the line of demarcatioi: in 1493.
1 Edition of 159/, folio '88.
- Follows Wytfliet in his Reruni Dauicarum
historia, 1631, p. 763.
3 Ulyssca, Lugduni, 1671, p. 335.
* jfournal of the American Ccoi;raphical So-
ciety, xii. 170. Asher, in his Henry Hudson,
p. xcviii, argues for Greenland.
'' Gomara, Historia general de las Indias,
Medina, 1553, and Anvers, 1554, cap. xxxvii,
folio 31 ; and Ilerrera, Historia general, ^Ja(lrid,
1601, dec. I, lib. 6, cap. 16. Later writers have
reiterated it. Cf. Humboldt, Examen critique,
ii. 152, who is doubtful; Lclewel, iv. 106, who
says he readied L.ibrador ; Kunstmanu, Ent-
deckung Amcrikas, p. 45. Watson, in his lUbli-
ogral-hy of the fre-Coliimhian Discoveries, cites
also the favorable judgment of Belleforest,
I.'histoire unirerselle, Paris, 1577; Morisotus'
Orhis maritimi, 1643; Zurla's Marco Polo, 1S18;
C. Pingel in Gronl.mds Historisk Mindesmaeker,
1845 ; Gaffarel, £tiidc, 1S69 ; and De Costa,
Columbus and the Geographers of the A'orth,
1S72, p. 17.
" America not disccfz'ered by Columbus, ji. 1C4.
Estancelin, in his Recherches sur Ics voyages ct
liecouvertes dcs navigateurs A'ormands en Afrique,
dans les Indes orientaleS; et en Amerique ; suivics
d' observations sur la marine, le commerce, et les
etablissemens coloniaux des Eraiifais, Paris, 1832,
cUaims that Pinzon, represented as a companion
of Cousin, was one of the family later associated
with Columbus in his voyage in 1492. Leon
Guerin, in Ahivigatcurs Eranfais, 1846, mentions
the voy.age, but expresses no opinion. Parkman,
I'ioneers of Erance, p. 169, does not wholly dis-
credit the story. Paul Gaffarel, I^.tude sur les
ra/'ports de P Amerique et de I'ancien continent
avant Colomb, Paris, 1869, and Decouverte du
Bresil par Jean Cousin, Paris, 1874, advocates
tlie claim. Again, in his Ilistoire du Eresil Fran-
(ais, Paris, 1S78, Gaftarel considers the voyage
geographically and historically possible. (Ct.
also a paper by him in the Rei'ue politique et littc-
raire, 2 mai, 1S74.) It is claimed that the white
and bearded men whom, as Las Casas says, the
natives of Ilispaniola had seen before the com-
ing of the .Spaniards, were the companions of
Cousin. Cf. Vitct's Histoire de Dieppe, Paris,
1833, vol. ii. ; David Asscline's Anliqititcz et
chroniques de Dieppe, avec introduction par Hardy,
Gut'rillon, et Sauvage, Paris, 1S74, two vols. ; and
the supplemental work of Michel Claude Guibert,
Mcmoires pour scrvir <> l' histoire de Diepf'c, I'aris,
1S7S, two vols. Cf. Sabin, vol. xii. no. 47,541 ;
Dufosse, Americana, nos. 4,735, 9,027.
' The ordinary designation of Hartmann
Schedel's Rcgistrum huius operis libri crouica-
rnm cii pii^uris ct ymagibus ab inicio niiidi,
Nuremberg, 1493, p. 290. The book is not
very rare, thougli much sought for its 2,250
woodcuts ; and superior copies of it bring
from $75 to 5>00i though good copies are often
priced at from $30 to g6o. Cf. Bibliotheca Spen-
ccriana ; Leclei c, no. 533 ; Carlcr-lSrown, vol. i.
nos. 12, iS; Huth, iv. 1305; Sunderland, no.
2,796; llarrisse, liibl. Amer.l'et., no. 13; MuUer,
I"
A.
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
35
1 Szkolny, —
lus, Scolvus,
476, while in
.^ De Costa
I to belong to
Greenland in
1 Herrera, in
ica. is said to
ory is told by
Oicppc, i. 92,
credits it."
ler and navi-
rg Chronicle '
turned west
I II m bus, ]). 1C4.
' hs voyages i-t
nds en Afriquc,
'eriqtic ; suivies
commeree, et tcs
lis, Paris, 1S32,
IS a companion
atcr associated
in 1492. Leon
1S46, mentions
lion. Parkman,
not wholly dis-
, Etude sur les
iihitii coutiueul
Di'iouverte du
874, advocates
:/« Bresil Frau-
ers the voyage
possible. (Cf.
poliliijue i-t title-
that the white
Casas says, the
jeforc the corn-
companions of
JJiepfe, Paris,
s Autiipiitcz et
tioii /'III- Hardy,
two vols, i and
Claude Guibert,
V IVe/'/^e, I'aris,
xii. no. 47>54' ;
1,027.
o£ Ilarlmann
s libri eroniiii-
inicio iiiiidi,
c book is not
for its 2,250
of it bring
opies are often
iihliollieea Speii-
-I'rown, vol. i.
undcrlaiid, no,
no. 13 ; MuUer,
and (by implication) found land. The passage is not in the German edition of the same
year, and on reference to the manuscript of the book (still preserved in Nuremberg)
the passage is found to be an interpolation written in a different hand.' It seems
likelv to have been a perversion or misinterpretation of the voyage of Diego Cam down
tlie African coast in 14S9, in whicii he was accompanied by Beiiaiin. That Behaim him-
self did not put the claim forward, at least in 1492, seems to be clear from the globe,
wliich he made in that year, and which shows no indication of the alleged voyage. The
allegation has had, however, some advocates ; but the weight of authority is decidedly
averse, and the claim can hardly be said to have significant support to-day. -
It is unquestionable that the success of the Portuguese in discovering the Atlantic
islands and in p- hing down the African coast, sustained Columbus in his hope of west-
ern discovery, if '"' had not instigated it.* The chance wafting of huge canes, unusual
trunks of trees, am. even sculptured wood and bodies of strange men, upon the shores of
the outlying islands of the Azores and Madeira, were magnified as evidences in his mind.''
When at a later day he found a tinned iron vessel in the hands of the natives of Guade-
liool;s on America, 1S72, no. 1,402 ; Cooke, no.
2,961 ; Murphy, no. 2,219, with a note by that
collector.
' Cf. Von Murr, Memorabilia bibliothecarum
Norimbergensium, vol. i. pp. 254-256: "nee locus
ille de America loquitur, sed de Africa."
2 Watson's Bibliography of pre-Columbian
Discoveries 0/ America, p. 161, enumerates the
coiUcstants ; and Harrisse, Bibl. Amer. Vet., nos.
13, 14, epitomizes the authorities. The earliest
reference, after Schcdel, seems to be one in
{ jnillaunie Postel's Cosmographicit disciplinw com-
fcndium, li.asle, 1561, in which a strait below
South America is named Bchaim's Strait ; but
J. Chr. Wagcnseil, in his Sacra parentalia, 1682,
earliest urged the claim, which he repeated in
his Ilistoria universalis, while it was reinforced
in Stiiven's or Stuvenius' De vera novi orbis
inventore, Frankfort, 17 14. (Copy in Harvard
College Library ; cf. Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no.
195.) The first important counter-argument ap-
peared in E. Tozen's Der walire und crste
Enldecker der Neiien Welt, Christoph Colon,
,gej;en die ungegnindctcn Auspriiche, welche Amer-
icus Vespucei und Martin Behaim auf dicse Elire
maclicn, vertlieidiget, Gottingen, 1761. (.Sabin,
xii. 4S9.) Robertson rejected the claim ; and so,
in 1778, did C. G. von Murr, in his Diplomatisclie
Gcschiclite des Killers Behaim, published at Nu-
remberg (2d ed., Gotha, iSoi ; Janscn's French
translation, Paris, iSoi, and Strasburg, 1802 ;
also appended to Amoretti's /Vj^rt/f/Zc ; English
in Pinkerton's Voyages, 1812). A letter from
Otto to Benjamin Franklin, in the American
riiilosophical Society's Transactions, 1786, ii. 263,
urged the theory. Ur. Belknap, in 1792, in
the Appendix to his Discourse on Columbus,
tlismissed it. Cladera, in his Invcsligaciones
historical sobre los principales descubrimientos
de los EspaTioles, Madrid, 1794, was decidedly
averse, replying to Otto, and adding a transla-
tion of Von Mnrr's essay. (Leclerc, nos. Il8,
2,505.) Amoretti, in his Preface to Pigafella's
Voyage, Paris, iSor, argues that Columbus'
discoveries convinced Behaim of his own by
comparison. Irving says the claim is founded
on a misinterpretation of the Schedel passage.
Humboldt, in his E.xamen critique, i. 256, enters
into a long adverse argument. M.ijor, in his
Select Letters of Columbus, and in his Prince
Henry, is likewise decided in opposition. Ghil-
lany, in his Gcschichte des Scefahrers Kilter
Martin Behaim, is favorable. Gaffarel, Etude
sur les rapports de I' Amerique et de Pancien con-
tinent avant Colomb, Paris, 1869, is sceptical.
It seems to be a fact that Behaim made a
map showing the straits passed by Magellan,
which Pigafctta refers to ; and it is also clear
that Schoner, in globes made earlier, also indi-
cated a similar strait ; and Schoner might well
have derived his views from Behaim. What we
know of Bchaim's last years, from 1494 to 1506,
is not sutticicnt to fill the measure of these
years ; and advocates are not wanting who as-
sign to them supposed voyages, on one of which
he might have acquired a personal knowledge
of the straits which he delineated. Such advo-
cates are met, and will continue to be answered,
with the likelier supposition, as is claimed, of
the Straits in question being a happy guess,
both on Behaim's and Schoner's part, derived
from the analogy of Africa, — a southern ex-
tremity which Behaim had indeed delineated on
his globe some years before its actual discov-
ery, though not earlier than the existence of a
prevalent belief in such a Strait. Cf. Wieser,
Maga/hiies-Stiuisse.
•' Las Casas is said to have had a manuscript
by Columbus respecting the information derived
by him from Portuguese and Spanish i)ilots con-
cerning western lands.
■• These were accounted for by the west-
erly gales, the influence of the Gulf Stream
not being suspected. Humboldt, Cosmos, Eng-
lish translation, ii. 6C2 ; Examen critique,
ii. 249.
36
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
1^
loupe, he felt that there had been European vessels driven along the equatorial current to
the western world, which had never returned to report on their voyages.
Of tlie adventurous voyages of which record was known there were enough to inspire
him ; and of all the mysteries of the Sea of Darkness,' which stretched away inimitably
to the west, there were stories more than enough. Sight of strange islands had been often
reported ; and the maps still existing had shown a belief in those of San Brandan ^ and
Antillia," and of the Seven Cities founded in the ocean waste by as many Spanish bish-
ops, who had been driven to sea Ijy the Moors.*
The Fortunate Islands^ (Canaries) of the ancients — discovered, it is claimed, by the
Carti: .inians" — had been practically * st to Europe for thirteen hundred years, when, in the
beginning of the fifteenth century (14. . , Juan de Bdthencourtled his colony to settle them.'
They had not indeed been altogether forgotten, for Marino Sanuto in 1306 had delineated
them on a map given by Camden, though this cartographer omitted them on later charts.
Traders and pirates had also visited them since 1341, but such acquaintance had
hardly caused them to be generally known." The Canaries, however, as well as the
1 See Major's Pref.ice to his Prince Henry.
Cf. H. H. Bancroft, Central America, \. 373, for
the successive names applied to the Atlantic.
^ Cf. Les voyages mcrveillciix de Saint-Bran-
dan i lu recherche du faradis terrcstre. Ligende
en vers du X/e si hie, pitbliee avec introduction
par Francisque-Michel, Paris, 187S ; and refer-
ences in Poole's Index, p. 159.
^ Humboldt points this island out on a map
of 1425.
* Cf. Miiinboldt, F.xamcn critique, ii. 156-
345 ; Kunstmann, Entdeckung Amerikas, pp. 6,
35 ; D'Avezac on the " Isles fantasticpies," in
Nouvelles annates des voyages, April, 1845, |).
55. Many of these islands clung long to the
maps. Becher [^Landfall of Columbus) speaks
of the Isle of St. Matthew and Isle Grande in
the South All.mtic being kept in charts till the
beginning of this century. E. E. Hale tells
amusingly of the Island of ISrcsil, lying off the
coast of Ireland and in the steamer's track from
New York to England, being kept on the Admi-
ralty charts as late as 1S73. American Anti-
quarian Society Proceedings, Oct. 1S73. Cf.
Gal'farel, Congrh dcs Aiucricauistcs, 1877, i. 423,
and Formalfoni's Essai sur la marine ancienne
des venitiens ; dans lequel on a mis au jour plu-
sieurs cartes tirees de la bibliothique de St. Marc,
ante ieures i\ la decouverte de Clirislophe Colomb,
&' oui indii/uott clairement Vexislcnce des isles
AniilLs. Traduit dc I'italien par le chevalier
d'l/enin, Yenisc, 17SS.
^ There are seven inhabit.iblc and si.\ desert
islands in the group.
^ a. Die I-lutdcckuni,' dcr Carthager uud
Gricchen auf dcm Atlautischcn Ocean, by Joa-
chim Etlcwcl, Berlin, 1S31, with two maps (Sa-
bin, x. 201 ) one of which shows conjccturally the
Atlantic Ocean of the ancients (see nc.\t page).
" Two priests, Bonticr and Ee Yerrier, who
accompanied him, wrote the account which we
have. Cf. Peter Martyr, dec. i. c. i ; Galvano,
p. 60; Muiio/, p. 30; Kunstmann, ]). 6.
8 Chartoi! ' Voyageurs, iii. 75) gives a partial
bibliography . the literature of the discovery
and conquest. The best English book is Majoi's
Conquest of the Canaries, published by the
Ilakluyt.'iociety, London, 1872, which is a trans-
lation, with notes, of the Bethencourt narrative ;
and the same author has epitomized the story
in chapter i.\. of his Discoveries of Prince Henry.
There is an earlier English book, George Glas's
Discovery and Conquest of the Canary Islands,
London, 1764, 1767, which it said to be based
on an unpublished manuscript of 1632, the work
of a Spanish monk, J. de Abreu de Galineo, in
the island of Palma. The Bethencourt account
was first published in Paris, 1630, with different
imjirints, as Histoire de la premiire descozmerte el
conqueste dcs Canaries. Dufosse |)rices it at from
250 to 300 francs. The original manuscript was
used in preparing the edition, le Canarien, issued
at Rouen in 1S74 by (i. Gravier ( Eeclerc, no. 267 ).
This edition gives both a modern map and a
part of that of Mecia de Yiladtstcs (1413) ;
enumerates the sources of the story ; and
[\t. I.wi) gives D'Avezac's account of the pres-
ervalior of the liethencourt manuscript. The
Spanish translation by Pedro Kamire^, issued
at Sania Cruz de Tenerife in 1847, was ren-
dered from the Paris, 1630, edition.
Cf. Nuiicz de la Pcfia's Conqnista y anti-
jiuedades dc las Islas de la Gran Cauaria, Madrid,
1676, and reprint, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 1847 ;
Cristiival Perez de el Christo, las sicte Islas de
Canaria, Xcres, 1679 (rave, Lcclerc, no. C44, —
100 francs) ; Vicra y Clavijo, Historia general de
las Islas de Canaria, Madrid, four volumes, 1772-
17S3 (Lcclerc, no. C47, calls it the principal
work on the Canaries) ; I!ory de Saint Yincent,
Essais sur les Isles Forlunees, Paris, an .\i. (1803) ;
Les lies Eortunees, Paris, 1S69. D'Avezac, in
1846, iJublished a jVote sur la premiire expedition
de Bethencourt aux Canaries, and his " Isles
d'Afriquc" in the Univers pittoresq>'e may be
referred to.
%
1}
give;
y '
:a.
rial current to
ugh to inspire
vay inimitably
lad been often
Brandan ^ and
Spanish bish-
laimed, by the
•s, when, in the
0 settle them.'
had delineated
in later charts,
uaintance had
IS well as the
) gives a partial
if the discovery
1 book is Majoi's
blished by the
bvhich is a trans-
court narrative j
inizcd tlie story
\f Prince Henry.
k, George Glas's
Canary Islands,
lid to be based
f 1632, tlie worlt
11 de Galineo, in
cncourt account
D, with different
ire i/estiKi'erle el
prices it at from
manuscript was
'aiiiin'en, issued
eclerc.no. 267).
em map and a
dtstcs (1413) ;
story ; and
lit of the pies-
lU'.script. The
\aniirc^, issued
1S47, was ren-
ion.
mj/iis/a y an/i-
iiaria, Madrid,
Teiierife, 1S47 ;
IS sie/e fslas Je
ere, no. 644, —
'storiii i;eneral i/e
volumes, 1772-
the principal
Saint Vincent,
s, an .\i.(i8o3) ;
D'.-Vvezac, in
iniere expedilicn
nd his " Isles
•r,s,/"c may be
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
Sf
SnMecknngeii 3es ^rSuJAt.
Die
Kinuihiiss iiTbr steHung
-yoa iev
Ecrcle ziu? Zeii des
i\ri8toielc s
MtnA
der Ziige Alexanders a.G-.
J, Jahrc J40.J33
THE ATLANTIC OF THE .A?:CIENTS AS MAPPED BY LELEWEL.'
1 This is part of a maji of the ancieiv. world ///,;<,<■;• ««,/ Grieehen an/ dem Alhintischtn Ocean,
Riven Ml Lelewel's Die Eiitdccknng der Car- Berlin, 1S31.
I ^
r
38
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
■t
Azores, appear in the well-known portolano of 1351,' whicli is preserved in the liibliotecu
Mediceo-Laurenziana in l-'lorence. A chart of tlic lirotiiers I'izigani, liatctl in 1367, j^ives
ishuuls wiiiLJi are also idcntitiecl witii the Canaries, Azores, and Madeira ;'' and the Canaries
also appear on the well-known Catalan mappemonde of 1375." These Atlantic islands
are again shown in a portolano of a period not much later tii m 1400, whicli is among the
Ei;erton manuscrli)ts in the liritisli Museum, and is ascril)ed to Juan da Napoli :* and in 1436
they are conspicuous on the detailed sea-chart of Andrea Liianco. This portolano has also
two islands on the extreme western verge of the sheet, — " Antillia" and " Ue la man Sata-
na.xio," which some have claimed as indicating a knowledge of the two Americas,'' It
was a map brought in 1428 from Venice by Dom I'edro, — wliich, like the 1351 map, showed
the Azores, — that induced I'rince Henry in 1431 to despatch the expedition wliich rediscov-
ered those islands; and they appear on the Catalan map, which Santarem (pi. 54) describes
as "Carte de Gabriell de Valsequa, faite ii Mallorcha en 1439." It was in 1466 that the
group was colonized, as liehaim's globe shows."
The Madeira group was first discovered by an Englishman, — Macliin, or Macham, -
in the reign of lAlward HI. (1327-1378), The narrative, put into shape for I'rince Henry
of Portugal by Francisco Alcaforado, one of his esquires, was known to Irving in a French
translation published in 1671, which Irving epitomizes.'' The story, somewhat changed, is
given by Calvano, and was copied by Hakluyt ; * but, on account of some strangeness and
incongruities, it has not been always accepted, though Major says the main recital is
conlirmed by a document quoted from a German collection of voyages, 1507, by Dr.
Schmeller, in the Memoirs of the Academy of .Science at Munich, 1S47, and which, secured
for Major by Kunstniann, is e.\amineil b}' him in his I'rince Jlettiy.^ The group was
rediscovered by the Portuguese in l4iS-i42o.i'> I'rince Henry had given the command of
Porto Santo to Perestrello ; and this cajitain, in 1419, observing iVoni his island a cloud in
the horizon, found, as he sailed to it, the island now called Madeira. It will be remem-
bered that it was the daughter of Perestrello whom Columbus at a later day married."
' It is given by I.clewel, Gcos^rnphit; dii
Mi'vcii ^l^'' ,' and has been issued in fac-similc by
Ongania at Venice, in iS.Si, It is also given in
M.ijor, Piiiicc Hiiuy, iS63 edition, p. 107, and in
Marco I'olo, edition by lioni, Florence, 1S27. t'f.
Winsor's Kohl Cotlcction of Eurly Mops, issued
by Harvard University.
- This chart is given by Joni;;id, pi. x., and
Santarem, pi. 40. Ongania jiiiblislicd in iSSr a
Pizigani chart belonging to the Ambrosian Li-
brary in Milan, dated 1373.
' This map is given in Afuniiscnts </,■ l,i ISib-
UotIu(j:ic i/ii Koi, vol. xiv. part 2 ; in .Santarem, pi.
31,40; Lelewel, pi. xxix. ; Saint-Martin's Al/as,
pi. vii.; Kugc's Gcsc/iii/ilc (/•:.<; Z •Halters iler Ent-
dcckuiigen, iS.Si, and full size in fac-siniile in
Choix tie (iociiiiiciils i;i'oi;r(i/'hi(jiii'S conserves ti la
Bihliollihiitc jVatioiiah; Paris, 1SS3.
■* Winsor's AW// Collection of early maps,
part i., no. 17.
^ Cf. Santarem, Histoire de la Cartograp/iie,
iii. 366, and the references in Winsor's A'o/il
Collection, part i. no. 19; and Bihliograf'/iy of
Ptolemy, sub anno 1478. A sea-chart of Bartol-
Dmeiis de I'arcto, .v. D. 1455, shows "Antillia"
and an island farther west called " Koillo." An-
tillia is supjiosed also to have been delineated on
Toscanelli's map in 1474. In 1476 Andreas Be-
nincasa's portolano, given in Lelewel, pi. xxxiv.
and Saint-Martin, pi. vii. shows an island " .\n-
tilio; " .iiid again in the portolano belonging to
the Fgerton nuinuseripts in the Pritisli Miiseiini,
and supposed to represent the knowledge of
14S9, just previous to Columbus's voyage, and
thought by Kohl to be based on a lienincasa
chart of 1463, the conventional "Antillia" is
called " V de Sete Zitade." It is ascribed to
Cliristofalo Soligo. UcliLuni's globe in 1492 also
gives " Insula Antiliagenaunt .Septe Citade." Cf.
Harrisse, Les Cortercal, p. 116. The name" An-
tillias '' seems first to have been transferred from
this iiroblematieal mid-ocean island to the archi-
pel.ago of the West Indies by the Portuguese,
for Columbus gave no general name to the
group.
" Cf. Kunstniann, Eiititeckuiii^ Amerikas, jjp.
I, etc. ; Drunimond, Annates da Illia Terceira ;
Ernesto do Canto, Archivo dos Azores ; Major's
Discoveries of Prince Henry, chap. x. ; Qnartcrly
Pevico, xi. 191 ; Cordeyro's Historia insulana,
Lisbon, 1717.
" Apjiendix xxv.
•* Vol. ii. part 2, p. I ; also Purchas, ii. 1672.
9 Edition of 1S6S, pp. xvii and 69; Kunst-
niann, Entdcckuiii:; Amerikas, p. 4.
'■' Cf. Caspar Fructuoso's Historia das Ilhai
do Porto-Santo, Madeira, Desertas e Selvagens,
Funchal, 1S73.
" Cf. Stndi tuoi;;. e ii/ilio^. i. 137, which places
Perestrcllo's death about 1470.
;a.
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
39
liu Uibliotecu
in 13O7, nives
I tlic Canaries
l.intic islands
is among tiie
;■* and in 1436
)lano lias also
la man Sata-
inicricas.' It
map, sliowcd
liicli rcdiscov-
54) describes
1466 that the
ir Macliam, - -
Prince Henry
g in a French
at cl\anyed, is
•angeness and
iiain recital is
1507, by Dr.
I'liicli, secured
lie yroup was
e command of
ind a cloud in
ill be reniem-
married."
Ill belonging to
ritisli Museum,
kmnvlcdge of
i'a voyage, and
n a Ueniucasa
'Autillia" is
is ascribed to
)e ill 1492 also
tc Citade." Cf.
lie name " An-
iiisferifd fniiii
id to the aichi-
e Purtuguese,
name to the
A/iii-r/i-iis, pp.
///ill 'J'tiifirii ;
fi'irs ; M.ajor's
.\. ; Qitiirtti/y
toria iiiiuliiiui.
rchas, ii. 1672.
uid 6gj Kiuist-
loria litis I//nii
IS e Si'/z'ii^ens,
', which places
It was not till 1460 * that the Cape De Verde Islands were found, lying as they do
well outside of tiie route of Prince Henry's vessels, which were now following down the
African coast, and had been pursuing
explorations in this direction since
1415-
There have been claims .advanced
by JMargry in his Les na7u);atii)iis f'raii-
{ijiSiS ct la n'volutioit maritime dii
XIV' an XVI' sihle, ci'aprh les docn-
ments iiu'iii/s tin's de France, d'Aii-
g/eterre, d'Espai;ite, et d'/ta/ie, pp.
13-70, Paris, 1S67, and embraced in
his first section on " Les marins de
Xormandie au.\ cotes de Gnince avant
les Portugais," in which he cites an
old document, said to be in London,
setting forth the voyage of a vessel
from Dieppe to the coast of Africa in
1364. Estancelin had already, in 1832,
in his A'atiii^iUcurs A'ormands en Af-
ritjiie, declared there were French es-
tablishments on the coast of (Guinea
in the fourteenth century, — a view
D'.Avezac says he would gladly accept
if he could. Major, however, failed to
find, by any direction which Margry
could give him, the alleged London
document, and has thrown — to s.ay the
least — discredit on the story of that
document as presented by Margry.'-
Tlie African explorations of the Portuguese are less visionary, and. as D'Avez.ac says,
the Portuguese were the first to persevere and open the African route to India.''
The peninsular character of Africa — upon which success in this exploration depended
— was contrary to the views of Aristotle, Hipparchus, and Ptolemy, which held to an
PRINCE HENRY.3
1 It has sometimes lieen put as early .is 1440;
but 1460 is the date Major has determined after
a full exposition of the voy.igcs of this time.
Prince Henry (1S68 edition), p. 277. D'Avezac
Isles lie V Afriqiie, Paris, 1S4S.
'^ Prince Henry, edition of 1S6S, pp. .x.xiv and
127. Guibert, in his Vil/e ilc Dieppe, i. 306
(1S7S), refers, for the alleged French expedition
to Guinea in 1364, to Villault de Belfond, Rc/a-
Hon lies costcs d'Afriqiie appe/ees Guinie, 'Paris,
1669, p. 409 ; Vitet, Ancicunes vil/es de
France, ii. I, Paris, 1S33; D'Avezac
Dlcouvert.'s dans I'ocean at/antique an-
terieurement aiix grands explorations
dii XV' siicle, \>. 73, Paris, 1845; Jules
Hardy, Les Dieppois en Giiinie en 1364,
1864; Gabriel Gravier.Zt- Canarien, 1874
^ This follows a portrait in a contemporary
manuscript chronicle, now in the National Li-
brary at Paris, which Major, who gives a colored
fac-simile of it, calls the only authentic likeness,
probably taken in 1449-1450, and representing
him in mourning for the death of his brother
Dom Pedro, who died in 1449. There is an-
other engraving of it in Jules Verne's la
DecoHvcrte de la Terre, p. 112. Major calls the
portrait in Gustave de Veer's Life of Prince
Henrj-, published at Dantzig, in 1864, a fancy
one. The annexed autograph of the Prince is
the etptivalent of Iir.wrr. Dom An'riqi;k.
Prince Henry, who was born March 4, 1394, died
Nov 15, 1463. He was the third son of John I.
of Portugal ; his mother was a daughter of Johi:
of Gaunt, of England.
* Cf. Jurien de la Graviere's Les marins du
XV' et du XVI' siicle, vol. i. chap. ?.
;
1
■ '
9 '
f/
m' '■
'"\
:.)'
40
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
i!'
enclosed Indian Ocean, formed by the meetiii"; of Africn and Asia at the sonth.' The
stories respecting the circumnavigation ot" Africa by liic ancients are lacking in substan-
tial proof; and it seems probai)le that Cape Non or Cape liojador was the Hinit of their
soutliern expechtions.'^ Still, this peninsular character was a ileductlon from imagined
necessity rather than a conviction from fact. It found place on the earliest maps of the
revival of geographical study in the Middle Ages. It is so represented in the map of
.Marino Sanulo in 1306, and in the Lorentian portolano of 1351. Major'' doubts if the
Catalan map of 1375 shows anything more than conjectural knowledge for the coasts
beyond liojador.
Of Prince Henry— the moving spirit ni the African
enterprise of the fifteenth tentury — we have the most sat-
isfactory account in the Li/r of Prince Henry 0/ J'ortiij^al,
surnamed tlic iXavii^iUor, and its Results . . . from Ati-
thaitic Continiponuy Doaiiiunts, by Richard Henry Major,
London, l.S6.S,-t — a work which, after the elimination of the
controversial arguments, and .nfter otherwise fitting it for
the general reader, was reissued in icS;; as The Discoveries
of I'rince Henry the A'avii^ator. These works are the guide
for the brief sketch of these African discoveries now to be
made, and which can be readily followed on the accom-
panying sketch-map,*
I'rince Henry had been with his father at the capture
of Ceuta, opposite Gibraltar, in 1415, wlien the Portuguese
got their first foothold in Africa. In 1418 he established a
school of nautical observation at Sagres," the southwestern
proinontory of his father's kingdom, and placed the geo-
grapher, Jayme,* of Majorca, in charge of it. The Prince at
once sent out his first expedition down the ISarbary coast ;
but his vessel, being ilriven out of its course, discovered the
Island "f Porto Santo, li.xpediiion after expedition reached,
in successive years, the vicinity of Cape liojador ; but an inexpressible dread of the uncer-
tainty beyond deferred the passage of it all 1434. Cape Blanco was reached in 1445 ; Cape
\'erde shortly after ; and the River Gambia in 1447. Cadaniosto and his Venetians pushed
SKKTCH-M.Ar OF THE POR-
■nH;tii:sK. discovkkhcs in
Al'RILA.''
1 Humboldt, Exanicn critique, i. 144, 161,
329; ii. 370; Cosmos, ii. 561; Jules Cocliiic's
Mhnoire f^t'ograp/iiijiic siir In mcr dcs Iiulcs,
Paris, 1S6.S.
- Irving, app. xiv.
3 Prince ireuyy, p. 1 16 ( 1S68). Of. Stmli biog.
c Hblios;. del In Soc. Geof^. Ilal., ii. 57.
■* The author tells, in his preface, the condi-
tion of knowledge regarding his subject which
he found when he undertook his work, anil re-
counts the service the Roval Academy of Sciences
at Lisbon has done since 1779 in discovering and
laying before the world important documents.
'•> Gustav de Veer's Prinz Htinrich ilcr See-
ftilirer, iiiul seine Zei/, Dantzig, 1S64, is a more
popular work, and gives lists of authorities. Cf.
H. Monin in the Peine tie geognipliie, December,
1878.
" There is some question if the school of
Sagres had ever an existence ; at least it is
doubted in the Archivo dos A(ores, iv. iS, as
([uoted by Harrisse, Les Cortereal, p. 40.
" Cf. Heinrich Wuttke's " Zur Gcschichte
der Krdkunde in der letzten halftc dcs Mittel-
alters: Die Karten der Sucfahrenden Vijlker
Slid Europas bis zani crsten Druck der Krd-
bcschreihung des I'toleniaus," in the Jalirhucli
lies I'ereins fiir Erdl-nnde in Dresden, 1S70,
J. Codine's " Decouverte dc la cote d'Afritpic
par les Portugais pendant les annees, 1484-
14S8," in the Pullelin de la Socu'te de Geogriifi/iie
de Paris, 1876; Vivien de Saint-Martin's Ilis-
toire de la ghgrafhie et des decoii-'ertes geoi^rn-
pliiques, depuis les temps les plus recules jusqu'ii
Hos /.virs, p. 29S, I'aris, 1873 ; Ruge's Geseliichte
des Zeitalters der F.ntdeckungcn, p. 81 ; Clarke's
Progress of Maritime Disec^rery, p. 140 ; and G. T.
Raynal's Ilistoire plulosopliique ct politique des
I'lai'lissemens et du cc muter ce des Europeens dans
les deux /ndes, Gcnc\:\, 17S0; Paris, 1S20. Paulit.
schke's Afril-a-literatiir in der /.eit von 1500 lis
1750, Vienna, 1S82, notes the earliest accounts.
" Cf. Harrisse, 11 ill. Amer. I'et., 261 ; adds
'54-
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVKRIKS.
41
still farther, and saw the Southern Cross for the first time.' lietween 1460 and 1464
thev went beyond Cape Mesurado. I'rince Henry dyinj; in 1463, King Alfonso, in 1409.
farmed out tlie African commerce, and required five inindred miles to be added yearly to
the limit of discovery soutlnvard. Not lonj; after, Hie^o Cam readied the C()nj;o coast,
lieliaim accomjianying him. In 1487, alter seventy years of gradual jirogress down si.'C
. -r ,0 rv iiA
' ■>•/
•^.
0 C I A N V i \~}
1 N D I C V 4 \ I
ACRlBIONAL 1/ '
PORTUGUESE M.M', 1 49O.
thousand miles of coast, soutlnvard from Cape Non, the I'ortuguese under Diaz reached
the Stormy Cape, — later to be called the Cape of Good Hope. He but just rounded it
in May, and in December he was in Portugal witli the news. ISartholomew, the brother
ot Columbus, had made the voyage with him.^ 'riie rounding of the Cape was hardly a
surprise; for the belief in it was firmly established long before. In 1457-1459, in the
map of Fra Mauro, which had been constructed at Venice for Alonzo V., and in which
Bianco assisted, the terminal cape had been fitly drawn.''
' Major (p. .\vi) has more or less distrust of
Cadamosto's story as given in the Pacsc iiin'a-
nuntc. Cf, the bibHography in Stiidi lni\i^. e bib-
lio!^. ddta Sac. Gcoff. /la!., i. 149 (1SS2) ; and
Carter-Brown, i. loi, 195, 202, 2il ; also Bibl.
Ainer. \'cl. Add., no. S3.
■^ This map follows a copy in the Kohl Collec-
tion (no. 23), after the original.attachcd to a manu-
script tlicological treatise in the Urltish ^ruseum.
An inscription at the break in the African coast
says that to this point the Portuguese had pushed
their discoveries in 14S9; and as it shows no in-
dication of the vovages of Columbus and Da
C'lama, Kohl places it about 1400. It may be
considered as representing the views current be-
fore these events, Asia following the I'tolemean
VOL. II. — 6-
drafts. The language of the map being partly
Italian and partly Portuguese, Kohl conjectures
that it was made by an Italian living in Lisbon ;
and he points out the close correspondence of
the names on the western coast of Africa to the
latest Portuguese discoveries, and that its con-
tour is better than anythuig preceding.
^ " Through all which I was present," said
Bartholomew, in a note found by I..as Casas.
* The original is now jircserved at Venice, in
the Biblioteca Marciana. A large ])hotographic
fac-siniile of it was issued at Venice, in 1S77, by
Miinster (Ongania); and engraved reproduc-
tions can be found in Santarem, I.elewel, and
Saint-Martin, besides others in Vincent's Com-
merce and A'avigatioiis of the Ancients, 1797 and_
n
4-^
NAKKATIVK AND CRITIfAI, HISTORY OF AMERICA.
i'l
'' 'ir
I n i.
h\
Such had been the progress of the Portuguese marine, in exemplitication of the south-
erly (|iiest called for by the theory of I'oniponius Mela, when Columbus iii.ide his westerly
voyage in 1492
and reached, as
he supposeil,
the same coast
which the I'or-
t u j; u e s u Were
seeking to touch
by the opposil
direction.' In
this erroneous
fjeograph ical
belief Columbus
r e ni a i 11 e d a s
l(ii)|j as he lived.
o Co m
Iin COMOF. AI.M1RANTF, (D.i Ciiiia's Aiitografli).
— a view in which V'espucius and the earlier navigators ef[ually shared ;- though some,
like Peter .Martyr,' accejJted the belief cautiously. We shall show in another place how
slowly the error was eradicated
from the cartography of even the
latter |)art of tlie sixteenth century.
During the interval when Co-
lumbus was in .Spain, between his
second and third voyages, A'asco
da Gania sailed from I.isl)on, July 8,
1497, to complete the jjroject which
had so long animated die endeavors
ot' the rival kingdom. He doubled
the Cape of Cood Hope in .\ov.
1497, and ancliored at Calicut, May
20, 1498, — a few days before Co-
lumbus left San Luc.ir on his third
voyage. In tlie following August,
Da (lama started on his return ;
and after a year's voyage he reached
Lisbon in August, 1498. The Por-
tuguese liad now accomplished their
end. The i'c/<it with which it
would have been received had not
iKiiiii Colomli, pp. 121-127; M.ijor's
Prince Henry, j). 420 ; Stevens's Notts,
p. 372. When tlie natives of Cuba
pointed to the interior of their island
and said " Cuhanacan,'' Columbus in-
terpreted it to mean " Kublai Khan ; "
and the Cuban name of Mangon be-
came to his ear the Mangi of Sir John Mandeville,
a Dec. i. c. 8.
* This follows the engravings in Ruge's
Geschichte (ies Zeitalters der Entdeckungen, p. ill,
and in Stanley's Da Garmi, published by the
Hakluyt Society. The original belongs to the
Count de Lavr.adio. Another portrait, with a
view of Calicut, is given in Lafitau's D^eou2'erUi
des Portuj^dis, Paris, 1734, iii. 60.
VASCO DA GAMA.*
1807 ; and in Ruge's Geschiehte des Zeitalters der
Entdeckungen, i88r. A copy on vellum, made
in 1804, is in the British Museum.
' Cf. G. Gravier's Kecherches siir les naviga-
tions Europeennes faites an moyen-dge, Paris, 1S78.
- Navarrete, i. 304, ii. 280; V^tndmV a /I merigo
Vespi4cci, pp. 66, 83; Humboldt, Examen critique,
1. 26, iv. 188, 233, 250, 261, V. 182-185; and his
preface to Ghillany's P,/i lini : Harrisse, /'Wv//
I -'
'HiiS
:a.
COLUMUL'S AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
43
of the south'
e his westerly
tlioiiijli some,
her placx- how
I'as irailic.ited
y of even the
tt'riith century,
rval when Co-
in, between his
■oyages. \'asco
Lisbon, July 8,
e project wliich
['. ihe endeavors
^. He doubled
Hope in Nov.
It Calicut, M.iy
lys before Co-
ir on his third
owing August,
n his return ;
j;chc reached
49S. The Por-
oniplished their
with which it
ceived had not
1-127; Major's
Stevens's A'oUs,
latives of Cuba
r of their island
Columbus in-
KublaiKhan;"
of Mangon be-
ohn Mandevillc.
iigs in Ruge's
■ckiiiigeii, p. Ill,
iblishcd by the
belongs to the
portrait, with a
au's Dkotivertei
'o
Bu
g-
'/3 (L!
5o^
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THE LINE OF DEMARCATION {Sfanish claim, 1527).»
Ill
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Wfl(
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Tf«'
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44
NARKATU i: AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMllKICA.
I I
J /I
^ ■'!
/ii
ill
Hi.
AI.i:X.ANI)KU VI.'
Columbus opened, as was supposed, a shorter route, wns wanting; and Da Gama, follow-
inij in the path marked for him. would have failed of much of his fame but for the
auspicious applause which Camoens created for hiui in the /.i/sim/.'
' This follows the cut in the (';(;cc/'A'(/i-.f/)'ij«.v- mciits, w.is edited for the Ilakhiyt .Society hv
■1r/s, xxvii. 500, re|)rescnliiig a bust in the llerliii If. K. J. Stanley, in 1S69. Correa's account was
.Museum. not ])rinlccl till iS5,S, when the Lisbon Academy
- Da dania's three voyages, translated from issued it. Cf. Navarretc, vol. i. ]i. .xli ; Rauiusio, i
the narrative of Claspar Correa, with other dcpcn- 130 ; dalvano, p. 93 ; Major, Pr!*tct ticitry, p. 391 :
.1 \\
COLUMHL'S ANU HIS DISCOVICKIKS
45
I),i Cinnia at Calii iil and C'oluniliiiH at Cul)a ^ivc tlic lino <>( (l(.'inarc.ition of Alexander
VI. a siniiiliL'.ince t'lal wan not (clt to be impending, five years earlier, on t!ie 3(1 and 4th
of M.iy. I4V3' wliMi th«" I'.ipal Hull was issued.' 'I'liis had fixed the (icM of Spiinisli
anil rortujjuese i •;|iit)r. lion respei lively west an<l cast of ,1 line one hundred leagues ^ west
of llie A/ores, followirn a meridian at a point where c'oluinhus had suppoHed the mag-
netic needle" pointed ti the north star.* The I'ortumiese thought that |)olitieal grounds
Were of more consideration than physical, ;in(l were not salislie<l with the ni,i;;net nc)verninj{
the limitation of their search 'I'hey desired .1 little more si',iroom on llic Atl.inlic side,
and were not displeased to think th.il a meridian consider.d>ly farther west mi;;lit j^ivi!
them a share of the new Indies south and north of the Spanish discoveries; so they entered
their protest against the partition of the Hull, and the two Powers held a convention at
Tordesill.is, which resulted, in June, t4i;4, in the line lieiiiit; moved two hundred and sev-
enty leagues westerly.'* No one Init vai;iiely suspected the com|ilic.itioii yet to arise about
this same meriilian, now selected, when tlie voyage of Magellan .should bring Spani.ird
and I'ortuguese f,ice to face at the Antipodes. This aspect of the controversy will cl.iiin
attenlion elsewhere." From this date the absolute position of tlie line as theoretically de-
termined, was a constant source of dispute, and tlic occasion of repe.ited negoti.itions.'
Cliulera, /ujwtixiiiioiii's /lislMois; S.nint-Murtin,
IlUloire ili /,t ,i;i'i'Xi;i/>/iii; p. 337 ; Clarke, /'>VL;>r~<
of Maritime Disun'cry, p. 399; Kugc's Ccschichte
iks /.citalltrs Jer EntJakinii^fH pp. 109, lJ5t
iSS, iSg; l.ncas Kcm's Tiixi'lmc/i, 1494- 154J,
.\iii;shMrg, 1.S61 i Chartou's i'l'pixviirs, iii. 209
(with references), etc.
" rortiij^al," says Professor Secley, "had"
almost reason to complain of the glorions Intru-
sion of Cohnuhus. She took the rij;hl w:i\, and
fiiinul the Indies; while he took the wrong wav,
and missed them ... If it lie answered in*t o-
hnnhns's hehalf, that it is better to he wrong
and Ihul .Vnierica, than to he right and Ihul India,
I'ortugal might answer that she did both," —
referring to Cabral's discovery of Hrazil [i^.x-
paiisio)! of Eiii;liiii(l, p. S3).
' The Hull is printed in N'avarrete, ii. 23,
2S, 130; and in the app. uf Oscar Peschcl's
Die '/'/uiliiiii; licr F.rtic Hitter Papst Alexander I'/,
uiid Julius //., Leipsie, iSyi. Ilarrisse, A'//'/.
Amer. I'el., Addi/ioiis, gives the letter of May 17,
1493, which .Me.xander VI. sent with the lUills
to his nuncio at the court of .Sp;iin. fonnil in the
archives of the I-'rari at Venice. Cf. also 1 1 inn-
holdt, Ji.xdvieii erili(/iie, iii. 52 ; Solorzano's Po-
liliea /ndiiiiia ; Sahin's Dictioiuiyy, vol. i. no.
745; and the illustrative documents in .Andics
Oarcia de Cespedes' Keg.de ;;<;;'., Madrid, 1606.
'•' There is more or less confusion in the esti-
mates made of the league of this time. D'Av-
czac, Ihtlletin dt la Soei^ti de Geografhie de Paris,
September and October, 1858, pp. 130-164,
culls it 5.924 metres. Cf. also Kox, in the If. S.
^likid/^
Coast Surrey Ke/'ort, 18S0, p. 59; and II. II.
liancrofi, Central Aiiieriea,i, 190.
" Cf. Ilnmholdt, /■'xanieii eriti,/iie, \\\. 17, .|.|,
SCi, etc.
* I lumholdt, A'.ri;W(V/ i;;V/V///(', iii. 5.; ; Cmiiios,
V. 55. Columbus found this point of no-varia-
.lion, Sept. 13, 141)2. In the latter part of the
jxteenth ceiUury, for a sini'ar reason, St. Mich-
ael's in the Azores was taken for the first meri-
dian, but the no-variation then observable at that
poiiU has given |)lace now to a declination of
twenty-live degrees.
'' See the docnmenls in N'avarrete, ii. 1 16,
and I'eschel's Tlieiliiin^ der Erde Killer J'apsI
Alexander /'/. iiitd fiiliiis II.
" Cf., however, Juan y Ulloa's Dissertaeioit
sol're el meridiano de detnareaeioii, Madrid, 1749»
in French, 1776. Carter-Iirown, vol. iii. no. 910;
and "Die Deniarcations-linie " in Knge's Vas
'/.eitalter der Eiitderkiingen, p. 267.
" In 1495 Jaume Ferrer, who was called for
advice, sent a manuscript map to the Spanish
Monanhs to be used in the negotiations for
determining this (piestion. {N'avarrete; also
.•\niat, Dieeioiiarij de los eseritores Caliilanes.)
Jannie's ililferent treatises are collected by hi.s
son in \\\s .Seiileiieias eat/iolieas, 1545' (I.cclerc,
no. 2,765, 1,000 francs; Ilarris.se, HiM. Am. let.,
no. 261 ; Additions, no. 154.) This contains
Jaumc's letter of Jan. 27, 1495, and the Mon-
archs' reply of Feb. 28, 1495; and a letter writ-
ten at the recpiest of Isabella from liurgos, Aug.
5, 1495, adilressed to "Chrislofol t'olo en la
gran Isla de Ciban."
46
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
NOTES.
) !■
'1 U
A. First Voyage. — As regards the first
voyage of Columbus tliere has come down to us
a number of accounts, resolvable into two dis-
tinct narratives, as originally proceeding from the
hand of Columbus himself, — his Journal, which
is in part descriiitivc and in part log, according to
the modern understanding of this last term ; and
his Letters announcing the success and results of
his search. The foi tunes and bibliographical
history of both these sources need to be told :
Journal. — Columbus himself refers to this
in his letter to Pope Alexander VI. (1503) as
being kept in the style of Cxsar's Commen-
taries ,• and Irving speaks of it as behig penned
" from day to day with guileless simplicity." In
its original form it has not been found ; but wc
know that Las Cas.xs used it in his Ifistoiin, and
that Ferdinand Columbus must have had it be-
fore him while writing what passes for his Life of
his father. An abridgment of the Journal in the
hand of Las Casas, was discovered byXavarrete,
who printed it in the first volume of his Colcccion
in 1S25 ; it is given in a French version in the
Paris edition of the same (vol. ii.), and in Italian
in Torre's Scritti di Colombo, 1S64. Las Casas
says of his abstract, that he follows the very
words of the Admir.al for a while after recording
the landfall ; and these parts are translated by
Mr. Thoma? of the .State Department at Wash-
1 le prepared another account, pcrhaj/s duplicate,
and protecting it in a similar way, placed it on
his poo]), to be washed off in < ase his vessel
foundered. We know nothing liirther of this
account, unless it be the same, substantially, with
the letters which he wrote just before making
a harbor at the .Azores. One of ihesc letters,
at least, is dated off the Canaries ; and it Is pos-
sible that it was written earlier on the voyage,
and iiost-d.tted, in expectation of his making the
Canaries ; and when he found h*'n.ielf by stress
of weather at the Azores, he neglected to change
the place. The original of neither of these let-
ters is known.
One of them was dated Feb. 15, 1493, wilh
a postscript dated March 4 (or 14, copies varv,
and the original is of course not to be reached-
4 would seem to be correct), and is written ' .1
Spanish, and addressed to the " Kscribano ile
Racion," Luis do .Santangel, who, as Treasurer
of Aragon, had advanced money for the vovage.
Columbus calls this a second letter j by which he
may mean that the one cast overboard was the
first, or that another, addressed to Sanchez (later
to be mentioned), preceded it. There was at
Simancas, in 1818, an early manuscript cojiy of
this letter, which Navarreto jirinted in his Coh-c
lion, and Kettell translated into English in his
book (p. 253) already referred to.*
In 1S52 the Daron Pietro Custodi left his
ington, in G. A. Fo.x's paper on "'I'hc Landfall " collection of books to the Biblioteca .Ambros
'■)
in the Report of the Coast Surrey for iSSo. The
whole of the Las Casas text, however^ hus 'rans-
latcd into English, at the instigation of Cioorge
Ticknor, by Samuel Kettcll, a:id publisl,ed in
Boston as A Personal N'arrati'e of the First I'oy-
i;fv in 1827 ; ' and it has ijeen given ir. part, in
ICnglish, in I?ccher's Londfall of Colun mis. The
original is thought to have served Ilerrera in
his IHstoria diieral.'^
Letters. — We know that on tlie 12th of
Februarv, 1493, about a week before reaching
the Azores on his return voyage, and while his
ship wa.i laboring in a gale, Columbus prepared
an account of his discovery, and incasing the
|iarchment in wax, put it in a Ijarrcl, which he
threw overboard. That is the last heard of it.
ana .at Milan ; and among them was found a
printed edition of this Santangel letter, never
before known, and still remaining unique. It is
of small quarto, four leaves, in scmi-gothic type,
bearing the date of ■493,'' and was, as Uarrisse
and Lenox think, printed in Sjiain, — Major sug-
gests Barcelona, but Gayangos thinks Lisbon.
It was lirst reprinted at Milan in 1863, with a
fac-simile, and edited by Cesare Correnti, in a
volume, containing other letters of Columbus,
CKtitlcd, Lctterc aido^^rafe eiiitc cd inrdite di
Cristoforo Colombo!" From this reprint Uar-
risse coijied it, and gave an luiglish translation
in his AWcj on Columbus, p. 89, drawing atten-
tion to the error of Correnti in making it ajipear
on liis titlepage that the letter was addressed lo
"Saxis,"'' and testifying that, by collation, iic
f
' Cf. North Americati /x'crtcw, nos. 53 .inil 5^.
2 Cf. portions in (ierinan in Das Austaiid, 1S67, p. 1.
8 It is in Italian in Torre's Scritti di Coloiiilw.
< Brunct, Sii/'/'li incut, col. 2;7.
fi It appeared in the series Bihtiotcca rara of G. Oiicllt*
8 (-'f. Historical .\ta\;azinc, Septembor. iSfi.-
1
COLUMUUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES
47
11 iS()3, with a
had found but slight variation fr<im the Navar-
rttt text. Mr. K. II. Major also prints the
Amlirosian text in his Sii,rl f.clti-rs of Coltimlnis,
Willi an Knglish version appended, and judges
the Cosco version eould not have lieen made
from it. Other English translations may lie
found in Hechcr's Litiid/all of Coliim/>iis,\u 291,
and in French's llislofial Collcclwits of Loiiisi-
oiiii ,im/ Floriiiii, 2d series, ii. 145.
In 1S66 a fae-simile edition (150 copies) of
the .Vmbrosian copy was issued at Milan, edited
by CJerolamo d' Adda, under the title of LclUra
ill /iiii,'ii<! Sf<(ii;iiiio!ii diictla da Cristofoio Colombo
(I Luis lie Sttiilii>ii;i-l} Mr. James Lenox, of New
York, had already described it, with a fac-simile
of the beginning and end, in the 1 fistoriial Mus;-
a-iiic (vol. viii. p. 2S9, September, 1864, April,
186;
and this paper was issued separately
(100 copies) as a supiilement to the Leno.x edi-
tion of Scyllacius. Ilarrisse- Indicates that
there was once a version of this Santangel letter
in the Catalan tongue, preserved in the Colom-
bina Library at Seville.
A few years ago IJergcnroth found at Si-
niancas a letter of Columbus, dated at the Cana-
ries, Feb. 15, 1493, with a postscript at Lisbon,
March 14, addressed to a friend, giving still an-
other early text, but adding nothing material to
our previous knowledge. A full abstract is given
m tlie CaUiidor of Shite J'lifors reletting to Eitf;-
land iiiid Spain, p 43.
A third Spanish text of a manuscript of the
sixteenth century, said to have been found in
the Colegio Mayor de Cuenca, was made known
by Varnhagen, the Minister of Urazil to Por-
tugal, who printed it at Valencia in 1858 as
Pnmera epistola del Aliniraute Don Chrislobat
Colon, including an account " de una nueva coiiia
de original nianuscrito," The editor assumed
i;-.n name of Volafan, and printed one hundred
copies, of which sixty were destroyed in Brazil.''
This letter is addressed to Cabriel Sanchf/, and
dated "sobre la islade Sa. Maria, 18 de Fi id;"
and is without the postscript of the letters of
Feb. 15. It is almost a verbatim repetition of
the Simancas text. A reprint of the Cosco text
makes a jiart of the volume; antl it is the opin-
ion of Varnhagen and Ilarrisse that tlie Volafan
text is the original from which Cosco translated,
as mentioned later.
Perhaps still another Spanish te.xt is pre-
served and incorporated, as Muiioz believed,
by the Cura de los Palacios, Andres ISernaldez,
in his Ilistoria de los reyes ailolieos (chap, cxviii).
This book covers the period 1488-1513 ; has thir-
teen chapters on Columbus, who hail been the
guest of liernaldez after his return from his
second voyage, in 1496, and by whom Columbus
is called " mercador de libros de estampa." The
manuscript of liernaldez's book long remained
unprintedinthe Koyal Library at Madrid. Irving
used a manuscript coi)y which belonged to (Jba-
diah Rich.* Prescott's copy of the manuscript
is in Harvard College Library.'' Humboldt"
used it in manuscript. It was at last printed at
Granada in 1S56, in two volumes, under the
editing of Miguel Lafuente y Alcantara." It
remains, of course, possible that liernaldez may
have incorporated a printed Spanish text, instead
of the original or any early manuscriiit, though
Columbus is known to have placed papers in
his hands.
The text longest known to modern students
is the ])oor I-atin rendering of Cosco, already
referred to. While but one edition of the ori-
ginal Spanish text ajipeared presumably in Spain
(and none of Vespucius and Magellan), this
I>atin text, or transKitions of it, appeared in
various editions and forms in Italy, Fr.ance,
and Germanv, which Ilarrisse remarks" as in-
dicating the greater popular impression which
1 Harrisse, liiH, Amcr. Vcl. .Iddilioiis, p. vi., calls this reproduction extremely correct.
- /?;/'/. Amcr. Vcl., p. xii.
3 Ticknor Catalogue, p. 3S7 ; Stevens, Hist. Coll., vol. i. no. 1,380 ; Sabin, iv. 277 ; Leclcrc, no. \t,2. It was
noticed by Don I'ascual ilc (iayannos in La America, April 11, 1S67. Cf. ancitlier of Vavnlianen's ]nil)lications,
Varta ile Crislilat Colon eir ' -da de Lislva a Ihireehna en Marzo de 1493, publislied at Vienna in iS(n). It lias
a collation of texts antl an' ; itions (Leclcrc, no. 131 ). .\ portion of the edition was issued with the .additional
imprint, "Paris, Tross, 1870." Of the 120 copies of this Ixmk, 60 were put in the trade. Major, rclVrriin;
to these sevciat Spanisli texts, says : '• I have carefully collated the three documents, and the result is a certain
conclubion th.it ncitlicr one nor the other is a correct transcript of the original letter," — all having errors which
could not have been in the original. M.ijor also translates the views on this point ot Varnhauen, and enforces
his own ojiininn that the Spanisli and Latin texts are derived from different tlioii);Ii similar docimicnts. \'arn-
li.aj;en held the two texts were different forms of one letter. Ilarrisse disscnls from this opinion in lisl'l,
.Imcr. Vet. Additions, p. vi.
< Cf. living's Coliiiiil'iis, ap]). xxix.
5 Prescott's Ferdinand and Isalvlla, revised edition, ii. loS; Sabin, vol. ii. no, 4,yiS; Ilarrisse, Notes on
•iliiin/iiis, no. 7, who reprints the parts in ipiestion, with a translation.
•i Cosmos, English translation, ii. fqi.
■ 'I'ieknor Catalogue, p. 32.
8 lie points out how the standard Chronicles .and .Annals (Kerreboii:, 1521 ; Regnault, 1532; fialliot du
Pr6, ii;4<); Fabian, 1510. 1533, 1542, etc.), down to the middle of the sixteenth century, utterly ignored the
acts of CoU'inlms, Corti's. :ind Magellan iflill. .liner. I'et. p. ii).
I
'I
48
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
A ■■'V.
mil i,
H
1
^'.
•I
the discovery of America made l)cyond Spain
tlian within the kingdom ; and t'.ie monthly de-
livery <)f letters from (iermany to Portugal and
the Atlai.iic islands, at tliis time, i)laccd these
parts of Europe in prompter connection than
we are apt to imagine. ^ News of the discovery
was, it would seem, borne to Italy by the two (le-
noese ambassadors, Marches! and Cirimaldi, who
arc known to liive left Spain a few days after
the return of Columbus.- The Spanish text of
this letter, addressed by Columbus to Gabriel
or Raphael Sanchez, or Sanxis, as the name of
the Crown treasurer is variously given^ would
seem t(i have fallen into the hands of one Aii-
ander dc Cosco, who turned it int(j Latin, com-
pleting his work on the 29th of April. Uarrisse
points out the error of Navarrete and Varnha-
gen in placing this completion on the 25th,
and supi)oses the version was made in Spain.
Tidings of the discovery must have reached
Home before this version could have got there ;
for the first Pai)al liuU concerning the event is
dated May 3. Whatever the case, the first pub-
lication, in print, of the news was made in Rome
in this Cosco version, and four editions of it
were printed in that city in 1493. There is
much disagreement among bibliographers as to
the order of issue of the early editions. Their
peculiarities, and the preference of several bib-
liographers as to such order, is indicated m
the fttllowing enumeration, the student beitig
referred for full titles to the authorities which
are cited: —
It Epistohi Christofori Colom [1495]. Small quarto,
fwiir le.ives (one blank), ^othic, is lines to a paRC.
AddrL'ssL'il to i^anchis. Cosco is called Leander,
Ferdinand and Isabella both named in the title.
Tlie printer H tlioiit;ht to be Planiick, from slniiiar-
Ity of type to work known to be his.
Major calls this the editio primeps^ and gives elabo-
rate reasons for Ills npinion {Select Letters of Colntnbus^
p. cxvi). J. R. liartlett, in the Carter-Hroxvn Catalogue,
vol. i, no. 5, al^'t puts It first ; so docs Ternaux. Variih.i-
pen calls it the second edition, It is put the third in order
by Ihiinel (vnl. ii. col. lOj) and Lenox (Scyllacius^ p. xliv),
and fourth by Harrisse [Xotes on Columbus, p. 121 ; lUN.
A fue*'. I V/., no. 4).
There are copies in the Lenox, Carter- 1 irown. and
\{\.\th {Catalogue, i. ^y'^ lil)raries ; in the (Irenville (/>//•/.
Gn-n., [>. 15S) and King's Collections in the Hritish Mu-
si'iim : in the Koyal hibiaiy at Munich ; In the Collection
of the Dnc d'Auniale at Twlcketiham ; and in Mie Com.
mercial Library at Hamburg.' The copy cited by Har*
risse was sold in the Court Collection (.no. 72) at Paris in
1SS4.
II. Epistola Christofori Colotn, impressii Romf^
Euchnrins Argeuteus [Silber], anno dai
MCCCCA'C///. Small quarto, three printed
leaves, guthic type, 40 lines to the page. Ad-
dres: . ' to Sanches. Cosco is called Leinder.
Ferd...and and Isabella both named.
Major, who makes this the second edition, says that
its deviations from No. I. are all on the side of ignorance.
Varnhagen calls it the tuf/tio princeps. Itartlett {OiWcr-
liroxvn Catalogue^ no. 6) puts it second. Lenox {Scylla-
rit/s, p. xlv) calls it the fourth edition. It Is no. 3 of Har-
risse(i9/^/. Atner. I'et., no. 3 ; Notes on Colutnbus, p. 121).
Graesse errs in saying the words " Indie supra Gangem ''
are omitted in the title.
There are copies in the Lenox, Carter-Brown, Huih
{Catalogue^ i. lyUX and Grenville {Bibl, Gren,, p. 158)
Libraries It has been recently priced at 5,000 francs
Cf. Murphy Catalogue^ 629.
III. Epistola Christofori Colom. Small quarto, four
leaves, 34 lines, gothic type. Addressed to
Sanxis. Cosco is called Aliaiider. Ferdinand
only named.
This is Major's third edition. It is the editio princept
of Harrisse, who presumes it to be printed by Stephanus
Plannck at Rome {Notes on Columbus, \\ 117; Bibl. A mer,
I'et., vol. i.) ; and he enters upon a close examination to
establish its priority. It is Lenox's second edition iScyl'
/alius, p. xliii). IJarllett places it third.
There are copies in the I'arlow (formerly the Aspin-
wall copy) Library in New York ; in the General Collec-
tion and Grenville Library of the Uriiish Museum ; and in
the Royal Library at Munich. In 1S75 Mr. S. L. M.
Harlow printed (50 copies) a fac-simile of liis copy, with a
Preface, hi which he joins in considering tliis the first edi-
tion with Harrisse, who (Notes on Columbus^ p. 101) gives
a careful reprint of it.
IV Dt! ittsulis iuventis, etc. Small octavo, ten leaves,
2'- and 27 lines, gothic type The leaf before the
title has the .Siianish arms on the recto. There
are eight woodcuts, one of which is a repetition.
Addressed to Sanxis. Cosco is called Ahender.
Ferdinand only named. The words *' Indie supra
Gangem '* are omitted in the title.
This is Major's fourth edition. Lenox makes it the
editio princeps (as does Hrunet), and gives fac-siiniles of
the woodcuts in liis Scy/lacius, p. xxxvi. IJossi supjiosed
the cms to have been a part of the original manuscript, and
designed by Columbus.* Harrisse calls it the second in
order, and thinks Johannes IJesicken may have been the
printer {liibl. A mer. I'et., 2), tliough It is usually ascribed
to Piannck. of Rome. It bears the arms of Granada; but
thure was no press at tliat time in that city, so far as known,
though lininet seems to imply it \\as printed there.
The only perfect copy known is one formerly the Lihri
copy, now in the Lenox Library, which has ten leaves. The
Grenville copy {Hibl. Gren., ]»■ 15S), and the one which
IJossi saw in the IJrera at Milan, now lost, had only nine
leaves.
\\?c\\\{Re/'crtoriitm, no. 5.491) describes a copy which
seems to lack the first and tenth leaves; and it "as proba-
1 'S\\\vr, liistolre ilipiomatiipte i/e lichaim, p. 12^
- They are mentioned in Senarcga's " Dc rebus Gcniieiibibus," printed in Muratt^ri's Kcrmn Ilalicar .i
scriptores^ xxiv. 5-^4, Cf. Harrisse, iVotes on Columbus^ p. 41.
'* Harrisse says that when 'J'toss, of Paris, advertised a copy at a high ])rice in 18^)5. there were seven
bidders for it at once Qiiaritch advertised a copy in June, 1S71. It was priced in London in 1S72 at .l.'i4o.
■1 Tliis view is controverted in The Booktvorm^ kS6S, p. 9. Cf. 1S67, p. 103. The ships are said to be
galleys, while Culunibiis sailed in caravels.
'I ^
J I
,:l.(
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
49
K
^ressii Rome,
, atttto (it'll
three prinU'il
ihc \Mge. Ad-
rnlled Le^intler.
id.
lilinn, s^iys iliat
;le of ignorance.
!artlett {Ciirli-r-
Lenox {.S"o//it-
s no. 3 "f 'l^f
i/iimf'iis, p. 121).
supra G.ingem "
er-Brown, Hutli
Gren., p. 158)
at 5,000 francs.
lall quarto, four
.Addressed to
Jer. Ferdinand
e editio frincrtii
led by Stephanus
117; BibUAmer.
e ex.iniination to
lid edition {Scyl-
nerly the Aspin-
: General Colkx-
Museuin ; and in
5 Mr. S. L. M.
Ills copy, with a
this the first edi-
ibus^ p. 101) gives
itavo, ten leaves,
e leaf before the
llie recto. There
h is a repetition,
i called Aheiider.
rds " Indie supra
iiox ni.ikes it the
s fac-similes of
IJossl supposed
manuscript, and
t the second in
:iy have been tlie
usually ascribed
of Gran.idai but
so far as known,
led there.
jnnurly the l.iliri
leii leaves. The
1 the one which
t, had only nine
bcs a copy which
(1 il was pnilM-
yum Ital'uai i
here were seven
;— at .L'140.
s are said to be
ff^ffoti^btfflofbrf CoToifltoif (fi(»nollnimDtcu debet: df
9nfuH0'5nds{fopia<5angemnuper fnDeDti9*Bdqii<i9 perqof /
rendaa occouo antes mmfe oufiTid^ t (re inuictifTimf f emanr
dit>!rpaniaruin'Regi6frafru9fiKr(tfMd(Dagniftcum dnm lU
pboelem 03npa*eiufdan ferenf ffiml IVegia Xcfauroria miiTo)
quamtiobiliB aclieteracue vtr BUanderdeCofco ablTitpono
fdcomace in latimim conoeitfr : rertio fcar9d7m)*$]0*cccc«rcU/*
t)omifscatD0Blc]eandrl @e^ Bnno pzimo*
QUonfamfofceptf piotifntff ran perfectwn mecSrecimiin
filHTegrfltumribifbTe fdo: baaconfHnif ejrararcqa^re
miuroifufc^rd in bocnoftro itfnere gr flf innenr^ ad/
fttov ant: ICricefimorertio die po(l$ (GadibttedifcrfTi in mare
'i'nWcvi perueni:rbi plurimae infotad innnmerie babitataa bor
minibus rtpperhquarom omnium p70 foeliciffimo "Regc noftro
pif conio celcbzaro % re rillie erf mftoc onrradicenrc neminc pof/
fcfTlionemaccq)i;pMmfcp carom diuf Saluaroiienomcn fnjpcrf
fui:euiU9freru9 aunlio ram ad banc:$ ad c^rerad altaa perue/
nimu9>4?am t>o ^ndi Ouanabanin rocanr<filiaromeria vnam
quanc^ nouo nomine nuncupaui<(DiJippr alia infulam 6an£C(
0?arif (&ncepHoni9>aIiam j^emandmam • aliam 'Dprabellam*
fliiam ^ob^anami lie de reliquie appellari mfTt'(DDampzimum
In cam infulam qua dudum ^obana rocari din appultmue:iu
l^'a ciu9 lirtU90ccidcnrem rerfue aliquanrulumpzocefTiztamq)
cam magna nullorcperro fins «nucn!:rrnon infulam: fedcontf
nenrnn (£batai prouinciam dTe crediderinnnulla tn videnB op/
pida munidpiaue in mari ti mi9 1'tta ronftnib^ p;f err aliquos x\i
C091 pzedia rufbca-'cumqoo? incolie loqui nrquibamquarcfl
tiiul acno9ridebanr funipiebanrfugam>'p:o^ediebarrItra:
ccifhman9 aliqua me rrbem n llafue inuenrnrum«(Denic9 rtdFa
0( longe admodum p^ogrelTig nibil noui emergebatn bmoi via
no9 ad Septcnrrionem deferebat:q»ipfefugercc>:opraba:tcrrt9
ercnim regnabatbiuma: ad JBuftrfrnK^eratin voro1:drend<r($
LOLUMBUS' LETTER NO. HI.
bly this copy (Royal Library, Munich) which was followed
by Pilinski in bis Paris fac-similc (20 copies in 1858), which
does not reproduce these leaves, though it is stated by
some that the defective liritish Museum copy was his
Huide. Bartlett seems in error in calling this f.ac-siinile a
copy of the Libri-Lenox copy.^
V. Efistohi de ittsnlis dc novo repartis^ etc. .Sni.-lll
qu.irto, four leaves, gothic, 39 lines : woodcut on
verso of first leaf. Printed by Guy Marcliand in
Paris, about 1494. Addressed to Sanxis. Cosco is
called Aliander. Ferdinand only named.
This is Lenox's {Scyllacins, ji. xlv.), Major^s, and
Harrisse's fifth (iVo^fj on Colitinbtts, p. 122: Bibt, A-mer.
I'cf., p. 5) edition.
The Teniaux copy, now in the Carter-lirowii Library,
was for some time supposed to be the only copy known ;
but Harrisse says the text reprinted by Rosiiy in Paris, in
1865, as from a copy in the National Library at Paris, cor-
responds to this. This reprint (125 copies) is entitled,
Lettrc de Christof'hi; Colottd' sitr At dhouvcrtf dit nou*
Vi'au jHOJidL'. l^iibiih' d\i/'f'^s la rarisshnc version Lat'
ine coHiervh' ii iti Bibliotiiiiiue Intfi^r'ale, Traduite en
FrtiH^ais, cotnjni'nth- felc] /'ar LucicH de i\oiny^ Paris :
,. J
' But coinp.tre his Cooke Calalosuc, 110. 575 j .ilso, Pinart-Bonrbourg Catalogue, \>. 249.
VOL. II. — 7.
1
1, ' "*
'|l
i"
i; I ;
IfH
'.! '
i
1
,'i
/ 1'
i-i,.
50
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
REVERSE OF TITLE OF NOS. V. AND VI.
J. Gay, 1865. 44 pages octavo. This edition was publislied
under the auspices of the "ComitiS d'Arch(Sologie Arneri-
c.iine." *
VI. Epistola de imulis ttoviUr rcffcrtiSi etc. Small
quarto, four leaves, gotliic, 39 lines ; woodcut on
verso of first leaf. Guiot Marchant, of I'ari.'i,
printer. Addressed to Sauxis. Cosco is called
Aliander. Ferdinand only named.
This is Major's sixth edition ; Harrisse {Notes on
Cohtinbus^ p. 122; Hibl. Atiier. i'ef.y »"o. 6) and Lenox
{Scyllacius, p. xlvii) also place it sixth. There are fac-
similes of the engraved title i'l Harrisse, Lenox, and
Stevens's A vierican Bibliof;r(jphcr, p. 66.
There are copies in the Carter-Brown, liodleian
(Douce), and University of Giitti \gen libraries', one is
also show 1 in tile Murphy Catal(\i;uc no. 630.
John Harris, Sen., made a fac-simile edition of five
copies, one of whicli is in the I'ritish Museum,
VII. Epislola Cristophori Colom, etc Small quarto,
four leaves, gothic, 3S lines. Addressed to Sanxis.
Th. Martens is thought to be the printer.
This edition has only recently been made known. Cf,
Brunei, SuppUment, col. 276. The only copy known is ic
the Bibliothique Royale at Brussels.
The text of all these editions scarcely varies,
except in the use of contracted letters. Lenox's
collation was rcjirinted, without the cuts, ni the
Ilistorica! Miigazim, February, 1861. Other bill-
liographical accounts will be found in Graossc,
Trespr; BibUothcai Gn.iviUhuia, i. 15S; Sabin,
Dictionary, iv. 274; and by J. H. IIcsscls in
the BihliophiU Bel^e, vol. vi. The "-uts are also
in |)art reproduced in some editions ot Irving's
Life of Columbus, and in the I'ita, by Bossi.'-
In 1494 this Cosco-Sanchcz text was ap-
penilcd to a drama on the capture of firan.ida,
which was printed at ISasle, beginning [11 Uii-
i/em Soriiissimi Fcrdiiuindi, and ascril)ed to
Carohis Veradus. The "])c insulis ntipcr in-
ventis " is found at the thirtie»:i leaf [BiH.
1 M. de Rosny was born in iSio, and died in iS;i. M. Geslin published a jiaper on his works in the Ades
U la Sociitc (V Ethnologic, vii. 115. A paper by Kosny on the " Lettre de Christoph Coloinbe," with his vcr-
.siun, is found in the Kcvuc OricntaU ct Amcricaino, Paris, 1S76, p. Si.
- The earliest Knijlish version of this letter followed some one edition of the Cosco-Sanchez text, and
appeared in the Edinburgh Review in 1S16, and was reprinted in the Analcctic Magazine, ix. 51-5. A trans-
lation was also appended by Kettell to his edition of the Personal Nariitivc. There is another i* the
Historical Afagazinr, April, 1S65, ix. 114.
COLUMBUS AM) IIIS DISC0\"ER1ES.
51
j4iiltr. .''</., no. 15; Lenox's 6Vy/i;i;/«j, p. xlviii ;
Major, no. 7; diitcr-Bi-oi.^n i\i(,ilo,i;iii\ no. 13).
There arc copies in the Carter-Iirown, Harvard
College, and Lcno.x libraries.'
Uy ( Ictobtr, in the year of the first api'.ear-
ance (1493) "f t''^ Cosco-Sanchcz text, it had
been turned 'wWoottaTa yiiiui by (iuiliano Dati,
a popular poet, to be sung about the streets,
as is supposed ; i.nd two cditi(jns of this verse
are now known. The earliest is in quarto,
lilack letter, two columns, and was printed in
Florence, and called Qitcsu c la Ilystoria . . .
•xtracte diina E/'istota C/instc/niio Colombo.
It was in four leaves, of coarse type and
l)aper; but the second and third leaves ar-?
lacking in the unique copy, now in the Brit-
ish Museum, which was procured in 1858 from
the Costabile sale in "aris.'-'
The other editio.i, dated one day later
(Oct. :6, I4<)3), printed also at Florence, and
called La Lt-tU'i-a dcWisolc, etc., is in Roman
type, ([uarto, four leaves, two columns, with
a woodcut title rejjresenting Ferdinand on the
European, and CoUnnbus on the New World
shore of the ocean.^ The copy in the British
Museum was bought for 1,700 francs at the
Libri sale in Paris ; and the only other copy
known is in the Trivulgio Library at Milan.
In 1497 a German translation, or adaptation,
from Cosco's Latin was i)rinted by Bartlomesz
Kiisker at Strasburg, with the title Kyii sclton
\iibsch Usui voii illii-hcii iiisz/c'i/ die do in kurtzot
zvtea fiitiden syiid diinh d? kiinii; von hispania,
•.■nd saj;! vo i;roszin 'icnndcrlicU-n din^cn die in de
sclbe inszL-ii synd. It is a black-letter quarto of
>even leaves, with one blank, the woodcut of the
title being repeated on the verso of the seventh
leaf.* There are copies in the Lenox ( Libri copy)
and Carter-Brown libraries; in the Greiiville and
Until collections; and in the library at Munich.
iitolat)etnrul/0not)i
COLUMBUS I.EITER NO. VI.
The text of the Cosco-Sanchez letter, usually
quoted by the early writers, is contained in the
Bcllnin C/iristianorum Piincipnm of Robertas
Monarchus, printed at Basle in 1533.''
1 It was priced by Rich in 1S44 at .C6 f«. ; and liy Robert Clarke, of Cincinnati, in i8;fi, at S200. There
was a cnpy in the J. J. Cooke sale { 1SS3), vol. iii. no. 5-4, .and another in tlie Murphy sale, no. 2,602.
- Sabin, vol. v. no. iS.djfi; Major, p. xc, where the poem is reprinted, as also in Ilanisse's Notes on
Columbus, p. 186, Bibl. Aincr, Vet., no. S, p. 461. This first edition has sixty-seven oct.ivcs ; the second,
sixty-eight. Stevens's Hist. Coll., vol. i. no. I2(), sliows a fac-siiiiile of the imperfect first edition.
^ iVotes on Columbus, ]i. 1 ,15 ; Bibl. Amcr. Vet., no. 9 ; Ailditions, no. ;, ; Lenox's Scylhuius, p. Iii. The
last stanza is not in tlie otlier edition, and there are other revisions. A fac-siniile of the cut on the title of this
Oct. 2(1, I49-;, edition is annexed. Otlier fac-similcs arc given by Lenox, and Rii^o in his Ccsiiiiehte d,s /,ci-
tallers <lcr Rntdakuiii;cii. p. 247. This edition was rejirinted at Bologna, iS;?, edited by Gustavo UzicUi, as
no. 136 of Siiita di curiosila Icttcraric incdilc, and a reprint of Cosco's Latin text was inchided.
•• Lenox's Scyllacius. p. Iv, with fac-similes of the cuts; Bibl. Amcr. Vet., no. 10: Notes on Columbus,
p. 123; Hutli, i. 337. The elder Harris niiide a tracing of this edition, and Stevens had six copies printed
from stone ; and of these, copies are noLed in 'he C. Fiske-Uarris Catalogue, no. 553 ; Murphy, no. 632 ! Hrinley,
no. 14 ; Stevens's (iS;o) Catalogue, no. 459; and Hi:. Coll., vol. i. nos. 130. 13'!. The text w.as reprinted in
the h'lieiuiselies Areiiiv, xv. 17. It was also included in Fin selione neve /.eytung, printed at .\ugsl)iirg about
1522, of which there are copies in the Lenox and Carter-Brown liljraries. .'^eyllaeius, p. hi ; lininet, Supfli-
meat, col. 277 ; Harrisse, Bd'l. Amcr. Vc/., no. 115. Tlie latest enumeration of these various editions is in the
Studi Nog. c bibliog. della Soe. Geog. Ital., 2d edition, Rome, 1SS2, p. 191, which describes some of the
rare co|iie5.
6 Ilarri e, 3ibl. Amcr. Vet., no. 175 ; Carter-Brown, no. 105 ; Lenox, Scyllacius, p. Iviii ; Stevens, Hist.
Coll.. vol. i. no. 163, and Bibl. Geog., no. 2,383; Muller (1872), no. 3S7; J.J.Cooke, no. 2,183; O'Callaghan,
no. 1,836. The letter is on pages 1 16-121 of the Bellum, etc. The next earliest reprint is in Andrras Scliott's
Hisfiiuiit illustrator, F'ankfort, 1603-1608, vol. ii. (S.abin, vol, viii. no. 32,005 ; Midler, 1S77, no. 2.914 : Stevens,
1S70, no. 1,845). f'f '''c '■'>ter reproductions in other languages than English, mention may be made of diose in
Amati's Riccrche .S.'orieo-Critieo-Seieutifielu-, 1S28-1830 ; liossi's Vila di Colombo, 181S; Urano's edition of
liossi, Paris, 1S24 and 1S25 : the Spanish rendering of a collated Latin text made by the royal librarian Oon-
52
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
11/
m>^
i.^i.iiii A-h-tr^-tr^V^ Jl.tc^M-K^nV^(;(.^
»••
THE IjVNDING of COLUMBUS.
iiii
,11 •*
B. Landkali,. — It is a matter of contro-
versy what was Giianahani, the first land seen
by Columbus. The main, or rather the only,
source for the decision of this question is the
Journal of Columbus; and it is to be regretted
that Las Casas did not leave unabridged the
parts preceding the landfall, as he did those
immediately following, down to October 29.
Not a word outside of this Journal is helpful.
The teslinnjny of the early maps is rather mis-
leading than reassuring, so conjectural was their
geography. It will be remembered that land
zalez for Navarretc, and the I" ranch version in tlic Paris edition of Navarrete ; G, li. Torre's Scrilti di Cohiiilio,
Lyons, 1S64 ; Cartas y tataincnlo di Colon, Madrid, iSSo. There is in Muratori's Kcriim Italicnnim scri/'torcs
(iii. 301) an account "He navigatiune Colunibi," written in 1409 hy Antonio Gallo, of Genoa; but it adds
nothing to our knowledi^e, being written entirely from Columbus's own letters.
The earliest coni]iikd account from the same sources which ajipcared in print was issued, while Columbus
w.as absent on his last voyage, in the Noiiissimc Hysloriariiiii omnium rifcriiissioiics, t^uc siif-f'lcmoitiim
Siipf'lcmcnti Cronicarum viiiuii/iintiir . . . nsqiic in annum 1502, of Jacopo Filippo l'"orcsti (called liergo-
nienscs, liergonias, or some odier form), whicli was dated at Venice, 1502 (colophon, 1503), and contained a
chapter " l)e insulis in India," on leaf 441, which had not l)oen included in the earlier editions of 14S3, 1484,
14^5, 14S6, and I4i;3, but is included in all later editions (\'enici:, 1506 ; Nuremberg, 1506 ; Venice, 1513, 1524 j
Paris, 1535), except the Spanish translation (Harrissc, IVibl. Aincr, Vet., nos. 42, 13S, 204, and Additions,
nos. II, ;5 ; Sabin, vol. vi. nos. 25,083, 25,084 ; Stevens, 1870, no. 175, ?u ; Carter-Iirown, vol. i. nos. 19, 27;
Murphy, no. 226; Ouantch, no. 11,757, X4). There are copies in the Library of Congress, IIk' Carter-Iirown
end Lenox libr,ines, and in the National Library in Paris.
] :i!
1 I
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
53
CUT IN THE GERMAN TRANSLATION OF THE FIRST LETTER OF COLUMBUS (tITLE).
was first seen two hours after midnight ; and
computations made for Fox show that the moon
was near the third quarter, partly behind the
observer, and would clearly illuminate the white
sand of the shore, two leagues distant. From
Columbus's course there were in his way, as
constituting the Bahama group, — taking the
enumeration of to-day, and remembering that
the sea may have made some changes, — 36
islands, 6S7 cays, and 2,414 rocks. I5y the log,
as included in the Journal, and reducing his
distance sailed by dead reckoning — which then
depended on observation by the eye alone, and
there were also currents to misguide Colum-
bus, running from nine to thirty miles a day,
according to the force of the wind — to a course
west, 2° 49' south. Fox has shown that the dis-
coverer had come 3,458 nautical miles. Apply-
ing this to the several islands claimed as the
landfall, and knowing modern computed dis-
tances, we get the following table : —
Islands.
Course.
Miles.
An
Excess
of
To Grand Turk .
W. 8^ i' S.
2834
624
Mnriguana .
W. 6= 37' S.
3032
426
W.atling . .
W. 4° 38' s.
3'o5
353
Cat ... .
W. 4^ 20' S.
3141
3>7
Saniana . .
W. 5= 37' s.
307'
387
Columbus speaks of the island as being
"small," and again as "pretty large" {bien
^miit/e). He calls it very level, with abundance
of water, and a very large lagune in the middle ;
and it was in the last month of the rainy season,
when the low parts of the islands are usually
flooded.
Some of the features of the several islands
already named will now be mentioned, together
with a statement of the authorities in favor of
each as the landfall.
.San Salvador, or Cat. —This island is
forty-three miles long by about three broad, with
an area of about one hundred and sixty square
miles, rising to a height of four hundred feet, the
loftiest land in the group, and with no interior
water. It is usual in the maps of the seven-
teenth and eighteenth centuries to identify this
island with the Guanahani of Columbus. It is
so consiflered by Catesby in his Xiitiirnl Ilislory
0/ Carolina (1731); by Knox in his Collection
of Voyages (1767); by De la Roquette m the
French version of Xavarretc, vol. ii. (182S) ;
and by liaron de Montlezuu in the iVoiifelles
aiiiiales lies voyaj^'es, vols. x. and xii. (1S2S-1S29).
Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, of the United
States Xavj', worked out the ])roblem for
Irving; and this island is fixed ujion in the
latter's Li/e of Cclumbus, app. xvi., editions
of 1828 and 1848. Hcchcr claims that the mod-
ern charts used by Irving were imperfect ; and
he calls " not worthy to be called a chart " the
54
NARRATIVE AM) CRITICAL HISTORY Ol-' AMERICA.
! i\
(••
', :■; ;,
1>
[(Pr^oupmiflft^crfc^iflftmg'^eo mors Qiflo/tttie ay^
Ijofi von ^ifbanid fc^bt '^em f uni(j von ^tfpaim v5
lmtn^cn4e9lari&93ntrtCT{F^cmfl"/?6fl«6W 0«
taiu .^a^o rtiiffet am mitten Turc^ ^as lant>e ui*ou
Jifi %e \nx>\[ci^ m62. ^ie ernJIic^cn etf imt)cn ^ar, vit
^e ^u (ititjen gefd^icft if? mir ^ilff vn gcofer rc(?iffim0« H»m
ouc^ctlu^ vojfagung v6 ^en in^lcru ©ee grogmcc^rigifteii
funig9jFcrad-oo0cnanrvoftf)iTpainadfWacl)^«m vfWD icff
gefaren bm von ^ern gcf?a5t ^ce la^iDevon f^ifpiniiL%o man
iiCTinet Colunas ^crcuko. oOerrvon eao 9er tpidtJ)m ic? gtf 4^
rrti in %p vnt> "?Jf ffig t jgen irt ^ao mDi fd^ m*^Z)o ^ab u$ gc^
fif '5cn vil in^lcn rnit onsalber volcfo wo^afftig^l^ic ^ab ic9
aUtngenomen mit vff gewojffnem bjncrvnfcre mec^tigiilm
f ufiige.SniiD nrmian ^at fici^ gtna>i*DCtt noc^^.ininT)er gcfhlt
ill f cincrlcr a'eg4rBi€ erfl 9ic ic^ gcfunDc ^ab^ ^abc id^ gc^
^ciffcn^ui faluarone.lDao i|l 5u riierrc^^cog^rlic^en be§al
to© vff fehg mac9era.5uein€rgc&cc^tnrg ffnn: wunCCTlicfe
golden nuieflat 9it rmr^ar 56 ge^olfcn ^ar.vii ^k von5nt)u
^eiffent fic gwanagjm'froic an^er ()ab icf? gcgeiflTen vn0 fro
tpen cnpferignp^rfl&lil Die 9jft f^ab ici^gei^eiffen fcman&ma
nac^^cs fjMge naincn.Oic vicrtjc ^ab ic8 geb'eiffcn "?u: ^ub
fc^e infeL^TJ©ic fUnffte ic^ananuvno (^ab al fo ciricr f cghc^
cnptcn namen gcgebau^lnt> ale bjlt> ic^ fain in %c in^el \o'/
^annamal/bgcnant^ofitnc^an^CTngcflare ^nuffgegcii oc
Ctoent tpert3/"da fanb ic^^ie mfcl lang vnnx) fcm eaoc*9ar an*
)Da0ic96Ct>dcBie6 wereingant) lano.vnwcr^ic p«)uuit3 3u
Cflt^eigenant,E)o fa^eicf) oucfi fane fjert nod) fd^lojfer nm
0c|?at)e^e8 m6iC0»ou ctlic^eburen ()iifevfUrilvnwD gcflcocl
vnt^'^ee felbenglici^en^^tJmit ?en fdbcn^wonem tnoc^c
ft t
GERMAN TRANSLATION OF THE FIRST LETTER OF COLUMnUS (TEXT").
I ''
I
1 ■<
i::^
, ;,|
La Cosa map, which so much influenced Hum-
boldt in following Irving, in his Examen criliijiie
(1837), iii. iSi, 1S6-222.
Watlinc's. — This is thirteen miles long by
about six broad, containing sixty square miles,
with a height of one hundred and forty feet, and
having about one third its area of interior water.
It was first suggested by Munoz in 1793. Cap-
tain liecher, of the Royal Navy, elaborated tlie
arguments in favor of this island in the Jonriitil
of thi: Royal Geographical Society, xxvi. 1S9, and
Proceedings, i. 94, and in his I.aiiJfall of Coliiiii-
bus on his First yoyai;e to America, London, 1.S56.
Peschel took the same ground in his Geschichte
ties Zeitalters der Entdechiingen (1S5S). R. H.
Major's later opinion is in sujjport of the same
views, as shown by him in the fournal of the
Royal Geographical Society (187 1 ), xvi. 193, and
Proceedings, xv. 210. Cf. Alw Quarterly Keviav,
October, 1S56.
Lieut. J. 15. Murdock, U. S. N., in a paper on
" Tlie Cruise of Columbus in the lialiamas,
1492," i)ublishcd in the Proceedings (April, 1SS4,
p. 449) of the United States Naval Institute
vol. X, furnishes a new translation of tlie pas-
sages in Columbus' Journal bearing on the sub-
ject, and made by Professor Montaldo of the
Naval Academy, and rejjcats the map of the
COLUlUnUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
55
5V
.^^
^^
oCONCLPTlON
■«RUMCAY
LONG
SA^N-A
rCRTUNl,
V?.^^-'
c%*
.N^:
v^^''
cn>>^
.^^
i^'
"S,
#
THE BAHAMA GROUP. '
modern survey of the Bahamas as given by Fox.
Lieutenant Murdock follows and criticises the
various theories afresh, and traces Columbus'
track backward from Cuba, till he makes the
landfall to have been at Watling's Island. He
points out also various indications of the Jour-
nal which cannot be made to agree with any
supposablc landfall.
Grand Turk. — Its size is five and one half
by one and a quarter miles, with an area of
seven square miles ; its highest part seventy feet ;
and one third of its surface is interior water,
Navarrcte first advanced arguments in its favor
in 1S25, and Kettell adopted his views in the
Boston edition of the Persona/ A^arrativc of
Columbus. George Gibbs argued for it in the
f ',
1 : !
1 This map is sketched from the chart, made from the most recent surveys, in the United States Coast-Survey
Office, and given in Fox's monograph, with the several routes marked down on it. Other cartograpliical illu3-
trations of tlie subject will be found in Moreno's maps, made for Navarrete's Colcccion in 1S25 (also in the
Frencli version) ; in Becher's paper in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, x.wi. 1S9, and in his
Landfall of Columbus : \\\ Varnhagen's Das wa/ire Guanahani ; in Major's paper in the Journal of the
Royal Geographical Society, 1871, and in his second edition of the Select Letters, where he gives a modern map,
with Herrera's map (1601) and a section of La Cosa's ; in G. 15. Torre's Scritti ili Colombo, p. 214 ; and in the
section, " Wo liegt Guanahani ? " of Kuge's Gesehichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen, p. 24S, giving all
the routes, except that offered by Fox. See further on tlie subject R. Pietsclmunn's " Bcitriige zur Guanahani-
Frage," in the Zeitschrift fir wissenschaflliche Geographie (iSSo), i. 7, 65, with map; and A. Breusing's
" Zur Gesehichte der Kartographic," in Ibid., ii. 193.
^
, r • li
56
NARRATIVK AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
H'^
III
«■:
n
I ■ '
I I I
I .111 ;
'ill'
'l>
• u
AW*/ K('>'/t Historical Society^! Proctcdiiti^s (\i\(i),
p. 137, and in the llistorical Magazine (Jiinc,
185S), ii. 161. Major adopted 8ucl> "icws in
the first edition (1847) of his Scl ■. Leitcrs 0/
Cotiimhiis.
M.VKIC.UANA. — It ineasiires twenty-three and
one half miles lung by an average of four wide ;
contains ninety-six siinare miles ; rises one hun-
dred and one feet, and has no interior water.
F. A. de Variihagcn publi^lied at Si. Jago de
Chile, in I.S64, a treatise advocating this island
as La vcrUadera Gnanahani, which was reissued
at Vienna, in 1SC9, as Das waltre Guaiiahani dcs
Ciiliiml'usy
Samana, or Attwood's Cay. — This is nine
miles long by one and a half wide, covering eight
and a half S([uare miles, with the highest ridge
of one lumdred feet. It is now uninhabited ; but
ariow-heads and other signs of aboriginal occu-
pation are found there. The Samana of the early
maps was the group now known as Crooked
Island. The present Samana has been recently
selected for the landfall by (lustavus V. Fox, in
the United States Coast Siiney Report, 18S0,
app. xviii., — " An attempt to solve the prob-
lem of the first landing-place of Columbus in
the New World." He epitomized this paper
in the Mai^izine of Amtrican History (April,
1883), p. 240.
C. F.I'IF.rT OI'- Till'. DiSCOVF.RV IN F.UROPR.
— During the interval between the return of
Columbus from his first voyage and hi.s again
treading the soil of Spain on his return from
the second, 1494, we naturally look for the effect
of this astounding revelation upon the intelli-
gence of Furope. To the Portuguese, who had
rejected his pleas, there may have been some
chagrin, Faria y Sousa, in his Eiiro/'a J'ortii-
Xnesa, intimates that Columbus' purpose in put-
ting in at the Tagus was to deepen the regret of
the Portuguese at their rejection of his views;
and other of their writers afiirm his overbearing
manner and conscious pride of success. The in-
terview which he had with John II. is described
in the Lyiiro das ohras de Gareia de A'esende.'^
Of his reception by the Spanish monarchs at
Harcelona," we perhaps, in the stories of the
historians, discern more embellishments than
Ovicdo, who was present, would have thought
the ceremony called for. George Sumner (in
1844) naturally thought so signal an event would
find some record in the " Anals consulars " of
that city, which were formed to inake note of
SIGN-MANUALS OF FERDINANP AND ISABELLA.
I SuJP importanza d'lin maunscritto iiiedito delta Bibliotcca Impcrialc di Vienna per vcrificare quale /«
la prima isola scopcrta dal Colombo, . . . Con una carta gco^^raphka, Vienna, 1869, sixteen pages. Yarn-
hagen's paper first appeared in the Anales de la Univcrscdad de Chile, vol. xxvi. (January, 1864).
■^ Evora, 1545, and often reprinted. Harrisse, Notes on Columbus, p. 45 : Dibt. Amer. Vet., no. 265.
3 A fac-simile of Irving's manuscriiit of his accoimt of this reception is given in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc.
\x. 201.
v);!
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
Sf
the ciiinmoiicst daily events ; l)ut he cmiUl liml
in them no ii\(lii;iition of the advent of the dis-
coverer of new lands.' It Is of far more import-
ance for us that jirovision was soon made for
future records in the estaMishment of wliat he-
(inie finally the " Casa de la Contrataeion do
las Indias," at this time put in charge of Juan
(le Konseca, who controlled its affairs through-
out the reign (jf Ferdinand. '•' We have seen how
apparently an eager ])nl)lic curiosity prompted
more frei|uent impressions of Cnlumbus' letter
In other lands than in .^paiu itself; lint there
was a bustling reporter at the Spanish Court
fond of letter-writing, having cnrrespondeivts in
distant part.s, and to him we owe it, probably,
that the news spread to some notable people.
This w.is I'eter Martyr d' Anghiera. He dated
at Harcclona, on the ides of May, a letter mention-
ing the event, which he sent to Joseph liorromeo ;
and he rejjeated the story in later epistles, written
in September, to Ascanio Sfor/.a, Tendilla, and
Talavera.'' There Is every reason to suppose
that Martyr derived his information directly
from Columbus himself. He was now probably
about thirty-seven years old, and he had some
years before ac(piired such a reputation for learn-
ing and elo(pience that he had been invited from
Italy (he was a native of the Duchy of Milan)
to the Spanish Court. His letters, as they have
come down to us, begin about five years before
this,' and it is said that just at this time (1493)
he began the composition of his Decades. Las
Casas has borne testimony to the value of the
Decades for a knowledge of Columbus, calling
them the most worthy of credit of all the early
writings, since Martyr got, as he says, his ac-
counts directly from the Admiral, with whom
he often t.alked. Similar testimony is given to
their credibleness by Carbajal, Gomez, Vergara,
and other contemporaries." lleginning with
MuRo/, there has been a tendency of late years
to discredit Martyr, arising from the confu-
sion and even negligence sometimes discerni-
ble in what he says. Navarrete was inclined
to this derogatory estimate. Hallam* goes so
far as to think him open to grave suspicion
of negligent and pali>able imposture, antedat-
ing his letters to appear prophetic. On the
other hand. I'rcscott ' contends for his veracity,
and trusts his intimate familiarity with the
scenes he describes. Helps interprets the dis-
order of his writings as a merit, because it is
a reflection of his unconnected thoughts and
feelings on the very day on which he recorded
any transacti(m.''
What is thought to be the earliest mention
in print of the new discoveries occurs in a
book published at Seville in 1493, — ^■"•' ''■"'''"
i/(is i/<'/ ])iKtor AloHso Ortiz. The reference
is brief, and is on the reverse of the 43(1 folio."
Not far from the same time the llishop of
Carthagena, liernardin do Carvajal, then the
Spanish ambassador to tho Tope, ilelivered an
oration in Kome, June 19, 1493, in which he
made reference to tho late discovery of un-
known lands towards the Indies.''' These refer-
ences are all scant ; and, so far as we know
from the records preserved to us, the great
event of the age m.ade as yet no impression on
the public mind demanding any considerable
recognition.
D. Second Voyage (Sept. 25, 1493, to June
II, 1496). — Kirst among the authorities is the
narrative of Dr. Chanca, the physician of the
Expedition. The oldest record of it is a manu-
script of the middle of the sixteenth century, in
the Real Academia de la Historia at Madrid.
n
II
1(1
1 Prescott, Ferdinand and Isabella (1873), ii. 170; M.-ijor's Select Letters, p. Ixvi ; Harrisso, Biil. Amer,
Vet., Addiliints, p. ix.
3 Irving's Columbus, app. xxxii.
8 Humboldt (Examen critique, ii. 279-294) notes the letters referring to CoUimbus ; and Harrisse,
{Notes on Co/iD/itms, p. 129) reprints these letters, with translations. In the 1670 edition the Columbus refer-
ences are on pp. 72-77, Si, 84, 85, SS-90, 92, 93, 96, loi, 102, 1 16.
* There are eifjht hundred and sixteen in all (14SS to 1525), and about thirty of them relate to the New
World. He died in 1525.
6 Prescott, Finlmand a>td Isabella (1873), ii. 76.
• Literature of Europe, vol. i. cap. 4, § 88.
' Ferdinand and Isabella (1S73), ii. 507, and p. 77. Referring to Hallam's conclusion, he says: " I suspect
this acute and candid critic would have been slow to adopt it had he perused the correspondence in connection
with the history of the times, or weighed the unqualified testimony borne by contemporaries to Martyr's minute
accuracy."
8 Harrisse, Bibl. Amer. Vet., p. 282; Irving, Columbus, app. xxvii. ; Brevoort's Verrazano, p. 87 ; H. H.
Bancroft's Central America, i. 312. A bibliography of Martyr's works is given on another p.ige.
'J Ticknor Catalogue, p. 255 ; Harrisse, Notes on Columbus, p. 135 ; Dibl. Amer. Vet., no. 10 ; Sabin,
vol. xiv, no. 57,714.
'" It is not certain when this discourse was printed, for the publication is without date. H,arrisse, Notes on
Columbus, p. ijC) ; Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 1 1 ; Sabin, vol. iii. no. 1 1,175 ! Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. i. no. 4.
There are copies of this little tract of eight leaves in the Force Collection (Library of Congress), and in the
Lenox and Cartcr-Iirown libraries. Others are in the Vatican, Grenville Collection, etc. Cf. Court, no. 255.
VOL. II. — 8.
'I
I: .
5
s
NAURAI IVi: AM) CKIl ICAI. IIISIDUY UK AMERICA.
VI'
KM
''!",.!
Kriim iliiH N'.ivarrttc priiitrd it fnrtlic I'lmt liim,'
iiMilir the ijtie «)( " Siijiimlii Viage ilc ('risti)l),il
CuIdii," in liin ('(>/, 11 iiiii, i. |(>S.
Nut •in directly cii(;iii/aiit of events, l)iit >!cl-
lin^ his liiforiiiatiiin at secniid hand Ironi (iii^li-
elmo Coma, — a iinlilu pcniDiiane in Spain,
wan Nicolas Styllatius, of I'avia, who translated
Coma's letters into Latin, and piiMished his nar-
rative, /)f iiiiiilis mcriiiiaiii iili/ii,' iiiilui iiniri.i
Hiif'i-r iin'dilis, (lidicatint; it to I.ndovico Sfor/a,
at I'.ivia (Itrunct thinks I'isa), in 1594 or 1595.
< >f tliis littlo ipi.irtn ihrre are three copies known.
( ine is in the l.cno.\ I,il)rary ; .md from tliiscopy
.Mr. I.eno.t, in 1.S59, reprinted it snin|)luonsly
(one hundred and two copies'-), with .1 Ir.msla-
tion liy tlie Kev. Jolm Miilli^an. In .Mr. Lenox's
Introduction it is said that liis copy li.ul origin-
ally liclonged to M. Dlivieri, of I'.irina, .ind tlien
to the Marcpiis Kocca Saporiti, before it came
into Mr. l.*ni>.\'s hands, and that the only other
copy known was an inferior one in the library of
the Mail, i^ Trivnizio at Milan. This last copy
is i)rol)ably one of the two copies which Ilarrisse
reports as being in the palace library at .Madrid
and in the Thottiana (Royal Library) at Copen-
hagen, respectively.'' Scyllacius adils a few de-
tails, cnrrcnt at that time, which were not in
Coma's letters, and seems to have interpreted
the account of his correspondent as hnplying
that Columbus had reached the Indies by the
I'ortiignese route round the Cape of (iood
Hope. Konchini has conjectured that this blun-
der may have caused the cancelling of a large
part of the edition, which renders the little book
so scarce ; but Lenox neatly replies that " almost
all the contemporaneous accounts are equally
rare. "'
Another sccond-hanil account — derived, how-
ever, most probably from the Admiral himself —
is that given by Peter Martyr in his first Decade,
published in 151 1, and more at length in 1516.^
Accompanying Columbus on this voyage was
Bernardus liuell, or lioil, a monk cf St. Dcnoit,
in Austria, who was sent bv I'ope .Mcxander VI
as vii ar-generai of the niw l.mds, to like charge
of the nuasurt ri for ediK.iling ,ind i onvtrting the
Indians.'' It will be remembered he afterward
became a caballerag.iiiist the .Admiral. What he
did there, and a little of what Cohmibiis did, one
Kranciscus llonorius I'liiloponus sought to tell
ill a very curious book, i\'i«7',; /ly/t /niiisiitfii
>iiii/\'<i/it) iiifi orbis liitlur lucijiiiliithf' which
was not printed till 16*1. It is deilicated to
Caspariis I'laiitius, and it is suspected that he
is really the author of the book, while he as-
sumed another n.iine, more easily to laud himself.
Ilarrisse describes the book as having "few
ilctailsof an early dale, mixed willi much sec-
ondhand information of a perfectly worthless
char.icter."
.So far as we know, the only contemporary
references in a printed book to the new iliscov-
eries during the progress of the second voyage,
or in the interval previous to the undertaking of
the third voy.agc, in the spring of t.ti>S, arc these :
The Piis A'i;»vv«.i(7;;^(Ship of Fools) of Sebas-
tian Itrant, a satire on the follies of society,
published at liasle in l-Cj.),'' and reprinted in
Latin in 1497, i4i>S, and in French in i49;', 1498,
and 1499,'* has a brief mention of the land jire-
vioiisly unknown, until Ferdinand discovered in-
mimerable people in the great Spanish ocean.
Zacharias Lilio, in his De orii^ine ct l,iiiiiibut
scicntianim, Florence, 1496," has two allusions.
In 1497 Fedia Inghirami, keeper of the Vatican
Archives, delivered a funeral oration on Prince
John, son of Ferdinand and Isabella, and m.adc
a reference to the New World. The little book
was probably printed in Rome. There is also a
reference in the Cos>Hoi;>-ti/'/ii,i ol Antonius Ne-
brissciisis, printed in 1498.'''
E. TliiRi) VovAdE (Miiy 30, 1498, to Nov.
20, Ijoo). — Our knowledge of this voyage is
derived at first hand from two letters of Colum-
bus himself, both of which are printed by Na-
n,
l^i
1 It Is siven in Italian in Torre's Scritii di Colomlro, p. 372 ; and in F.nslish in Major's Select Letters of
Columbus, repeated in the appiiulix of Lenox's reprint of .Scyllacius. The '' .Memorial . ■ . sobre el succso
de su segundo vi.ige \ las Iiulias," in Navarrete, is also printed, with a tranr^lation, by Major, p. 72.
- Tlicy were all presentation-copies ; but one in Leclerc, no. 2,c)Cio, is priced 400 francs. The Mcnzies
copy brought S
•' Ilarrisse, liit'l. Amcr. Vet., no. 1(1 ; Nates on Columl'us, p.
Cf. Inloruo ail un rnrissimo ofuseulo
tli Nheoli) Siilliicio, Modcna, iSi^i, by Ainadeo Konchini, of I'arnia.
* Cf. autc a note for the bibliog.-aphy of Martyr, in Vol. 1.
^ Ilarrisse, Notes on Columbus, p. 36, refers, for curious details about rtucll, to Pasqiial's Descubrimientc
de la situacion tie la .Imeriia, Madrid, i7.Sr), and the letter of tlie I'ope to lioil in Ro^^i's Del discaceiamenio
Ji Colombo datla Spagnuola, Rome, 1.S51, p. 7fi.
8 There are two copies in Harvard College Library. Cf. Kich (1852), no. 159, .£2 2s.; Cartcr-lirown,
U. no. 252; Oiiaritcli, .£() \(^s. (ul,; O'CalKighaii, no. 1,841 ; .Murjihy, no. 1,971 ; Court, nos. 271, 272.
' Harrisse, Ji/bl. Amcr, Vet., no. 2,
8 Carter-lirown, vol. i. nos. iC), 17, 276, 356; Bibl. Amcr. P'et., nos. 5, (>.
" Folios II and 40. Cf. Bibl. Amer. Kt., no. 17 ; Sabin,vol.x. no. 41,067. Harrisse, Notes on Cotumbu:
r. 55, says Rich errs in stating that an earlier work of Lilio (141)3) has a reference to the discovery
^" Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 7.
COLUMUUS AND HIS DISCOVICRIES
SEBASTIANVS BnANDVS
furiTconrukus.
59
lUinfiorifiAmfottraiih&fmiiltJIefaitdi:
SEBASTIAN nRANT.
varrcte, and by Major, with a translation. The
first is addressed to the sovereigns, and fol-
lows a copy in Las Casas's hand, in the Archives
of the Duque del Infantado. The other is ad-
dressed to the nurse of Prince John, and follows
a copy in the Munoz Collection in the Real
Acadeniia at Madrid, collated with a copy in
the Columbus Collection at Genoa, printed by
Spotorno.'-'
F. Fourth Voyage (,1/,y 9, 1502, la Xov.
7, 1504). — While at Jamaica Columbus wrote
I fi
* Fac-simile of cut in Reusner's hones, Strasbur^, 1590.
' llarrisse, Nolcs on Columbus, no. 126. The Coronica de Araxfn, of Fabriciiis de Vat;ad, which w.is pub-
lished in 1499, makes reference to the new discoveries {BiM. Amur. Kt'/., Adilithns, no. 9), as does the Coronhit
van Cocllcn, published at Cologne, 1499, where, on the verso of folio ^39, it ^pe.iks of "new lands found, in
which men roam like beasts " (Murphy, no. 254 ; liaer, Incuiiahcln, 1SS4, no. 172, at iCio marks ; Lond(in Cata-
logue (18:^4), .£12 loj.). In 149S, at Venice, was published M.irc. Ant, .S.abellicus' In rafsoJiain liisloihtrion
Jcopy in British Museum), which has a brief account of Columbus' family and his eat' ife. This was enlarged
in the second part, published at Venice in 1504 (Bibl. Amcr. yet., no. 21). \n V > r lost by Columbus on
this voyage, at Trinidad, is said to have been recovered in iSSo {Bulletin de la Soci . 'Hgrafhique d'Anvers,
V. 515V
r
6d
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
I J'
r^i'Hi
tv
MAP OF COLUMBUS' FOUR VOYAGES (WESTERN PART),
' A reproduction of the map in (.liarton's I'oyageiirs, iii. 179.
I ';
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
61
1 '^yaip^ dc^ aii/nii
.-.-.i^"
'PgtnitT'fjtt*'
fcr> f
AS* • ■
!EKlt.E fUR&lE
■f5
sH>
1^
MAP OF COLUMBUS' FOUR VOYAGES.* (EASTERN I'ART.)
1 A reproduction of the map in Charton's Voyafeiirs, iii. 178.
If.
1 ■/!'
Ml
a I
1 ' I,
02
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HLSTCKV OF AMERICA.
til Fcrdinaml and Isaliclla a wiU!, dcsi)oiult,iU
letter,' suggestive of alienation of niiiul. It
liiiiigs the story of the voyage down only to
July 7, 150J, leaving four months unrecorded.
I'inelo says it was printed in the Spanish, as he
wrote it ; but no sucli [jrint is known.- Navar-
retc found in the King's private library, at
Madrid, a manuscript transcript of it, written,
ai)i)arentlv, about the middle of the si.xteenth
century ; and this he i)rintcd in his Colvccioit.'^
It was translated into Italian by Costanzo
ISayucra, of Brescia, and published at Venice,
in 1 505, as Cii/'M de lu Icltcra per CoU'inho
mandiUa.^ Cavaliere Morelli, the librarian of
St. Mark's, reprinted it, with conmicnts, at
liassano, in iSio, as Lcttcia rtu-issiiim di Cris-
toforo Colombo'" Navarrete prints two other
accounts of this voyage, — one by Diego I'or-
ras;** the other by Diego Mcndez, given in his
last will, preserved in the Archives of the Duke
of Vcraguas.l
While Columbus was absent on this voyage,
as already mentioned, ISergonias had recorded
the .'Vdmiral's fnst discoveries."
G. LivKs AND XoricKS OK Coi.i:.\iiii:s. —
Ferdinand Columbus — if we accept as his the
Italian |>ublication of 1571 — tells us that the
fatiguing career of his father, and his infirmi-
ties, prevented the Admiral from writing his
own life. For ten years after his death there
were various references to the new discoveries,
l)ut not a single attemjjt to commcmnrati-, by
even a brief sketch, the life of the discoverer.
Such were the mentions in the Coiniiientarionim
urlhiiioruin lihri of Maffei,'' published in 1506,
and again in 1511; in Walter Ludd's Spctiiti
obis, etc. ; '' in K. Petrarca's C/iroiihu ; " and in
the Oralio^'- o( Marco Dandolo (Naples), — all
in 1507. In the same year the narrative in the
J'iii'si vovamciile rclnr:<i!li (1507) established an
account which was repeated in later editions,
and was followed in the i\\':'iis orbis of 153-.
The ne.\t year ( 1 50S) we find a reference in the
Omtio^-^ of Fernando Tellez at Home; in the
SiippUmcnti dc le chroiiichc r'H^'ij'v, iiavameiite
dill fnilc Jiuobo riiilUpo III anno I 503 vidi^arizz.,
fcr Franccsio C. Fiorcntino (Venice);'* in Jo-
hannes Stamler's J)\'<ilo:^'ns ;'^'" in the rtoleiny
published at Rome with Ruysch's maji ; and in
the Colhrtiinca^'^ of Haptista Fulgosus, published
at Milan.
In 1509 there is reference to the discoveries
in the Opera )iiK;r of the General of the Carmel-
ites, IJattista Mantuanus." Somewhere, from
1510 to 1 519, the j\\~o fnterlnde '^'^ presented
Vespucius to the English public, rather than
Columbus, as the discoverer of .America, as
had already been done by Waldsecmiiller at
St. Die'. In 1511 Peter Martyr, in Ids first
Decade, and Sylvanus, in his annot.atlons of
Ptolemy, drew attention to the New World ;
as did also Johannes Sobrarius in his Pane-
gyrieum carmen de gest/s lieroici' dk'i Ferdinandi
1 Que cscr'ibio D. Cristobal C'^loii a los . . . Key y Keiiia de /Ls/aila. Cf. Harrissc, iVofes on Columbus,
p. 127. It is given, with an Iun;lish translation, in Major's Selee/ LcUcrs ; also in the Relazione delle
scnpcrte fatte da C. Colombo, da A. Vespucei, e da altri dal 1^9' al 1506, iratta dai manoseritti della Eibli-
otcca di Ferrara e pubblicnta per la prima volta ed annolata dal Prof. G. Fcrraro, at liiilogna, in iS-;, as
no. 1.(4 of the Seelta di eiiriosilh letlerarie incdite 0 rare dal sccolo ^m al xvii. A I'rcnch translation is
given m Charton's Voyageiirs, iii. 174.
'- It is usually said that rerdinand Colambus asserts it was jirinted ; but Ilanisse says he can lind no such
statement in Ferdinand's hi;ol{.
3 \\)1. i. pp. 277-313.
• It is a little quarto of six leaves and an additional bl.ink leaf (Lenox, Sryllaeias, p. Ixi ; Ilarrisse, Jiibl.
Amer. Vet., no. 36). There is a copy in the Marciana, which Ilahisse compared with die Morelli reprint, and
says he found the latter extremely faitliful (/j'/W. .4mer. Vet., no. 17J.
s Leclerc, no. 129.
0 In Italian in Torre's Seriiti di Colombo, p. 3ofi.
~< This is also in Italian in Torre, p. 401, and in English in Major's Seleet Letters.
s Ste\-cns (Notes, etc., p. 31) is said by Harrissc {Bibl. Amer. Ve/., .'Idditioiis, p. 35) to be in Jrror m saying
that Valcntini Fernandez's early collccU(,n of Voyai;cs, in Portuguese, and calleil .Mareo Paulo, etc., has any
reference to Columbus.
'■I Bibl. Amer. Vet., nos. 43, 67, ami y. 463; Additions, nos. 22, 40; 'J'homassy, Les papes geosrafilies.
VI Bibl. .Iwer. Vet., no, 49. See the chapter on Vespucius.
" Ibid., .-idditioiis, no. 27.
IJ Ibid., no. 2S.
1" I'oid., no. 30.
"■< Sabin, vol. vi. no. 24,395.
15 Bibl. Amer. Vet., nos. 51, 52; Murphy, nn. 2,353; Stevens, Bud. Geoi;., no. 2,609. There are copies
.11 the Librarv of Congress, Harvard ' Li'v.iry, etc.
'ti Sabin, vol. vii. no. 26,140; > -..i.nvn, vol. i. no. 39; Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 34; Graesse, ii. 645;
Brunet, ii. 1421. There were later editions in 151S, 1565, 1567, 157S, 1604, 1726, etc.
" Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 35.
IS See Vol. 111. pp. 16, 199; Bibl. Amer. Vet., pp. 464, s.'S; and AMiiioiis, no. 38.
! if i
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
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1 Fac-simile of a portion of the page of the Giustuiiani Psalter, which shows the beginning of the marginal
note on Colunilnis.
M;i
■ 1
64
NARRATIVE AND ChMTICAL H1ST''"RV OF \MERICA.
, 1 'V
>IVli
; ' ' ''
h!
.iK( ■ ii
Cii//iolit-i} Tlic Stobnicz;i (Cracow) Appendix
to I'tiikmy prcsL-iUcd a new ni.ip of the Indies
in 151^; and the Chroiiiion of Kusebius, of the
same date, recorded the appearance of some of
the wild men of the West in Rouen, broui^ht
over by a Dieppe vessel. Some copies, at least,
of Antonio de Lebrija's edition of Priidcittii
opera, printed at Lucca, 1512, afford another in-
stance of an early mention of the Xew World.-
Again, in 1513, a new edition of I'lolemy l,.ivc
the world what is thought to have been a niai)
by Columbus hi nself; and in the same year
there was a Siipf-Uiiunttim siipplcinciiti of
Jacobo I'hilippo, of liergomas.-' In 1514 the
De nattira loeoruin (Vienna), of Albertus -Mag-
nus, points again to Vespucius instead of Co-
lumbus; * butCatanii', in a poem on C;en(ja,^
dues not forget her .son, Columbus.
These, as books have jjreserved them for
us, are about all the contemporary references
to the life of the great discoverer for the first ten
years after his death.'' In 1516, where "ve might
least e.\])ect it, we find the earliest small gath-
ering of the facts of his life. In the year of
Columbus' death, Agostino Giustiniani had
bej \\\ the compilation of a polyglot psalter,
which was in this year (1516) ready for publi-
cation, and, with a dedication to Leo X., ap-
peared in Genoa. The editor .innotated the
text, and, in a marginal note to verse four of the
nineteenth Psalm, we find die earliest sketch cf
Columbus' life. Stevens '' says of the note :
"There are in it several points which we do
not find elsewhere recorded, especially respect-
ing the second voyage, and the survey of the
south side of Cu'.ja, as far as Kvangclista, in
^lay, 1494. Almost all other accounts of the
second voyage, e.xcejjr that of liernaldei;, end
before this Cuba excursion began."
Giustiniani, who was born in 1470, died in
1536, and his Anmili di Genoa* was shortly
afterward published (1537), in which, on folio
ccxlix, he gave another account of Columbus,
which, being pubr hcd by his executors with
his revision, repeal 1 some errors or opinions
of the earlier I'salter account. These "vere not
pleasing to Ferdinand Columbus," the son of
the Admiral, — particularly the statement that
Columbus was born of low parentage,— " vilibus
ortus iiarentibus." Stevens points out how
Ferdinand accuses Giustiniani of telling four-
teen lies about the discoverer ; " but on hunt-
ing them out, they all appear to be of Irifiing
consequence, amounting to little more than that
Columbus sprang from humble parents, and
that he and his father were jjoor, earning a live-
lihood by honest toil." '''
To correct what, either from pride or from
other reason-!, he considered the falsities of the
I'salter, IVrdinand was now prompted 'o com-
pose a Lifi; of his father, — or at least ^uch was,
until recent, >, the universal opinion of his au-
thor..,hip oi! the book. As to Ferdinand's own
ulalions to that fuher there is some doubt,
or piutence of iloubt, jiarticularly on the part
of those who have found the general belief
in, and pretty conclusive evidence concerning,
the illegitimacy of Ferdinand an obstacle in
estabh-hing the highly moral character which
11 saint, Uivc Columbus, should have."
' In the ' xtion " invenfi / novarum insiilaruin," Bihl. Amcr. Vet., Adiiilioi:;, no. 39.
'■^ Bruiift, iv. 915; nil' timer. Vet., Additions, no. 44.
••' Ilarrisse, Noter. o- J.'.iun.us, p. 57; Bib!. Amer. Vet., no. 73. There is a copy in the Boston .Vthena^um.
•■ Carter-Brown, no ,.S; Murphy, no. 32.
s Bh/. Amer. Vet., !.• /s
u Cf. bibliograpliical note on Columbus in Chiirton's Voyageurs, iii. 190.
" Historical Colleetioiis, vol. i. no. 1,554; Bil'l. Hist. (1S70), no. 1,661 ; J. J. Cooke, no. 2,092; Murphy,
no. 2,042 (h'-i!,'lit by Cornell University) ; Panzer, vii. 63 ; Graesse, v. 469; Brurtt, iv. 919; Koseiitlual (1884) ;
Baer, /neiintde/n (1SS4), no. 116. Cf. Harrisse, Nates on Columbus, p. 74, for the note and translation; and
other versions in Historical Magazine, December. 1S62, and in tlic Christian Examiner, .September, 1S58.
Also, see Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. S.S, for a full account ; anil the reduced fac-siinile of title in Carter-Brown, vol. i.
no. 51. The book is not very rare, though becoming so, .since, as the French sale-catalogues say, referring to
the note, " Cctte particularite fait de ce livre uu oljjet de haute curiosite pour les collf^ctionneurs Anicricains."
Ilarrisse says of it ; " Although prohibited, confiscated, and otherwise ill-treated by the Court of Rome and the
city authorities of Genoa, this work is frequently met with, — owing, perhaps, to the fact that two thousand
copies were |)rinted, of which only live hundred found purchasers, while the fifty on vellum were distributed
among the sovereigns of liurupe and Asia." (Cf . \'an Praet, Calaloi;ue des livres sur velin, i. 8. ) Its price is,
however, increasing. Forty years ago Rich priced it at eighteen sliillings. Recent quotations put it, in London
and Paris, at £■;, 100 marks, and 1 10 francs. The Fdilor has used the copy in tlie Harvard College Library, and
in the Boston Public Library, — which last belonged to (ieorge Ticknor, who had used George Liverinore's copy
before he himself jiossessed the bonk. Ticknor's .Spanis/i Literature, i. iSS; Mass. Hist. .Soe. Proc., x. 431.
* Bibl. .liner. Vel., no. 220; .Stevens, Historical Collections, vol. i. no. 242. There is a cojiy in Harvard
College Library.
'•' We know that Ferdinand bought a copy of tiiis book in 1537 ; cf. ll.irrissu, Fernaiid Colonib, p. 27.
'" Historical Collections, vol. i. no. 1,554.
»' On the question of ilie connection of Cohi.nbus with his second companion. Donna Bealii.'i Enriquej
\slio was of a respectable family in Cjrdova, — tliat there was a marriage tie has been claimed by Hcriera,
COLUMBUS AND HIS DloC JVERIKS.
C'S
Ferdinand Columbus, or Fernando Colon,
was born three or four years before his father
sailed on his first voyage.' His father's favor
at Court opened the way, and in attent'ance
upon Prince Juan and Queen Isabella he gained
a good education. When Columbus went on
his fourth voyage, in 1502, the boy, then thirteen
years of age, accompanied his father. It is said
that he made two other voyages to the New
World; but liarrissc could only find proof of
one. His later years were passed as a courtier,
in attendance cpon Charles V. on his travels,
and in literary pursuits, by which he acquired a
name for learning. He had the papers of his
father,'- and he is best known by the Life of
Columbus which passes under his name. If it
was written in Spanish, it is not known in its
original form, and has not been traced since
Luis Colon, the Duijue de Veraguas, son of
Diego, took the manuscript to Genoa about
156S. There is sonic uncertainty about it^ later
history; but it appeared in 1571 at Venice in an
f
Italian version made by Alfonzo dc L''oa, and
was entitled Ilistorie del S. D. Fiii.^ M .'-yhmbi);
nelU tjimli j' lia particohve &' veri r:' : i:'iie tfriit
vita, 1^ tic' fiilli Jell' .■lmmirii:;lto /,'. iSkristi'J.'ro
Colombo, sua fadre. It is thought tl..i bis trans-
lation was made from an inaccurate c. .)/ o; ihe
manuscript, and moreover badly made. It be-
gins the story of the Admiral's life with his
fifty-sixth year, or thereabout; and it iias lieen
surmised that an account of his earlier y.'ars —
if, indeed, the original draft contained it —
was omitted, so as not to obscure, bv poverty
and humble station, the beginnings of a lumi-
nous career.-' Ferdinand died at Seville, July
12, 1539,'' and bequeathed, conditionally, his
library to the Cathedral. The collection then
contained about twenty thousan( volumes, in
print and manuscript ; and it is still preserved
there, though, according to liarrissc, much neg-
lected since 1709, and reduced to about four
thousantl volumes. It is known as tlie liiblio-
tcea C!olombina.5 Spotorno says that this
Tiraboschi, Boss!, Roselly de Lorgues, Barry, and Cadoret (Vic dc Colomh, Paris, 1S69 tppcndix); and
that there was no such tic, by Napione (Fatiia di Colomho antl Introtluction to Codicc Coloml>o-Aiiicricaiij),
Spotorno, Navairctc, Humboldt, and Irving. Cf. Hhlorical Magazine (August, 1S67), p. 225; Revue dcs
questions historiqiies (1879), xxv. 21;; x\ngelcj Sanguinetti's SidV origine di Fcrdinando Colombo (Genoa,
1S76), p. 55 ; Giuseppe Antonio Doiidero's L'oncshi di Cristoforo Colombo (GcnoA, 1X77), p. 213; liarrissc,
/'cniaiid Colomb, p. 2 ; U'Avczac, in Bulletin dc la Societe dc Geogratliie (i!>72), p. ly. It may lie noted that
Ferdinand du Gatardi, in dedicating his Trade polUiijuc (Leyden, 1660) to I Jon Pedro Colon, refers to Ferdi-
nand Colon as "Fernando Ilenriqucz." (Stevens, Bill. Gcog., no. 1,147).
The inference from Columbus' final testamentary language is certainly against the lady's clw dty. bi his
codicil he enjoins his son Diego to provide for the respectable maintenance of the mother (u' Fen. ■ .mu. "for
the discharge of my conscience, for it weighs heavy on my soul." Irving and others refer to this s the com-
punction of the last hours of the testatoi-. De Lorgues tries to show that this codicil was made April i, 1502
(though others claim that the document of this date was another will, not yet found), and only copied nt Segovia,
Aug. 25, 1505, aini deposited in legal forni t/idi a notary at ValKadolid, May 19, 13. ■ '.Columbus 1' ii;g May 20,
— the effect of all which is only to carry back, much to Columbus' credit, the ccip- tif:'. tou.i ar'.icr date.
The will (1498), but not the codicil, is given in Irving, app. xxxiv. Cancellii-ri, la ^a tJisse 'js/oh/, gives
it imperfecdy; but it is accurately given in the Transactions oi the Genoa Acai'-p . Cf. Il.'arissc (A'o/fJ' ('»
Columbus) p. 160 ; Torre's Scritti di Colombo ; Colon en Quisgucya, Santo Don- . ( S77), pp. ii, 99 ; Cartas
y lesta>nento, Madrid, i SSo ; Navarrete, Coleccion ; and elsewhere.
1 De Lorgues, on the authority of Ziiuiga {Anales eclesiasfiin, p. 496), say. he ivas bom Aug. 29, 14S7,
and not Aug. 15, 14S8, as Xavarrete and Humboldt had said, ilarrisse (Ftr)i.ii.d CJomb. p. 1) allege? ihe
authority of the executor of his will for the date Aug. li, 1408. The inscription on his sr;>po- d grave would
make him born Sept. 28, 1488.
^ Prescott (Ferdinand and Isabella, ii. 507) sj iks of Ferdinand Columbu^ experier,(' and opportu-
nities, combined with uncommon literary attaiimients.' Il.arrisse calculates his income from die betpicst of his
father, and from pensions, at about iSo,ooo francs of the present day. {Fernand Colomb. p. -9.)
3 There has been close scrutiny of the publications of Europe in all tongues for the half century and more
following the sketch of Guistiniani in 1516, till the publication of tie earlie-t considerable account of Columbus
in the Ulloa version of 1571, to gather some records of the gro.vth or vicissitudes of the fame of the groat dis-
co-/erer, and of the interest felt by the European public in the progress of events in the New World. Harrisse's
liiblioiheca Americana Vetiistissima, and his Additions to the same, give us the compietust record down to 1 550,
coupled with the Carter-Brown Catalogue for the w-hole period.
< A copy of the inscription on his tomb in Seville, with a conimunication by George Sumner, is printed in
Major's Select Letters of Colundnis, p. Ixxxi.
f> Cf. Edwards, Memoirs of Libraries, [mA-,\ Memoir of Ferdinand, by Eastaquio Feinandcz de Navarrete,
in Colcc. de doc. ined,, vol. .xvi. A fac-similo of the first page of the manuscript catalogue of the books, made
by Ferdinand himself, is given in Harrisse's D. Fernando Colon, of which the annexed is !''e heading: —
iS^C'^flYum [d)tcn^ donieydjyicjxiccoloTi yriiTji AwirdyjiiCs
VOL. II. -9. lm.iiaji^ fji'i
I
1) ....:
66
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
m
if I
1' 'i
I.iiis Colon, a person of dobauchcil character,
bronjjlit this manuscript in the Spanish lan-
guage to Genoa, and left it in the hands of
lialiano de Kornari, from whom it passed to
another patrician, Cliovanni liaptista Marini,
who procured Ulloa to make the Italian version
in which it was first pu1)lishcd.'
Somewhat of a controversial interest has
been created of late year: by the criti(|ues of
Henry Ilarrissc on Ferdir,.ind Columbus and
his I.ife of his father, (luostioning the usually
accepted statements in Spotorno's iiitroductiou
of the Coi/i(C of 1S23. Ilarrissc untlertakes to
show that the manuscript was never in Don
Luis' hands, and that Ferdinand could not
have written it. He counts it as strange that
if such a manuscript existed in Spain not a
single writer in print previous to 1571 refers to
it. " About ten years ago," says Henry Stevens,-
"a society of Andalusian bibliographers w.is
formed at Seville. Their first publication was
a fierce I lispano- French attack on tlie authenti-
city of the Life of Columbus by his second son,
Ferdinand, written by Henri Harrisse in French,
and translated by one of the Seville bibliofilos,
and adopted and published by the Society. The
book [by Columbus' son| is boldly pronounced
a forgery and a fraud on Ferdinand Columbus.
Some fifteen reasons arc given in proof of these
charges, all of which, after abundant research
and study, are pronounced frivolous, false, and
groundless." Such is Mr. Stevens's view, colored
or not bv the antipathy which on more than one
occasion has been shown to be reciprocal in the
references of Stevens and Harrisse, one to the
other, in sundry publications." The views of
Harrisse were also expressed in the supplemen-
tal volume of his [iihliotlicca Amoicaita V'etus-
tissiiiui, publislied as Adiiitions in 1S73. In this
he says, regarding the Life of Columbus ! " It
was not originally written by the sun of the bold
navigator; and many of tlie circumstances it re-
lates have to be challenged, and weighed with
the utmost care and impartiality."
The authenticity of the book was ablv sus-
tained by D'.\ve/ac before the French Acad-
emy in a paper which was printed in 1S73 as
Lc tivrc (Ic FcrdiiiiDtd Cotomli : /'ti/a' riM/iie
des (illtXitlioits proposics coiitre son aiitlioitkiti.
Harrisse replied in 1S75 in a pamphlet of fifty-
eight pages, entitled Vhistoire de C. Colomb attri-
I'U^e ii ion fds Fi'nntnd: Exaiiun critiijiic' da
memoire In par M. d'Ai'izac (i l'.L\idimi\\ S, 13,
22 Aoi'it, 1S73. There were other disputants on
the ipiestion.''
The catalogue of the Colombina Library as
made by Ferdinand shows that it contained orig-
inally a manuscript Life of the Achniral written
about 1525 by. Ferdinand I'erez de Oliva, who
presumably had the aid of Ferdinand Columbus
himself; but no trace of this Life now e.\ists,'' un-
less, as Ilarrissc ventures to conjecture, it may
There is a list of the books in 15. Gallardo's Ensayo i/j tma bibiwtheca dc Uhros espaiiolcs raros, Harrisse
gives the fullest account of Ferdinand and his migrations, which can be in part traced by tlie inscriptions
ill his book? of the place 01 their purcliase; for he had the habit of so marking tlicni. Cf. a paper on Ferdi-
nand, by W. M. Wood, in Oiuc. a Week, xii. 165.
' Barcia says tliat Baliano be^.-in printing; it simultaneously in Spanish, Italian, and Latin; but only the
Italian seems to have been completed, or at least ii the only one known to bibliographers. {Notes on Columbus,
p. 24.) Oettiiij^cr ( WW. biog., Lcipsic, 1.S50) is in error in giving an edition at Madrid in 1530. Tlio 1571
Italian edition is very rare; there are copies in H.irvard College, Carter-lirown, and Lenox libraries. Kich priced
it in iS-;2 at £1 loj. Leclerc (no. 1 ^S) prices it at 200 francs. The .Sobolewski copy (no. .^,756) sold in 1S7J
for 2S5 francs, was a^-ain sold in 1SS4 in the Court Sale, no. 77. The Murphy Catalogue (no. 2,S.Si) shows a
copy. This Ulloa version has since appeared somewhat altered, with several letters added, — in 1(114 (Milan,
priced ill 1S32, by Kich, at /^i lo.t. ; recently, .at 75 francs; Carter-Brown, ii. i&j); in 1676 (Venice, Cartor-
lirown, vol. ii. no. 1,141, \iriced at 35 francs and 45 m.arks) ; in 167S (Venice, Carter-lirown, vol. ii. no. i,iSi.
priced at 50 franco); in 16S1 (P.aris, Court Sale, no. 79); in 16S5 (Venice, Carter-lirown, vol. ii. no. 1,310,
priced at ^i Sj.); and later, in 1709 (Il.arvard College Library), 172S, etc. ; and for the last time in 1867,
revised by Giulio Antimaco, published in London, though of Italian nianiifacture. Cancellieri eitcs editions of
i6iSand i()72. A F'rencli translation, /,<i Vic de Criitojle Colomb, was ni.ide by Cotolendi, and published in
16S1 at I'aris. There are copies in the llarv.ard College and Carter-lirown (CiiA//i',^'"i-, vol. ii. no. 1,215) libraries.
It is worth from S6 to Sio. .\ new French version, "traduite ct annotee par E. Muller," appeared in Paris
in 1.S79, the editor calling the 16S1 version " tronciii6, incorrect, dech.irne, glacial." An Knglish version
appears in the chiet collections of Voyages .and Tr.avels, — Churchill (ii. 479), Kerr (iii. i), and I'inker-
ton (xii. i). liarcia gave it a Spanish dress after Ulloa's, and this was printed in \\\i. lUstoi-iadores priuii-
I'vos de las Iiidias oecidentales, at Madrid, in 1749, being found in vol. i. \>\i. i-i2i>. (Cl. Carter-lirown,
vol. iii. no. 893.)
- //istoriiiil Collections (iSSi), vol. i. no. 1,379.
3 The Spanish title of Harrissc's book is D. Fernando Colon, /listoriador de su padre: Ensayo crilico,
S-.iilla, 1S71. It was not published as originally written till the next year (1S72), when it bore the title, Fer-
nand Colomb ! sa iie,ses ceuvres : Essai eritii/ue. Paris, Tross, 1S72. C.{. iXnn-i, Bibliog. deobras anouimas,
Santiago de Chile (1SS2), no. 176.
■• Le Comte Adolphe de Circourt in the kevue des jueslions histortques, xi. 520; and j4«j/<jh</ (1S73;,
p. 241, etc.
* Harrisse, Fernand C.luitU>, p. 152.
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
67
only the
Coliimf-iis,
ri\c 1 571
ich pvicnl
I in iS;?
) sliows a
4 (Milan,
Carter-
no, ijiSi.
nij. 1,310,
in 1S67,
Jitions uf
blislied in
libraries,
in Paris
1 version
J rinker-
>rcs priiiii-
ter-lirown,
have been in some sort the h.nsis of what now
passes for the work of Ferdinand.
For a long time after the //is/orie of 1571
there was no considerable account of Colum-
bus printed. Editions of I'tolcniy, IVter Mar-
tyr, Ovicdo, Grvncciis, and other general books,
made reference to his discoveries; but the next
earliest distinct sketch ajjpears to be tliat in
the E/(\^iii vironiiii itlitslriiim of Jovius, printed
in 1^51 at Florence, and the Italian version m.adc
by Donicniclii, printed in 155.1.' Uanuisio's
third volinne, in 1556, gave the story greater
currency than before; but such a book as
Cunningham's Coiinoi^niphiiiil Glasse, in its
chapter on America, utterly ignores Columbus
in 1559.- We get what may i)robably be called
the hearsay reports of Columbus' exploits in
the i\Toiiilo iiiuKv of Heu/oni, lirst printed at
Venice in 1565. There was a brief memorial in
the Clarontiii l.ii^untm dixiii oi Ubertus Folieta,
published at Kcmie in 1573.'' In 15S1 his voyages
were commemorated in an historical poem, Liiu-
rentii Gainhira: [irixiiuii dc iur,'ii;iitiotic Chrislo-
fhori ColiiiiiN, published at Komc.^ Boissard,
of the ne liry coterie at Frankfort in 1597,
included f'olimibus in his Iiinics vinn-um il/iis-
tn'iiHi ;^ and Buonfiglio Costauzo, in 1C04, com-
memorated him in the llistoria Siciliiiiui, pulv
lished at Venice."
Meanwhile the stary of Columbus' voyages
was ti.ld at last with all the authority of nfticial
sanction in the Histoiia gciii'nil of licrrera.
This historian, or rather annalist, was born in
1549, and tlied in 16J5;' and tlie appointment of
historiographer given him by I'hilip II. was con-
tinued by the tliird and fourth monarchs of that
name. There has been little disagreement as to
his helpfulness to his successors. All critics
place him easily first among the earlier writers;
and Muno/!, K'obertson, Irving, I'rescott, Tick-
nor, and many others have united in praise of
his research, candor, and justness, while they
found his literary skill compromised in .1 meas-
ure bv his chronological method. Irving found
that licrrera depended so much on J„is Casas
that it was best in many cases to go to that ear-
lier writer in preference;" and Muiio/i thinks
only llerrera's judicial (piality preserved for him
a distinct character throughout the agglutinizing
process by which he constructed his book. His
latest critic, Hubert H. liancrcjft,'' calls his style
" bald and accurately i)rolix, his method slavishly
chronological," with evidence everywhere in his
book of "inexperience and incompetent assist-
ance," resulting in " notes badly extracted, dis-
crepancies, and inconsistencies." 'I'he bibliog-
raphy of Herrcra is well done in Sabin.'"
Herrera had already published (1591) a mono-
graph on the history of Portugal and the concpiest
( 1582-15S3) of the Azores, when he produced at
Matlrid his great work, //is/oria general dc lot
licchos dc los Castcllanos, in eight decades, four of
which, in two volumes, were published in 1601,
and the others in 1615." It h.as fourteen maps;
and there should be bound with it, though often
founil separate, a ninth part, called Dcscripcioit
dc Ills Indias occidoitalis.^'- Of the composite
work, embr.acing the nine parts, the best edition
i.s usually held to be one edited by Gonzales
Barcia, and supplied by him wiUi an intlex,
which was printed in Madrid during 1727, 172S,
lid ll^Tjll
I Sabin, vol. vii. no. 27,478. Also in 155S, 1559.
- Sabin, vol. v. no. 17,971.
s Carter-Iirown, vol. i. no, 293.
■< Carter-Brown, vol. i. n.j. 340 ; Leclerc, nos. 226-228 ; J. J. Cooke, no. 575. There were other editions In
15S3 and 15S5 ; they have a map of Columbus' discoveries. Sabin, vol. vii. no. 211,500.
5 Sabin, vol. ii. no. (i.i()\~(^,\(t2\ Carter-Iirown, vol. i. no. 509. There was a second edition, Bibliothcca,
sire lliesaiirus virtntis ct glorhc, in ir)2S.
1 Sabin, vol. iii. no. 9,195.
7 He assumed his mother's name, but sometimes added his father's, — flerrera y Tordcsillas. Irving
(app. .xxxi. to his Life of Cohiiiil'iis) says be was born in 1565.
8 Life of Columbus, app. xxxi. ; llerrera's .account of Columbus is given in Kerr's Voyiie;es, iii. 242.
'■• Central America, i. 317 ; cf. his Chroniclers, ji.
1" Dictionary; also issued sep.arately witl> that of Hennepin.
II In coniparini; Kicli's (1S32, .t'4 4^.) .and recent prices, there does not seem to lie much ap]!rcci.ation in the
value of the book during the last lifty years for ordinary copies ; but Quaritch has priced the lieckford (no. 735,
copy so higli as .L"52. There are copies in the Library of Congress, Carter-Iirown, Harvard College, and Itoston
Public Library. Cf. Ticknor Catalogue : Sabin, no. 31,544 ; Carter-Iirown, ii. 2; Murphy, 1206; Court, 169.
1'^ Sabin, no. 31,539- This Descripcion was translated into Latin by Iiarla;ns, and with other tr.acts jcjined
to it was printed at .Vmsterdani, in 1622, as Noviis orbis sive dcscriptio Indiir occidentalis (Carter-Brown)
vol. ii., no. 266; Sabin, no. 31,540; it is in our principal libraries, and is worth Sio or ?I5). It copies the
maps of the Madrid edition, and is frequently cited .as CoHn's edition. The Latin was used in 1624 in part
by De Bry, pan xii. of tlic Grands voyages. (Camus, pp. 147, 160; Tielc, pp. jCi, 312, who followed other
engravings than Herrera's for the Incas). There was a Dutch version, Miemve Werelt, In- the same pid)lislur,
in i()22 {Sabin, no. 31,542; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 264), and a French (Sabin, no, 31,543; Carter-Crown,
vol. ii. no. 265 ; Rich, 1S32, Xi io.s. ; Ouaritcli, £2 \2s. (>d.).
A
1,1
■.('47
M(
6S
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY (JF AMERICA.
1729, and 1730, su tliat cupics arc fdiiiul witli all
tliosc (laics, tliDiigh it is cominotily cited as of
1730.1
The priiicipal chrcmiclcs of Spanish affairs in
the seventeenth century contributed more or less
to Columbus' fame ; - and he is commemorated
in the Dutch compihition of Van dei\ lios, Ztf.v/
I'll Diu/i'ii liii- /.ccliiidcn, published at Amsterdam
in 1676, and in a (lerman translation in iGSi.*^
'I'here were a hundred years yet to pass be-
fore Robertson's ///iA)/;^)' ('//■/ ///i7-/.v; }^ave Colum-
bus a prominence in the work of a historian of
established fame ; but this .Scotch historian was
forced to write without any knowledge of Colum-
bus' own narratives.
In 17S1 the earliest of the special Italian
commemorations appeared at Parma, in J. I)u-
r.i/zo's Eh\i;i skiyici on Cohnubus and Doria.*
Chevalier de Langeae in 17S2 added to his
poem, Colomh dans Us fcrs h FerdiiMitU et Iscihellc,
a memoir of Columbus.'"
The earliest connnemoration i;i the United
States was in t79J, on the three hundredth an-
niversary of the discovery, celebrated bv the
Massachusetts Historical Societv, when Dr. ler-
emy Iielkna|) ilelivered an historical discour.^e,''
i'lcluded Liter with large adtlitions in his well-
known AmcrhuH liit'x'nip/iy. The unfinished his-
tory of Munoz liarbingered, in 1793, '''^ revival
in Europe of the siudy of hi.s career. Kinallv, the
series of modern Lives of Columbus began in
i8r8 with the publication at Milan of Luigi
Hossi's Villi di Crisloforo Colom/io, scritta c corn:'
daltx di iiHO-.e vsscrvauoiii^ In 1.S33 ''''' introduG
tion by Spotorno to the Codicc, and in iSjj the
Coli'ccioH of Navarrete, brought much new ma-
terial to light ; and the fust lo make use of it
were Irving, in his Life of i'oliiiii!>iis, iSi.S,** and
II umboldt, in
his Examcn , r/- ..^J^^'^Z^^.,.^ £^
Ihltic dc r/tistoirc
de la ^i^t'os^ni/'/iii: dii iwnviait coiiliiicii/, imblished
originally, in 1S34, in a single volume ; and again
in five volumes, between I.S36 and 1839.'' "No
one," says Ticknor,'" " has comprehended the
character of Columbus as lliunboldl has, — its
generosity, its entluisiasm, its far-reaching visions,
llUflMi
1 There are copies in the Bostcin Athcn.Tiini, fioston I'ublic, and Harvard Collctje hbr.arics (Sabin,
nos. 31,541, 31,54^1; Carter- lirown, vol. iii. mis. 37O, 450; Iluth, vol. ii. no. 6!5 j ; Leclerc, r.(.. 27.S, one
hundred and thirty francs; Field, no. 689 ; ordinary copies are priced at X3 or X'4 ; large paper at .L'lo or
X12). .\ rival but inferior edition was issued at Antwerp in 1728, without maps, and witli I)e liry's instead
of Herrera's engravings (Sal/m, no. 31,545). A French version was begun at Paris in 1(159, but was reissued
in 1660-1670 in three volumes (Sabin, nos. 31,548-31,550; Field, no. 6<)o; Cartcr-lirown, vol. ii.no. S75;
Lcclcrc, no. 2S2, sixty francs), including only three decades. Portions were included in the Dutch collection of
V'an dcr .Aa (Sabin, nos. 31,551, etc. ; Cartcr-lirown, iii. in). It is also included in llulsius, jiart xviii. (Carter
Brown, i. 496). The English translation of the first three decades, by Captain Jolm Stevens, is in si.\ volumes,
London, 1725-1726; but a good many lil)ertics are taken with the text (S.abin, no. 31,557; Carter-Ihown,
vol. iii. no. 355). New titles were given to tlie same sheets, in 1740, for what is called a second edition (Sabin,
no. 31,558). " How many misstateuients are attributed to Ilerrcra which can be traced no nearer that author
than Captain Jolni Stevens's Englisli translation i' It is absolutely necessary to study this latter book to see
where so many English and American authors have taken incorrect f.acts '' (II. Stevens, Bibliotlicca Hist,,
p. xiii.).
2 Such as the Aiialcs de Aragoii, 1610 ; the Coinfcndio historial dc las chrdnicas y universal historia de
todos los feynos de Es/'aiiaj '62S ; Ziiniga's Anitales eclcsiasticos y sccularcs de Seville^ 1677 » ^'^^ rexes de
Aragoii, for Pedro Aliarea, 16S2 ; and the Afonarquia de Espaiia, for Don Pedro Salazar de Mendoza,
1770. The Varoncs ihistrcs del nuevo mondo o{ Pizarro y Orellana, published at Madrid in 1639, contained
a Life of Columbus, as well as notices of Ojeda, Cortes, Pizarro, etc.
3 Sabin, vol. ii. no. 6,440; .Vshcr, no. 355 ; Tniinel, no. 366; Muller (1S72), n<i. 126.
^ Sabin, vol. v. no. 21,418. Cf. Arana's BibHoi;raJia dc obras anoniinas, Santiago de Chile ( 1SS2), no. 143.
s Sabin, vol. x. no. 38,879. Ilarrisse (Notes on Cotumhiis, p. 190) enumerates some of the earlier and later
poems, plays, sonnets, etc., wholly or incidentally illnstrriting tlie career of Columbus. Cf. also liis Fernc.nd
Colomh, ]). 131, and Larousse's Grand dietionnaire nniversel, vol. iv. The earliest mention of Columbus in
English jioetry is in Baptist Goodall's Tryall of Trauell, London, 1630.
« Mass. Hist. Sac. Proe., i. 45 ; xii. 65.
" A French version, by C. M. Urano, w.as published at P.iris in 1824 : again in 1S25. It is subjected to an
examination, particul.irly as regards tlie charge cf ingratitude against Ferdinand, in the French edition of
Navarrete, i. 300 (Sabin, vol. ii. no, 6,464).
n There w.as a Spanish translation, made by Jose Garcia de A'illalta, published in Madrid in 1S33.
'■> In vol. iii., " De (luelques f.iits relatifs ;\ Culonib et a \"esi)uce." In vol. i. he reviews the state ot
knowledge on the subject in 1833. The German text, Kritisclie Untcrsucltuni;cn. was printed in a translation
by Jules Louis Ideler, of which the best edition is that of Berlin, 1S52, edited by H. Muller. Humboldt never
completed this work. The parts on the early maps, which lie had intended, were later cursorily touched in his
introduction to GhiUany's Belaitn. Cf. I)'.-\vezac's IVallzcmiiller, p. 2, and B. de Xivrey's Des fremilres
relations enlrc I' Ameritjiie et I' Europe d'aprcs Ics rcehcreh.es de A, dc Humboldt, Paris, 1S35, — taken from the
Revue de Paris.
'" History of Spanish Literature, i. 190.
Mi'll
COLUMllUS ANIJ Ills DISCOVEKILS.
69
which sccmcil watchliil tictuicliaiul tor ihe great
scitiililic discovery (if the sixteenth century."
I'rescDtt was warned by the pDpuliirity u{ Irv-
ing's narrative not to attempt to rival him ;
and liis treatment of Colinnbns' career was con-
fined to such a survey as would merely com-
plete the picture of the reign of I'erdinanil and
Isabella.'
In 1S44 there came the first intimation of
a new style of biography, — a protect against
(.'oluinlnis' story being longer told by bis natu-
ral enemies, as all who failed to recognize his
pre-eminently saintly character were considered
to be. There was a purpose in it to make the
mo.t possible of all his jiious ejaculations, and of
his intention, expressed in his letter to the Pope
in 150.;, to rescue the Holy City from the infidel,
with his prospective army of ten thousand horse
and a hundred thousand foot. The chief spokes-
man of this purpose has been Ko^ully dc Lorgues.
He first shadowed forth his purpose in his Zd
ero/x ifciiis (V.r i/t'iix inoiii/is in 1844. It was not
till 1SC4 that he produced the full Hower of
his spirit in his Christof'hc Colomb, Histoire de sa
7'it' it (/(• Si's :'ovj,i;es iVupr^s (/,:< ilociniicitts mithen-
lit/iits tires </' /Sspiigiif it d' ltalii\- 'I'his was fol-
lowed, in 1S74, by his /.\iiii/>it.ssiid,'iir </<■ Duit et
U Piifi' Pie fX. All this, however, and much
else by the abetters of the scheme of the canoni-
zation of Columbus which was urged on the
Church, failed of its purpose; and the move-
ment was suspended, for a while at least, be-
cause of an ultimate adverse determination.''
(If the other Liter lives of Columbus it re-
mains to mention only the inost considerable, or
those of significant tendency.
The late Sir Arthur Helps wrote his S/mtis/i
Coii./iii'st of Anurua with the aim of developing
the results — political, ethnological, and eco-
nomic— of the coucpiest, rather than the day-
by-day progress of events, and with a primary
regard to the ri.se of slavery. His l.ij\' of Coliim-
ins is simply certain chapters of this larger work
excerpted and fitted in order.* Mr. .\aron ( iood-
rich, in A llistoiy of t/u- so-ia/A-d Chi-isto[-li,-r L'o-
Itimhtis, New Yrirk, 1.S74, makes a labored and
somewhat inconsiderate ciTort, characterized by
a certain peevish air, to prove Columbus the
mere borrower of others' glories.''
In French, mention may be made of the
liaron dc Uonnefoux's K/> i/,' C/iristof-Iw Colomh,
Paris, 1S53," and the Maripiis de ISelloy's C/iris-
lop/ic Cotoinb ct la dccoincrtc dii A'oiityiiii .Moiidt\
Paris, 1864.'
In (ierman, under the impvdse given by
IhnnboUlt, some fruitful labors have been given
to Columbus and the early history of Amer-
ican discovery; but it is only necessary to
mention the names of Forster," Peschcl,'' and
Ruge.'u
H. Portraits oi' CouMiiis. — Of Colum-
bus there is no likeness whose claim to consid-
eration is indisputable. We have descriptions
of his person from two who knew him, — (Jviedo
and his own son Ferdinand ; we have other
1 Harrissc (Notes on Columbus, p. 50) speaks of Prescott as "eloquent but imaginative."
2 The work was patronized by the Pope, and was reproduced in great luxury of ornamentation in i.S;ij. An
English abridgment and adaptation, by J. J. D.irry, was republished in New York in 1869. A Dutch translation,
Lrocn en reizcn -an Columbns, was jM-inted at Utrecht in 1S63.
" .Some of the other contributions of this movement are thc<;e ; Koselly dc Lorgues, Satan eontre C/iristo/'lie
Colomb, on la frctendnc chute dn sen item- de Dieu, Paris, 1S76 ; Tullio Dandolo's I secoti di Dante e Colombo,
Milan, 1852, and his Cristofero Colombo, Genovese, 1S55 ; P. \'entura de Raulica's Cristoforo Cohnnbo rivoi-
dieato alia eliiesa ; Kugeiie C'adoret, La vie de Cliristo/'he Colomb, Paris, 18(19, — in advocacy of canoniza-
tion ; Le liaron van lirocken, Des vieissitudes /■ostliumes dc Christophe Colomb, ct dc sa beatification possible,
Paris, 1S65, — which enumerati.'s most of the publications bearing on the grounds for canonization; Angclo
Sanguineti, La Canonizzazione di Cristoforo Colondio, Genoa, 1875, — the same author had imblislied a
Vita di Colombo in 18.(6; Saintete dc Christophe Colomb, resume des merites de ce scrvitcur de Dieu,
traduit de I'ltalien, twenty-four pages ; Civilth cattoliea, vol. vii. ; a paper, " De I'inHuenco de la religion
dans les decouvertes du .W'c siccle ct dans la decouvcrte de r.\nieric|ue," in Etudes far des Pires de la C^'m-
pagnic dc Jesus, October, 1S76; 15aldi, Cristoforo Colombo glorifieato dal veto deW Episeopato Catiolico,
Genoa, i8Si. A popular Catholic Life is .\rthur George Knight's Christopher Columbus, London, 1S77.
■• There are various reviews of it indicated in Poole's Index, p. 29 ; cf. II. H. Bancroft's Mexico, li. 4S.S.
5 A somewhat similar view is taken by M.aury, in Harpers' Monthly, xlii. 425, 527, in " \\\ Examination
of the Claims of Columbus."
O Prom which the account of Columb :s' early life is tmnslatcd in IJecher's Landfall of Columbus, jip. 1-5.S.
■ .-Vn English translation, by R. .S. IL, .appeared in Philadelphia in 1.S7S. We regret not being able to have
seen a new work by Henry Harrisse now in press: Chrislophe Colomb, son originc, sa Tie, scs voyages, sa
fimille, et ses descendants, d'apr^s documents incdits, avec cimj tableaux j;eneabi^ii^ucs ct un appendice
docunwntaire. [See Postscript following this chapter.]
" Fr. Vot'iX.Q'c, Columbus, dcr Entdecker der Neuen K-'t-//, second edition, 184^1.
" Oscar T'eschel, Geschichte des /.cilaltcrs dcr EntdccH'ungen, second edition, 1S77.
'" Sophiis Kuge, Die Weltanschauung des Columbus, 1S76 ; Das '/.citaiter dcr F.ntdcckungcn, 1SS3.
Cf. Theodor Schott's '■Columbus und seine Weltanschauung," in Virchcw and Holtzendorff's Vorirage,
xiii. 30S.
70 NAKKATUl. AMJ CKlllCAL IHMOKV OF A.MLKICA.
NVCERINVS, HIST0R1CV5.
PAULUS JOVIUS.'
rj..
accounts from two who certainly knew his con-
temporaries,— (lomara and llenziini ; and in
addition wc possess the description given by
Herrera, who had the best sources of informa-
tion. From these we learn that his face was
long, neither full nor thin ; his cheek-bones
rather high; his nose aiiuiline ; his eyes light
gray; his complexion fair, and high colored.
His hair, which was of light color before thirty,
became gray after that age. In the Ptu's/ //orw-
i/uiitt' retroz'ati of 1507 he is described as having
a ruddy, elongated visage, and as possessing a
lofty and noble stature .-
'I'h'^e are the test with which to challenge
the verv numerous so-called likenesses of Colum-
bus ; and it must be confessed not a single out ,
when you take into consideration the accessorit -,
and costume, warrants us in believing beyond
dispute that wc can bring before us the figure
of the discoverer as he lived. Such is the ojjin-
ion of F'euillct dc Conches, who has produced
the best critical essay on the subject yet written.''
1 Fac-siniile of cut in Kcusner's /iviics, Basic, I5S(), 'J'liere is another cut in Paiili Joi'ii elogia rirorum
bcllica -irtute illiistriuiii, liasle, 1575 (copy in Harvard College Library).
- \h\rr\is,e, Noh-s oil Coliiml'iis, \i. 50.
3 It appeared in the A'ci'nf t:oiitt)ii/>i>nuii,\ xxiv. 4S4, and was drawn out by a jiaper on a newly discovered
portrait of Coluniljus, whicli had Iwen printed by Joniard in the Uiillclin ilc lit Soiictc ilc Giographic ; by
Valentin Cardcrera's /«/i'/-w;(' to/';v /i'^ «/nf/i<.( ilc fm/iiAi/ C<'/li«. printed by the Royal Academy of History
at Madrid, in 1.S5;, in their Mi-mmins, vol. viii. ; and by an article, by Isidore Liiwenstern, of the Aradeniy ol
Sciences at Turin, in the A'lvkc Arcliiolo^iijuc, x. iSi. The paper by Joniard was tlie incentive of Cardercra."
COLUMBUS AM) HIS DISCOVERIES.
7'
i
COLUMBUS (n/Ur Giovio)A
A vignette on the map of La Cosa, dated
1500, represents Saint Christopher bearing on
his shoulders the infant Clirist across a stream.
This has been considered s)'mbolical of the
purpose of Cohnnbus in his discoveries; and up-
liolders of the movement to procure his canoni-
zation, hive De Lorgucs, have cKiimcd that La
Cosa represented the features of Cohmdnis in
the lace of Saint Christoplicr. It lias also been
claimed that Ilerrera must have been of the
same opinion, since the likeness given by that
historian can be imagined to be an enlargement
of the head on the map. This theory is hardly
accei)tc(l, however, by the critics.-
botli treatises induced the review of Lowenstern ; while Feuillet de Conches fairly summed up the results.
There has been no thorough account in English, A brief letter on the subject by Irvint; (printed in the Li/e of
Irving, vol. iv.) W.1S all there w.i5 till Professor J. D. liutlcr recently traced the iiedigree of the Yanez
picture, a copy of which was lately given by Governor Fairchild to the Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Cf. Untler's paper in the Collections of that Society, vol. ix. p. -/fi (.also printed separately); and articles in
Li/fiiuoll's Afai;azinc, March, 1S83, and T/ic A'nlion, Nov. 16, 1SS2.
1 Fac-simile of the woodcut in I'aolo (Jiovio's Eloqia virontm bellica virlntc illuslrium (Basle, ifo*)), p. 124.
There are copies in the Boston Atliena'uni and Boston Public Library. It is also copied in Charton's Voya-
gctirs, iii. Si, from whom Wki.wxA (Santo Domiu go. New York, 1873, p. 7) takes it. The 1575 edition is in
Harvard College Library, and the s.anie portrait is on p. 191. Tins cut is also rc-engraved in Jules Verne's
/.(7 tfccouvcrlt' lie ia tcrre, p. 113.
2 The vignette is given in colored fac-simile in M.ajor's Select Letters of Columbus, 2d edition. Herrera's
picture was reproduced in the English tr.inslation by .Stevens, and has beer, accepted in so late a publication as
Gay's Popular History of the Unite,! States, i. 99. Cf. also the portrait in die 1727-1730 edition of Ilerrera,
and its equivalent in Montanus, as shown on a later page. There is a vignette portrait on the titlepage of the
j6oi edition of Herrera.
W^'
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. I4S8G
(716) 873-4503
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72
NARK ATI VE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA,
Discarding the I.a Cosa vignette, the earliest
claimant now known is an engraving published
in the /I'A'i'/i; zirorum illnslrium (1575)' of
I'aolo Giovio (I'aulus Joviiis, in the Latin form).
This woodcut is thought to have been copied
from a iiicture which Jovius had placed in the
gallery of notable people which he had formed
in his villa at Lake Comu. That collection is
THE YANKZ COLUMBUS
{Xittioiia! I. Unary, Mailriil .-
now scattered, and the Columbus picture cannot
be traced ; but that there was a portrait of the
discoverer there, we know from the edition of
Vasari's /,/rw of the raintcrs printed by (iiunti
at Florence (1568), wherein is a list of the i)ic-
turcs, which includes likenesses of Vespucius,
Cortes, and Magellan, besides that of " Colombo
Ucnovese." This indicates a single jiicture; but
it is held by some that Jovius must
have possessed two pictures, sinoe
this woodcut gives Columbus the
garb of a Franciscan, while the
painting in the gallery at Florence,
supposed also to follow a i)iclure
belonging to Jovius, gives him a
mantle. A claim has been made that
the original Jovius ])ortrait is still in
existence in what is known as the
Yanez picture, now in the National
Library in Madrid, which was pur-
chased of Yanez intiranada in 1763.
It had originally a close-fitting tunic
and mantle, which was later painted
over so .IS to show a robe and fur
collar. This external painting has
been removed; and the likeness
bears a certain rescmblanci. to the
woodcut and to the Florence like-
ness. The Yanez canvas is cer-
tainly the oldest in .Spain; and the
present Duque de Yeraguas con-
siders it the most authentic of all
the portraits.'' The .annexed cut of
it is taken from an engraving in
Ruge's Gcsrhii-htc dcs Zcitoltcrs ilcr
Eitldixictiiifffii (p. 235). It bears the
inscription shown in the cut.'
The woodcut ( 1 575) already men-
tioned passes as the prototype of
another engraving by Aliprando
Caprinlo, in tlie Kitratti di Ciiilo
Ciipitani illustii, puL\ished at Rome
in 1596.''
' The edition of Florence, , ;,,i, has no cngr.ivintjs, but Rives the account of Columbus on p. 171.
- This picture was iiroininently hroupht before the ConRress of .\mcricanistcs wliich assembled at Madrid in
iSSi, and not, it seems, without excilini; suspicion of a contrived piece of Hattcry for the Uuke of Ver,iguas,
then prcsidin;; over this same congress. Cf. Cortanitert, Nouvcllc /lisloirc dcs ivyagcs, p. 40.
^ .'ifiignziiic of American History, June, >f>S4, p. 554.
^ Cf. Dohtiii dc la Socicdad c;co);rafica dc Madrid^ vol. vi. A jrortrait in the collection of the Marquis de
Malpica is said closelv to rcscmhlc it. One belonging to the Duke of Veraguas is also thnuglit to be related to
it, .and is engraved in the French edition of X.ivarre'.e. It is thought Antonio del Kiucon, a painter well
known in Columbus' d.iy, ui.ay have painted this Vanez canvas, on the discoverer's return from his second
voyage. Cardcrera l»lievcd in it, ;uul IJanchcro, in his edition of the Codicc Colombo Americano, ailojitcd it
{Afafaxiiie of American //is/ory, 1. ^i\). The picture now in the Wisconsin Historical Society's Rooms is
copied directly Iroin tlie Vancz portrait.
3 This Capr'olo cut is engraved and accepted in Cardcrera's hiforme. Lowcnstcrn fails to sec how it cor-
responds to the written descriptions of Colunihus' jiurson. It is changed somewhat from the 1 575 cut ; cf. Maga-
sin fitlorcsijuc, troisieme annee, p. 316. The two cuts, one or the other, and a mingling of the two, have
given rise apparently to a variety of imitations. The head on panel preserved now, ir lately, at Cuccaro, and
Ix'longing to Fidele Gugiiehno Colombo, is of this type. It was engraved !n N.apione's Delia fatria di Co-
iom/'o, l''liirence, 1S08. The head liy Crispin de I'as, in the /■f/iffics regiim ac frincifnm, of an early year in
the seventeenth century, is also traced to these cuts, as well as the engraving bv I'ieter van Opmcer in his (^fiis
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
73
The most interesting of all pictures Ijc.iring
a supposed relation to the scattered collection at
Lal\e Como is in the gallery at Florence, which
is sometimes said to have been |)aiuted by
Cristofano dell 'Altissimo, and before
the year 1568. A copy of it was made
for Thomas Jefferson in 1784, whicli was
at Monticcllo in 1814; and, liaving been
sent to lioston to be disposed of, l)c-
camc the property of Israel Thorndike,
and was by him given to the Massachu-
setts Historical Society, in whose gal-
lery it now is ; and from a photograph
of it the cut (p. 74) has been engraved.*
It is perhaps the most commonly ac-
cepted likeness in these later ycars.'-
After tlie woodcut of 1575, the next
oldest engraved likeness of Columbus
is the one usually called the De Hry
portrait. It shows a head with a three-
cornered cap, and possesses a Dutch
physiognomy, — its short, broad face
not corresponding with the descriptions
which we find in Ovicdo and the others.
De Bry says that the original painting
was stolen from a saloon in the Council
for the Indies in Spain, and, being taken
to the Netherlands, fell into his hands.
He claims that it was painted from life
by order of Ferdinand, the King. De
Hry first used the plate in Part V. of
his Grands Vi'yat;a, both in the Latin
and (Jernian editions, published in 15951
where it is marked as engraved by Jean dc Dry.
It shows what seem to be two warts on the cheek,
which do not appear in later prints.' Feiiillet de
Conches describes a painting in the Versailles gal-
lery like the De Dry, which has been engraved by
COLUMBUS (after Capriolo).*
Mercuri ; * but it docs not appear that it is claimed
as the original fronj which De Bry worked."
ehronos;raphicum, i6n. Landon's Galcric hisloriqiic (Paris, 1805-1809), also shows an imit.ition ; and
anotlicr is that on the title of Cancellieri's Notizia di Colombo. N.nvarretc published a lithograph of the 1575
cut. Cf. Irving's letter. A likeni'ss of this type is reproduced in colors, in a very pleasing way, in Koselly de
Lorgues' Clirislo/lic Colomb, 1S79, and in woodcut, equally well done, in the same work; also in J. J. Harry's
adaptation of Dc Lorgues, New York, 1S69. Another good woodcut of it is given in Harfcrs' Monthly
(October, 1S82), p. 729. It is also accepted in Torre's Scritti di Colombo.
• See -^ Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., vii. 2Ss ; Proc, vol. ii. pp. 2j, 25, 2S9.
2 There are two portraits thought to have some relation with this Florentine likeness. One was formerly
in the Collection d' Anibras, in the Tyrol, which was fornicil by a nephew of Charles V'., but was in 1.S05 removed
to the museum in Vienna. It is on p.mcl. of small size, and has been cngr.ived in Frankl's Ciornian poem on
Columbus. The other is one whose history Isnardi, in his Sulla (•atria di Colombo, i.'ijS, traces back for three
centuries. It is now, or w,is lately, in the common council hall at Cogolcto.
8 What is known as the Venetian mosaic portrait of Cohnnbus, resembling the Lc Bry in the head, the
hands holding a map, is engraved in Harpers' Monthly, liv. i,
■• This is a reproduction of the cut in Ch.uton's Voya^enrs, iii. 85. It is .ilso copied in Carderera,and in the
Magasin pittoresgiic, troisi^mc annce, p. ,^i6,
s A proof-copy of this eni;raving is among the Tosti Engravings in the Boston Public Library.
<1 Engravings from De Dry's burin .also apjieared, in 1597, in Iloissard's Icones quinipiaginta lira-
rum ad viviim efiietir ; again, in the Bihliotheea sive thesaurus virtutis et gloritr (Frankfort, 162.S-
1634), in four volumes, usually ascribed jointly to Ue Ury and Doissard ; and, fnially, in the Diblio-
t/ieca chaliographiea (VnnViori, \()^o-i(>(>\), ascribed to Doissard; but the plates are marked Jean Th6odore
de Dry. I'lie De Dry type was apparent in the print in Is.iac liullart's Aeadimie des Siieiues ct des Arts,
Paris, 1682; and a few years later (16SS), an aqu.aforte cngr.aving by Hos.asplna came out in I'.aul Freherus'
Theatre des hommcs eelHres. For the later use made of this De Dry likeness, reference may be made, among
others, to the works of Xapione and Hossi, Durazzo's /lulofium, the Historia de Mexico by I'rancisco Carbajal
I'.spinosa, published at Mexico, in iS(>2, tome i, J. J. Smitli's Amerieait Hislori.al and Literary Curiosities,
stindry editions of Irving's Life of Columbus, and the Limdon (i8fj-) edition of Ferdinand Columbus' Life of
VOL. II. — 10.
I
f,
k
' 1
1 t'
ffi
;!'
U
74
NARKATIVK AND CRITICAL IIISTOKY OF AMERICA.
ill
I
COLUMBUS (the Jejfcrson copy of the Florence future).
Jomard, in the Bulhtin de la ^oticte lic GcOi^ra- ;'i Chiistophc Colomb: son portrait," ' in cxpla-
pJiii (3d scries), iii. 370, printed his " Monument nation and advocacy of a Titiancsque canvas
his father. There is a pluitograph of it in llarrissc's Xotcs on Columlnis. Dc liry engraved various other
pictures ol Columbus, mostly of small size, — a full-lcnijth in the corner of a half-globe (part vi.); a full-
length on the deck ui a caravel (in part iv., re-enj;raveil In linssi, Chartin, etc.); a small vignette ])ortrait,
together with one of Vcspuclus, in the Latin and li^rnian edition of part iv. {1504); the well-known picture
illustrating the anecdote of the egg (part iv.). Not one of tliesc has any claim to be other than imaginative
Tlivre was a movement at this time ( 1S4;) to erect a nKjnumcnt in (lenoa.
COLUMllUS AND Ills DISCOVERIES.
75
> \ '
H
THE DE DRY PORTRAIT OF COLUMBUS.
which he had found at Viccnza, inscribed the features corresponded to the written dc-
" Christophorus Columbus." He claimed that scriptions of Columbus by his contem])oraries
His brner likeness he reiinuluccd in a small medallinn as the title of the lU'rrcra narrative (part xii.. German
and Latin, ifu^-KJa^), toncthcr with likenesses of Vespucius, I'izarm. and Masellaii. Another reminiscence ol
the apocryphal e?i; story is tonnd in a painting, representing a man in a fur cap, holdini; up an egi;, the faco
wearing a grin, which was hrought forward a few years ago by Mr. Kinck, of New York, and which is described
and engraved in the Comfl: rciulu of the Congres des .Aniericanisles. 1.S77, ii. 375.
76
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
m
I \
and accounted for the Flemish ruff, jiointcd
beard, gold chain, and other onaclironous ac-
cessories, by supposing that these had been
added by a late.' hand. These adornments,
CHHlSTOPbQ
coivimii
M', i
a lithograph of it. Carderera and Feuillet de
Conches both reject it.
A similar out-of-date ruff and mustache
characterize the likeness at Madrid associated
with the Duke of Herwick-Alba, in wliirh
the finery of a throne makes ])art of the
picture. The owner had a private plate
engraved from it by Kafael Esteve, a copy
of which, given by the engraver to (Jba-
diah Rich, who seems to have had faith in
it, is now in the Lenox Library.-
A picture belonging to the Duke of
Veraguas is open to similar objections, —
with its beard and armor and ruff ; but
Mufioz adopted it for his ofiicial his-
tory, the plate being drawn by Mariano
Maella.^
A picture of a bedizened cavalier, as-
cribed to I'armigiano (who was three years
old when Coluinbus died), is preserved in
the Museo liorbonico at Naples, and is,
unfortunately, associated in this cotmtry
with Columbus, from having been adopted
by I'rescott for his Firiliuaiul and Isa-
lu'llit,* and from having been coi)ied for
the .American Anti(|uarian Society." It
was long since rejected by all competent
critics.
A picture in the Senate chamber (or
lately there) at Alb;;ny was given to the
State of New York in 1784 by Mrs. Maria
Farmer, a granddaughter of Governor Ja-
cob Leisler, and was said to have been for
many years in that lady's family." There
nnwevcr, iirevcnteil Jomard's views gaining any are many other scattered alleged likenesses of
countenance, though he sec—.., to have been Columbus, which from the data at hand it has
contident in his opinion. . rving at the time not been easy to link with any of those already
records his scepticism when Jomard sent him mentioned.'
' Tliiii is a reproduction of the cut in Charton's Voyageiirs, iii. 87.
'■' Tickiior CatiilogKC, \i, 95. The medallion nn the tomb in the c.ithcdral at Havana is usually said to
hiive been copied from tnis picture; but the picture sent to Il.ivana to be u.sed as a model is said, on better
authority, to have beon one belonsins to the Duke of Verai;u.is, — pcrh.ips the one said to be in the Consisto-
rial H.ill at II,iv.ina, which has the K^rb of a familiar of the Inquisition ; and this is represented as the gift
of that Duke (Ma;:;iizinc of Amcrunn History, i. 510).
^ It is re engraved in the Fiigiish and Germ.in translations. Carderera rejects it; but the portrait in
the .\rchivcs of the Indies at .'^evilln is said to be a copy of it ; and a copy is in the IVnnsylvania Academy
of .Arts in Pliiladelpliia. \ thr.'e-<|uartcrs length of Columbus, representing him in ruff .nnd armor, full
face, mustache and imperial, rigl.! hand on a globe, left h.ind holding a truncheon, called " Cristoval Colon :
copiado de un Quadra origl. fpie sc conserva en la faniilia," was engraved, and marked " Bart. Vazque. la
CJrabo, 1791."
■• It is still un.iccountably retained in the revised 1S73 edition.
5 Cf. \\\z\x Piou-cilins^i, .April, iS:-,.
'• It was restored in I.S50 (Mai^iizhw of Aiiieriinii History, v. 4461.
" .Such are the following : (1) In full dress, with ruff and rings, ;aid to have l»en painted by Sir .'.nthony
More for Margaret of the Netherlands, and taken to England in 1590, —engraved in one of the English
editions of Irving, where .ilso has appe.ired an engraving of a picture by Juan de liorgona, painted in 1519
for the Chapter-room of the Cathedral of Toledo. (2) .A full-l.ngth in mail, with ruff, in the I.onga or
F"..\change at Seville, showing a man of thirtv or thirty-five yean, which Irving thinks may h.ave been t.iken
for Diego Columbus. (3) An engraving in Fuchsius' MctopoHopia ct ophthalmoscof-ia, Strasburg, 1610
(S.ibin's Dictionary, vii. S9). (4) An engraving in N. De Clerck's Tooneel der tcroemder hcrtogcn, etc_
Delft, 1615, — a collection of portraits, including also Cortes, Piz.arro, Magellan, IMontezuma, etc. (j) A
JO.M.\RIl'.S I'lCI'L'RF. OF COLUMBUS.'
s\n
COLUMUUS AND HIS UISCOVLKIES.
77
lliillliiilllllllial.,Mi^
'iTi!M"iii||ii,i||];!i:,i||i|
II
(I
m
COLUMBUS. — THE HAVANA MEDALLION.'
The best known, probably, of the sculptured which was placed in 1S21 at Genoa on the re-
eftigies of Columbus is the bust of I'eschiera, ceptacle of the Columbus manuscripts.'- The
full-length, cnRraved in Philoponus, 1621. (6) An old engraving, with pointed beard .ind ruff, preserved
in the Nation.il Library at Paris. (7) The engraving in the iVicuuY cii onkkouii- Wccrihl of Montanus,
1671-1673, repeated in Ogilby's America, and reproduced in Bos's l.niii en Dadcii, and in Ilerrcra, edition
172S. A fac-simile of it is given herewith. Cf. Ruyter's Sic-Zhhlin, Nurenilx'rg, 1661. (S) A cop|)er
plate, showMig a man with a Iward, with fur trimmings to a close-fitting vestment, one hand holding an
astrolabe, the other pointing upward, — which accompanies a translation of Thevct's account of Columbus
I Reproduced from a cut in Ch.arton'- '/oyttf:curs, ill. 1S8.
- A view ot this receptacle of the papers, with the bust and the portfoUo, is given in Hiirftrs' Monllih^
vol. liv., December, 1S76.
/S
NAKKAl l\K AM) CKl 1 ICAI. HISTORY (.)!• AMKKICA.
nrlisl (listardcd .ill paiiiliil iiortr.iits <if C'olum- Tlir most imposing of all the memorials is lliu
liii-, and fiillowid llif ikscriplioiis of those who iiiomiiiitiit at (itiuia irectrd in iSfii after a dr
liad known tlic discoverer.' siyii by Krctcia, and linislicd by Mitlitl Can^io.^
cni.rMi'.rs.'
1. IMlKIAI. A>«l) KkMAINS ul'
("ol.t'Mlifs. — Thtrc is no nu'niioii
of the death of Colinnliiis in the
Uccor'sof Valladolid. IVtoi Map
tyr, thtit writing his lelliis fron
that place, makes no refeienre I >
such .\n event. It is saiii that tht
earliest contemporary notice of hi>
death is in an oliii ial <1oeinnent,
twenty-seve'> davs Liter, where it is
attiriiKd (hit "the said .\dmir.d is
dead."* The story whiclv Irvni.n
has written of the successive bur-
ials of Columbus needs to be re-
written ; and positive evidence is
wanting to show tliat his remains
were pl.iced tirsl, as is alk-^jed, in a
vault of the I''r.iMcisians at Valla-
dolid. The further story, as told
liy Irvinj;, of Kerdinand's ordering
the eiiioval of his reni.iins to Se-
ville seven years later, and the
erection of a moniinicnt, is not con-
riniu<l by any known evidence.''
From the tenor of Diego's will in
March, 1509, it would seem tluM the
body 01' Columbus had already 'leen
carried to Seville, and that l.'vter,
the cot'lins of his son Diego and
of his brother Itarthohunew were
laid ill Seville beside him, in ihe
in the appendix tn the Cainliridgc, ift;*", wlitirn of North's Plutarch. (0) An old wnndciit in the AV«-
er'ojl'inlcs .tmf'/iitliiiilriiiii, \m\i\Uhv<.\ at F.r'iirt in i;?',-!;:!) i^DrlnUy Cttlitloguc, no. ^.S). (10) .\ man with
curly hair niii^t.aclie and iinpcrial, ruff .and anior, with a linijer on a ijIoIm;. — cni;ravcd in Cristiilwt L'l.idcra's
litvcstigacii'ius liislorkiis, :.tne /,>., friucifilcs ilfuuhrimicntos ilc /o< F.s/'diit'les fii cl iinir Ontiiio iii I'l
si ;li' .\y. y f'ii)uifioi ilil Xl^/.. M.idrid, I7<'4, (it) Colunihus and his v>n-, l)icno and I'enliiiand, oii^raved
ir. Ilryaii Kdw.irds' Tlic /listniy, li-.i/ aiic' oinmeiiin/, :>f t.'if lliitii/i Culoiiics in the West liidii-s, i;i).(;
a;;ain. i.^oi. I'eiiillot do Cundies in his css.iy < n the portraits calls it a pure fantasy.
1 It is cir.;ravcd in tlic llr->t edition of the Codice ilifliniiatico Ci'lotnht-Aincriniitii, and In the ICnijli^h trans-
lation of that bn.ik. It is also reeni^ravcd in the I.enox edition of .SVj'//(7iv«(. .\nother bust in (iunoa is t;iveii
in the I'lcncli echticn of Navarrolc. Of the hust i'l the Capitoline .Museum at Koine — purely ideal — there is
a copy in the New York Historical Society's (iallery, no. \y\. The i'liii;ies on the nionununt at .Seville, and tlic
bust at Ilavaaa, with their -'istuiue of the latter jiart of the si.xtcenth century, present no claims for lidelity
CI. Miti^aziiic of Amcriciin History, i. 510.
- 'I'liis is copied from one '^ivcii in Kiiijc's GcschiAitc iles /.tilolti-rs tier /uitilcii'iiii::i-ii, p. 234, which fol-
lows a phctoi;raph of the painlin;; in the Ministry of Marine at M.idrid.
'•> There is a model of it in the Public Library -if lioston, a photograph in Harrisse's Xoti-s, p. 1S2, and
ensravin^s in lie I.orijues, Torri, etc. There is also a view of this inonument in an article on flcno.a, tlie hcjine
of Cohunbus, by C). M. Spencer, in //iir/irs' AUiit/i/y, vol. li •., Deccinlier, iS,-6. The mailed lisure on the
Capitol steps at Washington, by Persico, is without claim to notice. There i.s a colossal statue at fama,
erected in iS;o by S.alvatore Uevelli, a marble one at Nass.au (New Providence), ^'nd another at Cardenas, Cuba.
* Navarrete, ii. 3 if'.
5 The tiifirmc dc la Keal AcadL-mia says there is no proof of it ; and of the famous inscription. —
" .-\ Castilla y 4 I.eoa
Nucvo Mundo did Colon," —
said to have lK;en put on his tomb, there is no evidence that it ever as actu.~lly used, being only proposed in the
li.'<^i,is ui Castellanos, 15S8.
i}
COLUMllLS AND HIS UI:iCOVt;RIES
79
I
'.' ill ■ 1
CO'.L'MltUS (/(,)/« Moiilaniis).
f;«7'.iJ, or vaults pf the Carthusians. Meanwhile wish; but it sccmctl to require three royah
the Cathedral in Santo Doniinyo was begun,— orders to make good the project, and overcome
not to be con.pletcd till 1540; and in this island objections or del.iys. These orders were dated
it had been the Admiral's wish to be buried. June 2, 1537, Aug. 22, 1539, and Nov. 5, 1540.*
His family were def'.-ous of carrying out that It has been conjectured from the language of
t They are in thf! •Archives at Madrid. Ilarrisse found imc in the .Xrchlves of the Duke of Vctiguas {f.ot
reslos, etc , p. 41), 'he orders are iirinted by Koque Cucchiii, Prieto, Colmciro, etc.
8o
NARKATIVE AND CRITICAL IIISTOUY OF A.MKKICA.
fch
fi.:
Kcrdiiaiul Ci)luii)bu!>' >vlll, in 1539, tliat (he
rcin.iiii» wcrv .still in tli'j i»(7'..j ,- ,in<l it ix >u|i-
(xiMil tli.it llicy wire tarricii to Saiilo DoiiiiriKci
* 1541, — tliciiigli, if SI), ilicrt is tio ricord uf
incir rcsiinn pLitu (ri)in 1536, — vv Inn tliev arc
said, in the Convent's Kccoriis,' to have been
COFFER AND HONES.'
delivered up for transportation. The earliest
])o.sitive mention of their beinj; in the Cathedra!
at .Santo Doinin(;o is in I549i'' and it is not till
the ne.xt century that hc lind a positive state-
ment that the remains of Diego were also re-
moved.* Not till 1655 does any record say that
the precise spot in the t-'athedral containing the
remains was known, and ni/t t'.l 1676 do we
learn what that |)recise spot was, — " on the right
of the altar." In if).S3 we first learn of "a
leaden case in the sanctuary, at the side of the
platform of the high altar, with the remain.t of
hi.s brother l)oii l.nis on the ollui side, aicord-
ing to the tradition of the age<l in this isl.md."''
The book from which this is extracted" w.is
published in Madrid, anil erred in i.dling I.uis
a brother instead of grandson, whose father,
Diego, lying beside the
Admiral, seems at the
time to h.ive been for-
gotten '
Just a cent III V later
in l7>Sj, .\Ioreaii lie
Sainl-.Mery, prefacing
his I >iH 11 f^llitll A/i|;'-
r.if'/iiijiii- of .S.iiiio 1 )o-
niingo,^ sought pmre
c.vpl icit infill iiMllon,
.ind learned that, slmrl-
ly before his impiiry,
Ihu lloor of the chancel
had been raised so as
to conceal the top of
(he vault, which wa.s
".I case of stone" (con-
l.iiiiing the leaden col-
liii), on the "(iospel
side of the sanctuary"
'I'his case had been
discovered. during the
rep.iirs, and, though
"without inscription,
w.is known from unin-
terrupted and invaria-
ble tradition to contain
the remains of t'<ilum-
bus ; " and the I >ean of
the Chapter, in certi-
fying to this effect,
speaks of the " leaden
urn as a little damaged, and containing several
human bones ;" while he had also, some vears
earlier, found on " the Kpistle side " of the altar a
.similar ,>.tcme case, which, according to tradition,
contained the bones of the Admiral's brother."
A few years later the treaty of Itasle, July
22, 1795, gave to France the half of Santo Do
mingo still remaining to Spain ; and at the cost
of the Duke of v'eraguas, and with the con-
currence of the Chanter of the Cathedral, the
Spanish General, Gabriel dc Aristazabal, some-
>r ■
' Ilarrissc, l.o! restm, \t. 44.
- This fiillciws an cnHraving given in John fi. Shea's " Where arc the Kemains of Ciiluinbus ? " in .\fiii;a-
ziiic 0/ A>mri,\iii //:star\\ January, 1SS3, and separately. There are other engravings in Tejcra, pp. 28, 29,
and after a phot 'graph'in the Iii/ormc de la Kcal Aaulcmia, p. ly?. The case is \by% X 8)j X V/'% inches.
3 I'rieto, tixi mill, etc., p. I.S.
^ Colnieiro, p. 160.
^ (Juotcd in Ilarisse, La si-fiilliircs, etc., p. 22.
" Synodo Diiuesi'n Jet Arzobhftulo di Siiiito Domiiif;o, p. 13.
■ I'lans of the chancel, with the disposition of the tombs in 154c or 1541, as now supposed, arc given in
Tejcra, p, 10; '...xcl'ia, p. 4.**, etc.
* PublishcH !-vjlh in French and English at I'liiladelphia in 1 796.
" Harrissc, Los rcstos, p. 47.
COLUMUUS ANI> HIS DISCOVERUIS.
•l
H'Imt hurriedly opened ,i vault mi tlic Icfl ci( the
altar, and, with iliie (crcinony and notarial
record,' took from it fragment!* of a leaden
case and some human bones, whiili wtie
unattested by any inscription foinid with ihcni.
'I'he relics were placed in a ^ih leaden case,
and borne with military honors to Havana.^
It is now claimed that these remains were of
I)icf{o, the son, and that the vault then opened
Ix still empty in the Cathedral, while the );enn-
Inc remains of Columbus were left luidisturbed.
seem to have been suitable prerantions taken
to avoid oiiasion for imputations o' dei eit,
and with witnesses the case was examined."
In it were found some bones and dust, a leaden
bullet,' two iron screws, whii li (itted the hole*
in a small silver plate found ticiieath the moidd
in tl.o bottom of the case.* This cajtket bore
on the outside, on the front, and two ends
— one letter on each surface — the letter*
C. C. A. On the lop was an inscription hero
reduced : —
Z). Ji
I. J.
/ y.
/€
In 1877, in making some changes aliout
the chancel, on the right of the altar, the
workmen opened a vault, and found a leaden
case containing human bones, with ar in-
scription showing them to be those of I„.i9,
the grandson. This led to a search on the
This inscription Is supposed to mean " Discov-
erer of America, first Admiral." Opcnint; ''"=
case, which in this situation presented the a|>-
pearance shown in the cut on page So, the under
surface of the lij was found to bear the follow-
ing legend : —
'i
opposite, or "Gospel, side " of the chancel,
where they found an empty vault, supposed
to be the one from which the remains were
taken to Havana. Detween this and the side
wall of the building, and separated from the
empty vault by a si.x-inch wall, was found
another cavity, and in it a leaden ca^e. There
This legend is translated, " Illustrious and re-
nowned man, Christojiher Columbus."" A fac-
simile of the inscri|)ti(m found on the small silver
plate is given on p.ige 82, the larger of which
is understood to mean " A part of the remains
of the first Admiral, Don Christopher Colum-
bus, discoverer."' The discovery was made
' Nav,-irretc, ii. 365; Pricto's F.xAmeii, p. 20; Koquc Cnccliia. p. 2S0 ; Ilarrisse, /.iw rr'ti", app. 4.
2 Irvin!;'s account of this transportatinii is in his /,//(• a/ Co/iiiii/'iit, app. i. Cf. litlir of Duke (if
Veraguas (March 30, ijt)C>) in Miifnziiie of Amcriiaii History, i. 247. At Ilav.-uia tlie reinterment took jilace
witti great parade .■\n oration was delivered by Caballcro, the original manuscript of wliicli is now in (he
M.issacluisctts Ili>torical Society's Library (cf. Proccciliiii;!, ii. 105, iTiS). Prieto (I.i>! rato!) prints this
oration; Navarrcte (vol. ii. pp. 3^15-381) gives extracts from the oftici.il accounts of the transfer of the remains.
8 The .Spanish consul is said to liave Iwen satislied with the precautici!is. Cf. Do cxi.<fi-n thfosilaJits las
ccnizas dc Colon .' by Don Jos6 de Echeverri (Santandcr, 1S7S). There are views of the Cathedral in Hazard's
Snnio /)omiiij;o, p. 224, and elsewhere.
* Which some h.ave supposed was received in Columbus' body in his early piratical days.
' This pliite was discovered on a later examination.
'' Hiith of these inscriptions ,ire given in fac-simile in Cocchi.a, p. 5(,,t ; in Tejera, p. 30 ; and in .Arma'.,
who calls it "inscripcion autdntica — escritura giitic.a-alcm.uia " of the sixteenth century.
" Fac-similes of these arc given in the liiforme ilc ht h'eit! A>a<l,inia, Tejera (pi>. 33, 34 1, Prieto, Cocchia
(pp. 170, 171), Shea's paper, and in Armas, who calls the inscription, "Ap<krifas — escritura inglcsa de la
^pocha actu.il."
VOL. II. — II,
f
I*
83
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY ()!• AMKRICA.
known by the Hishop, Rnquc Cocchia, in a
pastoral letter,' and the news spread rapidly.''
The Spanish King named Seilor Antonio I.opez
Pricto, of Havana, to go to Santo Domingo,
and, with the Spanish consul, to investigate.
Prieto had already printed a tract, which went
through two editions, Los restos ilc Colon:
fXiimiii histirico-critiiO, Havana, 1S77. In
.March, 187S, he addressed his Official Report
to the Captain-general of Cuba, which was
printed in two editions during the same year,
as Iiiformc sohyc los rcstos tie Colon. It was an
attack upon the authenticity of the remains at
Santo Domingo. L.ater in the same year, Oct.
14, 1878, Scfior Manuel Colniciro presented, in
behalf of the Royal Academy of History of
M.idrid, a rejiort to the King, which was printed
at Madrid in 1S79 as I.os reslos de Colon:
hi/orme lie la Real Aeaiiemia de la I/iiloria, etc.
It reinforced the views of Trieto's Report ;
charged Roipie Cocchia with abetting a fraud ;
pointed to the A (America) of the outside in-
scription as a name for the \ew World which
Spaniards at that time never used ; ■' and
claimed that the remains discovered in 1877
were those of Christopher Columbus, the grand-
son of the .\dmiral, and that the inscriptions
had been tampered with, or were at least much
later than the date of reinterment in the Cathe-
dral.* liesides liishop Roque Cocchia, the prin-
cipal upholder of the .Santo Domingo theory
has been Emiliano Tejera, who publiidied his
' Dtsciibrimitnlo de los verdaderos reslos de Cristdbal Colon; carta fastoral, .Santo Domingo, 1S77, —
reprinted in Iiiformc de la Real .Icademia, p. lyi, t'tc.
J The Hishop, in his subsequent /.os reslos de Colon (S.-into Domini;!), 1S79), written after his honesty in the
matter w.is impu);neil, and with the aim of Kivini» a full exposition, shows, in cap. xviii. how the discovery, as
he claimed it, interested the world. Various contemporaneous documents are also piven in Colon en Qiiisqiieya,
Coleecion de documcnios, etc., Santo Domingo, 1S77. A movement was made to erect a monument in -Santo
Domingo, and some rcs])onse was received from the t-'nitcd States. iWw Jersey Historical Society's Proceed-
iiiX'SyV. 134; Pennsylvania Magazine of History, iii. 465.
' Mr. J. C. Drcvoort, in " Where are the Kcmains of Columbus ? " in Magazine of American History,
ii. 157, suggests th.1t the " D. dela A."' means " Difjnidad de la Almirantazgo."
■• This was a view advanced by J. I. de Armas in a Caracas newspaper, later set forth in his Las eenixas
de CristShil Colon suflantadas en la CaUdral de Santo Domingo, Caracas, iSSi. The same view is taken bv
Sir Travers Twiss, in his Christopher Columlius : A Monograph on his True niirial-flacc (LonAon, 1879), .1 paper
which originally appeared in the JVantical Afagazine. M. A. Itaguet, in "Oil sont ces rcstes de Colomb?"
printed in the liullelin de la .S'otV/i- (/'.///I'^rj (1SS2), vi. 449, also holds that the remains are those of the
Rrandson, Cristoval Colon. For an adverse view, sec the Inforine of the Amigos del Pais, published at Santo
Domingo, 1882. Cf. also Juan Maria Asensio, Los reslos de Colon, scgunda ed., Scvile, 1S81.
HV'^
COLUMHUS AND HIS OISCOVKKIKS.
H
Li>s rtslot dt Coli'ii III Siitilo /)(<mini;o in lR;8,
1111(1 liii Lot i/oi riitos i/i- Cnsli^'hil Ci'loii in
iS7>>, liiilh in Santii DoniinKo- iUiiry l(.irri'<»i',
iinilcr the aiwpici's <>( thi' " Socii'd.iil ilc llililii'i-
(ilcn An<lalmcH," priiilcil lii» /.os r(.<t,« ,lt Don
CrislMttl Colon ill Seville in 1S78, and his /.,•/
ti{<ulliirts ,/<• Chrislofhi- Colomh ; mii,- enliqiit
Ju frfmur r,i/>/>i>rl offieifl fiMic sur tt sujd,
the next year (1S79) at I'aris.' Kmni Italy we
have l,iii({i 'rninniasn llelnrano's Siillit rtttittt
Hi'fvrtit d(tl( osui <//■ Colomkt ((leima, 1S7.S). ( )ne
rif the lK»t and mci>it recent snnnnaries (if the
Huliject is l)v J<)hn (>. Shea in the Mitf;nzini- of
Anh-rii,in History, January, iSSj; also printed
Heparalelv, and translated into Spanish. Rich-
ard I'ortainhert {Xoufellt hisloire ihs I'oyngfi,
p. yi)) considers the Santo Domingo theory over-
come by the evidence.
J. nATK AMI Pt.ACK <)!•■ IllRTII O!' Col.UM-
»US, AND AcCOtrNTS OK Ills l'"AMII,V. — The
year and |)lace of Colundms' hirlh, and the station
into which he was horn, are tpicstions of dispute.
Ilarrisse''' epitomizes the authorities upon the
year of his nativity. Oscar I'eschel reviews the
opposing arnunienls in a paper printed in Aiisliuul
in lS6C).'' The whole subject was examined at
Hreater length and with ureat care by D'Ave/ac
before the (icographical Society of I'aris in
iS72.* The (picstion is one of deductions from
statements not very definite, nor wholly in ac-
cor'' The extremes of the limits in dispute are
about twenty years; but within this interval,
assertions like those of Kamusio* (1430) and
Charlevoix* (1441) may be thrown out as sus-
ceptible of no argument.'
In favor of the earliest date — which, with
variations arising from the estimates upon frac-
tions of years, may lie ))laced either in 1 435,
1436, or 1437 — are Navarrete, Humboldt. Ker-
(linand Ilbfer," fimile Dcschancl," Lamartinc,'"
Irving, Ilonnefonx, Roselly de Lnrgucn, I'AhM
Cadoret, Jiirieii de la (ir.iviire," NapioTic," <*an-
ccllieri, and fanlli.'' This view Is fmnuled upon
the statement of one who had known Columbus,
Andres llernalde/., in his A'lVts kiMios, that
I'obunbus was about seventy year* old at his
death, in 1506.
The other extreme — similarly varied froim
the fract{(Uis between 1455 and 1456 — is taken
by Oscar I'esihel," who deduces it from a letter
of Colinnbus dated July 7, 1 503, in which he
says that he was twenty eight whii\ he entered
the service of Spain in l4S4i and I'eschel ar-
gues that this is corrolxiralcd by adding the
fourteen years of his boyhood, before going to
sea, to the twenty-three years of sea lilc which
Colmnbus says he had had previous to hii
voyage of discovery, and dating back from I4(jj,
when he made this voyage.
A middle date — placed, according to frac-
tional calculations, variously from 1445 to 1447
— is held by Cladera," llossi, MuHo/, ('.asoni,'"
.Salinerio," Robertson, S|)(itorno, Major, San-
guinetti. and Canale. The .TgiirncMt for this
view, as presented by Major, is this ; It was
in 14S4, and not in 1492, that this coi\tinnous
sea-service, referred to by Columbus, ended ;
accordingly, the thirty-seven years already men-
tioned should be deducted from l.(.S4. which
would point to 1447 as the year of his birth, —
a statement confirmed also, as is lh(Might, by
the assertion which Colmnbus makes, in 1501,
that it wa» forty years since he began, at four-
teen, his se.vlifc. Similar reasons avail with
D'Avezac, whose calculations, however, point
rather to the year 144O.'"
A similar uncertainty has been made to ap-
pear regarding the place of Columbus' birth.
Outside of (ienoa and de]>endcncics, while dis-
carding such claims as those of Kngland, '"
t Originally in the Biillitiii dc la Socieli' de Giitfrcifliie, October, 1878. Cf. also his paper in the Kane
criliiiue, Jan. 5, 1S7S, " I.cs rcslcs nKirtels de Colninb."
'■* liiH. Amer. I'e/., p. 3.
» Pages 1 177-1 181 : " Ucl)cr d.is riebiirts|,ilire tics F.ntdcckers vcm America."
* Annie verilahle dc li nnhsance de Chrislofhe Cotomb, el rniie ehnmoloj^iqiic de! frincifaUi ffogtiei
ie sa Tie, in Unllelin de la Soeiete ,te Cdoi^rnf'liie, Juillit, 1872 ; .ilso printed separately in 1S7;,. pp. ^14.
» llascd on a st.itcnient in the Itali.in text i>f i'ctcr Martyr (15 !4) which is nut in the original Latin.
<■' Also in Pr(;viist's I'oya^e!:, ami in Tiralx)schi"9 Lilteraturn llaliaim.
1 Iliunlxililt, /ixameii eriH,/iie, iii. 252.
" Noiivelle Hojirafiliie xenirale, xi. 20(j.
'■' C/iristo/'he Colomh, Paris, iSfii,
'" Chrislof'her Colomh.
" l.a mariiis ,li/ Xl'e el ilii XVlc sihle, i. 80.
'- Palria di Colombo.
'* Sloria universale.
^* /'^eilalter iler /-nldeehtni^en, \\ c)7 ; Aiisiand, iWi, p. lljS.
t* Invcstifaeiones liislirieas, p. ;iS.
" Annnli di (lenova. 1 70S, ]). 26.
" .Innolationes ad Tacilnm.
'" These various later arguments are epitomized in Ruijc. Das /.eitaller iter Entdeeknngen, p. 2to.
''•• Charles Malloy's Treatise of Affairs Afarilime, y\ eil., London, 1682; Harrisse, A'b/w »« Colnmitii,p.6g.
84
NAKRATIVK AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
Corsica,' and Milaii,^ lliuic are iiinrc defensible
lircscntations in bclialf ■>f I'lacciitia (I'iacen/.a),
wliere lliere was an ancestral eslale of the Ad-
miral, whose rental had lieen enjoyed liy him
and by his father;'' aiul .'till more urgrnt de-
mands for recognition on the part of Cuccaro
in Montlerrat, I'iedmont, the lord of whos^
castle was a Dominico Colondjo, — pretty well
proved, however, not to have been tlic Domin-
ico who was father of the Admiral. It seems
certain that the paternal Domiriiio did own
land in Cnccaro, near his kinspcople, and lived
there as late as 1443.*
In conse(|iiciui' of these claims, the Aoadcmy
of Sciences in Genoa named a connnission, in
1812, to investigate them ; and their report,''
favoring the traditional belief in (lenoa as the
trne spot of Columbus' birth, is given in digest
in Uossi." The claim of (lenoa seems to be
generally accciited to-day, as it was in the Ad-
miral's time by I'ete- Martyr, Las Casas, Her-
naldez, (iiustiniani, Ceraldini, (jallo, Senarava,
and Fogliitto." t!olumbus himself twice, in his
will (lioH), sTv.' he was born In Cenoa; and in
the codicil (1506) lie refers to his "beloved
country, the Kei)ul)lic of Cicnoa." Ferdinand
calls his father "a Cenoese.'"" Of modern
writers Spotorno, in the Introduction to the
Coilicc tli/^loiiiiUico Cotomhii-Amtricaiio (1.S23),
and earlier, in his Delia origim- <• ,/<■//,/ f;ilna
ili Coloml'o (1819), has elaborated the claim,
with proofs and arg-.-menls which have been
accepted by Irving, liossi, Sanguinetll, Kosclly,
De Lorgues, and most other biographers and
writers.
There still remains the possibility of Genoa
as referred to by Cohunbus and his conlempi>-
rarics, signifying the region dependent on it,
rather than the town It.self; and ivith this lali
tude recognized, there are fourteen towns, 01
hamlets as Ilarrlsse names them," which present
their claims. ''^
Ferdinand Columbus resented Glustinianl's
statement that the Admiral was of hmnble ori-
gin, and sought to connect his father's descent
with the ColomLos of an ancient line and fame;
but his disdainful recognition of such a descent
is, after all, not conducive to a belief in Fer-
dinand's own conviction of the connection.
'.':.i;l
' Documentary I'.roof, as it was called, has heen iirintcd in the Kctiic ilc Paris, where (August, 1841) it is
said tiiat llic certificate of Columbus' niarriaRe s lx?en discovered in Corsica. Cf. Margry, Navii^alions
Framaius. p. 357. The views of the Abl)6 Manii -asanova, that Columbus was born In Calvi in Corsica, and
the act of the b'rencli rresidont of Au(;. f>, 1SS3, approving of the erection of a monument to Columbus In that
town, have been since reviewed by Ilanissc in the h'cvuc criliqiic ( iS Juin, 1SS3), who repeats the arKunicnts
for a Ijclicf in (ienoa as the Ijirthpl.ice, in a paper, "Chrlstophe Coloinb ct la Corse," which has since l)cen
printed separately.
'^ Domingo (Ic Valtanas, Comfendio de corns notables dc /isfiaiia, Seville, 1550; liibl. Amcr. Vil., no. 183-
•■i The claim is for I'radello, a village neishboring to I'lacentia. Cf. Canipi, llistoria ccclcsiastkn di
Piacciiza, I'iacenza, i65i-i('ifi2, which contains a "discorso historico circa la n.iscita di Colombo," etc. ; llar-
rissc, Notes 11)1 Columbus, p. 67; Cartcr-Iirovvn, vol. ii. no. 711.
* Napione, in Mhnoircs dc V Acadhmc dc Turin (iSot,), xii. 1 if>, and (1823) xxvii. 73, — the first part
being iirinlcd separately at Florence, in iNo8, as IMla /'atria di Colombo, while he printed, in 1.S09, Del frimo
scof'ritore del contiueutc del iiumv iiioudo. In the same year J. I). Lanjuijiais published at I'aris, in reference
to Napione, his Cliristof'hc ('otomb, on notice d'un livrc Italien conccrnant cet illustre navii^atcur. Cf. the
s.aine author's Etudes (I'aris, 1823/, for a sketch of Columbus, jjp. 7i-<)4; l>issertazioni di l'ra)uescu Can-
ccliieri so/^ra Coloiubu, Konie, iSoq; and Viccnzio Conti's historical account of Montferrat. In 1S53 Luigi
Colombo, a prelate (jf the Roman Church, who claimed descent from .n. uncle of the Admiral, renewed the
claim in his i'atria e bioi^ra/ia del t^rande antmirat^lio I). Cristoforo Colombo de^ conti e sit^nori di Cuccaro,
Kouia, rS5V Cf. Notes on (.'olum')us, \^. 73.
'< A'aj;ion:!meiito nel yuale si coii/irma I'o/inionr f;cncrale inlorno al fatria di Cristoforo Colombo, in
vol. ili. of the Transactions of the Society.
" A view of the alleged house and cbamlwr in which the birth took place is given in Harpers' Monthly,
vol. liv., Dctcmlier, 187^1,
" In his Clarorum l.i^urum clifia, where the (ienoese were taunted for neglecting the fame of Columbus.
^ Sec his will in Navarrete, atul in Ilarrissc's Fcrnan Colon.
" /i:bl. /tmc). Vet., pp. xix, 2.
' The claims of Savona have been urged the most persistently. The Admiral's father, it seems to lie
admitted, removed to Savona before M''"), and livcil there some time; and It is found that members of the
Colombo family, even a Cristoforo CoIouiIk), is found there in 1472 ; but it is at the same time clainu'il thai this
Cristoforo si^'ncd himself as of (ienoa. The chief advcjcate is lielloro, \n \.\\<: Corres. Astron. (leoxrapb. du
/lainn de /.ach, vol. xi., hose arjjument is epitomized by Irving, .app. v. Cf. (iiovanni Tonunaso lielloro,
Nolizic (/' atti csistenti nel publico archirio dc' nolai di Snvona, concernenti la fami^lia di Cristoforo
('olombo. Torino, iSio, reprinted by Spotorno at Genoa in 1S21. Sabin (vol. ii. no. 4,565), corrects errors
of llarrisse, Notes on Columbus, p. 68. Other d.iims for these (ienoese towns arc brought forward, lor which
^fi' llarrisse. Notes ou Coluinbu; J. K. li.uUett, in //ntorical .Mai^azine, I'ebrnary, 1868, p. 100; Felico
Isnardi's Disscrtazionc, 183S, and Nuni do,umeut>, 1840, etc. Caleb Cushing in bis Keminisceuces of Spain,
\. 21)2 (liostcm, 1833), gave considerable attention to the (piestion of Columbus' nativity.
',^F
COLUMliUS AND HIS DISCOVEKIES.
85
;ia
FERDINAND OF SPAIN.'
riicrc seems little doubt th:it his father- was landed ])roperties, at one time or another, in or
a wool-weaver or draper, and owned small not far from Genoa;*' and, as I larrisse infers,
1 This follows a!i ancient medallion as cngrave<l in Buckingham Smith's Colcccion, Cf. also the sign-
manual on p. 56.
2 Ilcniardo PallastrcUi's // suocero e la moglie di C. CdAiwAj ( Modcna, 1S71 ; second ed., 1876), with a
genealogy, gives an account of his wife's family. Cf. also Al!i;i:miitic /.eiliiiif;, Ucilage no. iiS (iSja), and
Aincr. Anti.}, So,-, rrnc, Ortoher, iS;j.
' IMiilip Casoni'i .'f»;M.V <// 6V<(»-vi, Cicno.i, 170S.
%
86
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
^QN BARTHOtN^^^
- Colon ,
BARTHOLOMEW COLUMBWS.'
it was in one of the houses on the Bisagno road,
as you go from Genoa, that Columbus was per-
haps born.-
The pedigree (p. 87) shows the alleged de-
scent of Columbus, as a table in Spotorno's
Delia origiiie e della patria ili Colombo, 18 ig,
connects it with other lines, whose heirs at a
later day were aroused to claim the Admiral's
honors ; and as the usual accounts of his imme-
diate descendants record the transmission of his
rights After Columbus' death, his son Diego
demanded the restitution of the offices and
privileges ' which had been suspended during
the Admiral's later years. He got no satisfaC'
1 This is a facsimile of an engra''ing in Herrera (Baicia's edition). There is a vignette likeness on the
title of vol i., edition of 1601. Navarrete's Memoir of Bartholomew Columbus is in the Colcccion de docw
incntos incdilos, vol. xvi.
^ Harrisse, Notes on Colinnlms, p. 73. Ilarrisse, in liis Lcs Colombo dc France ct d'llalie, famciix matins
• In XVe sicclo, 1461-1492 (Paris, 1S74), uses some new material from the archives of Milan, Paris, and Venice,
and gathers all that he can of the Colombos ; and it does not seem probable that the Admiral bore anything more
than a very remote relationship to the family of the famous mariners. M.ajor (Select Letters, p. xllll) has also
examined the alleged connection with the French soa-lc.idcr, Caseneuve, or Colon. Cf. Dcsimoni's Rassegnn
del niiot'o libro di Enrico Harrisse: Les Colombo de France ct d' Italic (Parigi, 1S74, pp. 17) ; and the appen
Olces to Irving's Columbus (nos. iv. and ,) and llarrissc's Les Colombo (no. vi).
* Conferred by the Convention of 1492 ; ratified April 23, 1497 ; confirmed by letter royal, March 14, 150a.
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88
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
tion but tlie privilege of contending at law with
the fiscal minister of the Crown, and of giving
occasion for all the latent slander about the
Admiral lO make itself heard. The tribunal
was the Council of the Indies ; the suit was
begun in 1508, and lasted till 1527. The docu-
ments connected with the case are in the
Archives of the Indies. The chief defence of
the Crown was that the original convention
was agaiiist law and public policy, and that
Columbus, after all, did not discover Ti-mi
firnui, and for such discovery alone honors of
this kind should be the reward. Piego won the
Council's vote ; out Ferdinand, the King, hesi-
tated to confirm their decision. Meanwhile
Diego had married a niece of the Duke of
Alva, the King's favorite, and got in this way
a royal grant of something like vice-royal au-
thority in the Indies, to which he went (1509)
with his bride, prepared for the proper state
and display. I lis uncles, Uartholomcw and
Diego, as well as Ferdinand Columbus, accom-
panied him. The King soon began to encroach
on Diego's domain, creating new provinces >ut
of it.* It does not belong to this place to tr.ice
the vexatious factions which, through Fonseca's
urging, or otherwise created, Diego was forced
to endure, till he returned to .Spain, in 1515, to
answer his accusers. When he asked of the
King a share of the profits of the Darien coast,
his royal master endeavored to show that Die-
go's father had never been on that coast. After
Ferdinand's death (Jan. 23, 15 161, his succes-
sor, Charles V., acknowledged the injustice
of the charges against Diego, and made some
amends by giving him a viceroy's functions in
all places discovered by his father. He was
subjected, however, to the surveillance of a su-
pervisor to report on his conduct, upon going tn
his government in 1520.'^ In three years he was
again recalled for e.vamination, and in 1526 he
died. Don Luis, who succeeded to his lather
Diego, after some years exchanged, in 1556, his
rights of vice-royalty in the Indies for ten thou-
sand gold doubloons and the title of Ducjiie de
Ver.nguas (with subordinate titles), and a gran-
decship of the first r.ink;^ the latter, however,
was not confirmed till 171 2.
His nephew Diego succeeded to the rights,
silencing those of the daughter of Don Luis by
marrying her. They had no issue ; and on his
death, in 157S, various claimants brought suit
for the succession (as shown in the table), which
was finally given, in 1608, to the grandson of
Isabella, the granddaughter of Columbus. This
suit led to the accumulation of a large amount
of documentary evidence, which was printed.*
The ve.\ations did not end here, the Duke of
Berwick still contesting ; but a decision in 1790
confirmed the title in the present line. The
revolt of the Spanish colonies threatened to
deprive the Duke of Veraguas of his income ;
but the Spanish Government made it good by
charging it upon the revenues of Cuba and
Porto Rico, the source of the present Duke's
support.*
POSTSCRIPT.
sfj
i
i
A FTER the foregoing chapter had been com-
■^ pleted, there came to hand the first vol-
ume of Christophe Colomb, son origine, sa vie, ses
voyages, sa famille, ei scs descendants, d'apris des
documents inidits tiris des Archives de Ghies, de
Savoue, de Skitte, et de Madrid, ittides d'histoire
critique par Henry ffarrisse, Paris, 1884.
The book is essentially a reversal of many
long-established views regarding the career of
Columbus. The new biographer, as has been
1 Such as New Andalusia, on the Isthmus of Darien, intrusted to Ojeda | and Castilla del Oro, and the
region about Veragua. committed to Nicucssa. There was a certain slight also in this last, inasmuch as Don
Diego had been with the Admiral when he discovered it.
■2 The ruins of Diego Columbus' house in Santo Domingo, as they appeared in 1801, are shown in Charton's
Voyageiirs, iii. iSf), and Samuel Hazard's Santo Domingo, p. 47 ; also pp. 213, 228.
3 Papers relating to Luis Colon's renunciation of his rights as Duke of Veraguas, in 1556, are in Peralta's
Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panamif, Madrid, 1SS3, p. 162.
* Harrisse, Notes on Columbus, p. 3. Lcderc (Dilil. Amcr., no. 137) notes other original family documents
priced at 1,000 francs.
5 The amis granted by the Spanish sovereigns at Barcelona, May 20, 1493, seem to have been altered at a
later date. As depicted by Oviedo, they are given on an earlier page. Cf. Lopez de Haro, Nobiliario general
(Madrid, 1632), pt. ii. p. 312 ; Mufioz, Historia del nuci'O niondo, p. 165 ; Notes and Queries (2d series), xii.
530; (5th series) ii, 152; \fem. de la Real Academia de Madrid (1852), vol. viii. ; Roselly de Lorgues,
Christophe Colomb (1856); Documcntos iniulitos {iS6i),\\\\. 295; Cod. diplom. Colombo- America no, p. Ixx ;
Harrisse, Notes en Columbus, p. 168; Charlevoix, /sle Espagnole, i. 61, 236, and the engraving given in
K.-imusio (1556), iii. 84. I am indebted to Mr. James Carson nrevoort for guidance upon this point.
COLUMBUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
shown, is not bound by any res|)fct for the Life
of the Admiral which fur three liundred years
has been associated with the name of Kerdinaiid
Columbus. The j;rounds of his discredit of that
book are again asserted ; and he considers the
..tory as given in Las Casas as much more likely
to represent the prototype both of the Ifisloiiii
f;eihrcii of tliis last writer and of the Huloric
of 1 57 1, than the mongrel production which he
imagines this Italian text of L'lloa to be, and
wliicii he accounts utterly unworthy of credit by
reason of the sensational perversions and addi-
ti(jns with which it is alloyed by some irrespon-
sible editor. This revolutionary spirit makes
the critic acute, and sustains him in laborious
search ; but it is one whi':h seems scnnetimes to
imperil his judgment. He does not at times
hesitate to involve Las Casas himself in the
same condemnation for the use which, if we
understand him, Las Casas may be supposed,
e(|ually with the author or editor of the J/isloru;
to have made of their common prototype. That
any received incident in Columbus' career is only
traceable to the llistorie is sutticient, with our
critic, to assign it to the category of fiction.
This new Life adds to our knowledge from
many sources ; and such points as have been
omitted or slightly developed in the preceding
chapter, or are at variance with the accepted
views upon which that chapter has been based,
it may be well briefly to mention.
The frontispiece is a blazon of thr arms of
Columbus, " du cartulaire original dresse sous
ses yeux i Seville en 1502," following a manu-
script in the Archives of the Ministry of For-
eign Affairs at I'ari.s. The field of the quarter
with the castle is red ; that of the lion is sil-
ver; that of the anchors is blue; the main and
islands are gold, the water blue. It may be
remarked that the disposition of these islands
seems to have no relation to the knowledge then
existing of the Columbian Archipeiago. Below
is a blue bend on a gold field, with red above
(see the cut, ante, p. 15).
In writing in his Introduction of the sources
of the history of Columbus, Ilarrisse says that
we possess sixty-four memoirs, letters, or ex-
tracts written by Columbus, of which twenty-
three are preserved in his own autograph. Of
these sixty-four, only the Libra de las frofccias
has not been printed entire, if we except a /)/f-
viorial que presents CristSbat Colon d los Reyes
Catolicos sobrc las cosas necesarias para abastccer
las Inilias which is to be printed for the first
time by Ilarrisse, in the appendix of his decond
volume. Las Casas' transcript of Columbus'
Journal is now, he tells us, in the collection of
the Duque d' Osuna at Madrid. The copy of
Dr. Chanca's relation of the second voyage, used
by Navarrete, and now in the Academy of His-
tory at Madrid, belonged to a collection formed
VOL. II. — 12.
by Antonio dc Aspa. The personal papers of
Columbus, confided by him to his friend (iaspar
Gorricio, were preserved for over a century in
an iron case in the custody of nxmks of Las
Cuevas ; but they were, on the isth of May, 1609,
surrendered to N'uno Gelvcs, of I'ortugal, who
had been adjudged the lawful successor of the
Admiral. Such as have escaped destruction
now constitute the collection of the present
l)u(|ue de Veraguas; and of them Navarrete
has printetl seventy- ght documents. Of the
|)apers concerning (Jolumbus at (icnoa, Ilar-
risse finds (Mily one anterior lo his famous voy-
age, and that is a paper of the Katlier Uominico
Colombo, dated July 21, 14S9, of whom such
facts as are known are given, including refer-
ences to him in 1463 and 146.S in the records of
the IJank of St. George in Genoa. Of the two
letters of 1502 which Columbus addressed to
the Hank, only one now exists, as far as Ilarrisse
could learn, and that is in the Hotel de Ville.
Particularly in regard to the family of Colum-
bus, he has made effective use of the notarial
and similar reco .Is of places where Columbus
and his family have lived. liut use of deposi-
tions for establishing dates and relationship
imposes great obligation of care in the identi-
fication of the persons named ; and this with a
family as numerous as the Colombos seem to
have been, and given so much to the repeating
of Christian names, is more than usually diffi-
cult. In discussing the evidence of the place
and date of Columbus' birth (p. 137), as well as
tracing his family line (pp. 160 and 166), the
conclusion reached by Harrisse fi.\es the humble
origin of the future discoverer ; since he finds Co-
lumbus' kith and kin of the station of weavers, —
an occupation determining their social standing
as well in Genoa as in other places at that time.
The table which is given on a previous page (««/»•,
p. 87) shows the lines of supposable connec-
tion, as illustrating the long contest for the pos-
session of the Admiral's honors. His father's
father, it would seem, was a Giovanni Colombo
(pp. 167-216), and he the son of a certain Luca
Colombo. Giovanni lived in turn at Terrarossa
and Quinto. Domenico, the Admiral's father,
married Susanna Fontanarossa, and removed
to Genoa between 1448 and 1551, living there
afterward, except for the interval 1471-14S4,
when he is found at .Savona. He died in
Genoa not far from 149S. We are told (p. -"^'
how little the Archives of Savona yield resp .i-
ing the family. Using his new notarial evidence
mainly, the critic fixes the birth of Columbus
about 1445 (pp. 223-241); and enforces a view
expressed by him before, that Genoa as the place
of Columbus' birth must be taken in the broader
sense of including tlie dependencies of the city, in
one of which he thinks Columbus was born
(p. 221) in that humble station which Gallo, in l.is
';
90
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
; I'
I ''i'll
" De navigatione Columbi," now known to us as
printed in Muratori (xxiii. 301), was the first to
assert. Giustiniani, in his I'salter-note, and
Senarcga, in his "l)c rel)us Gcnue;isibus " (Mu-
ratori, .\.viv. 354) seem mainly to have followed
Gallo on this point. There is failure (p. Si) tcj
find confirmation of some of the details of the
family as given by Casoni in his Aiiiiali Mia
rcpiihlica di Gciiofa (170S, and again 1799). In
relation to the lines of his descendants, there
are described (pi). 49-60) nineteen dilferent me-
morials, bearing date between 1590 and 1792 —
and there maybe others — v.liich grew out of
the litigations in which the descent of the Ad-
miral's titles was involved.
The usual story, told in the Uistorie, of Co-
lumbus' sojourn at the University of Pavia is
discredited, chiefly on the ground that Columbus
himself says that from a tender age he followed
the sea (but Columbus' statements are often
inexact), and from the fact that in cosinograjjliy
Genoa had more to tv..;:h him than I'avia. Co-
lumbus is also kept longer in Italy than the
received opinion has allowed, which has sent him
to Portugal about 1470 ; while we are now told
— if his identity is unassailable — that he was
in Savona as late as 1473 (I'P- -S3--54)'
Documentary Portuguese evidence of Colum-
bus' connection with Portugal is scant. The
Archivo da Torre do Tombo at Lisbon, which
Santarem searched in vain for any reference
to Vespucius, seem to be equally batren of in-
formation respecting Columbus, and they only
afford a few items regarding the family of the
rerestrcllos (p. 44).
The principal contempoiary Portuguese
chronicle making any reference to Columbus is
Kuy de Pina's Ckroniai del Rei Dom Joiio //.,
which is contained in the ColUcciio dc livros incd-
itos dc historia Piirtiii;iieza, published at Lisbon
in 1792 (ii. 177), from which Garcia de Rcsendc
seems to have borrowed what appears in his
C/ioroiika, publii,hed at Lisbon in 1 596; and
tnis latter account is simply paraphrased in the
Decada primtira do Asia (Lisbon, 1752) of
Joao de Barros, who, born in 1496, was ioo late
to nave personal knowledge of earlier time of
the discoveries. Vasconcellos' Vida y acciotics
del Rey D. Jitan al scgundo (Madrid, 1639) adds
nothing.
The statement of the Historic again thrown
out, doubt at least is raised respecting the mar-
riage of Columbus with Philippa, daughter of
Bartholomeu Perestrello; and if the critic can-
not disprove such union, he seems to think that
as good, if i.ot better, evidence exists for declar-
ing the wife of Columbus to have been the
daughter of V.isco Gil .Moniz, of an old family,
while it was Vasco Gill's sister Isabel who
married the Perestrello in question. The mar-
riage of Columbus took ])lace, it is claimed
there is reason to believe, not in Madeira, as
Goniara and others have maintained, but in
Lisbon, and no' before 1474. Further, discard-
ing the Ilislorie, there is no evidence that Co-
lumbus ever lived at Porto Santo or .Madeira,
or that his wife was dead when he left Portugal
for Spain in 14.S4. If this is established, we
lose the story of the tic which bound him to
Portugal being severed by the death of his
companion ; and the tale of his porimj over
the charts of the dead father of his wife at
Pi-rto Santo is relegated to the region of fable.
We have known that the correspondence of
Toscanclli with the monk Martinez took place
in 1474, and the further connnunication of the
Italian savant with Columbus himself has al-
w.ays been supposed to have occurred soon
.ifter; but reasons are now given for pushing
It forward to 14S2.
The evidences of the offers which Colunbus
made, or caused to be made, to Lngland, F'ance,
and Portugal, — to the latter c-rtainly, and to the
two others prob.ibly, — before he betook himself
to Spain, are also reviewed. As to the embassy
to Genoa, there i;-' no trace of it in the Genoese
Archives and no e 'rljer mention of it than
Ramusio's; and no Geii,~'!se authority repeats it
earlier than Casoni in his Annali di Geiio^a, in
1 70S. This is now discredited altogether. No
earlier writer than Marin, in h\ii 3toria del com-
vicrrio dc' Vencziani (vol. vii. published 1800),
claims that Columbus gave Venice the oppor-
tunity of embarking its fortunes with his; and
the document which Pcsaro claimed to have seen
has never been found.
There is difficulty in fixing with precision
the time of Columbus' leaving Portugal, if we re-
ject the statements of the Historic, which placss
it in the last months of 1484. Other evidence
is here presented that in the summer of that
year he was in Lisbon ; and no indisputable evi-
dence exists, in the critic's judgment, of his being
in Spain till May, 1487, when a largess was
granted to him. Columbus' own words would
imply in one place that he had taken service with
the Spanish monarchs in 1485, or just before
that date ; and in another place that he had
been in Spain as early as January, 1484, 01 even
before, — a time when now it is claimed he is to
be found in Lisbon.
The pathetic story of the visit to Rabida
places that event at a period shortly after his
arriving in .Spain ; and the I/isto'-ic tells also of
a second visit at a late - day. It is now contended
that the two visits were in reality one, which oc-
curred in 1491. The principal argument to u|>
set the Historic is the fact that Juan Rodriguez
Cabezudo, in the lawsuit of 1513, testified that
it was " about twenty-two years " since he had
lent a mule to the Franciscan who accompa-
nied Columbus awav from R.lbida I
COLUMUUS AND HIS DISCOVERIES.
91
With the same incredulity the critic spirits
away (p. 358) the junto of Salam ica. lie can
find no earlier mention of it than that of Antonio
de Kemesal in his Ilislorin Jc la J'nmiiuiii Je S.
I'iiiciiite (/<• Chyaf'iU puMishc' in Madrid in
1C19; and accordingly asks why Las Casas, from
whom Kemesal borrows so much, did not know
something of this junto? He counts for much
that Ovicdo docs not mention it ; and the Ar-
chives of the University at Salamanca throw no
light. The common story he believes to have
grown out of conferences which probably took
place while the Court was at Salamanca in the
winter of 1436-1487, and which were conducted
by Talavera ; while a later one was held at Santa
Y€ late in 1491, at which Cardinal Mendoza was
conspicuous.
Since Alexander Geraldinus, writing in 1522,
from his own acquaintance with Columbus, had
made the friar Juan Perez, of RSbida, and An-
tonio de Marchena, who was Columbus' stead-
fast friend, one and the same person, it has been
the custom of historians to allow that Geraldi-
nus was- right. It is now said he was in error;
but the critic confesses he cannot explain how
Gomara, abridging from Oviedo, changes the
name of Juan Perez used by the latter to Perez
de Marchena, and this before Geraldinus was
printed. Columbus speaks of a second monk
who had befriended him ; and it has been the
custom to identify this one with Diego de Deza,
who, at the time when Columbus is supposed to
have stood in need of his support, had already
become a bishop, and vas not likely, the critic
thinks, to have been called a monk by Colum-
bus. The two friendly monks in this view were
the two distinct persons Juan Perez and Anto-
nio de Marchena (p. 372).
The interposition of Cardinal Mendoza, by
which Columbus secured the royal ear, has
usually been placed in 14S6. Oviedo seems to
have been the source of subsequent writers on
the point; but Oviedo does not fix the date,
and the critic now undertakes to show (p. 380)
that it was rather in the closing months of
1491.
Las Casas charges Talavera with opposing
the projects of Columbus : we have here (p. 383)
the contrary assertion ; and the testimony of
Peter Martyr seems to sustain this view. So
again the new biographer measurably defends,
on other contemporary evidence, Fonseca (p. 386)
as not deserving the castigations of modern
writers; and all this objurgation is considered
to have been conveniently derived from the
luckless Historie of 1 571.
The close student of Columbus is not un-
aware of the unsteady character of much of the
discoverer's own testimony on various points.
His imagination was his powerful faculty ; and it
was as wild at times as it was powerful, and
nothing could stand in the way of it. No one
has emphasized the doleful story of his trials and
repressions more than himself, making the whole
world, except two monks, bent on producing his
ignominy; and yet his biographer can pick
(p. 388) from the Admiral's own admissions
enough to show that during all this time he had
much encouragement from high quarters. The
critic is not slow to take advantage of this weak-
ness of Coliunbus character, and more than
once makes him the strongest witness against
himself.
It is now denied that the money advanced by
Santangcl was from the treasury of Aragon. On
the contrary, the critic contends that the venture
was from Santangel's private resources; and he
dismisses peremptorily the evidence of the docu-
ment which Argensola, in his AiuiU-s Je Ay^v^oit
(Saragossa, 1630), says was preserved in the
archives of the treasury of Aragon. He s.ays a
friend who searched at liarcelona in 1S71, among
the " Archivo general de la Corona de Aragon,"
could not find it.
Las Casas had first told — guardedly, to be
sure — the story of the I'inzons' contributing
the money which enabled Columbus to assume
an eighth part of the expense of the first voyage ;
but it is now claimed that the assistance of that
family was confined to exerting its inriuence to
get Columbus a crew. It is judged that the
evidence is conclusive that the I'inzons did not
take pecuniary risk in the voyage of 1492, be-
cause only their advances of this sort for the
voyage of 1499 are mentioned in the royal grant
respecting their arms. But such evidence is
certainly inconclusive; and without the evidence
of Las Casas it must remain uncertain whence
Columbus got the five hundred thousand ma-
ravedis which he contributed to the cost of that
momentous voyage.
The world has long glorified the story in the
Historie of 1 57 1 about the part which the crown
jewels, and the like, played in the efforts of
Isabella to assist in the furnishing of Columbus'
vessels. Peter Martyr, Bernaldez, and others
who took frequent occasion to sound the praises
of her majesty, say nothing of it ; and, as is now
contended, for the good reason that there was
no truth in the story, the jewels having lung
before been ])ledged in the prosecution of the
war with the Moors.
It is inferred (p. 417) from Las Casas that
his abridgment of Columbus' Journal was made
from a copy, and not from the original (Xavar-
rete, i. 134); and Ilarrisse says that from two
copies of this .-ibridgnient, preserved in the col-
lection of the Uuque d' Osuna at Madrid, Varn-
hagen printed his text of it which is contained
in his Veidadera Guaunhani. This last text
varies in some places from that in Navarretc,
and Ilarrisse savs he has collated it with the
"I
i
ll
r.i|
'j;
M
92
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
m
< Nima copies without discovering any error.
I Ic thinks, however, th.it the Ilistori- of i s'/i, as
well IS Las Casas' account, is basic! upon the
complete tc.\t ; :uul his <lis'ri(liti- gof ''le //is/one
does not jirevcnt liiin in this case saying tliat
from it, as well as from Las Casas, a tew touches
of genuineness, not of importance to be sure,
can 1)0 adde>l to the narrative of the abridgment,
lie also points out that we should discriminate
as to the reHcctions which Las Casas inter-
sperses ; but he seems to have no apprehension
of such insertions in the llisloiic in this iiaiticu-
lar case.
The Ambrosian text of the first letter is once
more rei)rinle(l (p. 419), accompanied by a
French translation. In some appended notes
the critic collac.-s it with the Cosco version in
different shapes, and with that of Simancas.
He also suggests that this text w.as printed at
Barcelona toward the end of March, 149J, and
infers that it ni.ay have been in this form that
the Genoes,: ambassadors took the news t>>
Italy when they left Spain about the middle of
the following month.
The closing chapt.:r of this first volume is on
the question of the landfall. The biographer
discredits attempts to sctile the question by
nautical reasoning based on the log of Columbu.s,
averring that the inevitable inaccuracies of such
records in Coluinbus' time is proved by the
widely different conclusions of such experienced
men as Navarrete, I!echcr, and Fox. He relies
rather on Cohnnbus' description and on that in
Las Casaj. The name which the latter says was
borne in his day by the island of the lai Jfall
was "Triango;" but the critic fails to find this
name on any earlier map than that first made
known in the Cartas ,/<• InJias \\\ 1S77. To this
map he finds it impossible to assign an earlier
date than 15.(1, since it discloses some reminders
of the expedition of Coronado. He instances
other maps in which the name in some form ap-
I ears attached to an island of the liahamas, — as
in the Caliot mapp.nionde of 1544 (Triangula),
the so-called Vallard map (Triango), that of
(iutierrcz in 1550 (Trriango), that of .Monso do
Santa Cruz in his Ishirio of 1560 (Triangulo).
Unfortunately on some of the maps '".uanahani
appears as well as the nan\e which Las Casas
gives. Ilarrisse's solution of this conjunction
of nam ,s is suggested by the f.act that in the
Weimar map of 152;' (see sketch, iiiitc, p. 43) an
islet "Tria ^u " lies just east of (iuanahani, and
C(jrresponds in sii!e and position to the " Trian-
gula''of Cabot and the "Triangulo" of Santa
Cruz. Guanahani he finds to correspond to
Acklin Island, the larger of the Crooked Island
group (see map, ant,; p. 55); while the Plana
Cay:j, shown east of it, would stand for "Tri-
ango." Columbus, with that confusion which
characterizes his writings, speaks in one place of
his first land being an "isleta," and in another
place he calls it an " isla grande." Tliis gives
the critic ground for supposing that Columbus
saw first the islet, the " Triango " of Las Casas,
or the modern " Plana Cays," and that then he
disembarked on the "isla grande," which was
Acklin Island. So it may be that Columbus'
own confused statement has misled subsequent
writers. If this theory i.ot accepted. Fox, in
selecting Samana, has, ii. ll.e critic's opinion,
come nearer the truth than ai>v other.
mn
-- — ^'^^
THE EARLIEST MAPS
SPANISH AND I'ORTUGUESE DISCOVERIES.
BY THE EDITOR.
r
THE enumeration of the cartographical sources respecting the discoveries of the earlier
voyagers began with the list, " Catalogus auctorum tabularum geographicarum, quot-
quot ad nostrani cognitionem hactenus pervenere; quibus addidimus, ubi locorum, quando
et a quibus excus'. sunt," which Ortelius in 1570 added to his Theatntm orbis terrariim,
many of whose titles belong to works not now known. Of maps now existing the best-
known enumerations are those in the Jean et St'bastieii Cabot of Harrisse ; the Mapotcca
Colombiana of Uricoechea ; the Cartografia Mexicana of Orozco y Berra, published by the
Mexican Geographical Society ; and Gustavo Uzielli's Eknco liescritto degli Atlanti, pla-
nisferi e carte nauliche, originally published in 1875, but made the second volume, edited
by Pietro Amat, of the new edition of the Studi biografici e bibliografici della Socu'td
Geogra/ica Italiaiia, Rome, 1882, under the specific title of Mappamondi, carte naiitk/ie,
portolani ed altri viomimcnti cartografici specialmente Italiani dei secoli XIII-XVII^
The Editor has printpj in the Haniard University Bulletin a bibliography of Ptolemy's
geography, and a c:>!ei.uar, with additions and annotations, of the Kohl Collection of early
maps, belonging to the Department of State at Washington, both of which contributions
called for enumerations of printed and manuscript maps of the early period, and included
their reproductions of later years.
The development of cartography is also necessarily made a part of histories of geog-
raphy like those of Santarem, Lelewel, St. -Martin, and Peschel ; but their use of maps
hardly made chronological lists of them a necessary part of their works. Santarem has
pointed out how scantily modern writers have treated of the cartography of the Middle
Ages previous to the era of Spanish discovery ; and he enumerates such maps as had been
described before the appearance of his work, as well as publications of the earlier ones
after the Spanish discovery.-'
' Vol. i. of the Slitdi is a chronological ac-
count of Italian travellers and voyages, beginning
with Grimalclo (1120-1122), and accompanied
by maps showing the routes of the principal
ones. Cf. Theobald Fischer, " Ueber italien-
ischc Seekaiten und Kartographen des Mittclal-
tcrs," in Zcitschrift dcr Gesdlschaft fiir ErJkuiide
zii Berlin, xvii. 5.
As to the work which has been done in the
geographical societies of Germany, we shall
have readier knowledge when Dr. Johannes
Midler's Die •Misscnsc/ia/llii/ieii I'etriiie uiid
Gcscllschaftcn Deiitschhinds, — Bihliot^raf'liie Hirer
I'croffciillichungen , now announced in ISerlin, is
made public. One of the most im])ortant sale-
catalogues of maps is that of the Prince Alex-
andre Labanoff Collection, Paris, 1S23, — a list
now very rare. Nos. 1-112 were given to the
world, and 1480-1543 to America separately.
'■^ Santarem, J/is/oire de la cartoi^rafihie, etc.,
vol. i., preface, pp. x.\.\ix, 1, and 194. .\fter the
present volume was printed to this point, and
i
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
W
To what extent Columbun had studied the older maps frotn the time when they liejjan
to receive a certain definiteness in tlie fourteenth century, is not wholly clear, nor hriw
much he knew of the charts of Marino SanutOi of •'•zi'mani, and of the now lamous Catalan
that period ; hut it is doubtless
that the maps of Ilianio (1436)
and Mauro (i.jfjo) were well known to
him.' "Thouf»h these early maps and
charts of the fiftcLnth century." says
Haliam,'' "are to us but a cliaos of error
and confusion, it was on them that the
l)atient eye of Columbus had rested
through lonj{ hours of meditation, while
strenuous hope and unsubdued doubt
were struggling in his soul,"
A principal factor in the develop-
ment of map-making, as of navigation,
had been the magnet. It had been
brought from China to the eastern
coast of Africa as early as the fourth
century, and through the Arabs* and
Crus.aders it had been introduced into
the Mediterranean, and was used by
the Catalans and Hasques in the twelfth
century, a Inmdrcd years or more before
Marco Polo brought to Europe his
wonderful stories.'' In that century
even it had become so familiar a sight
that poets used it in their ineta])hors.
The variation of its neudle was not
indeed unknown long before Colum-
bus, but its observation in mid-ocean
in his day gave it a new signifi-
cance. The Chinese had stiidied the phenomenon, and their observations upon it had
followed shortly upon the introduction of the compass itself to Western knowledge ; and
as early as 1436 the variation of the needle was indicated on maps in connection with
places of observation.'
RiVRLY COMPASS.*
>»
after Vols. III. and IV. were in type, Mr. Arthur
James Wclsc's Uisiarrii-s of America to f he year
1525 was i)ublishe(l in New York. A new draft
of tlic Maiullo niai> i)f 1527 is about its only
ini|H)rtant feature.
' .See an enumeration of all these earlier
maps and of their reproductions in part i. of
The Kohl Colleclioii of F.iirly M'l/'Sfhs ^\\c pres-
ent writer, liianco's map was reproduced in
1869 at Venice, with annotations by Oscar
Pcschel ; and Mauro's in 1866, also at Venice.
■^ Liliiaturc 0/ Eiirof<e, chajj. iii. sect. 4.
' Cf., on the instruments and m.irinc charts
of the Arabs, Codinc's Lit iinr ,lcs hides, p. 74;
Delambre, llistoire de I'dstroiiomie dii moven-
itx'e ; Sdilillot's Les instruments astroiiomii/iies
lies Anilies, etc.
^ Major, Prince Henry (186S ed.), pp. 57, 60.
There is some ground for believing that the
Northmen were acquainted with the loadstone in
the eleventh century. Prescott (Ferdinand and
Isabella, 1873 ed., ii. m) iiulicatcs the use of it
by the Castilians in 1403. Cf. .Santarcm, llis-
toire de la cartOi^raphie, p. 2S0; Journal of the
Franklin Institute, .\xii. 68 ; Amcriein Journal of
Science, l.\. 242. Cf. the early knowledge regard-
ing the introduction of the compass in Kden's
Peter Martyr (15SS', folio 320; and D'Avezac's
A/'er(iis his/orii/nes siir la houssole, Paris, iSfJo,
16 pp.; ,ilso Humboldt's Cosmos, Kng. tr. ii. 656.
'' This follows the engraving in Pigafetta's
Voyai^e and in the work of Juricn de la Clravierc.
The main jioints were designated by the usual
names of the winds, /tiw/z/c, cast ; 5/>crf0, south-
east, etc.
'' For instance, the map of Bianco. The
variation in Kurope was always easterly after
observations were first made.
THE MAI'S OF Till: KARLILST DISCOVERIES.
n
The earliest placinj; of a magnetic nole seems due to the voyage of Nicholas of Lynn,
whose narrative was prcstiited to Kdward III. of llngland. This account is no Jonger
known,' though the title of it, Invcntio Jortiinatii, is preserved, with its alleged date of
1355. Cnoyen, whose treatise is not extant, is thought to have got his views about (he
regions of the north and about the magnetic pole from Nicholas of Lynn,' while he
was in Norway in 1364; and it is from Cnoyen that Mi;rcator says he got his notion of
the four circumpolar islands which so long tigurcd in maps of the Merc alor and Kinxus
school. In the Ruysch map (1508) we have the same (our polar islands, with the mag-
netic pole placed within an insular mountain north of Grcenl.md. Kuysth also depended
on the Invatlio fortunata. Later, by Martin Cortes in 1 545, and by Sanuto in 1 s8S, the
pole w.is placed farther south."
Ptolemy, in the second century, accepting the generally received opinion that the
world as known was much longer east and west than north and south, adopted with this
theory the 'erms which naturally grew out of this belief, latitude and lonj^ittidc, and first
instituted them, it is thought, in systematic geography.*
I'ierre d'Ailly, in his map of 1410,' in marking his climatic lines, had indicated the begin-
nings, under a revival of geographical intjuiry, of a systematic notation of latitude. Several
of the early Ptolemies' had followed, by scaling in one way and another the distance from
the equator ; while in the editions of 1508 and 1511 an example had been set of marking
longitude. The old Arabian cartographers had used both latitude and longitude ; but
though there were some earlier indications of the adoption of such lines among tiie Kuro-
pean map-makers, it is generally accorded that the scales of such measurements, as we
understand them, came in, for both latitude and longitude, with the map which Rcisch in
1503 annexed to his Margarita philosophical'
I'tolemy had fixed his first meridian at the Fortunate Islands (Canaries), and in
the new era the Spaniards, with the sanction of the I'ope, had adopted the same point ;
though the Portuguese, as if in recognition of their own enterprise, had placed it
at Madeira, — as is shown in the globes of liehaim and Schoner, and in the map of
Ruysch. The difference was not great j the Ptolemean example prevailed, however, in
the end.'
' Mnkluyt, i. 123.
- Journal of the American Geographical Soci-
ety, xii. 185. ,
* It is supposed to-day to be in Prince Albert
Land, and to make a revolution in about five
hundred years. Acosta contended that there
were four lines of no variation, and llalley, in
1 68 J, contended for four magnetic poles.
♦ Cf. notes on p. 661, <■/ .f<v/.. In Uunbury's His-
tory of Ancient Gco!;ni/<liy, vol. i., on the ancients'
calculations of latitude and measurements for
longitude. Ptolemy carried the most northern
parts of the known world sixty-three deg'ce;
north, and the most southern parts sixteen do
grees south, of the Equator, an extent north an I
south of seventy-nine degrees. Marinus of Tyrj,
who preceded Ptolemy, stretched the known
world, north and south, over eighty-seven degrees.
passing by land from Souti irn Africa to South-
ern Asia, along a parallel. Marinus had been
the first to place the Fortunate Islands farther
west than the limits of .Spain in that directior,,
though he put them only two and a half degrees
beyond, while the meridian of Ferro is nine
degrees from the most westerly part of the main.
* Cf. Lelewel, pi. xxviii., and Santarcm, //is-
toirc </<• la cartO!;rii/'hii; iii. 301, and Atliis, pi. 1 5.
" Cf. editions of 14S2, 14.S6, 1513, 1535.
" The earliest instance in a ////'//.f/ziv/ Spanish
map is thought to be the woodcut which in
1534 ajipcarcd at Venice in the combination of
Peter Martyr and Oviedo which Kamusio is
thought to have edited. This map is represented
on a later p.nge.
" There was a tendency in the latter part of
the sixteenth century to remove the prime
Marinus had also made the length of the known meridian to St. Michael's, in the Azores, for the
world 225 degrees east and west, while Ptolemy reason that there was no variatitin in the needle
reduced it to 177 degrees ;.. It he did not, nor did there at th.it time, and in ignor.ance of the
Marinus, bound it definitely in the east by an forces which to-day at St. Michael's make it
ocean, but he left its limit in that direction unde- point twenty-five degrees off the true north. As
termined, as he did that of Africa in the south, late as 1634 a congress of Eurojiean mathema-
which resulted in making the Indian Ocean in his ticians confirmed it at the west edge of th? Isle de
conception an inland sea, with the possibility of Fer (Ferro), the most westerly of the Canaries.
(
96
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA
In rcxpect tn latitude there w.i» not In tlicriide insttrumcnls of the e.irly navignlorit, and
iinilcr favotal)ie conditions, tlit.- means of closely approximate accuracy. In the studv
which the Rev. I-'.. K. Slafter ' has iiiade on the averane extent of the error which we find
in the records of even a later century, it appears that while a ranjje of sixty RcoKraphical
miles will probably cover such errors in all cases, when observations were made with
ordinary cire the average deviation will probably be found to be at least fifteen miles. The
fractions of decrees were scarcely ever of much value in the computation, and the minute
gradation of the instrunjents in use were subject to great uncertainly of record in tremulous
hands. It was not the cus-
tom, moreover, to make any
allowance for the dip of the
hori/on, for retraction or for
the parallax ; and when, ex-
cept at the time of the etpii-
nox, dci)en(lence had to be
placed ujion tables of the
sun's declination, the pul>-
lisheil ephcmerides, made for
a seriesof years, were the sul)-
jccts of accumulated error. '■'
With these im|)cdiincnt!i
to accurate results, it is not
surprising I'lat even errors of
considerable extent crept into
the records of latitude, and
long remained unchallenged."
Ptolemy, in A. n. 150, had
placed Constantinople two
degrees out of the way ; and
it remained so on maps for
fourteen hundred years. In
Columbus' time Cuba was
put seven or eight degrees
too far north ; and under this
false impression the cartog-
raphy of the Antilles began.
The historic instrument for the taking of latitude was the iistrolabe, which is known
to have been in use by the Majorcan and Catalanian sailors in the latter part of the tliir-
teeiilli century ; and it is described by Raymond Lullius in his ^IrUifc >ia''i;i;tir of that time.''
Behaini, the contemporary of Columbus, one of the explorers of the African co.ast, and a
KKGIOMONTANUS' ASTROWIiF..*
' Edr.,Lind Farwcll Slafter, History ami
Causes of !':■: Incorrect Latitudes as recorticd in
the Journals of the Early Writers, Xavigators,
and Explorers relalini,' to the Atlantic Coast of
AV;//; /4«/</-/(ir (1535-1740). Uoston : Privately
primed, 1SS2. zo i)agcs. I<ei)rlntefl from the
A'. E. Hist, and Geneal. A'ex- for April, 1.SS2.
- Kcgiomonlamis, — as Johannes Miiller, of
Kiiiiigsberg, in Franconia, was called, from his
town, — published at Nuremberg his Ephcmerides
for the interval 1475-1506; and these were what
Columbus probably used. Cf. .Mex. Ziegler's
Ke;^omontanus, ein t^eistiger Vorliiufer des Co-
tunihus, Dresden, 1874. Stadius, a professor
of mathematics, published an almanac of this
kind in 1545, and the English navigators used
successive editions of this one.
" Cf. K(jhl, Die beidcn Gcneral-A'arten 7on
America, p. 17, and Varnhagen's Ilistoria x'cral
do Brazil, i. 432.
* This cut follows the engravings in Kuge'a
Gcscliichtc dcs Zeitalters dcr Entdcckungcn, p. 106,
and in (Ihillany's Rittcr lutiaim, p. 40. Cf.
Von Murr, Memorabilia bililiotliccarum A'orim-
Itcri^ensinm, i. 9.
'' Humboldt, Cosmos, Eng. tr., ii. 630, 670;
Keisch's Afart^arita fhilosofihica (1535), p. 1416;
D'.Xvezac's Waltzemiiller, ]>. 64.
THE MAPS OK rm: KAKLIEST DISCOVKRIES.
97
pupil of Rc^jinmoiitanus, had .somewhat changed the old form of ihu astrolabe In nd.'.ptinj;
It for use on shiplioard. Thiji wan in 1484 at Lisbon, and Ilchaims improvement wan
doubtluss what Coliinihiis used. Of the form in use liefore Ileliaim wc have that (said to
have belonged to Kejjiomontanus) in the tut on page yO; and in the follgwing cut th«
remodelled Nhape which it took after Uehaim.
LATER ASTROLABE.'
1 This cut follows an engraving (/l/iJi,'. of
Amrr. Hist., iii. 17.S) after a photograph of one
used by Champlain, which bears the Paris
maker's date of 1603. There is another cut of
it in Weise's Discm'cries of America, p. 68. Hav-
ing been lost by Champlain in Canada in 1613, it
was ploughed up in 1S67 (see Vol. IV. p. 124;
?lso Canadian Monthly, xviii. 589). The small
si,.e of the circle used in the sea-instrument to
make it conveniently serviceable, necessarily op-
VOL. II. — 13.
crated to make the ninety degrees of its quartet
circle too small for accuracy in fractions. On
land much larger circles were sometimes used ;
one was erected in London in 1594 of si.\ feet
radius. 'i"he early books on navigation and voy-
ages frequently gave engravings of the astrolabe ;
as, for instance, in I'igafctta's voyage (Magellan),
and in the Lichte der Zec-\'acrt (Amsterdam,
1623), translated as The Light of Navii^ation
(Amsterdam, 1625). The treatise on navigation
98
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
An instrument which could more ri.aclily adapt itself to the swaying of the observer's
body in a sea-way, soon displaced in good measure the astrolabe on shipboard. This
was the cross-staff, or jackstaff, which in several modified forms for a long time served
mariners as a convenient help in ascertaining the altitude of the celestial bodies. Pre-
cisely when it was first introduced is not certain ; but the earliest description of it which
lias been found is that of Werner in 1 5 14. Davis, the Arctic navigator, made an improve-
mei.t on it ; and his invention was called a backstaff.
While the observations of the early navigators in respect to latitude were usually
accompanied by errors, wiiich were of no considerable e.\tent, their determinations of
longitude, when attempted at all, were almost always wide of the truth,' — so far, indeed,
that their observations helped them but little then to steer their courses, and are of small
assistance now to us in following their tracks. It happened that while Columbus was
ai Hispaniola on his .-second voyage, in September, 1494, there was an eclipse of the
\ I'J
which became the most popular with the succes-
sors of Columbus was the work of I'edro dc
Medina (born abcnit 1493), called the Arte' dv
tuiTiXtir, published in 1545 (reprinted in 1552 and
1561), of which there were versions in French
( 1 554, and Lyons, i 569, with maps .showing names
on the coast of AniLMica for the first time),
Italian (1555 with 1554, at end; Court Cat,iloi;iie,
no. 235), CJcrnian (1576), and English (1591).
(Harrisse, />//'/. ///«. v. ?'<■/., no. 266.) Its princi-
pal rival was that of Martin Cortes, lirrje torn-
f'cndio dc hi sphcra y dc la arte dc navcgar, pub-
lislied in 1551. In Columbus' time there was no
book of the sort, unless that of Raymond Lullius
(1294) be considered such; and not till Enciso's
Suma dc i^coi^rafia was printed, in 1519, had the
new spirit instigated the making of these helpful
and e.xiihuiatory books. The Suma dc gcograjia
is usually considered the first book printed in
Spanish relating to America. Enciso, who had
been inactisiiig law in Santo Domingo, was with
Ojeda's e.\[)cditii)n to the mainland in 1509,
and seems to have derived much from his varied
experience ; and he first noticed at a later day
the different levels of the tides on the two sides
of the isthmus. The book is rare; Rich in
1S32 (no. 4) held it at £\o \os. (Cf. Harrisse,
Notes on Coliimlms, 171 ; HiH. Amcr. Vet., nos.
97, 153, 272, — there were later editions in 1530
and 1546, — Sabin, vol. vi. no. 22,551, etc. ; II. H.
liancroft, Central America, i. 329, 339; Carter-
Hrown, vol. i. no. 58, with a fac-simile of the
title: Cat. /fist, do /irazil, Bibl. Xac. do Rio
dc Janeiro, no. 2.) .\ntonio I'igafetta in 1530
produced his Trattato di na''i,i,'azione : but Me-
dina and Cortes were the true begnniers of the
litcr.aturcof seamanship. (Cf. Urevoort's I'crra-
zana, p. 116, an<l the list of such publications
given in the Davis l'ova,!;es, p. 342, |nd)lished by
the Hakluyt Society, and the English list noted
in Vol. III. p. 206, of the present history.)
There is an examination of the state of naviga-
tion in Columbus' time in Margry's Xa:'ii;a!ions
Fraii(aiscs, p. 402, and in M. F. Xavanetc'.^
Sol're la historia dc la nautica y dc las eiencias
matemdtir.as, Madrid, 1846, — a work now become
rare.
The rudder, in place of two paddles, one
on each cpiarter, had come into use before this
time ; but the reefing of sails seems not yet to
have been practised. (Cf. Da Oama's I'oyax'cs,
published by the Hakluyt Society, p. 242.)
Colinnbus' record of the speed of his ship
seems to have been the result of observation by
the unaided eye. The log w.as not yet known ;
the Romans had fi.xcd a wheel to the sides of
their galleys, e.ich revolution of which threw a
pebble into a tally-pot. The earliest description
which we have in tlie new era of any device of
the kind is in connection with M.agellan's voy-
age; for I'igafetta in his Journal (January, 1 521),
mentions the use of a chain at the hinder part
of the ship to measure its speed. (Ilnmboldt,
Cosmos, Eng. tr., ii. 631 ; v. 56.) The log as
we understand it is described in 1573 in liourne's
Ket^iment of the Sea, nothing indicating the use
of it being found in the earlier manuals of
Medina, Cortes, and Gemma Frisius. Hum-
frcy Cole is said to have invented it. Three
years later than this earliest mention, Eden, in
1576, in his translation of Taisnicr's A'avis^ationc,
alludes to an artifice "not yet divulgate, which,
placed in the pompc of a shyp, whyther the
water hath recourse, and moved by the motion
of the shyi^p, with wheels anil wevghts, doth
exactly shewe what sjjace the shyp hath gone "
{Cartcr-Bro-.on Catalo!;ue, i. no. 310), — a remi-
niscence of the Roman side-wheels, and a re
minder of the modern patent4og. Cf. article
on " Navigation " in F.neyelopicdia Britauniea,
ninth cd. vol. .xvii.
1 Cf. Lclcwel, Gcoi^raphie du moyen-(\i;c, ii. 160.
The rules of Gemma Frisius for discovering
longitude were given in Eden's Peter Martyr
(1 555). folio 360. An earlier book was Francisco
Falero's /Cei^irnicnto para obse>-L\ir la longitud en
la mar, 1535. Cf. E. F. de Navarretc's " I'^l
problema de la longitud en la mar," in volume
21 of the Doe. incditos (Kspaiia) ; .ind Vaseo da
Cama (Hakluyt Soc), pp. 19, 25, 33, 43,63, 138.
THE MAPS OF THE EARLIEST DISCOVERIES.
99
moon.' Columbus observed it ; and his calculations placed himself five hours and a half
from Seville, — an error of eighteen degrees, or an hour and a quarter too much. The
error was due doubtless as much to the rudeness of his instruments as to the errors of
the lunar tables thui in use.-
The removal of the Line of
Demarcation from the supposed
meridian of non-variation of the
needle did not prevent the jihe-
nomena of terrestrial magnetism
becoming of vast importance in
the dispute between the Crowns
of Spain and Portugal. It char-
acterizes the difference between
the imaginative and somewhat
fantastic quality of Columbus'
mind and the cooler, more prac-
tical, and better administrative
apprehension of Sebastian Cabot,
that wliile each observed the
phenomenon of the variation of
the needle, and eacli imagined it
a clew to some system of deter-
mining longitude, to Columbus it
was associated with wild notions
of a too-ample revolution of the
North Star about the true pole.^ It was not disconnected in his mind from a fancy whlcn
gave the earth the shape of a pear ; so that when he perceived on his voyage a clearing of
the atmosphere, he Imagined he was ascending the stem-end of the pear : where he would
find the terrestrial paradise* To Cabot the phenomenon had only its practical signifi-
cance ; and he seems to have pondered on a solution of the problem during the rest of
THE JACKSTAFF.
1 The Gcniiiiniif r.v -,uiriis siriptorilnis pcrhrci'is
explkatio of Hilibalthis rirckeynicrus, publislied
in 1530, has a reference to this eclipse. Carter-
Hrown, vol. i. no. 96; Mtiy/'/iy Caliiloi^in^wo. 1,992.
The paragraph is as follows ! " I'roinde com-
IJertum est c.x obscrvatione eclypsis, qua; fuit
in mcnse Septembri .inno salutis 1494. His-
paniam insulam, (piatuor fcrme horarum intcr-
sticio ab Ilysi'ali, qua; Sibilia cstdislaic, hoc est
grailibus 60, qualium est circuUis inaxinius 31x3,
mcdiiun vero insulx' coiuiiicl gradiis :o circitcr
ill altitudinc polari. Xavigatur autcni spaciiim
ilhid communitcr in dicbiis 35 altitude vero coii-
tinentis oppositi, cui Ilispani sanctx Martha;
nomcn indidere, circitcr giaduum est 12 DarlL-iii
vero terra ct sinus dc Uraca gradiis quasi teiieiit
7J in altitudinc polari, undo longissimo tractu
occidentcm versus terra est, qua: vocatur Mexico
et Tcmistitan, a <|ua ctiam non longa rcmota est
insula Jucatan cum aliis nuper rcpcrtis." The
method of determining longitude by means of
lunar tables dates back to llipiiarcluis.
- These were the calculations of Regiomon-
tanui (Miillcr), who calls himself " Montere-
gius " in his TahuUr astioiimiiiie Al/oiisi rial's,
published at Venice in the very year (1492) of
Columbus' first voyage. (Stevens, />i7'/. GtV!^.,
no. S3.) At a later day the Portuguese accused
the Spaniards of altering the tables then in use,
so as to affect the position of the Papal line of
Demarcation. Parras, quoted by Humboldt,
O'si/ics, Kng. tr. ii. 671.
Johann Stocfilcr was a leading authority on
the methods of defining latitude .xnd longitude
in vogue in the beginning of the new era; cf.
his PJitcitlatio fo.hricir usKsqiic astrolabii, Oppen-
heini, 1513 (col(>|)hon 1512), and his edition of
In Pivcli Diiuiochi sph.craiii omnibus iiuiiwyis
toiif^e (ihsoliilissiniiis (Oinmriilirriiis, Tiibingen,
1534, where he names one hundred and seventy
contcnqiorary and earlier writers on the subject.
(Stevens, Bihl. Givs;., nos. 3,633-2,634.)
* The polar distance of the North Star in
Columbus' time was 3° 2S'; and yet his calcu-
lations made it sometimes 5°, and sometimes 10°.
It is to-day 1° 20' distant from the true l)ole.
UnitCil Stales Coast Siii--cy Kifort, tSSo, app.
xviii.
■• Santarcm, Hisloir,- do la carto<;raphio, vol. II.
p. lix. Colnmbns wcndd find here the centre of
the earth, as D'Ailly, Mauro, and Eehaiin found
it at Jerusalem.
100
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
;■■•
K'h
SuUil
his life, if, as Humboldt supposes, the intimations of his deatli-l)ecl in respect to some
as yet unregistered way of discovering longitude refer to liis observations on tlie
magnetic declination. '
The idea of a constantly increasing decli-
nation east and west from a point of non-
variation, which both Columbus and Cabot had
discovered, and which increase could be re-
duced to a formula, was indeed partly true;
except, as is now well known, the line of
non-variation, instead of being a meridian,
and fixed, is a curve of constantly changing
proportions. -
The earliest variation-chart was made in
1530 by Alonzo de Santa Cruz ; ^ and schemes
of ascertaining longitude were at once based
on the observations of these curves, as they
had before been made dependent upon the
supposed gradation of the change from me-
ridian to meridian, irrespective of latitude.*
Fifty years later (1585), Juan Jayme made
a voyage with Gali from the Philippine Islands
to Acapulco to test a "declinatorum " of his
own invention.^ Cut this was a hundred years
(1698- 1702) before Halley's Expedition was
sent, — the first which any government fitted
out to observe the forces of terrestrial magnetism ; " and though there had been suspi-
cions of it much earlier, it was not till 1722 that Graham got unmistakable data to prove
the hourly variation of the needle.'
THE I5.\CKSTAFF.
' Cosmos, Eng. tr., ii. 658. Humboldt also
points out how Columbus on his second voyage
had attempted to fix his longitude by the decli-
nation of the needle (Ibid, ii. 657; v. 54). Cf.
a paper on Colinnbus and Cabot in the Nautical
Magazine, July, 1S76.
It is a fact t!iat good luck or skill of some uii-
disccrnililc sort enabled Cabot to record some
remarkable ajiproximations of longitude in an
age when the wildest chance governed like at-
tempts in others. Cabot indeed had the navi-
gator's instinct ; and the modern log-book seems
to have owed its origin to his practices and the
urgency with which he impressed the impor-
tance of it upon the Muscovy Company.
- Appendix xix. of the Rcf^ort of the Viiilcd
States Coast Sunn' for iSSo (Washington, 1SS2)
is a |)a]icr bv Charles A. Schott of " Inquiry
into the Variation nf the Compass off the I'a-
hama Islands, at the time of the Landfall of
Columbus in 1.(92." which is accompanied by a
chart, showing by comparison the lines of no-
variation rcs])cctively in 1492, 1600, 1700, iSoo,
and iSSo, as far as they can be made out from
available data. In this chart the line of 1492
nnis through the Azores, — bending east as it
proceeds northerly, and west in its southerly
txtcnsion. The no-variation line in 1S82 leaves
the South American coast between the mouths
of the Amazon and the Orinoco, and strikes the
Carolina coast not far from Charleston. The
Azores to-day are in the curve of 250 W. varia-
tion, which line leaves the west coast of Ire-
land, and after running through the Azores
sweeps away to the St. Lawrence Gulf.
•' Navarretc, A'oticia iM tosmop-a/o Aloino
de Sauta Cruz.
^ Humboldt, Cosmos, Eng. tr., ii. 672; v. 59.
' Cosmos, v. 55.
" Cosmos, v. 59.
' Charts of the magnetic curves now made
by the Coast Survey at Washington are capable
of supplying, if other means fail, and jiarticu-
larly in connection with the dipi)ing-needle, data
of a ship's longitude with but inconsiderable
error. The inclination or dip was not meas-
ured till 1576; and Humboldt shows luiw under
some conditions it can be used also to determine
latitude.
In 1714 the English Government, following
an example earlier set by other governments,
offered a reward of ^'20,000 to any one who
would determine longitude at sea within half a
degree. It was ultimately given to Harrison,
a watchmaker who made an improved marine
chronometer. An additional ;ii'j,ooo was given
wrwumrnaBWWlaiii—
THE MAPS OF THE EARLIEST DISCOVERIES.
lOI
The earliest map which is distinctively associated with tlie views which were developing
in Columbus' mind was the one wiiich Toscanelli sent to liim in 1474. It is said to have
been preserved in Madrid in 1527 ; ' and fifty-three years after Columbus' death, when Las
Casas was writing his history, it was in his possession.- We know that this Italian
geographer had reduced the circumference of the globe to nearly three quarters of its
actual size, having placed China about six thousand five hundred miles west of Lisbon,
and eleven thousand five hundred miles east. Japan, lying off the China coast, was put
somewhere from one hundred degrees to one hundred and ten degrees west of Lisbon ;
and we have record that Martin Pinzon some years later (1491) saw a map in Home
which put Cipango (Japan) even nearer the European side.^ A similar view is supposed
at the s.imc time to tlie \vidi)W of Tobias Me\"er,
who had improved tlie lunar tables. It also
instigated two ingenious mechanicians, who hit
u\nm the same principle independently, and
worked out its practical application, — the Phila-
dclpliian, Thomas Godfrey, in his "mariner's
how" (rciiit. Hist. Soc. Coll., i. 422); and the
Englishman, Iladley, in his well-known quad-
rant.
It can hardly be claimed to-day, with all our
modern appliances, that a ship's longitude can
be ascertained with anything more than approxi-
mate precision. The results from dead-reckon-
ing are to be corrected in three ways. Obser-
vations on the moon will not avoid, except by
accident, errors which may amount to seven or
eight miles. The dililiculties of making note of
Jupiter's satellites in their eclipse, under the
most favorable conditions, will be sure to entail
an error of a half, or even a whole, minute.
This method, first tried effectively about 1700,
was the earliest substantial progress which had
been made ; all the attempts of observation on
the opposition of planets, the occultations of
stars, the difference of altitude between the
moon and Jupiter, and the changes in the moon's
declination, having failed of satisfactory results
'Humboldt, Cosmos, Eng. tr., ii. 671). John
Werner, of Nuremberg, as early as 1514, and
Gemma Frisius, in 1545, had suggested the meas-
ure of the angle between the altitude of the
moon and some other hcavenlv body ; but it was
not till 161 5 that it received a trial at sea, through
the assiduity of Baffin. The newer method of
Jupiter's satellites proved of great value in the
handi of Delisle, the real founder of modern
gC(i!Trai)hical science. l!y it he cut off three
hundred leagues from the length of the Mediter-
ranean Sea, and carried Paris two and a half
degrees, and Constantinople ten degrees, farther
west. Corrections for two centuries had been
chietly made in a similar removal of places.
For instance, the longitude of Gibraltar had
increased from 7° 50' W., as Ptolemy handed it
down, to 9° 30' under Ruscclli, to 13° 30' under
Mercator, and to 14° 30' under Ortelius. It is
noticeable that Eratosthenes, who two hundred
years and more before Christ was the librarian
at ,\le.\andria and chief of its geographical
school, though he made the length of the Medi-
terranean si.\ hundred geographical miles too
long, did better than Ptolemy three centuries
later, and better even than moderns had done
up to 1668, when this sea w.as elongated by
nearly a third beyond its proper length. Cf.
Punbury, History 0/ Ancient Gcoi^'ro/'liy, i. 635;
Gosselin, Geoi;: des Grecs, p. 42. Sanson was
the last, in 166S, to make this great error.
The method for discovering longitude which
modern experience has settled upon is the not-
ing at noon, when the weather jjcrmits a view
of the sun, of the difference of a chronometer
set to a known meridian. This instrument, with
all its modern perfection, is liable to an error of
ten or fifteen seconds in crossing the Atlantic,
uliich may be largely corrected by a mean,
derived from the use of more than one chro-
nometer. The first proposition to convey time
as a means of deciding longitude dates back to
Alonzo dc Santa Cruz, who had no better time-
keepers than sand and water clocks (Humboldt,
Cosmos, Eng. tr., ii. O72).
On land, care and favorable circumstances
may now place an object within si.x or eight
yards of its absolute place in relation to the
meridian. Since the laying of the Atlantic
cable has made it possible to use for a test a
current which circles the earth in three seconds,
it is significant of minute accuracy, in fi.xing the
difference of time between Washington and
Greenwich, that in the three several attempts to
apply the cable current, the difference between
the results has been Irss than ijn of a secund.
Put on shipboard the variation is still great,
though the last fifty years has largely reduced
the error. Professor Rogers, of the Harvard
College Observatory, in examining one hundred
log-books of Atlantic steamships, has fountl an
average error of three miles ; and he reports as
significant of the superior care of the Cunard
commanders that the error in the logs of their
shiiis was reduced to an average of a mile and
a half.
1 Pelewel, ii. 130.
- Humboldt, E.xamen critiqicc, ii. 210.
^ The breadth cast and west of the Old
World was marked variously, — on the Laon
globe, 250°; Ikhaim's globe, 130°; Schoner's
%,k
k
\im
ii .,'
'11
I' I.
lo:
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
BIHBALDVS PIRCHAIMERVS PATR.
NoricusjHiftoricus.
OammsauUortrant bonus, bijior'ta^ tfedorw
Zammsduttoresbifiovu^ magif.
M. O, XX XL
PIRCKF.YMERUS.'
to have been presented in the map which Bartholomew Cohimbus took to England in
14S8 ; - but we have no trace of the chart itself.^ It has always been supposed that in the
globe, 22S'; Ruvsch's map, 224°; Sylvanus'
map, 220°; and the Portuguese chart of 1503,
220°.
1 Fac-simile of a cut in Reusner's Icones,
Strasburp 1590, p 42. This well-known cos-
mographical student was one of the collabora-
ters of the series of the printed Ptolemies,
beginning with that of 1525. There is a well-
known print of Pirckeymerus by Albert Diircr,
1524, which is reproduced in the Gazette des
Beaux-Arts, xix. 114. Cf. Friedrich Campe's
/.urn Ainienken Wilibald Pirkhewiers, Mitglieds
des Katlis zii Xiirnberg (Nurnberg, 58 pj).,
with jiortrait), and Wilibald Pirkheimer''s Atifen-
t/ialt zti A'eiiiihof', ;■.'« i/tm sclbst geschildert , ncbst
Beilrdi^eii zii dent Lebeu itiid dem xVachlasse seiner
Set. :c'esten! itiid Tikhter, von Moritz Maximilian
Meyer (Niirnberg, 1S2S).
- This sea-chart was the first which had been
seen in England, and almanacs at that time had
only been known in London for fifteen years,
with their tables for the sun's declination and
tlie altitude of the pole-star.
3 Cf. Atti della Sceietc) Ligiire, 1867, \>. 174,
Dcsimoni in Giornale Liffiistieo, ii. 52. liar
tholomew is also supposed fo have been the
&m:^
TOSCANKLLl's MAI'.*
' This is a restoration of the map as given in original was doubtless Latin. Another itstora-
Z>as Ausland, lS6;, p. 5. The language of the tioii is given in St. Martin's Atlas, pi. i.\.
I04
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
P
ml
m
\ .
well-known globe of Martin Behaim we get in the main an expression of the views held
by Toscanelli, Columbus, and other of lichaim's contemporaries, who espoused the notion
of India lying over agaiiist Europe.
Eratosthenes, accepting the splierical theory, had advanced the identical notion
which nearly seventeen liundred years later impelled Columbus to his voyage. He held
the known world to span
one third of the circuit of
the globe, as Stralio did at
a later day, leaving an un-
known two thirds of sea ;
and "if it were not that
the vast e.xtent of the Atlan-
tic Sea rendered it impos-
sible, one might even sail
from the coast of Spain
to that of India along the
same parallel." ^
Behaim had spent much
of his life in Lisbon and the
Azores, and was a friend of
Columbus. He had visited
Nuremberg, pro!)ably on
some family matters aris-
ing out of the death of his
mother in 1487. While
in this his native town, he
gratified some of his towns-
people by embodying in
a globe the geographical
views which prevailed in the
maritime countries ; and the
globe was finished before
Columbus had yet accom-
plished his voyage. The
next year (1493) Behaim returned to Portugal ; and after having been sent to the Low
Countries on a diplomatic mission, he was captured by English cruisers and carried to
England. Escaping finally, and reaching the Continent, he passes from our view in 1494,
and is scarcely heard of again. ,
Of Columbus' maps it is probable that nothing has come down to us from his own
hand. 8 Humboldt would fain believe that the group of islands studding a gulf which
"" U D y
M'RTIN BEHAIM."
maker of an anonymous planisphere of 1489
(Peschcl, Vcbcr dnc altc Welthntc, p. 213).
' Strabo, i. 65. Bunbury, Ancient Gtuip-aphy,
i. 627, says the passage is unfortunately muti-
lated, but the words preserved can clearly have
no other signification. \Vhat is left to us of
Eratosthenes are fragments, whicli were edited
by Scidcl, at Gottingen, in 1789; again and
better by Hcrnhardy (Berlin, \%zz). Uunburv
(vol. i. ch. .\vi.) gives a suliicient survey of liis
work and opinions. The spherical sliajie of the
earth was so generally accepted by the learned
after the times of Aristotle and Euclid, that
when Eratosthenes in the third century, n.c.
went to some length to prove it, Strabo, who
criticised him two centuries later, thought ho
had needlessly c.\erted himself to make plain
what nobody disputed. Eratosthenes was so
nearly accurate in his supposed size of the globe,
that his excess over the actual size was less than
one-scveuth of its great circle.
- This cut follows the engravings in Ghil-
lany's Behaim, and in Kuge's Ccsehiehte Jes Zeit-
alters der Enliieckuiii^eu, [i. 105.
3 There is a manuscript map of Hispaniola
attached to the cony of the 1511 edition of
Peter Martvr in the Colombina Library which is
sometimes ascribed to Columbus; but Harrisst
THE MAPS OF THE EARLIEST DISCOVERIES.
105
Cathaja
^
AZORtS
y
SECTION OF BEHAIM'S GLOBE.*
appears on a coat-of-arms granted Columbus in May, 1493, has some interest as the
earliest ol all cartographical records of the New World ; but the early drawings of the
thinks it rather the work of Iiis brother Bar-
tholomew {BiV. Ai?it:r. Vet., Add., xiii.) A map of
this island, with the native divisions as Columbus
found them, is given in Mufioz. The earliest
separate map is in the combined edition of
Peter Martyr and Oviedo edited by Ramusio
in Venice in 1534 (Stevens, Bibliotheca gco-
^rafhicii, no. 1,778). Lc disioiirs dc la uavii:;atioii
(/.■ [can it Raoiil Parmcnticr, de Du'pl'c, including
a description of .Santo Domingo, was edited by
Ch. Schefer in Paris, 18S3; a description of
the " isle de Ilaity " from Lc ^s^rand insttlahc
ct pilotage d''Andrl Thevct is given in its ap-
pendi.x.
' This globe is made of papier-mache, cov-
ered with gypsum, and over this a parchment
surface received the drawing; it is twenty
inches in diameter. It having fallen into decay,
the Behaim family in Nuremberg caused it to be
repaired in 1S25. In 1S47 a cojiy was made of it
VOL. li. — 14.
for the Depot Geographique (National Library)
at Paris; the origin.tl is now in the city hall at
Nuremberg. The earliest known engraving of
it is in J. G. Doppelmayr's Historisclic A'luhricht
von dill nunibcri^hihen Matlu-malikcrii mid K'iinst-
Icrn (1730), which preserved some names that
have since become illegible (Stevens, Historical
Collection, vol. i. no. 1,396). Other representa-
tions are given in Jomard's Monuments de la f^.o
ra/'/iie ; Ghillany's Martin Behaim (1S53) and his
F.rdf;lohus dcs Behaim itnd derdes Sc/ioner (iS.(2) ;
C. G. von Murr's Diplomatische Ceschichte des
Kilters Behaim (177S, and later editions and
translations); Cladera's Investii:aciones (\-^C)\);
Amorctti's translation of Pigafetta's Voyai;e de
Magellan (Paris, 1801); Lelf^wel's Moyen-Ai^e
(pi. .to; also see vol. ii. p. 131, and Epilos^ue,
p. 1S4) ; Saint-Martin's Atlas ; Santarem's Atlas,
pi. 61; the /oil null of the Royal Geographical
Society, vol. xviii.; Kohl's Disccrcery of Maine ;
'.I »
1 06
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
arms are by no means constant in the kind of grouping whicli is given to these islands.'
(^ucen Isabella, writing to the Admiral, Sept. 5, 1493, asks to sec the marine chart which
he had made ; and Columbus sent such a map with a letter.' We have various other
references to copies of this or similar
charts of Columbus. Ojeda used such
a one in following Columbus' route,' as
he testified in the famous suit against the
heirs of Columbus. Uernardo dc Ibarra,
in the same cause, said that he had seen
the Admiral's chart, and that he had
heard of copies of it being used by
Ojeda. and by some others.'' It is known
that about i4yS Columbus gave one of his
charts to the Pope, and one to Kent' of
Lorraine. Angelo Trivigiano. secretary
of the Venetian Ambassador to Spain,
in a letter dated Aug. 21, 1501, addressed
to Dominico Malipiero, speaks of a map
of the new discoveries which Columbus
had.o
Three or four maps at least have
come down to us which are supposed to
represent in some way one or several o(
these drafts by Columbus. The first of
these is the celebrated map of the pilot
Juan de la Cosa," dated in 1500, ot which
some account, with a lieliotype fac-simile
LA. COSA, 1500.
I >
; ,1
i )•)■ i-'
Irving's Coliimhus (some editions) ; Gay's Popu-
lar Histoyy of the United Sliiti-s, i. 103; Harnes'
Popular History of the United States ; Harpers'
Monthly, vol. xlii.; H. li. liancroft's Central
America^ i. 93. Rugc, in his Geschiehte des Zeit-
alters der Entdeekiinqen, p. 230, reproduces the
colored fac-simile in Ghill.any, and shows ad-
ditionally upon it the outline of America in its
proper place. The sketch in the text follows
this representation. Cf. -lapers on Behaim
.Hiid his globe (besides those accompanying
the en?;ravings above indicated) in the Jour-
nal of the American Ge()f;ra])hical Society
(1S72), iv. 432, by the Rev. Mvtton Maury; in
the publications of the Maryland Historical
Society by Robert Dodge and John G. Morris;
in the- Jaiireshericht des I'ereins fUr F.rdkunde
(Dresden, 1S66), p. 59. Pcschcl, in his Zeitalter
der Entdeekuni^en (i.''5S), ]). 90, and in the new
edition edited bv Kugc, has a lower opinion
of liehaim than is usu.ally t.aken.
' Cosmos, Eng. tr., ii. 647. One of
early engravings is given on page 15.
- Xavarrete, i. 253, 264.
^ Xavarrete, i. 5.
■• Xavarrete, iii. 5S7.
'•' Harrisse, A\'tes on Coliimhus, p. 34
rcUi's I.cttera rarissinia (Bass.ino, iSio), ajipcn-
A\\. A "carta nautica " of Columbus is named
these
Mo-
under 1501 in the Atti della Soeietii lii;i:re, 1S67,
\t. 174, and GiornaU Lii;ustieo, ii. 52.
'' Of La Cosa, who is said to have been of
l?as(|iie origin, we know but little. I'etcr Martvr
tells us that his " cardes " were esteemed, and
mentions finding a map ot his in 1514 in liishop
Fonseca's study. We know he was with Colum-
bus in his expedition along the southern co,ast
of Cuba, when the Admiral, in his folly, m.ade
his companions sign the declaration that they
were on the coast of Asia. This was during
Columbus' second voyage, in 1494; and Stevens
{.Votes, etc.) claims that the way in which La
Cosa cuts off Cuba to the west with a line of
green |)aint — the conventional color for "terra
incognita " — indicates this possibility of connec-
tion with the main, as Kuysch's scroll does in
his map. The interpretation may be correct ;
but it might still have been drawn an island
fri m intimations of the natives, though Ocampo
did not circumnavigate it till 150S. The natives
of Guanahani distinctly told Columbus that Cuba
was an island, as he relates in his Journal. Ste-
vens also remarks how I^a Cosa colors, with the
same green, the extension of Cuba beyond the
limits of Columbus' exploration on the north
coast in 1492. La Cosa, who had been with
Ojeda in 1499, and with Rodrigo de B.astidas in
1 501, was killed on the coast in 1509. Cf. En.
II
\n\ik
THE MAI'S OF THE EARLIEST DISCOVERIES.
107
of the Amurican part of the map, is given in another place.' After the death (April 27,
1S52) of Walckenaer (who had bought it at a moderate co.st of an ignorant dealer in
second-hand articles), it was sold at public auction in I'aris in the spring of 1853, wiien
Jomard failed to secure it for the Imperial Library in I'aris, and it went to Spain, where,
in the naval museum at Madrid it now is.
Of the next earliest of the American maps the story has recently been told with great
fulness by Il.irrisse in his I.es Corlercal, accompanied by a large colored fac-simile of the
map itseh'. executed by I'ilinski. The map was not unknown before,- and Ilarrissc had
earlier described it in his Cabots.-^
We know that Caspar CortereaH had already before 1500 made some explorations,
during which he had discovered a mainland and some islands, but at what precise date
it is impossililc to determine ; ^ nor can we decide upon the course he had taken, but it
seems likely it was a westerly one. We know also that in this same year (1500) he
made his historic voyage to the Newfoundland region,'' coasting the neighboring shores,
probably, in September and October. Then followed a second expedition from Janu.iry
to October of the next year (1501), — the one of which we have the account in the I'lirsi
iiovainciitc retro-iHiti, as furnished by Pasqualigo.' There was at tliis time in Lisbon
one Alberto C.intino, a correspondent — with precisely what quality we know not — of
Hercule d' Este, Duke of Ferrara; and to this noble jjcrsonage Cantino, on the 19th of
October, addressetl a letter embodying what he had seen and learned of the newly
returned companions of Caspar Cortereal."
The Report of Cantino instigated the Duke to ask his correspondent to procure for him
a map of these explorations. Cantino procured one to be made ; and inscribing it, " Carta
da navigar per le Isole novam"' tr. . . . in le parte de I'lndia : dono Alberto Cantino Al
S. Duca Hercole," he took it to Italy, and delivered it by another hand to the Duke at
Ferrara. Here in the family archives it was preserved till 1592, when the reigning Duke
retired to Modena, his library following him. In 1868, in accordance with an agreement
between the Italian Covernment and the Archduke Francis of Austria, the cartographical
monuments of the ducal collection were transferred to the Uiblioteca ICstense, where this
precious map now is. The map was accompanied when it left Cantino's hands by a note
rique dc Legiiina's Juan dc la Cosa, estudio biog-
riijico (Madrid, 1S77); Ilumlwldt's Examen cri-
tique and his Cosmos, Eiig, tr. ii,, 639; Ue la
Ko([uette, in the Bulletin dc la Socictl dc Gcogra-
fhiedc Paris, Mai, 1S62, p. 29S ; Harrisse's Catwts,
pp. 52, 103, 15O, and his Lcs Cortcreal, p. 94 ; and
the references in Vol. IIL of the present His-
tory, p. 8.
1 Vol. III. p. 8. The fac-simile there given
follows Joniard's. I larrissc (Xotcs on Columbus,
p. 40), comparing Jomard's reproduction with
Humboldt's description, thinks there are omis-
sir)ns in it. liecher {Landfall of Columbus)
speaks of the map as "the clumsy production,
of an illiterate seaman." T' re is also a repro-
duction of the American i)arts of the map in
Weise's Disc enterics of America, 1SS4.
- Ongania, of Venice, announced some years
ago a fac-simile rcproduclion in his Raccolta di
maft'i""i"di, edited by Professor Fischer, of
Kiel. It was described in 1S73 by Giusepp?
IJuni in Cenni storici della Rcale Bibliotccu Estetisc
in Modena, and by Gustavo Uzielli in his Studi
bibliografici e bio^rafici, Rome, 1S75,
» Pages 143, 1 58.
* He was born about 1450; Lcs Cortereal,\>.Tf>.
Cf . E. do Canto's Os Cortc-Rcacs ( 1SS3), p. 28.
s Lcs Cortcreal, p. 45.
•■' Sec Vol. IV. chap. i.
■J I larrissc, L.es Cortcreal, p. 50, translates this
•* Printed for the first time in I larrissc, /^I'j
Cortcreal, app. xvii. From I'asciualigo and
Cantino down to the time of Gomara we find no
mention of these events; and Gomara, writing
fifty years later, seems to confound the events
of 1500 with those of I50t. Gomara also seems
to have had some Portuguese charts, which we
do not now know, when he says that Cortcreal
gave his name to some isl.ands in llie entrance
of the gulf "Cuadrado" (.St. Lawrence .> ), lying
under 50° north latitude. Further than this,
Gomara, as well as Kamiisio, seems to have
depended mainly on the Pasqualigo letter ; and
Herrera followed (jomara (Harrisse, Lcs Cortc-
real, p. 59). Harrisse can now collate, as he does
(p. 65), the two narratives of I'ascpialigo and
Cantino for the first time, and finds Cortereal's
explorations to have covered the Atlantic coast
from Delaware Pay to Baffin's Pay, if not far-
ther to the north.
loS
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
>
>: V
j
i OCEANliSOCCIDENTALIS
♦:^
"too
HAS ANTILHAS
O
gjir TCRRA
R[Y
DE
PORTUGU/ILL
THE CANTINO MAP,
'r
ill;*
ill
11. ■/ !!
I
■fill
addressed to the Duke and dated at Rome, Nov. 19, 1502,- which fortunately for us fixes
very nearly the period of the construction of the ni.ap. A mucii reduced sketch is
annexed.
For the northern coast of South America La Cosa and Cantino's draughtsmen seem
to have had ditTerent authorities. La Cosa attaciies forty-five names to that coast: Can-
tino only twenty-nine; and only three of them are common to the two." Harrisse
argues from the failure of the La Cosa map to give certain intelligence of the Atlantic
1 This is sketched from Harrisse';; fac-siinile, — which h.is been calculated by ILirrisse to 1)8
which is of the si/c of the original map. The at 62" 30,' weat of Paris,
(lotted line is the Line of Demarcation, — -' Harrisse, Z« Cc;-/(m'<7/, p. 71.
"Este he omarco dantre castella y Portiiguall," ' Ibid, p. 96.
Tin; MAI'S nv tiik kakmkst discovkkies.
109
coast of the Unitcil .Stales (Iiltc represented in tlie luirtli and south trend of shore, iiottli
of Cuba), that there was existinjj; in October, 1 500, at least in Spanisii t irclcs, no knowledge
of it,' but tiiat explorations must inve taken place before the summer of 1 502 which afforded
tlie knowledge cmi)odied in this Cantino ma|). This coast was not visited, so far as is
positively known, by any Spanish expedition previous to 1502. Besides the eight Spanish
voyajjcs of this period (not countiTif; tlie proiilematical one of \'espucius) of which we have
ilocumentary proof, there were doubtless others of which we have intimations; but we
know nothing of their discoveries, except so far as those before 1500 may be eniimdied in
La Cosa's chart.- The researclies of Harrisse have failed to discover in J'ortugal any
positive trace of voyages made from that kingdom in isot, or tliereabout, records of which
iiave been left in the Cantino map. Ilumbolilt had intimated that in Lisbon at that time
there was a knowledge of the connection of the Antilles with the northern discoveries of
Cortereal by an intervening coast ; but Ilarri.sse iloubts if Humboldt's authority — which
seems to have been a letter of I'asciualigo sent to Venice, dateil Oct. 18, 1501, found in the
/h'ani of Marino Sanuto, a manuscript preserved in Vienna — means anything more
than a conjectural belief in such connection. Ilarrisse's conclusion is that between the
close of 1500 and the summer of 1502, some navigators, of whose ames and nation we
are ignorant, but who were ])robably Spanish, explored the coast of the present United
States from Pensacola to the Hudson. This Atlantic coast of Cantino terminates at
about 51/ north latitude, running nearly north and south from the Ca|ie of Florida to that
elevation. Away to the cast in mid-ocean, and placed so far easterly as doubtless to ajipear
on the Portuguese side of the Line of Demarcation, and covering from about fifty to tifty-
nine degrees of latitude, is a large island which stands for the discoveries of Cortereal,
" Terra del Key du I'ortuguall ; " and northeast of this is the point of Greenland apparently,
with Iceland very nearly in its proper place." This Cantino map, now positively fixed in
1502, establishes the earliest instance of a kind of delineation of North Ainerica which pre-
vailed for some time. Students of this early cartography have long supposed this geo-
graphical idea to date from about this time, and have traced back the origin of what is
known as "The Admiral's Map"'' to data accumulated in the earliest years of the six-
teenth century. Inileed Lelewel,'' thirty years ago, made up what he called a Portuguese
chnrt of 1501-1504, by combining in one draft the maps of the 1513 Ptolemy, with a hint
or two from the Sylvanus map of 1 51 1, acting on the belief that the Portuguese were the
real first pursuers, or at least recorders, of explorations of the Floridian peninsula and of
the coast northerly."
The earliest Spanish map after that of La Cosa which has come down to us is the
one which is commonly known as Peter Martyr's map. It is a woodcut measuring 11 X
y'/< inches, and is usually thought to have first appeared in the Lei^atio Dabylonica. or
1 Some have considered that this Atlantic
coast ill Cantino may in reality have been Yuca-
tan. But this peninsula was not visited earlier
than 1506, if we suppose Soils and Pinzon
reached it, and not earlier than 15 17 if Cor-
dova's expedition was, as is usually supposed,
the first c.\])lor.ation. The n.anies on this coast,
twenty-two in number, arc all legible hut si.\.
They resemble those on the Ptolemy iiiajis of
150S and 1 51 J, and on Schiincr's globe of
1520, which points to an earlier map not now
known.
- These earliest Spanish voyages are, —
1. Columbus, Aug. 3, 1492 — March 15, 1493.
2. Columbus, Sept. 25, 1493 — June II, 1496.
3. Columbus, May 30, 1498 — Nov. 25, 1500.
4. Alonzo de Ojeda, May 20, 1499 — June,
I 500, to the Orinoco.
5. Piro Alonzo Niiio and Christuval Guerra,
June, 1.199 — April, 1500, to Paria.
6. Vicente Yafiez I'inzon, December, 1499 —
September, 1500, to the Amazon.
7. Diego de Lepe, December, 1499 (?) —
June, 1500, to Cape St. Aiigustin.
8. Rodrigo de liastidas, October, 1500 —
September, 1502, to Panama.
^ The (Jrecnlaiid peninsula seems to have
been seen by Cortereal in i 500 or 1501, and to
be here called " Poiita d' Asia," in accordance
witli the prevalent view that any mainland here-
about nuist he .\sia.
^ .See fac-simile on liage \iz, post.
'•' Plate 43 of his Gcoi^aphie dti Moycn-age.
'^ De Costa points out that La Cosa com-
plains of the Portuguese being in this region
in 1503.
no NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
", 1%
1
4
^1
bm
I
' The 1 51 1 map, here given in fac-simile
after another fac-similc in the duter-Brmoii Cotu-
/i'Xiu; lias been several times reproduced, — in
Stevens's ^\'<>/i'j-, pi. 4; J. II. I.cfrov's AAiiiiiriii/s
of tliv Ih'riniidas, London, 1S77; H. \. Schu-
macher's J'itnis Miirtyr, New York, 1S79; and
crroneousU- in 1 1. It. I'ancroft's Cciitriil Ameriai.
I- 1 27. Cf. also I larrissc, BM. Amcr. l\-t., no. 66 ;
■l./,!iiit»is, p. viii anil no. 41 ; A'l'A'.f .'// Columbus,
p. 9; and his Lcs Cortercal, p. 113. Copies of
the book are in the Carter-lirown, l.eno.\, Daly,
and Harlow libraries. A copy (no. 1605*) was
sold in the Murphy sale. Quaritch has jiriced
a jicrfect copy at /"too. The map gives the
earliest knowledge which we have of the lier-
nuidas. Cf. the " I)cscripcion do la isla lier-
muda" (iSjSJ.in ISuckingham Smith's CoUccion.
1'- 92'
PART OF THK ORIilS 'lYPUS UNIVERSALIS (PTOLEMY, I513).'
' Pile Euroiiean prolongation of Gronland Another reduced fai-simile is given in Kuge's
••esemWes that of a Portuguese map of 1400. Gi:u/i/r/i/e(/i-s /,-i/,i//irst/cr /iii.'d'iiuii,!,vii (iS^t-)
iia
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AiMERICA.
iH
O
H/r»rrr.t turn .i>M»tn(il«''infu(i< mamlntllpnCflimlni
TERKA
Trpyfart CtptAmm
TABULA TERRE NOVE, OR THE ADMIRAI.'s MAP (PTOI.EMY, 1513).^
' 'i
' I
.1 ■'
If
Martyr's first decade, at Seville, 1511 ; but Harrisse is inclined to believe that the map dia
not originally belong to Martyr's book, because three copies of it in the original vellum
These 1513 niajis were reprinted in the Stras-
burg, 1520, cditiim oi Ptolciny (co|)ics in the Car-
ter-lirowii Library and in tlic M'lii/'/ty Gi/iiliX'i'',
no. 3,05.';), and were rc-cngraved on a reduced
scale, Imt with more elaboration and with a few
changes, for the J'lo!t-iiiics of 1522 and i i;25 : and
they were again the basis of those in Scrvcliis'
Violcmy of 15;, 5.
1 Koh! remarks that tlie names on the Snuth
American coast (north i)art) are carried no
farther than (Ijcda went in 1499, and no farther
south than Vespucius went in 1503; while the
connection made of the two .Americas was \\xo\y-
ablv conjectural. Other fac-siniilcs of the map
are given in Varnhagen's Premier -•■oyni^e dc /Vr-
piirci\ in Weise's Discc^'erics of America, p. 124J
and ill Stevens's Histoyicii! am! Geixrap/iiral
Xo/es, 1)1. 2. Cf. Santarem (Childe's tr.). 153.
Wicscr, in his .1Ai/:a//iii,:r-Sfrass<- (Innsbruck,
iSSi), p. 15, mentions a manuscript note-book
s
niE MATS OF THE EARLIEST DISCOVERIES.
I 1
which lie has examined do not havu the map. Ouarilch * says that coj^ies vary, that the
leaf containing the map is an insertion, and tliat it is sometimes on different folios. 'I'lius
of two issues, one is called a second, because two leaves seem to have been reprinted to
correct t rrors, and two new leaves are inserted, and a new title is printed. It is held by
some th;it the map properly belongs to this issue. Urevoort - thinks that the publication
of the map was tlistasteful to the Spanish Government (since the King this .same year
forbade maps being given to foreigners); and he argues that the scarcity of the book may
indicate that attempts were made to suppress it.^
The maker of tlie 1513 map is we have it was Waldseemullcr, or Ilylacomylus, of St.
Die. in the Vosges Mountains ; and Lelewel ■* gives reasons for believing that the plate had
been engraved, and that copies were on sale as early as 1507. It had been engraved at the
expense of Duke Rend II. of Lorraine, from information furnished by him to perfect some
anterior chart ; but the plate does not seem tj have been used in any book before it ap-
peared in this 1513 edition of I'tolemy.'* It bears along the coast this legend: "Ilec
terra adjacentibus insulis inventa est per Columbu ianuensem ex mandato Regis Cas-
telle ; " and in the Address to the Reader in the .Supiilement appears the following sentence,
in which the connection of Columbus with the map is thought to be indicated : " Cliarta
ante marina (juam lIydrograi)hiam vocant per Adniiralem [? Coluniliiis\ quondam serenissi.
I'ortugalie \) llispaiii(c'\ regis Eerdinandi ceteros denique lustratores verissimis pagra-
tioibus lustrata, ministerio Renati, dum vixit, nunc pie mortui. Duels illustris. Lotharingie
liberalius prclographationi tradita est." ''
This •' Admiral's map " seems to have been closely followed in the map which Gregor
Reisch annexed to his popular encyclopx'dia,' the Marij^aritix philosofiliica. in 1 5 1 5 ; though
there is some difference in the coast-names, and the river mouths and deltas on the coast
west of Cuba are left out. Stevens and others have contended that this represents
Columbus' Ganges ; but Varnhagen makes it stand for the Gulf of Mexico and the Missis-
sippi,—a supposition more nearly like Reisch's interpretation, as will be seen by his
distinct separation of the new lands from Asia. Reisch is, however, uncertain of their
of Schijner, the globe-maker, preserved in the
Hof-l)iblii)thck at Vienna, which has a sketch
resembling this 1513 map. Harrisse ([.cs Cor-
IciYiil, |-)p. 122, 120) has ])ointed (uit the corre-
spondence of its names to the Cantiiio map,
ihouLli the WaUlsecmiiller map has a few names
which arc not on the Cantino. Again, Harrisse
(Lis Corterciil, p. 1 28) argues from the fact
that tlie relations of Duke Rene with Portugal
were cordial, while they were not so with Spain,
and from the resemblance of Rene's map in the
I'tolemy of 1513 to that of Cantino, that the
missing map ujjon which Waldseemiiller is said
to have worked to produce, with Rene's help,
the so-called " .\ilmirars map," was the origi-
nal likewise of that of Cantino.
' Catidos^iic of Kehruarv, 1S79, pricing a
C) )y of tlie book, with the map, at ^100. This
(Tiiaritcli copy is now owned bv Mr. C. 1 1.
Kalhlleisch, of New York, and its title is differ-
ent from the transcription given in S.abin, the
Carter-lirown and liarlow catalogues, whicl
would seem to indicate that the title was set up
three times it least.
- ]'t'rntzi:m\ p. 102.
" The editions of 1516 and 1530 have no
map, and no .iflir/,!/ mciyi was published in Siiaiu
(ill 1790. The Cabot map of 1544 is clearly
VOL. II. — 15.
from Spanish sources, and Urevoort is inclined
to think that the single copy known is the
remainder after a like suppression. The Medina
sketch of 1545 is too minute to have convcved
much intelligence of the Spanish knowledge,
and may have been jiermitted.
< Vol. ii. p. 143.
'' This edition will come under more partic-
ular observation in connection with Vespucius.
There are cojiies in the Astor Library and in the
libraries of Congress, of the Aincrican Anti-
quarian Society, and of Trinity College, Hartford
(Cooke sale, no. 1,950), and in the Carter-lirown,
liarlow, and K.albtleisch collections. There
was a copy in the Murpliv sale, no. 2,052.
" Cf. Santarem in />'////<■//// ,/,■ /,i Soa'i'/r tie
C'o^nf'/iU' tit: J'tu-is (I'&yj), viii. [71, and inhis K,-
eho-fhes sitr Vesfucc cl scs-'oviii^t-i, p. 165; Wieser'x
Mti-^'ii/.'ni. Slnisst; p. 10. It will be seen that in
the Latin ipioted in the text there is an incon-
gruity in making a " Ferdinand " king of Por-
tugal at a time when no such king ruled that
kingdom, but a Ferdinand did govern in ."^iiain.
The Admiral could hardly have been other
than Columbus, but it is too much to sav
that he made the map, or even had a chief
hand in it.
' Cf. IhinibokU, Ci'siiit's. Eng.tr., ii.fijo, C21
114 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
Ilv'
hHi!
4
m
\i
PART OF REISCH'S MAP, 1515.'
' There is another fac-similc in Stevens's (Murphy, no. 3,089); but in 150,} tl\ere were
Historical and Ccot^raphical Notes, pi. 4. An two editions, with a niappeniondc wliicli had no
edition of Reisch aiii)carcd at Freiburg in 1503 otlier reference to America tlian in the legend;
THJi MAPS OF THE EARLIEST DISCOVERIES.
115
,uL>
"""AZORES
C.V£f^d*£.
TiRRA 5ANCT£ CRI''CI^
5IV£
MUMOUS NOVOS.
RUYSCH, 1508.*
western limits, which are cut off by the scale, as shown in the map ; while on the other
side of the same scale Cipango is set clown in close proximity to it.
"Hie lion terra setl mare est in qao mira; mag-
nitudiiiis insula; sed I'tolcnia;o fucrunt incog-
nita;." Some copies are (lilted 1505. (Miirphy,
r •). 3,ogo.) A copy dated 150S, Basle, "cum :id-
ditionilnis novis " (Quaritch, no. 12,363; Baer's
Ituiiuakbi, 1SS4, no. 64, at 36 marks ; and .Mur-
phy, no. 2,112 *) had the same map. The 1515
edition had the map above given. (Ilairissc,
/)'//'/. Amcr. Vet., no. 82 ; AMitions, no. 45,
noting a copy in the Imperial Library at Vienna.
Kohl copies in his Washington Collection from
one in the library at Munich.) The Basle edi-
tion of 1517 has a still different wood-cut map.
(Beckford, Cat(ih'i;ii(,vo\. iii. no. 1,256; Murphy,
no. 2,112 **.) Not till 1535 did an edition have
any reference to America in the text. (JSibl,
Ai>!ei: IW; no. 20S.) The latest edition is that
of 15.S3, Basle, with a mappemonde showing
America. (Leclerc, no. 2,926.) Cf. further in
D'Avezac's Wallziiiiii/h'r, p. 94; Kunstmann's
Eiitdtckuii!^ Amerikas, p. 130; Ste\'ens's Notes,
p. 52 ; Kohl, Die heideii iiltesten Ceiieral-Karten
von America, p. 33.
' .\ heliotypc fac-simile is given in Vol. IIL
p. 9, where are various references and a record
of other fac-siiniles; to which may be added
,N
h i
,f!i I
m
i^'
':i;''i:
\:'y
t
I-
J.
Il6 NARRATUK AM) CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
E^J^J^S^
STOIiXlC^A, 1512.'
Varnhagen's A^ik'ps esfiidos (Vienna, 1S74); • It is held that this map shows the earliest
Kiige's 0,.!c-/iit/i/i- ifi's /.lititticrs i/i'- EiitJickiiii- attempt to represent on a plane a si)here trim
s^eii ; Weise's DisciKcrit-s of Aiiieyica ; and on a cated at the jioles. Wieser (M,i!^ittlht!i-Sliiisse,
small scale in H. II. Bancroft's Ccnlrai AvuriiM, p. 1 1 ) speaks of a mamiscript copy of Slobnicza's
vol. i. western hemisphere, maile liv Cilareaniis, which
IHE MAI'S OF THE EARI lES T DISCOVERIES.
Mathemaricus.
117
SCHONEK.'
c earliest
icre trun
's-Slnisse,
Dbnicza's
us, wliich
It has been supposed that it was a map of this type whicii Bartholomew Columbus,
when he visited Rome in 1505, jj;ave to a canon of St. John Lateran, toitether with one
of the printed accounts of his brother's voyaije ; and this canon i;ave the map to Ales-
sandro Strozzi, '-suo amico e compilatore della raccolta," as is .stated in a marginal note in
a coiM' of the Mundiis novus in the Magliabecchian library.^
Cnluiiiiius is said to have had a vision before his fourth voyage, during which he saw
rmd depicted on a map a strait between the regions north and south of the .Antillian .Sea.
I)e Lorgues, with a convenient alternative for his saintly hero, savs that the mistake was
only in making the strait of water, when it should have been of land !
's bound with a cnpv of WaUlsccuiiiller's Cos-
niOi;ra['h!(t iitlroiliiitio, preserved in the Univer-
sity I.ihrarv at .Nrimicli. Cf. Vol. I'',. \i. 1.), with
references there, and Winsor's Jiihlicxrii/'/iy of
Ptolt-niv sub anno 1512; Ilarrisse, Xotc: on
Columbus, \i. 17S, and />//'/ Aincr. l\-t., nos. 69
and 05, and AMilious, no. .(7. The only co|)ies
of the Stubnicza lutroductio in this country lack
the maps. One in the Carter-lirown Library has
it in fac-simile, and the other was sold in the
Afurphv sale, no. 2.075
' I'ac-simile of a cut in Rcusner's liones
(Strasluug, 1590), p. 127. Cf. on Schoner's
gciij,'ra])liical lal)ors, Doppclniayr's Ilistoruilu
A'lic/nii/it :'oi! ticu iiurulvri;isi/icn Miitlumiilikerii
uud Kiiustlcrn (1730); Will uud Nnpitsch's
A'urulii>xisi-/us Gi-U-lnti-n-Ltxicon (1757); Ghilla-
ny's En/^/o/ius d,:s Bohahn uiul dcr dcs Schoucr ;
anil Varnhagen's Sc/toui-r <• Apiauus (Vienna,
1 87 2).
- This supposition is not .-ustaincd in Wie.
ser's A'iiitodos /!. l\''i<ui/'o (l.Sy^).
tl8 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
SCHOVER, 1515.
11
«;i!
'I,'-
b.''^il
We have a suspicion of this strait in another map whicli has been held to have had
some connection with the drafts of Columbus, and tiiat is the Ruysch rnap, which appeared
' According to Wieser {Miif;,tl/idcs-Slr<issc,
p. ig) this glol)C, which exists in copies at Wei-
mar (of which Wicscr gives the above sl<etcli
from Jomard's fac-simile of the one nt Fraiil<-
fort, but with some particulars added from tliat
at Weimar) and at Franlcfort (which is figured
in Jomard), was made to accompany Schiiner's
Lnc!i!,-ii/istii)i<i ijiiu-ildni /ei-ric totiiis JcSiViptio,
printed in 1 5 1 5. Cf. I larrisse, A\'tes on Cohinihus,
p. 179, and /)'//'/. Aiiicr. l',i., nos. So, Si ; Mur-
phy, no. 2,233- Copies of .SchiJner's [.itciilciilis-
j/wi/, etc., are in tlie Harvard College, Carter-
li'own, and Leno.\ libraries.
In 1523 SchiJner printed another tract, Dc
iiiipcr sub Ciis/iliu- nc Porliigali<c rcqihiis Siiriiis-
<i»/is ref^irtis iiuiilis ac >V!,'/i'iii7>us, descriptive of
his globe, which is extremely rare. Wieser re-
ports copies in the great libraries of Vienna and
T,ondon onlv. Varnliagcn reprinted ii from the
Vienna copy, at St. Petersburg in 1S72 (forty
copies onlv), under the designation, Raiiipyi-ssion
Jidik tfuiic ktlrc lie Jean Sc/ioiu); 1) profos dt
M
THE .MAI'S OF THE EARLIEST DISCOVERIES.
119
'
SCHONER. 1530.'
SOI! f;/olie, iivile en 1523. The Latin is given
in Wicscr's ^fll■^',^'' ics-S/rasse, \t. 118. Joliann
SclKjncr or Scliiinci (for the spcllinc; varies) was
burn in 1477, and died in 1547. Tl'.e testimony
of tliis globe to an early knowledj;'; of the straits
afterward made known bv ^^agellan is exam-
ined on a later page. The notions which long
l)revailed respecting a large Antarctic continent
arc traced in Wieser'.s Miii;ii//i<ii's-Sfi\j.<:st\ \i. 59,
And in Santarem, Histoii-c de lit cartoi^mpliii-,
li. 277.
Cf. on the copy at Frankfort, — Vol. III.
p. 215, of the present f/is/oiy ; Kohl's General-
Kartell von Aiiierika, p. 33, and liis Visco7>eiy of
Maine, XI. 159; Encye!op(cdia Britannica, x. 6S1 ;
Von Kichthofcn's C/iiiia, p. 641 ; yournal ol the
Royal Geographical Society, xviii. 45. On the
copy at Weimar, see Humboldt, Kxaiiien erit-
iijue, and his Introduction to Ghillany's Kitler
Behaiin.
^ This globe, which has been distinclively
known as Schiincr's globe, is preserved at Xu-
rcmburg. There are representations of it in
Santarem, Lclewcl, Wieser, Ghillany's Be/iai'ni,
Kohl's Ge.u/n\-///e i/er /ut/,/ee/:nnx'sreisen :iir Ma-
xe//an's-S/rasse (lierlin, 1S77), p. S ; 1 1. II. Ban-
croft's Central Anieriea, i. 1 37; an' in Harper's
Ma^i^azine, February, iS7i,and December, 1SS2,
p. 731. The earliest engraving appeared in the
Jahre^berieht Jer techiiischcn Anstalteu in Xiirn
M
I20
NARRATIVF. AVD CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
THE TROSS GORKS, 1514-1519.'
in the Roman Ptolemy of ijoS,^ the earliest published map, unless the St. Die map takes
precedence, to show any part of tlie new discoveries. It seems from its resemblance to
beri^ fio- 1.S42, accompanied by a paper by Dr.
Ghillaiiy; and the same writer repriKluced it in
his Ei\l.:lohiis diS Ihhaim uiul tier dcs Sc'/ioiit'r
(1.S4J). The globe is signed: " Pcrfecit euni
Haml)eiga; 1520, Joh. Schiinenis." Cf. Von
Murr, Mimoriil'iliii bil'liothccaruin Noril<crs;ciisiHm
(17S6), i. 5; llnmlioldt, I'.xiuniii criliqiic, ii. 2S ;
Winsor's /iihiii'xmp/iy of Ptolemy sub anno 1522 ;
and Vol. III. p. 214, of the present ITistoiy.
1 Twelve gores of a globe found in a cojiy of
the Cosmo;^mphi<i iiitrodiictio, published at Lug-
duni, 1 514 (?), and engraved in a catalogue of
Tross, the Paris bookseller, in iS.Si (nos. xiv.
4,924). The book is now owned bv Mr. C. H.
Kalbfleisch, of New York. Ilarrisse {C.iliofi,
\i. 1S2) says the map was engraved in rji.), and
ascribes it to Louis IJmilcngcr. (Cf. Vol. TIL
p. 214, of the [ireseut History.) There are two
copies of this edition of the Cosmo^^ruf'Iiiic iiitro-
i/iirtio in the liritish Museum; and D'.Vvezac
[Wii/lzciiiiUh'i; ]). 123) says the date of it cannot
be earlier than 1517. Ilarrisse says ho erred
in dating it 1510 in the />V/'/. Aiin-r. I'o/., no. 63.
Cf. Winsor's Bi/ilio'^ivp/iy of Ptilcmy sub anno
1522.
- Pope Julius n. (July 2.S, 1506) gave to
Tosinus, the publisher, the exclusive sale of this
edition for six years. It was first issued in
1507, and had six new maps, besides those of the
editions of 147S and 1490, but none of America.
There are copies in the Carter-Prown Library;
and noted in the Mttifhy Cittiloi^iiv, no. 2,049;
i ',i
■^.
131
gcog-
III La
IlIK MAI'S OF THK KAKLIKST DISCOVERIKS.
tfic l.a Cosn cli;irt to have liccn kept duilIi iicirer the Columhian draft than tli(:
rapher of St. Di<5, with liis Portuguese helps, was coiUunted to leave it in his map.
Cosa tlie vignette of St.
Ciiristoplii-'r had concealed
the mystery "f a westerly
passage ; ' Kuysch assumes
it, or at least gives no inti-
mation of his belief in the
inciosure of the Antillian
Sea. Harrisse - has |)uinted
out how an entirely ditVer-
ent coast-nomenclature in
the two ma|)s points to dif-
ferent originals of the two
map-makers. The text of
this 1508 edition upon
" Terra Xova " and " Santa
Cruz " is l)v Marcus Hene-
ventanus. There are rea-
.sons to believe that the map
may have been issued sep-
arately, as well as in the
book ; and the cojiies of the
map in the liarlow Collec-
tion and in Harvard College
Library are perhaps of this
separate issue."
The distinctive features
both of the La Cosa and the
Kuysch drafts, of the Can-
tino map and of the Wald-
seemiiller or St. Die map of
I3I3, were preserved, with
more or less modifications
in many of the early maps.
The Stobnicza map — pub-
lished in an Iiitnufuclio to
Ptolemy at Cracow in 1512
— is in effect the St. Did
map, with a western ocean in place of the edge of the plate as given in the 15 13
Ptolemy, and is more like the draft of Reiscli's map published three years later.
mOnster,
^sy-*
ive to
.f tills
in
if the
and one was recently priced by Rosenthal, of
Munich, at 500 marks. It was reissued in 150S,
with a description of the \ew World by lienc-
ventanus, accompanied by this map of Ruysch;
and of this 150S edition there are copies in
the Aster Library, the Library of Congress,
of tlie American Geographical Society, of Yale
College (CooUe sale, vol. ii. no. 1,949), and in
the Carter-ISrown and Kalbtleisch collections.
One is noted in the Afniphy sale, no. 2,050,
which is now at Cornell University.
' H. II. liaiicroft [Ct-iitral Ai/ii'rua, p. 116)
curiously intimates that the dt>tted line which
VOL. II. — 16.
he gives in his engraving to mark the [ilace of
this vignette, st.ands for some sort of a fen.i
ii!iOi;iiitii !
- Les Coytercat, ]). llS.
•^ Harrisse, Cabots, p. 164. In his JVo/cs on
Coliimliiis, p. 56, he conjectures that it sold for
forty florins, if it be the same with the map of
the Xcw World which J<ihauues Trithemus com-
plained in 1507 of his inability lo buy for that
price (Episto/tefiiiiiiliiurs, 1536).
•• There are other drawings of this map i.\
Stevens's A'oles ; in Nordenskiijld's Bi-od:nit
/ciios (Stockholm, 1SS3) ; etc
/■*
I
I 'iF'
hm
122
NARRATIVE ANO CRITICAL HISTORY OK A.MF.RICA.
7^t>^''
•'«=C3
The Schoncr globe of 1515, often cited as the Frankfort globe ; (he ScIupirt glolie of
1570; the so-called Tross gores of 1514-1519; Ihcmapof I'ctriis Apianiis ' or liicnewitz,
as he was calluil in his vernacular —
which appeared in the t'olyliistoriii
of Soliniis, uditcd hy the Itali.m
monk Caniers, and also in 1522 in
the Dcorbis situ of I'omponius Mela,
published by \'adiai)us, — all pre-
serve the same characteristics with
the St. Uie map. excepting thai they
show the western [lassage referred
to in Columbus' dream, and so far
unite some of the inferences from
the map of Ruysch. There was a
curious survival of this Cantino type,
particularly as regards North Amer-
ica for many years yet to come, as
seen in the map which Miiiister
added to the Basle edition of the
Nevus oi/iis in 1532 and lS37i and
in the drawing which Jomard gives -
as from " une cassette de la Collec-
tion Trivulci, dite Cassettina all'
Agemina." This last drawing is a
cordiform mai)pemonde, very like
another which accompanied Hon-
ter's Kudimciitii cosiiiot^niphica in
1542, and which was repeated in va-
rious editions to as late a period as
1590. Thus it happened that for
nearly a century geograi)hical views
which tlie earliest navigators evolved,
continued in popular books to con-
vey the most inadequate notion of
the contour of the new continent.*
tion witli the naming uf .\merica. See
post, p. 1S3.
■•i PI. xviii.
' The bibliograpliy of Ilonter has
been traced by G. D. Tciitsch in tlie
Arcliiv ih's I'crt'ins fiir Shih7i/iiiri;i.<c/ie
LtiuiUskuiiih', neue Folge, xiii. 137; and
ail estimate of llnmcr bv F. Tcutscli
1 Its date was altered to 1530 when it ap- is given in Ibid., .\v. 5S6. The earliest form of
pearcd \\\ the first complete edition of Peter \\o\-\Xc\Wvm\i\^\.\\z Rii(liiiu'ntonimiosiiu>;^ri>phitC
Martyr's /JtVv/uVx There are fac-similcs in tlic li/iri liiin, iXiXcd 1 531, and published at Cracow,
Carter- Brcnun Catalogue- and in Santarem's At- in a tract of thirty-two pages. It is a description
ias. It will be considered further in conncc- of the world in verse, and touches America in the
TERRA SANGT/t
CRUC"^-
SYLVANUS' MAP, I5II.
I Ml* ',
'hi
p}i
m
p.
* The map is given in its origin.al projection llcisch collections. Cf. Jfiir/'/iy Catalos^ie, no.
in I.elewcl, ])1. xlv., and on a greatly reduced scale 2,051, for a co])y now in the .\niericau Geo-
in Daly's Early Cartography, p. 32. There arc graphical Society's Library, and references in
copies of this 1511 Ptolemy in llie Lenox, Car- Winsor's Bililiography of Ptolemy sub anno
ter-llrown, Astor, Prevoort, liarlow, and Kalb- 151 1.
THE MAPS OF Till: EARLIKST DISCOVEIIKS.
123
37 ; ^'id
III ilic sanv year with the puhlicaiioii (if the Peter Martyr map of 151 1, an edition of
I'tolemy, iiulilisiied at N'enice and edited by Uernardus Sylvanus, contained a mappeinondo
on a mnlifonn iirojection,
wliicli is said to lie the
tirst instance of the use
of liiis method in drafting
majis. Wiiat is shown
of tlie new discoveries is
i)roui;lit in a distorted
sliapc on the extreme west-
ern vcr;,'e of tiie map ; and
to mal<e tlie contour more
intelh^'ilile, it is rediiced in
tlie sl<etcli annexed to an
ordinary plane projection.
It is llie earliest engraved
map to nive any trace of the
Cortereal discoveries ' and
to indicate the Square, or
St. Lawrence, Gulf. It
gives a curious Latinized
form to the name of the
navigator himself in " Re-
galis Domus" (Cortereal),
and restores Greenland, or
Knjjronelant, to a peninsu-
lar connection with north-
western Europe as it had
appeared in the Ptolemy
ef 1482.
It will be seen that, with the exception of the vague limits of the " Rcgalis Domus,"
there was no sign of tlie continental line of North America in this map of Sylvanus.
THE LE.NUX GLOISE.
cliaptcr, " Nomina insularinii oceaiii et maris."
It is extremely r.iic, and the only copy to be
noted is one priced by llarrassowitz (Calalogii,'
of 1876, no. 2), of Leipsic, for 2:5 marks, and
subsequently sold to Tross, of Paris. Most bibli-
ographers give Cracow, with the date 1534 as
the earliest (Sabiii, no. 32,792; Muller, 1S77,
no. 1,456, — 37.50 tl.) ; there was a li.isle edi-
tion of the same year. (Cf. Ilarrissc, /iili/.
Amer. IW., no. 194 ; Wicscr, AAixn/Ziiii's-S/rnsst;
p. 22.) Editions seem to have followed in 1540
(([ueried by Sabin, no. 32,793); in 1542 (if !'te-
vcns's designation of his fac-similc ot the mai' is
correct, A'>/i'.r, pi. 3); in 154), when the map is
inscribed " Universalis cosmograjjhia . . . Tiguri,
J. II. V. K. [in monogram], 1546." (Ilarrisse,
110.271 ; Muller, 1S77, no. 1,457; Carter-lSriiwn,
no. 143; Sabin, no. 32,794.) The .same map,
which is part of an appendix of thirteen maps,
was repeated in the Tiguri edition of 154S, and
there was another issue the same year at IJaslc.
(Ilarrisse, no. 287; Sabin, no. 32,795; \Veigcl,
.'S77, no. 1,26s.) The maps were reiicatcd in the
1549 edition. (Sabin, no. 32.796 ; Cartcr-liiown,
no. 153.) The edition at .Xntwerp in 1552 leaves
off the date. (IIarris.se, no. 2S7 ; \Veigel, no.
1,269; Murphy, no. 1,252.) It is now called,
A'7'(/imciilor:'»i ios»ioi;r,i/'/ihonim likri ///. ciim
fiiM/is ^i^'ivj^'rii/i/iiiis i-/iXiiiifis.\/mis. Dc uannniin
icnim itomeiuhilHris per classes, liber I. There
was a liasle edition the same year. The maps
continued to be used in the Antwerp edition of
1554, the Tiguri of 155S, and the Antwerp of
1660.
In 1 561 the edition published at Basle, De
ii'si)itx>'ii/'lii<e riidiiiieiitis libri I '///., was ratlicr
tardily furnished with new maps better corre-
sponding to the developments of American geog-
raphy. (Muller, 1S77, no. 1,459.) The Tiguri
publishers still, however, adhered to the old
plates in their editions of 1565 (Cartcr-Hrown,
no. 257; Sabin, no. 32,797) ; and the same iilates
again reappeared in an edition, without place,
iniblished in 1570 (Muller, 1877, no. 1,457), in
another of Tiguri in 1 5S3, and in still another
without place in 1590 (Murphy, no. 1,253; •^'"'"
ler, 1872, no. 763 ; Sabin, no. 32,799).
' Ilarrisse (Les Cortereal, p. 121) says there
is no Spanish maj) showing these discoveries
before 1 534.
134
NARRATIVi: AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
1^
'1!.
l>V
i; l^'^^f
!>
i:' i : '1
I 'I
DA VINCI, NORTHERN HEMISPHERE (oni^iiin/ drafl rcliucd).
Much the same views were possessed l)y the maker of the undated Lenox globe, which
probably is of nearly the same date, and of which a further account is given elsewhere.*
Anotlier draft of a globe, likewise held to be of about the same date, shows a sim-
il.ir configuration, except that a squarish island stands in it for Florida and adjacent parts
of the main. This is a manuscript drawing on two sheets preserved among the Queen's
collections at Windsor; and since Mr. U. H. Major made it known l)y a communication,
with accompanying fac-similes, in tlie A>-chtcol(\^ia- it has been held to be the work of
Leonardo da \'inci, though this has lieen recently questioned.'' If deprived of the associ-
ations of that august name, the map loses much of its attraction ; but it still remains an intor-
' Vol. III. p. 212, and tlu- present volume,
page 170.
- Vcl. xl. ; also Majni's rriiue Ihiiry, \i. 3S8. its assii^nmc-nt to the gic.Tt Italian.
' J. P. Kichtcr, IJIcrary Works of Da Vinci,
London, 1883, ([Uuting the critic, who questions
THE MAPS OF THli: EAKLIKST DISCOVERIES.
Ui
DA VINCI, SnUTIIKKN' IIEMISPHLRE {original ,/nifl n;/,nr,/).^
esting memorial of geographical conjecture. It is without tiatu, and can only be fixed in
tiie chain of cartographical ideas by its internal evidence. This has led Major to place it
between 1512 and 1514. and Wieser to (\x it at 1515-1516.- A somewhat unsatisfactory
map, since it shows nothing north of " Ysabeila " and " Spagnollo," is that inscribed
Or//is typiis iinivcrsiilis Jii.vta liyiliih^iapJiornin Iraditioiicm exactissime depicta, 1522,
L. F., which is the work of Laurentius Frisius. and appeared in the I'toleniy of 1522.^
' Another sketch nf this hemis|)herc is given
in I/iirpi-r's Moiilldy, December, 1S82, p. 733.
- Tlic rortiigiicsc purtolano of about this
date given in Kuii.stmann, pi. 4, i> examined
on another page.
(Cf. Ilarrisse's A'otcs on Coliiiiibus, 176; his lUhl.
Aiiiii-.l'c-t., no. 117; and Winsor's ///7V/(;;'n;///_)' <>/
rtoUiiiy's Ct<;;'7(7///_('sub anno 1522.) Tlie majjs
closely resemble those of Waldscemiiller in the
edition of 1513; and indeed Frisius assigns them
^ This Strasburg edition is particularly de- as re-engraved to Martin Ilaconiylus, the Greek
scribed in P'Avczae's WiiltzcmiUUr. \i. 159. form of tliat geographer's name. There are
(26
MAKRATIX'E AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
»,!l!!!
1 1 ilW.i*. '
'J .
' >
'/'■!
■' •■:
DA VINCI (lu-.rly frojcc/cd).^
'./i '
A new element appears in a map which is one of the charts belonging to the ^'slei^Hitg
iLr Mcr-Carthcn odcr Caitha Marina, said also to he the work of Frisius. whicii was
:';>
i'nl i(!j
copies of this 15:12 Ptolemy ill tlic Harvard Col- wliiili tlicrc arc copies in the Library of Con-
k'ge, Cartcr-Iirown, Cornell University, and liar- gress, iii the \cw York Historical Socictv, ISos-
low libraries, and one is noted in the Afiirf/iy ton I'ublic, lialtiniore Mercantile, Carter-lirown,
Ciitiiloi;ue, no. 2,054, which is now in the Lenox Trinity College, anil the American Anticpiarian
Library. The map of Frisius (F.orcnz Friess, as Society libraries, and in the collections of Wil-
he was called in unlatini/.ed form) was rcpro- liam C. Prime and Charles H. Kalblleisch.
diiced in the next Strasburg edition of 1525, of There were two copies in the Murphy sale,
' This follows the i)roJection as given by Wieser in liis Magitl/iah-Slnisse, who dates it
1515-1516.
THE MAI'S OF THE EARLIEST DISCOVERIES.
127
,...c.
DASMERGLGLNNIDLRGANC
" TLRRACl CUBA t» ••••/;
PARriSAFfRlCI.
_«'
0 \^^ o^- "^^O'
CARTA MARINA OF FRISIUS, 1525.
issued in 1525, in exposition of his theories of sea-( i.irts.' The map is of interest as the
sole instance in which North America is called a part of Africa, on the supposition that
^•~— , K
J) 0
yc^
«>.•
coppo. 1528.-
nos. 2,oc;5 and 2.056. one nf whicli is now at
CoriifU rnivcrsiiy. Cf. references in Winsor'a
lUbliogritpliy of rtoU-iiiy.
This " I„ 1". 1522 " map (see p. 175), as well as
the "Admiral's map," was rejjroduced in the edi-
tion of 1535, edited by Servetns. of wl'icli lliere
are copies in the .Vsior, the lioston I'lililic, and
the College of New Jersey libraries, and in the
Carter-Iiniwn and liarlow collections. A copy
is also noted in the Afio/'/iy CiiAi/oi^'/ie, no. 2,057,
which is now at Cornell University.
I'he American maps of these editions were
again reprodncod in the I'tolcniv, piilillshed at
Vienna in 1541, of which there .ire copies in the
Carter-lirown, ISrcvoorl, and Kalhlleisch collec-
tions. Cf. Winsor's Iiihli,>i:;ya['liy of riolemv.
' Ilarrisse, />'//'/. Amcr. /V/., no. 133. The
edition of 1530 has no ma|)S (ibid., no. 15S).
-' This is drawn from a sketch given by Kohl
in his ntannscript, "On the Connection of the
New and Old World on the Pacific Side," pre-
served in the American Antiquarian Society's
111
/■!
»'! ■.h.
128
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
a continental connection by the south enclosed the '• sea toward the sunset." The
insular Yucatan .vill he observed in the annexed sketch, and what seems to be a misshapen
Cuba. Tiie land at the east seems intended for Ijaccalaos, jadginj; from the latitude and
tiie indication of fir-trees upon it. This map is one of twelve engraved sheets constituting
the aliove-named work, which was puljlished by Johannes Gricniny;er in 1530. Friess, or
Frisius, who was a German matiiematician, and had, as we have seen, taken part in the
1522 Ptolemy, says tliat he drew his information in tiiese maps from ori;j;inal sources;
but he does not name these sources, and Dr. Kohl thinks the maps indicate tiie work of
Waldseemuller.
Anions;- tlie last of tlie school of geographers who supposed North America to be an
«rchipelago. was I'ierro Coppo. wlio puhlislied at X'enice in 1528 wiiat has become ;•. very
rare I'ortolano dclli lochi inaritinii ed isolc <icf niar.^
Library. There is another copy in his Washing-
ton Collection.
The map is explained by the following key :
I. Asia. 2. India. 3. Ganges. 4. Java major.
5. Cimpangi [Jajian]. 6. Isola vcrde [Green-
land?]. 7. Cuba. S. lamaiqua. 9. Spagnola.
10. Monde nuova [South America].
' There is a copy in the (iienville Collection
in the liritish Museinn. Cf. llani.sse, Bib!. Aiini:
I'c-t., MO. 144; Zmla, /■'ill Miiiiro, p. 9, and his
Mitrio 1\'! \ ii. 363. Ilarrissc, in his A'olcs on
ColiDiilnis, p. 56, cites from Morclli's Opcrcttc,
i. 309, a passage in which Co])po refers to
Columbus.
/,l'
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CHAPTER II.
AMERIGO VESPUCCI.
HV SVDXKV HOWARD GAV.
AMI'^RIGO VESPUCCI,' the third sou of Nastiigio Vespucci, a notary
of Florence, and his wife Lisabetta Mini, was born on the 9th of
March, 145 1. The family had the respectability of wealth, acquired in trade,
for one member of it in the preceding century was rich enough to endow
a public hospital. Over the portal of the house, so dedicated to charity by
this pious Vespucci nearly three quarters of a century before Amerigo was
born, there was, says Humboldt, engraved in 17 19, more than three hun-
dred years after the founding of the hospital, an inscription tleclaring that
here Amerigo had lived in his youth. As the monks, however, who wrote
the inscription also asserted in it that he was the discoverer of .America,
it is quite possible that they may have been as credulous in the one case as
in the other, and have accepted for fact that which was only tradition. But
whether Amerigo's father, Nastugio, lived or did not live in the hospital
which his father or grandfather founded, he evidently maintained the
respectiibility of the famil)'. Three of his sons he sent to be educated
at the University of Pisa. Thenceforth they are no more heard of, except
that one of them, Jerome, afterward went to Palestine, where he remained
nine years, met with many losses, and endured much suffering, — all of which
he related in a letter to his younger brother Amerigo. But the memory
even of this Jerome — that he should have ever gone anywhere, or had any
adventures worth the telling — is only preserved from oblivion because he
had this brother who became the famous navigator, and whose name by
a chance was given t(j half the globe.
Amerigo was not sent to the university. Such early education as he
received came from a learned uncle, Giorgi Antonio Vespucci, a Dominican
friar, who must have been a man of some influence in Morence, as it is
1 Harrissc (^/^/. /4;//«/-. K<^/.) gives the various .Vlmerigo Florentino {Viaitello); Ue Espuchc,
ways of siielling the name by different authors Vcspuche, Despuche, Vcspuccio (Ramiisio) ;
as follows: " tWhrncus [.]f<u/rignano, /^iic/hiiiier, Vcspuchy (C/irist. Colitnitiiis)." Variihagcu uni-
/e/ian Lambert); V.m.a'K( Dti /KiJouer); A\\isx'\ca furmly calls him Amerigo Vespucci; and that
or Amcrico (Coniaya) \ Morigo (llojeJa); is the signature to the letter written from Spain
Amerrigo [MiiTioz); Aniericus (Pclcr Martyr); in 1492 given in the r//,/ by Handini.
vol.. 11. — 17.
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claimed for him that ht was the friend and colleafijitc of the more famous
monk Savonarola. The nephew acknowledged later in life that he was not
among the most diligent of his uncle's pupils ; and the admission was as
true as it was ingenuous, if one may judge by a letter in Latin written, when
he was twenty-tive years old, to his father. He excuses himself to that
spcctabili ct cgrcgio viro — as he addresses his father — for recent negligence
in writing, as he hesitates to commit himself in Latin without the revision
of his uncle, and he happens to be absent. Probably it was poverty of
expression in that tongue, and not want of thought, which makes the letter
seem the work of a boy of fifteen r;ither than of a young man of five and
twenty. A mercantile career in preference to that of a student was, at any
rate, his own choice ; and in due time, thougii at what age precisely docs
not appear, a place was found for him in the great commercial liouse of the
Princes Medici in Florence.
In I'lnrence he remained, apparently in the service of the Medici, till
1490; for in that year he complains that his mother prevented him from
going to Spain. But the delay was not long, as in Januar , 1492, he writes
from Cadiz, where he was then engaged in trade with an associate, one
Donato Xicolini, — perhaps as agents of the Medici, whose interests in Spain
were large. Four years later, the name of Vespucci appears for the first
time in the Spanish archives, when he was within two months of being forty-
six years of age. Meanwhile he h;.d engaged in the service of Juonato
Ik^ardi, a Florentine merchant established at Seville; who had fitted out
the second expedition of Columbus in 1493.^
It has been conjectured that Vespucci became known at that time to
Columbus, — which is not improbable if the former was so early as 1493 in
the service of Ikrardi. But the suggestion that he went withi Columbus either
on his first or second expedition cannot be true, at any rate as to the
second.^ For in 1495 Berardi made a contract with the Spanish Government
only autographs of Vespuciiis known." Since
then another fac-simile of a letter by V'espiiciiis
ha.s been published in the Cartas tie Imiias,
l)cing a letter of Dec. 9, 150S, about goods which
ought to be carried to the Antilles. Cl. Afass.
Ifist. Si\: Proc.,}i\\. ^iS, and Mai^a^^iiu' of Aiiicr-
iian Ilislory, iii. 193, where it is translated, and
accompanied by a fac-simile of a part of it.
The signature is given on an-ithcr page of the
present cha]Her. — Ed.]
' The facts relative to the birth, jjarcntage,
and early life of Vespucci are given bv the .\bbe
liandini in his I'i/aeteltcrct/iAincn'o Vcsfiicci,
1745, •>"'' -""c generally accep'.ed by tnose whoso
'Avn researches have l)een most thorough, — as
Humboldt in h\% Exaiiit'ii Cvitiquc ; V'arnhagcn
in his Amerigo I'/spiitri, sou earaeth-e, ses ecri/s,
sa 7'i(, ct ses invii^atioiis, ai d in his A'currt/es
recherches, p. 41, where he .-ejirints Handini's
account ; and Santarem in his Researches resfect-
iiiir Aiiierieus ]'espiiiiiti and /lis / 'civ'^'t'J', as the
English translation is called. In relation to rep-
rcse<itativcs of the family in our dav, see Lester's
I'esf'Hcius, p. 405. The newspapers within a vcar
have said that two female descendants were
living in Rome, the last male representative
dying seven vears ago.
- Humboldt says that it cannot be true of
cither voyage, and relies for proof upon the
documentary evidence of Vespucci's ])rcsence
in Spain during the absence of Columbus u])on
those expeditions, lint he makes a curious mi.s-
take in regard to the first, which, we think, has
never been noticed. Columbus sailed on his
first voyage in August, 1492, and returned in
March, 1493. Humboldt .asserts that Vespucci
could not have bcii with him, because the letter
written from Cadiz and jointly signed l)y him
and I'^onato Xicolini was dated Jan. 30, 1493.
lint Hi.nd}oldt has unaccountably mistaken the
date of that letter; it was not 1493, but 1493,
seven months before Columbus sailed on his
: il
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OK AMERICA.
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to furnish a fleet of ships for an expedition westward which he did not hvc
to complete. Its fulfilment was intrusted to Vespucci; and it appears in
the public accounts that a sum of money was paid to him from the Treasury
of the State in Januarj-, 1496. Columbus was then absent on his second
voyage, begun in September, I4(J3, from which he did not return till June,
1496.
In the interval between the spring of 1495 and the summer of 149; an)'
adventurer was permitted by Spain, regardless of the agreement made with
Columbus, to go upon voj-ages of commerce or discovery to that New India
to which his genius and courage had led the wa}-. " Xow," wrote Columbus,
" there is not a man, down to the very tailors, who does not beg to be allowed
to become a discoverer." The greed of the King; the envy of tlie naviga-
tors who before 1492 had laughed at the theories of Columbus ; the hatred
of powerful Churchmen, more bitter now than ever, because those theories
whicii they had denounced as heres)- had proved to be true, — all these
influences were against him, and had combined to rob the unliappy Admiral,
even before he had returned from his second vo\-age, of the honor and the
riches which he thought would rightfully become hi- own. Ships now
could go and come in safet\- over that wide waste of waters which even
children could remember had been looked upon as a " .Sea of Darkness,"
rolling westward into never-ending space, whence there was no return to
the voyager mad enough to trust to its treacherous currents. It was no
longer guarded by perpetual Night, bj- monsters hideous aijd terrible, and
by a constant wind that blew ever toward the west. Hut siiips came safely
back, bringing, not much, but enough of gold and pearls to seem an earnest
of the promise of the marvellous wealth of India that must soon be so easil}'
and so, quickh' reached ; with the curious trappings of a picturesque bar-
barism; the soft skins and gorgeous feathers of unknown beasts and birds;
the woods of a new beaut}' in grain and vein and colors; the aromatic herbs
of subtle \irtue that would stir the blood beneath the ribs of Death ; and \\ith
all these precious things the captive men and women, of curious complexion
and unknown speech, whose people were given as a prey to the stranger by
God and the Pojje. ICvery rough sailor of these returning ships was greeted
as a hero when to the gaping, wide-ej'cd crowd he told of his adxentures in
that land of perpetual summer, where the untilled virgin soil brought fortli
its fruits, and the harvest never failed ; where life was without care or toil,
sickness or povert)'; where he who would might gather wealth as he would
idly pick up pebbles on a beach. These were the sober realities of the
times; and there were few so poor in spirit or so lacking in imagination
as not to desire to share in the possession of these new Indies. It was not
long, indeed, before a reaction came; when disappointed adventurers
liist voyage. Tlic iih'/i/', thcrcl'oic, is not proved, life to suggest that lie was ; and, moreover, tlio
There is indeed no positive proof lliat Vespueei strong negative evidence is — unusually strong
was not on that voyage ; but, on the othci hand, in his case — that he never claimed to have
there is nothing known of that period of his sailed with Columbus.
!"':!
AMERIGO VESPUCCI.
133
ri'tiirncd in poverty, and sat in rags at tlio gates (if the palace to beg
relief of tlie King. And when the sons of Columbus, who were pages in
the Court of the Queen, passed by, " they shouted to the very heavens,
saying: 'Look at the sons of the Admiral of Mosquitcjhuu! ! — -of that
man who has discovered the lands of deceit and disajipointment, — a place
of sepulchre and wretchedness to Spanish hidalgos ! ' " '
From his second voyage Columbus returned in the summer of 1496; and
meeting his enemies with the courage and energy which never failed him,
he induced the King and Oueen to revoke, in June of the next year, the
decree of two years before. Meanwhile he made preparations for his third
voyage, on which he sailed from San Lucaron the 30th of May, 1498. Two
months later he came in sight of the island he named Trinidad; and enter-
ing iheCiulfof Paria, into wiiich empties the Orinoco by several mouths,
he sailed along the coast of the mainland. He had reached the continent,
not of Asia, as he supposed, but of the western hemisphere. None of the
four voyages of the great discoverer is so illustrative of his peculiar faith,
his religious fervor, and the strength of his imagination as this third vo}'age ;
and none, in that respect, is so interesting. The report of it which he sent
home in a letter, with a map, to the King and Queen has a ilirect relation
to the supi)osed first voyage of Amerigo Vespucci.
As he approached the coast, Columbus wrote,- he heard " in the dead
of night an awful roaring; " and he saw " the sea rolling from west to east
like a mountain as high as the ship, and approaching little by little ; on the
top of this rolling sea came a mighty wave roaring with a frightful noise."
When he entered the Gulf, and saw how it was filled by the flow of the great
river, he believed that he had witnessed far out at .sea the mighty struggle
at the meeting of the fresh with the saltwater. The river, he was persuaded,
must be rushing down from the summit of the earth, where the Lord had
planted the earthly Paradise, in the midst whereof was a fountain whence
flowed the four great rivers of the world, — the Ganges, the Tigris, the
Euphrates, and the Nile. He did not quite agree with those earlier philo-
sophers who believed that the earth was a perfect sphere; but rather that
it was like " the form of a pear, which is very round except where the stalk
grows, at which part it is most prominent; or like a round ball, upon one
part of which is a prominence like a woman's nipple, this protrusion being
the highest and nearest the sky, situated under the equinoctial line, and at
the eastern extremity of this sea." " I call that the eastern extremity," he
adds, " where the land and the islands end."
Now had come to him at last in the observations and experience r)f this
voyage the confirmation of his faith. That " eastern extremity of the sea
1 The History of the Life ami Actions of other Orioimil Documents relating to his Four
Aiimirnl Christopher Colon. Hy hi.s .son, Don J'oyn^es to the iVr,i) World. 'Pr.inslatcil and
Fcrdin.-ind Colon. [For the story of this book, edited by R. If. M.njor, J'.s(|., of tlie I'ritish
sec the previou", ch.ipter. — F.D.j Museum, London. Printed for the llakltiyt
■' Select I.ei':ers of Christopher Colitiiilnis, 'oith Society, 1847.
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NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
where tlie lands and tlie islands end " he had reached, he thought, at the
islands of Trinidad, of Margarita, and of Cubagiia, and at the coast of
the (Inlf of I'aria, into which poured this great river rushing down from
the pinnacle of the globe. I'or he had observed, as he sailed westward
from a certain line in the ocean, that " the ships went on rising smoothly
towards the sky." Some of the older astronomers, he said, believed that
the Arctic pole was '• the highest point of the world, and nearest to the
heavens; " and others that this was true of the Antarctic. Tiiough all were
wrong as to the exact locality of that elevation, it was plain that they held
a common faith that somewhere there was a point of exaltation, if only it
could be found, where the earth approached the sky more nearly than any-
where else. But it had not occurred to any of them that possibly the
blessed spot which the first rays of the sun lit up in crimson and in gold
on the morning of creation, because it was the topmost height of the globe,
and because it was in the cast, might be under the equinoctial line; and
it had not occurred to them, because this eastern c.xtrcmit}' of the world,
which it had pleased God he should now discover, had hitherto been
unknown to civilized man.
Every observation and incident of this voyage gave to Columbus
proof of the correctness of his theory. The farther south he had gone
along the African coast, the blacker and more barbarous he had found the
people, the more intense the heat, and the more arid the soil. For many
days they had sailed under an atmosphere so heated and oppressive that
he doubted if his ships would not fall to pieces and their crews perish,
if they did not speedily escape into some more temperate '•egion. He had
remarked in former voyages that at a hundred leagues west of the Azores
there was a north-and-south line, to cross which was to find an immediate
and grateful change in the skies above, in the waters beneath, and in the
reviving temperature of the air. The course of the ships was altered
directly westward, that this line might be reached, and the perils escaped
which surrounded him and his people. It was when the line was crossed
that he observed how his ships were gently ascending toward the skies.
Not only were the expected changes experienced, but the North Star
was seen at a new altitude ; the needle of the compass varied a point,
and the farther they sailed the more it turned to the northwest. How-
ever the wind blew, the sea was always smooth ; and when the Island
of Trinidad and the shores of the continent were reached, they entered
a climate of exceeding mildness, where the fields and the foliage were
" remarkably fresh and green, and as beautiful as the gardens of Valencia
in April." The people who crowded to the shore " in countless num-
bers " to gaze at these strange visitors were " very graceful in form,
tall, and elegant in their movements, wearing their hair very long and
smooth." They were, moreover, of a whiter skin than any the Admiral
had heretofore seen " in any of the Indies," and were " shrewd, intelligent,
and courageous."
fill. I!
AMERIGO VESPUCCI.
'35
The more he saw and the mure he rellected, the more convinced he was
that this country was " the most elevated in the world, and the nearest to
tiic sky." Where else could this majestic river, that rushed eayerly to this
mij^hty strugi^ie with tlie sea, come from, but from that loftiest peak of the
ylobe, in the midst whereof was the ine.\haustible fountain of the four f^reat
rivers of the earth? The faith or the fanaticism — whichever one may
please to call it — of the devout cosmographer was never for an instant
siiadowed by a doubt. The human learnin^^ of all time had taught him
tliat the shorter way to India must be across that western ocean which, he
was persuaded, covered on!)- one third of the ylobe and separated the
western coast of Europe from the eastern coast of Asia. When it was
taken for granted that his first voyage had proved this geographical theory
to be the true one, then he could only understand that as in each succes-
sive voj'age he had gone farther, so he was only getting nearer and nearer
to the heart of the empire of the Great Khan.
But to the aid of human knowledge came a higher faith ; he was
divinely led. In writing of this third voyage to Dona Juana de la Torres,
a lady of the Court and a companion to the Queen, he said : " God made
me the messenger of the new heaven and the new earth of which he spoke
in the Apocalypse by Saint John, after having spoken of it by the mouth
of Isaiah ; and he showed me the spot where to find it." ^ The end of the
world he believed was at hand; by which he meant, perhaps, only the
world of heathenism and unbelief. In his letter to the sovereigns he said
that " it was clearly predicted concerning these lands by the mouth of the
prophet Isaiah in many places in Scripture, that from Spain the holy name
of God was to be spread abroad." Amazing and even fantastic as his con-
clusions were when they came from the religious side of his nature, they
were to him irrefragable, because they were so severely logical. He was
the chosen instrument of the divine purpose, because it was to him that
the way had been made straight and plain to the glorious East, where God
had planted in the beginning the earthly Paradise, in which he had placed
man, where man had first sinned, and where ere long was to break the
promised dawn of the new heaven and the new earth.
The northern continent of the New World was discovered by the Cabots
a year before the southern mainland was reached by Columbus. Possibly
this northern voyage may have suggested to the geographers of England
' The very name he bore had a divine sig-
nificance, according to the fanciful interpreta-
tion of his son, Don Ferdinand Colon. For
as the name Christopher, or Christophorus, —
the Christ-bearer, — was bestowed upon the
.Saint who carried the Christ over deep waters at
his own great peril, so had it fallen upon him,
who was destined to discover a new world,
" that those Indian nations might become citizens
and inhabitants of the Church triumphant in
heaven." Nor less appropriate was the family
name of Columbus, or Colomba, — a dove, — for
him who showed "those people, who knew him
not, which was God's beloved .Son, as the Holy
Ghost did in the figure of a dove at Saint John's
baptism ; and because he also carried the olive-
branch and oil of baptism over the waters of
the ocean like Noah's dove, to denote the peace
and union of these jieoplc with the Church,
after they had been shut up in the ark of dark-
ness and confusion." Saint Christopher carrying
Christ, appears as a vignette on Cosa's chart.
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136 NARKATIVK ANU CKITICAL HISTORY Ol AMERICA.
a new theory, as yet, so far as we know, not ihoiij^lu of in Spain and Por-
tugal,— that a hemisphere was to be circumn;ivi<;atecl, and a passage found
among tlioiisands of leagues of islands, or else through some great conti-
nent hitlierto unknown, — except to a few forgotten Northmen of five
hundred years earlier, — before India could be reached by sailing westward.
Jn speaking of this voyage long afterward, Sebastian Cabot said: " I began
to saile tow;ird the northwest, not thinking to find any other land than that
of Cathay, and from thence turne towa' ' 'ndia; but after certaine dayes
I found that the land ranne towards the Aorth, which was to mee a great
displeasure." ' This may have been the afterthought of his old age, when
the belief that the new Indies were the outlying boundaries of the old was
generally discarded. lie had forgotten, as the same narrative shows, —
unless the year be a misprint, — the e.xact date of that voyage, saying that
it '• was, as farre as I remember, in the yeare 1496, in the beginning of
SumuHr." This was a year too soon. Hut if the statement be accepted as
literally true that he was disappointed in finding, not Cathay and India,
as he had hoped, but another land, then not only the honor of the dis-
covery of the western continent belongs to his father and 10 him, — or
rather to the father alone, for the son was still a boy, — but the further
distinction of knowing wh.it they had discovered ; while Columbus never
awoke from the delusion that he had touched the confines of India.
A discussion of the several interesting questions relating to tlu' voyages
of the Cabots belongs to another chapter;- but assuming here that the
vo\-age of the "Mathew" from Hristol, ICngland, in the summer of 1497,
is beyond controvers)-, the precedence of the Cabots over Columbus in the
discovery of the continent may be taken for granted. There is other
ample evidence besides his curious letters to show that the latter was on
the coast of South America in the summer of 149S, just thirteen months
and one week after the Cabots made the term pritiiuvi visa, whether on the
coast of Nova Scotia, Labrador, or possibly Newfoundland.'' Not that this
detracts in any degree, however slight, from the great name of Columbus
as the discoverer of the New World. Of him Sebastian Cabot was mindful
to say, in conversation with the Pope's envoy in .Spain, — just quoted from
in the preceding paragraph, — that "when newes were brought that Don
Christopher Colonus, Genoese, had discovered the coasts of India, whereof
was great talkc in all the Court of King Henry the 7, who then raigned,
insomuch that all men with great admiration affirmed it to be a thing more
divine than humane to saile b_\- the West into the Easte, where spices
growe, by a map that was never knowcn before, — by this fame and report
there increased in my heart a great flame of desire to attempt some notable
' // DiscoiDSc of Sehastian Cahot toiic/iiiij^ his - [See Vol. III. chap. i. — Ed.]
Discovery, ttc. Translated from Ramusio ( 1 550) ■• For the distinction which possibly Cabot
bv Hakluyt for his rrincipal iVaviffalioiis, Voy- meant to convey between terra and insula, see
ai;es, and DisccT'cries of the English A^atioii,\^<), Biddle's Memoir of Sebastian Cabot (London
and in later editions. 1831), p. 54.
AMEKUiO VliSI'UCCI.
^2>7
thiiij^." However notable the tiling' ini^lil be, it could be only secondary
to that achievement of Coliinibus which Cabot looked upon as " more divine
than human;" but whether in the first si^dit of the mainland which all
lioped to find be)dntl the islands airi'ady visited, Vespucci did not take
precedence both of the Cabots ami of Columbus, has been a disputed
(jucstion for nearly four hundred years; and it will probably never be
considered as satisfactorily settled, shouU! it continue in dispute for four
hmulred years lonj^^er.
The question is, whether X'espucci made four voyages to that half of the
world which was ever after to bear his name,' and whether those voyafjes
were reall)' nuide at the time it is said they were. The most essential point,
liowcvcr, is that of the date of the fu'st voyage : for if that wliich is
asserted to be the true date be correct, the first discoverer of the western
continent was neither the Cabots nor Columbus, but X'espucci ; and his
n.uue was properly enoUL^di bestowed upon it. " In the year 1497," sa)'s an
ancient and authentic Bristol manuscript,- " the ::4th June, on .St. John's
day, was Newfoundland found by Bristol men [the Cabotsl in a shin called
the ' Mathew.' " (~)n his third voyai^e, in 1498, Columbus says: "We saw
land [Trinidad] at noon of Tuesday the 31st of Jul\'." In a letter, written
no doubt b)' X'espucei, he says: " W'e sailed from the port of Cadi/, on
the lOth of Ma_\-, 1497; "''and after leaving the Canaries, where the four
ships of the expedition remained a few days to take in their final supplies
of wood, water, and provisions, they came, he continues, " at the end of
twenty-seven days, upon a coast which we thought to be that of a con-
tinent." Of these dates the first two mentioned are unquestionably
authentic. If tiiat last given were equally =0, there wouKl be an enil of all
controversy upon the subject; for it would prove that Vespucci's discov-
ery of the continent preceded that of the Cabots, though only by a week
or two, while it must have been earlier than that of Columbus by about
•ourteen months.
It should first of all be noted that the sole authority for ,i voyage made
by Vespucci in 1497 is Vespucci himself All contemporar}- history, other
than his own letter, is absolutely silent in regard to such a voyage, whether
it be history in printed books, or in the archives of those kingdoms of
iMU'ope where the precious documents touching the earlier expedition.-
to the New World were deposited. Santarem, in his Rcscair/ics, goes even
farther than this; for he declares that even the name of Vespucci is not
to be found in the Royal Archives of Portugal, covering the period from
1495 to 1503, and including more than a hundred thousand documents
relating to voyages of discovery ; that he is not mentioned in the Diplo-
1 Humboldt (Exumeii critique, vol. iv.), sii])- Amuliich, w.is sinead through Europe by the
ported by the authority of Professor Von dcr Goths and other Xorthern invaders.
Ilugcn, of the University of Berlin, shows that - [See Vol. III. p. 53. — ICn.]
the Italian name Amerigo is derived from the ^ On the :oth of May, according to one edi-
German Amalrich or Amelrich, which, under tion of the letter, — that published by Ilyla-
the various forms of Amalric, .\malrili. 'lUiilrich, comylus at St-Uie.
VOL. 11. — 18.
M»i
.,'1'
'i'l I? i: !
.' I
i !^) I
ft
:- !'•
,(!':'> I
' I,
.Wh
.i«
i.V^
NAKRATlVi: AND CKITICAL HISTORY OF A.MKKICA,
matic Kccorils of I'orlULial, wliicli Inal <if tlu' relations of tliat kingdom
witli Spain and Italy, wlan oiii' of tin.' iliitics of .imbassatlurs was to keep
their (iowiniiKiits ailviseil of all new iliscoveries ; ami tlial amoiiv; the
many v.iliiable mamiscripts beloii^in^' to the Royal Library al I'aiis. he,
M. Santarem, soiiij;lit in vain for any allusion to W-spucci. Hut these
assertions have liulc influence over those who do not a^Mve with Santarem
that \'espiicci was an impostor. The eviilence is ovirw helming; that he
belunj^ed to some of the e.\i)editions sent out at that period to the south-
west; and if he was so obscure as not to be reco^Miized in any contem-
Dorary notices of those voyages, then it coidd be maintaineil with some
plausibility that he mii^ht have maile An i.u'lier voyaije about which noth-
ing was known. Ami this woukl seem the more probable when it was
remembered that the time (1497) of this alle<:;ed expedition was within that
interval when " the very tailors," as Columbus said, mij^ht yo, without let
or hindrance, in search of riches and renown in the new-fouml world.
Many, no doubt, took advantage of this freedom of navigation whose
names and exploits are (piite unknown to history.
Xeverthel<'ss, the fact of the obscurity of Vespucci at that period is not
without 'f^reat weij^ht, thou^^di Santarem fails in his attempt to prove too
nuich by it. Columbus believed when, on his second voyage, he coasted
the southern shore of Cuba, that he had touched the continent of Asia. The
extension of that continent he supposed, from indications given by the natives,
and accepted by him as conhrmmg a foregone conclusion, would be found
farther south; and for that reason he took that course on his third voyage.
"The land where the spices grow" was now the aim of all Spanish energy
and enterprise; and it is not likely that this theory of the Admiral was not
cAvvjy^
AUTOGRAPH OF VF.SPL'CIUS, I50S.'
well understood among the merchants and navigators who took an intelli-
gent as well as an intense interest in all that he had done and in all that he
said. Is it probable, then, that nobody should know of the sailing of four
ships from Cadiz for farther and more important disco\'erics in the direc-
1 [This is the conclusion of a letter of Vespucius, printed and given in fac-similc in the Cartas
,/,■ /;/fl'/,;.f. — Ed.]
AMi.KlGO VtlSl'UCCl
'39
)\
VKSPUCIUS.'
tioii pointed out by Columbus? Or, if tiieir tlcparturc was secret, can
there be a rational doubt that the return, with inteiliLjence so important
' lAftcr a pictiiie in the MassacliiiscUs His-
torical Society's Gallery (no. 253), which is a
copy of the best-known portrait of Vcspucius.
It is claimed for it that it was painted from life
by lironzino, and that it had been preserved in
the family of Vcspncins till it was conmiittcd, in
1S45, to Charles Edwards Lesler, United States
consul at (icnoa. It is engraved in Lester and
Foster's Life mul I'oytii^cs of Amcriciis Vesfiidiis
(\cw York, 1S46), and described on p. .|i.( of
that book. Cf. also Sparks's statement in Miiss.
Hist. Soc. rioc, iv. 117. It has been also en-
graved in Canovai among the Italian authorities,
and was first, I think, in ihis country, proi'uced
in riiiladelphia, in 1S15, in Delaphune's Reposi-
tory of the Lives mid Portraits of Jistiir^uished
American chanicters, and later in various other
places. The likeness of Vespucius in tlie Koyal
(;''/■•
':':'i
j; h
im
140
NARKAIIXK A\D CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
and generally interesting, would have been t.dked about in all the ports
of Spain, and the man wiio brought it have become instantly famous?
But as no account of the voyage appeared till years afterward, and then
in a letter from Vespucci himself; and as, meanwhile, for most of those
years the absence of his name from contemporary records shows that no
celebrity whatever was attached
to it, — the logical conclusion
is, not only that the voyage
was unknown, but that it was
unknown because it was never
made. [Moreover, if it was ever
made it could not have been
unknown, if v
we may iru<
pucci's own statement.
r
or
in his letter — not written till
1 504, and not published in full
till 1507 — he said that this
e.xpedition was sent out b\-
order of KiuLT l""ertlinantl ; that
he, Vespucci, went
upon
it b^
royal command ; and that after
his return he made a report of
it to the King. The expedi-
tion, therefore, was clearly not
one of those which, in the in-
terval between the summers of
1495 and 1497, so often re-
ferretl It
scaiieii all publ
ic
VF.SPLXIUS.-
recortl
and
;>s
th
ere cannot
be found anj' ;ecognit
ion o
f
sucli an
enterprise at that date either in contemporaneous liistory or State
documents, what other
conclusion can be accepter
as i-atioiial ;uid without
prejudice, than that no such \'oj-age so commanded was nude at that time?
riiere seems to be no escape from this evidence, though it is so piireh-
netrative and circumstant'il. Hut I lumlioldt, iei\-inL
'P
)n tlu
researcnes
he
(lalleiy at X,ii)le>, i)aliUc'(l liy rarmij^iaiiiiici, is
.supposed to hu tlic one orii^iiially in the jiosses-
.sion of the Cardinal .Alexander Fariiese [ISidhtiii
lie hi Socicl,' lie Gc\><^r<ip/ii<: i/r J'liris, iii. ,570, li\-
Jomard). That artist was but eleven years old
at the death of Vespucius, and eould not have
painted Vespucin.s from life. \ cojjv in iSj-;
was placed in the gallerv of the .Vnierican An-
•'"iiarian Si :icty (rroii\-iiiiii;s, April. 1S5;,,
p. i_j, ■-••<•.'. Portrails and Busts, etc., no. 28).
('. \V. Peale s copv of the likeness in the gal-
lery of the llrand Dnke of Tuscany is in the
collection belonging to the I'ennsvlvania His-
torical S'H icty \Catah\^iii\ 1S72, no. 14S). 'I'liere
is also a ])ortrait in the gallery of the New \'orl<
Historical Society (Caliiloi^iic, wo. 131), but the
origin of it is not n.uned. l)e Hry gives vig-
nette portraits in jiarts iv., vi., and .\ii. of his
Gniiids I'oyas^cs. See liandini's Vita c Icttere
lii I'cspiiai, chap. vii. f(n' an account of the vari-
on.s likenesses. — Kd.]
' [.\ sketch of an old engraving as given in
the .ilix'fm. gC(%'. I-.f'liciin-ridvii (Weimar, 1S07I,
vol. .\xiii. There arc other engravings of it in
Jules Verne's J^ccoiivcrte lii In lerrc, and else-
where. — I'"li.^
\ ,
AMERIGO VESl'UCCl.
141
ViiSPUCIUS.
o( the Spanish historian Miiiloz, and upon those jratlicrcd bj- Navarrcte
in his Colcccion dc los viagcs y (icsctibriiiiieiitos, presents tlie proof of an alibi
' [A fac-siiiiilc of the cni^raviiig in MinihiiiKf, copied in 0:;i//>v, p. 60. — Kl).]
,. I
\:h
IJ.2
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
!
i' \
%:
^•i'1
' \
I'i' i
for Vespucci. As has been already said on a previous page, the fact is
unquestioned that Vespucci, who had been a resident of Spain for some
time, became in 1495 a member of the commercial house of Juanoto
l^erardi, at Seville, and that in January of the next year, as the pub;.c
accounts show, he was paid a sum of money relative to a contract with
Government which Berardi did not live to complete. The presumption is
that he would not soon absent himself from his post of duty, where new
and onerous responsibilities liad been imnosed upon him by the recent
death of the senior partner of the house with which he was connected.
Hut at any rate he is found there in the spring of 1497, Munoz having
ascertained that fact from the official records of expenses incurred in fitting
out the ships for western expeditions, still preserved at Seville. Those
records show that from the middle of April, 1497, to the end of May, 1498,
Vespucci was busily engaged at Seville and San Lucar in the equipment of
the fleet with which Columbus sailed on his third voyage. The a/il>i, there-
fore, is complete. Vespucci could not have been absent from Spain from
May, 1497, to October, 1498, — the period of his alleged first voyage.
All this seems incontrovertible, and should be accepted as conclusive till
fresh researches among the archives of that age shall show, if that be pos-
sible, that those hitherto made have been either misunderstood or are
incomplete. Assuming the negative to be proved, then, as to the alleged
date of Vespucci's first voyage, the positive evidence, on the other hand, is
ample and unquestioned, that Columbus sailed from San Lucar on his third
voj'age on the 30th of May, 1498, and two months later reached the western
continent about the Gulf of Paria.
Was Vespucci then a charlatan? Was he guilty of acts so base as a
falsification of dates, and narratives of pretended voyages, that he might
secure for himself the fame that belonged to another, — that other, more-
over, being his friend? There are reasons for believing this to be quite true
of him ; and other reasons for not believing it at all. There is not, to begin
with, a scrap of original manuscript of his bearing on this point known to
exist; it is not even positively known in what tongue his letters were
written ; and anything, therefore, like absolute proof as to what he said
he did or did not do, is clearly impossible. The case has to be tried upon
circumstantial evidence and as one of moral probabilities; and the verdict
must needs differ according to the varying intelligence and disposition of
different juries.
He made, or he claimed to have made, — assuming the letters attributed
to him to be his, — four voyages, of each of which he wrote a narrative.
y\ccording to the dates given in these letters, he twice sailed from Spain by
order of Ferdinand, — in May, 1497, and in May, 1499; and twice from Por-
tugal, in the service of King Emanuel, — in May, 1501, and in May, 1503.
He was absent, as we learn from the same letters, about seventeen months
on the first voyage, about sixteen each on the second and third, and on the
fourth eleven months. If he went to sea, then, for the first time in May,
AMERIGO VESPUCCI.
Hi
might
1497, and the last voyage ended, as the narrative says, in June, 1504, the
whole period of his seafaring life was eighty-four months, of which sixty
were passed at sea, and twenty-four, at reasonable intervals, on shore. As
the dates of departure and of return are carefully given, obviously the
period from May, 1497, to June, 1504, must be allowed for the four expe-
ditions. But here we come upon an insurmountable obstacle. If to the
first voyage of 1497 the wrong date was given, — if, that is, the actual first
voyage was that of 1499, which Vespucci calls his second, — then he could
not have gone upon four expeditions. From May, 1499, to June, 1504, is
a period of sixty months; and as the aggregate length he gives to the
assumed four voyages is sixty months, they could not have been made in
that time, as that would have compelled him to be at sea the whole five
years, with no interval of i-eturn to Spain or Portugal to refit, — which is
manifestly absurd.
The solution of the difficulty relied upon by Humboldt and others
seems, therefore, insufficient ; it is not explained by assuming that the date
1497 in the narrative of the first voyage was the careless blunder of the
translator, copyist, or printer of Vespucci's original letter. It is not an
error if there were four voyages ; for as the date of the last one is undis-
puted, the date of 1497 for the first one must remain to give time enough
for the wnole. But that there were four voyages does not depend solely
upon the date given to the first one. That there were four — " quatuo.
navigationes " — is asserted repeatedly by Vespucci in the dift"erent letters.
In the relation of the first one, wherein is given this troublesome date which
has so vexed the souls of scholars, he says at some length that as he had
seen on these "twice two" voyages so many .strange things, differing so
much from the manners and customs of his own country, he had written a
little book, not yet published, to be called " Four Expeditions, or Four
Voyages," in which he had related, to the best of his ability, about all he
had seen.i If, then, the dale 1497 is :o be explained away as the result
of carelessness or accident, — even admitting that such an explanation
would explain, — what is to be done with this passage? It cannot, like a
single numeral — a 7 for a 9 — be attributed to chance; and it becomes
necessary, therefore, to regard it as an interpolation contrived to sustain
a cluuLsy falsification of date.
It has also been conjectured that two of the letters have been misappre-
hended ; that Vespucci meant one as only a continuation of the other in
a description of a single voyage, or if intended as two letters, they were
meant to describe the same voyage. The early editors, it has been sug-
r-..;ed, supposing that each letter described a separate voyage, forgetl or
1 " Et qiioiiiani in mcis hiscc bis gemiiiis navi- visarum partem clistinctu satis ju.xta ingeiiioi
^atioiiibus, tarn varia (tivcrsaquc, ac tarn a nos- mei tciiuitatem collcgi : verumtamen non atlliuc
tris robiis, ct modis differentia perspexi, idcirco publicavi." From the Cosiiios^nil^hia iiilrodiiitio
libelhim (lucmpiain, quern Quauior dia;tas sive of Ilylacomylus (Martin Waldseemiiller). St.-
(|uatuor navigationes appcllo, conscriberc par- Die, 1507. Repeated in essentially the same
avi, "onscripsiiiuc; in quo maiorem rerum a nic words in other editions of the letter.
ndm
/,.
U )'l: *)
i I
^/>
J' ■■
I'll I
144
NAURATIVK AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
changed the dates in accordance with that supposition. If there were no
other objection to this theory, it is untenable if what has just been said be
true. The duration of each voyage, the aggregate lengtli of the whole, and
the distinct and careful assertion that there were four of them, require that
there should be one prior to that which N'espucci calls his second.
All this leads, according to our present knowledge of the facts, ine\i-
tably to this conclusion, — whether Vespucci himself wrote, or others wrote
for him, these letters, their very consistenc)' of dates and of circumstantial
assertion show them to ha .e been deliberitely composed to establish a
falsehood. For tlie researches of Munoz and of Navarrete, a; -s said above,
provi. that V^espucci could not have sailed from Spain on his first voyage
on the loth or 20th of May, 1497; for from the middle of April of tliat
year to ihe end of .May, 149S, he was busil)' employed at Seville and San
Lucar in fitting out the lleet for the tiiird e.'-:[)edition of Columbus.
There is other evidence, negative indeed, but hardly less conclusive, that
this assumed vo}'age of 1497 ^\'^'*' never made. In 15 12 Don Diego Colum-
bus brought an action against the Crown of Spain to recover, as the heir
of his father, Christopher Columbus, the go\-ernnient aiul a portion of the
revenues of certain pn)\inces on tlie continent of America. The defence
was that those countries were ncjt discovered b)' Columbus, antl tlie claim,
therefore, was not valid. It is not to be supposed that the Crown was
negligei'v in the search 'or testimony to sustain its own cause, for nearly a
lumdretl w itnesses were examined. But no evidence was offered to prove
that \'espucci — whose nephew was present at the trial — visited in 1497
the Terra I'irma which the plaintiff maintained his father discovered in
1498. On the other hand, Alonzo de Ojeda, an eminent navigator, declared
that he was sent on an ex[)edition in 1499 to the coast of I'aria next after
it was disco\ered by the ^Admiral (Columbus) ; and that " in this voyage
which this said witness made, he took with him Juande la Cosa and Morigo
Vespuche [.Amerigo Vespucci] and other pilots." ' When asked how he
knew that Columbus had made the discovery at the time named, his reply
was tliat he kneu it because the Bishop Fonseca had supplied him with that
map which tlie Admiral had sent home in his letter to the King and Queen.
The act of tlie Bishop was a dishonorable one, and intended as an injury to
Columbus; and to this purpose Ojeda further lent himself by stopping at
Ilispaniola on tie return fron- his voyage, and by exciting there a revolt
against the authority of the Admiral in that island. Perhaps the bitter
animosity of those years had been buried in the gra\e of the great navi-
gator, together with the chains A\liich had liung alwa}-s in his chamber as
a memento of the royal ingratitude ; but even in that case it is not likely
that Ojeda would have lost sucli an opportunity to justif}', in some degree,
' In the original : En estf viiii;i iiiie t-ste ilicho records of this tri.il .irc jncscrvcil among the
icstigo hizo Iriijo cousigo a Juan dc la Cosa, pilotCy arcliivcs at Seville, ami were e.xamincdby Munoz,
<• Morigo VespitcJu; f otros pilotos. The testimony and also by Washington Irving in his studies for
of other jjilots ccjnfirmcd that of (Ijeda. 'I'll'.' the /,//;• i/Cc\'»w/viV. See also (i»A', p. S8.
AMERIGO VESPUCCI.
145
his own conduct by declaring, if he knew it to be so, that Cohimbus was
not the first discoverer of the continent. It is of course possible, but it is
certainly not probable, that he should not have heard from Vespucci that
this was his second visit to the Gulf of I'aria, if that were the fact, and that
his first visit was a year before that of Columbus, whose chart Ojcda was
using to direct his course through seas with whicli Vespucci was familiar.
This reasonable reflection is dwelt upon by Humboldt, Irving, and others;
and it comes with peculiar force to the careful reader of the letters of
Vespucci, for he was never in the least inclined to hide his light under a
bushel.
The originals of the letters, as has already been said, are not, so far as
is known, in existence ; it is even uncertain whether they were written in
Latin, Italian, Spanish, or Portuguese. Nor has the book which Vespucci
said he had prepared — "The F'- r Voj-ages " — ever been found; but
Humboldt believed that the collected narrative first published at St.-Die in
1507, in the Cosmographia: introductio of Hylacomylus, was made up of ex-
tracts from that book. This St.-Die edition was in Latin, translated, the
editor says, from the French.' There is in the British Museum a rare work
of four pages, published also in 1507, the author of which was Walter Lud.
This Lud was the secretarj- of the Duke of Lorraine, a canon of the St.-
Die Cathedral, and the founder of the school or college, where he had set
up a printing-press on which was printed the Cosmographicc introductio.
From this little book it is learned that the Vespucci letters were sent from
Portugal to the Duke of Lorraine in French, and that they were translated
into Latin by another canon of the .St.-Die Cathedral, one Jean Basin de
Sandacourt, at the request of Lud.'^
Vespucci's last two voyages were made, so his letters assert, in the ser-
vice of the King of Portugal. The narrative of the first of these — the
third of the four voyages — appeared at different times, at several places,
and were addressed to more than one person, prior to the publication of
the St.-Die edition of all the letters atU'ressed to Rene TI.. the Duke of Lor-
raiiie. This fact has added to the con asion and doubt; for each of these
copies sent to dift"erent persons was a translation, presumably from some
common original. One copy of them was addressed to Pietro Soderini,
Gonfaloniere of I'lorence, whom Vespucci claimed as an old friend and
school-fellow under the instruction of his uncle, Giorgi Antonio Vespucci ;
another was sent to Lorenzo di Pier Francesco de' Medici, — Vespucci's early
employer, — both appearing prior to that addressed in the collected edition
of St.-Die addressed to the Duke of Lorraine. Of the earlier editions
there was one published, according to Humboldt, in Latin, in 1504, at Augs-
' The title uf this work is Co. •lo.^nip/iiu' in- published .it Strasbiirg in 1509. [Sec /<«/,
troiiiiilio iiim qiiihusdiiiH geomctriie ac aslroiwiiiiiv p. 167, — Ed.]
priiicipiis mi eavi rem nccesmriis. iHsupcr qua- - See Major's Ilciity the Navif;ator, p. 3S3.
titor Amend Vespiicii navigiitioius. The iiuu.e of The title of Liid's four-le.avcd book is Speeiili
the editor, M.irtiiuis Ilylacomj'Uts, is not given orbis succinctiss. scd luqne pceniteuda neqiie inelc-
ill the first edition, bnt appears in a later, };aus dceUiratio et emioii.
\'0r., II. — 19.
t
^/^ t-
U\
mp"
': > I
:mIi
1iii
I h
146
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
burg and also at Paris; another in German, in 1505, at Strasburg, and
in 1506 at Lcipsic; and still another in Italian at Vicenza, in the collection
called Pacsi iiovauimte, simultaneously with the St.-Die edition of 1507.
These in later years were followed by a number of other editions. While
they agree as to general statement, they differ in many particulars, and
especially in regard to dates. These, however, are often mere typographi-
cal blunders or errors of copyists, not unusual at that era, and always
fruitful of controversy. But upon one point, it is to be observed, there is
no difference among them; the voyage of 1501 — the first from Portugal —
is always the third of the four voyages of Vespucci. This disposes, as
Humboldt points out, of the charge that Vespucci waited till after the death
of Columbus, in 1506, before he ventured to assert publicly that he had
made two voyages by order of the King of Spain prior to entering the
service of the King of Portugal.
To induce him to leave Spain and come to Portugal, Vespucci says, in
the letter addressed to Pietro Soderini, that the King sent to him one
Giuliano Bartholomco del Giocondo, then a resident of Lisbon. Jocundus
(the hitinized pseudonym of Giocondo) is named as the translator of the
Augsburg edition of 1504, addressed to Lorenzo de' Medici. This Jocundus,
Humboldt thinks, was Giuliano Giocondo. But Major, in his Henry the
Navigator, saj's that the translation was made, not by Giuliano Giocondo,
but by his kinsman Giovanni Giocondo, of Verona. His authority for
this statement is apparently Walter Lud's Speculum. Varnhagen thinks it
possible that the work may have been done by one ]\Lathias Ringman, —
of whom more presently. Varnhagen sa)'s also, in another place, that the
translator of the Italian version — published in the Paesi novamcntc at
Vicenza in 1507 — unwittingly betrayed that he lied {son mcnsongc) \s\i(^n.
he said that he followed a Spanish copy ; for while he failed to compre-
hend the use of the word Jocimdus, he showed that it was before him in the
Latin copy, as he rendered Jocundus intafrcs — Jocundus the translator —
as el iocondo intcrpretc, the agreeable translator. This is only one example
of the confusion in which the subject is involved.
It was due, however, to the Cosinographice introductio of St.-Die, in which
the letters appeared as a sort of appendix, that the name of America,
from Amerigo, was given to the western hemisphere. But how it hap-
pened that the Quatuor navigationes should have been first published in
that little town in the Vosgcs mountains ; and what the relation was between
Vespucci and Rene II., the Duke of Lorraine, — are among the perplexing
questions in regard to the letters that have been discussed at great length.
Major finds in the fact, or assumed fact, that I'ra Giovanno Giocondo was
the translator of the narrative of the third voyage, the first published, in
1504, an important link in the chain of evidence by which he explains the
St.-Die puzzle. This Giocondo was about that time at Paris as the archi-
tect of the bridge of Notre Dame. A young student, Mathias Ringman, from
Alsace, was also there at that period; and Major supposes he may have
AMERIGO VESPUCCI.
147
become acquainted with Giocondo, who inspired him with great admiration
for Vespucci. It is certain, ^ any rate, that Ringman, whose Hterary
pseudonym was Philcsiu; Vogcsina, — that is, I'hilesius of tlie Vosges, —
on his return to his native province edited the Strasburg edition (1505) of
Giocondo's translation, appending to it some verses written by himself in
praise of Vespucci and his achievements.
In the rare book already referred to, the Spccultmi of Walter Lud, it
is said of this Strasburg edition that " the booksellers carry about a cer-
tain epigram of our Philesius in a little book of Vespucci's translated from
Italian into Latin by Giocondo, of Verona, the architect of X'enicc." Doubt-
less Ringman is here spoken of as " our I'hilesius," because he had become
identified with Lud's college, where he was the professor of Latin. It seems
almost certain, therefore, that the interest at St.-Die in \'espucci's voyages
was inspiretl by Kingman, whether his enthusiasm was first aroused by his
friendship with Giocondo at Paris, or whether, as Varnhagen supposes, it
was the result of a visit or two to Italy. The latter question is not of nuich
moment, except as a speculation ; and certainly it is not a straining of prob-
abilities to doubt if Ringman would have taken for his Strasburg edition
of 1505 the Giocondo translation, as Lud says he did, if he had himself
translated, as Varnhagen supposes, the Augsburg edition of 1504.
Lud also asserts in the Speculum that the French copy of the Qiiatiior
navigationcs which was used at St.-Die came from Portugal. ALijor sup-
poses that Ringman's enthusiasm may have led to correspondence with
Vespucci, who was in Portugal till 1505, and that he caused his letters to be
put into French and sent to Ringman at his request. The narrative of the
third voyage in its several editions must have already given some renown to
Vespucci. Here were other narratives of other voyages by the same nav-
igator. The clever and enterprising young professors, eager for the dis-
semination of knowledge, and not unmindful, possibly, of the credit of their
college, brought out the letters as a part of the CosmograpJdcc iiitroductio
by Hylacomylus — Ahutin Waldzccmuller — the teacher of geography, and
the proof-reader to their new press. Their prince, Rene II., was known as
a patron of learning ; and it is more likely that they should have prefixed
his name to the letters than that Vespucci should have done so. Their
zeal undoubtedly was greater than their knowledge; for had they known
more of the discoveries of the previous fifteen years they would have hesi-
tated to give to the new continent the name of one who would be thereby
raised thenceforth from comparative, though honorable, obscurity to dis-
honorable distinction. That Vespucci himself, however, was responsible
for this there is no positive evidence; and were it not for the difficulty of
cxplaini'-'2 his constant insistence of the completion of four voyages, it
might be possible to find sonic plausible explanation of the confusion of
the St.-Die book.
In that book are these words : " And the fourth part of the world having
been discovered by Americus, it may be called Amerigc ;' that is, the land of
,'?JIH!
i'ii\
'S ''
!'■:
t'i
148
NARRATIVE AND CKITICAL HISTORY OK AMERICA.
Amcriciis or America,"' And a^^;iiii : " Now truly, as these regions are more
widely explored, and another fourth part is discovered, by Amcriciis Ves-
j)iitii's, as may be learned from the followin}^ letters, I see no reason why it
should not be justly called iXmeris^en, — that is, the land of Americus, or
./Xnierica, from Americus, its disco\erer, a man of acute intellect; inasmuch
as both Europe and Asia ha\e chosen their names from the feminine
form. " -
It was discovered, less tli^Mi half a centurj' ago, through the diligent
researches of IluniboMt, I lat this professor of geography at St.-Die, Iljla-
comylus, was th ; in\"ntor, so to speak, of this wortl America. That it
came at last to be • : eivr i .;s the designation of the western continent was
due, perhaps, very i ii;jh to '.(■" absence of an\' suggestion of anj' other dis-
tinctive name that seemed appi priate and was generall)' acceptable, ivare
as the little work, the Cosmogmphia' introduction now is, it w as probabl)- w ell
known at the time of tlie publication of its several editions ; as the ci ntral
position of .St.-Die- between l'"rance, ("ierman\% and Italj' — gave to the
bot)k, as Jlumboklt thought, a witle circulatit)n, impressing the word i\mer-
ica upon the learned world. The name, however, came \'ery slowly into
use, appearing only occasionally in stmie book, till in 152:3 it gaineil a more
permanent i)lace on a mappemonde in the Gcogmpliia of I'tolemy. J'"roni
that time it ai)pearetl frecpientl}" u])on other maps, and l>_v the middle of the
centurv' became generally recognized outside of Spain, at least, as the
establishetl continental name. JUit the effect of its suggestion was more
immediate \\\w\\ the fame of \'espucei. While the learned understood that
the great captain of that time was Christopher Columbus, the name of
iXmerigo was often united with his as deserxing of at least the second
place, and sometimes e\en of the fust. The celebrit)' which Iljlaconnlus
bcstowetl \\\w\\ him w.is accepted for performance by those who were
ignorant of the exact truth ; and those who knew better tliil not gi\e
themseh-es the trouble to correct the error.
In each <jf \''espucci's voyages he probably held a subordinate posi-
tion, llis place ma}- sometimes have been that of a pilot,'' or as the com-
mander of a single ship, or attached to the fleet, as Ilerrera^ says he was in
Ojeda's expedition (1499), " as merchant, being skilful in cosmography and
na\igation." Vespucci himself does not in so many words assert that he
' " Et ijiiarta orbis pars ijiiaiii (/iiis A»uy/riis an iin|)iirtaiil cilficcr of all (liou uarly fxpcclitiuns.
iinviiit, A/!it-ri:;,-ii quasi Ai)icrici Urrain, sivc Isaljclla urged Coliimlnis iKit to go witlioiit
Amcricaiii iiuiiiul'ayi licet."" one on his sccoiul VDvagc ; and iji his narrative
'" iViincfcri' ct !ii>-c /'arlcs sunt latins liisti-ati,-, of his fourth voyage, Columbus contends that
tt alia qiiaytu Pars pvy Americiim J'es/'iifiniii, itt there is but one infallible method of making a
in scqiicntihus aiidictnr, invcnta est, ipiaiii iioii ship's reckoning, that employed by astronomers.
77V/t't) cur ijiiis iiire vctet ah America iireentore, Cf. Humboldt, Cosmos, luig. tr., ii. O71. — Ed.]
sagacis iiigeuii viro, Ameriffeii quasi Americi tcr- '' Herrcra, — of whom Robertson says that
ram sive Americam diceiiiltim, cum et /■'uro/>a et "of all Spanish writers ho furnishes the fullest
Asia a mulieriOus sua sorlitic siiil uomiiia." Ifyla- and most authentic information upon American
comyliis. ditcoverics " — accuses Vespucci of "false-
■' lVes])ucci himself savs that his mission was hoods'" in pretending to have visited the Gulf
"per ajiit.ire a discoprire." .\n astronomer was of I'aria before (.'(jiumbus.
AMERIGO VESPUCCI.
149
was in command of the expeditions upon which he sailed, while he occa-
sionally alludes, though usually in terms of contempt, to those whose
authority was above his own. Once lie speaks of Columbus, and then
almost parenthetically, as the discoverer merely of the Island of llispaniola;
but of other t>f his achievements, or of those of other eminent navigators,
he has nothing to say. In reply to such criticisms of his letters it has been
urtred on his behalf that they were written for intimate frienils, as familiar
narratives of personal experiences, and not meant to be, in any broad
sense, historical. But the deception was as absolute as if it had been
deliberately contrived; and, whether intentional or not, was never by act or
word coiixcted, though Vespucci lived for five years after the appearance
of the letters from the St. -Die press.
Hut whatever can be or may be said in extenuation of Vespucci, or how-
ever strong the reasons for supposing that for whatcvci .as reprehensible
in the matter he was innocent and the St.-Die professors t.lo-; responsible,
there nevertheless remains the one thing unexplained nd i 'e\plicable, —
his own repeated assertion that he made four voyages. Humboldt supposes
that the narrative of the first, so called, of these four voyages, beginning in
May, 1497, was made up of that on which Vespucci crtainly sailed with
Ojeda, starling in May, 1499. The points of resen^ 'ance are so many and
.so striking as to seem not only conclusive, but to pri-.iude any other theory.
If this be true, then it follows that the narrative of the voyage of 1497 was
simply a forgery, who.soever was responsible for it; and if a forgery, then
Vespucci was not the discoverer of the western continent, and an historical
renown was given to his name to which he was not entitled.
The second of the assumed four voyages Humboldt supposes to be the
first voyeige of Vincente Yanez Pinzon, — hesitating, however, between that
and the voyage of Diego de Lepe: the former sailing with four ships in
December, 1499, and returning in September, 1500; the latter with two ships,
in January, 1500, and returning in June. Vespucci says that he had two
ships; that he sailed in May, 1499, and returned in June or September of
the next year. It is of the first voyage of 1497 that he says he had four
ships. As on that assumed voyage there arc many incidents identical with
those related of Ojeda's voyage of 1499, so here there arc strong points
of resemblance between Vespucci's supposed second voyage and that of
Pinzon. In both cases, however, there are irreconcilable differences,
which Humboldt does not attempt to disguise; while at the same time
they indicate either dishonesty on the part of Vespucci in his letters, or
that those letters were tampered with by others, either ignorantly or with
tlishonest intent, to which Vespucci afterward tacitly assented.
It would be hypercritical to insist upon a strict adherence to the dates of
the several voyages, and then to decide that the voyages were impossible
because the dates are irreconcilable. The figures are sometimes obviously
mere blunders ; as, for example, the assertion in the St.-Die edition that the
second voyage was begun in May, 1489, when it had been already said that
'50
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
«.•(■ '
i I'!
the first voyage was made in 1497. But there are statements of facts, never-
theless, which it is necessary to reconcile witli date.' , and when this is im-
possible, a doubt of truthfulness is so far justifiable. Thus in ihe relation
of the second voyage Vespucci asserts, or is made to assert, that on the
23d of August, 1499, he saw while at sea a conjunction of Mars and the
Moon. That phenomenon did occur at that time, as Humboldt learned
from the I'2i)henKris ; and if it was observed b) \'espucci at sea, tliat could
not have been upon a voyage with I'inzon, who did not sail till (Uecenibcr,
1499) four months after the conjunction of the planets. IJut here, moreover,
arises another difficulty: Vespucci's second voyage, in which he observed
this conjunction, could not have been made with Ojcda, and must have been
made with I'inzon, if on other points the UcU'rative be accepted ; for it was
upon that voyage that Vespucci says he sailed several degrees south of the
equinoctial line to the mouth of the Amazon, — which Pinzon did do, and
Ojeda did not. These and other similar discrepancies have led iiaturall)' to
the suspicion that the incidents of more than one expedition were used, with
more or less discrimination, but with little regard to chronology, for the
composition of a plausible narrative of two voyages made in the service of
Spain. One blunder, detected by Navarretc in this so-called second voyage,
it is quite incredible that Vespucci could have committed; for according to
the course pursued and the distance sailed, his ships would have been navi-
gated over nearly three hundred leagues of dry land into the interior of the
continent. No critical temerity is required to see in such a blunder the
carelessness ol a copyist or a compositor.
It was of the first voyage from Lisbon — the third of the Quatuor navi-
gationes — that, as has been already said, a narrative was first published in
a letter addressed to Lorenzo do' Medici. This was illustrated with diagrams
of some of the constellations of the southern hemisphere ; and the repute it
gave to the writer led the way to his subsequent fame. What Vespucci's
position was in the expedition is not known ; but that it was still a subordi-
nate one is evident from his own words, as he speaks of a commander,
though only to find fault with him, and without giving his name. The
object of the expedition was to discover the western passage to the Spice
Islands of the East (Melcha, Melacca, Malaccha, according to the varying
texts of different editions of the letter) ; and though the passage was not
found, the voyage was, like Cabot's, one of the boldest and most important
of the age. But it is also, of all Vespucci's voyages, real or assumed, that
which has been most disputed. Navarrcte, however, after a careful exami-
nation of all the evidence that touches the question, comes to the conclusion
that such an expedition, on which Vespucci may have gone in some subor-
dinate position, was really sent out in 1501 by the King of Portugal; and
Humboldt concurs in this opinion.
The Terra de Vera Cruz, or Brazil, as it was afterward named, was visited
successively for the first time, from January to April, 1500, by Pinzon, De
Lcpe, De Mendoza, and Cabral. But the expedition to which Vespucci was
,)•■
AMERIGO VESl'UCCI.
151
attached explored the coast from the fifth parallel of southern latitude, three
dej^rees north of Cape St, Aii^ustin, — first discovered and so named by
Pinzon, — as far south, [jerliaps, as about the thirty-eij^hth parallel of lati-
tude. They had sailed alonj,' the coast for about seven hundred leagues;
and so beautiful was the country, so luxuriant its vegetation, so salubrious its
climate, where men did not die till they were a hundred and fifty years old,
thai Vespucci was persuaded — as Columbus, only three years before, had
said of the rej^ion ilrained by the Orinoco — that the earthly I'aradise was
not far off. Gold, the natives said, was abundant in the interior; but as the
visitors found none, it was determined at last to continue the voyaye in
another direction, leaving behind them this coast, of what seemed to Ves-
pucci a continent, along which they had sailed from the midtlle of August
to the middle of February. Startin;j now on the 15th of February from the
mainland, they steered southeast, till they reached, on the 3d of April, the
fifty-second degree of latitude. They had sailed through stormy seas, driven
by violent gales, running away from daylight into nights of fifteen hours in
length, and encountering a severity of cold unknown in Southern luirope,
and quite beyond their power of endurance. A new land at length was
seen ; but it only needed a few hours of observation of its dangerous, rocky,
and ice-bound coast to satisfy them that it was a barren, uninhabited, and
uninhabitable region. This, Varnhagcn suggests most reasonably, was the
Island of Georgia, rediscovered by Cai)tain Cook nearly three centuries
afterward.
The return to Lisbon was in September, 1502. By order of the King^
Vespucci sailed again in May, 1503, from Lisbon on a second voyage, — the
fourth of his Qnatuor navigationes . The object, as before, was to find a
western passage to the Moluccas ; for it was the trade of India, not new
discoveries in the western continent, upon which the mind of the King was
bent. There were six .ships in this new expedition ; and it is generally agreed
that as Gonzalo Coclho sailed from Lisbon in May, 1503, by order of Eman-
uel, in command of six ships, Vespucci probably held a subordinate position
in that fleet. He does not name Coelho, but he refers to a superior officer as
an obstinate and presumptuous man, who by his bad management wrecked
the Rag-ship. Vespucci may have been put in command of two of the ships
by the King; with two, at any rate, he became separated, in the course of
the voyage, from his commodore, and with them returned to Lisbon in June
of the next year. The rest of the fleet Vespucci reported as lost through
the pride and folly of the commander ; and it was thus, he said, that God
punished arrogance. But Vespucci either misunderstood the divine will or
misjudged his commander, for the other ships soon after returned in safety.
The southernmost point reached by him on this voyage was the eigh-
teenth degree of southern latitude. At this point, somewhere about Cape
Frio, he built a fort, and left in it the crew of one of the two vessels which
had been shipwrecked. The precise spot of this settlement is uncertain ; but
as it was planted by Vespucci, and as it was the first colony of Europeans
'5^
NAKKATIVK AND CKITICAI. IIISTOKY OK AMKRICA.
^
in that part nf the New Woiltl, lluii' was an cviclc-nt and just propriety
in bcstowinfj tlic derivative — i\nierica — of his name upon tiie country,
which at (irst was known as " The Land of tiie True Cross," and aftirwar<i
as " Hra/.il." Tiie name of Urazil was retained when tiie wider a|)plication
— iVmerica — was ^'iven to tiie whole continent.
Soon after iiis return from this, tlie last of tiie .Vavii^^ationcs of which he
Iiimself, so far as is l<nown, j^ave any account, lie went back, in 1505,10
Spain. It is conjectured that he made other voyages ; but whether he diii
or ditl not, no .ibsdiute eviilence has ever been found.' We know almost
notiiin^f of him up to that time except what is told by himself When he
ceased writing of his own exfjloits, then also the exploits ceasi'd so far as
can be learned from contemporai)' authors, who hitherto also had been
silent about him. In 1508 (March 22) Ferdinand of Spain ai)pointed him
pilot-major of tiie kin^ulom,''* — an office of dij^iiity and importance, wliicli
probably he retained till he died ' I''eb. 22, 15 I J). His fame was largely
posthumous; but a luiiiispiure is his monument. If not amoni;' the greatest
of the world's great men, he is among the happiest ^^'i those on whom good
fortune has bestowed renown.
^f,0y
' i I
' [V.irnli.ngcn thinks there is rc.nsfm to believe, to the coast of Daricn (/'o.<l/ii<y in XoiirMw
from tlic letter ot' Vi.incllii, that Vespiieius ni.-idc irc/icrc/ifs, ]). 56). Harrisso (/>//'/. A»iir. Vet.,
a voyage in 1 505 to the northern eo.ast nf South Addilions, p. .\xvii) gives reasons, from letters
America, when he tracked the shore from the (liscovercU hy Rawdon lirown at Venice, for
point of departure on his second voyage as far lielicving that Vespucius made .1 voyage in
.as Darien ; and he is further of the opinion, from TSoS. — Kr).|
passages in the letters of Francesco Corner, that '^ Cf. Navarretc, iii. ^^1, for the instructions
Vespucius made still a linal voyage with LaCosa of tlie King.
Duruig recent years (iSy^-j) John Mske, in his Z)/.fciT'i';i' o/ .hiu'iitii, vol. ii., has reinforcctl
the argument of Varnliagen in favor of the disputed (i.m) voyage of Vespucius ; Henry I farrisse,
in his /^/jvcrwi' of No it /i .////^//Vi/, rejects his own earlier arguments in its favor; Clements K.
Markham, in C/iristop/ifr CWiim/'iis, totally tliscredils ihr theory, and Justin Winsor, in his (Viris-
toHu-r Cotiimbus, has considered the proposition not proven.
I .
CRITICAL AND HIHI-IOGUAIMIICAL
NOTES ON VESPUCIUS
NAM INC. OF AMERICA.
nY nil'. I'.DrroK.
Wllll.l'; Vcspucins never diicc clearly at-
firms that he discovered the main, siidi
an inference may be drawn from what he says.
I'cter Marlvr f;ivcs no date at all for the voyaye
of I'inzon and Solis to the llondnrns coast,
which was later claimed liy Ovicdo and Cioniara
to have preceded that of Columlins to the main.
Navarrete has pointed ont the v.uied inonsist-
encies of the Ve.-.piiciiis narrativi',' as well as
the changes of the dates of tin setting out and
the retnrn, as given in the various editions. -
All of them give a period of twenty-nine months
for a voyage which Vespucius says only took
eighteen, — a difliculty Canovai and others have
tried to get over by changing the date of return
to i.(i>S; and some such change was necessary
to enable Vespucius to be in Spain to start
again with ( )jeda in May, 1409. Humboldt
further instances a great variety of obvious
tvpographical errors in the publications of that
dav, — as, for instance, where Oviedo says Co-
lumbus made his first voyage in I.t9i.'' Hut, as
shown in the preceding narrative, an allowance
forcrrors nf the press is not sullicient. In regard
to the proof of an <;///'/ which Humboldt brought
forward from documents said to have been
collectLd by Muno^- from the archives of tlic
Casa <U la Contratacion, it is unfortunate that
Mufioz himself did not complete that part of
his work which was to pertain to Vespucius,
and that the documents as he collated tlicm have
not been published. In the absence of such
te.\tual ilcmoiistration, the inference which Hum-
boldt drew from Xavarrete's representations of
those documents has been denied by Varidi.igen ;
and II. II. liancroft in his Cciiti.il Aniiiuii (i. 99,
102, 106) does not deem the proof complete.''
Vespucius' own story for what he c.dls l>is
second voyage (1.199) is that he sailed from
Cadi/, shortly after the middle of .M.iv, 1.199.
'The subsc(pient dates of his being on the coast
are contlicting ; but it would appe.ir that he
reached Spain on his return in June or Seplend)cr,
1500. We have, of course, his narrative of this
voyage in the collective letter to Soderini ; •' but
there is also an independent narrative, published
by llandini (p. 64) ii\ 1745, said to have been
written July i,S, 1300, and printed from a manu-
script preserved in the Uiccardiana at Florence.''
'I'he testimony of < tjeda th.it Vespucius was
his companion in the vovagc of xj^qiy-itpo
seems to need the ipi.dilication that he was
with him for a part, and not for the whole, of
the voyage; and it has been advanced thai: Ves-
pucius left ()je(hi.at llisp.iniola, and, reluming
to Spain, -ailed again with Pinzon in Decem-
ber, 1499, — thus attemjjting to account for the
coiid)ination of events which seem to connect
Vespucius with the voyages of both these
navig.ators.
1 " Noticias cxaL'as dc .\morico Ve-,]iucio," in his Coercion, iii. 315. The narrative in English will be
found in Lester's Li/i- of Vesf'iiciiis, pp. ii2-i;^g,
- May 10, 20, 1407, and Oct. i, 15, iS, I4()y.
3 Cf. F.xiimcn crilii/iir, iv. 150, 151, 273-2S2; v. iii, 112, 197-202; Cosmos, Eng. tr., ii. 678.
■• Humboldt, F.xamcn criliipie, iv. 50, 267, 26S, 172; Ilarrisse, 5;W. Amcr. Vet., no. 57; Navarrete;.
>'■• .V7-
5 This part is given in English in I. ester, p. 175.
c It is translated in I.estcr. pp. i;i-i7-;; cf. Canovai, p. 50.
VOL. II. — 20.
'54
NAKRATI\K AND CRITICAL HISTORY OK AMERICA.
w .i ii;-
•k ;
.,4i r
' ' I,
Wiil
'''I,
W/'
:^^;
^^iiS
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ji
hi' M
It is nolfworthy tliat Ovicdo, wlui souglil.
to interpret Pctur Martyr as tiiidwiiig that Solis
and I'inzon liad prcLX'tlcd Cnhinilnis to the main,
makes no mention of Vespiicius. Tliere is no
.nention of him in what lieneventano furnislied
to the I'tolemy of 150S. Caslanheda does not
allude to him, nor docs liarreiros in liis yji:
0/'/itr,i ri-gioiie (Coimlira, 1560), nor (lalvano
in liis Dcicohniiiiciitos, nor I'edro Magalhaes tic
("randavo in his accomit of Santa Cm/, (1570).'
liiit il was not all forgctfnlncss as time went
on. The currency to liis lame wliicli had been
given by the J)c orbd iiiilti>r/uii, bv the J\usi
innhiiiiciih; by the Cosinoi;yii/>/iii€ introdiictio, as
well as by the Mitmliis lun-iis and the publications
which rellectetl these, was helped on in 1510
b) the Roman archx'ologist Francesco Alber-
tini in his OpHsaihim il,- inirtihililnis L'rhis A'i'mi/;
who fine's Florence, and not Cicnoa, to have sent
forth the discoverer of the New World.-
Two years later (151J) an edition of I'oni-
l>onius Mela whicli Cocleus edited, probabiv at
Nuremberg, contained, in a marginal note lo a
passage on the "Zona incognita," the following
words; " Verns Americus Vesimtius iam uoslni
secnlo I novu illumundu invcnissefert I'ortugalie
Castilieci. regu navibus," etc. I'ighius in 1520
had spoken of the magnitude of the region dis-
covered by Vesi)ucius, whi-h had gained it the
appellation of a new world.^ The references
in (^'larcanus, Apian, I'hrysius, and Miinster
show familiarity with his fame by the leading
cosmogra])hical writers of the time. Natale
Conti, in his Viiiversic hisloritc sni Imiporis tibri
XXX (1545-1581), bronj;ht him within the
range of his memory.'' In 1590 Mvritins, in liis
Opiisdiliim };t\\i;riipliicum, the last dving dicker, as
it was, of a belief in the Asian connection of the
New World,''' repeats the oft-told story, — "l)e
Urasilia, terra ignis, de meridionali parte Africa;
ab Albcrico Vcspulio inventa."
In the ne.M century the story is still i. .pt up
by the Florentine, Francesco liocchi, in his
I.ibri duo tioxiorum (1607),'' and bv another
Florentine, Raflael Ciuallerotti, in a poem,
/,' Aiiienca l(\b\\),'< — not to name many
others.**
lint all this fame was not unclnided, and it
faileil of rellection in some (|narters at least.
The contemporary I'orlnguese pilots and cosmog-
ra|>liers give no record of 'Vespucins'eminence as
a nautical geometrician. The Tortugnesc annal-
ist J )aniiao de (Joes makes no mention of him.
Neither I'eter Martyr nor iJcn/oiii allows him to
have preceded Columbus. .Sebastian Cabot, as
early as 1515, iiuestioned if any faith could be
placed in the voyage of 1497 "which .\niericus
says he made." It is well known that I.as
t-'asas more than intimated the chance of his
being an impostor; nor do we deduce from
ine way that his countrymen, Cuicciardiui " and
Segni, speak of him, that tlicii faith in the prior
claim in his behalf ,vas stable.
.\n important contestant apjieared in ller-
rera in l6oi,'"who ojieiily charged Vespucuis
with falsil'ying his dates and changing the date of
I.J99 to 1497; Ilerrcra jirobablv followed I^as
Casas' manuscripts which he had." The alloga-
ti(jn fell in with the preva'ent indignation that
somebody, rather than a blind fortune, had de-
Ijrivod Columbvis of the naming of the New
World; and Herrera heljied this belief by stat-
ing positively that the voyage of Pinzon and
Soils, which had been depended upon to ante-
date Columbus, liad taken place as late as
1506.
In the last century Aiigelo Maria Bandini
attempted to stay this tide of reproach in the
I'ita c hitcre ifi Aniirris^v I'espncii, ^I'litiliiomo fwr-
iiitino which was printed at Florence in 1745.''-'
It was too manifestly an unbounded panegyric
to enlist the sympathy of scholars. More atten-
1 TliL'So inst.Tncos an- cited hv .'santareni. Cf. Tcniaiix's Co/hr/io/i, vol. ii.
- Ilarrisse, Bib/. Amvr. Vr/., no. (14; Hunihiiklt, Examtit critique, v. 20(i. 'J'here were other ixlitions of
Albcrtini in 1519 and 1520, as well as his Dc Rniiui prisui of 1525, repeating the credit of the first discovery
in language wliich Muller says that Ilanissc docs not give correctly. Cf. /)'//■/. Anicr. Vet., nos. 96, loj, loO;
Additions. ^Tt, 74 ; Mnller, Books on America (1S72), no. 17.
•' /)'//'/'. Amer. Vet., no. 107.
■* Tulitions at Venice in 1572 and 15S9 (.Sabin, vol. iv. no. 10,161).
^ Cf. Vol. IV. ]). 90.
ij Sabin, vol. ii. no. C>,io2.
" Cartcr-Iirown, ii. 114. It was reprinted at riorcncc in 1S59, .ind at Milan in 1865.
8 .Santarem enumerates various others ; if. t,'liilde':. translation, p. 34 etc. liandini ( Vita c lettcre di Ves-
pucci, cap. vii.) also enumerates the early references.
'J Though Guicciardini died in 1^40, his Historic d' Italia (1494-15V) did not ap)iear at Florence till
1 564, and ayain at Venice in 15S0. Sej,'ni, who told the history of l'"lorencc from 152710 1555, and died in
1559, was also late in appearing.
'" Dec. i. lib. iv. cap. 2 ; lib. vii. c. :;.
'■ Kobertson ba.:"d his disbelief laru'cly upon Herrcra {History of .tmerica, note xxii.).
'- (Jarter-Iirown, vol. iii. no. 79;; Murphy, no. 142; T.eclerc, no. 2,47?. There was a Cicrinan translation
in 17.1S (Carter-Hrown, iii. Sr/i ; Sabin. vol, i. no. ",.150), with annututioii.s, which gave occasion te a paper
by Caleb Cusliiii',: in the Nortti .■imeriean Revieiv, xii. 318.
Ml'
I
VESPUCIUS AND THE NAMING OV AMERICA.
155
tioii was aroused ' by an address, with ccnial
adiilatidii, \vl\icli Staiiislao Canovai dclivcrci tn
the Acatleiiiy at Ccjuona in 17!SS, .ind which was
1 riiited at mice as /■Uii^mi di A-iiifi^o ViSpiuci,
and vnrioiis times afterward, with more or less
cliange, till it a])pcarcd to reviv? anew the
antai;i)iii..m of scliolars, in i.Siy." Mufioz had
promised to disclose the inipostii.-es of Ves-
pucius, but his inicompleted task fell to San-
tarem, who found a sympathizer in Xavarrcte ;
and .Santareni's labored depreciation of Vcs-
pucius first appeared in Navarrcte's Coli\cion?
where Cauovai's arguments arc examined at
length, with sludicil refutatioils of some points
hardlv worlli the labor. This paper was later
c.vpanded, as e.\i)lained in another place.
He claims tliat one hundred thousand docu-
ments in the Koval Archives (jf I'ortngal, and
tliu register of maps which belonged to King
I'anmanuel, make no mention of Vespucius,^ and
tliat there is no register of the letters-patent which
Vespucius claimed to have received. Nor is there
any mention in several hundred other contcm-
porarv manuscripts preserved in the great library
at Paris, and in other colli.ctions, which San-
tarem says he has examined.''
An admirer of Vespucius, and t!'.' most
prominent advocate of a belief in the dis-
puted vovage of 1497, is Francisco Adolpho
dc Vainliagen, tlie Baron de Porto Seguro. As
early as lS',i;, in miles to iiis Jhiirio of Lopez de
Souza, he began a long series of publications in
order to coiuUeract the ile|ueeiation of Vesi)n-
cius by Ayres de Cazal, N'avarrete, and Santa-
rem. [n 1854, in his Ilisloyia gvral do />i;izil,
he had combated Humboldt's opinion that it
was Pinzon with whom \'espuciiis had sailed
on his second voyage, and had contended for
Ojcda. \'arnhagen not only accepts the stale-
inenls of the St. -Die publications regarding that
voyage, but undertakes to track the explorer's
course. In his .■1/iirri^ci ri:</ui;i, son ,;irin--
tht; etc., he gives a map marking the various
voyages of the I'Morentine.*' l-'or the voyage of
1497 he makes him strike a little south of west
from the Canaries ; but leaving his course a
blank from the mid-.'' 'lantic, he resumes it at
C!ape Gracias a Dios on the point of Honduras,'
and follows it by the coast thence to the Chesa-
peake, when he passes by l!eriuuda,^ and reaches
Seville. In this he departs from all previous
theories of the landfall, which had placetl the
contact on the coast of Paria. He takes a view
of the Ruysch map'' of 1 50S different from that
of any other commentator, in holding the smaller
land terminated with a scroll to be not Cuba,
but a part of the main westerly, visited by
Vespucius in tliis 1497 voyage; and recently
Ilarrissc, in liis CivVivv,;/," argues that the de-
scriptions of ^'tspucius in this disputed voyage
1 Santarem reviews this literary warfaio of 1788-1781) (Cliil'lt^'s translation, ji. 140).
- .Sabin (Dkticiiary, lii. 312) gives the following contributions uf Canovai ; (1) Difcnsa d' Amerigo I'es-
fiucio, I'"l(jrcnce, 1796 (15 \->\>). (2) Disscitazionf sopra il frimo riaggh' d' Amerigo Ves/'uci alle Indie
occidenlnli, Morcucc, 1S09. ( ;) F.logio P Amerigo Vcspua-i . . , eon una disserlozione giiistifunti-oo, I'Morence,
17SS; con illustrazioni eil aggiunte [Cortona], 17S9; noplace, 1790, Florence, 1798. (.)) Esame critico del
primo viiiggio d' Amerigo Vespiieei al niio-v mondo, Florence, iSii. Cf. II Marquis Gino Cappimi,
Ossenazioni mil' esame critico del primo viaggio il' Amerigo Vespudi al niiovo mondo, Florence, 1811.
Leclcrc, no. 400 ; copy in Harvard College Library. (5) Lettera alio Slampal. Sig. P. Allegrini a nome dell'
aiitore dell' clogio prem. di .Int. Vespucci, Florence, 1789. (6) Monumenti relativi al giudizio pronitnziato
daW Aecadcmii Etruscn di Cortona di an Elogio d' Ameiigo Vespucci, l'"lorence, 17S7. (7) Viaggi </'
Amerigo Vespucci con la rUa, /' elogio e la dissertnzione giustifuativa, Florence, 1S17; again, 1S32. There
w.as an Fnglisli version of the it/<;(,'7i' printed at New Haven in 1852. Canovai rejects some documents which
B.andini accepted; as, for instance, the letter in Da Cama, of whicli there is a version in Lester, p. 313. Cf.
also Variiliageii, Amerigo Vespucci, pp. 07, 69, where it is reprinted.
^ Irving got his cue from this, and calls thf; voyage of 1497 pure invcnti.m. The documents whicli
Navarrcte gives are epitomized in Lester, p. 395, and rcprintcil in Varnhagcn's Noinelles rccherchcs, ji. 2I1.
■• Chilile's translation, \i. 2.\.
•'■ Childe's translation, pp. 65, (»6.
•J There is another laying down of his course in a map published with a vohune not seldom cjuotcd in the
present work, and which may be well described here ; Stiidi liografici c InMiogralici siilla storia delta geografia
in Italia piiHicati in occasioiic del ///o Congresso Geogra/ico /nternazionale, Edizione seeonda, Rome, 1882.
Vol. i. contains Diografia dei -■iaggia/ori /taliani, colla M'liografia delle loro opcre per J'ietro Aniat di San
Filippo. The special title of vol. ii. is Mappamondi, carte naiiliclie, portolani ed altri monumenti earto-
grafici spccialmcnte Ilaliani dei secoli Xfil-Xl'll. per Gustavo Uzietli c Pietro Amat di San Filippo.
' He gives his reasons for this landfall in his Le premier voyage, p. 5.
8 \Vc liave no positive notice of liernuida being seen earlier than the record of the I'oter .M.irtyr map
of 151 1.
'•* Sec Vol. HI. p. 8. and the present volume, p. iiv
I" Where (p. lod) he amioimced his iatention to discuss at some future time the voy.ages of Vespucius,
and to bring forward, "selon niitre habitude," some new documentary evidence. He has since given the
proposed title; Anieric Vcspiicc, sa Corrcspondance, 1.(83-1.191 \ soixantediuit letlres ineditcs tirces du forte-
Jcuiile des Medicis, with annotations.
•56
XAKRAIIVE AND CRmCAL IIISIORY OF AMERICA.
t'" ' ,1, j
^i
'
M!
cr
W..
tiirrcspoiKl more nearly with the Caiitinci map '
llian witli any (itlicr. llarrisse also asUs if
vVaUlsefimillcr did not have such a map as
Cantino's licloie him ; and it' the map ol \'es-
piK'iiis, which I'eler Maityr says Fonscca had,
may not have been the same ?
Vaiiihagen, as mijjht ho cxpecteil in such an
advocate, turns every imdated incident in Vespn-
ciiis' favor if he can. lie believes that the ■.••', ite-
bearded men who the natives said preceded
the .'^'p''"''"''^ were Vespucius and his compan-
ions. .\ kiter of N'ianello, dated Dec. 2S, 1 50*),
which ihindioklt cpiotes as mentioniiiL; an early
vovagc in which Fa Cosa took part, but hesi-
tates to assign to inv particular year, Varnhagen
eagerly makes api)licablc to the voyage of 1.(97.-
Tlie records of the ( 'asa de la ("ontratacion
whicli seem to be an impediment to a belief in
the voyage, he makes to have reference, not to
the sliips of ColMndHi>, l)nl to those of Vespucius'
own command. N'arnliagcn's efforts to elucidate
the career of Ves[Hicius have been eager, if not
in .ill respects conclusive.-'
We get upon iiuich Inuier ground when ue
come to the consideration of the vovagc of 1501,
— the lirsl I'or I'ortugal, and the third of \'es-
pucins' so-called loin' voyages. It seems clear
that this voyage was ordered by the Portu-
guese (lovermnent to follow up the chance
discovery i>f the Ihazil coast l)v C'abral in
1500, of which that navigator had sent word
back by a messenger vessel. When the new
e.\ploring fleet sailed is ;i matter of uuccrtaintv,
for the accounts differ. — the Dutch edition of
the account putting it as earlv .is .Ma'- I, 1501,
while one account places it as lale as |une io.<
When the lleet reached the (ape de \'ei-df
Islands, it found there Cabral's vessels on the
retmn voy.ige ; and what Vespucius here learned
from Cibral he embodied in a letter, dated
June 4, 1 501. which is (irinted by I'aldelli in
his // .\FilioHi- i/i Miiiro I'olo, from .1 manuscript
preserved in the Kiccardiana Collection.-'' Some
time in August — idr the e.xact day is in dis-
pute— he struck the coast of South .\merica,
and coursed southw.ird, — returning to Lisbon
Sept. 7, t50J.'"'
Ve>|)ncins now wrote an account of it, ad-
dressed to Loreu/io I'icro Francesco de Medici,'
in which he proposed a designation of the new
regions, " novum nuindum a])peliare licet.' Sucli
is the Fatin pluaseologv, for the original It.dian
text is Icwt.'' Within the ne.M tw-o vear> nunur-
1 Sec p. loS.
■- Tliis \'iancllii dncuiucnl was printed by l-'erraro in liis Rchi-Joiic in i.S;;.
■I His jnihlicatidns on the suhject of \'esiiiitius are as follinvs: (1) I'fsf-iici-ef foii /'irwii.-i- z<inixi;oii )ioliic
,riiih- iiiioiix't-rlc el exfloralkm ihi Colfi ilii Mixi<]iif ct ilcs cotes tics litnts-Uiiis cii 1^07 ct 14'iS, avcc le texte
(/,: /rots iio/t-s 1/0 la iiiaiii </f CoUuiih, I'aris. iS3,S. This had firiginally appeared from the same tvpe in Bulletin
ile. la Soeiite lie Geof,raphie Ue /'(»-;.', I an nary and l-"ehruary, 1S5.S ; and a summary of it in Miijjlish will he
found in the Ilis/oiieal Maga-juie, iv. i|S, together with a letter from \'arnhagen to liiickinijliam ."^niith.
(2) Exaiiien tic qiietques fomts dc I- Ilistoirc geogra/liii/iie ilit Hresil. — secoiiil -eoyas:e tic I'csfiiee, Paris, i.SjS-
(;) Aii>crii;o VefJ-iieei, son eartietere, ses eerils,sa ric, ct scs iiaxit^ntions, Lima, iSfjv (4) Lc /remicr Tovtige
t/e Aiiierit;o I'esfiieci ile/iiiitheiiieiit ex/liqne tians ses ililails, Vienna, iSfM). (5) A'oiivellcs reelicrelies siir les
tleniiers rovtt^fts till iia-,/j;ateiir/liirciitiii, ct Ic rcstc ties tloeuments et iilaireissemcnts siir Int. \'ienna, 1S69.
(()) I'oslfaec anxtiois livraisoiis siir Aineiii^o r<-.>/»iv/ \'ieniia, 1.S70. This is also given as jiagus 55-57 of
the Noiivelles ree/irreltes, though il is not included in its contents table. (7) Ainila Aiiterigo I'es/neei, no-cos
e\'tii/os caeliei;ns,cs/'irialineitte cin/anirtlii intcr/re/itit'ii ilaila I! stia 1" vingeni, em \^<}-;-\^t,f; lis Costas lio
Vneatan. Vienna, 1874, eight p.ages, with fae-siniiles of part of Rnysch's map. C'f. Caf. Ilhl. lirazil. liiH.
line, do K. de 'Janeiro, no. .S30. (S) Cartas de Aineri-^o I'-.-spi.ti. in the A'.:-, do Inst. Hist., i. 5.
' If. Ilarrisse. />'//'/. Ainrr. Vet., p. 61.
■'• h is reprinted in X'arnhagcii, Anierii^o Vesfiieei. ji. 7.S. Hie lll,llUl•^cript Is not in Vespucius'
h.oid (I'uilletin de ia S.wiete de Geox-raphie dc Paris. \\m\. i,S5,S). Variiliageii is not s.itislied "f its
gemuneness.
I-. Cf. Iliiiuhi.lcU. l-.xamett erititpf. v. 1. 7,4 ; Major. Prina Henry, y. \-\ : Xavanele, iii. 4,,, ihi ; Kaimi-
sio, i. IV); (iryiia-us. p. in.^ ; (ialvanc\ p. <)S. .--.iiit.in'iii. in liis iconoclastic spirit, will not allow- tliat Vespu-
cius went on this vc.yase, c)r on tli.at with Coellio in 150;,, — holding that the one with Ojeda and I.a Cosa
is tlie only indisputaijle voyage which \'espucius made (Cliiklc's translatioi., |). 14;), though, as .Navarrete also
admits, he may have been on these or other voyages in a subordinate capacity. Santarein cites l.alitau. Uar-
ros. and ( isorius as ignoring any such voyage hy X'espucius. \'espiicius says he could still see the tireat
lte.ar constellatiini when at ',3" south: hut I liiiiihi>ldt points out that it is not visible beyond zb° south
la.itude.
" This w-as a cousin of l.oien/o the IManniliceiit ; lie was horn in 146J;, and died in 1503. Cf. Kanke's
letter in Humboldt's Pxamen eritit/ne. and translated in Lester's /.//<■ ami Voyages of Vesfticitts, {. 401.
Varnhagen has an " F.lude bililiogr.iphiiiuc " on this 1503 letter f '.'<"■ igo Ve^f-neei. son earaetire.
'tC. p. I).
.•• N'arnhagen is confident {Postftiec in Noiivelles rcch.erelics. p. 56, that \'espiicius was aw.ue that he h.ul
found a new continent, and thought it no longer .-Xsia. and that the letter uf Vesi)ucius, on which Humboldt
based the statement of Vespucius' dying in the belief that only .Xsia had been found, is a forgery.
■I
. -11 I
r'
\i:SIM'CIUS AND THE NAMIXd Ol' AMERICA.
157
\'L'-.liucius'
tistied "t its
I
(HIS i-->iies iif (iiiicniidip's l.aiiii tfxl wurc piiiitcil, 'riicrc is :i cupv in llit- I.cniix Libiai v, wliicli
only two ot wliicli arc dated, — one at Augsburg has anotliL-r issiii.', MiiiiJiis ikk'iis, also in black-
in 150.1, tin.- itllicr at Strasbiiri; in 1505; and, witli letter, iDrly-two lines to the pajje;'' still an-
a tew exceptions, tlicy all, liy (heir imblislu-d title, othei, .l/////(/;.',' ;;,'rv/.r, fortv line^ to the pa;.;e;''
;avc currency to the
designation of MniuiKs
iioriis. The earliest of
these editions is usu-
ally thought to be one
Allvrii' 7v.'7>//iv;' hviri-
!:>• f-iiri /iiiihisii dc
iih-dicis Siiliilcm f'lii-
':ino Jiiit. of which a
l.ic-siniile of the title
i> annexed, and wliieh
bears the imprint, of
lehan l.amliert.' It i>
a small plai|Uelle ol
six lcave^ ; and there
are copies in the I.enox
and Carter-lSrown col-
lections. D'Ave/ac,
and ll.urisse, in his
l.itei upinion (Ai/i/i-
/ioii.i, ]). \'j), agree in
supposing r.iis the Mrst
edition. The da te d
(1504) Augsburg edi-
tion, Miimliis nmnis, is
called " extraordinarily
r.ne " bv (Irenville,
who had a copy, lujw
in the Uritish Museum.
< )n the reverse of the
fointh and last leaf we
read : " M agister |o-
hitncsotmar : vindelicc
inipressit Augnste An-
no millesinio ^|uuigen-
tcsinioipiarli " There
arc copies in the l.eno.x
and Carler-lirown li-
braries.-' .\n edition,
Muiuiiis iiiKii<, whose
four unnumbered
leaves, forty linos to the
full page, correspcmd wholly with this last i^sue,
exce])t that for the dated coloph<in 'he words
I,.\us Dko arc substituted, was put at hrst by
llarrisse-' at the head of the list, with this title.
atbcric^ x)erpucci^ldurerio
pcm frandfcidc nfiedids Salutcm plurituadlde
and another, with the words Miiiii/iis m
Koman, of eight leaves, thirty lines to tlic
At this |)oint in his enumeration llarrisse
originallv the K'luin Lambert ir-sue (men
I \
page."
placed
lioued
' mill. Aiiiff. I'cf.. nil. J(i ; l)'.\\czac. IWillzt'iiiiillfi-. p. 74; Caiter-liiown. i. 2i,\ ."SumK rhmd, v.il. v.
no. 12,1)11); lirunet. vol. v. cnl. 1.1551 li'ilHolluwi Grcir.:lHana. p. -Ui\.
- lilbl. Amcy. Vet., lui. 31 ; C.irter-ltruwn. i. 21 ; Ternaii.x, no. 6; l>il'ii,tllu\ci Ciirnvilliniia, p. ;i>ii ; ISnnut,
vti/. V. col. t,i5t; Ihitli, p. 1525. A cnpy was sold in the Hamilton sale (iS.S^) fur .i;4;. and siil)^e(HK'iitly
held by Ouaritcli at .C5;. The Court Ciitaloi;iii' (no. 3(11)) shows a dii))licate from the Muniih I.ilnavy.
Ilarrassowitz. A'iiri.<sh/iit Amiiuniia (<ii in 1SS2). no. i, priced a cnpv at 1.250 marks.
•' /)'//'/. .liner. I'if.. no. 22.
•" /)'//'/. Aiinr. (',-/.. no. 2;; Carteilirown. i. 22; /til>li,illuvti Grciirilliuiia. p. ;6() ; Court, no. 368;
(Juaritch (no. ^21. title 12,4811) held a copy at .L'loo.
'< liihl. Atmr. I'd., no. 24.
^ Hill. .-Im-r. Vet., no. 2; ; Hilliothcii f'oeir, i'.Utiiui. il. 7(10 : lluth. v. 1525.
158
NARKAlIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
above), and after it a Muiidiis nm'tis printed in (five leaves) exists, sold in tlie Liliri saio in
Paris by Denys Knee, of wliicli only a fragment London, KS65, and now in the liritish Museum. '
Another Paris cdi-
m\
i-i
I ,'■ '
m
Quci nouo mtioo opriav impf fie ferrnifrmu
pdmK0aUtete0t9 rupmottbueantamucnta
fltbotcuo v«fputi»o XawJtto pctrtftetiKJitato Sniurt plurimJ^ 6tot
1 Upciio«b'6ttt)U8 fatto ampl< tibi fcnpfl c<<rc&ini mco a& no
lUidilKoreglonib^cjudO 7c:a^c.'^lmpcrln^.7nlan^uro itlius
tiouanmn&tinppd(ar<Iicct(I2u&cioflpud moioue nonroottuiin Cicip
!fo fuerttbabitaco0nltlo?ira!>«c«ttib<' ontb' fttnouifftitia rco.tu.ih btf
BpmionSnoftrottarmgiiopfffcOit.cQ.illo^mnioi paro otcittMtroUne
Bm<0[Ulttoctial?.«pmuommt>icmn5<flcptitJcnTc. fci> tn.irc tin quo>
fltlanttcIivocaa-:nqiU<ot(iptntcnt2tbi(frea(firmnucrQtr3c(rctinTam
iMWtabilSnmltio r5nib' ncgaiKrilt ^c& Imiic C09 opmionScfTe falftij
svent(Uiottio;>tratt}rmlxcnteAVltim3nmiig()tiot>cclnrault:dJin{>ti
l)lio»lKam(Ti{*anio:ptin«itfmtmicucr4ni.frequ2nojib^popul«sj.iaii»
lib'bflbiwtS.^noftrnm CtiropamftH Hfliim vd £lfnca.2in fu^ acrg
nidfit8qjiinini7n»ucnn.iglnqufluie<iliar«fitc<ncanob'cognimpiciit
IrxfmuointcKigco.vbrfuccitictetintf 'irc^AipiM faibcinuo.ctrcoOigj
tii<3zcoiinnot!iTtoiK.tituitiotiaqu<am£ih:ivir£.vclaUi>tuuibocnouo
mmoofiwcvftnfrapqttbit,
1W*p«'datifiiciiMVt(>6a£«io»ii2fi8Jfl)9§5flJilIcflniQ«ling(!«
1ft tdlmotnimorocfftrnttsflt) OlpfippomaWK^fatorcgccfl
trifc" naiiiy a& iit4uircrt&fl6 itoutjo rcgtoncd t f9 nuftrfi Ui
gintiittmfU?' ^tincntcnMitigauimtto itb tnericiS Ciuuo nmiigat&to ot
Dot.1llOdt11nutgationoftrafuit|2mfuLl8foTtutlntad.l1coUm^u:ta^
nQcsi&tsippcuaturinrukm.ignecdnaric.()ucfunt in ttTaccUmnre.-rtn
PfinilT'babttatiefciOentie 3ii&c(!occflnQ tottllittuoafricQ.^ pt^ctbt
'Op(aj»anTumisi?fq5flOp»montoJtnctbtop0.nc«tpttioIomc«v)lcrtiq8
nOc anoftn© appcllsif Capiuvin^c? at* ctb*opit)uo i5e)l'#w:c.i rcgio
illsiinnJt&tnfiflgraMe'' cj«amio«>«imi!irr»i rctrtsninTor "ii a Utwaes
qtilnocrtaUpafuoScptftnonJ^antgriogcrib^i yc i: ** o ttouatiir
3bircfumpttoplnb^2ncccflan|o »to! a f naut^flhoniisniltimis antbo
raa7crpaiiMniM8rdap«nti8.7nortrtiiii:rEt»aftii'flmt4 iij.ifibirijif
tcovcrfiioantflrttoimptn-nperBoccfOcnrttnfUirtmuepvYntum.cim.
Uulnirnn^ Mat ■: a bicflua rcc€fi1m«8 at>lcfo ptomofirotio ?iu(i nicm
lHini.'Ztnn6lCTafpad3naolgamroucflnte^«>i(atcTrjnot?inp|jarcrct
3tiefltiritmari6raftiwtcqut&p3fl\fiifi1mu85naufriit5ip(najrsi.iq5
co:gt8tn£5mo&afuftini2enmu84btirq3 anctiiti)^ ahni laboicwmma,
«ttfhm,itionico:Qrdinqno.qitl mulMiilrertidrpmctun optiiijcnerOt
i^5 ficiitccrti qiift'cre.i^ an A fmtignoMtiree mudtigarc.t p t vtwt'bA
vnmerfiipftnn(iflinrci«3q3cFbid)'r(i;rtg»ntafq)tem cjuib" nawgaut:
»ttt!«piinuo8Q«.i6ia^taquatuoibabtiini'c8pliiuU.ton!trtuo7Co
wr«liw»il?^Utl«^?^a»rootVt^c<)5f'?wntn^ic^«)3fa•cnwm«^f^i!lc{tc
MkST PACK (ir MUN'DrS \OVI"S.'
tion, Afuiii/iis iiiwiis,
printed by Gillcs
de Gourmont, eight
leaves, thirty-one
lines to the paf;e, is,
according lo Ilar-
risse,- known only
in a copy in llic
Lenox Library; but
D'Avezac refers to
a coi)y in the Na-
tional Library in
l'aris/1
Another ,]/»//(/«.f
iip-iii is sn]>posed
by llarrissc to liave
bcc'i jirintcd scjuie-
whcrc in I he lower
Kbijieland, and to
bear the mark of
Wni. V'orsternian,
of Antwerp, on the
last leaf, mertiv t^
give il ciirrenev .n
the Netherlands. It
has four leaves, and
forty-four lines to
tl-.e full page. There
are copies in the
Lenox and ILiri ard
College ;:br.iries.<
The SiiMpiiim for
January, iSiil, de-
scribes a Miiiidiis
!to7'tis as ju-eserved
in the Mercantile
Library at Ham-
burg, — a plaquette
of four leaves, with
1 BiH. Amcr. Vd..
n(i. 2-.
- Ihl'l. Aiiur. I'd..
no. 2S.
•' (Jf. also I.ibri
(CaUih\qiic of 1S5.)) ;
lirinict, vol. v. col.
1,155; " arrisse, Notes
on Coliim/ms, p. 30.
" I. a petite edition de
la lottre di- \'rs|nice ;\
.Medicis sur son troi-
sienic voyase, inipri-
inuL' ^ I';uis chez (iiUes
ridie collection de 'S\. James
i\ la I>ibliothe(|ue Mazarine."
'A^'
tie Goiirijio"* vendue .\ I.niidres en i,S;o aii jiiix di ,(.'',2 n^.c. et |)laci'<' dans la
Lenox de Ni ■ \mk, n'cxiste plus dans Ic volunie ,"i l,i lin duqiiel elle etait rcliee
D'Avczac : Walfzomiilli-r, \t. 5,
' Bibl. Amcr. Kt/.. no. 20 ; Hulh. ■• , 1525; llumholdt. I'.x.nmn iiiti,/ue. v. ;, describing a copy in the
Gtitlinrcn Library ; biblioph'de. Be/q'- v. ;,o3.
" Uanis.sc, no jq. Cf. Nav.irrcle, ('/'«.(( ;//,).>■ i. i;i).
%V. '
VESI'MCIUS AND THE .\AML\G OF AMERICA.
'59
Btmm^tAm
jfttttgm9>tntng0t
forty-five lines to the Jiago, — which seems to ciit welt seiieimt ma); tucrden diircli den cristcn-
(lilfcr from all others.' Later, in \\\^ Additions lichen K'iiiiij^von Portiigall '.i'iiunderlm>lii:li erjiin-
(1S73), Ilarrissc described other issues <jf the i/tv;." 'I'he eolophon shows that this German
.iViirvw w//«(/«j- whicli do not seem to be identical version was made from a cojiy of the Latin te;a
with tliose mentioned in his
liit'liotticiti AiiicriiLina I \tiijtis-
simii. One of these — Miidns
inr;'iis, printed in a very small
gothic letter, four leaves — he
lotind in the liiblioleca Cosatc-
nense at Rome.- The other has
for the leading title, El^istola
All'criiii : </,• norv in undo, — a
pla(|iietlc of four leaves, forly-
eiglit lines to the page, with
map and woc.dcut.^
This ki'.cr of Vespuciiis was
again i^siiid at Strasbnrg in
1505, with the title /)'(■ [A| ora
mitarctici, as shown in the an-
nexed fai'-simile ; and jcjined
W'ith this text, in the little si.\-
leavcd trad, was a letter of I'hi-
lesins to llrnno, and some Latin
verses bv I'hilesins; and in this
form we have it |)riibably for
tlie la^t time in that lani^nage.''
This I'hilesius we shall en-
counter again later.
It was this Latin rendering
by Giocondo, the architect, as
Ilarrissc thinks,'' upon which
the Italian text of the Piicsi 110-
'•iiiinnli- was fonnded. Varnha-
gcn in his //;//,7'/i,'V) l'i-sf'niri,so)i
carthtcre (p. 13), prints side by
side this Italian and the Latin
text, marking different read-
ings in the latter. In this .same
year (1505) the I'rst German
edition was issued at Xurem-
bcrg, though it is undated : Von
d-:r ne-Li) gcfiind? Rct^ioii die vol
,11 I.iljii
>t 1S5.,);
. v. col.
issc. ^Vii/«
'».t, p. 30.
I'ditinn de
\c>puce ;\
Sim troi-
1^0, impri-
ihiz (iilles
M. I aunts
M.izaiiiK'.''
(tpy in the
1 />;/'/. Amcr. Vet., ni). ;,o ; Cartcr-lirown. i. zy. .\ ciipy was (no. 333) in a sale at Sotheby's. London,
X'\'b. 3:!, 1SS3. It seenis prub.ible that no. i^ iif I larrissc's ./(/iZ/Vw^j, ccirrcspdndins to copies in the Lenox.
Trividzi.ana, and Marciana lil)raries. is identical with this.
2 Ilarrissc, .Ulditiniis. p. 12, where it.i fust page is said to have thirty-three lines : ijut the Court Ciila!i>;^uc
(no. 36;). describing; what seems to be the same, says it has forty-two lines, and suggests that it was printed
at Cologne about i 503.
3 Ailditions, p. 13, describing a copy in the liritisli Museum. Vanihagen (.t»ieiii;o Vcfiici, Lima, 1SC15,
p. ()) describes another copy which he had seen.
* lUl'l. Amcr. Vet., no. 39 ; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 24 ; nrunct, vol. v. col. i, 1 j', ; Court, no. 370 ; Huth,
V. 152O; D'/Vvezac, WaltzemiUlcr, p. 91. Tross, of Paris, in 1S72, issued a vellum fac-simile reprint in ten
copies. Murphy, no. 2,615; Court, no. 371.
5 Hit'!. Amcr. I 'ct.. Additions, p. 36.
<• This title is followed on the same page by p. large cut of the King of I'ortugal with sceptre and shield.
The little placpiette has six folios, small quarto (/?//'/. Amcr. Vet., no. 1,1). A fac-simile cdit'on was made by
Pilin^ki at Paris (twenty-five copies), in 1S61. Cf. Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 25, with fac-simile of title; Mur-
pliy, no. 2,()if>; llutb, v. 1525; i 'Callaghan, no. 2,328; Cooke, no. 2,519. There is a copy of this fac-simile,
which brings aljout S5 or S6, in the Boston Public Library. Cf. also Panzer, Annaleii, Siiffl., no. 561 I/is,
and Wei lor. Rc/>ertoriiim, no. 335.
i6o
NAKRAIIVK AND CKIIICAI. l!ISIOKV OK AMKUICA.
1 , !«■'
il \
ii*
):i:;
Till, I, oi- r"|- iiRi>iii.x iiii'w'
ni-oii'.,!it 'run Tan> Ji M.iw i ^05 : /4«.t; /./AvV/ /../ i^i-fiiiuii-n Ju-:^io/i so u'ol , in loell ;^ciiciiipi mai; "uvr-
ilist iiiifsiiie in Ti'iits.-h ':ogi- lUisz ilcm t:\ym p/iir ,/i-n, ihircli diu ChristliUIu-n /:uni,:;; <;vi JW/ij;<il
ii,}s rvn 7\iris: kam uii irikn moiwt niuli C/iri>fi wnndn-lhvliih crjiuuh-n. Tliis is followed by the
'^ebitrt, Fnuffhcnliu.'lcrt r,,.:d l^'Unffiiir. Cci/nnkt same till of the King, aiul has a similar colophon.
t'« Niocmbiitx Jnich IV, •■)l'„,.i; //n, /;■>■. The Its full page contains thiily-thiee liiies.-
f till page of thi,-, cdil ion h„- thirtv-seven lius. Still another edition of the same year and
Another cdiiion, issued I he >:inie year {1505). publisher shows thirty-live lines to the page, and
>how.- a slight change in tlie title. Ion ,irr noii above the same cut the title reads: ]'on tier ncit
' This follows tne l;n-^iinilo yivpi] in Kudo's C-uliuhti- i/.t /.cHalh-r^ Jir Eiif,l,\i:iini;,'ii. p. 333, cif an
' tlition in the Koyal Library at nrodiii.
- There is a copy in tin- Carler-Hrown Collection (Ci/i7/iV«f, vul. i. no. 5S6;. li ^eem- to he Harri.»>e'5
no. 37, whore a copy in the liiiti^h Miiseuiii i■^ dcscrihed.
VESPUCIUS AND THE NAMING 01' AMERICA.
i6l
pibmttt$>Jrrii(ima$ tmrntit) pr tn
Standfcibe m&ids vd Qni^
n vcrgangm wgm t><»6 td) bt'r Sen vccft gcfcijtypf it vd»t
< meiixer wrtxrfhrt x>Ofi b«i mucii lantjc^a^cn ?>ic id? inie
(n4frtivn'frtmPrtrtierfcl?y^mitfci)ttwciiil'<>ficn voitge
Pot bcs burcl>lciKi^ng»ft«i Baimgs von poitiQa\bitYd)fud)t ^is
Pen rrtb fiiribcn/iOie man irwg bic rimm xoelt nennm/ ©o ^cy vrt
fern vojfvtm vcttern t>(»uon Ccyti n)i0cn gctvcfcrt/vrtt) alien ben bie
foltd^s i)Sin allcr tutg art neud fey/^unbcr and) bae a\k ntetrtug
»»i^cr cltmt u^er txyffi |c body ba »ttcrtc>pl bev felPeti fpnd)t / bos
v^cr bic glad>mtmrd>nge Ivmm gmonc t&]uittoctialid / vnb ge^
gen mittaa tcyti woming bcr kuttcn/funbor tfUc^rt b««6 gro^ mcr
I'n^rtltctt/©a6 j^ nennm baa atAanbxfd) mcr/ Vn oP ycmant) bar
fcl^en tvoniHtgm baf3$6 fan gercbr fo l^(^ fv bod) tnt^ vtl fad^e
t«0 bo wcn^fjtig li«il> r n mrid? ^ wtbaTc&t/3Pcr boe (oUdt>
ir m<rpnmtg ^Ifc^ vnnb bo* reat^at wiber fey in alle wcg tjat bi^
mem U^ee fct)ifTung 0etvei|f / €o id^ in ben fel6m gegnuitge gegS
imctag mcnfcljudjc inwjoming fitnbcn ^40 ntit vil volcf 0 vnb vtl
e^crcn Scvcm/ban vnfer (^uropa obcr 2lfiam ober 2(fJTia:m/rti
fb tnl mer gcfiinbcrt tempenerten liif]T fcijdn vnb lautcr mer vmiS>
lugger boti m eyttid^o- <mbem lmtfd)affc bie voir wiOrn/ 2Ud bo
^emoc^ fe^cn vnnb verfkn wwrfl/ fo id^ Wrgbie o5mt btng 6e^
fi^tvPen vnb bie bing fo vcrmmf ene twinb gebegim^^Uer wixbi
oefl vnnb vott mir gcfi^ ob«r gc^^:t jn biefcr nawi welt ]^nb/
4\lk ^cm4ct> ge^eygt ivurt;
FROM THE DRESDEN COPY.l
gefunJeti Repon die wol eiii welt {'eiiati via^ wer-
deit (liirc/i den Cristcnlicheii kiiiiii; -•on fortii^al
viuniierbarlich erfunden. Tliis is tlie copy de-
scribed ill tlie Ciirto-BriKi-n dUalos^iic (vol. i.
no. 26), and seems to correspond to the copy in
the Dresden Library, of which fac-similcs of the
title and its reverse are given hercwith.'-
Harrisse '■^ cites a copy in the British Museum
(Grenville), which has thirty-five lines to the
pr.ge, with the title : Vondcrncmi) f^cfiindcn Re-
gion, etc. It Is without date and place; but
Harrisse sets it under 1505, as he does an-
other issue, Von der Netiwen gefiiiide Region, of
which he found a copy in the Royal Library at
Munich,^ and still another, Von den Xawcn Insu-
/i-n iinnd Landen, printed at Ixipsic''
In 1506 there were two editions, — one pub-
lished at Strasburg,"^ Von d-n Xmcv /nsu/e und
liinden (eight leaves) ; and '.e other at Leipsic,
Von den ne-.iteii Insulen and T.anden (si.v leaves).''
1 Till, follows the lac-simile 5,'ivcn in Kuge's Gcschichte dcs Zcitalters der En/deeiun^en. [>. r,4,"f the
reverse of title of a copy preserved in the Koyal Library at Dresden.
2 Harrisse (BiiL Amer. Vet.-) says he describes his no. ,S from the Carter-Brown and I.enox copies ; but
tne colophon as he gives it does not corresi>ond with the Carter-Broum Calalosue. nor with the Dresden copy
a, described by Ruge. Ct. also Panzer, Annalen, vol. i. p. 27., no. 561 ; Humboldt, Examev critijuc, v. (,.
• Bilil. Amer. Vet., no. 34.
' BM. Amer. Vet., Additions, no. 21.
■'' BiM. Amer. Vet., Additions, no. 20, following Weller's Re/ertoyi„m. no. 320.
' Bit''. Amer. Vet., no. 40 ; there is a copy in the Lenox Library.
■ BiM. Amer. Vet., no. 41 ; Heber. vol. vi. n<,. :„$.^G ■ Rich, no.' 1 ; Uuniboldt, Exitmen erittque, iv. 160.
VOL. II. — 21.
w
m i"i'
vi I
162
NAKKAIUK AM) CKlllCAL lllS'ir^KV oK A.MKKICA.
In T50S then.' was, accdrdiiiH tn liniiul,' ,1
Strasl)urg Lilition, Kiv/ </<« AViiWiii Jinuliii uiul
J^iiithn. There was also a Dutch fditidii, l\iii
i/cT niiircvr ■avivU, etc., i)rinle(l at Aiitwuip l>y
Jan van Doesburgli, wliich was lirst niatlc known
liy MuUer, of Amsterdam, tlinnigh liis /loi'ls on
Aiiiiiiui (1S7J, no. 2.\). It is a little i|iiarto
traet ut' eight leaves, without tiate, printed in
gotliic type, thirty and thirty-one linos to the
p.ige, with various woodcuts. It came fnim an
" iiisignilicant library," — that of the architect
liiisscliaert,-' — sold in 1.S71 in .\iitwerp, and wa>
bounil up with three other tracts of the tirst ten
vears of the sixteenth centurv. It cost Muller
.Sjo rtorin.s,
subsecjuently passed into the
Carter-lirown Library, and still remains uni(pie.
Muller had placed it between 1506 and 1509;
but Mr. Ilartlett, in the CtirUr-Drircn Ciit,i!,\i;iu'
(vol. i. no. jS), assigns it to 1 50.S. Muller had
also given a fac-siniilc of the lirst page ; but only
the cut on that page is reproduced in the dirtii-
Jiny-u'ii Ciitultif^iu- (i. 46), as well as a cut show-
ing a group of four Inilians, which is on the re-
verse of the last leaf. Mr. Carter-lirown printed
a fac-simile edition (twenty-live copies) in 1.S7.)
for private distribution.'
That portion of the Latin letter which Vcs-
pucius addressed to Soderini on his four voyages,
diffeis from the text connected with Giocondo's
name, and will be found in the various versions
of the Paisi niyiMmciitc and in Gryn.T--us, as well
as in Ramusio (i. 128), liandini (p. 100), and
Canovai in Italian, anil in Knglish in Kerr's \'ov-
:igcs (vol. iii., iSi:;, p. 342) and in Lester (p. 2J3).
There are also German versions in Voss, Allcf-
lilh'slc' Nn-liricht -\»i ticii ihu,ii \\\lt (lierlin,
1722), ai..i Ml Spanish in Xavarrete's Cohwioii
(iii. 190).
There is another text, the "Rela/ione," pub-
lished by Fr.iucesco IJartolozzi in 17S9,' after it
had long remained in manuscript ; it also is
addressed to the same Loren/o.^ If the original
•icconnt .is written by Vespucius himself w.is in
l'<irtugue.se and addressed to King .Man<iel, it i»
lost.''
I If the Vespncui>-< 'oelho voyage we li.ive
only the account which is given in connection
with the other three, in which Ve>pucius gives
May io as tl'.e date of sailing; but Coelho is
known to have started Jinie 10. with si.x ships
Varnhagen ha.s identillcd the harbor, where he
left the shipwrecked crew, with I'ort Frio '
Returning, they reacheil Lisbon June i.S (or j.S),
and on the 4th of the following .Se|)trnil>i.r \'es-
pucius dated his account.''
If we draw a line from Nancy to .Stra.ilnng
as the longer side of a triangle, its ape.\ to the
south will fall among the Vo.sges, where in a
secluded valley lies the town of St. -Die. What
we see there to-day of man's work is scarcely a
century and a half old; for the place was burned
in 1756, ;iiul shortly after rebuilt. In the early
part of the si.vtccnlh century .St.-I)ie was in the
doniinion of Duke Rene of Lorraine. It had its
cathedral and a seminary of learning (under the
patronage of the Duke), and a printing-iircss had
been set up there. The reigning prince, as an
enlightened friend of erudition, had drawn to his
college a number of learned men; and Pico de
Mirandola, in addressing a letter to the editor
of the Ptoleniy of I 513, expressed surprise that
so scholarly a body of men existed in so obscure
a place. Who were these scholars i"
The chief agent of the Duke in the matter
seems to have been his secretary, Walter Lud
or Ludd, or Gualtenis Ludovicus, as his name
was latini/ed. The |)receding narrative has indi-
cated his ])osition in this learned conimunity,''
aiul has cited the little tractate of four leaves by
him, the importance of which was first discov-
ered, about twenty years .ago, by Henry Stevens,'"
1 Vol. V. col. 115I); liibl. Amcr. Vet., no. 50.
- BiilUtin dc III Stvic/i: i/c Gii'srn^/iii: d'Aiivi'rs, 1S77, p. 349.
I Tliere is a copy of this lac-siiuilu in tlio I!.)st.in I'liblic Library [G. 302, 22]. t-'f. Hhtorical \Iaf;azinc,
xxi. III.
■t Riccrclic istorico-L-rituiic circa allc scopcrtc iV Aiiicn^^j Vespucci con V uq^i^iiiiita i/i unit re'iiziinic del
mcdcsimo fi)i oru inedita (Florence, I7.S<)), p. 16S. He followed, not an original, but a co])y found in the Bib-
lioteca .Strozziana. This text is reprinted in Varnha,i;en's Amcri^^o V'-s/'iicci, p. S;.
■> Cf. the Rehizione Idle scoferle fatte da C. CoUnnbo, da A. Vespucci, etc., I'ollowin.i,' a niamiscript in the
Ferrara Library, edited by Profes.sor Ferraro, and published at Bologna in 1.S75 as no. 144 of the series Scclta
di euriosita Ictterarie inedife e rare dai seci'h XI! I at XVI!.
'i Lucas Kom's Tai;e/mc/i aiis den Jaliicn 1494-1542. Beitrac; zur Haiulelsi;escliiclilc dcr Stadt Atigs-
I'ltrg. Mitgclhcilt mit lieiiu-rkuiigen und cinem .■\uhaiigc von noch ungednickleii Brie/en mid Berichien
iiher die F.iifdectiiiig dcs iieuvii Sce^irges lac/i Amerika nuJ Ost-Indicn, von B. Grciff. Augshiirg, i,S6i.
riiis privately printed book in a "knrtzer lieiicht aus der neuen Welt, 1501,'' is said to contain an account of
.1 voyage nf Vespucius, ])robably this one (.Muller, Books on America, 1877, no. 2,727).
" Hist, geral do Brazd (\'?.t,A,), p. 427. Cf. Navarrete, iii. 2S1, 294; Handini, p. 57; Peschel. Erdkunde
(1S77), p. 27;; Callondcr\ Voyages to Terra Australis (iS'id), vol. i. ; Kaiiuisio, i. 150, 141.
" That portion of it relating to this voyac;e is given in Knglish in Lester, p. 23S.
'' N. F. Gr-avier in his liistoire de Saint-Die, published at I^pinal in liyd, p. 202, depicts the character of
Lud and the infincnce of his press. Lud died at St.-Die in 1527, at the age of seventy-nine.
I'l Cf. his Notes, etc., p. 35
. I
\ KSITCIUS AND THE NA.MlNc; OF AMERICA.
I6
.iiul i)t wIiilIi tlu' .piily cc)|)ics at pii-iciit kiicnvii
arc ill the liritisli .Miisciim and tlii; Impciiil
Library at N'iciiiia.' iMoiii this tiny S/'cailiim,
as >VL' >hall sec, \vc Icarn some inipurtant par-
titulars, lust over the line of Lorraine, and
within the'limits of Alsace, there was born and
had lived a certain Matliias Ringinann or Kinn-
man. In these early years of the century (1504)
he was a student in I'aris among the pupils of a
certain Dr, Jnlni Kalier,— to be in other ways, as
we shall see, connectcil with the development of
the little story now in progress. In I'aris at the
same time, and engaged in building the Notre
Dame bridge, was the Veronese architect l-'ra
Giovanni C.iocondo. Major ihlnUs there is
great reason for believing that the young Alsa-
tian stutlent formed the accpiaintance of the
Italian architect, and was thus brought to enter-
tain that enthusiasm for Vcspucius which Gio-
condo, as a counlrymau of the navigator, seems
to have imparted to his young friend. At least
the little th.it is known positively seems to indi-
cate this transmission of admiration.
We nui>t ne.vt revert to what Vcsi)ucius
himself was doing to afford material for this
Increase of his fame. On his return from his
l.ist voyage he had prepared an account at full
length of his experiences in the New World,
■' that coming generations might remember him."
No such ample document, however, is now
known. There was at this time (1504) living in
Florence a man of fifty-four, I'iero Sodcrini,
who two years before, had been made perpetual
Gonfaloniere ol the city. He had been a school-
mate of Vespucius ; and to him, dating from Lis-
bon, Sept. 4, 1504, the navigator adihessed an
account of what he called his four voyages, ab-
str.acted as is sul)]>o^■ed from the larger narra-
tive, The ririginal text of this abslr.ict is .dso
nursing, unless we believe, with Varnhagen, that
I he text which he gives in his .-/w/./vi.v I'l.t/'iitii,
j,'« iiiitiiliir, etc. (p. 34), printed at Lima in
l.Slij, is such, which he supposes to have been
published tl Florence in 1505-1506, since a
printed copy of an Italian te.xt, undated, had
been bought by him in Havana (iSl'ij) in the
s.ime covers with another tract of 150O.- Other
commentators have not i)laced this Italian tract
so early It has not usually been pl.iced before
1510.' Dr, Court put it before 1512. Harrissc
g.we It the date of 1516 because he had found it
bound with another tract of that dale ; but !n his
AJilith'Us, p. .XXV, he acknowledges the reasons
incoiicln.sive. Major contemls that there is no
reason to believe that any known Italian text
antedates the Latin, yet to be mentioned. This
Italian text is called Ldtcrti Ji AiiiliI^o I'esf'iicci
ilille isoU iiKOvanifiiU trcnuut in i/iuiliro siioi 77'./;%7"
. . . Diilit in Lishona a di 4 di Si/'li'iiil'ic, 1 504.
It is a small ipiarto of sixteen leaves.'
Varnhagen does not ijuestion that the early
Italian print is the better text, ditfering a^ it
does from liassin's Latin j and he follows it by
preference in all his arguments. Ho comi)lains
that llaiulini and Canovai reprinted it with many
errors.
Ramusio in his tirst volume had rciirintcd
that part of it which covers the third and fourth
voyage; and it had also been given in French in
the collection of Jean Temporal at Lyons in
1556, known otherwise as Jean Leon's (Leo .\fri
caiuis) //istorialt' dcsiri['lion de l'A/'n,/i(,, with a
preface by Ranui>io.^
It is Major's belief that the origin. d text of
the abstract intended for Soderini was written
in a sort of coni])Osite Spanish-Italian dialect,
such as an Italian long in the service of
ErdknuJt
I Varnhagen's y.(;/ri-«/Vj- t'o>'i7i;r, p. i.
- \'arnli,it;en| Amviiiio Vespucci, son cijracli!rc, etc., p. 2.S ; D'.Avezac's IViil/zcmiiiler, \\ ^('\ Uarrisse.
/(.'/■/. Aiihi: Vet., Addilhois, p. xxiv.
•^ Napione puts it in this year in his Del fyimo scofritorc, Florence, 1809.
1 Harrissc {Bi.'il. Aincr. Vc/., no. 87) describes it from a copy in the British Museum which is noted in
the Cir,iivillcCatidi\i;uc, p. 764, no. 6,535. U'.Vvezac, in iSC>7. noted, besides tlie Grenville copy, one beloni;ing
to the Marcjuis Gino Cappoiii at Florence, and Varnhagcn's ( WallzcmiiUcr, p. 45 ; I'eignot, A'tpcrfj/rc, p. 159;
Ileber, vol. vi. no. ";,S4.S ; N'apionc, Del pyitiio SiO^ritore del /itto'v mondo, 1S09, p. 107; Fbcrt, Dietiottary,
no. J7, 542; Tcrnaux, lU). 5). Uarrisse in 1.S73 (/>'/'•/. Amer. Vet., .Additions, p. xxiv), added a tourtli copy,
belonging to the Palatina in Florence (liiblioteca Nazionale), and thinks there may have been formerly a
duplicate in that collection, whiili Napione descrilx-s. The copy described by I'eignot may have been the same
with tlie Ileber and Grenville copies ; and the I'lorence copy mentioned by Harrissc in his Ferdinand Colmdi,
p. 1 1, may also be one of those abeady mentioned. The copy whicli lirjuict later describeil m his Sii/'f-lement
passed into the Court Collection (no. 366) ; .and when that splciulid library w.as sold, in 1.^,^4, this copv was con-
sidered its gem, .and w.as bought by tjuaritchfor ,£5J4,butis now owned by Mr. Chas. U. K.dblleiscli,iif N'ewVork.
The copies known to \'arnh.igen in i,S65 were — one which luad belonged to Daccio V.alori. used bv li.andini ; one
which belonged to G.aetano Poggiale, described by Xapione ; the Grenville copy; and his own, which had
f<irmerly belonged to 'he Libreria dc N'uestra Seiiora de las Cuevas dela Cartuja in .■Seville. 'I'he .same text w.as
printed in 1745 in Haiulini's Vita e letlere di Amcriiro Vespucci, ■\ni\ in 1S17 in Canovai's Viags^i d' Anierieo
Vespucci, where it is interjected among olhcr matter, voyage by voyage.
5 There was also a French edition at .Vntwerp the same year, and it was reprinted in Paris in 1830.
There were editions in Latin at .\ntwerp in 1556, .U Tiguri in 1559, .anJ :in Elzevir edition m 1632 (Carter-
Brown, vol. i, no. 211).
y. \\
^^
104
NAKRATU i; AM) CRITICAL HISTORY OK AMKRICA.
,■
M i
»k
i!
i!
till' Ibcri:ui natloiiH mi^lit ncc|uii'c,' niul that a
copy of it timiiiig iiiti) the pcisscs.-iloii nl Vis-
piicius' ciiuntrymaii, (iliicoiuln, in I'aris, it w.is
liy that aHhilcit Iranslalid iiiln I'lcnch, and at
KiiigiM.mu's Miggcstion aildrusstd to Kl-hO and
iiiirustud Id Kiiinmann to convey tu the Duke, of
whom the Ai^^itiaii felt proud, a.> an enligliteneil
sovereign wiiose dominions weie within easy
u.ich ol his own home. M.ijor also .snggests
that the prelimniary parts of the narrative, re-
ferring to tile school-day accpiuintance of Ves-
piicius with the person whom he addressed,
while it was true of Soilerini,''' was not so of
keite ; but, being retained, has given rise to eon-
fusion.' I.ud tells us only that the letters were
sent from Portugal to Kend in l-'rench, and
WaUlseemuUer says that they were translated
from the Italian to the French, but uithoul
telling Us whence they came.
We know, at all events, that Rin;;m.inn re-
turned to the Vosges country, and was invited
to become professor of Latin in the new col-
lege, where he taught thereafter, and that he
had become known, as was the fashion, under
the Latin name of I'hilesius, whose verses have
already been referred to. The narrative of
Vespucius, whether Kingmann brought it from
I'aris, or however it came, was not turned from
the French into Latin by him,* but, as Lud
informs us, by another canon of the Cathedral,
Jean liassin de Sandacourt, or Johannes liasinus
.Sandacurms, as he appears in Lud's Latin.
Just before this, in 1504, tliere had joined
the college, as teacher of geoj;raphy, another
young man who had classicized his name, and
was known as Ifylaconiyhis. It was left, as
has been mentioned, for IluniboUlt (/i.\ci»icit
trrifii/iir, iv. 99) to identify him as Martin Waltzc-
miiUer, — who however preferred to write it
Waldseemiiller.
It was a project among this .St, -Die coturib
to edit I'lolemy,') and illustrate his cosiiiu.
graphical views, just as another coterie at
Vienu.i wire engaged then and Liter in study-
ing the complemcnl.il theories of I'omponius
•Mela. W.iklseenuiller, .is the teacher of geog
rapliy, nalin. illy assumed control (jf this under-
taking; and the Duke himself so far encour.iged
the scheme as to order the engraving of a map
to accompany the e.\|iositioii of the new discov-
eries,— the saiui wliuh is now known as the
Admiral's map."
In pursuance of these studies Waldseemiiller
had prepared a little cosmographical treatise,
and this it was now determined to prim at the
College I'less at .St.-Hic'. Nothing could better
accompany it than the Latin transl.ilion of the
Four Voyages of Vespucius and scpine verses by
I'hilesius; for Kingmann, as we lia\c seen, was
a verse-maker, and had a local fame .is a Latin
poet. Accordingly, unless Vainh.agen's theory
is true, which most critics are not inclined to
accept, these letters of Vespucius first got into
print, not in their original Italian, but in a little
Latin quarto of Waldseemiiller, printed in this
obscure nook of the Vo.sges. Under the title of
Cosiiioj^i'd/'/iiu'' iiitrO(liic/ii', this ajipearcd twice,
if not oftenc, in iso;.'
To establi. h the se<pience of the editi(nis of
the Cosinoj;i\i/'/: '.<■ intrihliictio in 1 507 " is a biblio-
grajihical task of some dil'ticulty, and experts
are at variance. I )'Avezae ( WaltzcinitlUr, ]). 112)
makes four editions in 1507, and estalilishes
a test for distinguishing them by taking the
first line of the title, together with the date of
the colophon ; those of May corresponding to the
25th of April, .and those of September to the
29th of August : —
1 . Ci>siiiOi;rti/'/ii<,' iiitrodii — vij Id' MaiJ.
2. Cosiiii'i^'ni/'/iiiC i/ifroilidtio — vij kV Afiiij.
„^h ■:,
1 Cf. Varnliascn, Le frcmicr voyngc, p. i.
- Bandiiii, p. xxv; liartolo/zi, h'fclicrchc, p. 67.
i) S.-intarcm dismisses tlie claim lliat Vespucius was the intimate of either the first or second Duke Ren6.
Cf. Childe's translatiim, p. 57, and H. Lcp.ijjc's Lc Due Hcni- II. cl Amiric Vcspiicc, Nancy, 1S75. Irvinj;
(Columbus, ajip. i.x.) duuhts the view which Major has conterulcd for.
■1 Varnliaijcn, ignorant of I.ud, lalx)rs to make it clear that Kingmann must have been the translator
(Amerii;,! J V-i/WiV/, p. 30) ; he learned his error later.
5 Sie the chapters of Bunbury in his History of Ancient Gco\;iaj-hy^ vol. ii.,and the articles by De Morgan
in Smith's Dictionary of Ancient IViografhy, and by Malte-linm in the Bioj^rafhie nniverscllc.
'■' See Vol. IV. p, 55, and this volume, p. 112.
■ Cf. D'.Nvez.ic, \Vaitzemiillcr,\i. S; Lclewel, Moyen-ii!;e, p. 142; N. 1". Gravier, Histoire dc la villc de
Saint-Die, lipinal, 1836. 'I'he full title of D'.Vvezac's work is Martin llylaeomylus VVallzemiiller, ses ou- rages
ct ses eollaboratcurs. Voyage d'exfloration el dc dccouvcrtes it Iravers iiuelques efitres didieatoires, prefaces^
el opuscules du eomiiiencement du XVI' si^cle: notes, eauseries, et digressions bibliograpliiqucs ct autres par
un Giographe Dibliopliile (E.\trait des Annaies des Voyages. 1S66). I'aris, iSf)7, pp. x. 176, Svo. D'Avezac,
as a learned writer in historic.il geo;;raphy, has put his successors under obligations. .See an enumeration of his
writings in S.abiii, vol. i. nos. 2,492, etc., and in Leclerc, no. 164, etc., and the notice in the Proceedings of
the .\nierican Antiiiuarian Society, .-Xpril, 1S76. He published in die Bulletin de la Socicte de Geographic de
Paris, 1S5S, and also separately, a valuable paper. I.cs voyages de ^Inieric Vcspucc au comptc dc I'Espagne
ct les mcsures itincraires employees par les marins Espagnols ct Portugais des XV ct XVI sil-cles (iXS pp.).
* They bear the press-mark of the St.-Dic Association, which is given in fac-similc in lirunet, vol. ii.
no. 316. It is also in the Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. 33, anil in the Murp/iy Catalogue, p. 94.
I
VESPUCIUS AND THE NAMING OF AMERICA.
165
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1 66
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
3. Cosmogral'hue — *///' kP Stftcmiris.
4. CosmogrnpltM introdu — iiij kl' Sc/'tcmhris.
Tlic late Henry C. Murphy' mnintained that
nos. I and 4 in this cnumcratiun arc simply
made up from nos. 2 and 3 (the original May
and Septeirber editions), to which a new title, —
the same in each ease, — with the substitution of
other leaves for the originals of leaves 1, 2, 5,
and C, — also the same in each case, — was given.
Harrissc, however, dissents, and thinks D'Ave-
/ac's no. I a genuiivj first edition. The only
copy of it known - was picked up on a Paris cpiay
for a franc by the geographer liyries, which was
sold at his death, in 1S46, for 160 francs, and
again at the Nicholas Yemt'niz sale (Lyons, no.
2,676), in 1867, for 2,000 francs. It is now in
the Lenox Library.''
Of the second of D'Avezac's types there
are several copies known, llarrisse < names
the copies in the Lene.x, Murphy,^ and Carter-
Urown " collections. There is a record of other
copies in the National Library a. Rio Janeiro,"
in the Royal Library at Uerlin," in the Huth
Collection " in London, and in the Mazarine
Library in Paris, — a copy which D'Avczac "•
calls " irreproch.ible." Tross held a copy in
1S72 for 1,500 francs. W-aldseemiiller's name
does not appear in these early May issues,
which are little quartos of fifty-two leaves,
twenty-seven lines to the full page, with an in-
scription of twelve lines, in Roman type, on the
b.nck of the folding sheet of a skeleton globe. 'l
Oil the 29th of August (iiij kl' Septembris)
it was reissued, still without W.ildseemiiller's
name, of the same size, and fifty-two leaves ;
but the folding sheet bears on the reverse an
inscription in fifteen lines. The ordinary title
is D'.Vvezac's no. 3. Harrisse >- mentions the
Lenox and Carter-lirown '•' copies ; but there are
others in Harvard College Libiary (formerly the
Cooke copv, no. 625, besides an imperfect copy
which belonged to Charles Sumner), in Charles
Dcanc's Collectior. .id in the Harlow Library.
The Murphy Libi vv .lad a copy (no. 6S0) in
its catalogue, and the house of John Wiley's
Sons advertised a copy in New York in 1SS3
for f35o.
There are records of copies in Europe, — in
the Imjierial Library at Vienna, in the Nation-
al Library at Paris, and in the Huth Collec-
tion {Cal,ili<i;iic, i. 356) in London. D'Avezac
( U'altztiniilU-r, pp. 54, 55) describes a copy
which belonged to Vemeniz, of Lyons. Ikock-
haus advertised one in 1S61 (Tromel, no. 1).
Another was sold in Paris for 2,000 francs in
1S67. There was another in the Sobolewski
sale (no. 3,769), and one in the Court Cata-
logue (no. 92). Leclerc, 1878 (no. 599), has
advertised one for 500 francs, Harrassowitz,
18S1, (no. 309) one for 1,000 marks, and Ro-
senthal, of Munich, in 1S84 (no. 30) held one
at 3,000 marks. One is also shown in the Oil-
alt\t^'iic of the Kl served and Most Valuable Portion
of the I.ihri Collection (no. 15).
The latter portion of the book, embracing
the Quattiior Ameriei I'esputii iiavigationes,
seems to have been issued also separately, and
is still occ.isionally found.'*
What seems to have been a composite edition,
corresponding to D'Avezac's fourth, made up, as
Hairisse thinks (/>//'/. Amer. V--t., no. 47), of the
introductory part of D'Avezac's first and the
voyages of his third edition, is also found, though
very rarely. There is a copy in the Lenox
Library of this description, and another, described
by Harrisse, in the Mazarine Library in Paris.'*
It was in this precious little quarto of 1507,
whose complicated issues we have endeavored
to trace, that, in the introductory portion, Wald-
seeniiiller, anonymously to the world, but doubt-
less with the privity of his fellow-collegians,
proposed in two passages, alre.idy quoted, but
here presented in facsimile, to stand sponsor
for the new-named wt tern world ; and with what
result we shall sue.
It was a strange sensation to name a new
continent, or even a hitherto unknown part of
1 Carter.Hrov>n Calahc'ie, i. 35 ; Harrissc, /?;/'/. Aiiirr. Vet., Additions, no. 24.
2 D'Avezac, Waltzeiniillcr, p. 2.S.
8 /UN. Amer. Vet., no. 44; Ailditions, no. 24; D'Avczac, Wallzemiilley, p. 31. It is said that an
Imperfect copy in the Mazarine Lilirary corresponds as far as it goes. D'.ivc-ac sajs the Vatican copy,
mentioned hy Napione and Koscarini, cannot he found.
4 Ilil'l. Amer. Vet., no. 45.
I Catalogue, no. 679, bought (1SS4) liy President White of Cornell I'nivcrsity.
1 Cittalogiie, vol. i. no. 2S.
' Ciit. Hist. Jiictzil, iiibl. Noc. do Rio de Jiuicir,<. no. f,2-y
8 Described by Humboldt.
" Ciitn/ogiie. i. 35'i.
'" H'o/tzewiil/er. p. ^2, cic.
11 Cf. liriinet, ii. 317 ; Ternaux, no. 10.
1- /Id/. Amer. Vet., no. 46 : .Additions, no. 24.
'" Cnto/oi^iie, i. 2f). It was Ternaux's co|)y, no. 10.
t* /id/. Amer. Vet., Additions, no. 2-; ; I.cderc, no. 600 (100 francs); D'Avezac, Walttcmiillcr, p. 58.
" Cf. D'.Vvcz.ic, Widlzcmiiller. p. 111. and Orozco y Ka[n\ Cartografia Afexieana (Mexico. 1S71), p. 19
VESPUCIUS AND THE NAMINC, OF AMERICA.
167
John Wiley's
York in 1883
Europe, — in
n the Nation-
lliith Collcc-
)n. D'Avczac
!^S
cribcs a copy
,yons. Hroclt-
riinicl, no. i).
,000 francs in
ic Sobolewski
Court Cata-
(no. 599), has
Harrassowitz,
arks, and Ko-
30) held one
m
)wn in the Cat-
aliiabU Portion
Wt
ok, embracing
1
iiai'igiUifliics,
jepurately, and
nposite edition,
■■■■t
h, made up, as
1
no. 47), of the
first and the
) found, though
in the Lenox
)ther, described
ary in Paris."
}uarto of 1507,
ve endeavored
portion.Wald-
rld, but doubt-
low-collegians,
iy quoted, but
stand sponsor
and with what
) name a new
vuown part of
Is said that an
; Vatican copy.
COSMOGRAPHIAE
INTRODVCTIO
CVM Q VIBVS
DAM GEOMB
TRIAE
AC
ASTRONO
MIAB PRINCIPIIS AD
E AM REM NECESSARIIS
Inluper quattuor Amerid
Ve^ud) nauigationc8«>
VmueHalis CoimographiaecleMptiotam
infolido ^plano/cisettam ihlcitis
quscPtholomgo i^otaanu
pexis nperca funt»
DISTHYCON
Camdeus aifaaregat/&terrse<IimataCaerar
Nee tellus/nec ds iydera tnatus habent*.
TITLE OF THE SEPTEMBER EDITION, 1507.^
an old one. There was again the same uncer-
tainty of continental Wies as when Europe had
been named ^^ by the ancients, for there was now
only the vaguest notion of what there was to be
named. .Columbus had already died in the be-
lief that he had only touched the eastern limits
of Asia. There is no good reason to believe that
Vespucius himself was of a different mind.'' .So
insignificant a gain to Europe had men come to
believe these new islands, compared with the
regions of wealth and spices with which Vasco
da Gama and Cabral had opened trade by the
African route, that l..c advocate and deluded
finder of the western route had died obscurely,
with scarcely a record being made of his depar
ture A few islands and their savage inhabi-
liillcr, p. 58.
:o, 1S71), p. 19
1 This is the third edition of D'Avezac's enumeration.
3 How Europe, which on a modern map would seem to be but one continent with Asia, became one of
three great continents known to the ancients, is manifest from the wi.rld as it was conceived by Eratosthenes
in the third century. In his map the Caspian Sea was a gulf indented from the Northern Ocean, so that only
a small land-connection existed between Asia and Europe, spanned by the Caucasus Mountains, with the
Euxine on the west and the Caspian on the east i just .is the isthmus at the head of the .\rabian Gulf also
Joined Libya, or Africa, to Asia. Cf. Bunbury's History of Ancient Gi-ogruf'liy, \. 660.
8 Humboldt, Examcn criliqucy v. 182; but Varnhagen thinks Humboldt was mistaken so far as Vespu-
cius was concerned.
i68
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
!■(
RVDIMENTA
quf oppofihi vel contra dcnotat Atc]^ fn fcxto di
mate Antarcflicu, verfus/ Sc pars extrema ASrksc
iiuperrepertaS^ Zamziber/Iaua minor/ & Seula
inrul£/&!quarcaorbis parse quam quia Americus
inuenic Amengen/qua(i Amend terra/fiue Ame^ Ame#
camnunaiparelicct)rita;runt»Oequibus AuRrali ^§1^
bus dimadbus ha^cPomy oni| MeUg Geographi Popo;
verba I'atelligenda Cunt/ vbi ait; Zone Iiabirabiles M^l^
pana agunt anni tempora/verum non paricer An#
tichthones alteram/nos alteramincoUmus.Illius fi^
cus ob ardoreintercedetfs plageincpgnicus/ltQfiis
dicendus eil; Vbi ani'maduertendumedqubd cH^
matum quodqp alios ^ aliud plerumcjp fixtus pro>
ducat/cum diuerrgluntnaturar/^aliaacq^ aliai^^
derumvirtutemoderentur* Vnde Virgflinv* \ftfott
FROM THE COSMOGR.APHI/E INTRODUCTIO.*
I"N
'■■ I!
Nuncvero &he^partes{unt1atiusluflTatae/5d
a!aqiianapaisperAmericu\M*pudumcvtia{e^
■irjR qucntibus audietur)iniientaeft:quanon video cut
Affle^ quis iure vetet ab Americo inuenton: (agads inge
Vico hi) vito Amedgen quad Amena'terram/nue Ame
iicamdicendam:cum&:Enropa8^AfiaamuUeri^
Bus fiiaibrdta (int nomina.Ems Gm 8C gentis mo^
xes eKbisbiniiAmeridnau]gadon!bus quf (eqau
HirliquideintelligiLdatan
'!.'
FROM THE COSMOGRAPHI,E INTRODUCTIO.
tants had scarcely answered the expectation of To Columbus himself the new-found regions
those who had pictured from Marco Polo the were only "insulx Indix s'-jjer Gangem," —
golden glories of Cathay. India east of the Ganges ; and the " Indies "
' That part of the page (sig. C) of the September edition (1507) which has the reference to America and
Vespucius.
* That part of the p.ige of the 1507 (September) edition in which the name of America is proposed for
the New World.
,,l.'l
VKSPUCIUS AND THIi NAMING OF AMERICA.
169
which he supposed he hsd found, and (or whose
native races the Asiatic name was borrowed
and continues to abide, remained the Spanisli
designation of their possessions therein, tliough
distinguished in time by the expletive H'tst
Indies.' It never occurred to the discoverers
themselves to give a new name to regions which
they sometimes designated generically as Afiiii-
diis Xoriis or Alhr Orbis ; but it is doubtfid
as Humboldt says, if they intended l)y such
designation any further description than that
the parts discoi-ered were newly found, just as
Strabo, Mela, Cadamosto and others had used
similar designations.'' It was at a much later day,
and when the continental character of the New
World was long established, that some Span-
iard suggested Colonia, or Coliim/iiiiiiu ; and an-
other, aiwious to C(mime:norate the sovereigns
of Castile and Leon, futilely coined the cum-
brous designation of /•'ir-ZsitMicd.^ When Co-
lumbus and others had followed a long stretch
of the norlliern coast of South America without
finding a l)rcak, and when the volume of water
j)ouring through, the mouths of the Orinoco
betokened to his minda.ast interior, it began
to be suspected that the main coast of Asia had
been found; and the designation of Turra firntc
was naturally attached to the whole region, of
which I'aria and the Pearl co.ast were distin-
guishable parts. This designati<m of Firm Land
was gradually localized as explorations ex-
tended, and covered what later was known as
Castilla del Oro ; and bega" lo ,.omprehend in
the time of I'urchas,* for instance, all that ex-
tent of coast from I'aria to Costa Rica.*
When Cabral in 1500 sighted the shores of
Brazil, he gave the name o. i ^■iitct<c CnicL
to the new-found region, — the land of the Holy
Cross; a:d this name continued for some time
to mark as much as was then known of what
we now call South America, and we find it in
such early delineations as the I enox globe and
the maj) of H Iv.Mius in 151 1." It will be re-
membered that in 1502, after what is called his
third voyage, Vespucius had simply named the
same region Alundus Ncn<Hs.
Thus in 1507 there was no general concur-
rence in the designaticMis which h.ad been be-
stowed on these new i.^lands and coasts ; and
the only unbroken line which ha'.l then been
discovered was that stretching from lloiuluras
well down the eastern coast of South America,
if Vespucius' statement of having gone to the
thirty-secon 1 degree of southern latitude was to
be believed. After the exploration of this coast,
— thanks to the skill of Vespuciu.'j in sounding
his own exploits and giving them an attractive
setting out,' aided, probably, by that fortuitous
dispensation of fortune which sometimes awards
fame where it is hardly deserved, — it had come
to pass that the name of Vespucius ha<l, in com-
nioM report, become better asso iatcd than that
01 Columbus with the maguilude of the new
discoveries. It was not so strange then as it
apjiears now that the Floreiiliui., rather than
the Cienoese, was selected for such continental
commemoration. All this happened to some
degree irrespective of the (piestion of priority
in touching Tierra Firiue, as turning U|)on the
truth or falsity of the date 1497 assigned to
the first of the voyages of Ves])ucius.
The proposing of a name was easv ; the ac-
cci)tance of it was not so certain. The little tr.act
had apjieared without any responsible voucher.
The press-mark of St. Die was not a powerful
St imp. The community was obscure, and it had
!)■ en invested with what influeiice it possessed
by the association of Duke Kcne with il.
This did not last long. The Duke died in
l5aS, and his death put a stop to the proje. ted
edition of Ptolemy and broke up the little ])ress;
so that next year (1509), when Waldscemiiller
planneil a new edition of the Cosnioi^raf'/ii.r in-
IroJiiitio, it was necessary to commit it^ to Griin-
inger in Strasburg to print. In this edition
Waldseemiiller first signed his own name to the
preface. Copies of this issue are somewhat less
rare than those of 1507. It is a little tract of
thirty-two leaves, some copies having fourteen,
others fifteen, lines on the back of the folding
sheet." The Lenox Library has examples of
each. There are other copies in the Carter-
1 As early as 1510, for ins. ice, by F.nciso in his Siniia >ic gct\c;ia/:'n,T.
'^ lixaincn ,ritii/iic, i. i.Si ; v. 1S2.
3 .Suggested by I'izanu y Orellano in 1639 ; cf. Navarrctc, [-"rcnch tr., ii. 2S2.
' Pilgiimcs, iv. 143V
' liancrijft, Central America, i. 291.
^ See p. 122.
' lliunboldt {Cosmos, Eng. tr., ii. 420) particul.uly instances his descriptions of the coast of lirazil. l'"or
fifteen biiniliod years, as lliimboklt points out (p. fifio), naturalists had known \vi mention, except that of
Adiilis, of snow in the tropical resiuns, when \'espucius in 1500 s.aw the snowy mountains of Santa Mai t.i.
Ilunibuldt (a>;aiii in his Cosmos, FCng. tr., ii. 664, 667), .iccording Vespucius higher literary accpiireincnts than tlie
other c.irly navii;ators h.iu possessed, speaks of his extolliiii; not ungracefully the glowing richness of the light
and pictiirestiuc Rroupini; and stranijo aspect of the constellations that circle the .Southern Pole, which is sur-
rounded by ST few stars, — and tells how effectively he quoted Dante .at the siyht jf the four stais, which were
not yet for several years to be called the Soutliern Cross. Irving speaks of Vespucius' narrative as " spirited."
s Ilarrissc, no. 60; Brunet, ii. 319.
VOL. II. — 22.
i;o NARKATIVL AND CRITICAL H'STORV OF AMERICA.
.',!■
.ir
i:i
1:1 \
■'0
1 '*'
THE LENOX GLOBE.'
Brown (Cidi/cxiu; vol. i. no. 40), H.irlow, and is still preserved in Seville; but its annota-
Harvard College libraries. Another is in the tions do not signify that the statements in it
Force Collection, Libr.iry of Congress, and one respecting Vespucius' discoveries attracted his
was sold in the Murphy sale (no. 6S1). The attiiition.'' It was this edition which Navar-
cojiy which belonged to Ferdinand Columbus ret j used when he made a Spanish version for
' A section nf the drawing given by Dr. De Costa i'l his monograph on the globe, showing the American
parts reduced to a plane pnijection. and presenting the name of Term Sanctce Criicis. There is another
sketch on p. 123.
'^ Harrlsse, Fcmand Colomb. p. 145.
^
VESI'UCIUS AND THE NAMI.\(; OF AMERICA.
'/'
his C't'.'iVi7i'« (iii. ifjj) D'Avt/at used a cony arc giviii in fac-similt (Ui |iaj;c> m .\ncl 1 1.:, In
ill the Ma/ariiic Lil)rary ; and oilier copies one ihe large region whieli stands (or South
arc noted in the lliitli (i. J56) and Sunderland America lias no designation ; in the other lliere
(C<;Ai/i|;7/c, vol. V. no. 12,9^0) collections. The is supposed to be some relation to I'oUimbus'
account of the voyages in this edition was also own map, while it bears a legend which gives to
printed separately in German as Diss kuliliii Columbus uncquivucally the credit of the dis-
sii.;t/ -iii<- i/ii- z-i'c- ■ ■ ■ /urn; ctc.^
While Ihe Strasburg press was
emitting this 1509 edition it was also
pr'' ling the sheets of another little
iraci, the anonymous CiM'iis ii:iiiiiii^-
of which a facsimile of the title is
annexed, in which it will be perceived
the bit of the New World shown is
called " Newe welt," and not America,
though " .\merica lately discovered "
is the de.--ignation given in the text.
The credit of the discovery is given
unreservedly to Vespucius, and Co-
lumbus is not mentioned."
The breaking up of the press was
a serious blow to the little community
at St.-Die. Ringmann, in the full
faith of completing the edition of
I'tolemy which they had in view, had
brought from Italy a Greek manu-
script of the old geographer; but the
poet was soon to follow his patron,
for, having retired to Schlestadt, his
native town, he died there in 151 1 at
the early age of twenty-nine. The
Ptolemy project, however, did not
fail. Its production was transferred
to Strasburg; and there, in 1513, it
appeared, including the series of
maps associated ever since with the name of
Hylac mylus, and showing evidences in the te.\t
of the use which had been made of Ringmann's
Greek manuscript.
We look to this book in vain for any attempt
to follow up the conferring of the name of Ves-
pucius on the New World.. The two maps
which it contains, showing the recent discoveries.
^ndfotcum qufbtifdaiti tkorngf
pijefldcamrcm
3nrnperQiM(ttiMatneiic(;^e
9ocqiuw(gatipne9*
ttm to lbUdPi|puno«0QUiiii
lnra1foqD(1^Mlllls»
idiofa«iin{xn8
Com9ctt0(rflMK0(rt/tfC(n^d6iuMiC$raf
!8afclltt8/nccaoi|dcrfl.nMib9Mxm»
TITLE OF THE 1509 (sTRASBURG) EDITION.
coverv of the New World. It Ins been con-
tended of late that the earliest cartograi)hical
application of the name is on two globes i)re-
servcd in the collection of the Frciherr von
Ilauslab, in Vienna, one of which (printed) Varn-
hagen in his jiaper on Apianus and Schiiner puts
under 1509, and the other (manuscript) under
1513. Weiser in his A/a^al/idts-Strassc (p. j;)
' Biit. Aiiier. yc!.,\\n. 62; Additions, no. 31; Iluth, v. 1,526; V.irnhagcn, Amerigo Visfucci. p. 11.
Cf. Navarreto, Ofiisciilos, \. 94.
•-' Equally intendrd, as Varnhagen (Le premier voyage, j). 36), thinks to be accompanied by the Latin ot tlie
Qiiatliior n(ivii;atioiies.
8 This little black-letter quarto contains fourteen unnumbered leaves, and the wDoclcut on tlic title is re-
Ijcated on I3ii, verso, E, redo, and Eiiii, verso. There are five other woodcuts, one of which is repeated three
times. Harrisse (Bibl. Amer. Vel., no. 61 ; also p. 462) reports only the ILirvard Colle,i;e copy, whicli was
received from Obadiah Rich in 1S30. There are other entries of this tract in I'anzer, vi. 44, no. 140. under
Argentomti (.Strasburg), referring to the Cievenna Cata/ogiie, ii. 117; Sabin, vii. 2S6; Greiiville Cal.ilo-uc,
p. 480; Graesse, iii. 94; Henry Stevens's Historical Niif;gets, no. 1,252, pricing a copy in i,';r,2 at .Cio \os.;
Harrassowitz (Si, no. 4S), pricing one at 1,000 m.irks; Huth, ii. 602; Court, no. (45 : BiMiotlieca Thotliana,
V. 219: and Humboldt refers to it in his Examen critique, \\. 142, and in his introduction toGhillany's Bchaim,
p. S, note. Cf. also D'Avezac's Waltzemiiller, p. 114; M.ijor's Prince Henry Ihe A'avigal.ir, p. 3,^7, and his
paper in the Archirologia, vol. xl.; Harrisse, Notes on Colitmlms, p. 173. D'.\vezac used a copy in the
Mazarine Library. A German translation, printed also by Griininger at Strasburg, appeared under the title.
Dcr Welt Kugcl, etc. (BiH. Amc. I'f., Additions, no. 32.1 Varnhagen ile premier voyage, p. 36) thinks
this Gerni.-.n text the original one.
172
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OK AMERICA.
< i
'; 'I
mfbmmm
^edaratioliite OefcriMo mimtrt
cttoriuo^o!bioterranim«6lobttlon)(oiid6(»mpsira(ivtfpcfafciU
da^i^a'ctiiuie col mcdiocntertMcro adou^ridtreHmont
npode8c(rc^uo{i|MrcU0«io(trt8opgolitirurit«j&tquaUr«r inxmtf
qu9(^o2bi0pamiy«>muicoTft9magcre qaoint ralutars,fole (in*
jBfxhtcfK locatUunranrr.'qu^nmmtcrramvaaioaeKpcndaie
vfdcntrifolo t)a'ntttufufle(a(a.altif(B DurmoUJo te quatta 0}toi9
tcrrarii parte nupcrab Smcnco rcpcrtai
CtkXf.'tvMctf
fmfMm^
TITLE OF THK 1509 (sTRASnURO) EDITION.
;■ i;
doubts these dates.' The ap))licrition of the
new n.ime, America, we also find not far from
this time, say between I'I2 and 1515, in a
manuscript mappenioudc (sec ]i. 125) which
Nfajor, when he describ'.-d it in the Arc/iirologiii
(xl. ]■>. l), unhesitatingly ascribed to Leonardo
rel.itions l)ctween Da Vinci and Vespucius.
This map bears distinctly the name Amvruij
on the South American continent. Its connec-
tion with Da Viuci is now denied.
Not far from the same time a certain undated
editioi\ of the Cosnuxriif'/iitr inttodintio appeared
da Vinci, thinking that he conld trace ccrta'n at [,yons, though no place is gi'cn. Of this
1 Cf. Ilarrissc, Cabots, 1.S2; O'.Avcz.ic, AliWiituni h Ui Sociilc etc Ceografhic ih- P,uis. Oct. 20, 1871,
p. ifi; .nnd his Waltzcmiiller, p. 116.
■| !
VESPUCIUS AND TMK NAMIVC OF AMERICA.
173
i
V
re
Vespucius.
ime America
Its coiiiiec-
edition there arc two copies in tlie llritisli Mu-
seum, and others in tlic I.cno.v and llailow col-
Itttions ; l)iit iIkv all l.itl< a map,' which is luuml
in a copv lirst bioiinht to public atlcnlioii by lliu
book.sclicr Tross, of I'aiis, in iSSi,- and which
is now owned by Mr. ('. II. Kalbllciscli, of New
Vorl<. Its dale is uncertain. Ilarrisse (/)'///.
Amo. I'll., no. ('},) l)laced il first in 1510, but
later (Cal'ots, p. 182) he dated it abont 1514, as
Tross had already done. D'Avezac [l^altze-
miiller, p. I2J) thinks it could nut have been
earlier than 1517.'
The chief interest of this map to us is the
tact that it bears the words "America noviler
rcperta" on wnat stands for South America;
and there is fair j;roinul for supposing that it
antedates all other printed maps yet known
which bear this name.
At not far from the same time, li.vcd in this
instance certainly in 1515, we lird Am,ri,,i on
the earliest known globe of .Schiini r ■• I'rol. -'ily
lirinted to accompany this globe, is a rare little
tract, issued the same year (1515) at Nuremberg,
under the tKli of LihiiAii/issimu i/iucJa ttiric
Mills diSiriptio. In this Schoner speaks of a
"fourth part of the globe, i.amed after its tlis-
coverer, Amcricus Vespucius, a man of sagacious
mind, who "^ound it in 1497," adopting the con-
troverted uite.''
Meanwhile the fame of Vespucius was jiros-
pering with the Viemia coterie. One of them,
Georg Tanstetter, sometimes called CoUimitius,
was editing the Dc italiira locontm iil'inm of
Albertus Magnus ; and apparently after the iiook
was printed he made with type a marginal note,
to cite the profession of Vespucius that he had
reached to fifty degrees south, as showing that
there was habitable land so far towards the
Southern Pole.'"
Joachim Watt, or Vadianu.s, as he was called
in ''is edil'irl.il Latin, had in 1515 ulopted the
new n 'me of America, and repeated it in 151S,
when liL- re|iroibKtd hi» Utter in his edition of
I'oniponii.s Mel.i, a> explained on another page.'
Apian had been employed to make the niappe-
mondK.' fi . il, which was t > slmw the new discov-
eries. Tl^e map seems not to have been hnished
in time; Imt when it appeared, two yrars later
(1520), in the new edition of Solinus, by Ca-
nters, thoiigh it bore the laine of America on
the soutliirn main, it still p esencdthe legend in
connection tliei.with which awarded the discov-
ery to Colundius." Watt now (piarrelled with
I'amers, for they had worked jointly, and their
two books are usually found in one cover,
with Apian's map between them. Returning to
St. dall, Vadi.uuis practised there as a physi-
cian, ant' re-issued his Mela at Uasle in 15-.;,
dedicating it to that l)i. 1 al)cr who had been
tl.e teacher of Kingmann in I'aris eighteen years
before."
In 1522 Lorenz Friess, or Laurenlius I'hry-
sius, another of Duke Rene's coterie, a corre-
spondent of Vespucius, published a new edition
of I'tolemy at the Griininger press in Stras-
burg, in which the fame of Columbus and Ves-
pucius is kept up in the usual etpializing way.
The preface, by T 'lomas Ancuparius, sounils the
praises of the Florentine, ascribing to him the
discovery "of what we to-day call America;"
the Admiral's map, Tiihiiht 7',)-)e .A'.tc,"' which
Waldsecmiiller hail published in the 1513 edi-
tion, is once more reproduced, with other of flu
maps of that edition, re-engraved on a reduced
t S'^c this Vol. p. 120.
" No. 4,f)24 of Ins Ciittiloi;tie, no. xiv. of that year.
' This I^itin text of liassin was also printed at Venice in 1537 (/?//■/. Amer. l\t., Aildilioits, no. 156;
Lederc, no. 2,517). Ilumbolilt {Exniiicn critique, iv. io2, 114) and others h.ive been misled by a similarity of
title in supposinfi that there were other editiuns of the Cosmogra/'liitr introdiiclh published at Ingolclstadt in 1529,
15V, .ind at Venice in 1535, 1541, 1;
..nd 1
554. 'I his book, however, is only an abridgment of Apian's
CDw;iy»-(7//;ra, which was originally printed at I,.->ndshiit in 1524. Cf. Huth, i. 357 ; I,eclcrc,no. 1561 D'Avezac,
WaltzemiiUer, p. 124. Tlie liassin versii.n of the voy.igcs was later the Ijasis of the accounts, eUher at length
or abridged, or in versions in other languages, in the Paesi nmamciilc and its translations ; in the Noviis orbis
of 1532 (it is here given .is .addressed to Kcne, King of Sicily .and Jerusalem), and later, in Kanuisio's Viafi;:,
vol. i. ( 1 550) ; in Ede 's Trcatyse of tlic Ncwe India (1553); in the I'.'isloricilc description dc I'A/rii/iic o' Leo
Africanus (ijjf)),— c. Cnrter-llnmii Catalogue, i. 211, 229; in I)e Bry, first .tnu second parts of tlie
Grands loyajic and third and fomlh of the Pclits !'i>;',;.',-.(, not to name other of the older collections; and
among later ones in Uandini, Vita c letlerc di Vcsf-iicci (pp. 1, 3;;, 46. 5;), and in the Collec(ao dc noticias fara
a historia c gcoxrafia das na^'es iillramarinas (iS 1 2), published by the K(jyal Academy of Lisbon. Varnhagcn
reprints the Latin text in his Aiiicrij;o Vcs/>iicci. p. ^4.
■• Depicted on p. iiS. Cf. Wiese-, Magallnics-Strassc, pp. 26, 27.
« Bil'l. After. Vet., p. ij3.
« The original edition appeared .at Vienna i.i 1514; but it was reprinted at Strasburg in 151;. Cf. .Sibin,
vol. i. no. 671 ; Bil>l. Amrr. Vet., nos. y(,, 77, 7S ; Stevens, Bibliothcca t^cographica, 70; Cartcr-Bro\vn, vol. i.
no. 4.S.
• See the following section of the present chapter.
' See a fac-simile of this part of the map in the chaiiter on Magellan.
» Stevens, liiHi^ilieca historica (1S70), no. 1,272 ; Bibliothcca geograpliica, no. 1,824.
'" See p. 112.
,"■'('
•74
NAUkATIVL AND CKlTlCAL HISTOUY OF AMLKICA.
*' !l .
!'. !
im
,
ii
stale. Tlic itMLiI Icneiitl, cnditing the iliscmcry
Id C'i)liiiiil)\i.<, IS shiiMr, in ;i sccliiiii of the map,
wliitli In fjivcn ill aiiiiilicr place' I'hrysius .n ■
kliiiwlc-ilnca that the maps are essentially Wald-
scemullcr'.s, though they have some thaiines and
addititiiis; hilt he adds a new niappenioinle nt'
hi* own, piilliiiH the name America mi the ureal
southern main, — the (list lime of its appearing
in any map of the riokiny st.ies A (ac-simile
is annexed.
'I'lure is thus far alisolntely no proof that
any one disputed the essential fads of the dis-
covery liy ('olnmbns of the unliving islands of
Asia, as the belief went, or denied him llie credit
of K'^i"K •' I'cw world to the crowns of Ara^on
and Castile, whether that were Asia or not.
'I'he maps which have come (U)wii to lis, so far
as they record anything, invariably jjivc Colnm-
bus the credit. The detractors and panegyrists
of Vespuciii.s have asserted in turn that he was
privy to the doings at St. -Die and Strasluirj,',
and that he was not ; liut proof is lacking for
either pioposition. No one can dispute, how-
ever, that he was dead before his name was ap-
plied to the new discoveries on any published
map.
If indeed the date of 1497, as given by the
.St.-I)ie publication, was correct, there niii^lit liave
been ground for adjudging liis explorations of
the mainland to have antedated tliose of Colum-
bus; but the conclusion is irresistible lliat either
the Spanish authorities did not know that sucli
a claim had been made, or they decmeil the date
.m error of the press; since to rely upon the
claim would have helped them ni their conthct
with the heirs of (.'oUimbiis, which began the
year following the publication of that claim, or
in 150S, and continued to ve.\ all concerned till
1527; antl (luting all that time Vespucius, as
has been mentioned, is not named in llie
records of the proceedings. It is eipiaily hard
to believe that Ferdinand Columbus woukl
have passed by a claim derogating from the
fame of his father, if it had tome to him as a
positive assertion. That he knew of the Sl.-
Die tract we liave direct evidence in his pos-
session of a copy of it. i'hat it did not trouble
him we know also with as much confidence as
negative testimony can impart; for we have no
knowledge of his noticing it, but instead the
positive assertion of a contemporary that he di'tj
not notice it.
The claim for Vespuciu-', however, was soon
lo be set up. In 1527 l.as Casas began, if we
m.iy believe (Juintana, the writing of his ///.i-
A''/,;,- It is not e;isy, however, to \\x precisely
the year when he tells us that the belief hail
liccomc current of V'espiiciiis being really ihe
first to set his foot on the main. " .Amerigo," he
tell", us further,' " is saiil to have placed the n,ime
of AiiKiic > on maps,' thus sinfully f.iiling toward
the .\dmii,il. If he purposely gave ciirreucv to
this belief in his first setting foot on the main, it
was a great wickedness; and if it was not done
intenti<mally, it look- like it." l.as Casas still
m;ikes ;illowances, and fails of positive accns.a-
lion, when again he speaks of "the injustice
of Amerigo, or the injustice perhaps lho.se who
printed the Qidiltiiio- lurixiitioiu's appear to have
c<immilted lowanl Ihe Admiral;" and once more
when he says that " foreign writers call the
country .Vmerica: it ought to lie called Co-
lumba " liUt he grows more positive as he goes
on, when he wonders how Fer(lin;ind Columbus,
who had, as he says, Vespucius' account, could
have found nothing in it of deceit and injustice
to object to.
Who were these "foreign writers,'" Slob-
nicza, of Cracow, in the hitiwliutio in C/.iiiilii
Ptholomci cosmof;)\tphi(i, which he published in
1513, saiil : " Kt no soli I'lolomeo laborassem,
cnravi etiani notas faccre ipiasdam partes terre
ipsi ptoloineo alijsipie velustioribus ignolas tpie
Amerii vespucij aliorum(|uc liistratione ad nos-
tram noticiam puenere," I'pon the reverse of
folio v., in the chapter " I)e meridianis," occurs :
", "similiter in occasu ultra africam & europam
magna pars terre (|uaiii ab .Americo eius reptore
.Americam vocani vulgo autem novus mundus
dicitur." Upon the reverse of folio vii. in the
chapter "De partibus terre" is this; " Non
solu aut pdictc Ires ptes nunc sunt lacius lnstr:ite,
veiuin iV alia ipiata pars ab Americo vesputio
sagacis ingenii viro inventa est, quam ab ipso
Americo eius inventore .Amerigem qsi a americi
terrain sive americii appellari volunl cuius lati-
tudo est sub lota toirida zona," etc. These
expre:,sions were repeated in the second edition
in 1519. -Apian in 1524 had accepted the name
in his Cosiin\'r,t^/uiii.i li/vr, as he had in an
uncertain way, in 1522, in two editions, one
' .'see chapter on Ma';ellan.
2 Helps, lunvevLT, cannnt trace liiin at work upon it before 1552, ami he had nut finished it in 1561 ; and
for till 'e centuries yet to come it was to remain in manuscript.
" I. lok i. cap. 140.
* W^m^sd {Fcnianil Co/.wii. p. 30), says: "The .absence of nautical charts and planispheres, not only
in the Co,.iinbina, but in all the nniniincnt offices of Spa'ii. is a sign.il disappointment. There is one chart
which abo\ • all we need, — made by Vespucius, and wliicli, in i;iS, was in the collection of the Infanta
l"i.rdinand, 'jrothcr of Charles V." .\ copy of Valscjua's chart of 1430 which belonged to Vespucius, being
marked '• Oi csta ,ampla pclle di gcojraphia fii pa.^.ita da .AnuTigo Vespucci cxxx duciti di oro di m.irco," was,
accurdini; tj Ilarrisse (Biei/. .Im-i. Vit. AJJ.. p. xxiii), in existence in Majorca as late as 1S3S.
VESPUCIU.S AM) THE N.\.MIN'(; OF AMERICA.
J75
ry that Ik* (IkJ
VCT, W.ls MJilll
< l)cnaii, It wu
t; <if his ///.I-
) li.x pii'tisflv
lie liclii'f linil
IK really the
AmcriHo," he
ICLll lIlC IlillllC
f.iilini; tnwanl
c ciiirenty ti>
II the main, it
was not (lone
as Casas still
isitive accuaa-
'the injustice
ips those who
))|)eai to have
^nil once more
iters call the
)C called Co-
ive as he j^oes
nd Coliimlnis,
jccoimt, could
: and injustice
iters?" Stob-
;7/i> in C/iiiiifii
published in
c) laborassem,
II partes terre
is ij;nolas ipie
^tioiie ad nos-
he reverse of
aiiis," occurs :
n iV europam
) eiiis rcplori'
)vus muiulus
lio vii. in the
this; " Non
kIus liistrale,
rico vesputio
nam ab i|)so
('isi a americi
ml cuius lali-
etc. These
ccoiid edition
)tc(l the name
ic had in an
editions, one
t in 1 561 ; ,incl
hcres, not only
;re is one chart
of the Infanta
espucius, bcinij
di m.irco," was,
a
LAURENTIUS FRISIUS, IN THE IIOLEMY OK 15^2 {^watcrly /■arl.)
i7<>
NAKKAIIVK AND CKITlCAL HISTORV OK AMl.KICA,
M
|>rliilc(l at Katiitboii, ihc other wilhinit placi',
iif till tract, Ihihtiiitio cl USUI fyfi lOsmixni/'/iiii,
illu.ttralivc i>f IiIk map.'
(<larcaiiu« in 1529 Hiiokc o( the land to tliv
wett "(luam AnuTicani vocant," ilimi);!) la-
ic)u|ilcs till' names of C'i>ltiinl)ii!t and V>'>|iik'Iu!I
in >|>eakinK •'! itn diitcoviTy. Apian and (ii nini.i
riirysius in tliiir Ci'snii\i;iiif'/iiii of tin s.iine Viar
ti'iogni/i till' niw name;''' and I'liry»in» again
in his /'< f-iiiiiipiis iislii'iiomuc, first published
at Antwerp in I5,}0, )!fl\K a chapter (im. xxx.)
to " Aineriia," and rtpe.iled it in later edi-
tions,'' Munstcr in the .Wrus cr/'is of 1552
finds that the extended loast of South America
"lakes the name of America from Amcricus,
who discovered it."* We lind the name again
in the Efilome Iriiim ti-riic /'iirliiim cjf V'adianus,
published at 'I'iguri in 1534/' and in llonlcr's
Kiiilinuntorum d'smogiiipliiir libri, published .it
llask' in the same year When the Spanish
sea-manual, Medina's Aitt' tie iiii-rxd'', was pub-
lished in Italian at Vjnice in 154.), it had a
chart with America on it ; and the /)i- s/'/iura
of (.'ornclius Valerius (Antwerp, 1561) says
this fourth part of the world took its naiiic
from Americus.
Thus it was manifest that popular belief, out-
si<le of Spain, at least," was, as LasCasas altirms,
working at last into false channels. Of course
the time would come when Vespuiius, wrong-
fully or rightfully, would be charged with pro-
moting this belief. He was already dead, and
could not repel the insinuation. In 1533 this
charge came for the first time in print, so far as
we now know, and from one who had taken his
part in sjjreading the error. It has already been
mentioned how Schiiner, in his globe of 1515,
and in the little book which explained (hat
globe, had accepted the name from the coterie
of the Vosgc.s. He still used the name in 1520
In another globe.' Now in 1533, in his 0/«/-
(iiliim .(.'iryii;////! ;«;« fx dnvnorum lihiis lU ciir/is
siimniii iiDii »> <////(,'<•////.» tMitum, lUivmiUitiim
tiif ntfiiti-r iliihoiiiliim ,ih eoJcm j;Miim t/fni/^
fii'iiis li-rreiM. loiu/nmi ('iiHitiiirii. J:x iirb*
i\'i<rhii, . . . Aniiii XXX///,'* he unreservedly
charged Ve.^pucius with fixing his own name
upon that region of Indi.i Superior which lie
believed to be an i.«laiiil."
In I S35, in a new edilion of i'tolemy, Serve-
tiis repeated the map of the New World from
the editions of 15:2 and 1525 which liell)e(l to
give further currency to the ii.inie of America;
but he checks his readers in his text by saying
that those arc misled who call the continent
America, since Vespnciiis never touched it till
long after Columbus had.'" This cautious state-
ment did not save Servetus from the disdainful
comment of Ooinara (1551), who accuses th.at
editor of I'tidemy of attempting to blacken the
name of the Florentine.
It was but an easy process for a euphonious
name, once acce;ited for a large l)arl of the new
discoveries, gradually to be extended until it
covered thim all. The discovery of the Smith
.Sia by Ilalboa in 1513 rendered it certain that
there was a country of unmistakably continental
extent lying south of the field of Columbus'
observations, which, though it might prove to be
connected with Asia by the Isthmus of Panama,
was still Worthy of an indei)endent designation."
We have seen how the Land of the Holy Cross,
I'aria, and all other names gave way in recog-
nition of the one man who had best satisfied
Europe that this region had a continental extent.
If it be admitted even that Vespucius was in
any way privy to the bestowal of his naine upon
it, there was at first no purpose to enlarge the
application of such name beyond this well-rec-
ognized coast. That the name went beyond
|;},t|"
I '1 iiC letters AM apjicar upon the representation of the New World contained in it.
'■1 Cf. (in r.emnia Frisiiis' additions to Apianiis' Cosmografhia, published in Spanish from the Latin in
154S, what Nav.-irrete says in his Ofiisciilos, ii. ■;(>.
8 Antwcrj), 1544, cap. xxx. " America ab inventore Amcrio [«V] Vesputio noinen habet ; " Antwerp, 1548,
adds " alii llrcsiliam vocat ; " Paris, 1548, cap. xxx., "de America," and cap. xxxi. "de insulis apud Amcri-
cam;" I'.iris, ujfi, etc. Cf. Harrisse, Bilil. Amcr. Vet., nos. 156, 252, 279; Additions, nos. 92, 168.
♦ "(luam ab .\nierico prinio inventore Americam vocant."
* " Insularum America cognoniinata obtenditur."
1 Sir Tliumas More in his Utofta (which it will be remembered was an island on which Vespucius is repre-
sented as IcavinK one of his companions), .as published in the 1551 edition at London, speaks of the general
repute of \'espiicius' account, — " Those iiii voyaj;es that Ix! nowe in printe and abrode in cuery manncs handes."
Cf. Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. i. no. 162. William Cuningham, in his Cosmografhical Glasse (London,
1559), ignores Columbus, and gives Vespucius the credit of finding " America " in June, 1497 (Ibid., no. 228).
' Sec p. 119.
s Bihl. Amcr. Vet., no. 17S; Carter-Brown, vol. i, no. 106; Charles Deane's paper on Schoner in the
Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc, October, 1S83.
u /ixamcn critique, v. 174. Here is a contemporary's evidence that Vespucius supposed the new coasts
to be Asia.
'" " Tota itatpie tjuod aiunt alwrrant cielo qui banc contincntem Americd nuncupari contendunt, cum Amer-
icus multo post Columbfl candO tcrram .idicret, nee cum Ilispanis illc, sed cum Portugallensibus, ut suas merces
coinmutarct, co sc contulito." It was repeated in the edition of 1541.
" Pedro de Lcdesma, Columbus' pilot in his third voyage, deposed in 1513 that he considered Paria a part
of Asia (Navarrcte, iii. 539).
i>'
(!!'
, ill his Ofui-
lihns III- (iirlii
, iUivmoJiitiim
\;liil>iim lUiii/^
rii. Ji\ tirbt
: unrcscrvciily
lis own iiniiR'
rior which he
THIll
- a euphonious
lart of tlic new
ended until it
y of the South
it certain that
ibly continental
of Columbus'
ght prove to he
lus of I'anama,
it designation."
he Holy Cross,
way in rccog-
I best satisfied
tinental extent,
spucius was in
his name upon
to enlarge the
this wcU-rec-
went beyond
Dm the Latin In
tspucms IS repre-
s of the general
manncs handes."
Glasse (London,
(Ibid., no. 228).
Schoner In the
1 the new coasts
idunt, cum Amcr-
IS, ut suas merces
ercd Paria a part
MERCATOR, 1541.'
1 This Is the configuration ol Mercator's gores (for a globe) reduced to Mercator's subiequently-derlsed
projection.
VOL. II. — 23.
M
I
178
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
lU
liA
:ji^!
(! :
m
t
that coast came of one of those shaping tenden-
cies which are without control. " It was," as
Humboldt says,' " accident, and not fraud .md
dissensions, which deprived the continent of
America of the name of Columbus." It was
in 1541, and by Mercator in his ;irinted ^orcs
for a globe, tha' in a cartographical r-cord
we first find the name Aiiiirica extended to
cover the entire continent ; for he places the
letters AME at liacc.alaos, and completed the
name with RIC,\ at the La Plata.' T'l.us
the injustice was made perpetual ; .and there
seems no greatei instance of the instability
of truth in the world's history. Such mon-
strous perversion could but incite an indigna-
tion which needed a victim, — and it found him
in Vcspucius. The intimation of Hchoncr was
magnified in lime by everybody, .and the unfor-
tunate date of M97, as well as the altogether
doubtful .ispect of his Qiiattiioy navi^^ationcs,
heljicd on the .accusation. Vespucius stood in
every cyclop.xdia and iiistoiy as the personifi-
cation of baseness and arrogance ; ' and his
treacherous return for the kindness which Co-
lumbus did him in February, 1505, when he gave
him a letter of recommendation to his son
Diego,^ at a time when the Florentine stood in
need of such assistance, was often mad" to point
a moral. The most cmph.atic of these .ccuscrs,
worising up his case with every subsidiary help,
has been the V,. ..count Santarem. lie will not
admit the possibility of Vespucius' ignorance
of the movement at St. -Die. " We are led to
the conclusion," he says, in summing up, " that
the name given to the new continent after the
death of Columbus was the result of a precon-
ceived plan against his memory, either design-
edly and with malice aforethought, or by the
secret influence of an extensive patronage of
foreign merchants residing at Seville and else-
where, dependent on Vespucius as naval con-
tractor."''
It was not till Humboldt approached the
subject in the fourth and fifth volumes of his
E.xiiiiitii critique i/<? I'/iistoirc ct </<• la giograpliie ,iit
ih'iiTium monde that the great injustice to Ves-
pucius on account of the greater injustice to
Columbus began to be apparent. No one but
Santareiv since Humboldt's time, has attempted
to rehabilitate the old arguments. Those who
are cautious had said before that he might
pardonably have given his name to the long
coast-line which he had tracked, but that he was
not responsible for its ultimate expansion." Hut
Humboldt's opinion at once prevailed, and he re-
viewed and confirmed i.hem in his Cosmos? Hum-
boldt's views are convincingly and elaborately
cnfcrced ; but the busy reader ni.iy like to know
they are well epitomized by Wiescner in a paper,
".Vmeric Ve.spuce et Christophe Colonib: la ve-
ritable origine du noin d'.Vmeritiue," which was
published lii the Rcviic dcs questions /listoiii/iws
(1866), i. 225-252, and translated into English
in the Catholic Jfor/i/ (1S67), v. 611.
The best English authority on this question
is Mr. R. II. Major, who has examined it
with both thoroughness and condensation of
statement in his paper on the Da Vinci map in
the Arc/h<-olox'ia, vol. .xl., in his Prince I/cnry
the A'avigittor (|)p. 367-380),'* and in his Dis-
coi'crics of Prince Henry, chap. .xiv. Harrisse
in his Fill. Amer. Vet., pp. 65, 94, enumerates
the contestants on the question ; and Varnhagen,
who is never unjust to Columbus, traces in a
summary way the progress in the .acceptance of
the name of America in his Non-rclles recherches
sur les (ieniiers voyaj^vs tin iiarigitteur Florentin.
In German, Oscar Peschel in his Geschichte des
' Cosmos, Eng. tr., ii. 676.
2 Wicscr, Dcr Portulan ties Kbnigs Philifp, vol. ii. Vienna, i.S;6.
■'' See instances cited by Prof. J. D. Butler, Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, vol. ii.
(1S73, '574). Tlieiewas .an attempt made in 1S4;, by some within tlie New York Historical Society, to render
'ardy justice to the memory of Cohimbus by taking his name, in the form of Columbia, as a national designation
01 the United States; but il necessarily failed {^fass. Hist. Soc. I'roc, ii. 313). " .MIegania '' was an alter-
native suggestion made at the same time.
< This letter is preserved in t!".c .Archives of the Oiike of Veragii.is. It lus been often printed. Harrisse,
Notes or. Columbus, p. 149.
■' Vizcondc de Santarem ( .Manoel Francisco de Barros y .Sousa), Researches respectinf; Amcricus Vesfncius
andhis Voyages. Translated by E.V. Childe (liostcm, 1.S50), 221 pp. lomo. This isa translation of the Recherches
historii/iies. critiques et bihliograj'hiqiies sur Ainiric Vcspuce ct scs voyages, which was published In Paris in
1842. Santarem had before this sought to discredit the vo\ ages claimed for Vesimcius in i;oi and 1503, and
had communicated a memoir on the subject to Navarretc's Colccciou. He also published a paper in the Bulletin
de la .'^ocicte de Gcogra/>hi'- do Paris m October, 1.S3;, and added to his statements in subsetiuent numbers
(October, 1835; September. 1S3'); February and September, 1S37). These various contributions were com-
bined and annotat''d in the Recherches. etc., already mentioned, Cf. his Mcmoria e investigacioncs hisloricas
sobre los viajcs de Amcrico Vesfucio. in the Recucil complet de trades, vi. 304. There is a biography of \'cs-
puciu-., with an appendix of '' Pruebas e ilustraciones " in the Colccciou de Opusculos of Navarrete, published
(KS4S) at Madrid, after his death.
" Such, for instance, was Caleb Cushing's <,pinion in his Reminiscences v' .*>/>'"", ii. 234.
' Eng. tr., ii. fiSo.
3 These chapters are reprinted in Sabin's American liibiiofolist, 1870-1871.
-y.\
\ Il
VESI'L'CIUS AND THE NAMING OF AMEFUCA.
179
ZdUlUrs ,kr Entikckiiiif;ai (book ii. chap. 13) has
examined tlie matter with a scholar's instincts.
The siiljject was loUowcd by M. Schoctter 1
paper read at tlie Congres dcs Amcricani> at
laixemburg in 1S77 ; but it is not apparent Irom
the abstract of the paper in the Pio,ccdiiiss of
that session (!>. 357) dwt any new light was
thrcjwn iii)on the matter.
I'rofessor Jules Marcou would drive the
subject beyond the bounds of any personal
associations by establishing the origin of the
name in the native designation (Americ, Amer-
rique, Ameri(iue) of a range of mountains in
Central America;' and Mr. T. H. Lambert,
in the BiilUtin of the American Geographical
Society (no. i of 1SS3), asks us to find the ori-
gin in the name given by the Peruvians to their
country, — neither of which theories has re-
ceived or is likely to receive any considerable
acceptance.-
1 His theory was advanced in a paper on "The Orit;in of the Name Amurica" in \.\\c AllitnliiMoiilhly
(March, iS;,), .\xxv. jyi.andin " Sur I'drigine du nom d'Ainerique,'' in the Biilhtin dc la SiKiitc Je Giog-
i-iifhie ile Paris, June, 1S75. He aij.iin advanced his theory in the New York Nation, April 10, 1SS4, to which
the ditors replied that it w.is " fatally ingenious,'' — a courteous rejoinder, quite in contrast with that of II. H.
U.incro.'' in his Central America (i. 291), who charges the I'rofessor with •' seeking fame through foolishness "
and his I 'eory. Marcuu's argument in part depends upon the fact, .as he claims, that Vespucius' n.ame was
projierly .-Vlhericus or Alherico, and he disjiutes the genuineness of autographs wliicli make it Amerigo; but
nothing was mure common in those days than variety, fur one cause or another, in the fashioning of names.
\Vc hnd the Florentine's n.ime variously written, — .-Xnierigo, Merigo, ..Mmerico, Alberico, Alberigo ; and
Vespucci, Vospucy, Vespuchi, Vespuchy, Vespuuo, Vespulsius, Uespuchi, lispuchi ; or in Latin Vespucius,
Vespuccius, and Vcsputius.
- The Cicrmans have written more or less to connect themselves with the name as with the naming, —
deducing Amerigo or Americus from the Old German Eniinerich. C'f. Von der Hagcn, Ja/iriiic/i </er Berliner
Geselheliaft (Hr Deutsche Sfrache, iS;;; Notes and Queries, 1856; Histcrical Magazine, January, 1857,
p. 24 ; Dr. Theodo- Vcttcr in New York Nation, March 20, 1SS4 ; Humboldt, Examen critique, iv. 52-
ntcd. Harrisse,
AI'I.\NUS {from Kuusner's [cones, 1590, p. 175).
It
^tFlT'
if
. 'r ii
.^1 II
!i ,
i^r-i]
1.1
t'tfl
I'f
■LIS
(Hi
•!»
■H-1
^i: 111
; ' I
THE BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF
POMPONIUS MELA, SOLINUS, VADIANUS,
AND APIANUS.
BY THE EDITOR.
OF Pcmponius Mela we know little beyond the year 43 a. d.' The Mfio prinaps of this
the fact that he was born in Spain, not far treatise was printed in 147 at Milan, it is sup-
from Gibraltar, and that he wrote, as seems posed, by Antonius Zarotus, under the title
probable, his popular geographical treatise in Cesmographia. It was a small quarto of fifty-
.tJT
t^ n II »
/ "Pi-- ■■
"^ I C H X « "
POMPONIUS MF.LA'S world.''
1 Bimbury, A Jory of Ancient Geography , ii. 352-36S.
2 Reduced after map in liunbury's Ancient Geography (London, iS;o), ii. 368.
POMPONIUS MELA, SOLINUS, VADIANUS, APIANUS. l8l
lOACHIMVS VADIANVS MEDI.
cus.&l'oeta.
Phahieultorermumedtujtudtolk^artis,
AC milieu Calli c.oufiiLin vrbe loBUs,
Mf P. LI,
VADI.\NUS.'
nine leaves. Two copies have been sold lately.
The Suiulcrland copy (no. 10,117) brought
;fii 5^., and has since been held by Quaritch
at /i5 15.?. Another copy was no. S97 in
part iii. of the lUckforJ Catalos^ue. In 1478
there was an edition, De situ orHs, at Venice
(Sunderland, no. io,iiS); and in 1482 another
edition, Cosmosp-aphin geot^afhica, was also pub-
li.shed at Venice (Leclcrc, no. 456 ; Murphy,
no. 2,003 > T)'Avezac, Gt'otjrapfies Grecs et Latins,
p. 13). It was called Ccs/inxni/'/iia in the edi-
tion of 1498 (Bin. Amer. I'lt., Additions, no. 8 ;
Huth, iv. 1 166) ; Dc orbis situ in that of Venice,
1502 ; De totins orbis descriptione in the Paris
edition of 1507, edited by Geofroy Tory (A. J.
Bernard's Ccofroy Tory, premier imprimeur
royal, Paris, 1865, p. 81; Carter-Brown, i. 32;
Muller, 1872, no. 2,318 ; 1877, no. 2,062).
In 1512 the text of Mela came under new
influences. Henry Stevens (Biblictheea geo-
f;rap/iica, p. 210) and others have pointed out
how a circle of geographical students at this
time were making Vienna a centre of interest
by their interpretation of the views of Mela and
Fac-simile of a cut in Keusner's hones (Strasburg, 1590). p 162.
l82
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
m I in
s^jki'ii;''^'
I ■ .
i I,
■m
i)f Solinus, a writer of tlif third century, wliosc
I'otyhistor is a description of the world known
to the ancients. Within this knot of cosniogra-
phers, John Camers inidertook the editing of
Mela ; and his edition, Dc situ orl'is, was printed
1)V Jean Singrein at Vienna in 1512, though it
bears neither iilace nor date (Stevens, liihlio-
t/iiCii j;ii'i,'rti/'/iiiti, no. 1,825; D'Avezac, Giv-
i,'i-(i/>/iis Gnrs ct Latins, p. 14; Lcclcrc, no. 457 ;
Sunilerlaiul, no. 10,119). Anotlier Mela of the
same year (1512) is known to have been printed
liy WLi.-SL'nburger, presumably at Nuremberg,
and edited by Johannes Cocleius as Cosmogra-
phiii Pviiifonii Mclc : oiitluuis ititiJissimi tribiis
lihris dii^cstit .... compcndio yoliannis CocUi
Xonti iidiiiicfii (juo ,4Vi;j,'/v;///;'i' priihipia f;ciicr-
<i/it,r comprelicduntiir (Weigcl, 1S77, no. 227;
there is a copy in Charles Deane's library). In
1517 Mela made a part of the collection of
Antonie Francino at Florence, which was re-
issued in 1519 and 1526 (l)'Avezac, p. iC; Sun-
derland, nos. 10,121, 10,122).
Meanwhile another student, Joachim Watt,
a native of .St. Clall, in Switzerland, \ w about
thirty years old, who had been a student of
Camers, and who is better known by the latin-
ized form of his name, Vadianus, had, in No-
vember, 1 514, addressed a letter to Kudolfus
Agricola, in which he adopted the suggestion
lirst made by Waldsecmiiller that the fore-name
of Vespucius should be applied to that part of
the New World which we now call Brazil. This
letter w.is printed at Vienna (1515) in a little
tract, — Iltibis, Lector, hoc lilh-Uo, Rmiolplii Ai^'ii-
coiif yimioris Rlicti ad Joclinitiim I'adiaiium cfis-
tolavi, — now become very rare. It contains also
the letter of Agricola, Sept. i, 1514, which drew
out the response of Vadianus dated October 16,
— Agricola on his part referring to the work on
Mela which was then occupying Vadianus (a
copy ownetl by 'itXcstWi, Bibliothcca i;coi;rafliica,
no. 2,799, passed into the Iluth l,ibrarv, Cata-
loi^'iit; V. 1506. Harrassowitz has since priced a
copy, Cat,dv:^iic, List 61, no. 57, at 2S0 marks).
The Dc situ orbis of Mela, as edited by Vadi-
anus, came out finally in 151S, and contained
one of the two letters, — that of Vadianus him-
self; and it is in tliis reproduction that writers
have usually referred to its te.\t (llarrisse, Bibl.
Amer. /'(/., no. 92; Murphy, no. 2,004 ; Leclerc,
no. 45S ; Sunderland, no. 10,120; Gracsse, v.
401 ; Carter-lirown, i. 55). Camers also issued
at the same time an edition uniform with the
Aldiiie imprint of Solinus; and this and the
Mela are often found bound together. Two
years later (1520) copies of the two usiiallv have
bound up between them the famous cordiform
map of Apiar (I'ctrus Apianus, in the Latin
form; IJienewit/, in his vernacular). This for a
long time was considered the earliest engraved
map to show the name of America, which ap-
peared, as the annexed fac-simile shows, on the
representation of South America. 'I'here may
be some question if the map eijually belongs to
the Mela and to the Solinus, for the two in this
edition are usually bound together ; yet in a few
copies of this double book, as in the Crannier
copy in the ISritish Museum, and in the Iluth
copy (Catalogue, iv. 1372), there is a map for
each book. There are copies of the .Solinus
in the Carter-Urown, Leno.x, Harvard College,
Boston Public, and American Antiquarian Soci-
ety libraries (cf. llarrisse, A'olcs on Columbus,
p. 175; liibl. Anicr. i'ct., no. loS ; Murphy, no.
^,ii^\ Triibner, 1S76, /is \y.; Weigel, 1S77,
240 marks ; Calvary, 1SS3, 250 marks; Leclerc,
iSSi, no. 2,686, 500 francs ; Kills i\: White,
1S77, ^^25). The inscription on the map reads:
"Tipus orbis universalis ju.vta I'tolomei cos-
mographi traditiouem et Americi Vespucii ali-
osque lustrationes a I'etro Apiauo Leysnico
elucbrat. An. Do. AL I). NX." narris.sc'(AV/V.
Aiucr. I'ct., Additions, no. 68) cites from \'arnha-
gen's J'ostfacc au.x trois li~rraisons sur Vespucci, a
little tract of eight leaves, which is said to be
an exposition of the map to accompany it, called
Dcclaratio ct usus typi cosniographici, Katisbt)n,
1522. The map was again used in the first com-
plete edition of I'etcr ALartyr's Decades, when
the date was changed to " M. D. XXX " (Carter-
Brown, i. 94; liibl. Ainer. I'et., no. 154; Kunst-
maun, Entdeckuni; Ainei-ikas, p. 134; Kohl,
Die beiden iiltesten General-h'artcn -con Anierika,
p. T,},; Uricoechea, Mapotcca Colombiana, no. 4).
Vadianus meanwhile had quarrelled with Ca-
mers, and had returned to St. Gall, and now
re-edited his Mela, and published it at Basle
in 1522 (Bibl. Amcr. I'et., no. 112; Murphy,
no. 2,004**; Carter-Brown, i. 590; Leclerc,
no. 459).
In 1524 Apianus published the first edition
of his cosmographical studies, — a book that
for near a century, under various revisions, main-
tained a high reputation. The Cosmographicus
liber was published at Landshut in 1524, — a
thin cpiarto with two diagrams showing the
New World, in one of which the designation is
" .Vmeri " for an island ; in the other, "America."
Bibliographers differ as to collation, some .giv-
ing t'.fl\two, and others si.xty leaves; and there
are evidently different editions of the si'.ine year.
The book is usually priced at £.^ or £,(i. Cf.
ILirrisse, A'otes on Columbus, p. 174; Bibl.
Amcr. Vet., no. 127, anA Additions, -p. ^y ; Carter-
Brown, i. 78; Iluth, i. 39; Murphy, no. 93;
Sabin, no. 1,738. There is an account of Api-
anus (born 1495; '^i'-''' '55' "■' '55-) '" Clem-
ent's Bibliograf-hie curiense (Giittingcn, 1750-
1760). It is in chapter iv. of part ii. of the
Cosinograp/iicus liber that America is men-
tioned ; but there is no intimation of Columbus
having discovered it. Where " Isabella aut
L (1
III
POMPONIUS MELA, SOLINUS, VADIANUS, APIANUS. 183
lows, on the
There may
y licldligs to
two ill this
ytt ill a few
he Craiiiiicr
n the lliith
i a map for
the S(j|iiuis
arcl College,
liiariaii Soci-
»i Colidiihiis,
Mini>hy, no.
Veigel, 1S77,
rks; Leclere,
is I'i White,
e iiiap reads :
'tcjlomci cos-
Vcspucii ali-
no Leysnico
arrissc {Bihl.
from Varnha-
'ir Vespucci, a
is said to be
paiiy it, called
id, Katisbon,
the first com-
DcciiJcs, when
XX " (Carter-
I. 154 ; Kunst-
. 1 34 ; Kohl,
'•■oil Amcrika,
uhhiita, no. 4).
lied with Ca-
iall, and now
PART OF APIANUS'S MAP, 152O.'
Cuba" is spoken of, is an early instance of con- In 1529 a pupil of Apianus, Gemma Frisius,
ferriiig the latter name on that island, after La annotated his master's work, when it was pub-
Cosa's use of it. lished at Antwerp, while an abridgment, Cos-
1 There arc fac-siniiles of the entire map in the Cartcr-Brouii Catalogue, i. 69, and in Santarem's Atlas ,
and on a much reduced scale in Daly's Early Cartography. Cf. Variihagcn's Jo Schoner e P. Afirmus:
1 84
-\ARK\TIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
I'
Ml
« I
t ''
\\\:
'l:
mt'i,'rit/>/iiir iiilyot/iiitio, was printed the same
year (15^9) at Ingdlilstadt (Sabiii, no. 1,739;
Court, no. 21; Iiil</. Aiiur. /<■/., nos. 14S, i.)^,
anil AdJilions, no. 8S. There is a eopy of the
abridgment in Harvard Cullege Library).
The tliird edition of .1/t'/./, ,iini ,i<iiimi'iit,triis
I'ld/'/i;/!/' appeared at I'aris in 1550,1)11! witliont
maps (cf. Carter-liriiwn, i. 97 ; Midler, 1S77,
no. J.ooj ; /)'//'.''. .l/ihr. fit., no. 157) ; and again
in 155J (Sunderland, no. 10,124; Harrassowitz,
list 61, no. (kd).
It is not necessary to follow, other than syr-
optically, the various snbsecjnent editions of
these three representative books, with brief
indications of the changes that they assiniied
to comi)ort with the now rai>idly advancing
knowledge of the New World.
1533. Apiamis, full or abridged, in Latin, at
Venice, at Freibing, at Antwerp, at Ingoldstadt,
at I'aris (Carter-llrown, i. 591 ; /,'//'/. .'iiur. I',;/.,
nos. 179, 202, anil Adciitions, no. 100; Sabin,
nos. 1,742, 1,7 1;7. Some copies have 1532 in
the colophon), .\i.ianus printed this year at
Ingoldstadt various tracts in Latin and (lerman
on the instruments used in observations for lati-
tude anil longitude (Stevens, Jiil'Iioliuwi i;co-
graphitii, no. 173, etc). Vadianus, in his /f/Z/w//^
triiim tcrr.c J'url.'iim, published at 'I'iguri, de-
scribed America as a part of .Vsia (Weigel,
1877, no. 1,574). lie dated his preface at St.
Gall, "VH. Kallen. August, ^L D. W.XIII."
1534. .Apiaiuis in '.atin at \'eiiice {/iihl.
/l»nr. ]\t., Adtiitions, no. 106). The l''.piti>mc
of Vadianus in folio, published at Tiguri, with
,1 map, " Typns cosniogra|>hicus universalis, '["i-
guri, anno ^LD. X.XXIIII," which resembles
somewhat that of Finxus, representing the New
World as an island approaching the shape
of South America. The Carter-lhown copy
has no map (cf. Uuth, v. 150S; Leclerc, no.
5S6, 130 francs; Carter-llrown, i. 112; Weigel,
1S77, ""• 1,576; />'//'/. Aiiur. I'l'f., no. 1S9). An
edition in octavo, without date, is held to be of
the same year. It is usually said to have no
map; but Quaritch (no. 12,475) has advertised
a copy for ^4, — " the only coj^'V he had ever
seen containing tlie map." The J/iit/i Cati!loi;iit;
V. 150S, shows a copy with twelve wood-cut
maps of two leaves each, and four single leaves
of maps and globes. The part pertaining to
America in this edition is pages 544-564,
" Insulx Oceani pra;cipn.x'," which is con-
sidered to belong to the .A.datic continent (cf.
Stevens, 1S70, no. 2,179- •'^luller, 1S72, no. 1,551 i
1S77, no. 3.293; Weigel, 1S77, no. 1,575).
1535. .\pianus, in Latin, at Venice (Sabin,
no. 1,743; Jli/</. .l/inr. / V/., no. 202). Vadianus,
in Latin, at .Vntwcrp. (/>'//'/. Aiiur. l\t., J09;
Iluth, V. 150S; Court, no. 360).
1536. An edition of .Mela, A- situ oi/'u,
wilhonl place and date, was printed at Uasle, in
small octavo, ',\ith the corrections of (Jlive and
iSarbaro. Cf. D'.Vvczac, OAxni/Zu:! Gnrs ,/
J.,itiii.<, p. 20; Sunderland, no. 10,1:3; ^Veigel
(1S77), p. 99.
1537. The lirst Dutch edition of .\pianus,
Dc ii's/ii('i,'r(i///ii lit /'(J A/tiiiiiis, .\ntwerp, with
woodcut of globe on the title. The lirst of two
small maps shows .Vmerica. It contains a de-
scri|)tion of Peru. Cf. Carter-llrown, i. 121 ;
^hlller (1S75), no. 2,314.
1538. .Mela and Solinns, printed by Henri
Petri at ISasle with large and small maps, one
representing the New World to the east of Asia
as "Terra incognita." Cf. Harrassowitz (1SS2),
no. 91, p. 2, 60 marks; D'.Vvezac, p. 21.
1539. An edition of Mela, Uc' orfi/s situ, at
I'aris (Suni.."rland, no. 10,124). Apianus's Cw-
mi'i^raf'/iiii per "■•inmam I'hrysiiim rcstitiitii, in
small ([uarto, was published at .Vntwerp by .\.
lierckinan. ;\ glol-.e on the titlepage shows the
Old World. It has no other map (Carter-
lirown, i. 124; Sabin, no. 1,744; ISibl. Aiiur.
I'ct., nos. 229, 230).
1540. An edition of .Mela, issued at I'aris,
has the Orontius Finx'us map of 1531, with the
type of the Dedication changed. The Harvard
College copy and one given in Harrassowitz'
Oitii/o!;iu' (81), no. 55, show no map. Cf.
Leclerc, no. 460, 200 francs ; HarrLsse, />'//'/.
A/iicr. I't-t., no. 230, Ai/i/itimis, nos. 126, 127,
460; Court, no. 2.S3 ; Rosenthal (1SS4), no. 51,
at 1 50 marks. \\\ edition of Apianus in Latin
at Antwerp, witl'.out map ; ,)ut Lclewel (Moyiii-
i{i,v, pi. 46) gives a map purporting to fellow
one in this edition of .Xpianus. Cf, Carter-
IJrown, i. 125; /)//'/. Ainvr. I'ct., no. 230; Sabin,
no. 1,745.
1541. Editions of Apianus in Latin at Ven-
ice and at Nuremberg. Cf. Biil. Amei ■ Vet.,
nos. 235, 236; Sabin, nos. 1,746, 1,747.
1543. Mela and Solinus at Basle (D'.\vezac,
p. 21).
Ir
%
Influencia de um e oiitro e de varies de sens coiitcmporancos iia ado/(t1o do noiiw Amt'rica ; primciros glohos
efrimtiros mappas-nmndi com cste name : glol'o de Waltzccmiiller, c ptaqucttc iucrca do de Sclidiicr, Vienna,
1872, privately printed, 61 pp., 100 copies (.'ifurpliy Cutalogiie, no. 2,^ ;i ; Qii.aritch prices it at about £1).
A recent account of the history of the Vienna presses, Wieiis Buchdriukcr-geschichte (1S83), by .Vnton Mayer,
refers, co the edition of Solinus of 1520 {vol i. pp. -jS, 41), and to the editions of Foniponius Mela, edited by
Vadianus, giving a fac-simile of the title (p. 39) i.i one case.
Santarem gives twenty-five editions of Ptolemy between 151 1 and 1584 which do not be.ar the name of
America, and three (1522, 1541, and 1552) which have it. Cf. Bulletin de la Societe de Geographic de Paris
(1837), v-1. viii.
'5h
h
I'O.Ml'ONIUS MELA, SOLINUS, X'ADIANIS, Al'lAXL'S.
185
\ IS Coll"
lini'iit (i-f.
111). 1,55" i
tc (Sabin,
Vailiaiiiis,
;■;/., -'oyj
si/ii 01 /'is,
It Uaslc, ill
(Jlivc aiul
•s Gnus it
33; Wcigel
if Apiamis,
twerp, with
liist of two
\taiiis a (Ic-
wii, i. 121 ;
tl by Henri
1 maps, one
cast of Asia
iwitz (iSSj),
21.
I'rl'is situ, at
[liamis's Cos-
rcstitiiht, in
twerp by A.
;e shows tlie
lap (Carter-
Bibl. Aiiur.
ed at I'aris,
with tlie
c Harvard
irrassowitz'
map. Cf.
sse, JiiM.
126, 127,
I, no. 51,
us in Latin
cl (Moycn.
to fellow
Cf. Carter-
,0; Sabin,
11 at Ven-
.linci. Vvt.,
(D'Avezac,
mciros f;lobos
liner, Vienna,
It about £0.
Viiton Mayer,
;l.i, edited by
the name of
Mic i/e Paris
«4
1544. An edition of Apianus in French 1545. Apianus, in Latin, at Antwerp, with
at Antwerp, with a map, which was used in the same map as "i the 1544 French edition,
various Later editions. Cf. .S.abin, no. 1,752; Cf. Carter-Brown, i. 135; /?//'/. Amfr. I'.f., no.
Carter-Brown, i. 593; Biit. Amer. i^et., no. 262; Muller (1875), no. 2,365 (1S77), no. 158;
253. Sabin, no. 1,748.
• Tliis follows a fac-simile of an old cut given in the Carlo -Brown Cilnlngue, i. 294.
VOL. II. — 24.
l<^^
i, I-
,^1'
'Xr
1 86
NAKKATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
U
■1,1
1948. Apiamis in .Spanisli, C'i'.tw/i|.,'/v/////./
iUix'iiiiiilMta f'or in-minii F>isu\ ,it Antwcrj), with
the s.imc fdkliiig map. Cf. Bihl. Amcr. Vet.,
no. 283; Sabin, no. l,7S3- C^.i^r-Hrown, i. 147;
Dufosse, no. 10,201, 45 francs; (Jnarilch (1S7S),
111). 104, £,(3 6.r. ; Cat. hist. Btiizii, lUbt. A'nc. do
Kio tie Janeiro, no. j. Apianus in Italiar .it
Antwerp, l.ihro de Id iosmoi;>ii/'/iiii </,• Pedro
A/'iiiiio, with the same map. The /if'itonie of
V'adiamis, published ;>t Tignri, with double
maps engraved on wiiod, contains one, dated
1546, showin.4 America, which is repiochiced in
Santarem's Alliu. Cf. (.'arter-lirown, i. 151 ;
Bibl. Aiiier. I'et., nos. 170, 464, Addilioiis, no.
104.
1550. A])ianus in Latin at Antwerp, with
map at folio 30, with additions by Krisins ; and
folios 30-48, on America (ci. Carter-llrown,
i 154; Bibl. Amer. I'et., no. 2(>S ; Murphy, ".o.
94; Sabin, no. 2,749; Mullcr, 1S75, no. ',;66).
Some bibliographers rcjjort Latin ediii >ns of
this year at Amsterdam and Hasle.
1551. Editions of Apianus at Paris, in Latin
and French, with a folding map and two smaller
ones, — a re]ir nt of the Antwerp edition of 1 C50.
The language of the maps is French in both
editions (Court, no. 20). Clement [Bib/iot/iei/iie
eiirieiise, i. 404) gives 1553 as the date of the
colophon. An edition of Mela and Solinus
(D'Ave/.ac. p. 21).
1553. Editions of Apianus in Latin at Ant-
werp and Paris, and in Dutch at Antwerp, with
mappemonde and two small maps. Cf. Carter-
lirown, i. 174, 594. Some copies have 1551 in
the colophon, as does that belongi.ig to Jules
Marcou, of Cambridge. There is a copy of the
Paris edition in the Boston I'nblic Library, no.
2,285, SS-
1554. An abridged edition of Apianus,
Cosmoi^raf^liiie iiitrodiietio, Venice. A copy in
Harvard College Library.
1556. An edition of Mela, at Paris (Sun-
derland, no. 10,125).
1557. An edition of Mela, as edited by Va-
dianns, at Hasle (I)'Avezac, p. 21).
1561. A Dutch edition of Apianus, at Ant-
werp, without map. Cf. Carter-Brown, i. 597 ;
Sabin, no. 1,754.
1564. An octavo edition of Vadianus' JMela
(D'Avezac, p. 21). A Latin ."..aon of .Apianus
at Antwerp, with ma; ,,^inondc.
1574. Latin editions of Apiartiis at Antwerp
and Cologne, with a folding mappenionde
(Carter-Brown, i. 296, 297; Sabin, no. 1,750).
1S79. .Spanish and Italian ti;.\ts of Apianus
published at Antwerp, with niapptmoiule, and ilc-
scriptions of the New World taken from (iomara
and Girava. Cf. Carter- Itrown, i. 302; Sabin,
no. 1,756; Clement, BiMiot/ii(/iie eiirieiise, i. 405.
1576. Mela, as edited by Vadianus (D Ave-
zac, p. 21). With the Polyliistor of Solinus,
publishod at .'asle. The Harvard College copy
has no map of .Nmerica. Cf. Graesse, v. 402.
1577. Henri Kstienne's collection in (juarto,
containing Mela (U'Avezac, p. 24).
1581. .Apianus in French, .-it Antwerj), with
a folding mappemonde (p. 72). The part on
America is ;)p. 155-1S7 (Murphy, no. 95).
1582. An edition of .Mela edited bj A.
Schottus, published at Antwerp, with map by
(Jrtel; (Sunderland, no. 10,126).
1584. The Cosmograf'hia of Apianus and
Frisius, called by Clement (/iibliot/i\/ue eiirieiise,
i. 404) the best eilltion, published at Antwerp by
Bellero, in two issues, a change in the title dis-
tinguishing them. It has the same mapwiih the
1564 and 1574 editions, and the .section (ui
" bisula; America; " begins on p. 1 57. Cf. Carter-
Brown, i. 354, no map mentioned ; Sabin, no.
'.75<
1585. An edition of .Mela in English, trans-
lated by Arthur Golding, published at London
as T/ie IVorkc of rompoiiiiis Mela, the CosnH\i;ra-
pher, concerning the Situation of the World. The
preface is dated Feb. 6, 1584, in which Golding
promises versions of Solinus and Thevet. There
is a copy in the Library of the Massachusetts
Historical Societ-
1592. A Dutc. edition of Apianus, pub-
lished at Antwerp (Sabi'i, no. 1,755).
1595. An edition of Mela, as edited by
Vadianus, published at Basle (D'Avezac, p. 21).
1598. A Dutch ed'tion of Apianus, pub-
lished at Amsterdam, with foKinig map. Cf
Carter-Brown, i. 521 ; Muller (1877), no. 164.
1605. Mathias Bonhomme published an
edition of Mela and -Solinus (D'Avezac, p. 21).
1609. A Dutch edition of Apianus, printed
at Antwerp, with mappemonde (Carter-Brown,
ii. 76; Sabin, no. ,755)- Bonhomme's edition
of Mela and Solinus, reissued (D'Avezac,
p. 21).
1615, etc. Numerous editions of Mela a(>
jjcarcd subsequently: 1615 (Vadianus), liasle,
1619, .'625, 1626, 1635; at Madrid, 1642, 1644,
in Spanish; Lcyden, 1646, in Latin; and under
different editors, 1658, 1685, and 1700, and
of'c" later
.;(L
CHAPTER III.
THE COMI ANIONS OF COLUMBUS.
BY KPWAKl) CIIANNING, I'H.D.,
hntrititor tit H iitory in Harvard CotUgC'
IN 1498 the news of the discovery of Paria and the pearl fisheries reached
Spain ; and during the next year a number of expeclliions was fitted
out at private expense for trade and exploration. The first to set sail was
commanded by Alonso de Ojeda, the quondam captor of Caonabo, who,
with Juan de la Cosa — a mariner scarcely inferior in his own estimation
to the Admiral himself — and with Morigo Vespuche, as Ojeda calls him,
left the liay of Cadiz toward the end of May, 1499. Ojeda, provided
with a copy of the track-chart sent home by Columbus, easily found his
way to the coast of South America, a few degrees north of the equator,
ri^ence he coasted northward by the mouth of the Rio Dulcc (Esscquibo)
into the Gulf of Paria, which he left by the Boca del Drago. He then
passed to the Isla Margarita and the northern shores of Tierra Firme,
along which he i^aiied until he came to a deep gulf into which opened
a Icirge lagoon. The gulf he called the Golfo de Venecia (Venezuela),
from the fancied resemblance of a village on its shores to the Queen of
the Adriatic ; while to the lagoon, now known as the Lake of Maracaibo,
he gave the name of S. Bartolom^o. From this gulf he sailed westward
by the land of Coquibacoa to the Cabo de la Vela, whence he took his
departure for home, where, after many adventures, he arrived in the
summer of the following year.
Close in his track sailed Cristobal Guerra and Pedro Alonso Nino, who
arrived off the coast of Paria a few days after Ojeda had left it. Still
following him, they traded along the coast as far west as Caucheto, and
tarried at the neighboring islands, especially Margarita, 'until their little
vessel of fifty tons was well loaded ; when they sailed for Spain, where they
arrived in April, 1500, "so laden with pearls that they were in maner with
every mariner as common as chaffe."
About four months before Guerra's return, Vicente Yanez Pinzon, the
former captain of the " Nina," sailed from Palos with four vessels ; and,
pursuing a southerly course, was the first of Europeans to cross the equator
t I
i88
NAKKATIVE AND CKITICAL HISIOKY UK AMERICA.
on the Anioricaii side of the Atlantic, lie sij^htcil the coast of the New
Worlil in li^'ht deforces soiitli iatititdc, near a cape to whicii lie j,'ave the
name of Santa Maria de la C(jnsolacio'i (S, Aii^iistin). There he landeii ;
but met u ith no vestij;c.^ of luima; e.vccpt some footprints of tji^jan-
tic size. Af'jr takinj,' possession . ^ country witli all proper forms, he
reimbarked ; and proceediiij^ northward and westward, discovered and par-
tially explored the delta of an inunense river, which he called the I'aricura,
and which, after beint; known as the MaraAon or Orellana, now appears on
\f^
TRAMONlTANA
/ ;
w
A G N V CVLA
MEZO DI
IEVA>JTE
MOMA.
•l4iOVAMM
HISPANIOLA.
t '/
III
the maps as the Amazon. Thence, by the Gulf of Paria, Espanola (His-
paniola), and the Bahamas, he returned to Spain, where he arrived in the
latter part of September, 1500.^
Diego de Lepc left Palos not long after Vicente Yaiicz. and reached the
coast of the New World to the south of the Cabo de S. Augustin, to which
he gave the name of Rostra liermoso ; and doubling it, he ran along the coast
' A reduced f.ic-similc of the map (1556) in ^ [Cf. the section on the " IIistoric.il chorog-
Ramusio, iii. 44, following th.at which originally raphy of South America " in which the gradual
appeared in the Venice edition of Peter Martyr development of the outline of that continent is
and Ovicdo, 1534, traced. — Ed.)
THE COMPANIONS OF COLUMBUS.
189
to the Gulf of I'aria, wlu-ncc he lelmncil to I'.ilo?,. In OcIkIkt, 1500, Kod-
rieo tie Hastidas ami Juan de la Cosa sailed from the bay of Cailiz for the
Golfo de Venecia (Venezuela), which they entered and explored. Thence,
stopping,' occasionally to tratle with the natives, tluy coasted the shores of
'I'icrra i'irine, by the Cabo de la Vela, the province of Santa Marta, the
mouths of the Rio Grande de la Magdalena, the port of Cartagena, the river
of Genu, and the I'unta Caribana, to the Gulf of Uraba ( Uarien), which they
explored willi some care. They were unsuccessful in their search for a strait
to the west ; and after sailing along the coast of Veragua to Xombre de Dios,
they started on the return voyage. Hut the ravages of the f/romi (teredo)
rendering their shi[)s leaky, they were forced into a Jiarbor of ICspaftola,
where the vessels, after the most valuable jiortions of the cargo had been
removed, went to the bottom. Hastidas was seized by order of Hobadilhi,
then governor of Kspartola, for alleged illicit traffic with the natives, and sent
to Spain for trial, where he arrived in September, 1502. He was soon after
acquitted on the charges brought against him.
Alonso de Ojeda had reported the presence of ICnglishmen on the coast
of Tierra Firme ; and, partly to forestall any occupation of the country by
them, he had been given permission to explore, settle, and govern, at his
own expense, the province of Coquibacoa. He associated with him Juan
de V^ergara and Garcia de Ocampo, who provided the funds required, and
went with the expedition which left Cadiz in January, 1502. They reached,
without any serious mishap, the Gulf of Paria, where they beached and
cleaned their vessels, and encountered the natives. Thence through the
Hoca del Drago they traded from port to port, until ♦hey came to an
irrigated land, which the natives called Curiana, but to \, lich Ojeda gave
the name of Valfernioso. At this place they seized whauver they could
which might be of service in the infant settlement, and then proceeded
westward ; while Vergara went to Jamaica for provisions, with orders to
rejoin the fleet at S. Hartolomeo (Maracaibo), or at the Cabo de la Vela.
After visiting the Island of Curazao (Cura9ao) Ojeda arrived at Coquibacoa,
and finally decided to settle at a place which he called Santa Cruz, — prob-
ably the Hahia Honda of the present day. Vergara soon arrived ; but the
supply of food was inadequate, and the hostility of the natives made for-
aging a matter of great difficulty aiid danger. To add to their discomfort,
quarrels broke out between the IciiJcrs, and Ojeda was seized by his two
partners and carried to Kspanola, where he arrived in September, 1503.
He was eventually set at liberty, while his goods were restored by the King's
command. The expedition, however, was a complete failure.
This second unprofitable voyage of Ojeda seems to have dampened the
ardor of the naviga. irs and their friends at home ; and although Navarretc
regards it as certain that Juan dc la Cosa sailed to Uraba as chief in com-
mand in 1 504-1 506, and that Ojeda made a voyage in the direction of
Tierra Firme in the beginning of 1505, it was not until after the successful
voyage of La Cosa in 1 507-1 508, that the work of colonization was again
I It-
M
I :>.
I I
I.I it
W
V
I
X
o
w
•>',■
THE COMPANIONS OF COLL'MHUS.
191
taken lip with vit;or.' Two iikii nilcrcil tl)ciusclvcA as leaders in this
enterprise; and, as it was impossible to decide between tliem, they were
botli coniniissioned to settle anil ^jovern for four years the mainland from
the Cabo de la Vela to the Cabo (iracias a Dios, while the (iulf of Urabd
(I)arien) was to be tlie boundary between their respective t,'overnnuiits.
To Alonso de Ojeda was jjiven the eastern province, or Niieva Andaluqia,
while Diei^o de Nicuesa was the destineil j^overnor of the western ])rov-
ince, then for the first time named Castilla ilel Oro, The fertile Island of
Jamaica was intended to serve as a granary to the two j;overnors; and to
them were also ^jranted many other privileges, — as, for instance, freedom
from taxation, and, more imi)ortant still, the ri^jht for each to take from
Espaiiol.i four hundred settlers and two hundred miners.
Nicuesa and Ojeda met at Santo Domingo, whither they had gone to
complete their preparations, and became involved in a boundary dispute.
K.ach claimcil the province of Uarien ' as within his jurisdiction. It was
finally a^lieed, however, that the river of Darien shouUl be the boundary
line. With regard to Jamaica, the new admiral, Diego Columbus, prevented
all disputes by sending Juan de Ksquivel to hold it for him. Diego further
contributed to the failure of the enterprise by preventing the governors
from taking the colonists from I'-spailola, to which they were entitled by
their licenses. At last, however, on Nov. 12, 1509, Ojeda, with Juan de la
Cosa and three hunilred men, left Santo Domingo; and five days later
entered the harbor of Cartagena, where he landed, and had a disastrous
engagement with the natives. These used their poisoned arrows to such good
purpose that sixty-nine Spaniards, Juan de la Cosa among them, were killed,
Nicuesa arrived in the harbor soon after ; and the two commanders, joining
forces, drove the natives back, and recovered the body of La Cosa, which
they found swollen and disfigured by poison, and suspended from a tree.
The two fleets then separated ; Nicuesa standing over to the shore of Castilla
del Oro, while Ojeda coasted the western shore of the Gulf of Uraba, and
settled at a place to which he gave the name of San Sebastian. Here they
built a fort, and ravaged the surrounding country in search of gold, slaves,
and food ; but here again the natives, who used poisoned arrows, kept the
Spaniards within their fort, where starvation soon stared them in the face.
Ojeda despatched a ship to Ivspartola for provisions and recruits ; and no
help coming, went himself in a vessel which had been brought to San
Sebastian by a certain piratical Talavera. Ojeda was wrecked on Cuba;
but after terrible suffering reached Santo Domingo, only to find that his
lieutenant, Enciso, had sailed some time before with all that was neces-
sary for the relief of the colony. The future movements of Ojeda ara
' It should be remembered that Columbus on fore that in 150S the coast-line was well known
his fourth voyage had sailed along the coast from from the Cibo de S. .Augustin to Honduras.
Cape Honduras to Nombre de Ilios, and th.it '■' [This name in the early narratives .and
Vicente Yaiiex Pinzon and Juan Diaz de Solis, maps appears as Tarena, Tariene, or Darien,
coasting the shores of the Gulf of Honduras, had with a great variety of the latter form. Cf.
sailed within sight of Yucatan ini 506 J and there- Bancroft, Central America, '\. 326. — Ed.)
192 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
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19.
iK^t known. He testified in the trial of Talavera anil his companions,
who were hanged in 15 11; and in 15 13 and 1515 his depositions were
tai<en in the suit brought by the King's attorney against the heirs of
Columbus. Broken in spirit and ruined in fortune, he never returned to
his colony.
Martin Fernandez de luiciso, a wealth}- lawj-er (bachillcr^ of Santo
Domingo, had been appointed by (^jeda alcalde mayor of Nueva Andaluc^ia,
and had been left behind to follow his chief with stores and recruits. On
his way to San Sebastian he stopped at Cartagena; found no difficulty in
making friends with the nati\es who had opposed Ojeda so stoutly ; and
while awaiting there tlie completion of some repairs on a boat, was surprised
by the appearance of a brigantinc containing the remnant of the San
Sebastian colony. When Ojeda had sailed with Talavera he had left
Pizarro, the future conqueror of Peru, in command, with orders to hold
the place for fifty days, and then, if succor had not arrived, to make the
best of his way to Santo Domingo. Pizarro had waited more than fifty
days, until the colonists had dwindled to a number not too large for the two
little vessels at his disposal. In these they had then left the place. But
soon after clearing the harbor one of his brigantines, struck by a fish, had
gone down with all on board ; and it had been with much difficulty that the
other had been navigated to Cartagena. Enciso, commander now that
Ojeda and La Cosa were gone, determined to return to San Sebastian ; but,
while rounding th'^ Punta Caribana, the large vessel laden with the stores
went on the rocks and became a total loss, the crew barely escaping with
■ heir lives. They were now in as bad a plight as before ; and decided, at
the suggestion of Vasco Nunez de Balboa, to cross the Gulf of Uraba to a
countr)' where the natives did not use poisoned arrows, and where, therefore,
foraging would not be so dangerous as at San Sebastian.' The removal
to the other side of the gulf was safely carried out, and the natives drix'en
from their village. The Spaniards settled themselves here, and called the
place Santa Maria del Antigua del Darien. Provisions and gold were found
in abundance; but luiciso, declaring it unlawful for private persons to trade
with the natives for gold, was deposed; for, as Vasco Nunez said, the new
settlement was within the jurisdiction of Nicuesa, and therefore no obedi-
ence whatever was due to P^nciso. A municipal form of government was
then instituted, with Vasco Nunez and Zaniudio as alcaldes, and Valdivia
as rcgidor. But the iVntigua settlers were no more disposed to obey their
chosen magistrates than they had been to give obedience to him who had
been appointed to rule over them, and they soon became divided into
factions. At this juncture arri\'ed Rodrigo Enriquez de Colmenares, whom
Nicuesa had left at Espanola to follow him with recruits and provisions.
Colmenares easily persuaded the settlers at Antigua to put themselves n, lei'
(y>'
11 !'
' This Vasco Nuiicz w.is a b.inkrupt farmer caiclullv concealed aboard I'.nciso's sl.ip that
of Espanola wlio went with Hastidas 011 his the olliccrs sent to ajiprelieiid absconding dcbtovi
voyage to the Gulf of Uraba, and had been so had filled to discover hini.
VOL. II. — 25.
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194
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
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the government of Nicucsa ; and then, accompanied by two agents from
Darien, sailed away in search of his chief Nicuesa, after aiding Ojeda at
Cartagena, had sailed for Castilla del Oro ; but while coasting its shores had
become separated from the rest of his fleet, and had been wrecked off the
mouth of a large river. He had rejoined the rest of his expedition after the
most terrible suffering. Nicuesa had suspected Lope de Oiano, his second
in command, of lukewarmncss in going to his relief, and had put him in
chains. In this condition he was found by the agents from Antigua, to one
of whom it appears that Olano was related. This, and the punishment
with which Nicuesa threatened those at Antigua who had traded for gold,
impelled the agents to return with all speed to oppose his reception ; and,
therefore, when he arrived off Antigua he was told to go back. Attempt-
ing to sustain himself on land, he was seized, put on a worn-out vessel, and
bid to make the best of his way to Espanola. He sailed from Antigua in
March, 151 1, and was never heard of again.
After his departure the quarrels between the two factions broke out
again, and were appeased only by the sending of Enciso and Zamudio to
Spain to present their respective cases at Court. They sailed for Espa-
fiola in a vessel commanded by the fciq-idor Va.ld'wia. (a firm friend of Vasco
Nunez), who went well provided with gold to secure the favor and protec-
tion of the new admiral, Diego Columbus, and of Pasamonte, the King's
treasurer at Santo Domingo, for himself and Vasco Nunez. While Valdivia
was absent on this mission, Vasco Nunez explored the surrounding country
and won the good-will of the natives. It was on one of these expeditions
that the son of a chief, seeing the greed of the Spaniards for gold, told them
of the shores of a sea wliich lay to the southward of the mountains, where
there were kings who possessed enormous quantities of the highly coveted
metal. Valdivia, who brought a connnission from the Admiral to Vasco
Nunez (commonly called Balboa) as governor of Antigua, was immediately
sent back with a large sum of money, carrying the news of a sea to be dis-
covered. Valdivia was wrecked on the southern coast of Yucatan, where,
with all but two of his crew, he was sacrificed and eaten by the natives.
After some time had elapsed with no news from Espanola, Vasco Nunez,
fearing that Valdivia had proved a treacherous friend, despatched two
emissaries — Colmenares and Caicedo — to Spain to lay the state of affairs
at Darien before the King.
Not long after their departure a vessel arrived from Espanola, commanded
by Serrano, with food, recruits, and a commission from Pasamonte tc Vasco
, Nunez as governor. But Serrano also brought a letter from Zamudio, giving
an account of his experience in Spain, where he had found the King more
disposed to consider favorably the complaints of Enciso than the justifica-
tions which he himself offered. Indeed, it seems that Zamudio, who barely
escaped arrest, wrote that it was probable that Vasco Nunez would be
summoned to Spain to give an account of himself Upon the receipt of
this unpleasant letter, Vasco Nunez determined to discover the new sea of
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THE COMPANIONS OF COLUMBUS.
195
El Adclevfttn.^o BASCO KUNES dc
>^eres qtit dcs^cubrio . la tiiile (Ul Silt ,
imanded
t(^ Vasco
o, giving
balb6a.i
which there was report, and thus to atone for his shortcomings with respect
to Knciso and Nicuesa.
To this end lie left Antigua on the 1st of September, 1513 ; and proceed-
ing by the way of the country of Careta, on the evening of September 24
encamped on the side of a mountain from whose topmost peak his nati\-e
guide declared the other sea could be discerned. Early in the morning
of the next day, Sept. 25, 1 5 13, the sixty-seven Spaniards ascended
the mountain ; and Vasco Nunez de Balboa, going somewhat in advance,
found himself — first of civilized men — gazing upon the new-found sea.
which he called Mar del Siir (South Sea), in distinction to the Afar del
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NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
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Norte, or the sea on the nortlicrn side of the isthmus, although it is known
to us by tlie name of Pacific, which Magellan later gave to it. Of this ocean
and all lands bordering upon it he took possession for his ro)'al master and
mistress, and then descended toward its shores. The sea itself was hard to
reach, and it was not until three days later that a detachment under Alonso
Martin discovered the beach; when Alonso Martin, jumping into a conven-
ient canoe, pushed forth, while he called upon his comrades to bear wit-
ness that he was the first European to sail upon the southern sea. On the
29th of September Vasco Nunez reached the water; and marching boldly
into it, again claimed it for the King and Queen of Castile and Aragon. It
was an arm of the ocean whicli he had found. According to the Spanish
custom, he bestowed upon it the name of the patron saint of that particular
day, and as the Gulf of San Miguel it is still known to us. After a short
voyage in some canoes, in the course of which Vasco Nunez came near
drowning, he collected an immense amount of tribute from the neighboring
chiefs, and then took up his homeward march, arriving at Antigua without
serious accident in the latter part of January, 1 5 14. When we consider
the small force at his command and the almost overpowering difficulties
of the route, — to say nothing of hostile natives, — this march of Vasco
Nunez dc Balboa is among the most wonderful exploits of which we have
trustworthy information.
But this achievement did not bring him the indemnity and honors for
which he hoped. A new governor, appointed July 27, 1513, — notwith-
standing the news which Colmenarcs and Caicedo had carried with them
of the existence of a sea, — had sailed before Pedro dc Arbolancha, bearing
the news of the discovery, could arrive in Spain, inasmuch as he did not
even leave Antigua until March, 1514. This new governor was Pedro
Arias de Avila, better known as Pedrarias, though sometimes called by
English writers Davila. Pedrarias, dubbed El Galaji and El Justador in his
youth, and Furor Domini in his later years, has been given a hard cliaracter
by all historians. This is perfectly natural, for, like all other Spanish gov-
ernors, he cruelly oppressed the natives, and thus won the dislike of Las
Casas ; while Oviedo, who usually difiers as much .ns possible from Las
Casas, hated Pedrarias for other reasons. Pedrarias' treatment of Vasco
Nunez, in whose career there was that dramatic element so captix'ating, was
scant at least of favor. But, on the other hand, it must be remembered i.iat
Pedrarias occupied an office from which Nicuesa and Enciso had been
driven, and he ruled a community vhich had required the utmost vigilance
on the part of Vasco Nunez to hold in check.
With Pedrarias went a goodly company, among whom ma)' be mentioned
Hernando de Soto, Diego de Almagro, and Benalcazar, who, with Pizarro,
alread)' in ^Antigua, were to push discovery and conquest along the shores
of the Mar del Sur. There also went in the same company that Bcrnal Diaz
del Castillo who was to be one of the future conquistadores of Mexico and
the rude but charming relater of that conquest ; and Pascual de Andagoja,
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THE COMPANIONS OF COLUMBUS.
>97
cxico anci
who, uliile inferior to Henalcazar as a ruler and to Bcrnal Diaz as a narrator,
was yet a very important character. The lawyer Enciso returned among
them to the scene of his former disappointment as ali^uazil mayor ; and,
lastly, let us mention Gonzalo I'ernandez de Oviedo y Valdes, who accompa-
nied the expedition as escriban general and veedor. Pednirias sailed from
San Lucar on the I2th of April, 15 14, and arrived safely in the harbor of
Antigua on the 29th of June. The survivors of the companies of Ojeda
and Xicucsa, and of the reinforcements brought thither at different times,
numbered in all but four hundred and fifty souls; and they could have
offered little opposition to the fifteen hundred accompanying Pedrarias,
if they had so desired. l?ut no attempt was made to prevent his landing;
and as soon as Pedrarias felt himself fairly installed, an inquiry was instituted
into the previous acts of Vasco Nuflez. This trial, or rcsideiicia, was con-
ducted by I"'spinosa, the new alcalde tnayor. There is no doubt but that
luiciso tried hard to bring the murder of Nicuesa, for such it was, home to
Vasco Xuiiez. The efforts of Quivedo, the recently appointed bishop of
Santa Maria de la Antigua e Castilla del Oro, and of Isabel del Bobadilla,
the new governor's wife, who had been won over in some unknown way,
secured the acquittal of Vasco Nunez on all criminal charges. In the in-
numerable civil suits, however, which were brought against him by Enciso
and by all others who felt grieved, he was mulcted in a large amount.
This affair off his hands, Pedrarias set about executing his supplemen-
tary instructions, which were to connect the north and south seas by a chain
of posts. He sent out three expeditions, which, besides exploration, were
to forage for food, since the supply in Antigua was very small. The stores
brought by the fleet had been in a great measure spoiled on the voyage,
and the provisions at Antigua which Vas' o Nunez' foresight had provided,
while ample for his little band, were entirely inadequate to the support of the
augmented colony. The leaders of these expeditions — with the exception
of Enciso, who went to Ccnu, whence he was speedily driven — acted in a
most inhuman fashion ; and the good feeling which had subsisted between
Vasco Nufiez and the natives was changed to the most bitter hatred. To
use Vasco Nunez' own words: " For where the Indians were like sheep, they
have become like fierce lions, and have acquired so much daring, that
formerl)' they were accustomed to come out to the paths with presents
to the Christians, now they come out and they kill them ; and this has been
on account of the bad things which the captains who went out on the
incursions have done to them." He especially blamed Ayora and Morales,
who commanded two of the earliest expeditions. Ayora escaped with his
ill-gotten wealth to Spain, where he died before he could be brought to
justice.
Morales, following the route of Vasco Nuiiez across the isthmus, arrived
on the other side, and sailed to the Pearl Islands, which Vasco Nufiez had
seen in the distance. Here he obtained an immense booty; and thence,
crossing to the southern side of the Gulf of San Miguel, he endeavored
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to return tf> Daricn by the way of Biru aiul llic River Atrato. But he was
speedily driven b;ick ; and was so hard pressed by the natives throughout
his liomeward march tiiat he and his companions barely escaped with
their treasure and their lives. It was about this lime that Vasco Nunez
went for a second time in search of the golden temple of Dabaibe and
suffered defeat, with the loss of Luis Carillo, his second in commaml, and
many of his men ; while another attempt on Cenii, this time by J?ecerra,
ended in the death of that commander and of all but one of his companions.
In 1515, however, a force commanded by Gonzalo de Badajos crossed
the isthmus and discovered the rich country lying on the Gulf of I'arita.
Badajos accumulated an enormous amount of gold, which he was obliged
to abandon when he sought safety in ignominious flight.
These repeated disasters in the direction of Cemi nettled old Pedrarias,
and he resolved to go himself in command of an expcditijn and chastise
the natives. He was speedilj' defeated; but, instead of returning immedi-
ately to Antigua, he sailed over to Veragua and founded the town of Ada
(Bones of Men), as the northern termination of a road across the isthmus.
He then sent Caspar Espinosa across the isthmus to found a town on the
other side. Espinosa on his way met the fleeing Badajos; but being better
prepared, and a more able commander, he recovered the abandoned treas-
ure and founded the old town of Panama; while a detachment under
Hurtado, which he sent along the coast toward the west, discovered the
Gulf of San Lucar (Nicoya).
As we have seen, Vasco Nunez' account of the discovery of the South
Sea reached Spain too late to prevent the sailing of Pedrarias; but the
King nevertheless placed reliancj hi him, and appointed him adelantado,
or lieutenant, to prosecute discoveries along the shores of the southern sea,
and also mai^e him governor of the provinces of Panama and Coyba. This
commission had reached Antigua before the departure of Espinosa ; but
Pedrarias withheld it for reasons of his own. And before he delivered it
there arrived from Cuba a vessel commanded by a friend of Vasco Nunez, —
a certain Garabito, — who by making known his arrival to Vasco Nunez and
not to Pedrarias, aroused the latter's suspicions. Accordingly, Vasco Nunez
was seized and placed in confinement. After a while, however, upon his
promising to marry one of Pedrarias' daughters, who at the time was in
Spain, they became reconciled, and Vasco Nunez was given his commission,
and immediately began preparation for a voj'age on the South Sea. As it
seemed impossible to obtain a sufficient amount of the proper kind of tim-
ber on the other side the isthmus, enough to build a few small vessels was
carried over the mountains. When the men began to work it, they found it
worm-eaten ; and a new supply was procured, which was almost immediately
washed away by a sudden rise of the Rio Balsas, on whose banks they had
established their ship-yard. At last, however, two little vessels were built
and navigated to the Islas de las Perlas, whence Vasco Nunez made a short
and unsuccessful cruise to the southward. But before he went a second time
I i)
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THE COMI'ANIONS Of" COLUMBUS.
199
lie sent Garabito and other emissaries to Ada to discover whether Pedrarias
had been superseded. It seems to have been arranged that when these
men arrived near Acla one of their number should go secretly to the house
of Vasco Nunez there and obtain the required information. If a new
governor had arrived they were to return to the southern side of the
isthmus, and Vasco Nunez would put himself and his little fleet out of the
new governor's reach, trusting in some grand discovery to atone for his
dislo\'altj'. Pedrarias was still governor ; but Garabito proved a false friend,
and told Pedrarias that Vasco Nunez had no idea of marrying his daughter :
on the contrary, he intended to sail away with his native mistress (with
whom Garabito was in love) arnd found for himself a government on the
shores of the Mar del Sur. Pedrarias was furious, and enticed Vasco Nunez
to Acla, where this new charge of treason, added to the former one of the
murder of Nicuesa, secured his conviction by the alcalde mayor Espinosa,
and on the very next day he and his four companions were executed. This
was in 1 5 17.
In 1519 Pedrarias removed the scat of government from Antigua to
Panama, which was made a city in 1521, while Antigua was not long after
abandoned. In 15 19 Espinosa coasted northward and westward, in V'^asco
Nunez' vessels, as far as the Gulf of Culebras; and in 1522 Pascual de An-
dagoj'a penetrated the country of Birii for twenty leagues or more, when ill
health compelled his return to Panama. He brought vvonderf-l accounts
of an Inca empire which was said to exist somewhere along tie coast to
the south.^
In 1 5 19 a pilot, Andrds Nino by name, who had been with Vasco Nunez
on his last cruise, interested Gil Gonzalez de Avila, then contador of Es-
panola, in the subject of exploration along the coast of the South Sea.
Gonzalez agreed to go as commander-in-chief, accompanying Nino in the
vessels which Vasco Nunez had built. The necessary orders from the King
were easily obtained, and they sailed for Antigua, where they arrived safely;
but Ped "arias refused to deliver the vessels. Gil Gonzalez, nothing daunted,
took in pieces the ships by which he had come from Spain, transported the
most important parts of them across the isthmus, and built new vessels.
These, however, were lost before reaching Panama ; but the crews arrived
there in safety, and Pedrarias, when brought face to face with the com-
mander, could .lot refuse to obey the King's orde/s. Thus, after many
delays, Gil Gonzalez and Andres Nino sailed from the Islas de las Perlas
on the 2 1 St of January, 1522. After they had gone a hundred leagues or
more, it was found necessary to beach and repair the vessels. This was
done by Nino, while Gil Gonzalez, with one hundred men and four horses,
pushed along the shore, and, after many hairbreadth escapes, rejoined
the fleet, which under Nino had been repaired and brought around by water.
The meeting was at a gulf named by them Sanct Vicente ; but it proved
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to be the San Lucar of Hurtado, and the Nicoya of the present day.
After a short time passed in recuperation, the two detachments ayaiii
separated. Nino with the vessels coasted the shore at least as far as the
Bay of Fonseca, and thence returned to the Gulf of Nicoya Here he was
soon rejoined by the land party ; which, after leaving the gulf, had pen-
etrated inland to the Lake of Nicaragua. They explored the surround-
ing country sufliciently to discover the outlet of the lake, which led to
the north, and not to the south, as had been hoped. They had but
one severe fight with the natives, accumulated vast sums of gold, and
baptized many thousand converts. With their treasuie they returned in
safety to Panama on the 25th of June, 1523, after an absence of nearly a
year and a half.
At Panama Gil Gonzalez found an enemy worse than the natives of
Nicaragua in the person of Pcdrarias, whose cupidity was aroused by the
sight of the gold. But crossing the isthmus, he escaped from Nombre de
Dios just as Pedrarias was on the point of arresting him, and steered for
Espafiola, where his actions were approved by the Hieronimitc Fathers, who
authorized him to return and explore the country. This he endeavored
to do by the way of the outlet of the Lake of Nicaragua, by which route he
would avoid placing himself in the power of Pedrarias. He unfortunately
reached the Honduras coast too far north, and marched inland only to be
met by a rival party of Spaniards under Hernando de Soto. It seemed
that as soon as possible after Gil Gonzalez' departure from Nombre de
Dios, Pedrarias had despatched a strong force under Francisco Hernandez
de Cordoba to take possession of and hold the coveted territory for him.
Cordoba, hearing from the natives of Spaniards advancing from the north,
had sent De Soto to intercept them. Gil Gonzalez defeated this detach-
ment; but not being in sufficient force to meet Cordoba, he retreated to
the northern shore, where he found Cristobal de Olid, who had been sent
by Cortes to occupy Honduras in his interest. Olid proved a traitor to
Cortes, and soon captured not only Gil Gonzalez, but Francisco de las
Casas, who had been sent by Cortes to seize him. Las Casas, who was
a man of daring, assassinated Olid, with the help of Gil Gonzalez.
The latter was then sent to make what terms he could with Cortes as
to a joint occupation of the country.^ But Gil Gonzalez fell into the
hands of the enemies of the Conqueror of Mexico, and was sent to Spain
to answer, among other things, for the murder of Olid. He reached
Seville in 1526; but, completely overwhelmed by his repeated disasters,
died soon after.
Cordoba, who had thrown off allegiance to Pedrarias, was executed.
Pedrarias himself was turned out of his government of Darien by Pedro
de los Rios, and took refuge in the governorship of Nicaragua, and died
quietly at Leon in 1530, at the advanced age of nearly ninety years.
■li! '
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In 1493 Christopher Columbus had discovered Cuba, whicli he called
Juana; and two years later he had partially explored the Island of Jamaica,
whither he had been driven on his fourth voyai^e, and compelled to stay
from June, 1503, to June, 1504. In 150S this lesser island had been granted
to Ojeda and Nicucsa as a storehouse from which to draw supplies in case
of need. Hut, as we have seen, the Admiral of the Indies at that time,
Die"o Coiiinibus, son of the ^rcat Admiral, had sent Juan de Msquivel with
sixtv men to seize the island and hold it for him against all comers.
Ksquivel founded the town of Sevilla Nucva — later Sevilla d' Oro — on the
shores of the liarbor where Columbus had stayed so long ; and thus the
island was settled.
Although Cuba had been discovered in 1492, nothing had been done
toward its exploration till 1 508, when Ovando, at that time governor of
Kspanola, sent Sebastian dc Ocampo to determine whether it was an island
or not. Columbus, it will be remembered, did not, or would not, believe
it insular, though the Indians whom he brought from Guanahani had told
him it was; and it had suited his purpose to make his companions swear
that tliey believed it a peninsula of Asia. Ocampo settled the question
by circiminavigating it from north to south ; and, after another delay, Diego
Columbus in 15 11 sent Diego Velasquez, a wealthy planter of Espartola,
to conquer and settle the island, which at that time was called Fernandina.
Velasquez, assisted by thirty men under Pamphilode Narvaez from Jamaica,
had no difficulty in doing this; and his task being accomplished, he threw
oti' his allegiance to the Admiral. Settlers were attracted to Cuba from all
sides. With the rest came one hundred, Bcrnal Diaz among them, from
Antigua. But Velasquez had distributed the natives among his followers
with such a lavish hand that these men were unable to get any slaves for
themselves, and in this predicament agreed with Francisco Hernandez de
Cordoba ' to go on a slave-catching expedition to some neighboring islands.
Velasquez probably contributed a small vessel to the two vessels which were
fitted out by the others. With them went Anton Alaminos as pilot. Sailing
from Havana in February, 15 17, they doubled the Cabo de S. Anton, and
steered toward the west and south. Storms and currents drove them from
their course, and it was not until twenty-one days had passed after leaving
S. Anton that they sighted some small islands. Running toward the
coast, they espied inland a city, the size of which so impressed them that
they called it El gran Cairo. Soon after some natives came on board, who,
to their inquiries as to \vhat land it was, answered " Conex Catochc ; " and
accordingly they named it the Punta de Catoche. At this place, having
landed, they were enticed into an ambush, and many Spaniards were killed.
From this inhospitable shore they sailed to the west, along the northern
coast of Yucatan, and in two weeks arrived at a village which they named
5. Lazaro, but to which the native name of Campeche has clung. There
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* Not the Cordoba of Nicaragua.
VOL. IT — 26.
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the natives were liostilc. So they sailed 011 for six days more, when they
arrived oiVaviiiatie callcil roiitoiiciian, now known, however, as Chanipoton.
As tiu'V were sliort of water tliey laniled at tills place, and in a li^dit which
followed, fifty seven Spanianls were killed and five were drowneil. Never
thclcss the survivors continued their voyajje for three ilays lon^'er, win n
thev came to a river with three mouths, one of which, the l^stero tie loi
La^artos, ihey entered. I'here they burned one of their vessels; and, hav-
in^; ybtaiiicd a supi)ly of water, sailed for Cuba. The reports which they
jjave of thr riches of the newly discovered country so excited the yreed of
Wlasquez that he fitttd out a fleet of four vessels, the command of which
he yave to his nephew, Juan de (irijalva. Anton Alaminos aijain went as
pilot, and I'cilro de Alvarado was captain of one of the ships. They left
the Cabo de S. Anton on the 1st of May, 1518, and three days later sighted
the isl.md of Cozumel, which they called Santa Cruz, l-'rom this island tluy
sailed aloni( the southern coast of Yucatan, which the)- th(jii ^lit an isl.ind,
and which they named Santa Maria de los Reniedios. They came finally
to a shallow baj-, still known by the name which they jjave it, Hahia de la
Ascension. Hut the prospect not lookin^^ ver)- promising in this direction,
they doubled on their track, and in due season arrived at S. Lazaro (Cam-
peche ), or, more probably, perhaps, at Chanipoton, where they had their
first hostile encounter with the natives. Hut, beinj^ better pri)viiled with
artillery and cotton armor than was l-'rancisco Hernandez, Grijalva and his
men maintained their ground and secured a much-needed supply of water.
Thence following the shore, they soon came to an anchorage, which they
at fust called Puerto Deseado. On further investigation the pilot Alaminos
declared th;it it was not a harbor, but the mouth of a strait between the
island cf Santa Maria de los Remedios (Yucatan) and another island, whir'-'
they called Nueva I'-spafia, but which afterward proved to be the mainland
of Mexico. They named this strait the Hoca de Terminos. After recu-
perating there, they coasted toward the north by the mouths of many rivers,
among others the Rio dc Grijalva (Tabasco), until they came to an island
on which they found a temple, where the native priests were wont to
sacritice human beings. To this island they gave the name of Isla de los
Sacrificios; while another, a little to the north, they cahed S. Juan de Ulua.
The sheet of water between this island and the mainland afforded good
anchorage, and to-day is known as the harbor of Vera Cruz. There Grijalva
stayed some time, trading with the inhabitants, not of the islands merely,
but of the mainland. To this he was beckoned by the waving of white
flags, and he found himself much honored when he landed. After sending
I'edro de Alvarado, with what gold had been obtained, to Cuba in a cara\ el
which needed repairs, Grijalva proceeded on his voyage ; but when he had
arrived at some point between the Hahia dc Tanguijo and the Rio Panuco,
the pilot Alaminos declared it madness to go farther. So the fleet turned
back, and, after more trading along the coast, they arrived safely at Matanzas
in October of the same year. Velasquez, when he saw the spoil gathered
'^
|.
.t,^ 1'^
V
\ V
'l I
,1 ( :
204
NAKKAlIVt: AND CKI IICAL IIISIUKY OF AMLKICA.
on this cxpcilition, was much vexed that Grijalva had not broken his in*
striictions ami founded a settlement. A new expedition wan immediately
prepared, tlie command of which was yiven to lieruan Cortes.' As for
Grijalva, he took service under I'eilrilrias. and perishetl with Hurtado in
Nicaragua.
CRITICAL ESSAY ON TIIK SOURCES OF INFORMATION.
II :i'!
I m
'T'HF; best .iccouiit of the voy.ii^cs and expeditions of the comp.-xnion!* of Columbus,
witli tlie e.vception of those relating immediately to tiie scltlemeru of Darieii anil the
exploration of the western coast of the isthmus, is Nav.-.rrete's I'iai^es menores:^ This his-
torian ■' had extraordinary opportunities in this field ; and a nautical education contributed
to ills power of wcinhini; evidence witli rcjjard to maritime aff.iirs. No part of Nav.irrete
has been translated into F.nglish, unless the first portion of Washington Irving's CompaH'
ions of Columbus may be s'l regarded. The best account of these voyages in English,
however, is Sir Arthur Helps's Spanish Conquest in //wt'/vtvr,* which, although defective
in form, is readable, and, so far as it goes, trustworthy. This work deals not merely
with the riat^i's inenores, but also with the settlement of Darien; as, too, dci Irving's
Coinpapuons.
The first voyage of Ojeda rests mainly on the answers to the questions propounded by
the y/.ivij/ real in the suit brougiit against Diego, the son of Columbus, in which the
endeavor was made to show that Ojeda, and not Columbus, discovered the pearl coasts.
Hut this claim on the part of the King's attorney was unsuccessful ; for Ojeda hin..sell
expressly stated in his deposition, taken in Santo Domingo in 1513, that he was the first
man who went to Tierr.a-Firme after the Admiral, and that he knew that tlie Admir.il had
been there because he s.aw tlie chart '' which the Admiral had sent home. This lawsuit is
so important in relation to tliese minor voy.ages that Navarrete [jrinted much of the testi-
mony then taken, with some notes of his own, at the end of his third volume." Among
the witnesses were Ojeda. Hastidas, Vicente Yaflez I'inzon, Garcia Hernandez a "yis/eo,"
who had accompanieil \'icente Yaflez on iiis first voy.ige, the pilots Ledesma, Andrei de
Morales, Juan Rodriguez, and many other mariners who had .liled with the different
commanders. Their testimony w.as taken with rog.ard to the thud voyage of Columbus
(second question) ; the voyage of Guerra and Nifio (third and fourth questions) ; Ojeda's
first voyage (fifth question); Dastid.is (sixth que, lion); Vicente Yaflez (seventh ques-
tion) : Lepe (eighth question) ; etc. Taken altogether, this evidence is the best authority
for what was done or was not done on these early voyages.'
1!
' [From this point the story is cuiUinued in
the chapter on Cortc.s. — Ki).|
- CoU-ccioii lie tos rvi/^iM- y ,lcsail'riiii.icnlos,
que liicicron /or mar los Es/'anoles ihsi/e fines ilel
sii;lio XV., por Don Martin Fcrnandcv de N.ivar-
rete. The third volume of this scries consti-
tutes the Viages mciwrcs, y tos de I 'espticio :
Pohtacioites en el Darien, siiplcnieuto at tomo If,
Madrid, 18:9. [Cf. the Introduction to the pres-
ent volume. — Ed.]
•' Cf. Biblioteca maritima es/'aiiola, ii. 436-438 ;
H. II. Bancroft, Central Amerien, i. 19S. [Cf.
Introduction to the present volume. — Ed.]
^ [Cf. the chapters on Columbus, Las Casas,
and I'izarro. — Ed.]
■' Xavarrete, ill. i,note i, .mu 539, 544; Hum-
boldt, Exainen critii/iie, i. SS, note.
" Coleeeion, iii. 53S-615.
' I'lcsides this original m.iiurial, something
concerning this fir.st voyage of Ojeda is contained
in Ovicdo, i. 76, and ii. 132; Las Casas, ij. 389-
434 (all references to Oviedo and Las Casas in
this chapter are to the editions issued by the
Iteal Aeademia) ; licrrcra, dec. i. lib. 4, chaps,
i.-iv.j Navarrete, Coleccion, iii. 4-1 1, 167, 543-
545 ; Humboldt, Examen critique, i. 313, and iv.
195, 220; Helps, Spanish Conquest, i. 263, 2S0, ii.
106 ; Irving, Companions, p]). 9-27 ,• IJancroft,
Central America, i. I n . 1 18, 308 ; Ruge, Gescliichle
lies Zeitallers tier Entdeckuniien, p. 322. There
THE COMPANIONS OF COLUMHUS.
905
The only ihinRS worth nntiiiK in tlic voyajfc ol (iucrra and Nino are the umallncs* of
the vcNSi I (fifty Ions),* and the tnormims pi'diniary return. Oni' of the voyajjcrs,^ very
i)()»sil)ly Nino liiniself," wrote an ainiiiMl of llie voyage, wliicli was translated into Itahan,
and piilili^licd ai cliaptern ex. and cxi. of tlie /Wxi iioviIMihU rtOofa/i. It was tiicn
translated into Latin, anti inserted hy (iryn.ius in the A'ovhx oihis.*
A contemporary account of the voyajje of Vicente Yaftcz I'inzon was printed in the
J'ltai iinv.imi'iilr.'' hy whom wrillLii is not l<nown. Varnha^en has attempted to show
tliat the cape near wliich \'icenle Y.ine/ l.uided was not the Caho <lc S. Au;;ustin, Imt
»i)M)e point mucli farther north." For a time tlie point wa.s raised that Vicente Yane«
arrivid on the eoast alter Cahral ; Init that w.as plainly impossil)le, as he undoulitedly
sijj;hled the American coast hefore Cahral left rortu;,'al.'' As to the landfall itself, both
Navarrele and llumlioldt place it in about eight decrees south latitude; and they base
their ar;;umont on the answers to the seventh question of the Jisnil real in the cele-
brated l.iwsuit, in which Vicente Yaflez said that it was true that lie discovered from " lil
cabo de t'onsolacion ([lie es en la parte de Portugal i< agora se llama cabo de .S. Angus-
tin."" In this he w.is corroborated liy the other witnesses." The voyage was unsuccess-
ful in a pecuniary point of view. Two vessels were lost at the Ilahanias, whither \'icente
Yanez had gone in ques of slaves. After his return to Si)ain it was only through the
iiiterjiosition of tiie King that he was able to save a small portion of his property from the
clutches of the merchants who had fitted out the fleet.'"
The voyage of Diego de Lcpe rests entirely on the evidence given in the Columbus
lawsuit," from which it also appears that he drew a map for Fonseca on which the coast
of the New World was (k'lineated trending toward the south and west from Kostro Iler-
moso (Cabo de .S. Aiigustin). lattle is known of the further movements of Diego de I.epe,
who, accoriling to Morales, died in Portugal before 1515.'- Navarrete printed nothing;
relating to him of a later date than November, 1500;" but in \\\ft Documentos incditos
:|i
559. S44 ! Hum-
is also a notice of Ojcda by Navarrete in his
Pf'thculos, i. 113.
' [On this see note on p. 7 of tlie present
voliiiiic. — Kl).]
- Navarrete, Colcccioii, iii. 12, note I.
■' liiblioUwi nuirtlitna es/'ittiola, ii. 535.
•• I'ngc 117, C'V 1532. For other references
to this voy.igc, see I'eter Martyr (dec. i. chap,
viii.), whose account is l)ascd 011 the aliove ;
Herrcra, dec. i. lib. 4, chap. v. ; Navarrete, Co-
haio)i, ill. 11-18, 540-542; Ilumboklt, lixa-
men crilii/iie, iv. 220; Hancroft, Central Aiiicriea,
i. Ill; Irving, Companioiis-, pp. 2S-32.
' Chapters c.\ii. and cxiii. In Latin in Gry-
nxiis, p. 119, cditinii of 1532.
'' ^'arllhagen, Examen ile (/iielques points de
Vhistohe geoi^ra^hique du Brhil, pp. ig-24; Varn-
\\igcn. /Ihlona i;eral do /y'nni'l (2d etl), i. 7.S-,So.
' Cf. Navarrete, Coleeeion, iii. 19, note. Hum-
boldt (Exiiinen eritiqne, i. 313) savs that Vicente
Vifiez saw the coast forty-eight days before
Cal)ral left Lisbon. As to the exact date of
Vicente \'ariez' landfall, the /'oesi lur-riimenle
(cliap. cxii.) gives it as January 20, while Tcter
.Martyr (dec. i. chap, ix.), who usually follows
the Piusi noramente, in his description of this
and of the Guerra and Nino vovages gives it as
" Septimo kalcndas Februarii," or Januarv 26.
Hut the difference is unimportant. [Cf. further
t!)c section on the "Historical Chorography
of South America," in which the question is
further ex.iniined. — En.)
" Navarrete, iii. 547 etseq.
" See also Navarrete, Xoliee ctironolo'^Ujne,
in Qiiatre -oyages, i. 349, and Humboldt, Intro-
duction to Ghillany's Itehitim, p. 2, where he
says, in the description of the La Cosa map,
that Cabo de S. Augustin, whose |)ositiun is very
accurately laid down on that map. was first
caMed kostro Ilermoso, Cabo .Sta. Maria de la
Consolacion, and Cabo Sta. Cruz. In this he is
probably correct ; for if Vicente Vatlez or Lcpe
did not discover it, how did La Cosa know
where to place it.' — unless he revised his map
after 1500. This is not likely, as the map con- ■
tains no hint of the discoveries made during his
third voyage undertaken with Kodrigo de 15as-
tidas in 1500-1502. Cf. Stevens, A'otes, p. 33,
note.
•" Cf. two /I'lv;/ pnn'isions of date Dec. 5,
1500, in Navarrete, iii. 82, S3; and see also a
Cii/'ilulaeioii and Asienlo of date Sept. 5, 1 501,
in Doeumenlos itu'ililos, xxx. 535. < )tlier refer-
ences to this voyage are, — Hcrrera, dec. i. lib. 4,
chap, vi.; Navarrete, iii. iS-23; Humboldt, I'.Xii-
men eriliijue, iv. 221 ; Hancroft, Central Ameriea,
i. 112; and Irving, Companions, pp. 33-41.
^' Navarrete, Coleeeion, iii. 553-555.
12 Ibid., iii. 552.
13 Ibid., iii. 80, Si.
' \ ■ .
'. •^
30$
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
',:i
t>:
1 i 1
miA ,); :!
mm:\
lt\i
r i
!l:
MMI
Hs , I
are documents which would seem to show that he was preparing for a voyage in the begin-
ning of 1502.*
Juan de la Cosa returned with Ojeda in the middle of June, 1500, and he sailed with
Bastidas in the following October. The intervening time he probably spent in work-
ing on the map which bears the legend "Juan de la Cosa la fizo en Puerto de Sta.
Maria en ano de 1500." This is the earliest existing chart made by one of the navigators
of the fifteenth century, the track-chart sent home by Columbus in 1498,- and the Lepe map,
being lost. Humboldt was especially qualified to appreciate the clearness and accuracy
of this La Cosa map by the knowledge of the geography of Spanish America which he
gained during a long sojourn in that part of the world; " and this same knowledge gives
especial value to whatever he says in tiie Examen critique^ concerning the voyages herein
described. Of Juan de la Cosa's knowledge of the geography of the northern coast of
South America there can be little doubt, especially when it is borne in mind that he made
no less than six voyages to that part of the world,'' only two of which, however, preceded
the date which he gives to his map. A comparison of La Cosa's map with the chart of
1527 usually, but probably erroneously, ascribed to Ferdinand Columbus, and with that of
1529 by Ribero, gives a clearer idea than the chron'cles themselves do, of the discoveries
of the early navigators."
Like all these early minor voyages, that of Rodrigo Bastidas rests mainly on the testi-
mony given in the lawsuit already referred to." Navarrete in his Viai;es menorcs stated
that Ojeda procured a license from Bishop Fonseca, who had been empowered to give
such licenses. No document, however, of the kind has been produced with regard to
Ojeda or any of these commanders before the time of Bastidas, whose Asicnto que hizo
con SS. MM. Catolicas of June ;, 1500. has been printed.' As already related, the ravages
of the teredo drove Bastidas into a harbor of Espaflola, where he was forced to abandon
his vessels and march to Santo Domingo. He divided his men into three bands, who
saved themselves from starvation by ex"hanging for food some of the ornaments which
they had procured on the coast of Tierra-Firme. This innocent traffic was declared
illegal by Bobadilla, who sent Bastidas to Spain for trial. But two years later, on Jan. 29,
1504, their Majesties ordered his goods to he restored to him, and commanded that all
1 Capitiilacion, etc., -Sept. 14, 1501 (Docii-
meiitos iiu't/ilos, xxxi. 5) ; CA/nlas, November,
1 501 {Dc'triimciitos ineditos, xxxi. 100, 102);
another c^dula of January, 1502 (Dociimeiifos
iiilditos, xxxi. 119). See also Ilerrera, dec. i.
lib. 4, chap. vii. ; Navarrete, iii. 23, 594 ; Hum-
boldt, Examai critique, i. 314, iv. 221; Han-
croft, Central America, i. 113; and Irving,
Companious, p. 42.
•^ Navarrete, Coleccion, iii. 5, and note, and
P- 539; Humboldt, Examen critiqne, i. S8, and
note. [Cf. the section in the present volume
on "The Karly Maps of the Spanish and Por-
tuguese Discoveries," ante, p. 106. — Ed.]
•■i Cf. l'oya:;e aiix rt'^ions eqiiinoxia/es dii
tifluveaii eoutinent fait en 1799, iSoo, 1801, 1S02,
1S03, et 1S04, A"' Alexandre de Ifiiinholdt ct A.
Bonpland, r{dit;e par Alexandre de flnmholdt,
avic Hit atlas ^!;eo<;raphu]uc et physique (8 vols.),
Paris, 1816-1832. Translated into English by
Helen Maria Williams, and published as Per-
sonal A\irrativc of Travels to the Equinoctial
Kcffions, etc. (7 vols.), Loudon, 1S18-1829.
There is another translation, with the same
title, by Thomassma Ross (7 vols.), London,
181S-1829, of which a three-volume edition was
brought out in 1S52.
* Examen critique de I'/iistoire de la ghigra-
phie du noHveati continent, etc., par A. de Hum-
boldt, Paris, 1836-1S39. This was first published
in Voyai^e de Humboldt et Bonpland. Cf. Bibli-
oi;raphy of Humboldt, vol. iii.
■^ (i) With Columbus — .September, 1493 'o
June, 1496. (2) With Ojeda — May, 1499 to
June, 1500. (3) With Bastidas — October, 1500
to SejiteiTibcr, 1502. (4) In command — 1504
to 1506. (s) In command — 1507101508. (6)
With Ojeda — 1509. Cf. Humboldt, Examen
critique, v. 163; also Navarrete, Biblioteca mari-
tinia espanola, ii. 2oS.
" [See fuithcr on the La Cosa map, Vol. IH.
of the present History, ]>. 8, and the present
volume, p. 106, where fac-siniiles and sketches
are given. — Ed.]
"> .'\nswers to the sixth question {Coleccion,
iii. 545), reviewed by the editor on pp. 591 and
592 of the same volume.
" Doeumeiitos ineditos, ii. 362. It was par-
tially translated in Hancroft, Central America, i
186, note.
h"^!i
1 '
THE COMPANIONS OF COLUMBUS.
207
further proceedings should be abandoned. 1 They also granted him a pension of fifty
thousand maravedis, to be paid from the revenues " de los Golfos de Huraba e Bani ; " ^
while Juan de la Cosa was not only pensioned in a similar fashion, but also made alguacil
viayor of the Gulf of Uraba.'' With the exception of a slave-catching voyage to UrabA
in 1504, Bastidas lived quietly as a farmer in EspaHoIa until 1520, when he led an expedi-
tion to settle the province of Santa Marta, and was there killed by his lieutenant. After
his death his family, seeking to receive compensation for his services and losses, drew
up an Infonnacion dc los servkios del adclaniado Rodrigo de Bastidas ; * and eight years
later presented another.'' From this material it is possible to construct a clear and
connected account of this voyage, especially when supplemented by Oviedo and Las
Casas."
This was the first voyage which really came v^'ithin the scope of Hubert H. Bancroft's
Central America; and therefore he has described it at some length.' This book is a vast
and invaluable mine of information, to be extracted only after much labor and trouble,
owin" to a faulty table of contents, and the absence of side-notes or dates to the pages ;
and there is at present no index. The text is illustrated with a mass of descriptive and
biblio'aaphical notes which are really the feature of the work, and give it its encyclo-
pedic value. Considering its range and character, the book has surprisingly few errors
of any kind ; and indeed the only thing which prevents our placing implicit reliance on it
is Mr. Bancroft's assertion * that " very little of the manuscript as it comes to me, whether
in the form of rough material or more finished chapters, is the work of one person alone; "
while we are not given the means of attaching responsibility where it belongs, as regards
both the character of the investigation and the literary form which is presented. As to
the ultimate authorship of the text itself, we are only assured ' that " at least one half of
the manuscript has been written by my own hand." "
le edition was
The second voyage of Alonso de Ojeda rests entirely on some documents which
Navarrete printed in the third volume of his Coleccion, and upon which he founded his
account of the voyage." The first, in point of time, is a ct'dula of June 8, ijoi, continuing a
license of July, 1500, to explore and govern the Isla de Coquivacoa.'^ Two days later, on
June 10, 1501, a formal commission as governor was given to Ojeda,'* and the articles
of association were executed by him and his partners, Vergara and Ocampo, on the Jth
of July." An escribano, Juan de Guevara by name, was appointed in the beginning of
September of the same year. The fleet was a long time in fitting out, and it was not till
the next spring that Ojeda issued his orders and instructions to the commanders of the
other vessels and to the pilots. 1^ These are of great importance, as giving the names of
the places which he had visited on his first voyage. The attempt at colonization ended
disastrously, and Ojeda found himself at Santo Domingo as the defendant in a suit brought
against him by his associates. Navarrete used the evidence given in this suit in his
account ; but he printed only the cjeaUoria, in which the King and Queen ordered that
Ojeda should be set at liberty, and that his goods should be restored to him.'" The
)
' Navarrete, Coleciion, ii. 416.
- Doiumcntos iucditos, xxxi. 230.
'' Tiliilo (1502, April 3), Docnmcntos ineditos,
xxxi. [29.
* Doctimentos ineditos, ii. 366.
5 Ibid., xxxvii. 459.
" Oviedo, i. 76, and ii. 334; Las Casas, iii.
10. Something may also be found in Herrer?,
dec. i. lib. 4, chap, xiv., and in Navarrete,
Voleccion, iii. 25; Quintana, Obras completas in
Bibliotcca de autores Espaholes, xix. 281 ; IIuip-
\in\A\., Examen critique, i. 360, iv. 224; Helps,
i. 281 ; and Irving, Cotn/'iuiiom, p. 43-45.
' Vol. i. pp. 114, 183-194.
* Cf. Early American Chroniclers, p. 44.
9 Chroniclers, p. 44.
■" [There is a further estimate in .mother part
of the present work. — Ed.]
11 Coleceion, pp. 28, 16S, 591; sec also Hum-
boldt, Examen critique, i. 360, and iv. 226; and
Irving, Companions, pp. 46-53.
'- Coleceion, iii. 85.
" Ibid., iii. 89.
" Ibid., iii. gi.
1^ Ibid., iii. 103, 105-107.
" Ibid., ii. 420-436.
ri ■ ' :i
ii'' I,
208
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAI, HISTORY OF AMERICA.
' ('
'V!'!!
position of tliu irrigated land ' which he called X'alfermoso is difficult to determine ; but it
certainly was not the Curiana of the present day, which is identical with the Curiana of
Guerra and Nino.'-
Martin Fernandez de Enciso — thti />ac/n7/c-r Eiia'so —'■ drat came to the Indies with
Bastidas," says Bancroft,^ and practised law to such good purpose that he accumulated two
thousand castellanos. — equivalent to ten thousand in our day.'' This he contributed
toward the expenses of the Nueva Andalucia colony, of which he was made alcalde mayor.
But he was unfortunate in that office, as we have seen, and was sent to Spain, whence he
returned in 1513 with Pedrdrias as alj^uacil mayor. In im4he led an expedition to Genu,
to which Irving erroneously gives an earlier date.^ From 1514 to 1519 nothing is known
of Enciso"s movements : but in the latter year he published the Siima de j^cografia que
trata dc todas las partidas y provincias del tnuiido, en especial de las Indias, which contains
much bearing on this period. What became of tiie author is not known.
The trading voyages to Tierra-Firme between Ojeda's two attempts at colonization
have no geographical importance; and, indeed, their very existence depends on a few
documents which were unearthed from the Archives of the Indies by the indefatigable
labors of Mufloz, Navarrete, and the editors of the Coleccion de documentos iiUditos rela-
tivos al descubrimieuto, conqiiista y ort^anizacion de las antiguas posesiones EspaTtolas de
AmMca y Oceania.^' Of these trading voyages first comes the cruise of Juan de la Gosa, or
Juan \'izcaino, as he was sometimes called, whose intention to embark upon it is inferred
from a letter from the Queen to the royal officers,' and an asicnto bearing date Feb. 14,
1504.8 Nothing is known ot the voyage itself, except that Navarrete, on the authority
of a cMnla which he did not print, gives the amount of money received by the Grown as
its share of the profits.'-'
The voyage which Ojeda is supposed to have made in 1505 rests on a still weaker
foundation, as there is nothing with regard to it except a ct'ditla, bearing date Sept. 21,
iSOji^"* concerning certain valuables which may have been procured on this voyage or on
the first ill-fated attempt at colonization. That it was contemplated is ascertained from a
C^dula para que Alfonso Doxcda sea Gobernador de la Costa de Ququebacda e Huraba,^'^
etc. The document, dated Sept. 21, 1504, is followed by two of the same date referring
to Ojeda's financial troubles. Is it not possible that the above-mentioned document
of Sept. 21, 1505, belongs with them? The agreement {asieuto) of Sept. 30, 1504, con-
firmed in March of the next year, is in the same volume, while an order to the Governor
of Espanola not to interfere with the luckless Ojeda was printed by Navarrete (iii. iii),
who has said all that can be said concerning the expedition in his Noticia biogrdjica.'^''-
The voyage of Juan de la Gosa with Martin de los Reyes and Juan Gorrea rests
entirely on the assertion of Navarrete that they returned in 1508, because it was stated
(where, he does not say) that the proceeds of the voyage were so many hundred
ri
ifl '
' Ticvra itc rkgo, Navarrete, Coleccion, iii. 32.
^ Navarrete, iii. 32. note 3. In this note
he mentions Kiiciso's Sntiui ilc f:^co^i^rafk as an
authoritv.
' Cciitnil .-imcrica, i. 339, note.
■• Nav.irrcte, />i/i!iotcCii marltima csparohi,
ii. 432; but .see also Hancroft, Central America,
i. 192, note,
' Irving, Companions, pp. 126-129. •'''^'^
Afemorial ijue lUScl hachitU • Enciso de lo ejecntailo
for el en lie fen sa dc los /Scales dcreclios en la materia
dc /oi inJios, in Documentos inAlitos, i. 441. Tliis
document contains, pp. 442-444, the celebrated
reijncrimiento which I'cdrarias was ordered to
read to the natives before he seized their lands.
A translation is in IJancroft, Central America, i.
397, note. It may also he found in Oviedo, iii. 28.
Bancroft in the above note also indicates the
depositary of the requcrimiento drawn up for the
use of Ojeda and Nicuesa. With regard to
this Ccni'i e.\i)edition, see also Enciso, Suma de
gcop-afia, p. 56.
•> Cited in this chapter as Documentos iniditos.
[See further on this collection in the Introduction
to the jjresent voUuuc. — El).]
" Navarrete, Coleccion, iii. 109; and see also
DiHioteca marltima espanola, ii. 210, 211.
" Documentos iueditos, xxxi. 2:0.
" Navarrete, Coleccion, iii. 161.
''' Documentos iniditos, xxxi. 360.
'1 Ibid., xxxi. 250.
'- Coleccion, iii. 169.
i I
THE COMPANION'S OF COLUMBUS.
209
thousand maravedis.' Concerning the discovery of Yucatan by Vicente Yaflez Pinzon, there
is no original material ; - but iicre again evidence of preparation for a voyage can be found
in an asicnto y capytulacion of April 24, 1505, in the Docninentos incditos (xxxi. 309).
After this time the liistory of Tierra-Pirme is much better l<no\vn ; for it is with the
colonies sent out under Ojeda and Nicuesa in 1509 that the Historia general of Oviedo
becomes a standard authority. Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes was born in
Madrid in 147S, and in 1490 he entered the household of the Duke of Villahermoso.
Later lie served under Prince Juan and the King of Naples until 1507, wiien he entered
the service of the King and Queen of Spain. In 1513 he was appointed escn'bano, and
later (upon the death of Caicedo, who, it will be remembered, was one of the agents
\'asco Nunez had sent to Spain to announce the existence of an unlcnown sea) vcedor de
las fuiidaciones d' oro to the expedition whicli under Pedrilrias was sent to Tierra-Firme
in that year. Oviedo did not approve of tlie course pursued by that worthy, and returned
to Spain in 1515 to inform the new King, Charles I. (Emperor Charles V.) of the true con-
dition of afleiirs in the Indies. He brought about many important reforms, secured for
himself the office of perpetual regidor of Antigua, — cscribano general of the province,
receiver of the fines of the cdinara,^ — and cargoes and goods forfeited for smuggling
were also bestowed upon him. His veedurla was extended so as to include all Tierra-
Firme ; and when the news of the execution of Vasco Nufiez arrived at Court, he
was ordered to take charge of his goods and those of his associates. Oviedo, provided
with so many offices and with an order commanding all governors to furnish him
with a true account of their doings, returned to Antigua soon after the new governor,
Lope de Sosa, who had been appointed, upon his representations, to succeed Pedrdrias.
But unfortunately for him Lope de Sosa died in the harbor of Antigua (1520), and
Oviedo was left face to face with Pedrarias. It was not long before they quarrelled as to
the policy of removing the seat of government of the province from Antigua to Panamd,
which Oviedo did not approve. Pedrdrias craftily made him his lieutenant at Antigua, in
which office Oviedo conducted himself so honestly that he incurred the hatred of all the
evil-dispostil colonists of that town, and was forced to resign. He also complained of
Pedrdrias b ore the new alcalde mayor, and was glad to go to Spain as the representative
of Antigua. On his way he stopped at Cuba and Santo Domingo, where he saw Velasquez
and Diego Columbus; with the latter he sailed for home. There he used his oppor-
tunities so well that he procured, in 1523, the appointment of Pedro de los Rios as
Pedrdrias' successor, and for himself the governorship of Cartagena ; and after publishing
his Sumario he returned to Castilla del Oro, where he remained until 1530, when he
returned to Spain, resigned his veedurla, and some time after received the appointment of
Cronista general de Indias. In 1532 he was again in Santo Domingo, and in 1533 he was
appointed alcaid of the fortress there. But the remainder of his life was passed in
literary pursuits, and he died in Valladolid in 1557 at the age of seventy-nine. From this
account it can easily be seen that whatever he wrote with regard to the affairs of Tierra-
Firme must be received with caution, as he was far from being an impartial observer.*
The first document with regard to the final and successful settlement of Tierra-Firme
is the cMiila of June 9, 1508, in which Diego de Nicuesa and Alonso de Ojeda were com-
missioned governors of Veragua and Urabd for four years.i^ Juan de In Cosa was
' Tolcciii'ii, iii. 162.
'^ Navarrete, Ctf/fc/Vw, iii.46; Humboldt, y;.va-
»/(•« criliquc, iv. 22S ; Herrera, dec. i. lib. 6, cha]).
xvii. liut this discovery is denied by Ilarrisse.
3 " Collector of penalties." Of. Bancroft,
Central America, i. 473,
* [The bibliographical history of Oviedo's
writings is given in the note following the
chapter on Las Casas. Harrisse, who gives a
VOL. II. — 27.
chapter on Oviedo in his Christophe Colomh,
p. 97, points out how rarely he refers to original
documents. — Ed.]
* Real cedilla por la cual, con referenda a to
capitulado con Diego de Nicuesa y Alonso de IIo-
jeda, y al nomhramiento de dmbos por ciiatro aiios
para gobernadores de Veragua el primero y de
Urabd et segundo, debiendo ser Teniente suyo Juan
de la Cosa, se ra/ijica el nomhramiento a //ojeda
11
Hi
if/;
'.' '■'
l> I.
Vi I
Hi!
i1
I-
l!
2IO
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
confirmed in his office of algtuicil mayor tie L/rabd on the seventeenth of the same month ; »
and the Governor of Espaflola was directed to give him a house for his wife and children,
togetiier with a sufficient niimlier of Indians.'-
As we have seen, the two governors were prevented by Diego Columbus from taking
the well-to-do class of colonists from Espaflola upon which they had counted. This
statement is made on the authority of Nicuesa's lieutenant, Rodrigo de Colmcnares, who
afterward deserted Nicucsa at Antigua, and went to Spain in 1512 in company with
Caicedo to report the existence of a new sea. Wliile there, either on this or a later visit,
he presented a memorial to the Kw^ sobrc el liemraciiufo siiceso de Diei^o i/e A'uuesa.''
The allegations of Colmenarcs are borne out by two ccdnlas of Feb. 28, 1510; ■» wliile a
cedilla of June 15, 1510, declared that the Gulf of Urabd belonged to the province which
had been assigned to Ojeda/" Nicuesa was informed of this decision \n!L cc'diila oi the
same date." There are four more cedillas of July 25, 15 11, in two oi which the Admiral
Diego Columbus and the treasurer Pasamonte are ordered to assist the unhappy gover-
nors, while the other two were written to inform those governors that such orders had
been sent.' The f.tte of neither of them, however, is certain. The judges of appeal in
Espanola were ordered to inquire into the crimes, delils, and excesses of Ojeda, Talavera,
and companions.^ Talavera and lus associates were hanged in Jamaica in 1511, and
Ojeda's deposition was taken in 1513, and again in 1515 in Santo Domingo, in the cele-
brated lawsuit ; but beyond this liis further movements are not accurately known.' As
for Nicuesa, he too underwent shipwreck and starvation ; and when at last fortune
seemed about to smile upon him, he was cruelly cast out by the mutinous settlers at
Darien; and although a story was current that he had been wrecked on Cuba anU had
there left inscribed ..n a tree, " Here died the unfortunate Nicuesa," yet the best opinion is
that he and his seventeen faithful followers perished at sea. i"
The only complete biography of Vasco Nufiez de Balbda is that of Don Manuel Jos^
Quintana," who had access to the then unpublished portion of Oviedo, and to documents
many of which are possibly not yet published. His I'l'da,^'- therefore, is very useful in
filling gaps in the account of the expeditions from Antigua both before and after the
coming of Pedrdrias. There is no account by an eye-witness of the expeditions under-
taken by Vasco Nuiiez before 15 14; and the only approach to such a document is the
(June 9, TjoS), Navanctc, Colcrc-iait, iii. 116; in
the oiir;'i .il spelling, and bearing date May 9,
150S, ill Document hiedi/os, xxxii. 25. The
" fafilidiiiio" mentioned in the above title is in
Documeiitos iiteiiitos, xxxii. 29-43, •*"'' '* followed
bv the Kt'dl ccdii'ui para Xoati de la Cossa sea capi-
tan c golh-riiador for Al/ionso Doxcda ; e en las
fc.-tes doiide estlwhicre cl dieho Doxcda sit Lugar
Tlii"ie>t/c {June 9, 1508); and see also Capi'/ii-
laeion que se tonia con Diego de A'leuesa y Alouso
de Ojcda (June 9, 1508), Documentos iueditos,
xxii. 13.
' Navarrete, Colcccion, iii. liS; Documentos
iniditos, x.xxii. 46 ; and see al.so Ibid., p. 52.
2 Cedilla, Documentos iueditos, xxxii. 51.
' Navarrete, Colcccion, iii. 386 and note;
probably presented in 1516. Cf. Dihlioteca
maritima espanola, ii. 666.
^ Documentos incditos, xxxi. 529, 533.
" Il)id., xxxii. lor.
' Ibid., xxxii. 103.
■^ Ibid., xxxii. 231, 236, 240, 257.
* See document of October c, iiii, in
Navarrete, Colcccion, iii. 120, .ind of Oct. 6, 151 1,
in Documentos incditos, xxxii. 284.
" Other references are Oviedo, ii. 421 ; Las
Casas, iii. 2S9-311 ; Peter Martyr, dec. ii. chap,
i. ; Herrcra, dec. i. lib. 7, chaps, vii., xi., xiv.-xvi.,
and lib. 8, iii.-v. ; Navarrete, Colcccion, iii.
170; Qiiintana, 17. S., pp. 281, 301; Helps, i.
287-296; Bancroft, Central America, i. 289-301;
Irving, Companions, pp. 54-102.
'" .See, however, on the career of Nicuesa af-
ter leaving Cart.igena the following authorities:
Oviedo, ii. 465-477 ; Las Casas, iii. 329-347 ;
Peter Martyr, dec. ii. chaps, ii.-iii. ; Herrcra, dec.
i. lib. 7, chap, xvi., and lib. 8, chaps, i.-iii. and
viii. ; I'idas de Espaholcs cclcores in vol. xix. of
Bil'lioteca dc autorcs EspanoUs, ohras completas del
Excimo Sr. D. Manuel Jose Qiiintana, p. 2S3 ;
Helps, i. 303-317; Bancroft, Central America,
I. 289-308, and 336, note ; Irving, Companions,
pp. 103-117, 138-146.
" Cf. Navarrete, Biblioteca maritima espa-
nola, fi. 409.
'^ Qniiitana, U. S., pp. 281-300.
THE COMPANIONS OF COLUMBUS.
211
f Oct. 6, 1511,
letter which Vasco NuFlez wrote to the Kiiiij; on J.td. 20, 15 13.* The writer of this letter
cume to the Indies with liastidas in 1500 : and after tiie unhappy ending of tliat voyage
settled in I'^spanola. But he was not suited to the placid life of a planter, and lieconiing
involved in debt, was glad to escape from his creditors in Enciso's ship. It was by his
advice tiiat the San Sebastian colony was transferred to the other side of the (ailf of
Urab.i ; and when there his shrewdness had discovered a way of getting rifl of Enciso.
The exact part he played in the murder of N'icuesa is not clear; but it is certain, as
ISaiuroft points out, that his connection with that nefarious act was the lever by which
his enemies linally accomplished his overthrow. It can be thus easily undcrstond that the
censures which he passes on Enciso and .\icuesa must l)c received with caution. Still,
we should not forget that Vasco Nufiez succeeded where they failed, lie was a man of
little or no education, and portions of this letter are almost untranslatable. Nevertheless,
Clements K. .Markham Ins given an English rendering in the Introduction to his trans-
lation of Andagoya's Relacion."^ .'Vmong the other accounts,* that of Herrera is very full,
and, so far as it can be compared —ith accessible documents, sufficiently accurate.
There is no real discrepancy in the various narratives, except will regard to the date
of the discovery of the Pacific, which Peter Martyr says took place on the 26th of Sei>
teiiiber, while all the other authorities have the 25th ; Oviedo going so far as to give the
very hour when the new waters first dawned on lialbda's sight.*
There is no lack of original material concerning the government of Pedrdrias. First
come his commission'' (July 27, 1513) and instructions " (Aug. 2, 1513), which Xavarrete
has printed, together with the letter written by the King on receipt of the reports of N'asco
Nunez' grand discovery.' The date of this paper is not given ; but there has recently
been printed ^ a letter from the King to Vasco Nunez of Aug. 19, IJ14. In this note the
monarch stales that he has heard of the discovery of the new sea through I'asamonte,
although he had not then seen Arbolancha. Pasamonte had probably written in \'asco
Nui'iez' favor; for the King adds that he has written to Pedrarias that he (Vasco Nunez)
should be well treated. It is possible that this is the letter above mentioned, a portion
only of which is printed in Navarrete.
The date of the expedition to Dabaibe, in which so many men were lost, is not certain ;
but X'asco Nufiez saw the necessity of putting forward a defence, which he did in a letter
to the King on the i6th of October, 1515.' In this letter, besides describing the really
insuperable obstacles in the way of a successful expedition in that direction, — in which
the lack of food, owing to the ravages of the locusts, bears a prominent part, — he attacks
Pedr.lrias and his government very severely.
The doings of Arbolancha in Spain are not known. There is a letter of the King to
Pedrarias, dated Sept. 27, 1514, appointing Vasco Nufiez addantado of the coast region
'iiaritima cspa-
' Navarrete, CoUccioit, iii. 358-375.
- A'arratij. . . . of Pascual de Aiidagoya,
translated bv 0. K. Markham for the Hakluyt
Society, if* J5, Introduction, pp. iii, xix.
* O'i^do, iii. 4-21 ; Las Casas, iii, 312-328,
iv, 66-134 ; Peter Martyr, dec. ii. chai)S. iii.-vi.,
dec. iii. chap. i. , Herrera, dec. i. lib. 9 and 10,
viitii the e.Nception of chap. vii. of book 10, which
relates 10 I'edrarias, and of a few other chapters
with regard to the affairs of Velasquez, etc. ;
Galvano, Hakluyt Society ed., p. 124; Helps,
'• 3- '-352, and chap. iv. of his Pizarro ; Ban-
croft, Cmtral America, i. 129, 133, 330-3S5, 438 ;
and Mexico, iii. 558 ; Irving, Companions, pp.
136-212 and 254-276 ; Ruge, Ccschichic dcs Zcit-
alters der l-'.nldeckiiir^en, p. 347.
'■ Cf. liancroft. Central America, i. 364, note.
Irving unluckily followed I'cter .Martyr, as lian-
croft shows. [Humboldt is inclined to magnify
the significance of the information which Co-
lumbus in his third voyage got, as looking to
a knowledge, by the Spaniards, of the south sea
as early as 1503. Cf. his Relation historiqiie dii
voyai,v aitx rei;ions hjiiinoxiales, iii. 703, 705,
713 ; Cosmos, ICng. tr. (Bohn), ii. 642; V'iruis of
Nature (Bohn), p. 432. — Kd.1
6 Coleccion, iii. 337-342-
0 Ibid., iii. 342-355-
' Ibid., iii. 355.
" Dociimcnios ini'dilos, xxxvii. 2R2.
9 Ibid., ii. 526 ; Navaiiete, Coleccion, iii. 375.
Cf. Xavarrcte's nola on the credibility of Vasco
Nufiez in Ibid., p. 3S5. Portions of this letter
have been translated by Markham in the notes
to p.iges I and 10 of .Andagoya's A'arrative,
published by the Hakluyt Society.
•1
m
if
2l:
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
;■ I-
H ''^
f!j ,
It'' I . ''
which he liatl discovered. ' VVe have several letters of the King to l'e(h.irias, to the new
adclanlado, and to other officers, on November 23 and 27.'-
The next document of iniiMirlance is llie narrative of Espinosa's expedition, written
by himself. It is printed in the Dthitiiicii/os iiuh/itos (vol. ii. pp. 467-522), with some
corrections by tiie editors ; but it may be found in the original spelling, and witiiout such
corrections, in anotlier volume of that series,'' wiiere the date of 514 is most erroneously
assigned to it.
The lici'iuiate (Caspar de Espinosa came to Tierra-Kirme with I'ednirias as ahali/e
mayor. Soon after his arrival at Antigua he held tiie rcsidcncia of Vasco Nuflez, and
then is not heard of again until lie is found in command of this exjiedition. He founded
Panama (for the first time) and returned to Antigua, whence he followetl I'ednirias to
Ada to try \'asco Nufiez for treason. He unwillingly convicted him, but recommentied
mercy. After the great explorer's death he cruised in his vessels to the coast of
Nicaragua; and later he played an important part in die conquest of Peru, and died at
Cuzco while endeavoring to accommodate the differences between Pizarro and Alniagro.
The only oilier document of his which I have found is a Rchicion e proceso concerning the
voyage of 1519.''
There are a few other documents bearing on the history of Tierra-Firme ;' but the
best and most complete cc ntemporarv account of this period" was written by Pascual de
Andagoya, who came to Antigua witii Pedrdrias. Andagoya was with Vasco NuAez on
his last voyage, accompanied Espinosa on both his expeditions, and led a force into liin'i
in 1522. After his return from that expedition he lived in PananiA until 1529, when
Pedro de los Rios banished him from the isthmus. After a few years spent in Santo
Domingo he returned to Panaii'.d as lieutenant to the new governor, Barrionuevo, and
acted as agent to Pizarro and tiie other conquerors of Peru until 1536, when his resi-
dencia was held with much rigor by the licenciate Pedro Vasquez, and he was sent to
Spain. In 1539 he returned a:, adclantado and governor ' Castilla Nueva, as the province
bordering on the Mar del Sur from the Gulf of San iM._^ ;1 to the San Juan River was
then called. But the remainder of his life was one succession of disappointments, and he
died some time after 1545.'
From this brief biography it will be seen that Andagoya's earlier career was successful,
and that he was on friendly terms with Pedr.irias, Espinosa, and Vasco Nuflez. He was
therefore, so far as we are concerned, an impartial witness of the events which he describes ;
and his testimony is therefore more to be relied on than that of Oviedo, who was absent
from Tierra-Firme a great part of the time, and who was besides inimical to Pedrrfrias.
Otherwise Oviedo's account is tlie better; for the sequence of events is difficult, if not
impossible, to unravel from Andagoya.
Il r
i?-'
lit
1 Cf. Sabin, DUtioimry, vol. xiii. no. 56,338 ;
also vol. .\. no. 41,604.
- Letter from the King to Pedr.irias, Sept.
23, 1514 (Doiumentos iiuditos, xxxvii. 285);
to Alonso de la Fucnte, nuestro Thcsordro de
Castilla del Oro. same date (Doc. in., p. 2S7) ; to
other officials (Doc. in., p. 2S9) ; to Vasco Nunez
(Doc. ill., p. 290). See also some extracts printed
in the same volume, pp. 193-197.
" DocHinentos incditos, xxxvii. 5-75.
* Ibid., XX. 5-1 19.
* Carta dc Alonso de la Piientc [tliesorero of
Tierra-Firme] y Diego Maiqiiez, 1516 (Docii-
mciitos incditos, ii. 538); Carta al Mr. dc Zn'res
cl lycenciado fiia(0, 1518 (Dociimentos incditos,
i. 304). AI011.W dc ^luifo, or /nazo, was jiiez de
Rcsidencia en Santo Domingo. Cf. Dociimentos
tneditos, i. 292, note.
^ Relacion dc los siicesos de Pcdrdrias Ddvila
en las fro^^'incias dc Tierra Jirme 6 Castilla del
oro, y de lo occurido en el descnbrimiento de la
mar del Sur y castas del Peril y A'icara^iia, escrita
por el Adclantado Pascual de Andagoya, in Xavar-
rete, Coleccion, iii. 393-456. The portion beai ing
on the events described in this chapter ciid.s at
page 419. This has been translated and edited
with notes, a map, and introduction bv Clem-
ents R. Markhani, in a volume published by the
Hakluyt Society, London, 1S65. [Cf. chapter
on Peru, and the paper on Andagoya by Navar-
rete in his O/'tisculos, i. 137. — E13.]
" Cf. Navarretc, A'oticia biografica del Adcl-
antado Pascual de Andagoya, Coleccion, iii. 457 ;
also Bihlioteca niaritiina cspaTwla, ii. 519; and
Markham's translation of Andagoya's Relacion,
])p. XX -XXX.
I
i<\
TIIK COMPANIONS OK COIA'MIU'S.
213
to the new
'rjie second chronicler of the Indies, Antonio <Ic Ikrroiii y 'rordcsillas. wlio i)nblislied
the first two vohniies of his Itistoria i;cii(>al in 1601,' drew upon liiinself tlie wratli of
a descendant of rednirias, Don Francisco Arias Djivihi, Conde dc I'tifionrostro, who
petitioned f-r redress. Memorials, rclncioncsy and rcj'nttuionfs were ijivcn on both sides
until September, 1603, when the matter was referred to '• \il Ramirez de Arellano, del
CoMsexo de Su Maxestad e Su Fiscal.'' This imiijire decided in elfect - that Ilerrera
had ({one too far, and that the acrimony -f .some of the jiassages objected to should be
militated. The papers which passed in this discussion, after remaining for a long
tinic l)urie(l in the Arcliives of the Indies, have been printed in the thirty-seventh volume
of l)ihiiiiit-iitos incclitos^'' and are wiinout doubt one of tlic most valuable sets amon)^ tlie
papers in that collection. Amonj; them are many letters from the King to the royal
officials which throw much light on the history of that time. There is nothing in them,
however, to remove the unfavorable opinion of I'edr.-irias which the execution of Vasco
Nuflez aroused; for although there can be little doubt that Vasco Nunez meditated
technical treason, yet conviction for treason by the ulcaldc mayor would not have justi-
fied execution without appeal, especially when the fair-minded judge, Ga.spar Espinosa,
recommended mercy. This is perfectly clear ; but the mind of Pednirias, who presented
the facts from his point of view, in the TestimiUiio de mondamidnlo dc J'cdrun'as Davila
iiiividando prosccsar a Vasco Niiiies dc Balbda,^ had been poisoned by the jealous
Garabito.
The convicted traitors were executed vvithout del.ay or appeal of any kind being given
tliem. The general opinion is that this execution took place in 1517, and that date has
been adopted in this chapter; but in the second volume of Dociimcutos iiicdiios fn. 556),
there is a Pcticion prcscntada por Hernando de Ari;ucllo, d nombrc dc Vasco Nitucz de
Jud/wti, sohre que se le prorroi^ne el U'rmino que se Ic habia dado para la construccion de
uHos iiiivlos, etc., which was granted, for eight months, on the 13th day of January, 1518
(<•« /reze de Ei . -o de quiiiu'ntos e diez i ocho aiios). This document is signed by Fedr.irias
Davila, Alonso de la Puente, and Diego Marquez; and it is properly attested by Martin
Salte, escrilnino. Argiiello was the principal financial supporter of Vasco Nufiez in the
South Sea enterprise, and was executed in the evening of the same day on which his
chief suffered.''
The first fifty-seven pages of the fourteenth volume of the Documentos int'ditos are
taken up with the affairs of Gil Gonzalez D.ivila. The first is an asicnto with the
pilot Nifio, by which he was given permission to discover and explore for one thousand
leagues to the westward from Panamii. Gil Gonzalez was to go in command of the fleet,'
composed of tlie vessels built by Vasco Nufiez, which Pedrdrias was ordered to deliver to
the new adventurers, but which he refused to do until Gil Gonzalez made the demand
in person.'
A full statement of the equipments and cost of fitting out the fleet in Spain is given
in Documentos ineditos (vol. xiv. pp. 8-20), and is exceedingly interesting as showing
what the Spaniards thought essential to the outfit of an exploring expedition. What was
1 .'
' [See the bibliograph" of Hcrrera on p. 67,
uiil,-. — El).]
- Documentos ineditos, .xxxvii. 311.
' See also Oviedo, iii. 21-51. 83 et sen. ; Las
Casas, iv. 135-244; Peter Martyr, dec. ii. chap,
vii. dee. iii. chaps, i.-iii., v., vi., and x., and dec. v.
chap. ix. ; Herrcra, dec. ii. lib. t,2, 3, dec. iii. lib.
4, 5, 8, 9, and 10 passim : Quintana, 6'. S., p. 294
Helps, i. 353-3SS; iJancroft, Centnd Amtriai, i.
386-431; Irving, Companions, pp. 212-276.
■• Documentos ineditos, xxxvii. 215-231.
' Oviedo, iii. 56; Eas Casas, iv. 230-244;
Peter ^Eii tyr, dec. iv. chap. ix. ; Herrera, dee. ii.
lib. 2, chaps, xiii , xv., and xxi. ; Quintana, U. S.,
pp. 29S-299; Helps, i. 3S9-411 ; Pancroft, CtV///'.;/
America, i. 432-459; Irving, Companions, pp.
259-276. Cf. Manuel M. De Peralta, Costa Rica,
Xicara<;ua y Panartd en el sij^/o X]'I. (Madrid,
1^83), pp. ix, 707, for documents relating to
Pedrdrias in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and
p. S3 for Diego Machuca de Zuazo's letter to
the Eni]3cror, written from (jranada. May 30,
1531, referring to the death of Pcdrarias.
8 Documentos ineditos, xiv. 5, partly translated
in Bancroft, Central America, i. 480, note.
' Bancroft, Central Ama ica, i. 481, note.
I ■'
I'l' ;i
214
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
r *
iW'.li
.iV
i :t
,1./'Mf|'
actually accomplislicd in the way of sailing, niarcliinj;, aticl baptizing is fully set forth in
Kelacion dc las /ei;;iias i/uc el capitan Gil Gonzalez DAvila anduvit a pW par ticrra por
la casta de la mar del Siii\y de los caciques y indios que descidnid y se baldizaron, y del
oro que dieron para S'us Afai^estades (1522)-'
The latter i)art of the career of Gil Gonzalez is described in the Informacion sobt-e
la lUj^ada de Gil Gonzalez Ddvila y Cristdbal de Olid A las Ifii^iieras (Oct. S, 1524) -
and in the succeeding documents, especially a Tra^'ado tcstiinoniado de una ci'dula del
Empcrador Carlos /'.... entre los capitanes L.il Gonzalez DAvila y Cristdbal
Dolid (Nov. 20, 1525).'' The Relacion of Andagoya^ contains a narrative of the ex-
jiedition iVom a different point of view. Besides these papers, Bancroft found a docu-
ment in the Squier Collection,' which he cites as Carta de Gil Gonzalez Ddvila el A'ey
(.March, 1524). This letter contains a great deal of detailed information, of which
Bancroft has made good use in his account of that adventurer."
There is no documentary evidence with regard to the settlement of Jamaica by Juan
de Esquivel, or of the circumnavigation of Cuba by Sebastian de Ocanipo ; and there are
but slight allusions to them in the "chroniclers."' There is not much to be found con-
cerning the settlement of Cuba, except the accounts given by the early chroniclers.
1 should i)lace Oviedo (vol. i. p. 494) first, although he got his knowledge second hand
from the account given by Las Casas ; wliilc the story of this actual observer is necessarily
tinged by the peculiar views — peculiar for the nation and epoch — which he held in later
life with regard to the enslavement of the natives.'
With the voyage of C6rdoba to Yucatan, Navarrete ' again becomes useful, although
he printed no new evidence. Tiie voyage, therefore, rests upon the accounts given in the
standard books,*" upon the Historia verdadera of Bernal Diaz, the \'ida de Corti's in
Icazbalceta (i. 33S), and a few documents recently dragged from the recesses of the Indian
Archives.
Bernal Diaz del Castillo came to Tierra-Firme with Pednirias ; but, discouraged with
the outlook there, he and about one hundred companions found their way to Cuba,
attracted thither by the inducements held out by Velasquez. But there again he was
doomed to disappointment, and served under C(5rdoba, Grijalva, and Cort(5s. After the
conquest of Mexico he settled in Guatemala. Whatever may be the exaggerations in
the latter part of his Historia I'crdadera}'^ there is no reason why Bernal Diaz should
t '\
!• !'
1!*^;,
' Documciitos iucditos, xiv. 20.
- ll)itl., xiv. 25.
" Ibitl., xiv. 47.
< Navarrete, Colcaioii, iii. 413-418; Mark-
ham's translation, pp. 31-3S ; .see also Oviedo, iii.
65 et seq. ; Las Casas, v. 200 et seq. ; Peter Martyr,
dec. vi. chaps, ii.-viii. ; Ilerrera, dec. ii. lib. 3,
chap. XV. and lib. 4 etc., dec. iii. lib. 4, chaps, v.
and vi. ; Heliis, iii. 69-76.
'' Cf. ISancroft, Central Amcridj, i. 483, note.
[See the Introduction to the present volume. —
Ed.)
•> Central America, i. 47S-492, 512-531, and
527-53S. This letter, which is dated at .Santo
Domingo (March 6, 1524), liassincc been printed
in Peralta's Ci'.rA; Rica, Xidiraf^ua y Paiianta cu el
Sigh XJ'/, (Madrid, 1SS3), p. 3, where is also
(p. 27) his Itiiicraric, beginning "21 de Enero
dc 1522."
" For Esquivel and Jamaica, see Ilerrera,
dec. i. lib. 8, chap, v.; Navarrete, Coleccioii,
iii. 171. For Ocampo's voyage, Oviedo, i. 495;
Las Cas.is, iii. 210; Ilerrera, dec. i, lib. 7,
chap, i.; Stevens's A'otes, p. 35; Helps, i. 415,
and ii. 165.
' See also Herrera, dec. i. lib. 9, chaps, iv.,
vii., and xv. ; also lib. 10, chaj), viii.; Helps, i.
415-432, and ]'iila de Corti's in Icazbalceta,
Colcccion . . . para la historia de Mexico, i. 319-
337. [There is a little contemporary .iccount of
tlie conquest of Cuba in the Lenox Library,
Pro7'inci(C . . . iioviter rcperta in ultima uavii^atione,
which seems to be a Latin version of a .Spanish
origin.al now lost (Hibl. Amer. Vet. no. loi).
On tlie dcatli of Velasquez, see Magazine oj
American History, i. 622, 692. — Ed.]
" Coleccion, iii. 53.
1" Oviedo, i. 497; Las Casas, iv. 34S-363;
Peter Martyr, dec. iv. chap. i. ; Ilerrera, dec. ii.
lib. 2, chap. xvii. ; Navarrete, Coleccion, iii. 53
CogoUudo, Historia tie Yucatan, 3 ; Prescott,
il/exico, i. 232; Helps, ii. 211-217; Bancroft,
Central America, i. 132, and Mexico, i. 5-1 1.
" [Cf. the chapter on Cortes. — Ed.1
:,l '
THK COMPANIONS 01' COLUMHUS.
215
not have wislicd to tell the truth as to tlie voyages of Cordoba anil C.rijalva, witli one or two
exceptions, to be hereafter noted.
I'rtscott, in his Con;ue!^t 0/ Afexico (vol. i. p. 222), says that Cc^riloha sailed for one
of the neighboring liahamas, but that storms drove him far out of his course, etc.
liancrnft ' has effectually disposed of this error. lUit is it not a tiiiinus tact that liernal
Diaz and Uviedo should j;ive the length of the voyage from Cape .St. Anton to the sighting
of the islands off Yucatan as from six to twenty-one days .' Ovicdo was probably nearer
the mark, as it is very likely that tlic old soldier had forgotten the exact circumstances of
the voyage ; for it must be borne in mind that he did not write his book until long after die
events which it chronicles. As to the ojjject of tlic expe<iition, it was undoiihtedly luuler-
takcn for the purpose of procuring slaves, and very possibly Velasquez, contributed a small
vessel to the two fitted out by the other adventurers ; ■' but the claim set forth by the de-
scendants of Velas([ucz, that he sent four fleets at his own cost — La una ron iin /■'. If. de
( ordoba ' — is preposterous.
The voyage of Juan de Grijalva was much better chronicled ; for with regard to it
there arc in existence three accounts written by eye-witnesses. The first is tiiat of Hernal
Diaz,'' wliich is minute, and generally accurate ; but it is not unlikely that in his envy at
the praise accorded to Corti5s, he may have exaggerated the virtues of Grij.alva. The
Latter also wrote an account of the expedition, which is embodied in Oviedo,'' together
with corrections suggested by Velasquez, whom Ovicdo saw in 1523.
lUit before these I should place the /linerario of ]\\An Diaz, a priest who accompanied
the expedition." Tiie original is lost ; but an Italian version is known, which was printed
with the Itiiicrario dc I'arthema at Venice, in 1520.' This edition was apparently
unknown to Navarrete, who gives 1522 as the date of its appearance in Italian, in which
he is followed by Ternaux-Compans and Prcscott.
Notwithstanding this mass of original material, it is not easy to construct a connected
narrative of tliis voyage, for Oviedo sometimes contradicts himself; liernal Diaz had
undoubtedly forgotten the exact dates, which he nevertheless attempts to give in too many
cases : Juan Diaz, owing partly to the numerous translations and changes incidental
thereto, is sometimes unintelligible ; and Las Casas,' who had good facilities for getting
at the exact truth, is often very vague and difficult to follow.
i
:' »
' History oj Mexico, i. 7, note 4.
•i li.mcrofl, Mexico, i. 5, 6, notes.
^ Memotial del nes^ocio de D. Antonio I'elas-
qiiez lie luizan, etc., Jlocumentos Inlditos, x. 80-
86; this extract is on p. 82.
* /fistoriii verdaderii, chaps, viii.-xiv.
* llisloriii i^'enenil, I. 502-537.
* As to the identity of Juan Diaz, see note
to Ikrnal Diaz, Ilisloria verdadera, ed. of 1632,
folio 6; Oviedo, i. 502; Ilerrera, dec. ii. lib. 31,
chap. i. As to his future career, sec liancroft,
Mexico, ii. 158 and note 5. Tlie full title of this
account of Juan Diaz is : Itinerario del arniata del
Re catliolico in India verso In isola de /iic/inl/ian del
anno M.D.X I'll I. alia qua I fu preside nte &^ cap-
itan generate loan de Grisalra : el qua! c facto
per el capellano maggior de di<ta armala a sua
altezza.
' [A copy of this, which belonged to Ferdi-
nand Columbus, is in the Cathedral Library at
.Seville. The book is so scarce that Mufioz used
amanuscript copy, and from Mufioz' manuscript
the one used by Prescott was copied. Maison-
ncuve (1882 Catalogue, no. 2,980) has recently
priced a copy at 600 francs. There is a copy
in the Carter-Hrown Library (Catalogue, vol. i.
no. 65), and was sold the present year in the
Court sale (no. 362). It was reprinted in 1522,
1526 (Murphy, 110, 2,580), and 1535, — the last
priced by Maisonncuve (no. 2,g8r) at 400 francs.
Cf. Harrisse, lii/il. Ainer. Vet., no.s. 98, 114, 137,
205, and Additions, no. 59. Tlie Carter-Pi rorun
Catalogue (i. 119) jnits a Venice edition, without
date, under 1536. Ternaux gives a French trans-
lation in his A'elations et m^moires, vol. x. Icaz-
balceta has given a Spanish version from the
Italian, together with the Italian text, in his Ci>-
leccion de documentos para la historia de Mi'xico,
i. 281 ; also see his introduction, p. xv. He
points out the errors of Ternaux's version. Cf.
Bandelier's " Hibliography of Yucatan" in
Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc. (October, 1880), p. 82.
Harrisse in his Bibl. Amer. I'et., Additions,
no. 60, cites a f^ettera mddata delta insula de
Cuba, 1520, which he says differs from the
account of Juan Diaz. — En.]
8 Las Casas, iv. 421-449. Other references
to this voyage are, — Peter Martyr, dec. iv.
chaps, iii. and iv. ; Herrera, dec. ii. lib. 3,
chaps, i., ii., ix., x., and xi. ; Navarrete, Coleccion,
8l6 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY GK AMERICA.
'^1
'I .*1
I'll '
*'^Capitan"Iva1J
""^ &R1JALVA ^'^
Cuclfcir
,1 I'
i'l
JUAN DE GRIJAI.VA.'
In addition to this material, the D^cadax abreviadas de los dcsitibrhnientos, conquistas.
fundaciones y otras rosas notables, acaecidas en las Indias occiden tales desde 1492 d 1640,
has been of considerable service. This paper was found in manuscript form, without date
or signature, in the Biblioteca Nacional by the editors of the Docunientos indditos, and
printed by them in their eighth volume (pp. 5-52)- It is not accurate throughout ; but
it gives the dates and order of events in many cases so clearly, that it is a document of
some importance.
iii. 55; Cogolludo, riistoria de Yucathan, p. 8; ' Fac-simile of an engraving in Herrera, i
Rrasseur de Bourbourg, iv. 50; Helps, ii. 217; 312. Cf. also the Mexican edition of Prescott,
Bancroft, Central America, i. 132; and Mexico, and Carbajal Espinosa'.'s ffistoria de Mixico
pp. 15-35. '•64-
11 11
THE EARLY CARTOGRAPHY
GULF OF MEXICO AND ADJACENT PARTS.
HY THE EDITOR. , ,
IN .1 previous section on the early maps of the Spanish and Portuguese discoveries
the Editor has traced the d-ivelopment of the geography of the Gulf of Mexico
with the group of the Antilles and the neighboring coasts, beginning with the delinea-
tion of La Cosa in 1500. He has indicated in the same section the influence of the
explorations of Columbus and his companions in shaping the geographical ideas of
the early years of the sixteenth century. Balbda's discovery in 1513 was followed by
the failure to find any passage to the west in the latitude of the Antilles ; but the
'!!'
i
ttnuRAS
»1;-5)
/HAIUQU*
TLRA BlMlNi "\
i "1
/lARHiTOPtlOS
CA5T£IHAN0S
If ,'"1
THE PACinC, 15 18.
disappointment was not sufficient to remove the idea of such a passage from the minds
of certain geographers for some years to lome. The less visionary among them hesi-
tated to embrace the notion, however, and we observe a willingness to be confined by
something like definite knowledge in the maker of a map of the Pacific which is pre-
served in the Military Library at Weimar. This map shows Cordova's discoveries
about Yucatan (1517), but has no indication of the islands which Magellan discovered
(1520) in the Pacific; accordingly, Kohl places it in 1518. Balbda's discovery is noted
in the sea which was seen by the Castilians.*
' This map has seemingly some relation to a which mention is made by Thomassy, /,« fiapes
tiiap. preserved in the Propaganda at Rome, of giografihes, p. 133.
VOL. II. — 28.
il i
3l8 NAKKATIVE ANU CRITICAL HlSTUKY UK AMERICA.
A
GULF OF MEXICO, 152O.'
A sketch of a map found by Navarrete in tlie Spanish archives, and given by
him in iiis Coleccion, vol. iii., as " Las Costas de Tierra-Firme y las tierras nuevas,"
probably embodies the results of Pineda's expedition to the northern shores of the
■ ir
•Mr
il!
[ft :
TLRRA PARIAS
LORENZ FRIF-SS, 15 2«.
1 This map is also given in Weise's Discoveries of America, p. *78
THE KARIA' CARTOGRAPHY OF THE GULF OF MEXICO. 219
Gulf in 1519. This was the map sent to Spain by Garay, the governor of J.imalca.
Wiiat seems to be tiic moutli of tiie Mississippi will l)e noted as tliu " Kio del
Espiritii Santo." The suri)risingly accurate draft of tlic shores of the Gulf which
MAKt INOiCUM
J pianu
MARt OCIANUM
JJ-
m
M-
'(»
[\\ h
n.
MAIOLLO, 1527.*
* Sketch of the map in the Ambrosian Li- with coast names, in the present History, Vol,
brnry, of which the part north of Florida is IV. pp. 28,39. The present sketch follows a fac-
given on a larger scale, after Desimoni's sketch, simile given in ^Ycise's Discir.'cries of America.
' I;
!' :J
220
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
.) .^
Mi;!lM
i .t
Cortes sent to Europe was published in 1524, and is given to the reader on another
page.'
There is a sketch of the nortliern siiore of South America and tlie " Insule Caniba-
lorum sive Antiglie " wliich was inade by Lorenz Friess (Laurcntius Frisius) in 1522.
The outline, which is given herewith, represents one of the sheets of twelve woodcut
tnaps which were not published till 1 530 — under the title Car/u marina navigatoria
roitiii^akusiuin. Frief does not mention whence he got his material, which seems
to be of an earlier date than the time of using it ; and Kohl suspects it came from
Waklseemiiller. South America is marked '" Das niiw Erfunde land."
In the MaioUo map of 1527 we find two distinct features, the strait, connecting
with the Pari lie, which Cortes had been s(/ anxious to find ; and the insular Yucatan
pushed larther than usual into the Gulf. The notion that Yucatan was an island is said
to have arisen from a misconception of the meaning of the designation which the Indians
applied to the country.'-' The Portuguese Portulano of 1514-1518' had made Yucatan a
peninsula ; but four years later Grijalva had been instructed to sail round it, and Cortes in
his map of 1520 had left an intervening channel.'' We see the uncertainty which prevailed
among cartographers re-
garding this question in
the peninsular character
wliich Yucatan has in the
nw]i of 1 520,'' as resulting
from Pineda's search ; in
the seeming hesitancy of
the Torcno map," and in
the unmistakable insular-
ity of the Friess,'' Verra-
zano,' and Ribero * charts.
The decision of the latter
royal hydrographer gov-
erned a school of map-
makers for some years,
and a similar strait of
greater or less width sep-
arates it from the main in
the Fin?Eus map of 1531,'" the Lenox woodcut of 1534," the Ulpius globe of 1542, ^'^ not to
name others ; though the peninsular notion still prevailed with some of the cartographers. ^'
A map which shows the extent of the explorations on the Pacific from ISalbda's time
till Gonzales and others reached the country about the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, is that of
THK WEIMAK MAI' UK j .. /.
111!
!' ^
m,\\
' Sec notes following cliaj). vi.
- Yucatan sccnis to have been first named,
or its name .nt least was first rcciirdcd, as
Y'-inr.Tt.Tn bv I'artholomcw Cohuiibiis [Bibl.
Am,r. J'et., p. 471)- There arc various theories
regarding the origin of tlic name. Cf. ISancroft,
Mexico, i. II, 12; Prcpcntt, Mexico, i. 223. A
new Government map of Yucatan was published
in 1S7S (Miii,'dziiu' of Aincvicau History, vol. iii.
P- 295)-
■' .As given l)v Kunstniauu. See Yol. TV. p. 36
of the present work.
■• .See notes following chap. vi.
'' See ante, p. 21S.
•"' See aittc, p. 43.
'' See ante, p. 127.
" See Yol. IV. p. 26.
" See /(',!/, p. 221.
If See Vol. in. p. II.
" See/('.r/, p. 223.
'■■; See Vol. lY. p. 42.
'■' rf. Bancroft, Mexieoi i. 21 ; Valentini in
Af:i<;azine of Amerieun History, iii. 295, who
supposes that the laud usually thought to he
an incomplete Cuba in Kuvsch's map of 150S
(p. 1 15, ante) is really Yucatan, based on the re-
sults of the so-called first voyage of Yospucius,
and that its seven Latin names correspond to a
part of the nineteen Portuguese names which
are given on the western shore of the so-called
Admiral's map of the Ptolemy of 1513 (p. 112,
ante]. Peschcl (Geseliielile i!cr Enilainiie, 1SG5,
p. 235) also suggests that this map is the work
of Yespucius.
t 1 ' '
THE EARLY CARTOGRAPHY OF THE GULF OF MEXICO. 221
on another
1527, wliich was formerly ascribed to Ferdinand Columl)us, but has been shown (?) l>y
Harrisse to be more lii<ely the work of Nuflo Garcia de Toreno. The map, whicli is of
tlie world, and of which but a small section is given herewith, is called Cariu universal
I'll que se conticiic todo lo que del inuiido se a dcscubicrto liasta aora; hizola un cosmogiapho
de SH iiKii^estad anno M. D. XXVII en Sevilla. Its outline of the two Americas is shown
in a sketch given on an earlier page.' The original is preserved in the Grand-Uucal
Library at Weimar;
A map of similar character, dated two years later, is one wliich is the work of
IJicijo Ribero, a Portuguese in the service of Spain, who had been the royal cosmogra-
TlLRA Dt AVLLON
TILRA OLGARAY \^
CvaTIMALA
<5.- ^PvvSj HAITI "V
''A J '• • . •"
Wo
I
/WAR 0LL5UR
CASTILLA DLLORO '^'\,
!
RIliKRO, 1529.
pher since 1523, —an office which he was to hold till his death, ten years later, in 1533.
There are two early copies of this map, of which a small section is herewith given ; both
are on parchment, and are preserved respectively at Weimar and Rome, though Thom-
assy^ says there is a third copy. The Roman cojjy is in the Archivio del CoUegio di
Propaganda, and is said to have belonged to Cardinal Botgia. The North American sec-
tions of the map have been several times reproduced in connection with discussions of tlie
voyages of Gomez and Verrazano.^ The entire American continent was first engraved by
M. C. Sprengel in 1795, ^^^'^^ ^ copy then in Biittner's library at Jena, when it was appended
to a German translation of Mufioz, with a memoir upon it which was also printed sepa-
rately as C/eier Ribero' s dlteste Welt-karte. The map is entitled Carta universal en que
' Pago 43. The best reproduction of it is in
Kolil's Die beiden dltcsicn Gencnd- Kartell von
Ameriliii ; and there is another fac-simile in San-
tarcm's Atlas, no. xiv. Cf. Humboldt, Examen
critique, ii. 1S4, and his preface to Ghillany's
Behaim ; Harrisse, Cabots, pp. 69, 172; Murr,
Memorabilia bihliothccarum (Nuremberg, 17S6), ii.
97 ; Lindcnau, Correspondanee de Zach (October,
1810) ; Lelewel, Glographie du moyen-Age, ii. 110}
lie; Ocean Hif;hways (1872).
' Lis papes ,!;eofiraphes, p. 118.
3 See Vol. iv.' p. 38.
%
Iml
n ' ■•)
■.111- ■:
; I
W
« i
m
».'■
;i f !
i: '
I !■
I :'
222
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
si' conticuc ioiio lo que del in undo se ha liescnbierto fast a agora : Hisola Diego Ribcro
cosinogiapho fj su mages lad : ano de 1529. La Qttal se divide en dos partes conforine A
la capititlai^ion que hisieron los catholicos Reyes de EspaTia, y el Rey don Juan de Portu-
gal en la rilla\j:itta'\de Tordesillas : Aiiode 1494, — thus recording the Spanish uiuler-
stamling, as the map of 1527 did, of the line of demarcation. Tlie Propaganda copy has
" en Sevilhi " after tlie date. 'I'lie most serviceable of the modern reproductions of the
American parts is that gi\en by Kohl in his Die bciden iiltesten Ceneral-Karten von
Anierika, though other drafts of parts are open to the student in Santarem's Atlas
(pi. x.w.), Lelewel's Moyen-age (pi. xli.), Ruge's Gcscltichte des Zeitaltcrs dcr Ent-
deckungcn, and Bancroft's Central America (i. 146).'
These two maps of 1527 and 1529 established a type of the American coasts which
prevailed for some time. One such map is that of which a fac-simiie is gi<en in the
Cartas de Indias, called " Carta de las Antillas, seno Mejicano y costas do tierra-firme, y
de la .America setentrional," which seems, however, to have been made later than 1541.-
Anothci is preserved in the Ducal Library at Wolfcnbiittel, of which Harrisse makes
mention in his Cabots, p. 1S5. A significant map of this type, commonly cited as the
Atlas de Philippe //., dcdic' a Charles Quint, is more correctly defined in the title given
to a photographic reproduction,'' Portutano de Ciiarles Quint donnc a Philippe II.,
accompagnc dune notice par MM. F. Spitzer et Ch. Wiener, Paris, 1875. The map
is net dated ; but the development of the coasts of Florida, California, Peru, and of .Magel-
lan's Straits, with the absence of the coast-line of Chili, which had been tracked in 1 536,
has led to the belief that it represents investigations of a period not long before 1540.
The original draft first attracted attention when exhibited in 1875 at the Geographical
Congi^ess in Paris, and shortly after it was the subject of several printed papers.* Major
is inclined to think it the work of Baptista Agnese, and Wieser is of the same opinion ;
while for tlie American parts it is contended that the Italian geographer — for the lan-
guage of the map is Italian — followed the maps of 1527 and 1529.
What w^ould seem to be the earliest engraved map of this type exists, so far as is
known, in but a single copy, now in the Lenox Library. It is a woodcut, measuring
21X17 inches, and is entitled La carta nniucrsdle delta terra Jirma S-" Isole delle Indie
occidetali, cio e del mondo nuouo fatta per dichiaratione delli libri delle Indie, cauata da
due carte da nauicn>-e fatte in Sibilia da li piloti delta Maiesta Cesarea, — the maps
referred to being those of 1527 and 1529, as is supposed. Harrisse, however, claims that
this \'enicc cut preceded the map of 1527, and was probrbly the work of the same chart-
maker. Stevens holds that it followed both of these maps, and should be dated 1534;
while Harrisse would place it before Peter Martyr's death in September, 1526. According
to lirevoort and Harrisse.* the map was issued to accompany the conglomerate work of
i\Iartyr and Oviedo, Summario de la generale historia de l' Indie occidcntali, which was
printed in thr • parts at Venice in 1534." Murphy, in his \'errazzano (p. 125), quotes the
colophon of the Oviedo part of the book as evidence of the origin of the map, which
translated stands thus: " Printed at Venice in the month of December, 1534. For the
explanation of these books there has been made a universal map of the countries of
' Cf. Humboldt, E.xunu'u critique, iii. 1S4 ;
Gazel/a Ictlcrarii) uiihcrscile (May, 1796), p. 46S ;
Santarem in FuUt-tin dc la Socictc tie Gi'o^rnpltie
(1S47), vii. 310, and in liis A'lilien-l/es stir la
ilicouvcrfe des pays aii-ileiii itu Cap-Dojaiior,
pp. x.xiii and 125; Murr, Histoirc diplomatique
de Pcliaiiti, p. 26; Lclewcl, Geographic du moycn-
iSf;e, ii. 166.
- .See ante, p. 92.
3 One hundred copies issued.
^ Dr. J. Chav.inue in Mitthciluiif^cu der k. k.
geogyaphischen Gisellschaft iu H'ien (1S75),
]). 4S5 ; A. Steinhauser in Ibid., p. 5SS ; Pe/er-
miiitu's Mif/lieilungeii (ICS76), p. 52; Malte-Iiruu
in the Bulletin de la Soi-iele de Geographic de
Paris (1876), p. 6^5; Dr. Franz Wieser's "Dcr
PortuUin des Infanten und nachmaligen Kiinigs
Philipp II. von Spanicn," printed in the Sitzuugs-
I'crichtc der philosophisch-historischcn Classe dcr
l-aiscrlicheu Akademic dcr Wisscnscliafteii tn
IVicn, Ixxxii. 541 (March, 1S76), and also printed
separately.
'" Cabots. \i. 1 68.
0 Sec Vol. III. p. ig.
y.il
Tliis is a fac-similc after the
one siveii by Stevens in his
AVc.i (pi. ii.) anil in the illus-
trated edition ot his ISi/i/inl/ieai
.i,'i'(<i,v, !////<,;, no. 2,(|;i. It lol-
lows. I siippose. a fac-siniile made
by hand In- Harris in 1S50. .Ste-
vens sold the niapin 1S5 ; to Mr.
I.enoxfor t'lS KS.f. Tlie present
l:'C-siniile is consiciurabiv rediiceil.
9
)\
/ r
h.i
:i
II'
" *<;i:i
If' ,!
'/ '-
224
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
P.,i^i 1!
all the West Imlies, together witli a special map ( Hispaniola] taken from two marine
charts of the Spaniards, one of which belonged to Don Pietro Martire, councillor of the
Royal Council of said Indies, and was made by the pilot and master of marine charts,
Niflo Garzia de Loreno \sic\ in Seville ; the other was made also by a pilot of his Majesty,
the Emperor, in Seville." Quaritch ' says that an advertisement at the end of the secundo
libra of Xeres, Conquista del Peru (Venice, 1534), shows that the map in the first edition
of Peter Martyr's Decades was made by Nufio Garcia de Toreno in Seville; but the state-
ment is questionable. Ilarrisse refers to a map of Toreno preserved in the Royal Library
at Turin, dated 1522, in which he is called "piloto y maestro de cartas de nauegar de su
Magestad " The American part of this last chart is unfortunately missing.'^
Harrisse calls this Lenox wood;, it the earliest known chart of Spanish origin which
is crossed by lines of latitude and longitude, and thinks it marks ,1 type adopted by the
Spanish cosmographers a little after the return of Del Cano from his voyage of circum-
navigation and the coming of Andagoya from Panama in 1522, with additions based on
the tidings which Gomez brought to Seville in December, 1525, from his voyage farther
north.
It is not worth while to reproduce here various maps of this time, all showing more or
less resemblance to the common type of this central portion of the New World. Su'
\ .^
'1 • I
llil
fin
LAMtXl
QUE (^
^(.«"0 0f
» ?
.0
l''ii
AN EARLY FRENCH MAP.
1 Cataloi<ue, no. 349, p. 1277. Gcschichte der Erdkunde in der letzten Halftc
2 Cf. Vincenzo Proniis, Memormle di Diego dcs Mittelaltcrs," in \\\<t Jalireskricht dcs I'cieiiis
Colombo con notti sidla holla Ji Alcssoftilro VT. fiir Erdkunde in Dresden (1870), vol, vi. and viL
(Torino, 1S69), p. 11; Heinrich Wuttke, "Zur p. 61, etc. : AVieser, />i7- /'t)r/«/jH, etc., p. 15.
THK EARLY CARTOGRAI'HY OF THK GULF OF MEXICO. 225
two marine
:illor of the
fine charts,
lis Majesty,
the secundo
first edition
at the statc-
lyal Library
leuar de su
finsr more or
are the maps of \'crrazano ' and of Thorne.- tlic draft of tlie Sloane manuscript.'' tlic cordi-
fnrm ma') of Orontius Fin-xus,* one given l^y Kunstmann,' and tlie wliole series of tlie
A,i,'nese type."
There is a Frencli map. which was found by Jomard in the possession of a noble
lamilv in France, whicli Koiil supposes to be drawn in part from I^ilicro. A sketcli is
annexed as of '• An Early French Map." The absence of the Gulf of California and of all
o^
•"^ £i3
^COZUMEL
"V-^UAjLf-«'. jj\
u;
hi
i> ,/
GULF OF MEXICO, 1 536.
traces of De Soto's expedition leads Kohl to date it before 1533- Jomard placed the
(late later ; but as the map has no record of the expeditions ot Ribault and Laudonnicre,
it would appear to be earlier th.-'.n 1554-'
M
letzten Hiilfte
iihtJi's J 'tit-ins
ol. vi. and viL
, etc., p. 15.
1 'vol. IV. p. 26.
-' Vol. III. p. 17.
■' See fosf, p. 432.
* Vol. III. p. u.
'' Vol. IV. p. 46.
VOL. II. — 20-
» Vol. IV. p. 40.
" Kohl, ignorant of the Peter Martyr map of
151 1 (sec p. no), mistakes in considering that the
map must he nssigned to a date later than 1530,
for the reason that tne Hcrnuulas are shown in it.
226
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
'! I.
There is a large manuscript map in the British Museum which seems to have been
made by a Frenchman from Spanisii sources, judging from the mixture and corruption of
the languages used in it. In one inscription there is mention of " the disembarkation
of the Governor; " and this, together with tlie details of the harioors on the west coast
of Florida, where Narvaez went, leads Kohl to suppose the map to have been drawn from
that commander's reports. The sketch, which is annexed and marked " Gulf of Mexico,
1536," follows Kohl's delineation in his Washington collection. *
We can further trace the geographical history of the Antilles in the Miinster map of
1540,^ in the Mercator gores of 1541,' and in the Ulpius globe of 1542. ■• In this last year
(1542) we find in the Rotz Idrography, preserved in the British Museum, a map whicli
T
8 'oo»^
^^ ^^o^f-^"^"'
.JO*
-«•
-20*
^ .•■■ «5 -lo-
'.I
ROTZ, 1542,
:
1' 1:
■li
records the latitudes about three degrees too high for the larger islands, and about two
degrees too low for the more southern ones, making the distance between Florida and
Trinidad too great by five degrees. The map is marked " The Indis of Occident quhas
the Spaniards doeth occupy." The sketch here given follows Kohl's copy.o Rotz
seems to have worked from antecedent Portuguese charts ; and in the well-known Cabot
map of 1544, of which a section is annexed, as well as in the Medina map of 1 545,* we
doubtless have the results reached by tlie Spanish hydrographers. The " Carta marina "
of the Italian Ptolemy of 1548,' as well as the manuscript atlas of Nicholas Vallard
(1547), now in tlie Sir Thomas Phillipps Collection, may be traced ultimately to the same
1 This may be the map referred to by R. II.
Schomburgk in his Barhadot-s (London, 1S48),
as being in the British Mnscnm, to which it was
restored in 1790, after having been in the posses-
sion of Edward Ilarley and Sir Joseph IJanks.
-' Sec Vol. IV. p. 41.
3 See ante, p. 177.
4 Sec Vol. IV. p. 4:.
•'' Cf. Schonibingk's Barlhuiocs, p. 256.
6 See " Hist. Chorography of S. America."
7 Sec Vol. IV. p. 43, and fac-similc given io
' Hist. Chorograpliy of South America."
ill
'^'! ■
THE EARLY CARTOGRAPHY OF THE GULF OF MEXICO. 22/
source ; and the story goes respecting the latter that a Spanish bishop, Don Miguel de
Silva. brought out of Spain and into France the originals upon wiiich it was founded.
These originals, it would appear, also served Homem in 1558 in the elaborate manuscript
map, now preserved in the British Museum, of which a sketch (in part) is annexed (p. 229).
The maps of the middle of the century which did most to fix popularly the geography
of the New World were probably the Bellero map of 1554,' which was so current in
-JfJ
LA &UMUOA
^ OCLANUS
'"*"'$..W ^T^'^D^^ OCCIOLNTALIS
0 A 3 -
3-*
MAR DfL 5UR
«•.
it
CABOT, 1544.''
Antwerp publications of about that time, and the hemisphere of Ramusio (1556) which
accompanied the third volume of his Viaggi, and of which a fac-simile is annexed. There
is a variety of delineations to be traced out for the Antilles tlirough the sequence of the
better-known maps of the next following years, which the curious student may find in the
maps of the Riccardi Palace,* the Nancy globe,* the Marlines map of iis-,^ that of For-
lani in 1560,^ the map of Ruscelli in the Ptolemy of 1561, besides those by Zalterius (1566),'
Des Liens (1566),'* Diegus (1568),' Mercator (1569),'" Orteliu.s (1570)," and Porcacchi
(1572).'- Of the map of Martines, in 1578, which is in a manuscript atlas preserved in
01
1 See " Hist. Chorography of S. America."
2 Sketch of a section of the so-called Sebas-
tian Cabot Mappciiiondc in the National Library
at Paris, following a iiholographic reproduction
belonging to Harvard College Library. There
is a rnde draft of the Antilles by Allfonscc of
tliis s.inie year.
•' Figured in tlic Jahrhuch dcs I'cn'iiis fiir
lirdkundc in Dresden, (S70.
■< See fast, p. 433.
* See post, ]). 450.
" See post, p. 438.
' See Vol. IV. p. 93.
s See Vol. IV. p. 79.
^ See post, p. 449.
1" See Vol. IV. pp. 94, 373.
n See Vol. IV. p. 95.
•■^ Sec Vol. IV. p. 96.
!;'fe'
I II
I •
('/ (
I '1-
fii"'l ;'l
.)
fi '
[' '/ fi
1 h\^
! t
r!
! I
228 NARRATIVE AXU CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
Sl'WAJ^tUittl/tS
^^^'^'^HA^/^/t^i^
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^'j:£i:9yj^ro_
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RAMUSIO, 1556.*
1 H, H. Bancroft, Northwest Coast, i. 49, sketclies this map, but errs iii saying the shape of the California peninsiilj was no;
copied in later maps. Cf. map in Best's Froais/ier (i:,yS).
THE EARLY CARTOGRAPHY OK THE GULF OF MEXICO. 229
.5i'
» tf. \ /.'OVA &ALITIA
a^'-'^
TIRInADE FLORIDA
J
^''>-'^'
CC£A/ViM' OCCiatNTis
^
MAI{iD£SUL
HOMEM, 1558.
tlie British Museum, Kohl says its parallels of latitude are more nearly correct than on
any earlier map, while its meridians of longitude are expanded far too much.i
NIOVA SPAtWA
'.'«?
i» BIIMUDO.
>.
."j-w; .^::;::^'%^
j^ -'• .1
7.P ; o
0 '^^^'i?^'^!L;^a!;;xj3p;(Q;;Qy^-yj_£^..
o .95. •
T-C^'L'->!pf>
I
-«*
>a«'
MARTINTS. 1578.
1 Cf. Vol. IV. p. 97.
^:i
,1>
111
California peninsul
230
NAKKAri\'': AM) CKIIICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
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CHAPTER IV.
ANCIENT FLORIDA.
BY JOHN GILMARY SHEA, LLD.
THE credit of being the first to explore our Atlantic coast has not yet
buen positively awarded by critical historians. Ramusio preserves the
report of a person whom he does not name, which asserts that Sebastian
Cabot claimed for his father and himself, in the summer of 1497, to have
run down the whole coast, from Cape 15reton to the latitude of Cuba;
but the most recent and experienced writer on Cabot treats the claim as
unfounded.'
The somewhat sceptical scholars of our day have shown little inclination
to adopt the theory of l-'rancisco Adolpho de Varnhagen, that Americus
Vespucius on his first voyatje reached Honduras in 1497, and durinj:; the
ensuing year ran along the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, doubled
the Florida cape, and then sailed northward along our v\tlantic coast to the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, where he built a vessel and sailed to Cadiz.^
Although Columbus made his first landfall on one of the Bahamas, and
Cuba was soon after occupied, no definite knowledge seems to have been
obtained of the great mainland so near them. There is nothing in narrative
or map to betray any suspicion of its existence prior to the year 1 502, when
a map executed in Lisbon at the order of Cantino, an Italian merchant, for
Hercules d' Este, shows a mainland north of Cuba, terminating near that
island in a peninsula resembling Florida. The tract of land thus shown
has names of capes and rivers, but they can be referred to no known
exploration. To some this has seemed to be but a confused idea of Cuba
as mainland ; ^ by others it is regarded as a vague idea of Yucatan. But
Harrisse in his Corte-Rcal, where he reproduces the map, maintains that
I !:■
-
i "II =■
ii
S S o « g .^
t^ 3
' Harrissc,yi'(7;; ct Sebasticn Cabot, leiir originc
tt leitrs vov(7!^i's (Paris, 1882), pp. 97-104. The
Ciibot claim ajjpears in Peter Martyr, Dtcadis
(liasle, 1533), dec. iii. lib. 6, folio 55; Ramusio,
^''''KS' ('55°-' 553). torn. i. folio 414; Jacob
Ziegler, O/'era varia (Argentorafi, 1532), folio
xcii. [Cf. the present History Vol. III. chap, i.,
where it is shown that the person not named by
Ramusio was Gian Giacomo Bardolo. — Ed.]
- Histon'ail Ar,i^<izim; 1S60, p. 98. Yarn-
hagen ascribes the names of the Cantino and
subsequent Ptolemy maps to Ves|)ncius. The
name Paria near Florida seems certainly to
have come from this source. [The question of
this disputed voyage is examined in chapter ii.
of the present volume. — Ed.]
3 James Carson Bretoort, Verrazano the
A^dvi^ator, p. 72.
r
v: -J -2 ^
— c
:U-.
NAKKATIVK AM) IKII ICAL lllslKKS ()!• A.Ml.KICA.
I li
f i I '
■r
"between the end of 15CX) and tlu' siimniLT of 1502 iiavit,'ator9, whose name
ami nationality arc imknnwn, l)iU wlioni we pifsiinu! 10 he Spaniards, dis-
covered, cxplorcil, and n.iincd llie p.irl of llie sliorc of llie United Stales
which from tlie vicinity of I'ensacohi Hay runs alon^ tlie Gulf of Mexieo
to the Cape of Florida, ami, turning,' it, runs norllnvanl alon^; the Atlantic
coast to about the mouth of the l.'lu'sa|)eal<i' or Hudson."'
Hut liMvini; llirsc [Uvrc cl.iims in the realm of conjecture and doubt, we
couK' to a piriod o( more ciM'tain knowledge.
The I.ucayos of the Mahamas seem to have talked of a great land of
Himini not far from them. The Spaniards repeated the story; and in the
edition of I'eter Martyr's Dadiiis publisiied in 1511 is a map on which
a hnrge island appears, nanieil " Ilia de Heimeui, i)arte."-
Discovery had taken a more southerlj- route; no known Spanish vessel
had passed throu^ii the Mahama channel or skirted the coast. Hut some
ideas must have [)revailed, picketl up from natives of the islands, or adven-
turous pilots wiio iiad ventured farllur llian tiu'ir instructions authorized.
•Stories (jf an island north of 1 lispaiiiola, with a fountain whose waters
conferred perpetual youth, had reached I'eter Martyr in Spain, for in the
same edition of his Dcauifs lie allmlcs to the li'^ends.
John Ponce de Leon, who had accompanied Columbus on his second
voyaj^e, and liad since played his part bravely amid the jjjreatcst vicissitudes,
resolved to explore and concjuer Himini. lie had friends at Court, and
seems to ha\e lieen a personal favorite of the King, who expressed a wish
for his advancement.'' The patent he solicited was based on that orii^inaily
issued to Columbus; but the King laughingly said, that it was one thing
to grant boundless power when nothing was expected to come of it, and
very different to do so when success was almost certain. Yet on the J31I
of February, 151 J, a royal grant empowered John I'once de Leon "to pro-
ceed to discover and settle the Island of Himini." ' The patent was subject
to the condition that the island had not been already discovered. He
was required to make the exploration within three years, liberty being
granted to him to touch at any island or mainland not subject to the King
of Portugal. If he succeeded in his expedition he was to be governor
of Himini for life, with the title o{ adclantado?
The veteran immediately purchased a vessel, in order to go to Spain
and make i)reparations for the concpiest of Himini. Hut the authorities in
Porto Rico seized his vessel; and the King, finding his services necessary
'!i'
fij'i
Wi
' Ilarrissc, f.fs Corte-Keal it leiirs 7'pyai;es nil
A'oir.raii Monde, pp. Ill, 1 51. [The Ciiuiiio
map is sketched on p. loS. — I'.n.]
2 P. Martyris Aiixli Mcdiohiiicnsis o/<i-t\i.
Jlispiiti Corumbcrgcr, 151 1. [A fac-simile of this
map in given on p. no. — ICn.]
■' King to Ccron and Piaz, .Aug. 12. 1512.
' Las Casas was certainly mistaken in saying
that Ponce de Leon gave the name Bimini to
Florida ; the name was in print l.efore it appears
in connection with him, and is in his first patent
before he discovered or named Florida (Las
C.isas, Histcria de his /iidins, lib. ii. chap, xx.,
iii. ]). 460.
^ Cafituliuion que el Rev conccdio a Joan Pome
de /.eon para i/ue vaya al deseuhrimienlo de la ysla
de Pemini. Feclia en Burgos a xxiij de hebrero
de Dxij a '.
ANCIKNT KLOKIDA.
^ii
ill ccmtrollin^; tlir Indians, stnt ordiis tu Mic Council of the liulies to dcfct
ihc Miinini (.'spfdition, and ^javc I'oncc dc l.coii command of llic fort in
I'n.to Rico.'
Tluis ilcla\(.'il in tiu' royal service I'' -. e de I.eon was iiiiahle to obtain
vessels or supplies till the following year. He at last set sad from the purl
of San (ierman n I'orto Rico in March, I:,!,},- with three caravels, taking
a-« pilot Anton ile .\laminos, a native of I'alos who had as a boy accompa-
nird Columbus, and who was lon^^ to associate his own name with explo-
r.ilioa^ iif tlu' Ciulf of Mexico, They tirst steered northeast hy north, ami
soon made the Caieos, Vaj,'una, .\maL;iia>(), and M.iiii^ua. AtUr retittini^
at (iu.uiahani, I'oncc de I.eon jjore northwest; and on Master Sunday
(March -'j) iliscovcreil the mainland, alonjj; which he ran till the 2il of
April, when he anchoreil in ?o" 8' and landed. On the 8th he touk pos-
session in the n.um; of the Kin^' of Spain, ami named the counti)' — wliieh
the l.ucayos calleil Cancio — i'lorida, from I'ascua I'lurida, the Spanish
name for Master Sunday.
The vessels then turned southward, following the coast till the 20th,
wlun I'once landed near Abayoa, a cluster of hulian huts. On attinipt-
ini^ to sail aL,'ain, he met such violent currents that his vessels couKl make
no liculwav, and were forccil to anchor, except one of the caravels, which
w.is driven out of siL;ht. On laiulin;^ at this point I'once found the Imlians
so hostile that he was obli^reil tu repel their attacks by force. He named
a river Rio de la Cruz ; and, doid)lin^f Cape Corrientes on the 8th of May.
sailed on till he reached a chain of islands, to which he t^a\e the name of
the Martyrs. On one of these he obtained wood and water, and careened
a caravel. The Indians were very thievish, endeaxoriuf;' to steal the anchors
or cut the cables, so as to seize the ships. lie ne.Nt discovered and nametl
the I'ortugas. After doublin^f the cape, he ran up the western shore of
I'lorida to a bay, in 27' 30', which for centuries aftcrwanl bore the name
of Juan ponce. There are indications that before he turned back he ma\-
have followed the coast till it trended westward. After discoveriuff liahama
he is said to ha\e despatched one caravel from Cluanima under John
I'erez de Ortubia, with Anton de Alaminos, to search for Himini, while he
himself returned to I'orto Rico, which he reached SeiJtember 21. He was
soon ft)llowed by Ortubia, who, it is said, had been successful in his search
for Himini.
Althou<^h Ponce dc Leon had thus explored the Florida coast, and added
greatly to the knowledge of the Bahama group, his discoveries are not noted
ill the editions of Ptolemy which appeared in the next decade, and which
retained the names of the Cantino map. The Ribeiro map (1529) gives
the Martyrs and Tortugas, and on the mainland Canico, — apparently
' Letter of the King to Ccron and Ilia/. .Aug. - Tlie King, writing to the autliorlties in
i:;, 151 2 ; the Iving to Ponce do I.eon, and letter Espafiola Jnly 4. I 5'.). ^ay.s : " .Mcuromc dc la
of the King, Dec. lo, 1512, to the ofticials in the ida de Juan Ponce a liiminv; tened cuidado dp
Indies. provcerle i avisadmc dc lodo."
VOL. n. 30.
?34
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
■It
■•'I 'i '' i
m Hi):
•:l''
Cdiicto, che Lucayan name of Florida.
Vinci's Mappcmonde, Florida appears as an island in a vast ocean that
rolls on to Japan. ^
Elated with his success, John Ponce dc Leon soon after sailed to Spain ;
and, obtaining an audience of the Kint;, — it is said through the influence
of his old master, Pero Nuiiez de Guzman, Grand Comcndador of Calatra\a,
— gave the monarch a description of the attractive land which he had dis-
covered. He .'solicited a new patent for its conquest and settlement; and
on the 27th of September, 15 14, the King empowered him to go and settle
"the Island of Brimini and the Island Florida " which he had discovered
under the royal orders. He was to effect this in three years from the
delivery of the asiciito ; but as he had been employed in I lis Majesty's
service, it was extended so that this term was to date from the day he set
sail for his new province. After reducing the Caribs, he was empowered
to take of tiic vessels and men emplo}'ed in that ser\ice whatever he chose
in order to conquer and settle hMorida. The natives were to be summoned
to submit to the Catholic Faith and the authority of .Spain, and they were
not to be attacked or captured if they subiuitted. Provision was made
as to the revenues of the new j>rovince, and orders were sent to the \'iceroy,
Don Diego Columbus, to carr}' out the ro\-al wishes.''^
The Carib war was not, however, terminated as promptly as the King
and his officers desired. Time passed, and adventurers in unauthorized
expeditions to Florida rendered the Indians hostile.''' It was not till 1521
that Poui tie Leon was able to gi\c serious thought to a new expedition.
His early hopes seem to have faded, and with them the energy and im-
pulsi\-eness of his j'outh. He had settled his daughters in marriage, and,
free from domestic cares, offered himself simply to continue to serve the
King as he had done for years. Writing to Charles V. from Porto Rico
on the lOth of February, 1521, he says: —
il!l
" Among my ser\i(Cs I (liscovercd, at my own cost and charge, the Island Florida
a\v\ others in its district, wliich arc not mentioned as l)eing small and useless ; and now
I return to that island, if it please God's will, to settle it, being enabled to carry
a ninnber of people with wliich I shall be able to do so. that the n"me of Christ inay
he ])raised there, and Vour Majesty served with the fruit that land iiroduces. .And I also
intend to explore the cjast of said island further, and see whether it is an island, or
; I.
II ■ i
^ iMciiioir en a ^fil/•pl•lllOlld^' by I.foimrifi' </.;
Vinci ciimmiinicatccl to the Society of Antiqua-
ries by R. H. Major, wlio makes its date between
1 513 add I 519, — probably 1 514. The /'/,'/,•«/ r
printed at liasle 1552 lays down Terra Florida
and Ins. Tortiic.irnni, and the map in Girava's
Cosnios^i'ii/'/iy shows Florida and Hacalaos ; b\it
the 1!. e Joan I'once appears in I.a i^vof^ya/iti
'^I'i7\ '0 Ftolonu'o Alessaiidriiio, Venice, 1548.
[A fac-aimile of the sketch accredited to Da
Vinci is (^iven on p. 1 id. — Fn ]
- Asicfifo y cii/'ifiildrion (jiw sc hizo demas t'on
Jmu J\vI('c dc Lioii sohrc lii yslii liiiiiiii y la ys/ii
Floridii, in the volnmc of Asiciitos y capiliilacioncs
([508-1574), Royal Archives at .Seville, in Colcc-
cioii dc (iocumcntos iitcJilos, xxii. pp. 33-3S.
■' Ccdida to the Jcronyniite Fathers, July
22, 1 517 (Colcccioii de documcutos inlditos, xi.
295-296). One of these surreptitious voyaf,'(s
was made by .\nton de Alaminos as pilot
(Il)id., pp. 435-43S). [See ante, p. 201, for the
vovage of .Alaminos. — En.]
ANCIENT FLORIDA.
235
ZC AdUcnitado \\JAN FONCJL Dcs
CAilrridor dt la Fiorida, *
1,1
1
•I
fr
POXCE DK LKDN'.
- 1
H t
///ci' (iciiiiis ct'it
mini y i'l ysl'i
ulK'ther it connects with the land wlicre Diego Velasquez is, or any other ; and I shall
enileavor to learn all I can. I shall set out to '^ursue my voyage hence in five or six
days."-'
As he wrote to the Cardinal of Tortosa, he had expended all his sub-
stance in the King's service; and if he asked favors now it was "not
to treasure up or to pass this miserable life, but to serve Mis Majesty with
them and his person and all he had, and settle the land that he had dis-
cmxTed,""*
' I''ac-similc of an engraving in Ilcrrcra, edi- ' Kxtractcd from n letter of Ponce de Leon
lion of 172S. to the Cardinal of Tortosa (who was afterward
- I'once de I.con to Charles V., Porto Rico, Pope Adrian VI.), dated at Porto Kico, Fel).
IVI). 10, 1521. ruary 10, 1521.
!, L- .' '
230
NARRA1'1\"K AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMllNICA.
'•' i . I
r I'l
' I' >
[III
j,i ( I
C)
He went prepared to settle, carr\in^ clerL^yineii for tlie coloiiistii, friars
to foiuKl Iiulian missions, and liorses, cattle, sheep, and swine. Where
precisely he niatle the l'"k)rida coast we do not know; but it is stated that
on attempting to erect dwellings for his colonists he was attacked b; the
natives, who showed great hostility. Ponce himself while leading his
men against his assailants, received so dangerous an arrow wound, that,
after losing many of his settlers by sickness and at the hands of the
Indians, he abandoned the attempt to plant a colony in Florida, which
had so long been the object of his hopes ; and taking all on board his
vessels, he sailed to Cuba. There he lingered in pain, and died of his
woiuul '
John Ponce de Leon closed his long and gallant career without solving
the problem whetlier Florida was an island or \ydrt of the northern continent.
IMeanwhik others, following in the path he had opened, were contributing
to a more definite knowledge. Thus Diego Miruelo, a pilot, sailed from
Cuba in 1516 on a trading cruise; and running up the western shore of the
Moridian peninsula, discov(M-ed a bay which long bore his name on Spanish
maps, and was apparently Pensacola. Here he found the Indians friendly,
and e.Nchangeil his store of glass and .^teel trinkets for silver and gold.
Then, satisfied with his cruise, and without making any attempt to explore
the coast, he returned to Cuba.'-^
The ne.xt year Francis Hernandez de Cordova '^ sent from Cuba on the
8th of P'ebruary two ships and a brigantinc, carrying one hundred and ten
men, with a less humane motive than Miruclo's; for Oviedo assures us
that his object was to capture on the I.ucayos, or Bahama Islands, a cargo
of Indians to sell as slaves. His object was defeated by storms; and
the vessels, driven from their course, reached Yucatan, near Cape Catoche,
which he named. The Indians here were as hostile as the elements;
and Hernandez, after several sharp engagements with the natives, in which
almost every man was wounded, was sailing back, when storms again dro\e
his vessels from their course. Unable to make the Island of Cuba,
Alaminos, the pilot of the expedition, ran into a bay on the Florida coast,
where he had been with Ponce de Leon on liis first expedition. While a
party which had landed were procuring water, they were attacked with
the utmost fury by the Indians, who, swarming down in crowds, assailed
those still in the boats. In tliis engagement twent>'-two of the Indians were
killed, si.x of the Spaniards in the landing party were wounded, — includ-
ing Bernal Diaz, who records the event in his History, — and four of those
in the boats, among the number Anton de Alaminos, the pilot. The only
man in the expedition who had come away from Yucatan unwounded,
a soldier named Berrio, was acting as sentry on shore, and fell into the
1 Herrera, (Ice. iii.liook r,cli.ip. xiv. ; Oviedo, ii. 143), gives in his /)<-nvUrty, " l.i b.ihi.i que
lib. 36, Lh.i|i. i. pp. 6:21-623; li.irci.i, Ensato ll.nman de Minielos " as west of Apalaclie Hay
^roiwhguo, jip. 5, ('). Sec Hareia's Ensaio cyoiio!i[!;i\-i', p. 2.
- Oviedo (edition of Amador dc los Rios, •'' [Tlic C6rd(jba of cliap. \\\-iiiiU. — En.]
!'• I
ANCIENT FLORIDA.
237
lists, friars
'.. Wiicrc
itated that
ccd h the
.■adin^r liis
uiid, that,
ds of tlic
da, wliich
board his
led of his
lit sohinij;
continent,
intribiiting
ailed from
ore of the
)n Spanish
IS frieiull)',
ant! ;4old.
to explore
iba on the
cd and ten
assures ns
Is, a cartjo
)rms ; and
e Catoche,
elements ;
5, in which
gain drove
of Cuba,
rida coast,
While a
icked with
Js, assailed
dians were
- includ-
ur of those
The onh'
nwounded,
II into the
In bahia que
Vpalndic Bay
ite.
■En.]
hands of the Indians. The commander himself, Hernandez de Cordova,
reached Cuba only to die of his wounds.
This ill-starred expedition led to two other projects of settlement and
conquest. Diego Velasquez, governor of Cuba, the friend and host of
Hernandez, obtained a grant, which was referred to by I'once de Leon in
his fnial letter to the King, and which resulted in the conquest of Mexico; '
and Francis de Garay, governor of Jamaica, persuaded by Alaminos to
enter upon an exploration of the mainland, obtained permission in due
Inrni from the priors of the Order of St. Jerome, then governors of the
Indies, and in 1519 despatched four caravels, well ecpiipped, with a good
number of men, and directed by good pilots, to discover some strait in the
mainland, — then the great object of search.
Alon/o Alvarez de I'ineda, the commander of the expedition, reached
the coast within the limits of the grant of Ponce de Leon, and endeavored
to sail eastward so as to pass bej'ond and continue the exploration. Un-
able, from headwintls, to turn the Cape of Floiida, he sailed westward as far
as the River iVuiuco, which owes its name to him. Here he encountered
Corles and his forces, who claimed the country by actual possession.
The voj-age lasted eight or nine months, and possession was duly taken
for the King at various points on the coast. Sailing eastward again, Garay's
lieutenant d' covered a river of very great volume, e\'idently the Missis-
sippi.- Here he found a considerable Indian town, and remained forty
days trading with the natives and careening his vessels. He ran up the
river, and found it so thickly inhabited that in a space of six leagues
he counted no fewer than forty Indian hamlets on the two banks.
According to their report, the land abounded in gold, as the natives wore
gold ornaments in their noses and ears and on other parts of the body. The
adventurers told, too, of tribes of giants and of pigmies; but declared the
n,ili\ es to have been friendly, and well disposed to receive the Christian Faith.
Wild as these statements of Pineda's followers were, the voyage settled
conclusively the geography of the northern shore of the Gulf, as it proved
that there was no strait there by which ships could reach Asia. Florida
was no longer to be regarded as an island, but part of a vast continent.
The province discovered for Garay received the name of Amichel.
Garay applied for a patent authorizing him to conquer and settle the
new territory, and one was issued at Burgos in 1521. B}- its tenor Christo-
pher de Tapia, who had been appointed governor of the territory discovered
by Velasquez, was commissioned to fix limits between Amichel and the
discoveries of Velasquez on the west and those of Ponce de Leon on the
east. ^\i the map given in Navarrete,^ Amichel extends apparently from
C;'.ji Roxo to Pensacola Bay.
' [See chap. vl. of the present volume. — Ed.] sijjpi is indicated on the map of his province
- The great river might be supposed to be with its name K. del Espiritu Santo, evidently
the Rio Grande; but its volume is scarcely snfli- given bv Garay.
ticnt '.o justify the supposition, while the Missis- •'' |Sce unit.; p. 2lS. — Ed.|
m)
: I'
\\
' H >l
'I 1 JJ
1. 1,1
't;ii
I 1
ii
M
il'
I'.i
i .1
't:
I \
li' •,
I'' I
Vi
'!)
:'/
238
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
After sending his report and application to the King, and without await-
ing any further authority, Garay seems to have deemed it prudent to secure
a footing in the territory; and in 1520 sent four caravels under Diego dc
Camargo to occupy some post near Panuco. The expedition was ill man-
aged. One of the vessels ran into a settlement established by Cortes and
made a formal demand of Cortes himself for a line of demarcation, claim-
ing the country for Garay. Cortes seized some of the men who landed,
and learned all Camargo's pians. That commander, with the rest of his
force, attempted to begin a settlement at Panuco ; but the territory afforded
no food, and the party were soon in such straits that, unable to wait for two
vessels which Garay was sending to their aid, Camargo despatched a caravel
to Vera Cruz to beg for supplies.'
In 1523 Garay equipped a powerful fleet and force to conquer and settle
Amichel. He sailed from Jamaica at the end of June with the famous
John de Grijalva, discoverer of Yucatan, as his lieutenant. His force com-
prised thirteen vessels, bearing one hundred and thirty-six cavalry and eight
hundred and forty infantry, with a supply of field-pieces. He reached Rio
de las Palmas on the 2Sth of July, and prepared to begin a settlement; but
his troops, alarmed at the unpromising nature of the country, insisted on
proceedipg southward. Garay yielded, and sailed to Panuco, where he
learned that Cortes had already founded the town of San Esteban del
Puerto. Four of his vessels wee lost on the coast, and one in the port.
He himself, with the rest of his force, surrendered to Cortes. He died in
Mexico, while still planning a settlement at Rio de las Palmas ; but with
his death the province of Amichel passed out of existence.
Thus the discoveries of Ponce de Leon and of Garay, with those of
Miruelos, made known, by ten years' effort, the coast-line from the Rio
Grande to the St. John's in Florida.
The next explorations were intended to ascertain the nature of our
Atlantic coast north of the St. John's.
In 1520 Luoas Vasquez de Ayllon, one of the auditors of the Island of
St. Domingo, diough possessed of wealth, honors, and domestic felicity,
aspired to the glory of discovering some new land, and making it the
scat of a prt :perous colony. Having secured the necessary license, he
despatched a caravel under the command of Francisco Gordillo, with
directions to sail I'orthward through the Bahamas, and thence strike tlie
shore of the continent. Gordillo set out on his exploration, and near the
Island of Lucayoncque, one of the Lucayuelos, descried another caravel.
His pilot, Alonzo P'ornandcz Sotil, proceeded toward it in a boat, and soon
recognized it as a caravel commanded by a kinsman of his, Pedro de
Ouexos, fitted out in part, though not avowedly, by Juan Ortiz de M^tienzo,
an auditor associated with Ayllon in tlie judiciary. This caravel was return-
ing from an unsuccessful cruise among the Bahamas for Caribs, — the object
' [See chapter vi. of the present volume. — Ei).|
ANCIENT KLOiUDA.
239
of the expedition being to capture Indians in order to sell them as slaves.
Un ascertaining the object of Gordillo's voyage, Quexos proposed that they
should continue the exploration together. After a sail of eight or nine
days, in which they ran little more than a hundred leagues, they reached
the coast of the continent at the mouth of a considerable river, to which
they gave the name of St. John the Baptist, from the fact that they
touched the coast on the day set apart to honor the Precursor of Christ.
Tlic year was 1521, and the point reached was, according to the estimate of
the explorers, in latitude 33° 30'.^
Boats put off from the caravels and landed some twenty men on the
shore ; and while the ships endeavored to enter the river, these men were
surrounded by Indians, whose good-will they gained by presents.^
Some days later, Gordillo formally took possession of the country in
the name of Ayllon, and of his associate Diego Caballero, and of the King,
as Qucxos did also in the name of his employers on Sunday, June 30, 1 521.
Crosses were cut on the trunks of trees to mark the Spanish occupancy.^
Although Ayllon had charged Gordillo to cultivate friendly relations
with the Indians of any new land he might discover,* Gordillo joined
with Quexos in seizing some seventy of the natives, with whom they sailed
away, without any attempt to make an exploration of the coast.
On the return of the vessel to Santo Domingo, Ayllon condemned his
captain's act; and the matter was brought before a commission, presided
over by Diego Columbus, for the consideration of some important affairs.
The Indians were declared free, and it was ordered that they should be
restored to their native land at the earliest possible moment. Meanwhile
they wei ^ to remain in the hands of Ayllon and Matienzo.
The latter made no attempt to pursue the discovery ; but Ayllon, adhering
to his original purpose, proceeded to Spain with Francisco, — one of the
Indians, who told of a giant king and many provinces,^ — and on the 12th
of June, 1523, obtained a royal cMiila? Under this he was to send out
vessels in 1524, to run eight hundred leagues along the coast, or till he
reached lands already discovered ; and if K discovered any strait leading
to the west, he was to explore it. No one was to settle within the limits
explored by him the first year, or within two hundred leagues beyond the
extreme points reached by him north and south ; the occupancy of the
territory was to be effected within four years; and as the conversion of
the natives was one of the main objects, their enslavement was forbidden,
and Ayllon was required to take out religious men of .;ome Order to
instruct them in the doctrines of Christianity. He obtained a second
ccditla to demand from Matienzo the Indians in his hands in order to
restore them to their native country."
' Testimony of Pcdi o tic Qucxos ; Act of
t^ikini; possession by Qucxos.
- Testimony of Pedro de Quexos.
- Act of possession ; Testimony of Aldana.
^ Answer of Ayllon to ^Matienzo.
'' Navarrcte, Cohxcioii, iii. 69.
6 Thid, p. 153.
' CiVhAj, June 12, 1523.
I'l I
14
%
240
NARRATIVE AM) CRITICAL IIISTORV OF AMERICA.
m
i» ■ ^
1' i.j-'
'(,!'
:i .1
!l:
fill
:!■ i I
On his ruliini to tlic West Indies, A\llc)n was called on the Kind's servici
to Porto Rico; and lindinij it inii
mIjIo to 1)
pursii
e his disct)\ei\', the ti
nie
fo
r carrjnu
)ut th
e iisifiito was, b}' a cedilla of March 23, 1524, exteniled
to th
1
e year 1525
his
- I
o secure
I'edn
;hts under the nstL-iitc, he despatciied two cara\el
un-
le (Juexos to the newly disco\'ered laiul earl}' in I
:>-:>■
•I'hev
regained the j^ootl-will of the natives aiul explored the coast for two hundred
and flit)' leai^ues, settini; up stone crosses with the name of Charles \. and
the date of the act of tak
ni
J
ul\', i;2
?-:>•
wvji, ])ossession.
Indi
The\' returned to Santo Doming
rnii^ni!^ one or two Indians ironi each ])ro\ince, wiio nii^iit
be trained to act as interi)reters.-
Mcanwhilc Matienzo beyan lei
iroceec
lini
■s to \aca
le tl
trran
ted by the Kini; to Ayll
on, o
n tl
le
ind that it w
is o
le (isiiitto
btaincil sur-
reptitiousl)', and in fraud of his own riiihts as joint disco'.'crer. ills wit-
nesses failed to show that his caravel had any license to make a vo)-aL;e
of exploration, or that ho took any steps to follow up the discover}- made;
i)ut the suit enibcU'r.issed Aj'llon, who was fittint; out four \-essels to s.iii in
1526, in ortler to colonize the territor)- L;ranted to him. The armada from
SiKiin was threat!)' delaj-ed ; anil as he expected b)- it a store of artiller)'
and muskets, as well as cjther reipiisites, he was at great loss. .At last, how-
e\er, lie sailetl from Puerto de la Plata w ith three large vessels, — a caraxel,
a breton, antl a brigantine, — early in June, 1526.'' As missionaries he took
the famous Dominican, Antonio de Montesinos, the i'lrst to denounce Indian
shu'ery, with leather .\ntonio de Cer\-antes and ISrother Pedro de Mstrada,
of the same Order. The ships carried six hundred per.sons of both sexes,
including clergx'men and physicians, besiiles one hundred horses.
They reached the coast, not at the .San Juan ]5autista, but at another
river, at 33' 40', s.ij's Xavarrete, to which they gave the name of Jordan.'
Their hrst misfortune was the loss of the brigantine ; but AjJlon imme-
diatel)- set to work to replace it, and built a small vessel such as was called
a ^ifcri'tjrnr, — the fust instance of ship-building on our coast. I'rancisco, his
Indian guide, deserted him; and parties sent to explore the interior brought
back such unfax'orable accounts that A\'llon resoh'cd to seek a more fertile
district. That he sailed northward there can be little doubt; his original
nsicnto requiretl him to rim eight hundred leagues along the coast, and he,
as well as Gomez, was to seek a strait or estuary leading to the Spice
Pslantls. The Chesapeake was a body of water which it would be impera-
tive on him to explore, as possibly the passage sought. The soil of the
country bortlering on the ba\', sujierior to that of the sand}' region south
of it, would seem better suited for purposes of a settlement. lie at last
r^
' Cciluhi given ;it Diirgos. before June 9, as Aylloii testified on the foimc;
- Interidgaturies of .Vyllon ; Testimony of day, and on the hitter his jji-ocuralor appeared
Quexos. for liiin. Xavarrete is wrong in mal<ing him sail
'^ Testimony of .\lonzo Dcspinosa Cervantes about the middle of July { Co/arioii , iii. 72).
and of Father Antonio de C'ervantes, O.S.I)., in ■* If .Ayllon really reached the Jordan, thii
1561. The date is clearlv lixctl alter .Mav 26, and was the Watcree.
IK
f S SCfVlCl,'
, the time
exleiuled
•a\-els un-
:5. riiey
) hundred
aiut
les V,
l)oiiiins;(;
ilio miL;lil
le asiriito
lined siir-
liis wit-
a \(>\a_L;e
:r\- made ;
I to sail in
iiatla fiiim
)f artiller)-
last, how-
a cai'a\ei,
es he toi)k
ice Indian
L' l'",strada,
oth sexes,
it anolliei
f Jordan.'
on imnie-
was called
ncisco, his
jr brouL;ht
lore fertile
is ori^L^inal
it, and he,
the Spice
)e imj)eia-
oil of the
;ion soutli
Me at last
oil the fOillK.
itor ai)i)c;ircci
lUing him sail
;, iii. 72).
; Jordan, thii
I
ANCIENT FLORIDA.
241
reached Guandapc, and began tlic settlement of San Miguel, where the
En-^'lish in the next century founded Jamestown,'
Here he found only a few scatters d Indian dwellings of the communal
s\stem, long buildings, formed ■.. pine posts at the side, and covered with
branches, capable of holding, in their length of more than a hundred feet,
a vast number of families. Ayllon selected the most favorable spot on the
bank, though most of the land was low and swampy. Then the Spaniards
be,L;;ui to erect houses for their shelter, the negro slaves — first introduced
iieie — doing the heaviest portion of the toil. Before the colonists were
housed, winter came on. Men perished of cold on the caravel " Catalina,"
and on one of the other vessels a man's legs were frozen so that the flesh
fell off. Sickness broke out among the colonists, and many died. Ayllon
iiimsclf had sunk under the pestilential fevers, and expired on St. Luke's
Day, Oct. 18, 1526.
lie made his nephew, John Ramirez, then in I'orto Rico, his successor
as head of the colony, committing the temporary administration to Francis
(uiinez. Troubles soon began. Gines Doncel and Pedro de Bazan, at the
In ad of some malcontents, seized and confined Gomez and the alcaldes, and
began a career of tyranny. The Indians were provoked to hostility, and
killed several of the settlers ; the negroes, cruelly oppressed, fired the house
of Doncel. Then two settlers, Oliveros and Monasterio, demanded the
release of the lawful authorities. Swords were drawn ; Bazan was wounded
and taken, Doncel fled, but was discovered near his blazing house. Gomez
and his subordinates, restored to power, tried and convicted Bazan, who
was put to death.
Such were the stormy beginnings of Spanish rule in Virginia, It is not
to be wondered at that with one consent the colonists soon resolved to
abandon San Miguel de Guandape. The body of Ayllon was placed on
board a tender, and they set sail ; but it was not destined to reach a port
and receive the obsequies due his rank. The little craft foundered ; and
of the five hundred who sailed from Santo Domingo only one hundred and
llfty returned to that island.
Contemporaneous with the explorations made by and under Ayllon was
an expedition in a single vessel sent out by the Spanish Government in
1324 under Stephen Gomez, a Portuguese navigator who had sailed under
^lagallanes, but had returned in a somewhat mutinous manner. He took
l)art in a congress of Spanish and Portuguese pilots held at Badajoz to
consider the probability of finding a strait or channel north of Florida by
which vessels might reach the Moluccas. To test the question practically,
Charles V. ordered Gomez to sail to the coast of Bacallaos, or Newfound-
land and Labrador, and examine the coast carefully, in order to ascertain
whether any such channel existed. Gomez fitted out a caravel at Corunna,
in northern Spain, apparently in the autumn of 1524, and sailed across.
1 fSee Vol. III. p. 130. — Ed.]
VOL. u.
■3i-
V i
'■
i ' in ,i
!
V\
If I
?42
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
\H -^
ir \':
lil
'ifl
IM \
l.'l 1
,!lll
1 '1
,( '.
After examining the Labrador coast, he turned southward and leisurely
explored the whole coast from Cape Race to Florida, from which he steered
to Santiago de Cuba, and thence to Corunna, entering that port after ten
months' absence. lie failed to discover the desired channel, and no
account in detail of his voyage is known ; but the map of Ribciro,' drawn
up in 1529, records his discoveries, and on its coast-line gives names
which were undoubtedly bestowed by him, confirming the statement that
he sailed southerly. From this map and the descriptions of tiie coast
in Spanish writers soon after in which descriptions mention is made of his
discoveries, we can t-ce liiat he noted and named in his own fashion what
we now knov AT'js=achusctts Bay, Cape Cod, Narragansett Bay, the
Connecticut, H. ■ 'U, . 1 i Delaware rivers.
This voyage •• iplett-' 'he exploration of our coast from tiie Rio
Grande to the Bay of Funo; , yet Sebastian Cabot in 1536 declared that
it was still uncertain whether a single continent stretched from the Missis-
sippi to Newfoundland.^
The success of Cortes filled the Spanish mind with visions of empires
in the north rivalling that of Mexico, which but awaited the courage of
valiant men to conquer.
Panfilo de Narvaez, after being defeated by Cortes, whom he was sent
to supersede,'' solicited of Charles V. a patent under which he might con-
quer and colonize the country on the Gulf of Mexico, from Rio de Palmas
to Florida. A grant was made, under which he was required to found two
or more towns and erect two fortresses. He received the title of adclan-
tado, and was empowered to enslave all Indians who, after being summoned
in due form, would not submit to the Spanish King and the Christian Faith.
In an official document he styles himself Governor of Florida, Rio do
Palmas, and ICspiritu Santo, — the Mississippi.^
Narvaez collected an armament suited to the project, and sailed from
San Lucar de Barrameda, June 17, 1527, in a fleet of five ships carrying
six hundred persons, with mechanics and laborers, as well as secular priests,
and five h'ranciscan friars, the superior being Father Juan Xuarez. On the
coast of Cuba his fleet was caught by a hurricane, and one vessel perished.
After refitting and acquiring other vessels, Narvaez sailed from Cuba in
March with four vessels and a brigantinc, taking four hundred men and
eighty hor.ses, his pilot being Diego Miruelo, of a family which had acquired
experience on that coast.
The destination was the Rio de Palmas ; but his pilot proved incom-
petent, and his fleet moved slowly along the southern coast of Cuba,
doubled Cape San Antonio, and was standing in for Havana when it was
' See aule, p. 221; and references to repro- \i. 266, where Cabot's testimony in tlie Colon
ductions, on p. 222. Pinzon suit is given.
- Duro, Iiiforme rclativo a los formcnores dc ^ [See cliaptcr vi. of this volume — En.]
desciibrimicnto del y\«,.fo J/mWi', Madrid, 18S3, •• CoUxiion de dociinwiitos iiu'ditos, xW. &(>■
ANCIENT FLORIDA.
243
iliivcn by a storm on the Moiida coast at a bay which he called Hahia de
1,1 Cniz, and which the map of Sebastian Cabot iilentifics witli Apalache
15,1V.' Merc Narvaez landed a part of his force (April 15), sending, his
bii'antine to look for a port or the way to IVunico, — much vaunted by the
pilots, — and if unsuccessful to return to Cuba for a vessel that had remained
there. Ho was so misled by his pilots that though he was near or on the
i'lorid.'i peninsula, he supposed himself not far from the rivers IVmuco and
I'lilin.is. Under this impression he landed most of his men, and directed
his vessels, with about one hundred souls remaining on them, to fcjllow the
coast while he marched inland. No steps were taken to insure their meeting
,it the harbor proposed as a rendezvous, or to enable the brigantine and the
(itlur ship to follow the party on land. On the 19th of ,\pril Narvaez struck
inland in a northward or northeasterly direction ; and having learned a little
(if the country, moved on with three hundred men, forty of tht mounted.
On the 15th of the following month they reached a river with a itrc- , cur-
rent, which they crossed some distance from the sea. Cabcza de V;^.. sent
at his own urgent request to find a harbor, returned with no ene^.uraging tid-
ings; and the expedition plodded on till, on the 25th of June, they reached
.Apalache, — an Indian town of which they had heard magnifies ' accounts.
It proved to be a mere hamlet of forty wretched cabins.
The sufferings of Narvaez' men were great; the coun 'was poverty-
stricken ; there was no wealthy province to conquer, no fertile lands for
settlement. Ante (a harbor) was said to be nine days' march to the south-
ward ; and to this, after nearly a month spent at Apalache, the disheartened
•Spaniards turned their course, following the Magdalena River. On the 31st
of July they reached the coast at a bay which Narvaez styled Hahia de
Cavallos; and seeing no signs of his vessels, he set to work to build boats
in which to escape from the country. The horses were killed for food ; and
making forges, the Spaniards wrought their stirrups, spurs, and other iron
articles into saws, axes, and nails. Ropes were made of the manes and tails
of the horses and such fibres as they could find ; their shirts were used for
sailcloth. By the 20th of September five boats, each twenty-two cubits long,
were completed, and two days afterward the sur\ivors embarked, forty-eight
or nine being crowded into each frail structure. Not one of the whole
number had any knowledge of navigation or of the coast.
Running between Santa Rosa Island and the mainland, they coasted
along for thirty days, landing where possible to obtain food or water, but
i;L'nerally finding the natives fierce and hostile. On the 31st of October
lluy came to a broad river pouring into the Gulf such a vohune of
water that it freshened the brine so that they were able to drink it; but
' " Aqui clesemb.irco Panfilo de N.irv.icz." printed elsewhere, " in linissels or Anisterdam,
Mappcmonde of Sebastian Cabot in Joniard. or some such place," as Gayangos thinks. It
riiis map has always been supposed to be based is seemingly engraved on wood (.Smith's AV/i;-
im Spanish sources; but owing to the strict pro- tion of Ahar XiiTtiz Cahfn de Vaai, p. 56) | or
liihition of publication in Spam, it was probably at least some have thought so.
i^,
l.J
M
i-r
ai .'
J
li (
jji» ' 1
i';
k h
)
' 'tj
i
244
NARKATIVF. AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
the current was too much for their clumsy craft. Tlie boat commanded by
Narvaez was lost, and never heard of; that containing I'ather Xuarez and
the other friars was driven asliore bottom iipv. d; the three remaininj,
boats were thrown on the coast of western Louisiana or eastern Texas.
The crews barely e.sciiped with life, and found themselves at the mercy of
cruel and treacherous savayes, who lived on or near Maihailo Island, and
drew a precarious living from shellfish and minor animals, prickly-pears
and the like. They were consequently not as far west as the bison range,
which reached the coast certainly at Matagorda Hay,' Here several of thi'
wretched Spaniards fell victims to the cruelty of the Indians or to disease
and starvation, till Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, the treasurer of the expe-
dition, escaping from six years' captivity among the Mariames, reached ti>e
Avavares, farther inland, with two companions, Castillo and Dorantes, ami
a negro slave. After spending eight months with them, he penetrated to
the .^\rbadaos, where the mesquite is fust found, near the Rio Grande;
and skirting the San Saba Mountains, came to the bison plains and the
hunter nations; then keeping westward through tribes that lived in houses
of earth and knew the use of cotton and mined the turquoise, he finally
came upon some Spanish explorers on the River Petatlan ; and thus on the
1st of April, 1536, with hearts full of joy and gratitude, the four men
entered the town of San Miguel in Sinaloa.
The vessels of Narvaez, not finding the alleged port of the pilots,
returned to the harbor where they had landed him, and were there joined
by the two vessels from Cuba; but though they remained nearly a year,
cruising along the coast of the Gulf, they never encountered the slightest
trace of the unfortunate Narvaez or his wretched followers. They added
nothing apparently to the knowledge of the coast already acquired; for no
report is extant, and no map alludes to any discovery by them.
Thus ended an expedition undertaken with rashness and ignorance, and
memorable only from the almost marvellous adventures of Cabeza de Vaca
and his comrades, and the expeditions by land which were prompted by
his narrative.
The wealth of Mexico and Peru had inflamed the imagination of Span-
ish adventurers; and though no tidings had been received of Narvaez,
others were ready to risk all they had, and life itself, in the hope of findini;
some wealthy province in the heart of the northern continent. The next
to try his fortune was one who had played his part in the conquest of
Peru.
Hernando de Soto, the son of an esquire of Xerez de Badajoz, wai-
eager to rival Cortes and Pizarro. In 1537 he solicited a grant of the
province from Rio de las Palmas to Florida, as ceded to Narvaez, as well as
' Compare Cabeza de Vaca's account, Joutcl and Anastase Houay in I,e Clerc<|, /■y.i/'-
Oviciln, lib. 35, chap. i.-vii.,pp. 5S2-61S ; and the lissiiiu'iit i/c A? foi, fur the animals and i)lant
French accounts of La Sallc'.s expedition, — of the ilistricl.
nandc'd by
ktiarcz and
remain ill},
LMii Texas.
c mercy of
Island, and
ickly-pears
ison ran^e,
eral of tlu'
to disease
f the expe-
eached the
irantes, and
netrated to
io Cirandc ;
ns and the
d in houses
;, he finally
thus on the
: four men
the pilots,
here joined
irly a year,
le sli^ditest
rhey added
red; for no
orance, and
za de Vaca
■ompted by
)n of Span-
jf Narvaez,
e of findini;
The ne.xl
conquest of
adajoz, wa^
rant of tlic
z, as well a-
,0 Clerc(|, Et.ih-
iials and i>lanl
ANCIi:XT FLORIDA.
245
III' the province discovered by .\)ll(>n ; and the Kin^ at Valladolid, on the
_'otli ()f.\pril, issued a concession to him, .ip|)ointin^ him to the ffovernment
of the Island of Cuba, and requirini; him in person to coiupier and occupy
I'lorida within a year, erect fortresses, and carry over at least five hundred
men as settlers to hold the country. The division of the gold, pearls, and
other valuables of the conquered cacitjues was regulate<l, and provision
made for the maintenance of the Christian religion anil of an hospital in
the territory.
The air of mystery assumed by Cabeza de Vaca as to the countries
th.it he had seen, served to inllamc the imagination of men in Spain ;
and Soto found many ready to give their persons and their means to
his expedition. Nobles of Castile in rich slashed silk dresses mingled
with old warriors in well-tried coats of mail. He sailed from San l.ucar
in April, 153S, amid the fanfaron of trumpets and the roar of cannon,
with six hundred as high-born and well-trained men as ever went forth
from Spain to win fame and fortune in the New World. Thej' reached
Cuba safely, and Soto was received with all honor. More prudent than
Narvaez, Soto twice des])atched Juan de Anasco, in a caravel with two
pinnaces, to seek a suitable harbor for the fleet, before trusting all the
vessels on the coast.'
i'.iicouraged by the reports of this reconnoitring, Soto, leaving his wife
in Cuba, sailetl from Havana in May, 1539, and made a bay on the I'lorida
coast ten leagues west of the Bay of Juan I'once. To this he gave the
name of lispiritu .Santo, because he reached it on the Feast of I'entecost,
which fell that year on the 25th of May.'^ On the 30th he began to land
his army near a town ruled by a chief named U^ita. Soto's whole force was
composed of five hundred and seventy men, and two hundred and twenty-
thicc horses, in five ships, two caravels, and two pinnaces. He took formal
possession of the country in the name of the King of Spain on the 3d of
June, and prepared to explore and subject the wealthy realms which he
supposed to lie before him. Though the chief at his landing-place was
frii;ndly, he found that all the surrounding tribes were so hostile that they
began to attack those who welcomed him.
Ortiz, a Spaniard belonging to Narvaez' expedition, who in his long years
of captivity had become as naked and as savage as were the Indians, soon
joined Soto.-' He was joyfully received ; though his knowledge of the coun-
tr)' was limited, his services were of vital necessit}', for the Indians sccuretl
!))■ .\nasco, and on whom Soto relied as guides and interpreters, deserted at
the first opportunity.
Soto had been trained in a bad school ; he had no respect for the lives
or rights of the Indians. As Oviedo, a man of experience among the
' Kclaaim voti^idcirii (Evoia, 1 557), chaps. - Piiednia
i.-vi., continued in Smith's translation, pp. i-:i ; and liis Soli
m Ilalvliiyt's Sup])lcmentaiy Volnnie (London,
\'<\2'\, pp. 695-712; and ill Force's Traits.
K,iii.;cl in Oviedo, book .wii. cliap. .\xii. ]). 546.
Rclachni in Smitli's Colcccion,
p. 231 ; Colcccion Je documcntos
iitcJitos, iii. 414-441.
■' Cf. Bucl<ingham -Smith on " The Captivity of
Ortis," in the appcndi.x to his Letter on De Solo.
" »
t'
\^
w\.
\f
246
NARUATIVK AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMICRICA.
/ i.
" I
coiKjiiistiuioiTs, says ; " This governor was very fond of tliis sport of kill,
ing Indians." '
)lan i)f Ills march shouid his disroijard of \.\k ri^dits of thi-
/\t each place he ileinaiuied of the cacicpie, or heail chief, co
I'l
le I
native-
for \\h
rn
d he
)f both
to
ills bajif^;
orscs, ami Indians 01 ootn sexes
and do the menial work in his camp. After obtaining these supplies, iie
comi)elled the chief to accompany his army till he re.iclud another tribe
whose chief he could treat in the same waj- ; but lhoiiL;h the first chief was
then released, few of the people of the tribe whicli he ruled, and who h.id
been carried off by Soto, were so fortunate as ever to be allowed to return
to their homes.
On the 15th of Jul)' Soto, sending back his largest ships to Cuba, moved
to the northeast to make his toilsome way amid the lakes and streams and
everglades of I'lorida. Heforc long his soldiers began to suffer from
hunger, and were glad to eat water-cresses, shoots of Indian corn, and pal-
metto, in order to sustain life ; for native villages were few and scattered, and
afforded little corn for the plunderers. The natives were met only as foe-
men, harassing his march. At C.iliciuen the Indians, to rescue their chief,
whom Soto was carrying to the ne.xt town, made a furious onslaught
on the Spaniards; but were driven to the swamps, and nearly all killed
or taken. Their dauntless spirit was, however, unbroken. The survivors,
though chained as slaves, rose on their masters; and seizing any weapon
within their reach, fought desperately, one of them endeavoring to throttle
Soto himself. Two hundred survived this gallant attempt, only to be
slaughtered by the Indian allies of the .Spanish commander. Soto fought
his way westward step by step so slowly that at the end of three months,
Oct. 30, 1539, he had only reached Agile, — a town in the province of
Apalache. Anasco, sent out from this point to explore, discovered the
port where Narvaez had embarked, — the remains of his forges and the
bones of his horses attesting the fact. Soto despatched him to Tampa Ikiy.
Anasco with a party marched the distance in ten days ; and sending two
caravels to Cuba, brought to Soto in the remaining vessels the detachment
left at his laiuling-place. Before he reached his commander the Indians
had burned the town of Anaica Apalache, of which Soto had taken
possession.'^
A good port, that of Pcnsacola, had been discovered to the westward ;
but Soto, crediting an Indian tale of the rich realm of Yupaha in the north-
cast, left his winter quarters March 3, 1540, and advanced in that direc-
tion through tribes showing greater civilization. A month later he reacheil
the Altamaha, receiving from the more friendly natives corn and game.
This was not sufficient to save the Spaniards from much suffering, and they
treated the Indians with their wonted cruelty.'''
y j)
' Ovicdo, i. 547.
- /Mi>aii/i 'rn/iniciiM, chap. xi. ; Smith's Solo, pp. 43-44; Bicdma, Ibid., 234,
•'' Ovicdo, i. 554-557-
ort of K-ill-
lits of tin-
cliicf, corn
is baggage
.iipplics, he
otiicr tribe
it cliicf was
1(1 will) li;i(i
•d to return
nba, movcil
trcams and
suffer from
•n, and [lal-
ittered, and
jnly as foe-
tlieir chief,
onslau|^lit
y all killed
: survivors,
my weapon
I to throttle
)nly to be
■ioto fou^dit
ee months,
province of
ovcred the
cs and the
"ampa Hay.
LMiding two
jetachnient
he Indians
had taken
westward ;
the north-
that direc-
hc reached
and s;ame.
J, and they
234.
ANCIKNT ILOKIDA.
«47
At last Soto, after a march <if fiKir iHindnil ,md thirty leagues, much of
it tliroii'di uninliabited land, reacheil the province ruled by the cliieftainess
ul I ofitachiijui. On the isl of May she went forth to meet the Spanish
cxiilorer in a palancpiin or litter; anil crossing the river in a canopieil
canoe, she approached Soto, and after presenting him the gifts of sh.iwls
.inil skins brought by her retinue, she look off her necklace of pearls and
placed it around the neck of Soto. Vet her courtesy and generosity
Jill not save her from soon being led about on foot as a prisoner. The
M.iintry around her chief town, which Jones iilentifies with Silver Bluff,
oil tile Savannah, below Augusta,' tempted the followers of Soto, who
wi-lied to settle there, as from it Cuba could be readily reachetl. lUit the
commander would attempt no settlement till he IkuI discovered some rich
kingdom that would rival Peru; and chagrined at his failure, refused even
to send tidings of his operations to Cuba. At Silver Hluff he came upon
tr.ices of an earlier Spanish march. A dirk and a rosary were brought to
him, which were supposed, on good grounds, to have come frt)m the
i\']>edition of Ayllon.
I'oring over the cosmography of y\lonzo dc Chaves, Soto and the officers
of his expedition concluded that a river, crossed on the j6th of Ma)-, was
the I'^spiritu Santo, or Mississippi. A seven days' march, still in the cliief-
taincss's realm, brought them to Chelaque, the country of the Clurokces,
poor in maize ; then, over mountain ridges, a northerly march brought them
1(1 .\ualla, two hundred and fifty leagues from Silver Mluff. At the close of
Ma)- they were in (jiiaxule, where the cliieftainess regained her freedom. It
was a town of three hundred houses, near the mountains, in a well-watered and
pleasant land, probably at the site of Coosawattie Old 'I'own. The chief gave
Soto maize, and also three hundred dogs for the maintenance of his men.
Marching onward, Soto next came to Canasagua, in all probability on a
river even now called the Connasauga, flowing through an attractive land of
imiiherries, persimmons, and walnuts. Mere they found stores tif bear oil
and walnut oil and lioiiej-. Marching down tlii.s stream and the Oostanaula,
into which it flows, to Cliiaha, on an island opposite the mouth of the lUoua,
in the district of the pearl-bearing mussel-streams, Soto was received in
amity; and the caciipie had some of the shellfish taken and pearls extracted
ill the presence of his guest. The Spaniards encamiicd under the trees near
the town, leaving the inhabitants in quiet possession of their homes. Here,
on the spot apjiarently now occupied by Rome, they rested for a month.
.\ detae ment sent to discover a reputed gold-producing province returned
with no i dings to encourage the adventurers; and on the 2Sth of June
Soto, with iiis men and steeds refreshed, resumed his march, having obtained
men to beai his baggage, though his demand of thirty women as slaves
was refused.''^
' Mc-/<i(,im -rcrdiideira, chap, xii.-xv. ; Biedma, Relacion ; Smith's Soto, pp. 49-68, 236-341;
Kaiigcl ill Ovitclo, tliskniu General, i. 562.
- ()vi(.(iii, i. 563.
Va
til'
'■■;.■
' i;
■ ' " I,
, I
'w^
i
-:i
ti\
[i t
ii' *
248
NARRATIXE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
Cliisca, to which he sent t\v<i men to exphjre for Lj;okl, proved to be in
a nifjL^cd mountain land; and tlie buffalo robe which the}- brouL:;!'^ back
was :nore curious than encouraLjiny. Soto therefore left the territory of
the Cherokccs, and took the direction of Co(^a, probably on the Coosa
river. The cacique of that place, warned doubtless b)- the rumors which
must have spread through all the land of the danijer of thwartintj the fierce
strangers, furnished supplies at several points on the route to his town, and
as Soto approached it, came out on a litter attired in a fur robe and pl'inud
headpiece to make a full surrender. The Spaniards occupietl the town and
took possession of all the Indian stores of corn and beans, the neighboring
woods adding persimmons and grapes. This town was one luindretl and
ninety leagues west of Xualla, and la\' on the east bank of the Coosa, bi -
tween the mouths of the Talladega and Tallasehatchee, as I'ickett, the his-
torian of Alabama, determines. Soto heh^ the chief of Cocja \irtuall)- as a
prisoner; but when he demanded porters to bear the baggage of his men.
most of the Indians fletl. The Spanish commainler then sei^.ed ever\'
Indian he could find, and put him in irons.
iVfter remaining at Coga for twenty-five da\s, Soto marched to L lii-
bahali, a strongly palisaded town, situated, as we ma)' conjecture, on I latchet
Creek. This place submitted, giving men as porters and women as slaves.
Leaving this town on the 2d of September, he marched to Tallisc, in a
land teeming with corn, whose people proved equall}- tl(>cile.' This sub-
mission was perhaps onl}' to gain time, and draw the in\aders into a tlis-
advantageous position.
Actahachi, the gigantic chief of Tastaluza, sixty leagues south of Co^a,
which was Soto's next station, received him with a pomp such as the Span-
iards had not yet witr.essed. The cacicpie wa^ seated on cushions on a
raisetl platform, with his chiefs in a circle around him; an umbrella of
buckskin, stained red and white, was held over him. The curveting steetls
and the armor of the Spaniartls raised r.o look of curiosity on his stern
countenance, am' he calmly awaiteil Soto's approach. Not till he found
himself detained as a prisoner would he [)romise to furnish the Spaniards
with porters and supplies of pro\-isions at Manila- to enable .Soto to continue
his march. He then sent oixlers to his vassal, the chief of Manila, to have
them in readiness.
As the Spaniards, accompanied by Actahachi, descended the Alabama,
passing by the strong town of Piache, the cacique of Manila came to meet
them with friendly greetings, attended b\- a number of his subjects playing
upon their native musical instruments, and proffering fur robes and service;
but the demeanor of the people was so haughty that Luis de Moscoso urged
Soto not to enter the town. The adclautado persisted ; and riding in with
seven or eight- - f !-.is guartl aiul four horsemen, sat down with the cacicpie
' Ki-!,h;iiii 7 vi;/,h/,-ir,}, cli.ip. xv.-xvi. ; liicdmn,
/Cd.uioii : Siiiitli's S,>/,\ |ip. ()6-77, 240-242;
Kaiigel in Ovicdo, i. 565-5O6.
- It is v.inously written also .)Aivi/u and
.UaviUa.
yj<
ANClEXr FLORIDA.
H9
)f C<i(^;i,
10 Span-
Mis on a
)rclla (if
stcctls
lis stern
fountl
Spaniards
continue
to have
Alabama,
U> meet
plax'iiii;
service ;
so ur;4ed
<l in witli
caciciue
iiiu-l llie chief of Tastaluza, wliom, according; to custom, he had brought to
lliis phicc. The latter asked leave to '•eturn to his own town; when Soto
rel'used, he rose, pretending a wish to confer with some chiefs, and entered
a lunise where some armed Indians were concealed. lie refused to come
(Hit when summoned; and a chief who was ordered to carry a message to
the cacique, but refused, was cu; down by Gallego with a sword. llien the
iiiiliaiis, pouruig out from the houses, sent volleys of arrows at Soto and his
|..nt\. Soto ran toward his men, but fell two or three times; and though
\\v reached his main force, five of liis men were killed, and he himself, as
uill as all the rest, was severely wounded. The chained Indian porter.-i,
v.iio bore the baggage and trea;nres of .Soto's force, had set down their
loads just outside the palisade. When the party of Soto had been driven
out, the men of Manila sent all these into the town, took oh their fetters,
and L;ave them weapons. Some of the military equipments of the Spaniards
fell into the hands of the Indians, and several of Soto's followers, who had
like liini entered the town, among them a friar and an ecclesiastic, remained
as prisoners.
The Indians, sending off their caciques, and apparently their women,
prepared to tiefend the town; but Soto, arranging his militar_\- array into
four detachments, surrounded it, and made an assault on the gates, where the
natives gatheretl to withstand them. By feigning flight Soto drew them out ;
and by a sudden charge routed them, and gaining an entrance for his men,
set fire to the houses. This was not effected without loss, as the Spaniards
were several times repulsed by the Indians. When they at last fought their
ua\- into the town, the Indians endeavored to escape. Finding that impos-
sible, as the gates were held, the men of Manila fought desperately, and died
by the sworti, or plunged into the blazing houses to perish there.
The battle of Manila was one of the bloodiest ever fought on our soil
between white and reel men in the earlier daj's. The Adclantado had
twenty of his men killed, and one hundred and fifty wounded ; of his
horses twelve were killed and seventy wountled. The Indian loss was
estimated by the Portuguese chronicler of the expedition at twenty-five
liiMKlrec
1, and by Rangel at three thousand. At nightfall Hiednia tells uh
that duK' three Inilians remained ali\'e, ':wo of whom v.'ere killetl fight
lUL
lie las
t hung himself from a tree in the palisade with his bowstring.'
i ne
(ientlenian of I'^lvas states Soto'
s whole loss
up to his leaving Manila to
lia\e Deell o
ne hundred and two by disease, accident, and Indian fight
UlL
Divine worship had been apparently offered in the camp regularly up to
this time; but in the flames of Manila perished all the chalices and vest-
ments of the clergy, as well as the bread-irons and their store of wheat-
Ihuir and wine, so that ]\lass ceased from this time.-
' /\'(7i((';w; irn/iji/./Vi;, clis. .wii.-xix. ; IJicdm.i, have been cli.iiitcd over Soto's body avc tlieic-
kt-l.uio'i ; Smitli's .S'ii/o, pp. So-90, 24.;-245. fore iinaginarv. Xo Mass, wlietlier of reipiiein
- See Smilli's Solo, ]). ()0 ; Range] in Oviedo, or oilier, coiiUl have been said or sung after tlic
1. ^(f). The re(inicnis said vears afleruard to Ijattlc of 'Sh nila.
vol.. tl. — 32.
,1'
,»
,M
M
T II
1 I
iO
NARRATIVE AN'I) CRITICAL UISIORY OF AMKKICA.
VAfr
,'l''
!:!
1 1'
Suto here asccilaiiicd thai I-'raiicisco Maldonado was with vessels at the
port of Ichuse (or OchiiseJ only six da\-s' march from liim, awaitiiiL;
liis orders. Me was too proud to return to Cuba with his force reduced
thout their ba^Ljage, or an>- trophy from the lands he had
dd not even send an\- tidings to Cuba, but concealed
from his men the knowletlge which had been brc
m numbers, wi
\1S1
ted. IK
;t to him b)- Ort
\7.
tl
le rescuet
1 foil
owcr o
f X
U'\ ae
Stubborn in his pride, Soto, on the 14th of November, marcheti norlli
ward ; and tra\ersing the land of I'afallaya (now Clarke, Marengo, and Greem
counties), passed the town of Taliepatua and reached Cabusto, iilentified
by I'ickett with the site of the modern town of I'j-ie, on the Hlack Warrior.
Here a series of battles with the natives occurred ; but Soto fought his way
through hostile tribes to the little town of Chicaqa, with its two hundred
houses clustered on a hill, probablj' on the western bank of the \'azoo, which
he reached in a :;now-storm on the 17th of December. The cacique Micu-
lasa recei\ed Soto graciousl)', and the Spanish commander won him b\-
sending part of his force to attack Sacchimia, a hostile town. I laving thu-^
propitiated this powerful chief, Soto remained here till March; when, being
ready to adx'ance on his expedition in search of some wealthy province, he
demanded porters of the cacique. The wil)' chief amused the in\ader with
promises for several dajs, and then suddenU^ attacked the town from foui
sides, at a very carlj- hour in the morning, dashing into the place and set
ting fire to the houses. The Spaniards, taken by surprise, were assailed as
they came out to put on their armor and mount their horses. Soto and one
other alone succeeded in getting into the saddle; but Soto himself, after
killing one Indian with his spear, was throwu, his girths gix'ing way.
The Indians drew off with the loss of this one m.in, having killed cle\en
Spaniards, many of their horses, and having greatly reduced their herd of
swine. In the conflagration of the town, Soto's force lost n:ost of their
remaining clothing, with many of their weapons and saddles. They at
once set to work to suiip!)- the loss. The woods gave asli to make sad-
dles and lances; forges were set up to temper the swords and make such
arms as they could ; while the tall grass was woven into mats to serve as
blankets or cloaks.
The}- needed their arms indeed; for on the 15th of March the enemw
in three di\i.;ions, advanced to attack the camp. Soto met them with as
many squadrons, and routed them w ith loss.
When Soto at last took up his march on the 25th of April, the stuniv
Alibamo, or .Xlimamu, or Limamu, barred his way with a palisade manned
by the painted warriors of the tribe. Soto carried it at the cost of tin
li\cs of sex'cn or eight of his men, and twenty-five or six wountlcd; only
to find th.it the Intlians hatl made the palisade not to protect any stores,
but sim]il)- to cope with tlu' in\aders.'
1 A',/,
iciini -'t'n,
/./(/(vn;, chap. x.\.-xxi.; liicdma, Kan.m'l ill Ovicdo, ///>/,'
/\\/ii(ioii ; Smith'.s Soto, pp. 91-100, 24C-24S; pp. 571-573.
Coieiiil, thap. .\.\v
X li
I! .
:a.
sscls at the
n, awaitiiv^
ce reduced
nds he had
t concealed
II by Ortiz.
:hed iKirlli
and Greeni
3, identified
ick Warrior,
t^ht his way
wo hundred
'azoo, which
cique Micu-
,von him by
i Ia\'in^ tlui-^
when, beinj4
province, he
in\ader willi
vn from four
lace and set-
•c assailed as
:ioto and one
liimsclf, after
way.
killed cle\en
their herd of
ost of theii
They at
iviake saii-
make such
to scr\'e a-^
the enemy,
Hem with a-
the .sturd>
sade manned
cost of till-
mded ; only
:l any stores,
,;/, chap, x.xvii'.
AXCIF.XT FLORID.\,
251
At Ouizquiz, or Ouizqui, near the banks nf the Mississippi, Soto sur-
prisetl the place and captured all the \v(imen ; but released them to obtain
,, nines to cross the ri\er. .\s the IiK.lians failed to keep their prt)mise, Soto
iiicainped in a plain and spent nearl)- a month buikliiiL,r four large boats,
( ,icli capable of carrying;' sixty or sevent\- men and fi\e or si.x horses. The
iinpnsile shore was held by hostile Indians; and bands of finely formed
warriors constantly' came down in canoes, as if read)- to eni^aL^e them, but
[ilwa\-s drawing,' off.
The Spaniards finally crossed the ri\er at the lowest Chickasaw Hlulf,
all wondering at the mighty turbid stream, with its fish, strange to
their e\es, and the trees, uprooted on the banks far above, that came
lloating down.' Soto marched northward to Little Prairie in quest of
I'aeaha aiul Chisca, prcn'inces reported to abound in gold. After plant-
ing a cross on St. John's Day- at Casqui, where the bisons' heads above
tiie entrances to the huts reminded them of Spain, he entered I'acaha
I line J9, as Oviedo says. These towns were the best they had seen
since they left Cofitachiqui. Pacaha furnished them with a booty which
they prized Miighly, — a fine store of skins of animals, and native blankets
woven probabh' of bark. These enabled the men to make clothing,
of which man>- had long been in sore want. The people gradually
returned, and the caci([ue received Soto in friendlj' guise, giving him
his two sisters as wi\'es.
While the armj' rested here nearl}' a month, expeditions were sent in
various directions. One, marching eight days to the northwest through a
land of swamps and ponds,, reached the prairies, the land of Caluc^a, where
Indians lived in portable houses of mats, with frames so light that a man
could easily cru'iy them.''
Despairing of finding his long-sought Kl Doratlo in that direction, Soto
marched south and then southwest, in all a hundred and ten leagues, to
Ouiguate, a town on a branch of the iVIississippi. It was the largest they
had yet seen. Tlie Indians abandoned it; but one half the houses were
sufticient to shelter the whole of .Soto's force.
On the tir.st of September the expedition reached Coligua, — a populous
town ill a vallc}' among the mountains, near which vast herds of bison roamed,
river again,' Soto':
It;
j;
oiiwanl
Ca\'as, with its salt ri\er and fertile m.aize-l;
UK Is, was re
ached ; and
then the Spaniards came to Ttilia, where the Indians attacked them, fighting
from their housetops to the last. The cacique at last jielded, and came
weep-
ing with great sobs to make h
IS submission.
IMarching southeast, Soto reached Ouipana; and crossing the mountains
eastwarii, wintered in the province of Viranque, or Autiamque, or Utianque,
a;-/,,
•■rc/iit/ririi, ch,i|). xxii
)ii.diii 1, /u/ii
KiliU
ll:ikUiyt; Kangel in Oviedo.
ill Smilh's .Si'to, ])|). 106-
/i'«, in Smitli, Soto, pp. 101-105, 249-J50 ; 117, 250-252; IlakUiyl; Rangcl in Ovicilo.
Ovifd
('iin)|)aie Ko/tuioii of (.'oronado's cxpcditi
o, p. 57 J.
.Smith's Coli-c
h\-l,
ii,>iiii
■J.h/,;
cha
P- '5j
p. X.Mll.,
Kaiif^fl ill ')vii;do, i. 576.
f n'
U I I'
, ' 1 ,
<V ' jl
I' 1
iit« '
V
>52 NARRATIVE A\D CRITICAL HISTORY OF AAIERICA
i
wri
li':-:
^mm
Ml'
!) '
Ii
V
i!/ Adclantado
Soti
'noAicLo ae
SOTO.
cn a branch of tlic Mississippi, apparently the Washita.^ The sufferings
of the Spaniards durincj a lony and severe winter were terrible, and Ortiz,
their interpreter, snccnmbed to his liardships and died. Even the proud
spirit of .Soto j-iclded to his disappointments and toil. Two hundred and
fift\- of his splendid force had left their bones to whiten along the path
which he had followeil. He determined at last to push to the shores of the
Gulf ai:d there build two brii^antines, in order to send to Cuba and to New
Spain for aid.
' Fac-.simile of ,nii ciisjiavini; in llcncr.i ahri'l.iiiiicnt of Range] ends. The contents of
f.;-8), iv. 31. two suljsequent chapters arc given, but not the
• Ovit-nlo, p. 577. Here, iinlo'tnnalely, his text.
i
AN TIE. NT FLORIDA
25.3
Passing through Ayays and the well-peopled land of \ilco, Soto went
with the cacique of Guachoyanque to his well-palisaded town on the banks
cif the Mississippi, at the mouth of the Reil River, arriving tliere on Sunday,
Anril l', 1542. Here he fell ill of the fever; difficulties bes:t him on every
side, and he sank under the strain. Appointing Luis de M0SC090 as his suc-
cessor in command, he died on the 2 1st of JMay. The Addaiiiado of Cuba
and Florida, who had hoped to gather the wealth of nations, left as his
property five Indian slaves, three horses, and a herd of swine. His
body, kept for some days in a house, was interred in the town ; but as fears
were entertained that the Indians might dig up the corpse, it was taken,
wr.ipped in blankets loaded with sand, and sunk in the Mississippi.'
AUTOGRAPH OF SOTO.
Musco^o's first plan was to march westward to Mexico. But after advan-
cing to the pro^'ince of Xacatin, the survivors of the expedition lost all
hope; and returning to the Mississippi, wintered on its banks. There
building two large boats, they embarked in them and in canoes. Hostile
Indians pursued them, and twelve men were drowned, their canoes being
run down by the enemy's pcriagiias. The survivors reached i le Gulf and
coasted along to Panuco.-
The expedition of Soto added very little to the knowledge of the conti-
nent, as no steps were taken to note the topography of the country or the
language of the various tribes. Diego Maldonado and Gomez Arias, seek-
ing Soto, explored the coast from the vicinity of the Mississippi nearly to
Newfoundland ; but their reports are unknown.
Notwithstanding the disastrous result of Soto's expedition, and the
conclusive proof it afforded that the country bordering on the Gulf o\
' Rchifam vcrdiuL, chaps, x.w.-.xx. ; liicd- - Rthicam vcrdad., chaps. xxxi.-.\lii. ; Bicd'
m.i. Kiiacwii, in Smith's Solo, pp. iiS-149, 252- ma, A\/,i,ifln, in Smith's ^t'/i', pp. 150-196, 257-
257. 261.
n
I
i '.I
I !
,!
'i
•'54
NARRATIVE AND CRIl'lCAL HISIORY UF AMERICA.
(i ■ J'
*
III
i 1 : ''c f
1 1
'i I
.WrOMO OK MKNUD/A,
V'ucroy of Sew S^iiiii.
and to treat the Iiulians well.
Mexico contained no rich kingdom and afforded little indncement foi
settlements, other commanders were ready to undertake the conquest of
Florida. Among these was Don Antonio
^ A de Mentloza, the viceroy of New Spain,
//^ ^T^/t^ri/uyfY'^^^ ^^'"J sought, by offers of rank and lionors,
to enlist some of the survi\'ors of Soto's
march in a new campaign. In a more
mercantile ipirit, Julian de Samano and
I'eilro de Aluim.;ula applied to the Spanish
monarch for a patent, promising to. make
a good use of the privileges granted them.
The}' hoped to buy furs and [)earls, and
carry on a trade in them till mines of gold and silver were found. The
Court, however, refused to permit the grant.'
\'et as a matter of policy it became necessary for Spain to occupy
Florida. This the Court felt; and when Cartier was preparing for his
voyage to the northern part of the continent," Spanish spies followed his
movements and rejjortetl all to their Go\'ernment. In Spain it was decided
that Cartier's occupation of the frozen land, for which he was cciuipping his
vessels, could not in any way militate against the interests of the Catholic
monarch ; but it was decided that any settlement attempted in Florida
must Oil some pretext be crushed out.'* Florida from its position affordeil
a basis for assailing the fleets which bore from Vera Cruz the treasures of
the Indies ; and the hurricanes of the trc .ics had already strewn the Florida
coast with the fragments of Spanish wrecks. In 1545 a vessel laden with
silver and precious conmiodities perished on that roast, and two hundred
persons reached land, only to faU by the hands of the Indians.*
\%
■■' !r
y ,.«
'■''■ s
II.
^H
The next Spanish attempt to occupy Florida was ni>i unmixed with ro-
mance; and its tragic close invests it with peculiar interest. The Domini-
cans, led b)' Father Antonio de Montcsinos and Las Casas, — who had by this
time become Bishop of Chiap.i, — were .active in condemning the cruelties
of tluir countr)-men to the natives of the New World ; and the atrocities
perpetr;ited b\' .Soto in his disastrous march ga\e new themes for their
indignant denunciations.'
One Dominican went further. I'ather Luis Cancer de liarbastro, when
the Ind-ansof ;. province had so steadily defied the Spaniards and prevented
their cntr.mce Mhit it was styled " Tierra de Guerra," succeeded by mild
and gentle means in winning the whole Indian population, so that the
province obtained iKe 'vuiie of " Vera I'az," or True Peace. In 1546 thi^
* Barci.i, /■'iisaio nviiMi^/iO, p. 24 ; Goiiiar.-i, ^ L.is Casas, Dcstniccioit dc las Iiulias. Dc
Hist, gill., lib. i. c. .) 5. his pnroimiiis Jc la Tierra Firm.; por la parti que
■ Cf. Vol. \X. rJKip. 2. SI llama la Fh'riJa, — a cluiptcr written pailly
■' Documents p ■■iitcd in Sniitli's Cohciioii, before and partly after Moscujo's arrival in
pp. 103-llS. Mexico. |.See the chapter on Las Casas, follow
* B.ircia, EiLuiio croiwlagito, p. ^4. ing tb« present one. — Ed]
i.
ANCIENT FLORIDA.
255
cm cut foi
)nqucst i)f
11 Antoiiitj
c\v Spain,
1(1 honors,
of Soto's
1 a moir
nano and
0 Spanisli
1 to. make
itcd them
icarls, and
.nul. I'hc
to occupy
ig for his
Uowcd his
ns decided
ipping his
e CathoUc
in Florida
n aft'ordetl
easures of
he r'lorida
ulen with
1 hundred
d with ro-
e Domiiii-
lad by this
cruelties
atrocities
for their
,tro, wlien
l)re\ented
J by mild
that tlu-
1546 this
/m/icis. />
/■ /lI parti: que
litten partly
's arrival in
!asas, follow
I iierL;otic man conceived the idea of atlemptinij the peaceful conquest of
I iurida. I'"ather Gregory de Beteta and other influential members of his
( )rder seconded his views. The next year he went to Spain and laid his
jiroiect before the Court, where it was favorably recei\ed. lie returned
til Mexico with a royal order that all l'"loridians held in slavery, carried
thillur b\' the survivors of Soto's expedition, should be confided to l'"ather
(, nicer t<i be taken back to their own land. The order proved ineffectual,
f.itlur Cancer then sailed from Vera Cruz in 1549 in the " Santa .Mari.i del
I ji/iiia," without ;irms or soldiers, taking l'"ather Heteta, l'"ather l)iego de
j'.il.i-,,!, I'ather John (jarcia, and others to conduct the mission. At Havana
lu obtained Magdalen, a woman who had been brought from I'lorida, and
who had become a Christian. The vessel then steered for Morida, and
riaehing the coast, at about 28", on the e\'e of Ascension Da)-, ran north-
w.iid, but soon sailed back. The missionaries and their interpreter landed,
,uicl found some of the Indians fishing, who proved friendly. I'^ither Diego,
a mission coadjutor, and a sailor, resolved to remain with the natives, and
went off to their cabins. Cancer and his companions awaited their return ;
!)tit they never appeared again. For some da\-s the Spaniards on the ship
endeavored to enter into friendly relations with the Indians, and on Cor[)us
Christi Fathers Cancer and Garcia landed antl said Mass on shore. At last
a Spaniard named John Munoz, who had been a prisoner among the Indians,
managed to reach the ship; and from him they learned that the missionar\'
and his companions hatl been killed by the treacherous nati\es almost im-
mediately after reaching their cabins, lie had not witncssctl their murder,
biu declared that he had seen the missionary's scalp. Magdalen, howe\'cr,
came to the shore and assured the missionaries that their comrade was alive
and well.
It had thus become a serious matter what course to pursue. The vessel
was too heavy to enter the shallow bays, the provisions were nearly cx-
li.uisted, water could not be had. and the .ship's people were clamoring to
return to Mexico. The missionaries, all except h'ather Cancer, desired to
abandon the projected settlement, but he still believed that by presents and
kiiulness to the Indians he could safely remain. Mis companions in \ain
eiidea\ored to dissuade him. On Tuesda}', June 25, he was pulled in a boat
near the shore. He leaped into the water and waded towards the land.
riiough urged to return, he pcrse\-ered. Kneeling for a few minutes on the
licach, he advanced till he met the Indians. The sailors in the boat saw
one Indian pull off his hat, and another strike him down with a club. Owe
cr\' csca]:)ed his lips. A crowd of Indians streamed down to the shore and
with arrows drove off the boat. Lingering for awhile, the vessel sailed back
to Vera Cruz, after fi\-e li\'es had thus rashh' been sacrificed.'
' The best account of this affair is a " Rcla- first jiart is liv Cancer himself, the conclusion
ODi-. de la riorida para el 111'"" Seiior Visorrci by Beteta. There are also extant " Keeiuiri-
(le la in' Espana la ([ual trajo Fray Greg'^ dc mentos y respuestas que |iasaron en la Nao
l.tteta," in Sn.ith's Colcci-ioii, |)p. 190-202. The S" Maria de la Eiicina," and the Minutes nf dis-
I*
I (
i'l
ii
11 Hi,
% ^
!(:'i^
!56
NAKKA'1I\K AND CRITICAL HISTORY ()!•• AMERICA.
m
\i.
I ?,' !
ft'l
'''F
j.i'.
Oil iIk. airival of llic tidiii^rs of this tragic close of Cancer's mission ,i
con;4russ was convened by Maximilian, Kinij of Bohemia, then regent in
Spain; and the advocates of the [)eace [)olicy in regard to the Indians lost
much of the inlliience which the)' hail obtained in the royal councils.'
The wreck of the fleet, with rich cargoes of silver, gold, and othei
precious commodities, on the northern shore of the (julf of Mexico in 1553,
when several hundretl perst)ns perished, and the sufferings of the survix'ing
passengers, among whom were several Dominicans, in their attempt to reach
the settlements; and the wreck of I'arfan's fleet on the Atlantic coast near
Santa l-^lena in December, 1554, — showed the necessity of having posts on
that dangerous coast of l-'lorida, in tirder to save life and treasiire.-
The Council of the hulies advised l'hili[) II. to confide the con(iuest and
settlement of l'"!orida to Don Luis de Velasco, \Mceroy of New Spain, who
was anxious to undertake the task. The Catholic monarch had previously
rejected the projects of Zurila and .Samano ; but the high character of
Velasco induced him to confide the task to the viceroy of Mexico. The
step was again for the humanitarian part)'; and the King, on giving his
approval, directed that Dominican friars should be selected to accompany
the colonists, in order to minister to them and convert the Indians. Don
Luis de Velasco had directed the government in Mexico since November,
1550, with remarkable iM'udence ami ability. The natives found in him
such an earnest, capable, and unwavering protector that he is styled in
history the leather of the Indians.
The plans adopted by this excellent governor for the occupation of
Morida were in full harmony with the Dominican views. In the treatment
of the Indians he anticipated the just and equitable methods which give
Calvert, Williams, and Penn so enviable a place in American annals.^
The occupation was not to be one of conquest, and all intercourse with
the T;idians was to be on the basis of natural equity. His first step was
prompted by his characteristic prudence.'' In September, 1558, he de-
spatched Guido de Labazarcs, with three vessels and a sufficient force, to
exjilore the whole Florida coast, and select the best port he found for the
l)rojected settlement. Labazares, on his return after an investigation of
cussioiis between tlie niLssionaiies, and the dp-
tain's order to liis jjilot and .sailors. 'I'lierc is
a somewhat detailed sketeli of Cancer's life in
Davila I'adilhi's Ilisloyia dc l<i fiimlacum t/c la
Pro-jincia Jc Siiuli,ti^o ilc Mixko, 1596, cliapters
liv.-lvii., and a brief notice in Touron, Ilistoire
lie rAmeriipiCy vi. Si. Cl. Ilerrera, dec. vii;.
lib. 5, ]). 112; Gnniara, e. xlv. ; \^^^xz\■^, Eiisaio
cronoloi^ito, \>\i. 25-26.
' Hiircia, Eiisaio cyoiiol6:^ico, p. 2O.
-' liaicia, Eiisaio croiio/oi^ico, \\\i. 2S-20. " Don
I.iiis Velasco a los ofticialcs de Sevilla," Mexico,
November, 1554. Farfan to same, Jan. 3, 1555.
The vessels were wrecked at Cape .Santa Klena,
y- N'. Villafafie was sent to rescue the sur-
vivors. Davila I'adilla gives details in his
sketches of Fathers DicL!0 de la Cruz, Juan dc
Mcna, Juan F'errer, and Marcos de .Mena.
^ " The Viceroy has treated this matter in .1
must Christian way, with much wisdom an. I
counsel, insisting strenuously on their under
standing that they do not go to C(jni|uer thosr
nations, nor do what has been done in tin:
iliscuverv of the Indies, but to settle, and bv
good e.\ami)le, with good works and with pre-
ents, to bring them to a knowledge of our holv
Faitli and Catholic truth." — F.M'llKR I'EnKo in.
Fi;ri.\, Lclli'r of Ma>\/i 3, 1559.
■* Alaman, J)i.u li.uiont's A/sAh-ii'iis, vol. iii ,
apendice, p. 11.
( I'll
mission .1
1 rct^cnt in
uliaiis Uisl
:ils.'
and otlui
;o in 1553,
: siirviviiiL;
pt to reach
coast near
g posts on
iKliicst ami
Spain, who
previously
laractor nf
<ico. Tiu'
t;iviiii^ \us
iccompaii)'
ians. ]Jt)i)
Xovenibcr,
nd in him
s styled 111
upation of
trcatmL-iU
vhich give
,1s.''
;ourse with
step was
8, he de-
force, to
nd for tin
tigation of
t.iils ill lii^
Cni/:, Juan '.W
Mfii.i.
in:itu.'r in .1
wisdom ami
llicir uiidur-
inqucr thosr
il(inc in llii
utile, and liv
nd with pre~-
.■ i)f our h'llv
R I'EDKii M.
,;.f, vol. iii ,
ANCIENT FLORIDA
!57
sc\ era! months, reported in favor of Pensacola Hay, which he named I'eli-
pin.i. anil he describes its entrance between a long isUmd and a point
(,f laiul. Tile country was well wooded, game and fisii abounded, and
the Intlian fields showed that Indian corn and vegetables could be raised
siucessfullj'.' On the return of Labazarcs in December, preparations were
mack: for the expedition, which was placed under the command of Don
I'li-iaii de Luna y Arellano. I'he force consisted of fifteen hundred soldiers
,iml settlers, under six captains of cavalry and six of infantry, some of whom
had been at Co(,'a, and were consequently well acquainted with the eoMUtry
ulure it was intended to form the settlement. The Dominicans selected
were l-'athers Pedro de Feria, as vicar-pnn'incial of Morida, Dominic of
the Annunciation, Dominic dc Salazar, John Ma5uelas, Dominic of Saint
1 )ominic, and a lay brother. The object being to settle, provisions for a
whole year were prepared, and ammunition to meet all their wants.
The colonists, thus well fitted for their undertaking, sailed from Vera
t'ni/ <in the 1 itli of June, 1559; and by the first of the following month
were off the bay in Florida to which Miruelo had given his name. Although
l.ahazaies had recommended Pensacola Hay, Tristan de Luna seems to have
Imn induced b}' his pilots to give the preference to the l^ay of Ichuse ; and
he >aikd west in search of it, but [jassed it, and entered Pensacola Hay.
finding that he had gone too far, Luna sailed back ten leagues east to
Ichiise, which must have been Santa Rosa Hay. Here he anchored his
tleet, and despatched the factor Luis Daza, with a galleon, to Vera Cruz to
announce his safe arrival, lie fitted two other vessels to proceed to Spain,
awaiting the return of two exploring parties ; he then prepared tc land his
colonists and stores.'^ Meanwhile he sent a detachment of one hundred men
mukr captains Alvaro Nyeto and Gonzalo Sanchez, accompanied by one of
the missionaries, to explore the country and ascertain the disposition of the
Indians. The exploring [jarties returned after three weeks, having found
only one hamlet, in the midst of an uninhabited country.^ Ik'fore Luna
had unloaded his vessels, they were struck, during the night of September
ly,* by a terrible hurricane, which lasted twenty-four hours, destroying five
ships, a galleon and a bark, and carrying one caravel and its cargo into a
grove some distance on land. Many of the people perished, and most of
the stores intended for the maintenance of the colony were ruined or lost.
rile river, entering the Bay of Ichuse, proved to be very difficult ot
naviijation, and it watered a sparsely-jieopled country. Another detach-
' IX'iliiracion de Gtiido </,• /uizures dc la />■•■
iiii,iit i/iic liizo ti dcscuhrir las f^ui-ytos y vaias </' liai
ai la ,-osta </,■ la Florida, Feb. I, 1559. A poor
iianslation of this document is given in French
in Ternanx' royaf;es, vol. x., and a still worse
"lie in Kngliish in French's Ilistorh-al Collations
of lAHilsiaiuu etc.. new scries, ii. 2-;6.
" Rclacion ,/,■ Dn Luis de Wiasco a S. M.
•U r/.M, Sept. 24, 1559. This was written after
receiving, on the 9th, the letters sent by Tristan
de Luna on the galleon. It is given in B. .Smith's
Coleceion, p. 10. See Davila Padilla, Histovia de
la fiindacion de la Prctnncia do Saiitia^'o de Mi'xiro
(Madrid, 1596), chaps. Iviii.-lix., pp. 2JI-234.
Ichuse ill some documents is written Ochuse.
3 Testimony of Cristf~^\xl J'lasr/iie:.
* Uavila Padilla (p. 236) says .\ugust 20-
but it was evidently .Seiitembcr.
vol.. II.
■33-
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NAKRATIVE AND CUITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
nicnt,' sent apparently to the nortluvest, after a forty days' marcli tlirou,L;li
uiiciillivatcd coimtr)', re.iched a larj^e river, apparently the Escambia, and
followed its banks to Nanipacna, a deserted town of ei^dily houses, 1C\-
plorations in various directions found no other signs of Indian occupation.
The natives at last returned and became friemll)'.
Finding his original site unfavor.ible, I'ri.-itan de l.una, after exhausliin.;
the relief-supplies sent him, and being hiniself prostrated by a fever in which
he became delirious, left Juan dc Jaramillo at tin: port with lifty men and
negro slaves, and proceeded"'^ with the rest of his ccnpan)', nearly a thou-
sand souls, to Nanipacna, some by land, and some ascending the river in
their lighter craft. To tljis town he gave the name of Santa Cruz. The
stores of Inilian corn, beans, and other vegetables left by the Indians were
soon consumetl by the Spaniards, who were forced to live on acorns or any
herbs they could gather.
The Viceroy, on hearing of their sufferings, sent two vessels to their relief
in Xovembcr, promising more ample aid in the spring. Thr provision.s
they obtained saved them from starvation during the winter, but in the
spring their condition became as desperate as ever. No attempt seems
to have been made to,cultivate the Indian fields, or to raise anything for
their own support.'^
In hope of obtaining provisions from Co(^a, Jaramillo sent his sergeant-
major with six captains and two hundred soldiers, accompanied by h'ather
Dominic de Salazar and Dominic of the Annunciation, to that province.
On the march the men were forced to eat strap;, harnesses, and the leather
coverings of their shields; some diet! of starvation, while others were poi-
soned by herbs which the}- ate. \ chestnut wood proved a godsend, and a
fifty days' march brought them to Olibahali (Hatchet Creek), where the
friendl)' natives ministered to their wants.'
.\bout the beginning of July they reached Co^a, on the Coosa River, then
a town of thirty houses, near which were seven other towns of the same
tribe. Entering into friendly intercourse with these Indians, the Spaniards
obtained food for themselves and their jaded horses. After resting here
for three months, the Spaniards, to gain the good-will of the Coosas, agreed
to aid them in a campaign again.st the Napochics, — a nation near the
Ochechiton,"' the h'spiritu Santo, or Mississippi. These were in all proba-
bility the Natche/. The Coosas and their Spanish allies defeated this tribe,
and compelled them to pay tribute, as of old, to the Coosas. Their town,
1 Letter of W-liuco, Oct. J5, 1559, citing .i letter - Letter of Tristan </e L.una to the A'liii;, Sept.
of Tri.stan de I.un.i. Said I)V .\roiitalv.iii and 24, 1559, in Coleeeion Je doeiiiiientos iiiediloi,
Velas(iiicz to have lieen one liundred and fifty .xii. 2So-:?S3.
men, liorsc and foot, under Mateo de Sauce, ^ L.etter of Velasco to Luna, Oct. 25. 155O;
the sergeant-ni.ajor, and Captain Cliristopher de Davila I'adilla, liook i. chap. l.xi. pp. 242-244.
Arellano, accomi>:inied l)y F'atlicrs Annunciation * llarcia, Eiisaio croiiolit^ieo, pp .53-34 ; I^^"
and Salazar ( Testimony of Mi:^iie! Saneltcz Ser- vita P.adilla, Ijook i. chap. l.\ii., i)|). 245-246.
>-ano). He remained three months at Iclui.se ^ Ochechiton, like Mississip])i, means great
before he heard from Vpacana; and though urged river, — from d/7////(;, river ; e/ii/o, great (Bying-
to go there, lingered five or si.v months more. ton's C/iocfa-w Dejiner, pp. 79, 97).
1 Uiroui^Mi
inbia, ami
scs. Ex-
:ciipatiun.
xhaustiiu;
r in wliicl)
men and
ly a thuu-
e river in
ruz. The
lians were
rns or any
their relief
provisions
jut in the
npt seems
ything for
s sergeant-
by l'"athcr
t province.
:lic leather
were poi-
Mid, and a
.here tin.
Liver, then
llie same
Spaniartls
itin^ here
as, a^reeil
near the
all prol)a-
this tribe,
leir town,
King, Sept.
iilos iiu-ditos,
'ct. 25. 1559;
242-244.
.53-34 ; I"*^-
245---|6-
means grc.it
i^reat (Byiiig-
ANCIENT KLORIDA.
259
s.ived ^vith diffictdt)- from tlie llaines, gave the Spaniards a supply of corn.
< )ii their return to L'oea, the sergeant-major sent to report to I'ristan ile
I ,111,1; but his messengers found no Spaniard at Xanipacna, save one hang-
nig from a tree. Tristan de I. una, supposing his men lost, had gone down
III Oiiiiise Hay, leaving directions on a tree, ami a buried letter.' l-'ather
|'\ ri.i and some others had sailed for Havana, and all were eager to leave
the rdunli)-.''^ Tristan de I, una was reluctant to abandon tin: projecteti set-
tlement, and wished to proceed to Cotja with all the survivors of his force,
jlis sickness had left him so capricious and .severe, that he seemed actually
insane. The siip[)lies promised in the spring hail not arrived in September,
though four ships left Vera Cniz toward the end of Jnne. Parties sent out
he land and water found the fields on the F.scambia and Mobile'' forsaken
li\tlie imlians,who had laitl waste their towns and removed their [jrovisions.
In this desperate state George Ceron, the maestro dc cavtpo, opposed the
Cidvernor's plan,"* and a large part of the force rallied around him. When
Tristan de lama issued ;i proclamation ordering the march, there was an
open mutiny, ami the Tiovernor condemned the whoK; of the insurgents to
death. Of course he coidd not attempt to execute so man\', but he tlid
hang one who deserted. The mutineers secretly sent word to Coqa, and
ill Xovember the party from that province with the two missionaries arrived
at I'ensacola Bay.'' Don Tristan's detachment was also recalled from the orig-
inal landing, and the \vhole force united. Th'^ dissensions continued till
the missionaries, amid the solemnities of Holy Week, by appealing to the
religions feelings of the commander and Ceron, effected a reconciliation."
At this juncture Angel dc ViIIafai"ie's fleet entered the harbor of Ichuse.
Me announced to the people that he was on his way to Santa ICIena, which
Tristan de Luna had matle an imlTectual effort to reach. All who chose
were at liberty to accompany him. The desire to evacuate the country
where they had suffered so severely was universal. None expressed a wish
to remain ; and Tristan de Luna, seeing himself utterly abandoned, embarked
for Havana with a few servants. Villafane then took on board all except a
detachment of fifty or sixty men who were left at Ichuse under Captain
Biedma, with orders to remain five or six months; at the expiration of
which time they were to sail away also, in case no instructions came.
Villafane, with the " ,San Juan " and three other vessels and about two
iiundied men, put into Havana; but there many of the men deserted,
and several officers refused to proceed.'
' Testimony of soldiers.
- Davila I'adilla, bo(iI< i. chap. i.\iii.-l.\vi. jip.
-•47-265.
' These I take to be the Rio Manipacna and
Kio Tiime.
* Cltoii, Rcspucsta^ Sept. 16, 1560. Velascn
treated brietlv in the Kciacio)t </<• /./ fmul.irion
lie hi Pnniih i,i Ji Siviliir^o, 1 567. Cf . Cotcicioit de
•Jo.umciitos inciiitos, v. 447.
'" liarcia, F.hslUO cronologico^ pji. 34-4' ;
Davila Padilla, pp. 271-277.
" Testimony of I'cliUi/iicz and Miguel SiDichez
l''U>\ Atii^. zo-Si-pt. 3, 15C0; Davila I'adilla, Si-rniiia. The e.xpcdition sent out l)y Tristan
li'ok i. p. 26S. dc lAina to occupy Santa Elena was composed
^ D.ivila Padilla, p. 270. The labors of of tlirce vessels, bearing one hundred men.
e'mcir and of Fcria and his companions are The vessels were scattered in a storm, and ran
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360
NARRATIVE ANO CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
{ I
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ll'.i
I
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With Gonznio Gayon as pWot, Villafanc reached Santa Elena — now Port
Royal Sound — May 27, 1561, and took possession in the name of tlie Kinjr
of Sjjain. l-'inding no soil adapteil for cultivation, and no port suitable for
planting:; a settlement, he kept aloni; the coast, doubled Cape Roman, and
landing on the 2d of [une, went inland till he reached the Santce, where he
again took formal [jossession. On the 8th he was near the Jordan or Pedec;
but a storm drove off one of his vessels. With the rest he continued his
survey of the coast till he doubled Cape Ilatteras. There, on tlie 14th of
June, his caravel well-nigh foundered, and his two smaller vessels undoubt-
edly perished. lie is said to have abandoned the exploration of the coast
here, although apparently it was his vessel, with the Dominican Fathers,
which about this time visited A.xacan, on the Chesapeake, and took off a
brother of the chief.'
Villafafie then sailed to Santo Domingo, and I'lorida was abandoned.
In fact, on the 23d of September the King declared that no further attem])t
was to be made to colonize that country, either in the Gulf or at Santa
Elena, alleging that there was no ground to fear that the French would set
foot in that land or take possession of it ; and tlie royal order cites the
opinion of Pedro Mencndez against any attempt to form settlements on
cither coast.'-
As if to show the fallacy of their judgment and their forecast, the French
(and what was worse, from the Spanish point of view, French Calvinists)
in the next year, under Ribault, took possession of Port Royal, — the very
Santa I",lena which Villafafie considered unfitted for colonization. Here
the)' founded Charlesfort and a settlement, entering Port Royal less than
three months after the Spanish officers convened in Mexico had united in
condemning the country.
Pedro Mencndez de A\'iles had, as we have seen, been general of the
fleet to New Spain in 1560, and on his return received instructions to
exar'inc the Atlantic coast north of the very spot where the French thus
soon a'ler settled. In 1561 he again commanded the fleet; but on his
homeward voyage a terrible storm scattered the vessels near the Bermudas,
and one vessel, on which his only son and many of his kinsmen had
embarked, disappeared. With the rest of his ships he reached Spain,
,!l
to Mrxico ami ('iil).-i. After that IVdrn Mencn-
dez, wiv. was in command of a fleet sailing from
Vera Cruz, was ordered In run along tlie .\tlanllc
coast for a liuiulred leagues above Santa I'.lena.
/.<■//(■;■ (>/ / V/i/.(i(', .SV//. 3, 1 560 ; Ttilimoiiy of
Montahmi.
' Tcstinunio dc J-'niiiiisio </<• A,:;ni!,v\ fsni-
Vivio i/iif/iit' til 1,1 joniiuiii (i 111 /•'/oiii/.i fon Aiii^i!
(if I'illi) filth' Kihuioii litl iicoiioiimiento que
/lizfl el Citf-ihin General Aiis^et Jc Vili'iifiiiie tie li
( 'sta de la Florida, y posesioii (]ue lomo . . . deide
^y lias/a J5". Testimony of Montalvan, Vclas-
que/, Serrano, etc. The Indian, however, may
have been found among a still more southerly
tribe.
- A council held in Mexico of iiersons who
had been in Florida agreed that the royal order
was based on accurate information (/\ireeer ,/ue
da S. .1/. (•/ eonse/o de la A'liiTa /\s/'<ifia, .Match
12, 1562). Tristan de Luna sailed to Spain, and
in a brief, manly letter solicited of the King an
investigation into his conduct, i)rofessing his
readiness to submit to any punishment if he was
deemed deserving of it {Metnorial que dii al
Key Don Tristan de I. una y ArelUno dandoli
euenta del siieeso de la Jornada de la I'lorida).
I ''i!
.(.' f
k*..'.i
:a.
ANCIENT FLORIDA.
261
— now Port
of tlie King
suitable for
Roman, and
:c, where he
n or Tedec ;
intiniied his
1 tlie I4lh of
L-'ls undoubt-
of the coast
:an Fatliers,
d took ^>(i' a
abandoned,
ther attenijjt
or at Sai'U
ch would set
dcr cites the
ttlenients on
t, the French
h Calvinists)
il, — the very
ation. Here
yal less than
lad united in
cncral of the
structions to
rench thus
but on his
le l^ermudas,
nsnien had
iched Spain,
more soutlitrly
of ])crsuiis will)
tliL' royal oiilcr
ion {/\inrfr i/iif
/■.'j/.;;7i/, M at cli
li..l to Simin, and
of the King an
inoft'ssing his
sliMK-nt if he was
wn'ti/ que dio <;/
AielUiio dandoh
h riorida).
filkd with anxiety, eat;er only to fit out vessels to seek his son, who, he be-
licvcii, had been driven <>n the Florida coast, and was probably a prisoner
in the hands of the Indians. .\t this critical moment, however, char<^es were
ljinii;4ht a^'ainst him; and he, with his brother, was arrested and detained in
prison for two years, unable to bring the case to trial, or to obtain his release
on bail.
W hill Menendez at last succeeded in obtaining an audience of the King,
lie sulicited, in 1564, permission to proceed with two vessels to Bermuda and
I-'lorida to seek his son, and "ihen retire to his home, which he had not seen
for eighteen years. Philip II. at last consented; but ren-iired him to make
a thorough coast-survey of Morida, so as to prepare charts that would pre-
vent tiie wrecks which had arisen from ignorance of the real character of
tlic sea-line. .Menendez replied that his Majesty could confer no higher
boon upon him for his long and successful services on the seas than to
authorize him to conquer and settle Florida.
Nothing could be in greater accordance with the royal views than to
commit to the energy of Menendez ' the task which so many others had un-
dirtaken in vain. A patent, or asicnto, was issued March 20, 1565, by the
provisions of which Menendez was required to sail in May with ten ves-
si is. carrying arms and supplies, and five hundred men, one hundred to be
capable c f cultivating the soil. He was to take provisions to maintain the
uholL force for a year, and was to conquer and settle Florida within three
years ; e.Kplore and map the coast, transport settlers, a certain number of
whom were to be married ; maintain twelve members of religious Orders as
missionaries, besides four of the Society of Jesus ; and to introduce horses,
black cattle, sheep, and swine for the two or three distinct settlements
he was required to found at his own expense.^ The King gave onlj' the
use (if the galleon "San Pclayo," and bestowed upon Menendez the title
of Aih'hintatio of I'lorida, a personal grant of twenty-five leagues square,
with the title of Marquis, and the office of Governor and Captain-General
of Florida.
While Menendez was gathering, among his kindred in Asturias and
Biscay, men and means to fulfil his part of the undertaking, the Ccurt of
Spain became aware for the first time that the Protestants of I'rance had
([uictly plan^xl a colony on that very Florida coast. Menendez was imme-
diately summoned in haste to Court; and orders were issued to furnish him
in .\merica three vessels fully equippcil, and an expeditionary force of iwo
iuiiuhed cavalry and four hundred infantry. Menendez urged, on the con-
tr.uy, that he should be sent on at once with some light vessels to attack
the I'rench ; or, if that was not feasible, to occupy a neighboring port and
' There is a copperplate engraving of '• IVdro Camaron, engraved bv Franco dc Panla Marte,
Menendez de .Aviles, Natural dc .Vvijes en 1791 (7|s X ll-'s inches). Mr. F^irknian en-
Astnrias, Comendador de la ordcn dc Santiago, graved the head for his Fr,i)ici- in (he AWo
C'.in(|nista<l()r dc la Florida, nonibrado Oral dc UWld, and Hr. Shea used the iilate in his
la .\iinada contra Jnglatcrra. Muriiien Sanlan- Ch<irh-;oix.
iler A ' I 574, .i los 55, de edad." I )rawn bv Josef - Coleeeii'it de d,\-iime>it,'s iii,\/i/(U, xxii. 242.
■ I t1
tM
■I'J ^■
\ '
A
■m%.
363
NARRATIVIi AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMMRICA.
?;/■
Mi <
W;^
UM,
'■! il
ail
(^;.
:v
(!
< I
:(y
fortify it, while .iwaitiii^^ icinforcLMiKiits. The (jovciiiiiKiU, by siicccssi\e
(irdfis, increased the I""lorida armament, so tliat Menendez finally sailed from
Cadiz, JiiiU' 2'), with the t^allcon "San rela\-o " anil other vessels to the
nnaiber of ninileen, carryini; more tlian tifteen hundretl persons, including
farmers and mechanics of all kinds.
I'he liLjht in which Si)ani;irds, especially those connected with com-
merce iuul colonies, re^'anletl the I'rotestants of l-'rance was simpl_\- that ol
pirates. l'"rench cruisers, often makini; their I'rotestantism a prete.\t for
their actions, sconretl the seas, captiirini,' Sp.inish and I'ortnj^uese vessels,
and commiltiiiL^ the greatest atrocities. In 1555 Jacques Sorie surprised
Havana, plundered it, and ^Mve it to the tiames. butchering the prisoners
who fell into his hanils. In 1559 Met;ander i)illa,L;ed I'orto Rico, and John
de la Roche phindereti the ships ,uul settlements near Cartha^ena.'
It seems straUL^e, however, th.it neither in SjKun nor in America was it
known that this dre.ided and hated comnuinit), the 1 hiyuenots of I-"rance,
had actuall)', in 1562, begun a settlement at the very harbor of Santa IClena
where \'illafane had taken possession in the name cf the Spanish monarch
a )ear before. S(jme of the I'rench settlers revolted, and verv naturally
went off to cruise against the Spaniards, and with success; but the ill-man-
aged colonj- of Charlesfort on Port Royal Sound had terminated its brief
existence without drawing down the vi ageance of Spain.
When the tidings of a I-'rench occu]>ancy of I'^orida startled the Spanish
Court, a second attempt of the Huguenots at settlement had been made, —
this time at the mouth of St. John's River, where I'^ort Caroline was a direct
menace to the rich Spanish fleet:., offering a safe refuge to cruisers, which in
the name of a pure gospel could sally out to plunder and to slay, ^'et that
settlement, thus provoking the fiercest hostility of Spain, was ill-manag '
It was, in fact, sinking, like its predecessor, from the unfitness of its mem-
bers to make the teeming earth yield them its fruits for thjir maintenance.
Rend Laudonniere. the commandant, after receiving some temporary relief
from the ICnglish corsair Hawkins,'"' and learning that the Spaniards medi-
tated hostilities, was about to burn his fort and abandon the ccuiitry, when
John Ribault arri\'eil as commandant, with supplies and colonists, as well as
orders to maintain the post. His instructions from Coligny clearl)- intended
•■hat he should attack the Spaniards.''
' " Plicv burned it [llav;in;i|, with .ill the lislird by the Ilakliiyt Society. A jiiojcct df
town and church, ami put to clc.Uh all the inhabi- the Ijiglisli fur a .scttlcnient 011 the Klorida
taiits thev I'oiMul, and the rest lied to the iiioiin- coast (1563), under Sliikely, came to nought,
tains; so that nolhiiij; remained in the town that Cf. Doyle's Eui^lish in Amcticti, p. 55. — \'.\i.\
was not Inirned, and there was ii(>t an inhabitant ■' " Kn fcrmant ccste lettre i'ay cu certain
lel't alive or dwelling theic " (j'/i"'"!''/!;/ (/(• /'<.//!> aduis, coninie doni I'etro Melandes se i)art
Mcnciulcz ih- Ai'i'iS a S.M. sobic los ai^ritvios . . . d'Kspagne, pour allcr a la coste de la Xouvclle
i/iic nuhio t/t- los oficidlcs (it' Itirasa (ii'ii'iitiiitiicioit, Fracc ; vous rcgardcrcz n'endurur qu'il n'cntre-
156.)). >rcncndcz was iicrsonallv cognizant, as prcine sur nous non plus qu'il veut que nous
he sent a vessel and men froni his tlcct to help n'cntreprcnions sur cux." As Mr. Parkman
restore the place. remarks, " Ribault interpreted this into a coin-
'^ |[,audo!miere's account of this relief is maud to attack the Spaniards." — Pioneers ('/
translated in the //,iwkiiis I'onixvs (p. fn), jiub- Fniiro- in the v\>r,' HWIL
CA.
ANCIENT P'LORIDA
26-
y successive
,■ sailed fnmi
isscls to the
IS, inclutlin^
I willi coni-
nipl}- that iif
pretext for
iicsc \'csscls,
ric surprised
lie prisoners
(), and Jolin
na.'
lerica was it
s of France,
Santa I'.iena
ish inonarcli
:vy naturally
the ill-nian-
ted its brief
the Spanish
;en made, —
was a direct
crs, which in
>-. ^'et that
ill-ni:ina<j "
of its niem-
naintenance.
oorary relief
niards medi-
intry, when
s, as well as
rl)' intended
A iirojcct nf
111 tliL' l'"lori(l:i
luc ti) noujjlu.
55.-K1..I
i'av CM certain
aiuk-s sc jian
(Ic la Niiuvtllc
;r (|u'il n'ciilro-
VCllt (,11C IICIU.'-
Mr. Tarkmaii
lis into a cum-
' — Pnvieers of
The two bitter antagonists, each stimulated by his superiors, were thus
r.uitiL; across the Atlantic, each endeavoring to outstrip the other, so as to
111.' able first to assume the offensive. The stru<;j 'e was to be a deadly
line, for on neither side were there any of the ordinary restraints ; it was
ti. be a warfare without mere)-.
.After leaving; the Canaries, Menendez' fleet was scattereil by storms.
( iiie vessel put back; the flaLjship and another were driven in one direction,
five vessels in another. These, after encountering; another storm, final!)-
n ML-hed I'orto Rico on the 9th of August, and found the llay;siiip and us
tender there.'
The other ships from Biscay and Asturias had not arrived ; but Menen-
dc/, fearing that Ribault might outstrip him, resolved to proceed, though his
vc-sils needed repairs from the injuries sustained in the storm. If he was
111 crush Fort Caroline, he felt that it must be done before the French post
u.is reinforced; if not, all the force at his disposal would be insufficient to
assume the offensive, lie made the coast of Florida near Cape Canaveral
on the 25th of August; and soon after, bj- landing a party, ascertained
from the natives that the I*"rench post was to the northward. Following
tlir coast in that direction, he discovered, on the 28th, a harbor which
seeiiud to possess advantages, and to which he gave the name of the
great Hishoi) of Hippo, Augustine, who is honored on that day. Sailing
(111 cautiously, he came in sight of the mouth of the St. John's River about
two o'clock in the afternoon of the 4th of September. The ten days he
iiad lo.st creeping along the coast were fatal to his project, for there lay
llu' four vessels of Ribault, the flagship and its consort flinging to the
breeze the colors of l''rance.
Menendez' oflicers in council were in favor of running back to Santo
Domingo till the whole force was united and ready to assume the offensive;
but Menendez inspired them with his own intrepidity, and resolved to
attack at once, A tremendous ::hunderstorm prevented operations till ten
at night, when he bore down on the I'-rench, and ran his ship, the " Pclaj'o,"
between the two larger vessels of Ribault. To his hail who they were
and what they were doing there, the reply was that John Ribault was their
c;q)tain-general, and that they came to the country by order of the King of
!■' ranee; and the French in return asked what ships they were, and who
ciiminanded them. To quote his own words, "I replietl to them that I
w.is Peter Menendez, that I came by command of the King of Spain to
this coast and land to burn and liang the French Lutherans found in it,
and that in the morning I would board his ships to know whetiier he
belonged to that sect ; because if he did, I could not avoid executing on
tliem the justice which liis Majesty commanded. They replietl that this
was not right, and that I might go without awaiting the morning."
' /Ct/tiiioii J,- A/tiz<iiie!;os. Rcliicioii dc lo sub- loi rohos que corsario;: franccsis luui lu-cho I559-
ii-iliiio en la ILthauti cawi de la entrada dt' los 1 57 1. Rclacion dclos navios t)uc robarou fyanccses
J'ranccscs. Smith, Ci'Arr/V"/, p. 202. Rilaciou de los auas ,le l ^^r) v i ^60.
'I'M
r w
'.' I
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\V.\
I,
M'.i
' I
a64
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
AfAP,OF
l.)C5
jr^u/iuiyra/
■in
19
2S
FLORIDA.'
As Mcncndcz manoeuvred to ^ct a favorable position, the French vessels
cut their cables and stood out to sea. The Spaniards cjavc chase, rapid!)'
firint,^ five cannon at Kibault's flat:;ship, — which Mcnendcz supposed that
he injurctl badlj-, as boats put off to the other vessels. Finding that
the French outsailed him, Mcncndez put back, intending to land soldiers
on an island at the mouth of the river and fortify a position which would
command the entrance ; but as he reached the St. John's he saw three
French vessels coming out, ready for action.
' |This sketch-map of the •<cciie "f the of St. /In^iis/iii,: Other modern m.Tps, givini,
operaticins of the SpanUli and the FrciK h foi- the old locaHlii-;, are found in Parkman, Gal'
lows one given by Fairbanks in his History farel, etc. — Ed]
ANCIENT FLORIDA. 265
Hi-; project was tliiis defeated; aiul too wil)- to be caiiy;ht at a dis-
ulvantage by fhe returning Frcncli vessels, Mencndez bore away to the
harbor of St. Augustine, which lie estimated at eight leagues from the
maps, givini,
r.iikman, Gal'
O
ImcucIi by sea, and six by land. Here he proceeded to found the old-
est city in the present territory of the United States. Two hundred
inall-clad soldiers, commanded by Captain John de San Vicente and
VOL. n. — 34.
I f
U,
■
I 1. • ; I
l" I
200 NAKKAl l\K M) CKIIIlAI. IIISIOKV Ol A.MKKIC.V
'in
i! .
'I !
li'
• ;•' li j,
■..II-
ir, 'I' I 1 1 .'11 ■'■■''i'
,,i'i iI:I!|In'i1I
lll'illi
p!
',|:| 'I !■ W
• ' ".■il.'ji'rr;'!*?
:,ll|i ^"^1-
!iii|| I: ^i:b:1)!;iiiiiii;;it;;,iii!i
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' [This view () l'a,i;us I lispaii'iiun, as yivi-M pciicMl, if it is wlicilly truthful of any perimi
ill MdTitaiius and Ogilliy, repicsciils the town The same view was l)etter engraved at Leidt
founded liy Menendez at a somewhat later by Varder Aa. — Ku.]
111!
ANCIKNT ILoKilJA.
267
m I
of any i)erinil
Igravcd at Lcidt
SPANISH vi:.ssr,i,s.
(/•■( 1,7/ Ml- l'.\(iis Ilisi'ANduiM III Mtniliiniii.)
Ca])l:uii I'atino, laiulcd on tlic 6th of Sc]itcmbcr, 1565. The Indians were
liiriull)', and readil)' i^ax'c the settlers tlie Iart;e house of one of the caciques
Nvhicli stt>od near the shore of tlie ri\ er. .Around this an intrenclnneiit
w.is traced; and a ditch was soon ihii;', and earthw<jrks tlirown up, witli
-nrh implements as they had at hand, for the vessel bearinij their tools
had not }'et arrived.
The next da\- three of the smaller vessels ran into the iiari:)or, antl from
liuMii three luiiuhetl more of the sokliers disendiarked, as well as those who
lia(l come to settle in the country, — men, women, and children, .\rtillery
.mil munitions for the fort were also landed. The eighth beint; a holiday
in the Catholic Church, — the Nativity of the Hlessed N'Tj^in, — was cele-
lirated with ilue solemnitx'. Mass was offered for the first time at a sjiot
( \er alter hekl in wneration, ami where in time arose the primitive shrir,c
"t Xuestra .Senora de la I.eche. Then the work of debarkation was
ri--uined; one hundred more persons landed; and threat i;uns, precious
1 .'li
! 'i
! >
' ihi I
268 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
!4
Hi
; !
if n
'I'M
M.
■ • ;
P
stores of provisions, and munitions were brought to the new fort. Amid
all this bustle and activity the Spaniards were startled by the appearance
w fort. Amid
le appearanci;
ANCILNI FLUKIUA.
369
' ITnci ])ictnrcs of Fort Caroline accniii- l)iit to be taken as a correct outline," as Fair-
p:inv the /Jn-r/r //.nvj/'/c of Ixmovnc, — one the banks (p. 54) ]>rcsunies The cnuravini; of the
Iieuinnitic of work npon it, and the other the complclcd fort is reproduced in Fairbanks's Sf.
rom|iUted structure, "a more finished fortifica- .•//^'//.f////!'. Stevens's (Tivr;'/.;, etc. Another and
linn than could possibly have been constructed, better view of it, called "Arx Carolina — Charles-
1 fi
U4
if!
n
i, I
lU 1
If h 'A
I 'Mi
270
NAKRATIVi: AND CHITICAI. HISTORY OF AMKKICA.
of two Iar{;c French vessels ' in tlic oflTin^;, evidently ready for action.
It was no part of MLiieiide/' pi. in to enj^a^je them, and he waited till, about
three in the afternoon, they bore away for the St. John's. Then he pn-
pared to land in person. As his boat left the vessel with banners un-
furled, amiil the thunder of cannon and the sounds of warlike music.
Mendoza Cirajales, the first priist of St. Aut^ustine. bearin^j a cross, went
down at the heailof those on shore to meet the aiiciaiitai/o, all chanting;
the Te Deum. Minendez proceeded at once with his attendants to the
cross, which he kissed on bended knee.
I'ormal possession of the land was then taken in the name of Philip II.,
Kin^ of Spain. The captains of the troops and the officers of the new
colony came forwani to take the oath to I'ctcr Menendcz de Aviles as
j;overnor, captain-^^eneral, and adclautado of l-'lorida and its coa.sts under
the patents of the Spanish Kinjj. Crowils of friemlly Indians, with their
chieftains, {;athereil around.
From them the Spanish commander learned that his position was admi-
rably taken, as he couki, at a short distance, strike the river on which the
FVench lay, and descend it to assail them. Here then he resolved to make
his position as stronj; as possible, till the rest of his armament arriveii.
His galleon " San I'elayo," too large to enter the port, rode without, in
danger from the sudden storms that visit the coast, and from the I'"rencl).
Putting on board some French prisoners whom he had captured in a boat,
he despatched her and another vessel to Santo Domingo. He organized his
force by appointing officers, — a lieutenant and a .^ergeant-major, and ten
captains. The necessity of horses to operate rapidly induced him to semi
two of his lighter vessels to Havana to seek them there; and by this
conveyance he addressed to Philip II. his first letter from h'lorida.'^
The masts of his vessels could scarcely have vanished from the eyes
of the Spanish force, when the French vessels appeared once more, and
near!)- captured Menendez him.self in the harbor, where he was carrying to
the shore, in the smaller vessels that he had retained, some artillery and
munitions from the galleons. He escaped, however, though the Frencl;
were so near that they called on him to surrender. And he ascribed his
deliverance rather to prayer than to human skill ; for, fierce seaman as
he was, he was a man of deep .ind practical religious feeling, which influ-
enced all his actions.
Menendez' position was now one of danger. The force at his command
was not large, and the French evidently felt strong enough, and were deter-
mined to attack him. He had acknowledged his inability to cope with them
fort sur Floriilc," was cngr.ived .it Lcide by
V.-uidcr A.n, l)ut it is a question if it be truth-
ful. No traces of the fort have ever been re-
corded by subsequent observers, but Fairbanks
places it near a place called St. John's Hluff,
as shown in the accompanying map. Others
have placed it on the liell Kiver (an estuary of
the St. Mary's River), at a place called Battle
Bluff. Cf. Carroll's Hist. Coll., \. p. xxxvi. — Fi' |
' One was commanded by Captain Cossettf
(BiuaiiUr, p. 105).
- Lctterof Menendez to the King, dated Prov-
ince of Florida, .Sept. 1 1, 1565. Mendoza Grajalcs,
Relacion de la Jornada de /'•' Menendez, 1565.
ANCIENT ILOKIUA.
271
on the ocean, and could not liavc felt very saMt;iiini- of bcinj^ able to defend
tlu' >li^'lU i)reast\vorks tliat had been thrown up at St. Auj^'iistine.
I'\)rtune favored hin>. Ribault, after so earnestly determinin^j to assume
the offensive, fatally hesitated. Within two da)-. ,1 tiemen<loiis hurricane,
which the practised eye of Menemlez had anticipated, burst on the coast.
The French were, he believed, still hovering near, on the look-out for his
1,11 'r;er vessels, and he knew that with such a norther their peril was
( \triine. It was, moreover, certain that they could not, for a time at
least, make the St. John's, even if they rode out the storm.
This gave him a temporary superiority, and he resolved to seize his
n|ip(irtunity. Summoning his ofTicers to a council of war, he laid before
tlieni iiis plan of marching ;it once to attack h'ort Caroline, from which the
i'rench had evidently drawn a part of their force, and probably their most
effective men. The officers generally, as well as the two clergymen in the
settlement, opposed his project as rash ; but Menendcz was determined.
Five himdred men— three hundred armed with arquebuses, the rest with
pikes and targets — were ordered to march, e.ach one carrying rations of bis-
cuit and wine. Menendcz, at their head, bore his load like the rest. They
niinched out of the fort on the l6th of September, guided by two caciques
who had been hostile to the French, and by a Frenchman who had been two
years in the fort. The route proved one of great difficulty; the rain poured
in torrents, swelling the streams and flooding the lowlands, so that the men
were most of the time knee-deep in water. Many loitered, and, falling back,
made their way to St. Augustine. Others showed a nuitinous disposition,
ami loudly expressed their contempt for their sailor-general.
On the 29th, at the close of the day, he was within a short distance of
the h'rench fort, and halted to rest .so as to storm it in the morning. At
daybreak the Spaniards knelt in prayer ; then, bearing tv/enty scaling-ladders,
Menendcz advanced, his sturdy Asturians and Biscayans in the van. Day
broke as, in a heavy rain, they reached a height from which their F'rcnch
guide told them they could sec the fort, washed by the river. Menendez
.ulvanccd, and saw some houses and the St. John's ; but from his position
could not discover the fort. He would have gone farther; but the Macse
de Campo and Captain Ochoa pushed on till they reached the houses, and
reconnoitred the fort, where not a soul seemed astir. As they returned
they were hailed by a French sentinel, who took them for countrymen.
Ochoa sprang upon him, striking him on the head with his sheathed .sword,
while tho Macsc dc Campo .st.nbbed him. He uttered a cry; bu*' was
threatened with death, bound, and taken back. The cry had c?.':itcd
Menendez, who, supposing that his officers had been killed, callec ut:
"Santiago! at them! God helps us! Victory! The French arc slaugh-
tered ! Don Pedro dc Valdes, the Macse de Campo, is in the fort, and
has taken it ! "
The men, supposing that the officers were in advance with part of the
f'Tcc, rushed on till they came up with the returning officers, who, taking
5 >
'.I'l
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
'I A
III
ii Hi
ilil
jit
Hi '
1,0. V
:r! ,' t.
in the situation, despatched the sentry and led the men to tiie attack. Two
Frenchmen, who rushed out in their shirts, were cut down. Others outside
the fort seeing the danger, gave tin ahirni ; and a man at tiie principal
gate threw it open to ascertain what the trouble was. Valdcs, ready to
scale the fort, saw the advantage, sprang on the man and cut him down,
then rushed into the fort, followed by the fleetest of the Spanish detach-
ment. In a moment two captains had simultaneously planted their colors
on the walls, and the trumpets sounded for victory.
The French, taken utterly by surprise, made no defence; about fifty,
dashing over the walls of the fort, took to the woods, aln.ost naked, ami
unarmed, or endeavored in boats and by swimming to reach the vessels
in the stream. When Menendez came up with «^he main body, his
men were slaughtering the French as they ran shrieking through the
fort, or came forward declaring that they surrendered. The women, and
children under ihe age of fifteen, were, by orders of the commander,
spared. Laudonniere, the younger Ribault, Lemoync, and the carpenter
Le Challcux, whose accounts have reached us, were among those who
escaped.
Menendez had carried the fort without one of his men be-ng killed or
wounded. The number of the French thus unsparingly put to the sword
is stated by Menendez himself as one hundred and thirty-two, with ten of
the fiigitives who were butchered the ne.xt day. Mendoza Grajales cor-
roborates this estimate. Iv'fty were spared, and about as many escaped to
the vessels ; and some, doubtless, perished in the woods.
The slaughter was too terrible to need depicting in darker colors; but
in time it was declared that Menendez hung many, with an insulting label :
" I do not this to I'Vcnchmen, but to Heretics." The Spanish accounts,
written with too strong a conviction of the propriety of their course to seek
any subterfuge, make no allusion to any such act; and the earliest Frencli
accounts are silent in regard to it. The charge first occurs in a statement
written with an evident design to rouse public indignation in France, and
not, therefore, to be deemed absolutely accurate.
No quarter was given, for the French were regarded as pirates; and as
the French cruisers gave none, these, who were considered as of the sanie
class, received none.
The booty acquired was great. A brigantine and a galiot fell into the
liands of the Spaniards, with a vessel that had grounded. Another vessel
lay near the fort, and Spanish accounts claim to have sunk it with the
cannon of the fort, while the I'rench declare they scuttled it. Two other
vessels lay at the mouth of the river, watching for the Spaniards, whoso
attaclv was expected from the sea, and not from the land side. Besides
these vessels and their contents, the Spaniards gained in the fort artillery
and small-arms, supplies of flour and bread, horses, asses, sheep, and hogs'
1 Letter of Afciicmlc/. to llic Kinj», Oct. 15, (/;■ (hkumciilos iiu'Jitos {edited by Pacheco, etc),
1565; MencUua Giaj.iles, hMiUion in Co/ivcioii iii. 44T-' ">
ANCIENT FLORIDA.
273
Such was the first striiLjtjlc on our soil between civiUzed men; it was brief,
sangiiinnry, merciless.
Menendez named the captured fort San Mateo, from its capture on the
feast of St. Matthew (September 21). lie set up the arms of Spain, and
selected a site for a church, which he ordered to be built at once. Then,
leaving Gon^alo de Villarocl in command, with a garrison of three hundred
nun, he prepared to march back to St. Augustine with about one hundred,
wiici composed the rest of the force which had remained with him till he
reached Caroline. Hut of them all he found only thirty-five able or willing
ti) undertake the march; and with these he set out, deeming his presence
necessary at St. Augustine. Before long, one of the party pushed on to
announce his coming.
The Spaniards there had learned of the disaster wjiich had befallen Ri-
b.uilt's fleet from a Frenchman w ho was the sole survi\ or of one small vessel
that lunl been driven ashore, its crew escaping a watery death only to perish
!))• the hands of the Indians. The vessel was secured and brought to St.
Augustine. The same day, September 23, a man was seen running toward
the fort, uttering loud shouts. The priest, Mendoza Grajales, ran out to
leain the tidings he bore. The soldier threw his arms around him, crying:
" N'ictory ! Victory! the French fort is ours!" He was soon recounting
to his countrymen the story of the storming of Caroline. Toward night-
fall the luiclantado himself, with his little part}', was seen approaching.
Mendoza in surplice, bearing a crucifix, went forth to meet him. Menen-
dez knelt to ki.ss the cross, and his men imitated his example ; then they
entered the fort in procession, chanting the Tc Deum.*
Menendez despatched some light boats with supplies to San Mateo ; but
the fort there took fire a few days after its capture, and was almost entirely
destroyed, with much of the booty. He sent other light craft to Santo
Domingo with prisoners, and others still to patrol the coa.st and seek any
siL;ns of the galleon " San Pelayo," or of the French Then he turned his
whole attention to \.ork on his fort and town, so ^.^ '■■ be in readiness to
withstand any attiick from Ribault if the French commander should return
and prove to be in a condition to assail him while his forces were divided.
He also cultivated friendlyintercour.se with the neighboring chiefs whom
he found hostile to the French and their allies.
On the 28th, some of the Indians came to rei)ort by signs that the iM-cnch
were six leagues distant, that they had lost their ships, and that the)- had
reached the shore by swimming. The}' had halted at a stream which they
could not cross, — evidently Matanzi;:; inlet. Menendez sent out a boat,
and followed in another with some of his oflicers and Mendoza, one of the
clergymen. He overtook his party, and they encamped near the inlet, but
out of sight. On the opposite side, the light of the camp-fires marked the
spot occupied by the French. The next day, seeing Menendez, a sailor
swam over, and stated that he had been sent to say that they were survivors
' Mendoza Grajales, Rdacion.
.1 \\
t li-
,1 ■.'
imn
VOL. II. — 35.
K
,1
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I
1;
iii
ill'''
i.v'/'
:/!;■
' [This is the only cartni;r;ii)liical result of in Gaffarel's Floride Fraii^aise, and in Shipps
ini' Krench occupation. It is also reproduced Di Holo and l-'lorida. It was literally copied
ANCIENT FLORIDA.
275
of ^omc of Ribault's vessels which had been wrecked ; tliat many of their
jjioplc had been drowned, others killed or captured by the Indians; and
tli.it tlic rest, to the number of one hundred and forty, asked permission
and aid to reach their fort, some distance up the coast. Mencndez told
him that he had captured the fort and put all to the sword. Then, after
askiiis; whether they were Catholics or Lutherans, and receiving the reply,
tlu' Spaniard sent the sailor to his companions, to say that if they did not
Ljivc up their arms and surrender, he would put them all to the sword. On
tills an officer came over to endeavor to secure better terms, or to be allowed
to remain till vessels could be obtained to take them to France; but Menen-
<ic/. was inexorable. The officer pleaded that the lives of the French should
be spared ; but Menendez, according to Mendoza, replied, " that he would
not L;ive them such a pledge, but that they should bring their arms and
their persons, and that he should do with them according to his will ;
because if he spared their lives he wished them to be grateful to him for it,
and if he put them to death they should not complain that he had broken
his word." Solis dc Meras, another clergyman, brother-in-law of Menendez,
and in St. Augustine at the time, in his account states that Menendez said,
" That if they wished to lay down their colors and their arms, and throw
themselves on his mercy, they could do so, that he might do with them what
(iod should give him the grace to do ; or that they could do as they chose :
for other truce or friendship could not be made with him; " and that he
reJL'ctcd an ofifer of ransom which they made.
Menendez himself more briefly writes : " I replied that they might
surrender me their arms and put themselves under my pleasure, that I
mii^dit do with them what our Lord might ordain ; and from this resolution
1 do not and will not depart, unless our Lord God inspired me otherwise."
The words held out hopes that were delusive ; but the French, hemmed
in by the sea and by savages, saw no alternative. They crossed, laid down
tiicir arms, and were bound, by order of Menendez, — ostensibly to conduct
tliem to the fort. Si.xteen, chiefly Breton sailors, who professed to be
C'atholics, were spared ; the rest, one hundred and eleven in all, were put
to death in cold blood, — as ruthlessly as the French, ten years before, had
despatched their prisoners amid the smoking ruins of Havana, and, like
them, in the name of religion.'
In lldiiiliiis ill 1607, ami not sd well in the
\Kri itui-HoiKlius At/iis of 1633. I.escarbot
fi'lliiwcd it; hut in his 1618 edition .iltcieil for
Ilk- wcirse the course of the St. John's River;
.111(1 ~.) did De Laet. Cf. Kohl, .l/r;/,f in
ll.tkluyl, p. 48, and Urinton, Ftoriduvi Peninsula,
|). .So, who says (p. 86) th.it Dc Laet was the
liist to confine the name Florida to the penin-
^iil... ; hut Thevct seems nearly to do so in the
iii^ip in his Cosmo\;riipliiiu which he hased on
"'Xlius, a part of which is given in fac-simil'
ill Wcise's Disancries of Anu-fica, p. 304 ; and
It seems also to be the case in the earlier >rer-
cator sores of 154I. The map accompanying
Charlevoix' narrative will be found in his
Xouvclle Fnuui; i. 24, and in Shea's transla-
tion of it, i. 133. — Ell.]
• Jacques de Sorie, in 1555, at Havana,
after pledging his word to spaic the lives of the
.Spaniards who surrendered, jnit them and his
I'ortnguese prisoners to death ; negroes he hung
up and shot while still alive (A'l'/dcion i/c Dics^o
lie M(iziiitei;os, AfS. ; Letter of liishop Sarmicnto
in Coleccion <le ilociimcntos ineditos, v. 5-1
Ji \
v,*3
.■lit !
^1
iH!'
m
m
f
276
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OK AMERICA.
m
T?i
^'1 I
',. I
I i
Ribault himself, who was advancing by the same fatal route, was ignoraiii
alike of the fall of Caroline and of the slaughter of the survivors of tin
advanced party ; he too huped to reach Laudonnierc. Some days after the
cruel treatment of the first band he reached the inlet, whose name to tills
day is a monument of the bloody work, — Matanzas.
The news of the appearance of this second French party reached
Mencndez on the loth of October, — at the same time almost as that of the
destruction of Fort San Mateo and its contents by fire, and while writing a
despatcli to the King, unfolding liis plan for colonizing and holding Florida,
by means of a series of forts at the Chesapeake, Tort Royal, the Martyrs,
and the Hay of Juan Ponce de Leon. He marched to the inlet with one
hundred and fifty men. The French were on the opposite side, some
making a rude raft. Both parties sounded drum and trumpet, and flung
their standards to the breeze, drawing up in line of battle. Mcnendez then
ordered his men to sit down and breakfast. Upon this, Ribault raised a
white flag, and one of his men was soon swimming across. He returned
with an Indian canoe that lay at the shore, and took over La Caille, an
ofiicer. Approaching Mcnendez, the French officer announced that the
force was that of John Ribault, viceroy for the French king, three hundred
and fifty men in all, who had been wrecked on the coast, and was now
endeavoring to reach Fort Caroline. He soon learned how vain was the
attempt. The fate of the fort and of its garrison, and the stark bodies of the
preceding party, convinced him that those whom he represented must prepare
to meet a similar fate. He requested Mcnendez to send an officer to Ribault
to arrange terms of surrender; but the reply was that the French comman-
der was free to cross with a few of his men, if he wished a conference.
When this was reported to him, the unfortunate Ribault made an effort
in person to save his men. He was courteously received by Menendez,
but, like his lieutenant, saw that the case was hopeless. According to Soiis
de Meras, Ribault offered a ransom of one hundred and fifty thousand
ducats for himself and one part of his men ; another part, embracing many
wealthy nobles, preferring to treat separately. Menendez declined the offer,
expressing his regret at being compelled to forego the money, which lu;
needed. His terms were as enigmatical as before. He declared, so ho
himself tells us, " that they must lay down their arms and colors and put
themselves under my pleasure; that I should do with their persons as 1
chose, and that there was nothing else to be done or concluded with me."
•^!R\
>'!J
! :' ^ ;
Priests, especially those of religions Orders,
met no mercy at the hands of the French
cruisers at this period, the most atrocious
case being that of the Portuguese Jesuit
Father Ignatius Azcvedo, captured by the
French on his way to lirazil with thirty-nine
missionary companions, all of whom were put
to death, in 1570. In all my reading, I find
no case where the French in Spanish waters
then gave quarter to Spaniards, except in linpc
of large ransom. Two of the vessels found .ii
Caroline were Spanish, loaded with sugar .11;'
hides, captured near Vaguana by the Frend .
who threw all the crew overboard ; and Gourgui -,
on reaching Florida, had two barks, evidcmly
captured from the Spaniards, as to the fate of
whose occu|)ants his eulogists observe a (lis
erect silence.
Ii M.
ilCA.
ANCIENT FLORIDA.
277
, was Ignorant
■vivors of till
days after tin
: name to this
party reached
; as that of the
vhilc writing a
)lding Florida,
, the Mart>'rs,
inlet with onr
ite side, some
ipet, and flung
VIenendez then
ibault raised a
He returned
r La Caille, an
unced that the
three hundred
, and was now
w vain was the
k bodies of the
;d must prepare
jificer to Ribault
cnch comman-
nference.
made an effort
jy Menendez,
ording to Solis
fifty thousand
nbracing many
ined the offer,
incy, which lu:
eclared, so he
;olors and put
persons as I
■d with me."
l>libault returned to his camp and held a council with his officers. Some
uiic inclined to throw themselves on the mercy of Menendez; but the
mail irity refused to surrender. The next morning Ribault came over with
.■,c\cnty olTiccrs and men, who decidetl to surrender and trust to the mercj-
i,f the merciless. The rest had turned southward, preferring to face new
perils rather than be butchered.
The l-"rench commander j^ave up the banner of France and that of
Cdli^ny, w'th the colors of his force, his own fine set of armor, antl his seal
(if nitice. As he and his comrades were bound, he intoned one of the
l'-,il:ns; and after its concluding words added: "We are of earth, and to
cai til we must return ; twenty years more or less is all but as a tale that is
tnld." Then he bade .Menendez do his will. Two young nobles, and a
few men whom Menendez could make useful, he spared ; the rest were at
imcc despatched.'
The French who declined to surrender retreated unpursued to Can-
;i\crai, where they threw up a log fort and began to build a vessel in
orilcr to escape from Florida. Menendez, recalling some of the men
who remained at San Mateo, set out against them with one hundred
,uid fifty men, three vessels following the shore with one hundred men
to support his force. On the 8th of November apparently, he reached
the fort. The French abandoned it and fled ; but on promise that
tlicir lives should be spared, one hundred and fifty surrendered. Menen-
dez kept his word. He destroyed their fort and vessel ; and leaving
a detachment of two hundred under Captain Juan Velcz de Medrano
to build Fort Santa Lucia de Canaveral in a more favorable spot, he
sailed to Havana. Finding some of his vessels there, he cruised in
search of corsairs — chiefly French and English — who were said to be
in great force off the coast of Santo Domingo, and who had actually
captured one of his caravels; he was afraid that young Ribault might
have joined them, and that he would attack the Spanish posts in Flor-
ida.- Hut encountering a vessel, Menendez learned that the King had
sent him reinforcements, which he resolved to await, obtaining supplies
from Campechy for his forts, as the Governor of Havana refused to
fm-iiish any.
The Spaniards in the threi. Florida posts were ill-prepared for even a
I'lorida winter, and one hundred died for want of proper clothing and food.
Captain San Vicente and other malcontents excited disaffection, so that
eni
.il (I
/ !k
•ds, except in hopu
ic vessels found al
ed with sugar and
la by the I'rencli,
ird; andGourgutN
o Ijaiks, evidcnlly
;, as to the fate of
sts observe a dis
' This is the -Spanish account o olis de
.Ml IMS. Lemoync, who escaped from Caro-
liiiL', gives an account based on the statement of
a Diop|)e sailor who made his way to the Indians,
aiu! though taken by the Spaniards, fell at last
into French hands. Challeu.\, the carpenter
of Caroline, and another account derived from
Cliristophe le Breton, one of those spared by
Mciicnde/, maintain that Menendez oromised
La Caille, under oath and in writing to spare
their lives if they surrendered. This seems
utterly improbable ; for Menendez from first to
last held to his original dcrlaration, " 1/ i/ne
fucrc /wrixc mon'rii." Lemoync is so incorrect
as to make this last slaughter take place at
Caroline.
- Menendez to the King, — writing from
Matanzas, Dec. 5, 1565; and again from H.i-
vana, Dec. 12, 1565. Uarcia, Enmio cronoli^ico.
p. 91.
ii I
278
NARRATIVL AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMLRICA.
( . '
Pii
'i'i
III!
■ ,;i V
' (<■ i
nn
-a
'i ;
II.
mutinies broke out, and tlie insurgents seized vessels and deserted. Fort
San Mateo was left with only twenty-one persons in it.
In February, 1566, Menendez explored the Tortugas and the adjacent
coast, seeking some trace of the vessel in which his son had been lost. I lis
search was fruitless ; but he established friendly relations with the cacicj.ic
Carlos, and rescued several Spanish prisoners from that cruel chief, who
annually sacrificed one of them.
Meanwhile the French fugitives excited the Indians who were friendly to
them to attack the Spanish po^is; and it was no longer safe for the settlers
to stir beyond the works at San Mateo anJ St. Augustip'\ Captain Martin
de Ochoa, one of the bravest and most faithful officers, was slain at San
Mateo ; and Captain Diego de Hevia and several others were cut ofif at St.
Augustine. Emboldened by success, the Indians invested the latter fori,
and not only sent showers of arrows into it, but by means of blazing arrows
set fire to the palmetto thatching of the storehouses. The Spaniards in
vam endcavorcri to extinguish the flames; the building was consumed, with
all their munitions, cloth, linen, and even the colors of the adclatitutio and
the troops. This encouraged the Indians, who despatched every Spaniard
they could reach.
Menendez reached St. Augustine, March 20, to find it on the brink
of ruin. Even his presence and the force at his command could not bring
the mutineers to obedience. He was obliged to allow Captain San Vicente
and many others to embark in a vessel. Of the men whom at great labor
tind expense he had brought to Florida, full five hundred deserted. After
their departure he restored order; and, proceeding to San Mateo, rclie\''jcl
that place. His ne.xt step was to enter into friendly relations with the chief
of Guale, and to begin a fort of stockades, earth, and fascines at Port Royal
which he called San Felipe. Here he left one hundred and ten men under
Stephen de las Alas. From this point the adventurous Captain Pardo, in
1566 and the following year, explored the country, penetrating to the silver
region of the Cherokees, and visiting towns reached by De Soto from
Cofitachiqui to Tascaluza.^
Returning to St. Augustine, Menendez transferred the fort to its present
position, tn be nearer the ship landing and less exposed to the Indians. All
the posts suffered from want of food ; and even for the soldiers in the King's
pay the adclantado could obtain no rations from Havana, although he went
there in person. He obtained means to purchase the necessary provisions
only by pledging his own n<"r;;onal effects.
Before his return there came a fleet of seventeen vessels, bearing fifteen
hundred men, with arms, munitions, and supplies, under Sancho de Arciniega.
Relief was immediately sent to San Mateo and to Santa P21ena, where most
I"-'
nI^.
' Juan de l.T Vandera, Memoir, — in Eiiglisli and in Ruckingham Smith's Colcccioii. There
in Historical I\ragiiziih; 1.S60, pp. 230-232, with is also a version in U. V. Frcnch'.s //istoru,:}
notes by J. G. Shea, from the original in Coltcctioits of Loiiistana and Florida (1S75).
Colcccion de dociimeiitos im'ditos, iv. 5O0-566, p. 2S9.
'■\ M
:•■ »
:ii
ANCIENT FLOKIUA.
279
uf the soldiers had mutinied, and had put Stephen de las Alas in iron.-, and
^aikd away. Menendez divided part of his reinforcements amonj; his three
pnsts, and then with lij^ht vessels ascended the St. John's. He endeavored
10 enter into negotiations with the caciques Otina and Macoya; but those
rhiifs, fearing that he had come to demand reparation for the attacks on the
Sp.miarils, fled at his approach. lie ascended the river till he found the
stnani narrow, and hostile Indians lining the banks. On his downward
Vdy.ige Otina, after making conditions, received the aciclniitatio, who came
asimre with only a few attendants. The chief was surrounded by three
hunilred warriors; but showed no hostility, and agreed to become friendly
to llie Spaniards.
On his return Menendez despatched a captain with thirty soldiers and
two Dominican friars to establish a post on Chesapeake Bay; they were
accompanied by Don Luis Velasco, brother of the chief of Axacan, who
liad been taken from that country apparently by Villafaiie, and who had
been baptized in Mexico. Instead, however, of carrying out his plans, the
party persuaded the captain of the vessel to sail to Spain.
Two Jesuit Tathers also came to found missions among the Indians ; but
line of them, laihcr Martinez, landing on the coast, was killed by the
Indians; and the survivor. Father Rogcl, with a lay brother, by the direc-
tion of Menendez began to study the language of the chief Carlos, in order
to found a mission in his tribe. To facilitate this, Menendez sent Captain
Rcynoso to establish a post in that part of Florida.'
News having arrived that the French were preparing to attack Florida,
and their depredations in the Antilles having increased, Menendez sailed
to I'orto Rico, and cruised about for a time, endeavoring to meet some of
the corsairs. But he was unable to come up with any ; and after visiting
Carlos and Tequeste, where missions were now established, he returned
to .St. Augustine. His efforts, individually and through his lieutenants, to
gain the native chiefs had been to some extent successful ; Saturiba was
the only cacique who held aloof. He finally agreed to meet Menendez at
the mouth of the St. John's ; but, as the Spanish commander soon learned,
th(.' cacique had a large force in ambush, with the object of cutting him and
his men off when they landed. Finding war necessary, Menendez then sent
four detachments, each of seventy men, against Saturiba; but he fled, and
tlie Spaniards returned after skirmishes with small bands, in which they
killed thirty Indians.
Leaving his posts well defended and supplied, Menendez sailed to
Spain ; and landing near Coruna, visited his home at Aviles to sec his wife
and fn-!iily, from whom he had been separated twenty years. He then
jiroceedcd to Valladolid, where, on the 20th of July, he was received with
lumor by the King.
'I ,;•
!■-, I
' Letter of Menendez, October 15, 1566, in vol, ii. dec. iii. afio vi. cap. iii., translated by
Mcazar, Chrono. hisloria dc la Coiiipaiila di' Dr. D G. Brinton in the Ifislorical Magaziiu\
I'Mis en la prminciii de Toledo (Madrid, 17 10), 1861, p. 292.
'i ii
I' k
280
XAKKArU'E AND CKll ICAL IIISIORV ()V A M K K I '. ; A.
\
l#l
:i\
m
Ut
1)1
ii .'.
During his absence a Freich attack, such as lie had expected, was made
on I''lcrichi. I-'earing this, \ij liad ondcavoivd to obtain forces and suppMes
for his colony; but was detained, iVettinL; and chalinj,' at the delays and
formalities of the Cnsa dc Coiitratiicioi' in Seville.'
An expedition, comprising one small and two large vessels, was fitted out
at Hordeaux by Dominic de Ciourgues, with a commission to capture slaves
at Benin. De Gourgues sailed Aug. 22, 1567, and at Cape Hlaiico had ,1
skirmish with some negro chiefs, secureil the harbor, and sailetl off with ,1
cargo of slaves. With these he ran to the Spanish West Indies, an 1 disposed
of them at Dominica, I'orto Rico, and Santo Domingo, fmding .Spaniards
ready to treat v.ith him. At Puerto de la I'lat.i, in tiie List island, he met a
ready confederate in /.aballos, who was accustomed to trade with the French
pirates. Zaballos bou.flit slaves and goods from him, and furnished him a
pilot for the Florida coast. Puert') de la I'lata had b,^en a refuge for some
of the deserters from Florida, and could afford tlefinite inform.ation. Here
probably the idea of Gourgues' Florida expedition originated ; though,
according to the bombastic French account, it was only off the Island of
Cuba that Do Gourgues revealed his design. Me reached the mouth of the
St. John's, where the French narratives place two forts that a-c utterly
unknown in Spanish documents, and which were probably only batteries
to cover the entrance. Saluted here as Spanish, the French vessels passed
on, and anchored off the mouth of the St. Mary's, — the Tacatacuru of the
Indians. By means of a I'rcnchman, a refugee among the Indians, Gour-
gues easily induced Saturiba, smarting under the recent Spanish attack, to
join him in a campaign against San Mateo. T!:c first redoubt was quickly
ta ?i) ; and the I'rench, crossing in boats, their allies swimming, capturcil
the second, and then moved on Fort San Mateo itself. The I"'rench acco int
makes sixty men issue from each of what it calls forts, each partv .0 be
tut off by the French, and then makes all of each party of sixty to fall liy
the hr.nds of the French and Indians, except fifteen or thereabout kept
for an ignominious death.
Gourgues carried off the artillery of the fort and redoubts ; but
before he could transport the rest of his booty to the vessels, a train
left by the Spaniards in the fort was accidentally fired by an Indian who
was cooking fish; the magazine blew up, with all in it. Gourgues
hanged the prisoners who fell into his hands at San Mateo, and descend-
ing the river, hanged thirty more at the mouth, setting up an inscrip-
tion: "Not as to Spaniards, but as to Traitors, Robbers, and Murderers."
Returning to his vessels, he hoisted sail on the 3d of May, and early
in June entered the harbor of La Rochellc. His loss, which is not ex-
plained, is said to have been his smallest vessel, five gentlemen and some
soldiers killed.^
t"
' llarci.i, Ensaio cronolos^iio, p. 133. and carried off the artillery of San Mateo, and
- /..; Ki'/rise de la Fioru/e, etc. Garibay says then menaced Havana (Sucesos dc la Isla di
bri'"*ly that they went to I'lorida and destroyed Santo Domingo).
I;. A.
ANCIENT FLOKIUA.
381
L'd, was m;ulc
ami supplies
c delays aiul
was fitted oui
aptiirc slaves
Manco liad a
It! oft" with ,1
an 1 dis|)(isi(|
ii;4 Spaniaiils
iild, he met a
li the iM'eiicI)
iiished him a
i^c for some
atioii. Here
ted; thoii;4h,
the Island of
mouth of the
t a-c utterly
)nly batteries
'csscls passed
tacuru of the
adians, Gour-
ish attack, to
: was quickl}
ing, captured
ench accomt
party .0 be
ty to fall b\
about kept
oubts; but
sels, a train
Indian who
Gourgiies
nd dcsceml-
an inscrip-
IMurdcrcrs."
and early
is not CN-
n and some
an Mateo, and
at /a Isla di.
When Gourgucs made his descent, Mcnendez was already at sea, having
sailed from San Lucar on the 13th of March, with abundant supplies and
' [Cf. the "Florida et Apalche " in Accsta, 1592; and later the maps of the French cartng-
fitvman edition, Cologne, 1598 (also in 1605); raphcr Sanson, showing the coast from Texas-
th.it of Ilicronymns Chaves, given in Ortelius, to Carolina. — Ed.]
VOL. II. — 36.
>
)»'
■■A\ \
ii 1
'' m
^k r
' i
282
NAKKATIVr. AM) CKITKAI IIISTOKV Ol' AMKKICA.
reinforcements, as well as aiUiitional missionaries for tlu' Indians, iindi i
I-'ather John Haptist Segiira as vici.'-provincial AftiT rrlii\ iii^' his posts in
Floriila and i)lacin^' a hundred anil lil't> men al San Mateo, he proceeded
to Cuba, of which he had been appointed governor. To stren^jthen hi^
colony, he soliciteil permission to coloni/e tlie Rio I'dnuco; but the au-
thorities in Mexico opposeil his project, and it failed. The Mississi|>pi,
then known as the iispiritu Santo, was supposed to flow from the nei^dibm
hood of Santa lUena, and was depended on as a means of communication.'
The next year the adclantado sent a hundred and ninety three persons to
San I'"elipe, and eighty to St. Auj,Mistine. I'ather RoLjel then be^'an missions
among the Indians around I'ort Royal ; I'"atlier Seilefio and Mrother Uaez be
gan similar labors on Gualc (now Amelia) Island, the latter soon compiling.; a
grammar and catechism in the language of the Indians. Others attemptiil
to bring the intractable chief Carlos and his tribe within the Christian fold.
Rogel drew Inilians to his mission at ( )rista ; he put up housi's and a church,
and endeavored to induce them to cultivate the ground. Hut their natural
fickleness would not submit to control ; they so(tn abandoneil the place, and
the mi.ssionary icturned to Fort San Felipe. A school for Indian boys was
opened in Havana, and youths from the tribes of the coast were sent there
in the hope of iraking them the nucleus of an Indian civilization. In 1570
Menendez, carrying out his project of occupying Chesapeake Hay, sent
Father Segura wiih several other Jesuits to establish a mission at Axacan,
the country of the Indian known as Don Luis Velasco, who accompanied
missionaries, promising to do all in his power to secure for them a welcome
from his tribe. The vessel evidently ascended the Potomac and landed the
mission party, who then crossed to the shores of the Rappahannock.
They were received with seeming friendship, and erected a rude chapel ;
but the Indians soon showed a hostile spirit, and ultimately massacred all
the party except an Indian boy. When Menendez returned to Florida from
Spain in 1572, he sailed to the Chesapeake, and endeavored to .secure Dun
Luis and his brother; but they fled. Me captured eight Indians known
to have taken part in the mfirder of the missionaries, and hanged them at
the yard-arm of his vessel.^
' Parecn- que lUi d S. M. la Aiuiiiiuiii lie
Niirca F.spaua, Jan. 19, 1569 The fort at San
Mateo was not ininicdialely restored ; a new
fort, San Pedro, was e.stalilislicd at Tacatacuru
(Colcccion (fc dociinieiiti's iiictlilos. \\\. 307-308).
Stephen dc las Alas in 1570 withdrew the garri-
sons, except fiftvnien in each fort, — a step which
led to official invcsti,i;ation (Ibid., xii. 309,etc.).
- liarcia, /•'iisiiio cm. olof^iio, ]>p. 137-146.
For the Jesuit mission in Florida, sec Ale.t;aml)c,
Aforfrs iUi/j/res, pp. 44, etc. ; 'I'aniier, SiYiWdS
»ti/i/:iin, ])p. 447-451 ; Letter of Koyel, Dec. 9,
1570, in the C/iidi/o. /listoriii lU lit Coiii/'tinid lic
fi'sus 01 1,1 Prmhiiiii Jr ToL-do, by Alcazar
(Madrid, 1710), ii. 145, translated by Dr. D. G.
lirinton in the Ifistorical Masjazim; 1S61,. p. 3.;;,
and chap. v. of his FloriJian J\-niiiuila ; Letter o(
Kogel, Dec. 2, 15O9, MS. ; one of Dec. It, I5(]i»,
in Cohrcion de dociimciitos iiiiditos, xii. 301 ; oik'
of Qniros and Segnra from Axacan, Sept. \i,
1570; Sacchini, Hisloria Soiietnlis Jtsii, ])art iii.,
pp. 86, etc.
|Dr. Shea, in 1S46, published a paper in the
I'liiU-d Stales CatltoUc Maxazi/u; v. 604 'trans
laled into Ciernian in /)/i' Katolischc Kirclu- in
dcti V. S. f'lv; X'ydamcrika, Kcgensburg, lS().|,
pp. 202-2CK)), on the Segura mission ; and anotlur
in 1S59 in the Hislorical Magazine, iii. 268, on
the Spanish in the Chesapeake from 1566 11
1 573 ; and his account of a temporary Spanish
i.^
ICA.
ANCIENT II.ORIDA.
«83
lulians, tmdiT
^ his posts ill
l\c prod'ciiid
trcMiKllun hi-,
; l)iit tlic iui
c Mississippi,
tlic nci^Mibiii
nmunicatiun.'
•fL- |)crsoiis ti)
I'^aii missions
)thi.'r Hac'z be-
lli coinpilinj,' a
icrs attcmptid
Jliiistiaii fold.
and a cliiiicii,
t tlicir natural
tlic i)lacc, and
dian boys was
■crc sent then-
tion. In 1570
ake ]iay, sent
on at Axacaii,
accompanied
[cm a welcome
id huuled the
)pahannock.
rude chapel ;
massacred all
""lorida from
secure Don
idians known
lyed them at
:/«.■, 1861,. p. 3:7.
'iiii.rit/,1 ; Letter o(
of Dec. II, I56<),
'i/iis, xii. 301 ; one
Ixacan, Sept. 12,
ills Jisii, part iii.,
:d a paper in tlic
'/£•, V. 604 'tran^
'fllisclic Kirchc m
legensbiirg, iSd.),
iioii ; ami anotlur
;/«!•, iii. 268, oil
le from 1566 t'l
mporary Spanisli
I'roni this time Menendez y.ive little personal attention to the affairs of
I'ldriila. beiny elsewhere entjatjed by tlie Kin^;; and he dieil at Santaiuler,
in Spain, Sept. 17, 1574, when about to take command of an immense fleet
v.liirli i'hilip II. was preparin^j. With his death I'loriil.i, where his nephew
IViIri) Menendez Manpiez ' hail acleil as ^iovernor, lan^niished. Indian hos-
tilities increased, San Felipe was invested, abandoned, and burned, and
.soon after the Governur him.self was slain.- St. Augustine was tinally
burned by Drake.
CRITICAL KSSAY ON THK SOURCES OF INFORMATION.
OUR account of tlic voyages of Toiice tie Leon i.s mainly froin the ci'iUilas to him and
ofTuial correspondence, correcting Ilerrera," wlio is su|)|josetl hy some to have liad
the explorer's iliury, now lost. Ovictio* mentions Itimini'' as forty leagues from
Guaii.iliani. The nuulern edition • of Oviedo is vaj,'ue and incorrect ; and j,'ivcs I'once de
Leon two caravels, hut has no details, (lomara' is no less vague, (lirava records the
(iiscnvery, hut dates it in 1512." As early as 15191110 statement is found that the Hay
of Ju.ui I'once li.ad been visited by Alaminos, while accompanying I'once de Leon,' —
wliiih mu.st refer to this expedition of 1513. The " Traza de bs costas " given by
Navarrete (and reproduced by Huckingham Smitii),"' with the Oaray patent of 1521,
would seem to make Ap.ilache l!ay the western limit of the discoveries of I'once ile
Leon, of whose expedition and of Alaminos's no report is known. I'eter .Martyr " alludes
to it, hut only Incidentally, when treating of Diego Velasquez. liarcia, in hi.s Ensayo
innwloi^iiO,'^'' writing specially on Florida, seems to have had neither of the ])atents of
settlement on the i /pahanuoek in 1 570 is given
in Heiuh's Iiuluiii M. ullaiiy, or the " Log t'hapel
on the Kappalianmck " in the Ciilhotic IPWA/,
Marel), 1S75. Cf. present History, Vol. Ill,
p. 167, and a paper on the " Larly Indian History
of the Su<c|nehanna," l)y .\- L. (Uiss, in the His-
toriiil A'lX"'''' •' A'i'ti's mill Qiwiiis rcltithig to the
Iiitiiior of Vciinsyhiiiiia, 18S3, p. 1 15 ft st-q.
I>e Wilt Clinton, in a Memoir on the Anti(|uities
ol the Western I'arts of New York, pid)lishcd
at Albany in 1820, expressed an opinion that
traces of .'Spanish penetration as far as Onon-
ilaj^a Connty, X. V., were discoveral)lc ; but he
(iniiited this stateiTient in his second edition.
Cf. Sabin, vol. iv. no. 13,718. — Ed.]
' This officer, Fairbanks, in his misundcr-
htandiiig of Spanish and Spanish authorities,
transfiirms into Marquis of Menendez I
- Wwxdn, Eiisiiyo cron. ogic-a, pp. 146-151.
•' llistoria i;ciicyal dc las fiulias (cd. 1601),
(lee. i. lib. ix. cap. 10-12, |). 303 (313).
* //istoria general (1535), part i. lib. xix. cap.
15. p. clxii.
■^ [The Peter-Martyr map (1511) represents
aland called Himini ("ilia de Keimcni " — sec
iiulc- \). 110) in the relative jiosition of Florida.
'1 lie fountain of peri)ctual youth, the searcli
for which was a part of the motive of many ol'
these early expeditions, was often supposed to
exist in Itimini ; but official documents make
no allusion to the idle story. \)r. I). G. lirinton
(/'lorUian Peninsula, p. 99) has collectetl the
varying statements as to the position of this
fountain. — El), j
" Oviedo, Madrid (1850), lib. xvi. cap. 11,
vol. i. |). 482.
' Primera y sci^unda parte de la historia
ffenexal de las Indias (1553), cap. 45, folio xxiii.
8 Dos libros de eosmoi;rafia (Milan, 1556),
p. 192.
8 Kcrnal Diaz, llistoria verdadera (1632).
1" Calie^a de V'aca, W-ishington, 1851. [It is
also sketched ante, p. 218. — Ed.)
" De insults nuper inventis (Cologne, 1574),
P- .•?49-
'■- Ensayo eronoh^xico fnra la llistoria general
de la Floriaa, por Don Gahriel de Cardenas y Cano
[anagram for Don A.idrcs Gonzales liarcia],
Madrid, 1723. [He includes under the word
" Florida " the adjacent islands as well as the
main. Joseph de Salazars' Crisis del ensayo
cronoloiiieo (1725) is merely a literary review of
Harci.i's rhetorical defects. Cf Brinton's Flori-
Han Peninsula, p. 51. — Ed.]
•Jj
^u
■^'Jj:ft
!'.
I :»
>5'i
2S4 NAKKATIVi; AM) CRITUAI. HISTORY OK AMLKICA.
Fence ilc Leon, .iml no rt-portn; iiid liv placet the diiicovery in 1513 instead of
N.iv.\rrctc '^ Himply I'ollows MiTrLT.i.
in tilt unliirtun.ilc oxpcdiiion oi' C'ordnv.i Itcrn.il Diaz was an actor, and giv^•^
UM a witness's testimony ; ■' and it is made tlic sulijcct of evidence in tlio niiit in
1536 l)i'twcen tlic I'iii/on and Colon f.imilics* The general liislorians treat it it,
course."
'The main authority for the first voyage of (l.iray is the royal letters patent." llu'
dot unients which .ire j;iven liy N.ivarrele" and in liie DodiiiitHtos iiu'iiilos^'' a.s well .u
the accounts ){iven in I'eter .Martyr," Gom.ira,'*" and llerrcra."
Of tite pioneer expedition which Caniarijo conducted for Oaray to make settlement
of Amicliel, and of its encounter with Cortes, we h.ue the effect which the lirst tidin;;s m
it prochuedoii tlie mind of the Concpieror of .Mexico in his second letter of Oct. 50, 1520,
while in his tliird letter he made reiiresentation.s of tlie wronj;s done to the Indians hy
c;,ir,ny'H people, and of his own determination to protect the chiefs who had submitttil
to him.'- for the untoward endinij of Caray's main ex[)edition, Corti's is still a princip.ii
(Kpcndence in his fourth letter; '•' .md the ot'tici.d records of his |)roceedinj;s a>;ainst Caray
in October, 1523, with a letter of Ci.iray dated i\'oveini)er iS, and evidently addressed to
Curies, are to he found in the /Viv/wiv/Aw />/(■'.//'/('.>,'* while I'eter Martyr,'" Oviedo,'" and
Herrera " are the chief general authorities, (iaray's renewed effort under his person. d
leadership is m. irked out in three several petitions which he made for authority to colonize
the new country.'^
1:1'
ll;i
/;■!
t'
Hi
' narcia, in the liitroducJon ti el F.nsayo
fronti/t<t;/i.(', pp. 26, 27, discusses the date of
I'oiite de Leon's discovery, lie refutes Ueine-
s.il, .\yeta, and Morcri, who gave 1510, and
adopts the dale 1512 .is given hy the " safest
liislniians," declaring that Tonce de I.eoii went
to .'^p.iin in 151,5. Tin date 1512 was adopted
hy llakhiyt, (ieorgc llancroft, and Irving; hut
after reschel in his (>>:u/ii,/iU des /.eitalters der
Entd,\kiiiis;cH called alleiition to the fact that
Kasler Sinulay in 1512 did not fall on March 27,
the dale given hy llerrcra, without mentioning
the year, hut that it did fall on that day in 151 J,
Kohl (Disiifery of Main,; p. 240), (ieorge
I'aiicKift, in later editions, and others adopted
1513, without any positive evidence. lUit 1512
is ncvcrlheless clung to hy (iravier in his " Route
ihi Mississip|)i " (('r';/;';v.v dts .liiu'riiiiiiis/is, 1878,
i. 23S), liv Shipp in his /V .Solo ,iiid Ftoi idiu and
hy II. II. I'laiicriift in his (\>ilral Anicrua (vol.
i. p. 1 28). Mr. De.iiie, in a note to Ilakluyt's
use of 1512 in the IWstcriic rtiinthii; (p. 230),
says the mistake probahly occurred " hy not
noiiiig the vr.rialion which prevailed in the
mode of reckoning time." The documents cited
in cliaplcr iv. ..;tltlc die jjoint. The Ciif'iliiliuioit
under which I'once do t.enn sailed, was issued
at Iiiirgos, Feb. 23,1512. He could not possibly
by March 27 have leturned to I'orto Rico,
e(piip|)cd a vessel, and reached I'lorida. The
letters of the King to Ccroii and r)iaz, in .August
and IlccembLr 1512, show that Ponce de Leon,
after returning to i'orto Kico, was prevented
from sailing, and was otherwise emjiloyed. The
letter written by the King to the authorities in
Kspafioln, Julv (, 1 51 3, shows that he had
reccivcil from them information that Ponce de
Leon h.ul sailed in that year.
•^ Co/irtioii ( I'liixis miiiorts), iii. 50-53.
■■' //isforiii •■i-rdiidttii (1632), cap. vi. p. .(,
versa.
* Duro, Colon y /'//izoii, p. 268.
' Oviedo (ed. Amador de los Kios), lib. x.\i.
cap. 7, vol. ii. p. 139; Herrera, //itforia f^i-uei.il,
dec. ii. p. 63; Navarrele, Colivcion, iii. 53 ; li.ii-
cia, Ensayo tro>ioli\:;ico, p. 3; Peter Martyr, dec.
iv. cap. I ; Torcpiemaila, i. 350; Gomara, folio i);
Icazbalccta, Colfirwn, i. 33S.
" /i'<i;/ Ci'diilii dtiiido Jiuiil/iid li f'raiiciSiO ./<•
Gariiy /'ara ^ohlir la ^nnhioia dc Amulu'l oi i'l
cosia pimc, lUirgos, 1521.
' Coli'icio/i, iii. 147-153.
" Colniioii de dociimcittos iiu'dilos, ii. 558-507.
'• /Miides, dec. v. cap. 1.
" In his llistoria.
" Jlisloiiii, dec. ii. lib. x, cap. 18.
'- [Cf. the bibliograi)hy of these letters ti
chap. vi. The notes in lirinton's Floiidnn
Peninsula arc a good guide to the study of tin.'
various Indian tribes of the peninsula at this
time. — Ll).]
'•' (Cf. chap. vi. of the present volume. — I'l' I
n Vol. xxvi. pp. 77-'3S-
'■'■ T'-pis. June 20, 1524, in Opus epistolarum.
PP-47'-47f'-
I" /fisloi-iii, lib. x.xxiii. cap. 2, p. 263.
" //isloria, dec. iii. lib. v. cap. 5. Cf. also
Barcia, Ensayo eronol^x'i'"> p. 8, and GaUim)
(Hakluyt Society's eil), pp. 133, 153.
" Coleccion de documentos iiieditos, x. 40-17;
and the "tcstimonio de la capitulacion " in vol.
xiv. pp. 503-516.
■J /.
ANCIllNI ILOUIDA.
385
nitlead of i;m '
icrs patent," tlic
'ilos,* aH well .1-.
ion that Pdik'c tie
'<///«, ii. 558-567.
of ilu- preliminary extieditlnn on lite Atlantic tnaNi of dordillo and the unli^cqiicnt
allcnii'i <J l'i>* I'liief. Ayllon, to scttk' in \'irj;iiiia. tluTf is i uind oi lustimcny in the
papiTH of tlic suit wliitli Matii'ii/o iiistiuilcd against Ayllon, .iiul of which the ^reaicr part
J!. slill un|)rinted; liut .1 few p.ipers, like the complaint of .M.itien/o and Home te.stimony
Liken liv Ayllon when al)out to sail himself, cm lie found in the Poaimtntos iiu'ditos.^
Ah rt^anls the joint explorations of the vchhcIs of Gordillo and (^ucxoit, the tcittlnnny
of the latter helps
IIS, as well as ids
ait of taking posses-
hioii. which puts the
piiicccdin« in 1521 ;
IhnUiili some of Ayl-
Iiin'd witnesses nivc
ii;.'o as the tlate.
I'.oth parties unite
in tallinj; the river
which they reached
the San I nan li.iu-
tista. and the la/ii/ii
In .Ayllon places it
in thirty. five de-
(.Tccs. Navarrele in
sayini; llicy loui lied
at C'hicoraanil (iii.d-
dape confounds ihe
first and third voyages ; and was clearly ij,'norant of the three distinct expeditions ;^ and
Ilerrera is wrong in calling the river the Jordan,* — named, as he says, after the cap-
l.iiii or i)ilot of one of the vessels, — since no such jierson was on cither vessel, and
110 such name appears in the testimony : the true Jorilan was the Watcrec (Guatari)*
'I'liat it was the intention of Ayllon to make the expedition one of slave-catching, would
seem to he abundantly disproved hy his condemnation of the commander's act."
Ayllon, according to .Spanish writers, after reaching the ci>ast in his own voy-
age, in i5:!6, took a northerly course. Ilcrrera ' says he attempted to colonize north
of Cape Trafalgar (Ifatteras); and the ■piloto vuiyor of Florida, Ecija, who at a
Liter day, in 1609, was sent to find out what the Engl'- 1 were doing, says posi-
tively that Ayllon had fixed his settlement at Guandape. Since by his office Ecija
must have hail in his possession the early charts of his people, and must have made
the locality a matter of special study, his assertion has far greater weight than that
AVI.LONS EXPI.ORATinXS.
lit volume. — I'i> 1
Opus efistoLiriiii
' Vol. xxxiv. pp. 563-567 ; XXXV. 547-562.
■-' (I'hi'i sketch follows Dr. Kohl's copy of a
in;i|) ill a maiuiscripl atlas in the liritish Musciini
(110. 9,.Sl4), without date; but it seems to be a
Kiord of the exiilorations (i5:;o) of .\vlloii,
ttlinsc name is corruiUed on the map. The
iii.ip bears near the main inscription the figure
iif a Chinaman and an elephant, — tokens of
ihu current belief in the Asiatic connections
of Xorth America. Cf. Ibiiilon's /•'/orii/iiin
I'aiitKuLi, p. 82, 99, on the " Traza de costas
lie Ticrra Kcrme y de las Tlcrras Xucvas," ac-
i'iini|)aiiying the royal grant to Garav in 1521,
lieiii}; the chart of Cristobal de Toi)ia, given
ill the third volume of Navarretc's Colcccion,
mill sketched on another page of the present
Volume [lOite, p. 31S) in a section on " The Karly
Cartoi;ra))hy of the Ciulf of Me.\ico and .idjacent
I'arts," where some light is thrown on contem-
porary knowledge of the Florida coast. — IC!).|
•■' Vol. iii. p. 69. His conjectures and those
of modern writers (Stevens, Al'to, p. .(S|, ac-
cordingly require no examination. As the docu-
ments of the lirst voyage name both •53' 30' and
35° as the landfall, conjecture is idle.
* Dec. ii. lib. xi. cap. 6. This statement is
adopted by many writers since.
■' Pedro M. Marqucz to the King, Dec. 12,
15.S6.
" Gomara, I/istoria, cap. xlii. ; Hcrrera, I/h
tortile dec. iii. lib. v. cap. 5.
" Vol. ii. lib. xxi. cap. 8 and 9.
^"1
m
286
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
m
I H
•• l<
' M
vV:
of any liistorian writing in Spain merely from documents.' It is also the opinion of
Navarrete- that Ayllon's course must have been north.
Oviedo' does not define the region of this settlement more closely than to say that it
was under thirty-three degrees, adding that it is not laid down on any map. The Oydores
of Santo Domingo, in a letter to the King in 1528,* only briefly report the expedition, and
refer for particulars to Father Antonio Montesinos.'' •
The authorities for tiie voyage of Gomez are set forth in another volume.*
Upon the e.\pedition of Narvacz. and particularly upon the part taken in it by Cabeza
lie Vaca, the principal authority is the narrative of the latter published at Zamora in 1543
as La rclacion que dio Aliiar A'n-
ties Catena de Vaca de lo acaesciiin
en las Indias en la armada donde
yua por goiiernador Paphilo de
narbaezi' It was reprinted at
Valladolid in 1555, in an edition
usually quoted as La relacioii
y comcntarios^ del goveritador
Aluar A'linez Cabeqa de Vaca
de lo acaescido en las dos joi-
nadas que hiso d los /ndios.'^
This edition was reprinted under
the title of A'a'c'/ragios de Alvnr
NuTiez Cabeza de Vaca, by I?ar-
cia (1749) '" '''^ Historiadorts
primilivos,'^'' accompanied by an
"exdmen apologdtico de la his-
toria" by Antonio /Lrdoino,
which is a defence of Cabeza
de Vaca against the aspersions of Honorius Philoponus,Mvho charges Cabeza de Vaca
with claiming to have performed miracles.
The Relacion, translated into Italian from the first edition, was included by Ramusio
AUTOGRAPH OF NARVAEZ
{From Bui'kiiii^ham Smith),
!
' Kcija, Ki-huiou </,•/ rvV7i,v { Juiic-Septcmber,
1609).
Vol. iii.
!'!'• 72-73-
Recent American
writers have taken another view. Of. Tirevoort,
V'crrazaiw, p. 70; Muriihy, \'err,izziino, p. 123.
" //isforia, lib. .wxvii. cap. 1-4, in vol. iii.
pp. 624-633.
' Donimfiitos iiiMitos, iii. 347.
'' Cialvano (Hakluyt Society's cd., p. 144)
gives the cnrrcnt account of his day.
f Cf. Vol. IV. p. 2S. The i(;/'//'«/(;ivV>« is given
in the Doiiimeiiffls iiu'iiito!, .\.\ii. 74.
^ |IIaiiissc, /^/7'/ .-/wiv. I''/., no. 239 ; .S.-ibin,
vol. iii. no. 9,767. There is a copy in the I.eno.x
Library. Cf. the Ri-hicion as given in the Doiii-
meiilos iiitditos, vol. .\iv. ]ip. 265-279, and the
"C'apitulacion que se tomo con Panlilo dc Nar-
vacz " in vol. .\.\ii. p. 224. There is some diversity
of opinion as to the Irnstworthincss of this narra-
tive; cf. Helps, SpiDiish Conquest, iv. 397, and
l!rinton's F/oriJinn Peiiixsiilii, \t. 17. "C.ibeja
has left an artless account of his recollections
of the journey ; but his memory sometimes
called up incidents out of their place, so that
his narrative is confused." — Hancroft: His-
tory of the Viiitcd States, revised edition, vol. i.
p. 31. — Ed.)
" The Comciitarios added to this edition were
by Pero Hernandez, and relate to beza tie
Vaca's career in South America.
'■' [There are copies of this edition in the
Carter lirown (Catidoi^ne, vol. i. no. 197) ami
Harvard College libraries; cf. Sabin, vol. iii.
no. 9,768. Coi)ies were sold in the Murpliv
(no. 441), lirinley (no. 4,360 at ?34), and lieck-
ford {Ciitohxiie, vol. iii. no. 1S3) sales. Ricli
(no. 28) priced a copy in 1832 at ^'4 4.f. l,e-
clcrc (no. 2,487) in 1S7S prices a copy at 1,500
francs ; and sales have been reported at £:\-
£2-^, £y) io.r., and ^^42. — El).|
'' [Vol. i. no. 6. Cf. Carter-lSrown, iii. 893;
Field, /iidiiui niblio;,inipliy, no. 79. — Ed.]
" [A't'ij ty/<is triinsitcia uavii^titio iVffi'i Orlm,
1621. .Xrdoino's ExAmeti apoloi^^tico was fir<t
publisheil separately in \--ifi {Carler-Brtrn»i,'\\\
545). — En.]
Rl
.ICA.
ANCIENT FLORIDA.
287
the opinion of
in to say that it
. The Oydores
expedition, and
ie.'
in it by Cabeza
Zamora in 1542
e diu A luar Nu-
ll dc lo acacsciihi
a armada donde
dor Paphilo de
as reprinted at
15, in an edition
as La relacion
'iel govcriiador
Cahei;a de Vaca
en las dos joi-
d los Indios?
reprinted under
'ra^^ios dc Alvar
(.' I'aca, by Bar
is Historiadorcs
anipanied by an
dtico de la his-
> n i o /i r d o i n o,
pee of Cabeza
Cabeza de Vaca
led by Ramusio
place, so lluit
iANCROI-T: His-
edition, vol. i.
this edition were
to beza de
edition in the
110. 197) aiul
Sal)in, vol. iii.
in the Murpliv
$34), and ISeek-
sales. Rieli
at £\ .\s. I e-
a copy at 1,500
sported at ^f.M.
■ Drown, iii. 893;
-Ed.]
\itio A'cK'i Orhi',
I'X'i'/iiv was tii'^t
iiter-Brmvii, iii
In his Collection ' in 1556. A French version was given by Ternau.x in 1837.' The ear-
liest English rendering, or rather paraphrase, is that in I'urchas;^ but a more important
version was niatle
bv I he late Ihick-
inuli.im Smith, and
printed (loo cop-
ies) at the expense
111' Mr. (icorge W.
Ki^jjs, of Washing-
ton, ill 1 85 1, for pri-
vate circulation.' A
second edition was
undertaken by Mr.
.Smith, embodying
llie results of inves-
tij,Mtions in Spain,
will] a revision of
the translation and
considerable addi-
tional annotation ; but the completion of the work of carrying it through the press, owing
to .Mr. Smith's death, ^ devolved upon others, who found his mass of undigested notes
not vciy intelligible. It appeared in an edition of one hundred copies in 1871." In
these successive editions Mr. Smith gave different theories regarding the route pursued
liy Cabeza de Vaca in his nine years journey.'
Tlic documents ' which Mr. Smith adds to this new edition convey but little informa-
tion beyond what can be gathered from Cabeza de Vaca himself. He adds, however,
engravings of Father Juan Xuarez and Brother Juan Palos, after portraits preserved
in Me.\ico of the twelve Franciscans who were first sent to that country."
AUTOGR.\PH OF CAliKZA DE VACA
(From Buckhig/itim Smith).
1 Vol. iii. pp. 310-330.
- Kollowint; the 1555 edition, and published
in his ; '(MW,<,v.v, at Paris.
•' Vol. iv. pp. 1499-1556.
* [M-iizic's C(i/ii/oi,'ui; no. 315; Field, bidian
BiMiox'iii/'/iy, nos. 227-229. — El).|
'' [Cf. Field, /iidian BiUiog., no. 364., — Ed.]
•> I'rinted by .Munsell at .Mbanv, at the charge
of the late Henry C. Muri)hy. [Dr. Shea added
to it a memoir of Mr. Smith, and Mr. T. W.
Field a memoir of Cabeza dc Vaca. — Fn.]
' [The writinf; of his narrative, not during
liiu after the completion of his journey, does not
cimihiee lo making the statements of the wan-
derer very explicit, and different interpretations
of his itinerary can easily he made. In 1851
Mr, Smith made him cross the Mississippi within
die sduthern boundary of Tennessee, and so to
|ii~s along the Arkansas and Canadian rivers
to New Me.\ico, crossing the Rio Grande in
tin: nei;,'hl)orhood ot thirty-two degrees. In his
seioiul edition he tracks the traveller nearer the
(iiilf of .Me.\ico, and makes him cross the Rio
Grande near the mouth of thcCoiK 1' is River in
Ti\.is, which he follows to the ,i;i'.u mountain
cliiin, and then crosses it. Mr. liartlett, the
editor of the Curffr/inraiii Catalogue (see vol. i.
V- I'^S), who has himself tracked both routes, is
not able to decide between them. Davis, in his
Conquest of A'r.i' !\rcxiii\ also follows Cabeza de
Vaca's route. 11. H. liancroft (Xorth Mexican
Sfii/es, i. 63) finds no ground for the northern
route, and gives (p. 67) a map of what he sup-
poses to be the route. There is also a map
in Paul Chaix' Bassin du Mississif>i au seiziime
sii\/e. Cf. also I,, liradford Prince's JVem
.Vrx/e,' (USS3), p. 89. — El).] The buffalo and
mes(iiiile afford a tangible means of fi.\ing the
limits of his route.
** Including the petition of Narvaez to the
King and the royal memoranda from the origi-
nals at Seville (p. 207I, the instructions to
the factor (p. 211), the instructions to Cabeza
de Vaca (p. 21S), and the summons to be made
by Narvaez (p. 215). Cf. French's //is/<<n\ii/
Ci'llirtions 0/ /.ouisiiinti, szconiX series, ii. 153;
Historical Magazine, April, 1862, and faiuiarv
and .\ugust, 1867.
■' Smith's Ca/ie(a de I'aca, \i. too ; Tor-
<|uein.ida {Monan/uia /iidiaita, 1723, iii. 437-447)
gives Lives of these friars, liarcia savs Xiiarez
was made a bishoj); but Cabeza de Vaca never
calls him bishop, but simplv commissarv, and
the portrait at Vera Cruz has no episcopal em-
blems. Torquemada in his sketch of Xuarez
makes no allusion to his being matle a bishop
Ki 1
f
%
[
>\>s
M>
n.y 'i '"
¥m
I
'>. I
»/(
ifi'i: /< i I
■i '■
h .1
1^
^:i."
28S
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTURV OF AMERICA.
Some additional facts respecting tiiis expedition are derived at second hand from .1
letter which Caljeza de \'aca and Doranles wroie after their arrival in Mexico to the
Audicncid of llispaniola, which is not now known, but of wiiich the suijstance is
professedly given by Oviedo.'
The Hahia de la Cruz of Narvaez' landing, made identical with Apalache Bay by
Cabot, is likely to have been iiy iiiin correctly identified, as tlie point could be fixcl by
the pilots wiio returned with the ships to Cuba, and would naturally be recorded on tlic
charts.- Smith ^ believed it to be Tampa I5ay. The Relacion describes the bay as one
whose head could be seen from the mouth ; though its author seems in another place id
make it seven or eight leagues deep.* Narvaez and his party evidently thought they were
nearer I'anuco, and had no idea they were so near Hav^.na. Had they been at Tampa Hay,
or on a coast running north and south, they can scarcely be supposed to have been so
egregiously mistaken.'' If Tampa was his landing place, it is necessary to consider the b.iy
where he subsequently built his boats as Apalache Ray.' Charlevoix ' identifies it with
Apalache li.iy, and Siguenza y Gongora tinds it in Pensacola."*
Of the expedition of Soto we have good and on the whole satisfactory records. Tlie
Concession made by the Spanish King of the government of Cuba and of the conquest
of Florida is preserved to us." There are three contemporary narratives of the progress
of the march. The first and best was printed in 1557 at Evora as the Rclai^am vcrdadciin
dos trabalhos q liogonernador do Fernddo de Sou to c certos Jidalgos poriiigneses passa-
rom no descobrimcto da piovincia da Frolida. Ai^ora noitameiitc feita per hu JidaZ-^o
De/uas.^" It is usually cited in English as the " Narrative of the Gentleman of Elvas,"
and the name is not fuuiul in any list of
bishops. \Vc owe to Mr. Smith another con-
tribution to the history of this region and this
time, in a Cokccion de varios Jocumeiitos para la
liistoria dc la Florida y ticrras adyaicntcs, — only
vol. i. of the contemplated work appearing at
Madrid in 1S57. It contained thirty-three im-
jiortant papers from 1 516 to 1569, and five from
161S to 1794 ; they arc for the most part from the
Simancas Archives. This volume has a portrait
of Ferdinand V., which is reproduced anli\ 11.85.
Various manuscripts of Mr. Smith arc now in the
cabinet of the New Vork Historical Society.
1 Ovicdo's account is translated in the His-
torical Maiiaziiie, xii. 141, 204, 267, 347. [II. li.
Uancroft (/\'<'. Mi'xicaii States, i. 62) says that the
collation of this accoiuit in Ovicdo (vol. iii. pp.
5S2-618) with the other is very imjiorfectly done
by Smith. He refers also tcfccaruliil notes on it
given by Davis in his .?/<////.(/; Conquest of A'r<ii
Mexico, pp. 20-10S, liancroft (pp. 62, 63) gives
various other references to accounts, at second
hand, of this cx])e(litioii. Cf. also L. P. h'ishcr's
paper in the Orcrlaud Moiilhly, x. 514. Gal-
vano's sinnmarized account will he fomul in the
Ilakhiyt Society's edition, p. 170 — Kl).|
- liancroft. United States, i. 27.
' Calicfa dc I'aca, p. 5S ; cf. Fairbanks's
Florida, chap. ii.
■• ('at'Cfa de I'ica, pp. 20, 204.
'' [Tampa is the point selected by II. II.
Bancroft {A'o. J/exicaii States, i. Co) ; cf. liritv
ton's note oh the varying names of Tampa
{F/oridiai/ Peiiiiisiila, p. 113). — Ed.]
" Ii. Smith's JJe Soto, pp. 47, 234.
" A'oirccllc France, iii. 473.
" liarcia, p. 30S. The Magdalena may he
the Apalachicola, on which in the last century
Spanish maps laid down Echctc; cf. I.eroz,
Geograpliia de la America (1758).
" The manuscript is in the Hydrographic
liuveau at Madrid. The Lisbon Academy printed
it in their (1844) edition of the Klvas narrative.
Cf. Smith's Soto, pp. 266-272 ; Historical Mo;^a-
zinc, V.42; Dociimeutos iiieditos, xxii. 534. |lt is
dated April 20, 1537. In the following August
Cab-^za de Vaca reached Si)ain,to find that Solo
had already secured the government of Floiid.i,
and w.as thence turned to seek the government
of La Plata. It was probably before the tidings
of Xarvaez' expedition reached Spain that Soto
wrote the letter regarding a grant he wished in
Peru, which country he had left on the outhre.ik
of the civil broils. This letter was communi-
cated to tnc Historical Mai;a-Jne (July, 185S, \m1.
ii. pp. 193-223) by liuckingham Sndth, with a t.ic-
simile of the signature, given on an earlier [Line
(J//A', p. 253). — Kl). I
[Rich
1832 (no. 34) cited a cojiy at
/■31 lOf., which at that time he believed to lie
unique, and the identical one referred to by I'i-
nelo as l)cing in the library of the Dutpie ile
Sessa. There is a copy in the Grenvillc CuUei-
tion, Hritish Museum, and another is in die
Lenox I.ilirary (H. "nxm^^ Letter of De Soto,\<X*)).
It was rciirinted at Lisbon in 1844 by the Rov:iI
Academy at Lisbon (Murphy, no. 1,004; Cartoi-
Hrown, vol. i. no. 596). Si)arks says of il:
"Tlipr; is much show of exactness in regard 11
dates ; but the account was evidently drawn \\\\
W. \: -\
UCA.
ANCIENT FLORIDA.
289
)nd hand from .1
11 Mexico to tlu:
ho sulistancc is
Vpalache May hy
ould be fixed liy
recorded on thi-
s the bay as one
I another place to
hoiight thoy wen:
en at 'I'ampa I!ay,
to have been so
D consider the liay
identifies it with
Dry records. The
1 of tlie conquest
;s of the progress
•lixi^am veidadciia
'ortiti^iicses /lassu-
ii per hu Jidah^o
tleman of Elvas,"
S-
Magdalcna may l)i.'
in the hist century
Kchcte; cf. J.nioz,
5S).
the Hydrograplnc
on Academy printe<l
he IClvas narrative.
; ; Ilislorical Ma^a-
'OS, xxii. 534. litis
e following August
[in, to find that Solo
rnment of Floiiil.i,
ck the government
IV hcfore the tiding.s
[cd SiKiin that Soto
grant he wislictl in
iclt on the onthreak
Ittcr was connnnni-
!///,■ (July, 1S5.S, \..l.
n Smith, witli a f.ic-
on an earlier pa,;c
I cited a copy at
lie believed to In.-
referred to by I'i-
of the Diiipie du
: Cirenvillc Collct-
■another is in the
\r,>/n.'S,'/o,\->.6(>).
1H44 by the Koval
no. 1,004; Carter-
parks says of it:
ctness in regard to
Ividently drawn \:\i
since Hakluyt first translated it, and reprinted it in 1609 at London as Vtrginia richly
valued by the Description of the Mainland of Florida, her next iXcighbor} It appeared
again in 1611 as The
wortlive and famous
Historic of the Tra-
vaillis, Discovery, and
CoHijucst of Terra Flor-
ida, and was included
in the supplement to the
1809 edition of the Col-
lection of Hakluyt. It
was also reprinted from
the 161 1 edition in 1S51
by the Hakluyt Society
as Discovery and Con-
quest of Florida,'- ed-
ited by William B. Rye,
and is included in
Force's Tracts (vol.
iv.) and in French's
Historical Collections
of Louisiana (vol. ii.
pp. m-220). It is
abridged by Purchas
in his Pilgrimes?
Another and briefer
original Spanish ac-
count is the Relacion
del suceso dc la Jornada
que hizo Hernando de Soto of Luys Hernandez de Biedma, which long remained in manu-
script in the Archivo General de Indias at Seville,* and was first published in a French
YO EL REY.'
for till; most part from memory, being vague in
its descriptions and indefinite as to localities,
distances, and other points." Field says it ranks
second only to the Relation of Cabeza de Vaca as
an early authority on the Indians of this region.
Thert; was a French edition by Citri de la Guette
in 16S5, which is supposed to have afforded a
text for the English translation of 1686 entitled
A Rcliilion of the Conquest of Florida by the Span-
iards (see Field'.'. Indian Bibliography, nos. 325,
340). These editions are in Harvard College
I.ihrary. Cf. Sabin, Dictionary, vi. 488, 491, 492 ;
Stevens, Historical Collections, i. S44 ; Field, Ind-
ian JJiblio^raphy, no. 1,274; CarterTirown, vol.
ill. iios. 1,3^4, 1,329; Arana, Biblioi^rafia de obras
anoiiimas (Santiago de Chile, 1SS2), no. 2v
The (Jcntlenian of lilvas is supposed by somr
to he Alvaro Fernandez; but it is a matter A
mmli doubt (cf. lirinton's Floridian Peninsula,
|i Jo). There is a Dutch version in Gottfried
and Vandcr .Aa's Zee- und Landreizen ( 1727), vol.
vii. (Carter-brown, iii. 117). — Ed.]
' [Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 86 ; Murphy,
11 I. 1,118. Rich (no. no) priced it in 1832 at
C^ 2J.-ED.]
VOL. IL — 37.
2 Field; Indian Bibliography, no. 1,338.
* [It is also in Vander Aa's Versameling
(Leyden, 1706). The Relafam of the Gentle-
man of Elvas has, with the text of Garcilasso
de la Vega and other of the accredited narra-
tives of that day, contributed to the fiction
which, being published under the sober title
of Histoire natiirelle et morale des lies Antilles
(Rotterdain, 1658), passed for a long time as un-
impeached history. The names of Cesar de
Rochefort and Louis de Poincy are connected
with it as successive signers of the introductory
matter. There were other editions of it in 1665,
1667, and 1681, with a title-edition in 1716. An
English version, entitled History of the Carib/y
Islands, was printed in London in 1CC6. Cf.
Duyckinck, Cvclopcrdia of American literature,
supplement, p. 12; Leclerc, nos. 1,332-1,335,
2>i34-2,i37-— Ed.]
^ [The sign-manual of Charles V. to the
Asiento y Capitidacion granted to De Soto,
1537, as given by B. Smith in his Coleecion,
p. 146. — Ed.]
^ [A copy of the original Spanish manuscript
is in the Lenox Library.-- Ed.]
' \
I {
m
|H|
0
i I
iv3'
3r
' /',
ii ■ ■',.'
\ :
V I
)
290
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
bled
version by Ternaux in 1841;* and from this William B. Rye translated it for the Hakluyt
Society.' Finally, the original Spanish text, " Relacidn de la Isla de la Florida," was
published by Buckingham Smith in 1857 in his Coleccion de varios documentos para la
historia de la Florida?
In 1866 Mr. Smith pul>-
lished translations of thu
narratives of the Gentleman
of Elvas and of Biedma, in
the fifth volume (125 copies)
of the Bradford Club Se-
ries under the title of Nai-
ratives of the Career cf
Hernando de Soto in the
Conquest of Florida, as
told by a Knight of Elvas,
and in a Relation [pre-
sented 1544] by Luys Her-
nandez de Biedma.
The third of the original
accounts is the Florida del
Ynca of Garcilasso de la Vega, published at Lisbon in 1605,^ which he wrote forty years
after Soto's death, professedly to do his memory justice.* The spirit of exaggeration which
prevails throughout the volume has deprived it of esteem as an historical authority, though
Theodore Irving' and others have accepted it. It is based upon conversations with a
noble Spaniard who had accompanied Soto as a volunteer, and upon the written but illiter-
ate reports of two common soldiers, — Alonzo de Carmona, of Priego, and Juan Coles, of
Zabra.' Herrera largely embodied it in his Historia general.
AUTOGRAPH OF BIEDMA.^
' Recueil des piices sur la Floride.
^ In the volume already cited, including
Hakluyt's version of the Elvas narrative. It is
abridged in French's Historical Collections of
Lcuisiaita, apparently from the same source.
° Pages 47-64. Irving describes it as " the
confused statement c^ an illiterate soldier." Cf.
Documentos inMilos, iii. 414.
* From the Coleccion, p. 64, of Buckingham
Smith.
^ [Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 42; Sunderland,
vol. V. no. 12,815; Leclerc, no. 8S1, at 350
francs ; Field, Indian Bibliography no. 5S7 ;
biinley, no. 4,353. Rich (no. 102) priced it
in 1832 at £,2 zs. — Ed.]
' [Drinton (Floritiian Peninsula, p. 23) thinks
Gaicilasso h.id never scei the Elvas narrative;
but Sparks (Marquette, in Aniericiin Bio^rap/iy,
vol. X.) intimates that it was Garcilasso's only
written source. — En.]
"^ [Theodore Irving, Tlic Conquest of Florida
by Hernando de Soto, New York, 1851. The first
edition appeared in 1S35, and there were editions
printed in London in 1S35 and 1850. The book
is a clever popularizing of the original sources,
with main dependence on Garcilasso (cf. Field,
Indian Biblios^rap/iy, no. 765), wliom its author
believes he can better trust, especially as regards
the purposes of Dc Soto, wherein he differs most
from the Gentleman of Elvas. Irving's cham-
pionship of the Inca has not been unchallenged;
cf. Rye's Introduction to the Hakluyt Society's
volume. The Inca's account is more than twice
as long as that of the Gentleman of Elvas, while
Biedma's is very brief, — a dozen pages or so.
Davis (Conquest of New Mexico, p. 25) is in crnir
in saying that Garcilasso accompanied Ue
Soto. — Ed.]
* [There was an amended edition published
by Barcia at Madrid in 1723 (Carter-Brown, iii.
328 ; Leclerc, no. 882, at 25 francs) ; again in
1803 ; and a French version by Pierre Richelet,
Ilistoire de la lOnquUte de la Floride, was puli-
lished in 1C70, 1709, 1711, 1731, 1735, and '737
(Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,050; vol. iii. iios.
132, 470; O'Callaghan Catalogyie, no. 965). A
German translation by II. L. Meier, Cesiliiifite
der Eroberung von Florida, was printed at Zelle
in 1753 (Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 997) willi
many notes, and again at Nordhausen in 1785.
The only English version is that embodied in
Bernard Shipp's History of Hernando de Solo ,vit\
Florida ( p. 229, etc. ), — a stout octavo, published
in Philadelphia in iSSi. Shipp uses, not the
original, but Richelct's version, the Lisle edition
of 171 1, and prints it with very few notes. Ilis
book covers the expeditions to North America
between 1 512 and 1568, taking Florida in its con-
/?p^
HBnuHtti
:ICA.
for the Hakluyt
la Florida," was
■mentos para la
la Florida?
• Mr. Smith pul>-
islations of tliu
af the Gentleman
nd of Biedma, in
ume (125 copies)
idiord Club Sc-
the title of Na>-
f the Career 0/
de Soto in the
of Florida, as
Knight of Elvas,
I delation [pre-
.4] dy Luys Her-
Biedma.
ird of the original
s the Florida del
wrote forty years
xaggeration which
authority, though
tiversations with a
written but illiter-
ind Juan Coles, of
as. Irving's cham-
been unchallenged;
e Hakluyt Society's
It is more than twice
man of Elvas, while
dozen pages or so.
'CO, p. 25) is in error
accompanied L)e
edition publislicd
(Carter-Urown, iii.
francs) ; again in
[by Pierre Richcltt,
Floride, was pul)-
73I. '735. aiwl '737
[,050; vol. iii. nos.
\ogtie, no. 965). •\
Meier, Ccschichk
|as printed at ZcUe
iii. no. 997) with
jrdhausen in 1785.
that embodied in
[■nunido dv Soto oihi
It octavo, publislu-d
liipp uses, not ilie
In, the Lisle edition
Iry few notes. His
Ito North .America
Florida in its con-
ANCIENT FLORIDA.
291
Still another account of the expedition is the ofificial Report which Rodrigo Ranjel, the
secretary of Soto, based upon his Diary kept on the march. It was written after reaching
Mexico, whence he transmitted it to the Spanish Government. It remained unpublished
in that part of Oviedo's History which was preserved in manuscript till Amador de los Kios
issued his edition of Oviedo in 1851. Oviedo seems to have begun to give the text of
Ranjel as he found it ; but later in the progress of the story he abridges it greatly, and two
chapters at least are missing, which must have given the wanderings of Soto from
•Viitiamque, with his death, and the adventures of the survivors under Mosqoso. The
original text of Ranjel is not known.
These independent narratives of the Gentlemen of Elvas, Biedma, and Ranjel, as well
as those used by Garcilasso de la Vega, agree remarkably, not only in the main narrative as
to course and events, but also as to the names of the places.
There is also a letter of Soto, dated July 9, 1539, describing his voyage and landing,
which was published by Buckingham Smith in 1854 at Washington,' following a transcript
(in the Lenox Library) of a document in the Archives at Simancas, and attested by Mufloz.
It is addressed to the municipality of Santiago de Cuba, and was first made known in
Ternaux's Recueil des pikes stir la Floride. B. F. French gave the first English version
of it in his Historical Collections of Louisiana, part ii. pp. 89-93 (1850).''
The route of De Soto is, of course, a question for a variety of views." We have in the
preceding narrative followed for the track throu"'' "Jeorgia a paper read by Colonel Charles
C. Jones, Jr., before the Georgia Historical Sc' ty, and printed in Savannah in i88o,'» and
for that through Alabama the data given by Pickett in his History of Alabama,^ whose
local knowledge adds weight to his opinion.* As to the point of De Soto's crossing the
tinental sense ; but as De Soto is his main hero,
he follows him through his Peruvian ; ireer.
.Shipp's method is to give large extracts from the
most accessible early writers, with linking ab-
stracts, making his book one mainly of compila-
tion.— Ed.)
' Lvtter of ffernando de Soto, and Memoir of
Hirnaiido de Escalante Fontaneda. [The tran-
script of the Fontaneda Memoir is marked by
Munoz " as a very good account, although it is by
a man who did not understand the art of writing,
and therefore many sentences are incomplete.
On the margin of the original [at Simancas) are
|)oints made by the hand of Herreri, who doubt-
less drew on this for that part [of his Ilistoria
'^cncrat\ about the River Jordan which he says
was sought by Ponce de Leon." Thi.'- memoir
on Florida and its natives was written in Spain
about 1575. It is also given in English in
l-'rcuch's IHstoriiiil Collection of Louisiana ( 1S75),
|). J 15, from the French of Ternaux ; cf. Ikinton's
Floridiaii Peninsula, p. 26. The Editor appends
various notes and a comparative statement of
the authorities relative to the landing of De Soto
and his subsequent movements, and adds a list
of the origin.al authorities on De Soto's expedi-
tion and a map of a part of the Floridian penin-
sula. The authorities are also reviewed by Rye
in llie Introduction to the Ilakluvt Societv's vol-
ume. Smith also ]irinted the will of De Soto in
the Hist. Mag. (M.iy, 1S61), v. 134. — Ea]
- I A memorial of Alonzo Vasqucz (1560),
asking for ])rivilegcs in Florida, and giving evi
ileuces of his services under De Soto, is tran.~-
lated in the Historical Magazine (September,
i860), iv. 257. — Ed.)
* [Buckingham Smith has considered the
question of De Soto's landing in a paper, " Es-
piritu Santo," appended to his Letter of De Soto
(Washington, 1854), p. 1,1. — Ed.)
♦ [Colonel Jones epitomizes the march
through Georgia in chap. ii. of his History 0/
Georgia (Boston, 1883). In the Annual Report
of the Smithsonian Institution, 188 1, p. 619, he
figures und describes two silver crosses which
were taken !n 1832 from an Indian mound in
Murray County, Georgia, at a spot where he be-
lieved De Soto to have encimped (June, 1540),
and which he inclines to associate with that
explorer. Stevens [History of Georgia, i. 26)
thinks but little positive knowledge can be made
out regarding De Soto's route. — En.]
^ [Pages 25-41. Pickett in 1849 printed the
first chapter of his proposed work in a tract
called, Invasion of the Territory of Alabama by
One Thousand Spaniards under Ferdinand de
Soto in 1540 (Montgomery, 1849). Pickett says
he got confirmatory information respecting
the route from Indian traditions among the
Creeks. — Ed.]
Ii " We are satisfied that the Mauvila, the
scene of Soto's bloody fight, was upon the north
bank of the .Mabama, at a ])lace nov called Choc-
taw Bluff, in the County of Clarke, about twentv-
fivc miles .above the confluence of the Alabama
and Tombigbce " (Pickett, i. 27), The name of
tliis town is written "Manilla" bv the Gentleman
of Elvas, " Mavilla" by Biedma, but " Mabile"
I I 1
M
l\l 1
/'
■nir
rii''
fri
29:
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OP' AMERICA.
Mississippi, tliere is a very general agreement on the lowest Chickasaw lilulT.i We are
without the means, in any of the original sources, to determine beyonil dispuie tliu most
northerly point reachc<l
by Soto. He had cvi
dently approaiJiud, l)ut
had learned nothing of,
the Missouri River.
Almost at the same
time that Soto, with tlio
naked, starving rem-
nant of his army, was
at I'acaha, another
Spanisli force under
Vascjuez de Coronado,
well handled and per-
fectly equipped, must
in July and August,
1541, have been cn-
^ camped so near tiiat .ui
I Indian runner in a few
^ days might have carried
tidings between them.
Coronado actually
heard of his country-
man, and sent him a letter; but his messenger failed to find Soto's party." But, strangely
enough, the cruel, useless expedition of Soto finds ample space in history, while the well-
managed march of Coronado's careful exploration finds scant mention.* No greater
contrast exists in our history than that between these two campaigns.
A sufficient indication has been given, in the notes of the preceding narrative, of the
sources of information concerning the futile attempts of the Spaniards at colonization on
the Atlantic coast up to the time of the occupation of Port Royal by Ribault in 1362. Of
the consequent bloody struggle between the Spanish Catholics and the French Huguenots
there are original sources on both sides.
THE MISSISSIPPI, SIXTEENTH CENTURY.S
!i|l
f .1
hs
ii/ I ■ '
ti I
by Ranjel. The 11 and r' were interchangeable
letters in Spanish priming, and readily changed
to i. (Irving, second edition, p. 261).
> Bancroft, C/iiiwJ Sf,ifc-s,\. s,} ; Pickett, .,4/,;-
bama, vol. i. ; Martin's Loiiisiaiiii, i. 12; Nut-
tail's Tyavcls into Arkansas (1S19), p. 24S ; Fair-
banks's History of FlcriJa, chap. v. ; Fllicott's
Journal, p. 125; lielknap, American Bioi;raf'liy,
i. 19:. [Whether this passage of the Mississipjji
makes De Soto its discoverer, or whether Caheza
de V.aca's account of liis wandering is to be inter-
preted as bringing him, tirst (jf Kinopeans, to its
bank."!, when on tlic 30th of October, 152S, he
crossed one of its mouths, is a question in dispute,
even if we do not accept the view that Alonzo
de Pineda found its mouth in 1519 and called it
Rio del Espiritu .Santo (Navarrete, iii. 64). The
arguments pro and con are examined by Rye in
the Ilakluyt Society's volume. Cf., besides the
authorities above named, French's Historical
Collections of Louisiana ; Sparks's Marquette ;
Gay^m's Louisiana ; Theodore Irving's Conquest
of Florida : Gravier's /.i. Salle, chap, i., and his
" Route du Mississipi " iri Coni;ris ties Ameri-
canistes (1S77), vol. i.; De liow's Commercial
Kezicw, 1849 and 1S50; Southern IJterary Ma-
senger. December, 1S4S ; Aortli American kez'ieu;
July, 1S47. — Ei).]
- [This sketch is from a cop.- in tlie Kulil
Washington Collection, after a manuscript atl.is
in the Dodleian. It is witliout date, but seem-
ingly of about the middle of the si.xteeinh
century. The "li. de Miruelio " seems to C(jm-
mcmoratc a pilot of Ponce de I.enn's day. The
sketch of tlie Atlantic coast made by Chives
in 15J6 is preserved to us only in the descrip-
tion given by Oviedo, of which an English ver-
sion will be found in the Historical Magazine,
X. 371. — Fd.]
^ Jaramillo, in Smith's Colccciou, p. 160.
* jSee chap. vii. on " Early Explorations uf
New Mexico." — Ed.I
ICA.
ANCIENT I'LOKIDA.
293
IJlutT.» Wc arc
lispute the most
ly point reacliLil
). He liad cvi-
api)roa(;huil, but
mud nothin;.'; of,
issouri River.
at the samo
at Soto, witli tin-
starving rcm-
[ his army, \v;i.s
caha, another
sh force under
ez de Coronadi),
andled and per-
eqiiipped, must
y and Autjusl,
have been eii-
d so near tiiat an
runner in a few
light have carried
1 between tliem.
n a d o actually
of his country-
" But, strangely
, while the well-
n.* No greater
narrative, of the
colonization on
lit in 1562. of
ijncli Huguenots
Irviiig's ConqiiesI
chap, i., and his
Miiiris dcs Aini-ri-
iow's Comiiit'riidl
■II Litiiaiy Mci-
■lliwricdlt /wT/tTC,
p.- ill tlie Kohl
nuuiuscript atlas
date, but scciii-
f the sixtcemli
seems to cmii-
I.edii's day. 'I'lie
made by Chaves
Iv in the descii|>-
an English vei-
>i-iiiil Miigiiziiu;
ii'ioii, p. 160.
Explorations uf
On the Spanish part we iiave the Caftas fscritas al ny of Pedro Menendez (Sept.
II. Oct. 15, and Dec. 5, 1565), which are preserved in the Archives r.c Seville, and have
been used by I'arkman,' and the MciitoiUi liti /men siiceso i biicn vii\i;e of the chaplain
(if the expedition, Francisco Lopez de Mendoza Grajales." Barcia's Ensayo cro>io/i[^ko
is the most comijrehensive of the Spanish accounts, and he gives a large part of the
Memorial de las jonunias of Soils de Meras, a brother in-law of Menendez. It has
never been printed separately j bu* Charlevoix used Barcia's extract, and it is translated
from Harcia in French's Historical Collections of Louisiana and Florida (vol. ii. p. 216).
i'l.utia seems also to have had access to the papers of Menendez, ^ and to have
reieivcd this Journal of Soils directly from his family.
On the French side, for the first expedition of Kibault in isr'2 we ha\e the very scarce
text of tlie Histoire de Pexfii'dition Fran^aise en Floride, p iblished in London in 1563,
wliich Hakhiyt refers to as being in print "in French and English" when he wrote his
W'esKine I'lantini^.^ Sparks ^ could not find that it was ever published in French; nor
was Winter Jones aware of the existence of this 1563 edition when he prepared for the
Ilakhiyt Society an issue of Hakluyt's Divers Voyages (1582), in which that collector
had included an English version of it as The True and Last Discoveric of Florida,
transhUid into Fnt^lislie by one Thomas ffackil, being the same text which appeared
sejiarately in 1563 as the Whole and True Discovery of Terra Florida.^
At Paris in 15S6 appeared a volume, dedicated to Sir Walter Raleigh, entitled,
I.'histoire notable de la Floride, . . . contenant les trois voyat^es fails en icelle par
certains capitaines et pilotes Francois descrits par le Capitaine Laudonnihc, . . . a
laqiicllc a esti! adjonste un i/iiatriesnie voyage fait par le Capitaine Goiirn^ues, Mise en
htmiere par M. Basanicr. This was a comprehensive account, or rather compilation,
of tlie four several French expeditions, — 1562, 1564,1565, 1567, — covering the letters
of Laudonni5re for ' e first three, and an anonymous account, perhaps by the editor
liasanier, of the foui.li. FLtkluyt, who had induced the French publication, gave the
whole an English dress in his A'otable History, translated by R. //., jirinted in London
in ijS;,' and again in \\\'i Principall A'avii;ations, vol. iii., the text of which is also to
be found in the later edition and in French's Historical Collections of Louisiana and
/■lorida (1869), i. 165.8
' J'loiiivrs of' Fiance in the A'nv World; of.
(jallarel, l.n FlorUie Fraiifniso, p. 341.
- There is a French version in Ternaux'
AWi/cil <U la Floride, and an English one in
French's Historical Collections of Louisiana and
h'hnida (1S75), ii. 190. The original is some-
what diffuse, but is minute upon interesting
points.
■' Cf. Sparks, JCihiu/t, \i. 155; Field, ///(//.(h
/>i/'ih>i;i-n//n', p. 20. Fairbanks in his Ifistory
of SI. Aiii;i(siiiie tells the story, mainly from the
Spanish <!dc.
■• Edited by Charles Dcane for the Maine
Historical Socictv, pp. 20, 195,213.
' Life of RihiUitl, p. 147.
'' [Tliis original I'.nglish edition (a tract of
■12 pages) is extremely scarce. There is a copv
in the liritish Museum, from which Rich had
transcripts made, one of which is now in
Harvard College library, and another is in the
< Airier-Brown Collection (cf. Rich, 1832, no.
(o; Carlci-Iirown, i. 244). The text, as in the
/hrers Toyiif^es, is rejirinted in French's llistori-
"il Collections of Louisiana and Florida (1S75),
p. 159. Kibault supposed that in determining to
cross the ocean in a direct wcsterlv course, he
was the first to make such an attempt, not
knowing that Verrazano had already done so.
Cf. ISrevoort, J'ernizano, p. 110; Hakhiyt,
Divers Voyages, edition by J. W. Jones, p. 95.
See also Vol. HE p. 172. — En.|
■ [This is the rarest of Hakluyt's publica-
tions, the only copy known in America being
in the Lenox Library (Sabin, vol. x. no. 39,236)
- F1..I
'^ [Iirinton, Ftoridiiiii Peninsida, p. 39. The
original French text was reprinted in Paris
in 1S53 in the Fil>/,.Ji!'<pie FJzk'iyienne : and
this edition is worth about 30 francs (Eicld,
Indian J^il'lios^rapliy, no. 97; Sabin, vol. x. no.
(39,235). The edition of 15S6 was jniccd by Rich
in 1S32 at ^5 5.V., and has been sold of late years
for 3250, ^63, and 1,500 francs. Cf. Leclerc, no.
2,662 ; Sabin, vol. x. no. 39,234 ; Cartcr-lSrown, i.
366; Court, nos. 27, 28; Muriihv, no. 1,442;
lirinley, vol. iii. no. 4,357 ; Field, Indian Ili/iliofr-
raf'liy, p. 24. Gaffarcl in his La Floride Fran-
j-ai.'-e (p. 347) gives the first letter entire, and
parts of the second anil third, following the
15S6 edition. — F.i>.]
.i L I M
, i
■Jt
im;
I
ROUTE or DE SOTO (,7//<c Z^.V/V/O, — WESTEKl.V I'AKT.l
1 [This map of Delislc, issued originally at la i-omiiietc de la Floriilc, vol. ii ; cf. Voya(^i's a:i
Paris, is given in the Amsterdam (1707) edition iun-il, vol. v., and Dclislc's Atlas iiomcau. The
of Garcilasso dc la Vega's //mA'/>y (/<■.(■ ///u/Ji'/i/f map is also reproduced in French's Ilistorkal
l"i :|i| *
Irs Cjidllai
'^"^tCit
D U
.i' i
ROUTE OF DE SOTO («/?6V /Jf/wA), — EASTERLY I'ART.
; cf. Voyoi^cs ati
s iiouvvaii. The
ench's I/istoriui!
Coll.rtioiis of LfliiisiaiM, and Gravicr's /.<r S,i!!e in Smith's y\'(r;v7//rv'.fi'/' //.■;•«,?;/(/(',?;• A'/*, and in
([S70). Otiier maps of the route arc given by V:i\\\ C\\m\' Passiii du .Ifhsissif'i <'i< sazihne sihle.
Rye, McCulloch, and Irving ; by J. C. Brevoort Besides the references already noted, tlie cuies-
296
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMLRICA.
a,' I <|
J:icque» Lemoyne do Morjjues, an artist accompanying Laudonnitrc, wrote some ycari
later an account, and made maps and drawings, wilii notes ilescriljinf; tiiem. lie lirv
made a visit to London in 1587 to see I.emoyne, who was tiien in Kalcinli's service,
but Lemoyne resisted all persuasions to part with his papers ' After Lcnioyne's death
De Hry bought them of his widow (1588), and published them in 1591, in the second
part of his Gratuh voyaj^cs, as Ihevis ttarratio.'^
One Nicolas le Challeux, or Challus, a carpenter, a man of sixty, who was an eye-
witness of the events at Fort Caroline, and who for the cxpericnics of KIbault's party
took the statements of Dieppe sailors and of Christopher le Breton, published a simple
narrative at Dieppe in 1566 under the title of Discoiiis de fhistoire de la Floride, which
was issued twice, — once with fifty-four, and a second time witli sixty-two, pages," and the
same year reprinted, with some variations, at Lyons as Jlistoire iiu'moral'le du demur
voyage fait par le Capitaine lean Ribaut en Van AfPL.Yl' (pp. $6).*
riit.''
4
1 1
tion of his ro\itc has been discussed, to a greater
or less extent, in Cliarlcvoix' Noir.vllt- Ffiince ;
ill Warden's Chroiioloi;!,- historiqiie dc V Amhiiitic,
where the views of the );eonrapher Ilomann arc
cited; in Albert (iallatin's "Synopsis of the
Indian Tribes" in the Arehirologki Americana,
vol. ii. ; in Nuttall's 'I'raivls in Arkansas (1S19
and 1821); in Williams's Floriiia (New York,
1837); in McCuUoch's Antiquarian Researches
in America (Haltimorc, 1S29) ; in Schoolcraft's
Indian Tribes, vol. iii. ; in Paul Chaix' Hassin
liii Mississi^i an seizO'me siie/e ; in J. W. Moncttc's
raZ/ey of the Mississi/'f-i (1846); in Pickett's
Alahama; in Gayarre's Louisiana ; in Martin's
Louisiana ; m LListorical Mai;azine,\,?i\ in Knick-
frbocker Mai^azine, Ixiii. 457; in Shar/>e's .Mai;a-
xine, xlii. 265; and in Lambert A. Wilmer's Life
of De Soto (1S5S) Altliongh Dr. ISelknap in his
American niog;rafhy (1794, vol. i. p. 1S9), had
sought to establish a few points of De Soto's
march, the earliest attempt to track his steps
closely was made by Alexander Meek, in a paper
published at Tuscaloosa in 1839 in The Southron,
and reprinted as "The I'ilgriniage of De Soto,"
in his Romantic L'assiix'es in Southioestern History
(Mobile, 1857), ]). 213. Irving, in the revised
edition of his Conquest of Florida, tlepended
largely upon the assistance of Fairbanks and
Smith, and agrees mainly witli Meek and Pickett.
In his appendix he epitonii/cs the indications of
the route according to Gnrcilasso and the Portu-
guese gentleman. Rye collates the statements
of McCulloch and Monettc regarding the route
beyond the Mississippi, and infers that the iden-
tifying of the localities is almost impossible.
Chaix {/fassin du JMssissi/'i) also traces this
part.— El>.|
• Cf. Stevens Fitdiotheca historica (1S70,) p.
224 ; Hrinton, Floridian Peninsula, p. 32.
- Ihci'is narratio eorum qiue in Florida
Americtr proi'icia Gallis acciderunt, secunda in
illam A\ivis;ationc, duct Kenato de Laudofliere
elassis Pnefecto : anno MPLXLllL Qu<r est
secunda /-ars America: Additie /ixunr et Lnco-
larum eicones ihidem ad vivu cxprcsscc, brevis
tliam declaratio relij^ionts, rituiim, vivendiqut
ratione i/sonim. Auctore Jacobo Le Morne,
eui cognomen de A/oixues, /.audoiliernm in ea
A'oTixatione .'(equnto. [There was a second
edition of the Latin (1^)09) and two editions in
German (1591 and 1603), with the same plates,
Cf. Carter-Hrown, vol. i. nos. 399, 414 ; Court, no.
243 ; Rrinley, vol. iii. no. 4,359. The original
Latin of 1591 is also found separately, with its
own pagination, and is usually in this con<litii>n
priced at about too francs. It is sup|)osed to
have ])recedc(l the issue as a part of De Ilry
(Dufosst", 1878, nos. 3,691, 3,602).
The engravings were reproduced in helio-
types ; and with the text translated by Frederick
B. Perkins, it was published in lioston in 1875
as the /Varratiiie of L.e Moynr, an Artist 7vho
aceomfanied the J'rench Fxfedition to Florida
under Laudon$tih'e, 1564. These engravings
have been in part reproduced several times
since their issue, as in the Mai^azin fitloresque,
in L'liniiers fittoresque, in Pickett's Alabama,
etc. - Kl\|
' Sabin, vol. x. no. 39,631-32 ; Carter-limwn,
i. 262.
■• [Sabin, vol. x. no. 39,634 ; Carter-lirown,
vol. i. no. 263. An English translation, follnw-
ing till Lyons text, was issued in London in
1 566 as A True and Perfect Description of the
Last l'oya!;e of Kibaut, of which only two ct>pies
are reported by Sabin, — one it\ the Carter-
Hrowr Library (vol. i. no. 264), and the other in
the British Museum. This same Lyons text
was included in Ternaux' Rcfueil de pieces sur la
Floride and in Gaffarel's /m Floride Franfaise,
p. 457 (cf. also pp. 337-339), and it is in part
given in Cimber and Danjun's ArchiTcs eurieuses
de rhistoire de France ( Paris, 1835), vi. 200. The
original Dieppe text was reprinted at Roncn in
1S72 for the Societe Koucnnaise de Biblio-
philes, and edited by (iravier inulcr the title:
Dcuxihne r'criyv' du Dicf'pois Jean Ribaut H la
Floride en 1 565, pn'cedc ifune notice historique ct
bibliographique. Cf. Briuton, Floridian J'enin-
sula, p. 30. — Fi).|
V. ^
;ICA.
ANCIENT FLORIDA.
997
rote some years
tliL-m. I)e Ilrv
ilci^li's service;
.cnioyiic's duatli
, ill the second
ho was an eye-
Kibault's |).-\rty
liiislied a simple
I Floriiic, wliicli
paj^es," and the
'able tilt do nUr
tiiiim, vivemiii/iif
iiiolh' I.e Moyiu;
iiilo)iit)iim ill ,:i
: was a sccoiul
I two editions in
tile same plali s.
9, 414 ; Court, lui.
59. 'I'lie <iri(;ih,il
paiatcly, with its
in this condition
It is supposed to
part of I)c l!ry
<)(hiccd in helin-
itcd by Frcderiili
1 Hoston in 1875
c, an Artist who
tilion to Moiiilii
:se engravings
several tiniis
:/;/ pittorcsqut,
:l<ctt's Alalhim.i,
Carter-lirown,
Cartcr-lirmvn,
iislation, follow-
in London in
iription of the
mly two copies
in tlic Carter-
(1 the otlier in
Lyons text
ile pitccs sur hi
;•/./<• Fruiifiiisc,
it is in part
v/;;>v',f ciiritiisis
, vi. 200. Tlic
.'d at Rouen in
ise de liililio-
tile title :
"' Kilhiiit A /.I
v Itisloriijut it
'oridiixii Viiiiii-
It is thought that Thevet in his Cosmojiraphit univtrselU (1575) may liavc had access
lo Laudi)iini6re's papers ; and some details from Thevet are cmlindicd in what is mainly
a translation of Le Citalleux, the He Gallonim fxJ)Ctfilioni- in I'lotidain ittino MDl.XV
bifvii liistoiiti, which was added (p. 427) by Uiliain Cltaiivclon, or Calveton, to tlie Latin
edition of Ilcnzoni, — A'oiur iiovi orbis historiir ires libri, i)riiited at Geneva in 1578 and
1581,' and reproduced under different titles in the French versions, published likewise
.-It (leneva in iS79i IS^S, and 1589.' There is a separate issue of it from the 1579
edition.''
It wan not long before exaggerated statements were circulated, based upon the
reprusintations made in Cue rcqiule au rot (Charles IX ) of the widows and orphans
of tlie victims of Mencndez, in which the numl)er of the slain is reported at the impossible
finurc of nine hundred.*
Respecting the expedition of Do Gourgues there are no .Spanish accounts what-
e\er, llarcia"" merely taking in the tnain the French narrative, — in which, s.iys I'ark-
man. " it must be admitted there is a savor of romance. " • That Gourgues was merely
a slaver is evident from this full French account. Garibay notes his attempt to cap-
ture A\ least oi.e Spanish vessel ; and he certainly had on reaching Florida two barks,
whicii he must liave captured on his way. Basanier and many who follow him sup-
press entirely the shiver episode in this voyage. All the Dc Gourgues narratives ignore
entirely the existence of St. Augustine, and make the tlirce pretended forts on the St.
John to have been of stone; and I'rdvost, to heighten tlie picture, invents the story of
the II, tying of Ribault, of which there is no trace in the earlier French accounts.
There are two French narratives. One of them. La rcprinse tie la Floride, exists,
according to Gaffarel,'' in five different manuscript texts.' The other I'rench narrative
' (U'Callaghan, no. 463; Rich (1832), no. 60.
There was an edition at Cologne in 1612
(Stevens, iViii^gtts, no. 2,300; Carter-lirown, ii.
123). Sparks (Life of Kihault, p. 152) reports a
De imvigiUioiie Gallonim in terrain Floridam in
cdinitition with an Antwerp (1568) edition of
Levinus ApoUonius. It also nin ears in the
saute cduiteetion in the joint German edition
of lien/oui, I'eter Martyr, and Levinns printed
at Uasle in 15S2 (Carter-lirown, vol. i. no. 344).
It may have been merely a translation of Chal-
Icux or Ribault (lirinton, Floridian Peninsula,
p. 36) - Ed.].
- Murphy, nos. 564, 2,853.
■' Sabin, vol. x. no. 39,630; Carter-Brown,
vol. i. ito 330; ]")nfosse, no. 4,211.
* This petition is known as tl.c Epistola
suff/ratoria, atid is embodied in the original
te.xt in Chauveton's French edition of lienzoni.
It is also given in Ciniber and Danjon's Aril/i^vs
airieiises, vi. 232, and in Gaffarel's Floride
Fnmcaiie, p. 477 ; and iti Latin in Dc Dry,
parts ii. and vi. (cf. Sparks's Kilhudt, appendix).
(There are other contemporary accounts or
illustrations in the " Lcttres et papiers d'etat
ilii Siiur de Forqitevaulx," for the most part
»ni)rinted, and preserved in the liibliotheipie
Nalioiiale in Paris, which were used by l)n Prat
ill his Ilistoire d' Elisabeth de I'alois (1S59), and
.some of which are printed in Gaffarel, p. 409.
The nearly contemporary accounts of Popel-
liniere in his Trois tnondes (158"!) and in the
VOL. II. — 38.
Ilistoire universelle of Ue Thou, represent the
French current belief. The volume of Tcrnaux'
rovas^'os known as Keeueil de piiccs sur la Floridi
inedites, contains, among eleven documents, one
called Copfie d'line httre tenant de la Floride, . , ,
ensemble le plan et portraict du fort que Its
Franfois y ont faiet (1564), which is reprinted
in Gaffarel and in I'Vench's Historical Collections
of /.oiiisiana and Florida, vol. iii. This tract,
with a plan of the fort on the sixth leaf, recto,
was originally i)rinted at Paris in 1565 (Carter-
lirown, i. 256). None of the reprints give the
engravings. It was seemingly written in the
summer of 1564, and is the earliest account
which was printed. — Ed.]
'"' Fnsayo cronoh['^'it ,•
" I Parkman, howevc ■, inclines to believe
that liarcia's acceptance is a kind of admission
of its " broad basis of tru:h." — Ed]
" Page 340. Cf . Manuscri's de la Bibtiothiqiie
du l^oi, iv. 72.
* |Tlicy arc: a. Preserved in the Chateau
de Vayres, belonging to M. dc liony, wh'"h is
presumably that given as belonging to the
(iourgues family, of which a copy, owned by
liancroft, was used bv Parkman. It was printed
at Mont-de-Marsan, 1S51, 63 pages.
/'. In the P.ibliotheque Xationale, no, i,8S6.
Printed by Ternaux-Compans in his /ur«c/7, ete.,
p. 301, and by Gaffarel, p. 4.S3, collated with the
other manuscripts and translated into English
in French's Historical Collections of Louisiana and
-\
A' 1
298
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
'ij I <
i;i;i
m J
ii tlie last paper in the compilntion of Unsanicr, already mentioned. Ilrinton ' is inclined
to l)flicvc tli.it it is nut an ci)ltt)nu' of tlic Ki'/>rin.u\ l)ut tliat it was written by Ilasanici
himself frotii llie llo.iting accounts of his d.iy, or from some unknown relatvr. Charlevoix
mentions a manuscript in the possession of tlie Ue Gourgucs family ; but it is not cle.ii
which of tlicsc papers it was.
I'liu story of tl)c nii>,'ucnot colony passed naturally into the historical records of tiic
seventecntl) century i'' but it };ot more sjieci.il treatment in tlie next century, wlicn
Cliarlcvoix issued his A'oiit'ellc J'raiLe^ Tlie most consiilerable treatments of tlic
present century have been by Jarcd Sparks in his I.i/f 0/ Kihault,* by Francis I'arkni.m
in liis Pioneers of France in the t\eu< iVorlil^ and by Paul (latT.ircl in his Hisloire dc A;
Floridc I'ran^ixise'^ The story lias also necessarily passed into local and (general histories
of this period in America, and into the accounts of the Huguenots as a sect.''
''t;i
1 »
1 1
%
f\
11
■■■'if I
'! 'i:
'. i
Florida, ii. 267. This copy bears the name
of Robert Prtivost ; but wlicthcr as .■nitlior or
copyist is not tlcMr, s;iys I'arknian (p. 14J).
1-. In the liibliotheipic Naiionale, no. 2,145.
Printed at Iiordcaii.\ in iSfi^ by Ph. T.iini/ey
de I.arroipiu, with preface an.l notes, and giving
also the text marked <■ below.
d. In the I!il)li(illu(|iic Nationale, no. 3,3S4
Pi intcd by Taschcrcaii in tlie Kniic retrospective
(i8j5), 11.321.
c. In the Bibliothequc Nationale, no. 6,124.
See (• .ibovc.
The account in the Histoire noltd'le is called
an aliridgment by .Sparks, and of this abridg-
ment lliere is a Latin version in I)c liry, jiart
ii., — De ijiKirlii Gidlorum in Floiidom iiir.'ixii-
tioite sid> Gotiri;it(sio. See other al)riilgments
in I'opellinicrf, Histoire des trois iiioiides (15S2),
Lescarbol, and Charlevoix.
' Floridhiit Peiiiiisulo, \i. 35.
- Such as W\ tfliet's Histoire des Indes ;
I)'.\iibigne's Histoire iiniverselle (1626); Dc
Lact's A'o!.'iisorl>is, book iv. ; I.escarbni's Xouvetle
Fro nee ; Chaniplain's }'oy<i^es : I!rantomc's
Crouds capitoines Frmii^ois (also in his (Kinres).
KaiUon (Co'oine /-'ronfoise, i. 543) bases his
account on I.cscarbot.
■' Cf. Shea's edition with notes, where (vol. i.
p. 71 ) Charlevoix char.ictcrizes the contemporaiv
sources ; and he points out how the Abln' dii
Fresnoy, in his JM/iode pour itiulier ioglografhie,
falls into some errors.
* Amerieon lUoi^rophy, vol. vii. (new series)
'' Boston, 1865. Mr. Parkm.ui had alrea<lv
printed parts of this in the Atlontie Monthly,
xii. 225, 536, and xiv. 530.
" Paris, 1875. lie gives (j). 517) a succinci
chronology of events.
' Cf., for instance, Bancroft's I 'nited Stoles,
chap. ii. ; Gay's Popiilor History of the I'liile,!
States, chap. viii. ; Warburton's C'oni/iiest of Con
ado, ai)p. xvi.; Conway Robinson's /J;.r,i'rv;7(-..;H
the West, ii. cha|). xvii. et seq ; Kohl's JJisetnerv
ofMiiiiie ; Fairhanks's Florida : Itrinton's Flori-
dian Feuiiisula, — among American writers; and
among the French, — (luerin, I.es na-'it^ateiirs
/•><i/;(v;/.t (1846) ; I'erland, Canada; Martin, //;>
toire de France ; 1 laag. La France prolestanic ;
Poussielgiic, " Quatre mois en Floride," in /..•
tonr dn ,iionde, 1S69-1870; and the Fives cif
Coligny by Tessier, Hesant, and Labordc,
There are other references in Claffarel, ]). 344.
There is a curious article, " Dominique de
Ciourgucs, the Avenger of the Huguenots in
Florida, a Catholic," in the Catholic World, x.\i
701.
\\ I
ICA.
ton I is iiiciincii
len by Ilasanici
cr. Charlevoix
t it is nut clcai
I records of tlic
century, wIumi
latnients of the
rancis I'arkni.in
is Ilistoire </»■ lit
l^eneral liistorics
ct.'
CHAPTER V.
■i : I
I the coiitfmpor.il y
how the Al)l)r dii
. vii. (new series)
iiii.iii had alruach
.Itliiiiti, Monthlw
\i. 517) a succiiKl
)ft's I'nitiii Stiitis.
fffiy of the I'liiliJ
s Conquest o/Can
oil's Disiiffiii-.i in
Kohl's VisiiK/iy
llrinton's Flori-
rican writers ; ami
/.es ii,i7{i,'<iUiirs
iilii ; Martin, //is
III,,' pyotcstiiiitc :
Floride," in /.i'
and the Lives «'
and I-abiirdu
Claffarel, \>. 3.(1.
Dominiciuc de
lie IIugiicni)t> in
i//'o/k IVorlJ, xxi
LAS CASAS, AND THE RELATIONS OF TIIIC SPANIARDS Td
THE INUIANS.
HY {;i;ORGE KDWAKl) lil-MS,
Vkf-I'miiltHl 0/ Iht Mitttachiuittt Hiilorical Socitly,
WHEN tlic great apostle of the new faitli, on his voyafjc from Asia
to Europe, was shipwreclsed oil a Metiiterranean island, " the bar-
haroiis people" showed him and his company " no little kindness." On
first aciiiiaintance with their chief visitor they hastily judged him to be a
murderer, whom, though he had escaped the sea, yet vengeance woidd not
sufter to live. But afterward "they changed their minds, and said that
In: was a god." ' The same extreme revulsion of feeling and judgment
was wrought in the minds of the natives of this New World when the
ocean-tossed voyagers from the old continent first landed on tiiese shores,
liringing the parted representatives of humanity on this globe into mutual
ac(|uaintance and intercourse. Only in this latter case the change of
fueling and judgment was inverted. The simple natives of the fair west-
ern island regariletl their mysterious visitors as superhuman beings; fur-
tlur knowledge of them proved them to be "murderers," rapacious, cruel,
ami inluiman, — fit subjects for a dire vengeance.
in these si)fter times of ours the subject of the present chapter might
well be passed silently, denied a revival, and left in the pitiful oblivion
which covers so many of the distressing horrors of " man's inhumanity to
m.iii." Hut, happily for the writer and for the reader, the title of the chap-
ter is a double one, and embraces two themes. The painful narrative to
be rehearsed is to be relieved by a tribute of admiring and reverential
homage to a saintly man of signal virtues and heroic services, one of the
grandest and most august characters in the wc.'d's history. Many of the ob-
scure and a few of the dismal elements and incidents of long-passed times,
ill the rehearsal of them on fresh pages, are to a degree relieved b_\- new
light thrown upon them, by the detection and exposure of errors, and by
• The Acts of the Apost/.-s, x.wiii. 2-6.
K
'W ''!
lii.'' :
'''is' 1:111
! I
h ■
'I 1 ;;
,
uiS'
; t t
?oo
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
rradjustmcnts of truth. Gladly would a writer on the subject before im
a\ail himself of any sucli means to reduce or to qualify its repulsivcncs^;.
But advancing time, with the assertion of the higher instincts of humaniu-
which have sharpened regrets and reproaches for all the enormities of tlu-
past, has not furnished any abatements for the faithful dealing with tliis
subject other than that just presented.
It is a fact worthy of a pause for thought, that in no single instance sinci.'
the discovery of our islands and continent by Europeans — to say nothint;
about the times before it — has any new race of men come to the knowl-
edge of travellers, explorers, and visitors from the realms of so-called
civilization, when the conditions were so fair and favorable in the first
introduction and acquaintance between the parties as in that between
Columbus and the natives of the sea-girt isle of Ilispaniola. Not even in
the sweetest idealizings of romance is there a more fascinating picture th<ui
that which he draws of those unsophisticated children of Nature, their gen-
tleness, docility, and friendliness. They were not hideous or repulsive, as
barbarians; they did not revolt the sight, like many of the African tribes,
like Irishmen, Feejcans, or Hottentots; they presented no caricaturings of
humanity, as giants or dwarfs, as Amazons or Esquimaux ; their naked
bodies were not mutilated, gashed, or painted; they uttered no yells or
shrieks, with mad and threatening gestures. They were attractive in per-
son, well formed, winning and gentle, and trustful; they were lithe and soft
of skin, and their hospitality was spontaneous, generous, and genial. Tribes
of more warlike and less gracious nature proved to exist on some of tho
islands, about the isthmus and the continental regions of the early invasion ;
but the first introduction and intercourse of the representatives of the
parted continents set before the l'>uropeans a race of their fellow-creatures
with whom they might have lived and dealt in peace and love.
And what shall we sa}' of the new-comers, th5 Spaniards, — the subjects
of the proudest of monarchies, the representatives of the age of chivalry ;
gentlemen, nobles, disciples of the one Holy Catholic Church, and soldiers
of the Cross of Christ ? What sort of men were they, what was their
errand, and what impress did they lca\ upon the scenes so fair before
their coming, and upon those children of Nature whom they found so
innocent and loving, and by whom they were at first gazed ui)on with awe
and reverence as gods?
In only one score of the threescore years embraced in our present sub-
ject the Spaniards had sown desolation, havoc, and misery in and arouiul
their track. They had depopulated some of the best-peopled of the islands,
and renewed them with victims deported from others. They had inflicted
upon hundreds of thousands of the natives all the forms and agonies of fiend-
ish cruelty, driving them to self-starvation and suicide as a way of mercy
and release from an utterly wretched existence. They had come to lu'
viewed by their victims as fiemls of hate, malignit}', and all dark and crurl
desperation and mercilessnuss in passion. The hell which they denounced
LAS CASAS, AM) rHK SI'AXIARDS AND IN'DIAXS.
;,oi
ii|i(in tlicir victims was shorn of its worst terror by the assurance that these
tdiimiitors were not to be there.
On\y what is needful for the triitli of history is to be told here, wiiilc
sliDckini; details are to be passed by. And as the rehearsal is made to set
forth in relief the nobleness, grandeur of soul, and heroism of a man whose
lU'.ni)' a century of years was spent in holy rebuke, protest, exposure, aiul
attempted redress of this work of inicjuit)', a reader may avert his gaze from
tile narration of the iniquity and fix it upon the character and career of the
" Ajiostlc to the Indians."
There was something phenomenal and monstrous, something so aimless,
reckless, wanton, unprovoked, utterly ruinous even for themselves, in that
course of riot and atrocity pursued by the Sjianiards, which leads us — while
l);illiation and excuse are out of the question — to seek some physical or
moral explanation of it. This has generally been found in referring to the
training of Spanish nature in inhumanity, cruelty, contempt of human life,
anil obduracy of feeling, through many centuries of ruthless warfare. It
was ill the very year of the discovery of America that the Spaniards, in the
coii([uest of Granada, had finished their eight centuries of continuous war
for wresting their proud country from the invading Moors. This war had
iii.uie e\ery Spaniard a fighter, and every infidel an enemy exempted from
ail tolerance and mercy. Treachery, defiance of pledges and treaties, bru-
talities, and all wild and reckless stratagems, had educated the champions
of the Cross and faith in what were to them but the accomplishments of the
soldier and the fidelity of the believer. Even in the immunities covenanted
to the subject-Moors, of tolerance in their old home and creed, the inge-
nuities of their implacable foes found the means of new devices for oppres-
sion and outrage. The Holy Office of the Inquisition, with all its cavernous
secrets and fiendish processes, dates also from the same period, and gave its
fearful consecration to all the most direful passions.
With that training in inhumanity and cruelty which the Spanish adven-
turers brought to these shores, we must take into view that towering, over-
mastering rapacity and greed which were to glut themselves upon the spoils
of mines, precious stones, and pearls. The rich soil, with the lightest till-
age, would have yielded its splendid crops for man and beast. Flocks
wmilil have multiplied and found their own sustenance for the whole year
without any storage in garner, barn, or granary. A rewarding commerce
would have enriched merchants on either side of well-traversed ocean path-
wa)s. IJut not the slightest thought or recognition was given during the
urst half-century of the invasion to any such enterprise as is suggestetl by
the terms colonization, the occupancy of soil for husbandry and domesti-
cation. Spanish pride, indolence, thriftlessness regar.ied every form of
manual labor as a demeaning humiliation. There was no peasantry among
the new-comers. The humblest of them in birth, rank, and means was a
gentleman ; his hands could not hold a spade or a rake, or guide the
plough. The horse and the hound were the only beasts on his inven-
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NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
tory of values. Sudden and vast enrichment by the treasures of gold
wrung from the natives, first in their fragmentary ornaments, and then 1)\-
compulsory toil from the mines which would yield it in heaps, were tlie
lure and passion of the invaders. The natives, before they could reach any
conception of the Divine Being of the Catholic creed, soon came to tlic
understanding of the real object of their worship: as a cacique plainlv
set forth to a group of his trembling subjects, when, holding up a piece of
gold, he said, " This is the Spaniards' god." A .sordid passion, with its
overmastery of all the sentiments of humanity would inflame the nerves
and intensify all the brutal propensities which arc but masked in men of
a low range of development even under the restraints of social and civil
life. We must allow for the utter recklessness and frenzy of their full in-
dulgence under the fervors of hot climes, in the loosening of all domestic
and neighborly obligations, in the homelessness of exile and the mad free-
dom of adventure. Under the fretting discomforts and restraints of the
ocean-passage hither, the imagination of these rapacious treasure-seekers
fed itself on visions of wild license of arbitrary power over simple victims,
and of heaps of treasure to be soon carried back to Spain to make a long
revel in self-indulgence for the rest of life.
" Cruelties " was the comprehensive term under which Las Casas gathered
all the eno-mities and barbarities, of which he was a witness for half a cen-
tury, as perpetrated on the successive scenes invaded by his countrymen
on the islands and the main of the Nev.' World. He had seen thousands
of the natives crowded together, naked and helpless, for slaughter, like
.sheep in a park or meadow. He had seen them wa-'od at the extremities
by torturing fires, till, after hours of agony, they turned their dying gaze,
rather in amazed dread than in rage, upon theii tormentors. Mutilations
of hands, feet, cars, and noses surrounded him with ghastly spectacles of
all the processes of death without disease. One may well leave all details
to the imagination; and may do this all the more willingly that even tlie
imagination will fail to fill and fashion the reality of the horror.
Previous to the successful ventures on the western ocean, the Portuguese
had been resolutely pursuing the work of discovery by pushing their dar-
ing enterprise farther and farther down the coast of Africa, till they at last
turned the Cape.' The deportation of the natives and their sale as slaves
at once became first an incidental reward, and then the leading aim of
craving adventurers. It was but natural that the Spaniards should turn
their success in other regions to the same account. Heathen lands and
heathen people belonged by Papal donation to the soldiers of the Cross ;
they were the heritage of the Church. The plea of conversion answered
equally for conquest and subjugation of the natives on their own sciil,
and for transporting them to the scenes and sharers of a pure and saviiii;
faith.
' [Sl'c Chiiptcr I. — El). I
RICA.
LAS CASAS, AND THE SPANIARDS AND INDIANS.
303
asures of gdltl
ts, and then Ijv
leaps, were tlu:
ould reach aii\-
n came to the
:aciquc plainly
g up a piece (if
assion, with its
.me the nerves
sked in men of
locial and ci\il
of their full in-
of all domestic
d the mad frcc-
cstraints of the
reasure-seekers
simple victims,
to make a long
Casas gathered
for half a cen-
liis countrymen
seen thousands
slaughter, like
the extremities
;ir dying gaze,
s. Mutilations
spectacles of
cave all details
that even the
lorror.
the Portuguese
ling their dar-
ill they at last
r sale as slaves
cading aim of
should turn
len lands and
of the Cross ;
sion answered
leir own soil,
re and saving
A brief summary of the acts and incidents in the first enslavement of
the natives may here be set down. Columbus took with him to Spain,
on his first return, nine natives. While on his second voyage he sent to
Spain, in January, 1494, by a return vessel, a considerable number, de-
scribed as Caribs, " from the Cannibal Islands," for " slaves." They were
to be taught Castilian, to serve as interpreters for the work of " conversion"
wlien restored to their native shores. Columbus pleads that it will benefit
them by the saving of their souls, while the capture and enslaving of them
will give the Spaniards consequence as evidence of power. Was this even
a plausible excuse, and were the victims really cannibals? The sovereigns
seemed to approve the act, but intimated that the " cannibals " might be
converted at home, without the trouble of transportation. But Columbus
enlarged and generalized sweepingly upon his scheme, afterward adding to
it a secular advantage, suggesting that as many as possible of these canni-
bals should be caught for the sake of their souls, and then sold in Spain in
payment for ca'-'^oes of live stock, provisions, and goods, which were much
needed in the islands. The monarchs for a while suspended their decision
of this matter. But the abominable traffic was steadily catching new agents
and victims, and the slave-trade became a leading motive for advancing the
rage for further discoveries. The Portuguese were driving the work east-
ward, while the Spaniards were keenly following it westward. In February,
1495, Columbus sent back four ships, whose chief lading was slaves. From
that time began the horrors attending the crowding of human cargoes with
scant food and water, with filth and disease, and the daily throwing over
into the sea those who were privileged to die. Yet more victims were taken
by Columbus when he was again in Spain in June, 1496, to circumvent his
enemies. Being i^ere again in 1498, he had no positive prohibition against
continuing the traffic. A distinction was soon recognized, and allowed even
b}- the humane and pious Isabella. Captives taken in war against the Span-
iards might be brought to Spain and kept in slavery ; but natives who had
been seized for the purpose of enslaving them, she indignantly ordered
sliould be restored to freedom. This wrong, as well as that of the reparti-
micnto system, in the distribution of natives to Spanish masters as laborers,
was slightly held in check by this lovable lady during her life. She died
while Columbus was in Spain, Nov. 26, 1504. Columbus died at Valladolid,
Ma\- 20, 1506. The ill that he had done lived after him, to qualify the
splendor of his nobleness, grandeur, and constancy.
And here we may bring upon the scene that one, the only Spaniard
who stands out luminously, in the heroism and glory of true sanctity, amid
these gory scenes, himself a true soldier of Christ.
Bartholomew Las Casas was born at Seville in 1474. Llorcntc — a faith-
tul biographer, and able editor and expositor of his writings, of whom
farther on we are to say much more — asserts that the family was French
in its origin, the true name being Casuas; which appears, indeed, as an
im
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151
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504
NARRATIVE A.N'D CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
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alias on the titlcpage of some of his wr'tings pubUshcd by the apostle in
his Ufetimc.^
Antoine Las Casas, the father of Bartholomew, was a soldier in tin.
marine service of Spain. We find no reference to him as being either in
sympathy or otherwise with the absorbing aim which ennobled the career
of his son. He accompanied Columbus on his first western voyage in
1492, and returned with him to Spain in 1493.
During the absence of the father on this voyage the son, at the age uf
eighteen, was completing his studies at Salamanca. In May, 1498,^ at the
age of about twenty-four, he went to the Indies with his father, in employ-
ment under Columbi's, and returned to Cadiz, Nov. 25, 1500. In an ad-
dress to the Emperor in 1542, Bartholomew reminded him that Columbus
had given liberty to each of several of his fellow-voyagers to take to Spain
a single native of the islands for personal service, and that a youth among
those so transported had been intrusted to him. Perhaps under these
favoring circumstances this was the occasion of first engaging the sym-
pathies of Las Casas for the race to whose redemption he was to const-
crate his life. Isabella, however, was highly indignant at this outrage upon
the natives, and under pain of death to the culprits ordered the victims to
be restored to their country. It would seem that they were all carried
back in 1500 under the Commander Bobadilla, and among them the young
Indian who had been in the service of Bartholomew. One loves to imagine
that in some of the wide wanderings of the latter, amid the scenes of the
New World, he may again have met with this first specimen of a heathen
race who had been under intimate relations with himself, and who hail
undoubtedly been baptized.
We shall find farther on that the grievous charge was brought against
Las Casas, when he had drawn upon himself bitter animosities, that he
was the first to propose the transportation of negro slaves to the islands, in
1517. It is enough to say here, in anticipation, that Governor Ovando, in
1500, received permission to carry thither negro slaves "who had been
born under Christian Powers." The first so carried were born in Sc\ilie
:i-
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' Llorcnte adds tliat he liad a personal ac-
quaintance with a blanch of the family at Gala-
horra, his own birthplace, and that the first of
the family went to Spain, under Ferdinand III.,
to fight against the Moors of Andalusi.i. He
also traces a connection between this soldier
and Las Cases, the chamberlain of Xapoleon,
one of his cjuncillors and companions at St.
Helena, thvo'igh a Charles Las Casas, one
of the Spanish seigneurs who accompanied
ISlanche of Castile when she went to France,
in [200, to es|)onse Louis VIII.
- There is a variance in the dates assigned
by historians for the visits of both Las Casas
and his father to the Indians. Irving, follow-
ing Navarretc, says that Antoine returned to Se-
ville in 1498, havin^ become rich {Colitmbus
iii. 415) He nlso says that Llorentc is in-
correct in asserting that IJartholomew in his
twenty-foi.iih year accompanied Columbus in
his thiid voyage, in 149S, returning with him
in 1500, as the young man was then at his
studies at Salamanca. Irving savs Bartluiln-
niew first went to Hispaniola with Ovando in
II, jl, at the age of about twenty-eight. I have
allowed the dates to stand in the text as given
by Llorente, assigning the earlier year for tin;
first voyage of Las Casas to the New \\ orUl
as best according with the references in wrii-
ings by his own pen to the period of his
acquaintance with the scenes which ho df
scribes.
RICA.
LAS CASAS, AND THE SPANIARDS AND INDIANS.
305
the apostle ill
soldier in tlu
3eing either in
(led the carecr
:ern voyage in
1, at the age uf
/, 1498,2 at the
er, in employ-
10. In an ad-
hat Coliinib'is
) take to Spain
youth among
s under these
ging the syni-
was to conse-
< outrage upon
the victims to
ere all carried
em the young
vcs to imagine
scenes of the
of a heathen
and who had
■ought against
sities, that he
the islands, in
or Ovando, in
10 had been
orn in Seville
rich (Columbus
at IJorcntc is in-
rtholomcw in liis
eel Columbus in
turning with him
was then at liis
ig says Bartholo-
with Ovando in
uy-oight. I h.iw;
tlic text as given
lier year for \\v:
tlic New Uoriil
fcrcnccs in wri'-
e period of liii
s wliich he Ut-
i,f parents brought from Africa, and obtained through the Portuguese
traffickers.
On May 9, 1502, Las Casas embarked for the second time with Columbus,
reaching San Domingo on June 29. In 15 10 he was ordained priest by the
fu'st Hishop of llispaniola, and was the first ecclesiastic ordained in the
so-called Indies to say there his virgin Ma.ss. This was regarded as a
great occasion, and was attended by crowds; though a story is told, hardly
credible, that there was then not a drop of wine to be obtained in the
colony. The first Dominican monks, under their Bishop, Cordova, reached
the islands in 1510. As we .shall find, the Dominicans were from the first,
and always, firm friends, approvers, and helpers of Las Casas in his hard
conflict for asserting the rights of humanity for the outraged natives. The
fact presets us with one of the strange anomalies in history, — that the
founders and prime agents of the Inquisition in Europe should be the
champions of the heathen in the New World.
The monks in sympathy with the ardent zeal of Las Casas began to
preach vehemently against the atrocious wrongs which were inflicted upon
the wretched natives, and he was sent as curate to a village in Cuba. The
Franciscans, who had preceded the Dominicans, had since 1502 effected
nothing in opposition to these wrongs. Utterly futile were the orders
which came continually from the monarchs against overworking and op-
pressing the natives, as their delicate constitutions, unused to bodily toil,
easily sank under its exactions. The injunctions against enslaving them
were positive. Exception was made only in the case of the Caribs, as
reputed cannibals, and the then increasing number of imported negro
slaves, who were supposed to be better capable of hard endurance. Las
Casts was a witness and a most keen and sensitive observer of the inflictions
— lashings and other torturing atrocities — by which his fellow-countrymen,
as if goaded by a demoniac spirit, treated these simple and quailing chil-
dren of Nature, as if they were organized without sensitiveness of nerve,
fibre, or understanding, requiring of them tasks utterly beyond their
strength, bending them to the earth with crushing burdens, harnessing them
to loads which they could not drag and with fiendish sport and malice
hacking off their hands and feet, and mutilating their bodies in ways which
will not bear a description. It was when he accompanied the expedition
tiiuler Velasquez for the occupation of Cuba, that he first drew the most
jealous and antagonistic opposition and animosity upon himself, as stand-
ing between the natives and his own countr)'men, who in their sordidness,
ra|)acit\-, and cruelty seemed to have extinguished in themselves e\-cry
instinct of humanity and every sentiment of religion. Here too was first
ludught into marked observation his wonderful power over the natives
in winning their confidence and attachment, as they were ever after docile
tnuler his advice, and learned to look to him as their true friend. We
pause to contemplate this wonderful and most engaging character, as, after
lilling his eye and thought with the shocking scenes in which hi. country-
VOL. II. — 39,
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306
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
men — in name the disciples of Jesus and loyal members of his Church —
perpetrated such enormities against beings in their own likeness, he bej,'an
his incessant tracking of the ocean pathways in his voyages to lay his
remonstrances and appeals before successive monarchs. Beginning this
service in his earliest manhood, he was to labor in it with unabated zeal
till his death, with unimpaired faculties, at the age of ninety-two. lie calls
himself "the Clerigo.' He was soon to win and worthily to bear the title
of " Universal Protector of the Indians." Truly was he a remarkable and
conspicuous personage, — unique, as rather the anomaly than the product
of his age and land, his race and fellowship. His character impresses us
alike by its loveliness and its ruggedness, its tenderness and its vigor, its
melting .sympathy and its robust energies. His mental and moral endow-
ments were of the strongest and the richest, and his spiritual insight and
fervor well-nigh etherealized him. His gifts and abilities gave him a rich
versatility in capacity and resource. He was immensely in advance of his
age, so as to be actually in antagonism with it. He was free alike from its
prejudices, its limitations, and many of its superstitions, as well as from its
barbarities. He was single-hearted, courageous, fervent, and persistent,
bold and daring as a venturesome voyager over new seas and mysterious
depths of virgin wildernesses, missionary, scholar, theologian, acute logician,
historian, curious observer of Nature, the peer of Saint Paul in wisdom and
zeal. Charles V. coming to the throne at the age of sixteen, when Las Casas
was about forty, was at once won to him by profound respect and strong
•tachment, as had I^-^en the case with Charles's grandfather Ferdinand,
whom Las Casas survived fifty years, while he outlived Columbus sixty
years.
The Clerigo found his remonstrances and appeals to his own nominally
Christian fellow-countrymen wholly ineffectual in restraining or even miti-
gating the oppressions and cruelties inflicted upon the wretched natives.
There was something phenomenal, as has been said, in the license yielded
to the ingenuity of Spanish barbarity. It combined all the devices of in-
quisitorial torturing with the indulgence of the bestial ferocities of the bull-
fight. At times it seemed as if the heartless oppressors were seeking only
for a brutal mirth in inventing games in which their victims should writhe
and yell as for their amusement. Then, as opportunity suggested or served,
a scheme of the most cunning treachery and malice would turn an occasion
of revelry or feasting, to which the natives had been invited or L-on be-
guiled by their tormentors, into a riot of fury and massacre. The utter
aimlessness and recklessness of most of these horrid enormities impress
the reader in these days as simply the indulgence of a wanton spirit
in giving free license in human passions to those mocking employments
of grinning devils in the old church paintings as they inflict retributions
on the damned spirits in hell. The forked weapons, the raging flames,
and the hideous demoniac delights exhibited in paintings, with which the
eyes of the Spaniards were so familiar, found their all-too-faithful counter-
CA.
LAS CASAS, AND THE SPANIARDS AND INDIANS.
307
is Church —
ss, he bcj,'an
s to lay his
ginnini,' this
iKibatcd zeal
o. He calls
car the titU'
larkable and
the product
impresses us
its vigor, its
loral endou-
insight and
■c him a rich
vance of his
like from its
I as from its
i persistent,
1 mysterious
:utc logician,
wisdom and
en Las Casas
: and strong
Ferdinand,
mbus sixty
n nominally
even miti-
cd natives,
nse yielded
vices of in-
of the bull-
ceking only
ould writhe
d or served,
an occasion
r L_en bc-
Thc utter
les impress
anton spirit
njiloymenls
retributions
ing flames,
which the
ul counter-
parts in the tropical zones and v.dleys of our virgin islands. The only
pictcnccs offered, not for justifying but for inflicting such wanton barbar-
ities on the natives, were such as these, — that they refused to make known
(ir to guide their oppressors to rich mines, or to work beyond their powers
of endurance, or to bear intolerable burdens, or to furnish food which they
had not to give. Touching and harrowing it is to read of many instances
in which the simple diplomacy ot the natives prompted them to neglect the
little labor of husbandry required to supply their own wants, in order that
the invader? might with themselves be brought to starvation. Whenever
the Clerigo accompanied a body ol Spaniards on the way to an Indian
\ illage, he always made an effort to keej. the two people apart by night
and by day, and he employed himself busily in baptizing infants and little
children. He could never be too quick in this service, as these subjects of
his zeal were the victims of the indiscriminate slaughter. The only con-
solation which this tender-hearted yet heroic missionary could find, as his
share in the enterprise of his people, was in keeping the reckoning on his
tablets of the number of those born under the common heathen doom
whom he had snatched, by a holy drop, from the jaws of hell.
Baffled in all hf . nearly solitary endeavor? to check the direful havoc
and wreck of poor humanity on the scenes which were made so gory and
hateful. Las Casas returned again to Spain in 1515, buoyed by resolve and
hope that his dark revelations and bold remonstrances would draw forth
something more effective from the sovereign. He was privileged by free
and sympathizing interviews with Ferdinand at Placentia. But any hope
of success here was soon crushed by the monarch's death. Las Casas was
intending to go at once to Flanders to plead with the new King, Charles L,
afterward Emperor, but was delayed by sympathetic friends found in Car-
dinal Ximenes and Adrian, the Regents.
It may seem strange and unaccountable that Las Casas should have
encoimtered near the Court of a benignant sovereign a most malignant
opposition to all his endeavors from first to last in securing the simply humane
objects of his mission. But in fact he was withstood as resolutely at home
as abroad, and often by a more wily r.nd calculating policy. He found
enemies and effective thwarters of his influence and advice in the order of
the jeronymites. Of the grounds and methods of their harmful activity-,
as well as of some of the more ostensible and plausible of the motives and
alleged reasons which made him personal enemies both in Spain and in the
Indies, we must speak with some detail farther on. It may be well here
to follow him summarily in his frequent alternation between his missionary
lields and his homeward voyages, to ply his invigorated zeal with new and
iiitcnser earnestness from his fuller experiences of the woes and outrages
which he sought to redress. With some, though insufficient, assurances
tif regal authority in support of his cause, he re-embarked for the Indies,
Xov. II, 1516, and reuv-hed Hispaniola in December, fortified with the per-
?;onal title of the " Universal Protector of the Indians." He sailed again
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NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
for Spain, May 7, 15 17. His plainness of speech Iinil in tlic interval in-
creased the animosity and tiic elTorls to thwart him of the local authorities
on the islands, and had even induced coldness and lack of aid amonj; his
Dominican friends. He had many public and private hearings in Spain,
stirrin<j up atjainst himself various plottint^s and new enemies. In each of
these homeward visits Las Casas of course brou^'ht with him revelatit)ns
€ind specific details of new accumulations of iniquity against the natives;
and with a better understanding of himself, and also of all the intrigues and
interests warring against him, his honest soul assured him that he must ;it
last win some triumph in his most righteous cause. So he heaped the
charges and multii)lied the disclosures which gave such vehemence and
eloquence to his pleadings. Having during each of his home visits nut
some form of misrepresentation or falsehood, he vvould re-embark, furnislutl
as he hoped with some new agency and authority against the evil-doers.
]iut his enemies were as ingenious and as active as himself Perhaps the
same vessel or fleet which carried him to the islands, with orders intended
to advance his influence, would bear fellow-passengers with documents or
means to thwart all his reinforced mission. He left Spain again in 1520,
only to cast himself on a new sea of troubles soon inducing him to return.
His sixth voyage carried him this time to the mainland in Me.vico, in 1537.
He was in Spain once more in 1539. While waiting here for the return of
the Emperor, he composed si.K of his many essays upon his one unchan-
ging theme, all glowing with his righteous indignation, and prouering wise
and plain advice to the monarch. Yet again he crossed the now familiar
ocean to America, in 1544, it being his seventh western voyage, and returned
for the seventh and last time to Spain in 1547. Here were fourteen sea-
voyages, with their perils, privations, and lack of the common appliances and
comforts shared in these days by the rudest mariners. These voj-ages
were interspersed by countless trips and ventures amid the western islantls
and the main, involving twofold, and a larger variety of harassmcnts and
risks, with quakings, hurricanes, and reefs, exposures in open .skiffs, and the
privilege of making one's own charts. But one year short of fifty in the
count out of his lengthened life w-ere spent by this man of noble ardor, of
dauntless soul, and of loving heart in a cause which never brought to him
the joy of an accomplished aim.
Las Casas shared, with a few other men of the most fervent and self-
sacrificing religious zeal, an experience of the deepest inward conviction,
following upon, not originally prompting to, the fidl consecration of his
life to his devoutest aim. Though he had been ordained to the priesthood
in I 510, he was afterward made to realize that he had not then been the
subject of that profound experience known in the formulas of piety as true
conversion. He dates this personal experience, carrying him to a deeper
devotional consciousness than he had previously realized, to the influence
over him of a faithful lay friend, Pedro de la Renteria, with whom he be-
came intimate in 1514. To the devout conversation, advice, and example
LAS CASAS, AND IHL; Sl'AMAROS AND INDIANS.
309
i<( tliis intimate companion lie ascribed his bcttcr-infornici! appiohension
of tiic railical inlliicnccs wliicii wrought out tiic whole s\ stcni of wron^
iiithctcd upon the natives. I, as Casas himself, like all the <jther Spaniards,
li.uj a company of Indian servants, who were in effect slaves; and he put
then' to work, the benefit of which accrued to himself. A f(jrm of servitude
which exceeded all the conditions of plantation slavery had been instituted
by Columbus under the system of so-called repartimiciitos. It was founded
oil the assumption that the Spanish monarcli had an absolute proprietary
ri^'lit over the natives, and could make disposals and allotments of their ser
vices to his Christian subjects, the numbers being proportioned to the rank,
.standing, and means of individuals, the meanest Spaniard being entitled
to share in the distribution of these servitors. This allowance mide over
to men of the lowest grade of intelligence, character, and humanity, the
absolute and irresponsible power over the life and death of the natives
intrusted to the disposal of masters. Under it were perpetrated cruelties
against which there were no availing remonstrances, and for which there
was no redress. The domestic cattle of civilized men arc to be envied
abo\e the human beings who were held under the system of reparti-
miciitos, — tasked, scourged, tormented, and hunted with bloodhounds, if
they sank under toils and inflictions beyond their delicate constitutions,
or sought refuge in flight.
The slavery which afterward existed in the British Colonies and in these
United States had scarce a feature in common with that which originated
witii the Spanish invaders. Las Casas thinks that Ferdinand lived and
died without having had anything like a full apprehension of the enormities
of the system. This, however, was not because efforts were lacking to
inform him of these enormities, or to engage his sovereign intervention to
modify and restrain, if not positively to prohibit, them. As we shall see, the
system was so rooted in the greed and rapacity of the first adventurers here,
who were goaded by passion for power and wealth, that foreign authority
wa'^ thwarted in every attempt to overrule it. The most favored advisers of
l*\idinand endeavored at first to keep him in ignorance of the system, and
tluii, as he obtained partial information about it, to lead him ',0 believe that
it was vitally indispensable to conversion, to colonization, and to remunera-
tive trade. The Dominican missionaries had, as early as '501, informed
the monarch of the savage cruelties which the system imposed. AD that
they effected was to induce Ferdinand to refer the matter ;o a coun :il of
jurists and theologians. Some of these were even alleged to have pergonal
interests in the system of rcpartimioitos ; but Pt any rave they we^c under
the influence and sway of its most s;clfish supporters. As the result of their
conference, they persuaded the monarch that the system was absolutely
necessary, — as, first, the Spaniards themselves were incapable of bodily labor
under a debilitating climate; and second, that the close and dependent
relation under which the natives were thus brought to their masters could
alone insure the possibility of their conversion to the true faith. Ferdinand
;Vl,
it , lii'
■1 . !
iM
\'l
I.)l
\ui
il 'f
ll=i I .
310
NAKKATIN'i: AND CRITICAL IIISTOKY OF Ai\.KRICA.
was so far won over to the allowance of tlic wron|^ as to issue an ordinance
in its favor; while he sought to limit, restrain, and tiualify it by injunctions
which, of course, were futile in their tlictation, for operating at a distance,
in islantls where sordid personal interests were all on the side of a ilefiance
of them.
The Clerigo affirms that his own conscience was more startlingly aroused
to a full sense of the wrongs and ini(iuities of the system of the ir/>artiini-
ciitos by his religious friend Rentcria. He had previously, of course, so
far as he was himself made the master or guardian in this relation of any
number of the natives, brought his humanity and his ardor for justice inl(j
full exercise. But he was quickened by his frijnd to the duty of private
and also of bold public protest against the system, and most plainly to
offenders in proportion to the number of the victims which they enthralled
and to the cruelty inflicted upon them. It was not his wont to allow any
timidity or personal regards or temporizing calculations to compel his
silence or to moderate his rebukes. I lis infirmity rather led him to e.\-
ccss in impatience and passion in his remonstrances. I lis bold and de-
nunciatory preaching — though it appears that in this, and, as we shall
note, on other occasions of speech and writing, he restrained himself from
using the name of conspicuous offenders — caused an intense consterna-
tion and excitement. His clerical character barely saved him from per-
sonal violence. He found his hearers obdurate, and utterly beyond the
sway of his protests and appeals. Again, therefore, he turned his face
toward Spain, sustained by the fond assurance that he could so engage
the King's intervention by his disclosures and rehearsals, that the royal
authority should at this time be effectually exerted against a giant iniquity.
This was his homeward errand in 1515. That even his presence and speech
had had some restraining influence in Cuba, is signified by the fact that
after his withdrawal and during his absence all the wrongs and miseries of
which the natives, wholly impotent to resist, were the victims, ran into
wilder license. The Spaniards kept bloodhounds in training and in hun-
ger, to scour the woods and thickets and wilderness depths for the despair-
ing fugitives. Whole families of the natives took refuge in voluntary and
preferred self-destruction.
Two Dominicans of like mind with Las Casas accompanied him on his
errand. Pedro de Cordova, prelate of the Dominicans, was his stanch
friend. The Clerigo reached Seville in the autumn of 1515, and at once
addressed himself to Ferdinand. He found the monarch old and ailing.
The most able and malignant opponent with whose support, enlisted
upon the side of the wrong and of the wrongdoers. Las Casas had to con-
tend, was the Bishop of Burgos, Fonseca, whose influence had sway in the
Council for the Indies.^ After the King's d-iiath, Jan. 23, 15 16, Las Casas
1 Theadministrationof affairs in the Western and jurist;., called "The Council for the In-
colonies of .Spain was coniniitted by Ferdinand, dies." Its powers originally conferred by Fcrdi-
in 1511, to a body composed chiefly ot clergy nand were afterward greatly enlarged by Charles
IAS CASAS, AND THK Sl'ANIARUS AND INDIANS.
3«I
enjoyed the countenance, ;uul Iiad liopc of the effectual aid, of the two Ke-
f^ciits, previously mentioned, durin^,^ the minority of Charles, the iieir to
till- throne. The earnestness and persistency of the Cieri^'o so far availed
as to obtain for him instructions to be carried to those in autliority in tlie
islands for qualifying the npartimiaito system, and with penalties for the
njjpressions under it. Some Jeronyniitci' were selected to accompany him
on iiis return, as if to reinforce the objects of his mission, and to insure the
efficacy of the title conferred upon him as the " Protector of the Indians."
The Jeronymites, however, had been corrupted by the cunning and in-
trigues of the wily and exasperated enemies of La.s Casas, who effected
in secrecy what they could not or dared not attempt publicly aijainsl the
conrafTcous Clerigo and his purposes backed by authority. Already alien-
ated during the voyage, they reached San Domingo in December, 1516.
IVrliaps candor may induce the suggestion that while the Jeronymites, from
motives of prudence, temporized and qualified their activity in their errand,
Las Casas was heady and unforbcaring in his uncompromising demand for
instant redress of wrong. At any rate he was wholly foiled in the exercise
of his delegated authority; and so, with a fire in his blood which allowed
no peace to his spirit, he was again in Spain in July, 1517. Here he found
Cardinal Ximenes, his friendly patron, near to death. He was, however,
encouraged with the hope and promise of patronage from high quarters.
I'Or a season his cause presented a favorable aspect. He had become
sadly assured that upon the Spaniards in the islands, whose hearts and
consciences were smothered by their greed and inhumanity, no influence,
not even that of ghostly terrorism, which was tried in the refusal of the
sacraniciiis, would be of the least avail. His only resource was to engage
wliat force there might be in the piety and humanity of the Church at
,(
fi
V. Tluse powers were full and supreme, and any
infurniation, petition, appeal, or matter of l)usi-
ntss concerning the Indies, though it had been
first brouglit before the monarcli, was referred
by liim for at'judication to the Council. This
liddy had an almost absolute sway alike in mat-
ters civil and ecclesiastical, with supreme author-
ity liver all appointments and all concerns of
gijvtrnment and trade. It was therefore in the
|"nvcr of the Coimcil to overrule or qualify in
iM:iiiy ways the will or purpose or measures of
the sinereigns, which were really in favor of
right or justice or humane [iroceedings in the
affairs of the colonies. For it naturally came
about that some of its members were personally
.ind selfishly interested in the abuses and iniqui-
lits which it was their rightful function and their
duty to withstand. At the head of the Council
was a dignitary whose well-known character
nud (|ualities were utterly unfavorable for the
rightful discharge of his high trust. This was
Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca, successively Hishop
ui llad.ijoz, Valencia, and Uurgos, and consti-
tuted " P.atriarch of the Indies." He had full
control of colonial affairs for thirty years, till
near his death in 1547. He bore the repute
among his associates of extreme worldliness and
ambition, with none of the graces and virtues
becoming the priestly office, the duties of which
engaged but little of his time or regard. It is
evident also that he was of an unscrupulous
and malignant disposition. Ife was inimical to
Columbus and Cortes from the start. He triid
to hinder, and succeeded in delaying and cnib.ir-
rassing, the second westward voyage of the great
admiral. (Irving's Coltimlnis, iii. ; Appendix
XXXIV.) He was a bitter opponent of Las
Casas, even resorting to taunting insults of the
apostle, and either openly or crookedly thwart-
ing hiin in every stage and effort of his patient
importunities to secure the intervention of tiie
sovereigns in the i)rotection of the natives.
The explanation of this enmity is found in the
fact that Fonseca himself was the owner of a
rcpixrtimiento in Hispaniola, with a large num-
ber of nativo slaves.
,<
3'-^
NAKRATIVK AND CRITICAL HISTORY OK AMERICA.
U'' si
'( (I
'.'-I
i
I ,•
'^'1
' Ml
;i!
Iionio, in the sense of justice amonj^ hif^h civil dif^nitaries, and in siuli
siinpatlu'tic aid as lie mi^lit tiraw fnun his Cdiintijnuii ulio had no in-
terest ill the niininjj or the commerce sustaiiicd !))• tlie impositions iiixm
the natives. The yoiinj; Kin^j iiail wise coiincilh)rs, and they made willi
him some ^ooil plans for means of relieving; tlie natives from severities
in tiieir tasks of labor, from cruel intlictions in working tiie mines, and fmni
exorbitant ta\es exacting; of them produce and commodities enormously
exceeding; their possible resources, however willing; they mij^ht be in yield
inpj. It was at this time and under its emergency, that Las C'asas uuI'M.
Innately gave something more than his assent, even his countenance ami
ailvice, to a proposition the effect of which was to root in pure and free
soil an enormity whose harvesting and increase were a sum nf woes. He
certainly ilid advisi; that each Spaniard, resident in llispaniola, should
be allowed to import a do/en negro slaves. He did this, as he afterwaid
affirmed and confessed, under the lure of a deep mist and delusion.
So painful was the remorse which he tlieii experienced for his folly and
error, that he avows that he woukl part with all he had in the world to
redress it. He says that when he gave this advice he had not at all been
aware of the outrages perpetrated by the Portuguese dealers in entrapping
these wretched Africans. Besides this, he had been promised by the (Zi-
onists that if they might be allowed to have negroes, whose constituti hh
were stronger for endurance, they would give up the feeble natives. We
may therefore acquit Las Casas in his confessed sin of ignorance and will-
ing compromise in an alternative of v/rongs. Ikit he is wholly guiltless of
a charge which has been brought against him, founded upon this admitted
error, of having been the first to propose and to secure the introduction nf
African slavery into the New World. .'\s has already been said, the wrong
hatl been [jcrpetrated many years before Las Casas had any agency in it
by deed or word. While the young King was still in Flanders negro slaves
had been sent by his permission to llispaniola. The number was limited
to a thousand for each of the four principal islands. As there was a mo-
nopoly set up in the sale of these doleful victims, the price of them was
speedily and greatly enhanced.*
Las Casas devised and initiated a scheme for the emigration of laboring
men from Spain. Thwarted in this purpose, he formed a plan for a colony
where restrictions were to be enforced to guard against the worst abuses
Fifty Spaniards, intended to be carefully selected with regard to character
and habits, and distinguished by a semi-clerical garb and mode of life,
were his next device foi introducing some more tolerable conditions of
Hi;
' There is an cxtciulcd Xote on Las Casas
in Appendix X.WIIL of Irving's Co/iim/nis.
That author most effectively vindicates Las
C.isas from having first advised and been in-
strumental in the introduction of African slav-
ery in the New World, giving the dates and
the advisers and agents connected with that
wrong previous to any word on the subject
from Las Casas. The devoted missionary had
been brought to acepiicsce in the measure nii
the plausible pica stated in the text, acting from
the purest spirit of benevolence, though under
an erroneous judgment. Cardinal Ximenes haJ
from the first opposed the project.
LAS CASAS, AND THK SPANIARDS AND INDIANS.
i^i
vviiik .md tliiift in the isl.uuls. Kidiciili; was brnii<,'lu to heir, with all sorts
of iiitri^;ucs and tricks, to baffle this scliciiu'. lUit the Clori^jo persevered
ill iiieetint; all the obstructions thrown in his way, ant! sailed for San Do-
wuw^o in July, 1520. lie established his little L'topian colony at Ciimana;
lull misadventures befel it, and it came to a melancholy eml. It seemed
for a season as if the tried and patient Cleri^o was at last ihiven to com-
pkte ilisheartenment. Wearied and exhausted, he took refuse in a Domi-
niiMii convent in San Domingo, receivinjf the tonsure in 1523. Here he
\,is in retirement for eij,'ht years, occupying himself in stutlying anil writ-
ing, of which we have many results. During this interval the work of de-
|)ii|)uI,ition and devastation was ruinously ailvancing under Cortes, Alvarado,
.iiul I'i/arro, in Mexico, (iuatemala, and leru. There is some uncertainty
.ihout an alleged presence of Las Casas at the Court in Spain in 1530.
Hut he was in Mexico in 1531, in Nicaragua in 1534, and in Spain again
in 1539, in b(.'half of a promising work undertaken in Tuzulutlan, from
which all lay Spaniards were to be excluded. Having accomplished, as
he Imped, the object of his visit, he would have returned at once to the
■\nierican main; but was detained by the Council of the Indies as the per-
son best able and most trustworthy to give them certain information which
they desired. It was at this period that he wrote his remarkable work,
T/ie Destruction of the Indies. This bokl and daring product of his pen
and of the righteous indignation which had heretofore found expression
from his eloquent and fervid speech, will soon be examined in detail. It
inaj' be said now that this work, afterward so widely circulated and trans-
lated into all the languages of Europe, — perhaps with some reduction.;
fiiim the original, — was not at first allowed to be published, but was sub-
mitted to the Emperor and his ministers. As the shocking revelations
made in this book state in round numbers the victims of the Spaniards in
different places, it is at once observable that there are over-statements and
exaggerations. This, however, applies only to the numbers, not at all to the
acts of barbarity and iniipiity. ' The book was published twelve years after
it was written, and was dedicated to Philip, the heir to the throne.
' .\s will .ippe.ir farther (iii in these p.i,i;es, In the .second of liis admirable works he
l.iis Casas stands justly chaii^uable with enor- refers as follows to this stricture upon him:
iiiniis (.x.agijcrations of tiie number or estimate of "To .Vnierican and Knglish readers, acknnwl-
tile victims of .Spanish cruelty. But I have not edging so different a mural standard frnin that
n\Lt with it single case in any contemporary of the si.Meenth century, I may pnssibly be
writer, nor in the challengers and opponents thought too indulgent to tlie errors of the Con-
of his iileadings at the Court of .Spain, in which querors ;" and he urges that while he has '• not
liis liidcous portrayal of the forms and methods hesitated to expose in their strongest colors
lit that cruelty, its dreadful and revolting tor- the excesses of the Conquerors, I have given
lures .and mutilations, have been brought under them the benefit of such mitigating retlections
ijueslion. Mr. Prescott's f.ascinating volumes as might be suggested by the circumstances
h:ive been often and sometimes very sharply and the period in which they lived" (Preface
•ensured, because in the glow of romance, chi- to the Coinjiicst of Mexico).
valric daring, and heroic adventure in which It is true that scattered over all the ably-
lie sets the achievements of the Sjianish " Con- wrmight pages of 'SXr. Prescott's volumes are
i|uerors" of the New World ho would seem expressions of the sternest judgment and the
I" be somewhat lenient to their barbarities, most indigna-'t OLMdemnation passed uiK)n the
VOL, II. — 40.
f
i
X.\\l
IM
3'4
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
TJ
It may be as well here to complete the summary of the career of Las
Casas. While detained by the Council he was engaged in the advice and
oversight of a new code of laws for the government of the colonies ami
the colonists. Up to this time he hid crossed the ocean to the islantls
or the main twelve times, and had journeyed to Germany four times to
confer with the limperor. He was offered the bishopric of Cusco, in To-
ledo, but was not thus to be withdrawn from his foreign mission. In order,
however, to secure authority to enforce the new laws, he accepted the ft)r-
eign bishopric of Chiapa, was consecrated at Seville in 1544, embarked
on July 4, with forty-four monks, and arrived at Ilispaniola. He b'ore the
aversion and hate which his presence everywhere provoked, was faithful to
the monastic habits, and though so abstemious as to deny himself meat, he
kept the vigor of his body. He resolutely forbade absolution to be given
to Spaniards holding slaves contrary to the provisions of the new laws.
Resigning his bishopric, he returned to Spain for the last time in 1547, —
engaging in his bold controversy with Sepulveda, to be soon rehearsed.
He resided chiefly in the Dominican College at Valladolid. In 1564, in
his ninetieth year, he wrote a work on Peru. On a visit to Madrid in the
service of the Indians, after a short illness, he died in July, 1566, at the age
of ninety-two, and was buried in the convent of " Our Lady of Atocha."
■ n«
i'i' /.
K' i *
il< I'
The most resolute and effective opponents which Las Casas found at the
Spanish Court were Oviedo and Sepulveda, representatives of two different
classes of those who from different motives and by different methods stood
between him and the King. Oviedo had held high offices under Govern-
ment both in Spain and in various places in the New World. He wrote
a history of the Indies, which Las Casas said was as full of lies almost as
of pages. He also had large interests in the mines and in the enslaving
of the natives. Sepulveda ' was distinguished as a scholar and an author.
most signal enormities of these intnrnate spoilers,
who made a sport of their barbarity. But those
who have most severely censured the author
upon the matter now in view have done so under
the conviction that cruelty unprovoked and un-
relieved was so awfully dark and prevailing a
feature in every stage and incident of the Span-
ish advance in America, that no glamour of
adventure or chivalric deeds can in the least
lighten or redeem it. The undLrlving ground
of variance is in the objection to the use of the
terms " Coni|uest " and " Contiucrors, " as bur-
dened with the relation of such a pitiful strug-
gle between the overmastering power of the
invaders and the abject lielplessness of their
victims.
As I am writing this note, niv eve falls u|)on
the following extract from a private letter writ-
ten in 1S47 by that eminent and highlv revered
divine, Hr. Orville Dewey, and just now put
into print : " I have been reading I'rescott's
Pi-ni. What a fine accomplishment there is
about it I And yet there is something wanting to
me in the moral nerve. History should tcacli
men how to estimate characters ; it should be
a teacher of morals ; and I think it should
make us s/iiidJey at the names of Cortez ami
I'izarro. Hut Prescott does iKit ; he seems to
have a kind of sympathy with these inhuman
and i)erfidious adventures, as if they were his
heroes. It is too bad to talk of them as the
soldiers of Christ; if it wire said of the Devil,
they would have better fitted the char.tcter"
( Anlohioj^rafhy and Letters of On'ille Dewey, D.D.
p. 190).
• Juan Ginez de Sepulved.a, distinguished
both as a theologian and an historian, w,as born
near Cordova in 1490, and died in 1573. Ho
was of a noble but impoverished family, lb'
availed himself of his o])portunities for obtain-
ing the best educaticm of his time in the uni-
versities of Spain and Italy, and acquired .in
ICA.
LAS CASAS, AND THE SPANIARDS AND INDIANS.
315
career of Las
ic advice and
colonies and
o the islands
Four times to
^usco, in To-
in. In order,
:pted the for-
1.4, embarked
He b'ore tlic
vas faithful to
isclf meat, he
n to be given
he new laws,
le in 1547.—
Dn rehearsed.
In 1564, in
Madrid in the
56, at the age
■ Atocha."
5 found at the
two different
lethods stood
nder Govern-
He wrote
es almost as
le enslaving
an author.
shmcnt there is
:thing w.-inting to
■y should te.icU
it should be
think it should
of Cortez .ind
he seems to
these iiihuMKin
if they were his
if them as tlie
.lid of the Devil,
the ch.ir.icter"
•ilUDfwey,D.D.
■X, distinguished
torian, was born
;d in 1573. He
led family. Hi-
lilies for obt.iiiv
time in the uni-
,nd aciiuired .in
Las Casas charges that his pen and influence were engaged in the interest
of parlies who had committed some of the grcate.st ravages, and who had
niiMinal advantages at stake. Sepulveda in his opposition to the Clengo
makes two points or "Conclusions," — i. That the Spaniards had a right
to sidijugate and require the submission of the Lidians, because of their
superi(^r wisdom and prudence; and that, therefore, the Indians were bound
t<i sul)mit and acquiesce. 2. That in case of their refusal to do so tliey
iniglit justly be constrained by force of arms. It was the proceeding on
these assumptions that, as Las Casas pleaded, had led to the entire de-
population of vast territories. With high professions of loyalty Sepul-
veda urged that his motive in writing was simply to justifj- the absolute
tilk' of the King of Spain to the Indies. In offering his book to the Royal
Council he importunately solicited its publication ; and as tiiis was repeat-
edi)- refused, he engaged the urgency of his friends to bring it about. Las
Casas, well knowing what mischief it would work, strongly opposed the
publication. The Council, regarding the matter as purely theological,
referred Sepulveda's treatise for a thorough examination to the universi-
ties of Salamanca and Alcala. They pronounced it unsound in doctrine
and unfit to be printed. Sepulveda then .secretly sent it to Rome, and
through his friend, the Bishop of Segovia, procured it to be printed. The
lauperor prohibited its circulation in Spain, and caused the copies of it
to be seized.
Las Casas resolved to refute this dangerous treatise, and Sepulveda
was personally cited to a dispute, which was continued through five days.
.\s a result, the King's confessor, Dominic de Soto, an eminent divine,
einiiu lit reputation as a scholar and a disputant,
— mil, however, for any elevation of principles or
imhluncss of thought. In 1536 he was appointed
by Charles V. his historiographer, and put in
ch;irgc of hi.s son Philip. Living at Court, he
h:ul die repute of being crooked and unscrupu-
lous, his influence not being given on the side
o[ rectitude and progressive views. His writ-
ings iiiuceruing men and public affairs give evi-
ikiue of the faults imputed to liim. lie was
/(.hcnienl, intolerant, and dogmatic He justi-
fied llie most extreme absolutism in the c.xcr-
cisr of the royal prerogative, and the l.iwfulness
.iml even the expediency of aggressive wars
simply for the glory of the State. Mclchior
C'ano and Antonio Ramirez, as well as L.as Ca-
s.iN entered into antagonism and controversy
with his avowed principles. One of his works,
cntilk'd Democnxti-s Scaindus, sen dc jiistis belli
i',!,iwf, niay be pronounced almost lirutal in the
lia use which it allowed in the stratagems and
vi ii.:ifiilness of warfare. It was condemned by
llu' universities of Alcala and Salamanca. He
«.is a voluminous author of works of history,
pliili's.iphv, and theology, and was ailmitted to
he ;i line and able writer. Kvasmus pronounced
him the Spanish Livy. The disputation between
him and Las Casas took place before Charles in
1550. The monarch was very much under his
influence, and seems to some extent to have
sided with him in some of his views and prin-
ciples. Sepulveda was one of the very few jicr-
sons whom the monarch admitted to interviews
and intimacy in his retirement to the Monastery
at Vuste.
It was this formidable opponent — a personal
enemy also in jealousy and malignity — wliom
Las Casas ci^.^rontcd with such boldness and
earnestness of protest before the Court and
Council. It was evidently the aim of Sepulveda
to involve the advocate of the Indians in some
disloyal or heretical questioning of the prerog-
atives of monarch or jiopc. It seemed at one
time as if the noble pleader for equity and hu-
manity would come under the clutch of the
Holy Office, then exercising its new-born vigor
upon all who could be brought under inquisi-
tion for constructive or latent heretical proclivi-
ties. For Las Casas, though true to his priestly
vows, made frecpient and bold nttciances of
what certainly, in his time, were advanced views
and principles.
" •
,U
IS
1 I ■ i '
I'
4
:! :i .
316
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
!) »
lit « '
;„i
"
i
:»
.11
M
/!';
i'i
was asked to give a summary of the case. This he did in substance as
follows : —
" '["lie prime point is whether the Emperor may justly make war on the Indians
before the Faith has been preached to tiiem, and whether after being subdued hv
arms they will be in any condition to receive the light of the Gospel, more tractable,
more docile to good impressions, and ready to give up their errors. The issue between
the disputants was, that Sepulveda maintained that war was not only lawful and allow-
able, but necessary ; while I,as Casas insisteil upon tlie direct contrary, — that war was
wholly unjust, and offered invincible obstacles to conversion. Sepulveda presented
four arguments on his side : i. 'i"he enormous wickedness antl criminality of the
Indians, their idolatry, and their sins against nature. 2. Their ignorance and barliarity
needed the mastery of the intelligent and polite Spaniards. 3. The work of con\er-
sion would be ficilitated after subjugation. 4. That the Indians treat each other with
great cruelty, and offer human sacrifices to false gods. Sepulveda fortifies these argu-
ments by examples and authorities from Scripture, and by the views of doctors ami
canonists, — ^all proceeding upon the assumed exceeding wickedness of the Indians.
In citing Dciikronomy xx. 10-16, he interprets 'far-off cities' as those of a differ-
ent religion. Las Casas replies that it was not simply as idolaters that the seven
nations in Can.oan were to be destroyed, — as the same fate, on that score, might have
been visited upon all the inhabitants of the earth, except Israel, — but as intruders upon
the Promised Land. The early Christian emperors, beginning with Constantine, did not
make their wars as against itlolaters, but for political reasons. He cites the Fathers as
giving testimony to the effect of a good example and against violent measures. The
Indians under the light of Nature are sincere, but are blinded in offering sacrifices.
They are not like the worst kind of barbarians, to be hunted as beasts; they have
princes, cities, laws, and arts. It is wholly unjust, impolitic, and futile to wage war
against them as simply barbarians. The Moors of Africa had been Christians in the
time of Augustine, and had been perverted, and so might rightfully be reclaimed."
The Royal Council, after listening to the dispute and the summary of its
points, asked Las Casas to draw up a paper on the question whether they
might lawfully enslave the Indians, or were bound to set free all who were
reduced to bondage. He replied that the law of God docs not justify war
against any people for the sake of making them Christians; so the whole
course of treatment of the Indians had been wrong from the start. The
Indians were harmless ; they had never had the knowledge or the protTer
of Christianity: so they had never fallen away, like the Moors of ^Xfrica,
Constantinople, and Jerusalem. No sovereign prince had authorized the
Spaniards to make war. The Spaniards cannot pretend that their reason
for making war was because of the cruelty of the Indians to each other.
The slaughter of them was indiscriminate and universal. They were en-
slaved and branded with the King's arms. The monarch never authorized
these execrable artifices and shocking atrocities, a long catalogue of whicli
is specified.
The Clerigo then warms into an earnest dissertation on natural and Cluis-
tian equity. He quotes some beautiful sentences from the will of Isabella,
ERICA.
in substance as
ar on the Imliaiis
being siiljducd by
el, more tractaljle,
Tlie issue hetwcni
y lawful and allow-
ry, -- that war uas
pulvetla presented
criminality of the
ance and barbaritj-
le work of conver-
;at each other with
brtifies these argu-
vs of doctors and
;ss of the Indians.
those of a differ-
;rs that the seven
; score, might have
t as intruders upon
onstantine, did not
ites the Fathers as
It measures. The
offering sacrifices,
beasts; they have
futile to wage war
Christians in ihe
je reclaimed."
summary of its
whether tiiey
ee all who were
not justify war
so the whole
ic start. The
or the proffer
oors of Africa,
authorized the
at their reason
to each other.
They were cii-
vcr authorized
otjue of which
ural and Chris-
/ill of Isabella,
LAS CASAS, AND THE SPANIARDS AND INDIANS.
317.
enjoining her own humanity on her husband and tlaut^hter. He makes a
stnmL; point of the fact that Isabella first, and then a council of divines and
lawyers at Burgos, and Charles himself in 1523, had declared that all the in-
habitants of the New World had been born free. Only Las Casas' earnest-
ness, his pure and persistent purpose, relieve of weariness his reiteration of
the same truths and appeals to the King. He insists over and over again
that the delegating of any portion of the King's own personal authority' to any
Sjjaniard resident in the New World, or even to the Council of the Indies,
opens the door to every form and degree of abuse, and that he must strictly
reserve all jurisdiction and control to himself
In a second treatise, which Las Casas addressed to Charles V., he states
at length the practical measures needful for arresting the wrongs and disas-
ters consequent upon the enslaving of the Indians. Of the twenty methods
specified, the most important is that the King should not part with the least
1)1 irtion of his sovereign prerogative. He meets the objection artfully raised
by Sepulveda, that if the King thus retains all authority to himself he may
lose llie vast domain to his crown, and that the Spaniards will be forced to
return to Europe and give up the work of Gospel conversion.
Las Casas wrote six memorials or argumentative treatises addressed to
tlie sovereigns on the one same theme. The sameness of the information and
appeals in them is varied only by the increasing boldness of the writer in
exposing iniquities, and by the warmer earnestness of his demand for the
royal interposition. His sixth treatise is a most bold and searching expo-
sition of the limits of the royal power over newly discovered territory, and
within the kingdoms and over the natural rights of the natives. A copy
of this paper was obtained by a German ambassador in Spain, and published
at Sjjire, in Latin, in 1 571. It is evident that for a considerable period after
the composition — and, so to speak, the publication — of these successive pro-
tests and appeals of the Clerigo, only a very limited circulation wa^ gained
h\- them. Artful efforts were made, first to suppress them, and then to
confine the knowledge of the facts contained in them to as narrow a range
as possible. His enemies availed themselves of their utmost ingenuity and
cunning to nullify his influence. Sometimes he was ridiculed as a crazy
enthusiast, — a visionary monomaniac upon an exaggerated delusion of
his own fancy. Again, he would be gravely and threateningly denounced
as an enemy to Church and State, because he imperilled the vast interests
of Spain in her colonies.
The principal and most important work from the pen of Las Casas, on
which his many subsequent writings are based and substantially developed,
bears [\n luiglish) the following title: A Relation of the First Voyages and
Ihsioi'cries made by the Spaniards in America. With an Aecount of their
I npixralleled Cruelties on the Indians, in the Destruction of above Forty Mill-
inns of People ; together with the Propositions offered to the King of Spain
!>> prevent the further Ruin of the West Indies. By Don Bartliolomew de
/<?v Casas, Bishop of Chiapa, who was an Eye-toitness of their Cruelties. It
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NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
was composed in Spanish, and finished at Valencia, Dec. 8, 1542, near
the beginning of the reign of Philip II., to whom it is dedicated. This was
about fifty years after the discovery of America ; and during the greater
part of the period Las Casas had lived as an observer of the scenes and
events which he describes. He makes Hispaniola his starting-point, as
the navigators usually first touched there. The reader will at once be
struck by the exaggeration, the effect of a high-wrought and inflamed im-
agination, so evident in the words of the title, which set the number of the
victims of Spanish cruelty at forty millions. Of this weakness of Las Casas
in ver-estimate and exaggeration of numbers, we shall have to take special
nuiioe by and by. It is enough to say here that his license in this direc-
tion is confined to this one point, and is by no means to be viewed as dis-
crediting his integrity, fidelity, and accuracy in other parts of his testimony.
He certainly had been deeply impressed with the density of the population
in some of the islanr's, for he says : " It seems as if Providence had amassed
together the greate, part of mankind in this region of the earth." He tells
us that his motives for writing and publishing his exposure of iniquities
were, — the call made upon him by pious and Christian people thus to enlist
the sympathies and efforts of the good to redress the wrong; and his sin-
cere attachment to his King and Master, lest God should avenge the wrong
on his kingdom. For this purpose he has followed the Court with his
pleadings, and will not cease his remonstrances and appeals. At the time
of completing his work savage cruelties were prevailing over all the parts of
America which had been opened, slightly restrained for the time in Mexico,
through the stern intervention of the King. An addition to his work 'n
1546 recognized many new ordinances and decrees made by his Majesty
at Barcelona since 1542, and signed at Madrid in 1543. But nevertheless
a new field for oppression and wickedness had been opened in Peru, with
exasperations from civil war and rebellion among the natives; while the
Spaniards on most frivolous pretexts defied the orders of the King, pre-
tending to wait for his answers to their pleas in self-justification. The
period was one in whicli the rapacity of the invaders was both inflamed
and gratified by abundance of spoil, which sharpened the avarice of the
earlier claimants, and drew to them fresh adventurers.
Las Casas gives a very winning description of the natives under liis
observation and in his ever-kindly and sympathetic relations with them.
He says they are simple, huinblc, patient, guileless, submissive, weak, and
effeminate ; incapable of toil or labor, short-lived, succumbing to slii,dit
illnesses; as frugal and abstemious as hermits; inquisitive about the Cath-
olic religion, and docile disciples. They were lambs who had encountered
tigers, wolves, and lions. During the lifetime of Las Casas Cuba had been
rendered desolate and a desert; then St. John and Jamaica; and in all thirty
islands had come to the same fate. A system of deportation from one
island to another had been devised to obtain new supplies of slaves. The
Clerigo deliberately charges that in forty years the number of victims counted
ERICA.
LAS CASAS, AND THE SPANIARDS AND INDIANS.
319
• 8, 1542, near
;atcd. This was
ring the greater
the scenes and
tarting-point, as
vill at once be
nd inflamed im-
: number of tlic
2SS of Las Casas
c to take special
ic in this direc-
ic viewed as dis-
if his testimony.
the population
ice had amassed
arth." He tells
ire of iniquities
3le thus to enlist
ig; and his sin-
'enge the wrong
Court with his
s. At the time
• all the parts of
time in Mexico,
to his work "n
by his Majesty
ut nevertheless
in Peru, with
ives; while the
the King, pre-
cation. The
3oth inflamed
avarice of the
ives under his
ns with them.
\c, weak, and
ling to slij,dit
out the Cath-
1 encountered
uba had been
md in all thirty
ion from one
slaves. The
ctims counted
tc t'lfty millions. Enslaving was but a protracted method of killing, — all in
the greed for gold and pearls. The sight of a fragment of the precious metal
in the hands of a native was the occasion for demanding more of him, as if
he had hidden treasure, or for his guiding the Spaniards to some real or
imagined mines. Las Casas follows his details and examples of iniquity
through the islands in succession, then through the provinces of Nicaragua,
Xew Spain, Guatemala, Pannco, Jalisco, Yucatan, St. Martha, Carthagena,
the Pearl Coast, Trinidad, the River Yuya-pari, Venezuela, Florida, La Plata;
and Peri', — being in all seventeen localities, — repeating the similar facts,
hardly with variations. Against ihe Spaniards with their horses, lances,
swords, and bloodhounds, the natives could oppose caly their light spears and
poisoned arrows. The victims would seek refuge in caves and mountain fast-
nesses, and if approached would kill themselves, as the eas'est escape from
wanton tortures. Las Casas says : " I one day saw four or five persons, of the
highest rank, in Hispaniola, burned by a slow fire." Occasionally, he tells us,
a maddened Indian would kill a Spaniard, and then his death would be
avenged by the massacre of a score or a hundred natives. Immediately
upon the knov. ledge of the death of Isabella, in 1504, as if her humanity
had been some restraint, the barbarous proceedings were greatly intensified.
The Spaniards made the most reckless waste of the food of the natives.
Las Casas says : " One Spaniard will consume in a day the food of three
Indian families of ten persons each for a month." He avows that when he
wrote there were scarce two hundred natives left in St. John and Jamaica,
where there had once been six hundred thou-sand. For reasons of caution
or i)rudcnce — we can hardly say from fear, for never was there a more
courageous champion — Las Casas suppresses the names of the greatest
offenders. The following are specimens of his method : " Three merciless
tjrants have invaded Florida, one after another, since 1510." "A Spanish
conunander with a great number of soldiers entered Peru," etc. " In the
year 1 5 14 a merciless governor, destitute of the least sentiment of pity or
humanity, a cruel instrument of the wrath of God, pierced into the continent."
" The fore-mentioned governor," etc. " The captam whose lot it was to
travel into Guatemala did a world of mischief there." " The first bishop
that was sent into America imitated the conduct of the covetous governors
in enslaving and spoiling." " They call the countries they have got by their
unjust and cruel wars their conquests." " No tongue is capable of describ-
ing to the life all the horrid villanies perpetrated by these bloody-minded
men. They seemed to be the declared enemies of mankind." The more
j^enerous the presents in treasures which were made by some timid cacique
to his spoilers, the more brutally was he dealt with, in the hope of extorting
wluit he was suspected of having concealed. Las Casas stakes his veracity
"II tlie assertion : " I saw with my own eyes above six thousand children die
.11 tliree or four months."
To reinforce his own statements the Clerigo quotes letters from high
•aithoritics. One is a protest which the Bishop of St. Martha wrote mi 1541
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NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL IIISIOKV OF AMERICA.
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to the Kin;4 of Spain, saying tliat "the Spaniards live there hke devils,
rather than Christians, vioiatini; all the laws of God and man." .Another i^
from Mark de Xlicia, a Franciscan friar, to the Kiny, the General of 1ik
Order, who came with the first Spaniards into Peru, testifyin,^^ frt-m his v\\-
sii^ht to all enormities, in mutilations, cnttin<,' off the noses, cars, and hands
of the natives, burning and tortures, and keeping famished dogs to chase
them.
Las Casas follows up his direful catalogue of horrors into the " New
Kingdom of Grenada," in 1536, which he says received its name from tlir
native place of " the captain that first set his foot in it." Those whom lie
took with him into Peru were " very profligate and extremely cruel nieii,
without scruple or remorse, long accustomed to all sorts of wickedness."
The second " governor," enraged that his predecessor had got the first share
of the plunder, though enough was left for spoil, turned informer, and made
an exposure of his atrocities in complaints to the Council of the Indies, in
documents which " are yet to be seen." The spoils were prodigious quanti-
ties of gold and precious stones, especially emeralds. The "governor"
seized and imprisoned the cacique, or inca, liogata, requiring him to send
for and geither up all the gold within his reach ; and after heaps of it had
been brought, put him to horrid torture in order to extort more.
There were published at Madeira certain " Laws and Constitutions "
made by the King at Barcelona, in 1542, under the influence of Las Casas,
as the result of a council at Valladolid. Strict orders to put a stop to the
iniquitous proceedings were circumvented by agents sent in the interest of
the authors of the outrages. The Clerigo petitioned the King to constitute
all the natives his free subjects, with no delegated lordship over them, and
enjoined upon him " to take an oath on the Holy Gospels, for himself and
Ilis successors, to this effect, and to put it in his will, solemnlj' witnessed."
He insists that this is the only course to prevent the absolute extermina-
tion of the natives. He adds that the Spaniards in their covetousness com-
bine to keep out priests and monks, not the slightest attempt being made
to convert the nati\'cs, though the work would be easy, and they themsehcs
crave it. "The Spaniards have no more regard to their salvation than if
their souls and bodies died together, and were incapable of eternal rewards
or punishments." Yet he admits that it would hardly be reasonable to
expect these eftorts for conversion of the heathen from men who are thcn>
selves heathen, and so ignorant and brutish that they " do not know e\ en
the number of the commandments." "As for your Majesty," the Clerii^i)
says, with a keen thrust, ' the Indians think you are the most cruel and
impious prince in the world, while they see the cruelty and impiety yonr
subjects so insolently commit, and they verily belie\'e your Majesty li\es
upon nothing but human flesh and blood." He positix'elj' denies the imiMi-
tations alleged to justify cruelty, — that the Indians indulged in abominable
lusts against nature, and were cannibals. As for their idolatry, that is a sin
against God, for Him, not for man, to punish. The monarchs, he insists
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321
li.ul been most artfully imposed upon in allowing the deportation of natives
lioin the Lucay Islands to supply the havoc made in Ilispaniola. The
C leri;;o goes into the most minute details, with specifications and reitera-
tions of horrors, ascribing them to the delegated authority exercised by
petty officers, under the higher ones successively intrusted with power.
There is a holy fervor of eloquence in his remonstrances and appeals to his
Majesty to keep the sole power in his own hands, as he reminds him that
fearful retributive judgments from God may be visited upt)n his own king-
dom. The Council of the Indies, he says, had desired him to write to the
monarch about the exact nature of the right of the kings of Spain to the
Indies; and he intimates that the zeal which he had shown in exposing
iniquities under those whom the King had put in authority in the New
World had been maliciously turned into a charge that he had que; tioned
the royal title to those regions. As will appear, Las Casas, under the lead-
ings of that intelligent gearch for the fundamentals of truth and righteous-
ness which a quickened conscience had prompted, found his way to the
principles of equity on this subject.
He had, therefore, previously sent to the King thirty well-defined and
carefully stated " Propositions," which he regards as so self-evident that he
makes no attempt to argue or prove them. His enemies have in view to
cover up their iniquities by misleading the King. Therefore, for conscience'
sake, and under a sense of obligation to God, he sets himself to a sacred
task. Little foreseeing that his life and labor were to be protracted till he
had nearly doubled his years, he says that, finding himself " growing old,
being advanced to the fiftieth year of his age," and " from a full acquain-
tance with America," his testimony shall be true and clear.
His subtle enemies plead against him that the King has a right to
establish himself in America by force of arms, however ruthless the pro-
cess,— quoting the examples of Nimrod, Alexander, the old Romans, and
the Turks. They allege also that the Spaniards have more prudence and
wisdom than other peoples, and that their country is nearest to the
Indies. He therefore announces his purpose to put himself directly before
the King, and stand for his " Propositions," which he sends in advance
in writing, suggesting that if it be his Majesty's pleasure, they be translated
into Latin and published in that language, as well as in Spanish.
Tlie " Propositions " may be stated in substance as follows ; the}' were
keenly studied and searched by those who were anxious to detect flaws or
heresies in them : —
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1. The Pope derives from Christ authority and power extending over all men,
believers or infidels, in matters pertaining to salvation and eternal life. But these
shcMild be exercised differently over infidels and those who have had a chance to be
l)i-'lic\ers.
2. This prerogative of the Pope puts him luider a solemn obligation to propagate
thij Gospel, and to offer it to all infidels who will not oppose it.
T,. The Pope is obliged to send capable ministers for this work.
VOL. ir. — 41.
322
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
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4. Christian princes are liis most proper and able lielpers in it.
5. Tiic Pope may exiiort and even oblige Christian princes to this work, bv
authority and money, to remove obstructions and to send true workers.
6. The Pope and princes should act in accord and harmony.
7. The Po[)e may distribute infidel provinces among Christian princes for this
work.
8. In this distribution should be had in view the instruction, conversion, am!
interests of the infidels themselves, not the increase of honors, titles, riches, and
territories of the princes.
9. Any incidental advantage which princes may thus gain is allowable; but tem-
poral ends should be wholly subordinate, the paramount objects being the extending
of the Church, the propagation of the Faith, and the service of God.
10. The lawful native kings and rulers of infidel countries have a right to thr
obedience of their subjects, to make laws, etc., and ought not to be deiirivcd,
expelled, or violently dealt with.
11. To transgress this rule involves injustice and every form of wrong.
12. Neither these native rulers nor their subjects should be deprived of their lands
for their idolatry, or any other sin.
13. No tribunal or judge in the world has a right to molest these infidels f(ir
idolatry or any other sins, however enormous, while still infidels, and before thev
have voluntarily received baptism, unless they directly oppose, refuse, and resist the
publication of the Gospel.
14. Pope .\lexander VI., under whom the discovery was made, was indispensably
obliged to choose a Christian prince to whom to commit these solemn obligations
of the Gospel.
15. Ferilinand and Isabella had especial claims and advantages for this intrust-
ment by the Pope above all other Catholic princes, because they had with noble
effc ts driven oat the infidels and Mohammedans from the land of their ancestors,
and because they sent at their own charge Columbus, the great discoverer, whom
they named the chief admiral.
16. As the Pope did right in this assignment, so he has power to revoke it, to
transfer the country to some other prince, and to forbid, on pain of excommunication,
any rival prince to send missionaries.
1 7. The kings of Castile and Leon have thus come lawfully to jurisdiction o\cr
the Indies.
18. This obliges the native kings of the Indies to submit to the jurisdiction of the
kings of Spain.
19. Those native kings, having freely and voluntarily received the Faith ami
baptism, are bound (as they were not before) to acknowledge this sovereignty of tin.'
kings of Spain.
20. The kings of Spain arc bound by the law of God to choose and send fu
missionaries to exhort, convert, and do everything for this cause.
21. They have the same power and jurisdiction over these infidels before their
conversion as the Pope has, and share his obligations to convert them.
22. The means for establishing the Faith, in the Indies should be the same as those
by which Christ introduced his religion into the world, — mild, peaceable, and chir-
itable ; humility ; good examples of a holy and regular way of living, especially o\c»
such docile and easy subjects ; and presents bestowed to win them.
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32s
23. Attem))ls liy force of arms arc inii)ioiis, like those of Mahometans, Romans,
Turks, and Moors : they are tyrannical, and unwortliy of Christians, calling out blas-
phemies ; and they have already made the Indians Lelieve tliat our (lod is the most
iiiunerciful and cruel of all Gods.
24. The Indians will naturally oppose the invasion of their country by a title of
( oiiijuest, ancl so will resist the work of conversion.
25. Tiie kings of Spain have from tiie first given and reiterated their orders against
war and the ill-treatment of the Indians. If any officers have shown commissions and
warrants for such i)ractices, they have been forged or deceiitive.
26. So all wars anil conquests which have been made have been unjust and tyran-
nical, and in effect null ; as is proved by jjroceedings on record in the Council against
sue!) tyrants and other culprits, who are amenable tc judgment.
27. The kings of S])ain are bound to reinforce am! estalilish those Indian laws
and customs which are good — and such are most of them — ant! to abolish the bad;
thus upholding good manners and civil policy. The Gospel i^; the method for effecting
this.
2.S. 'I'he Devil could not have done ■ re mischief than the Spaniards have done in
ilisiril)uting and spoiling the countries, ui their rapacity and tyranny; subjecting the
natives to cruel tasks, treating them like beasts, and persecuting those especially who
apply to the monks for instruction.
29. The distribution of the Indians among the Spaniards as slaves is wholly con-
\iarv to all the royal orders given by Isabella successively to Columbus, Hol)adilla, and
De Lares. Columbus gave three hundred Indians to Spaniards who had done the
nuist service to the Crown, and took but one for his own use. The Queen ordered all
i.\ce])t that one to be sent back. Wliat would she have said to the present iniquities?
'I'lie King is reminded that his frequent journeys and absences have prevented his
fully informing himself of these facts.
30. From all these considerations it follows that all conquests, acquisitions, usur-
pations, and a])propriations by officers and private persons have no legality, as con-
trary to the orders of the Spanish monarchs.
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ricrc certainly is an admirable and cogent statement of the principles of
equity and righteousness, as based upon natural laws and certified and forti-
ficti b}' the great verities and sanctions supposed to be held in reverence by
professed Christians. Las Casas, in taking for his starting-point the Pope's
supreme and inclusive right over half the globe, just brought to the knowl-
edge of civilized men, seems to make a monstrous assumption, only greater
than that of the Spanish' kings' holding under and deriving dominion from
him. But we may well pardon this assumption to so loyal a disciple of the
Church, when we consider how nobly he held this Papal right as condi-
tioned and limited, involving lofty duties, and balanced by an obligation
to confer inestimable blessings. He had ever before him the contrast
between fair scenes of luxurious Nature, ministering to the easy happiness
ol a gentle race of delicate and short-lived beings akin to himself, and the
ruthless passions, lusts, and savagery of his own countrymen and fellow-
Christians. We can well account for the opposition and thwarting of his
eilorts amid these scenes, but may need a further explanation of the re-
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sistancc anil ill-success which he cncoimtcrcil when pleading his cause
before monarchs and ^'real councillors at home, whose s)'in|)athies seem
to have been tjenerally on his side. 1 le often stood wholl)' alone in scenes
where these ravayiny cruelties had full sweep, alone in the humane sen-
sitiveness with which he re^.irtU.'d them; alone in fniiloni from tlie ma->-
terin^; passions of ^'reed and rapacity which excited them; and alone ni
realizing the appalling contrast between the spirit of blood and rapine whieii
l)rompteil them, and the spirit of that Gospel, the assumed championship n|
which at these ends of the earth was the blasphemous pretence of these
nuirtierers. Those ruthless tyrants, who here treated lumdreils and thou-
sands of the n.itives subject to them worse than even brutes from whii li
useful service is expected, would not, of course, have the front to offer on
the spot the pretence set up for them by their abetters at the Spanisli
Court, — that they were thus drawing the natives to them for their con\er-
sion; they laughed at the Clerigo when they did not openly thwart him.
Las Casas had many powerful ami embittered opi)onents, and bj' tiic
use of various means and artifices they were able to put impediments in
his way, to qualify and avert what would seem to be the natural effects of
his ardent appeals and shocking disclosures, and to keep hmi through his
jirotracted life in what looked like a ho[)eIess struggle against giant ini-
quities. Nor is it necessary that we go tleeper than the obvious surface nf
the storj' to find the reasons for the opposition and discomfiture which lie
encountered. It may be that all those who opposed him or who would nni
co-operate with him were not personall)' interested in the iniquities which
he exposed and sought to redress. Something may need to be said by
and b)- concerning alleged faults of temper, over-ardor of zeal and oxer-
statement, and wild exaggeration attributed to this bold apostle of right-
eousness. But that the substance of all his charges, and the specifications
of inhumanity, cruelt)', and atrocit)' which he set forth in detail, and wilii
hardly enough diversity to vary his narrative, is faithful to the soberest truth,
cannot be (juestioned. He spoke and wrote of what he had seen and
known. Me had looked upon sights of shocking and enormous iniquit)'
and barbarity, over every scene which he had visited in his unresting
travel. His sleep b)' night had been broken by the piteous shrieks of
the wretched victims of slow tortures.
Much help ma}' be derived by a reader towards a fuller appreciation n(
the character and life-work of Las Casas from the biography of him am!
the translation and editing of his principal writings by his ardent admirer,
Llorente.^ This writer refers to a previous abridged translation of the works
1 Ju.in Antonio I.lorciite, eminent .is a writer
■ind histori.m, both in Sp.inish and French, was
liorn near C'alahorra, Aragon, in 1756, and died
at .Madrid in 1S23. He received the tonsure
when fourteen years of age, and was ordained
priest at Saragossa in 1779. He was of a vigo-
rous, inquisit've, and liberal spirit, giving free
range to his mind, and turning his wide study
and deep investigations to the account of his
enlargement and emancipation from the linii'.i-
tions of his age and associates. He tells us th.it
in 17S4 he had abandoned all ultramontane doc-
trines, and all the ingenuities and perple.xities if
scholasticism. His liberalism ran into ratioiul-
;; t
I )'
ll>.
IRICA.
liiij^ his cause
nipathics scliii
aloiiu ill scL'iu?i
ic liumaiic scii-
from the ma>-
; aiui alone in
ul rapine w hich
liampioiiship n|
.•tence of tliese
Ircds and thoii-
tes from whicii
■ont to ol't'i V on
at the Spani.-.li
)r tlu'ir conver-
tlnvart him.
its, and b)' tlic
impediments in
\tiiral effects of
im throu^^li |ijs
ainst ^n'ant ini-
/ious surface of
ifiture which lie
wlio wouid nni
niquities wiiicii
to be said by
zeal and o\ci-
lostle of ri^rin_
specifications
etail, and witii
soberest truth,
lad seen and
■mous iniquit)'
his unrestin;^
lus shrieks of
ipprcciation nf
hy of him and
•dent adniinr,
n of the works
ing his wide stihly
ic account of liis
111 from the liniita-
lie tells us tll:\t
ultramontane iI.jc-
and perplexities nl
ran into rationul-
LAS CASAS, AND IIIL Sl'AMAKDS AND INUIANS.
325
of Las Casas, published in I'aris in if)4J. His own edition in l-'rench, in
iS_'2, is more full, tiiou;4h somewhat condensed and recunstructeil. lie
remarks justly upon the prolixity of Las Casas, his lon^' periods, his repe-
tiiicns, his pedantic quotations from Scripture and the Latin aiilliur-, as the
riMilts of his peripatetic training. His translator and editor credits to the
niai^nanimity ami nobleness of nature of Las Casas the omission of the
names of {ffeat offenders in connection with the terrible wronj^s rlone by
tli( 111. This reserve of Las Casas has been already refirred Ul Hut I.inr-
cntc, in seventeen critical notes, answeriii;^^ to the same number of di\i-,i()ns
in the Relation of Las Casas, supplies the names of the leadin^^ criminals;
anil he also yives in a nccrolo^fy the shockinj.,' or tra,t,MC elements and the
dates of the death of these " men of blood." He adds to the " Remedies"
uliich Las Casas had su^^^K'sted to Charles W the whole atlditional series of
imasiires projjoseil up to \'^~2. Llorente saj's that, admilliii;4 that the slart-
ini;-point in the Thirty Propositions of Las Casas, — namely, the assumption
(if the I'apal prero^^•ltivc as to new-discovered territory, — was in his day
" incontestable," it is now recofjnized as a falsit\'. He furnishes an essay of
his own upon the ri^dit and wron^' of the claim; and he adds to that of
Las Casas a treatise on the limits of the sovereign power of the Kin,L,^ I'aw
fnst, and then Raynal ami Robertson, had brought the charLje aijainst Las
Casas of havin^f first introduced African slavery into the New World. As
we have seen, the charge was false. Gre<,mire, bishop of IMois, read an
.//■('/('^w before the Institute of France in i.Soi, in vindication of the Clerigo.
This Apologic \'r. <^iven at lenj;th by Llorente. He adds, from manuscripts
in the Royal Librar\' of Paris, two inedited treatises of Las Casas, written
in 1555-1564, — one against a project for perpetuating the cointnaiuiiriis
ill the New \\\)rld ; the (jther on the necessit)' of restorintj the crown of
IVni to the Inca Titus.'
ism. His secret or more or less avowed alicna-
liipu from the prejudices and ol)ligalions of the
prii-llv order, wl\ile it l)y no means made his
po>iii(in a singular or even an embarrassing
one under the inliiiences and surroundings of
his time, does at least leave us perple.\cd to
ai cnnnt for the conlidencc with which functions
a:.cl high ecclesiastical trusts were commitled to
;uul exercised bv liim. lie was even made Sec-
riLuy-deneral of tlic Impiisition, and was thus
put in cliarge of the enormous nutss of records,
witli all their dark secrets, belonging to its
wlinle history and processes. This charge he
Kiained for a time after the In(|U'sition was
:il>'ilished in iSoj. It was thus by a singular
felicity of opportunity that those terrible
.iichives should have been in the care, and
Mil'ject to the free and intelligent use, of a man
l'L>t (pialified of all others to tell the world
llu ir contents, and afterward prompted and at
lilicrly to do so from subsequent changes in his
lun opinions and relations. To this the world
is indebted for a IHitory of llw Imjiihilioiiy the
lidelity and suf'liciency of whii:li satisfy all candid
judgments. He was restive in spirit, provoked
strong opposition, and was thus fmallv deprived
of Ids office. .After performir.g a v.^riety of
services not clerical, and mining from place to
place, he went to Paris, where, in l8l7-i,Si;'. he
courageously pid)lished the above-mentioiR-l
History. He was interdicted the exercise oi'
clerical functions. In 1.S22, the same year in
which he published his liiography and French
translation of the principal works of l,as Casas,
he published also his Potiliatl J\>iii;ii/.! of the
/'opes. For this he was ordered to ipiit I'aris,
— a deep tlisappointment to liim, causing ch.a-
grin and heavy depression. He found refuge
in Madrid, where he died in the following
year.
' Mr. Ticknor, however, says that these two
treatises " are not absolutely jiroved " to be by
Las Casas. — //istoi-y of Sfaiiish [.it/raturc,
i. 566.
(
ti.
^'''iy|
li
!
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M
W
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326
NAKRATIVK AND CKHICAL HISTORY OK AMKRICA.
/': W
;'H
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ii(\,'i'
II'
Llorcntc says it is not strange that the apostle Las Casas, like otliii
great aiul noble men, met with enemies and (iv-tractors. Some assailed liim
throuf^h prejudice, others merely from levity, ami without reflection. I'Our
principal reproaches have been brout,'ht a^jainst him: —
1. He is char^jed with gross exaggeration in his writi* gs, as by the
Spanish writers Camporicanes, Nuix, and Mufloz, and of course by those
interested in excusing the work of concpiest and devastation, who cannot
justify themselves without impeaching Las Casas as an impostor. His
sufficient vindication from this charge may be founti in a mass of k-gal docu-
ments in the Archives, in the Records of the Council for the Indies, and in
Cjovernment processes against wrong-doers. Herrera, wlu) hail seen these
documents, says : " Las Casas was worthy of all confidence, and in no par-
ticular has failed to present the truth." Torijuemada, having personally
sought for evidence in America, says the same. Las Casas, when challenged
on this point, boldly afllrmeil : " There were once more natives in 1 Iisi)aniul,i
than in all Spain," and that Cuba, Jamaica, and forty other islands, with
parts of Terra Firnia, had all been wrecked and made desolate. Me insists
over and over again that his estimates are within the truth.
2. Another charge was of imprudence in his ill-considered proceedings
with the Indians. Allowance is to be made on the score of his zeal, his
extreme ardor and vehemence, — an offset to the apathy and hard-hearted-
ness of those around him. He was in a position in which he could do
nothing for the Indians if he kept silence. He witnessed the reckless ami
defiant disobedience of the positive instructions of the King by his own
high officers.
3. The third charge was of iiicoHsisteiicy in condemning the enslaviii;^'
of Indians, and favoring that of negroes. This has already been dis-
posed of.
4. The final charge was that he was consumed by ambition. Only a
single writer had the effrontery to ascribe to Las Casas the desperate pur-
pose of seizing upon the sovereignty of a thousand leagues of territory.
The whole foundation of the charge was his attempt to plant a particular
colon)- in the province of Cumana, near St. Martha, on Terra Firma. Sd
far from claiming sovereignty for himself, he even denied the right of the
King to bestow such sovereignty.
He was, says Llorcnte, blameless; there is no stain upon his great
virtues. Indeed, not only Spain, but all nations, owe him a debt for his
opposition to despotism, and for his setting limits to royal power in the aL;c
of Charles V. and the Inquisition.
Then follows Llorentc's translation into French of Las Casas' Memoir on
the Cruelties practised on the hniians, with the Dedicatory Letter addresseil
to Philip II., 1552. The Spaniards at Hispaniola and elsewhere forgot thai
they were men, and treated the innocent creatures around them for forty-
two j'ears as if they were famished wolves, tigers, and lions. So that in
Hispaniola, where once were three millions, there remained not more than
1 1. 1'
\ ;)
LAS CASAS, AND THIC Sl'ANIAKUS AND INDIANS.
327
tu(i luiiulri'il. Cuba, I'orto Rico, ami Jamaica luul been wlioll)- ilcpopiilatcd.
( )ii more tlian sixty Liicayan islaiuls, on tljc smallest of which were once
li\c hundred thousand natives, Las Casas says, " my own eyes" have seen
hut I leven.
Ihese appalling enumerations of the victims of Spanish cruelty chiriiifj
li ilf a century from the first comin^j of the invaders to the islands and main
of America, are set before the reader in the fij^'ures and estimates of Las
Casas. Of course the instant jud^'ment of the reader will be that there is
obvious and gross exaggeration in them. It remains to this ilay a debated
aiul wholly undecided question among arch;eologists, historians, and ex-
ulmers best able to deal with it, as to the number of natives on islaiul and
continent when America was opened U> knowledge. There arc no facts
within our use for any other mode of dealing with the question than
by estimates, conjectures, and inferences. A reasonable view is that the
soiitlurn islands were far more thickly peopled than the main, vasi regions
of which, when first penetrated by the whites, were found to be perfect
solitudes. The general tendency now with those who have pursued any
thorough investigations relating to the above question, is greatly to reduce
the number of the aborigines below the guesses antl the once-acceplod
estimates. Nor does it concern us much to attempt any argument as to the
obvious over-estimates made by Las Casas, or to decide whether they came
from his imagination or fervor of spirit, or whether, as showing himself
inciediblc in these rash and wild enumerations, he brings his veracitj' and
trustworthiness under grave doubts in other matters.
Las Casas says that near the Island of San Juan are thirty others without
a single Indian. More than two thousand leagues of territory arc wholly
deserted. On the continent ten kingdoms, " each larger than Spain," with
Aragon and Portugal, arc an immense solitude, human life being annihilated
there. He estimates the number of men, women, and children who have been
slaughtered at more than fifteen millions. Generally they were tormenti'd,
no ctibrt having been made to convert them. In vain did the natives, helpless
with their feeble weapons, hide their women and children in the mountains.
When, maddened by desperation, they killed a single Spaniard, vengeance
was taken by the score. The Clerigo, as if following the strictest process
of arithmetic, gives the number of victims in each of many places, only
with variations and aggravations. Me asserts that in Cuba, in three or four
months, he had seen more than seven thousand children perish of famine,
tlieir parents having been driven off to the mines. Me adds that the worst
of tlie cruelties in Ilispaniola did not take place till after the death of
Isabella, and that efforts were made to conceal from her sucli as did occur,
•IS she continued to demand right and mercy. She had done her utmost
to suppress the system of rcpaytiinicntos, by which the natives were
distributed as slaves to masters.
An inference helpful to an approximate estimate of the numbers and
extent of the depopulation of the first series of islands seized on by the
'^:
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ll
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i
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1 1
III
'I
V'i
1 '/lf,
I \\
'J
:-
^
;
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328
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
Spaniards, might be drawn from the vast numbers of natives deported from
other groups of islands to replace the waste and to restore laborer^..
Geographers have somewhat arbitrarily distinguished the West Indies intd
three main groupings of islands, — the Lucayan, or Bahamas, of fourteen
large and a vast inmiber of s.nall islands, extending, from opposite the coasi
of Morida, some seven hundred and lift}' miles oceanward ; the Greater
Antilles, embracing Cuba, San Domingo, Porto Rico, Jamaica, etc., running,
from opposite the Gulf of Mexico, from farther westward than the other
groups; and the Lesser Antilles, ur Carribean, or Windward Islands. The
last-named, from their repute of cannibalism, were from the first coming
of the Spaniards regarded as fair subjects for spoil, violence, and devasta-
tion. After ruin had done its work in the Greater Antilles, recourse was
had to the Lucayan Islands. V>y the foulest and meanest stratagems for
enticing away the nati\es of these fair scenes, they were deported in \ast
numbers to Cuba and elsewhere as slaves. It was estimated that in '[\\\^
years Ovando had beguiled and carried off fo)ty thousand natives of the
Lucayan Islands to Hispaniola.
The amiable and highly honored historian, Mr. Prcscott, says in general,
of the numerical estimates of Las Casas, that " the good Bishop's arithme-
tic came more from his heart than his head." '■
From the fullest examination which I have been able to make, by the
comparison of authorities and incidental facts, while I should most frankly
admit that Las Casas gave even a wild indulgence to his dismay and his
indignation in his figures, I should conclude that he had positive knowledge,
from actual eyesight and observation, of e\'er}- form and sha[)e, as well as
instance and aggregation, of the cruelties and enormities which aroused his
lifelong efforts. Besides the means and methods used to discredit the state-
ments and to thwart the appeals of Las Casas at the Court, a very insidious
attempt for vindicating, palliating, and even justif\-ing the acts of violence
and cruelty which he alleged against the Spaniards in the islands and on the
main, was in the charge that their victims were horribl}- addicted to canni-
balism and the offering of human sacrifices. The number estimated of the
latter as slaughtered, especially on great ro}-al occasions, is aiijialling, and
the rites described are hideous. It seems impossible for us now, from so
many dubious and confiicting authorities, to reach any trustwortlu' knowl-
edge on this subject. ]''or instance, in Anahuac, Mexico, the annual nuni^
ber of human sacrifices, as stated by different writers, varies from twenty
to fifty thousand. Sepul\-eda in his contest with Las Casas was bound to
1 Conquest pf Mcxid^ i. So, 11. Of liis.V//,'r/
Account of the Deslructiou of the luilies. tliis his-
torian savs : " However cood the ir.oiivcs of its
author, we may regret that llie bool< was ever
written. . . . The aiUhor lent a willing ear to
every tale of violence and rapine, and magnified
the anioimt to a degree which borders on the
ridiculous. The wild extravagance of his numer-
ical estimates is of itself sufficient to shake
confidence in the accuracv of his statements
generally. Vet the naked truth was too startling
in itself to demand the aid of c.vaggeration."
The historian truly savs <.f himself, in his Trc-
face to the work quoted : " I have not hesitated
to expose in their strongest colors the excesses
of the conqtierors."
l! il.M'
:rica.
LAS CASAS, AMJ THE SPANIARDS AND IXDI..NS.
329
deported from
store laborers.
I'cst Indies into
las, of fourteen
positc the coast
1 ; tlic Greater
a, etc., runniiiL;,
than the otlur
.1 Islands. The
le first comiii|4
:e, and devasta-
s, recourse was
; stratagems for
leported in vast
ited that in five
natives of the
says in jfcncral,
shop's arithme-
) make, by the
Id most frankly
dismay and his
ti\'e knowledi^e,
lape, as well as
ich aroused his
:redit the statc-
ery insidious
ts of violence
ids and on the
;ted to canni-
i mated of the
ippalliui;', and
now, from so
.iirth}" knowl-
annual nuiU'
from twenty
was bound ti>
ifficient to sliakc
)f his statements
h w.is toil stnrtlin,^
if exaggeration."
niself, in liis Pre-
lavc not liesitatcil
olors the excesses
make die most of this dismal story, and said that no one of the authorities
c-tiniated the number of the victims at k than twenty thousand. Las
Cas.is replied that this was the estimate of brigands, who wished thus to win
tok'rance for their own slaut^diterinj^s, and that the actual number of annual
victims did not exceed twenty.^ It was a hard recourse for Christians to
seek palliation for their cruelties in noting or exaggerating the superstitious
and hideous rites of heathens !
it is certain, however, that this plea of cannibalism was most effectively
iistd, from the first vague reports which Columbus took back to Spain of
iu prevalence, at least in the Carribean Islands, to overcome the earliest
liiniiane protests against the slaughter of the natives and their deportation
fur slaves. In the all-tt)o hideous engra\'ings presented in the \t)lumes in
all the tongues of lun'ope exposing the cruelties of the Spanish invaders,
arc found revolting delineations of the Indian shambles, where portions of
hiiman bodies, subjected to a fiendish butchery, are exposed for sale.
I. as Casas nowhere denies positively the existence of this shocking bar-
barism. One might well infer, however, from his pages that he was at least
incredulous as to its prevalence; and to him it would only ha\e height-
ened his constraining sense of the solemn duty of professed Christians to
bring the power of the missionary, rather than the maddened violence of
dLstruction, to bear upon the poor victims of so awful a sin. Nor docs the
c\iiK'nce within our reach suffice to pros'c the prevalence, to the astound-
ing extent alleged by the opponents of Las Casas, of monstrous and bes-
tial crimes against nature practised among the natives. Perhaps a parallel
between the general morality respectively existing in the license and vices
(ifllie invaders and the children of Nature as presented to us by Columbus,
as well as b}- Las Casas, woidd not leave matter for boasting to the Kiu'o-
pcans. Mr. Prescott enters into an elaborate examination of a subject of
iVciiueiu discussion by American historians and archieologists, — who have
.idiipteil different conclusions upon it, — as to whether venereal diseases had
pivvalencc among the peoples of the New World before it was opened to
the intercourse of foreigners. I have not noticed in anything written by
I. as I'asas that he brings an)- charge on this score against his countr_\-men.
Oiiile recent exhumations made by our archa,*ologists have seemingh' set
tlu' question at rest, by re\'ealing in the bones of our prehistoric races the
c\ idences of the prevalence of such diseases.
.Snllicicnt means, in hints and incitlental statements, ha\'e been ftirnishetl
in the preceding pages from which the reader may draw his own estimate,
as appreciative aiul judicious as he may be able to make it, of the character
of Las Casas as a man and as a missionary of Christ. -V labored analysis
iif an indiscrimin.'^'ug eulogitim of that character is wholh- uncalled for,
anil would he a work of supererogation. His heart and mind, his soul and
biidv', his life, with all of opportunity which it offered, were consecrated;
f '
V .
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VOL. II.
Llorcnte, i. J65, jStj.
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if
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330
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
his foibles and faults were of the most trivial sort, never leading to injury
for others, and scarcely working any harm for himself.
It is a well-proved and a gladdening truth, that one who stands for the
championship of any single principle involving the rights of humanity will
be led by a kindled vision or a gleam of advanced wisdom to commit
himself to the assumption of some great, comprehensive, illuminating verity
covering a far wider field than that which he personally occupies. Thus
Las Casas' assertion of the common rights of humanity for the heathen
natives expanded into a bold denial of the fundamental claims of ecclesi-
asticism. It was the hope and aim of his opponents and enemies to drive
him to a committal of himself to some position which might be charged
with at least constructive heresy, through some implication or inference
from the basis of his pleadings that he brought under question the author-
ity of the Papacy. Fonseca and Sepulveda were both bent upon forcing
him into that perilous attitude towards the supreme ecclesiastical power.
To appreciate fully how nearly Las Casas was thought to trespass on the
verge of a heresy which might even have cost him his life, but would
certainly have nullified his personal influence, we must recognize the full
force of the one overmastering assumption, under which the Pope and the
Spanish sovereigns claimed for themselves supreme dominion over territory
and people in the New World. As a new world, or a disclosure on the
earth's surface of vast realms before unknown to dwellers on the old conti-
nents, its discovery would carry with it the right of absolute ownership and
of rule over all its inhabitants. It was, of course, to be " conquered " and
held in subjection. The earth, created by God, had been made the king-
dom of Jesus Christ, who assigned it to the charge and administration of
his vicegerent, the Pope. All the continents and islands of the earth which
were not Christendom were heathendom. It mattered not what state of
civiHzation or barbarism, or what form or substance of religion, might be
found in any new-discovered country. The Papal claim was to be asserted
there, if with any need of explanation, for courtesy's sake, certainlj'- without
any apology or vindication. Could Las Casas be inveigled mto any denial
or hesitating allowance of this assumption? He was on his guard, but lie
stood manfully for the condition, the supreme obligation, which alone
could give warrant to it. The papal and the royal claims w ^-e soinid
and good ; they were indeed absolute, liut the tenure of possession and
authority in heathendom, if it were to be claimed through the Gospel am'
\h". Church, looked quite beyond the control of territory and the lordship
over heathen natives, princes, and people, — it was simply to prompt the
work and to facilitate, while it positively enjoined the duty of, conversion, —
the bringing of heathen natives through bapti ; .uid instruction into the
fold of Christ. Fonseca and Sepulveda we*--" baffled by the Clerigo as lu;
calmly and firmly told the monarchs that their prerogative, though lawful
in itself, was fettered b\' this obligation. In asserting this just condition.
Las Casas effectuall_\' disabletl his opponents.
LAS CASAS, AND THE SPANIARDS AND INDIANS.
33i
iding to injury
The following are the closing sentences of the Reply of Las Casas to
Sepulvcda: —
'• Tlie damages and the loss which have befallen the Crown of Castile and Leon
« ill be visited also upon the whole of Spain, because the tyranny wrought by these
(JLSolations, murders, and slaughters is so monstrous that the blind may see it, the deaf
may hoar it, the dumb may rehearse it, and the wise judge and condemn it after our
very short life. I invoke all the hierarchies and choirs of angels, all the saints of the
(Alcstial Court, all the inhabitants of the globe, and chiefly all those who may live after
nu', for witnesses that I free my conscience of all that has transpired ; and that I have
fully exposed to his Majesty all these woes ; and that if he leaves to Spaniards the
tyranny and government of the Indies, all of them will be destroyed and without
inhabitants, — as we see that Hispaniola now is, and the other islands and parts of the
continent for more than three thousand leagues, without occupants. For these reasons
God will punish Spain and all her people with an inevitable severity. So may it be 1 "
It is grateful to be assured of the fact that during the years of his last
retirement in Spain, till the close of his life at so venerable an age. Las Casas
enjoyed a pension sufficient for his comfortable subsistence. Allowing only
a pittance of it for his own frugal support, he devoted it mostly to works of
charity. His pen and voice and time were still given to asserting and
defending the rights of the natives, not only as human beings, but as free of
ail mastery by others. Though his noble zeal had made him enemies, and
he had appeared to have failed in his heroic protests and appeals, he had
tile gratification of knowing before his death that restraining tneasurcs,
sterner edicts, more faithful and humane officials, and in general a more
wise and righteous policy, had abated the rage of cruelty in the New World.
But still the sad reflection came to qualify even this satisfaction, that the
Spaniards were brought to realize the rights of humanity by learning that
their cruelty had wrout;lit to their own serious loss in depopulating the
most fertile regions and tastcning upon them the hate of the remnants of
tile people. The reader of the most recent histories, even of the years of
the first quarter of this century, relating to the Spanish missions in the
pueblos of Mexico and California, will note how some of the features of
the old rcpartiniioito system, first introduced among the Greater .Vntilles,
survived in the farm-lands and among the peons and con\-crts of the
missionaries.
n
!l
h(
\\
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Vl^
' fe'-l
\ > r '■ ■ .1
k \ t,
though lawful
ust condition.
CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE SOURCES OF INFOR.MATION.
""yHE subject of this chapter is so nearly exclusively concerned \\ th the personal his-
* tiiry, the agency, and the missionary work of Las Casas, both in the New World and
.It the Court of S])ain, that we are rather to welcome than to regret the fact tliat he is
almost our sole authority for the statetiients and incidents with wiiicli we have had to deal.
<iiv!ni: due allowance to what has already been sufficiently recognized as his intensity of
Mm
w
m
I; .)) , '
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF A.MERICA.
spirit, liis wil'lness of imagination, and his enormous overstatement in his enumeration
of tlie victims of Spanish cruelty, he must lie rei;ar(lecl as tlie l)est autliority we could havf
for the use which he serves to us.' Free as he was from all selfish and sinister motives,
even tiie darinsj; assurance with which he speaks out before the monarch and his council-
lors, and prints on his titlepai;es tlie round numbers of these victims, prompts us to j;ivc
full credit to his testimony on other matters, even if we substitute thousands in place of
millions. As to the forms and aggravations of the cruel methods in which the Spaniards
^1
n" 'ii
.!/ '!
lf!i
i! : 'i
ll/f-'f
»>: fr
LAS C.J.SAS.
i|-„
' [I kills {S/>ciii/.'/i Comnirs/) savs : " I, as
Casas may be tluiriuii;lily trusted wliciicvcr he
is sjicaking of things nf which he liad compe-
tent kndwlodgc." 'I'icUiuir (.S'/iiiiis/i Lilcraliire.,
ii. 3') calls liini "a iircjiidiccd witness, but on
a point of fact witliin his own knowledge one
til lie believed." II. H. llaiunift (E.trly Amcr-
iiiiii C/iro>ii(/,-rs, p. jo ; also Ci'it/i;i/ Amt'n\;:,\.
274, 309; ii. 337) speaks of the c.x.aggcrali -n
which the zeal of l.as Casas leads him inin;
but with due abatement therefor, he considiis
him "a keen and valuable observer, guided by
l)r.ictical sagacity, and endowed with a cert.nii
genius." — Ki>.]
1 ' 1'
"It i ^ . 'ill. ^ '
LAS CASAS, AND THE SPANIARDS AM) INDIANS.
'i ^ n
(U ;ilt with tin-' natives, the recklessness and ingenuity of the work of depopulation, —
whicli was as naturally the consequence of the enslaving of the Indians as of their indis-
Liiminate slaughter, — Las Casas' revelations seem to have passed unchallenged by even
his most virulent enemies.
Sc'iHilveda may be received by us as the representative alike in spirit and in argument
iif die opposition to Las Casas. He was an acute and al)le disputant, and would readily
have availed himself of any weak points in the positions of the apostle. It is observable
that, instead of assailing even the vehement and exaggerated charges alleged by Las
Casas against the Spanish marauders for their cruelty, he rather spends his force upon the
iii.iiiitenance of the abstract rights of Christian champions over the lieathen and their
tenitciry. The Papal and the Koyal prerogatives were, in his view, of such supreme and
sweeping account in the controversy, as to cover all the incidental consequences of
establishing them. He seemed to argue that heathens and heaUienism invited and
justitied conquest by any method, however ruthless ; that the rights of the Papacy
ami of Christian monarchs would be perilled by allowing any regards of sentiment
or hui.ianity to stand in the way of their assertion ; and that even the sacred duty of
conversion was to be deferred till war and tyranny had obtained the absolute mastery
over the natives.
The eight years spent by Las Casas in retirement in the Dominican convent at San
Domingo were used by him in study and meditation. His writings prove, in their referen-
ces and quotations from the classics,
as well as from Scripture, that his
range was wide, and that his mind // A^ 9 ^ ) •"• /^ 1
was invigorated by this training. / I 2y\ ^ O^ fOO "^s ^ ltZ
In 1552-1553, at Seville, Las / I f^-^ /^f "^
Casas printed a series of nine tracts, / V^— •'"^ ^\^<.4f^~^^-i iXS
wliii.h are the principal source of our I
inlorniation in relation to his allega- \^y^
tiiins against the Spanish oppressors
of tlie Indians. It is only necessary
to refer the reader to the bibliographies ' for the full titles of these tracts, of which we
simply quote enough for their identification, while we cite them in the order in which they
seem to have been composed, following in this the extensive Note which Field has given
in his Indian Dihtiograplty : —
I. Brcuissima relacion de ladestntycion de las Indias . . . <?wi552; 50 unnumbered
leaves.
The series of tracts is usually cited by this title, which is that of the first tract,- for
there is no general printed designation of the collection. Four folios appended to this,
but always reckoned as a distinct tract, are called, —
AUTOGR.APH OF L.\S CASAS.
■ \
' .Sabiii's IfW^-s of Las Casas, and liis £)ic-
lioii.iiy. iii. 38S-402, and x. S.S-91 ; Field's
/ih/iaii Biblioi^raphy ; CarLr-Brmou Catalogiif ;
ll.inisseV. jVoUs on Coliimlms, pp. lS-24; the
Ifiilh Catalox'hc' ; Bnin,/'s Maiim-l, etc.
- [Field says it was written in 1540, and suh-
iiiiited to the Emjjcror in M.S. ; 1)ut in the sha|)c
in which it was printed it seems to have been
written in 1 54 i-i 542. Cf. Field, /;;,//,;;/ Bihlios;-
iJf/iy, nos. S60, 870; Sabin, iVor/cs of Las
C.has, no. I; Carto-Bnrunt Catah^nie, i. 164;
Ticknor, Sfaiiish Lit,-rat:in; ii. 38; aiid Cata-
<<',i:iii; ]). 62. The work has nhicteen sections on
as many provinces, ending with a summary for
tiic year 1546. This separate tract was reprinted
in the original .Sp.inish in London, in 1S12, and
again in Philadelphia, in iS2r, for the Mexican
market, with an introductory essay on Las Ca-
sas. Stevens, Bibliotlu-ca historica, 1105; cf.
also Colcccion tie documctitos incJitos (Esfina),
vol. vii.
The Caiuionero spiritual., jirinted at Mex-
ico in 1546, is not assigned to Baytliolome'o Las
Casas in TicknorV Spaitisli Literature, iii. 44,
but it is in Gayangos and Vedia's Spanish trans-
lation of Ticknor. Cf. also Sabin, vol. x. no.
39,122; Harrisse, >5//'. /i/«. /'•/.. Additions, No.
159. — Kn. I
K «
M
n
:
'■ ';:5'i
Pi''' 'i ' ■ ■ ill
/ ■ 1
irli
f;i!f:fi'''
. ■!'
fl
I'
334
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
TITLE OF FIRST TRACT.
LAS CASAS, AND THE SPANIARDS AND INDIANS.
335
2. l.o que se sij^HC es 'I'll pt'da(;o de vtia caria, etc. It records the observations of a
Hiianish traveller upon the enormities practised on tlie natives,'
3. Entrc los remedios . . . para refonnacio dc las Jiidias ; 1552; 53 unnumbered
IcavLS. It gives the eighth of the proposed remedies, assigning twenty reasons against
llu- enslaving of the natives. -
4. .Iqiii se io/ienH viios aiiisos y rci^las para los coiifessores, etc; 1552; lOunnum-
ln red leaves. It gives the rules for the confessors of his bishopric of Chiapa to deny
ihc offices of the Church to such as held riparlimientos.^
5. Aqiti se contienc vna dispitta . . . cntre cl ohispo . . . y el doctt^r Giiics de Sepul-
III da : 1552; 61 unnumbered leaves. This strong enunciation of Las Casas' convic
lions grew out of his controversy with Sepulveda.'' It contains, first, a summary by
DdMiingo de Soto of the differences between the two disputants; second, the argumentf
iif Sepulveda; and third, the replies of Las Casas, —twelve in all.
('). Este cs vn tratado . . . sobre la maleria de los \ 'ndios, que sc han hccho en cllas.
vsilaiios ; 1552 ; 36 unnumbered leaves. This contains reasons and judicial autlioiities
on the question of the restitution of the natives to freedom.''
7. Aqui se coliene treynta proposiciones . . .; 1552; 10 leaves. These are the
I'lopositions, mentioned on a preceding page, as Las Casas' reply to those who ohjeclcd
t(i die rigor of his rules for his confessors."
8. J'riiicipia qucdd e.v qiiibiis procedeiiditni, etc; 1552; 10 leaves. This gives the
principles on which he conducts his defence of the rights of the natives.'
9. Tratado copiobatorio del imperio soberaiio, etc. ; 80 unnumbered leaves. The
title-date is 1552, but that in the colophon is 1553. The purpose is " to prove the sovereign
empire and universal dominion by which the kings of Castile and Leon hold the West
Indies.'' ^
Complete sets of these tracts have become very rare, though it is r. I'ncommon to
liiul. in current catalogues, single copies of some of those less scarce.''
■ [Field docs not give it a date ; but Sal)in
savs it was written in 1552. Cf. Field, nos. S60,
870, noli- : .Sabin, no. 2; Carter-Brown, i. 165;
Tiikuor Calalo:^iic, p. 62. — Ed.]
- I Field says it was written " soon after " no.
1; Saliiii pl.iccs it in 1543. Cf. F'icid, no. S62,
%-o, note : Carter-Hrowii, i. 166; Sabin, 3; .Ste-
vens, /)//'/. Geoi^., no. 595 ; Tioknor Ciitidogne,
|i. ri.\ — Fi).]
' [Sabin says it was written in America in
1546-1547. Field, nos, S03, 870, note ; Cartcr-
linnvn, i. 1C7 ; Sabin, no. 6. — Ed.]
* [There seems, according to Field (nos.
i)(j^, S65), to have been two distinct editions in
1552, as he deduces from his own copy and from
a (lil'ftrunt one belonging to Mr. ISievoort, there
Ixing tliirty-tlirce variations in the two. (Juaritch
has noted (no. 11,855, Pf'ced a' .1^6 6.f.) a copy
likewise in Gothic letter, but with dilferent wood-
rut initials, which he places about 1570. Cf.
Field, ]). 217 ; Carter-lirown, i. 16S ; Sabin, no. S;
Thknoi- Ciilalo;^iu\ j). 62.
'I'lie initial work of Sepulveda, Democratcs
.S'., ««<//«, defending the rights of the Crown over
'IK' natives, w.as not published, though he
I'linted his A/^ologia pro lil>ro de justis belli cnusis,
Rome, 1550 (two copie-i of which are known), of
which there was a later edition in 1C02; and
Muiie of his views may be found in it. Cf.
Ticknor, S/<ani>li Literature, ii. 37 ; Ilarrisse,
Azotes on Coliindms, p. 24, and £ib. Anier. Vet.
no. 303 ; and the general histories of Bancroft,
Heli)s, and Prcscott. The Ciirter-Braiun Cata-
logne, no. 173, shows a MS. copy of Sepul-
veda's book. It is also in Sepulveda's Opera,
Cologne, i6o2, p. 423; Carter-Brown, vol. ii.
no. 15. — En.]
■'' [Sabin dates it in 1543. Cf. Field, nos.
S66, S70, note; Sabin, no. 4; Carter-Brown,
i. 170. — Ed.]
'' [Sabin s.iys it was written in Spain in 154S
Cf. Field, nos. SO7, S70, note; Sabin, no. 7;
Carter-Brown, i. 171. — En.]
" [Field, nos. S6S, S70, «()/c ; S.abin, no. 9;
Carter-lirown, i. 169. — Fd.]
' [This is the longest and one of the rarest
of the series. Sabin says it was written abouf
1543. There were two editions of the same
date, having resiiectively So and H4 leaves; but
it is uncertain which is the earlier, though Field
su])poses the fewer pages to indicate the first.
Field, nos. S69, S70, note ; Sabin, no. 5; Carter
Brown, i. 172. — Ed.]
'■' [It is only of late years that the entire .scries
has been described. He Bure gives only five of
the tracts ; Dibdin enumerates but seven ; and
Llorente in his edition omits three, .as was done
in the edition of 1646. Rich in 1S32 priced a
(1
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11
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**
336 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
'^iSUf
1
1
CSciuifecoficnc vno0 ^§
(.^
m
auifoBt teniae para lo8confelTo7C8q
otercnconfdrionee oeloe iEfpano
lee que fon/o Ipan fido en cargo a
I08 ^Dndtoeoelas^ndiaeoel
mar 9dceano:colegida<po:
el obilpooc Cljiapa pon
frat2tiartbolonic6la5
caiae/ocafsuerela
^:d^noc Sancto
U^omingo,
TITLE OF THE FOURTH TRACT.*
1 [From the copy in Harvard College Library. — Ed.]
J
1(1'' .
I'.).
■M
^ (llli
m
'llrr
CA.
LAS CASAS, AND THE Sl'ANIAKDS AND INDIANS.
?,^7
In 1 57 1, five years after Las Casus' death, what is sometimes called a tenth part was
■>iintcil at I'rankfort, under the title of Ex[>licatio qucstionis utrum A't\i;t-s vcl i'tiiuipa
jn'c iilii/i(o . . • Civis ac sndditos a ref^ia cotonu ''••nare / This further showinj; of the
arguments of Las Casas is even rarer than its j lecessors.' Its authorship, witliout
niiiLJi reason, has been sometimes ilenied.- It ix t'. .ishited, however, in Llorente's edition,
as is also a letter of Las Casas wliich he wrote in 1555 to the Arehljishop of Toledo,
iirotestiiig against the contemplated sale of Eucoiiiicndas in per[)etuity, which, being com-
nuiiiiL-ated to the Kiny, led to tlie prohibition of the plan.
Ill 1S54 Henry Stevens printed, in a style corresjionding to tliat of the tracts of 1552,
a SI lies of six papers from original manuscripts in his possession, interesting as contribu-
lidiis to the history of Las Casas and his work ; ^ and there is also a letter of Las Casas
ill the volume a few years since printed by the Spanish (lovernment as Cartr.s de Iiidias.
'I here is an eininieration of thirteen other treatises, noted as still in manuscript, which is to
I,' foimd in Sabin's Dictionary or in his separate Works of Las Casas ; but Mr. I'itid is
iiu lined for one reason or another to reduce the number to five, in addition to the two
wliiih were published by Llorente.* There are also two manuscripts recorded in tlie
Ciu III-- Brown C iloi.'ucJ'
s r at ;£'l2 I2J. A fill' 't is now wortli from
Sioo to S150; ' t Led TL (nos. 327, 3,556) lias
nuntly priced a ^Jt of seven at 700 francs, ami
a full set at 1,000 francs. An Knglisli dealer
li,i> lately held orn at^^J. (,)iiaritch has held
fniir parts at ^10 and a cumplcte set at ^^40.
Single tract are usually priced at from £\ to
f^y Rcceri \lcs have been shown in the Sun-
(krhiiid (no. .,459, 9 parts) ; Field (no. 1,267) ;
Ciiukc (vol. iii. no. 369, 7 parts) ; Stevens, Hist.
C'll. (no. 311, 8 parts); Pinart (no. 536); and
Murphy (no. 4S7) catalogues. The set in the
Cartcr-llrown Library belonged to Ternau.x ; that
liclunging to Mr. lirevoort came from the Ma.\i-
ini!iaii Library. Th<j Leno.x Library and Mr. liar-
low's Collection h.ive sets. There are also sets
ill die Grcnvillc and Ihitli collections.
The l646reprint, above referred to, has some-
times a collective title. Las Olmis, etc., but most
ciijjics, like the Harvard College copy, lack it.
As the titles of the separate tracts (printed
ni this edition in Roman) retained the original
1552 dates, this reprint is often called a sjiurious
cililiou. It is usually priced at from §15 to $30.
Cf. Sabiii, no. 13; Field, ]). 216; Quaritcli, no.
ii,,S50; Carter-Brown, i. 173;' ii. 5S4 ; Stevens,
flisl. Coll., i. 312; Cooke, iii. 370.
Some of the Tracts are included in the Ohras
tscofiii/iis Jc filosofos, etc. Madrid, 1873. — El).]
' [Kick!, no. S70, and note; Sabin, no. II;
llir Carter-Hrowii Collection lacks it. It was
reprinied at Tiibingen, and again r.t Jena, in 1 678.
It has never been reprinted in .Spain, s.ays Ste-
vcu> (/;//;/. Hist., no. 1,096). — El).]
"^ [" Not absolutely proved to be his," says
Takuor (Sfiaiiis/i Literature, ii. 37). — El).]
' [There were a hundred copies of these
.^■iiilecl. They are: —
I. Memorial dc Don Die\;o Colon sohre la
conversion de las gentcs de las Yndias. With an
Kiii-llc to Dr. Rciuhold Pauli. It is Diego
Col. Ill'- favorable comment on Las Casas's
VOL. II. —43.
scheme of civilizing the Indians, written at King
Charles's recpiest. Cf. Stevens, //ist. Coll., \.
88 1.
2. Carta, dated 1520, and addressed to the
Chancellor of Charles, in which Las Casas urges
his scheme of coloui/ation of the Lidiaiis Mr.
.Stevens dedicates it to Arthur Helps in .1 letter.
Cf. Stevens, Llist. Coll., i S82 ; the manuscript
is described in his liilil. Geoi;., no. 598.
3. Paresfi-r o dctcrminacio de los scnores
tltc'oloj,'os de Salamanca, dated July I, 15.11.
This is the response of the Faculty of Salaman-
ca to the question put to them by Charles V.,
if the baptized natives could be made slaves.
Mr. Stevens dedicates the tract to Sir Thomas
I'hillipps. Cf. Stevens, Hist. Coll. i. SSj.
4. Carta dc Hernando Cortis. Mr. Stevens, in
his Dedication to Leopold von Rankc, supposes
this to have been written in 1541-1542. It is
Cortes' reply to the Emperor's request for his
opinions regarding Enconticndas,c\.i:., in Mexico.
Cf. Stevens, Hist. Coll., \. SS4.
5. Carta dc Las Casas, dated Oct. 22, 1545,
with an abstract in English in the Dedication
to Colonel Peter Force. It is addressed to
the Audiencia in Honduras, and sets forth the
wrongs of the natives. Cf. .Stevens, L/ist. Coll.,
i. 885. The manuscript is now in the Iluth
Collection, Cataloj^'nc, v. 1,681.
6. Carta dc Las Casas to the Dominican
Fathers of Guatemala, jirotcsting against the
sale of the reversion of the lincomicndas. Mr.
Stevens supposes this to have been written
m 1554,
his Dedication to Sir Frederick
Madden. Cf. Stevens, Hist. Coll., i. 886. A set
of these tracts is worth about S25. The set in
the Cooke Sale (vol. iii. no. 375) is now in Har-
vard College Library; another set is shown in
the Mar/'liy Catalo^'ac, no. 488, and there is one
in the ISoston Public Library. — En.]
•• Field, p. 211).
* Vol. i. p. 160.
I, ■•,
, i,ir
<
338 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY ()1 AMERICA.
i'!''-,;
"J.,)''
ifi'ij
>
I ',
M
f.
C^quifccoticnctrc
tnta propoficiones muT iurfdicae: en
laDguQlcafumana Tfuccinranicn re fc
toca mucl?aocorae pertcncctetee ol oe
recbocilavglcriatlooD?iniircocb:i«
fb'anoo r(enen/o pucdl rener fobze loa
inficlcvoequalquicrefpccicqucican.
<flDato:mcnt£fe alTignaci rcrdadcro
Y foiti iTimo fundamenco en que fc aifi
ffiotrn^ttcr^aIqucloe iKcvcod Caih
1 1: iicon (icnen al o^bcoc laoqite Ila
mamoeoccidctalcs^^ndiae. Ifbozclql
ion conflt tutdos r nt uerfalee reno?e^ t
(HmDerado?c9cncll9a fob:e mucbof re
tcs.^punta fe cambien otraecofaeco
§crmcfUeo al bccbo acaccido en aq! oz
c nomiWimasi i oignae 6 fer vidas
vfab(da8,£pliioIaeoicb99tretnfa4^
pbricionca tlobifpooo trat IBartbo-
lomeQela^Cafas/o Carcue:I©biipo
qfueSlacttmddlRealoe C)?tapa:c(er
to iRci^noDcIoe oeia nucua {l^fpana,
iy*«^ • o !?r- -^ — ^»— "
inn III
S3
^
iy
!SI
.■/
//^
IITLE OF THE SEVENTH IRACr.
r,'-;
' fFroin a coi)y in Harv;ircl College Library, — En.l
■I I
LAS CASAS, AND IIIi: Sl'ANIARIXS AND INDIANS.
339
riic Miosl l.il)ore(l of Las Casas' hooks was his llistoria de hn Inditts, — tlic orij;itial
manuscript of wliicii is still (jrcscrvcil, .iccordin^ lo lli'lps, in tlic lil)r,iry of tlif AiMclumy
III' History at Mailritl.' Las Casas liu^aii tliis work wliilc in liis coiivunt \\\ 15^7,- and
.sLcms to liavc worked upon it, vvitliout tinisliinn it, up to 1561. It has all the fervor
.iiul vi^;<)r of his nature ; and so far as it is the result ol' his own oljservation, its ciiaracter
Is unimpeachable. It is in large part, as Helps has remarked, autol)iojjra|ihic ; but it does
■A>n >.
^'/'
ur^
tv
.o-
/T
,H
n
-v•^- JlH
y^- <l/A
V,7yt
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l.<l>^
y y^~i n,
L ^
» ^t't-' M
«v :^^ »' ^A r ^>' ,f«
r
i^^
s\
^>| v'^or^ X ♦irfj
Chi.
c^-rr V,
-I C n\
r>\>
'(V, -1»i t <
•^
•^■w^ /r
;.•
->! Vrx
1
I w
*v»*cb^ A>v^'*
/7V
cr-f n
;^'/ /t^
r\n
<MC »/v
1/"
.Y
Vii
Vtui'>-
1-»ZA.C
>»i-.m
'W
V w^
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't-a
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l^
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r^
vvr..
V\%'
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ry
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UAS C.'iS.^S' INDORSE.MKNI- (IN IIIF. M.WUSCRIIT OK IIIS •' HISTOKIA." ^
V:
' lUairisse, yVtf/« on Columtms, says vol- - [.Such is Qnintaiia's statement; l)nt Helps
■init- i. and ii. arc in the Academy | but vol- failed to verify it, and says he could only ti.\ the
uiiiL- iii. is in the Royal Library. Cf., however, dales 1552, 1560, 1561 as those of anv part of
tlie " .Vdvertencia prcliminar" of the Madrid the writing. Life of Las Casas, \i. x-^^. — Kn.]
(1*^75) edition of the Historia on this point, a; ■* [This is slightly reduced from the fac-
«\ll ,is regards the various cojiies of the manu- simile given in vol. iii. of the 1S75 (Madrid)
■■•cripl existing in M.idrid. — Kl).] edition of the Uislol■ia. — \•A^.\
►■ / ill
J' ' l'J"l
•'II
•III
M.l :,|,;i|','l
it
li,
I I
(',
'I
;0
li i'
J* f Infill!'
340
NAKKAI l\ li AM) CKITICAL IIISIOKV i)F A.MKKICA.
not lirin;; tliu story down later lli.m 1520. Its siylo is char.ictcri.stic.illy r.imlilinx aivl
awkwaril, ami more or less confused with extraneous Ic.irnin);, the result of his convent
studies, and interjected with his usual hursts of a somewhat tiresome indignation. Oiii-
side of his own knowledge he h.ul l.irjje resources in documents, of which we have no
|iresenl knowle(lj;e. lie seems to h.ive had a prescience of tlie feelings in his countryineii
which would lonj; keep the m.umscript from the printinfj-ollke, for he let't instructions ,11
his death that no one should use it for forty years. The injunction did not prevcni
llerrera h,ivini{ access to it ; and when this latter historian published his hook in i^kdi, iIi.-
world not a l,ir;;e part of L.is C.isas' work, — much ot' it copied l)y 1 Icrrer.i Vi-ilhilim, — hm
exlr.icted in sticli a way that Las Casas could have none of his proper effect in amelioratiii:;
the condition of the Indians and exposing the cruelty of their oppression. Inthiswav
Las Casas remained too lonj; ecli|)sed, as Irvirij; s.iys, hy his copyist. Notwithsiandiii;,'
the puhlication of the hook w.is prohihited, various manuscript copies fjot abroad, .iiid
every rc|)Utalile histori.in of the Spanish nde has m.ide use of L.is Casas' labors.' Kin. illy.
the Uoyal Academy of History at M.ulrid undertook the revision of the manuscript •. but
that body was ileterred from puttinj; their revision on the press by the sentiments, wliii h
Spanish schol.iis h.ul .dsvays felt, adverse to makiiif; public so intense an arr.iinnmeni ol
their countrymen.'- At last, however, in 1.S75-1.S76, tlie Aculeiny litially [irinted it in livr
volumes. I' The llixloria was of course not included, nor were two of the tracts of the
issues of 1552 (nos. 4 and 8) embraced, in tlie edition of Las Casas' Ohms which Llorci ir
issued in I'aris in 1S22 in the orij,'inal Spanish, and also in the same year in ,1 I'Venili
translation, (louvres i/c l.ds Casas.* This work is dedicated " Au modele des virtues
hereilit.iires, A. M. le Conue de las C.isas." Sullicieiit reco.i,;nilion has l)een made in the
preceding narrative of this work of Llorente. As a Spaniard by birth, and a sduil.ir
well read in the hisioric.d literature of his own country, as one trained and exercised in
the [)rieslly ot'fice, though he h.ul become more or less of a herelic, and as a most ardeiu
admirer of the virtues anil the heroic services of the j;re,it Apostle to the Indians, he h.ul
the attainments, qualitications, and motives for discharging with ability and fidelity the
biographical and editorial task which he undertook. It is evident from lii.s pages that lie
devoted conscientious l.iljor in investigation, and a purpose of strict imp.irtiality to its
discharge. lie is not an undiscriminating eulogist of Las Casas, but he penetrates with
a true sympathetic admiration to the noble unselfishness and the sublime constancy
of this sole champion of righteousness against powerful forces of iniquity.
The number of versions of all or of part of the series of the 1552 tracts into ntlur
languages strikingly indicates the interest which they created and the effect which they
produced throughout Europe. None of the nations showed more eagerness to make
1 [I trace no copy earlier than one Rich had
made. I'vcscott iiad one, which was probably
burned in ISoston (1S72). Helps used another.
Thtfio are ullier i(i|)ies iu tlie I.ijjrarv of Cim-
gress, ill the Lenox Library, and in If. II. Dan-
croft's Collection. — l'',i).|
- [Il.urisse, A'//'/. Amir. /',•/., p. 119, savs
the purpose of llie .\cadeiny at one time was
to annotate the manuscript, so as to show Las
Casas ill a new li};ht, using contemporary
writers. — Kii.]
' [It is worth from 5;,o to *'.\o. It is called
///sfon'a dc Lis Iiuiias, ahora f<or f'rimcra rez d,ida
1! Iiiz po>- cl Mtin/iii's dc la Fii,-iisaiila del \'alU y
Josi' Saiic/io Kiiw'ii- It contains, hej;iiiiiiiij,' in
vol. V. at p. 237, the Apoloxt'/iia liistoi-ia which
Las Casas had wriitcii to defend the Indians
against a>persioiis upon their lives and charac-
ter. This latter work was not included in
another edition of the llistoria printed at Mex-
ico in two volumes in iS77-i87.S. Cf. VigrI,
liibliotcca MtxUaihi. Parts of the A/'oto:^i'litii
are given in Kiiigshorough's Mi:ri,o, vol. viii.
Cf. on the llistoria, Irving's Coluinbiis, .Vpii.;
Ilelps's Sfiainsli Coiiipicsl (Am. ed.), i. 23, aiul
Life of Las Casas, p 175; Tickiior, Sfianish Lit-
ciatiin; ii. 39; ILn iholdt's Cosmos (Lng. Ir.),
ii. 679 ; II. H. Hancn/i', Ccii/ral America, \. yvr,
I'rescott's Mexico, i. 378; Quiiitana's I'lJ.tu
iii. 507. — Kd.)
^ |I.loreiite's version is not always stiiillv
faithful, being in parts condensed and parapliri-
tic. Cf. Field, no. SS9; Ticknor, S/'iiiii<h Lilot-
lure, ii. 38, and Calaloi^iic, \i. 62 ; .Sabiu, nos. 1 1.
50; II. II. Hancroft, Central America, i. 307.
Tliis edition, besides a life of Las Casas, ti"i-
tains a necrology of the Coiupierors, and mbcr
annotations by the editor. — Ld.]
:i<iCA.
.illy r.iinliliii;^ ani
ill cif Ills convent
iiiliL;n.iti(in. Oiii-
which wc liavc im
in his coiintrynuMi
oft instructions at
I iliil not prcMiii
l)Oi)k in 1601, till-
:i Vi-rhiiliin, — Inn
lit in ameliorating^
sion. In this way
Notwithstandin,'
i Rot al)roail, ami
' labors.' I'in.illy,
: manuscript ; liiit
sentiments, wliii h
an arraignment nl
• printed it in tive
f the tracts of the
as which Llorci ti'
year in .1 French
odcle des virtues
leen made in the
h, and a scholar
1 and exercLsed in
I as a most ardent
0 Indians, he had
ty and tidelity the
hi.s pajj;es that he
Impartiality to its
le penetrates with
iililime constancy
y-
tracts into other
effect which tlay
erness to ni.ike
/./ printed at \Kx-
-1S7S. Cf. Vigol,
of the Apoloi;(tua
.l/i'.i7(i', vol. viii.
Cohinil'iis, Ap|). ;
U11. ed.), i. 2J, nnd
knor, Spttnish Lit-
Cosmos (Kng. (r.|.
Ill Amcriij, i. 50(1;
Qiiint.uia's I'lJ.ii,
Kit always striitlv
setl and paraplir.i^-
ir, S/'iini</i Liti t-i-
c ; .Sahin, nos. 1 1,
/ America, i. .;0'i-
f I.as Casas, c'l-
iiurors, and other
•:u.i
I.A.S CASAS, AND TIIF. SI'ANIARr).S AND INDIANS.
34 »
public these accunations aK-dnxt the Sp.miards by one of their own nundier, th.m the
I le minus and Dutch. The c.irliest of all the tr.msl.itions, and one of the r.irest of these
publications, is the version of the first tr.ict, with part.s of others, which appe.ired in the
dialect of lirabant, in 157.S, — the jirecursur of a lonj{ series of such testimonies, u.sed lo
incite the Netherlanders aj,'ainst the .Spanish rule.' The I'rench (.line next with their
TymnniiS it •rimuti'- ifes JCspai;iiiils, published at Aniwer|) in 1571^, in which the tran.sl.i-
lor, Jacques tie Mi^tjrodc, softened the horrors of the story with a due regard for his
Spanivh neii^hbors.'^ A somewhat holder venture was a new version, not from the orii;in,ds.
but from the Dutch tr.msl.ition, and set out with all tin; horrors of De llry's seventeen
tnj;ravinj;s, which was sui)plie 1 to the French m.irket with an Amsterdam imprint in |().:o.
It is a distorted (jatchwork of parts of the three of the 155.; tr.icts." In a brief prelace,
the translator says that the part relating to the Indies is derived from the original, jjrinted
.It .Seville by Seb.istian Trugillo in 155,1, the writer " being Las Casas, who seems to be
a hoh man an.l a Catholic." 'I'here were still other French versions, printed both in France
.uid in Holland.'' The earliest Fnglish transl.ition is a version signed by M M. S.,
eniiiled /'//(• S/),viiih Colonic, or HrL'fe C/ironiile oj the /his mid Gcstes of the Spaiiiiudes
ill the West I ndies, tailed the Neive lVorlde,for the Space of XL. Vceres, issued in London
in I j.Sj." The best-known of the luiglish versions is The Tears of the Indians, " made laig-
lish by J. 1'.," and printed in London in 1656." "J. 1'." is John Phillips, a nei)hcw of John
.Milton. His little book, whicli contains a terse translation of Las Casas's " Cruelty," etc.,
without his controversy with Sepulvedi, is dedicated to Oliver Cromwell. It is prefaced
by a flowing appeal " To all true I'nglishmen," which rehearses the proud position they
hold in history for religion, liberty, and human rights, and denounces the Spaniards as
' [This earliest version is a tract of 70
leaves, printed probably at lirussels, and called
^ter (ort I'er/nul Tiiiide tLslriiclie van d'/iiilien.
Cf. Sahin, no. 23 ; Carter-Iirown, i. 320; .Stevens,
mi'l. Hist., no. 1,097. The whole series is re-
viewed ill Tide's Mhiioiir />ili!io!;ni/'Jii(jiii- (who
(jives twenty-one editions) and in Sal)in's /KvAv
0/ I.as Casas (taken from his Pictioiiary) ; and
many of them are noted in the Carti>-/>ii'7oii
Calahxiii a.ni.\ in Miillci's Hooksoii Aitieriia, 1S72
and 1S77. This 157.S edition was reissued in
1579 with a new title, S/iix/i,-/ iter S/^'eiisi/wr
Tiraiiiiije, which in some form continued to he
llie title of sub.sccpient editions, which were is-
sued in 1596, 1607, 1609, 1610, 161 2 (two), 1620
(two), 1621, 1627 (?), 1634, 163.S, 1663, 1664, etc.
Several of these editions give De liiy's cngrav-
injjs sonielinics in reverse. A popular chap-
hoiik, printed about 1730, is made up from Las
I'as.is and other sources. — Kl).]
■ [This included the first, second, and sixth
of tile tracts of 1552. In I5S2 there was a new
cdilioi, of the Tyraiiiiic-s, etc , printed at Paris;
hut sonic copies seem to have had a chaujjcd
lillc. Itistoire admirahle tics horribles iusotciiccs,
< ii ■ It was again reissued with the original
iiile at Kouen in 1630. Cf. Field, S73, 874;
Saliin, nos. 41, 42, 43, 45 ; Uich(lS32); Stevens,
/>'//'/. IJtst., no. 1,098; Leclerc, nos. 334, 2,55.8;
('arter-brown, i. 329, 345, 347 ; O'Callaghan,
.'11. 1,336; a London catalogue (.\. U. S : h,
1S74) notes an edition of the IHstoirc at/ii 'le
1/: ' /lorrihles fnsolciices, Cniaiitez ct tyrraiiii
itc> /■ar lis /Cs/<aL;iitils, etc., Lyons, 1 594. — Li).]
•' (Sahin, no. 44; Leclerc, no. 335; Field,
no. S76; Carter-Drown, ii. 236; O'Callaghan,
""• '>337- It is * f'TC book, and is sometimes
quoted at ^^15 or thereabout. It is ealled /.e
miroir tie la tyraiime /■'.s/'ii^iioU. — Ed. J
■* [One jirinted at Lymis in 1642 is called
Ilistoire tics Iiiilcs occidciitalcs, which Ciraesse
says follows a Paris edition of 1635. Cf. Field,
p|i. 222, 223; Carter-Iirown, ii. 498; Sahin,
no. .(6; Miiller (1877), no. 1797. Kich says this
translation was made by the .\hhe de liellcganle,
who tempered the rougher |iarts, as his i)rc<le-
cessors had done. 'I'he te.\t is much abbreviated
from Las Casas, using, however, only a part of
his tracts. This version was reissued, according
to (Jraesse, in 1692; but n.ost bibliographers
cite as the same with it. La ih'coinertc ties In-
des t'cciilentales, Paris, 1697 and 1701, and the
Aclii/ioii tics Toytixcs . . . tlaiis Ics Indes ccci-
itciitales, Amsterdam, 169S. Cf. Sabin, nos. 47,
48, 49; Carter-brown, ii. 1,510, 1,527; O'Cal-
laghan, nos. 1,340, 1,342. — F,i).|
''' [It is a tract of si.\ty-four leaves in Gulhic
letter, and is very rare, prices being ipioled at
/'2oaiid more. Cf. .Sabin, no. 61 ; Carlcr-Krown,
i. 351 ; Stevens, Bib!. Geot;., 59C, Iliitli Cataloxiie,
i. 271. Cf. William Liglitfoote's Complaints
of JSnxlaiicl, honiVm, 15S7, for English opinion
at this time on the .Spanish e.xces.ses (Sahin,
vol. X. no. 41,050), and the Foreign Quarterly
Kifino (1841), ii. 102. — Kd.]
'' [Field, p. S77 ; Cartcr-Prown, ii. S04 ; S.ibin,
no. 60. The first tract is translated in Purchas's
Pilxrimes, iv. i.5(')(). — F.l).|
K
\ I.
I ''^
w.'"r
'A •%
m 'It 1 1
1* ;; -
I '■■' \ ;/ .>:
^:'i '1
'
11 :!
1'^.
■I/.
! I
■I
A
. » ,
342
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
"al'roud, Duceitl'iil, Cruel, and Treacherous Nation, whose chicfLSt Aim luitli been tlitt
Conquest of this 1 \nd," etc., closing witli a call u|)on them to aid the I'rotector in the
threatened contest for the West Indies.
While Phillips places th ; number of the slaughtered Indians at twenty millions, these
are reckoned at forty millions by the editor of another English version, based upon thi;
French Tyrannies et cruautcs, which was jirinted at London, in 1699, as .-/ Relation oi
the First Voyai^es and Disco7ieries made by tlie Spaniards in tinier ica} The earliest Ger-
man etlition appeared, in 1597, as Neiue IVelt: warhafflii^e Anz^iguui^ der Hispanier
grewlii/ien . . . Tyranueyr The Latin edition appeared at I'rankfort, in 1598, as
\arratio rei^ioniiiii Inaitarvm per Hispanos qvosdam deuastatarum verissiina.' This
Latin translation has a brief introduction, mainly a quotation from Lipsius, commenting mi
these atrocities. The version is spirited and faithful, covering the narrative of Lai; Casas
and his discussion with .Sepulveda. The engravings by De liry are ghastly and revolliny,
and present all too laithfully the shocking enormities related in the tc.\t. It is a fearful
parody of deception anil truth which irtroduces a hooded friar as holding a crucifix before
the eyes of one under torment by fire or mutilation. We can scarcely regret that the cir-
cumstances under which the indiscriminate slaughter was waged but rarely allowed of this
desecration of a sacred symbol. Tlie artist has overdrawn his subjects in delineating
heaps of richly wrought and chased .essels as brought by the houniled victims to appease
their tormentors.
To close this list of translations, it is only necessary to refer to the sundry w.u s in
which Las Casas was helped to create an i'ltiuence in Italy, the Italian text in these
publications usually accompanying the Spanish.*
1 [Some copies read, Aicoiitit of the First
Voyages, etc. Cf. Field, no. SSo ; Carter-Brown,
vol. ii. no. 1,556; Sabin, no. 6j ; Stevens, Hihl.
Geog., no. 603 ; and Prince Library Catalogm,
p. 34. Another English edition, London, 16S0,
is called Popery truly tlisplay'd in its Blooily
Colours. Cf. Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,374 ;
S.Tbin, no. 62. .Xiiotlier London book of l7.;o.
Old Eui^laiut for E-er, is often called a Las
Casas, but it is not his. F'iclil, no. SSS. — Kl).|
'^ [Sabin, no. 51 ; Carter-Brown, i. 510; .Ste-
vens, Hist. Coll., i. 319. It has no place. Muller
calls a Warluiftiger Ferielit of 1509, with no
place, the earliest German edition, with De livy's,
engravings, — which were also in the Opiieiiheiiii
edition of 1613, Warlinffliger und griiiullielier
Berielit, axe. Cf. Sabin, no. 54; Carter-Brown,
ii. 146. A similar title belongs to a Frankfort
edition of 1597 (based on the .\nt\verp French
edition of 1579), which is noted in Sabin, no.
52, and in Bil. Crenvilliana, ii. S;8, and was
acconi]ianicd by a volume of plates (S.ibin,
no. S3)-
There seem to be two varieties of the Ger-
man edition of 1665, dn/<sHiiidii;e warliafl'tige
Fese/ircilinng der India>iisehen I.iindern. Cf.
Carter-Brown, ii. 957 ; Sabin, no. 55 ; Field,
no. 882. Sabin (no. 56) also notes a 1790 and
other editions. — En.]
"^^^^t^cS. &^.
3 [It followed the French edition of 1371),
and was reissued at Oppcnlicini in i(t\.\. C'l.
F'ield, p. 871 ; Carter-ISrown, i. 453, 524; ii. i(i|;
Sabin, nos.57, 5S.
The Heidelberg edition of 1664, Rcgioiinm
Indiearum per Hispanos oliin dr.\istalariim
deseriptio, omits the si.xteen pages of preliniinaiv
ni.'itter of the early editions ; and the plates, judg-
ing from the Harvard College and other copies,
show wear. Sabin, no. 50; Carter-Brown, ii
944. — ICd.]
■* [As in the Istoria b brevissima relatione,
Venice, 1626, 1630, and 1643, a version of the
lirst tract of 1552, made by Castcllani. It w:i>
later included in Marmocchi's Raecolta di rvi/.s'C'-
Cf. Sabin, nos. 16, 17, iS; Carter-Brown, ii. 311,
360, 514; Leclerc, no. 331 ; Field, no. 885; Stevon>,
I/ist. Coll., i. 31 5 ; /)'//'/. /list., no. 1,100. The si.\tii
tract was translated as // supplicc seliiaTo In-
diano, and jinblished at Venice in 1635, 1630,
and 1657. Cf. Carter-Brown, ii. 434, 81(1;
Field, no. 886; Sabin, nos. 20, 21. It was \y
issued in 1640 as La liberh) pretesa. Sabin
no. 19; Field, no. 887; Carter-Brown, ii. 473-
The eighth and niiitli tracts a|>pe'.rcd as Con
i/uiita deW Lndie oecidcnlaii, Venice, 1645. ''!
I'"ield, no. 884; Sabin, no. 22; Canerlhnuu
ii. 566. — F.n.)
.^5*-^..^
LAS CASAS, AND THE SPANIARDS AND INDIAN'S.
343
EDITORIAL NOTE.
'I'lIL iiost iin|)nrtant distinctive lives of I,as
'^ Casas arc those of l.lorciite, prctixcd to
Ills eilitioii of Las Casas' (Eiit/is ; that wliich
<,iiiiiUaiia (born, 177.:; (lied, 1S57) gives in liis
l'i.{,if i/c Espiiiiolfs tYlfhres, vol. iii., i)ul>lished at
M.ulrid in 1S33, and reprinted, witli (^nintana's
0!'>\is, in the lUbliotecti tie aiitorcs EspanoUs in
iS^j; and the Vida y escrilos de Las Casas of A.
M. Fabie, pubHshed at Madrid in i87(), in two
\nUinic>, with a large nundier of unpublished
(Idiiiincnts, Making vols. 70 and 71 of the
J)i',ii>ii,-)iti>s in(i/ito< (/is/'aiia). The life which way
(onslrncled mainly by the son of Arthur Helps
cull ol 7'/n' S/'aiii.t/i Couc/iiist in America by the
fillur, is the most considerable account in Eng-
lish. The larger work was written in a spirit
re.idily appreciative of the character of I.as Casas,
aiul he is n\adc such a centre of interest in it as
casilv to favor the e.\cisio)t of parts of it to form
tlie lesser book. This was hardly jjossible with
t'lie broader connections established between
!,as Casas and his times which accompany the
portrayal of his career in the works of I'res-
ott and 11. H. liancroft. The great
fiiend ol the Indian is mainly, how-
ever, to be drawn from his own writings.
I.as Casas was by no means alone
ill his advocacy of the rights of the
ii.ilives, as Ilarrissc (/>';/)/. Am. Vet.
Ailif., p. ti9) has pointed out; naming
Julian Garces, Francis of Vittoria,
Diego de Avcndaiio, Alonzo de No
rina, and even ()ueen Isabel herself,
as evinced by her will (in Hornier,
Diviirsos varios, \i. 3.S1). The fame
of I.as Casas was steadfastly upheld
by Remesal in his Ilhtoria di' C/iyapa,
( IL., 1619 (cf. Bancroft, Central America^ ii. 339) ;
and the great apostle found a successor in his
l.ibors in Juan dc I'alafo.x y Mendoja, whose
appeal to the King, ])rinted about 1650, and
ciUed I'irtiides de! Iiidio, 1! natiiraleza y lOSliim-
lires de los Jndios de Niu-.a Espana, has become
very rare. (Cf. Carter-Iirown, vol. ii. no. fi9i.)
llrasseur dc Hourbourg, in the fourth volume of
liis Xatioiis ch'ihsccs dii Me.xiipie, set forth in all
tlieir eiiormiiy the barbarities of the Spanish
KiiuiiiLrors; but he seeks to avoid all imput.a-
li'ins of exaggeration by shunning the evidence
drawn from L.as Casas.
The opponents of Las Casas — who became
ill due time the best-hated man in the Spanish
loliiiiics — were neitlier few nor powerless, as
the thwarting ot Las Casas' plans constantly
^.liowed. The Fray Toribio Motolinia took issue
with Las Casas, and Ramirez, in his Life of
Motolinia contained in Icazbalceta's Co/eecion,
undertakes to show (p. Ivii} the dillerence be-
tween them. Cf. Ii. Smith's Co/eejioii, p. 67.
The most consi)icuons of his fellow-observers,
who reached conclusions constantly quite at v.i-
riance with Las Casas, was (Jonzalo Fernandez
de Oviedo y Valdes, — to give his full name,
though t)viedo is the one by which he is usually
cited. Oviedo was but a few years younger than
Las Casas. He had seen Columbus' triumph at
liarcelona, and had come to .\inerica with I'edra-
rias ten years after Las Casas, and spent thirty-
four of the next forty years in the New World,
holding part of the time the oflice of inspector of
the gold-smeltings at Darien, and latterly living at
HispanioUu He is thought to have begun his
historical studies as early as i5:;o, and he pub-
lished his first book, usually called the Stimario,
in 1526,011 his return from his second voyage.
It is a description of the West Indies and its
natives. Returning to Spain in 1530, he was
after a while made the official chronicler of the
Indies, and in 1535 began the publication of his
grtM Jfis/oria de /as Iiidias. On this chief
labor Ticknor {S/>a/iis/i [.ileratiire, 'i. y-,]
traces him at work certainly as late as 1 54S, and he
may have added to it down to 1555. He had the
royal direction to demand of tlie various gover-
nors whatever document and aid he might need
as he went on. Ticknor calls him the hrst author,
ized chronicler of the New World, — "an office,"
he adds, " which was at one time better paid than
any other similar otilicc in the kingdom, and was
held at different times by Herrcra, Tamavo, So-
bs, and other writers of distinction, and ceased
(he believed) with the creation of the .Academy
of History." Oviedo was a correspondent of
Ramusio, and found the accpiaintaiice helpful.
He knew Cortes, and exchanged letters with
hnn. Ticknor, after speaking of the scope of
the Ilistoria as taxing the powers of Oviedo
beyond their strength, still accounts the work of
great value as a vast repositorv of facts, and not
wholly without merit as a composition. In the
-I;!:!*
-' ^^
*•<
•!'•■
1
;.y;
;i 'I
'I ;
^-•n
■•
''■ y
\i
1 .
'Si 1,
111 ih''i-^>'
.? ' j:
r.
I ' ■'
mm
! <i
('I
:i I
fil !'
\s ■'
■ I
riTi.r: o\- nviirin, 1526. Ririr( fh.
m'x
LAS CASAS, AND TlIi: .SPANIARDS AND INDIANS.
345
estimates ccniimiMily hkkIl' of Ovicdn there is al-
lowed him but scant scholarship, liitlc power of
iliscrimination, — as shown in his giving at times
ns much weight to hearsay evidence as to estab-
lished testimony, — a curious and shrewd insiglit,
wliieh sometimes, with his industry, leads him
i.i a better balance of authorities than might be
xpccted from his deficient judgment. His re-
Miurces of material were uncommon; but his
use of them is generally tedious, with a tenden-
IV to wander from his theme.
IVrnau.x sees in him the pre-
judices of his times, — and
these were not certainly very
friendly to the natives. Las
(asas could no more endure
him than he couhl 1)ear with
the average lOiiqiiis/iu/in: 'I"he
hisliop charges the historian
with constantly bearing false
witness against the Indians,
and with lying on every page.
Oviedo died at Valladolid in
1557. (Cf. I'rcscott's Mfxico,
ii. 283; Irving's Columbus,
App. .\xviii. ; II. II. liancroft,
Chro)iiclcrs, \t. 20, and Central
Jiihru-,!, i. 309, 463-467.)
The bibliography of Oviedo
(Icservcs lO be traced. His
initial publication, Vr hi luit-
ural hystoria ik his Iihliiis,
was printed at Toledo in 1 526,
— lint in 1525, as the Real
Aiademia says in their re-
print, nor 1528, as Ticknor
gives it. It is often cited as
Oviedo's Siiiiiiivio, since that
is the first word of the sec-
ondary title. (Cf. Habin, Dit-
tiiinary, vol. xiv. no. 57,987;
Ilairisse, A'otcs on Coliiml'iis,
|i. 12; and Bi/il. Amcr. ?'<•/.,
no. 139; Ternaux,no.35; Rich,
1S32, no. 6, jCj2 12.1'.; Car-
tii-l'.rcnvn, i. 89.) There aie
also copies in the Library of Congress and Har-
vard College. The Spanish te.xt is included in
Itarcia's llistoriiidores f'riinitivos and in Vedia's
lliJ. frii'i. i/i' Iiuiiiis, 185S, vol. i. It is in large
part translated into Knglish in Kden's Di\ad,-s
vf llw A'i'w llorh/, 1555 (chap. iS), and this ver-
sion is condensed in I'urchas's J\7i;n'»tis, iv. 5,
There is an Italian version in Kamusio's I'ld^X',
iii. 44-
The publication of Oviedo's great work, which
i^ 'liiile different from the 1526 book, was begun
at Seville, in 1535, under the title of IHsloria
i^iufiil Ji' tiis Iihihis. In this he gave the first
nineteen books, and ten chapters of book 20. At
the end is a avta missi-ra, to which tlic author
usually attached his (jwn sign.iture, and that
annexed is taken (slightly reduced) from the
copy in Harvard College Library. (Cf. Sabin,
vol. .\iv. no. 57,988 ; Harrisse, Dihl. Am. l\t., no.
207; Murphy, nos. 1886-S7 ; Carter-Iinnvn, i.
114, with fac-simile of title.) Ramusio translated
these nineteen books. In 1547, wT.at purports to
be a summary, but is in fact a version, of Xeres
.^RMS OF OVIEDO.*
Iiv Jacques Gohory, a])pcarcd in Paris as Uhis
toii-e de la fcnv iwiive dii J'l'ni en V hide occidenlah:
(Cf. Bib. Am. \'ct., no. 2C4 ; Ternaux, no. 52;
Sabin, vol. xiv. no. 57,994.)
In 1547 a new edition of the Spanisli, some-
.vhat increased, appeared at Salamanca as
Coroniiii dc lis litdiis ; hi liyitoria i^ciicral de
las Iitditis a^'ora luii'itamciiti- impirssa, tonvi;iihi,y
cmciidada. Sometimes it is found in the same
cover with the Peru of Xeres, and then the title
varies a .'ittle. The book is rare and costly.
Rich, in 1832 (no. 17), priced it at £\ci \os. ; it
has been so.d recently at the Sunderland sale
:'[
n\
h.
|i-:
: »
I ,•
II
1 Rechued fruni the cut at tliecnd nf the edition ol Oviedo, 1535.
VOL. II.
44.
wmpp.
M
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340
V.MOvA !MVF. A :n CRITICAL iIIS'l'dRY OF AMERICA.
fii
jC', M\d in tlu' ii!)iavv ■•' an oM adiiiir.il
(1SS3, no. 340) for jC.\o; (Jiiaiitcli has priced it
••' Z^jji''""' Maisonncuvc (Lcclcrc, no. 43-), at
1,000 francs. Tlicri.' is a copy in Harvard Col-
lege Lilirary. (Cf. .Saliin, vol. .\iv. no, 57,9X9;
Cartc-r-lirown, i. 145; />'//■/. A/ii. I'lf, no. 27S ;
Additions, no. 163 ; and .Murphy, ' ■'. 1SS5.)
.\ full French translation of tun books, made
by Jc:ii I'olcur, appeared ir I'aris under the
set is worth about S-O. See further, Hrunct, iv
290 ; Ternau.x, no. 46 ; I'anzer, vii. 1 z.\ ; Stevens,
A'iii;i;,-/s, ii. 2,067.) Turnau.x had already, in
1S40, published in French, as a l.'istoirt' </,•
A'iiiirtii;iiii (in his second series, vol. iii.) thirteen
chapters of book .\lii.
There was an Italian traveller in the Spanish
provinces between 1541 and [556 who, while he
thought that I, as Casas mistook his vocation in
cu'cia real oe Cefar i la oc.'gl.S.i euo conTima n ocfTos fcnojca oel cofqo mae fm cf
crupuiotlliiuieflen: iloe vfvnosoe jqilaep.irrcsmaaft'guros ipacificametebiuief
Icnioo a glona •: alabaj a dc lefu cf;?i(lo:el qual la rcuereiioiHima i Uliiftn(Tima perfo/
n>»fellaoooe.'Q.£» largos tiefnpo9pjorpcreqrufanton,ruJaOi®efeBllld8treEr?ta
■^ftCj/l^
iety .
title of HiJtoire n.iturdle
ft i;hicrallc dcs Indc, with-
out the transl.itor s name
in 1555, and with it in 1556. (Cf.
Sabin, vol. xiv. no. ')7,9n2-93J Tcr-
naux, no. 47; Carurllrown, i. 214;
Heckford, iii. 342; Mi:iphy, no. 18S4; Leclerc,
no. 434, 130 francs, ard no. 2,SSS, 350 francs;
Quaritch, no. 12,313, /,'7 ioj.) There is a copy
in Harvard Coli -ye Library.
The twenticih book, l.ihyo xx dc In StX"iidii
parte dc la i;e)ii)\n histoi-ia de las Indias appeared
for the first time ami separately at Vall.idolid in
1557; the death of tue author while his book
was in press prc\enied the continuance of its
publication. (Cf. Kieh, 1832, no. 34, £,(i fo. ,•
Sabin, vol. xiv. no. 57,991 : Cartcr-lirown, i. 219.)
The fate of the remaining parts of the manu-
script was for a while uncertain. Rich, in 1832,
said that books xxi. to xxviii., which were in the
printer's hands at Oviedo's death, were not re-
covered, while he knew of manuscript copies
of books xxix. to xlviii. in several collections.
Irving says he found a copy ( f Mie unprinted
parts hi the Colondiina Library at Seville.
Harrisse (Notes on Colnm/ms and Z>V/'/. Am. I'ct.,
no. 207) says the manuscript w.as scattered, but
was brought together pgain after some vicissi-
tudes. Another statement places it in the Casa
de la Contratacion after Oviedo's death ; whence
it was tr.insferred to the Convent of Monserrat.
Meanwhile sundry manuscript copies were taken.
(Cf. A'otcs on Coliiin/'iis, p. 17.) In 1775 the
publication of it was ordered by Cioveriuuent ;
l)ut it W.1S not til! 1851-1855 that the Real
.Vcademia de la Historia at Madrid issued the
fiftv books, complete in four volumes folio,
under the editing of Jose .Vmador de los Rios,
who added to the ])ublication several maps, a
bibliographv, and the best Life of Oviedo yet
written. (Cf. Sabin, vol. xiv. no. 57,990; the
mA
t^ fcT^s^
attempting to administer .1 colony, bears evidence
to the atrocities which Las Casas so iiersistently
magnified. This wanderer was a Milanese, Giro-
lamo l!en/.oni, who at the early age of twenty-
two had stalled on his .American travels. He
did not altogether succeed in ingratiating him-
self v.'ith the Spaniards whom he encountered,
and perhaps his discontent colored somewhat
his views. He was not much of a scholar,
yielded not a little to credulity, and picked up
mere gossip indeed, but of a kind which gives us
much light as to the conditions both of the Kuni-
peans and natives. (Cf. Field, Indian Bitiliogra-
///I', no. 117; Bancroft, Central America, ii. 232;
.•\dmiral Smith's Introduction to the Hakhiy!
Society edition.) After his return he prepared
and published — prefixing his own likeness, as
shown here in fac-simile — the results of his olv
servations in his Ilistoria del Mondo A'iuko,
which was issued at Venice in 1565. It he
came a popular book, and spread through Ku-
ro|)e not only in the original Italian, but i'.
French and Latin versions. In Spanish it
never became current ; for though it sogri.'.tK
concerns that jieople, no one of them ventuiei!
to give it the help of a ifanslation into thcii
vernacular; and as he had not said much ii
praise of their American career, it is not altf
gethcr strange.
t ♦
LAS CASAS, AND TIIL Sl'AMAKiS /.aI) 'KLMANS.
347
The bibliography of the book merits ex-
pl.mation. It 's treated at length in Sabin's
DutioiMiy, vol. ii. no. 4,791, and in the Sliu/i
liio". e /'i/'/ii'X. iMl'i Sodtitt Caxrcijiai Jtnluiiui.
i. :i)! (1SS2). The original Italian editior., La
llislitria (Id ■''foiulo Xiun'o, IikjiuiI tratlu Jdl'
/.,'/<• S^ Mari ii'iovameiite ritiovati, &' ddli:
lui.'-.c Cilia da liii propria vcdnU, per aa/iia C^
/■, ;■ t,-rra in ijuatlordici aiiiii, was publislRil at
Wnicc in 1565. There are copies in Harvard
1 iilkgc, Cornell University, and the Carter-
r,i,.«ii libraries. Cf. Rich (1S32), no. 43 — /i
I ,. 0,1. ; i.eclerc ( 1S78), no. 59—120 francs ; A. K.
.Siiiiih (1S74), £2 2s. oJ. ; Drinlcy, no. 10;
( .utir-r.rown, i. 253; lluth, i. 132; Field,
liuihiii h'iNii'i^rap/iy, no. 1 17; .Sparks,
1111.240; Stevens (1S70), no. 171. A second
Italian edition — A'liirraiiicnte rislaiiipata
. . , it'll 1,1 i^iitiila d'aUiiiie cose iiotahile dell'
ls,'U- Ji CaiKiria — was issued at Venice in
1572. Cf. Rich (1S32), no. 49, £1 IS. od. ;
Cartcr-lirown, i. 2S9; Stevens, no. 172:
Miiller (1S7-), no. 285; Sunderland, no.
1,213; II. C. Murphy, no. 2,838; lluth,
i. [32; J. J. Cooke, nos. 2ig, 220.
The first Latin edition A'lK'ir A'lTi Orbis
IlisloriiC, translated by Urban Chauveton
(who added an accoinit of the Krench ex-
pcilition to Florida), was published at
(Iviicva ill 1578; followed by a second in
15S1 ; a third in 1586, with Lery's book
on liraiil adiled ; others in 1590 (no place) ;
i5yS and 1600 (Geneva); (Colonic Allo-
biuguMi), iCt2, with three other tracts;
and at Hamburg in 164S. Besides these
the Latin version appeared in De Hry,
parts iv., v., and vi., printed at Frankfort
i'> '59-. '593. 1594. 1595. •■"«' a' Oppen-
luiniin 1617. Cf. Carter-Drown, i. 318, 338.
3(15; ii. 123, 629; Stevens, A'lr^^s^eis 2.300,
Bihl. lfij/.,v\o. 173-174; Mulkr (1872), n^,=. 7'^
79; (''^77), 2S7; Simderland, no. 1,214; t\j,,i<.....
11ns. 21S, 222; I'inart, no. ^7 ; lluth, i. 132; Field,
p. 119. There are copies of the 1578 edition in
thu Boston I'ublic id Harvard College libra'." .
The Fre;ich editions were issued at Geneva
ill 1579 :ind 1589. The notes are different from
tho.se of the Lat'u editions; and there are no
notes to book iii., as in the Latin. Cf. Carter-
ISrown, i. 326; Cooke, no. 221 ; Court, no. 32.
There are two German versions. The lir-^t
w.i> by Nicholas Iloniger, and was |)rinted ,it
T'.l^l^-■, in 1579, as Dcr A'c-mciiii Wcldl. It was
iti.-~ued, with tracts of Peter Martyr and others,
111 15S2. The version of Abel Scherdigers wa;:
i"'.ii.cl at Ilelmstadt in 1590, I59r, again at
li.uikfurt in 1595, and at Wittenberg in 1606.
There were in addition some later im|)rints,
li. --ides those included in Ue IJry .iiid in Saegh-
ni:in's i ■'•'ii^icii. ''A. Rich, no. 61 ; Cartcr-lirown,
5. 3)4, : S, ii. 44, 91; ; MuUcr (1872), nos. 80,
l,S8o. ^S77), '.loe.
'ill: 'irst Dnifh edition appeared at Ilaarkni
in u I . theic was an abridged issue at Amster-
dam !■■ iijoj. Cf, Tide, nos. 276,277; Muller
(1872), ncs 81,82; Curtor-lirown, :■. 97.
I'urclias gave a.i ab^'ract in 1' ijglish ; but
there was no complete haigli;.]! version till Ad-
miral Smith's was published by the Ilakluyt
Society in 1857. This has f.ic-similes of the cuts
of the 1572 edition; and De Biy also followed
the early cuts.
In 1542 and 1543 Las Casas largely influenced
the royal decrees relating to the treatment of
the r;'dians, which were signed by ;' c monarch,
!' 1- ;o, 1542, and June 4, 1543, and printed at
Alcn'a in 1543 as Liyvs y Ordenaiifiis. This
book stands as the earlu>t printed ordinances
for ihe New World, and is rare. Rich in 1832 (no.
(3) jniced it at ^'21. (Cf. /)';/'. Am. I'et., no. 247 ;
Carter-Hrown, vol. i. no. 130 ; Sabin, vol. x. p. 320.)
There were later editions at Mai Lid in 1585,'
and ,at Valladolid in 1003. Henry Stevens, in
1878, issued a fac-simile edition made by Harris
after a vellum copy in the Grenvillc Collectinii,
accompanied by a translation, with an historical
and bibliographical introduction.
T"he earliest comijilation of general laws for
the Luhes, entitled /'riKisioiies, ie,/ii/as, inslni,-
cif/ics de sii Magesuid, was printed ..1 Mexico in
1563. This is also very rare; Kich priced it in
i .\
It ■•;
I ,>
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'::M
In Harvard ' ulle-^e Library, with also the On/c/iu.'iz.js ffu/i-s </(■' Couscio de ias /uJir.s, of 'W- >.inie rliite
P- WWVWMKVIAIU.,^ .„
i,;,i
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348
XARRATIVK AND CRITICAL IIISTCIRY f.)V AMERICA.
lS',i at £\G if).. It was tlie work of Vascii dc
I'una, ami Ilcljis calls it " tlic earliest smiimary
i)f Spanish colonial law." 'I'lii: Cartcr-lirown
ropy (C(itali\i;iii; i. ^42) was sent to Kngland for
Mr. Ilclps's use, there being no copy in that
country, so far as known.
'J'hc next collcctl ju was PrtK'isioncs, cedtihis,
etc., arranged by Diego de Kncinas, and was
printed at Madrid in 1596. The work earlv be-
came scarce, and Rich priced it at ^5 5,f. in 1S32
(no. Si). It is in Harvard College and the Car-
ter-l!ro\vn Library ( dilaloi^uv, vol. i. no. 502). The
bibliography of the general laws, iiarticularly of
later collections, is sketched in l!ancroft's i'oi-
trill America^ i. 2S5, and Mexico, iii. 550; and in
chap, xxvii. of this same volume the reader wll
tind an examination of the administration ami
judicial system of the Spaniards in the Xi-w
World;' and he nuist go chiefly to liancmft
(CtiHral Aiinncn,\. 2^1, 257, 261, 2S5; Mcxi,.\
ii. 130,516, 563, etc. land Helps [Spanish Con-
ijiicst and Lift' of Liis Casus) for aid in tracing
the sources of the subject of the legal ))rotcclic«ii
sought to be afforded to the natives, and ihc
attemiited regulation of the slavery which tluv
endured. Helps carefully defines the meanim;
and working of the ciuomiiniia system, wliiili
gave in effect a pro|)erty value to the subjectidii
of the natives to the Concpierors. Cf. Spaiiis/i
Conquest (Am. cd.), iii. 113, 128, 157, 212.
' There nro convenient explanations and references respecting the functions of the Casa de la Contrat.iciiin,
the Council of the Indies, the Process of tlic Audicncia, and the duties of .an .'Vlcaldc, in Bancroft's Centnil
America, vol. i. pp. 270, 2S0, 2S2, 297, 330.
Ill' ,'•
'A
CHAPTER VI.
CORTfiS AND HIS COMPANIONS.
\ I,
BY JUSTIN WINSOR,
r/ii Editar.
("^ RIJ ALVA had returned in 1518 to Cuba from his Western expedition,'
-^ flushed with pride and expectant of reward. It was his fate, iiow-
L'vcr, to be pushed aside unceremoniously, while another was sent to follow
up his discoveries. Before (irijalva had returned, the plan was formed;
and Hernando Cortes distanced his competitors in suing for the leadership
of the new expedition. Cortes was at this time the alcalde of Santiago in
Cuba, and about thirty-three years old, — a man agile in mind, and of a
frame well compacted for endurance; with a temper to please, and also to
be pleased, if you would but wait on his wishes. He had some money,
which Velasquez de Cuellar, the Governor, needed; he knew how to decoy
the intimates of the Governor, and bait them with promises : and so the
ap])ointmcnt of Cortes caime, but not altogether willingly, from Velasquez.
Cort<is was born in Spain,^ of humble, respectable stock. Too con-
siderable animal spirits had made him an unprofitable student at Salamanca,
though he brought away a little Latin and a lean store of other learning.
A passion for the fairer sex and some military ardor, dampened with scant
income all the while, characterized the following years; till finally, in 1504,
he sailed on one of the fleets for the New World. Here he soon showed
bis quality by participating in the suppression of an Indian revolt. This
got him a small official station, and he varied the monotony of life with
love intrigues and touches of military bravado. In 151 1, when Diego
Columbus sen' Velasquez on an expedition to Cuba, Cortes joined it iis
the commander's executive officer. A certain adroitness turned a quar-
rel which he had with Velasquez (out of which grew his marriage with
a fair Catalina) to his advantage with the Governor, who made him in the
end the alcalde of Santiago, — a dignity which mining and stock-raising
luckily enabled the adventurer to support. He was in this condition when
all schemes worked happily, and Velasquez was induced to commission
liim commander-in-chief of the new expedition. The Governor gave him
' I
%\
(
a
' See chap. iii. p. 2oj, iinte.
2 At .Mcdcllin, in Esticni.icUua, in 14S5.
V
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350 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
£l Aciclayitm/oDON BlEdO VLLASQlTES cCe
Cue liar Ancor del dexcytii6t'i77vie/7ztQ
ii!' iiticfa Ejpnila •
VELASQUEZ.'
instructions on tlic 23ci of October, 1518. Cortes understood, it tunic;!
out, that these were to be followed wlicn necessary and disregarded wlieii
desirable. There seemed, indeed, to have been no purpose to confine tlic
business of the expedition to exploration, as the instructions set fortii.-
Cortes put all his substance into ships and outfits. He inveiL^leil his friends
into helping him. X^elasquez converted what Government rcrources he
could to the purpose of the expedition, while at the same time he seems
to have cunningly sold to Cortes his own merchandise at exorbitant prices.
' Fac-simile of an cnpravini; m llcrrer.i, - Tlicy .irc given in I';ichcco'.s Co/aciiVi,sl'y
i. 29S. It is liltiogiaplitd in Caljaj.if.s .lA'xico, 225, I'rcscolt's .Ut'xiin, app. i., and elsewlicn;.
ii. 21. Cf. II. II. liancroft, AffxUo, i. 55.
» . t
RICA.
CORTfiS AND HIS COMPANIONS.
351
)od, it tunic;}
egarded wlicii
o confine tlic
ns set fortli.'-
cd his fricnJs
resources he
me he seciiis
bitant prices.
;co's Colcccioii, xii.
i., and elsewlitic.
55-
rwcnty thousand ducats apparently went into somebody's pockets to get
tlic expedition well started.' Three luindred men, including some of
l)t)sition, joined him. The Governor's jester, instigated, as is supposed,
liy Velasquez' relatives, threw out a hint that Cortes was only preparing
to proclaim his independence when he reached the new domain. The
tliought worried the Governor, and seems in part to have broken the spell
of the admiration v/hich he entertained for Cortes; yet not so much so but
he could turn a cold shoulder to Grijalva when he arrived with his ships,
as happened at this juncture.
Cortes could not afford to dally; and secret orders having been given
for all to be in readiness on the evening of the 17th of November, on the
next morning the fleet sailed.'^ There were six vessels composing it, and
a seventh later joined them. At Trinidad (Cuba) his force was largely
augmented with recruits from Grijalva's men. Here messengers arrived
fiiiim Velasquez, ordering the authorities to depose Cortes and put another
in command. Cortes had, however, too strongly environed himself; and
lie simply took one of the messengers into his service, and sent back the
other with due protestations of respect. Then he sailed to San Cristobal
( Havana), sending a force overland to pick up horses. The flagship met
a mishap on the way, but arrived at last. Cortes landed and displa)-cd
his pomp. Letters from Velasquez still followed him, but no one dared
to arrest him. He again sailed. His fleet had now increased to twelve
vessels, tiic largest measuring one hundred tons; his men were over six hun-
dred, and among them only thirteen bore firelocks ; his artillery consisted
of ten guns and four falconets. Two hundred natives, men and women,
were taken as slaves. Sixteen horses were stowed away on or below
dcck.'^ This was the force that a few days later, at Guaguanico, Cortes
passed in review, while he regaled his men with a specious harangue,
steeped in a corsair's piety. On the i8th of February they steered boldly
away on the mission which was to become famous.
Looking around upon his officers, Cortes could discover, later if not
tiien, that he had some stanch lieutenants. There was Pedro de Alvarado,
wlio had already shown his somewhat impetuous quality while serving
under Grijalva. There was Francisco de Alontcjo, a good administrator
as well as a brave soldier. Names not yet forgotten in the story of the
Conquest were those of Alonso de Avila, Cristobal de Olid, and the
youngest of all, Gonzalo de Sandoval, who was inseparable from his white
stallion Alotilla. Then there were Velasquez de Leon, Diego de Ordaz,
and others less known to fame.
The straggling vessels gathered again at Cozumel Island, near the point
ol N'ucatan. Cortes sent an expedition to discover and ransom some
' There is much conflict of testimony on the IJ.mcroft makes his departure a hurried l<ut open
ii.-spcctivc sliare of Cortes .md Velastiucz in one; and this is Heljjs's view of the authorities.
ei|uipping tlie expedition. II. H. Banctoft ■' Tlic authorities are not in unison about all
l.I/<'.r;,-ii, i. 57) collates the authorities. these f.gures. Cf. H. H. Bancroft, Mexico.
- Frescolt makes Cortes sail clandcstmely , i. 70.
I
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353
NAKRATlVIi AND CUITICAL HISTORY Ol' AMERICA.
Christians wild were in tlic interior, as he heard. The mission failed; but
a single one of tlic wanderers, by some other course, found the Spaniard ,
and was welcomed as an interpreter. This man reported that he and
another were the sole survivors of a ship's company wrecked on thi'
coast eiylit years before
ICarly in March the fleet started to si<irt the Yucatan shore, and Cortes
had his first fi^dit with the natives at Tabasco, — a conflict brought on
for no reason but lli.it the town would not supply provisions. The stock-
CANNON OF coRTf.s' ri.\n;.'
adc was forced, and the place formally occupied. A more signal vic-
tor}- was reciuired ; and the Spaniards, getting on shore their horses and
artillery, encountered the savage hordes and dispersed them, — aided, as
the veracious story goes, by a spectral horseman who shone upon the
field. The native king only secured immunity from further assaults h\
large presents. The Spaniards then rc-enibarked, and next cast ancliur
at San Juan de Ulloa.
• As represented in a cut by Israel van
Meckcn, which is here reduced from a fac-simile
in .\. O. Kssenwein's Kiiltiirliistorischer Bi/i/t'r
^/Ais, ii., .'\filtdaltcr (I.eipsic, 1SS3), pi. cxv. It
will be observed that the iMcces have no trun-
nions, and are supported in a kind of trouu;li.
They were breech-loaders l)y means of cham-
bers, three of which, witli handles, are seen (in
the cut) lyinj; on the ground, and one is in
place, in the j;un <in the right. In the Naval
Museum at Annapolis tliere arc guns captured in
the .Mexican war, that are supposed to be the ones
used by Cortes. A search of the records of the
Ordnance Department at Washington, instituicil
for me by Cominotlore Sicard, at the suggestion
of Prof, Charles K. Munroe of the Naval .\c u!-
emy, has not, h.nvcver, revealed any docuniciu-
arv evidence ; but a paper in the Aniiv iiiii/ A'tiiv
Joiirihil, Nov. 2J, 1SS4, ]). 2,-1, shows such guns
to have been captured by Lieutenant Wyse in the
" Daricn." The guns a; .Annapolis are provided
with like chambers, as seen in i)hotographs kindly
sent to me. Similar chandlers are now, or were
recently, used in firing salutes on the Queen's
birthday in St. James's Park. Cf. Stanley's Dt
Gama's Voyages (Hakluyt Society), p. 227.
\\\ i '
CA.
COKTES AM) Ills Co.M I'AXIONS.
353
failed ; but
.' Spaniardh,
hat he aiiil
kcd on til •
ami Corti'-;
brou^dit oil
The stock-
signal vic-
horses ami
— aided, as
upon the
assaults by
cast anclinr
gtoii, instiliiinl
tliL' suggestiim
lie Xaval Ac:u!-
any docmiiciit-
4n>!y tiiid XtU'V
)\vs such giiii>
lilt Wyse in tin;
lis arc proviiK.I
tcigraplis kindly
c now, or wiTC
n the Quccn^
f. Stanley's Pt
:). p. 227-
8
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14
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i\Iean\vhilo the rumors of the descent of the Spaniards on the coast had
certainly hurried to Montezuma at his capital ; and his people doubtless
rehearsed some of the many portents which are said to ha\'e been regarded.'
We read also of new temples erected, and immense sacrifices of war-
captives made, to propitiate the deities and avert the dangers which these
' Sec the long note comparing some of these - This is a reproduction of the map in Arthur
n( counts in H. II. liancroft's Mexico, i. 102, etc. Helps's Sf'iiiiish Coxqiicst, ii. 236.
VOL. n. —45.
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354 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
CORTfe AND HIS ARSS.'
portents and forebodings for years past had indicated to the believin;;
The men of Grijalva had already some months earlier been taken to bo
similar woful visitants, and one of Montezuma's officers had visited (iri
jalva's vessel, and made report of the wonders to the Mexican monarch.
' Copied from a cut in Gabriel Lasso de I;i College Library; cf. Carter-Brown, i. 377. Tlie
Vepa's Corth 7'alerosi', — a poem piiblislied at same cut is also used in the edition published in
Madrid in 1588. There is a copy in Harvard 1594, then called ,lAu/t<7«u.
•n
(II r; 'till
CORTlfs A\D HIS COMPANIONS.
355
Stutiicd offices of propitiation had been ordered, when word came back
that the ship of the bearded men had vanished.
The coming of Cortes was but a dreaded return. While his ship lay
at Juan de Ulloa, two canoes came from the main, and their occupants
climbed to his deck. No one
could understand them. The
rescued Spaniard who had
been counted on as an inter-
preter was at a loss. At last
a female slave, Marina by
name, taken at Tabasco,
solved the difficulty. She
could understand this same
Spaniard, and knew also Az-
tec' Through this double
interpretation Cortds now
learned that the mission of
his visitors was one of wel-
come and inquiry. After the
usual interchange of gifts,
Cortes sent word to the ca-
cique that he would soon
confer with him. He then
landed a force, established a
camp, and began to barter
with the natives. To a chief,
who soon arrived, Cortes an-
nounced his intention to seek the presence of Montezuma and to deliver
the gifts and messages with which he was charged as the ambassador of
his sovereign. Accordingly, bearing such presents as Cortes cared to
send forward, native messengers were seni to Montezuma to tell tales of
the sights they had seen, — the prancing horses and the belching cannon.
The Mexican king sought to appease the eagerness of the new-comers by
returning large stores of fabrics and gold, wishing them to be satisfied and
to depart. The gold was not a happy gift to produc ';uch an end.
Meanwhile Cortes, by his craft, quieted a rising faction of the party
of Velasquez which demanded to be led back to Cuba. He did this by
seeming to acquiesce in the demand of his followers in laying the founda-
tions of a town and constituting its people a municipality competent to
choose .-? representative of the royal authority. This done, Cortes resigned
his commission from Velasquez, and was at once invested with supreme
' Marin.i did more. She impressed Cortes, purports to be a lilceness of licr is given in
whi] found her otherwise convenient for a few Cibaj.nl's Mt'xko, ii. 64.
Uir-; and after she had l)orne him children, - Fac-simile of the portrait in Corth val-
"i.iiried her to one of his captains. What eioso.
GAliRlEL LASSO DE LA VEGA/
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356
NARRATIVE AM) CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
power by tlic new nuiiiicipality. The sclieine which \'el;is(nicz had sus-
pected was thus brouglit to iVuitioii. \\'liuc\'er resisted the new captain
"was conquered by force, persuasion, tact, or magnetism; and Cortes
became as popular as lie was irresistible.
At this point niessenc,aM-s presented themselves from tribes not far off who
were unwilliiiL; subjects of the Aztec j)ower. The presence of possible allies
was a propitious circumstance, and Cortes proceeded to cultivate the friend
ship of these tribes. He moved his camp day by day along the shore,
inuring his men to marches, while the fleet sailed in company. Tiny
reached a large cit)', and were regaled. I'-ach chief told of the tyranny of
Montezuma, and the e\es .-f Cortes glistened. The Spaniards went on to
another town, slaves being provided to bear their burdens. Here tliey
found tax-gatherers of Montezuma collecting tribute. ICiP.boldened by
Cortes' glance, his hosts seized the Aztec emissaries and delivered theni
to the Spaniards. Cortes now played a double game. I le propitiated tiie
servants of Montezuma by secretly releasing them, and ailded to his allies
by enjoining every tribe he could reach to resist the Aztec collectors <if
tribute.
The wandering municipality, as represented in this piratical army, at last
stojjped at a harbor where a town (La Villa Rica de Vera Cruz) sprang up,
and became the base of future operations.'
Montezuma and his advisers, angered by the reports of the revolt of liis
subjects, had organized a force to proceed against them, when the tax-
gatherers whom Cortos had released arrived and told the story of Cortes'
gentleness and sympcithy. It was enough; the rebellion needed no
such active encounter. The troops were not sent, and messengers were
despatched to Cort<!:s, assuring the .Spanish leader that Montezuma for-
bore to chastise the entertainers of the white strangers. Cortes now
produced other of the tax-gatherers whom he had been holding, ami
they and the new embassj' went jjack to Montezuma more impresseii
than before ; while the neighboring people wondered at the deference paid
by Montezuma's lieutenants to the Spaniards. It was no small gain for
Cortes to have instigated the equal wonder of two mutually inimical
factions.
The .Spanish leader took occasion ^o increase his prestige by desjjatcli-
ing expeditions hither and thither. Then he learned of efforts made by
Velasquez to supplant him. To confirm his rule against the Cuban Guv-
crnor he needed the royal sanction; and the best waj* to get that was tn
despatch a \essel with messages to the I'mperor, and give him earnest
of what he might yet expect in piles of gold thrown at his feet. So tin:
flagship sailed for Spain ; and in her in command and to conduct his suit
' Prcscott (Jlfc'x/co, revised edition, i. 345) traiisfciicd to anotlior point still farther suiilli,
points out how this site ivas abaiuloin-d later — Nueva Vera Cruz. These changes h.ivc
for one farther south, wlurc the town was caused some confusion In the inajis of I.onii-
callcd Vera Cruz Vicja ; and atiain, early in the zana and o'hers. Cf. the maps in Prescoll u.d
seventeenth century, the name and town were H. IT. liancroft.
'V.I
v\
CORIKS AND HIS COMrAXIONS.
357
jucz had sus-
• new captain
; and Corlis
1 army, at last
iz) sprang up,
l; revolt of his
■hen the tax-
nvy of Cortes'
It
b\' despatcli-
urts made by
Cuban Guv-
t that was to
; him earnest
feet. So tin-
iduct his suit
(ill farther soiitii,
c changes li.uc
■ maps of Lorcn-
)s in PrcscDit aiiil
CORTis.l
before the thrc e, Cortes sent faithful servitors, siicli as bad influence at
court, to outwit tlie emissaries of Velascpiez. Sailint; in Jul)', touching at
Cuba long enough to raise the anger of Velasquez, but not long enough for
iiini to catch them, these followers of Cortes reached Spain in October, and
found the agents of Velasquez read)' for them. Their vessel was seized,
;nid the royal ear was held by Bishop I'onseca and other friends of the
' After a piituie on panel in tlic Mas^aclni- iiv,//;/^-v, i. 446, where it is said tci liave been given
setts Historical Society's j;allery. It is described bv the faniilv of the late Dr. Foster, of llrighton,
in the Ci/ii/oi;iic c/" //u- Ci/n'iut of that Society as who received i bv inheritance from a Huguenot
"Restored by Henry Sargent about 1831, and family who brought it to New laigland after the
ic;ain by George Howorth about 1855." Cf. Pio- Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
ii
<} J
I .■
[■ r
H
tsr^ ..•«_■>
358 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
o
u
§
o
I
8
b.
o
s
u
i^
■' A reproduction of the map in Ruge's Zeit- route followed from the Gulf, with a profile
alter der EnUUckiiiigeii, j). 363. Similar ir.aps of the country traversed. Bancroft (Mcxio,
are given by Prescott, Helps, and Hancroft. vol. ii.) gives a map of New Spain as known to
Cabajal (RUxico, ii. 200) gives a map of the the Conquerors. Early maps of Nova Hispania,
CORTES AND HIS COMI'ANIONS.
359
Cuban Governor; yet not so effectually but that the duplicate letters of
Cortds' messengers were put into the Emperor's hand, and the train of
natives paraded before him.
Now came the famous resolve of Cortes. He would band his hetero-
{Tcncous folk together — adherents of Cortds and of Velasquez — in one
common cause and danger. So he adroitly led them to be partners in
tlic deed which he stealthily planned.' Hulk after hulk of the apparently
worm-eaten vessels of the fleet sank in the harbor, until there was no
flotilla left upon which any could desert him. The march to Mexico was
now assured. The force with which to accomplish this consisted of about
four hundred and fifty Spaniards, six or seven light guns, fifteen horses, and
a swarm of Indian slaves and attendants. A body of the Totonacs accom-
panied them.'* Two or three days brought them into the higher plain and
its enlivening vegetation. When they reached the dependencies of Monte-
zuma, they found orders had been given to extend to them every courtesy.
They soon reached the Anahuac plateau, which reminded them not a little
of Spain itself. They passed from cacique to cacique, some of whom
groaned under the yoke of the Aztec; but not one dared do more than
orders from Montezuma dictated. Then the invaders approached the
territory of an independent people, those of Tlascala, who had walled their
country against neighboring enemies. A fight took place at the frontiers,
in which the Spaniards lost two horses. They forced passes against great
odds, but again lost a horse or two, — which was a perceptible diminution
of their power to terrify. The accounts speak of immense hordes of the
Tlascalans, which historians now take with allowances, great or small.
Cortes spread what alarm he could by burning villages and capturing the
country people. His greatest obstacle soon appeared in the compacted
army of Tlascalans arrayed in his front. The conflict which ensued was
for a while doubtful. Evefy horse was hurt, and sixty Spaniards were
wounded ; but the result was the retreat of the Tlascalans. Divining that
the Spanish power was derived from the sun, the enemy planned a night
attack; but Cort«^s suspected it, and assaulted them in their own ambush.
Cortes now had an opportunity to display his double-facedness and his
wiles. He received embassies both from Montezuma and from the senate
of the Tlascalans. He cajoled each, and played off his friendship for the
one in cementing an alliance with the other, But to Tlascala and Mexico
he would go, so he told them. The Tlascalans were not averse, for they
or New Spain, are not infrequent. Cf. Blaeu's
Alius, De Ury, several issued by Vander Aa,
of Amsterdam, the Brussels edition (1704)
of Solis, Lorenzana's Cortis (1770), and various
others.
' There is some discrepancy in the authori-
ties here as regards the openness or stealth of
he act of destroying the fleet. See the authori-
ties collated in Prescott, Mexico, new edition, i.
369. 370-
* The estimates of number.-i in all the opera-
tions throughout the Conquest differ widely,
sometimes very widely, according to different
authorities. The student will find much of the
collation of these opposing statements done for
him in the notes of Prescott and Bancroft.
> .,
■ii_
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300
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
CORTfiS.'
thought it boded no good to the Aztecs if he could be bound to them-
selves. Montezuma dreaded the contact, and tried to intimidate the
strangers by tales of the horrible difficulties of the journey.
' Fac-simile of an engr.iving on copper in the It is inscribed : " Cava;o da vn origin.ilc fatto ifiazl
edition of Solis printed at Venice in 1715, p. 29. chei si portassi alia C )nqvista del Mcssico."
cort£s and mis companions.
361
i' I
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i 'I'
.1 \) li
.^t
!' t SJ'
,il
' ll-f-
d to thcm-
midate the
MONTEZUMA.
n.ilc fatto iiiazl
Mcssico-"
' This cut of the " Rex ultimus Mexica- not apparent, and the picture seems question
I. im " is a .ac-simile from Montanus and able. Prescott, in his second volume, gives a
U. by, p. 353. The source of the likeness is likeness, which belonged to the descendants oJ
VOL. n. -4C.
t
;63
NARRATIVE ANM) CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
f^:
:'
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Presently the army took up its march for TIascala, where they were
roynllv received, ami wives in abundance were bestowed upon the leaders.
Next th».-y passed to Cholula, which was subject to the A/tecs; and luic
the Spanianls were received with as nuich 'velcome as could be expect< il
to be bestowed on stranjjers with the hostile Tlascalans in their train
The scant welcome covered treachery, and Cortes met it boldly. Murder
and plund'.-r impressed the Cholulans with his power, and j^'ave some swit t
reven^je to his allies. Through the wiles of Cortes a sceminfj reconciliation
at last was effected between these nei^hborinj; enemies. Mut the mas.sacrc
of Chuluia was not a pastime, the treachery of Montezuma not forjjotten ;
and the march was a^jain resumed, about six thousand native allies of one
tribe and another following the army. The passaj^e of a defde brought
the broad Valley of Mexico into view; and Monte/uma, awed by the coin-
in^f host, sent a courtier to personate him anil to prevail upon Cortes to
avoid the city. The trick and the plea were futile. On to one of tlie
.'iqu.atic cities of the Mexican lakes the Spaniards went, and were received
in great state by a vassal lord of Montezuma, who now invited the Spanish
leader to the Aztec city. On they went. Town after town received tluin;
and finally, just without his city, Montezuma, in all his finery and pomp, met
the Spanish visitors, bade them welcome, and committed them to an escort
which he h.nd provided. It was the 8th of November, 1519. Later in his
own palace, in the quarters which had been .issi^ned to Cortes, and on
several occasions, the two indulged in reciprocal courtesies and watclud
each other. Cortes was not without fear, and his allies warned him of
Aztec treachery. His way to check foul designs was the bold one of seiz-
ing Montezuma and holding him as a hostage ; and he did so under pretence
of honoring him. A chieftain who had attacked a party of the Spaniards
by orders of Montezuma some time before, was executed in front of the
palace. Montezuma himself was subjected for a while to chains. Expedi-
tions were sent out with impunity to search for gold mines; others explored
the coast for harbors. A new governor was sent back to Villa Rica, and he
sent up shipwrights ; so it was not long before Cortes commanded a flotilhi
on the city lakes, and the captive king was regaled with aquatic sports.
the Aztec king, the Counts of Mir.ivallc. It i.s
cl.nimcti to lave been jiaintcd liv an artist, Mal-
dortado, wlio accompanied CortCs; but, on the
other liand, sonic have represented it as an ide.al
portraif painted after the Conquest. Prescott
(vol. ii. p. 72) makes up his description of Mon-
tezuma from various early authorities, — Hiaz.,
Zuazo (MS.), Ixtlilxochitl, Oomara, Ovicdo,
.Acosta, Sahagun, Toribio, etc., particularizinj;
the references. If. H. I'ancmft {A/rxiro, i. 2S5)
jIso depicts him from the earlv sources. He is
made of an age from forty to fiftv-four liv different
writers ; but the younper period is thought by
most to be nearest. Hancroft refers to the prints
in Th. Armin's Das alle Mi-xuo (Lcipsic, 1S65) as
rcpreser'ing a coarse Aztec warrior, and the na-
tive picture in Carb.ijal Kspinosa's Ifistoriii Ji
Mexico (Mc.vico, 1S62) as purely convention.il.
The .same writer thinks the colored portr.iil,
"peint par ordre dc Cortes," in I.inati's Costihiiis
ct maurs ih McxiqiiL- (IJrussels) conforms to tlii:
descriptions; while that in Clavigcro's Sloihi
initial di-I Mcssico (1780) is too small to be sali^•
factorv. The line of Monlczuma'.s descendant> i-.
traced in Prescott, ^fexi^l\ ii. 339, iii. 446, and in
Hancroft, Mexico, i. 459. Cf. also the porii.m
of Montezuma, "d'apres Sandoval," given 11.
Charton's Voya!;euys, iii. 393, and that in Cuin-
plido's Mexican edition of Prescott's Mtxtc
vol. iii.
/'!'
hv I
k': f'
I If
UCA.
-Tc they wrrc
\ the leaders
;cs ; and lien;
be cxpecttil
n tlieir train
Idly. Murder
/c some sweet
reconciliation
. tlie massacre
lot forj,n)tteii ;
: allies of one
ii't'de hroii^;lil
1 by the cum-
)on Cortes t(»
0 one of the
were recei\i'(l
1 the Spanish
jccivcd them ;
nd pomp, nut
11 to an escort
Later in liis
iortds, and on
and watclud
arncd him of
1 one of sei/-
nder pretence
the Spaniards
1 front of tin:
ins. Expedi-
licr.s explored
I Rica, and lie
nded a flotilla
ic sports.
irior, ;iiul the in-
iosa'.s //istoriii tit
cly coiivcntiDii.il.
colored poilr.iil,
Linati's Coslimui
conforms to tlie
ivigcro's Stond
.small to be sal is.
's clesceii(iani> i»
9, iii. 446, and in
also the porliiil
doval," given ii.
nd that in Ciim-
tescott's Mixuo
CORTfis AM) IMS COMl'A.MONS.
363
cyvvi\.TOi]^c
yENV2p,mi;MESsi
MONTEZU.MA.'
' Fac-simile of the copper plate in the Ven- " Cavato dall' originaie vcnvto dal' Messico
ax edition of Solis' Conquista (1715) inscribed Ser"'" G. D. di Toscana."
I,
im
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1
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i
1* 1, Ii,
1
lif F
ii
/Sf^ E
ii
364 NARRATIVK AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMliKICA.
\l 'i
ii I
, '■ I ■
T ^'
MEXICO hefore the conquest.'
Tlicn came symptoms of conspiracy among the native nobles, with tlie
iibject of overthrowing the insolent strangers; and Cacama, a ncphiw
of Montezuma and a chief among them, indulged the hope of seizing the
.''('
ii'
1 This is reduced from the cut in Henry Ste-
vens's Amen'can /Uhliogra/'hcr, p. 86, which in
turn is reproduced from the cflition of Cortes'
letters published at Nuremberg in 1524. Han-
croft in his Mexico (vol. i. p. 2S0) gives a greatly
reduced sketch of the same plan, and adds to
it a description and references to the various
sources of our information regarding the Aztec
town ; and this may be comjiared witli the same
author's A'lthe Races, ii. 560. Helps describes
the city in his Spanish Conquest (New York
ed., ii. 277, 423), where he thinks that the e.irly
chroniclers failed to make clear the full mini-
her of the causeways connecting the town will'
the main, and traversing the lake. Prescnit
describes it in his Mexico (Kirk's ed., ii. 101),
and discredits the plan given in Bullock's Mex-
ico as one prepared by Montezuma for Cnrlcs.
This last plan is also given in Carbajal's ///>•'"•
ria de Mixico (1862), ii. 221. The nearly e(i«a/
li^
COKTliS AMJ HIS COMTAMONS.
365
tliioiif itself. Montezuma protestetl to liis people that iii-. durance was
iliiccled by the jjods, iiul counselled caution. When this did not sulVice,
lie fjavc orders, at the instit;ation of Cortes, to sei/u Cacama, who was
brout;ht to Me.\ico and placeil in irons. The will of Cortes effected other
ilislilacements of the rural chiefs; and the alle^'iance of Monte/unia to
the Sp.uiish sovereign became very soon as sure and abject as forms could
Mi.iku it.
i'ributc was ordered, and trains bore into the city wealth from all the
provinces, — to be the cause of hea't-burnin^js and (piarrels in the hour
(if distribution. The .Aztec kin^,' and the priests were compLlletl to onler
the removal of idols from their temples, and to .>-ee the cross and altar
erected in their places.
Meanwhile the difficulties of Cortes were increasing. The desecration
(if the idols had strengthened the party of revolt, and Montezuma was
powerless to (piiet them. lie warned the Spaniards of their danger.
Cortes, to dispti apprehension, sent men to the coast with the ostensible
purpose of building ships for departure. It was but a trick, however,
to gain time; for he was now expecting a response to his letters sent to
.S|)aiii, and he hoped for supplies and a royal commission which might
enable him to draw reinforcements from Cuba.
The renegade leadei-, however, had little knowledge of what was pl.ui-
iimg at this very moment in that island. Velasipiez de Cuellar, acting under
a sufficient commission, had organized an expedition to pursue Cortes, and
had given the command of it to I'anfilo de N'arvaez. The friends of Cortes
.md those who dreaded a fratricidal war joined in representations to the
niidiiiicta, which sent Lucas Vastpiez de Aillon to prevent an outbreak.
The fleet under Narvaez left Cuba, Aillon on board, with instructions to
reach a peaceable agreement with Cortes ; but this failing, they were to
seek other regions. In April, 1520, after some mishaps, the lleet, which
IkuI been the largest ever seen in those waters, anchored at San Juan de
L'lloa, where they got stories of the great success of Cortes from some
iltsLiiers of one of his exploring parties. On the other hand, these same
deserters, learning from Narvaez the strength and purpose of the new-
comers,— for the restraint of Aillon proved ineffectual, — communicated
with the neighboring caciques; and the news was not slow in travelling to
n
•I !■
distance on all sides at which the shores of ilie
lake sl.md from the town is characteristic of
this eirhest of the plans (i5::,(); and in this
I'.irticiilar it is followed in various plans and
I'ird's-eye views of the town of the sixteenth
century, and in some of a later date. The A/tec
li'wn had been founded in 1335, and had been
more cuinmnuly called Tenochtitlan, which the
Spaniards turned into Temixtitan and Tenus-
titan, the term Mexico being properly applied
t" one of the principal wards of the city.
I he two names were first sometimes joined, as
Tcniixtitlan-Mcxico (1555)1 but in the end the
more pionnunceable part survived, and the rest
was lost. Cf llancrofi, A/<\\h\', i. 12-1.1, with ref-
erences. The correspondence of sites in the
present city as compared with those (jf the Aztec
time and of the conciuerors, is examined in
Alaman's Jtiutitaciitiii's sohrc la liiitoria </<■ la
iifiiliU,-,! M.'jh.iiiit (Mexico, 1S44-1S49), ii. 202,
246; Carbajal I^spinosa's /fis/orhi Jc Mi'xiio,
ii. 226, and bv Ramirez in the Mexican edition
of Prescott. Cf. .\nt. du I'inct's Dcscrif^lions Jt
plusit'His -.'Hits ct/orliirsses, l.yon, 1564.
■Vt ■
il \
\h\'
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
1.L AcicCeu-UaJo Don PEDRO dn ALVAKADQ
de\Ba doAoz, , ^
Montezuma, who heard it not long after the mock submission of Cortes
and the despatching of the ship-builders to the coast. Narvaez next tried,
in vain, to swerve Velasquez dc Leon from his fidelity to Cortes, — for this
officer was exploring with a party in the neighborhood of the coast. San-
doval, in command at Villa Rica, learned Narvaez' purposes from spies;
and when messengers came to demand the surrende*- of the town, an
altercation ensued, and the chief messengers were seized and sent ti
Cortes. The Conqueror received them kindly, and, overcoming their
aversion, he sent them back to Narvaez with letters and gifts calculatcil
• Fac-simile of an engraving in llerrera, ii. is given in Cab.ijal's Mixico, ii. 341: in tlii.
274. For appearance anrl other portraits, see Froccso de residcncia contni Pedro de AlViinnh
Bancroft, .I/(T/i(|, i. 75. (Ine of a sinister aspect (Mexico, iS47);and in Cumplido's Mexican
often engraved, but whicli Ramirez distrusts, edition of Prescott's Afc.vho, vol. iii.
ERICA.
cort£s and his companions.
Z(>7
^^
ssion of Cortes
acz next trii'd,
rtcs, — for tin's
c coast. Saii-
cs from spies;
the town, an
1 and sent t<>
-Tcomin^f their
rifts calculatcil
to conciUate. While many under Narvacz were affected, the new leader
remained stubborn, seized i^i'lon, who was endeavoring to mediate, and
sent him on shipboard wi orders to sail for Cuba. Thus the arro-
gance of Narvacz was greatly helping Cortes in his not very welcome
environment.
Cortes now boldly divided his force; and leaving Alvarado behind with
perhaps one hundred and forty men, — for the accounts differ,' — and tak-
ing half that number with him, beside native guides and carriers, marched
to confront Narvaez. Velasquez do Leon with his force joined him on
tlie way, and a little later Sandoval brought further reinforcements; so
that Cortes had now a detachment of nearly three hundred men. Cortes
'lad prudently furnished them long native lances, with which to meet
^.arvaez' cavalry, for his own horsemen were very few. Adroitness on
the part of Cortes and a show of gold had their effect upon messen-
t^^ers who, with one demand and another, were sent to him by Narvaez.
Velasquez was sent by Cortes to the enemy's camp ; but the chief gain
to Cortes from this manoeuvre was a more intimate knowledge of the army
and purpose of Narvaez. He then resolved to attack the intruder, —
who, however, became aware of the intention of Cortes, but, under the
stress of a storm, unaccountably relaxed his precautions. Cortes took
advantage of this careless-
ness; and attacking boldly
by night, carried everything
before him, and captured
the rival leader. The loss
was but small to either side.
The followers of the invader
now became adherents of y^ Jf>^i^^** r\ «a
Cortes, and were a powerful /^ v<^lr<Cvlv(AyCL^
a it! in his future move-
ments.^ The same good
fortune had given him pos-
session of the invader's fleet.
Meanwhile there were
-Stirring time' with Alvarado
in Mexico. The Aztecs
[irepared to celebrate a high religious festival. Alvarado learned, or
liretendcd to learn, that the disaffected native chiefs were planning to
vise upon the Spaniards at its close. So he anticipated their scheme by
attacking them while at their worship and unarmed. Six hundred or more
AUTOGRAPH OF PEDRO DE ALVAR.^I30."
t'j
'ij> «
M
■o, 11. 341 : III tiK.'
Pedro de Ah>anv.h
nplido's Mcxic.in
vol. iii.
' II. II. B.incroft (.)/f.r/Vo, i. 378) and Prcs- Cortes now commanded; cf. H. II. Bancroft,
lott (new edition vol. ii., p. 231) colKatc the Mexico, 1. 424.
.uilhorities. ' Copied from a fac-simile \\\ Cab.ijal'3
'^ There are a variety of views as to the force M/xUo, ii. 686.
«
n. u
<:\\
^
1''-
'iii'';i^ 11
?68
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
c*" the leading men were thus slain. The multitude without the temple
were infuriated, and the Spaniards regained their quarters, not without difli-
culty, Alvarado himself being wounded. Behind their defences they man-
aged to resist attack till succor came.
Coi'tes, who had learned of the events, was advancing, attaching to him-
self the peoples who were inimical to the Aztecs ; but as he got within tliu
Aztec influence he found more sullenness than favor. When he cntei\il
Mexico he was not resisted. The city seemed almost abandoned as his
force made their way to the Spanish fort and entered its gates.
As a means of getting supplies, Cortes ordered the release of a brother
of Montezuma, v.ho at once used his liberty to plan an insurrection. An
attack on the Spanish quarters followed, which Cortes sought to repel by
sorties ; but they gained little. The siege was so roughly pressed thai
Cortes urged Montezuma to present himself on the parapet and check llic
fierceness of the assault. The captive put on his robes of state and addressed
the multitude; but he only became the target of their missiles, and was
struck down by a stone.' The condition o( the Spaniards soon became
perilous in the extreme. A parley with the chief of the Aztecs was of no
avail ; and Cortes resohcd to cut his way along the shortest causeway fron\
the city, to the mainland bordering the lake. In this he failed. Meanwhile
a part of his force were endeavoring to secure the summit of a neighboriiii;
pyramid, from which the Mexicans had annoyed the garrison of the f nt.
Cortes joined in this attack, and it w;.s successful. The defenders of the
temples on its summit were all killed or hurled from the height, and Corti's
was master of the spot.
Events followed quickly in this June of 1520. There was evidently
a strong will in command of the Mexicans. The brother of Montezuma
was a doughtier foe than the King had been. The temporary success
on till; pyramid had not diminished the anxiety of Cortes. Montezuma
way nou' d)'ing on his hands. The King had not recovered from the
injuries which his own people had inflicted, and sinking spirits completed
the work of the mob. On the 30th of June he died, at the age of forty-one,
having been on the throne since 1503.^ Cortes had hoped for some turn
of fortune from this event; but none came. lie was more than ever con-
vinced of the necessity of evacuating the city. 7\nothi 1 sortie had failed
as before ; and the passage of the causeway was again planned for the
evening of that day.'' The order of march, as arranged, included the whole
Spanish force and about six thousand allies. Pontoons of a rough cK-
scription were contrived for bridging the chasms in the causeway. As
many jewels and gold as would not encumber them were taken, together
' Prcscott (.i/iuvVc, new e(!., ii. 309) collates out of the fort. Indignities were offered il • inii
the diverse .iccounts. some of the inii)erial party got jjossession of it,
^ It must be mentioned that the Spaniards and buried it with such honor as the times
have liccn accused of murdering Monle/uma. permitted.
T5ancroft ( A/ iro, i. 464) collates the different ■' There are difliculties about the exact d.ai ;
views of the jthorities. Cortes sent the body cf. II. II. ISancroft, ,U('xicii,\. 472.
cort£s and his companions.
369
w^m
with such prisoners of distinction as remained to them, besides the sick and
wounded.
A drizzling rain favored their retreat; but the Mexicans were finally
.iroused, and attacked their rear. A hundred or more Spaniards were cut
nil', and retreated to the fort, where they surrendered a few days later,
and were sacri-
ficed. The rest,
after losses and
nuich tribulation,
rc:;chcd the main-
land. Nothing but
llic failure of the
Mexicans to pur-
sue the Spaniards,
weakened as they
\>cre, saved Cortes
from annihilation.
Tlie Aztecs were
too busy with their
successes ; for
forty Spaniards,
not to speak of
numerous allies,
had been taken,
and were to be
immolated ; and
rites were to be
performed over
tlicir own dead.
Cortes the next
morning was marshalling the sorry crowd which was left of his army,
when a new attack was threatened. His twelve hundred and fifty Span-
iards and six thousand allies had been reduced respectively to five hundred
and two thousand ; ^ and he was glad to make a temple, which was hard
liy, a i)lace of refuge and defence. Here he had an opportunity to count
liis losses. His cannon and prisoners were all gone. Some of his bravest
officers did not respond to his call. He could count but twent}--four of
' This is tlic m.np given l)y Helps in liis as Helps does. The m.ip in Bancroft (vol. i.
S/i(tiiis/i Coiii/iii-s/. One of the differences in p. 5S3) is still different in this respect. There
the variety of maps which have been offered is also a plan of the city and surrounding coun-
i<f the Valley of Mexico, to illustrate the con- try in Caliajal's A/Jxiro (vol. ii. p. 53S); and two
'HiLst by Cortes, consists lit the numlier and others have been elsewhere given in the jires-
ilirection of the causeways. The description ent volume (pp. 364, 379).
.ind the remains of the structures themselves - Bancroft (.1/c.v;Vi', 1.488) collates the various
li.ive not sufliced to make investigators of one authorities; so does I'rescott (.)/<mvVii, new ed.,
mind respecting them. Prescott (Kirk's ed., ii. 3C4) of the losses of this famous tnsfe
\'il. ii.) does not represent so many cause\v.iys Noclu:
VOL. II. —47.
THE VALLEY OF
MEXICO.
■iL^
HELPS'S M.\P.'
' i'' .
\ K.
I
:o
1^
^ V\
ll'-r rill''
r
(I
%
is.'
r*
i' ■'*' lit.
>rf
I i
/ifl
370
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
his three or four score of horses. After dark he resumed his march.
His pursuers still worried him, and hunger weakened his men. He lo^t
several horses at one point, and was himself badly wounded. Rcacli-
ing a plain on the 7th of July, the Spaniards confronted a large force-
drawn up against
them. Cortes
had but seven
muskets left, an,!
no powder ; so
he trusted to pike
and sabre. Willi
these he rushed
upon them ; but
the swarm of the
enemy was too
great. At last,
however, making,'
a dash with some
horsemen at tlie
native comman-
der, who was rec-
ognized by his
state and banner,
the Mexican was
hurled prostrate
and killed, and
the trophy cap-
tured. The spell
was broken, and the little band of Spaniards and their allies hounded the
craven enemy in every direction. This victory at Otumba (Otompan)
was complete and astounding.
The march was resumed; and not till within the Tlascalan borders was
there any respite and rest. In the capital of his allies Cortes breathed
freer. He learned, however, of misfortunes to detached parties of Span-
iards which had been sent out from Villa Rica. He soon got some small
supplies of ammunition and men from that seaport. Amid all this, Cortes
himself succumbed to a fever from his wounds, and barely escaped death.
Meantime Cuitlahuatzin, the successful brother of Montezuma, had beei,
crowned in Mexico, where a military rule (improved by what the Spaniards
had taught them) was established. The new monarch sent ambassadors
to try to win the Tlascalans from their fidelity to Cortes ; but the schenii;
failed, and Cortes got renewed strength in the fast purpose of his allies.
1 This cut is borrowed from Ifarper's Mag- followers gathered .iftcr that eventful night
aziiit-, January, 1874, p. 172, and represents the There is another view o£ this tree in Tour lin
remains of the tree under which Cortis and his moiiJi; 1862, p. 277.
TRKF. OF TRISTE NOCHE.'
.ICA.
cokt£s and his companions.
i7i
d his march,
icn. He lost
tied. Rcacli-
a hirgc force
Avn up against
m. Cortes
1 but seven
skets left, and
powder ; so
trusted to pike
I sabre. Witli
sc he rushed
)n them ; but
swarm of tlie
.my was too
at. At last,
vever, makini;
ash with some
semen at the
ive comman-
, who was rea-
lized by his
:e and banner,
Mexican was
led prostrate
killed, and
trophy cap-
id. The spell
hounded the
(Otompan)
borders was
tes breathed
ies of Span-
: some small
this, Cortes
ped death,
iia, had beei;
le Spaniards
ambassadors
the scheme
)f his allies,
eventful night
tree in Tour n'u
•>
CHARLES V
His prompt and defiant ambition again overcame the discontents among
his own men, and induced him to take the field once more against the
Tcpeacans, enemies of the Tlascalans, who lived near by. It took about
a month to subdue the whole province. Other strongholds of Aztec
inniicnce fell one by one. The prestige of the Spanish arms was rapidly
rc'-established, and the Aztec forces went down before them here and ilicre
in detachments. New arrivals or. the coast pronounced for Cortes, and
two hundred men and twenty horses soon joined his army. The small-pox,
winch the Spaniards had introduced, speedily worked more disaster than
tlic Spaniards, as it spread through the country; and among the .ictims
of it was the new monarch of the Aztecs, leaving the throne open to the
succession of Oiiauhtemotzin, a nephew and son-in-law of Montezuma.
On the 30th of October, 1530, Cortes addressed his second letter to the
I'.mperor Charles V. He and his adherents craved confirmation for his
' Fac-simile of a woodcut of Charles V. in P,!tt/i /iki'i e/<X':' rirontm bellira riiiute iHv.strium,
Hi-lo, 1571,, p. 365, .ind 1596, p. 240.
I '.. ;
li
■1 1 \-
\
11 i
1
i
i
i
ff
i'
!!il
f:!l.'i;):i;)i,j
fi;
v' f* i'i
I :; 1 •
;i-«i ■ f'-T-ii
I -
I!
^
372 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
acts, and reinforcements. Other letti;rs were despatched to Hispanic-ia and
Jamaica for recruits and supphes. Some inisfortun-s prevented the prompt
sailing of the vessel for Spain, and Cortes was enabled to join a anppk-
mental letter to the Emperor. The vessels also carried away some of tin;
disaffected, whom Cortes was not sorry to lose, now that others had joined
him.
Meanwhile Cortds had established among the Tepeacans a post of ob-
servation named Segura; and from, this centre Sandoval made r success.
ful incursion among the Aztec dependencies, Cortes himscll -.vas again
at Tlascala, settling the succession of its government; for the small-po\
AUTOGRAPH OF CHARLES V.
had carried off" Maxixcatzin, the firm friend of the Spaniards. Here Cortes
set carpenters to work constructing brigantines, whicli he intended to
carry to Tczcuco, on the Lake of Mexico, where it was now his purpose
to establish the base of future operations against the Aztec capital. Tiie
opportune arrival of a ship at Villa Rica with supplies and materials of
war was very helpful to him.
Cortes first animated all by a review of his forces, and then went
forward with the advance toward Tezcuco. He encountered little opposi-
tion, and entered the town to find the inhabitants divided in their fears and
sympathies. Many had fled toward Mexico, including the ruler who had
supplanted the one given them by Cortds and Montezuma. Under ihc
instigation of Cortes a new one was chosen whom he could trust.
Cortes b^f""! his approach to Mexico by attacking and capturing, with
great loss to the inhabitants, one of the lake towns ; but the enemy, cutting
a dike and flooding the place, forced the retirement of the invaders, who
fell back to Tezcuco. Enough had been accomplished to cause manv ol
:rica.
CORTES AND HIS COMPANIONS.
373
Hispanio'a and
ted tht; prompt
join a :;'ipplL'-
ay sonic of the
icrs had joined
IS a post of ob-
lade r success-
isclt ".vas af,rain
the small-pox
Here Cortes
ic intended to
ow his purpose
capital. The
id materials of
uid then went
J little opposi-
thcir fears and
ruler who had
a. Under tlic
id trust,
capturing, vith
enemy, cutting
invaders, who
cause many oi
El InuictUfimo I^mperador CAKLOS
Q,uintc B.cy natit/rai de Castiua
u de L eon etc .
CHARLES V.'
the districts dependent on the Aztecs to send in embassies of submission;
and Cortes found that he was daily gaining ground. Sandoval was sent
back to Tlascala to convoy the now completed brigantines, which wore
borne in pieces on the shoulders of eight thousand carriers. Pending the
launching of the fleet, Cortes conducted a rrconnoissance round the north
(■nd of the lakes to the scene of his sorrowful night evacuation, hoping for
an interview with an r\ztcc chief. In this, however, he failed, and returned
lu Tezcuco. Then followed some successful fighting on the line of com-
' F,ic-similc of an engraving in Ilerrcra, iii. piido's ^^cxican edition of Prcscoit's.l/c.r/cfl, vol.
84. Cf. the full-length likeness given in Cum- iii., and various other portraits of the Emperor.
I
' I
' n
i '^ iff li
I'M .-
■ I
Hr
•'
374 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
mi
,/j
Ki. ', !
\M
A, !
i.;« p,
T<fV
a'
Ac«plcllll\ • ■• •
TOPOGRAPHY OF THE MEXICAN VALLEY.^
munication with tke coast, which enabled Cortes to bring up safely some
important munitions, besides two hundred soldiers, who had lately reached
Villa Rica from the islands whither he had sent for help the previous
1 This is the map given in Wilson's A'w time, in opposition to the usual view that at the
Conquest of Mexico, p. 390, in which he makes period of the Conquest the waters of the lake
the present topography represent that of Cortes' c; 'ered the parts here represented as marsh,
RU.trtM^
y Zumpunsb
ro (/e />au/a
JOURDANET'S
K/»I££r OF MEXICO.
H'
'. I
:i
il
\
I :/ i
I
1 1
I /*;
l\
ta
If!
•\\
a
tl
c
o
w
h
h
ci
(II
b:
ai
(li(
th
ni<
W.1
of
s'w
als
(■(
ot
.1/
III!
mi
■SC
Ml
la(
nil
ile
,/,•
!'•
bo
C(l
aK
I hi
till
m;
IC!
"(
(I'i
V;
lin
th(
(If
CORTf.S AND HIS COMI'ANIONS.
375
.lutumn. The Spanish leader now coiulucted another rcconnoissancc into
the southern borders (jf the Mexican Valley, — a movement which over-
came much opposition, — and selected Coyohuacan as a base of operations
on that side ajjainst the Aztec city. After this he returned to Tezcuco, and
was put to the necessity of quelling an insurrection, in which his own death
had been planned.
At last the brigantincs were launched. At the command of Cortes the
allies mustered. On the 28th of April, 1 521, the Spanish general counted
his own countrymen, and found he had over nine hundred in all, including
eighty-seven horsemen. He had three heavy guns, and fifteen smaller
ones, which were mostly in the fleet. Cortes kept immediate charge of the
brigantines, and allotted the main divisions of the army to Alvarado, Olid,
and Sandoval. The land forces proceeded to occupy the approaches which
The waters of Tezcuco are at present seven or
ti(;lit feet (Prescott s.iys four feet) below the
level of the city, ami Wilson cuntcnils that they
did not in Cortes' time much exceed in extent
their present limits ; and it is one of his argu-
ments against Cortes' repre.sentations of deep
water about the causeways that such a level
of the lake would have pn the town of Tezcuco
six or seven feet under water. Wilson gives
his views on this point at length in his Wno
Conquest, pp. 452-460. The map will be seen
also to show the line of General .Scott's a])-
proach to the city in 1847. (Cf. Prof. Henry
I'oppee on the "Coincidences of the Conquests
of Mexico, 1520-1847," in the Joiinml of the
Military Service fiislilutioH, tAdiXch, 1884.) The
modern city of Mexico lies remote by several
miles from the banks of the lake which repre-
.scnts to-day the water commonly held to have
surrounded the town in the days of the Con-
quest. The question of the shrinking of the
lagunes is examined in Orozco y Berra's Af^-
niciie pour la carte hydroi^raphiqiie de la ValUe
lie Mexico, and by Jourdinet in his Influence
lie la pression </<• fair sur la vie de I'homme,
p. 486. A colored map prepared for this latter
book was also introduced by Jourdanet in his
edition of Sahasun (1880), where (p. xxviii) he
again examines the question. From that map
the one here presented was tai'.f:n, and
the marsh surrounding " Lac de ' 'excoco "
marks the supposed limits of the lak( in Mon-
tezuma's time. Jourdanet's map is called,
" Carte hydrographique de la Vallee de Mexico
(I'apres les travaux de la Commission de la
Vallee en 1862, avec addition des anciennes
limites du Lac de Texcoco."
Humboldt in I's Essai politique sur la Nou-
vclle Espaj;ne, while studying this problem of
the original bounds of the water, gives a map
defii^.ing them as traced in 1804-1807 ; and this
i> reproduced in John Black's translation of
iUimboldt's Personal Essay on the Kingdom of
Neio Spain, third edition, London, 1822. Hum-
boldt gives accoimts of earlier atteni))ts to map
the valley with something like accuracy, as was
the case with the Lopez map of 1785. Siguenza's
map of the sixteenth century, though false, has
successively supplied, through the publication
of it which Alzate made in 178O, the geogra-
phical data of many more modern maps. C"f.
the map in Cumplido's edition of Prescoit'.s
J/t'.wo (1846), vol. iii., and the enumeration of
maps of the valley given in Orozco y Berra's
Cartografia Mexicann, pp. 31 5-3 1 6.
A map of Mexico and the lake also appeared
in Le petit atlas maritime (Paris, 1764) ; and this
is given in fac-siniile in the Proceedings of the
American Philosophical Society, xxi. 616, in con-
nection with a tr lation of the Codex Ramirez
by Henry Phillips, ^r.
There is reason to believe that the decrease
in the waters had begun to be perceptible in
the time of Cortes ; and Humboldt traces the
present subsidence to the destruction of neigh-
boring forests. Bernal Diaz makes record of
the changes observable within his recollection,
and he wrote his account fifty years after the
Conquest.
The geographers of the eighteenth century
often made the waters of the valley flow into
the Pacific. The map in the 1704 edition of
Solis shows this; so do the maps of Bower and
other English cartographers, as well as the map
from Herrera on a later page (p. 392).
The inundations to which the city has been
subjected (the most serious of which was in
1629), and the works planned for its jjrotec-
tion from such devastations are the subject of
a rare book by Cepeda and Carillo, Relacion
universal del sitio en que esta fundada la ciudad
de Mixico (Mexico, 1637). Copies are found
complete and incomplete. Cf. Carter-Biown,
ii. 441 ; Leclerc, no. 1,095, complete, 400 francs,
and no. 1,096, incomplete, 200 francs; Quaritch,
incomplete, ;^io.
'M
\\
I ;■
i ,'
t:
i
4
■ n
'. :»
Z7^
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
the rcconnoissanccs had imlicatcd, — Alvarado at TIacopan, Olid at Coyo.
hiiacan, on the westerly shores of the lake, and, later, Sandoval at I/tapa-
Japan, on the eastern side. I'"ach of these places commanded the entrance
to causeways leading to the city. The land forces were no sooner in pn^i
tion than Cortes appeared with his fleet. The Aztecs attacked the brigaii
tines with several hundred canoes; but Cortiis easily overcame all, and
established his naval supremacy. lie then turned to assist Olid and Alva-
rado, who were advancing along their respective causeways; and the stronj^-
hold, Xoloc, at the junction of the causeway, was easily carried. Here the
besiegers maintained themselves with an occasional fight, while Sandoval
was sent to occupy Tepcyacac, which commanded the outer end of iIk:
northern causeway. This completed the investment. A simultaneous
attack was now made from the three camps. The force from Xoloc alone
succeeded in entering the city; but the .idvantage gained was lost, and
Cortes, who was with this column, drew his forces back to camp. His
success, however, was enough to impress the surrounding people, who were
watching the signs ; and various messengers came and offered the submission
of their people to the Spaniards. The attacks were renewed on subsequent
days; and little by little the torch was applied, and the habitable part of
the town grew less and less. The lake towns as they submitted furnisheci
flotillas, which aided the brigantines much in their incursions into tiie
canals of the town. For a while the Mexicans maintained night commu-
nication across the lake for supplies; but the brigantines at last stopped
this prcarious traffic.
Alvarado on his side had made little progress ; but the market of
Tlatelulco was nearer him, and that was a point witliin the city which it
was desirable to reach and fortify. Sandoval was joined to Alvarado,
who increased the vigor of his assault, while Cortes again attacked on the
other side. The movement failed, and the Mexicans were greatly encour-
aged. The Spaniards, from their camps, saw by the blaze of the illumina-
tions on the temple tops the sacrifice of their companions who had been
captured in the fight. The bonds that kept the native allies in subjection
were becoming, under these reverses, more sensibly loosened day by day,
and Cortes spared several detachments from his weakened force to raid in
various directions to preserve the prestige of the Spanish power.
The attack was now resumed on a different plan. The fighting-men led
the way and kept the Mexicans at bay; while the native auxiliaries razetl
every building as they went, leaving no cover for the Aztec marauders.
The demolition extended gradually to the line of Alvarado's approach,
and communication was opened with him. This leader was now approach-
ing the great market-place, Tlatelulco. By renewed efforts he gained it,
only to lose it; but the next day he succeeded better, and formed a
junction with Cortes. Not more than an eighth part of the city was now in
the hands of its inhabitants ; and here pestilence and famine were i\v:
Spaniards' prompt allies. Still the Aztec King, Quauhtemotzin, scorned to
I'} ,1 1,1. ■ ■"
ncA.
")liil at Coyo.
v;i\ at Iztapa-
1 tlie entrance
)()m.T ill posi-
d tlic briijan
:amc all, and
)li(l and y\lva-
k1 tlu- stron:^-
jd. Ilcrc tilt
hilc Sandov.tl
cr end of the
simultaneous
I XdIoc alone
was lost, and
3 camp. Ills
plc, who were
he submission
3n subsequent
itable part of
tted furnished
ions into the
nifjht commu-
: last stopped
le market of
city which il
to Alvarado,
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NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
yield; and the slaughter went on from day to day, till finally, on the I3tli
of August, I52i,thc end came. The royal Aztec was captured, trying lu
escape in a boat; and there was no one left to fight. Of the thousand Sp.ui-
iards who liad done the work about a tenth had succumbed ; and probabl\-
something like the same proportion among the many thousand allies. The
Mexican loss must have been far greater, perhaps several times greater.'
The Spaniards were no sooner in possession than quarrels began over the
booty. Far less was found than was hoped for, and torture was applicti,
with no success, to discover the hiding-places. The captive prince was
not spared this indignity. Cortes was accused of appropriating an undue
share of what was found, and hot feelings for a while prevailed.
The conquest now had to be maintained by the occupation of the country ;
and the question was debated whether to build the new capital on the
ruins of Mexico, or to establish it at Tczcuco or Coyohuacan. Cortes pre-
ferred the prestige of the traditional site, and so the new Spanish town rose
on the ruins of the Aztec capital ; the Spanish quarter being formed about
the square of Tenochtitlan (known in the early books usually as Tcmix-
titan), which was separated by a wide canal from the Indian settlement
clustered about Tlatelulco. Two additional causeways were constructed,
and the Aztec aqueduct was restored. Inducements were oft'ered to neigli-
boring tribes to settle in the city, and districts were as.signed to them.
be traced back as a sketch to the much less
elaborate one given by Hordone in his Liiro of
1528, later called his Isolario, which was accom-
panied by one of the earliest descriptions by
a writer not a conqueror. Bancroft (Mexico, ii.
14) gives a snmll outline engraving of a similar
picture, and recapitulates the authorities on the
rebuilding of the city by Cortes. The Cathe-
dral, however, was not begun till 1573, and was
over sixty years in building (Ibid., iii. 173).
One of the most interesting of the cariy
accounts, accompanied as it was with a plan of
the town and lake, made part of the narrative
of the "Anonymous Conqueror." This picture
has been reproduced by Icazbalceta in his Colcc-
cion ( i. 390) from the engraving in Ramusio,
whence we derive our only knowledge of this
anonymous writer. The Ramusio plan is also
given on the nc.\t page.
The plate used in the 1572 edition of Por-
cacdii (p. 105) served for many successive edi-
tions. Another plan of the same year showing
an oval lake surroniuling the town, is found in
Uraun and Ilogenberg's Civitatcs orbis terranim
(Cologne, 1572), and of later dates, and the
French edition, TheAtre des citls tin moudc (l!rus-
sels, 1574), i. 59. A similar outline character-
izes the small woodcut (6x6 inches) which
is found in Miiiister's Cosmog^raphia (159S),
p. dccccxiiii.
T.ater views and plans appeared in Gott-
friedt's A'i"(r Welt (1655); in Sulis's Coiiquista
(1704), p. 261, reproduced in the English edition
of 1724; in La Croix' Algemeene IVeereld lits-
chryi'titg (1705); in Herrera (edition of 172.S),
P- 399; '" Clavigero (1780), giving the lake
and the town (copied in Verne's De' coiiveile de
la Terre, p. 248), and also a map of Anahiiac,
both reproduced in the London (1787) and
Philadelphia (1817) editions, as well as in the
Spanish edition published at Mexico in 1844 ;
in Solis, edition of 1783 (Madrid), where the
lake is given an indefinite extension ; in 'Ceal-
ing's edition of Kernal Diaz, besides engraved
plates by the Dutch publisher Vander Aa.
The account of Mexico in 1554 written by
Francisco Cervantes Salazar, and republished
with annotations by Icazbalceta in 1875 (Carter-
Brown, i. 595) is helpful in this study of the
ancient town. Cf. " Mexico et ses environs cii
•554'" ''y L' Massbieau, in the Revue de geogra-
phic, October, 1878.
A descriptive book, Sitio, naturaleza y pro-
priediides de lu ciudud de Mexico, by Dr. Dioqo
Cisneros, published at Mexico in 1618, is become
very rare. Rich in 1S32 priced a copy at /(>
6^., — a great sum for those days (Sabin, vol. iv.
no. 13,146; Carter-Brown, ii. 199).
1 The figuies usually given are enormous,
and often greatly vary with the different autlim i-
ties. I.i this as in other cases where nunilHis
are mentioned, Prescott and Bancroft coll.ni;
the several reckonings which have been
recorded.
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Thus were hewers of wood and drawers of water abundantly secured. But
Mexico never regained with the natives the dominance which the Aztecs
had given it. Its population was smaller, and a similar decadence marked
the fate of the other chief towns ; Spanish rule and disease checked their
growth. Even Tezcuco and Tlascala soon learned what it was to be the
dependents of the conquerors.
Cortes speedily decided upon further conquests. The Aztec tribute-
rolls told him of the comparative wealth of the provinces, and the turbulent
spirits among his men were best controlled in campaigns. He needed
powder, so he sent some bold men to the crater of Popocatepetl to get
sulphur. They secured it, but did not repeat the experiment. Cortes
also needed cannon. The Aztecs had no iron, but sufficient copper; and
finding a tin mine, his craftsmen made a gun-metal, which soon increased
his artillery to a hundred pieces.
Expeditions were now despatched hither and thither, and province after
province succumbed. Other regions sent in their princes and chief men
with gifts and words of submission. The reports which came back of the
great southern sea opened new visions ; and Cortes sent expeditions to
find ports and build vessels; and thus Zacalula grew up. Revolts here
and there followed the Spanish occupancy, but they were all promptly
suppressed.
While all this was going on, Cortes had to face a new enemy. Fonseca,
as patron of Velasquez, had taken occasion in the absence of the Emperor,
attending to the affairs of his German domain, to order Crist6bal de
Tapia *"rom Hispaniola to take command in New Spain and to investigate
the doings of Cortds. He arrived in December, 1521, with a single vessel
at Villa Rici, and was guardedly received by Gonzalo de Alvarado, there
in command. Tapia now despatched a messenger to Cortes, who replied
with many blandishments, and sent Sandoval and others as a council to
confer with Tapia, taking care to have among its members a majority of
his most loyal adherents.
They met Dec. 12, 1521, and the conference lasted till Jan. 6, 1522. It
resulted in a determination to hold the orders borne by Tapia in abeyance
till the Emperor himself could be heard. Tapia protested in vain, and
was quickly hustled out of the country. He was not long gone when new
orders for him arrived, — this time under the sign-manual of the Emperor
himself. This increased the perplexity; but Cortes won the messenger in
his golden fashion. Shortly afcerwards the same messenger set off for
Spain, carrying back the letters with him. The::e occurrences did not
escape notice throughout the country, and Cortes was put to the necessity
of extreme measures to restore his prestige ; while in his letter to tlie
Emperor he threw the responsibility of his action upon the council, who
felt it necessary, he alleged, to take the course they did to make good the
gains which had already been effected for the Emperor. In a spirit of
conciliation, however, Cortes released Narvaez, who had been confined
J',;
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RICA.
secured. But
ch the Aztecs
idence marked
checked their
was to be tlic
Aztec tributc-
d the turbulent
5. He needed
:atepetl to get
iment. Cortes
it copper; and
soon increased
province after
and chief men
le back of the
expeditions to
Revolts here
2 all promptly
my. Fonseca,
F the Emperor,
r Crist6bal de
to investigate
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^Ivarado, there
s, who replied
a council to
a majority of
CORTES AND HIS COMPANIONS.
381
.s
m. 6, 1522. It
ia in abeyance
in vain, and
jone when new
f the Emperor
messenger in
cr set off for
ences did not
) the necessity
letter to the
c council, who
nake good the
In a spirit of
been confined
CORTfe.*
1 Fac-simile of .i woodcut in Ptiii/i Jcnii elo-
^avironim hcllicaviytiitL- illiistfium (Basle, 1575),
|). 348, and 1596, p. 229, called a portrait of
Curtc's.
The autograph follows one given by Prcs-
colt, revised ed., vol. iii. Autographs of his
\)ri)per name, and of his title, Martiuesdel Valle,
ate given in Cumplido's edition of Prescott,
vol. iii. An original autograph was noted tor
sale in Stevens [Bibliotliecu ^i^cograpJiiiW^wo.-Cio),
which is given in fac-simile in some of the illus-
trated copies of that catalogue. Prescott (vol. i.
p. 447) mentions a banner, ])reserved in Mexico,
though in rags, which Cortes is said to have
borne in the Conquest. lUit cum])are Wilson's
A'e^o Coiu/iiest, p. 3C9.
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382
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
at Villa Rica ; and so in due time another enemy found his way to Spain,
and joined the cabal against the Conqueror of Mexico.
In the spring (1522) Cortes was cheered by a report from the Audiencia
of Santo Domingo, confirming his acts and promising intercession with the
Emperor. To support this intercession, Cortes despatched to Spain some
friends with his third letter, dated at Coyohuacan May 15, 1522. These
agents carried also a large store of propitiatory treasure. Two of the
vessels, which held most of it, were captured by French corsairs,^ and the
Spanish gains enriched the coffers of Francis I. rather than those of
Charles V. The despatches of Cortes, however, reached their destination,
though Fonseca and the friends of Velasquez had conspired to prevent
their delivery, and had even appropriated some part of the treasure which
a third vessel had securely landed. Thus there were charges and counter-
charges, and Charles summoned a council to investigate. Cortes won.
Velasquez, Fonseca, and Narvaez were all humiliated in seeing their great
rival made, by royal command, governor and captain-general of New
Spain.
Meanwhile Cortds, hearing of a proposed expedition under Garay to
take possession of the region north of Villa Rica, conducted a force him-
self to seize, in advance, that province known as Panuco, and to subju-
gate the Huastecs who dwelt there. This was done. The plunder proved
small ; bat this disappointment was forgotten in the news which now, for
the first time, reached Cortes of his late success in Spain. The whole
country was jubilant over the recognition of his merit; and opportunely
came embassies from Guatemala bringing costlier tributes than the Span-
iards had ever seen before. This turned their attention to the south.
There was apprehension that the Spaniards who were already at Panama
might sooner reach these rich regions, and might earlier find the lookcd-
for passage from the Gulf to the south sea. To anticipate them, no time
could be lost. So Alvarado, Olid, and Sandoval were given commands to
push explorations and conquests southward and on either shore. Before
the expeditions started, news came that Garay, arriving from Jamaica, had
landed with a force at Panuco to seize that region in the intcrc'^ts of the
Velasquez faction. The mustered forces were at once combined under
Cortes' own lead, and marched against Garay, — Alvarado in advance.
Before Cortes was ready to start, he was relieved from t .e necessity of
going in person by the receipt of a royal order from Spain confirming him
in the possession of Panuco and forbidding Garay to occupy any of Cortes'
possessions. This ordjr was hurriedly despatched to Alvarado; but it
did not reach him till he had made some captives of the intruders. Garay
readily assented to lead his forces fiirthcr north if restitution should be
made to him of the captives and munitions which Alvarado had taken.
This was not so easily done, for plunder in hand was doubly rich, and
Garay's own men preferred to enlist with Cortes. To compose matters
' Tlirir chief w.i? Juan Florin, who has been ichntificd by some with Vcrrazano
/«qjpp,:v
CORTES AND HIS COMPANIONS.
383
way to Spain,
Ciaray went to Mexico, where Cortes received him with ostentatious
kindness, and promised him assistance in his northern conquests. In the
midst of Cortes' hospitaUty his guest sickened and died, and was buried
with pomp.
While Garay was in Mexico, his men at Panuco, resenting the control of
(laray's son, who had been left in charge of them, committed such ravages
(in the country that the natives rose on them, and were so rapidly annihilat-
ing them that Alvarado, who had left, was sent back to check the outbreak.
Ho encountered much opposition; but conquered as usual, and punished
afterward the chief ringleaders with abundant cruelty. Such of Garay 's
men as would, joined the forces of Cortes, while the rest were sent back
to Jamaica.
The thoughts of Cortes were now turned to his plan of southern explor-
ation, and early in December Alvarado was on his way to Guatemala.^
Desperate fighting and the old success attended Cortes' lieutenant, and the
Quiche army displayed their valor in vain in battle after battle. It was the
old story of cavalry and arquebusiers. As Alvarado approached Utatlan,
the Quiche capital, he learned of a plot to entrap him in the city, which
was to be burned about his ears. By a counterplot he seized the Quiche
nobles, and burned them and their city. By the aid of the Cakchiquels
lie devastated the surrounding country. Into the territory of this friendly
people he next marched, and was received royally by King Sinacam in his
city of I'atinamit (Guatemala), and was soon engaged with him in an
attack on his neighbors, the Zutugils, who had lately abetted an insurrec-
tion among Sinacam's vassals. Alvarado beat them, of course, and estab-
lished a fortified post among them after they had submitted, as gracefully
;is they could. With Quiches and Cakchiquels now in his train, Alvarado
still went on, burned towns and routed the country's defenders, till, the
rainy season coming on, he withdrew his crusaders and took up his quar-
ters once more at Patinamit, late in July, 1524. From this place he sent
despatches to Cortes, who forwarded two hundred more Spanish soldiers
for further campaigns.
The Spanish extortions produced the usual results. The Cakchiquels
turned under the abuse, deserted their city, and prepared for a campaign.
Tlie Spaniards found them abler foes thari any yet encountered. The
Cakchiquels devastated the country on which Alvarado depended for sup-
[ilics, and the Spaniards found themselves reduced to great straits. It was
only after receiving reinforcements sent by Cortes that Alvarado was
inablcd to push his conquests farther, and possess himself of the redoubt-
able fortress of Mixco and successfully invade the Valley of Zacatepcc.
The expedition to Honduras was intrusted to Cristobal de Olid, and
started about a month after Alvarado's to Guatemala. Olid was given a
' H. H. Bancroft (C,-ii/ial Afcxico, i. 626) collates .is usual tlie v.irious estimates of .Alvarado's
NTce.
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584
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
fleet ; and a part of his instructions was to search for a passage to the great
south sea. He sailed from the port now known as Vera Cruz on the nili
of January, 1524, and directed his course for Havana, where he was to find
munitions and horses, for the purchase of which agents had already been
sent thither by Cortes. While in Cuba the blandishments of Velasquez
had worked upon Olid's vanity, and when he sailed for Honduras he was
harboring thoughts of defection. Not long after he landed he openly
GUATENrALA AND HONDURAS.'
announced them, and gained the adherence of most of his men. Cortes,
who had been warned from Cuba of Olid's purpose, sent some vessels after
him, which were wrecked. Thus Casas, their commander, and his men fell
into Olid's hands. After an interval, an opportunity offering, the capti\c
leader conspired to kill Olid. He wounded and secured him, brought him
to a form of trial, and cut off his head. Leaving a lieutenant to conduct
further progress, Casas started to go to Mexico and make report to Cortes.
Meanwhile, with a prescience of the mischief brewing, and impelled by
his restless nature, Cortes had determined to march overland to Honduras;
and in the latter part of October, 1524, he set out. He started with great
state; but the difficulties of the way made his train a sorry sight as they
struggled through morass after morass, stopped by river after river, which
they were under the necessity of fording or bridging. All the while their
1 Following the m.ip given m Knee's /.citalter
sliawe's Yucatan.
tlr F.itt,icchiiiii:;en, p. 391. Cf. map in In.
t
11 . !l
CORTES AND HIS COMPANIONS.
385
Cf. map ill r.i!'
provisions grew less and less. To add to the difficulties, some Mexican chief-
tains, who had been taken along as hostages for the security of Mexico, had
conspired to kill Cortf^s, and then to march with their followers back to Mex-
ico as deliverers. The plot was discovered, and the leaders were executed.^
Some of the towns passed by the army had been deserted by their inhabi-
tants, without leaving any provisions behind. Guides which they secured
ran away. On they went, however, hardly in a condition to confront Olid,
should he appear, and they were now approaching his province. At last
some Spaniards were met, who told them of Casas' success ; and the hopes
of Cortes rose. He found the settlers at Nito, who had been decimated by
malaria, now engaged in constructing a vessel in which to depart. Mis com-
ing cheered them ; and a ship opportunely appearing in the harbor with pro-
visions, Cortes purcha;:ed her and her lading. He then took steps to move
tlie settlement to a more salubrious spot. Using the newly acquired vessel,
he explored the neighboring waters, hoping to find the passage to the south
sea ; and making some land expeditions, he captured several pueblos, and
learned, from a native of the Pacific coast whom he fell in with, that
Alvarado was conducting his campaign not far away. Finally, he passed
on to Trujillo, where he found the colony of Olid's former adherents, and
confirmed the dispositions which Casas had made, while he sent vessels to
Cuba and Jamaica for supplies.
At this juncture Cortes got bad news from Mexico Cabal and anti-
cabal among those left in charge of the government were having their
effect. When a report reached them of the death of Cortds and the loss
of his army, it was the signal for the bad spirits to rise, seize the govern-
ment, and apportion the estates of the absentees. The most steadfast
friend of Cortes — Zuazo — was sent off to Cuba, whence he got the news
to Cortes by letter. After some hesitation and much saying of Masses,
Cortes appointed a governor for the Honduras colony; and sending
Sandoval with his forces overland, he embarked himself to go by sea.
'/irious mishaps caused his ship to put back several times. Discouraged
at last, and believing there was a divine purpose in keeping him in
I londuras for further conquest, he determined to remain a while, and sent
messengers instead to Mexico. Runners were also sent after Sandoval to
bring him back.
Cortes now turned his attention to the neighboring provinces ; and one
after another he brought them into subjection, or gained their respect by
interfering to protect them from other parties of marauding Spaniards,
lie had already planned conquests farther south, and Sandoval had received
orders to march, when a messenger from Mexico brought the exhortations
of his friends for his return to that city. Taking a small force with him,
including Sandoval, he embarked in April, 1526. After being tempest-
' There is some doubt whether the alleged Bancroft [Central America, 1. 555) collates the
plot was not, after all, a fiction to cover the various views, but it does not seem that any
getting rid of burdensome personages. H. H. unassailable conclusion can be reached.
VOL. II. — 49.
••♦4.
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386
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
i;i;:;:
tossed and driven to Cuba, he landed late in May near Vera Cruz, and
proceeded in triumph to his capital. '
Cortes' messenger from Honduras had arrived in good time, and hail
animated his steadfast adherents, who succeeded very soon in overthrowing'
the usurper Salazar and restoring the Cortes government. Then followed
the request for C<^rtes' return, and in due time his arrival. The natives
vied with each other in the consideration which they showed to Malinche,
as Cortes was universally called by them. Safe in their good wishes,
Cortes moved by easy stages toward Mexico. Everybody was astir with
shout and banner as he entered the city itself. He devoted himself at once
to re-establishing the government and correcting abuses.
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Meanwhile the enemies of CorttJs at Madrid had so impressed the
Emperor that he ordered a judge, Luis Ponce de Leon, to proceed to
Mexico and investigate the charges against the Governor, and to hold
power during the suspension of Cortes' commission. Cortes received him
loyally, and the transfer of authority was duly made, — Cortds still retainiujj
the position of captain-general. Before any charges against Cortes could
be heard, Ponce sickened and died, July 20, 1526; and his authority
descended to Marcos de Aguilar, whom he had named as successor. He
too died in a short time ; and Cortes had to resist the appeals of his
friends, who wished him to reassume the governorship and quiet the com-
motions which these sudden changes were producing. Meanwhile the
enemies of Cortes were actively intriguing in Spain, and Estrada received
a royal decree to assume alone the government, which with two others he
had been exercising since the death of Agu lar. The patience of Cortes
and his adherents was again put to a test when the new ruler directed
the exile of Cortes from the city. Estrada soon saw his mistake, and made
advances for a reconciliation, which Cortes accepted.
But new developments were taking place on the coast. The Emperor
had taken Panuco out of Cortes' jurisdiction by appointing Nuno de
Guzman to govern it, with orders to support Ponce if Cortes should resist
that royal agent. Guzman did not arrive on the coast till May 20, 1527,
when he soon, by his acts, indicated his adherence to the Velasquez party,
and a disposition to encroach upon the bounds of New Spain. He was
forced to deal with Cortds as captain-general ; and letters far from con-
ciliatory in character passed from Guzman to the authorities in Mexico.
Estrada had found it necessary to ask Cortes to conduct a campaign against
his ambitious neighbor ; but Cortes felt that he could do more for himself
and New Spain in the Old, and so prepared to leave the country and
escape from the urgency of those of his partisans who were constantly
trying to embroil him with Estrada. A letter from the new President
of the Council of the Indies urging his coming, helped much to the
determination. He collected what he could of treasure, fabric, and imple-
ment to show the richness of the country. A great variety of animals,
CORTES AND HIS COMPANIONS.
387
a Cruz, and
representatives of the various subjugated peoples, and a showy train of
dependents, among them such conspicuous characters as Sandoval and
Tapia, with native princes and chieftains, accompanied him on board the
vessels.
Cortes, meanwhile, was ignorant of what further mischief his enemies
had done in Spain. The Emperor had appointed a commission {audimcia)
to examine the affairs of New Spain, and had placed Guzman at the head.
It had full power to
assume the govern-
ment and regulate the
administration. In
December, 1528, and
January, 1529, all the
members assembled at
Mexico. The jealous
and grasping quality
of their rule was soon
apparent. The ab-
sence of Cortes in
Spain threatened the
continuance of their
power ; for reports had
reached Mexico of the
enthusiasm which at-
tended his arrival in
Spain. They accord-
ingly despatched mes-
sengers to the Spanish
court renewing the
charges against Cor-
tes, and setting forth the danger of his return to Mexico. Alvarado and
other friends of Cortes protested in vain, and had to look on and see, under
cine pretext or another, all sorts of taxes and burdens laid upon the estates
(if the absent hero. He was also indicted in legal form for every vice and
crime that any one might choose to charge him with ; and the indictments
stood against him for many years.
Guzman was bOon aware of the smouldering hatred which the rule of
himself and his associate had created ; and he must have had suspicions
of the representations of his rapacity and cruelty which were reaching
Madrid from his opponents. To cover all iniquities with the splendor
ol conquest, he gathered a formidable army and marched to invade the
province of Jalisco.
AUTOGRAPH OF SANDOVAL.*
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' After a fac-simile in Cabajal, Mexico, ii. 686.
388 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
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Cortds, with his following, had landed at I'alos late in 1528, and was
under the necessity, a few days later, of laying the body of Sandoval — worn
out with the Honduras campaign — in the vaults of La Rabida. It was
a sad duty for Cortes, burdened with the grief that his young lieutenant
could not share with him the honors now in store, as he made liis
progress to Toledo, where the Court then was. He was received with
unaccustomed honor and royal condescensions, — only the prelude Id
substantial grants of territory in New Spain, which he was asked to par-
ticularize and describe. He was furthermore honored with the station
and title of Marques del Valle dc Oajaca. He was confirmed as captain-
general; b'lt his rein.statement as governor was deferred till the reports uf
the new commission in New Spain should be received. He wae, however,
; » '!-,
' Fac-similc of an engraving in Ilerrera, ii. 32. It is dressed up in Cabajal's AfJxico, ii. 254.
COKTl^S AND HIS COMPANIONS.
389
i
CORTES.'
assured of liberty to make discoveries in the south sea, and to act as
governor of all islands and parts he mifjht discover westward.
The wife of Cortes, whom he had left in C:'ba, had joined him in Mexico
after the conquest, and had been received with becoming state. Her early
decease, after a loftier alliance would have become helpful to his ambition.
' Fac-simile of an engraving in Ilcrreia,
ii. I. There is also a portrait wliich hangs, or
(lid hang, in the series of Viceroys in the Miiseo
at .Mexico. This \va^ engraved for Don Antonio
I'guina, of Madrid ; and from his engraving the
picture given second by Prescott is copied.
Kngravings of a picture ascribed to Titian are
);iven in Townscnd's translation of Solis ( London,
17-4) and in the Madrid edition of Solis (1783).
Cf H. H. Bancroft, J/,-.r/W), i. 39, noU. The
Spanish translation of Clavigero, published in
Mexico in 1844, has a portrait; and one "after
Velaseiuez " is given in Laborde's Voyage pitto-
rcsijHc, vol. iv., and in Jules Verne's Dccouvcrte
de la Tcrrc.
A small coppcr-iilate representing Cortes
in armor, with an uplifted finger and a full
beard (acconii)anicd by a brief sketch of his
career) is given in Select /.ires {olUctcd out of
A. Thevct, Evi^lishcd by I. S. (Cambridge, 1676),
which is a section of a volume, ProsopOi;raphia
(Cambridge, 167C), an English translation of
Thevet's Collection of Lives. The copper may
be the same used in the French original.
I
"i
: ill
}f '
■ n
r K
1
>> II
'h'
^m^
k-mM
390
NAKKAT1V£ AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
CORTES' ARMOR.*
had naturally raised a suspicion among Cortes' Iraducers that her deatli
had been prematurely hastened. He had now honors sufficient for any
match among the rank of grandees ; and a few days after he was en-
nobled he was married, as had been earlier planned, to the daughter of
the late Conde de Aguilar and niece of the Duque de Bejar, — both
houses of royal extraction.
1 Copied from an engravinp; (in Ruge's Das some plate armor in the Museum at Mexico,
Zfi/ci//eft/erE>tfc/fc-i-iiitxen,]i.40^)oithcor\g\na\ whicii he, of course, thinlis apocryphal (.\>rj
in the Museum at Madrid. Wilson refers to Coin/iies/, p. 444).
COUT£s and his COMl'ANIONS.
39 «
Cortes now prepared to return to Mexico witli his new titles. He learned
that the ICmperor had appointed a new aiuliiucia to proceed thitiiei , .md
it promised him better justice than lie had ^ot from the other. The
lunperur was not, however, satisfied as yet that the presence of Cort«5s
in Mexico was ailvisable at the present juncture, and he ordered him to
stay; but the decree was too late, and Cortes, with a great retinue, iiad
already departed. lie landed at Vera Cruz, in advance of the new jud{;e,
July 15, 1530.
His reception was as joyous as it had been four years before ; and though
an order had reached him forbidding his approach within ten leagues of
Mexico till the new audiciicia should arrive, the support of his retinue com-
pelled him to proceed to Tezcuco, where he awaited its coming, while he
was put in the interim to not a little hazard and inconvenience by the efforts
of the Guzman government to deprive him of sustenance and limit his
intercourse with the natives.
Nfear the end of the year the new Government arrived, — or all but its
president, Fucnleal, for he was the Bishop of Santo Domingo, whom the
others had been
ordered to take
on board their
vessel on the
way; but stress
of weather had
prevented their
doing this.
The Bishop did
not join them
till September.
In Mexico they
took possession
of Cort^is' house, which they had been instructed to appropriate at an
appraisement.
The former Government was at once put on trial, and judgment was in
most cases rendered against them, so that their property did not suffice to
meet the fines imposed. Cortes got a due share of what they were made
to disgorge, in restitution of his own losses through them. Innumerable
reforms were instituted, and the natives received greater protection than
ever before.
Guzman, meanwhile, was on his expedition toward the Pacific coast,
conducting his rapacious and brutal conquest of Nueva Galicia. He re-
fused to obey the call of the new aiidicncia, while he despatched messengers
to Mexico to protect, if possible, his interests. By them also he forwarded
his own statement of his case to the Emperor. Cortes, vexed at Guzman's
anticipation of his own intended discoveries toward the Pacific, sent a
lieutenant to confront him; but Guzman was wily enough to circumvent
AUTOGRAPH OF FUF.NLEAL
{Efiscofus Sancli Dominui).
I'\
VI
'1 1
i
Jl I 1.!'
i:v
S..I
I. 'i
( '.
392 NARRATIVJ: AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
MEXICO AND ACAPULCO.l
the lieutenant, seized him, and packed him off to Mexico with scorn and
assurance. It was his last hour of triumph. His force soon dwindled;
his adherents deserted him ; his misdeeds had left him no friends ; and he
at last deserted the remnant of his army, and starting for Pdnuco, turned
' Fac-simile of a map in Herrera, i. 408.
H ' '
m
CORTES AND HIS COMPANIONS.
393
aside to Mexico on the way. He found in the city a new regime. Antonio
dc Mendoza had been sent out as viceroy, and to succeed Fucnleal at the
same time as president of the audiencia. He had arrived at Vera Cruz in
October, 1535. His rule was temperate and cautious. Negroes, who had
been imported into the country in large numbers as slaves, plotted an
insurrection: but the Viceroy suppressed it; and if there was native com-
plicity in the attempt, it was not proved. The Viceroy had received from
his predecessors a source of trial and confusion in the disputed relations
which existed between the civil rulers and the Captain-General. There
were endless disputes with the second audiencia, and disagreements con-
tinued to exist with the Viceroy, about the respective limits of the powers
(if the two as derived from the Emperor.
Cortes had been at great expense in endeavoring to prosecute discovery
in the Pacific, and he had the vexation of seeing his efforts continually
embarrassed by the new powers. Previous to his departure for Spain he
had despatched vessels from Tehuantcpec to the Moluccas to open traffic
with the Asiatic Indies ; but the first audiencia had prevented the despatch
of a succoring expedition which Cortes had planned. On his return to
New Spain the Captain-General had begun the construction of new vessels
both at Tehuantcpec and at Acapulco ; but the second audiencia interfered
with his employment of Indians to carry his material to the coast. He
however contrived to despatch two vessels up the coast under Hurtado de
Mendoza, which left in May, 1532. They had reached the coast to the
north, where Guzman was marauding, who was glad of the opportunity of
thwarting the purpose of his rival. He refused the vessels the refuge of a
harbor, and they were subsequently lost. Cortes now resolved to give his
personal attention to these sea explorations, and proceeding to Tehuan-
tcpec, he superintended the construction of two vessels, which finally left
port Oct. 29, 1533. They discovered lower California. Afterward one of
the vessels was separated from the other, and fell in distress into the hands
of Guzman while making a harbor on the coast. The other ship reached
Tehuantcpec. Cortes appealed to the audiencia, who meted equal justice
in ordering Guzman to surrender the vessel, and in commanding Cortes to de-
sist from further exploration. An appeal to the Emperor effected little, for
it seems probable that the audiencia knew what support it had at court.
Cortes next resolved to act on his own responsibility and take command
ill person of a third expedition. So, in the winter of 1534-1535, he sent
some vessels up the coast, and led a land force in the same direction.
Guzman fled before him. Cortes joined his fleet at the port where Guzman
had seized his ship on the earlier voyage, and embarked. Crossing to the
(California peninsula, he began the settlement of a colony on its eastern shore,
lie left the settlers there, and returned to Acapulco to send forward addi-
tional supplies and recruits. At this juncture the new Viceroy had reached
Mexico; and it was not long before he began to entertain schemes of
despatching fleets of discovery, and Cortes found a new rival in his plans,
n. — so.
m
if1<
:ii
( ■
, u
I . '
VOL.
i S
394
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
mt
wm
ii i
;■/
U. .
; i.
I 'll-l III Ii
i j'Ji'f':
I'
I -..l
■•->,•
^
•^'..
■in
\
o
' Part of a view of Acapulco as giveu in rapliy, Ijiit representing the later fort and biiiM
Montanus and Ogilby, p. 26t, showing the topog- ings. The same picture, on a larger scale, wa>
'' ,!
CORTES AND HIS COMPANIONS.
395
I'lic Captain-General got the start of his rival, and sent out a new expedi-
tion from Acapulco under Francisco de UUoa; but the Viceroy gave orders
to prevent other ves-
sels following, and his
officers seized one al-
ready at sea, which
chanced to put into
one of the upper ports.
Cortes could endure
such thraldom no lon-
1,'cr, and early in 1540 .
he left again for Spain
to plead his interests
with the Emperor.
He never saw the land
of his conquest again.
We left Guzman for
a while in Mexico,
where Mendoza not
unkindly received
him, as one who hated
( oites as much or
more than he did.
'iuzman was bent on
escaping, and had or-
dered a vessel to be
ready on the coast.
He was a little too late,
however. The Empe-
ror had sent a judge
to call him to account,
and Guzman suddenly
found this evil genius
was in Mexico. The
judge put him under
arrest and marched
published by Vancler Aa at Amsterdam. A
plan of the harbor is given in Bancroft's Mexico,
ill. 25. The place had no considerable impor-
tince as a Spanish settlement till 1550 (Ibid.,
ii 420). Cf. the view in Gay's Popular History
>/llu' United States, ii. 586.
' This follows a sketch of the picture, in the
Hospital of Jesus at Mexico, which is given in
< liarton's l\'yaf;eurs, iii. 359. I'rcscott gives an
ingraviiig after a copy then in his own posses-
CORTES.'
sion. The picture in the Hospital is also said to
be a copy of one taken in Spain a few years before
the death of Cortes, during his last visit. The
original is not known to exist. The present
descendants of the Conqueror, the family of the
Duke of Monteleonc in Italy, have only a copy
of the one at Mexico. Another copy, made
during General Scott's occupation of the city, is
in the gallery of the Pennsylvania Historical
Society (Catalogue, no. 130). The ujiper part
:| \\
■1 i'f
» I
J |-
l\
H:
f i '
396
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
WMU
him to prison. A trial was begun; but it dragged along, and Guzman
sent an appeal forward to the Council for the Indies, in which he charged
Cortes with promoting his persecution. He was in the end remanded to
Spain, where he lingered out a despised life for a few years, with a gleam
of satisfaction, perhaps, in finding;,
some time after, that Cortes too had
found a longer stay in New Spain
unprofitable.
Cortes had reached Spain in the
early part of 1540, and had been re-
ceived with honor by the Court ; but
when he began to press for a judg-
ment that might restore his losses
and rehabilitate him in his self-respect,
he found nothing but refusal and
procrastination. He asked to retiirn
to Mexico, but found he could not.
With a reckless aim he joined an
expedition against Algiers ; but the
ship on which he embarked was
wrecked, and he only saved himself
by swimming, losing the choicest of his Mexican jewels, which he carried
on his person. Then again he memorialized the Emperor for a hearing
and award, but was disregarded. Later he once more appealed, but was
still unheard. Again he asked permission to return to New Spain. This
time it was granted ; but before he could make the final preparations, he
sank under his burdens, and at a village near Seville Cortes died on the 2d
of December, 1547, in his sixty-second year.^
CORTES MEDAL,
; :'i
of the figure is reproduced in Carbajal's Historia
lie lexuo,\\. 12; and it is also given entire in
Cuiuplido's edition of Prescott's Mexico, vol. iii.
1 This follows the engraving in Ruge's Das
Zeitaltcr der Entdirkiiiii^en (p. 361) of a speci-
men in the Royal Cabinet at Herlin. The ori-
ginal is of the same size.
- The remains of Cortos have rested un-
easily. They were buried at Seville ; but in 1562
his son removed them to New Spain and placed
them in a monastery at Tezcuco. In 1629 they
were carried with pomp to Mexico to the church
of St. Fr.ir.cis; and again, in 1794, they were
transferred to the Hospital of Jesus (Prescott,
Mexico, iii. 465), where a monument with a bust
was placed over them. In 1S23, when a patri-
otic Ecal was turned into the wildness of a mob,
the tomb was threatened, and some soberer
citizens secretly removed the monument and
sent it (and later the remains) clandestinely to his
descend.ant, the Duke of Monteleone, in Paler-
mo, where they are supposed now to be, if the
story of this secret shipment is true (Prescoti,
Afcxico, iii. 335 ; Harrisse, Bil>l. Amcr. I'ct.,
pp. 219, 220; Bancroft, Mexico, iii. 479, 4S0).
Testimony regarding the earlier interment ami
exhumation is given in the Coleccioii de dociinini-
tos iiii'ditos (Espoiiii), xxii. 563. Cf. B. Murpliy
on " The Tomb of Cortes " in the Catholic Woilll.
xxxiii. 24.
For an account of the family and desceiul-
ants of Cortes, see Bancroft, ii. 480; Prescott,
iii. 336. The latter traces what little is known
of the later life of Marina (vol. iii. p. 279).
ilCA.
CORTES AND HIS COMPANIONS.
397
and Guzman
h he charged
remanded to
with a gleam
s, in finding,
ortcs too had
n New Spain
Spain in tiie
had been re-
le Court; but
;s for a judg-
jre his losses
lis self-respect,
: refusal and
ked to return
he could not.
he joined an
;iers ; but the
mbarked was
saved himself
ch he carried
for a hearing
;aled, but was
Spain. This
eparations, he
lied on the 2d
nd some soberer
monument .md
l.inclcstinely toliis
iteleone, in P.ilor-
now to be, if the
is true (Prescott,
Bi/i/. Amer. Vt't.,
ico, iii. 479, 4S0I.
er interment ami
CLioii de dociimnt-
Cf. B. Murpliy
he Catholic WorUI.
nily and descercl-
ii. 4S0; PrcscotI,
nt little is known
. iii. p. 279).
CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE DOCUMENTARY SOURCES OF
MEXICAN HISTORY.
MR. H. H. BANCROFT, in speaking of the facilities which writers of Spanish
American history now have in excess of those enjoyed by tiie historian of thirty
years ago, claims that in documentary evidence there are twenty papers for his use in
print to-day for one then.> These are found in part in the great Coleccion of Pacheco
and others mentioned in the Introduction. The Mexican writer Joaquin Garcia Icaz-
balceta (born 1S25) made a most imjiortant contribution in the two volumes of a Coleccion
lie liociimcntos para, la historia dc Mexico which
passes by his name ana which appeared respec-
tively in 1858 and 1866.'' He found in Mexico few
of the papers which he printed, obtaining theni
chiefly from SiJain. Of great interest among those
which he gives is the Itiiieraiio of Grijalva, both in
the Itali.m and Spanish text.' Of Cortes himself
there are in this publication various letters not
earlier made public. The quarrel between him
and Velasquez is illustrated by other papers. Here also we find what is mentioned else-
where as '• De rebus gestis Cortesii " printed as a " Vida de Cortds," and attributed
to C. Calvet de Estrella. The recital of the so-called " Anonymous Conqueror," held by
some to be Francisco de Terrazas, is translated from Ramusio (the original Spanish is
not known), with a fac-simile of the plan of Mexico.* There is also the letter from the
army of Cortes to the Emperor; and in the second volume various other papers interest-
in-j; in connection with Cortes' career, including the memorial of Luis de C.lrdenas, etc.
Two other papers have been recognized as important. One of these in the first volume
is the Historia de las Indios de Nueva Espana cf Fray Toribio Motolinia, accom-
panied by a Life of the Father by Ramirez, with a gathering of bibliographical detail.
Toril)io de Benavente — Motohnia was a name which he took from a descripdon of him
by the natives — had come over witb the Franciscans in 1523. He was a devoted, self-
sacrificing missionary; but he proved that his work did not quiet all the passions, for
he became a violent opponent of Las Casas' views and measures. '' His labors took him
the length and breadth of the land; his assiduity acquired for him a large knowledge
of tlic Aztec tongue and beliefs ; and his work, besides describing institutions of this
,'"ople, tells of the success and methods secured or adopted by himself and his com-
pi.nions in eftectmg their conversion to the faith of the conquerors. Robertson used a
manuscript copy of the work, and Obadiah Rich procured a copy for Prescott, who
ventured the assertion, when he wrote, that it had so little of popular interest that it
uinild never probably be printed."
' Those pertaining to Cortes in vols, i.-iv.
of the Dociimentos inedi:os (Es/iatia) had already
appeared. Marrissc, AVW. Amer. T.'/., pp. 213-
215, enumerates the manuscripts which had 1)cen
collected by Prescott. Clavigero had given
accounts of the collections in the Vatican, .at
\'i' una, and of those 01 lioturini, etc.
- S.abin, vol. x.\. no. 34,153. In the Intro-
duction to both vohnncs Icazbalceta discusses
learnedly the authorship of the various |)apcrs,
ami niaUes note of considerable bibliographical
detail. The edition was three hundred copies,
with twelve on large pajier.
3 Vol. i. 281 ; sec also ante, p. 215.
•■ Vol. i. 368. This plan is given on an ear-
lier page. Cf. Dancroft, Early Ameriavi Chro-
niclers., p. 15.
'' See chap. v. p. 343.
0 Mexico, ii. 96. \ part of it was printed
in the Docitmcntos iiiiditos as " Ritos antiques
. . . de las Indias." Cf Kingsborough, vol.
ix.
I' !
1
11^
Hi
\\
398
^NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
'0
ly
Bancroft' calls the Relacion of Andres de Tdpia one of tiie most valuable documenis
of the early parts of the Conquest. It ends with tiie capture of Narvaez; recounting
the antecedent events, however, with "uneven completeness." It is written warmly in the
interests of Cortds. Icazbalceta got wiiat seemed to be the original from the Library (if
the Academy of History in Madrid, and printed it in his second volume (p. 554). It
was not known to Prescott, who quotes it at se nd hand in Gomara.'-
The next most important collection is that published in Mexico from 1852 to 1857.1
under the general title of Documentos para la historia dc Mt'xico. This collection of
four series, reckoned variously in nineteen or twenty-one volumes, is chiefly derived
from Mexican sources, and is largely illustrative of the history of northwestern Mexico,
and in general concerns Mexican history of a period posterior to the Conquest.
There have been two important series of documents published and in part unearthed
by Josd Fernando Ramirez, who became Minister of State under Maximilian. The first
of these is the testimony at the examination of the charges which were brought against
Pedro de Alvarado, and some of those made in respect to Nufio de Guzman, — Procesos ,ie
residcncia* which was published in Mexico in 1847 ;5 the other set of documents pertain
to the trial of Cortds himself. Such of these as were found in the Mexican Archive.s
•vere edited by Ignacio L. Rayon under the title of Archivo Mexicano ; Documenios fai a
la historia de Mexico, and published in the city of Mexico in 1852-1853, in two volumes.
At a later aay (1867-1868) Ramirez discovered in the Spanish Archives other considerable
portions of the same trial, and these have been printed in the Coleccion de documentos
inMitos de las Indias, vols, xxvi.-xxix.
The records of the municipality of Mexico date from March 8, 1524, and chronicle
for a long time the sessions as held in Cortds' house ; and are particularly interesting,
as Bancroft says,' after 1524, when we no longer have Cortds' own letters to follow, down
to 1529. Harrisse has told us what he found in the repositories of Italy, particularly at
Venice, among the letters sent to the Se' ite during this period by the Venetian ambas-
sadors at Madrid.' Three volumes have far been published of p Coleccion de docu-
mentos para la historia de Costa-Rica at San Josd de Costa-Rica, under the editing of
Le<5n Fernilndez, which have been drawn from the Archives of the Indies and from
the repositories in Guatemala. A few letters of Alvarado and other letters of the
Conquest period are found in the Coleccion de documetitos antiguous de GuatemaLi
published at Guatemala in 1857.*
No more voluminous contributor to the monographic and documentary history of
Mexico can be named than Carlos Maria de Bustamante. There will be occasion in other
connections to dwell upon particular publications, and some others are of little interest
to us at present, referring to periods as late as the present century. Bustamante
was a Spaniard, but he threw himself with characteristic energy into a heated advo-
I
■11
S M •
' Mexico, i. 405.
"^ Prescott, McxicOy ii. 147.
3 S.nbiii, vol. i.\. nos. 34,154-34,156 ; Quaritch,
Ratnircz Collection ( 18S0), no. 89, ]iriced it at ;^40.
* This institution is clearly defined by Helps,
iii. 141. Cf. Bancroft, Central America, i. 250.
* Prescott, Mexico, ii. 272; V,M\croil, Mexico,
''• 373; Murphy Catalos^ne, no. 2,092; Pinart-
Prassenr Cata/o^'iie, no. 770. The Ijook has
a portrait of Alvarado, and is enriched with
notes by Ramirez. The inaniiscri]n of the
charges against Alvarado was discovered in
1S46 among some supjiosed waste-papers in
the Mexican Archives which the licentiate,
Ignacio Rayon, w.is then examining (Bancroft,
Centra/ America, ii. 104).
' Mexico, ii. 9. Bancroft says he uses ii
copy made from one which escaped the fire
that destroyed so much in 1692, and which l)e-
longed to the Ma.ximilian Collection. Quarilch
offered, a few years since, as from the Raniiixv.
Collection, for /'175, the Acts of the Muiiii i-
pality of Mexico, 1 524-1564, in six manuscript
volumes. Bancroft {Mexico, iii. 50S, etc.), enu-
merates the sources of a later period.
" Bifil. Amer. Vet., Additions, \t. xxxiv.
8 There appeared in 1S82, in two volumes,
in the Bihlioteca de los Americanistas, a Historui
de Guatemala 6 recordacion Florida escrita el
■':ijilo XVIT for it Capitdn D. Francisco Antonio
de Fucntes y Guzman . . . tublica par pri»u<o
z'cz con notas e ilustracione.i D, Jiisto Zara^oza.
*^
CORTES AND HIS COMPANIONS.
399
racy of national Mexican feelings ; ar'l this warmly partisan exhibition of himself did
much toward rendering the gathering of his scattered writings very difficult, in view of
the enemies whom he made and of their ability to suppress obnoxious publications when
tiiey came into power. Most of these works date from i8i2 to 1850, and when collected
make nearly or quite fifty volumes, though frequently bound in fewer.' The completest list,
however, is probably that included in the enumeration of authorities prefixed by Bancroft to
his Central America and Mexuj, which shows not only the printed works of Bustamante,
hut also the autograph originals, — which, Bancroft says, contain much not in the published
works.* Indeed, these lists show an extremely full equipment ot the manuscript docu-
mentary stores relating to the whole period of Mexican history,^ including a copy of the
Archivo general de Mexico, as well as much from the catalogues of Josd Maria Andrade
and Jost5 Fernando Ramirez, records of the early Mexican councils, and much else of an
ecclesiastical and missionary character not yet put in print.*
, I '
,\ »
ntary history of
occasion in other
of little interest
ry. Bustamante
a heated advo-
' Quaritch in his Catalogue, no. 321, sub
I i,So7, shows a collection of forty-seven for £y:>,
apparently the Ramirez Collection. Cf. Sabin,
vol. iii. no. 9,567, etc.
2 Afi-xico, vol. i. p. viii.
* Indeed, the footnotes of Prescott are
me.igre by comparison. The enumeration of the
manuscript sources on the Conquest given in
Cliarton's Voyageurs, iii. 420, shows what pro-
vision of this sort was most to be depended on
thirty years ago. There is a set of nine folios in
Harvard College Library, gathered by Lord
Kingsborough, called Documentos para el histo-
ria . '■ Mexico y Peru. It includes some manu-
scripts ; but they are all largely, perhaps wholly,
of a later period than the Conquest.
< Quaritch, who in his Catalogue of 1870 (no.
259, sub 376) advertised for ;^i05 the original
manuscripts of three at least of these councils
(1555, 1565, 1585), intimates that they never
were returned into the Ecclesiastical Archives
.ifter Lorenzana had used them in preparing
an edition of the Proceedings of these Councils.
which he published in 1769 and 1770, — Concilios
/•roriiiiiai:! de Mexico, — though in the third, and
perhaps in the first, he had translated app.arently
his text from the Latin published versions. Ban-
croft describes these manuscripts in his Mexico,
ii. 685. The Acts of the First Council had been
printed (1556) before Lorenzana; but the book
was suppressed, and the Acts of the Third Coun-
cil had been printed in 1622 in Mexico, and in
1725 at Paris. The Acts of the Third also a])-
pearcd in 1S59 „t Mexico with other documents.
The readiest source for the English reader of
the history of the measures for the conversion of
the Indians and for the relation of the Church to
the civil authorities in New .Spain are sundry
chapters (viii., xix., etc.) in Bancroft's Central
America, and others (ix.,xix., xxxi., xxxii.) in his
Mexico. (Cf. references in Harrisse, Bil't. Anier.
' 1/., p. 209.) The leading .Spanish authorities
■ire Torobio Motolinia, Mendicta, .and Torque-
niada, all characterized elsewhere. Alonso Fer-
iLiiulez' Ilistoria eclcsidstica ile niiestros ticmpos
(Toledo, 161 1) is full in elucidation of the live" of
the friars and of their study of the native tongues.
(Cf. Rich, 1832, JTl 2S.; Qu.aritch, 1870, £Si
Bancroft, Mexico, ii. 190.) Gil Gonzales Davila'j
Teairo eclesidstico de la primitiva Iglesia de las
Indias (Madrid, 1649-1655) is more important
and rarer (Quaritch, 1870, ;^8 8^. ; Rosenthal,.
Munich, 1884, for 150 marks; Bancroft, yJ/z-j-zVo,
ii. 189). Of Las Casas and his efforts, see the
preceding chapter in the pi^-sent volume.
The Orders of friars are made the subject of
special treatment in Bancroft's Mexico. The
Franciscans were the earliest to arrive, coming,
in response to the wish of Cortes, in 1524.
There are various histories of their labors, —
Francisco Gonzaga's De origiiie seraphicte reli-
gionis Franciscatia;, Rome, 1587 (Carter-Brown,
i. 372) ; sections of Torquemada and the fourth
part of Vet.ancour's Teatro Mexicano, Mexico,.
1697-1698; Francisco Vasquez' Chronica . . .
de Guatemala, 1714; Espinosa's C/ironica apos-
tolica, 1746 (S.abin, vi. 239; Carter-Brown, iii.
827), etc. Of the Dominicans we h.ive Antonio-
de Remesal's Ifistoria de la S. J'iiiceiit de Chyapa,
Madrid, 1619 (Bancroft, Central America, ii. 339,
736), and Davilla Pidilla"s Santiago de Mexico,.
mentioned in the text. Of the Augustinian fri-
ars there is Juan de Grijalva's Cronica, Mexico,
1624. Of the books on the Jesuits who came
late (1571, etc.), there is a note in B.incroft's
Mexico, iii. 447, showing as of chief importance
Francisco de Florencia's Compania de Jesus
(Mexico, 1694), while the subject was taken up
under the same title by Francisco Javier Alegre,
who told the story of their missions from 1566
in Florida to 1765. Tlic manuscript of this
work was not printed till Bu.stainante edited
it in 1841.
The legend or belief in our Lady of Guada-
lupe gives a picturcsciue and significant coloring
to the history of missions in Mexico, since from
the day of her apparition the native wor.ship, it
is said, steadily declined. It is briefly thus: In
1 531 a native who had received a baptismal
name of Juan Diego, passing a hill neighboring
t"'
!H
400
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
u ;
0£ particular value for the documents which it includes is the Historia de la/undacwn
y (iisciirso dc la provincia de Stintia^^o dc Mt'xico, de la orden de predicadores, por lax
vidas de sus varoites insi^nes y casos notables de Xiieva Espafla, published in Madrid in
1596.' The author, DaviUa Padilla, was born in Mexico in 1562 of good stock ; he be-
came a Dominic.m in 1579, and died in 1604. His opportunities tor gathering niati.ri,il
were good, and he has amassed a useful store of information regarding the contact of
the Spanish and tiie Indians, and »he evidences of the national traits of the natives. Ills
book has another interest, in that .ve find in it the earliest mention of the establishnieiit
of a press in Mexico.-
I
to tlic city of Mexico, was confronted by a
railiant being who annonnccd herself as the
Virgin Mary, and wlio said that slie wished a
church to be Imilt on the spot. The native's
story, as he told 't to the lUsho]), was discred-
ited, until some persons sent to follow the Indian
saw him disappear unaccountably from sight.
It was now thought that witchcraft more
than a heavenly interposition was the cause,
until, again confronting the ajjparition, Diego
was bidden to take some roses which the T.ady
had handled and carry them in his mantle to
the Bishop, who would recognize them as a
sign. When the garment was unrolled, the fig-
ure of the Virgin was found painted in its folds,
and the sign was accepted. A shrine was soon
erected, as the Lady had wished ; and here the
holy effigy was sacredly guarded, until it found
a resting-jjlace in what is thought to be the
richest chinch in Mexico, erected between 1695
and 1709; and there it still is. It has been at
times subjected to some ecclesiastical scrutiny,
and there have been some scejjtics and cavillers.
Cf. Bancroft, Mexico, ii. 407, and authorities
there cited. Lorenzana in his dvtiis pastorales
{1770) has given a minute account of the paint-
ing (Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 1,749; Sabin,
vol. xii. no. 56,199; and the Colecsioit de ol>ras
ferteiiecieiilcs a la milagiosa abandon de A'liestra
Sefiora de Guadalupe).
' Carter-Brown, i. 496; Bancroft, Mexico, iii.
723. There is a copy in Harvard College
Library. There were later editions at lirussels
in 1635 (Carter-Brown, ii. 300; Stevens, Histori-
cal Collection, i. 177), and again at Valladolid in
1634 as V'aria historia de la Niieva Espana y
Florida, scgiiiida impresioii (Carter-Brown, ii.
412).
- We read in the 1596 edition (p. 670) that
one Juan Pablos was the first printer in Mexico,
who printed, as early as 1535, a religious manual
of Saint John Climachus. The book, however, is
not now known (Sabin, vi. 229), and there is no
indisputable evidence of its former existence ;
though a similar story is told iiy Alonzo Fer-
nandez in his Ilisloria eclesidstica (Toledo, i6ir),
and by Clll Gonzales Davila in his Tcatro cclc-
siastico (Madrid, 1649), — who gives, however, the
date as 1532. The Teatro is of further interest
for the map of the diocese of Michoacan and
for the arms of the different dioceses. It is
in two volumes, and is worth from thirty to forty
dollars.
The subject of early i)rinting in Mexico li.is
been investigated by Icazbalceta in the Duci.'h.
ario universal de historia y de geo^rajia, v. 9(11
(published in Mexico in 1S54), where he gives a
list of Mexican imprints prior to lOoo (Carter-
Ihown, i. 129, 130). A similar list is given in
connection with an examination of the subject
by Ilarrisse in his />'//'/. Aiuer. I'et., no. 232.
Mr. John Russell Bartlett gives another list
(1540 to 1600) in the Carter- Brown Cat(d,\:^'iic.
i. 131, and offers other essays on the subjett ni
the Historical Mai;azine, November, 1S5S, and
February, 1865, and again in the new edition of
Thomiis's //istory 0/ Pri/itinj; (Worcester, 1875),
i. 365, appendix.
The earliest remaining example of the fir.^t
Mexican press which we have is a fragmentary
copy of the Manual de adultos of Crisi{)l)al
Cabrera, which was originally discovered in I he
Library of Toledo, whence it disappeared, to he
again discovered by Gayangos on a London
bookstall in 1870. It is supposed to have con-
sisted of thirty-eight leaves, and the jirinted date
of Dec. 13, 1540, is given on one of the leaves
which remain {Bil'l. Amer. Vet., no. 232 ; Addi-
tions, no. 123, with fac-similes, of which a \ux\.
is given in the Carter-Brown Calalof^ue, i. 131).
llarri.sse, perhaps, is in error, as Quaritch aliirius
(A'amirez Collection, 1880, no. 339), in assigning
the same date, 1540, to an edition of the JJa-
triita Christiana found by him at Toledo; and
•there seem to have been one or two other books
issued by Crombergcr (Catalogue Andrade,\\oi.
2,366, 2,367, 2,369, 2,477) before we come to an
acknowledged edition of the Doctrina Cm-
tiana — which for a long time was held to be the
earliest Mexican imprint — with the date of 1544-
It is a small volume of sixty pages, "impnssa
en Mej.ico, en casa de Juan Cromberger " ( Rii h,
1832, no. 14; Sabin, vol. iv. no. 16,777; Carter-
Brown, i. 134, with fac-similes of title ; Bivk-
worm, 1S67, p. 114; Quaritch, no. T,2\,sub 12,551).
Of the same date is Dionisio Richel's Comfeii-
dio lircve que tracta a' la manera de coma se hi de
luizer las processiones, also printed, as the earlier
one was, by command of Bishop Zumarraga,
this time with a distinct date, — " Afio de M l>-
' 'ill
X I
CORTfiS AND HIS COMPANIONS.
401
One of the earliest of the modern collections of documents antl c.uiy nionogra|)lis is
the llistoriadorcs (>iiiiiitivo.<s tie las Iiuihis occidcntaUs ol Aiulres Gonzales de liarcia
Carljallido y Zuniga (Ixnown usually as IJarcia), published at Madrid in 1749 in three vol-
umes folio, and enriciiedwitli the editor's notes. Tiie sections were publisiied separately;
:ind it was not till after the editor's death (1743) that tliey were grouped and put out
collectively willi the .diove distinctive title. In tliis form the collection is rare, and it has
lieen stated that not over one or two nundred copies were so gathered.'
First among all documents respecting the Conquest are the letters sent by Cortes
himself to the Emperor : and of these a somewhat detailed bibliographical account is
given in the Notes following this Essay, as well as an examination of the corrective value
of certain other contemporaneous and later writers.
xliiij." A copy which belonged to the Emperor
M.iximilian was sold in tlie Aiidrade sale (no.
2,667), and .igain in the Drinlcy sale (no. 5,317).
(Iii.iriich priced Ramirez' copy in 18.80 at £,'-fi.
The lists .ibove referred to show eight separate
issues of the Mexican press before 1545. Icaz-
halceta puts, under 154S, the Doctriua en Mexi-
iiiito as the earliest instance known of a book
printed in the native tongue. Up to 1563, with
the exception of a few vocabularies and gram-
mars of the languages of the country, of the less
than forty books which are known to us, nearly
all arc of a theological or devotional character.
In that year (1663) Vasco dc Puga's Collection
of Laws — J^rofisioncs, ccJiilas, instrucciones de su
^lufiGltki/^'
Miijestiid — was printed (Quaritch, Ramirez Col-
lection, iSSo, no. 236, ^30). Falkenstein in his
Geschiclite der Buchdruckerknnst (Leipsic, 1S40)
has alleged, following Pinclo and others, that a
Collection of Laws — Ordinationes Ixiinnjuc col-
lectiones — was printed in 1649; but the existence
of such a book is denied. Cf. Thomas, History
of 2'rinting, I. 372; Harrisse, Bibl. Amer. Vet.,
no. 2S8.
' Quaritch, Ramirez Collection (i8So), no. 28,
;^IS; Sabin, vol. I. no. 3,349; Carter-Hrown,
Hi. 893; Rich, ^/W. Nova Amer. (1835), p. 95;
Stevens, Dibliotheca historica, no. 126; Leclerc,
no. 50, — 400 francs; Field, /"<//ii« Bibliography,
no. 79.
I )'■
\^
1'
i '■ -*
VOL. 11.
SI
1 i!
ill
402
NAKKATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA
N O T K S.
1^
A. Till: Letfers of CortAs.— I. The Lost
First Letter, Jiiiy lo, 1519. Tlii; sciks of letters
wliieh CortOs sliu to tliu Kinpcror is siipposcil
lo Ikivc begun Willi one dalcil at \erii Cni/. in
July, 1519, wliicli is now lo.st, liut wliiiJi li.ncia
and Wilson suppose to liave been sui)piesscil
by the Couneil of tlio Indies at llic iciiuest of
Nnrvaez. There are coiUeniporaneous refei-
enees to show that it once existed. Cortes him-
self mentions it in Ills seeond letter, and liernal
Uiaz implies thai it was not shown by Cortes lo
his companions. Goniar.i mentions it, and is
thought to give its purport in brief. Thinking
that Charles \'. may have carried it to Cermanv,
Kobertsun caused the Vienna Archives lo be
searched, but wilhcnit avail; though it has been
the belief that this lellor existed there at one
time, and another sent with it is known to be in
those Archives. I'rescott caused thorough ex-
aminations of the repositories of London, Paris,
and Madrid to be made, — equally without
result.
Fortunately the same vessel took two other
letters, one of which we have. This was ad-
dressed by the jiisticia y rci^imicuto of I,a Villa
Rica de la Vera Cruz, and was dated July 10,
1519. It was discovered, by Robertson's .igency,
in the Imperial Library at Vienna. It rehearses
the discoveries of Cilrdoba and Ciijalva, and
sustains the views of Cortes, who charged Vcb*
(juc/. with being inconiputent and dish0nc.1l,
This klter is sometimes eounteil as the lii-i
of the series ; tor though it was not written In
Cortes, he is thought to have inspired it.'
The other letter is known only through the
use of it which contemporary writers majr.
It was from some of tlie leading companions in
arms of Cortes, who, while they praised lliclr
commander, had sometliing to say of ollieis
not (piite to the satlsfacllon of Cortes. The
Conipieror, it is intimated, intrigued to prevent
its reaching the Emperor, — which may accuunt
for its loss. LasCasas andTapia both nientlon
it.-
liesidc the account given in Gomara uf
Cortes' early life and his doings in the New
World up to the time of his leaving Cuba In
1519, there is a contemporary narrative, quite in
Cortes' interest, of unknown authorship, which
was found by Mufio/. at Siniaucas.' The I,;ilin
version is called " De rebus gestis Ferdlnaiull
Corlesii;" but it is called " Vida de Hcrnan
Cortes " in the Sjianish rendering which is given
by Icazbalceta in his Coleccioit de lioetiiiieiitos, i.
A publication of Peter Martyr at Basle in
1521 is often taken as a substitute for the lost
first epistle of Cortes. This is the De iiu/'cr luh
) il|
1 Navarrete first printed it in his Coleccion, i. 421 ; It was included also in N'cdia's Historiadores /■rimithos
de liulias (Madrid, 1S52) ; and Gayangos, in his Cartas de Hernan Cortes (Paris, 1S66) does not hesitate lo let
it stand for the first letter, while he also annotates it. It is likcwiss printed in the liU'ikiteea de aulons
Esfaiiolcs, vol. xxii., and by Alaman in his Disertaekmes sohre la hisloria de la Keful'lica Mejkana, vol. i.,
appendix, with a sketch of the expedition. Cf. I'rescott's Mexico, i. 360, iii. 42S ; H. H. Uancroft's Mexieo, i.
i6g.
" Bancroft, jl/c.v/Vo, i. i;o. It is supposed that still a third letter went at the same time, which is now
known to us. Three letters of this time were found in 1S66 among some old account-books in a library sold
in .\uslria. Two of them proved to bo written in iSjiain uixm the news of Cortes' discoveries, while one w.is
written by a companion of Cortes shortly after the landing on the Mexican coast, but is not seemingly .111
orisinal, for it is written in ("lerman. and the heading runs: Neivzcit -aie iiiiiisers allcr-g>iadii;istn lierii <:\s
h'cmise/in iind /irsfaeiiiscfin Koiii)ii;s!eiit Ain Costlichc Ncu-e LannJscliafft habn gefiiiidii, and bears il.ite
June 28, 1519. There are some contradictions in it to tlie received accounts ; but these are less important tli.in
the mistake of a modern l'"rench transl.itor. who was not aware of the application of the name of Yucatan, ;it
tliat time, to a long extent of coast, and who supposed the letters referred to Grijalva's expedition. '1 lie
oriKinal text, with a modern German and French version, appears in a sniiill edition (thirty copies) wliitli
Frederic MuUer, of Amsterdam, printed from the original manuscript (cf. his Books on Aiiieriea, 1S72, 110.
1,144; "877, no. 2,2<)(-i, priced .at 120 florins) under the title of Trois Icttres siir la dieoiivcrte de Yticatai:,
Amsterdam, 1S71 (Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 66; Muller, Books on Amcriea, 1877, no. 2,296; C. H. Berciidl
in Amcriean Bililiofolist, July and August, 1S72 ; Murphy, no. 2.795).
One of the news-sheets of the time, circulated in Europe, is preserved in the Royal Library at Berlin.
A photo-lithographic fac-simile w.as published (one hundred copies) at Berlin in 1S73. It is called: A'<.iii
ZcittiiHg, von dcm landc. das die Sf'onier fiindcn haben ym 1521. tare genant lucatan. It is a small qu:uiu
m gothic type, of four unnumlKred leaves, with a woodcut. Cf. Bibl, Amer. yet., no. 70, with fac-siu.ii;
of title ; Carter-Brown, i. 69 ; Muller (1S77), no. 3,503 ; Subolewski, no. 4,153. ,
3 Prescott used a copy taken from Munoz' transcript.
* Cf. Prescott, Alexieo, i. 262 ; Bancroft, Mexuo, i. 72.
' r
COKTES AM) HIS COMI'AN'IONS.
403
il^^^5^SdE^s^^t!6^^
t
t',^ '
\ie^m^^m^fmmisimmsmmm^ms^^&s^s^
D. Ciinh rcpcrlts iiisulis . . . Petri Afaytyn's
cihkirii/ioii, which gives a narrative of the ex-
peditions of Grijalva and Cortes, as a sort of
Mipplenicnt to what Peter Martyr had written on
'.he affairs of the Indies in his Three Decades.
It was afterward included in his Basle edition
of 1533 and in the Paris Extniict of 1532.^
Harrisse - points out an allusion to the c.\-
])edition of Cortes and a description of those
of Cordoba and drijalva, in Ein Aiuzitg ettli<-he>-
Scudhricff , . , von wegot cincr new c;ef linden
Inselii, published at Nuremberg in March, I 520 ;■'
.ind llarrisse supposes the information is de-
rived from Peter Martyr.* Bancroft points out
a mere reference in a publication of 1522,—
Translalioniiss hispunisiher Sptwcit, etc.
11. The Second Letter, Oct. 30, 1520. We
possess four early editions of this, — two Spanish
(1, 2) and one Latin (3), and one Italian (4).
1. The earliest Spanish edition was published
at Seville Nov. 8, 1522, as Carta de relaeio, having
twenty eight leaves, in gothic type."
2. The second Spanish edition, Carta de rela-
cion, was printed at Saragossa in 1524. It is in
gothic letter, twenty-eight leaves, and has a cut
of Cortes before Charles V. and his Court, of
which a reduced fac-simile is herewith given.''
' Cf. Stevens, BilUoihcca h'tstortca (1S70). p. 103; Historical Collections, i. 342; and tlic section on
" i;.uly Descriptions of America " in tlie present work.
- Bil'l. Amcr. Vet. , no. 1 70,
3 S.ibin, vi. 126 ; Carter-Brown, i. 6j.
■• liihl. Amcr. Vet., no. 105.
'' Mexico, i. 54".
" Cf. llarrisse Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. iiS ; Carter-Brown, I. 71 ; Bnmet, ii. 310; Pabin. vol. iv. no. if',933;
l'"Isom, introduction to his edition. The Lenox and Barlow libraries have most, if not all, of tlie various early
tiiilions of the Cortes letters.
" Cf. .Sabin, vol. iv. no. i(i.0'!4, Carter-Brown, i. 73; Brunet, ii. 311; BMiotlicca GrenviUiana.\>.?ii,
Lid'l. Amcr. Vet., no. 120 ; Ileber, vol. vii. no. 1,884 ; Ternaux, no. 27.
,i • \-
f:
\y
404
NAKRATIVF. AMI CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA,
Vv
' V
•o';
»»m<nn)7
P^^On^ci
gi)'
t^»0 J)Ar»it
--#"
^^JOft,
CORXfs' GULF OF MEXICO.'
)M1
* i r/?
ih,'
3. The first Latin edition was iiublishcd in entitled: Piachra Ferdiiiddi Cortesii de iioui
tolio at Nuremberg, in August, 15-4, iu roman maris Oceani Ilypaiiia uayratio. It was the
type, with marginal notes in gothic, and was work of Pierre Savorgnanus,"
' This fac-simile follows the reproduction Riven by Stevens m his Amokan Bibliographer, p. 86, ami
in his Notes, etc., pi. iv. Dr. Kohl published in the /.eilsdtri/l fiir allj^emeine ErdkunJe, neuc Folge, vol. x\.,
a pajicr on the " Aeltcste Oescliichte dcr Entdeckung und Erforschung des Golfs von Mexico durch &
Rpanicr von 1492 bis 1543." Cf. al^o Oscar I'eschel's Zeitalttr dcr Entdcchuiisen (1S58), chap, vii., iiiiri
Riige's Gcscliic/ite dcs Zcilallcrs der Entdccliungcu, p. 355.
2 Cf. Carter-Drown, i. Si ; Bibl, Amer. Vet., nos. iiS, 125; Brunet, ii. 312; Bibliotlieca Crenvilliaiui,
p. 166 ; Huth, i. 353 i C. Fiske Harris, Catalogue, no. S96; Cooke Catalogue, vol. iii. no. 623 ; Sunderbnl,
wol. ii. no. 3,479 ; Sabin, vol. iv. no. 16,947 ; Panzer, vii. 466 ; Menzel, Bitl. Hist., part i. p. 269 ; Ternaux,
Cortesii de twin
Hio. It was tlie
■ographer, p. S6, ami
neue Folge, vol. x> ■,
1 Mexico durcli u'k
1858), chap, vii., and
oihtca Grenvillhiui,
0. 623 ; Sunderl.iiiil,
i. p. 269 ; Ternaus,
■STTTT
'»S»iU '...*.
SiiiiuliiJMiil
m^M^^^^M
t^'k
Corrcfuoc Ji^oua mario 0ceani^i^
fpania Tlarrano ejciatimmo.acgnuictifll^
moCarolol<.omanoru Impcratori fempcr Augullo.HKfpa
niaru A c Rcgi Anno Domini. M. D-XXaranfiijiflai
In qua Contincntur Plunmjfcicu.ridvdmicarrone
digna Circa cgrcgias «aru ,pLMnraru Vrbrs.fn*
colaru mores. pucroru Sacnfina. « Rcligiofas
pcrfonas, FotifTimuc]? dc Cerebri Ciuuate
Tcmixnian Variifcp illi'>mirabilib9.qus
Jccetc mifificc del'cclabut,p DoOioxi
\ti\x iaguorgr
Reuen. D. loan, dc ReucIIes
iaguorgnanu Forolulicnfe
Epifco. Yicnefis Scactaiiu
ex Hytpano Idi
omatcinlaci
ou vcrfa
ANNODni.M.D.XXIIII.KL.Maniir
Cum Ctaria. ft Priuilegio.
■^f
ini.K OF Til K I.AriX CORTEf., I 524. — RI'.DUCEP.
!>■ ,12 ; Heber, vol. vi. no. 2,.) 15 ami In. f|io ; Murphy C.it.ilogue, no. f>;(j ; Stevens, Aiiicricaii BiUiOj;ra/'her,
||. 85. The book, when it contains the lari;e fuldini; plan (.( Mexico and the map of the (iiilf of Mexico, is
worth about ,5ioo. The pl.an and map are missing from tlie copy in the liostrn I'ublic Library. [D. 310'.
;f>, no. i].
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0:
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i
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Wh
ARMS, ON THE REVERSE OF TITLE, OF THE LATIN CORTES, 1 5 24.
.v:
^.m
CORTES AND HIS COMPANIONS.
407
!k^(^
'?
%
^
I r
,' Jy I
^.;
\ :
CLEMENT Vll,
4. The Italian edition, /,if/nv7i;r.f iiiVViitioiie Tliis edition has a new cngravinp; of tlic map
(ii I'iidiiuuido Cortcsc i/t-lla Xiioni Ifis/'tif^ihi del in the Xuiembcrg edition, thongli (^Hi.iritcli and
Mtirc OiCUHO . . . per A'iiolo I.ibnniio con JuMtii others have doubted if such a map lielongs to it.
. . . tniihltd, was printed at Venice in 1524. I.eclerc (no. 151) cluoniclcs copies witli and
It follows the Latin version of .Savorgnanus, without the nia]).- -An abstract of the second
aiul includes also the third letter. letter in Italian, Xoue dc Ic hole ct Term Fcrma
I524.
1 F.ic-siniile of a cut in the I.atin Cortes of 1524. It was this Pope who was so delighted with tlio Indian
jugglers sent to Kome by Cortes. The Conqueror also ni.ide Ilis Holiness other more substanti.il supplica-
tions fur his favor, which resulted in Cortes receiving plenary indulgence for his and his companions' sins
(I'rescott, iii. 299).
- Cf. Brunet, ii. 312. and Siifflhiioil, col. 320; Carter-Brown, i. 82, whicli shows a map with
inscriptions in Italian ; BiM. Amer. Vd., no. 129 ; Pinart, no. 262 ; Sabin, vol. iv. no. 16,0; r ; Panzer, vol. viii.
no. 1,248 ; Court, nos. 90, 91 ; Heber, vol. vi. no. 1,002, and x. 84S ; Walcken.aer, no. 4.1S7. There are copies
V,f\
I \
I h 1
4o8
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
:m
lil;
|.^i'-;
imm
h %\
.1
■)'\
i/oiiiif/iii/U tioiiiif,\ had already appeared two
years earlier, in 1522, at Milan.'
There were other eontcmporary abstracts of
this letter. .Signiund Grimm, of Angsburg, is
said to be the anthor of one, published about
1522 or 1523, called Ein schiiiic lu-wc /Ccyluiig,
io kayscrUch Mayestct miss IiiJiii yc/z mnu/u/i
znkommcii seiiid. It is cited in liarrissc and
the lUhliotlu'ca CncnvilUana ; and Tcrnau.x (no.
5) is thought to err in assigning the date of 1520
to it, as if printed in .Vugsburg. Of about the
same date is another described l)y .Sabin (vol. iv.
no. 16,952) as printed at .Vntwerp, and called
Ticssacn-c Impcrialc <■/ Cat/io/iijuc Mijrc\th' . . .
fiis/ iwiivcllcs iles marches ysles et Uyrc ferine
Oicennes. This seems to be based, according to
Brunei, Sitppleiiieiit, vol. i. col. 320), on the first
and second letters, beginning with the departure,
ill 1519, from Vera Cruz, and ending with the
death of Montczuma.-
The second letter forms part oi various
collected editions, as follows : —
In Spanish. Bancroft {A/exiea, i. 543) notes
the second and third letters as being published
in the Sjianish ThesSro de virtudes in 1543.
Barcia's Historiadores primitivos (1749) ; also
edited by Enrique de Vedia, Madrid, 1S52-1S53.
Ifistoria de A'/iera Espaha, escrita por sii cscla-
rccido Conquistador Hcrnan Cortes, aiimentada
con olros docnincntos y notas por Don Erancisco
Antonio Lorenzana, arzobispo de Mexico, Mexico,
1770. This important work, embracing the
second, third, and fourth letters, has a large view
of the great temple of ^[e.xico, a map of New
.Spain,' and thirty-one plates of a iiieroglyphic
register of the tributaries of Montezuma, — the
same later reproduced in better style bv Kings-
boruugh. l^oienzana was born in 1722, and
rising through the g.-.-idations of his Church, and
earning .1 good name as Bishop of Puebl.-,, was
made .\rchbishopof Toledo shortly aftc; he had
published the book now under consideration.
Pius VI. made him a cardinal in 1789, and he
died in Rome in 1S04. Icazbalccta was notable
to ascertain whether the Bishop had liefore him
the original editions of the letters or Barcia's re-
print ; but he added to the value of his te.xt bv
numerous annotations. In 1828 an imperfect
reprint of this book, "a la ortografi'a modern.i,"
was produced in New York for the .\[exic:iii
market, by Manuel del Mar, under the title d
Historia dc Mejico,^ to which a life of Cortds, bv
R. C. Sands, was added.'"' Icazbalceta notes
some of the imperfections of this edition in hi~
Coteccion, vol. i. p. xxxv."
Cartas y relaciones al Emperador Carlos /'.,
colegidas e ilnst>adas por P. de Gayangos.
^d^^y
Paris, 1S66. Besides the Cortes letters, this dis-
tinguished scholar included in this book vari-
ous other contemporary documents relating to
the Conquest, embracing letters sent to Cortes'
lieutenants; and he also added an important
introduction. He included the fifth letter for
the first time in the series, and drew upon
the archives of Vienna and Simancas with ad-
vantage."
The letters were again included in the Bib-
lioteca historica de la Iberia published at Mexico
in 1870.
In Latin. The second and third letters,
with the account of Peter Martyr, were issued
at Cologne in 1532, with the title De insulis
mipcr inventis, etc., as shown in the annexed fac-
simile of the title, with its portrait of Charles
V. .and the escutcheons of Spanish towns and
provinces.^
In Erench. Ilarrisse (Bibl. Amer. Vet.,
Additions, no. 73) notes a French rendering of a
with .inother colophon {Bib/, .liner. Vet., no. 1,^0). connecting two printers with it, — Lexona .and S,abio. F. .'J.
Ellis. London, 1SS4 (no. 60). priced a copy at -£52 io.f., and Diifosse (no. 14,184) at 20c fr.ancs.
1 Cf. Sabin, vol. iv. no. I'i.yjo, and xiii. 5^1.052 i Bibl. Aiiicr. Vet., no. ng; Bibliotheca Grenvilliana^
p. 166.
- It is very rare, but Tross, of Paris, had a copy in his hands in 1866.
^ Annexed herewith in fac-siniile.
^ Cf. .\r.ina. BibHogyafia dc obras aiwiiimas (1SS2) no. 244.
5 Cf. the notice of Cortes in R. C. .'^.inds's Writings, vol. i.
0 The original edition of I.orcnz.ina is usually priced at ?[o to ?2o. Cf. Sabin, vol. iv. nos.
1^1. O^S. i6.nw, and vol. x. p. 4''}2 ; II. H. liancroft, .^fc.\■ico. iii. -578 (with a sketch of Lorenzana) ; Fininct,
.'^iif'f'lciiicnt,\. ■>,2i : Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 1,750; Leclerc, no. i;;; Soljolcwski, no. 3,767; F. S. Ellis
(18S4), ,C2 2.f.
" Sabin, vol. Iv. no. 16.0.12. ri.incroft (.\fcxiiO, i. 540). speaking; of Hayangos' edition, says: " Altlioii!;li
a few of Lorenzana's blunders find correction, others are committed : and the notes of tlie archbishop are
adopted without credit and without the necessary amendment of date, etc., — which often makes them absurd. '
>^ The book is variously jiriccd from ?2o to ?6o. Cf. /?/M Aiiicr. Vet., no. if>S ; Carter-Brown, vol. i.
no. 100; Bibliotcca Grcnvilliana. p. 167; Leclerc, no. 152; Sunderland, no. 3,480: Pinart, no. 261 ; O'C.il-
laghan, no. 683 ; S.abin, vol. Iv. nos. 16,947-16,949. Tliere were .also Latin versions in the Noviis orbis vi
Grynaus, 1555 and 1616.
t ■ t
IICA.
ilceta was not able
ip had before liim
ers or Uarcia's n-
iue of his text li\
[828 an imperfect
ografia modcrna,'"
for the Mexican
under the title 1 I
life of Cort(!s, bv
Icazbalccta notes
this edition in hi~
H'rador Carlos /'.,
P. de Cayans{<>.
es letters, this dis-
n this book vari-
imcnts relating to
rs sent to Cort<!s'
led an important
le fifth letter for
and drew upon
jitnancas with ad-
:luded in the Bib-
jlished at Mexico
and third letters,
artyr, were issued
e title Dc iiisiilh
n the annexed fac-
jrtrait of Charles
panish towns and
libl. Amcr. Vet.,
ich rendering of a
a and Sabio. F. S.
ancs.
t/ieca GrcnvilUana,
abin, vol. iv. nos.
ovcnzana) ; nninct,
3,;67 ; V. S. !• !li^
1. says; " Altliom;li
the arclibisli"]) are
akcs tlicm absurd."
arlcr-Iiriiwn, voi. i.
•t, no. 261 ; O'Cal-
the Noviis orliis if
• W
I \
V I
I I
( [j\
:< n
J'lut f
mn
>h h
,-;i I
I h
>':. :t'
■-5
J
cc
Al
%
0
^
S
CORTES AND HIS COMl'ANIONS.
409
NVRCIEN.
lHS\a.CN
T^SI|!
^rgJMSCHtN.
ALGRECtE,
lAHEN
^DEINSVLISNV
PER INVENTIS FERDINANDI CORTESII
adCaroIuiV! V. Rom . Impcratorem Narrationes.cum alio
quodam Petri Martyris ad CIcmentem VII' Pon-
tificcm i . J jximum confimilis argumentl
libello.
<5His accelTemnt Epiftb!* dd<if,de felici.Ttmo apud Indoa
bii.ingclfi incremento.quas fuperioribus hifcc diebus qui-
dam fratrci Mino.ab India in Hifpaniamtranfinifcrunt.
^ Item Epitome dc inuentis nuper Indiar populis rdololatris
ad fidcm Chrifti, atcn adeo ad Ecdefiam Catholicam conuer-
tendis.AutoreR. P. F- Nicolao Herbom.regi larisobfer-
uaDtiar,ordiait Minorum Generali CommiiTario
Cifmontano*
MlCHIE.
JVeR^untur In elngui Gallln%
nno M. D. ^OCXII.
CAVISSgN
VtlNORRE.
"Xeciuen
Leom
"Arragom
I
(1^
, <
i U
^i,
I;
VOL. II,
.r
i'
^
4IO
\.\Ki;Ari\K AXI) CRIIICAL IIISTORV OK A.MKRICA.
text, seemingly made up of tlie first ami sccdix!
letters, and probably fallowing a Spanish origi-
nal, now lost, wliicli was |)rintc(l at Antwerp in
1523.' This second letter is also epitomized in
the I''rencli Extraiit on iviiiti/ dcs is/,:! iioiivcllc-
iiiiiit Iroiivas of Peter Martyr, (jrinted at Paris
in 1532, and in llellegarde's Ilisloirc iiiih\'isc//c
i/et 7't'V(i-^vs (Amsterd.un, 170.S), vol. i,
'I'liu ]irincipal French iraMslaliiin is one based
on I.orenzana, abridging that edition somewhat,
antl numbering the letters erroneouslv tirst, sec-
ond, and third. It was publisheil ;;l Paris in
'77S> '779. "^'t., under the title Conrs/;>ii,/,ii/<-i- tic
FcnmiiJ Corlcs nrvr t Eiiipci\ur Cluirlcs Quint,
and was translated by the Vicomtc dc Klavigny.-
The text of Flavigny's second letter is included
in Charton's I'liyni^'i-nys, iii. 36S-420. There
were also editions of Flavigny printed in
Switzerland ami at Fianl<f(jrt.
/ii DnUh and Flemish. Ilarrisse ( lUhl
Amcr. I'd., Additions, wa.-j 2) notes a tract cif
thirty leaves, in gothic letter, called Dc Con-
tnycii Viindcn Eyhiiidcn, etc., which was prinieii
in Antwerp in 1523 (with a F'rench connterparl
at the same time), and which seems to have been
based on the lirst and second letters, combined
in a Spanish original not now known. There is
a copy in the National Library at Paris. Then:
was a Dutch version, or epitome, in the Dutch
edition of Gryn;ens, 1563, and a F'lemish ver-
sion appeared in Ablyn's jVicnwc IVccrclt, M
.Antwerp, 1563. There was another Diitcli ren-
dering in Clottfried and Vander .\a's /.c-ni
hiudrciu-n (1727)" and in the liriczcn ran Iwidi-
iiaitd Cortes, .Amsterdam, I "So."
In ItaliiUi.
musio.
In the third volume of Ka-
i«iM
'
In Ocrnian. .\ translation of the second
and third letters, made by Andrew Diether and
Birck, was ixiblished at .Augsbiug in 1550 as
Cortcsi von dcin AVrciV/ Ifispanicii. After the
second letter, which constitutes part i.,the begin-
ning of part ii. is borrowed from Peter Martyr,
which is followed by the third letter of C<n-tes;
and this is succeeded in turn, on folios 51-60, by
letters from Venezuela about the settlements
there (1534-1540), and one fnim Ovicdo written
at San Domingo in 1543. There are matters
which are not contained in any of the Spanish
or Latin editions."
The second, third, and fourth letters — trans-
lated by J. J. Slapfer, who supplied a meritori-
ous introduction and an appendix — were printed
at Heidelberg in 1779 as Erolh-rnni; von Mexico,
and again at Hernc in 1793.'' .Another German
version, by Karl Wilhclm Koppe, — Drci
Bcriclitc dcs Gcncral-Kapiiiins Cortes an Karl I'.,
— with an introduction and notes, was published
at lierlin in 1S34. It has the tribute-registers and
map of New Spain, as in Lorcnzana's edition.'
/n A'nxlis/i. Alsop translated from I'-la-
vigny the second letter, in the Portfolio, Philailel-
jihia, iS!7. George F'olsom, in 1S43, translated
from Lorcnzana's text the second, third, and
fourth letters, which he published as Dcstatclics
vrittcii dnrin;e; the Coinjiicst, adding an introduc-
tion antl notes, which in part are borrowed from
Lorenzana." Willes in his edition of Eden, as
early as 1577, had given an abridgment in his
JUdory of Trarayle.'^ (Sec Vol. IIL p. 204.)
II L 7'lic Third Letter, covcriui; tlie internal,
Oct. 30, 1520, to May 15, 1522. Ii is called Carta
tereera de rclaciii, and was printed (thirty leaves)
at Seville in 1523.''
The next year, 1524, a Latin edition (Tcrlia
iiarratio) ajipeared at Nuremberg in connection
with the Latin of the second letter of that date."
This version was also made by Savorgnaiuis, and
was reininted in the A'itiis orlns of 1555.'-
This third letter appeared also in collective
editions, as explained under the head of the
second letter. This letter was accompanied by
I i'>:
1 The only copy known is noted in Tross's Catalogue, 1866, no. 2,S8i. It is in Roman letter, sixtocii
leaves.
- Cf. Sabin, vol. iv. no. 16,953.
3 Cf. Bibl. Amcr. Kc/., no. 297; Tcrnaux. p. ,7; Triimel, p. 14; Brunet, ii. 312; Stevens, Nuggets, i,
iSS ; O'Call.aghan, no. 989; Sobolcwski, no. 3.766: J. J. Cooke, iii. 624 (copy now in Harvard College Library).
It is usually priced at .€2 or .C3. Dufoss6 (18S4, no. 14,185) held a copy at 100 francs.
■* Cf. S.abin, vol. iv. no. 16,958.
6 Cf. .'^.abin, vol. iv. no. 16,959. . ;
" Cf. Carter-Brown, iii. 113.
■ Cf. S<abin, vol. iv. no. 16,962.
' Cf. Sabin, vol. iv. 16,964.
' Cf. on the second letter, Prescott, Mexico, Kirk's ed.. ii. 425.
1' Cf. Rich, (1832)00. 5, — £10 10s.: Stevens, American Bibliographer, p. 84; Bibliotheca Grcnvilliara.
p. 166; Panzer, vii. 122; Heber, vol. vii. no. 1,884; Ternaux, no. 26; Brunet, ii. 311; Bibl. Amcr. Vtt,,wi.
121 ; Carter-Brown, i. 74 ; Sabin. vol. iv. no. 16,935.
11 Priced by F. S. Ellis (18S4) at £iS \%s.
12 Cf. Carter-Brown, i. 83 ; Ternaux, no. 33 ; Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 126 ; Bibliotheca Grenvilliana, p. 167;
Brunet, ii. 312 ; Sabin, vol. iv. no. 16,948; Stevens, American Bibliographer, p. 87. There is a copy of tis
1524 edition in the Boston Public Library. [D. 310;. 56, no. 2].
'A
■. J,.
CORTfiS AND HIS COMPANIONS.
411
'.■Illume of K;i-
omaii letter, sixtpcn
ivli.it is known :is the ".secret letter," wliieli was
first iiriiiteil in the Doaimentos iiicJitos, i. 11, in
Kiiigsborouyh, vol. viii., ami in Gayaiiijos' tUi-
tioii of the letter.s.
IV. The Foiiyth LctU'i; cozLTinx llw iiiU-nal,
,)/(()', 15-2, to Oitolhr, 1514. There were two
.^Spanish editions (a, /').
a. Im (/iiiiitti n/iuioii (Toledo, 15-5), iiigothic
letter, twenty-one leaves.'
/'. Laqiiiiyta n7(/<w (Valencia, 1526), in gothic
Ivpe, twenty-si-x leaves.-
This letter was accompanied liy reports to
( Ortvs from .\lvar;ulo and Godoy, and these arc
also included in liarcia, R.inuisici, etc.
A secret letter (dated Uctober 15) of Cor-
tes to the I'jupcror, — Esia cs iiiut inr/a rjtu-
llcniaiitlo Corti's cscrivio al Jwi!/'ii;uior, — sent
with this fourth letter, is at Simancas. It was
printed by Ica/.balceta in 1S55 (Mexico, si.xty
copies),'' wliii reprinted it in his Colciiioii, i. 470.
(lavangos, in 1.S66, printed it in his edition
(p. 3J5) from a copy which Muiioz had made.
Ka/.balceta again printed it snniiituously, "en
I araeteres goticos del siglo XVI.," at Mexico in
i,S65 (seventy copies).'' This letter also appears
ill collections mentioned under the second letter.
It was in this letter that Cortes explained to the
Kmperor his purpose of finding the supjiosed strait
which led from the .\tlantic to the south sea.
V. The fifth htlc>\ ,/,jt,-J S,ft. 3, 1526. It
pertains to the famous expedition to Honduras.-''
It is called Cnrti) ijiiiiita tic rclacioii, and was dis-
covered through Robertson's instrumentality.
but not printed at length till it appeared in the
Colccion (/,' dociiinciilos iiuJitos {/-'.sfiiiiii), iv.
.S-167, with other " relaciones " on this expe-
dition, tieorge Kolsom reprinted it in New
Vork in 1.S4S as "carta scxta . . . publicada
ahor.i por primera vez " by mistake for "carta
(piinta."'' It was translated and annotated by
( l.iyangos for the llakluyt .Society in 1S6S.' Uay-
angos had already included it in his edition of
the C(irt<is, 1S66, and it had also been primed
by Vedia in Ribadeneyras' l>il<lioti-iii dc t>iiton:t
Esf'iuiolcs ( 1S52), vol. .xxii.,and later in the liiitlio-
tfcd hisldn'ia de la Il'cria (1S70). K.xtracts in
I'^nglisli are given in the appeiuli.x of I'rescott's
M<:\iio, vol. iii. Mr. Kirk, the editor of I'res-
cott, doubts if the copy in the Imperiid Library
at Vienna is the original, because it li.i^ no date.
A copy at M.idrid, purporting to be made from
the original by .Mouzo Diaz, is dated Sept. 3,
1526," and is iireferred by Gayangos, who col-
lated its text with that of the Vienna Library.
Various other less important letters of Cortes
have been printed from time to lime."
In estimating the letters of Cortes as his-
torical material, the soldierly ipialities of them
impressed I'rescolt, and Helps is struck with
their directness so strongly that he is not willing
to believe in the prevarications or deceits of any
jiart of them. II. H. Uancroft,''' on the contrary,
discovers in them "calculated misstatements,
both direct and negative" It is well known
that liernal Diaz and I'edro de Alvarado made
complaints of their leader's too great willing-
ness to ignore all others but himself."
1 Cf. Sabin, vol. iv. no. 16,936; Carter-Crown, i. S5 ; lininut, ii. 311; Bib!. Aiiur. Vft.,\w. 135;
BiliHi'lliCcii Crcnvilliana, p. 166.
- The only copy known is that in tlic <.'artcr-15nnvn Library (Catalot^KC, no. SS). Cf. .'■abin, vol. iv. no.
16,037 ; mill, .-iiiicr. Vet., no. 138 ; Stevens, Aiiurititii ISililioi^ynflicr, p. S5 ; Urunet, ii. 312 ; I'anzer. x. 2S;
Uebcr. vol. vii. no. 1,884 ; liibinjthc.n GicnvilUana, p. 166 ; Ternaux, no. 34.
•' Sabin, vol. iv. no. 16,940.
'' Cf. S.il.iin, vol. iv. no. 16,941 ; Cartcr-Iirown, i. 84 ; Court, no. 89 ; Prcscott, Mexico., iii. 248.
S k letter about the Olid rebellion is lost ; Helps, iii. 37.
" Cf. Sabin, vol. iv. no. 16,943.
" Cl. U. V.atteniaie in Rcviic a'litcmf'oriiine, 1S70, vii. 5^,2.
" i'rescott's .l/<'.v/Vo, iii. 260. Cf. references on this expedition to Honduras in H. It. Dancroft's Cc/i/ra/
.Amcricit, \. 537, 567, 582; ii. 144; and his Native Races, \\. 79. This Honduras expedition is also the
subject of one of IxUilxochitl's Relaciones, printed in Kingsboroiigh's ninth volume.
■' Cartas al Empcrador (Sept. u, 1526, Oct. 10, 1530), in Docuiiieiitos iiieditos [Esfana), i. 14, 31, and
in Kinnsborough's .Mexico, vol. viii.; Memorial al Eiiif'crador (1539) in Documentos iiieditos, V;. 201. (^f.
also I'urclias, v. 85S, and Kamusio, iii. i.S;. His Ultima y seiitidisiiiia carta, Teb. 3, 1544, is given in Do.ti-
mciitos iiieditos, i. 41, and in I'rescott's Mexico, Kirk's ed., iii. 460. Other letters of Cortes are in the
I'aclioco Coleccion and in that of Icazbalccta. The twelfth volume of the Bililioteca histirica de la Iberia
(.Mexico, 1S71), with the special title of Eseritos siicltos de Cortes, i;ives nearly fifty documents. Icazbal-
teta, in the introduction of vol. i. p. xxxvii. of his Coleccion, gives a list vi the eseritos siieltos of Cortes in
connection with a full bibliography of the series of Cartas, with corrections, derived largely from Ilarrisse,
in vol. ii, p. Ixiii.
'" Mexico, i. 549, 696. " Ever ready with a lie when it suited his purpose ; but he was far too wise a man
needlessly to waste so useful an agent." — Early American Chroniclers, p. 16.
" Harrisse (Bibl. Amer. Vet.) gives numerous references on Cortes. It is somewhat singular that diere is
nil mention of him in the Novns orbis oi 1532, and none in De Ury. Mr. Hrevoort prepared the article on
1 urtc's in Sabin's Dictionarv.
■i .1;
\ i
m
\
d
li
i( .1 .J
..i.'
v 1
i*.;
• vs
\>'
l§h\l\
'■M
■■■\f'
<l
II:'
■s 'A
m
iH
',
I v
il'
/ '■
41:
X \KK.\TI\1': A.\0 CRITICAL HISTORY OF A.MKRICA.
B. Turkic Cunikmimpkaky Wriikks, — (io-
MAKA, Ill'.RNAI. DiAZ, AND SaHACIN. — I'llltll-
natcly \vc liavi; vaiicuis other luiiralivcs to ([iiaiily
or conliiiii tlic recitals of the leader.
In 1540, when he was thirty years old, Fran-
cisco Lopez Gomara became the chaplain and
secretary of Cortes. In undertakinj; an his-
torical record in which his patron played a lead-
inj; part, he might be snspected to write some-
what as an adidator; and so Las Casas, Diaz,
and manv others have claimed that he did, and
Miiiio/. asserts that Honiara believed his author-
ities too easily.' That the Spanish (iovernnient
nuule a show of snppre>sinj' his book soon after
it was published, and kept the edict in their
records till 1729, is rather in favor of his honest
chronicling. Gomara had good claims for con-
sideration in a learned training, a literary taste,
and in the possession of facilities which his
relations with Cortes threw in his way; and we
find him indispensable, if for no other reason,
because he had access to docnnientary evidence
which has since disappeared, llis cpiestionablc
reputation for bias has not prevented Ilerrera
and other later historians placing great depend-
ence on him, and a native writer of the begin
ning of the sevcnleenth centmy, Chimalp.iin,
has translated (Joinara, adding some illii>ir,i
tions for the Indian records.'-
Gomara's book is in effect two distinct one-,
though called at first two parts of a //is/oriii g./i-
era! </<• las liulins. Of these the second part —
/,(/ lOtiquistii (/(■ MixiiO — appeared earliest, at
.Saragossa in 1552, and is given to the Con(|nc>l
of Mexico, while the first part, more iiarticiilarlv
relating to the siibjngation of I'eru, a|>pearcil in
' 553'' What usually ])asses for a second eili-
tion appeared at .Medina del Campo, also in
155V, ' and it was again reprinted at Saragi's^.i
in 1 554, this time as two distinct works, — oiu,
Croiiiiii (/<' Iti .Viiifii Jis/'iiha con hi coiiqiiista ilc
MiKxiio ; and the other, Iai /lis/oria f^fiicral (k las
Iiiiliiis y JVi(i-;v Miitidofi The same year (1554)
saw several editions in Si^anish at Antwerp, with
different publishers.'' An Italian edition fol-
lowed ill I555-I5';6, for one title])age, ///f/ivv,?
(/(•/. . . <ii/>itiJiio JJoii J^'i-rdiiiiiiiilo Co)ti's,\si\Mi:>\
1556, and a second, Ifistoriii </<• Mi-xico, has
1555, — both at Rome.'' Other editions, more <ir
less complete, are noted as published in Venice
1 Ticknor, Spanish I.ilcrntKic, ii. ;,o ; Trescntt's Mexico, i. 474, and Pcni, li. 304, 457; H. H. Ilancioft
Central Amci'ica, i. 314, his Mexico, and his Early American Chroniclers, p. 21.
- There are cinious stories about this book, in which there is not entire accord with one another. The fact
seems to be that liiistaniantc got hold of the manuscript, anil supposed it an orii;inal work of Chinialpaiii, and
announced it for publication in a Spanish dress, as translated from the Nahuatl, under the title of Historia i/e
las eom/iiis/as (le f/eriiam/o Cortes, under which name it appeared in two volumes in Mexico in iS2fi {Ticknor
Catalogue, p. 20;). Fiandclier and others icferrinR to it have supposed it tii be what the title repiesenleil
{.Inter. Antiq. Soc. Proc, new berios, i. S4 ; cf. /liM. Anier. I'd., p. 204); but it is printed in .Spanish ncM'i-
thelcss, and is nothing more than a translation of Ciomara. liustauiante in his jirefacc does not satisfy the
reader's curiosity, and this Mexican editor's conduct in the nialtor has been the sul)iect of aiiology and sus]ii-
cion. Cf. Ouaritch's Catalogues, nos. 11,807, 12,043, '7/'3-; "• "• Bancroft, Central America, i. 315;
.'^abin, vii. no. 27.753. Quaritch adds that Hustaniaute's text seems latlu'r like a modern impr-oveimnt of
Ciomara than a retranslation, and that a manuscrijit apparently different and called Chinialpain's history w.i^
sold in the ,\l)be Fischer's sale in 1S69.
•' It is a small folio, and has become extremely rare, owing, pediaps, in jiart to the attempted suppression
of it. Ouaritch in 1SS3 ]iriccd a copy at ,£75. It should have two maps, one of the Indies, the odier of tlio
Old World (Tornaux, no. (o ; Carter- brown, nos. 177, 17S ; Sunderland, vol. iii. no.
IJhrarv of an Ellz-
ahcthan Aiimiral, 1SS3, no. 3jS ; I.cclcrc, no. 2,770 ; Rich ( 1.S32), no. 23, .tio lo.t. ; Sabin, vol. vii. no. 27,724 ;
Murphy, no. 1,062).
•* Carter-Iirown, vol. i. nos. 17c). iSo ; Sabin, vol. vii. no. 27,725 ; Leclcrc, Soo francy. Mr. J. C. liievooit
has a copy. Sabin (no. 27,726) notes a Comjuista tic Mexico (Madrid. 1553) which he has not seen, but
describes it at second hand as having the royal arms where the .Medina edition has th^ arms of Cortes, and
intimates that this last may have been the cause of the allei.;ed suppression.
'" Cartcr-Ihown. vol. i. nos. 1S7, i.SS, with a fac-simile of the title of the former ; and on p. i6y is noted
another Saragossa edition of
.S.abin, vol. vii. nos. 27,727,
2S.
'' llistoria ilc Mexico. Juan Stcelsio, and again Juan Bellcro (with his map) ; La liistoria general tie his
Ini/ias, Steelsio. These are in Harvard College Library. Sabin (vol. vii. nos. 27,729-27,732) notes of dusc
.\ntwcrp editions, — Hisloria general, N'ucio, Steelsio, and liellero ; llistoria tie Mexico, Ilellero, Lacio, Stcclsi'' ;
and Coni/nista ile Mexico, Nucio. The Carter-llro-rn Catalogue (nos. 189-1113) shows the llistoria de Mi.\i '
with the Steelsio and liellero imprints, and copies of ihc llistoria general \\h\\ the imprints of Delleio anl
Martin Xucio. Ouaritch prices the liellero .Mexico .at .£5 -.s. Rich ))ric(?d it in 1S32 at .€3 3.1-. There 1 :i
Steelsio .Mexico m the liostoii Public Library. Cf. Hiif'i Catalogue, ii. 605; Murphy, nos. 1,057-1,0:";
Court, 1105. 146, etc. Of the Later Spanish texts, that in P.arcia's llistoriailorcs /'rimitivjs (174S-1740) is muti-
lated; the best is that in die Ilil'lioleca tie aiitores Es/'anoles, pul)lishcd at .Madrid in 1S52,
■ Such, .at least, is the condition of the copy in 1 harvard College Library; while the two titles are attacheil
to different copies in die Carter-Drou-n Catalogue, \t.i\. i. nos. loq, 210. The .l/i'.vAo is .also in the licsU'ii
.\then.euni. Cf. O'Oilltiglian Ctttiloguc, no. 989. Sabin (vol. vii. nos. 27,734-27,735) says the 1555 title is ;!
CA.
ir of tlic begin
ry, Cliimalp.iiii.
; si)ii\c ilUisli.i
vi> distinct (im ^,
if a llisloriti j^,n-
c sccoiul part —
arcd carliot, ill
to the Con(|iic>t
nnrc particniaiiv
cm, appeared in
or a second tdi-
Canipo, also in
led at Sarngii.s>a
iCt works, — one,
1/ hx roin/iiislii (I:
'rill !;riifiiil dc lin
same year ( 1354 1
at Antwerp, with
lian edition fol-
itlepai;e, I/istoii,:
lio Cor/i's, is dated
ifc' Mexico, lias
editions, more or
ilislied in Venice
i; H. II. liancinft
I another. 'I'lie fact
(if Chimalpain, anil
title of llislor'ia dc
CO in 1S2') {Tiikim-
he title represented
.1 in Spanish neuT-
les not satisfy the
apology and suspi-
Ai/iiri'ii, i. 315 ;
n inipiJiveinent of
Ipain's history wa>
cnijited suppression
the other of tlio
[.Unary of an Bl:z-
vol. vii. no. 2;,;2.| ;
Mr. J. C. Brevoort
has not seen, hut
rms of Cortes, ami
d on p. iCy is noted
oria general d<' .'.''
) notes of tlu-e
lero, I.acio, .'^tcelsi'';
llisloria dc Mislo
Ints of ISellero and
*.'; v. There! a
nos. 1,057-i.r:";
i;4.S-i7-(o) is nniti-
0 titles are att.icln il
is also in the liostou
the 1555 title is ;i
CORTKS AM) HIS COMI'ANMoNS.
HISPANIA VICTRIX
413
PRIMERAY 5ECVNDA PAR
te de la hiftoria general <le las Indias co todo el de(cu-
bhrolento.y cofas notables que ban acae(ci^ denize que (eguuron hafia djQO
de i^'* CdO'^coaqai(bi]eMexkotydelat>ucuaE(pana.
Zn Blediiu del Campo; HK 'GoiUcmio dc Millie
IMf
v.incelled one. Mr. Brevoort possesses a Historia t;e)terate delte Indie oeeideiitali (Rome, 1556). which he calls
a tr.inslation of part i. Cf. Sahin, vol. vii. no. 2;,;36 ; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 200. F. S. Ellis (1SS4, no.
Ill) prices a copy at £2 2s. S.-ibin (no. 2;,737) also notes a Gomara, as published in 1557 at Venice, as ths
focond part of a history, of which Cieza de Leon's was the first part.
1
I /
M
i :
11 ;^
414
NARKATIVI-: AND CRITICAL HISTORY OK AMKRICA.
in ijOo, 1564, 1563, 1566, 1570, 1 57 J, i57f'. :"«'
1599.1 The earliest Kiciitli cilitimi apiiciiud
at I'iiris in I5()S ami 1569, lor ijic iwo dates ami
two imprints seem to belong to one issue ; and
its text — a not very creditable translation bv
l''nmec — was repmdnced in the editions nl 1577,
157S, 15S0, anil with some additions in 1 5^4, I 5^7,
15SS, and I5<J7.- 'I'he earliest edition in I'.n.i;-
lisli omits mueli. It is called T/ir /'/•■ii.uii// ///.<■
Iiirii- of I III- Coiiqucsl (if the Wdist Iiuliii, iwnu-ii/ItU
yVWii M/'iiy/zi; ii/i /iiitvt/ />j' (Ac wortf' • /'riiiic //,/■
iMihlo Cortes, A/iiyijiics of tlw vati l/iinxiuiw,
most i/i'!,ita/'lt' to iviii/i; tmnslattJ oiii of the Shut-
ishc loir^iic l<y 'l\hoiiHis\ ,\'|/(-//ii/,;.r), imblisheil by
Henry Hynnemaii in 157S.' (lomara himself
warned his readers against undertaUing a Latin
version, as he had one in hand hinisell'; but it
was never ))rinted.^
("lomara had, no dunbt, obscured the merits
of the captains of fortes in telling the story of
that leader's career. Instigated hugely by this,
and eontirmed in his purpose, one of the par-
takers in the ghnics and hardships of the C'on-
(piest was impelled to tell the story anew, in the
light of the observation which fell to a sid)ordi-
nate. He was not ])erhaps so much jealous of
the fame of Cortes as he was hurl at the neglect
by (lomara of those wdiose su])port had made
the fame of Cortes possible. This was lienial
Diaz del Castillo, and his book is known as the
J/i<loriii 7iT,/,u/,-rii lie la coiK/iiistii i/e la Xiir^'a
J'.sf'tiiiiU which was not printed till 1632 at
Madriil, nor had it been written till half a cen-
tury after the Concjucst, during which interval the
name of Cortes had gathered its historic prestige.
Diaz had begun the writing of it in r 5riS .it
Santiago in Ciuatemala, when, as he telU ii.s,
oidy live of the original companions of (!ortes
remained alive.'' It is rudely, or rather simplv,
written, as one might expect. The author ha-.
none of the practised arts of condensation; .md
I'rescott" well (lelines the story as long-winded
and gossiping, but of great importance. It is
indeeil inestim.d)le, as the record of the actor in
more than a himihed of the lights which marked
the progress of the Con(|nes(. The untutored air
ol the recital impre>sed Robertson and Soiilhev
with conlidence in its sl.itements, ,ind the reader
does not fail to be conscious of a minute ren-
dering of the life widch made up those eventful
days. His criticism of Cortes himself does not,
by any means, i)revent liis giving him gre.it
praise ; and, as I'roscott says," he censures his
leader, but he docs not allow any one else to ilci
the same. The lapse of lime before Diaz set
about his literary task ilid not seem to abate his
zeal or check his memory; but it does not fail,
however, to diminish our own confidence a good
deal. I'rescott ** contends that the better the
acfpiaintance with Diaz' narrative, the less i> the
trust which one is inclined to put in it." The
.Spanish text which we possess is taken, it is
said, directly from the original mamiscript, which
had slumbered in private hands till Lather
Aloiiso Remon found it, or a copy of it, in Sp.iin,
1 Carter-Unnvn, vol i. nos. 232, 233, 250, 306, 541 ; .^abin, vol, vii. nos. 27,73i)-27,745. The l/is/iiri,i
Criirml vii\s published ill Wiiice in 1565 as the second part of a Historic dell' lihlie, of whicli Cieza de I.eciii's
Historic del I'eni vas the first part, and (lonuira's Cimqiiista di Mcssico (ijtKi) w.as die third. 'I'liis Italian
translation was inailc by Lucio .Mauro. The three parts .are in Harvard College Library and in the boston
Public Library (Sabin, vol. vii. no. 27,73,S).
- Cartcr-Iiiowii, vol. i. nos. 273. 274, 314, 324, 334,
37'i .i"5 i Sahiii, vol. vii. nos, 27,746-27,750;
Murphy, nos. 1,059*, 1,061 ; O'Callaghan, no. i/jo. I". S. Kills (1S84, no. loS) prices tlie 1569 edition at
K\o \os. The i57Sand 15SS editions are in Ilarviird College Library, — the latter is called (Viwcw ct con-
(jiicslcs dii Cafitaiiic Ferdinand Conrtois. Cf. Sabin, vol. iv. no. 1(1,955. llarrissc says that Oviedo, ,is
well as Goniara, was used in this prodiiciun. There were later I'rcnch texts in 1604, 1605, and 1606. Cf.
Carter-Brown, vol. ii. nos. 34, 46; Uich (1S32), no. 104; Sabin (vol. vii. no. 27,749)3140 says of the 1600
edition that pp. 67-19S arc additional to the 157S edition.
3 Carter-Iirown, vol. i. no. 323; Menzies, no. .S14; Crowninshicld, no. 285 ; Rich (1.S32), no. 58; lirinlcy,
no. ;,-!09; Murphy, no. 1.060. There arc copies of this and of tlie 1596 reprint in Harvard College Library;
.and of the 157.S edition in the Massachusetts Historical Society's Library and in .Mr. Ueane's Collection;
cf. Vol. 111. pp. 27, 204. An abridgment of (lomara h.id .already been given in 1555 by Eden in his Decade-,
and in 1577 in Tulcn's Hislcry of Travayle : and his account was later followed by Haklnyt.
•l The bibliography of Gomara in .Sabin (vol. vii. p. 395) w.as compiled by Mr. lirevoort. The Cailn-
Brown Cata/oi^ne (vol. i. p. 169) gives a list of editions; cf. Lcclerc. no. 243, etc.
5 nancroft (Mexiio, ii. 330) gives references for tr.icing the Concpicrors and their descendants.
i! Mexico, ii. 146; cf. H. H. Bancroft, Early Chroniclers, p. 14.
" Ibid., ii. 459.
8 Ibid., i. 473.
" Bancroft speaks of the account's "exceeding completeness, its many new facts, and varied version
(,1/c.r/fO, i. 697).
ort. The Caitn-
d varied version
CORTfis AND HIS COMT ANION'S.
415
,111(1 olitaiiR'd a ilccrcc to print it,' ilioiil lil'iy
yciirs after iJiaz' death, wliitli Dctiiriiit in 1 59J.
or tlicrcaboiits.
'rim iK'arcst approauli among contemporariis
tn a survey of the stury ol' tlie CoiKiiKst IrDiii llic
A/tcc side is that n'wvw l)y tlu' iTaiui-i an,
Saliagiin, in conncitiun with liis i^riat wcirlv <m
the oiidition iif the Mexican peoplen prior to
llie coming of the Spaniards. Saliagnn came to
Mexico ill IS3'J. He lived in the new land for
over uixty years, and ac(|iiircd a proficiency in
llic native tongue hardlv surpassed hy any other
(if the Spaniards, lie brought to the new lield
sometliing besides the iconoclastic freii/y that
led so many of his coiintryinen to destroy what
• hey could of the literature and arts of the .V/.tecs,
— so necessary in ilhislration of their p.igan life
and riles. This zealon^ and pious monk turned
aside from seeking the preferments of his class
to sillily the nioii\c,, lives, and thoughts of the
A/tec peoples lie got from them their hiero-
glyphics; these in turn wire translated into the
language of their speech, lull expressed in the
Koiuan ch.irader; and the whoh' sidijected m(ue
than once to the revising of such of the natives
as had, iii his day, been educated in the Spanish
schools.- Thirty years were given to this kind
of pre|iarationi and when he had got his work
written out in .Mexicm, the (ieneral of his Order
.seized it, and some years elapsed before a resti-
tution of it was made. Sah.igun had got to be
eighty years old when, with his manuscripl
restored to him, he set about re-writing it, with
the Mexican text in one colimni and the .Spanish
in .mother. The two huge volumes of this script
found their way to Spain, and were lost sight of
till .Mni"loz (lisiovered them in the convent (pf
Tolosa ill .Navarre, not wholly unimpaired bv
the vicissitudes to which they had been subjected.
1 Sciicr/cr (in liis edition of .\iincncs' I.a.< lihlLniiis i/,! iin\'t)i ilc /us /iii/ins tic fsia froviihia ,le
CiiKilciiiiilii, 1.S57) says th.it the text as |>iiblislK'<l is very inciirrect, and adds tli.it the (iri,i;inal nianiisiript Is in
till' city library at (iiiateniala. Ilrasseiir says lie has seen it tlieie. It is s.iiil tu have a nieiiiDraiuliiiii tu sIkhv
tliat it w.rs finished in 1(105 at (Guatemala. We have mi certain knowledije of Ilia/.' death tu iiaifirin the
impression that he cdulil have lived In the iniprohalile ai;e which this ini|ilies. (Cf. .\fiii;<i'iiie 0/ .hih>i,,iii
History, i. 1211, p.S-jji). ) 'riierc an- two editions of it, in dilferent type, which h.ivo the seal of aiilluniieily.
One was elated in iCi?:;; the other, known as the second edilion. is without date, and has an additional chapter
(nunilicred wrongly ccxxii.) concerning the portents among die .Mexicans which preceded the coining of the
Sp.iiiiards. It is explained that this was omitted in the first edition as not falling widiin the personal
(ihservation (if Diaz. (Ci. .Sabin, vol. vi. nos. m.or'^. 10.1)71;; (,'arter-lirown, ii. ^'^7 ; Murphy, no. 71)0; C'ourt,
nos. lofi, 107; Leclerc, no. 1.115. Uich priced it in his day at Sio; it now usually brings about ?",o.) 'I'lnre
are later editions of the Spanish te\t, — one issued at Mexico in 1 7(14-1 7()5, in four small volumes (Sabin. vol. vi.
no. i(),i)So; Leclerc, no. 1,117,40 francs); a second, I'.uis, 1S37 (Sabin, vol. vi. no. i9,(>Si); and .another, published
in 1S54, in two (|iiarto volumes, with annotations from the Cortes letters, etc. It is also contained in Vedia's
cilitioii of the llisloriiiiiorcs /•limitivos, vol. ii. 'J'liere are three German editions, one iniblished at Hamburg
in 1S4S, with a preface by K.irl Kitter, and others bearing date at lionn, |S;,S and 1845 (Sabin, vi. no.
ici.o.S(i-i9,9,S7). There are two Knglish versions, — one by Maurice Keatinj;, published at London in iSoo
(with a large map of the Lake of Mexico), which w.is reprinted at Salem, .Mass., in 1S03 {S;ibin, vol. vi. nos.
iii.ii,S4-i(|,i^S5). Mr. Deanu points out how Keating, without ajiy explanation, transfers from chap, xviil, and
oilier parts of the text sundry passages to a preface. A second English translation, — Memoirs of Diuz,-
liv John Inijram Lockhart, was published in London in 1S44 (S.abin, vol. vi. no. i(|,().S;), and is also in-
cluded in Kerr's nijiJC''-f| vols. iii. and iv. Munsell issued an .aljridged English translation by Arthur I'rynne
at Albany in iS^j (Sabin, vol. vi. no. i(|,ijSj). The best annotated of the modern issues is a French translation
by 1). Jourdanet. ///,(Ai/Vt- riV/(//r/»c ilc la lonquctc ilc la Noinullc /•'s/aj.-in; Paris, 1S76. In the following
year a second edition was issued, .accompanied by a study on the human sacrifices of the Aztecs, and enriched
with notes, a bibliography, and a chapter from Sahagim on the vices of the Mexicans. It also contained a
lumlern map of Mexico, showin;,' the marches of Cortes; the map of the v.allcy, indicating the contraction of
ilie lake (the same as used by Jomdanet in other works), and a reproduction of a map of the lake illustrating
llie operations of Cort(5s, which follows a map given in the Mexican edition of Clavii;ero. i\ list of the Cou-
(/.'lis/ai/orcs gi'i'es three hundred and seventy-seven names, which are distinguished apart as constilutin;,' the
l"llowers of Cortds, Camargo, .'^alcedo, Garay, Xarvaez, and Ponge de Leon. This list is Irorrowcd from the
l>i:cioiiario universal Jc hisloria y ilc gcografia, . . . cspccialmcnic sobrc la rcf-iiMica Mcxicana, 1S51-I.S56.
(11. Xortoii's Literary Gazette, Jan. 15, 1S35, ■""' K'"'iie iles questions /lisloriijiies, xxiii. 24(1.) This Dieeio-
ihirio Vi;\s published at Mexico, in iSj'i-i.Siri, in ten volumes, based on a similar work printed in .Spain, but
augmented in respect to Mexican matters by various creditable collaborators, while vols, viii., ix., and x.
.lie entirely given to Mexico, and more particularly edited by Manuel Orozco y lierra. The work is worth
.ili'iut 400 fr.ancs. The Cartas tie imlias (Madrid, 1S77) contained a few unpublished letters of Hern.il Diaz.
- Sali.agun's study of die Aztec tonfiuc was a productive one. BiondcUi pulMished at Milan in 1S5S, from
a manuscript by .Sahagun, an Evangelarium efiislolarium ct Icctioiiarium Azteciim sive Mexieanuiii, ex
iiiiliqiio loilice Mexieaiio linger reperto; and Qiiaritch in 1S80 (Catalof;iie, p. 46, no. 261, etc.) advertised various
I'tlier manuscripts of his Seniioiies in Mexicano, etc. Jourdanet in his edition (p. x.) translates the opinion
iif S,ah,igun given by his contemporary .and fellow-Franciscan, Fray Gcronimo Mendicta. in his llistoria eelesi-
<i<!i,a Imliana (Mexico, 1S60) p. 633. There is a likeness of .Sahagun in Cumplido's edition of Prescott's
yf:\ieo, published at Mexico in iS4('i, vol. iii.
r-
t V
I i'S
itW\
V V
' I'l
Mii
k
w
.1 i
ll^
416
NARRATIVK AND CUI IIC \I. IIISTOKY OI' AMKRICA.
Till' Niihti.iil uxi, which iiuulc |i.iit cif ii, is -.lill
iiiisHiii);.'
It was not h)Mg advrward ( i.Sj<>-l8jo) printed
l)y (Arlus Maria Itusi.iinainc in lliric vdhiinis
an //i>fi'n,i i;,ii,rii/ ,/,■ /iir I iisiii ill- Xii'.a A'j/if/),/,-
t<i wliich was adik-d. ,is a tDiirlli vuliiim', also put)-
lishod siiiaraltly. //i<li>ii,i if," l,i ii'ii</iii.<f,t ili
,Ut'\iii>, ciiiilaiiilii^' wliat is usually tiled as the
Ittilflh liiiok nl Salia^uii, In this, as in ihr nlhcr
parts, 111' iiscil a topy which .Miu'io/ had made,
niul which is the earlier draft of the te.\t an
Sahajjun Idrmed it. It liefjins with a recital of
the omens whiih preceded the cominn of (iri-
jalva, and ends with the fall of the city ; and it is
written, as he says, from the evidence, in large
part, iif the eye-witnesses, particularly on the
Aztec side, thoni;h nnxcd, somewhat confusedly,
with reeolleclioiis from old Spanish soldiers.
Ilarrisse-' sjieaks of this edition as "castrated
in such a way as to reipiire, for a perfect under-
standing of this dry Imt important book, the
reading of the parts published in vols. v. and
vi. of Kingsborough." The text, as given in
Kingsborou,t;h's .lA'.xv'ii', began to appi-ar about
a year later, that edition onlv giving, in the lirst
instance, book vi., which relates to the customs
of the .A/tecs before the ('on(|uest ; but in a later
volume he reproduced the whole of the work
without comment. Kingsborough had also used
the Murto/ li xt, .nul has m.ide, according to Sim.
eon, lewer errors iu tr.uiseribing the Nalm.u',
words Ih.in llustam.iiite, ,in<l has also given .1
purer Spanish text. Ilusi.nu.inlc ag.du printed,
in l.S|0, another text of this n\( jfth book, aftira
m.inusiiipt belonging to the I'oude deCortin.i.
ap|)ending notes by ('lavigero .lud others, willi
.m .uldilion.d ch.ipler.* The Mexican edil'i
cl.iimed III. It this was the earlier text , but I'us.
mil denies it, Tonpiemada is thought to h.iw
used, but without due ar
knowledguient, still anollur
text, which is less modiliid
ill. Ill the others in ex|in'».
sioiis reg.irding the ('oii(|uer-
ors. Hie peculiar value of
Sahagun's n.irrative liardiv
lies in its completeness, pro
portions, or even Iriistwortlii-
iiess as an historical leccud.
" 1 lis accuracy as regards uiv
historical fact is not to he
relied on, "says Helps.'' lln-
voort calls the work of iiiu r-
est mainly for its records of
persons and places not found elsewhere." I'res.
cott thinks tli.il this Iwelflh book is the niosi
honest record which the natives have left us, as
.Sahagun embodies the stories and views preva-
lent among the descendants of the victims of the
Compiest. "This portion of the W(irk," he savs.
"was re-written liv Saliagun at a later perio<l of
his life, and consider.iblc changes were made in
it J yet it may be doubted if the reformed versioii
retlects the traditions of the country as faith-
fully as the original draft."" This new draft
was made by Sahagun in 15S5, thirty years after
the original writing, for the purpose, as he savs,
of adding some things which had been omitted,
and leaving out others. I'rescott could not tind.
in (dinpariiig this later <lraft with the earlier,
that its author had niitigated aiiv of the stale-
nients which, as he fust wrote them, bore so
hard on his countrvmen. The same historian
I A part of the original inamiscript of .'sahagun was exhihited, says Itrinton (.l/torigiiial Avicritan
Authors, p. 27), at the Congres des .\iiiericaiiistcs at M.idrid in iSSi,
- I'Meld, IiniUxn Dililii>i;i-ii/<liy, no. i,;',4S. Stevens (//i.:/tirioil Co//irtioiis, vol. i., no. 1,573) inenticinsa copv
of this eilition, which has notes and collations with the uriijinal manuscript made by Don J. I'". Kaiiiirez. CI.
Thtitor Cittiili>i;iif, p. ^6.
i! /;//./. Amn: Vvi., no. 20S.
< The iKiok 'vas called: La af'aricion dc .V''". Sdiora il,' Gumialiife ilc Mexico, comprobmla con to
refiilacion del cirgiimcitto iicgiilivo i/iif fresciila Mtinoz, fiiiulaiitiosc en cl testhnonio tic! P. Fi. Hcrnan/iiri
Sii/ini^un ; d sen : Ilisloiiit orii;innl ilc cstc escrilor, que iillern In fiil'licaila en 1829 en el eguhocnilo conceflo ilc
sola iinicn y orii^inal i/e iliclio alitor. Piiliticata, frcceilicnito una iliserlncion sobre la aparicion guailaliifniio.
y con notns sohrc la com/iiisln <lc Afcxico. Cf. Ticknor Catalogue, p. 46,
' Spanish Conquest, ii. 346.
" Magazine of American History (November, r.SSi) p. 37S. Cf. other estimates in 11. H. Bancrofl'-.
Mexico, i. 493,696; Native Races, iii. 231-236; Early Chroniclers, pp. 19, 20. Bcrnal Diaz and .'^aliasiin
ar? contrasted by fourdanet in the introduction to his edition of the latter. Cf. also Jourdanet's edition o!
Ijsrnal Diaz and the article on Saliagun by roidin.ind Denis in the Revue des Deux MonJes.
■ I'rescott's .l/i-.v;Vii, Kirk's ed. ii. 38.
^. *
COKTf.S AM) ins COMPANIONS.
417
iriginal Amelia on
Ihinkii there in but little (lirfcrcMcc In ili' itiirlii
■ic value of the two ilratt^.'
The livnt .iiincitatL'd (.(litioii of Sal'U({un \* a
Krciuh trannlalion, piiblislicd 111 I'ari . in 1S.S0 ii»
llifloitf fihihixli lies ihoui tic til Xxir .//.■ /•'■fiii;iii\
ncc-niiiiKly from the KiiiH^'xirDiiHli uxl, v liiili in
nmre liiemlly I" the SpaniariN than the lirst uf
llustai .aiiti'. The jiiiiil rtlitijis are |)eiii> Jour-
(lane! and Ucini Slint'on, the latter, as a N'aliuatl
scholar, taking ch.irne of thone pnrlions of the
text which fell within his linguistic range, and
each affording a valuable intr<iductlon In their
respective studies.'-'
C. oriiKK Kari.v Accounts. — The X'oy-
ti,i,rs, /\,litlioiis,it Mi'ini'ircs of Ternanx-C'onipans
(I'aris, iSj7-i,S.(o) offer the readiest sourie c>f
some of the most sij^nificant of the documents
and nronogr.iphs pertaining to early Mexican
history. Two of the volumes'' gather some of
the minor documents. Another volume* is
given to Zurita's " Rapport sur les differentes
elas.scs dcs ehef.s de la Nouvelle lispagne."
Three others' contain an account of the cruel-
lies practised bv the Spaniards at the Compiest,
and the history of the ancient kings of Tc/cuco,
— both the work of Ferdinando d'Alva Ixtlilxo-
chitl." The former work, not correctly printed,
and called, somewhat arbitrarily, llo> rihhs cruel-
ilatlcs (/<• los Co)i(/ui.<tiiili'rc.\- i/c Mi'xico, was first
luiblislied by Ilustaniante, in iS^cj, as a supple-
ment to Sahagr.n. The manuscript (which was
no. 13 of a number of A'oticiiis, or A'c/nciniics /lis-
l/iriciis, l)y this native writer) had been for a
while after the writer's death (abmit 1648) pre-
served in the library of the Jesuit College in
Mexico, and had thence passed to the archivo-
general of the State. It bears the certilkate of
a notary, in 1608, that it had been compared
with the Aztec records and found to be correct.
The original work contained several A'ciiicii'iics,
butonlv the one (no. 13) rel.iling to the Conipiest
was pul)li^hed !iv Ihisiamante and Ternaux."
The other work of Ixtlilxochitl was first
printetl (after Vcytia's copy) in Spanish by
Kingsborough, in his njnih volume, before Tcr<
n.iux, who n-it'd another copy. Included it in hi*
ccdlectiim under the title of //itfiurc lics ('/;/'.
c/iimci/uc OH lies iiHiiciis /ioisUc /'ezciico. This i»
the onl) work of Ixllilxochitl which has been
printed entire. According to Clavigero, these
treatises were written at the inslanee of the
Spanish viceroy ; and as a descendant of the
royal line of Te/cuco (the great great-grandson,
it is said, of the king of like name) their autlior
had great advantages, with perhaps great predis-
positions to laudation, though he is credited
with extreme carefulness in his statements;" and
I'rescott alhrms th.it he has been followed with
conhdence by such as have had access to hiit
writings. Ixtlilxochitl informs us that he hati
derived hi:^ materi.d from such remains of his an-
cestral documents as were left to him. lie seems
also to have used (iomara and other accessible
authorities. He lived in the early part of the
seventeenth century, and as interpreter of the
viceroy maintained a respectable social position
when many of his royal line were in the liiun-
blest service. His K'ciacioiics mi: hardly regular
historical compositions, since they lack inde-
pendent and compact form; but his llistoria
Cliicltimccn is the bi .-t of them, and is more de-
pended upon by I'rescott than the others are.
There is a certain charm in his simplicity, his
picturestpieness, and honesty ; and readers ae-
cei)t these (jualities often in full recompense for
his credulity and want of discrimination, — and
perhaps for a certain servility to the Spanish mas-
ters, for whose bounty he could press the claims
of a line of vassals of his own blood."
D. Native Writkrs. — The pious vandal-
ism of the bishops of Mexico and ''i:r'itan,
which doomed to destruction so much 01 the
native records of days ai\lecedent to the Con-
tpicst,'" fortunately was not so ruthlessly exer-
cised later, when native writers gathered u|i
what they could, and told the story of their peo-
ple's downfall, either in the language of the
country or in an ac(|uired Spanish." Hrasseur
1 I'rescott, ;1/c.v;'«, ill. 314.
'- Mr. lirevoort reviewed this edition in the Mai^mhu of Ameri^nn History.
3 Vols. X. and xvi. In one of these is the Clironicit Coiiifouliosissima of .\niandus (Antwerp. \\'S\),
which contains the letters of I'eter of fihent, or De Mura, — Rccucil ties /■ihcs relatives ii In Com/iicte ilii Mex-
igne, pp. io3-2o-^. Cf. Sabin, vol. i. no. (194.
* Vol. xi. Ziirita is also given in Spanish in the Coleecion ilc Jocumentos ineiiitos, V(j1. ii. (1S65), hut less
perfectly than in Ternaux. The docmncnt was written about 1 560.
6 Vols, viii., xii., xiii.
^ Field, Indian Ilililiograf'hy, nos. 1 540-1 541. " Ibid., no. 767.
8 Ibid., no. 766 ; S.ibin, vol. ix. p. iftS. CI ISrinton, At'orii;iiial Ainerieaii Authors, p. 15.
'J I'rescott, .^[cxieo, vol. i. pp. 16^, 174, 206, 207 ; vol. iii. p. 105 ; and 11. II. Uancroft, Mexico, vol. i. pp.
.)39i '^97 ! vol. ii. p. 24 ; KingsborouKli, vol. ix.
'" Hrinton, AI'orii;inal Awerican Literature, p. 34.
■" Icazbalccta, in his Af'untcs para nn Catalos;o ,le Escritores en lenguas inJigenas de America (Mexico
1S66), gives a sinnmary of the native literature preserved to us. Cf. Brinton's Aboris;inal American Aiitliors,
". 14, etc., on natives who .acquired reputation as writers of .'Siianish.
VOT.. II. — 53-
Iv'
, -r
I \
4i8
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY Of AMERICA.
de Hourbourg, in the introduction to hi- A'alions
cirilisi'es dii Mcxique (Paris, 1S57-1S59), enumer-
ates the manuscript sources to which he had
access,' largely pertaining to the period anterior
to the Spaniards, but also in part covering the
history of the Conquest, which in his fourth vol-
ume-he narrates mainly from the native point
of view, while he illustrates the Indian life under
its contact with the Spanish rule.
Brasseur was fortunate in having access to
the Aubin Collection of manuscripts,' which had
originally been formed between 1736 and 1745
by the Chevalier Lorenzo Hoturini Bcnaduci ;
and that collector in 1746 gave a catalogue of
them at the end of his Idea Jc una tiuei'u historia
i;cneral dc la America septentrional, published at
Madrid in that year.'' Unfortunately, the labors
of this devoted archaeologist incurred the jeal-
ousy of the Spanish Government, and his library
was more or less scattered ; but to him we owe
a large part of what we find in the collections of
Bustamante, Kingsborough, and Ternaux. Mari-
ano Veytia* was his e.xecutor, and had the ad-
vantages of Ijoturini's collections in his own
Historia Antigua de Me/ieo.^ Boturini's cata-
logue, however, shows us that much has disap-
peared, which we may regret. Such is the
Cronica of TIaxcala, by Juan Ventura Zapata
y .Mendoza, which brought the story down to
16S9, which Brinton ho])es may yet be discov-
ered in Spain.'' One important work is saved, —
that of Camargo.
Mufioz Camargo was born in Mexico just
after the Conijuest, and was connected by mar-
riage with leading native families, and attained
high official position in TIaxcala, whose history
he wrote, beginning its composition in 1576, and
finishing it in 1585. lie had collected much
material. Ternaux " printed a French transla-
tion of a mutilated text ; but it has never been
printed in the condition, fragmentary though u
be, in which it was recovered by Botiuini. I'rcs-
cott says the original manuscript w;>j long
preserved in a convent in Mexico, where Tor-
quemada used it. It was later taken to Spain,
when it found its way into the Mufioz Collection
in the Academy of History at Madrid, whence
Prescott got his copy. This last historian
speaks of the work as supplying much curious
and authentic information respecting the social
and religious condition of the Aztecs. Camargo
tells fully the story of the Conquest, but he deals
out his applause and sympathy to the conquerors
and the conquered with equal readiness.'
Other manuscripts have not yet been editeil.
Chimalpain's Cronica Mexicana, in the NahuatI
tongue, which covers the interval from A. 11.
1068 to 1597, is one of these. Another NahuatI
manuscript in Boturini's list is an anonymous
history of Culhuacan and Mexico. An imper-
fect translation of this into Spanish, by Galicia,
has been made in Mexico. Brasseur copied it,
and called it the Codex Chimalpopoca.^'^ In 1.S79
the Museo Nacional at Mexico began to print il
in their Anales (vol. ;i.), adding a new version
by Mendoza and Solis, under the title of Anates
de Cuaiihtitlan}^
Bancroft's list, prefixed to his Mexico, malics
mention of most of these native Mexican
sources. Of principal use among them may be
mentioned Fernando de Alvaro Tezozonioc's
Cronica Mexicana, or I/istoiie dii Afexiijnc, writ-
ten in 1598, and ])ublished in 1853, in Paris, by
Ternaux-Compans.'-
> J
Mm
i.if. I'i ; 7 •! I
f i"/.'
' Vol. i. p. Ixxiv ; and on p. Ixxviii he gives accounts of various manuscripts, chiefly copies, owned by liim-
self. He also traces the rise cf his interest in .Xmcric.in studies, while otlici;il position in later ye.irs gave him
unusual facilities for research. His conclusions and arguments are often questioned by careful students. Cf.
liandclicr, in Amer. Aiitiq. Soc. Proc, October, iSSo, \i. 93.
- In the introduction to this volume Urasseur reviews the native writers on tlie Conciii"st. Bancroft
(Mexico, vol. i. p. 493, vol. ii. p. 4SS) thinks he hardly does Cortes justice, and is jjrone to accept witliout dis-
crimination tlie native .accounts, to the discredit of those of the conciuerois. Brasseur gives abundant lefer-
ences; and since the publication of *hc Pinart-Brasseiir Catalogue, we have a comi)act enumeration of his
own library.
3 He CI ' merates a few of the treasures, vol. i. p. Ixxvi.
■• The list is not found in all copies. Miopliy Catalogue, p. 300. F. S. Ellis (London, 18S4) prices a
copy at .£2 2s.
■' Born at Puel)la 1710; died 17S0.
« I'uhlislieil in tluee volumes in Mexico in \%sU. Fditcd by C. F. Ortega. Cf. Prescott, Mexico, book i.
chap. i. Vevtia also edited from Boturini's collection, and publislied with notes at Mexico in 1,^26, Tczciu.^
en los xlfimos tienifos dc s.is antigiios rcyes (Miirfliy Catalogue, no. 42S).
' . ll'orit;iiial American Aiitliors, p. 21), where are notices of otlier manuscripts on Tlaxcalan history.
8 Cf. Moui'cllcs Annates dcs l^oyagcs (1S45), vol. ii. p. 129, etc.
^ Prescott, Mexico, vol. ii. p. 2S6 ; Bancroft, Mexico, vol. i. p. 200.
1" Pinart-Brasseur Catahgiie, no. 237.
11 lirinton's Aboriginal American Authors, p. 26, Mr. .\. F. Bandelicr is said to bo preparing an edition
of it.
12 Cf. Nouvelles Annates dcs Voyages. 18^4-1849. Teinaux's translation is much c|uestioned. Cf. also
Kingsborough. vol. ix.. and the Biblioteca Mexicana of Vigcl, with notes by Orozco y Berra.
CORTES AND HIS COMPANIONS.
419
Hrinton has publishett in the first volume of
his library of Aboriginal American Liti-ralitrc
(iSiS:;, p. 1S9) the chronicle of Chac-xulul>chen,
written in the Maya in 15O2, which throws light
on the methods of the Spanish Conquest.
There was a native account, by Don Gabriel
Castaiieda, of the concpiest of the Chichimccs
by the Viceroy Antonio dc Mendoza in 1541;
hut Hrinton • says all trace of it is lost since it
was reported to be in the Convent of Ildefonso
in Mexico.
Perhaps the most important native contri-
bution to the history of Guatemala is Francisco
lOrnandez Arana Xaliila's Mvmorial dc Tccpan
A/if/a>i,vir\Ucn in 15S1 and later in the dialect
of Cakchicpiel, and bringing the history of a
distinguished branch of the Cakchiquels down
to 1562, from which ])oint it is continued by
Francisco Geljuta Quch. Hrasseur de Hour-
bourg loosely rendered it, and from this para-
phrase a Spanish version has been printed in
Guatemala; but the original has never been
printed. Brinton (in his A/'origiiia/ American
Aiit/iors, p. 3i) says he has a copy; and another
is in Europe. It is of great importance as giving
the native accounts of the conquest of Guate-
mala.- An ardent advocacy of the natives was
also shown in the Ilistoria tic las hulias de Niia'a
EspaTia of the Padre Diego Duran, which was
edited by Ramirez, so far as the first volume goes,
in 1SC7, when it was published in Mexico with
an atlas of plates after the manuscript ; but this
publication is said not to jircsent all the draw-
ings of the original manuscript. The overthrow
of Maximilian prevented the completion of the
publication. The incoming Republican govern-
ment seized what had been printed, so that the
fruit of Ramirez's labor is now scarce. Quaritch
priced the editor's own copy at /'8 10/. The
editor had polished the style of the original some-
what, and made other changes, which excited
some di,sgust in the purists ; and this action on
his part may have had something to do with the
proceedings of the new Government. Ramirez
claimed descent from the Aztecs, and this may
account for much of his stern judgment respect-
ing Cortes.^ The story in this first volume is only
brought down to the reign of Montezuma. The
||h
fcV
nU
m, i.S,S4) prices a
ilaii history.
1 Aboris^inal American Authors, p. 2S.
- Bancroft, Centra, -trica, vol. i. p. 686. Bandolier has given a partial list of the authorities on the
coiuiuestof Guatemala in die Amcr. Antiq. Soc. Proc, October, 18S0; and Bancroft {Central .Imericti, vol. i.
p. 701, vol. ii. p. 756) characterizes the principal sources. Helps (end of book xv. of his S/'aiiish Coiu/ticst)
ciimplained of the difficulty in getting information of the Guatemala affairs; but Bancroft makes use of all the
varied ))ublished collections of documents on .'^panish-Anierican history, which contain so nuich on Guatemala ;
and to his hands, fortunately, came also all the papers of the late E, G. Sepiier. A Coleccion de Dociiincntps Anii-
fiios de Guatemala, puljlislied in 1S5;, lias been mentioned elsewhere, as well as the Proccso against Alvarado,
so rich in helpful material. The general liistoiians must all be put under retiuisition in studying this theme, —
Oviedo, (iomara, Diaz, L.as Casas, Ixdilxocliitl, and llenera, not to name others. Antonio de Kemesal's is the
eldest of the special works, and was written on the sjiot. His Hhtoria de Chyapa is a Dominican's view; and
being a partisan, he needs more or less to Im: confirmed. A Franciscan friar, Francisco Vasquez. published a
Chronica dc la ProvUicia del Santissimo Nombre de Jesus de Guatemala in 1714, a promised second volume
never appearing. He m.agnified the petty doings of his brother friais; but enough of historical interest crept
into his book, together with citations from records no longer existing, to make it valu.able. He tilts .against
Kemcsal, while he constantly uses his book; and the antagonism of the Franciscans and Dominicans misguides
him sometimes, when borrowing from his rival. He lauds the conquerors, and he suffers the charges of cruelty to
be made out but in a few cases (Bancroft, Central America, vol. ii. pp. 142, 736). The Ilistoria de Guatemala
lif Francisco Antonio de Fuentes y Guzman is cpioted by Bancroft from a manuscript copy (Central America,
viil. ii. p. 736), bnt it has since been printed in Madrid in 1SS2-1SS3, in two volumes, with annotations Ijy Justo
X:uag"za, as one of the scries Biblioteca dc /os Amcricanistcs. Bancroft thinks he has many errors and tliat he
is far fron. trustworthy, wherever his partiality for the conquerors is brouglit into play. The chief modern liis'
torian of Gu.atemala is Domingo Juarros. who was born in that city in 1752. and died in 1S20. His Compeudiode
la hisloria dela Ciudad de Guatemala was published tlierc. the lirst volume in iSoS and the second in iSiS ; and
both were republished in 1.S57. It was published in Knglisli in London in 1S23. witli omissions and iuaccur.a-
cies, — according to Bancroft. The story of the Conquest is told in the second volume. Except so f.ar as he
followed Fuentes, in his partiality for the conquerors, fuarros' treatment of his subject is fair; and his indus-
try and f.icilities make huu learned in its details. B.ancroft [Central America. \tA. ii. pp. 142, 7^7) remarks
on his omission to mention the letters of .Alvarado. and doulits. accordingly, if Juarros could have known
of them.
Of the despatches which .Mvamdo sent to Cortds. we know only two. Bantielier {American Antiijuariar
Sccictfs Proceedinf;s, October, i.SSo) says tliat Squier had copies of them all ; but Bancroft {Central America,
viil. i. p. 666), who says he has .all of .Squier's papers, makes no mention of any bevnnd the two, — of April 1 1
■lud Jul- 2fi, 1524, — which are in print in connection with Cortes' fointh letter, in Kanuisio's version, except
^ -ch a, a.-e of late date (1534-1 541 ), of which lie has copies, ,as his list shows (Cf. also Ternaux, vol. x.. and
Barcia, vol. i. p. 157). Ternaux is said to have translated from Kainusio. Oviedo uses them largely, word for
«ord. Herrcra Is supposed to have used a manuscript History of tlie Conquest of Guatemala by Gonzalo de
xlvarado.
^ I'rescott, .l/c.v/Vi>, vol. ii. p 165.
..
}
It
U'
V
420 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
iHOiy
manuscript is preserved in the royal library at
Madrid.' Duran was a half-breed, his mother
being of Tezcuco. Ho became a Dominican ;
but a slender constitution kept him from the mis-
sionary field, and he pressed a monastic life of
literary labors. He had finished in 1579 the
later parts of his work treating of the Mexican
divinities, calendars, and festivals; and then,
reverting to the portions which came first in the
manuscript, he tells the story of Mexican history
rather clumsily, but with a certain native force
and insight, down to the period of the Honduras
expedition. The manuscript of Duran passed,
after his death in 1 588, to Juan Tovar, and from
him, perhaps with the representations that Tovar
(or Tobar) was its author, to Jose de Acosta,
who represents Tovar as the author, and who
had then prepared, while in Peru, his Dc Natiira
Nox'i Oibis.
E. The Earlier Historians. — Jose de
■Acosta was born about 1540 in Spain; but at
fourteen he joined the Jesuits. He grew learned,
and in 1571 he went to Peru, in which country he
•spent fifteen years, becoming the provincial of his
Order. He tarried two other years in Mexico —
where he saw Tovar — and in the islands. He
then returned to Spain laden with manuscrijits
and information, became a royal favorite, held
other ofiiccs, and died as rector of Salamanca
in 1600,2 having published in his books on the
New World the most popular and perha])s
most satisfactory account of it up to that time •
while his theological works give evidence, as
Markham says, of great ■earning.
Acosta's first publicauon appeared at Sala-
manca in 1 588 and 1589, and was in effect two
essays, though they are usually found under one
cover (they had separate titles, but were continu-
ously paged ), Ve uatiira Niy<<i OrHs lihri duo, et de
pyomHli;atione tfiiui^dii apud baiharos, . . . Mri
sc-x. In the former he describes the physical
features of the country, and in the latter he told
the story of the conversion of the Indians.-'
Acosta now translated the two bocks of the
Di- iia/ur,! into Spanish, and added five other
books. The work was thus made to form a
general cosmographical treatise, with jiarticular
reference to the New World ; and included an
account of the religion and government of the
Indians of Peru and Mexico. lie also gave
a brief recital of the Conquest. In this extended
form, and under the title of Historia natvral
y moral dc Ins Indias, en qvc sc tratnii las cosas
notables del ciflo, y elemeiitos, metales, plan/as,
y a III males deltas ; y los ritos,y ceremonias, teyes,
y 1,'oiiienio, y f^iierras de los Indios, it was pub-
lished at Seville in i590.'
Two other accounts of this period deserve
notice. One is by Joan Suarez de Peralta, wlin
1 A copy is in tlie Force Collection, Library of Congress, and ;iiuitlier in Mr. Bancroft's, from who^e
Mexico, vol. i. p. 4(11. we Katlier some of these statements.
- CI. Backer, Bibliotlicquc dcs cciiraiiis de la Comfai;nu de Jesus; Markham's introduction to hi-,
edition of .Xcosta in the Ilakluyt Society's publications.
3 The orininal edition of tlic De iici/iira is scarce. Rich priced it at £1 \s. fifty years aRo ; Leclcrc,
nn. 2,r)39, at 150 francs (cf. al.so Carter-Brown, i. J79; Sabin, i. in, — for a full account of succes-.ive
editions: Sunderland, i. 23). It was reprinted at Salamanca in 1595. and at Cologne in 1596. The
latter edition on usually be bought for S3 o; $4. Cf. Field, no. 9 ; Stevens, Bibliothcca Historica^nn. ^);
Murphy, no ii. etc.
■• liicli priced it in iS-',2 at .£1 loi. ; ordinary cojues are now worth about £2 or £3, but fine copies
in superior Ijuidinu; have reached .£12 I2.r. (Cf. I.cclcrc, no. 5 — 200 francs ; Sunderland, i. 24 ; J. A. Allen,
BiHtoiirapby of Cctacca, p. 24, — where this and other early Ijooks on America are recorded with the utmost
care.) Otlicr Spanish editio-is are Hchnstadt. 1590 (Bartlctt); Seville, 1 591 (Bruuet, Backer) ; Barcelona,
1591 (Carter-Brown, i. 47S ; Leclerc. no. 7); M.idrid, irioS (Carter-Brown, ii. fii ; Leclerc, no. S) and 1610
(Sabin) ; Lyons, 1670 ; and Madrid. 1702, called the best edition, with a notice of Acosta.
The French editions followed rapidly : Paris. Iiy K. Regnault, 1597 (Brunet, Markham); 159S (Leclerc,
no. 10 — 100 francs; Oufossc. 12; francs. 140 francs, 160 francs); iCioo (Leclcrc, no. 11; Bishop Ihiets
copy in the Bibliotheipie Nationale at I'.iris has notes which are printed by Camus in his book on Me Bry) ;
i6of) (Leclcrc. nos. 12,13); i6ifi (Carter-Brown, ii. 177; Leclerc, no. 2.639 — 50 francs); 1617 (Leclerc,
no. 14); 1619 (Sabin) ; 1621 (Rich). An Italian version, made by fiallucci, was printed at Venice in 159(1
(Leclerc. no. i;).
There were more liberties taken with it in flerman. It nas called Gcos;rafhiscbe and liistorisclic Deschrei-
biiiic; dcr America, \\\\cn iiriutcd at Cologne in 159S, with thirty maps, as detailed in the Carfer-Brown
Cafalof:!ie, i. 520. ;\ntonio (Bibliotcca Hispana Nora) wives the date 1599. At Cologne again in 1600
it is called Ne%v Welt (Carter-Brc
54.S), and at Wesel, in \(m^, America odcr West /«i//i(, which is
partly the same as die preceding (Carter-Brown, ii. 31). Antonio gives an edition in iCn;.
The Dutch tr.inslation. following the lioi Seville edition, was made by Linsclioteu, and printed at Haarlem
in 15(18 (r.eclerc, no. iCi) ; and again, with woodcuts, in 1624 (Carter-Brown, ii. 2S7 ; Murphy, no. 0). 1' is
also in Vandcr Aa's collection, 1727. It was from the Hutch version that it was turned (by (iothard Arthu-
for De Bry iu his Great Voyai;es, part ix.) into German, in 1601 ; and into Latin, in 1602 and 1603.
The first F.ngli^li translation did not appear till 1604, at London, as Thi'iiatiirall and morall historic 01
the East iind West Indies. Intreating 0/ the remarkable things of Heaven, of the Elements, Metlalls, Plant'.
:f^
S
CORTES AND HIS COMPANIONS.
421
ivas born in Mexico in 1536, and wrote a Tratado
ihl dcscubrimicnio de las Yiidias y sit conqiiista,
which is preserved :n manuscript in the library
at Toledo in Spain. It is not full, however, on
the Conquest ; but is more definite for the period
from 1565 to 1589. It was printed at Madrid
in 187S, ill the Xolicias histdricas de la iVuei'U
Espium publicadas con la pyotcction del ministerio
de fomento por Don yiisto Zaraj^oza. The other
is Henrico Martinez' Repertorio de los Tiempos
v liistoria natural de la A'ueva Espafia, published
at Mexico in 160C. It covers the Mexican
annals from 1520 to 1590.'
One of the earliest to depend largely on the
native chroniclers was Juan de Torquemada, in
his Monarqttla Indiana. This author was born
in Spain, but came young to Mexico ; and was
a priest of the Franci_„an habit, who finally
became (1614-1617) the provincial of that Order.
He had assiduously labored to collect all that
he could find regarding the history of the people
among whom he was thrown ; and his efforts
were increased when, in 1609, he received
orders to prepare his labors for publication.
His book is esteemed for the help it affords
in understanding these people. Ternaux calls
it the most complete narrative which we possess
of the ancient history of Mexico. He took the
history, as the native writers had instructed him,
of the period before the Conquest, and derived
from them and his own observation much re-
specting the kind of life which the conquerors
found prevailing in the country. In his account
of the Concpiest, which constitutes the fourth
book in vol. i., Torquemada seems to depend
largely on lierrera, though he does not neglect
.Sahagun and the native writers. Clavigero
tells us that Torquemada for fifty years had
known the language of the natives, and spent
twenty years or more in arranging his history.
oft's, from wild
troduction to his
Historical no. t) ;
1) ; 1598 (LeclciT,
and Beasts which are proper to that Country : Together with the Manners, Ceremonies, Lawes, Govcrnemciits,
and IVarres of the Indians. Written in Spanish by loseph Acosia, and translated into English by
E[d7vard] G[rimston]. Rich priced it fifty years ago at £1 i6s. ; H is usually priced now at from four to eight
guineas (cf. Carter-Brown, ii. 21; Field, no. 8; Menzies, no. 4; Murphy, no. S). It was reprinted, with
corrections of the version, and edited by C. R. Markham for the Hakluyt Society in 1S80.
> This is extremely rare. Quaritch, who said in 1879 that only three copies had turned up in London
'■ thirty years, prices an imperfect copy at £5. (Catalogue, no. 326 sub. no. 17,635.)
It is worth while to note how events in the New World, during the early part of the sixteenth century,
were considered in their relation to European history. Cf. for instance, Ulloa's l^ita dclP imferator Carlo V.
(Rome, 1562), and such chronicles as \.\\& Anales de Aragon, fiK\ and second parts. Vimtls^c (Bibl. Amer.
Vet. and Additions), and tlie Carter-Brown Catalogue (vol. i.) will lead the student to this examination, in
tlisir enumeration of books only incidentally connected with America. To take but a few as representative :
Maffeius, Commentariorum urbanorum libri, Basle, 1530, with its chapter on'Moca nuper reperta."
(Ilarrisse, ^(/(/»V<o«/, no. 93-; edition of 1544, 5/W. Amer. Vct.no. 257, and Additions, no. 146. Fabricius
cites an edition as early as 1526.)
Laurentius Frisius, Der Cartha Marina, Strasburg, 1530. (Harrisse, Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 151,
Additions, no. 90.)
Gemma Phrysius, ZJff Principiis Astronomies ct Cosmographicce,'^'\\\v its cap. xxix., " De insulis nuper
inventis." ( Harrisse, Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions, no. 92. ) There are later editions in 1 544 {Bibl. Amer. Vet,,
no. 252), 1548; also Paris, in French, 1557, etc.
Sebastian Franck, Wcltbuch, Tubingen, 1 533-1 534, in which popular book of its day a separate chapter
is given to America. The book in this first edition is rare, and is sometimes dated 153;, and .ig.iin 1534.
(Cf. Harrisse, Bibl. Amer. Vet., nos. 174, 197 ; Sabin, vi. 570; Carter-Brown, i. in ; MuUer, 1877, no. 1,151 ;
H. H. Bancroft, Mexico, i. 250.) There was another edition in 1542 (Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 23S ; Stevens,
Bbliotheca Historica,no. 738), and later in Dutch and German, in 1558, 1567, 1595, etc. (Leclerc, nos. 212,
217, etc.).
George ."ithaymer, De orbis tcrrartim, Nuremberg, 153S, with its " De terris et insulis nuper repertis "
(Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions, no. 119).
.•\cliilles P. Gassaruni, Hislorianim et clironicariim mundi epitomes libcllus, Venice, 153S, with its
" insula: in oceano antiquioribus ignnta:."
Ocampo, Chronica geniral de Espafia, 1543, who, in mentioning the discovery of the New World, forgets
to name Columbus (Bibl. Amer. Vet., no, 242 ; Sabin, vol. xiii.).
Giiillaunie Postel. De orbis terra Concordia, Basle, about 1544 (Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions, no. 145).
J(]hn Dryander, Cosmographitc introductio, 1544 (Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions, no. 147).
Biondo, Deventis et navigatione, Venice, 1546, with cap. xxv. on the New World (Bibl. Amer. Vet.,
no. 274).
Professor J. R. Seeley, in his Expansion of England (-p. 78), has pointed out how events in the New
World did not begin to re.ict upon Europc.in politics, till the attacks of Drake and the English upon the
Spanibh West Indies instigated the Sp.mish Armada, and made territcri.il aggrandizement in the N"cw World as
much a force in the conduct of politics in Europe as the Reformation had been. The power of the great
religious revolution gradually declined Ijefore the increasing commercial interests arising out of trade with the
New World.
It. '^
! i.
til
422
XAKRATUE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
.•I
He also tells us of the use which Torqucmada
iiKulc of the mamisciipts which he fouml in the
colleges of Mexico, of the writings of IxtlilxochitI,
Camaigo, and of the history of Chohila by anoth-
er writer of native origin, Juan liatista I'oniar.
Another l)ooU of consitlerable use to him was the
wcirk of a warm eulogist of the iiatives, if not
himself of their blood; and this was the llislona
liiiciiiisliia liuliaiui, a work written by (ieriinimo
tie Meinlieta m-ar the end of the sixteenth
century. Mendieta was in Mexico from 1554
to 1571,' and his work, tinished in 1516, after
having remained for two hundred years in
manu>cri|jt, was printed and annotated by
Ica/lialceta at Mexico, in 1870.'-
The Moitivqiilii hidiaiia, in which these and
other writers were so freely employed as to be
engrafted in parts almost bodily, was first
printed in three volumes at Madrid in 161 5;
but before this the Inquisition had struck out
from its jjages some curious chapters, jjarticu-
larlv, savs Rich, one conq>aring the migration
of the Tollecs to that of the braelitcs. The
coloplion of this edition shows the date of 1614.'
It is said that most of it was lost in a shipwreck,
and this accounts, doubtless, for its rarity. The
original manuscript, however, being jireserved,
it served Barcia well in editing a reprint in 17:13,
published at Madrid, which is now considered
the standard Klition.'' Ti^ripiemada doubtless
derived sometliing of liis skill in the native
to;igue from his master. Fray Joan liaplista,
who had the reputation of being the most
learned scholar of tlie Mexican language in his
time."'
The Tiairo Mcxicaiw of .Vugustin de Vetan-
curt, published at Mexico in 1 697- 1 69S,''' is the
next general chronicle .after Tortpicmada. Vetan-
court, also, was a Franciscan, born in Mexico in
i6:;o, and died in 1700. lie had the literary
fecundity of his class ; but the most important
of his works is the one already named; and
in tb ^ third part of tlie lirst volume we find his
history of the Con(|ucst. He seldom goes be-
hind his predecessor, and Torquemada must
stand sponsor for much of his recital.
F. MoDl-.KN HisTuKl.A.NS. — The well-kuowii
work of Solis [llistori^i dv la Ci'iiijiiis!ii dc M,':\i,,\'
l)nhlished at Madrid in 16S4) is the conspicuous
Jirecursor of a Ijug series of histories of the
Conquest, written without |)ersonal knorvleduje
of the actors in this extraoidinary evni. .Siili>
ended his narrative with the fall of the citv,
the author's death preventing any further pro-
gress, though it is said he had gathered furtlui
materials ; .,..t they are not known to exist. A
work by Ignacio Salazar y Olarte, continuing
the narrative down to the death of Cortc-s, i-.
called a second part, and was jjublished at
Cordova in 1743. itnder the title of Iliitoi-hi d,-
III lOihjuistit (/<■ Miw'uo, pobhiiioii y /irogressc d,
A; Aiiiiiiiii siflciitrioiiiil lOmhidn /'or ct iiomhy,-
</(■ Xiia\i KspiiThi. This continuation was n
l)rinted at Madrid in 17S6, and in the opinion
of liancrofi'' abounds "in all the faults of the
superficial and llorid comijosition of Solis."
Solis, who was born at .Mcala in 1610, was
educated at Salamanca, and had actpiired a
great reputation in letters, when he attracted
the attention of the Court, and was appoiiued
historiographer of the Indies. .Some time after-
ward (1667) he entered the Church, at fifty-si.\;
but to earn his salary as official chronicler, —
which was small enough at best, — he turned,
with a good deal of the poetic and artistic instinct
which his previous traiifing had developed. In
tell the storv of the Contiuest, with a skill which
no one before had enq loyed upon the theme.
The result was a work which, "to an extraordi-
nary degree," as Ticknor'-' says, took on "the
air of an historical epic, so exactly are all it.~
|)arts and episodes modelled into a harmonious
whole, whose catastrophe is ttie fall of the great
Mexican lCnq)ire." The book was a striking
contrast to the chronicling spirit of all preced
:/>
\\U
'w'l
1 Bancroft, Mexico, ii. fi'i;. He died in 1604.
2 .'^abin, vol. xii. no. 47,812. Icazbalceta-.li(nved Torc|ueinnda's debt to ML'iidictahy collations. (Bancroft.
Mexico, ii. 668.) No author later th.in Toriiucinad.i cites it. Barcia was not able to find it, and it was consid-
ered as hopelessly lost. In 1S60 its editor w.is informed that the maiuiscript Iiad l)oen foiuul among the papers
left by 1). Bartolcime Jose Gallardo. Later it was purch.ascd by Vi. Jos6 M. .\ndrade, and given to Icazbalcct.i.
at whose expense it has been published (Bosror rublic Library Catalogue).
3 Carter-Brown, ii. i;6: .'Sunderland vol. v. no. 12.5;/). Some of the bibliographies give the date 161;,.
and the place Seville. Cf. further on Torquemada, Bancroft, Mexico, ii. 7S6 ; Early American Cliroiii,Urs,
|). 2T, ; Prescott, Mexico, i. 53.
■• Carter-Iirown, iii. 339: Lcclerc, no. 370; Field.no. i.-;,;; Court, no. 354. It is in three volwines.
Kingslxirouiih in his eighth volume gives some extracts from Torquemada.
5 Baptista published various devotion.il treatises in bodi Spanisli and Mexican, some of which, like lii^
rt)»i/(ZjiWH<r>-w of 1599, are extremely rare. Cf. Leclerc, no. 2,306; Quaritch, Tlic Ramirez Collec/ioit. iSSo
nos. 25, 26.
ij .Again in four volumes, Mexico, 1S70-1S71. Cf. Bancroft, .)fcxico, iii. 507.
7 Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,300.
8 Mexico, i. 1S7.
'J Sfanisli Literature, vol. iii. no. 196.
m,
CORTES AMD HIS COMl'AXIONS.
423
Itlom goes bu-
iicmachi mu>i
L'tiuil.
'lie well-known
ista (/,■ A/,'xi,,>.'
ic cons|)ieii()u-
sldries of llie
lal kiio',vlu(l,u;i
.■ eviil. S(ili>
I i)f the city,
ly further \)\n-
thercd furllu 1
II ti> exist. A
le, cominiiinj;
of Cortes, i-,
l)ublisheil at
of Iliitmiii ilc
V progyessc: ,/,
for (•/ iiovthii
jatioii was n
in the opinii)!!
e faults of the
of Solis."
a in 1610, wa>
1(1 aequired a
I he attracidl
was a]>])oinlnl
)me time after
.■h, at tifty-si.\ ;
chronicler, —
, — he turned,
artistic instiiui
developed. !■>
,h a .skill whi( h
on the theme.
) an extraordi-
took on " the
ctly are all it.^
) a harniunioii>
ill of the great
ivas a strikini;
of all preced
ons. (Bancroft,
id it was consid-
mong the papers
n to Icazbalcct.i.
e the date 161;.
an Chronkhrs,
three volwmes.
:^
sous
which, like his
Collection, iSSu
ing recitals. The world soon saw — thotigh the — that the strange story had been given its
sale of the book was wk t large at once, and the highest setting. Solis gives no notes ; and one
author died very poor two years later (1686) needs to know the literature of the subject, to
{■%'
• Fac-simile of ensravins in his Ilistoria, published at Venice in 1715. There are other likenesses in the
Madrid (i;S;,) edition, and in Cumplido's Mexican edition of I'rescott's Mexico, vol. iii.
424
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
'/ •;:
*!^:
1,-.
track him to his authorities. If this is done,
however, it appears that his investigation was
fur from deep, and that with original material
within his reach he rarely or never used it,
bnt took the record at second hand. Robert-
son, who had to depend on him more or less,
was aware of this, and judged him less solici-
tous of discovering truth than of glorifying
the splendor of deeds. This panegyrical strain
in the book has lowered its reputation, particu-
larly among foreign critics, who fail to share the
enthusiasm which Solis expresses for Cortes.
We may call his bitter denunciations of the
natives bigotry or pious zeal ; but Ticknor
accounts for it by saying that Solis " refused to
see the fierce and marvellous contest except
from the steps of the altar where he had been
consecrated." The religion and national pride
of the Spaniards have not made this quality
detract in the least from the estimation in which
the book has long been held ; but all that they
say of the charm and purity of its style, despite
something of tiresomeness in its even flow, is
shared by the most conspicuous of foreign
critics, like Prescott and Ticknor. Rich, who
had opportunities for knowing, bears evidence
to the estimation in Spain of those qualities
which have insured the fame of Solis.*
The story was not told again with the dignity
of a classic, — except so far as Herrera composed
it, — till Robertson, in his History of America, re-
counted it. He used the printed sources with
great fidelity; but he was denied a chance to
examine the rich manuscript material which was
open to Solis, and which Robertson would
doubtless have used more abundantly. In a
Note (xcvii.) he enumerates his chief authorities,
and they arc only the letters of Cortes and the
story as told by Gomara, liernal Diaz, I'ctcr
Martyr, Solis, and Herrera.- Of Solis, Robert-
son says he knows no author in any language
whose literary f.ime has risen so far beyond his
real merits. He calls him "destitute of that
patient industry in research which conducts to
the knowledge of truth, and a strange/ to tliat
impartiality which weighs evidence with cool
attention. . . . Though he sometimes quotes,
the desp.itches of Cortes, he seems nof to have
consulted them; and though he .sets out with
some censure on Gomara, he frequently prefers
his authority — the most doubtful of any — tothat
of the other contemporary historians." Robert-
son judged that Herrera furnished the fullest
and most accurate information, and that if his
work had not in its chronological order been so
perplexed, disconnected, and obscure, Herrera
might justly have been ranked among the most
eminent historians of his country. William
Smyth, in the twenty-first section of his Lectures
on Modern History, in an account which is there
given of the main .sources of information re-
specting the Conquest, as they were accessible
forty or fifty years ago, awards high praise —
certainly not undeserved for his time — to
Robertson. Southey accused Robertson of un-
duly depreciating the character and civilization
'• .1 .,
I i..il*',H till-;.
'ill
^v
i
> Cf., for accounts and estimates, Ticknor, Sfanish Literature, vol. iii. no. 196 ; Prescott, Mexico, vol. iii.
p. 20S ; Bancroft, Mexico, vol. i. pp. 186, 697 ; Early Chroniclers, p. 22. Editions of Solis became, in time,
numerous in various languages. Most of them may be found noted in the following list ; —
In Spanish. Barcelona, 1691, acconiimnied by a Life of .Solis, by Don Juan de Goyeneche, Madrid, i;o4,
a good edition; Brussels, 1704. with numerous plates; Madrid, 1732, two columns, without plates; Brussels,
1741, with Goyeneche's Life; Madrid. 174.S, said to have been corrected by the author's manuscript ; Barceldna,
1756; Madrid, 175S; Madrid, 1763; Barcelona, 1771 ; M,idrid, 1776; Madrid, 17S0; Madrid, 17S3-17S4, —
a beautiful edition, called by Stirling " the triumph of the press of Sancha " (cf. Ticknor Catalogue, p. 335 ;
Carter-Brown, vol. il. no. 1.300); Barcelona, 17.S9: Madrid, 1791,1798,1819,1822; Paris, 1S27; Madrid,
1S2S, 1S29, 183S ; Barcelona, 1840 ; Paris, 1S58, with notes. Sabin (vol. iv. nos. 16,94.^-16,945) gives .ibridged
editions, — Barcelona, 1S46, and Mexico, 1S53, An edition, London, 1S09, is " Corregida por Augiistin Luis
Josse," and is included in the Bil'liotcca de autores cspaiiolcs, in 1S53.
In Prcncli. The eariiest translation was made by Bon Andr6 de Citri et de la Guette, and appeared with
two different imprints in P,iris in 1691 in quarto (Carter-Brown, vol. ii. 1427-142S). Other editions followed.—
La Have, 1692, in i2mo; Paris, 1704, with folding map and engravings reduced from the Spanish edititms ;
I'aris, 1714, with plates ; Paris. 1730. 1759, 1774, 1777, 1844, etc. ; and a new version by Philippe de Tmilza,
with annotations, published in Paris in 1S6.S.
Ill Itiiliaii. The early version was published at Florence in 1699, ^^'tb Jiortraits of Solis, Cortds, and
Montezuma (Carter-Bniwn. vdI. ii. no. 1,577). An edition .at Venice in 1704 is without plates; but another, in
1715, is embellished. There was another at Venice in 1733.
/« Danish. Copenhagen. 1747 (Carter-Brown, viil. iii. no. 850).
In English. Thomas Towiiscnd's English version was published in London in 1724, and was reissued,
revised b\- K. Ilooke in 1753, both having a portrait of Cortes, by Vertue, copied "after a head by Titian,'
with other folding pLites based on those of the Sp.anish editicjns (Carter-Brown, vol. iii. nos. 350, 5SS; Field,
Indian BiMioi^raphy, nos. 1,464, 1,465). There were later editions in 1753.
It was when he was twenty-eii^ht years old, that Prescott took his first lesson in Spanish history Iti
reading Solis. at Ticknor's reconuncndation.
2 The story as the English had had it up to this time — except so far as they learned it in translations d
Solis — may be found in Burke's Eurofcnn SclUcmcnfs in .America, 176;;, part i. pp. 1-166.
:r^
CORTES AND HIS COMPANIONS.
425
of the Mexicans; and others have held the opinion
that he liad a tendency to palliate the crimes
of the invaders. Robertson, in his later edi-
tions, replied to such stri ures, and held
that Clavigero and oth 40 had differed from
him chiefly in confiding in the improbable nar-
ratives and fanciful conjectures of Tortiuemada
and Koturini.
F'rancisco Saverio Clavigero was a Jesuit, who
had long resided in Mexico, being born at Vera
Cruz in 1731 ; but when expelled with his Order,
he took up his abode in Italy in 1767. lie had
the facilities and the occasion for going more
into detail than Robertson. His Sloriti antica
(/(■/ Messico caviitii da' migliori storici sfagimoli, e
i/,i' nianosi-ritti; e dalle pittitre anth/ie tlei^rindiani :
di'isa in dkci lihri, e corredata di carte geo-
j^rafiche, e di varie ftgiire: e dissertazioni sulla
terra, siigli animali, e siigli abitatori del Messico^
was published in four volumes at Cesena in
17S0-1781. lie gives the names of thirty-nine
Indian and Spanish writers who had written
upon the theme, and has something to say of
the Mexican historical paintings which he had
examined. H. H. Bancroft esteems him a lead-
ing authority,'* and says he rearranged the mate-
rial in a masterly manner, and invested it with
a philosophic spirit, altogether superior to anj'-
thing presented till Prescott's time.* It is in
his third volume that Clavigero particularly
treats of the Conquest, having been employed
on the earlier chronicles and the manners and
customs of the people in the first and second,
while the fourth volume is made up of particu-
lar dissertations. Clavigero was not without
learning. • He had passed chree years at the
Jesuit College at Tepozotlan, and had taught
as a master in various branches. At Bologna,
where he latterly lived, he founded an acade-
my; and here he died in 1787, leaving be-
hind him a Storia della California, published
at Venice in 1789.''
Fifteen years ,ago it was the opinion of
Henry Stevens,' that all other books which have
been elaborated since on the same subject, ni-
stead of superseding Clavigcro's, have tended
rather to magnify its importance.'''
The most conspicuous treatment of the sub-
ject, in the minds of the elders of the present
generation, is doubtless that of Prescott, who
|)ublished his Conquest of Mexico in 1843, divid-
ing it into three distinct parts, — the first show-
ing a survey of the Aztec civilization ; the second
depicting the Conquest; while the final period
brought down the life of Cortes to his death.
Charton ' speaks of Soils as a work " auquel
le livre de Prescott a portd un dernier coup."
Prescott was at great expense and care in
amassing much manuscript material never be-
fore used, chiefly in copies, which Rich and
others had procured for him, and he is some-
what minute in his citations from them. They
have since been in large part printed, and
doubtless very much more is at present acces-
sible in type to the student than was in Pres-
cott's day."
Prescott was of good New England stock,
settled in Essex County, Massachusetts, where
(in .Salem) he was born in 1796. His father
removed to Boston in iSo8, and became a judge
of one of the courts. A mischance at Harvard,
in a student's frolic, deprived young Prescott of
the use of one eye ; and the other became in time
permanently affected. Thus he subsequently
labored at his historical studies under great
disadvantage," and only under favorable cir-
cumstances and for short periods could he read
for himself. In this way he became dependent
upon the assistance of secretaries, though he
generally wrote his early drafts by the aid of a
noctograph. From 1S26 to 1837 he was eng.aged
on his Ferdinand and Isabella, and this naturally
led him to the study of his Mexican and Peru-
vian themes; and Irving, who had embarked on
1 Sabin, vol. iv. no. 1,^,518. It was written in Spanish, but transLited into Italian for publicition. A
Spanish version, Hisloria AHtij;iia de Mcgico, made by Joaquin de Mora, was printed in London in 1S26, and
reprinted in Mexico in 1S44 (Leclerc, nos. ijioi, 1,104, 2,712). A German translation, GcschiclUe von Mexico,
was issued at Leipsic in 17S9-1790, witli notes. This version is not made from the original Italian, but from
an Kn.nlisli translation printed in London in 17S7 as The History of Mexico, XxTOi^hXfiA by Charles Cullen.
It was reprinted in London in 1S07, and in Philadelphia in 1S17 (Field, Indian Bibliography, p. 326).
- Early American Chronicles, p. 24.
^ liancroft, Mexico, i. 697 ; also Prescott, Mexico, i. 53.
■t li.ancroft, Mexico, i. 700 ; Leclerc, no. S46.
^ Bibliolheca Historica, no. 377.
" There is a portrait of Clavigero in Cuniplido's edition of Prescott's Mexico (1S46), vol. iii.
" Voyageiirs, iii. 422.
8 Mr. II. H. Bancroft {Mexico, vol. i, p. 7, note), however, charges his predecessor with p.irading his
acquisition of this then unprinted material, .ind with neglecting the more trustworthy snd more accessil)le
■'^ .iiiLiors. He also speaks (Mexico, i. 701) of an amiable weakness in Prescott which sacrificed truth to
I fleet, and to a style which he calls " magnificent," and to a "philosophic flow of thought," — the latter trait
in Prescott being one of his weakest ; nor is his style what rhetorici.ans would call "magnilicent."
0 Mr. R. .v. Wilson makes more of it than is warranted, in .affirming that " Prescott's inability to make a
personal research '' deprives us of the advantage of his integrity and personal character (.Vtw Comjiicst 0/
lA-.vf,,), p, 312).
VOL. II. — 54.
L
i
li '
.w.
'L\
k\
426 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OK AMERICA.
)i
''I
ill:
WII.I.IAM H. rRF.SCOIT.'
-).;■
I;
them as a literarv field, generously abaiuloiicd
his pursuit to the new and rising historian.'^ The
Coii(/uest of A/t'Xho appeared in 1S43,' and lias
long remained a charming book, as fruitful in
1 Tliis cut follows an engraving in mezzotint in the Eclectic Afagazinc (1S5S), and shows him using lii^
noctograph. The likeness was thought by his wife and sister (Mrs. Dexter) to be the best ever made, as Mr
Arthur Dexter informs me. .See other likenesses in Ticknor's IJfe of Prescott ; Mass. Hist. Soc. Pioc,
iv. 167: and .V. E. Hist, aiut Gfiical. A'cg, (iSr.S), p. 226.
'^ Ticknor's /'/vjci'//, quarto edition, pp. 167-172.
•* It was soon afterward reprinted in London and in I'aris.
<■ •'}
CORTIiS AND HIS COMPANION'S.
427
jiiiliority as the material then acccssil)lc could
make li
In the Preface to his J/i-.r/.v Mr. Prescott
tells of his success in getting ini|iul)lishe(l nuite-
ri.il, showin}" how a more conrlcons iiuhilgence
was shown to him than Robertson had enjoyed,
llv favor of tlie .Vcademy of History in Ma-
drid he got many copies of the manuscripts
of iSInno/ and of Vargas y P(ni9e, and lie en-
joyed the kind ollices of Navarrete in gathering
this material, lie mentions that, touching the
kindred themes of Me.xico and Peru, he thus ob-
tained the bulk of eight thousand folio pages.
From Mexico itself he gathered other appli-
ances, and these largely through the care of
Alaman, the minister of foreign affairs, and of
Calderon dc la Parca, the minister to Mexico
from Spain. lie also acknowledges the cour-
lusy of the descendants of Cortes in opening
their family archives ; that of Sir Thomas
I'liillipps, whose manuscri|)t stores have be-
lonie so famous, and the kindness of Ternau.x-
ronipans.
To Mr. John l''oster Kirk, who had been
I'rescott's secretary, the preparation of new
editions of I'rescott's works was intrusted, and
in this series the Mcxno was rejiublished in
1S74. Kirk was enabled, as Prescott himself
had been in i)rcparing for it, to make use of
the notes which Ramirez had added to the
.Spanish translation by Joacpiin Navarro, pub-
lislied in Mexico in 1.S44, and of those of Lucas
Alaman, attached to another version, published
dso in Mexico.'
Almost coincident with the death of Prescott,
was published by a chance Mr. Robert Anderson
Wilson's A'tiv I/isloiy 0/ l/ic ti'iii/iiesi 0/ Mt:\iii>:-
Its views were not unexpected, and indeed
Prescott had been in correspondence'' with the
author. His book was rather an extravagant
argument than a history, and was aimed Ir
prove the utter untrustworthiness of the ordi
narv chroniclers of the Concpiest, ch.irging the
concpierors with exaggerating and even i realinj..
the f.diric of the .\/.tec ci\ili/ation, to enhance
the elfect which the overlhrovv of so much
splendor would have in liurope. To this end
he pushes Cortes aside as engrafting fable on
truth for such a purpose, dismisses rather
wildly Hernal Diaz as a myth, and declares the
picture-writings to be Spanish fabrications.
This view was not new, except in its excess
of zeal. Albert (iallatin had held a similar
belief.'' Lewis ' s had already seriously
questioned, in t A ''/ Aiiiiricitn /i'iT'/.Ti',
October, KS40, tlv; coi tency of the Spani>h
historians. A /revio '•. ..'ork by Mr. \Vil>on
had already, inacjd, announced his views, tliough
less emphatically. This book had ajipeared in
three successive I'ditions, — as .)A?xicv aiul its
Relii^ion (New V' ic, 1S55) ; then as Hhxico, its
Pvasaiits a-'i its Pries/s (1S56); and llnally as
Mtwiio, Ct 1/ America, mid Califoriiui.
It was . ..iv to accuse Wilson of ignorance
and want of candor, — for he had laid himself
open too clearly to this charge, — and Mr.
I'rescott's friend, Mr. George Ticknor, arraigned
him in the Mass, //is!. Soc. J'roc, April, 1S50.''
1 Cf. tlie collation of criticisms on the .\fexiio, given by Allibone in his Duthnary of Author!:, and by Poole
111 his lih/ix to Periodhal Literature. Arclibisluip Spalding, in his Miscellanea, chapters xiii. and xiv., gives the
Culiulic view of his lalwi's ; and Ticknor, in his Life of Prescott, prints various letters from Hallani, ."sismoiuli,
■mil others, giving their prompt expressions icgardirig the book. In chajiters xiil., xiv., and xv. of this hook
the reader may trace I'rcscott through the progress of the work, not so satisfactorily as one might wish how-
iver, for in his diaries and letters tlic historian failed often to give tlie engaging cpialities of his own character.
It is said that Carlyle, when applied to for U'tters of I'rcscott wliich might be used by Ticknor in hi-, I.ile of
the historian, soiiiewliat rudely replietl tliat he had never received any from Prescott worth jireserving. I'res-
cott's library is, unfortuTuUely, scattered. He gave some part of it to Harvard College, including such manu-
scripts as he had used in his Fcrdiuatul and Isabella : and some years after his death a large part of it was
sold at public auction. It was tlien found that, with a freedom which caused some observation, the marks of his
ovvnorsliip had been removed from his books. Many of his manuscripts and his noctograph were then sold,
I'.erhaps through inadvertence, for the family subsequently reclaimed wliat they could. ']"he noctc;grapli and
joiue of tl'e manuscripts are now in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical Society (cf. /'rocccdi>ij,'s. \ii\.
N^iii. p. Mt), and other manuscripts are in the Boston Public Library (Bulletin of Boston Public Library, iv. 122).
A long letter to Dr. George K. Ellis, written in 1S57, and describing his use of the noctograph, is in the same
Volume [l'roceedinf;s, vol. xiii. p. 241)). The estimate in which Prescott was held by his associates of that
Society may be seen in the records of the meeting at which his deatii was coninieniorated, in 1S59 (Proceedings,
iv. 167, 2')6). There is a eulogy of Prescott by George Bancroft in the Historical Magazine, iii. 69. Cf.
references in Poole's Index, p. 1047.
'^ Philadelphia and London, 1S59.
' This correspondence was civil, to say the least. Bancroft (Mexico, i. 205), with a rudeness of his own,
1 alls Wilson " a fool and a knave."
'' American Ethnological Society Transactions, vol. i.
5 Also in Boston Daily Courier, May j, 1S59. Cf. Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc. v. 101 ; .Atlantic Monthly,
April and May. 1S59, by John Foster Kirk; AUibone's Z5/V/wh(7)-.v. vol. ii. p. 1669. L. .\. Wilnier, in his
/.//(■ of Dc Soto (1859) is another who accuses Prescott of accepting exaggerated statements. Cf. J. D. Washburn
irn the failure cf Wilson's arguments to convince, in Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc, October 21, 1879, p. 18.
11 y
l"\
y\
';. I
,
428
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
r
I /'
I /
ITc reminded Wilson that he ought to have
known that Don Knri(|uc dc Vcdia, who had
published an edition of licrnal Diaz, in 1853, had
titcd Kutntes y (luzman, whose nianuscri- '
history of (lualcniala was l)efoie that editor, as
icfcrring in it to the manuscript of Uernal Diaz
(his great-grandfather), which was then in exist-
ence,— a verity and no myth. I'urther than
this, Itrasscur de ISourbourg, who chanced then
to be in lioston, bore testimony that he had seen
and used the autograph manuscript of licrnal
Diaz in the archives of (iuatemala.
In regard to the credibility of the accounts
which I'rescott depends upon, his editor,' Mr.
Kirk, has not neglected to cite the language
of Mr. K. li. Tylor, in his Aiuihiinir^- where he
says, respecting his own researches on the spot,
th,.t what he saw of Mexico tended generally
to confirm I'rescott's History, and but seldom
to make his statement.s ajjpear improbable.
The Impeachment of the authorities, which
Wilson attacks, is to be successful, if at all, by
other processes than those he enijiloys.
Meanwhile Arthur Helps," in tracing the
rise of negro slavery and the founding of
colonial government in Spanish America, had
published his Coiiqticrors of the A'nu World and
their lioitdsmcn (London, 1848-1852), — a some-
what speculative essay, which, with enlargement
of purpose and more detail, r-^ •suited in 1855-
iSCl in the publication of his Spanish Conquest
in America, reprinted in New York in iSd;.
He gives a glowing account of the Aztec civili-
zation, and, e.\cerpting the chajiters on the Con-
quest, he added some new details of the private
life of Cortes, and published it separately in
187 1 as an account of that leader, which is
attractive as a biography, if not comprehensive
as a history of the Conquest. " Every l)age
affords evidence of historic lore," says Field,
"and almost every sentence glows with the
warmth of his philanthropy."'' Helps has
himself told the object and tncthod of his book,
and it is a different sort of historical treatment
from all the others which we are passing in
review. "I'o bring before the reader, not con-
([uest only, but the results of conquest; tliu
mode of colonial government which ultiinali K
prevailed ; the extirpation of native races, iju'
introduction of other races, the growth of sla
very, and the settlement of the tueomiendas on
which all Indian society depended, — has bein
the object of this history."''
Among the later works not in English wc
need not be detained long. The two most mile-
worthy in French are the Ilistoire des nations
ci-'ilisees du .l/e.viqne i>{ Itrasscur de Hourbouin.
more especially mentioned on another page,
and Michel Chevalier's Mexiqne ai'ant et /■,ii-
dant la Conqulte, published at I'aris in 1S45.'''
In German, Theodor Arnim's Das Alte A/e.tiio
und die eroheruni; Neii S/>iinieus dureh Cortes,
I.eipsic, 1865, is a reputable book.' In .Spanish,
beside the I'ida de Cort,'s given by Icazbalcela
in his Coleeeion. vol. i. \i. 309, there is the impor-
tant work of Lucas Alaman, the J)isertaeiones
sohre la Ifistoria de la Kepiihiiea Mejicana, pub-
lished at Mexico in three volumes in 1844-iS.ty,
which is a sort of introduction to his I/istoria
de Mijico, in five volumes, published in 1S41)-
1852." He added not a little in his apjiendixes
from the archives of Simancas, and the laticr
book is considered the best of the histories in
Spanish. In 1862 Francisco Carbajal Lspi-
nosa's I/istoria de A/i'xico, bringing the storj
down from the earliest times, was begini in
Mexico, liancroft calls it pretentious, and
mostly borrowed from Clavigcro."
Returning to the English tongue, in which
the story of Mexico has been so signally told
more than once from the time of Robertson,
we find still the amplest contribution in the
Ifistory of Mexico, a part of the extended scries
of the History of the Pacific States, ijublislicd
under the superintendence of Hubert II. Han-
croft. Of Bancroft and these books mention is
made in another place. The Mexico partakes
equally of the merits and demerits attacniiig to
■ 'I
1 Edition of 1S74, ii. no.
2 rage 147.
3 Horn about iSi 7, and knighted In 1872.
■• liulian BiHiograpliy, no. 6S2.
6 Cf. II. II. liancroft, Mexico, ii. 4SS.
o CI. Revue dcs deux moiidcs, 1S45. vol. xi. p. 197. The book was later translated into English. Ho
also puljllslied in 1S6;, and in 1.S64 /,(• Mcxiqiic aiicicn et modcnic, which was also given in an English transla-
tion in Liiiulcm in 1S64. Cf. /iiilisli Quarterly Kevkw, xl. 360.
" KuKC in his Geschichtc dcs '/.eitaltcrs dcr Eittdeci-uui,'c)i,lc\U tlie story with the latest knowledge.
** Both books command good prices, ranging from $25 to ^50 each.
" Afcxico, i. 697 ; ii. 7.SS, — where he speaks of N. de Zaniacois' Historia de Afejico, Barcelona, 1877-iSSp,
in eleven volumes, as " blundering ; '' and Mora's Mcjico y sus Kerolnciones, Paris, 1836, in three volumes, .is
"hasty." Bancroft's conclusion regarding wliat Mcsico itself h.as contributed to the history of the Conqiie>t
is " that no complete account of real value has been written." Andrds Cavo's Trcs sii^los dc Mexico (Mexico.
1S36-1S3S, in three volumes) is hut scant on the period of the Conquest (liancroft, Mexico, iii. ;oS). It ".is
reprintcfl in iS;2, with notes and additions by Bustani;mte, andaspart of the Bibliotcca Nacional y Extrttujct.\.
•".nd again at Jalapa in 1S60.
^ii
CORTES AND HIS COMPANIONS.
429
his books and their method. It places the
student under more u1)li^ations than any of
ihe histories of the Coiu|iie8t which have gone
lieforc, thiiiigli one tires ol the .strained and
purely extraneous cla.s»ical allusions, — which
seem tu have been alfccted by his stalf, or by
.some one on it, during the progress of this
particular liouk of tli<: series.
O. YtrcATAN. — With the subsequent subju-
(Ration of Yucatan (Jorles had nothing to do.
Krancisco de Moiitejo liael been with (jrijalva
when he landed at Co/uniel on the Yucatan
coast, and with t'orli s when he touched at the
.■•anie island im his w.ay to Mexico. Alter the
f.Ul of the A/tccs, Montejo was the envoy whom
Cortes sent to .Spain, and while there the IJn-
pcror conunissioncil him (Nov. 17, 15-6) to con-
duct a force for the settlement of the peninsula.
Karly in 1527 Montcjo left Spain with Alonso
de Avila as second in command. For twenty
years and more the conquest went on, with vary-
inn success. At one time not a Spaniard was
lell in the country. No revolts of the natives
occurred after 1547, when the con(|UCSt may be
consiilered as complete. The story is told with
sutticient fulness in liancroft's ,1/i'jr/V«.' The
main sources of our information arc the narra-
tive of Hernal Diaz, embodying the reports of
I ve-witnesses, and the histories of Ovicdo and
llerrera. liancroft- gives various incidental
references. The more special authorities, how-
ever, are the Historia i/e Yinatlniit of Uiego Lopez
Cogolludo, published at Madrid in 1688," who
knew how to use miracles for his reader's sake,
and who had the opportunity of consulting most
lluit had been writlen, and all that had been
]>iinled up to his time. He closes his narrative
in ir/jj.^ The Iiisho[) of Yucatan, Diego de
l.anda, in his KcUitioii dcs clioscs dc Viuntiiii, as
the French translation terms it, has left us the
only contcmporarv Spanish document of the
period of the Con(|uest. The book is of more
interest in respect to the Maya civilization than
as to the progress of the Spanish domination.
It was not printed till it was edited by IJras-
scur de llourbomg, with an introduction, and
published in I'.iris in iVA>^:'
Laiula was born in 15-4, .md was (Uie of the
first of his Ortlir to come to N'ucatan, where
he hnally became Itislmp of Merida in 1572,
and died in 1579. Among the books conummly
referred to for the later period is the tirst
part (the second was never publislied) of Juan
de Yillagutierre Sotomayor's ///j/nWi/ i/i- /./ I'on-
(jiiiita Ji la frm'iHihi tie cl llza, etc., M.idrid,
1701. It deals somewhat more with the spiii-
tual and the military concpiests, but writers lind
it important."
The latest Knglish history of the peninsula
is that by Charles St. J. Fancourt, JJislory 0/ )Vi-
cdlaii, London, 1.S54;' but a more extended,
if less .igreeable, book is .Ancona's Ilnloyii ,/e
yiiiiiliin (ii'Sile In t'/'Oiii mas rtmota lunta itiicstros
dias, i)ublished at Merida in four volumes in
187S-18.S0. It gives references vvhich will be
found useful."
H. UiBLiooR.M'HY OF Mexico. — The e.irli-
est special bibliography of Mexico of any moment
is that which, under the title of Calah'xo Je sa mit
seo historico /iidiiiiio, is appended to ]!oturini lien
aduci's /(/<•(* di' una iiiiita historia i^ciicial de la
America sef-lentrional (Madrid, 1746), which was
the result of eight years' investigations into the
history of Mexico, lie includes a list of books,
maps, and manuscripts, of which the last renniants
in 1S53 were in the Museo Nacional in Mexico.'
Of the list of New Spain authors by Kguiara y
Fguren, only a small part was published in 1755
as liibliotheea A/exieana.^'> It was intended to
cover all authors born in New Spain ; but though
he lived to arrange the work through the letter
J, only A, I), and C were published. All titles
are translated into Latin. Its incompleteness
renders the bibliographical parts of Maneiro's /Jt
I'ilis Me.xieaiioriim (1791) more necessary, and
makes Heristain's lUhliotheea Ilispano-AiHericaiio
Septentrional,'^'^ of three volumes, published at
Mexico in 1816, 1819, and iHji, of more impor-
tance than it would otherwise be. lieristain,
also, only partly finished his work ; but a nephew
t Viil. li. chaiis. xxi. and xxx., p. 64S.
- Mexico, ii. 455-456.
3 Carti.T-nrown, vol. ii. no. 1.^,50.
■< Kich, kSi2, no. 422; IJancroft, Mexieo, ii. 650. It was reprinted at M6rida in 1S43, and again in iSr,;.
!• I.cclerc, nos. 1,172, 2,281;. Amer. Antii/. So,: Proc, October, iS8o,p. 85, where will be found B;mclelier's
|i.«tial bililioKraphy of Yucatan.
0 Cf, Field. 1605 ; Amer. Aiitiq. Soe. Proe.. October, iSSo, p. 89. The book is not so r.ire as it is some-
times claimed; Ouaritch usually prices copies at from .t"2 to X\.
' Field, p. 522.
8 The A'e^istro Ytieateco, a periodical dcvotetl to local liistoric.il study, and published in Merida, only lived
for two years, 1845-1846.
'•• Cf. S.ibin, vol. ii. no. 6,8 ■i4, and references. There is a copy of Botiirini Ben.iduci in Harvard College
library. A portrait of him is given in Cumplido's edition of Prcscott's Afexi.o, vol- iii.
'" It is rare. ()uaritch in iSSo priced Ramirez' copy at £12. It w.is printed, " Mexici in /F;dibus Autlioris."
" Triihner, B:Mioi;r,i//iiea/ Guide, p. xiii.
I i
I
V
kj!
\
', I
m'A
■''.■
I ;(
I i
i ^ '^iiibi''i
'■U iailBSlil
430
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
completed thu publication. It Iuh jjccome rare ;
and its merits are not great, though its notices
nunibtr 3,687.
01 more use to the student of the c.trlier his-
tory, liowfver, is the list which C'lavigcro gives
in his Sloriii litl A/iSsuo published in 17.S0. A
Jesuit, ,ind .1 ciilteclor, having a hook-lover's keen
sc'i'iil, he surpassed all writers on the theme who
h.id preceded him, in amassing the necessary
stores for his special use. Since his day the field
has lieen surveyed more systematically both by
the general and special bibliogr.iphers. The stu-
dent of early Spanish-Mexican history will of
course not forget the help which he can get from
general bibliographers like Urunet, from the J)i,-
lioiuiryul Sabin, the works of 'I'crnau.x and llar-
risse, the Cttitcr-lircnvn Cataloi^iie, not to upcak of
other important library catalogues.
The sale catalogues arc not without assist-
ance. Principal among them are the collections
which had been formed by the Kmperor Nfaxi-
milian of .Mexico, — which was sold in I.cipsic in
I1S69 as the collection o( Jostf Maria Andrade,' -
and the lUHtothtdi Mexitana formed by Jose
Fernando Ramirez, which was sold in London
in i8,So.'
All other special collections on Mexico have
doubtless been surpassed by that which li.is
been formed in .San Francisco by Mr. Ilubeii
llowc llancroft, as a component part of his
library pertaining to the western slope of Aniei-
icn. Lists of such titles have been prehxed to
his histories of Ci-iitnil /■Imfrini and of Afexin),
and are to be supplemented by others as his
extended work goes on. lie has explained, in
his jireface to his Affxiro (p. viii), the wealth nf
his manuscript stores; anil it is his custom, as it
was I'rescott's, to append to his chapters, and
sometimes to passages of the text, considerable
accounts, with some bibliographical detail, of the
authorities with which he deals.'' I lelps, though
referring to his authorities, makes no such ex-
tended references to them.*
t It ciMitained nearly fmirticn linmlred entries about Mexico, or its press. Another collection, Kathcml
by a K^'ntlenian attached to Maxiniili, n's court, was sold in I'aris in iSfiS; and still .nnotlior, |iartlv llie
accunnilation of I'tre Augnstin Fischer, the confessor nf Maximilian, w.as dispersed in London in iS6ij,isa
liiblioteid MejUami. Cf. Jackson's liiHioftuf'hies Oiopafliiquc!, p. 22.V
3 M.iny of these afterwards appeared in li. (Inaritch's Rough l.isi, no. ^fi, 1S80. The princip.il part of a
8.ile which included the libr.iries of I'inart and Ilrasseur dc llonrbourg (J.inuary and I'ebruary, iX.S^) also
pertained to Mexico and the .Spanish jinsscssions.
' Cf. for instance his tXalive Races, iv. 565 ; Central America, i. 195 ; Mexico, i. (104, ii. 4S7, 784 ; F.ntly
Chroniclers, p. 10, etc. It is understood that his habit has been to emiiloy readers to excerpt and .abstract Ircnn
liooks, and make references. These slips arc put in pajier bags according to topic. .Such of these nieniorand.i
as are not worked into the notes of the pertinent chapter are usually massed in a concluding note.
< The general bibliographies of .American history are examined in a separate section of tlie present work
.ind elsewhere in the present chapter soniediing has been said of the bibliographical si<le of various otiier phages
of the Mexican theme. Mr. A. F. n.anclelicr has given a partial bibliography of Yucatan .and Central Aniirici,
touching Mexico, however, only incidentally, in the Amcr, Antiij. Soc, Proc, October, 18S0. Ilarrissc, in liis
BiH.Amcr, I'd., p. 212, has given a partial list of the poems and plays founded upon the Conquest. Otlnrs
will Ix; found in the Chronoloi^ical List of Historical Fiction published by the Hoston Public Library. ,\iiioiig
the poems .are Gabriel Lasso dc la Vega's Corl'cs Valeroso, 15SS, republished as Mcxicana in 1504 (Maisoii-
neuve, no. 2,825 —200 francs); Saavedra duzman's El Pcrcgrino imliaiio, Madrid, 1500 (Kich, i8?2, no. .Sn,
£4 4/.) ; Balbiuna's F.I licrnardo, a congliuncr.ate heroic poem (Madrid, if)24), which gives one book to tlii'
Concpiest by Cortes (Leclerc, no. 4,S — 100 francs); lioesnier's Lc Atcxiipic Compiis, I'aris, 1752; Escoi-
quiz, .Mexico ConqiiistaJa, 179S; Koux de Ucjchelle, Fenliiianil Cortcz; V. du Rome, /.a Com/i/ete ilii
Afexiqiic.
Airiong the plavs, — nrydcn's Indian F.mfcror (Cortes and Montezuma) ; Lope de Vega's Marguez .Id
Vallc : Fernand de Zaratc's Com/uista de .\fixico : Camzwrsfi, Fl P/ivto de Fernan Cortes; F. del Key, //''■
nand Cortez en Tabasco; Piron, Cortes: M.iIcoh\i Macn«iml(l, Gitatciihzni (I'liil.uklphia, 1S7S), etc.
i «ul(l ill l.oiiilii
DISCOVERIES
ON THE
PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA.
I I
ItY THE F.DITOR.
k'
THE cartographical history of the Pacific coast of North America is one of siiadowy
and unstable surmise long continued.' The views of Columbus and his companions,
as best shown in the La Cosa and Kuyscli maps,'^ prechuied, for a considerable time after
the coming of Kuropeans, the possibility of the very existence of such a coast; since their
Asiatic theory of the new-found lands maintained with more or less modification a fitful
existence for a full century after Columbus. In many of the earliest maps the question
was avoided by cuttin;; olT the westerly extension of tlie new continent by the edge of the
slieet ; • but the confession of tiiat belief was still made sometimes in other ways, as when,
ill the Portuguese /(;rA'/rt//r7, which is placed between 1 516 and 1520, Mahometan flags
.ire placed on the coasts of \'enezuela and Nicaragua.''
In 1526 a rare book of the monk Franciscus, /)r or/n't situ ac descriptionc Fraud xci
,pistohi,^ contained a map winch represented South America as a huge island disjoined
from the Asiatic coast by a strait in the neighborhood of Tehuantepec, with the legend,
•Hoc orbis liemisphaTium cedit regi Hispania;." " A few years later we find two other
maps showing this Asiatic connection, — one of which, tlie Orontius Finxnis globe, is well
known, and is the earliest engraved map showing a return to the ideas of Columbus. It
ippcared in the Paris edition of the Novits Orbis of Simon (Irynxus, in 1532,' and was
iniule the previous year. It is formed on a cordiform projection, and is entitled " Nova et
Integra universi orbis descriptio." It is more easily understood by a reference to Mr.
^ !
-1
' Dr. Kohl's studies on the course of gco-
(;r^phical discovery along the Pacific coast were
nivir published. He jirintcil an abstract in the
I'lii/e,/ S/iifc-s Cihist Si(n;y A't'/orf, 1S55, pp. 374,
375. A manuscript memoir by liimon tlic subject
is in the library of tlic American Antitpiarian
S'lciety (/';-('i<Y(//;;i,'.f, 23 Apr. 1S72, pp. 7, 26) at
:* orcester. So great advances in this licld have
si; 0 been made that it probably never will
1)0 printed. There is a clironological state-
ment of explorations up the Pacific coast in
I lull n (le Mohas' Ex/</i}r(!fi<ni ,/ii territoire de
rOrciron (Paris, 1844), vol. i. chap. iv. ; but H. H.
li.mcroft's Pacific Stales, particularly his A'orth-
-.K'tst Coast, vol. i., embodies the fullest infor-
mation on this subject. In the enumeration of
:'>.ips in the present paper, many omissions are
made purposely, and some doubtless from want
of knowledge. It is intended only to give a
sufficient number to mark the varying progress
of geographical ideas.
- See ante, pp. 106, 1 1 5.
3 Cf. maps ante, on pp. loS, ii2, 114, 127.
•• This map is preserved in the Royal Library
at Munich, and is portrayed in Kunstmaiin's
Atlas, pi. iv., and in Stevens's Notes, pi. v. Cf.
Kohl, llisca-rcry of Atiiiii-- (for a part), no. 10;
and Harrisse's Ca/'ots, p. 167.
* llarrisse, /)'//'/. Anier. Vet., no 131.
" A sketch of the map is given by Lelewel,
pi. xlvi.
^ The JVo7'us Orbis (Paris) has sometimes an-
other map ; but Harrisse savs the Fiuaeus ont
the proper one. Bil'l. Aiiier. Vet., nos. 172, i ;.
> I
1'
ll
•< 1 'f '
,i .*:
m
I *.
mrr '
■>*
t a
!l",i
432
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
SLOANE MANUSCRIPTS, 1530.^
Brevoort's reduction of it to Mercator's projection, as sliown in another volume. ^ T'.ie
same Tiap, with a change in the inserted type dedication, appeared in the Pomponius Mela
of 1540,^ and it is said also to be found
mucli later in the Gcoi^rafia of Lafreri
published at Rome, 1554-1572.
The other of the two niap.s already
referred to belongs to a manuscript. Dc
Principiis Astronomic^ preserved in the
British Museum among the Sloanc
manuscripts.'' It closely resembles ;!ic
Fina'us map. The authorities place it
about 1530, or a little later. In 1533. in
his Opusculiun Gcov;rtip/iicuin, Schoiicr
maintained that the city of Mexico was
the Ouinsay of Marco Polo ; and about
the same time Francis I., in commis-
sioning Cartier for his explorations, calls
the St. Lawrence valley a part of Asia.
What is known as the Nancy Globe preserved the same idea, as will be seen by the
sketch of it annexed, which follows an engraving published in the Compte Rendu of the
RUSCELLI, 1544."
K(
Wash-
1 This follows a drawiu;
ington Collection.
- Vol. in. p. II. Thisicduclion, there m.ide
'rom Stevens's A^'Am-, pi. iv., is copied on a re-
duced scale in Bancroft's Cmtral America, so\
i. p. 149. Stevens also gives a fac-similc of the
original, and a greatly reduced rci)r.Kluclion is
given in Daly's Enrly Cartography. Its names,
as Harrisse ha.-^ pointed out (Cabo/s, j). iS:), arc
similar to the two Weimar charts of 1527 and
I s^g The bibliography of this Paris Gryn.rus
is examined clscwlicrc.
■' Hihl. Anii-r. IW., Ailailiom, no. 1:7.
* lU-it. Mils. Cat. of Maps, 1844, p. 22.
^ This follows a sketch given by Dr. KnW
in his DisioTcry of Maine, pi. xr., which is also
• volume.^ The
'omponiiis Mel.i
ilso to be found
rafia of Lafrcri
4-1572.
ro maps already
manuscript. /V
preserved in tlic
ig the Sloanc
y resembles ilie
horities place it
ter. In 1533. in
/ticiim, Schiinur
of Mexico was
'olo ; and about
I., in comniis-
:plorations, calls
a part of Asia.
I be seen by the
■■ Rendu of the
iibols, p. iSc), .irc
arts of 1527 :in<l
is Paris Grvn.tus
DISCO^'ERIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST.
433
Tl 1 1". X.WCV Gl.l >nE.
Congi^s (le.s Am.'ricanistes.' The same view is maintained in a manuscript map 01 Ruscelli,
the Italian geographer, preserved in the liritish Museum. r'erhai)s the earliest instance of
a connection of America and Europe, such as Ruscelli here imagines, is the map of
".Schondia,"' which Ziegler the ISavarian published in his composite work at Strasburg in
1532,- in which it will Ije observed he makes '■ IJacallaos " a part of rirceiiland, preserving
tlie old i.otion prevailing before Columbus, as shown in the nia|is of tlic latter jxu't of
the fifteenth century, that Greenland was in fact a prolongation of northwestern Europe,
as Ziegler indicates at the top of his map, the western half of which only is here reijro-
<hiced. In this feature, as in others, there is a resemblance in these maps of Ziegler and
Ruscelli to two maps by Jacopo Gastaldi, " le coryphee des gdographes de pe'ninsule
copied in Bancroft's Ceiitin! Amfn'ui, vol. i,
p. 14S. Cf. Lclcwel, p. 170; Pcschel, Gcuhichtc
der Erdkumk (lS()5), p. 371.
VOL. II. 55.
' Vol. for 1877, p. 350. Cf. the present His-
tory, Vol. I. ]). 214; IV. Si.
- .Sec Vol. III. p. i.S.
i 1
W
It
i *
i
\
i
^•I*^'^
^'
I ')
d34 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
ziegler's schondia, 1532.'
italique," as Lelewel ^ calls him. These maps appeared in the first Italian edition of
Ptolemy, publi.shed at Venice in 1548.3 The firs. (no. 59), inscribed " Dell' universale
1 This is a fac-simile made from Mr. Cliarlcs - Epilo<^iic, p. 219.
Dcano's (formerly the Murphy) copy. Cf. " ■ ? This edition was in .small octavo, with si.xty
AA\xcn)i\nj^'?, /.dt/aJ.-iiiiiiir/i Jiis iVi.Xi'iiij/: maps, engraved on meta!, of whicli tlierc are
A'lirfoi^mp/iie bis ziiin Jahie 1600, Fraiikfrn a. seven of interest to students of American c.ir-
M., 1SS3, p. II. tography. They are of South America (no. 54),
ll II
an edition of
ir universale
ivo, with sixty
licit there aio
American car-
lerica (no. 54),
DISCOVERIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST.
435
nuova," is an elliptical projection of the globe, showing a union of America and Asia,
somewhat different in character of contour from that represented in the other (no. 60), a
" Carta Marina Universale," of whicli an outline sketch is annexed. This saine map was
CARTA MARINA, 154S.
New Spain (no. 55), "Terra nova Bacalaos " or
I'lorida to Labra.lor (no. 56), Cuba (no. 57),
and Ilispaniola (no. 5S). The copies in Amer-
ica which have fallen under the Editor's observa-
tion are those in the Library of Congress, in the
.\stor and Carter-Hrown libraries, and in the
collections of Mr. Harlow and Mr. Kalblleisch
m New York, and of Prof. Jules Marcon in Cani-
liridgc. There was one in the Murjihv Collec-
tion, no. 2,067. It is wnrtli from Si 5 to $2^.
t'f. on Gastaldi's maps, Zurla's jIAiiyo /Wo ii.
j6S ; the Ai'/izic' i/i yiHO/o C(is/t!/c/i,Tut\ni), iSSi ;
Castellani's dila/ogo delh plh varc ofcre s^cofiir.-
Julie, Rome, 1S76, and other references in Win-
sor's I^iMiography of P/o,\'i/iy, sub anno 154S;
and Vol. IV. p. 40 of the present History.
' The key is as follows : i. Norvegia. 2.
I.apnnia. 3. CJronlandia. .(. Ticrra del Labrador.
5. Tierra del Bacalaos. C. La Florida. 7. Xueva
Ilispania. S. Mexico. 9. India Superior. 10.
La China. ii.(;angcs. 12. .Saniatra. 13. Java.
14. Panama. 15. Mar del .Sur. 16. El ISrasil.
17. LI I'ern. 18. .Strccho de Feruande Magalliaes.
19. Ticrra del Fuego. This ni.ip is also repro-
1 '
7v
.; i
K
i
1
! i
H
■Vi
wnfi*' h^'^
ffcl'l
436
iN'AKRAl'lVJi AND CRITICAL HIS'I'ORV Oi" AMEUU A.
h! 'vr/f
r >4
i iVl
'(
■ '(Jr\
.,//|
w\
KAV^A^ t V D.r. r>F taCARTA£0 ^M 0<j ^^gl^^lICA D E
Ai-amutntrroconbiriniifnra ^itla Cofoiof^tapliia ( tttorb
vniuirfal del Mijivlo,(nff)f pot jttptcioiponitndo fcJi
Nut:nibifniyrQlitncahfl([iiJoiTiuchiaifnt<cM) I
ntllinbimtncilu rctiBAJldu.YainrmtlU,:^
vxaa nn Tiblt.pin losquc dcrwtn vcr al ojOi >^
|^xVi.V^VAViVr7iTr.ViVAViVivnr/
voPKi.r.io, 1556.
(RcJuition of ICC stern half^)
adopted (as no. 2) by Ruscelli in the edition of Ptolemy wliicli lie published at Venice in
15^)1,1 though in the "Orbis dcscriptio " (no. i) of that edition Ruscelli hesitates to acceiit
(liiccd ill \ rdciislviiiUr,'^ Ihlhict-na Zcnos, Slock- 1 Tliis edition is in small quarto and coiv
holm, 18S-,. tai.is si.\ Ameiicau maps: no. i, "Orbis I'c-
I;'!
ill .
•'I
,* i.'
> OE GIRAVA
Kxjnptcio;pon.(ni]9 W'
prooJiaiortKuir liOpiriw
h<t(ULJonnj(hiaini()<o»l
wh]'dii.Y»i/:rni«ft*^»
qii<<kfianvcratcjo,lc^
[■d at Venice in
itates to accei)t
(Hiarto anil cni\-
,. I, "Oibis IH-
DISCOVKRIES ().\ lliL PACIFIC C(3AS-1.
43:
-rr"^" '^^WV'WWV^Wir
.^^^^^^
DOS LIBROS
DE COSMOGR.APHIA
(cnipiie|lo5 nuenAmer.tcjror Hitro^
nymo GJrAUA T^irryonej.
^^^3^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^<:^:^^2i^
tlu- Asiatic theory, and indicates a "liltus incoj,mitum,' as Gastal,''. did in tlic map which
he made for I'lamusio in 1550.
striplio; " no. 2, "Carta Marina;" no. 3, a re- nncva," or ca.stern coast of North .\nicrica;
;>rudui;tion of the Zeni map; no. 4, " Sclion- no. S.Brazil; no. g, Cuba ; no. 10, Ilispaniola.
I.nulia" ((jrcenland region, etc.) ; no. 5, South These maps were repeated in the 1511-, 1564,
■\nieriea; no. C, New Spain; no. 7, " Tierra and 1574 ct'itions of J'tolemy. Tlic copies in
.SI >
A\ 3
'U
i [
I :
- r
'. .t
Ui
m
%^
11. f I ;
moMamm
Nl-'il
t,
1^^
' J
';
'■■ml >>
J)\
p u
43S
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
VVuttke 1 has pointed out two maps preserved in the I'ala/zo Riccardi at Florence, which
belong to about tiie year 1550, and show a similar Asiatic connection.'^ The map of
Caspar Vopellius, or Vopcilio (1556), .ilso extended the California coast to the Ganges. It
appeared in connection with Girava's /Jos Lihros <lc Co.ii)io_i^ntp/iia, Milan, 1356,' but when
a new titlepage was given to tiie same sliects in 1570I it is doubtful if the map was
retained, though Sabin says it should have the map.-" The Italian cartographer, I'aulo
de Furlani, made a map in 1560, which according to Kohl is preserved in the IJritisli .Mu-
seum. It depicts Chinamen and elephants in the region of the Mississippi Valley. From
Kohl's sketch, preserved in his manuscript in the lil)rary of the American Antiquarian
Society, the annexed outline is drawn, j'urlani is reported to have received it from a
'^^^^^sS^J'^
tT-
PAULO Di: FURI-ANl'S NT \P, 1560.'''
America of these editions known to the F.ditor
are in the following libraries : Library <if Con-
gress, 1561, 1562, 1574; lioston Public Library,
1561; LLirvard College Library, 1562; ('artcr-
llrovvn Library, 1561, I5f>:, 1564, 1574; I'liihi-
dclphia Library, 1574; Astor Library, 1574; .S.
L. .M. IJarlow's, 1562, 1564; James Carson Hre-
vourt's, 1562; J. Ffanimoiul Trumbull's, 1561 ;
'IVinity College (ILirtford), 1574; C. C. llald-
«ir's (Cleveland) 1561; Murphy Catalogue,
1561, 1562, 1574, — the last two bought by Presi-
dent A. D. White of Cornell University. ' These
editions of Ptolemy's Gcos;raphka are described,
and their .American maps compared with the
works cf other contemporary cartographers, in
Winsor's B'Mioi^. of Ptotcmys Ccox'ni/'/iy ii.SS^).
'^ Jahresbcrkht ,f,-s Vcniiis fiir Erdkuinit- in
Dresilcn, 1S70, pages 62 ; plates vi., vii., i.\.
- These and other maps of the Palazzo are
noted in Sliuii liii^.;rajici e bihlioi^yiil'i' 1 ,Il-IIii soiietcl
gtogroficd ihiliiiiiii, Konic, 1SS2, ii. \0), 172.
" Ciirtcr-Bro-tun Catalogue, i. 209 ; Leclerc.
Bibliothcca Americana, no. 240; Murpliy Cata-
logue, no. 1,047. "le map is very rare. Henry
Stevens published a fae-simile made by IIarri>.
This and a fae-simile of the title of the bonk
are annexed. Cf. Orozco y lierra, Carti\^iajia
Mexicana, 37.
* . '.abin. Dictionary of books rclatim; to Amer-
ica, vii. 27,504; .Stevens, Historical Collections, i.
2,413 (books sold in London, July, iSSi). The
Harvard College copy lacks the map. Mr. 13re-
voort's copy has the map, and that gentleman
thinks it belongs to this edition as well as tn
the other.
^ The key is this: i. Oceano settentrionale,
2. Canada. 3. panaman. .(.Mexico. 5. s. tuni.i^.
6. Xova Ispani.a. 7. Cipola. S. Le sete ciia
9. Topira. 10. tontontean. 11. Zangar. 12. Tebet.
13. Quisai. 14. Cimpaga. 15. Golfo de Toii/n
16 Vs. dc l.as ladrones. 17. mangi. 18. m.ai
de la china.
DISCOVERIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST.
439
Spanish nobleman, Don Diego Hermano, of Toledo.* Tiiu toimeclion with Asia is again
acllit;rccl to in Johannes IMyritius's Opusciiluin ^cographicitiii, where the map is dated 15S7,
tliough tlie book was published at Ingolstadt in 1590.- Just at this lime Livio Sanuto, in
his Geognijia distinta (Venice, 1 j8S), was disputing the Asiatic theory on the ground that
the Mexicans would not iiave shown surjuise at horses in Cortes" time, if they had for-
merly been inhabitants of a continent like Asia, where liorses are common. Perhaps the
latest use of the type of map shown in the "Carta Marina" of 1548 was just a half cen-
tury later, in 1598, in an edition of Ortelius, // Theatio del moiido, published at Brescia.
Tlie belief still lingered for many years yet in some quarters ; and Thom.is Morton in
1636 showed that in New England it was not yet decided whetlier the continent of America
did not border upon the country of the Tartars.^ Indeed, the last trace of the assumption
was not blown away till Behring in 1728 passed from the Pacific to the Arctic seas.
Such is in brief the history of the inception and decline of the belief in the prolongation
of Asia over against .Spain, as Toscanelli had supposed in 1474, and as had been sus-
pected by geographers at intervals since the time of Eratosthenes.* The beginning of the
decline of such belief is traced to the movements of Cortds. Balboa in 15 13 by his discov-
ery of the South Sea, later to be called the Pacific Ocean,^ had established the continental
form of South America, whose limits southward were fixed by Magellan in 1520; but it was
left for Cortes to begin the exploration to the north wiiich Behring consummated.
After the Congress of Badajos had resolved to effect a seiV"ch for a passage through
the American barrier to the South Sea, the news of such a determination was not long in
reaching Cortes in Mexico, and we know from his fourth letter, dated Oct. 15, 1524, that it
had already reached him, and that he had decided to take part in the quest himself by
despatching an expedition towards the Baccalaos on the hither side ; while he strove also
to connect with the discoveries of Magellan on the side of the South Sea." Cortes had
already been led in part by the reports of Balboa's discovery, and in part by the tidings
which were constantly reaching him of a great sea in the direction of Tehuantepcc. to
establish a foothold on its coast, as the base for future maritime operations. So his ex-
plorers had found a fit spot in Zacatula, and thither he had sent colonists and shijiwrights
to establish a town and build a fleet,' the Emperor meanwhile urging him speedily to use
the vessels in a search for the coveted strait, which would open a shorter passage than
Magellan had found to the Spice Islands. 8 But Cortt's' attention was sorai distracted by
his Honduras expedition, and nothing was done till he returned from tliat march, when
he wrote to the Emperor, Sept. 3, 1526, offering to conduct his newly built fleet to the
': i
m
A
1 TIic Catalogue of the British Museum p.:ts
under 1562 a map by Furlani called Univna'es
Descritlione di tutta la Terra cogiwsciiita da
Paido di Forlani. A " carta nautica" of the
same cartographer, now in the liibliotheque
N.itionale at Paris, is figured in Santarem's Atlas.
(Cf. Bulletin de la Societi de Gcos^raf'hii, 1839;
and Studi biografici c Inhliografici, ii. p. 142).
Thomassy in his Pafes f;cof;raph,-s,x>. 118, men-
tions a Furlani (engraved) map of 1565, pub-
lished at Venice, and says it closely resembles
llie Gastaldi type. Another, of 1570, is con-
tained in Lafreri's Tavole viodernc di gcojjrajia,
Rome and Venice, 1 554-1 572 (cf. Manno and
Promis, Notizie di Gastaldi, 18S1, p. 19; Harrisse,,
Cabots, p. 237). Furlani, in 1574, as we shall
see, had dissevered America and Asia. As to
Diego Mcimano, cf. Willes' History of Traitvaylo
(London, 1577) fol. 232, verso.
•^ There are copies in the Library of Con-
gress and in the Carter-P.rown Library. Du-
fosse recently priced it at 25 francs.
3 Morton's A\iu English Canaan, Adams's
edition, p. 126.
■» See aide, p. 104.
* Magellan and his companions seem 10
h.ive given the latter naine, according to Piga-
fctta, and Galvano and others soon ado|)ted
the name. (C Bancroft, Central America,
vol. i. jip. 135, {^, 3;3; and the present vol.
ume, ante, p. 196).
" Brevoort (J'errazano, p. So) suspects thav
the Vopellio map of 1556 represents the geo-
graphical views of Cort(5s at this time. Mr.
Brevoort has a copy of this rare map. See
ante, \>. 436, for fac-similc.
'' Cf. collation of rcfen'uces in Bancroft, I^o.
Mexican States, i. iS; A'ortlnoest Coast, i. 13.
•^ Paclieco, Coleeeion de documentos iniditos
xxiii. 366.
1^
\ '.
1 t
i.f.
■n
H'iC i'
n
dm 'I
If
|l s^
440
NARKATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
Moluccas, liiit two other fleets were already on thu way thither, — one under Garcia
tie Loaysa which left Spain in August, 1525, and tlic , other under Sebastian Caliot, who
stopped on the way at La Plata, had left in April, 1526. So Cortds finally received orders
THE PACiric. Is
3 ' J-
to join with his fleet tiiat of Loaysa, who had indeed died on his voyage, and of his ves-
sels only one had reached the Moluccas. Another, however, had sought a harbor not tar
1 Kolil gives this nld Portuguese chart of
the P.acific \n his Washington Collection, after
an original preserved ii\ the military archives at
Munich, which w.as, as lie thinks pns.sihle, made
hy some pilot accompanying .Vntonin da Miranda
(le Azevcdo, who conducted a Portuguese fleet
to the Moluccas in 1513 to join the earlier
Lxjiedition (1511) under D'Ahrcu and .'^errao.
A legend at Maiuca marks these islands as the
place "where the cloves grow," while the group
south of them is indicated as the jilacc " where
nutmegs grow." The co.ast on the rigiit must
stand for the notion then prevailing of the ninin
of America, which was barring the Spanish
progress from the cast.
Of the e.arlv ma|)S of the ;\Iohiccas, there is
one hv Piaptista .\gnese in h\'i for/o/aiio lA i^2fh
preserved in the I'.ritish Museum; one hy Diego
m
i i.i
DISCOVERIES ON THE I'ACII'IC COAST.
44'
from Zacatula. and had l)roii<;lit Cortc's |)artial tidinj^s at least of tliu misliaps of I.oaysa's
uiidcilakin^;.' What information tiie rescued crew could fjive was made use of. a'ui Cortds,
hearin;; thu whole ev|)(,'iise, for a reiniluirsenKMit of which he Ion;; sued the home Oovern-
iiient, sent out his i ■ expedition on the I'acilic, under the command of his cousin Alvaro
de Saavedra Ceron, armed with letters for Cahot, whose delay at La I'l.ita was not suspected,
and with missives lor sundry native potentates of the Spice Islands and that reiiion."
After an ex[)eriniental trip up tiie coast, in July, 1 527,'' two larger vessels and a brigan-
tine set sail Oct. 31, 1527. But niisliap was in store. Saavedra alone reached the Moluc-
cas, the two other vessels disappearing torever. He Ibund there a remnant of Loaysa's
party, and. loading his ship with cloves, started to return, but died midway, when the crew
headed their shi|) again for the .Moluccas, where tiiey fell at last into Portuguese prisons,
only eight of lliem finally reacliing Sp.dn in 1534.
It will he remembered that the I'ortuguese, following in the track of Wasco da Gama.
had pushed on beyond the great jieninsula of India, and had reached the Moluccas in 1511,
where they satislieil themselves, if their longitude was substantially correct, that tiiere was
a long space intervening yet before they would confront the Spaniards, pursuing their
westerly route. It was -not quite so certain, however, whether tiie line of paiial demar-
cation, which had finally been pushed into the mid-ocean westerly from the Azores, would
on this opposite side of the globe give thesr islands to Spain or to themselves. The
vovage of .M.igellan, as we shall see. seemed to bring the solution near; and if we may
believe Scotto. the Cienoese geograi)her. at aiiout the same date (1520) the I'ortuguese had
crossed the Pacific easterly and struck our northwest coast.'' The mishaps of Loaysa
and Saavedra, as well as a new understanding between the rival crowns of the Iberian
peninsula, closed the (piestion rather abruptly through a sale in 1529 — the treaty of
Saragossa — -by .Spain, lor 350.000 ducats, to I'ortugal of all her rights to the .Moluccas
under the bull of demarcation.''
Cortes, on his return from .Spain (1530), resolved to push his discoveries f.irther up
the coast. The S|)aiiiards had now occupied Tehuantepec. Acapulco, and Zacatula on the
sea, aiul other Spaniards were also to be found at Culiacan, just within the Gulf of Cali-
fornia on its eastern shore. Tlie political revolutions in Cortes' absence had c.uised the
suspension of work on a new tleet, and Cortes was obliged to order the construction of
another; and the keels of two were laid at Tehuantepec, and two others at Acapulco. In
the early part of IJ32 they were launched, and in .Mayor June two ships started under
llurlado dc Meiidoza, with instructions which are preserved to us. Il is a matter of doubt
just how far he went." and both vessels were lost. Nufiode Guzman, who held the region
til the north." obstructed their purpose by closing his harbors 10 them and refusing
succor ; and Cordis was thus made lo feel the deadliness of his rivalry. The conqueror
now himself repaired to Tehuantepec, anil superintended in person, working wiih his men.
tlie construction of two other ships. These, the '• San Lazaro "' and " Concepcion," under
Diego Becerra, left port on the 29th of October, 1533, and being blown to-sea. they first saw
l.uid in the latitude of 29'' 30' north on the iSth of December, when, coasting south and
east, tlicy developed the lower parts of the Californian peninsula. Mutiny, and attacks of
1
!.;■
I '
llonicm in a similar atlas, dated 155S, lil.ewise
ill the Museum; and one of I56,S, InJ. M.avtines.
l^iipiesof these are all included in Kohl's Wash-
iii.uton Collection.
' Uancroft, Miwico, ii. 25S.
- These are given in Xavarretc, v. 442. Cf.
I 'tiler references in I'lancrofl, Mtwh-o, ii. 25S,
wliLTC his slatcmeiUs are at variance with those
111 his Ceiilnil Aiiirihij, i. 143.
^ Documciitos iih\ti/os, .\iv. 65, where a report
ilescrihes this prelimiiinry expedition.
' In 1524 Francisco Cortes in his cxpeditiim
VOL. II. — 56.
to the Jalisco coast heard from the natives of a
wooden house stranded there many years earlier,
which m.ay ]>ossil)ly refer to an early Portuguese
voyage. IT. II. Bancroft, .\'or//i .Vmi'i-iiii SAiAs,
i. 15.
^ Prescott, R-ytHifiVid ,iiiJ Aj/v//,/, ii. iSo,
and references,
" Cf. Bancroft. AW/h .Vi-x/\,tii S/,i/,s. vol. i.
chap, iii., on this voyage, with full references.
' Cf, Uancroft, JVoiih ^Awiciiii Stiiti-s, \o\. i.
chap. ii.. with references; p. 29, on Guzman's
(■xpedilion, and a inaj) of it, p. 3t. '
h-
l!^^;
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442
NAUKAIIVK AM) CKITIi AI. IIISTOKV ()!•• AM1;K1CA.
the natives, durinfj nnc of wliicli llic thief pilot Ximenes was killed, were the hapless
accompaniments of the undertakinit, and durinj; stress ot' weather the vessels were sepa-
rated. The " San. Lazaro " finally returned to Acapuico, hut the " Concepcion " strugj;leil
in a (:rip|)led condition into a port \\iiliin Gu/nian's province, where the ship was seized.
A (luarrel ensued Ix lore tlie Aui/iiiuiii, Cortes seeking lo recover his vessel; but he pros-
pered little in his suit, and was driven to undertake anotiier expedition under his own
personal lead. .Scndinj; three armed vessels up the coast to Chiametla. where (aizman h.nl
Sliced tlic "Concepcion," Cortes went overland himself, accompanied hy a force wliicli
("lUzman found it convenient to avoid. Here he joined his vessels and sailed away with
a part of his land forces to the west ; and on tiie 1st of May, 1535, he landed at the li.iy
of .Santa Cruz, where Xiinenes had been killed. What parts of the lower portion of the
Californiaii peninsula Cortes now coasted we know from his map, preserved in the .Span-
ish Arcliivcs,' wliicli accompanied the account of his takinj.^ possession of the new laud of
Santa Cruz, "discovered by Cortt's, .M.ay 3, 1535," as the paper reads. The point of
occupation seems to have been the modern La Paz, called by him Santa Cruz. The
notary's account of the act ol possession goe.i on to say,* —
"On tlic third day of .M.iy, in tlic yi ir of mir Lord 1535, on the said day, il may l)c at the lumr
of noon, lie tile same less (jr lunrL', tlio very illusfioiis Lord don llcrnandu Cortes, Nfarcpils of
tlie Valley of (lua.xaca, Captain-general of \ew Spain and of tliu Si)uthern Sea for his Majesty,
etc., arrived in a port and hay of a country newly diseovercd in the same Soullierii Sea, witli a sliip
and armament of the said Lord Marcpiis, at which said port his Lordship arrived with shi|is and
men, and landed on the earth with his people and horses; and staiulini; on tlie shore o( the .sea
there, in presence of mc .Martin de Castro, notary of their >Lijestics and notary of the .Xdiniiiis-
tratiou of the said Lurd ALir(|iiis, and in presence of the required witnesses, the s.iid Lord .^Llr(|llis
spoke aloud and saiil that he, in the name of His Majesty, and in virtue of his rov.d provision,
and in fulfilment of His Majesty's instructions regarding discnvery in the said Stxithern Sea, h.id
discovered with his ship and armament the slid land, and that he h.id come with his armainciit
and people to take possession of it."
Finding his men and horses insui.'cient for the purposes of the colony which he
intended to establish, Cortes despatch.ed orders to the tnain for assistance, and. pcndin;.;
its arriv.al, coursed up the easterly side of the gulf, and opportunely fell in with one
of his vessels, much superior to his own brigantine. So he transferred his flag, and,
returning to Santa Cruz, brought relief to an already famishing colony.
News reaching hiivi of the appointment of Mendoza as viceroy, Cortds felt he had
greater stake in Mexico, and hurriedly returned." Not despairing of better success in
another trial, and spurred on by indications that the new viceroy would try to anticipate
him, he got other vessels, and, putting Francisco de Ulloa in charge, desi)atched them
(luly S, 1539) before Guzman's plan for their detention could be put into execution.
Ulloa proceeded u|) the gulf nearly to its head, and satisfied liimself that no practi-
cable water passage, at least, could bring him to the ocean in that direction, as Corte's had
supposed.'' Ulloa now turned south, and following the easterly coast of the peninsula
rounded its extremity, and coursed it northerly to about 280 north latitude, without find-
int; anv cut-off on that side. So he argued for its connection with the main."" And here
' The Rev. Edward E. Hale procured a copy
of this when in Spain in 1SS3, and from his
copy the annexed wood-cut is made. Of. Go-
mara, folio 117; Herrcra, Decade viii. lib. viii.
cap. ix. and x. Bancroft (Cciilral America, i.
1 50) writes without knowledge of this map.
- The Spanish is printed in N'avarrete, iv.
190.
' This ox])edition of Cortes is not without
difficulties in reconciling authorities and tra-
cing the fate of the colonists which he sought
to plant at Santa Cruz. Hancroft has examined
the various accounts (Xordt Miwuaii .Shih-s, i,
S-. etc.).
* Cortes had called California an island as
earlv as 1524, in a report to the Emperor, de-
ducing his belief from native reports. l)c Laet
in 1633 mentions having seen early Spanish
maps showing it of insular shape.
' Cf. Trescott's Mt-xico, iii. 322; Rancroft's
Mi:\-ict\\\. 425; Central Aiiieriaj,\. 152, and Xorlh
Mexiaiii Slates, i. 79, with references. The
ICA.
re the hapless
4el» were sc|).i-
iiin " strugKlfd
liip w;is sL'i/.L'd.
1 ; liul liL' pros-
unilcr liis own
re Guzman had
a force which
lilcd away witli
led at the Hay
portion of the
d in the Span-
the now laiul of
Tlic point of
iita Cruz. 'I lie
ay be at tlio hour
jitis, Martpiia of
for his Majesty,
1 Sea, witli a sliip
:(1 witli ships and
shore of tlit sea
' of the Adniinis-
lid Lord Maii|uis
royal provision,
loutherii Sea, had
ith his armament
olony which lie
e, and, pcndin;.;
ell in with one
his flag, and,
<s felt he had
ttcr success in
ry to anticipate
sjjatched them
nto execution,
that no pracli-
as Cortt's had
the peninsula
e. without find-
dn.5 And here
ifl has examined
'/rxiiiiii S/iifi-s, i.
nia an island as
le ICmperor, de-
lorts. I)c Laet
early Spanish
)e.
•;22; liancroft's
i. I 52, and A't'i-f/i
fcrcnces. Tlic
<//«!iV C> .lit *^/«u^^ y^^f^ y)£^^» fiat'-. —
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Photographic
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Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. MCiSO
(7)6) 873-4503
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DISCOVERIES ON THE I'ACH'IC COAST.
443
Cortds' connection with discoveries on tiie I'acific ends ; for Mendoza. wlio Iiad visions
of liis own, thwarted him in all subsequent attempts, till finally Cortc^s iii.nsclf went to
Spain. The name wliich his captains ;;ave to tiie gull', the Sea of Cortt's, failed to al)ide.
It ijrew to he generally called tiie Red Sea, out of some fancied resemblance, as WytHitl
says, to the Red Sea of the Old World. This appellation was supijlanted in turn by the
name of California, which, it is contended, was given to the peninsula by Corliss himself.'
The oldest map which we were .supposed to possess of these expforations about the
gulf,- before Dr. Il.alc brought the one, alre.idy mentioned, from Spain, was that of Castillo,
of which a fac-simile is herewith given as published by Loren/.ana in 1770, at .Mexico, in liis
Histoiia tie A'lieva Es/xnia. Castillo was the pilot of tlie expedition, sent by .Mcndoza to
co-operate by sei with the famous expedition of Coronailo.^and which the viceroy put under
the command of Hernando d'Alarcon. The fleet, sailing in May. 1540. reached the head of
the gulf, and .Alarcon ascended the Colorado in boats; but Mr.rcou* tliinks he could not
have gone up to the great cafton, wliicli however he must have reached if his supjjosed
latitude of 3C)" is correct. He failed to open communication with Coronado, but buried
some letters under a cross, which one of that leader's lieutenants subsequently found.'
accounts are not wholly reconcilable. It would
scfin probaljle that Ullo.Vs own ship was never
heard from. Kanuisio gives a full account (vol.
iii. p. 340) by one of the companions of Ulloa,
on another ship.
' .At least so says Herrcra (Stevens's edition,
vi. 305). Castaneda defers the naming ti'.l .Mar-
con's expedition. Cabrlllo in 1542 used the
name .is of well-known ai)plication. The origin
of the name has been a cause of dispute. Pro-
fessor Jules Marcou is in error in stating that
the name was first applied by IScrnal Di.iz tea
bav on the coast, and so was made to include
the whole region. He claims th.it it was simply
a designation used by Cortes to distinguish a
laud which we now know to be the hottest in the
two .Americas, — Tierra California, derived from
"calida fornax," (icry furnace. (Cf. Annual
Kt'fiort i't' Ihc Siinvy -uvst of the hundredth Par-
iilhl, by (;eorge M. Wheeler, 1876, p. 3S6; and
Annual Rc/'oit of the Chief 0/ Engineers, U.S.A.,
187S, appendix, .also printed separately as Xotes
nf'on the First Discoz'eries of California and the
Oriirin of its .Vame, by Jules Marcou, Washing-
ton, 1S78.) liancroft (California, i. 65, 66) points
out a varictv of e(|uivalent derivations which
have been suggested. The name was first traced
in 1862, by lulward K. Hale, to a romance pub-
lished, it is supposed, in 1510, — I.as Sennas de
/•'s/^laiidian, by Garcia Ordonez de Montalvo,
which might easily enough have been a ])op-
ular book with the Spanish followers of Cortes.
There were later editions in 1519, 1521, 1525,
and 1526. In this romance Ksplandian, empe-
ror of the Greeks, the imaginary son of the im-
aginarv .Amadis, defends Constantinople .against
the infidels of the Kast. .A pagan (jueen of Am-
azons brings an army of Amazons to the succor
of the infidels. This imaginary cpieen is named
Calafia, and her kingdom is called " Califor-
nia,"— a name possibly derived from "Calif,"
which, to the readers of such a book, would
be .associated with the E.ast. California in the
romance is represented as an island rich with
gold and diamonds and pearls. The language
of the writer is this: —
" Know that on the right hand of the Indies there
is .in isKind cillwl California, very close to the side of
the Terrestrial Paradise ; ami it was peopled by black
women, without any man aninnK tliein, for tlicy lived
in the fashion of Amazons. They were of stronj; ami
hardy bodies, of ardent courage and Rreat force. Their
island was the stronsest in all the world, with its steep
cliffs and rocky shores. Their arms were all of ^oUI,
and so w.is the harness of the wild bcav.ts which they
tamed to ride ; for in the whole island there was no
metal but fjold. They lived in caves wrouKht out of
the rock with much labor. Tluy had many ships, with
which they sailed out to other countries to obtain
booty."
That this name, .is an omen of wealth, struck
the fancy of Cortes is the theory of Dr. Hale,
who adds "th.it as a western pioneer now gives
the name of ' Eden ' to his new home, so Cortes
called his new discovery ' California.' " (Cf.
Hale in Amer. Antiq. Soe. /'roe., April 30, 1862;
in llistorieal Magazine, vi. 312, Oct. 1S62 ; in ///>
Lrrel lust, p. 234; and in Atlantic Monthly, xiii.
265; J. .Archibald in Overland Monthly, ii. 437,
I'rof. J. I). Whitney in article "California " in
I'.ncyeiop<edia lUitannica.) liancroft (Xorth
Mexican States, vol. i. ]). 82; and California, vol.
i. p. 64) points out how the earliest use of the
name known to us was in Preciado's narrative
(Ramusio, vol. iii. p. 343) of Ulloa's voyage;
and that there is no evidence of its use by Cor-
tes himself. It was applied then to the bav or
its neighborhood, which had been called Santa
Cruz or La Paz.
2 Kohl, Mats in Ilakluyt, p. 58.
" Cf. post, chap. vii.
* Azotes, etc., p. 4.
* We have Alarcon's narrative in Ramusio,
iii. 363; Herrern, Dec. vi. |). 208; Hakluyt, iii.
11
\
! ■ '
444
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OK AMERICA.
!
CASlll.I.OS MAP, 154I.
In 1542 and 1543 an expedition wliicli started under Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, a Por-
tuguese in the Spanisli service, explored the coast as far as 44° nortli,' reaching tliat
point by coasting from 33", wliere he struck tlie land. He made a port whicii he calls
San Miguel, which Bancroft is inclined to believe is San Diego: but the accounts are too
confused to track him confidently.^ and it is probable that Cabrillo's own vessel did
not uet above 3S", for Cabrillo himself died Jan. 3, 1543. his chief pilot, Ferrclo (or
Ferrer), continuing the ex|)lorations.^ Bancroft does not think that the pilot passed
north of Cape "cndocino in 40' 26',
435, 505; Tein.iiix-Conii)ans' J '(>vii:;i-s, etc., ix.
299. Bancroft (A'orth ^f,•xil■l^>l States, vol. i.
p. 93) gives various references. An intended
second expedition under Alarcon, with a co-oper-
ating fleet to follow the outer coast of the penin-
sula, failed of execution. The instructions
(;iven in 1541 to Alarcon for liis voyayc on the
California cciast, bv order of Mendoza, are given
m B. Smith's Co/iwioii, p- i.
^ Tr.is map is marked " Domingo del Cas-
tillo, i)iloto me fecit en Mexico, aiio del naci-
micnto de N. S. Jesu Christo dc M. D. XI.I."
Bancroft, Central America, vo\. i. p. 153, gives
a sketch of tlii-^ map, and again in Xorth Afexi-
can Stales, i. Si : but he carries the outer coast
of the peninsula too far to the west.
- These are the ship's figures; but it is
thought their reckoning was one or two degree.*
too high.
■^ Attempts have been made. Cf Bancroft,
California, i. 70; A'ortli7i'est Coast, i. 38.
■• The SOI -re of our information for this voy-
age is a Relaeion (June 27, 1543, to .April 14
•543) printed in Pacheco's Coleccion de iloeik
DISCOVERIES ON THE I'ACllTC COAST.
445
Thus from the time when ISalboa discovered the South Sea, the Spanish liad taixen
thirty years to develop the coast northerly, to the latitude of Orej;on. In this distance
they had found nothing of the Straits of Anian. which, if lIumlKildt ' is correct, had be^un
to take form in peoiile's minds ever since Cortereal, in ! 500, ii.ul supposed Hudson's
Straits to be the easterly entrance of .1 westerly p.i.-,sage.-
There seems to have been a ;;eneral agreement ainoni; cartographers for some years
yet to consider the newly discovered Calil'ornia as a peninsula, growing; out of the
concurrent testimony of those who, subsequent to Cortes' own expedition, had tracked
both the gulf and tlic outer coast. The l't)rtuguese map given by Kunstmann ^ shows
it as such, though the map cannot be so early as that geograplier places its anterior limit
(1330), since the development of the gulf could not have been made e.ulier than 1535,
unless by chance there were explorations iVom the Moluccas, of u hicii we h.ive no record.
The map in this part l)ears a close resemblance to a manuscript cii.irt in the liritish
.Museum, placed about 1536, and it seems |>robable that thi.i is the appro.\iniate date of
that in Kunstni.iiin. The C.dil'orni.i peninsula is shown in much the same way in a map
which .Major ascrilies to IJaptista .\gnese, and places uiiiler 1539.'' It belongs (pi. iv.) to
what has been sometimes spoken of as an atlas of I'liilip II. inscribetl to Charles \'., but
in fact it w.as given to I'hilip by Charles. *• Its essential features were almo.it e.x.icilv
niiiiltit iiu'i/itos, xiv. 105; ami very little is added
from other sources, given in ISaiicrot't, .\'or//i 1
Mixiiiin .S'/ii/i's, i. 133. liuckin_i;liani .Smith gave
the ReUhioit earlier in his Colcccion ilc -,\trios
Jhhiiniiii/i'S pitra la hislori.i ,/<.■ la l-lorUta y I'l-
crias adyaccnics (.Madrid, 1S37, vol. i. p. 173).
.\ translation is contained in Wheeler's i'niUit
Stall's Ccoloi^kal Survey, vol. vii., with notes, anil
an earlier English version by Alexander S. Tay-
lor was published in .San Krancisco in 1H53, as
'I'tii First i'oyai^t- lo the Coast of Calijoniia. Cf.
also liancroft's California, 1.69; Xort/ruvst Coast,
i. 137. It is thought that Juan I'ae/ was the
author of the original, which is preserved among
the .Simancas papers at .Seville. Ilerrera seems
to have used it, omitting nuicli and adding some-
what, thus making the narr.it ive which, till the
original was printed, supplied the staple source
to most writers on the subject. In 1S02 N'avar-
ri'te summarized the story from tiiis AWaiioii in
vol. XV. t>[ his Dociimentos iiiiJitos. liancroft
(vol. i. p. Si) cites numerous unimportant ret'er-
eiices.
' XoHVi-lU- EsN-.i^iie ('. 330), wiiere, ,is well as
in other of the later writers, it i.s said the name
".\nian " came from <me of Cortereal's compan-
ions. Hut see H, II. Bancroft, Xorllnocst Coast,
vol. i. pp. 3O, 55, 56, where he conjectures
that the name is a confused reminiscence at a
later day of the name of Auks Cortereal, men-
tioned by Ilakluyt in 15SJ.
- There was at one time a current belief in
the story of a Dutch vessel being driven through
such a strait to the Pacific, passing the great
city of Quivira, which had been founded by the
.Aztecs after they had been driven from Mexico
by the Spaniards. Then there arc similar sto-
ries told by Menendez (1554) and associated
with Urdaneta's name (cf. Bancroft, Nortlnocst
Coast, vol. i. p. 51); and at a later day other
ike .>tories often [nevailed. Tiie early maps
place the " Kegmiin .\iiian " and "Quivira "on
our northwestern coast, liancroft (Xortliwesl
Coait, vol. i. pp. 45, 4y) thinks (iomara respon-
sible for transferring (Quivira from the plaiii> to
the coast. .See I'Mitorial .Note at the eiiU of
cha|). vii.
It is sometimes said (sec liancrof., tVortli-
west Coast, vol. i, p. 55) that the belief in the
Straits of .\nian sprang from a misinterpret i-
tion of a passage in .Marco I'olo ; hut liancroft
(p. 53) cannot trace the name hack of 1574, as
he finds it in one of tlic Krcnch (.\iitwerp)
editions of Ortelins of that year. Ortelius had
used the name, however, in his edition of 1570,
but only as a copier, in this as in other respects,
of .Mercator, in his great map of 156(), as Han-
croft seems to suspect, rorcacchi (1572), Kur-
lani or Eorlani (1574), and others put the name
on the Asian side of the .strait, where it is prol)-
able that it originally appeared. liancroft (p. .Si )
is in error in s.aying that the name " .\nian "
was '• tor the first time " applied to the north and
south passage between .\mcrica and .\sia, .is
distinct from the cast and west i)assap:c across
the continent, in the " Mercator Atlas of I5c)5: ''
for such an applicati.)!! is apparent in the map
of Zaltcrius (1506), Mercator (1,69), Porcacchi
(1572), Forlani ( 1 5-4), Best's p'robisher (157S),
— not to name others.
" Sketched in this IILstory, Vol. IV. p. 46.
* liarrisse (Cabots, p. 193) places it about
1542.
' It is described by Maltc Rrun in the
bulletin lie la SocietS tie Gaxraf'liie, 1876, p.
625 ; and an edition of a hundred copies of a
photographic reproduction, edited by Frederic
Spitzer, was i.ssued in Paris in 1.S71;. There
\^
%
> 1
<^f
446
NAKRATIVK AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMKRICA.
4f—
rcproiluced in a draft of tfic New World (preserved in tlie Hritish Museum) assigned t(,
about '540, and held to be the work of the [-"ortuguese hydrograplicr Iloniem. Apian' and
Miinster-in 1540, and Mtr-
cator in I54i,'' while boldly
delineating a coast wliidi
extends farther north than
Cabrillo had reached in
1542, wholly ij;n(.re this
inijiortant feature. Not so,
however, Sebastian Cabot
in his famous Mappenioniie
of 1344, as will be seen by
the annexed sketch. Ti:e
idea of Miinster, as em-
bodied in his edition of
I'tolcmy in 1540,^ already
referred to, was continued
without essential chanije in
the IJasle edition of I'tol-
eniy in 1545.° In 1548 the
" carta marina " of Gastaldi,
as shown on a previous
page,* clearly defined the
peninsula, while merging
*5'_
6a:._
1*1 H«« at
Tw a ^ *. C \
rs' —
HOMEM, ABOUT I54O.''
is a copy of the last in Harvard College Library.
A similar peninsula is shown in plate xiv. of
the same atlas.
' Repeated in 1545.
- Sec Vol. IV. p. 41.
•'' Sec atilc, p. 177.
* This edition, issued at Basle, had twenty
modern maps designed by Miinster, two of
which have American interest : —
(/. Typtis universalis, — an elliptical maj),
showing .\mcric.-i on the left, hut with a i)art
of Mexico (Temistitan) carried to the right
of the map, with a strait — "per hoc fretu iter
I'atct ad molucas " — separating America from
India superior on the northwest.
/'. No-.ut- iiisiiUr, — the map reproduced in
Vol. IV. p. 41.
There arc copies of this 1540 edition of
Ptolemy in the Astor Library, in the collections
of Mr. liarlow, Mr. Deanc, and I'rcsitlent White
of Cornell, while one is noted in the Murphy
Catalogue, no. 2,058, which is now in the library
of the .\iucrican Cieogra|ihicnl Society. This
edition was issued the next year with the date
changed to 1541. V. Winsor's /Hk'ioxrap/iy of
rioli-my. The same maps were also used in the
ISasle edition of 1542, with borders surrounding
them, some of which were designs, perhaps, of
Holbein. There arc copies of this edition in the
.■\stor Library, aiul in the collections of lirevoort,
T.arlow, and J. II. Truniij.il! of Hartford. The
Miirpliy Ciiltilos^if shows another, no. 2,066.
I" The "Typus universalis" of this edition,
much the sam; as in the edition of 1540, was
re-engraved for the B.asle edition of 1552, with
a few changes of names : " Islandia," for instance,
which is on the isthmus connecting "liacallios"
with Norway, is left out, and so is "'I'hylc"
on Iceland, which is now called " Island."
This last engraving was repeated in Miinster's
Cosmo^raphia in I 554.
There are copies of the I'tolemy of 1545
in the librar'' ., of Congress and of Harvard
College, and in the Carter-Brown Collection.
One is also owned by J. K. Webster, of l^.ist
Milton, Mass., and another is shown in the
Afiirp/iy Cii/ii/c'xiii', no. 2,078.
Copies of the 1552 edition are in the lil)r.a-
ries of Congress, of New Vork State, and of
Cornel! University. The Sobolewski copy is
now in the collection of I'rof. J. I). Whitney,
Cambridge, Mass. Dr. O'Callaghan's copy
was .sold in New Vork, in Decend)er, 1882; the
Murphy copy is no. 2,065 "f ''le Murphy
Ciit<ili>«ue.
The maps were again reproduced in the
Ptolemy of 1555.
"' Ante, p. 435.
" This follows Kohl's drawing, of which
a portion is also given in his Disanvry .y
Miiitii; p. 2t)S. It is evidently of a later dale
than another of his in which the west coast
is left indefinite, and which is assigned Id about
1530. In the present map he apparently cm
DISCOVERIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST.
447
the coast line above into tliat of Asia. Tiie peninsula was also definitely marked in
several of the maps preserved in tlie Kiccardi palate at Florence, which are supposed to
be of about the middle of the sixteenth century.'
In the map of Juan Freire, 1546, we have a devclopiuLut of the coast northward from
tlie peninsula, for which, it is not easy to account ; and the map is peculiar in other respects.
'1! \ \'
GOLFO DE LA
NUEVA ESPANA
IB"
'■^V-
-<c
CABOT, 1544.'
The annexed sketch of it follows Kohl's drawing of an old portoltuw, which he took from
the orij,dnal while it was in the possession of Santarcm. Freire, who was a I'ortujjucse
hydrographer, calls it a map of the Antipodes, a country discovered by Columbus, the
Genoese. It will be observed that about the upper laku wu have the name " Bimini
regio," applied to Florida alter tiie discovery of I'once de Leon, because of the supposi-
tion tiiat the fountain of youth existed thereabout. The coasts on both sides of the gulf
arc described as the discovery of Cort(5s. There seems to be internal evidence that
Freire was acquainted with the reports of Ulloa and .Marcon, and the chart of Castillo ;
l)ut it is not so clear whence he got the material for his draft of the more westerly
l)ortions of the coast, which, it will be observed, are s'^'cn much too great a westerly
trend. The names upon it do not indicate any use of Cabrillo's reports: though from
an inscription upon this upper coast Freire credits its discovery to th.e .Spaniards, under
Ixidicd Cabot's discoveries in the La I'lata, i)iob.ibly nit.ins Greenland. — a view ciilcrtaincd
lull had not heard of Orcllana's exploration before Columbus.
Ill the .Amazon in 1 542 ; though he had got news ' Plates vi., vii , ix., as shown in the yahrbiith
'if it when he made his map of 155S. A marked Ja I'l-rciiis fiir I^nlkutidc in J)>\<ifi-ii, 1S70.
in-ciiliarity of the map is the prolongation of - .Sketched from a photograph of the origi-
northwestern luiropc .is "Terra Xova," which nal maii))cmoi)dc in the great library at Paris.
1;
'M '
44^
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OI' AMERICA.
-i|
i
\ &
• This is sketched from a drawing in the
Kohl Collection at Washington.
- Ran roft, A'tirt/i Mcxiaiii ^laUs, i. 137.
* See ante, p. 436.
ov((cr:i from the cmpLfdr,
conducliil l)y one \'il|.i
lobo.s. Kohl could mdI
find any mention of sm h
an explortr, but con
jtctiirLiI he w.is pcrii;ips
the one who liclore C,i-
brillo, as Ilcrrera nic-n-
tions, Iiad named a river
somewhere nc,\r 30° nortli
latilude " Rio de Xneslr.'
SeOiira," and which C.i-
brilio son^jht. Kolil ,iK(.
otjserves that th(iuj.'h ilic
coast line is continiions,
there are places upon it
marked " l.nul not sien,"
with notes of its jieini,'
again seen west of such,
places; and from this he
argues that the expedition
went up and not down
-. the coast. It nJt unlikely
J* had some connection wiili
** the fleet which Ruy Lojirz
!de Villalobos conducted
under Mendoza's onlers,
in NovembeT, 1542, across
the Pacific to the islands
on the Asiatic coast. -
In 1554 Agnese again
depicts the gulf, but does
not venture upon draw-
ing the coast above the
peninsula, which in turn
in the V'opellio map of
I5S6,'' and in that in
Rannisio the same year,*
is made much broader,
the gulf indenting more
nearly at a right anf;le.
The Homem map of 1 55S,
preserved in the Hritish
Museum, returns to the
more distinctive penin-
sula,'' though it is again
comewhat broadened in
the Martines map of aliont
the same date, which .dso
is of interest as establish-
* See ante, p. 3 28.
6 This map of Homem is given on anothc
page. Mis delineation of the gulf seems to be
like Castillo's, and is carried two degrees too
I'l I
UISCOVLUIKS ON TIIK I'AL'IFIC COAST.
449
inj^ .1 lype of map for tlif sliores of the nortliern Pacific, ami fur prcfij;tirinf; Behrint;'s
Straits, whicli wc shall later (rcquuiitly meet. Mention lus alrcail) been made of the
Kurlani niaj) of 15^)0 for its Asiatic con-
nections, while it htill clearly detined tlic
California peninsula.' 'I'he Knscelli
map in the I'tolemy of isdi again pre-
serves the pennisida, while markir.;,' the
more r )rtl)erly coasts with a dotted line,
in its j;eneral map of the New World;
but the •• .Mar Vermeio " in its map of
'■ Nueva Hispania " is the type of the
iluU nivcn in the 1548 edition. The
iM.irtines type aj;ain appears in the
Zaitieri map of \^(/>. which is thou;,dit to
be the earliest enj;r.ived map to show the
Straits of Anian.-'
Tlie manuscrii)t map of Diegiis (Ho-
mem) of 1568, in tiie Royal Library in
Dresden, gives the peninsula, but turns
the more northerly coast abruptly to the
east, connectini; it witli the archipelago,
which stands for tiie St. Lawrence in his
map of IS58.''
The great Mappemonde of Mercator,
published at Duisburg in 156^). in whicli
he introduced his new projection,'' as will be seen by the annexed s .ch," keeps to the
Marlines type ; and while it depicts the Straits of Anian, it renders uncertain, by inter-
posing a vignette, the passage by the north from the Atlantic to the Facilic' The next
year Ortelius followed the same type in his Theatiuin orbis tcrmnim, — the prototype of
the modern atlas."
A similar western coast" is defined by Forcacchi, in his U isolc piu famosc del niondo,
issued at Venice in 1572.'*'
iTOLEMY, 1548.*
far north as in that draft ; but Castillo's names
are wanting in Ilomeni, who lays down the
peninsula belter, following, as Kohl conjectures,
Ulloa's charts. He marks the coast above
^f as unknown, showing that he had no
intelligence of Cabrillo's voyage.
' See ante, p. 43S.
- Sce/c,(/, p. 451.
' Sec Vol. IV. p. 92. The 1 56S map is a
li.irt of an Atlantc iimritimo, of which a full-
size colored facsimile of the part showing the
Moluccas is given in Ruge's Ccschiihtc di's
/.(■ifiillers do- Entdcckuni;eit. It is a parchment
collection of twenty-seven maps showing the
I'oituguese possessions in the two Indies. Cf.
Kiikdog der Ilandschriftcn der Kais. Off. Bibl. zii
Dresden, 18S2, vol. i. p. 369.
■•Key: I. Basos. 2. Ancoras. 3. p". bale-
nas. 4. S. Tomas. 5. C : + 6. Mar Vermeio.
7. b : canoas. 8. p°. secddido. 9. R. tontonte-
anc. 10. p". tabursa. 11. puercos. 12. s. franc".
13. b: de s. + 14. Vandras. 15. Ciguata.
16. s. tiago.
VOL. 11.-57.
^ See Vol. IV. p. 36^ ; .md the note, /w/,
p. 470.
0 See p. 452.
' There is a full-size fac-simile in Jomard's
Monuments de la Geoi^rapltie, pi. .\xi., but it omits
the legends given in the tablets ; in I.elewel, vol.
i. pi. v.; also cf. vol. i. p. .\r 'iii, and vol. ii. pp
iSi, 225; and, much reduced from Joniard, in
Datv's Earlv Carlo,i^raf>/iv, p. 3.S.
8 Cf. Vol III. p'. 34; Vol. I'V. p. 372; and the
note, /('J-/, !>. 471.
" .See the map, /'ost, p. 453.
'^ There are copies of this lirst edition iri the
Harvard College, Host 'n Public, Astor, and
Carter-lirown libraries, and in the I5revoort
Collection. It should have thirty sin.iU copper-
plate maps, inserted in the text. Cf. Carter-
Bruwn Cataloi;t<e, vol. i. no. 292 ; Stevens,
Historical Collections, vol. i. no. 648 ; O'Vallaghait
Catalogue, no. i,S66 (now Harvard College
copy); Court, no. 284; Rich, Catalogue (1S32),
nos. 51, 55. etc.
Two of its maps show America, but only
ill
. ifl
450
NAKKATIV'E AND CRITICAL IIISTOKY Ol AMI.KICA.
The peninsula of C.iliffirnia, l)Ut notliiny north of it, is ajjain dcliiu'atfd in a Si)ani.sU
nuippcnioniiu of ijj'j. sliown in Lclcwel.' Tin; Mcrcator l)i)i; is (ollowcil In llic in,i|is
wliicli ate dated 15;.).
iiut wliii;!) a|)|)eared in
tlie Theatri oihis tctia
mill eiiihi I ill ion of
i'hili|)|)us (iail.iiis, |<uli-
lislii'd at Ant\vi'r|) in
1585." In tlie same ye.ii
tlic Italian c,irt(i;;ra|ilu r
I'liilani, or I'ori.iiii,
showed how he had ad-
vanced from the views
which he held in 1500,
in n map of tlie north-
nnd ii. p. 1 14. I le says it
was talioii frotn Spain tn
iii'
iii
Warsaw, an
pcari-d.
- It has two tiia|is,
varying soiiiewli.il, " Tv-
pus mills lirrarnin" and
" America; nIm- ikivI nrhl^
niiDVa discriptlii," — tlic
work of Hugo I'avolius.
MARTIXI'.s, 155 - (?).
one gives the western cnast, while hotli have
Cf. I
.eclcre, no.
:o(i: Mill-
Icr (iS77),no. i,i(>S. 'Mic
text is ill verse.
Tills sketch follows a copy hv Knhl
del Kiiego. (Wasliingloii Collection) of the gener.d 111. ip
ned ill a iiianiiscrlpl VLlhiin
ii>euiii (no. 'j,.Si.(), Iriini
the exaggerated cnntlneiital Tierra
The map sketched In the text Is given in far of the world, coiit.i
simile ill .Stevens's A'otcs. lioth maps were atlas in the British M
repeated In the 1576 edition (Venice, with 1575 the collection of the Duke
ill the colophon). This edition shows forty- It is elahorately executed with miniatures
seven maps; and pp. 157-1S4 (third hook) figures. The langu.ige of the map is chicllv
de Ca
is.sano Sen, I.
id
treat of .America. Kesldes a map of the world Itall.in, with
It has a "carta da navlgar " 'p. loS),
some .Spanish traces.
Kohl
i)f helleves it to he the work of Joannes M.irtI
Cuba and other islands, and a plan of Mexico the same whose atlas of 157S Is also in tl
Puhllc
Its lake. There arc copies In the lioston Museum, and whose geiier.il ni,ip(i578)
II
arvard College llhrarics, Mr.
in latitudes and otlic
r particulars w
Ith tl
Deane's Collection, etc. C'f. Stevens, Ifhlorical The present one lacks degrees of loiigli
ill the 157S map has, as well as llie
CoU.rlio
vol. 1. 110.
Carter lirown. vol. i.
no. _^o<); Mulkr (1S72), no. 1,255.
.\nother edition was Issued at Venice I
I5()0. Cf. A\is/i')i J'li/iHi- /.i7'r,rn' (',t/:i/,>^/i,% ni
6J71.14, Cartci-ltrown, i. ■^0;; Murphv, m
.\nierlca," wanting also in this. Kohl place.
. not long after the middle of the sixteeiuh
-jA/Zi;;//,' <y .l/,///»fi-;v// .1///.'
2.010. Later editions were issued at Venice In taiiiing the followl
I To.) (forty-eight maps) ! In 1605 (Carter-l>rown, .Vmerlca ;
il. .10) ;aiiil in 1620 (Carter-lh'own, II. 2.(1 ; Cooke, spheres.
century. In tht
i. 29, the atlas of 157S is mentioned as eon-
numhers relating tr
rid.
'I'l
le world 111
-•,S;S,
The two henil-
ires. 10. West
Harvard C<j|legc I.ihrarv), coast of .America. 1 1. Coast of .Mexico. I2-I,v
which was puhHshed at Tadiia, and had maps South .\merlca. 14. (iiilf of .Mexico. 15. r.ni
of N'orlh .America (p. 161 ), S|)agiiulla (p. 165), of the east coast of \orth .Vmerlca.
Cuba ((i. 172I. Tamaica (p. it;). Moluccas In the Muse
p. iSo), and a mapp
um maiinscnpls, no.
22,OI.S,
ide (p. l()3). The last a f-oitohtiio liy .Marlines, dated 1570; and
edition we have nnted was issued at Venice other, of date 15S2
IS
entered i;i die 1.S44
16S6, with the maps on separate leaves, and edition of the Cutalogiic of .^[aiiusctift Maps,
not In the text as previouslv.
' Plate vl. He describes it In vol. i. p. i:l.
31. Kohl's Washington Collection include
Marlines maps of i j-.S.
J'.;
DISCOVERIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST.
45'
t
d
n
O,
2
'Y^A
W::
;:"^:t:';
C^'Vi^i'
/^/
V>
'^,.\^
?H ^
A^n,)>i ':?
3
1^
Ml
»■''■■.•':"
?^*o. ..'.■. I'll;; D n -i^ Vb/^-"-:-.. • •■'>',,,...-..,... .
i
■6
1
o
1
ir
,
'M^f ^m
n^Q^*^m
H J. N a iM f k .i
' It was published at Venice, and was in part followed by Ortelius in 1570. It is also sketched
ill Vol. IV. p. 93.
mm
I
I \
I!;
I ..
452 NAKKATIVL AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
iWJOU'
■t-\,'-y..^.
MERCATOR, 1569.
crn Pacific, which is annexed.* It is the cirliest map in which Japan has been noted as
having its greatest length east and west; for Ortelius and others always give it an
extension on the line of the meridian.
Sir Humphrey Gilbert'.s map in 1576 gives the straits, but he puts "Anian" on the
Asiatic side, and does not indicate the Gulf of California, unless a forked bay in 35"
stands for it.^ The map in liest's Frobislier makes tlie Straits of Anian connect with
" Frobisher's straightes" to give a through passage from ocean to ocean, and depicts a
distorted California peninsulr..'
Mention has already been made on a previous page of a Marlines map of 1578. It
has a similar configuralion to that already shown as probably tlie earliest instance of its
type. Of the explorations of Francis Drake in 1579 we have no cartographical record,
except as it may be embodied in the globe of Molineaux, preserved in the Middle
Temple, London, which is dated 1592, and in the map of the same cartographer, dated
Sec p. 454.
' Cf. the map, as given in Vol. IIL p. 203.
Bancroft (Xortlrwest Coast, vol. i. p. 58) epito-
mizes Gilbert's arguments for a passage. Willes
gives reasons in Hakluyt, vol. iii. p. 24.
•' See fac-similc in Vol. IIL p. I02.
DISCOVERIES ON Tllli I'ACIl'IC COAST.
453
.5'-^
^■'-^7 \.*Ur» J'-' \
?:-a~'
if <*3
''J9r«JJ^.
u^
l-ORCACCHI, 1572.
1600.' Molineaux seemingly m.ide use of the n'siilts of Cabrillo's voya^'je, as inflicated 1)y
the Spanisli names placed aloni,' the coast. It was one of the results of Drake's vnya;;!'
that the coast line of upper California took a .iiore nortlierly trend. The map of Dr. Dee
(1580) evidently embodied the views of the Spanish hydro^raphersj'
' Cf. the sketch of the California coast from
this last ill Vol. III. p. 80.
The (niestion of the harbor in which Drake
refitted his ship for liis return voy.^HC by Cape
of (jood Hope has been examined in another
place (Vol. III. pp. 74, So). Since- that volume
was printed, II. II. liancroft ii.is publislicd
vol. i. of his History of Ciili/oiiiiii : and after
giving a variety of references on Drake's
voy.ige (p. Si) he proceeds to examine the
(piestion anew, expressing his own opinion
decidedly against San Francisco, and believing
it can never be settled whether liodega or the
harbor under I'oint Ueyes (Drake's Day of the
modern maps) was the harbor; though on an-
other page (p. 15S) he thinks the .>pot was
Drake's Hay, and in a volume previously
issued (Central Amtrioj, vol. ii. p. 419) he
had given a decided opinion in favor of it.
In l.is ■'! '.cussion of the (piestion, he claims
that i -r. 'lale and most other investigators
have noi !• c-n aware that the harbor behind
Point Revcs was discovered in 1595 by Cer-
inciion (p. 96), and then named .San Francisco;
and that it is this old San Francisco, visited
by Viscaino in 1603, and sought by PortolA
in 1769, when this latter navigator stumbled
on the Golden Gate, which is the San Francisco
of the old geographers and cartographers, a'<d
not the magnilicent harbor now known by that
name (p. 157). He adds that the tradition
anion;; the Spaniards of the coast has been
more in favor of liodega than of Drake's Hay;
while the nincUrn San Francisco h.is never
been thought of by the-i. Heyond eniphasi/iiig
the disliiu'tiou between the onl and new San
Francisco, Mr. Hancroft has brought no new
infliienfe upon the solution of the (piestion.
lie makes a point of a Pacific se.a-manual of
Admiral Cabrera Hucno, published at Manilla
in I73.J as jVii-V!;iitioti Es/'eatLition, being used
to set this point clear for the first thne in Kng-
lish, when one of his assistants wrote a paper
in the OrerlaiiJ Moiithtx in 1S74. The book
is not very scarce; Quaritch .advertised a copy
in 1S79 for £,J,. Hancroft (p. io6) seems to
use an edition of 11792, though he puts the 1734
edition in his list of authorities. Various docu-
ments from the Spanish Archives relating to
Drake's exploits in the Pacific have been p,jl>-
lished (since Vol. III. was printed) in Peralt.. ..
Costa Rica, Xicaras^ua y Paiiamd (H el siglo
Xl'f, >radrid, 18S3, p. 569, etc.
- Sec the sketch in Vol. IV. p. 98.
M
I
. I ;h
454
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
In 1582 PopelIini6re ' repeated the views of Mercator and Ortclius ; but in England
Michael Lok in this same year began to indicate the incoming of more erroneous views. -
The California gulf is carried nort' ' 45°, where a narrow strip separates it from a vague
northern sea, the western extensii oi the sea of Verrazano.
-Ay-
MAP OF I'AULO DE FURLANI, 1 574.'
1
After the Spaniards had succeeded, in opposition to the PoriMguese, in establishing
a regular commerce between Acapulco and Manilla (I'hilippinc Islands), the trade-wir.ds
conduced to bring upper California into better knowledge. The easterly trades carried
their outward-bound vessels directly west ; but they compelled them to make a detour
northward on Uieir return, by which they also utilized the same Japanese current which
brought the Chinese to Fusang^ many centuries before. An expedition which Don Luis de
Vclasco had sent in I5C>4. by direction of Philip II., accumpanied by Andres de Urdaneta,
who had been in those seas before with Loaysa in 1525. liad succeeded in making a ])er-
manent occupation of the I'liilippines for Spain in I5'i4. It became now important to find
a practicable return route, and under Urdaneta's counsel it was determined to try to find it
by the north. One of the galleons deserted, and bearing northerly struck the California
coast near Cape Mendocino, and arrived safe at Acapulco three months before Urdaneta
' Cf. Sabin, vol. .\. p. 75; Court, 185, 1S6;
Carter-Brown, vol. i. p. 292; Iluth, iv. 1,169;
Stevens's Histoyical Collections, vol. i. no. 135,
and Vol. III. of the present History, p. 37, for
other mention of Popclliniere's Les Trois Moiuh-s,
The third w.)rUl is the great .\ntarctic continent so
common in maps of tliis time.
8 Lok's ni;ip from Ilakluyt's Divers Voya!;cs
is given in fac-siniile in Vol. III. p. 40 and Vol.
IV. p. 44. There is a sketch of it in Bancroft,
A'o;-,'// ^h'xicait States, vol. i. p. 15I, and in his
Xortli west Coast, vol. i. p. 65.
" Furlani is said to have received this m.ip
from a Spaniard, Don Diego llermano de
Toledo, in 1574. The sketch is m.ide frcim
the drawing in Kohl's manuscript in the Ameri-
can Antiquarian Society Library. The key is
as follows: I. Mare incognito. 2. Stretto di
Ani.in. 3. Quivir. 4. Golfo di Anian. 5.
Anian regnum. 6. Quisau. 7. Mangi Prov.
8. Mare de Mangi. 9. Isola di Giapan. 10. V.
de Cedri.
■* The question of Fusang, whicli Kohl he-
lieves to be Japan, is discussed in Vol. I.
llfc
DISCOVERIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST.
455
liimself had proved the value of Iiis tlieory. The latter's course was to skirt the coast of
Japan till under 38°, when he .steered southerly; and after a hard voyage, in which he saw
no land and most of his crew died,
tin'
I
Y
'\°
he reached Acapulco in October.'
Other voyages were made in .suc-
ceedini,' years, but the next of which
we havu particular account was that
of Francisco tJali, who, returning
from Macao in 15S4, struck the Cali-
fornia coast in 37'^ 30', and marked
a track wlucli other navigators later
followed. -
'I'he map (1587) in Hakluyt's
I'aris edition of I'eter Martyr con-
formed more nearly to the Mcrcator
type ;•' and Makluyt, as well as Lok,
records Drake's discovery, both of
them putting it, however, in 1580.
Willi the year 15S8 is associated
a controversy over what purports to
be a memoir setting forth the pas-
sage of tiic ship of a Spanish navi-
gator, Lorenzo Ferrer de Maldonado,
from tlie Atlantic to the Pacific,
tlirough a strait a quarter of a league
wide. The passage took him as high
as 75°: but he reached tl;c Pacific
under the si.xtieth parallel. The
opening was identified by him with the long-sought Straits of Anian. The belief in this
story had at one time some strong advocates, but later geographical discoveries have of
course pushed it into the limbo of forgotten things : for it seems hardly possible to
identify, as was done l)y Amoretti, the narrow passage of Maldonado, under 60°, with
that which ISehring discovered, sixteen leagues wide, under 6^°-^
FRO.M MOU\E.WX'S GLOBE, 1 592.''
1 Pcschcl, Gi-iclii,It(i- if,r Enlhuiiii,', 1S65, pj).
3--> 395 > J' C. Hrcvoort in Mai;iizhie of Aimri-
Ciiii History, vol. i. p. 250; liurncy, /"iywi,'!-.!',
vol. i., and ISancrolt, North Mexican States,
vol. i. ]). 139, where tlicre arc references and
tollections of authorities.
- (iali's letter is in llakUiyt, vol. iii. p. 526,
coiiied from I.inscliotcn. Cf. inscription on the
Molineau.'c map of 1600 in this History, Vol. III.
p. 80, anil ISancroft, California, vol. i. j). 94.
The map which Gali is thought to have made
is not now known (Kohl, Maps in Jfahliiyt,
Oi). liancroft says that (iali's mention of Cape
Mendocino is the earliest, but it is not definitely
known by whom that prominent point was first
named.
^ This map is sketched in Vol. III. p. 42.
* This is sketched from a draught in the
Kohl Collection. Cf. Vol. III. pp. 196, 212.
The dotted line indicates the track of Drake.
There has been much controversy over the
latitude of Drake's extreme northing, fixed, as
it will be seen in this map, at about .).S", which
is the statement of the World Encompassdl,
and by the Famous J'ovaf;i; at 43°. The two
sides were espoused warnilv and respectively
by Grecnhow in his Orcj^on and California, and
by Travers Twiss in his Orfi^on Question, (luring
the dispute between the United States and
Great Britain about the Oregon boundary.
Bancroft [Xortlnoesl Coast, vol. i. p. 144), who
presents the testimony, is inclined to the lower
latitude.
^ It is claimed that Maldonado presented
his memoir in 1609 to the Council of the Indies,
and asked for a reward for the discovery ; and
there are two manuscripts |)urportiiig to be the
original memoir. One, of which trace is found
in 1672, 1738, 1775, 1781 (copied by MuRoz),
and printed in 178S, was still existing, it is
claimed, in 1789, and was reviewed in 1790
by the French geographer Buache, who en-
deavored to establish its authenticity; and it
is translated, with maps, in Barrow's Chronologi
'. I
I't
) I
I I
f
,! ! I
V
456
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
In 1592 we have the alleged voyage of De Fuca, of which he spoke in 1596, in Venice,
to Michael Lok, who told Purchas ; and lie in turn included it in his rHi^rims.^ He tohl
L.ok that he had I icon
captured and plundered
on the California coast
by Cavendish,-— a state-
ment which some have
thought confirmed !)y
Cavendish's own avowal
of his taking a pilot on
that coast, — and tiiat at
the north he had entered
a strait a hundred miles
wide, under 47° and 48'',
which had a pinnacle
rock at the entrance ; and
that within the strait he
had found the coast
trending northeast, bor-
dering a sea upon wliich
he had sailed for twenty
days. This story, de-
spite its exaggerations,
and though discarded
formerly, has gained
some credence with later
investigators ; and the
application of his name
to the passage which
leads to Puget Sound
seems to have been the
result of a vague and
;^S;g=Sff^*5SK
SPANISH GALLEON.*
J
cal History of Voyai;es, etc. Anotlicr manuscript
was found in the Ambrosian library in iSii,
and was published at Milan as /7(/j,x/(' dal
marc Atlantko nl Pacifico, translated from a
Spanish rianuscript (Stevens, Bihliotlu-ca geo-
gr<if>/iii(i, no. 1,746), and again i:i French at
Plaisance in 1S12. The editor was Charles
Amoretti, who added a disc(jursc, expressing
his belief in it, together with a circiimpolar
map marking Maldonado's track. (Harvard
College Library, no. 4331.2.) This book was
reviewed by Barrow in the Quarterly RLview,
October, 1816. Cf. Burncv's Voyages, vol. v.
p. 167. A memoir by the Chevalier Lapie, with
another map of the " Mcr polairc," is printed in
the A'ouTi'tlcs Aiiitalcs dcs I'oyagi-s, voL xi.
(1S21). liancroft {Xort/i:ccst Coast, i. 9S) repro-
duces Lapic's map. Navarrcte searched the
.Spanish Archives for coiifirination of tliis
memoir, — a search not in vain, inasmuch as
it led to the discovery of the documents with
which he illustrated the history of Columbus;
and he also gave his view of the cpicstion in
vol. XV. of his Coleceioii dc <loctim,'iitos iiu'dilos
in the volume specially called K.\amcn his-
torico-criliio dc los I'iagrs y Dcsciibrimicitlos
apocrifos del capitan Lorenzo Ferrer Maldoiuulo,
de Juan de Fuea y del almiraiite Bartolome de
Faille : memoria eomeiizada por D. M. F. de
A'avarrcte, y arreglada y coiulnida por D.
Eustaquio Fernandez de A'avarrete. ISancKift
calls it an elaboration of the voyage of the
Siitil y Mcxieaiia. (Cf. Arcana J}ildiot;rapliia
de ohras aiwnimas, 1SS2, no. 4aS,) tioldsdn in
\\\'A Memoir on the Straits of Aniaii places con-
fidence in the ^L^ldo^ado memoir. Cf. Ban-
croft {A'orl/iu<est Coast, vol. i. \i. 92), who re-
capitulates the story and cites the examiners
of it, /;•(' ami eon, and gives (p. 96) Maldonado's
map nf the strait.
' Vol. iii. ]). 849.
- On Cavendish's Pacific Explorations. See
Vol. HI., chap. ii.
3 A facsimile of the sketch given in Jurien
de la Graviere's Les marins du XV' etdu XVF
sihle.
DISCOVERIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST.
457
general concurrence, in the belief of some at least, that tiiis passage must be idcntihed with
the strait which De Kuca claimed to h,;ve passed.'
With the close of tiie sixteenth century, tiie maps became nj.nerous, and are mostly of
the Mercator type. Such are tlioseof Cornelius de J uda;is in 1589 and in 1593,- the draughts
of 1587 and 1589 included in the Ortelius of 1592,'' tiie map of i ■;93 in tlie Ilistoriaruin iiuii-
caiuin lU»i X\'I. of Maffeius,^ anil those of i'lancius '^ and Di iiry." Tlie type is varied
a little in the 1592 globe of .Molineaux, as already shown, and in tiie 1587 map of Myritius
we have the Asiatic connection of the upper coast as before mentioned ; but in the
Ptolemy of 1597 the contour of Mercator is still essentially followed.'' In this same
year (1597) the earliest distinctively American atlas was published in the Dcsaiptionis
I'lolcmaicw Ain^iiirii/iim of Cornelius Wyttllet, of which an account is given in another
place." Fac-similes of the maps of the Gulf of California and of the New World
.are annexed, to indicate the full extent of geographical knowledge then current with the
best cartographers. The .Mercator type for the two Americas and the great .Antarctic
Continent common to most maps of tliis period .are the distinguishing features of the new
hemisphere. The sam.e characteristics pertain also to the mappemondes in the original
Dutch edition of Linschoten's Itinerario, published in two editions at Amsterdam in 1596,"
In Miinster's Cosmo, raphia, 1598, and in the lirescia edition (1598) of Ortelius.
%
li
rations. .See
' Greenhow in his Or,xon contends for a
certain Iia.sis of truth in Do Fuca's story. Cf.
Navan etc in the Colecchit de ilociiiiii-iitos iiicdilos,
vol. XV., and liaiicroft (Xorlk Mcxiiiin Slates,
vol. i. p. 146, and Xoytlnuest Coast, vol. i. pp.
71-So), who pronounces it pure fiction, and in a
long note gives the writers //o and con.
'^ In his Speeulitni Orbis Ternc. Cf. Miillcr,
(1S72), no. t,437, and Vol. IV. p. 97 of this His-
tory. This map of 1593 gives to the lake which
empties into the Arctic Ocean the name " Coni-
has," — an application of the name that liancroft
(Xort/nijest Coast, vol. i. p. S.(.) liiuls no earlier
instance of than that in Wytfliet in 15^7.
•' Mapoteea Colonibiana of Uricoechea, nos.
16, 17, and 18.
•• Copy in Harvard College Librarj-. Cf.
Alapoteea Cotombiaiia, no. 19.
* The map of I'lancius was first drafted —
according to lihmdeville — in 1592, and is dated
1594 in the Dutch Linschoteu of 151)6, where
it was republished. It w.as rc-engravcd, but not
credited to I'lancius, in the Latin I.iuschotcn
of 1599. The English I.inschoten of 1598 has
a map, re-engr.avcd from Ortelius, which is given
in the Hakluyt of 1589.
•i Ma/iotcca Coloinhiana, nos. 20 and 21.
Cf. this History, Vol. IV. p. 99.
■ Cf. nos. z, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35. This 1597
edition of Ptolemy was issued at Cologne,
under the editing of Jean .Vntonio Magiiii,
a I'aduan, born in 1556. (Cf. Leiewel, /C/'ilof^ue,
219.) The maps showing .\merica arc, —
\o. 2. A folding map of the two spheres,
drawn by Hieronymus I'orro from the map
which Rumoldus Mercator based on his father's
Work.
Nos. 28 and 32. .Asia, showing the opposite
.\merican .shores.
VOL. II.- -S.
Nos. 34-35. America, of the Mercator
type, but less accurate th.an Ortelius. There
are copies of this edition in the lihrarv of the
Massachusetts Historical .Society, and in Mr.
lirevoort's collection. (Walckenaer, no. 2,257 ;
Stevens, X^ii^^vts, no. 2,259; Ciacssc, vol. v.
p. 502.)
This same edition is sometimes found with
the imprint of Arnheim, and copies of this
.uc in the Library of Congress and in tlie
Carter-Iirown Collection. (Cf. Cartcr-Urown,
vol. i. no. 514; Crraesse, v. 502.)
.■\n edition in Italian, 1598 (with 1597 in the
colophon), embodying the works of Magini
and I'orro, was published at Venice; and there
are copies of this in the Library of Congress
and in the Philadelphia Library; also in the
collections of J. Carson Ihevoort, President
White of Cornell University, and C. C. Hald-
win, of Cleveland.
The te.xt of Ruscelli, edited by Rosaccio,
was printed at Venice in 1599, giving three
maps of the world and nine special American
maps. There is a copy of this edition in the
Carter-Iirown Library, and one was sold in the
Murphy sale (no. 2,077). I'he Magini text was
again ])rintcd at Cologne in l6aS, and of this
there arc copies in the Harvard College and
Carter-Hrown libraries.
>< C-f. Vol. IV. p. 369.
'■• This and the other maps were repeated
in the six Dutch editions, in the second and
third French, and in the original Latin edition.
The third Dutch edition, in three jiarts, is the
rarest of the editions in that language; the first
part being without date, while the second and
third arc dated respectively 1604 and 1605.
The fourth Dutch edition is dati'd 1614, the
fifth 1623 (a reprint of the 1614), the sixth
.. !'
f'\
\ {
458
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
"'JO I
i(fui
Z/0 ■ l_J
Sept em
ciuititum 9'^*L,Tutrta
FROM \V\'TFLIET, 1597.'
J
In 1600 MetuUus in his America sitc /wtus orbis, published at Cologne, simply fol-
lowed Wytfliet." From the map of Molineaux, likewise of 1600, a sketch of the .lifornia
1644 (a rciirint of the i6jj). Ci. Tide, Bihih- So, 82, 86, SS, 90; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 503,
graphic siir les jotiruaiix dcs mivigiUciii!, no.s. vol. ii. no. 547 ; .'^tcvcns, Bibliothcca historica,
» B.incroft (Xorlh Mexican Slates, vol. i. ]>. 153) sketches this map; it is also in his A'orllm'csl
Coast, vol. i. \i. 82.
'•^ Sabin, .\ii. 48,170.
ol. i. no. 503,
teca /lisloiiia,
his A'pft/i'i'esl
DISCO\EKIi:S ON THE PACIFIC COAST.
459
wvri'i.ir.T, 1597.
peninsula is given elsewhere. ^ A contour of the coast more like that of the Molineaux
globe ligured on a preceding page belongs to the map given in the Hcrreia of lOoi, but it
no. 1,148; MuUcr, ^('I'/fj 0// .-/wc/vVi/, 1S72, nos. The English translation by Wolfe (150S)
2,185, -.'SS, 2,igo; and 1S77, nos. i,8So, 1,882 i- n^ntioiied in Vol. III. p. 206. It was so rare
1,883, 1,884. '" '^3- '''^'- '^''^'' I'fi'^'^d it at ;^S Sj-. ; and yet
> Vol. III. p. 80.
I .
'
460
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
also introduces views which iicld to ;i nnich wider sepnrati >ii of the shores of the north
Pacific than liad been maintained by the school ot' Mercator.'
An important voyage in both furtiiering and confusing tlie knowledge of the California
coast was that of Sebastian Viscaiuo.'' This navigator, it is sometimes said, had been in
a Manilla galleon which Cavendish had captured near Cape St. Lucas in 1587, when the
English freebooter Inirncd the vessel and landed her crew.'' He is known to have had
much opportunity for ac([uiring familiarity with the coast; and in 1597 he had conducted
an expedition to the coast of the California peninsula which had failed of success.''
In 1602 (May 5) he was again despatched from Acapulco with three vessels, for the
same purpose of discovering some harbor up the coast which returning vessels from tlu'
Philippines could enter for safety or repairs, and of fmdiiig the mysterious strait which
led to the Atlantic. He was absent ten months.''' He himself went up to 42°, but one of
Crowninshield bought his copy in 1S44 at a lios-
ton auction for $10.50. The Roxbuigh copy had
brought ^i'lo 15.1'., and the Jadis copy the same.
Smith, the London dealer, in 1S74 advertised
one for £,1 15.?. 6//. The Menzics copy (no.
1,254) brought S104. There was a copy sold
in the licckfr.rd sale, 1SS3, nr.. 1,813, and an-
other in the Murphy sale, no. 1,498.
The first Latin edition, jVcnif^a/ic ac Ilhic-
rariinii, was printed in 1599, its first part being
translated, with some omissions, from the Dutch,
and the description of America being omitted
from the second iiart. It was reissued with
a new title in 161 4, — an edition very rare ; but
there are copies in the Lenox and Cartcr-l!rown
libraries. Cf. Carter-lirown, vol. i. no. 542,
vol. ii. no. 167; Lcclerc, no. 360 — 150 francs;
Murphv, no. 1,499 ; Tieic, no. 81 , Muller, 1S72,
no. 2.196; 1S77, nos. 1.S90, 1,891; and Rosen-
thal (Munich, 1SS3) — 100 marks.
The earliest French edition, Illstoire dc hi
XiiT'i;(iti<>n, etc., bears two different imprints
of .-Vmstcrdam, 1610, though it is thought to
have been printed bv De Bry at Frankfort. A
second is dated Amsterdam, 1619 (part i.
being after the French edition of 1610, and
parts ii. and iii. being translated from the
Dutch). It has nsuallv appended to it a D<:<:cri/>-
lion de rAmcriqiic (Amsterdam, 1619), jjp. 88
and map. America is also described in the
ni'schryi''m;^e 7'ivi Tcrse/iiyde laiidt-n (Amsterdam,
1619), included in the Saegman Collection
(Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,024). A third
French edition, " augmentee," but a reprint
of the 1619 edition, appeared at .Vmsterdam
in 163S. Cf. Carter-Brown, vol. ii. nos. 104,
105, 214,454; Lcclerc. 362 (1610 edition) — 130
francs; Triimel, no. 58; 'Piele, nos. 83, 87, 89;
Muller (1872), no. 2,193 (1^77). nos. 1,887, i,8S8,
1,889; Field, Indian Iiiblio<;raphy, no. 941 ;
lcclerc, no. 2,845 (''^3*'' edition) — 250 francs ;
Rich, 1832 (163S edition), ..o. 219—;^! 10.;.;
Murphy, nos. 2,977, -.97^; Quaritch (1638
edition) — ;^8 lox.
There are copies of the editions of T596,
1598, and 1599 in Mr. Deane's collection. The
Dutch editions are rarely in good condition;
this is .said to be on account of the general
use made of them as .se.a-nianuals. The Latin
and German te.xts in Dc Bry are not nuich
prized. (Camus, p. 189; Tide, p. 90.) Sabiii
(Dhtionmy, vol. x. p. 375) gives the bil)liography
of Linschoten. His life is jiortrayed in Van
Kanipen's l.r.'cus van hcrocmde Aiuit-rlamlcrs,
Haarlem, 1838-1840. He w.is with Barentz on
his first and second Arctic voyages. Cf. I'oyai^ie
oftc Schipvacrt by A'oordfn, 1601 ; again, 1(124;
Tiele, no. 155; Murphy, no. 1,497; Muller,
1872, no. 2,064, and 1877, no. 1,893. Ilis voy-
ages are included in I'crscheydc Oost-Indisilic
Voyai^ien, Amsterdam, lirca 1663.
' This Herrera map was reproduced in the
1622 edition, and so late as 1723 iuTonpieniada,
with a few changes. The Herrera of 1601 has
the following American majjs: —
Page 2. The two Americas.
Page 7. The West India Islands.
Page 21. The Audicncia of Xew .Spain.
P.age T,?!- The Andiencia of Guatemala.
P.age 38. South America.
P.age 47. Audicncia of Quito.
Page 63. The Chile coast.
Jcfferys, in his A'c^''//nues/ Passa^v, gives a
fac-simile of die American hemisphere.
The Quadus map of 1600, showing the Cali-
fornia peninsula, is .sketched in Vol. IV. p. 101.
The Japanese map, showing the west coast,
which Kaempfcr gave to Hans Sloane, and
which figures so much in the controversy of
the last century over the " mer de I'ouest," is
supposed to have been drawn between 15S0
and 1600.
'- Biscaver he is sometimes called.
•■> Grecnhow, Oiri,vn and California, 89 ; Ban-
croft dou'.ts Viscaino's presence [A'orth Mexiain
States, i. 148).
'' Torquemada gives the chief information on
this voyage. Bancroft (Xorth Mexican States, i.
151) cites other writers.
° Our knowledge of this expedition comes
largely from the account of a Carmelite priest,
Antonio de la Ascension, who accompanied it.
DISC VKRIES ON THE I'ACIFIC COAST.
461
' Cf
of the north
his vessel.; uiuler Martin Aguilar proceeded 1043°, where he reported thai lie fouml the
entrance of ;■ river or strait, not far from Cape IJlanco ; ' and for a lonj; period afterwards
the entrance and Agiiilar's name stood together on the maps.- liuache, in his Consii/i-rittions
i^coi^rapliiqui's ct physiques, says that it was the reports hrought back from this expedition,
describing an easterly trend of the coast above the 43^ which gave rise to the notion tliat
the waters of the (lulf of California found a passage to the ocean in two ways, making an
island of the peninsula. The official recorder ol tlie ex[)e(lition (Ascension) is known to
have held this view. We shall see how ti.xed this impression later became.
Meanwhile the peninsular shape was still maintained in the map in Uotero's Rclacioncs
UniverMlcs del miiiulo, i)ul)lished at Valladolid in 1603; in the Spaiiisli map of 1604, made
at Florence by Mathieu Neron I'ecciolcn (engraved for Buaclie in 1754) ; in that of
Ccspetles' Ri'i^imiento tfe A'ai'ii^acion (1606), and in that iJiihlishetl 111 connection witii
Ferdinand de Quir's narrative in the Dctcitiuitis Frcf i {iGij,) of Hudson's voyage.^
A map of Jodocus lloiulius of about this time tirst gave indication of the growing
uncertainty which led finally to a prev.iiling error reg.irding the head of the gulf, 'i'he
map was inscribed " Vera totius expeditionis nauticiu Descriptio D. Franc. Draci," etc.,
and illustrated Hondius's edition of Drake and Cavendish's voyages, and has been repro-
duced in the Hakluyt Society's edition of T/te U'ot/ti hiuoinpassid. The gulf is
made to divide about an island at its northern end, producing two arms whose prolonga-
tion is left undecided. The circumpolar map of Hontlius which appeared in I'ontanus's
Ainsterdain in 161 1, and is given in fac-simile in Asher's Ilcniy Hudson, shows tiie Straits
of Anian, but nothing more. Another Hondius map in the Mercator of 1613 turns the
coast easterly, where the Straits of Anian separate it from Asia. The same atlas of i()i3
contains also the America of Michael Mercator, which is of the usual Gerard Mercator type,
with the enclosed northern sea contracted to narrow limits and called " Mare dulce.'' A
similar western coast is drawn in the America of Johannes Oliva of Marseilles, preserved
in the liritish .Museum. ■•
In Kasper van Haerle's edition of Herrera, published at Amsterdim in 1622, we get —
as far as has been observed — the earliest'' insularizing of the California peninsula, and this
only by a narrow thread of water connecting a large gulf below and a smaller one above.
And even this attempt was neutralized by a second map in the same book, in which these
two gulfs were not made to mingle their waters. A bolder and less equivocal severing of
the peninsula followed in the maps of two linglish geographers. The first of these is the
and whose report, presen'.ed in the BibHoieca
X.icional at .Madrid, is printed in Pachcco's
Coltifion i/c (/iiiiiiihiihis, viii. 539. Ti)r(|ueiiuula
usud it, and so did Vcnegas in his Xoluia di- lit
California (.Madrid, 1757; EngHsh edition, Lon-
don, 1759; French edition, I'aris, 1767; Cier-
iiian, 1769). Cf. on Venugas, Carter-Brown, vol.
iii. 1105. 1,172, 1,239, t,6oi, 1,710 Field, lihli,tn
IUbtioi;raf<hy,\\Qi,. 1,599, l,0oO; liancrofl, ,\'();7//
Mcxiiiin Slates, i. 2S1. An abridged narrative
from Lorenzana is given in the Bolctin of the
-Mexican Geographical Society, vol. v., 1857.
Navarrcte adds some other documents in his
Colcccioit, XV. Bancroft {Xorth Ahwican S/ates,
'• ' 54-' 55. '""'d California, i. 9S) enumerates other
sources ; as docs J. C. Brcvoort in the Ma,i;aziiie
tf American Ilislorv, i. 124.
' Bancroft docs not believe that he went be-
yond the Oregon line (42°), and considers his
Cape Blanco to be the modern .St. George
[History of California, i. 104; Northwest Coast,
i. S4J.
"^ Bancroft, Me.vho, iii. 3; California, ii. 07;
Xorth Mexiean States, i. 15;,. .\ sketch of Vis-
caino's map from Cape Mendocino soutli is
given in this History, Vol. Ill, p. 75. The map
was published, as reduced from the thirty-si.v
original sheets by Xavarrcte, in the Atlas fara
el Tia<,v de las ,!,'oletas Siitil y Me.vieana al reeono-
ei mien to del Estreeho de jnan de Fuea (1S02).
Cf. Xavarrete, xv. ; Greenhow's Xorttnvest Coast
(1S40), p. 131 ; Burney's^,;«///.9,-,i/';>i',n,'r.r(iSor)),
vol. ii. {with the map) ; and Bancroft, Xorlh
Mexiean States, i. 1 56 ; California, i. 97, and
Xortlnoest Coast, i. loi, 146.
' This is reproduced in Charton's I'oyaj^eiirs,
iv. 1S4, 1S5.
■* There is a draught of it in the Kohl Collec-
tion. Cf. Cataloj;ue of Manuscript Maps in the
British Museum (1S44), i. 33.
' Bancroft [Xorlliwest Coast, i. loi) refers to
the suspicions of Kather Ascension in 1603. of
Onate in i6oj, anc of Nicolas de Cardona in or
about 161;, that C.nlifornia was an island; but
\
ll
» n
f
46:
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
U
map of .Master IJriggs.' In this the island stretches from 23° to 44°, showing Cape ni.inco,
witli Cape Mendocino and " I'o. S'. Francisco Draco" south of it, tlie latter in about 3S"',
Tne map hears the following legend : '' California, sometymes supposed to be pari of v''
Westerne continent ; but since by a Spanish chartc taken by y"' Hollanders it is found to
be a goodly llanile, the length of the west shoaro beeing about 500 leagues from Capf
Mendocino to the south cape thereof called Cape St. Lucas, as appeareth both by that
Spanish Chart, and by liic relation of Francis (Jaule [Gali], whereas in the ordinarie
charts it is sett downe to be 1700 leagues.'"^ The other was that given in John Speed's
Prospect., which contains one of the maps of Abrahain (]oos of Amsterdam, " described
anil enlarged by I. S. Ano. 1O26." This carries up the outer coast of the island beyond
the " l'o[ 10] Sir Francisco I)r[ake]" and Cape Mendocino. The coast of the main
opposite the northern end of the island ceases to be defined, and is continued northerly
with a dotted line, while the western shore of Hudson's Day is also left undetermined.-^
De Laet, however, in (•'30 still kept to the penitisula, placing " Nova Albion" above it.'
In 1636 W. Saltonstall s English translation of Hondius's Mercator presents an island,
with the now somewhat cotnmon break in the main coast opposite its northern end.
This gap is closed up, however, in another map in the same volume.^
The map in Pierre D'Avity's Lc Moiule^ makes California a peninsula, with the river
St. Lawrence rising close to it, and flowing very near also to Hudson's I5ay in its easterly
passage.
The circuiustantial story of Ba"loleme de Fonte, whose exploits arc placed in 1640, at
one tiine commanded a certain degree of confidence, and made strange work with the carto-
graphical ideas of the upper part of the Pacific coast. It is now believed that the story
was coined by James Petiver, one of the contributors to the Monthly Miscellany, or Memoirs
for the Curious, published in London in April and June, 1708, in which first appeared what
purported to be a translation of a letter of a certain Admiral De Fonte.' In this a Spanish
navigator — whose name was po.;sibly suggested by a veritable De Fonta who was exploring
Tierra del I-^uego in 1649 — was made to depart from Callao, April 3, 1640, and proceed up
the coast to 53'', above which he navigated a net-work of interior waters, and encountered
a ship from Hostou which had entered these regions from the Atlantic side.* To this
there was on their part no cirtographical cxprcs-
siiin of the idea.
' In I'lirchas', /'//;'•;•////., ill. 853, in 1625.
This m,!]) li s!..otclicd in IJaucmlt's At'rlli Mexi-
co >i S/iiUs, i. 169.
- Tliis .Spanish chart here vufcrrcd to is not
idcnliliud, though Dclislo credits it — according
to liaiicroft (.Yivl/ncifst Coast, i. 103) — to Jann-
soii's Moih/e Mciritiiiic. If by this is meant
Jannsoii's Orl<is Ma)itimus,\'i was not till 1657
that Jamison added this volume to his edition of
the Mercator-Iloiiiliiis Atlas. Carpenter's Geof;-
rop/iy (Oxford, 1625) repeats Piirchas's story, and
many have followed it since. In Ileylin and
Ogilby, the story goes that sonic people on the
coast in 1620 were carried in Iiv the current, and
found themselves in the suit. The Spanish
chart may have been the source of the map in
the .Amsterdam Hcnrra of 1622.
•' Bancroft (W'rth-.ih-st Coast, i. 104) sUctcIies
a similar niaj) wliicli ainicared in 1624 at Amstcr-
<I.im in Inga's West Irdisc/ie S/yiiyliel. MuUcr,
/tool's on America, 1S72, no. 805 ; 1877, no. 1,561.
■* It was repeated in later editions. Bancroft
uses no earlier e;lttion than that of 1633. The
edition of 1C25 did not contain the map of 1630.
•'' In 1636 a report was made by the Spanish
on the in'obablc inter-oceanic comnumication bv
way of the Ciiilf of California, t'f. Doiuoiciitos
iiteditos, \\. 215; liancrcift, Xorthocst Coast, i.
107.
" Paris, 1637, five volumes, folio. Bancroft
gives his map in his .Vortliwest Coast, i. 107.
' .\rthiir Hobbs re|nintcd it in his Countries
ailjoining to Hudsoii^s liay,'w\ 1744, — accoriliii!,'
to Bancroft.
" He is particular to describe this ship as
owned l)y Major Ciibbons, who was on board,
and as commanded by one .Shapley. Major
Kdward Gibbons was a well-known merchant of
I'oston at this time, and the story setnis first to
have attracted the notice of the local aiitiqu.irits
of that city, when Dr. Franklin br.np^ht it to the
attention of Thomas Prince; and upon Prime
reporting to him evidence favorable to the exist-
ence of such persons at tint tiiv.c, Franklin ad-
dressed a letter to Dr. Pringlc, in which lie
considers the story " an abridr,ment and a tians-
latioii, and bad in both respects ; " and he adds,
"If a fiction, it is plainly not an F.nglish one-
but it has none of the features of fiction." (Ct.
Sabin's American nilt\>} n' i:.', rebniaty, 1870
DISCOVEKIKS ON TIIK I'ACIIIC COAST.
463
arcliipehigo, as it seemed, lie gave the name of St. Lazarus ; and to a river, leading from a
lake witli an island in it. lie applied that of V'clasco ; and these names, curiously, appear in
the fanciful majis wliicli were made by Delislc and IJuache in elucidation of the voyage in
which they expressed not a lilUe iailli, tlioiinh the SpaniHh antiquaries early declared that
their archives contained no record of the voyaj;c.'
The Dutch, under De V'rics, in 1643 had pusiied up from Japan, and discovered, as
they thought, an island, "Jesso," separated from land on the west hy a water which tl.cv
called the " Detroit de \'ries, and on the American side hy a channel which had an uncer-
tain extension to the north, anci inij;lit after all he the loii;;-souj;lit Straits of Anian.'' The
idea of an interjacent land in the north I'acific between America and Asia is also said to
have <;rown out of the report of a I'ortuguese navigator, Don Joao da Clania, who claimed
to have seen such a land in sailing from China to New Spain. It long maintained a fleet-
ing existence on the maps."
|). 05.) Dr. Snow examined it in his ///.fAnT <>/ /(<///(• .S'li/*/// .Si'rrf, vol. iii. (1S13). William Cold-
liostoii (p. S9), and expressed liis dishtlicf in it. son, in his Pnssasc hehvceii the Al!,iiilh- ,///</' /',^■/-
Calch t'lishiii}! in the Xoil/i Aiiieruiiii A\-;u'7o Jii:,in hvo Mimoiison the Sltiutsol Aiiian iiii,l the
(January, 1839) expressed die opinion that the DiseiTeries 0/ J)e I\<iile (I'ortsnioiitli, fainlaiid,
account was wortliy of investi};ati()n ; wliich in- 1793), sMppiiscd that 1 )c Koiitcgot into ne lirc.it
(inccd Mr. James Savage to examine it in detail, .Slave Lake ! Xavarrete has e.\aniuied the (pies-
who in the same periodical (April, 1S39, p. 559) tion in his Doeiinicnios ineditos, xv., as he had
set it at rest hy at least negative proof, as well done at less length in his .S'///'//^.1/,'.v/(i;»(( in iSoj,
as by establishing an (////'/ for (libbons at the expressing his disbelief ; and so does liancroft in
date assigned. It may be remarked that among his Xorthwest Coast, i. 115, who cites additionally
the Knglish there was no general belief in a (p. 119) \,:\1\m\^c, A/irej;e </es l'oy,iges (iS\U),\^t\.
practicable western passage at this time, and
the directors of the Last India Company had
given up the hope of it after Hallin's return in
1610.
' It was vcrv easv for the credulous to identifv
xvi., and Lapie, .\'iiin'e//es Aiiiin/es ties l'i'Vii,i,'es
(iSji), vol. xi., as believing the story. A "Chart
for the belter understanding cjf De Font's kf
ter " appeared In .•/// .leeoiiiit of <i I'oydxe for
the Disdr-.'ery of 11 Xorthivest Piissiige, by 'I'heo-
the Archipelago of St. Laz.uus witii the Char- clore Swaine Drage (clerk of the " California "),
lottc Islands. The map of Delisle and liuachc, London, 1749, vol. 11.
published in Paris in 1752 in .Voii-vHes Cartes </es
Dceoiiiwrtes de VAiiiiml de Fontc, endeavors to
reconcile the voyages of De Fuca and De Fonte.
The map is reproduced in I'aucroft's .\'oi-th'a<est
Coast, i. 128. Under 45° there are two str.aits
entering a huge inland "nier de I'ouest," the
southerly of which is supposed to be the one
found bv Aguilar in I('i03, and the northerly that of
De Fuca in 1392. Under 60° is the St. l.a/arns
Archipelago, and thridding the adjacent main are
the bays, straits, lakes, and rivers which connect
the Pacific with Hudson's Bay. The next year
(1753) Vaugondy, in some Ohen-ations er/t/i/iies,
opposed Dclisle's theory; and the opposing nie-
- Keeiteil de I'oyai^es an jVord, Amsterdam.
1732, vol. iv. ; Coxe's Diseo^vries of the Kiisn'aiis
ill the A'orth Paeifie, 1S03.
•' Sanson adopted it. and it is laid down in
Van Loon's Zee Atlas oi i66r. where, in the chart
"Nova C'.raiiada en ri''.ylandt California," it is
marked as the thither shore of the Straits of
.\nian, and called "Terra incognita," — and V.ni
Loon had the best reputation of the hvdrog-
raphcrs of his day. The ma]) pnblislied liv
Thevcnot in 1663 also gives it.
Nicolas Sanson died in 1667, and two years
later (1669), his son (iuillannie reissued his
father's map, still with the island and the inter-
nioirs were printed in Spanish, with a refutation jacent land, which in I'lomc's map, published in
of Delisle by lUniel, in Venegas' California, \n his /'(■j-<7v///()« (1C70), ami |)rofesscdly following
1757. Some vears later the F.nglish geographer Sanson, is marked "Co"ibas." Later, in 1601,
Jcfferys attacked the problem in maps appended we have another Sanson map; but though the
to Dragg's Great rrobahility of a Xorthioest Pas- straits still bomul easterly the " Terre de Jesso,"
saxe, which was i)rintcd in London in 176S. they arc without name, and open easterly into
Jcfferys made the connection with Ilallin's Bay,
and bounded an islaml — in which he revived the
old Chinese legend bv calling it Fusang — by
De Fuca's Straits on the south and De Fonte's
.\rchipel.ago on the north. Foster, in 17S6, and
Clavigcro, in 179S. repudiated the story ; but it
a limitless " tner gl.iciale." Hennepin at a later
day put a special drau,ght of it in the margin of
his large map (i6c)7), where it has someihiiig
of continental proportions, stretching through
fovty degrees of longitude, north of the thirtv
eighth parallel; and from Hennepin Campanius
( •! 'i
1 1
i(
ajipcalcd snfificientiv to lUirnev to induce him to cojiied it (1702) in his .\'ya Swerii^e, \>. 10, as
include it in his Chrotioloi;ieal //istory of I'oyax'fs shown herewith (p. 464).
W.
j:
464
NAKKATIVK AM) CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMKRICA.
T\\(i maps of I'ctiiis Koerius, daleil 1646, in Spueil's l'fospt\t (1668), indicate wliai
variable iiinods gronrapiiurs loiiid a^siinic in llii' same year. In utiu we liave an isl.i'ul and
a tlcierminate coastline rnniiiiiy noilii to tlie straits; in the otlier \vc have a pcninsnl i
with two different trends of the coast north of it in half-sliadinj;. Wc owe to an expatri-
ated Knyiisliman a more precise noinentlature for the western coast th.m we had liail
previous to tlie apjjcarance of Ids maps in i(>4'); and the ori;4inaI manuscript drawinj;s
preserved at Municii i.re said hy Dr. Hale to l)e richer still in names.' This is the
Arcitiio iKl i/iiiir i\i Roljcrt Dudley, lie was Ixirn in Surrey in 1573, and wliether the
natural or lej;itimate son of the Karl of Leicester depends on the proof of the secret
marriajje of that nohlem.in with I.a<ly Sheffield. /\n adventurous spirit kept him aw.iy
from tlie enjoyment of Kenihvorth, which he inlierited, and he was drawn nearer to the
associations of the sea by marryinj; a sister of Cavenilish. He was among the many
Knglishmen who tried their darin;; on the Spainsh main. He married a second wife, a
dauj;hter of Sir Thomas Leijjh, whom he ahaniloned, partly to be riil of a stepmother;
and out of ihagrin at his failure to secure the dukedom of Norllnnnherland, which had
been in abeyance since the execution of liis grandfather, Lady Jane Grey's adherent, he
sold Kenilworth to young Prince Henry, and left Kngland in comjiany with a dauj;IUei of
Sir Robert Southwell. He now {;ave himself uj) to pr.ictical seamanship and the study
of hydroi;r.iphy. The gr.uul-duke of Tuscmy j;ave him employment, and he dr.dned
a morass to enable Leghorn to become a bciuliful ciiy. Untler authority of f'erdi-
nand II., he assumeil the title of Duke of Xordiund)erland, which was rccoyni^ed
It is also duliuealcd in 1700 in the map of in I7-'S, li.ul mapptd nut llie .Vsiutic slitire <if
the Diitcliniaii, LujJlen'. tl;. Tlie iilc.i was mil this leyiou.
; '1
■^
TKRRF, DE lESSO.
totally given up all Cook's map of his cxplor.i- ' Amcr. Aiiliq. Sac. Proc., October, 1S7J,
tions in 1777-177S appeared, which was the first and Memorial History of Boston, i. S9' Kohl's
to give to the peninsula of Alaska and the Washington Collection has several drauglits from
Aleutian islands a delineation of approximate the charts at Munich. An earlier edition (1630)
accuracy; and this was fifty years after Hehring, of the Arcaiio del Mare is sometimes mentioned.
UlSCOVIiRIIiS ON THK PACIFIC COAST.
4^5
iii.lic sliurc of
C. Aknaoctno
G^o
VIRA
flc It frju
l*\,,,-*lgw<|-'
fcoj
lit fennel
4tL.
QVl
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1^
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i't
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1 1
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VOL. U. — 59.
DUDLKV, 1646.
.-, ^,if^^,-:m- V ,^ ^- i.^ ^^.
466
NAKRATIVK AND LKI IICAL IIISIUKV UK A.Ml.KICA.
•/V
t I
\M
m
i :
li
lliinii),'li(mt llic crupirc IFc clird in 1^)19.' The .hriiiio Ins thirty lliree AnuTinin mips;
l)iit ilic .Miinuli iii,mii^oii|)t allows tliirttcii more- Oiif itf the I'.uitic co.ist, wliicli rccoriU
Drakf .H c'xplonitions. JH annexed; i)ut with Dmilcy's tuxt •* there in another iilinwinK the
coast from t'.ipc .Mendocino soiitli, wliitli puts under ildrty <le>;rceii norti) a "jjnlfo pro.
fondo" of undclined iniaiul limits, with '• 1 di Cedros " olV its moutli, I'lie ii.iy witli tlie
anchor ami sounilinns just norlli of tliirty ilfurees, called in tlie fac-simiU- " I"" di N'ouuva
Alliion. " corrispondin);, it would seem, to San !• rancisco, is still Hern in this other chart,
with a more explicit inscription. — ■• I'o: dell nuovo Alhion scoperto dal' Dragc C'""
InKlcse."
In \(>-\(), in 'I'exeira's chart, there i.<i laid down lor the first lime a sketch of ilie coam
nc.ir the Straits of /\ni.in, which is marked as seen hy Joilod.i C.ima. and extends easterly
from Jesso, in the l.itilude of 50". (i.ima's land lived for some time in the charts.'
We have another of Speed's maps, five years later (1^)51), which ap))cars in the 1^176
edition of his /'roipir/. in which th.it i;eoj,'raplier is somewhat confused. He makes Cili-
forni.i an isl.md, with a liriak in the coast line of tlie main opposite its nortliern extrem-
ity, and its northwest point he calls "C. .Mendocino," while " I't. Sir Franci.sco Draco" lif
placed south of it ; but r.ither confusedly another Cape .Mendocino projects from tlie main
coast considerably further to the north.* A ma]i of \'issclier in 1652 '■ reverts, liowtvtr.
to the anterior notions of Mercitor : hut when in 16^5 Wright, an Englishman, adopicd
iMcrcator's projection, and first made it really serviced ile for navijjation, in hi.s Certain
Errors in Navij^ation, he gave an insular shape to California.
The I'rench neo^rapher Nicolas .Sanson" introduced a new notion in \(iyC\. Cali-
fornia was made an island with •' I"" dc I' rancisco Draco" on the west side, somewiiat
south of the northern cape of it. On the m.iin the coast in the same latitude is made to
form a projection to the north called •' A;;iil)ela de Cato," without any extension of the
shore farther northward. The maji in Petavius's (I'etau'.s) History of the /f'(vA/( London,
1650) carries the ( oast up. but leaves a 'f;,\\t 0]i])osite the nortliern end of the insular
California. The atlas of \'an Loon ( 1661) converts the jiaji into the Straits of Anian. and
puts a "terra incojj;nita" north of it. Danckerls of Amsterdam in the same year (1661),
and Du \'al in various maps of about this time inakc it an island. The map of 16^3,
which appeared in Ileylin's t('> ///i;i,';v/////>,' gives the insular California, and a doited line
for the main coast northward, with three alternative directions. A map of the Sanson
type is given in Illome's J>i\uri/>lioii of the 11 'or/,/, 1670. Ogilby's maj) in 1071 make.s it
an island,' followinf; Montanus's A'iru7t>e U'cereld.
Hennepin had in his 16,83 maj) made California a peninsula, and in that of 1697 he still
preserved the ;;ulf like ch.ir.uter of tlic w.itcrs east of it ; but the same plate in the 1698
edition is altered to make an island, as it still is in the edition of 1704. The I-'rench
Ccographer Jaillot. in 1^)94, also conformed to the insular theory, as did Corolus Allard
in hi.s well-known Dutch atla.s. Campanius, copying Hennepin, speaks of California as
in England in 1651, that the P.icif5c coast was .it
the foot of the western slope of the .Mlcnlianics,
— a belief which was ropresented in 1625 hv
Maslcr Hrigjjs in Piirchas (vol. ili. ]i. .S53), where
he speaks of the .south sea "on the other .side
of the mountains bcvoiul our falls, which ojieii-
' See Vols. IIL and IV., index; Cicnrgc Ad-
/ard's /tmyr J\o/>s,irt ,111,/ Lcic,-st,T, 1.S70; IV.ir-
viihsliir,- IlixloriidI Coltcdioiis ; Piigdak's ?/'/;■-
•tvicks/iirf, \i. \(>(\.
• Vol. i. lib. ii. \i. 10. The oilier maps are
miiiibcrcd xxxi., xxxii., and xxxiii. .\ second
edition, " Corrctta c accrcsciula sccondo 1' origi- cth a free and fair jjassagc to China."
nalc (Ics nicdcsinio T)uia. clu' si coiiscrva nclla ■' "Antorc, X. I. I'iscator."
lihrcria del '."onvcnto de Kircnzc dclla Pace," '• Horn 1600; died 1667.
appeared at Florence in 1661. "^ 1669, and later editions. Pancrnft (.Yorl/i
^ Sanson put it in his alias made in 1^)67; vest Coit.i/. i. 115) is led to believe that Heylin
rclislo rejected it in 1714; Piowen adhered to copied this map in 1701 from Ilackc's Colla-
it in T747. lion of f 'ciwi.v.f (1699), thirty years after he had
* It is worth while to note Virginia Farrcr's published his own map in 1669.
map of Virginia, given in Vol. Til. p. 465, for the ' It is copied in Bancroft, A'b;Mry«/ Coast.
strange belief which with some ])Cople prevailed i. 110.
;■;
-_./> >
DISCOVKKIKS ON TIIK I'AC II IC COAST.
467
tlic l.irj{»;.sl island " wliiili the S|).iniarils posnt-ss in AnuTici. I'roni California tlu' lan<l
extends itself |Iil' s.iys) to ili.it part of .Asia wliiili is c.dlfd Trrra cle Jisso, or Tcrr.i
Ksonis. The p.iss.ij,'f is only througli tlic Straits of Anian, which liitlicrto lias rcniaint'd
unknown, and therefore is not to lie found in any map or chart," — all of which .iliows
sonu'lhinj^ of C.mipaniiis's iinuciiiaiiitance with wliil had iiciii Nurniised, at least, in
carto^iMphy' '^1' 'I'''* whde lil.ieii in his ni.ips was illuslr.itin^; the dissol\inj; ^e(i;;raplii-
cal opinions of his time. In i^'jv he had drawn C.diforida as an island: in \(>(t2 a» a
peninsula; ainl once more, in 1670, as an island. Coronelli in i(')So,an(l l'raii(|iielin in his
;{ieat manuscript map of i')S.j had hotli represented it as an islam!.'
In ifii/) the Ij^lish ;;eo,i,Maplier I'Mward Wells, in his A'i7ii Sit/ of' .\fiips, showed
a little commendalile doubt in markinj; tlie inlet just north of tiie isl.uid as "the supjjoseii
Straits of Anian," — a caution which Delislu in 1700, with a hesitancy worthy of the
cireful iiydroKr.ipher th.it he w.is destined to liccoiue, still further exemplii'ied. While
restorinj; Califorida to its peninsular character, he indie, ited the |)ossiliilitv of its hein;,'
otherwise by the unfinished limitations of the surroundinj; waters- Damiiier in lf)9<),
in chroniclini; tlie incidents of the voyage with which he was connected, made it an
island."
In 1701 one would have supposed the (|Mestioii of the insularily of California would
h.ive been helped at le.ist by the explorations overland of [•".ilher Kino the Jesuit which
were begun in 1698. Mis map, based ratiicr upon shrewd conjecture than upon geo-
graphical discovery, and showing the peninsular form of the land, was |)ublishc(l in the
f.f/tns- /^,/i/iiniti-s, vol. v., in 1705.' In 1705 the maj) in Harris's C.tHeclioii of \'oy,ii:^i-s
preserves the insular character of Californi.i.' In 1715 Delisle" expressed himseli as
undecided between the two theories respecting California,' but in 1717 he gave the weiglit
of his great name" to an im.agined but indefiiute great gulf north of the Califorria
peninsula, which held for a while a place in the geoijraphy of his time as the '• .Mer de
I'ouest." Iloiuann, of Nuremberg, in 1711; marked the entrance of it, while he kept to the
insul.u- character of the land to the south ; as did Seuttcr in his Atlas Geoi^rafiliiciis
published at .Augsburg in 1720. Daniel Coxe in his C'rt;-c/(/;/rt had a sufficient stock of
credulity — if he was not a " liar,'' as liancroft calls him " — in working up some wondrous
stories of interior lakes emptying into the South Sea.'" In 1727 the Hnglish cartographer
Moll converted the same inlet into the inevit.dile Straits of Anian. Tlie maps in sueli
popular books as Shclvocke's /(yiyivv (1726) " and -Anson's Voyniics (174.S), as did
thwest Coast.
' It is also an island in Coroiiclli's globe of
16S5. Cf. MarcDii's A'('/<'.f, p. 5.
- Marcou's Xolcs, p. 5.
•' AVtc \'oya!;e round the WorlJ. The map
is sketched in Bancroft's Xorlh Mixicnii S/,it,-s,
vol. i. p. 195; cf. his jVort/iwest Coast, vol. i. pp.
1 1:, 1 19, for other data.
^ It was re-engr' ved in I'aris in t754 by the
geographer liiiachc, and later in tlie margin of
a map of North .America published by Saycr
of l.iiiulon. Tl is given in fac-siniilc in Jules
Marcou's paper on the lirsl discoverers of Cali-
fornia, aiipeiidcd to the Aniiital /■^tf'ort of the
Clii,f of Engiiictrs, U. S. A., 1.S7S, and is also
sketched in Bancroft's Xortli Mexican Stales,
vol. i. p. 499. Cf. his A'orthoest Coast, vol. i.
pp. 113, 115, 120, where it is sliown that Kino
never convinced all his companions that the
accepted island was in fact a peninsula. One
of his associates, Luis Velarde {Documcntos
para la historia dc Mexico, ser. iv. vol. i. \i. 344),
opposed his views. 'I'lie view is advanced by
K. I,. Iicrllioud In the Kansas Citv A'er/e-c
(June, 1SS3), that a large area hctwceii the head
of the gulf and the ocean, now below the sea
level, was at one time covered with water, and
that the island theory was in sonic wav con-
nected with this condition, which i.s believed to
have continued as recently as the sixteenth niul
seventeenth centuries.
■'' This map is reproduced in l!anciolt,.\'ii/M-
-west Coast, vol. i. p. 114; as well as a map of
Vaiuler Aa (1707) on page 115.
'' A'eciieil des I'ova._vs an .Vord, vol. iii. p. r(),S.
" liancroft cites Travers Twiss {Ore!;on
Question, 1846) as (pioiing a map of Delisle in
1722, making it a peninsula.
' Cf. Saint-.Martin, Hisloire de la ,^'i'o^<,'ra/'liie
p. 423-
^ A'ortlnoesl Coast, vol. i. p. 123.
'" Cf. something of the sort in Dobbs's map
of 1744, given in Bancroft, .^'('/•M^.•^ Coast, i. 123.
" .Sliclvockc says he accepted current views,
unable to decide himself.
• \
468
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
I*;
K
.1 ;
ll
1
ifl
'Wi
m'^'
i1
w
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■ rt
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jpfl
m
ill
i
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w
1 '
fi
r
/
sundry maps issued by Vander Aa of Amsterdam, still told ihc mass of readers of tlie
island of California ; as had 15ru/cn la Martinicre in his [iitrodintion cl riiistoire (1735),
and Salmon (using Moll's map of 173(1) in his History of .linerica.
Meanwhile, without knowing it because of the fogs, Hehring, in 1728, had pushed
through the straits now known by his name into the Arctic Seas, and had returned along
the Asiatic shore in continued ignorance of his accomplishment. It was not till 1732
that another Russian expedition was driven over to the Alaskan shore : and in 173.S and
1 741 Behring proved the close proximity of the two continents, and made demonstration
of their severance.
At tliis time also the English were making renewed efforts from the side of Hudson's
li.ay to reach the l^acilic ; and .Arthur Dobbs, in his Countrus adjoining to Hudson's Bav
(1744), gives a variety of reasons for supposing a passage in that direction, showing pos-
sible solutions of the problem in an accompanying map.'
The Spaniards, who were before long to be spurred on to other efforts by the rejjorts
of Russian expeditions, were reviving now, through the 1728 edition of Ilorrera, more
contidence in the pcninsul.ir character of California ; though .Mota I'adilla in his Aucva
Galicia, in 1742, still thought it an island.
The French map-maker Hellin, in his cartographical illustrations for Cliarlevoi.x in
1743, also fell into the new belief; as did Consag the Jesuit, in a map which lie made
in 1746.-
The leading English geographer Bowen in 1747 was advocating the same view, and
defining the more northerly parts as "undiscovered." In 1748 Henry Ellis published his
I'oyagc to Hudson's Bay, — made in 1 746- 1 747, and mentions a story that a high or low
tide made California an island or a peninsula, and was inclined to believe in a practicable
northwest passage.-' In 1750 Robert de Vaugondy, while preserving the peninsula, made
a westerly entrance to the north of it, which he marks as the discovery of Martin d'Aguilar.
The lingering suspicion of the northerly connection of the Calit'ornia Gulf with the ocean
had now nearly vanished : and the peninsula which had been an island under Cortc's, then
for near a century connected with the main, and then again for more than a century in many
minds an island again, was at last defined in its proper geographical relations.''
The coast line long remained, however, shadov.'y in the higher latitudes. Ihiriel, in
his editorial notes to Venegas's Ca/iforniit, in 1757, confessed that nothing was known.
The French geogr.iphers, the younger Delisle and Huache.'' published at this time various
solutions of the problem of straits and interior seas, associated with the claims of .Mal-
donado, De Fuca, and De Fonte ; and others were found to adopt, while others rejected,
some of their verv fancitul reconciling of conflicting and visionary evidences, in which the
" Mer de I'ouest " holds a conspicuous position." The Knglisli map-maker Jefferys at-
1 Reproduced in Bancroft, A'l'rt/mrs/ Coast,
vol. i. p. 123.
- It is in the Kohl Culiection, and is sketched
in I'ancroft's .Vort/i JIfiwiaiti State's, vol. i. p.
463; A'ort/mvst Codst, vol. i. pp. 125, 126.
•' Bancroft { Xoyt/nc'st Const, vol. i. pp. 126,
129) thinks his book more complete than any
earlier one on the subject. As late as 1755
Hcrniaim Moll, the ICnglish cartographer, kept
the island in his map.
^ r.:iiicr(ift \Xortli'Vt-st Coast, vol.i. pp. 1 27,
12SI tliinks that a theory, started in 1751 by Cap-
tain Salvador, and reasserted in 177.1 by Captain
Anza, that the Ciilorado sent off a branch wliich
found it.'* way to the sea above the peninsula,
was the Last flicker of the belief in the insularity
of California.
'' Helisle was born in 16SS and died in 1747 ;
Buache lived from 170010 1773. Other cavlo-
grapliical snUuinns of the same ckilaare fiuuul in
William Doyle's Anoiint of tlu- lUilisli Domin-
ions twond tiie Atlantic (London, 1770), and in
the Mhitoircs siir la sitiialion des /'ays scptcnirio-
naux, by Samuel Engel, published at Lausanne
in 1765. I'aigcl's maps were repeated in a Ger-
man translation of his book published in 1772,
and in his Extraits raisont's des I'ovagi'sfaits a'ans
li\< parties se/tcntrionalcs de I'Asie et de I'Aiiie-
riijue, also published at Lausanne in 1779.
'■' Buache's "Mer de I'oMest" was rc-cn-
graved in J. B. Laborde's Mer dn Slid (I'.iris,
1791), as well as a map of Maldonado's exjiln-
rations. Cf. Samuel ICngcl'- l-'xtraits raisonrs
des I'ovages flits dans les /'ar/ies seftentrionala
(Lausanne, 1765 and 1779), and Dobbs's AWth-
■oest Passage (,\-]'^\].
./'
DISCOVERIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST.
469
ulers of tlie
toire (1735).
liad pushed
limed along
not till 1732
in 173S and
jmonstiation
of Hudson's
'i/i/soii's Bay
showing pos-
y tlie reports
erreia, more
1 his jXid-va
Charlevoix in
ich he made
nic view, and
niblished his
I high or low
a practicable
[insula, made
tin d'Aguilar.
ilh the ocean
Cortes, then
itury in many
4
liuriel, in
was known,
time various
aims of Mal-
ers rejected,
in which the
Jefferys at-
Otlier cnrto-
a arc found in
///,(// Poniiii-
1770), and in
pays Si'f'lciilrio-
at Lausanne
ited in a Gor-
ishcd in 1772,
tint's fiiits iUiiis
d (!f I'AnH-
111 1779.
was re-en-
'11 Siiii (Taris,
inado's cx|)li)-
hiji/s ivisoitis
st-plt'iityioitiilti
Jobbs's AXorth-
the same epoch (1753) was far less complex in his supposition, and confined himself to a
single "river which connects with Lake Winnepeg.'' A map of 1760, " par les S'* Sanson,
rectiiide par S' Robert," also indicates a like westerly entrance ; and Jet^erys again in 1762,
while he grows a little more determinate in coast lines, more explicitly fixes the passage
as one that Juan de Fuca h.ad entered in 1592.' The Atlas Mm/fnu; v/hich was published
at Paris, also in 1762, in more tlian one map, the work of Janvier, still clung to the
varieties presented by Delisle ten years before, and which Uelisle himself the next year
(1763) again brought forward. In 1768 Jefferj's made a map- to illustrate the De Fonte
narrative ; but after 1775 he made several studies of the coast, and among other services
reproduced the map which the Russian Academy had published, and which was a some-
what cautious draught of bits of the coast line here and there, indicating differeui landfalls,
with a dotted connection between them.^ One of Jefferys's own maps (1775) carries the
coast north with indications of entrances, but without attempting to connect them with
any interior water-sheds. ' north from New Albion we then find on his map the
passage of D'Aguilar in 160 a thnt of De Fuca, "where in 1592 he pretends he went
throu'^h to the North Sea ; " . ,(.n tiie " Fousang" coast, visited by the Spaniards in 1774;
then Delisle's landfall in 1741 ; Hehring's the same year ; while the coast stops at Mount
St. Elias. In his 1776 map Jefferys gives another scheme. " Alaschka " is now an island
athwart the water, dividing America from Asia, with Hehring's Straits at its western end ;
while the American main is made up of what was seen by Spangenberg in 1728, with a
general northeasterly trend higher up, laid down according to the Japanese reports. The
.Spaniards were also at this time pusliing up among the islands beyond the Oregon coast.''
In 1774 Don Juan Perez went to Nootka Sound, as is supposed, and called it San Lorenzo.'
In 1775 another Spanish expedition di.^covered the Columbia River.' Janvier in 1782
published a map ' still perpetuating the great sea of the west, which Buache and others had
delineated thirty ; i^ars before. The English in 1776 transferred their endeavors from
Hudson's Bay lO the Pacific coast, and Captain James Cook was despatched to strike the
coast in the latitude of Drake's New Albion, and proceed north in search of a passage east-
ward.* Carver the traveller had already, in 1 766-1768, got certain notions of the coast from
Indian stories, as he heard them in the interior, and embodied them nith current beliefs
in a map of his own, which made a part of his Travels t/irongh the iiitciior parts of I\'orth
America, published in 1778. In this he fixed the name of Oregon for the supposed great
river of the west, which remained in the end attached to the region which it was believed
' Jefferys also published at this time (2d
ed. in 1764) Voyages from Asia to America,
for comfleliiif^ the liiscm'eries of tiie A'orl/twest
Coast, witli summary of voya!:;cs of tite Russians
in the Frozen sea, tr. from the his^h Dutch of S.
Muller [should be G. F. Mullei], 'lOith 3 maps:
(i) Part of Japanese map [this is sketched in
liancroft, Xorthwest Coast, i. p. 130]. (2) Delisle
and Buache s fictitious map. (3) Ae-,u Discoveries
of Russians ami French.
.Mullcr's book was also jjublishcd in French
at .Amsterdam in 1766. C!f. also William C'oxe's
Account of the Russian (li'coreries behoeen Asia
ami America (2d ed. rev.), London, 17S0, and
later editions in 17S7 and 1S03 ; also, see Robert-
son's America, note 43.
- Sketched in liancroft, A'orthwest Coa.'t,
vol. i. p. 131.
^ liancroft {Xorth:c<cst Coast, vol. i. p. 1 24)
gives a Russian map of 1741, which he savs
he copied from the ori^^inal in the Russian
archives.
* There is in the department of State at Wash-
ington a volume of copies from manuscripts
in the hydrographic office at Madrid, attested
by Navarrete, and prob.ablv procured by Grccn-
how at the time of the Oregon (]u;stion. It is
called J'iages lie los F-'paTioles a la costii no>~'esle
lie la America enlos alios de 1774-1775-1779, 'T^*^'*^
y 1790. y[s attention was drawn to them by
Theodore F. Dwight, Ks(|., of lliat deiiailmcnt.
^ The details of this and subsequent explo-
rations are given with references in liancroft's
A'orth-.oest Coast, vol. i. p. 1 51 et .vi/. Such
voyages will be oiilv briefly indicated in the rest
of the |iresent paper.
" Malaspina with a Spanish Commission in
1791, and later Galiaiio aiu! Valdes, explored
the coast, and their results were published in
1S02. Cf. Navarrete, .Sutil y .\fexicaiia.
' It is sketched by W.mccoh, Xorlh-ocsf Coast,
vol. i. p. 135.
' Bancroft {.\'ortha<e.!t Coast, v>l. i. p. 169)
rcjiroduces a pavi of his map.
/
'if
'•1
\\
't^l«»!^
470
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OP^ AMERICA.
to water.* In 1786 the Frenchman La P^rouse was on the coast.- In 1789 the English and
Spanish meeting on tiie coast, the Englisli commander was seized. This action led to a
diplomatic fence, tlie result of whicii was the surrender of Nootka to the English.
Meanwhile a Boston ship, the " Columijia,' commanded by Captain Kendrick, in com-
pany with the '■ Washington " (Captain Ciray), was on a voyage, which was the first Amer-
ican attempt to sail around the globe." They entered and named the Columbia River ; and
meeting Vancouver, the intelligence was communicated to him. When the English com-
mander occupied Nootka, the last vestige of uncertainty regarding the salient features of
the coast may be said to have disappeared under his surveys. Before they were published,
Ccorge Foster issued in 1791 his map of the northwest coast, in which the Straits of Juan
de Fuca were placed below 3', by which Captain Gray is supposed to have entered, on
his way to an open sea, coming out again in 55^, through what we now know as the Dixon
entrance, to the north of Oueen Charlotte's Island; the American navigator having
threaded, as was supposed, a great northern archipelago. Vancouver's own map finally
cleared the remaining confusion, and the migratory Straits ot Juan de Fuca were at last
lixed as the channel south of V^ancouver's Island which led to I'uget Sound.*
NOTES.
Mercator's Projection. — It was no new
thing to convert the spherical representation
of the earth into a plane on the cylindrical
N
M
s
I AC C
l\
r
4/
K -
/ V
/
I
1.
/ ' V
1/ }
4
[
BF
HO
principle, for it had been done in the fourteenth
century ; hut no one had devised any method by
which it could be used for a sea-chart, since the
parallelizing of the meridians altered the direc-
tion of point from point. Mercator seems to
have reasoned out a plan in this wise : A 13
and C T> are two meridians drawing together
as thcv approach tlie pole. If they arc made
parallel, as in E F and Gil, the point 2 Is
moved to 3, which is in a different direction
from I, in the parallel of latitude, I J. If the
line ot" direction from l to 2 is prolonged till
it strikes the perpendicular meridian (i H at
4, the original direction is preserved, and the
parallel K L can then be moved to become
M N ; thus prolonging tlie distance from i to
5, and from 6 to 4, to counteract the effect on
direction by perpendicularizing the meridians.
To do this accurately involved a law which
could be applicable to all parallels and meri-
dians ; and that law Mercator seems only to
have reached api)ro.\imately. Hut the idea
once conveyed, it was seized by Edward Wright
in England in 1590, who evolved the law, and
published it with a map, the first engraved on
the new system, in his Ccitiuii Errors of Xavi-
giitioii, London, 1599. Mead, in his Comlriulion
of Map (1717), examined all previous systems
of projcctiors; but contended that Vareniiis
in latin, and his follower Newton in English,
had not done the subject justice. There have
been some national controversies over the
1 nancroft {Ntnthivest Const, vol. i. p. 133) reproduces his map.
2 liancroft (Iljid., i. i;Ci) reproduces a part of his map.
3 Cf. Mcmoriii! History of Boston, vol. iv. p. 20S ; Historical Afa^'aziiie. vol. xviii. p. 155; H. ' ' ■>"
Mairaziiie. December, 1SS3; Bulfinch, Orogoii and El Dorado, \,. 3. The report on the claims of the htus
of kendrick and Cray, for allowance for the rights established by them for the U. .'^. Government, is .uiuted
in the Historii-al .'ifagaiine, September, 1S70. .\ medal struck on occasion of this voyaqe is engraved m^ liul-
I'mch. Cf. also American Journal of .VainismatiLS, vi. 33, 63; vii. 7; Coin-Colldiors Journal, vi. 46;
Magazine of American History, v. 140. The fullest account yet given of this expedition is in Bancroft's
Nortlnoest Coast, i. 1S5 et so/. He had the help of a journal kept on one of the ships.
■t Raiicroffs Xorthwest Coast, vol. i., must be consulted for these later and for subsequent exploring an«
trading voyages.
DISCOVERIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST.
471
t exploring an*
claims of the German Mcrcator ami tl\e Kng-
liili Wriglitj l)iit D'Avczac, ill his "Coup d'dCil
histori(jue siir la projection lies carles ile giJo-
graphie,'' printed in llie llulUtiii </<■ la HoculJ lii
(.ico;^raphic, 1S63 (also sei)arately), defeiuls Mer-
cator's claims to be considered the originator
of the projection; and he (pp. 283-2S5) gives ref-
erences to writers on the subject, who are also
noted in Van Kaemdonck's Mcrcator, \i. 12c.
The claim which Van Raemdonck hav made
in his Gerard Mcrcator, sa vie et ses aiiTrcs, —
that the great geographer was a Fleming, — was
controverted by Dr. Bieusing in his Gerhard
Kremcr, gen. Mcrcator, der Deutsche Geo-
grapli, 18C9, and in an article (supposed to be
his) in the Mittheiliiii»eit aits Justus Perthes'
Gcoi^raphischer Anslalt, 1S69, vol. .\i, p. 438,
where the German birth of Mercator is con-
tended for. To this Van Uacmdonck replied in
his Gerard de Creiner, on Mcrcator, Geogra/'he
Flamand, published at St. Nicholas in 1S70.
The controversy rose from the project, in 1869,
to erect a monument to Mercator at Duisburg.
Cf. also Bertrand in the Journal des Sa-^'antst
February, 1S70.
Grtklius. — Ortelius was born in 1527, and
died in I59<S, aged seventy-one years. lie was
a rich man, and had visited England in his
researches. Stevens says in his Biblwtheca his-
torica p. 133 : " A thorough study of Ortelius
is of the last importance. ... lie was a bibli-
ographer, a cartographer, and an anticjuary, as
well as a good mathematician and geographer;
and what is of infinite importance to i.s now,
he gave his authorities." Cf. also " La Gene-
alogie du Geographe Abraham Ortelius," by
Gen arc! in the Bulletin de la Societe Giographiqne
d'Anvers, v. 315 ; and Felix Van Ilulst's Life of
Ortelius, second edition, Liege, 1846, with a por-
trait, which can also be found in the 15S0, 1584,
and perhaps other editions of his own Theatrum,
There is also a brief notice, by M. de Macedo, of
his geographical works in Annales des Voyages,
vol. ii. pp. 1S4-192. Thomassy {Les Papes gco-
f;ra/>hes, p. 65) has pointed out how Ortelius fell
into some errors, from ignorance of Ruscelli's
maps, in the 1561 edition of Ptolemy. The en-
graver of his early editions was Francis Ilagen.
berg, and of his later ones, Ferdinand Orsenius
and Ambroise Orsenius. He prcfi.xed to his
book a list of the authorities, from whose labors
he had constructed his own mai)s. It is a most
useful list for the students of the map-making
of the sixteenth century. It has not a single
Spanish title, which indicates V-^w closely the
Council for the Indies had kept their archives
from the unofficial cartographers. The titles
given are wholly of the sixteenth century, not
many anterior to 1528, and mostly of the latter
half of the century, indeed after 1560; and
they are about one hundred and fifty in all
The list includes some maps which Ortelius had
not seen ; and some, to which in his text he
refers, are not inchuled in the list. There are
some maps among them of which modern in-
([uiry has found no trace. Stevens, in unea'th-
ing Walter Lud, turned to the list and found
hnn there as Gualterus Ludovicus. (See ante,
p. 162).
Ortelius supplied some titles which he had
omitted, — including some earlier than T52S, —
as well as added others produced in the interval,
when, in 1592, he republished the list in its
revised state. I.elewel has arranged the names
in a classified way in his Geographic du moycn
dgc, vol. ii. pp. 185, 210, and on p. 21; has given
us an account of the work of ( )rtelius. Cf. also
Lelewcl, vol. v. p. 214; Sabin, vol. xiv. p. 61.
The original edition of the Theatrum was
issued at .Antwerp, in Latin, and had fifty-three
maps ; it was again published the same year
with some changes. There arc copies in Mr.
Hrevoort's, Jules Marcou's collections, and in the
Carter-Brown, Harvard College, and .\stor Ii
braries. Stevens, in his illustrated Pihliothcca
gcografhica, no. 2,077, gives a fac-simile of the
title. Cf. also Iluth Catahguc, vol. iii. p. 1068;
Carter-Bro7vn Catalogue, vol. i. no. 278; and
Muller, Books on America (1877), no. 2,380.
The third Latin edition ajipeared the next
year (1571) at .Vntwerj), with the same maps, as
did the first edition with Dutch text, likewise
with the same maps. Stevens, Bihliotheca Itis-
torica, no. 1,473, thinks the Dutch is the original
text.
To these several editions a supplement or
additamentum, with eighteen new maps (none,
however, relating to America), was added in
1573. Sabin's Dictionary ; Brockhaus, Ameri-
cana ('861), no. 28. Muller, Boohs on America
(1S77), no. 2.38i'
The same year (1573, though the colophon
reads" Antorff, 1572" ) the first German edition
appeared, but in Roman type, and with a some-
what rough linguistic llavor. It had sixty-n'.ic
maps, and included the map of .Vmerica.
Koehler, of Leipsic, priced a copy in 18S3 at
100 marks. The Latin (.Antwerp) edition of
this vear (1573), "nova editio aliquot iconibus
aucta," seems also to liavc the same peculiarity
of an earlier year (1572) in the colophon, //ulh
Catalogue, vol. iii. p. 106S). Copies of all these
editions seem to vary in the number of the
maps. (Library of Congress Catalogue ; Carter-
Broken Catalogue, and the catalogues of (^uaritch,
Weigel, and others.) In 1574 some of the
Antwerp issues have a French text, with maps
corresponding to the German edition.
There are copies of the 1575 edition in the
libraries of Congress, Harvard College, and the
Boston Athenaeum ; and the four maps of interest
!l
^-^r if*«~""4s r
472
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
m
I \
ir
in American cartography may be described from
ilie Harvard College copy. They arc reproduc-
tions of the maps of the 1570 edition.
11. Mappemonde. North America has a per-
fected outline much as in the Mercator map,
with " Anian regnum " at the northwest. North
America is marked, .as by VVytHiet, " Ainerica
sive India nova;" but tlie geography of the
Arctic and northeastern parts is ([uitc different
from Wytfiiet. Groclant and Groenland have
another relative position, and lake a general
trend east and west ; while in Wytfiiet it is
north .and south. Nt rthcrn Labr.ador is called
Estotilant ; while Frisl.md and Drogco, islands
to the south and east of it, are other reminders
of the Zeni chart. This same map was reissued
in the 1584 edition; .and again, new cut, with
a few changes, and dated F5S7, it reappeared
in the 1597 edition.
t. The two Americas. Anian and Quivira
are on the northwest coast of North America.
Tolm and Tototeac are northeast of the Gulf
of California, and mark the region where the
.St. Lawrence rises, flowing, without lakes, to
the gulf, with Terra Corterealis on the north
and Xonmibega on the south. Estotilant is
apparently north of Hudson's Straits, and off
its point is Icaria (another Zeni locality), with
Frislant south of it. Newfoundland is cut into
two large islands, with ISaccalaos, a small island
off its eastern coast. South America has the
false projection (from Mercator) on its south-
western coast in ])lace of Ruscelli's uncertain
limits at that point. This projecting coast
continued for some time to disfigure the outline
of that continent in the maps. This map also
reappeared in the 1584 edition.
c. Scandia, or the Scandinavian regions, a. d
the North Atlantic show Greenland, Groclant,
Island, Frisland, Drogeo, and Estotilant on a
large scale, but in much 'he same relation to
one another as in the map i;. East of Green-
land, and separated from it by a strait, is a
circumpolar land which has these words :
" I'vgmei hie habitant." The general disposi-
tion of the i)arts of this map resembles Merca-
tor's, and it was several times repeated, as
in the editions of Ortclius of 1584 and 1592;
and it was re-engraved in Miinster's Cosi>n>-
draphia of 1595, and in the Cologne-Arnheiui
Ptolemy of 1597.
</. India; orientalis. It shows Japan, an
island midway in a sea separating Mangi (Asia)
(m the west from " America; sive Indie occi-
dentalis pars " on the east. This map also
reappeared in the 15S4 edition, and may be
compared with those of the Wytfiiet series.
In 1577 an epitome of Ortclius by Heyn,
with a Dutch text and seventy-two maps,
appeared at Antwerp.
In 15S0 the German text, entirely rewritten,
appeared at Antorff, with a portrait of Ortclius
and twenty-four new maps (constituting the
third supplement), with a new general map of
.Vnierica. Among the new maps was one of
New Spain, dated 1579, containing, it is reck-
oned, about a thousand names; another showing
Florida, Northern Mexico, and the West India
Islands ; and a third on on*; sheet .showing
I'eru, Florida, and Guastecan Regio.
The Latin edition of 15S4, with a further
increase of maps, is in Harvard College Library.
In 15S7 there was a French text issued, the
mappemonde of which is reproduced ir. Vivien
de St. Martin's Ifisloire de la gcogmf<liu.
This text in the 15SS edition is called "revue,
corrigt' et augmentee pour la troisieine fois.'^
This French text is wholly independent of, and
not a translation of, the Latin and German.
The maps are at this time usually ninety-four in
number. In 1589 there was Marchetti's edition
at Hrescia and a Latin one at Ant.verp. In
1 591 there was a fresh supplement of twenty-one
maps. In 1592 the Antwerp edition was the
last one superintended by Ortelius himself.
The map of the New World was re-engraved,
and the maps number in full copies two hundred
and one, usu.ally colored ; there is a copy in
Harvard College Library. In 1593 there was-
an Italian text, and other Latin editio. 3 ia
1595 and 1596, a copy of the last being in
Harvard College Library. This completes the
story of the popularity of Ortelius down to
the publication of Wytfiiet, when American
cartography obtained its special exponent.
A few later editions may mark the continued
popularity of the work of Ortelius, and of those
who followed upon his path: —
// thcatio del mondo, Brescia (1598), one hun-
dred maps, of which three are American.
A French text at Antwerp (159S), with one
hundred and nineteen majis, including the same
American inaps as in the 1587 edition, except
that of the world and of America at large.
I'eeter Heyn's Mhoir dii moiule, Ar.isterdani
(i59S),with eighty woodcut maps, — an epitome
of Ortelius.
Aftc Ortelius's death, the first Latin edition
in 1601, at Antwerp (in maps), had his final
corrections; other issues followed in 1603, 1C09
(115 maps), 1612, 1O24, with an epitome by Crig-
nct in 1602 (123 ma])s) ; and an epitome in
English in 1610. An Italian text by Pigafctta
appeared in \(n?. and 1697.
Lelewel (Gcos^raphie dii moyen (fyf, vol. ii. pp.
iSi, 1S5, and Epilogue, p. 214) has somewhat
carefully examined the intricate subject of the
make-up of editions of Ortelius; but the trutli
]irob.abIy is, that there was much independent
grouping of particular copies which obscures
•he bibliography.
-,->..r -■-' ■■•■
i-\
CHAPTER VII.
EARLY EXPLORATIONS OF NEW MEXICO.
BY HENRY W. HAYNES.
Archaolog.al Institute of America.
\ T the time of the Spanish conquest of Mexico there were living, some
-^^^- fifteen hundred miles to the north of the city so named, in the upper
valley of the Rio del Norte, and upon some of the eastern affluents of the
Colorado of the West, certain native tribes, who had attained to a degree
of culture superior to that of any people in North America, with the excep-
tion of the semi-civilized Aztec and Maya races. These were the Seden-
tary or Pueblo Indians, — village communities dwelling together in large
buildings constructed of stone or adobe, — whose home lay principally
within the present limits of New Mexico and Arizona, although extending
somewhat into southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah. The first
rumors of the existence of this people which had reached the ears of the
Spaniards grew out of a tale told to Nuflo de Guzman in 1530, when
he was at the head of the Royal Audience then governing Now Spain.'
He had an Indian slave, called by the Spaniards Tejos, who represented
himself to be a son of a trader in feathers, such as were used by the natives
for head-dresses. Tejos said that it was his father's habit to travel about,
exchanging his wares for silver and gold, which were abundant in certain
regions. Once or twice he had accompanied his father on these journeys,
and then he had seen cities large enough to be compared with McxiCo.
They were seven in number, and entire streets in them were occupied by
jewellers. To reach them it was necessary to travel northward forty days'
journey through a desert region lying between the two seas.
Guzman placed confidence in this narrative ; and collecting a force ot
four hundred Spaniards and twenty thousand Indians, he set out from
Mexico in search of this country. It was believed to be only about six
hundred miles distant, and alread)' the name of T/ic Land of the Srccn
Cities had been given to it. There were also other strange stories current,
that had been told to Cortes a few years before, about a region called Cigu-
atan, lying somewhere in the north, near to wliich was an island inhabited
' /Hi-liilion lie C(.istavi-'''\ \\\ 'rcrnaux-Comp.iiis, ^'iy'i/i,VJ, etc., i.x. i.
VOL. II. — 60.
f jfT«-»c-^ r
f/.l
; 1
ll
5- '
K
lU
f [> IhI''
li
Hm
V 1
iwiBl
11
'//
i'
4/4
NARKATIVK AND CRITICAL HISTORY OK A.MKRICA.
solely by Amazons. In this, also, there was said to be ^old in abundance;
and it was quite as much the hope of rtndiny the Island of the Amazons,
with its ^'old, that inspired Guzman's expedition, as of jjaininy access to the
treasures of The Seven Cities. Hut on his march confirmatory reports
about these cities kept reaching him ; and eventually the expedition suc-
ceeded in penetrating to Ciguatan, and even as far within the province of
Culiacan, the extreme limit of Spanish discovery, as to Colombo. Never-
tlieless, they did not find the Island of the Amazons, and The Seven Cities
kept receding farther toward the north.' Meanwhile one of his captains
made a reconnoissance some seventy leagues in an easterly direction with-
out any satisfactory result. At last, the difficulties of an advance through
a wikl country and amid pathless mountains brought the expedition to a
halt, which soon dampened the ardor of the soldiers, who grew clamorous
to return to Mexico. But in the mean time news had reached Guzman
that Cortes was once more there, clothed with new titles and authority, and
he did not dare to brave the anger which his hostile proceedings during
Cortes' absence were sure to have provoked. Accordingly he retraced his
steps no farther than to Compostella and Guadalaxara, where he remained,
and established the colonies from which was formed the province known
afterwards as New Gallicia.^ Not long after, he was deposed from his
authority as governor of this province by direct commands from Spain ;
and Antonio de Mcndoza, who had now been crcat '1 Viceroy of New
Spain, appointed Francisco Vasquez de Coronado to tlu vacant post.
Meanwhile the Indian Tejos had died, and the mysterious Seven Cities
would have remained only a name, if the interest in them had not been
revi\'ed by a remarkable occurrence. This was the arrival in the province
of Culiacan, in 1536, of Antonio Nufiez Cabeza de Vaca, with three com-
panions. They were the sole survivors of the numerous company who
had followed Pamphilo de Narvaez, in 1527, to the shores of Florida.
During nine years of almost incredible perils and hardships, after trav-
ersing in their wanderings all the great unknown region lying north of
the Gulf of Mexico, they had at last reached the shores of the southern
sea. They brought back accounts of having fallen in with civilized peoples,
dwelling in permanent habitations, where were " populous towns with very
large houses."^ The story of their strange adventures is told elsewhere in
more di^itail,'* so that here it suffices to put or. record simply that they were
the first Europeans to tread the soil of New Mexico. As soon as they
reached Mexico, the intelligence of their discoveries was communicated to
the Viceroy Mendoza, by whom it was at once transmitted to Coronado,
the new governor of New Gallicia. He was a gentleman of good family,
from Salamanca, but long established in Mexico, where he had married a
1 St-ginufa rclacioit tic Xiitw dc Guzman, in - [See rt/z/c, p. 391. — Ed.]
Icazb.-ilcet.i, C<)//. </<■ /Jcrj., ii. 303; Quaria rda- •' Kclacion dc Cahefu de Vaca, translated by
cioii, in Il)icl., p. 475; Ganla dc Lopez' Kcla- Ihickingham Smith (chap. xxxi. p. 167).
cioii, in Pacheco's Coll. Doc. Incd., torn. xiv. pp. ■* [See ante, p. 243 in Dr. J. G. Sliea's ciiaptei
455-460. on "Ancient Florida." — K.D.]
-'^
EARLY EXl'LOKATIUNS OF NEW MEXICO.
475
daughter of Alonzo d'lCstrada, former governor of that place, wlio was
generally believed to be a natural son of Ferdinand the Catholic. Coronado
at this time w as occupied in travelling through New Spain ; but he repaired
immediately to his province to iiu'cstigate the rejjorts, taking with him one
of Cabeza dc Vaca's companions, a negro named Stephen, and also three
Franciscan monks, missionaries to the natives. After a brief interval a
proposition was made to one of these monks, Fray Marcos de Nizza (of
Xice), to undertake a preliminary exploration of the country. He was
selected for this task on account of his character and attainments, and be-
cause of the experience he had acquired in Peru, under Alvarado. IClabo-
rate instructions were sent to him by the Viceroy, which seem inspired by a
spirit of humaiiity as well as intelligence.' He was told that the expedition
was to be undertaken for the spread of the holy Catholic faith, and that he
must exhort the Spaniards to treat the natives with kindness, and threaten
them with the Viceroy's displeasure if this command should be disobeyed.
The natives were to be informed of the Fmperor's indignation at the cruel-
ties that had been inflicted upon them, and to be assured that they should
no longer be enslaved or removed from their homes. He was ordered to
take the negro Stephen as his guide, and cautioned against giving any
ground of offence to the natives. He was to take special note of their
numbers and manner of life and whether they were at peace or war among
themselves. He was also to observe particularly the nature of the country,
the fertility of the soil, and the cnaractcr of its products ; to learn what wild
animals were to be found there, and whether there were any rivers, great or
small. He was to search for precious stones and metals, and if possible to
bring back specimens of them ; and to make inquiry whether the natives
had any knowledge of a neighboring sea. If he should succeed in reach-
ing the southern sea, he was to leave an account of his discoveries buried at
the foot of some conspicuous tree marked with a cross, and to do the same
thing at the mouths of all rivers, so that any future maritime expedition
might be instructed to be on the lookout for such a sign. Especially was
he ordered to send back constant reports as to the route he had taken, and
how he was received; and if he sho.dd discover any great city, he was to
return immediately to give private information about it. F'inally, he nas
told to take possession of the new cou'itry in the name of the ICmperor, and
to make the natives understand that thoy must submit themselves to him.
In accordance with these instructions, Fray Marcos set out from S. Miguel
dc Culiacan on the 7th of March, 1 539, with Fray Honoratus for a companion,
and the negro Stephen for a guide. The monks were not greatly pleased
with this man, on account of his avaricious and sensual nature; but they
hoped to reap some benefit from his abilit)' to communicate with the natives,
several of whom, who had been brought away frjm their homes by Cabeza
de Vaca, but who had been redeemed and set free by the Viceroy, also
accompanied the party. There was, besides, a much larger company of
' Tcni uix-Compaiis, i.\. 249.
li
I ff"' -^-A f
■Ml
.Ml.
m
476
NAKRAllVE AND CRITICAL IlISTOKY OF AMERICA.
natives from the neighboring regions, wiio were induced to join the expe-
dition on account of the favorable representations made to them by those
whom the Viceroy had freed.
I'" ray Marcos, upon liis return, made a formal report of all his doings ; ' and
to this we must look for the first definite information in regard to the early
exploration and history of the region with which we are now concerned,
since Cabeza de Vaca's narrative is too confused to furnish any sure indi-
cations of locality, and he has even been charged by Castarteda with
" representing things very differently from what he had found them in
reality.'"-' The monk relates how they reached I'ctatlan, after having met
with great kindness from the natives on their way; and while resting there
for three days Fray Honoratus fell ill, and was obliged to be left behind.
He himself continued his journey for some thirty leagues, still finding the
natives most friendly, and even willing to share with him their supply of
food, although it was but scanty, owing to no rain having fallen for three
years. On his way he was met by some inhabitants of the island, which
had previously been visited by Cortes, by whom he was assured that it was
indeed an island, and not a continent as some had supposed. Still other
people came to visit him from a larger island, but more distant, who informed
him that there were still thirty islands more, but that they were only poorly
supplied with food.'^ These Indians wore shells suspended from their necks,
hkc those in which pearls are found ; and when a pearl was shown to them,
they said they had an abundance of them, although the friar admits that
he himself did not see any. After this his route lay for four days through
a desert, during which he was accompanied by the Indians fron the
islands and the inhabitants of the villages through which he had passed.
Finally he came to a people who were astonished to see him, as they had
no intercourse with the people on the other side of the desert, and had no
knowledge whatsoever of Europeans, Nevertheless, they received him kindly,
and supplied him with food, and endeavored to touch his garments, calling
him " a man sent from heaven." In return, he endeavored, as best he
might by means of interpreters, to teach them about " God in heaven, and
his Majesty upon earth." Upon being asked if they knew of any country
more populous and civilized than their own, they replied that four or five
days' journey into the interior, in a great plain at the foot of the mountains,
there were many large cities, inhabited by a people who wore garments
made of cotton. When specimens of difierent metals were shown to them,
they selected the gold, and said that this people had their coftimon dishes
made of this material, and wore balls of it suspended from their ears and
noses, and even used " thin plates of it to scrape off their sweat." How-
ever, as this plain was quite remote from the sea, and as it was his purpose
1 /} trliition of the Rei\ Frier Afarco de Nica - Castancd.T, Relation, p. 9.
touching; his diseoi'ery of the kingdom nf Ci-vl,i or ^ [.See ante, \t. 431, " Discoveries on the Pa-
CiMa in Hakluyt's Voyages, etc., iii. 438 (edition cific Coast of North America," for the c.xplora
of iSio). tions up that coast by Cortes. — Kd.]
1
-^5--'-
EARLY EXPLORATIONS OF NEW MEXICO.
477
never to be far away from it diirinj^ liis journcyings, the monk decided to
defer the exploration of this country until liis return.
Meanwhile I'"ray Marcos continued to travel for three days throuj^h the
territories t)f the same tribe, until he arrived at a town of moderate si/e,
called Vacapa, situated in a fertile region about forty Icai^nies from the
sea.' Here he rested for several days, while three e\[)lorin^f parties were
tlespatclu'd to the coast witii directions to brint,^ hacU some of the natives
dwelling there as well as upon the nei-^hboriny; islands, in order that he
might obtain more definite information about those regions. The negro
was ordered to ad\aiice in a nortlierly direction fifty or si.xty leagues, and
to send back a report of what he shoukl discover. In four lays' time a
messenger came from him bringing news of "a country the finest in the
world ; " and witii liim came an Indian, who professed to have visited it,
and who reported that it was a thirty days' journey from the place where
Stephen then was to the first city of this province. The name of this
province was Cibola,- and it contained seven great cities, all under the
rule of one lord. The houses were built of stone and lime; some of them
were three stt)ries high, and had tlieir doorways ornamented with tur-
quoises, of which there was an abundance in that country; beyoml this,
there were still other provinces all greater than that of The Seven Cities.
This tale was all the more readily credited by the monk, as the man
appeared to be " of good understanding," Nevertheless, he deferred his
departure until the exploring parties should return from the coast. After
a short time they came back, bringing with them some of the dwellers
upon the coast and on two of the islands, who reported that there were
tiiirt\'-four islands in all, near to one another; but that all, as well as the
main land, were deficient in food supplies. They said that the islanders
held intercourse with each other by means of rafts, and that the coast
stretched due north. On the same day there came to Vacapa, to visit the
monk, three Indians who had their faces, hands, and breasts painted. They
saitl that they dwelt in the eastern country, in the neighborhood of Cibola,
and they confirmed all the reports in regard to it.
As fresh messengers had now come from Stephen, urging the monk to
hasten his departure, he sent the natives of the coast back to their homes
and resumed his journey, taking with him two of the islanders — who
begged to accompany him for several days — and the painted Indians.
In three days' time he arrived among the people who had given the
negro his information about Cibola. They confirmed all that had been
said about it ; and they also told about three other great kingdoms, called
Marata, Acus, and Totonteac. They said they were in the habit of going
to these countries to labor in the fields, and that they received in payment
turquoises and skins of cattle. All the people there wore turquoises in
' Mr. A. F. Bandelier puts this place " in - This word was borrowed by the Spaniards
southern Arizona, somewhat west from Tucson." from the native languages, and applied by them
Jlisloncat Introduction to Studies among the Std- to the Hison. [As early as 1542 Rotz drew pic-
euliiry Indians of New Mexico, p. 8. tures of this animal on his maps. — Ed.|
\M
; \
i\
III
. - J" T-
47S
NARRATIVE AND CUIIICAI. IIISIOKY OI' AMKUICA.
their cars ami noses, ami were clad in lonj; cotton robes reacliin},' to tlieir
feet, witii a ^'irdle of tiir(|iuiises arminil the waist. Over tliese cotton
garments they wore mantles made of skins, wliich were considered to l)e
tiic cluthiny best suited to the country. Tliey ^Mve the monk several of
these skins, wliicli were said to come from Cibola, and which proved to
be as well dressed and tanneil as those prepared by the most highly civil-
ized people. The people here treated him with v( rj- ^Meat kindness,
and brought the sick 1o him to be healed, and endeavonxl to touch his
garments as he recited the Gospels over them. The next d.iy he con-
tinued his journey, still attendeil by the painted Indians, ;md arrived at
another villa^'c, where the same scenes were repeated. He w;is told that
Stephen had L^one on four or five (la\'s' journey, accompanied by man\- of
the natives, and thai he had left wortl for Fray Marcos to hasten forwanl.
As this ;ip|)eareil to be the finest country he had found thus far, he pro-
ceeded to erect two crosses, and to take formal pos-.ession of it in the name
of the iMiiperor, in accordance with his instruction'- He then continued on
his journey for live da>s more, passing; throuj^h one villa^fe after another,
everywhere treatt'd with ;j;reat kindness, and receixin^- presents of turcpioises
and of skins, until at last he was told that he was on the point of cominj;
to a desert region. To cross this would be five days' march ; but he was
assured that provisions would be transported for him, and places provided
in which he could sleep. Tliis all turned out as had been promised, and
he then reached a p()j)ulous valley, where the people all wore turtpioises in
greater profusion than ever, and talked about Cibola as familiarly as did
the .Spaniards about Mexico or Quito. They said that in it all the pro-
ducts of civilization could be procured, and they explained the method by
which the houses were constructetl of several stories.
Up to this point the coast had continued to run due north ; but here,
in the latitude of 35°, Fray Marcos found, from personal examination, that
it began to trend westward. l'"or five days he journeyed through this fertile
and well-watcrcd valley, finding villages in it at every half-league, when
there met him a native of Cibola, who had fled hither from the governor of
th.it ])lacc. He was a man adx'ancetl in years, and of good appear.ince and
capacity; and from him were obtained e.en more definite and detailed
accounts of Cibola and the neighboring kingdoms, their condition and
mode of government ; and he begged to be allowed to return home in the
friar's company, in order to obtain pardon through his intercession. The
monk pursued his way for three days more through this rich and populous
valle}-, when he was informed that soon another desert stretch, fifteen long
days' march in extent, would begin. Accordingly, as he had now travelled
one hundred and twelve leagues from tjic place where he had first learned
of this new country, he determined to rest here a short time. He was told
that Stephen had taken along with him more than three hundred men as
his escort, and to carry provisions across the desert ; and he was advised
to do likewise, as the natives all expected to return laden with riches. But
*'
.«rt»t^ V-
F.ARLY i:.\l'I.(M<ATI(JNS Ol' Ni;\V MIIXICO.
479
I'ray Marcos declined; iiiid selecting only tliiiij' nf tin- principal mkmi, and
the necessary porters, he entered upon the desert in tlic month of May, and
travelled for twelve days, finding at all the halting-places tiie cabins which
had been occiii)ied liy Steplum and other tra\ellcrs. Of a siultlen an Iiuli.m
came in sight, covercil with dust and sweat, with grief and terror stampetl
upon his countenance. He had been oni; of Stephen's part)', ami was the
son of one of the chiefs who were escorting the friar. This was the tale he
told; On the day before Stephen's arrival at Cibo'a, according to his cus-
tom, lie sent forward mes.sengers to announce his approach. These carried
his staff of office, made of a gourd, to which was attached a string of bells
and two feathers, one wliite ami one red, which signhied that he Iiad come
with peaceful intentions and to heal the sick. IJut when this was delivered
to the governor, he angrily dashed it to the ground, saying he knew the stran-
gers, and forbade their entering the city, upon pain of death. This message
was brought back to Stephen, who nevertheless continueil on, l)ut was pre-
vented frcjm entering the cit)'. lie was conductetl to a large house outside
the walls, where everything was taken from him ; and the whole parlv passed
the night without food or drink. The following morning, while tlie narrator
had gone to the river which flowed near by, to quench his thirst, smiilenly
he saw .Stephen in full flight, pursued by the people of Cibola, who were
slaying all of his companions; whereupon he hid himself under the bank,
and fuially succeeded in escaping across the desert. When they heard this
pitiful story, the Indians began to wail, and the monk to tremble for his own
life; but he says he was troubled still more at the thought of not being
able to bring back information about this important country. Nevertheless,
he proceeded to cut the cords of some of his packages, from w hicii he had
as yet given nothing aw.ay, and to distribute all the contents among the
chief men, bidding them fear nothing, but continue on with him still farther;
which they did, until they came within a day's journey of Cibola. Here
there met them two more of .Ste])hen's Indian companions, still bleeding from
their wounds, who told the same story about his death and the destruction of
his company, supposing that they alone had escaped, by hiding themselves
under the heaps of those who had be^n slain by flights of arrows.^
The monk goes on to relate that he tried to comfort the weeping natives,
by telling them that God would punish the people of Cibola, and the l".m-
M
' Castancd.i, however, relates the rirrnm-
stancesof Stcplicii's deatli somcwh.it diffcrcntlv,
st.Uiiig that the iicjiro and his party, on their arri-
val at Cibola, were shnt np in a house outside
the city, while for three days the chiefs coutiiuied
to question him about the object of his coming.
When told that he was a messenger from two
white men, who had been sent by a powerful
prince to instruct them in heavenly things, they
would not L'dicve that a black man could possi-
bly have coine fruui a land of white men, and
they suspected him of being the spy of some
nation that wished to subjugate them. Nfore-
over, the negro had the assurance to demand
from them their prf)pertv and llieir women ; upon
which they resolved to put him to tlcath, with-
out, however, harming anv of those with him,
all of whom, with the exception of a few boys,
were sent back, to the number of sixty. (AWii-
(ion, ]). 12.) This latter statement, as well as
that in relation to the libidinous practices of the
negro, are confirmed by Coronado. A'c/ii/ion ;
Ilakluyt's Collection of Voyages (Principnll h'avi-
galicits), iii. ^'54.
V
a
^'
I
',1
480
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
'I
peror would send an army to chastiso them ; but they refused to believe lum,
sayinp no power could resist that of Cibola. He thereupon distributed
everything he had left amon^ them tu appease them, and cndeavDred to
persuade some of them to ^'o nearer the city, in ouler to make sure of the
fate of the party; and upon their refusal, he said that he should at all events
endeavor to obtain a si^dit of Cibola. Seeing; his tleterminatiou, two of tiu'
chiefs eonsenteil to .iccoinpany him ; and they came to a iiill, from whicii
they could look down upon the city. It is situated in a plain, he says, and
seemed to be handsomer and more important than any city he had yet seen,
and even larger than Mexico. The houses were built of stone, and were
of several stories, as the natives hail told him, and with Hat roofs; and ui)on
his expressing his admiration of it, his cumi)anions said that it was the
smallest of The Seven Cities, and that Totontcac, one of the nei^diborin^j
towns, was still larj;er and finer. With the help of the Iiulians he proceeded
to raise i ^reat pile of stones, upon which he planted a cross as lar^e as he
was able to make, and in the name of the Viceroy and Governor of New
Spain, on behalf of the luiiperor, he took possession of the Land of the Seven
Cities, and the realms of Totontcac, Acus, and Marata; and to the whole
country he yavc the name of the New Kinj^dom of St. Francis. Upon
retracing his steps across the desert, he failed to receive as friendly a recep-
tion as before, for all the people were in tears for the loss of their murdered
relatives; so that he became alarmed, and hastened throu^di the valle\- so
rapidly that in three days time he had crossed the second desert. From
this point he made a detour in the direction of the country lying to the
East, about which he luul been told on his first coming. Without venturing
to penetrate into it, he contented himself with observing the approaches,
when he found seven small villages in a verdant valley, but in the distance
he could see the smoke of a fine city. lie was informed that the country
was very rich in gold, but that the inhabitants refused all intercourse with
strangers. Nevertheless, he planted two more crosses here, and took formal
possession of the country. I'rom this point he retraced his steps as speedily
as possible to Compostella, where he rejoined Coronado, and sent imme-
diate notice of his return to the Viceroy.
While F'ray Marcos had been absent upon his journey, Coronado luul
himself been occupied in searching for a province lying somewhere to the
north of his own dominions, called Topira. After a toilsome march
through a mountain region this was reached, and proved to be entirely
ditVerent from wh.it it had been reported ; and he had just returned frt)ni
this fruitless expedition, when the monk arrived. So glowing were the
accounts he gave of what he had himself seen and what the natives had
told him. as well as of the wealth to be found in the islands of the southern
seas, that Coronado determined to take the monk at once with himself to
Mexico and lay the matter before the Viceroy. There, on the 2d of Septem-
ber, 1539, according to the notaries' attest, Fray Marcos presented a report in
writing to Mcndoza, by whom it was transmitted to the Emperor Charles V.,
EARLY KXI'LOKATIONS OF NEW MEXICO.
481
Cf^
AUTOGRAPH <)l CUUONAIM).
act oinpanicd by a letter from himself containing; a brief narrative of the
previous attempts that had been made for the exploration of the country.'
hi a very short time
("oroiiado be^'an to \)ro-
claiin openly what hilh-
erto he had only
whispered in strictest
conl'idcnce to his most
intimate friends, — that
the marvellous Seven
Cities hail been discov-
ered which NuAo de
(iuzman had sou^dit for
in vain ; and he pro-
ceeded forthwith to
make preparations and
to collect a military force
for their conquest.
Meanwhile the I''rancis-
cans chose I'"ray Marcos for their {general ; ami soon all the piil[)its of that
Order were resounding to such fjootl purpose, that before lonj^ an army of
three hundred Spaniards and eiyiit luindrcd Indians of New Spain had been
collected. So many j,'entlemen of noble birth volunt<'ered for this service
that the Viceroy was much embarrassed in selecting officers; but at last he
decided upon the principal ones, and appointed Coicnado, as was only his
due, general-in-chief Compostella, the capital of New Gallicia, was named
as the place of rendezvous for the army; and in the mean time Hernando
Alarcon received instructions to sail along the coast of the southern sea in
order to accompany the march of the expedition. He was directed to trans-
port the heavy stores and to keep up communications by means of the rivers
that empty into it. This part of the plan, however, failed of success, as
Coronado's line of march soon led him to a distance from the coast.'-
In the last days of February, 1 540, the Viceroy himself came to Com-
postella, and from there he accompanied the army for two days on its
1 Tcrn.iux-Comi)ans, i.\. 2S3, 290. Ti'rnaiix-Conipaiis, i.x. 299. This information
- Alarcon set sail on the 9th of May, t540, and about California issupplcnicntcilbv the narrative
by penetrating to the upper extremity of the Gulf of the voyage made two years later by Juan
of California, proved that California was not an Rodriguez Cabrillo along the Tacilic shore of
island, as had been supposed. He made two the peninsula, and up the northwest coast prolv
attcm|)ts to ascend the Colorado in boats, and ably .is far as the southern border of Oregon,
planted a cross at the highest point he reached. It was printed in Buckingham Smith's Coleciion,
l)urying at its foot a writing, which, as will be ]). 173; and subsecpiently in I'acheco's /Jcrz/wftv/-
scen, was subse(iucntly found by Melchior Diaz, los iiu-ditos, tom. .xiv. p. 165. A translation by
His report of this voyage, containing valuable Mr. R. S. Evans, with valuable notes by Mr.
information in regard to the natives, can be H. W. Henshaw, is given in vol. vii. (Archx-
found in Hakluyt, J'oyoj^i-s, iii. 505 (ed. iSlo) ; o\ogy) oi I '/iiVi-,/ S(iih-s GcWox-inil Sitn'cy wi-sf 0/
translated from R.imusio, A'azi^iilioiii, iii. 363 the one hundredth Meridian. [See also the pres-
(ed. 1565). There is a French translation in cut volume, p. 443. — Eii.l
VOL. II. — 61.
%\
i
482
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
M
march. Hut soon the difficulties of the route began to tell upon the inex.
pericnccti cavaliers, who were obliged each to carry his own provisions and
baggage, so that when they had reached Chiametla, they were compelled
to halt for several days in order to procure a supply of food. In doing
this a collision with the natives occurred, in which one of the superior
officers was slain ; and in revenge, all who were believed to be inhabitants
of the village where it happened were hanged. Soon after this, dissatis
faction began to manifest itself among the troops, which was heightened
by the discouraging reports which were spread on the return of Melchior
Diaz and his party, whom Coronado had sent by Mendoza's orders on
a reconnoitring expedition during his own absence in Mexico. They had
penetrated two hundred leagues beyond Culiacan, as far as the edge of the
desert, and they gave very different accounts from those of Fray IMarcos.
Very few inhabitants were seen, e.xcept in two or three little villages of
some thirty huts, and everywhere was a great scarcity of provisions ; while
the mountainous nature of the country rendered it almost impassable.'
The friar, however, strove to encourage their drooping spirits, promising
them that they should not return empty handed ; and the march was con-
tinued to Culiacan, where the expedition was received with great hospi-
tality by the Spanish colonists. Here Coronado left the main body of the
army under the command of Tristan d'Arellano, with orders to follow him
in a fortnight, while he himself set out on the 22d of April, 1540, with
fifty horse and a few foot-soldiers and the monks who did not choose to
be left behind. In somewhat more than a month's time he came to the last
inhabited place on the borders of the desert, having c\'crywhere met with
a friendly reception from the natives. At an intervening village, in the
valley which Cabcza de Vaca had called Corazones, he had halted, and
despatched messengers to the sea-coast, which was five days' journey
distant, and learned that a vessel had been seen passing by. The place
which he had now reached bore the name of Chichilticalli, or The Red
House, and it proved to be something very different from what I'ray
Marcos had reported. Instead of a populous town at a distance of five
leagues from the sea, he found merely a single ruinous, roofless struc-
ture, at least ten days' journey from the coast. Nevertheless, it bore
the appearance of having once been a fortified work which hatl been con-
structed out of red earth by a civilized people, but had boen destroyed
in former times by some barbarous enemy.- Here Coronado entered upon
the desert, and proceeding in a northeasterly direction he came in a fort-
1 Extracts from a report sent back liy >rel-
chior Diaz while on this journey are given in a
letter from Mendoza to the Kniperor Charles
v., dated Ajiril 17, 1540, in Ternaiix-Compans,
ix. 2()0.
- Chichiltic-calli, or Red House, is generally
supposed to be the vi.lned structure, called
Citsa Groiiii; in southern .•\rizoiia, near Flor-
ence, a little south of the rivrr Gila, and not far
frimi the Southern racilic Railroad. l!ut Mr.
A. F. Handelier, after a thorough topographical
exploration of the regions, is inclined to jilacc
it considcr.ably to the southeast of this ]Hiint.
upon the river Arivaypa, in the vicinity of For^
Grant. [This question is further examined in
Vol. I. of the present History. — El).l
EARLY EXPLORATIONS OF NEW MEXICO.
483
the incx»
sions and
:ompcllccl
In doing
superior
ihabitants
;, dissatis
eit^htened
Melchior
orders on
They had
3ge of the
ly Marcos,
villages of
jns; while
npassable.'
promising
h was con-
•cat hospi-
ody of the
follow him
1540, with
choose to
1 to the last
2 met with
ige, in the
lalted, and
journey
'he place
The Red
hat I'ray
ce of five
CSS struc-
ss, it bore
3cen con-
destroyed
tered upon
in a fort-
1, and not far
lail. lUit Mr.
topogvaiiliical
inetl to place
of this point
cinity of Korf
examined in
iV
night's time to a river, to which the name of the Vermejo was given,
on account of its turbid waters. This was only eight leagues distant
from Cibola, where they arrived on the following day, sometime early in
July, having only escaped by the general's prudence from falling into an
ambuscade of hostile natives.'
Cibola turned out to be even a greater disappointment than the Red
House, and many were the maledictions shovvered upon the monk by the
soldiers. Instead of the great city which he had reported, it proved to be
only a little village of not more than two hundred inhabitants, situated
upon a rocky eminence, and difficult of access.'- From its resemblance in
situation, Coronado gave the name of Granada to the village ; and he states
that the name Cibola properly belonged to the whole district containing
seven towns, and not to any particular place. As the natives continued to
manifest a hostile disposition, and the army was almost famished from lack
of food, it was resolved to attempt to carry it at once by assault, in order
to get at the abundance of provisions stored there. But the inhabitants
made such a stout resistance with missiles and showers of stones, that it
would have gone hard with the Spaniards if it had not been for the pro-
tection of their armor. As it was, Coronado himself was twice felled to the
earth, and his life was only saved by the devotion of one of his officers,
who shielded him with his own body. However, in less than an hour's
time the place was captured, though several of the horses of the Span-
iards were killed, and a few of the assailants wounded. But when once pos-
session of this strong point was secured, the whole district was speedily
reduced to submission.
Here Coronado awaited the arrival of the main body of his army before
attempting to penetrate farther into the countrj-; and from this place he
transmitted to the Viceroy, under date of yVug. 3, 1540, a report of what he
had already accomplished, in which his disappointment about the char-
acter of the region through which he had journeyed was very plainly ex-
pressed, as well as his entire disbelief in the truth of the reports which
Fray Marcos had brought back respecting the rich and powerful kingdoms
lying at a distance. He shows that he had discovered the inherent defect
of the country by laying particular .stress upon the " great want of pas-
ture; " and says that he had learned that "what the Indians worship is
' Jaramillo lias given a vcrv fnll itinerary of
this march, describing with great particularity
the nature of the country and the streams crossed
( Tcrnaux-Compans, ix. .jfij-^Gg). When the
results of the latest cxjiloralions of Mr. A. V.
Iiandelier in this region are published by the
Archaeological Institute of America, there is
good reason to hope for an exact identification
of most if not all these localities, which at pres-
ent is impossible. There can be little ilonbt,
however, that the Vermejo is the Colorado
Chiquito.
- In the ProceciUngs: of the American Anti-
quarian .Society for October, iSSi, I have given
in detail the reasons for identifying Cibola with
the r";^ioii of the iirencnt Zufii puebhjs. Atr.
Frank II. Gushing has made the important dis-
covery that thi;- tribe has preserved the tradition
of the coming of Fray Marcos, and of the
killing of the negro Stephen, whom they call
" the black Mexican," at the ruined pneblo
called (^uaquima. Thev claim also to have a
traditi(jn of the visit of C'oronado, and even of
Cabe/a dc Vaca.
\
Ui
(*!)
if
I'l)
484
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
I'l
I
water, for it causeth their corn to grow and maintaincth tiicir life" ' With
this despatch he sent specimens of the garments worn b)' tlie natives and
of their weapons, and also " two cloths painted with the beasts of the
country ; " he also reports that the natives possessed a certain amount of
gold and silver, but that he could not discover whence they procured it.
While waiting at Cibola the arrival of the main body of the army,
Coronado sent out a small party under Pedro de Tobar to explore a prov-
ince lying some twenty leagues or more to the northwest, called Tusa)an,'-
where there were said to be seven cities, with houses built like those of
Cibola, and inhabited by a warlike people. Tobar succeeded in approach-
ing close to the first of these without being observed, as the nati\es now
seldom ventured far from their houses on account of the fear inspired b}-
the rumors spread abroad that Cibola had been captured by a fierce people
mounted upon animals that devoured human flesh. However, as soon as
the Spaniards were discovered, the natives showed a bold front, advancing
to meet them in good order, and well armed. Drawing a line in the sand,
they forbade the Spaniards crossing it, and woundeu Hie horse of a soldier
who ventured to leap over it; whereupon a friar named Juan de Padilia,
who had been a soldier in his youth, urged the captain to make an onslaught
upon them, and the natives were soon put to flight and many of them
slain. In a short time all this province gave in its submission, and peace-
able relations were once more established. The natives brought as gifts
to the Spaniards turquoises, tanned skins, maize, and other provisions,
and especially cotton stuffs, which were regarded by them as the choicest
l)resent, since it did not grow in their own country. The\' also gave infor-
mation about a large river Ij'ing farther to the west, on whose banks, at
some days' journey down the stream, there dwelt a race of very large men.
Tobar returned to Cibola v.'ith this report, and Connado immediately
despatched a second exploring party to verify it, under Garcia Lopez de
Cardenas. These were well received on their way b}' the people of
Tusayan, who supplied them with guides and provisions for the journey.
I'or twenty days their march hu- through a desert, at the end of which they
came to the banks of a river which seemed to tliem to be elevated " three
or four leagues in the air." So steep were these banks that it was impossible
to descend to the water, which appeared so far awaj' as to seem to be
only an arm'.s-lcngth in width, and yet their guides assured them that it
was over half a league broad. Although it was summer time, it was quite
cold, and the country was covered with a growth of stunted pines. l""or
three days the)' followed the bank in search of a passage ; and some volun-
teers who made the attempt returned with the report that thej- had onl)'
been able to accomplish a third of the descent, and that rocks which had
seemed scarcely as high as a man, were found to be loftier than the towers
' Coroii.ndo's rcl.-itioii as given in English in - Tusay.m can be clearly identilicdas the site
Ilaklnyi, Colledioii of ^^■'yages, etc., iii. 453 (re- of the present Moqui villages. Bandclier, //«■
l)rint, London, 1810). toriai! /iiliociiutioii,\i. 15.
I.'i
EARLY EXl'LORATION'S 01" NEW MEXICO.
485
JM
c:ORON.\U(J S r.XPF.DlTION.
itilicdas the silo
liandclicr, //«
' Tlie map given in RiiycV. Diis /.liliiltcr dtr and crossed the Colorado. Tisucx sliould be
F.iitticikiiii!;,-!!, p. 417. Witli slight corrections, placed west of the Rio Grande, between Aconia
this is as accurate as our present information per- and (^)uirex. The Rio '• Sangra " is probably a
mits. Mclchior Diaz penetrated farther nortli, mistake for " Sonora."
\\
4S6
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
/'!:
M >
of Seville Cathedral, '/or three or four days more they continued on; but
at length they were forced to return by want of water, which they had been
oblii^cd to seek for every nij^ht a league or two back from the river, and
retraced their steps to Cibola.'
In the mean time the main body of the army, which had been left at
Culiacan under the command of Tristan d'Arellano, with orders to follow
Coronado in a fortnight, set out, and slowly advancing reached at lengih
Cabeza dc Vaca's province of Corazoncs. 1 Icre it was thought best to
attempt to establish a colony; but owing to the difficulty of procuring
a sufficient supply of food, it was subsequently transferred to the spot
in the valley of the river which is now called Sonora. From here Don
Roderigo Maidonado was despatched down the river in the hope of finding
Alarcon's vessels. lie returned without havir"; accomplished his purpose,
but brought back with him a native of huge stature, and reported that a
nation of still larger men dwelt farther down the coast. The whole arm)-
now transferred itself across the river to the new colony, and ..nerc waited
for further orders from Coronado.
About the middle of September, 1540,'-^ Mclchior Diaz and Juan
Gallegos arrived from Cibola with instructions for the army to proceed
thither at once. Gallegos continued on to Mexico, carrying to the Viceroy
an account of the discoveries; and with him went Fray Marcos, v.ho dared
not remain any longer with the army, .so incensed were they with him for
his gross misrepresentations. Diaz was ordered to remain at the new
colony in the capacity of governor, and to seek to put himself in com-
munication with Alarcon's vessels. Immediately the army took up its
march for Cibola, but Arellano remained behind. As soon as they had
departed, Diaz set out to explore the sea-coast, leaving Diego d'Alcarraz
in command in his stead, who turned out to be very poorly fitted to
exercise authority, so tha*^ disorders and mutinies broke out. Diaz him-
self, after marching one hundred and fifty leagues in a southwcstcrl}-
direction (as Castaneda reports),'' struck the Tizon at some distance from
its mouth, at a place where it was at least half a league wide. Here
he found a race of huge men dwelling together in large numbers in under-
ground cabins roofed with straw, from whom he learned that the vessels
had been seen three days' march down the stream. Upon reaching the
spot indicated, which the natives told him was fifteen leagues from its
mouth, he came upon a tree with an inscription upon it, and biu^ied under
it he found a writing stating that Alarcon had come so far,^ and after
' It is pl.iin th.it this river was tlie Color.ido;
the description of the Grand Caiion cannot fail
to be recognized, liandelicr, Ilisloruiil Intro-
tliiction, p. 15. The name l)y whicli it was called
was the Ti/.on, the Spanish word for " fire-
brand," which the natives dwelling npon its
- Castaiieda, Relation, p. 48 ; Ibid., p. 46,
"Middle of (k-tober."
■' Davis (Spanish Conquest, p. 160) suggests
that he should have written " northwest."
The anonymous Relacion ( P.icheco'.s j9i»<-«OT('«to
Ineditos, torn. .\iv. p. 321) states that he trav-
banks were rcjiortcd to be in the habi. of carry- clled "westward."
ing upon their winter journeyings. Castaneda, * [See ante, p. 443, in the section of " Dis-
p 50. coveries on the Pacific Coast." — Ed.]
EARLY EXPLORATIONS OF NEW MEXICO.
487
waiting there awhile had returned to New Spain. It also contained the
information that this supposed south sea was actually a gulf which sepa-
rated the mainland from what had been called the Island of California.
With the intention of exploring this peninsula, Diaz proceeded up the
river five or si.v days' march in the hope of finding a ford, and at length
attempted to cross by means of rafts. The natives, whose assistance he
had called in to help construct them, proved treacherous, and laid a plot
to attack the Spaniards on both banks of the river, while a portion were
in the act of crossing. When this was detected, they made their assault
boldly, but were speedily put to flight. Diaz then continued his journey
along the coast, which took here a southeasterly direction, until he reached
a volcanic region where farther progress became impossible. While re-
tracing his steps, he met with an accident which put an end to his life;
but the rest of his party returned to Sonora in safet}-.
While Diaz was making these explorations, the main body of the army
had continued on to Chichilticalli without having encountered any other
peril than being severely poisoned fiom having eaten preserved fruits that
had been given to them by the natives. Castaneda records their falling
in with a flock of large mountain sheep, which ran so swiftly that they
could not be captured. When within a day's march of Cibola they were
overtaken by a terrible storm, accompanied by a h.cavy snow-fall, which
caused the Spaniards great suftering, and nearly cost the lives of their
Indian allies, natives of a warm country. But on arriving they found
comfortable quarters provided by Coronado, and the whole force was
now reunited, with the exception of a detachment which had been sent
upon an expedition in an entirely different direction.
A party of natives had come to Cibola from a village called Cicuye, sit-
uated some seventy leagues away toward the east, under a chief to whom
the Spaniards gave the name of Bigotes, from the long mustache he wore.
They proffered their friendly services to the strangers and invited them to
visit their country, at the same time making them presents of tanned bison-
skins. One of them had the figure of this animal painted on his body,
which gave the Spaniards their first knowledge of its appearance. Coro-
nado made them in return presents of glass beads and bells, and ordered
Hernando d'Alvarado to take twenty men with him and explore that
region, and after eighty days to return and report what he had discovered.
After five days' travel Alvarado came to a village called Acuco, situated
on a precipitous cliff so high that an arquebus-ball could scarcely reach
the top. The only approach to it was by an artificial stairway cut in the
rock, of more than three hundred steps, and for the last eighteen feet there
were only holes into which to insert the toes.^ By showing a bold front,
,?
l(
1 The identity of Acucn witli tlic modern Coiis^irss, isf Session, p. 470. Jaramillo is cvi-
pueblo of Acoma is perfectly est.ililislicd. See dently wrong in naming tliis place Putaliaco,
the plates and description in Lieutenant Abert's ]). 370. Hernando d' Alvarado in his Report
"port, Senate E.wculhe Documents, no. 41, jjo/// calls it Coco.
'"!i
'V.',
I I
i
;
f'
J
1. 1 1
n't
I I
488
NAKKATIX'K AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
friendly relations were established with the inhabitants of this formidable
stronj^hoid, who numbered some two Jnindred fi,i;htiiiL^ men, and a lar^c
supply of provisions was received from them. Three days' march farther
brought them to a province called Tiguex, containinj^ twelve villages
situated on the banks of a great river.' The presence in the part}' of
Higotes, who was a renowned warrior well known in all that reg'.on, con-
ciliated the favor of the people of Tiguex; and the country- i)leased
Alvarado so much, that he sent a messenger to Coronado to persuade
him to make it his winter quarters.- Continuing his journey, in five days
more he reached Cicuye, which he found to be a strongly fortified villagf
of four-.story terraced houses, built around a large square. It was also
protected by a low stone wall, and was capable of putting five hundred
warriors into the field."
Here the\' were welcomed
with great demonstrations
of friendship, and recei\ed
man}- gifts of turcpioiscs,
which were abumlant in
that country.^ While rest-
ing here for several days
they fell in with an Indian
slave, — a native of the re-
gion lying toward Florida,
which De Soto aftcrwartl
explored, — who told thcni
THE nUFFALO (fi/Ur r!icvci)fi ' ,, , , ,
marvellous tales about the
stores of gold and silver to be found in the great cities of his own
country. This man the}' named " the Turk," from his resemblance to men
of that nation; and such implicit credence did the}' place in his stories, that
after penetrating a little way into the plains under his guidance, — where
for the first time they saw the bisons, with whose skins they had become
familiar, — they retraced their steps in order to bring this information to
Coronado. On reaching Tiguex, Alvarado found Cardenas there, who had
' D.ivis {T/ic S/'ii'i/s/i Co)iqiiesl of A'i"cv ^^cx•
iro, ]). i.Sj, note) pl.iccs T'ljucx on the banks of
the Rio Piicrco ; .ind Gcncr.nl Simpson (Coro-
thido's Mdir/.' p. 335), on tlie Rio Grande, below
the Pnerco. j!nt Mr. 'Bandclier (Ifislorical In-
trodiictioii, pp. 20-22), from docnmentarv evi-
dence, places it liighcr up the Rio Grande, in
the vicinity of I'ernalillo; corrcspondinf; per-
fectlv with the "central point" which Casianeda
dcclnrcd it to be (p. 1S2).
- Alvarado's report of this e.\])cdition can
be found in Buckingham Smith's Coh\cioii de
r/oriimeii/os, p. 65 ; Pacheco's Doniiiicntos Tiicditos,
torn. iii. p. 51 1. lie says, " Partimos de Granada
veinte y nueve de Agostode 40, la via de Coco.''
' General T. H. Sini]).son, Coroinido's March,
p. 335, has Klentilied Cicuye with Old Pecos.
Additional arguments in support of this opinion
may be found in ISandclier's Visit to the Ab-
orip'nnl Kiiiiis in the I'dl/ey of Pecos, p. 113.
■* The turquoise mines of Cerillos, in the
Sandia Mountains, are about twenty miles west
of Pecos, liandelier's I'isit, jip. 39, 115.
^ [This is one of the earliest engr.ivings —
if not the earliest — of the buffalo, occurring
on folio 144 verso, of Thevet's Les Sinxii/iiritez
de hi Fraiiee Aittarctiqiie, .Vntwerp, 155.S. Davis
(Spanish Conquest of Xi-iv Afexieo, ]). 67) says
Cabcza de Vaca is the earl'-^st to mention the
buff.alo. — Ed.I
EARLY KXI'LORA' .ONS Ul" M;\V MEXICO.
4S9
bcL-n sent on by the General, in accordance witli liis advice, to prepare
winter quarters for the army now on its march from Sonora. Alvarado
accordingly decided to
remain in that prov-
ince and wait for the
cominjT of the army ;
but in making tiieir
prejjarations for its
comfort liie Spaniards
showeii very Httle con-
sideration for the na-
tives, forciniL^ them to
abandon one of their
viHatjes, taking only
the clothes that they
were wearing.
By this time Arel-
lano had arri\'ed at
Cibola, coming from
Sonora; and to him
Coronado once more
intrusted the command of the main force, with instructions for it to rest
twenty days at Cibola, and then to proceed direct to Tiguex. He himself
having heard of a province containing eight towns called Tutahaco, took
a party of his hardiest men and set out to explore it. On his way thither,
which took the direction of the route to Tigucx, for two days and a half
they were without water, and were forced to seek for it in a chain of snow-
covered mountains. After eight days' march they reached this place, and
there they heard of other villages situated still farther down the river. The
people were found to be a friendly race, dwelling in buildings constructed
of earth, like those at Tigucx, which province Coronado reached by follow-
ing up the course of the river.^
On his arrival there he found Alvarado and the Turk, who repeated
his story about the marvellous wealth to be found in his country, adding
many fanciful embellishments, — which were the more rcadil)- believed, as
he was able to distinguish copper from gold. He pretended that the
people of Cicuj'e had taken some gold bracelets from him when thcj'
SKETCH OF THE ISUFIALO.
\
: 'II
i
i V
)
' [liy the kindness of the Kcv. Kilwnrd E.
U.ile, 1>. 1)., .1 tr.iciiig by him from .a sketch
made .ibout 1599 by order of Oiiafe, and by Iiis
Strgcant-M.ijor Vinccntc de O.iIdivi.T Mendoza,
is licre copied. The original is inscribed, " Tr.i-
simto de como son las Hacos dc (jibola." See
n)il<; p. 477, note. — El).]
- Bandelicr (llistcrical /ii/roiiuctipii, p. 22)
pl.iccs Tutahaco in the vicinity of Isleta, on tlie
Rio Grande, in opposition to Davis's o]3inii)n
VOL. II. — 62.
{S/'tim'sA Coiigiiest,\>. iSo) tliat it was at Lagnna.
Coronado siibse(|ucntly sent an ollicer soulli-
ward to explore the countrv, who reached a
place some eighty leagues distant, where the
river disajipeared in the earth, and on his w.ay
discovered four other villages. (C^astaiieda, p.
140.) These, Itaiulclier places near Socorro.
{Ibid., p. 24.) General Simpson [Coronado' s
Afiur/i, p. 323, note) discusses the question of
the disappearance of the river.
>. -:
11
490
NARRAIIVK AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
made him prisoner, and Coronado accordingly sent Alvarado baclc to Cicuyc
to reclaim tlicm. The people there received him aj^ain in a friendly way,
but denied all knowled^'e of the t;okl bracelets, and declared the Turk to be
a liar. Upon this, Alvarado threw the chief men of the town and Hi^otes
into chains and brought them to Tis,nie.\, where they were kept prisoners
more than six months, to the yrcat grief and indij^nation of the natives,
wlio endeavored in vain to rescue them. This affair did much to discredit
the Spaniards in the estimation of the natives, whom their subsequent harsh
treatment soon stirred up to active resistance.
After the twenty days had expired, Arellano and the arm>' started for
Tiyuex, passing on their way the rock of .\cuco, which many of the
Spaniards ascended to enjoy the view, — but with great difficult)', although
the native women accomplished it easily, carrying their water-jars. They
had rested, after their first day's march, at the finest town in all the
province, where were private houses seven stories high. Here it began
to snow. It was nov,- early in December (154O!, and for ten days of their
journey the snow fell every night. But there was wood in plenty for their
fires, and they did not suffer, even finding the snow a protection. But
when they reached the village in the province of Tiguex, where their
winter quarters had been prepared, they forgot all their past toils in
listening to the delusive fables told them by the Turk. The whole
province, however, was found to be in a state of revolt, occasioned by
the severity of exactions imposed by Coronado in his an.xiety for the
comfort of his men, together with the brutality of officers and soldiers
alike in carrying out his orders. The General had made requisition for
three hundred pieces of cloth ; and without allowing time for the natives
to allot their several proportions to the different villages to complete
the amount, the soldiers stripped the garments off whomsoever they met,
witliout regard to rank or condition, and had added to the injury by
offering violence to the women. The people of one of the villages had
slain one of the Indian allies and driven off several of the horses, where-
upon Coronado had sent Cardenas with the greater part of the force to
attack it; and only after more than twent\'-four hours of hard fighting,
and when many of the Spaniards had been wounded b)' arrows, were the
defenders at last forced to surrender by a device of the Indian allies, who
drove a mine into the lower portion of the houses, and filled them with
the smoke of burning combustibles. By an act of base treachery tlicy
were put to death after having been promised quarter; and at once the
report was spread far and wide that the Spaniards were violators of their
solemn engagements.
It was just at the time of the capture of this village that the main body
of the army arrived ; and then the snow began to fall and continued to do
so for two months, so that it was impossible to undertake any 'lew enter-
prise. Attempts were made, however, to conciliate the native^ ; but they
refused to place any confidence in the representations made to them
EARLY EXI'LOKATIONS OF NEW MEXICO.
491
main Lucv
Force was thereupon resorted to; and Cardenas, after an ineffectual attempt
upon one of the villages, came near losing; his life by Ireacher}' ireful e tlie
principal town of Ti^niex, to which Coronado finally determined to lay
rejjular sieye. This lasted for fifty days, during which the besieged suffered
greatly from want of water; and finally, in attempting to escape b\- night
they were discovered, and a great man)- of them were driven into the river
and [jcrished. The Spaniards themselves suffered considerabl)-, more than
twenty being wounded by arrows, several of whom died from biid medical
treatment. Two of the office!.-, perished, — one killed in battle, the t)ther
taken prisoner and curried into the town.'
During the sieg<; Coronado himself made a brief visit to Cictu'e, for the
purpose of examining the country and restoring to his home the chieftain
whom Alvarado had brought away. At this time he promised to set
Bigotes also at libertj', when he should pass by the place on his way to
the rich countries which the Turk had told about. This delighted the
people, and he returned to the camp before Tiguex, leaving them in a very
frieiuU)- state of mind toward him.
About this time there arrived mes.scngers from Alcarraz and the colony
at Sonora, bringiug information of the death of Melchior Diaz, and of the
disorderly condition prevailing there. Coronado immediatel)' despatched
lobar to take command at that place, and to escort the messengers whom
he .sent to the Viceroy to report what had already been accomplished and
the marvellous information received from the Turk. Tobar soon found
himself involved in hostilities with the natives, and lost seventeen of his
men by their poisoned arrows. Not feeling himself sufficiently secure at
Sonora, he transferred the colony to the valley of Suya, forty leagues
nearer to Cibola; imd not long afterward he received orders from Coro-
nado to rejoin the irmy with the best of his force.
When the siege was over, an expedition was sent out to receive the
submission of the people of Chia, a large town situated four leagues west
of the river, in whose charge were left four bronze cannon which were
in a bad condition. Another expedition was equally successful in a prov-
ince of seven villages called Ouirex.^
For four months the river had been closed by ice strong enough to bear a
horse ; but now it had melted, and Coronado prepared to start for the lands
called Quivira, Arche, and the country of the Guyas, which the Turk declared
abounded to a greater or less degree with gold and silver. Many of the
Spaniards, however, began to have their suspicions about these fine stories.
Tht army left Tiguex, April 23, i54i,'''for Cicuyc, twenty-five leagues
distant; and with them went Bigotes, who was set at liberty on arriving
' Cast.ifieda (Relation, p. loi) savs the siege and in placing Quirex in the Queres district of
terminated at the close of 1542; but it is clear, Cochiti, Santo Domingo, etc.
from the c(-urse of the narrative, that it must •'' Letter of Coro ido to the Emperor Charles
have been early in 1541. the Fifth; Teriiau.x-Compans, vol. i.\. p. 356.
^ All the authorities agree in identifying Castaneda (Kclitlion, p. 113) says it was on
Chia with the modern pueblo of Cia, or Silla, May 5.
m
i
192
\AKK.\II\T: A\[) criticai. iiisiouy ok amkrica.
M'
\:\
there, to tlu' ^'rcat ju)' of liis coimtiyincn. I'rovisions in abiiiul.iiicc were
siipplietl 1)\' them, besides a guide, named Xabe, a native u( Oiiivira, ulio
conlirmctl to some extent the stories of tlie 'I'lirl^. On ([uittin^f Ciciije they
iiiiiiu(iialel)- entered the mountains, ami alter four days' march came to a
bro.ul river over which tiiey were forced to build a brid^'e, which occupied
four days more.' From here they journeyed in a direction nortli-northcast
over the i)lains, and in a few days fell in with immense herds of bisons. At
fust there were only bidls, but some d.iys later the)- came upon the cows
and caKes; and at this time, after seventeen days' march, they came upon
a band of nonuuls called Ouerechos, busy in the pursuit of the animals.
Tliis people dwelt in tents made of tanned bison-skins stretched around
poles planted in the earth and fastened above and below. They possessed
large packs of dogs, by whom the tents were transported, and obtained their
whole sustenance by hunting the bison. Castaneda relates that on one occa-
sion he saw an a'Tow driven conii)Ietely throt.gh the body of one of these
animals. The Ouerechos were intelligent and perfectly fearless, but frienilly ;
and by signs they contirmed what the Turk had said, adding that to the east-
wanl w.is a large river who>c banks were tliickl\' inhabited, and that the near-
est village was called 1 laxa. Two days' march farther on, the same tribe w.is
again met, and they said that the villages lay still more to the cast.
As the Turk now represeuteil that I laxa was only two days' march
distant, Diego Lopez was sent in advance, with ten light-armed men, to
exi)lore it; while the army, continuing on in the same direction, fell in
with an innumerable quantity of bisons, and lost several horses in chasing
them. Lopez, after marching twenty leagues without seeing anything but
the sky and the bisons, was at last brought back b\' the friendly natives;
and his ill success contributed still more to discredit the Turk. One of the
force, a native of Oui\ira named .Sopete, had given quite different informa-
tion about the route ; and Coronado therefore sent out another exploring
party uniler Rodrigo Maldonado, who came to a village in a great ravine,
where a blind old man gave them to understand by signs that a long while
before he had seen four of their countrymen : these were believed to be
Cabeza de Vaca and his companions.^ This people were very friendly,
and gave to the .Spaniards a great quantity of tanned skins and other ob-
jects, including a tent as large as a house. Forthwith a messenger was
despatched to bring the whole body of the soldiers to this spot, who, on
arriving, proceeded at onrc to divide the skins among themselves, to the
great chagrin of the natives, who had supposed that they would only bless
the skins, as Cabeza dc Vaca had done, and then return them. While the
army was resting here there came a terrible storm, in which hailstones
fell of such enormous size as would have done great mischief if it had
' General J. II. Simpson [Conviiido's ^^a>■c!l, - J.ir.-imillo (Kdatioii p. 374) s.iys th.it this
p. 336) has given the reasons for regarding this was " much nearer Xew .S|)ain; " but Castanedg
river as the Gallinas, wliich is a tributary of the (Relation, p. 120) makes them to have pa3sed bj
Pecos. this very village.
.(
EAKLV KXI'LOUATIONS OK NKW MKXICO.
493
been cncoiintcrcd in tliu open jjlain. A party sent out to reconnoitre
came upon another wandering; Iriije, called 'I'ej-as, who comlucted the
army for three days' march to thei •own, wiiicli was called Cona. This
peojjje were hostile to the (Juerec' js, and hai.1 their faces and bodies
painU-'d ; and from them guides were procured, who w(;re not permitted
to have any communication with the Turk. These confuineil what Sopete
iiad said, that Ouivira lay some forty days' march in a northerly ilirection ;
and they led the way to another great valley, a league broad, watered by a
little stream, where were vines and fruit-trees in abundance; and here tlie
army rested some time. As it had now become evident that the Turk had
deceived them, and as their supply of food began to run short, Coronado
calleil a council of war, at which it was decided tliat lie should t.ike tliirty
of the bravest and best mounted horsemen and push on in search of
Quivira, and that tiie rest of the army should return to Tigue.v, under the
command of Arellano. This decision, however, was not well received
by the soldiers, who besought their (ieneral not to leave them, ileclaring
that they were ready to die with him. Hut Coronado would not yield
to their wishes, and set out with his party, promising to .send back word
in eight days if they might rejoin him.
The army waited fifteen days, during which they hilled a large number
of bisons; but several of their number lost the '-.ay and were never found,
although cannon were fired and e\-ery means taken to recover them. Then
messengers arrived repeating the order to return to Tiguex, and they
quitted the valley for the country of the Teyas. This nomadic people
knew the region perfectly, and supplied them with guides, by whom they
were conducted back in twenty-five days to the river of Cicuye, which they
struck more than thirty leagues below where they had built the bridge,
passing on their way great salt marshes. The guides told them that the
river flowed toward the cast, and fell into the river of Tigiiex more than
twenty days' journey away. I'rom this point they marched up the river
to Cicuj'c, where they were no longer well received by the inhabitants,
who refused to furnish them with i)rovisions. Accordingly they returned
to Tiguex, arriving about the middle of July, 1541.
In the mean time Coronado, after marching in a northerly direction over
the plains for thirty days, came to a large river, which was named for
Saints Peter and Paul. All this time he and his men had lived entirely
upon the flesh of bisons, and often had only their milk to drink. Sopete
said there were villages farther down the river ; and accordingl)' he
followed the northern bank for three days or more in a northeasterly
direction, until he came to one situated upon a branch of the great river.
Journeying for four or five days more, he reached in succession six or
seven other villages similarly situated, until he arrived at one which he was
told was called Quivira.^ Here he heard of other villages still farther
• In his Letter to Charles V. (p. 35S), Coro- after parting from the main body of his force,
nado states that having marched forty-two days he arrived at Quivira in about sixty-seven days
h
s
I
'«t
:■•
^9^
NARKATIVK AND CKITICAI. MISTDRY OF AMERICA.
yr
) •;'
m
iliNlant t)n tlic banks of a yet larmier river called Teiicarea. Circat was
C'( 111 matin's ilisappointmeiit at ("indin^ that Oiiivira, instead of beiiij; as he
had been infornieil a city of sioiu luniscs of many stories, consisted only of
a collection of straw-built lints, .uul that its peojjle were the most barbarous
of any that he had hitherto encountered. They ate their meat r.iw, like the
(Juerechos and the leyas, and were clad in tainied bison-skins, not havin;,'
any cotton; but they cultivated maize. The Turk, who had for some time
been conducted in chains with the rear-^niard, was now interro^'.ilcd as
to his motives in so misrepresenting' the nature of tiie country, ami mis-
leading the Spaniards. lie replied that his own country lay beyond
(Juivira, and that the people of Cibola had begged him to lead the
stran^jers astray upon the [jlains, so that they mi[,dit perish by famine,
as it was su[)posed that they relied upon maize for their footl, and did not
know how to chase the bison. One ni^dit he endeavored to stir up the
people of Ouivira to massacre the Spaniards; but beinrj put upon their
^'uard, the Spanianls stran^ded him, to the ^'reat delight of .Sopete. No
[,'old or silver was found in the country; but one of the chiefs wore a plate
of copper suspended from his neck, by which he set great store. Coronado
says th.it Quivira was nine hundred and fifty leagues distant from Mexico,
and was situated in latitude 40'. The soil was rich and black, watered by
many streams, iid bore an abundance of grapes and plums.' Here he
remained for twenty-five days, sending out exploring parties in all direc-
tions, who found great difficulty in communicating with the natives, owing
to the diversity of 1 Miguages spoken by them, and the want of interpreters.
It was now the latter part of Jidy,- and it was time to start to rejoin the
army at Tiguex. So, after collecting a supply of maize for the journey,
and erecting a cross with an inscrii)tion saying that Coronado had been
(p. 359). This gives twenty-five clays for ac-
coniplishiiip the distance to the point of scp-
ar.itiim, instead of thirty-seven, as stated hy
Castaficda (AWii/ioii, pp. 127, 134), who esti-
mates that they had travelled two hundred and
fifty leagues from Tinucv, marchiiii; six or seven
lea.i;ues a day, as measured liy countinj; their
steps.
1 Letter to Charles I'., p. 360. There is a
great difference of opinion as to the situation
of Qiiivira. The earlier writers, Gallatin,
S(|uier, Kern, Abcrt, and even Davis, have
fallen into the error of fixinu; it at Gran Quivira,
about one hundred miles directly south of .Santa
I'"e, where arc to be seen the ruins of a Fran-
ciscan Mission founded subsequently to 1629.
See Diary of ati exeiirsion to the ruins of A/io,
Q/iarra,aiiii Grait Qitirira, in .W'^o J/exieo, 1853,
bv Major J. II. Carletnn (Smithsonian Kcporl,
1S54, p. 296). General Simpson, however,
(Coroiiai/o's Mareh. p. 339) argues against this
view, and maintains that Coronado "reached
the fortieth degree of latitude, or what is now
the boundary line between the States of Kansas
and Nebraska, well on toward the Missouri
Kiver." Judge Savage believes that he cros.sed
the plains of Kansas and came out at a point
much farther west, upon the Platte Kiver.
J'roeeediir^s of Amerieaii Antiquarian Soeiety,
April, iS.Si, p. 240. Prince [lliilory of .\'(W
.l/exieo, p. 141) tliinks that " C'oronado traversed
])arts of the Intlian Territory and Kansas, and
finally stopped on the borders of the Missouri,
somewhere between Kansas Citv and Council
liluffs." Judge Prince, who is President of the
Hist. Society of New Mexico, adds that it would
be iniiJossible from what Castaiieda tells us, to.
determine the ])osition of Quivira with certainty,
liandelier (//istoriea/ IntroJuetion, p. 25) is not
satisfied that he reached as far northeast as
General Simpson states, and believes that he
moved more in a cnxle.
- Jaramillo (Relation, \>. 377) says "it was
about the middle of August ;" but according
to Castaneda (Relation, p. 141), Coronado got
back to Tiguex in .August.
H
LAKLY LM'LORATIONS OF NEW MKMCO.
495
tlicrc, he procured fresh ^juicles, leaving; Sdpetc in his home, and rctiirnod
Ijy the route he hail cuuje, as far as to tiie river named for S.iints I'etcr
and I'aul. At that point, bendini; more towards the west, they readied
llie country where tliey had first fallen in with the (Juerechos, and hail bee i
lunud from the direct course by the Turk; and in forty days they reached
Cicuye.
In the mean time, Arellano and the main portion of the force had been
makin[^ pre|)arations for passinj^ the winter at Tiguex, and had been
despatching; (jarties in different directions to procure supplies of provisions.
One under P'rancisco tie Marrio-Niievo was sent in a northerly direction
u[) the river and visiteil two provinces, of which one, called Heme/,
coniained seven villa^'cs; the other, named Vu{iue-\'uM(|ue, two fine ones
on the bank of the river, and four others strongly fortified and difficult
of access in the mountains.' Twenty lea^jues farther up the river was a
lart^c and powerful village called Hraba, to which the Spaniards <;ave the
name of Valiadolid. It was built on both bankh of a deep and rapid stre.uii,
which was crossed by a bridge of well- I'luared p;ne timber; and cont.iined
large rooms that could be heated, supported by huge pillars, superior to
anything of the kind that had been seen in the country.'-^ Another i.xpc-
dition was sent down the river, as has been already related.
liy this time .some apprehension began to be felt for Coronado's safety,
as the time fixed for his return had expired and nothing had yet been
heard from him. Accordingly Arellano started with a small party in search
of him, and at Cicuye he was attacked by the inhabitants, with whom he
kept up a roiTtest for four days. Tidings then came from the f iencral ;
and, content IV ; himself with guarding the passes, iircllano waited there
for his arrival. Coronado soon succeeded in re-establishing friendly rela-
tions, and continued on immediately to Tiguex. As soon as he reached
that place he set about in earnest to pacify the whole province, and to
persuade the inhabitants to return to their homes. The most strenuous
exertions were made to procure a supply of clothing for the troops, who
were in great distress for it, and to provide in every way for their comfort;
so that Castancda says, " Never was Spanish general in the Indies more
beloved or better obeyed than he." In the spring he promised his men
that they should start again in search of the unknown countries, about
w hich the Turk hail set their imaginations on fire. The greater part were
fnm in the conviction that the natives were familiar with gold, despite
their assurances to the contrary, and that they should find it in abundance.
Hut it is plain from Coronado's report that he did not share in this belief;
and the sequel proved that others agreed with him. The region of Tigue.x
1 Hcmcz evidently is the Jcmcz pueblos ; I'. 339) lias identified l!r:d).T with tlie celebrated
and YiKiuc-Vunque has been identified as the pueblo of Taos, where such a st\ibl)orn resist-
'Ichua pueblos, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, ance was made to the American arms in 1S47.
etc., north of Santa Fc. Bandelicr, Ilislorical Of this, Gregg, in his Commerce of the /Vniiu.i,
Iiitroductioiu P- -\ '''^'' R'^'en a description Lorres|)onding perfectly
- Gcneri.l J. II. Simpson [Coronuiio's Mun/i. with that of Castancda's Kehition, p 1^9.
>: I
%.
1:. ' i ,i
496
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
V; '
he found far too cold and too distant from the sea to make it a desirable
situation for a colony.
About this time Tobar arrived with the reinforcements which, as wc
have seen, he had been ordered to bring from the valley of Suya. He had
taken only the best soldiers, leaving many discontented and mutinous ones
behind ; and these arrived in the full expectation of finding the General
already established in the rich countries about which the marvellous reports
had reached them. IJut their disappointment was somewhat consoled when
tlicy learned that in the spring the whole ami)- would start in tiie search
of them. Tobar had brought despatches from the Viceroy, and private
letters, — among them one informing Cardenas that he had fallen heir to
his elder brother's estate. Cardenas accordingl)' obtained lea\'e to return
to Mexico, and several others went with him. Castaneda says that many
more would have been glad to do so, if they had not been restrained by
fear of being accused of cowardice. This shows the divided feeling that
prevailed. And soon trouble arose between the General, who studied only
the welfare of the whole army, and certain of the officers, who selfishly
looked more after the interests of their own men ; so that some already
began to talk of abandoning the expedition and returning to New Spain.
When the winter was over, Coronado ordered preparations to be made
to start for Ouivira, on the way to the unknown countries. But fate had
ordained a different termination for his enterprise. On a holiday, while
he was amusing himself by tilting at the ring with IMaldonado, Coronado's
saddle-girths broke, and he fell to the ground, where he received a blow on
the head from IMaldonado's horse, M'hich nearly cost him his life. A long
illness followed, during which Cardenas suddenly returned in haste from
Suya, with the news that he had found that post broken up and the inhab-
itants massacred. It seems that the discontented element left behind by
Tobar, — pretending that they had been abandoned, and that the route for
New Spain had left them on one side, — had deserted Alcarraz and the sick
men under his charge, and had fled to Culiacan. Upon this the natives
became insubordinate, and one night made an attack upon the enfeebled
force with poisoned arrows, killing a number of them. The rest escaped
on foot to Corazones, whose people, always friendly to the Spaniards,
aided them on their way to Culiacan, where they, as well as the mutineers,
were found by Gallegos not long afterward, when he arrived there with
reinforcements.
The news of this calamity was so afflicting to Coronado that he grew
worse, or, as Castaneda intimates, feigned to do so, as he had allowed him-
self to give way to the influence of superstitious terrors. In his youth
the prediction had been made that he would become lord of a distant land,
and that he would lose his life there by a fall. This now seemed to him
to be in the way of accomplishment, and he longed to return to die with
his wife and children. The surgeon had kept him informed of the dis-
content that prevailed among a portion of his fo'xe, and he accordingly*
1 ',
i [
n
III
lilii'J
n
KICA.
EARLY EXPLORATIOiNS OF NEW MEXICO.
497
; it a desirable
wliich, as wc
uya. He had
mitiiioiis onus
i the General
'cUoiis reports
:oiisoled when
in the search
', and private
fallen heir to
:a\e to return
lys that many-
restrained by
d feelin.^- tiiat
) studied only
who selfishly
some already
lew Spain.
IS to be made
But fate iuid
loliday, while
0, Coronado's
ed a blow on
life. A loni,'
n haste from
d the inhab-
ft behind by
the route for
and the sick
the natives
le enfeebled
rest escaped
e Sj)aniards,
e mutineers,
1 there with
lat he [^rew
llowed him-
n his youth
distant land,
med to Jiini
I to die with
of the dis-
accordingly
took secret counsel with certain of the officers, in which it was agreed
that they should persuade their men to present a petition, pra)-iug that
they mirrht be allowed to return to New Spain. A council of war was then
held, •-•" which the conclusion was reached that the country was neither
sufficiently rich nor populous to make it worth the holding. Coronado
thereupon issued the necessary orders for the return march. Some of the
officers, however, repented of their decision, and asked the General to give
them sixty picked men, with which to maintain themselves until reinforce-
ments should be sent by the Viceroy ; or for him to take that number
of men for his escort, and leave the command of the expedition to some
other person. But the army would not listen to cither of these propositions,
as they had no inclination to make the trial of any new commander. The
consequence was that the zeal and affection of some of the officers for their
chief disappeared, though that of the men still held firm.
It was in the early part of April, 1542, that the army began its return
march to New Spain. Two of the missionaries remained behind, in the
hope of making proselytes of the natives. One of them, a lay brother
named Luis, remained at Cicuye; the other, Juan dc Padilla, who had led
the charge at Tusayan, continued on to Ouivira with seme native converts;
where, in the words of Castaneda, he speedily " received the martj'r's
crown." To better insure the safety of the pmsts, Coronado ordered his
men to set at liberty their native slaves, and then started for Cibola. On
the journey thither the horses, which thus far had kept in excellent
condition, began to die in great numbers. The army accordingly rested
a while there before entering upon the desert lying between that place
and Chichilticalli ; and some Christianized Indians from Mexico remained
behind at Cibola, where they were found by Antonio de Espcjo, forty-one
years afterward, in 1583.^
The crossing of the desert was uneventful, and two days after they
reached Chichilticalli, Gallegos arrived there from the Viceroy with rein-
forcements of men and munitions of war. Great was his dismay at finding
the army on its way back, and all the splendid visions dissipated that the
Turk had conjured up. Those of the officers who had offered to remain
and hold the country until the Viceroy's commands should be received,
now renewed their proposition; but the soldiers refused to return, and
clamored to be led back to New Spain. Coronado found himself powerless
to constrain them, even if he possessed the inclination to do so ; nor was
his authority sufficient to enable him to inflict any punishment upon the
deserters who had abandoned Alcarraz at Suya. During the march, Cas-
taneda says that Coronado kept up the fiction of being ill, and only allowed
his intimates access to his person. The natives, seeing that the country was
being abandoned by the Spaniards, kept up a succession of hostile encoun-
ters, in which several of the force perished. As provisions began to fail,
1 Carta, April 23, 1584, Doiiimiiitos iiu'iiiU's, torn. xv. p. iSo; llakliiyt. Voyages, etc. iii. 463
(edition of 1810).
VOL. n. — 63.
?vu
,'■.(
1 1
498 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
the army hastened on to Pctatlan, thirty leagues from Cidiacan, the scat
of Coronado's government. All the bonds of discipline had now become
rela.xcd, and even his authority there as governor was not sufficient to
reinforce it; but by begging his friends to use their influence with the
men, he was able to bring about one hundred of the force back with
himself to Mexico. Here he was received but coolly by the Viceroy,
Mendoza; his reputation was gone, and soon after he was deprived of his
position as Governor of New Gallicia.
Such was the end of an expedition which, as General Simpson says,
" for extent in distanf-e travelled, duration in time, and the multiplicity
of its co-operating ex'ieditions, equalled, if it did not exceed, any land
expedition that has been undertaken in modern times." ^
CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION.
■::i
U! a
' !'
THE original sources of information in regard to tlie early Spanish explorations of New
Mexico have been made available for students within the last thirty years by the
publication of several collections of documents, preserved either in Mexico or in the
Archivo de Indias, at Seville, or in the great national repository at Simancas. The first
to appear was the one entitled Docnmentos para la historia dc Mejico, published by order
of the Mexican Government between 1853 and 1857.- This is distributed into four series,
of which the third and the Iburth contain important historical material bearing upon this
subject. Next came the well-selected Coleccion dc varies documcnios para la historia dc la
Florida y ticrras adyaccntcs, undertaken by the late Buckingham Smith, of which, however,
only the first volume appeared in Madrid, in 1857. ^ Then Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta, the
accomplished translator of Prescott's Conquest of Peru, published in Mexico a valuable
Coleccion de documcntos para la historia de Mexico, in two volumes, the first in 1S58 and
the second in 1866 ,■* But by far the most important of all is the great Coleccion de docii-
tnentos incdiios relativos al desciibrinticnto, conquista y colonizacion de las posesioncs
EspaTiolas en America y Oceania, sacados en su tnavor parte del real Archivo de Indias.
Forty volumes of this indispensable repertory have already appeared at Madrid, between
1S64 and 1884, edited by Joaquin Francesco Pacheco and other scholars.^ A most essen-
tial service, however, had been rendered to the students of early American history at
a still earlier date by the publication of Henri Ternaux-Compans' admirable series of
Voyai^es, relations, et menioires originaux pour servir a Phistoire de la dccouverte dc
V A mcrique, publics poiir la premiere fois en Fran^ais, of which twenty parts appeared in
Paris between 1S37 and 1841."' Prior to this our knowledge had been mainly restricted to
Italian translations of original narratives published by Giovanni Battista Ramusio in the
third volume of his Navij:^ationi et Viai^aii, Venice, 1556 (reprinted in 1565 and subse-
quently) ; of most of which Richard Hakluyt has given an English version in the third
volume of his Voyages, nanigations, trajfiqites, and discoueries, London, 1600 (reprinted
in iSio).
1 Coronado's March, p. 324.
2 [See antt, p. 397. — Ed.)
^ [See ante, p. 290. — Ed.]
* [See anic, p. 397. — Ed.]
'^ [See Introduction, ante, p. vii. The latest
volumes read on the titlepage : Coleccion Je
documcntos incdiios relatives al dcsciihrwiienlo,
conquista y organizacion de las antiguas posesioncs
espaiwlas de America y Oceania sacados de los
Archivos del reino y muy espcciatmente del de
Indias. Competentemente aulorizada. — En.]
* [See Introduction, ante, p. vi. — Eu.j
EARLY EXl'LOKATIONS OF NEW iMEXICO.
499
The different expeditions, in their chronological order, may now be studied in the fol-
lowing original authorities : —
An account of tlie expedition of Nufio Beltran de Guzman to Ciguatan is contained in
the Primcra (segunda) {tercera) {qtmrta) rclacifln aiwnima de la Jornada que hizo
Nittio de Guzman a la Nucva Galicia, in Icazbalceta's Colcccion, vol. ii. pp. 288-306;
439-483. Other narratives can be found in I'achcco's Documentos hu'dilos, torn, xiv.,
pp. 347-373, and 411-463; torn, xvi., pp. 363 375. De (kizman first conquered and
then colonized Sinaloa, and even penetrated into .Sonora, tlius preparing the way for the
subsequent explorations. \'ery little information, however, about .\ew Mexico is to be
obtained from any of these narratives.
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de \'aca published his remarkable story at Zaniora in 1542, under
the title ; La relacion que dio Aluar XiiTiez Cabci^a de I'lica dc lo aiaiscido en las Indias
en la armada donde yua por gouernador Paphilode Xarbaez, dcsde el aTio de veynte y siete
hasta el aTio de trcyntay seys que boluio a Sevilla con ires de su compania.'- Notwith-
standing the vivid interest that will always attach to this thrilling story of adventure and
sutfering, the indications given in it of the routes by which lie journeyed, and of the places
and peoples he visited, are practically of far too vague a character to enable them to be
satisfactorily identified,^ even if we feel warranted in placing implicit confidence in the
author's veracity.
The original report by Fray Marcos de Nizza (of Nice) of his Descubrimi-:nto dc las
Siete Ciudades, can be found in I^aclieco's Documentos ineditos. torn iii. p. 329 : and the
instructions received by him from the Viceroy Mendoza are given or. p. 325 of the same
volume. An Italian tran.ilation of the report is contained in Ramusio, A'avigationi, vol.
iii. p. 356 (ed. of 1565) ; and from this was made the English version in Ilakluyt, Voyages,
vol. iii. p. 438 (ed. ot 1810). But on comparing both Ramusio's and Hakluyt's versions
with the original, not only will it be found that in many places they are mere paraphrases,
but that frequently additional particulars have been foisted into the text. Especially notice-
able are the many exaggerated statements in regard to the quantities of gold and of precious
stones seen by the monk during his journey, or about which stories are told to him by the
natives, for which there is not a vestige of authority to lie found in the original. Fray
Marcos claims to have related what he himself saw or what was told to him ; but it is
evident not only that he was prone to lend a credulous ear to whatever fictions might be
imposed upon him, but that he grossly misrepresented what he had himself seer.. This
is c"rectly charged upon him by those who followed in his footsteps under Coronado, and
who suffered grievously by re.tson of his falsifications ; so that he was even compelled to
flee to Mexico to escape the consequences of their just indignation. Wc think tliat he
fairly deserves the epithet of " the lying monk," which has been bestowed upon him, in
spite of the air of probability which pervades the greater part of his narrative. But it must
in justice be said, however, that he appears rather to have been carried away by religious
enthusiasm than actuated by any personal or mercenary considerations ; and with the hope
of being able to convert the natives to Christianity, he invested them and their surround-
ings with the glow of his own imagination. Still, this need not militate against tiie truth
of his statements in regard to the distances he travelled, or the physical characteristics of
the regions through which his route lay: so that his narrative will always be "mportant for
the students of the topography, if not of the ethnology, of New Mexico at the period of
its discovery.
Ternaux-Compans {Voyages, etc., vol. ix. p. 256) has made a most faithful French
translation, from copies of the originals at Simancas, of Fray Marcos's report, and of the
letter from Mendoza to the Emperor Charles V., which accompanied it, as well as of tlie
instructions received by the Friar from Mendoza.
The story of Coronado's romantic expedition in search of " The Seven Cities of Cibola "
has been told with more or less of detail by four different persons who took part in it.
> I
l|
' [For bibliography of this Kdiicioii see iinlf, p. ;;S6. — i^D.]
- [See (!«/£•, p. 2S7. — Ed.]
]■ fl
i...
■
500
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
We have also three of his own letters and despatches narrating liis earlier proceedings.
Of tliese, tlie first is a brief one, written to the Vireroy Mendoza, dated Ciiliacan, Marcli 8,
1539, transmitting a report received from Fray Marcos while upon his journey. An
English version of this can be found in Hakluyt, Voya^^es, vol. iii. p. 434 (ed. of 1810),
translated from Ramusio, Aavigationi, vol. iii. p. 395 (ed. of 1565); and a French tran.s-
lation, in Ternaux-Compans, vol. i.\. p. 349. Next comes a .short letter to the Mceroy
dated April 10, 1539, in which he tells about the preparations for his ineffectual expedition
to Topira ; liakluyt, p. 352 ; Ramusio, p. 435 ; Ternaux-Compans, p. 352. Of much
greater importance, however, is the full report transmitted by him to Mendoza from Cibola
(or C.ranada, as he called it), Au,u:ust 3, 1540, setting forth everything that had occurred
between that date antl April 22, when he had started. An Italian version of this is given
by Ramusio, A\ivii;r.u 'iii, vol. iii. p. 359 (td. of 1565) ; Relatione de Francisco Basques de
Coivnado del viat^io alle dctte sctta cita. An English translation can be found in Hakluyt,
Voyages, vol. iii. p. 446 (ed. of iSio). Finally, there is the letter which he wrote to the
Emperor Charles \'., from Tiguex, after his return from Quivira, in which is related the
course of events from April 23, 1541. up to October 20 of the .same year. This can be
found in Pacheco's Docnmentos incdilos, tom. iii. p. 363 ; a.id it has been repeated in
torn. xiii. p. 261. A French translation of it is given in the I'oyages of Ternaux-Com-
pans, vol. ix. p. 355.
The four narratives by other pens are —
1. An anonymous Relation del siiceso de la Jornada que Francisco Vazquez hizo ai el
descubrini lento de Cibola, contained in Buckingham Smit.i's Coleccion de ratios docutnentos,
p. 147. This was afterwards jsrinted in Va.c\\tico' a Docnmentos ineditos, tom. xiv. p. 318,
but with the erroneous date of 1531, instead of 1541.
2. A second anonymous account, entitled Traslado de las nuevas y noticias que dieron
sobre el dcscobrimiento de una Cihdad que llamaron de Cibola, situada en la Ticrra
Nucva, can also be found in Docunientos incditos, tom. xix. p. 529, with the same error
in the date,
3. Of much greater value is the Relacion que did el Capitan Joan Jaramillo, de la Jor-
nada que hizo a ' i tierra nueva de la que fue General Francisco Vazquez de Coronado j of
which a French translation was first published by Ternaux-Compans, in his I'oyages, etc.,
vol. ix. p. 364. The original was afterwards printed in Buckingham Smith's Coleccion,
p. 155, and subsequently in Pacheco's Docunientos ini'ditos, tom. xiv. p. 304, but under
the erroneous date of 1537. It is a straightforward, soldierly narrative, well written, and
with many picturesque details, and it contains an unusual amount of topographical infor-
mation : so that it is of great value in establishing the route followed by the expedition,
and in identifying the various localities.
4. But if our knowledge of the expedition had been confined to the authorities tlius far
indicated, we should have had a very imperfect idea both of its events and of its results.
In 1838 Ternaux-Compans published a translation into French of a quarto manuscript, of
157 leaves, which he hr.d found in the Uguina Collection, at Paris, under the title Relation
du I'oyaj^e de Cibola cnterpris in 1540 ; o:i I' on traite de toutes les peuplades qui habitent
cette contree, de leiirs mcciirs ct coutumes, par Pedro de Castaneda de A'agera {Voyages,
vol. ix. p. I). Nothing has been discovered in relation to this writer except what is con-
tained ia his own account. He states that he "wrote his narrative in the city of Culiacan,
where he was living in the midst of misery and dangers, as the whole country was in a
state of Insurrection" (p. 233). The volume bears the indorsement, " Finished copying
at .Seville, Oct. 26 1596." As his name is not mentioned in the list of officers which he
has given, it is sup[.osed that he w.ns only ? private soldier. The work shows that he was
a man of considerable education, but it is evidently the production of a novice in the art
of literary composition. It is an attempt at a methodical narrative, divided into three
parts, but it is q'lite difficult to follow in it the order of events. In the first part he treats
of the incidents of the expedition, and of the armv and its officers ; the second contains .'1
description of the provinces, villages, and mountains that were discovered, of the religion
W
-\ih
EARLY EXPLORATIONS OP' NEW MEXICO.
501
and customs of tlie inhabitants, and of tlie animals, fruits, and vejiotables to be found ;
an'i in tlie last part he tells about the return of the army, anil explains the reasons for
abandoning the attempt at colonization. As he wrote more than twenty years after the
events he has described, he sometimes signifies his inaljility to remember precisely tlie
number of miles travelled, or of the days during which they journeyed. He has even fallen
into the error of making the day on which the expedition entered Canipostello, Shrove
Tuesday, 1541 (p. 24), although he gives the correct date, 1540, in the Dedicatory Epistle
(p. xiv). Throughout his entire narrative, whenever he gives the date of the year, it is
always one too lar'^e, as can be seen on pp. loi, 137, and 213. Me professes to have
written for the purpose of correcting the many misrepresentations uid fables that had
sprung up in regard to the country they had discovered, and the character of the people,
and the nature of the animals to be found there. Castafleda impresses the reader as a
religious, humane, and candid man, who cannot fail to win his confidence in the truth of
the events he relates. He does not hesitate to expose and to comment upon t!ie cruel
and rapacious acts of his own countrymen ; and he does full justice botli to the natural
amiability and to the valor of the natives. His various observations show him to have
been a man of sagacity and good judgment. Mr. Bandelier vouches for the remarkable
accuracy of his description of the country, although the distances generally are estimated
one third too great (^Historical Introduction to Studies ainonn tlie Sedentary Indians of
IK'ew Mexico, p. 22). The Castafieda MS. is now in the Lenox library.
These are all the original sources of knowledge in regard to the earliest attempts at
exploration in New Mexico by the Spaniards, and especially respecting Coronado's expe-
dition to the Seven Cities of Cibola. The historians of Mexico, from Gomara down,
while adding no new information to that detailed by Castaneda, are in agreement with him
as to the general facts.
Renewed attention was directed to Coronado's expedition and to the probable locality
of Cibola by the publication of the reports contained in the A'otes of a Military Reconnois-
sance made by Lieut.-Colonel William //. Emory, in 1846-1847, with the advance guard
of the armv of the West, during the war between the United States and Mexico. 1 and the
Report of Lieutenant J . W. Abert of his examination of Meiu Mexico. Colonel Emory,
in a letter to Hon. Albert Gallatin, dated Oct. 8, 1847, made the statement that he had
met with "an Indian race living in four-story houses, built upon rocky promontories,
inaccessible to a savage foe, cultivating the soil, and answering the description of the seven
cities of Coronado, except in their present insignificance in size and population, and the
fact that the towns, though near each other, are not in a (continuous) valley six leagues
long, but on different branches of the same stream" (p. 133). He had in mind the
villages in the vicinity of Ciboletta, Laguna, etc., on the Rio San Jose, a tributary of the
Rio Grande del Norte, about ninety miles east of the present Zuni pueblo. This opinion
was corroborated by Lieutenant Abert (p. 491). Mr. Gallatin thereupon proceeded
to prepare for the Transactions of the American Ethnological Society (vol. ii. p. liii,
1848) an elaborate essay on the .Indent semi-civilisation of Neiu Mexico, Rio Gila, and
its vicinity, in which large use was made of these military reports, and to which was
prefixed a map compiled by Mr. E. G. Squier. In November of the same year Mr.
Squier contributed to the American Revieiv an article on Xeiu Mexico and California.
The ancient monuments and the aboriginal semi-civilized nations of Xew Mexico and
California, with an abstract of the early Spanish explorations and conquests in those
regions, particularly those falling ivilhin the territory of the United States. Mr. Gallatin
came to the conclusion that the seven cities "appear to have been near the sources of
a tributary of the great Colorado, and not of the Rio del Norte" (p. Ixxii) ; but he
inclined to the opinion that they had been destroyed by the Apaches (p. xciv). Mr.
Squier identified Cibola with Zufii ; but there are inconsistencies to be found between
his map and statements contained in his article. In that same year Lieutenant J. H.
' Senate Executive Documents, Nc. 41, ;,oth Congress, ist Session, 184S.
\M
I 'I
I i-
502
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
Simpson, in ills Journal of a Military Reconnoissancc from Santa Fi to the Navajo Conn-
try,^ gave a detailed description of Zufli, whicli lie considered to be the site of Cibola.
The explorations carried on in New Mexico and Arizona, from 1853 to 1856, during
the search for a suitable route for the Pacific Railroad, took Lieutenant A. W. Whipple
and Professor \V. W. Turner over the same ground, and they both came to a similar
conclusion {Pacijic Railroad Reports, vol. iii. pp. 68, 104). liut in 1857 Mr. H. M.
Breckenridge published at Pittsburg a brief narrative of the Early discoveries by Span-
iards in Xeiu Mexico, containing; an account of the castles of Cibola and the present
appearance of their ruins, in which he maintained that Cibola was the well-known ruin
called Casa Grande, on the river Gila. Mr. R. H. Kern, however, upheld the Zufti
theory in his map, prepared in 1S54 to accompany Schoolcraft's History of the Indian
Tribes of North America (vol. iv. p. 33) ; and Mr. Schoolcraft himself adopted the same
view (vol. vi. p. 70, 1857).
In the year 1869 important additions were made to our knowledge of the early history
of New Mexico, and especially of Coronado's expedition. Mr. VV. H. 11 Davis, who
had held an official position in that Territory, and in 1856 had published an interesting
study of it under the title of El Gringo, gave to the world the first history of The Spanish
Conquest of New Mexico, Doylestown, Penn. In the saine year Brevet Brigadier
General Simpson, who had had his attention directed to the question twenty years
previously, prepared for the Annual Report of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution
for 1S69 a thorough study, accompanied by a map. of Coronado's March in search of the
" Seven Cities of Cibola^' and discussion of their probable location:- In April of the
same year there appeared in the North American Review an article by the late Mr.
Lewis H. Morgan, entitled The Seven Cities of Cibola, in which that eminent archxologist
made an elaborate argument in favor of the identification of that site with the remarkable
group of ruined stone structures, discovered not long before in the valley of the Rio
Chaco, one of the affluents of the Colorado, about one hundred miles to the northeast
of Zufli. On this point, however, both Mr. Davis (p. 119) and General Simpson have
pronounced in f.avor of Zufii, and General Simpson has even undertaken to answer
Mr. Morgan's arguments in detail (p. 232). Mr. Morgan, nevertheless, still held to his
opinion in his Study of the houses of the American Aborigines, p. 46 {First annual
report of the Archaological Institute of America, 1S80) expanded into the House and
House-life of the American Aborigines (Geographical and Geological Survey of the
Rocky Mountain region, in charge of J. VV. Powell, vol. iv.. 1881, pp. 167-170).
The Spanish Conquest cf Neiu Mexico, by Mr. Davis, is a valuable contribution to
history, in which faithful and diligent use has been made of the original authorities and
of unpublished documents ; and it is the only full and connected narrative that has yet
appeared of the series of events which it relates. The important episode to whicii
General Simpson confines his attention is treated in abundant detail, and great acuteness
and local knowledge are displayed in the discussion of the route followed by Coronado.
It is likely to remain always the leading authority upon this subject.
In his elaborate work upon The Native Races of the Pacific States, Mr. H. H.
Bancroft adopted the Zuiii theory as to the site of Cibola (vol. iv. p. 674), repeated
in his History of the Pacific States (vol. x. p. 85).' This is also the opinion maintained
by Mr. A. F. Bandelier in his Historical Introduction to Studies among the Sedentary
Indian's of New Mexico, p. 12 {Papers of the Archceological Institute of America.
' .Senate F-xecutivc Documents, No. 64, 31st treatment of the subject. He touches it inciUcn-
Coiigress, ist Session, 1S50. tally in his Central America, vol. i. p. 1 53 ; Mcxiro,
- Cf. also founiiil of the American Geo- vol. ii. pp. 293, 465-470; Cidi/o>nia,\o\. i. p. S;
f^n-tiphiial Society, vol. v. ]). 194, and Geografhi- Northtuest Coast, vol. i. pp. 44-46; but he prom-
cat Ma,<^aziue (1S74), vol. i. p. S6. ises more detailed treatment in his volumes oil
^ This is his jYoi-t/i Mexican Slates, vol. i. A'no Mexico ami Arizona, wliich are yet to be
\-.p. 27, 71-76, S2-S7, whicli i.s at present his chief published.
EARLY EXPLORATIOxVS OF NEW MEXICO.
503
American series, no. i, Boston, 1881). This is a very careful and tliorougli investigatioa
of the wliole subject of tlie geography of New Mexico and of the tribal relations of
its inhabitants.
At a meeting, however, of the American Antiquarian Society in April, 1881, Rev.
E. E. Hale read a paper entitled Coronado^s Disccniery of the Seven Cities, in which he
expressed himself as inclined to abandon his previously maintained opinion * in favor of
the Zufii identification, on account of certain newly discovered evidence set forth in an
accompanying letter from Lieutenant J. G. liourke, wlio argued that the Moqui pueblos
better satisfy the conditions of the question. To this the present writer replied in a
communication at tiie following October meeting of the society, under the title IVIiat is
the true site of " Tlie Seven Cities of Cibola " visited by Coronado in 1540 .' In this all
the different opinions are discussed and the Zuni theory upheld.
The same view is supported by Mr. L. Bradford Prince, late Chief-Justice of New
Mexico, in his Historical Sketches of A'ew Mexico from the earliest records to the
American occupation, 1883 (p. 115). This modest little volume is tlie first attempt
yet made to write a continuous history of the Territory down to the year 1847. It is
a useful and in the main a trustworthy compendium. But in the chapter upon Coronado
he has followed Castaneda's erroneous dates, as Davis also has done before him, and lie
has fallen into a few other mistakes.'^
<=^^^e^^y^. <^^x^^yj^i^
EDITORIAL NOTE.
T N the Don Diego de PcTtalosa y sii descidtrimi-
■*■ ento del reiiio dc Qtiivira of Cesario Fernan-
dez Duro, published at Madrid in 1S82, there is
an enumeration (pp. 123-144) of the expeditions
organized in New Spain for exploration towards
the north. The following list, witli the chief
sources of information, is taken from this book :
1523. Francisco de Garay to Panuco. Docii-
meiilos ineditos (Pachcco), xxvi. 77.
1526. Garay and Niifio dc Guzman to Panuco,
MS. in Archive dc ludias.
1530. Nuiio de Guzman to New Galicia. Doc.
tiled. (Pachcco) xiv. 41 r ; also xiii. and xvi.
(.see chap. vi. of the present History, aiiU,
p. 441 and chap. vii. p. 499).
1531. Coronado to Cibola. Doc. inc'd. (Pa-
chcco), xiv. 318; xix. 529. (See cha]). vii.)
1533. Diego de Guzman to Sinaloa, Doc. ined
(Navarrete); B, Smith's Coleccion, 94.
1536. Cabega de Vaca. Doc. iiicd. (Pachcco),
.\iv. (.See chap, iv.)
1537 Coronado to Amatepcque. Minioz's MSS.
in Madrid Acad, of Mist. Ix.xxi., fol. .'!4.
1539. Fray Marcos de Nizza to Cibola. MiiTioz
MSS.; Rivnii.uo : Tcniiiiix-Comf'iiiis ; Doc.
iiu-d. (Pacheco), iii. 325, 351.
1539. Coronado to Cibola. (See chap, vii.)
1539. Hernando de Soto. (See chap, iv.)
1540. Mclchior Diaz. (Sec chap, vii.)
1540. Hernando dc .Mvarado and Juan dc Pa-
dilla to the South Sea. Doc. iiicd. (Pachcco),
iii. 511 ; P. Smith, 65. (See chap, vii.)
1540. Gomez Ariaz and Diego ^Faldonado along
Gulf of Mexico. Garcik.-'so de la Vega, La
Floridt! del /iicij.
1541. Coronado V^ Tiguex. Doc. iiicd. (P,i-
chcco), iii. 363; xiii. 2C1. (See chap, vii.)
1548. Juan de Tolosa, one of the captains serv-
ing under Cortes.
, ,- ':!
I \
1
th.
1 See .^;«cr. Antiq. Soc, Proc. October, lS,?, and October. 1S78.
2 No attempt is made to est.iblisU a theory in .inother recent compendium, Shipp's Dc Soto and Florida
If I
5"4
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
1554. Fr.incisco dc I1):irr.i to Copal.n, New
Hisc.iy, etc. /M. iiithi. (I'.ichcco), xiv. 463.
1558. (liiido dc Lavazares to riiiuico and
Florida.
1559. Tristiia dc Arellano to the Coast of
Florida, and river ICspiritu Santo. Doc.
iiii'ii. (I'achcco), iv. 136, xiii. 280.
1563. nicgo Ibarra to Copala. Dm. iitfd. (P.v
checo), xiv. 5,3.
1566. Jnan I'ardo to Florida. Doc. iiu'd. (Pa
thcco), iv. 560.
1568. Francisco Cano to New Mexico, Doc.
iih\l. ( I'acheco), xix. 535.
1569. Juan dc Orozco on New Gallicia, with
map. Doc. incd. (I'acheco), ii. 56t.
1575. Juan de Miranda on the Country. Doc.
iiiCil. (Pacheco), xvi. 563.
1581. Francisco Sanchez. Chamusc.ido to New
-Mexico and Cibola.
1581. Fray P'rancisco Ruiz among the Indians.
1582. To New Mexico. Ciirt<is dc /iidiiis, 230.
1582. Antonio de Fspejo to New Mexico. Juan
(lonzales de Mentloza'.s Ilistoria del Kciiio
dc China, Madrid, 15X9; De Lact's N'o^'us
Or/,h:
1583. Cristobal Martin to New Mexico. Doc.
iiicd. (I'acheco), xvi. 277.
1584. .\ntonio de Espcjo's continued discov-
eries. Doc. incd. (Pacheco), xv. 151.
1589. Juan liattista de Lomas Colmcnarcs
agrees to settle New Mexico. Doc. iiied.
(Pacheco), xv. 54.
1590. Caspar C.astafio dc .Sosa, Governor of
New Leon, to New Mexico. Doc. iitid.
(Pacheco), iv. 2S3 ; xv. 191.
1596. Sebastian Viscaino on the Coast.
1598. Juan de Oiiatc to New Mexico. Rusta-
mantc, Los Trcs Sii;!os dc .Mc.vico ; Doc. iiiM.
(Pacheco), xvi. 8S, 306, 316-320. Of his
expedition to the Pueblo of Acomo, Luis
Tribaldo of Toledo sent an .account to Hak-
luyt in 1603, and extracts from it are inib-
lished in De L.act's A'oTiis Or/iis.
1599. Juan de Ilumafla to Quivira.
Others are noted from iCooto 17S3. Captain
George M. Wheeler, U. S. Geological Survey, is
preparing a Chronology of the Vovagcs and
Kxplorations to the West Coast and the interior
of North .\merica between 1500 anil iSoo.
The alleged expedition of Pcnalosa to Qui-
vira is placed about 1C62. The accounts of it
depend on a A'c/dcioit del dcsciihrimicnto del l\iis
y Chidtid dc Qiiivirii echo /■or D. Diego Dionisio
dc Peiidlosd, e.icritti por el I\idic Fr. A'icolts de
Freytiis (16S4). In iSSr there were two anno-
tated renderings of this narrative, — one by Duro,
mentioned at the beginning of this note, who dis-
credits the journal and gives other documents on
the same theme ; the other, an English version,
was issued under the title, T/ie expedition of Don
Diego Dionisio dc PcTmlosa.Jrom Santa /'" '• the
ri-.er Mischi/i and Quivira in 1662, «j rf. ribed
by Father Nicholas de Freytas. With an account
of J'cnalosa's projects to aid the French to conquer
the mining country in iVorthcrn Mexico ; and his
connection loith Ca-'clier dc la Salle. By John
Gilmary Shea, New \"ork, 1882.
Dr. Shea in this volume claims that Quivira
was north of the Missouri, while it has gener-
ally been placed south of that river. He also
derives from this narrative an opinion, contrary
to the one ordinarily received, namely, that La
Salle was carried, against his will, beyond the
mouths of the Mississippi in his expedition of
1682 ; for he judges his over-shooting the mouths
was intentional, in order to land where he could
better co-operate with Peiialosa in wresting the
mine3 in New Mexico from the Spaniards.
^
■ I
JfK
CA.
accoiMit to Ihik*
roll! it arc piili-
))i'is.
vira.
lo 1783. Captain
ogital Survey, is
c Voyages and
ami the interior
) and 1800.
'cfialosa to Qui-
e accounts of it
imii-nlo del Pais
'. Difgo Dionisio
I' /•'/■. iVni>/ti< (/(•
were two anno-
, — one by Duro,
lis note, who dis-
er documents on
English version,
X I'd! it ion of Don
Santa F' '• the
662, as (C. ribid
With an account
'rcnch to conquer
Mexico ; and his
Salle. By Joint
us that Quivira
le it has gener-
river. He also
inion, contrary
amely, that l.a
11, beyond the
expedition of
ng the mouths
here he could
wresting the
aniards.
CHAPTER Vin.
PIZARRO, AND THE CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT OF
PERU AND CHILI.
BY CLKMENTS R. MARKHAM, KR.S.
Honorary Secretary of ttte Ilatituyt Society.
WHEN the Isthmus of Daricn was discovered by Vasco Nufiez de
Balboa, during the six years between 151 1 and 1517, there can
be little doubt that tidings, perhaps only in the form of vague rumors,
were received of the greatness and the riches of the Empire of the Yncas.
The speech which the son of the Cacique Comogrc is said to have made
to the gold-seeking followers of the discoverer of the South Sea most
probably had reference to Peru ; and still more certainly, when the Ca-
cique of Tuniaco told Vasco Nunez of the country far to the south which
abounded in gold, and moulded the figure of a llama in clay, he gave
tidings of the land of the Yncas. There was a chief in the territory to
the south of the Gulf of San Miguel, on the Pacific coast, named Bin',
and this country was visited by Caspar dc JMorales and Francisco Pizarro
in 1515. For the next ten years Biru was the most southern land known
to the Spaniards ; and the consequence was that the unknown regions far-
ther south, including the rumored empire abounding in gold, came to be
designated as Biriiy or Peru. It was thus that the land of the Yncas got
the name of Peru from the Spaniards, some years before it was actually
discovered.^
Pedro Arias de Avila, the governor of the mainland called Castiila del
Oro, founded the city of Panama. He went there from the Pearl Islands,
in the vessels which had been built by his victim Vasco Nunez, while
Caspar de Espinosa, the Alcalde Mayor, led the rest of the colony by land.
The city was founded in 15 19. The governor divided the land among
four hundred settlers from Daricn. Among them were Pascual de Anda-
goya, Hernando Luque (a priest), Francisco Pizarro, and Diego de Almagro.
Nombre de Dios, on the Atlantic side of the isthmus, was settled towards
' [Cf. Markham's Royal Commentary of G. (1529), and that his delineations of the coast of
de la Vega, vol. i. chap. iv. Kohl says that the Peru were made probably after Pizarro's first
name "Peru" first occurs in Ribero's map reports. — Ed.]
VOL. II. — 64.
^■!.
\, ,1
■ ^
■V- 1
> .|:i )
5o6
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
■ If
1'^
'i>i','
V f'i
d!'
i> i
Pi
the end of the same year by a captain named Dieyo Alviles, in obedience
to orders from Pedro Arias.'
In the year 1522 I'ascual de Andayoya, wlio had come nut to Daricn
with I'cdro Arias in 1514 and was a cavalier of good family from the
province of Alava, was appointed inspector-general of the Indians on tiic
isthmus. lie made a journey to a district called Chuchama, south of
the Gulf of San Miguel, where the chief told him that a certain people
from a province called liiru, farther south, came to make war upon them
in canoes at every full moon. Andagoya sent to I'anamd for reinforce-
ments, in order to comply with the prayer of the people of Chuchama that
he woidd defend them, as well as to discover what there was farther south.
Having received an addition to his forces, he set out with the chief of
Chuchama, and in six days arrived at the province called Biru. It had
already been visited by Morales and Pizarro. After capturing their princi-
pal stronghold, several chiefs of Biru made their submission t(j Andagoya.
From these people he collected information respecting the great empire
of the Yncas, and he then descended a river and continued the examina-
tion of the coast in a small vessel which had followed him from Chuchama.
Hut he was attacked by a severe illness caused by having been capsized in
a canoe, and then kept for several hours in his wet clothes. He therefore
returned to Panama, to report the knowledge he had acquired, giving up
his intention of conducting discovery to the southward in person. It was
fully three yc;N-s before Andagoya had so far recovered as to be able to
ride on horseback.
The governor, Pedro Arias, therefore requested Andagoya to hand over
the enterprise to three partners who formed a company at Panama. These
were Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque.
Franci.sco Pizarro was born about the year 1470^ in the province of Es-
trcmadura, and was the illegitimate son of Gonzalo Pizarro, a soldier who
liad served under the Great Captain in Italy. He had arrived at Darieii
in the expedition of Alonzo de Ojcda in 1509. During fifteen years he
had been diligently serving as a brave, steady, much-enduring man-at-
arms; and on two or three occasions he found himself in important and
responsible positions. In 1524 he was a citizen of Panama with very
limited means, but endowed with indomitable energy and perseverance,
and fifty-four years of age. Diego Almagro is said to have been a found-
ling. At all events his parentage is unknown. He had probably served
for some years on the isthmus, but his name does not occur until he entered
into this partnership. Almagro is described as a man of short stature, with
a very plain face, and was at least as old as Pizarro. He was hast)' in
temper, but generous and warm-hearted, and his line qualities attracted to
' Xombrc dc Dios was abandoned on account - [.-Xutlioritics do not agree on the date of his
of its unhealtliy situation, in the reign of Philip birtli, placing it between the years 1470 and 147S
II., and Puerto liello then became the chief port Prcscott, i. 204. llarnsse, Bi/>/. Amff. Vet., p.
on the Atlantic side. 317. — Eu.]
in obcdiciico
PIZARRO, AND THE CONQUKST OF I'ERU AND CHILI. 507
liim many faithfully attached adiicrcnts. Liiqiie had been ; 1 hoolmaster
at Daricn, and was now the principal parochial clcr^')'man at I'anam.i. hold-
ing valuable property on the adjacent island of Taboga, and in an influential
position in the colony.
I'izarro was to command the expedition ; Almagro was to keep open
communications with ranama and bring supplies; while Luque acted as
agent, and obtained the needful funds.
One of the small vessels which had been built for Vasco Xuflez was
obtained, and a force of eighty men (one hundred and twelve, according to
Xeres) and four horses was collected. Pizarro prepared to sail with this
single vessel and two canoes, having received all the information and
instructions that Andagoya could give him, and taking with him the inter-
preters brought from Biru by that officer. It was arranged that large trees
near the sea-shore should be blazed, as guides to the course taken by
I'izarro, v/hen his partner Almagro should follow with supplies.
Pizarro sailed from Panamd Nov. 14, 1524, and after enduring terrible
sufferings on the coast of Biru, including famine, and losing twenty-seven
of his men, he went back to Chuchama, and sent the treasurer Nicolas de
Ribera to Panama with the gold which he had collected. IMeanwhile
Almagro had followed in another vessel with provisions, and went on the
traces of his companion by means of the trees that had been marked,
until he reached the Rio San Juan in 4" north. Finding no further traces
of Pizarro he returned, having lost an eye in an encounter with natives.
He also lost upwards of seventy men ; ' but he obtained some gold.
After this failure it was more difficult to obtain money and recruits
for a second attempt. Fortunately, the Alcalde Mayor, who was impressed
with the promising character of the undertaking, came forward with the
necessary funds, which he advanced through the agency of Luque. Caspar
de Kspinosa thus became one of the partners. The agreement between
the partners was signed March 10, 1526. Luque signed as the agent
of F.spinosa. Pizarro and Almagro could neither read nor write. One
Juan de Pares signed on the part of Pizarro, and Alvaro del Quiro for
Almagro.
The second expedition sailed in 1526. It consisted of two vessels
comm.Tnded by Pizarro and /Mmagro respectively, with a ver\' able and
gallant sailor named l^artolome Ruiz, of Moguer, as pilot. There were
one hundred and sixty men all told. The adventurers made direct for the
river of San Juan, the farthest point reached by Almagro during the pre-
vious voyage. Mere Pizarro landed with his troops. Almagro returned to
Panama in one vessel, for recruits and pro\isions, while Ruiz proceeded on
a voj-age of discovery to the southward in the other.
Ruiz made a remarkable voyage, having rounded Cape Passado and
reached 1° south. He was thus the first European to cross the equator
^ [His followers prob.ibly numbered about a Father Xaharro. at one hundred and twenty-
hundred. Ilerrera places them as low as eighty ; nine. Prescott, i. 211. — Ed.]
I
"■\
\
1«
i ..V
I ' <
r
V
i,
f
i
I !
i \ '•■.
! ' 14 -
5o8
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY 01 AMKRICA.
NATIVE RAFTS.
on the southern passage. Fc also fell in with a raft iiiidir sail, which be-
iongetl to I iinihez in IVi'i, and thus obtained several curious specimens
of Vnca art, and some
adtii tional informa-
tion. .\hnaj;ro maile
a prosperous voyajfe
back to I'anam;l, and
rt'turncd with sup-
plies.
i'i/.arro had been
lefi: on a forest-cov-
ered, fever-haunted
coast, which has
chan^'ed very little
from that day to this.
I loping' to find a bet-
ter country inland,
he undertook lonj;
marches throu},di the
tan^ded forest ; but
many of his men per-
ished, and his party
returned to the coast, suffering from disease and famine. In this sorry
plight the all-onduring I'izarro was found, when Almajjro and Ruiz
returned.
Almatjro had found a new governor installed at Panama. I'edro de
los Kios had superseded I'edro Arias, who was transferred to \icaraj,'ua,
where he died in 1532. With the new governor's sanction, about eighty re-
cruits were collected, and with these and a fresh supply of stores Almagro
returned to the Rio de .San Juan.
The two partners then embarked, and under the guidance of the pilot
Ruiz they advanced along the coast as far as Atacames. They .lere now
in the province of Quito, a part of the ^'nca empire. Here were large
towns, much ground under cultivation, and a formidable array of well-
armed troops to oppose their depredations. It was evident that the
Spanish force was too weak to make a successful settlement. I'izarro
proposed a return; Almagro opposed him, and there was a violent quarrel,
which was outwardly reconciled, leaving a permanent feeling of suppressed
jealousy and ill-will on both sides. Finally it was resolved that Pizarro and
part of the force should remain on the island of Gallo, which had been dis-
covered by Ruiz in 1° 57' north, while y\lmagro should return once more for
recruits. The arrangements caused much discontent. The men complained
that they were being left to starve. Some wrote letters home to Panama,
1 [This is Kenzoni's sketch of the rafts .iiul of the northern parts of South America. Ktli
boats used by the native on the Pacific coast tion of 1572, p. 165. — En.]
iH
?OP^r^ti
America. Edi
IMZARRO, AND THK CON(jUKST Ol' I'EUU AND CHILI. 509
full of complaints, which were seized by Almapro. One, however, named
Saravia, concealed a note in u larjje ball of cotton sent as a prc.sen'. to the
jf jvernor's wife. It con-
tained the folio wintj
lines : —
•' I'ucs St'ftor Goi)ern.i(lor,
Mfrt'lo bien por ciitcro,
(juc MA vn cl rt'co^;c(lor,
I Y uc.i (luccUi cl cMriiicuro." '
Pizarro, soon after
Alma^jro's departure,
sent off the other ship
with the most mutinous
of his followers. Hut
the 1,'overnor, Los Rios,
was much incensed at
the result of the expe-
dition. He refused to
' Helps translates ilicm : —
'* My gotui Lord (lovL'tiior,
Have pity (111 (..ir wut's :
For lierc rciii.uns the butcher,
Tu l';tii.ini.i tliti sateHiiLiti goes.**
I'rcscott (Pcm, vol. i. ]). 257)
li.is thus rendered them into
Kiiglish: —
** 1. 00k out, Sei"\()r Cjovernor,
l-'or tile cirtiver white he's near;
Since he j;ues lioiiie to yet tiie slieep
For the butclier, who st.iys here." r.r_- — - •/• — — — -.-- — — .. — TQUATOR
- [Tliis map and map No. r.
sltow the modern geography.
The development of the cartog-
raphy of I'crii may be traced in
Kamusio (1556) in the map of
the parts of the world newly dis-
covered ; in Ortelius (i5S.( and
159J) and l)c Hry, part iii. (1592,
a map of South America cor-
rected in 1624); in Wyttiiet,
1597 (see map on a later page) ;
ill Van liaerle's edition of Her-
rcra (1622) ; in Sanson, with the
ciHirse of the Amazon (1656);
in Dudley's Anano del mare
(carta xxviii. 1647), for the
coast ; in Vander Aa ( 1679),
and in Houdouin's translation
of Garcilasso de la Vega, pub-
lished at Amsterdam in 1737.
Markham, in his Reports on the
Discovery of Peru, gives a map showing the by Prescott, H. H. Bancroft, and Helps. The
marches of Francisco and Hernando Pizarro, best, however, is in Markham's Travels of Ciezci
^^^y> 'S33> to May, 1533. Other maps are given de Leon.— Ed.]
j/^CHIMBOVlJO
SKETCH MAP OF THE CONQUEST OF PERU, NO. I.
IV
( %
« I I
S'o
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
give any further countenance to the enterprise, and sent two vessels, under
the command of Don Pedro Tafur, of Cordova, to Gallo, with orders to take
every Spaniard off the island and bring them back to Panama. Meanwhile
Pizarro and his people were suffering from famine and disease, and from the
incessant rains. Nearly all had lost every feeling of desire for hazardous
adventures. They longed onh^ to be relieved from their suflcrings, and
hailed the arrival of Tafur with unconcealed joy.
Then it was that Pizarro displayed that heroic resolution which has made
the famous act of himself and his sixteen companions immortal. The story
is differently told. I lerrera says that Tafur stationed himself in one part of
the vessel, and drawing a line, placed Pizarro and his soldiers on the other
side of it. He then told those who wished to return to Panama to come
o\er to him, and those who would remain, to stay on Pizarro's side of the
line. But Garcilasso dc la Vega tells us that when Pizarro saw his men
electing to return in the ship, he drew his sword and made a long line with
the point along the sand. Then, turning to his men, he said, " Gentlemen !
This line s-'gnifies labor, hunger, thirst, fatigue, wounds, sickness, and every
other k.id of danger that must be encountered in this conquest until life is
ended. Let those who have the courage to meet and overcome the dangers
of this heroic achievement cross the line, in token of their resolution, and as
a testimony that i.iey will be my faithful companions. And let those who
feel unworthy, return to Panama ; for I do not wish to put force upon anj-
man. I trust in God that, for his greater honor and glory, his Eternal
Majesty will help those who remain with me, though they be few, and
that we shall not miss those who forsake us." Of the two accounts, that of
Garcilasso is probably nearer the truth, because it is unlikely that the
embarkation would have taken place before the election was made. It
would naturally be made on the beach, before going on board. Most of
the authorities give the number of those who crossed the line at thirteen.
Xeres, Pizarro's secretary, says there were si.xteen. Herrera gives the names
of thirteen heroic men, Garcilasso supplying the remaining three; and they
deserve to be held in memory.^
' ((() Bartolome Ruiz, of Mogucr, tlie pilot.
{/') Pedro de Candia, a Crcflc, who liad charge
of Pizarro's artillerv, consisting of two falconets ;
an able and e.xiicrienccd officer, .\fter the death
of Pizarro he joined the younger .Mniagro, who,
suspecting him of trcacliery, ran him through at
the battle of Chupas. ffe left a lialf-caste son,
who was at school at Cusco with Garcilasso de
la Vega.
(f) Cristoval de Peralta, a native of liacza, in
.\ndaUisia. He was one of the first citizens of
Lima when that city was founded, — in 1535.
(c/) -Monzo Priceiio, a native of Ticnavente.
He was at the division of .Atahualpa's ransom,
and received the share of a cavalry captain.
(c) Nicolas de Kibera, the treasurer, was one
of the first citizens of Lima in 1535- He passed
through all the stormv period of the civil wars
in Peru. He deserted from Cronzalo Piz.irro to
the side of the ])resident, Gasca, and w.as after-
wards captain of the Guard of the Roy.al Seal.
lie is said to have fomidcd the port of San Gal-
Ian, the modern Pisco. Ribera was born at
Olvera, in .\ndalnsia, of good family. He evcnt-
uallv settled near Cusco, and died, leaving chil-
dren to inherit his est.ites.
( /■) Juan de la Torre, a native of Penavente.
in Old Castile. He was a stanch adherent of
Gonzalo Pizarro, and was at the battle of Ana-
(piito, where he showed ferocious enmity againsi
the ill-fated viceroy, lilasco Nufiez dc Vela. He
married a daughter of an Indian chief near Puerto
Viejo, and acquired great wealth. .After the
battle of .SaCbahL:ana, in 1 54S, he was hanged by
') '
PIZARRO, AND THE CONQUEST OF PERU AND CHILI. 51 i
Nothing could shake the resolution of I'izarro. He would not return
until he had achieved greatness, and he found sixteen good men and true
to stand by him in his great need. They removed from Gallo to the island
of Gorgona, where there was some game and better water ; while the others
returned with Tafur to Panama.
The governor looked upon Pizarro's conduct as an act of madness, and
refused all succor ; but at length yielding to the entreaties of Luque and
Almagro, he allowed one vessel to be sent to Gorgona, with strict orders
to return in six months. So a small vessel was fitted out under tiie com-
mand of the pilot Ruiz, and after seven weary months the little forlorn
hope at Gorgona descried the white sail, and joyfully welcomed their friends
with a supply of food and stores. Full of hope, Pizarro and his gallant
friends embarked ; and the expert Ruiz, guided by information obtained
from the Peruvian sailors on the raft, made direct for the Gulf of Guayaquil,
performing the voyage in twenty days. The year 1527 was now well
advanced. Anchoring off the island of Santa Clara, they stood across to
the town of Tumbez on the following day. Here they saw the undoubted
signs of a great civilization, betokening the existence of a powerful empire.
Their impressions were confirmed by a subsequent cruise along the Peruvian
coast as far as Santa, in cf south latitude. They learned enough to justify
a return to Panama with the report of a great discovery, the importance of
which would justify an application to the Spanish Government for some
valuable concession to Pizarro and his partners. Pizarro took with him,
from Tumbez, a lad who was to act as interpreter, — called Felipillo by
the Spaniards, — and also a few llamas. He then made the best of his
order of the president, Gasca. He was a citizen
of Arequipa, and left descendants there.
(g) Francisco de Cuellar, a native of Ciiellar ;
but nothing more is Icnown of him.
(/;) Alonzo de Molina, a native of Ubeda. He
afterwards landed at Tunibcz, where it was ar-
ranged that he should remain until Pizarro's
return ; but he died in the interval.
(;') Domingo de Soria Luce, a native of the
liasque Provinces, probably of Guipuzcoa; but
nothing more is known of him.
(j) Pedro .Mcon. He .afterwards landed on
the coast of Peru, fell in love with a Peruvian
lady, and refused to come on board again. So
the pilot Ruiz was obliged to knock him down
with an oar, and he was put in irons on the lower
deck. Nothing more is known of him.
(/■) Garcia de Jerez (or Jaren). He appears
to have made a statement on the subject of the
heroism of Pizarro and his companions, Aug.
3, 15:9, at Panama. Documcntos tniditos, torn.
xxvi. p. 260, quoted by Helps, vol. iii. p. .146.
(/) Anton de Carrion. Nothing further is
known of him.
[m) Martin de Paz. Nothing further is known
of him.
(«) Diego de Truxillo (.Monzo, according
to Zarate). He was afterwards personally known
to Garcilasso at Cusco. He appears to have
written an account of the discovery of Peru,
which is still in manuscript. Antonio, ii. 645;
also, Leon Pinclo.
(<>) Alonzo Ribcra (or Gcronimo)was settled
at Lima, where he had children.
(/) Francisco Rodriguez dc Villa Fuerte was
the first to cross the line drawn by Pizarro. He
was afterwards a citizen of Cusco, having been
present at the siege by the Vnca >[anco, and at
the battle of Salinas. Garcilasso knew him, and
once rode with him from Cusco to Quisjiicanchi,
when he recounted many reminiscences of hi*
stirring life. He w.is still living at Cusco in 1560,
a rich and influential citizen. [Mr. ALarkham has
given the nundier as si.xtecn in his Ri-f'orts on llu
Di.u-<nrrv of Peru, i)..S, together with his reasons
for it, which do not couunend themselves, how-
ever, to Kirk, tlie editor of Prc^cott (Ilislovy oj
the Con(;iu-st of Peru, edition of 1S79, i. 303).
Helps dismisses the story of the line as the
melodramatic effort of a second-rate imagina-
tion. Cf. also Markham's Trnveh of Cieza de
Leon, p. 419. — Ed.]
512
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
way back to Panama ; and it was agreed that he should proceed to Spain
and make a direct appUcation to the Crown for authority to undertake tlic
conquest of the empire of the Vncas. In the spring of 1528, after having
collected the necessary funds with much difficulty, Pizarro set out for Spain,
accompanied by Pedro de Candia. Luque and Almagro waited at Panama
for the result.
Francisco Pizarro was well received by the Emperor Charles V. in an
interview at Toledo ; but the sovereign set out for Italy immediatel)'
afterwards, and subsequent arrangements were made with the Govern-
ment of the queen-mother. The capitulation was signed on the 26th
of July, 1529. Pizarro was appointed captain-general and adclantaiio, ■M\i\
was decorated with the order of Santiago. He was also granted a coat-
of-arms, and thirteen out of the sixteen who crossed the line at Gallo
were ennobled by name. Almagro was made governor of Tumbez, and
afterwards received the title of marshal. Luque was to be bishop of
Tumbez, and protector of the Indians. Ruiz received the title of grand
pilot of the South Sea. Candia was appointed commander of the artil-
lery. Pizarro visited Estremadura, and from his home took back with
him to Peru his
four brothers. Her-
nando, the eld-
est and only legiti-
mate son of his
father, was a big
tall man, with thick
lips and very red
nose, brave and
proud, with an un-
compromising tem-
per, and ruthlessl)-
cruel. Juan and
Gonzalo were ille-
gitimate, like Fran-
cisco, and l'"ran-
c i s c o Martin dc
Alcantara was a uterine brother. His young cousin Pedro Pizarro, tiic
future historian, then onl\- fifteen, went out as the conqueror's page ; I'ray
Vicente de Valverde, a fanatical Dominican, also went out; and Pizarro
set sail from San Lucar on the 19th of January, 1530. On arriving at
Panama, he was upbraided by Almagro for not having attended fairly
to his (Almagro's) interests, while careful to secure everything for himself.
I""rom that time the old partners were never really friends, and there was
1 [Fac-simile of a cut made to do duty in v.iri- in this c.ise from fol. 23 of De Wondertijckc ciuh
ous connections in .Vntwcip publications of the warachtii^hi: Ilistoiie (Zarate), published by \Vil
last half of the sixteenth century. It is copied lem Silvius in 1573. — Ed.]
KKUSARKING,
u- I
'V
ced to Spain
Jiidcrtakc tlic
, after having
)ut for Spain,
ed at Panama
FIZARRO, AND THE CONQUEST OF PERU AXD CHILI. 513
I-
I'
M
^1!
Vondi'tlijcke cmU
blislied bv WW
PIZARRO S DISCOVERIES.
* [The map given in Ruge's Zeitaiter 'er Entdeckiiiigin, p. 436. — Ed.]
VOL. n. — 65.
).
SH
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
.J4
.m
ill-concealed enmity between Almagro and Hernando I'i/arro. Meanwhile
preparations for the expedition were busily proceeded with at Panama ;
and, as on former occasions, Almagro was to follow with supplies and re-
inforcements.
I'izarro sailed from Panama on the 28th of December, 1531, with three
small vessels carrying one hundred and eighty-three men and thirty-seven
horses. In thirteen days he arrived at the bay of San Mateo, where he
landed the horses and soldiers to march along the shore, sending back the
ships to get more men and horses at Panama and Nicaragua. They returned
with twenty-six horses and thirty more men. With this force Pizarro
continued his march along the sea-coast, which was well i)copled; and on
arriving at the bay of
Guayaquil, he crossed
over in the ships to
the island of Puna.
Here a devastating
war was waged with
the unfortunate na-
tives, and from Puna
the conqueror pro-
ceeded again in his
ships to the Peru\ian
town of Tumbez. The
country was in a state
of confusion, owing to
a long and desolating
war of succession be-
tween Huascar and
Atahualpa, the two
sons of the great Ynca
Huayna Capac, and
was thus an easy prey to he invaders. Huascar had been defeated and
made prisoner by the generals of his brother, and Atahualpa was on his
way from Quito to Cusco, the capital of the empire, to enjoy the fruits of
his victory. He was reported to be at Caxamarca, on the eastern side
of the mountains ; and Pizarro, with his small force, set out from Tumbez
on the 1 8th of May, 1532.
The coast of I'eru is a rainless region c; desert, crossed at intervals b\-
fertile valleys which follow the courses of the streams from the Andes to the
sea. Parallel with this coast region, to the eastward, is the sierra, or moun-
tainous country of the cordillcras of the Andes, the cradle and centre of the
civilized tribes of Peru. Still farther to the eastward are the great rivers
and vast forests or montana of the basin of the Amazons.^ Thus the length
NATIVE HUTS IN TREES.'
' |I5cnz()iii's sketch of the native liabit.it ions on the coast towards Peru. Edition of 157:.
i(3i. — I'.ii."! - .Sec tlic section on " F.l Dorado," /''■>''•
PIZARRO, AND THE CONQUEST OF PERU AND CHILI. 515
31, with three
id thirtj'-SL'vcn
iteo, where lie
Jiny back the
They returned
force Pizarro
pled ; and on
at the bay of
lil, he crossed
the sliips to
nd of Puna.
I devastatin^t;
i wayed with
fortunate na-
d from I'una
queror pro-
again in his
the Peruvian
Pumbez. Tlie
was in a state
iion, owing to
id desolating
iccession be-
u as car and
)a, the two
le great Ynca
Capac, and
defeated and
was on his
the fruits of
eastern side
'oni Tunibez
intervals by
Andes to the
ra, or moun-
centre of the
reat rivers
IS tlie lentith
EL Inga Atahualpa ultimo Il£y,
clei Te^io .
AlAHLALPA,
of Peru is divided into three very different and distinctly marked regions. —
the coast, the sierra, and the luoiitaun.
The first part of Pizarro's march was southward from Tiimbcz. in the
rainless coast region. After crossing a vast desert he came to Tangarara,
in the fertile valleys of the Chira, where he founded the city of San Miguel,
the site of which was afterwards removed to the valley of Piura. The
' [Frnm IIerrera{l72S), vol. iii.]).;. Quaritcli
in 1S70 (Qitt'/oi^iii', 259, no. 651) held at /'105 the
original oil paintings from which the likenesses
of thirteen Incas.in Ilerrcra's Ifci-Iios Je los Cas-
liilaiws were engraved, in 1599, with an extra
one of Atahualpa, which was not given in Iler-
rera. The previous thirteen are given in small
marginal engravings in the border of the frontis-
piece of Merrera's fifth and si.\th Decades, and
copied in the edition of Barcia, who throws dis-
credit on the engravings which De liry had given.
These last are reproduced in Tschudi's Antique-
(fades Pi-niniias. Cf. Cataloi^uc of Gallery of the
Xcw York Ilistorkal Sodtiy, No. 37S. — El).'
.f
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NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
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accountant Antonio Navarro and the roj'al treasurer Riquclmc were left
in conniKind at San Miguel, and Pizarro resumed his march in search of the
Ynca Atahualpa on 'he 24th of September, 1532. Me detached the galhmt
cavalier, Her" ..uo de Soto, into the surra of Huancabamba, to recon-
noitre, and pacify the country. De Soto rejoined the main body after an
absence of about ten days. The brother of Atahualpa, named Titu
Atauchi, arrived as an en
voy, with presents, and a
message to the effect that
the \'nca desired friend-
ship with the strangers.
Crossing the vast des-
ert of .Sechura, Pizarro
reached the fertile valley
of ]\Iotupe, and marched
thence to the foot of the
Cordilleras in the vallc)- of
the Jequetepeque. Here
he rested for a day or two,
to arrange the oriler for
the ascent. He took with
him forty horses and sixty
foot, instructing Hernan-
do de Soto to follow him
with the main body and
the baggage. News ar-
rived that the Ynca Ata-
hualpa had reached the
neighborhood of Ca.\a-
marca about three da\s
before, and that he desired peace. Pizarro pressed forward, crossed the
Cordillera, and on I'riday, the 15th of November, 1532, he entered Caxa-
marca with his whole force. Here he found excellent accommodation in
the large masonry buildings, and was well satisfied with the strategic posi-
tion. Atahualpa was established in a large camp outside, where Hernando
de Soto had an interview with him. Atahualpa announced his intention
of visiting the Christian commander, and Pizarro arranged and ])erpetrated
a black act of treachery. He kept all his men under arms. The Ynca,
suspecting nothing, came into the great square, walking in grand regal
procession. He was suddenly attacked and made prisoner, and his people
were massacred.
' [Fac-similc of tlic copiicr-pl.ite in the Eng- .Spanish soldiers hustling the wailing women
lish edition of Thevet's Poiirtniititres aiuf l.h'es out of the hall while the funeral rites over Ata-
appended to North's Plutarch, Cambridge, Kng- hualpa were in |M-ogress, is heliotyped in the
land, 1676, p. C6. A somewhat famous picture second volume of Hutchinson's Two Yeais m
by a Peruvian artist, Monteros, representing the I\ni. — Kd.]
ATAMUAI.l'A.
■'I
PIZARRO, AND THE CONQUEST OK PERU AND CHILI. 517
The Vnca offered a ransom, wliicli he described as ^^old enough to fill a
room twenty-two feet long and seventeen wide, to a hoiijht ecjiial to a man's
stature and a half. He undertook to do this in two months, and .sent
orders for the collection of golden vases and ornaments in all parts of the
empire.' Soon the treasure began to arrive, while Atahualpa was deceived
by false promises; and he beguiled his captivity by acquiring Spanish and
learning to play at chess and cards.
Meanwhile Pizarro sent an expedition under his brother Hernando, to
visit the famous temple of I'achacamac on the coast ; and three soldiers
were also despatched to Cusco, the capital of the empire, to hurry for-
ward the treasure. They set out in February, 1533, but behaved with so
much imprudence and insolence at Cusco as to endanger their own lives
and the success of their mission. Pizarro therefore ordered two officers
of distinction, Hernando de Soto and Pedro del Barco, to follow them and
remedy the mischief which they were doing. On Easter eve, being the
14th of April, 1533, Almagro arrived at Caxamarca with a reinforcement
of one hundred and fifty Spaniards and eighty-four horses.
On the 3d of May it was ordered that th"^ gold already arrived should be
melted down for distribution ; but another large instalment came on the
14th of June. An immense quantity consisted of slabs, with holes at the
corners, which had been torn off the walls of temples and palaces ; and
there were vessels and ornaments of all shapes and sizes. After the royal
■" "th had been deducted, .he rest was divided among the conquerors. The
total sum of 4,605,670 ducats would be equal to about ;^3, 500,000 of modern
money .2 After the partition of the treasure, the murder of the Ynca was
seriously proposed as a measure of good policy. The crime was committed
by order of Pizarro, and with the concurrence of Almagro and the friar
Valverde.'' It was expected that the sovereign's death would be followed
by the dispersion of his army, and the submission of the people. This
judicial murder was committed in the square of Caxamarca on the 29tl\
of August, 1533. Hernando de Soto was absent at the time, and on his
return he expressed the warmest indignation. Several other honorable
11
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' [.\ccounts of the space to be filled differ.
Cf. Prescott's /Vr«, i. 422 ; Hiimbuldt's I'ie^us of
Nature (liohn's cd.), 410, 430. — KlJ.J
- [Prcscott [Ilislory of tlw Coinjiicsl of Peru,
i. 453) enters into .m e.\])l;in;ition of his con-
version of the money of Ferdinand and Is.abel-
la's time into modern ctinivalents, and cites
an ess.ay on this point by Clemencin in ''ol vi.
of the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of His-
tory at Madrid. — Kd.]
■* [Atahnalpa was hnrricdly tried on the
charge of assassinating Hnascar and conspiring
against the Sjianiards. Oviedo speaks of the
" villany " of the transaction. Cf . Prescott. His-
tory of the Conquest of Peru, vol. i. ]). 467. Pi/ar-
re's secretary, Xeres, palliates the crime as being
committed upon "the greatest butcher that the
world ever saw."
Prescott (Pern, ii. 473, 4,So) inints sevcr.1l
of the contemporary accounts of the seizure
and execution of Atahualpa. He says that
Garcilasso de la Vega "has indulged in the
romantic strain to an unpardonable extent in his
account of the capture ; . . . yet his version has
something in it so pleasing to the imagination,
that it has ever found favor with the majority of
readers. The Knglish student might have met
with a sufticient corrective in tlic criticism of
the s.agacious and sceptical Robertson." There
are the usual stinies of a comet at the time of
the death of the Ynca. Cf. Humboldt, Viexos
of Xature, ])p. 411, 429. — Ed.]
5l8 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
Zi AdclcLntaciO D^n DIEGO dc ALMA.GKO
CapitcLTt LibcrcLfiJfLTn.o .
DIEGO DE ALMAORO
cavaliers protested against the execution. Their names are even more
woi-thy of being remembered than those of the heroic sixteen who crossed
the Hne on the sea-shore at Gallo.'-^
1 [From Herrcra (1728) vol. ii. ]). 2S5. An
original manuscript letter of Almagro, Jan. i,
1535, addressed to the Emperor, and asking for
a province beyond Pizarro's, is noted in Stevens,
Bil'liothecci gcoi^raphica, no. 109. — Ed.]
- They are as follows : —
(<j) Hernando de Soto, the explorer of
Florida and discoverer of the Mississippi.
(1^) Francisco de Chaves, a native of Truxillo.
He was murdered at Lima, in i; 41, in attempting
to defend the staircase against the assassins of
Pizarro. Zarate says that when he died he was
the most important personage in Peru, next to
Pizarro.
(c) Diego de Chaves, brother of Francisco,
whose wife, Maria de Escobar, introduced the
cultivation of wheat into Peru.
((/) Francisco de Fuentes, in the list of those
who shared llie ransom.
(t') Pedro de Ayala.
y ;
-^"J^f^fT'
even more
who crossed
the assassins of
he died he was
in Peru, next to
r of Francisco,
introduced tlic
tlie list of those
SKETCH MAP OF TItK CONQUEST OF PERU. No. 2.
Pizarro at first set up a son of Atalntalpa as his successor; but the boy
died within two months. A more important matter was the despatch of the
treasure to Spain, with tidings of the conquest. The first ship, laden with
(/) Diego de Mora, afterwards settled at (//) Hernando de Haro, taken prisoner by
Truxillo on the coast of I'eru. The president, the Ynca Titu Atauchi, but treated kindly.
Gasca made him a captain of cav.alry, and he (/) Pedro de Mendoza, in the list of those
was subsequently corregidor of Lima. who shared the ransom.
(if\ Francisco Moscoso. (/) Juan de Rada, a stanch follower of
wt
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NARRATIVE AN» CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
Peruvian t^'ultl, arrived at Seville on tlie 5tli of December, 1534. The secoiul
shii) followecl in January, having on board, besides llie treasure, Hernando
I'iziirro, the conqueror's brotlier. The excitement caused by these arrivals
was intense ; and there was an ea^er desire amon^ adventurers, both of high
and low degree, to become settlers in this land of promise.
In September I'i/.arro began his march from Caxamarca to Cnsco, tlie
capital ol tile emiiire, with li\i' hundred Spaniards and about one hundred
anil fifty horses. The artilleryman Candia had charge of two falconets.
The march was along the lofty valleys and over the passes of the sicrnt,
by 1 luamaciuico, Ihuinuco, Xauxa, anil Iluamanga. The rear-guard was
attacked by Titu Atauchi, brother of Atahualpa, with six thousand men ;
and eight Spaniards were taken prisoners, among them h'rancisco de Chaves
and Hernando tie Haro, who had protested against the murder of the Ynca
Atahualpa, and Sancho de Cuellar, who had been clerk to the court at the
mock trial. They were taken to Caxamarca, which had been abandoned
by the .Spaniards. Chaves and Haro were treated with the greatest kind-
ness. Cuellar was strangled on the spot where iVtahualpa was put to death.
Hernando de Soto and Almagro led the van of the Spanish army, and
they had to fight a well-contested battle beyond the Apurimac, with a native
army led by one of the generals of Atahualpa. Leaving a garrison at Xauxa,
Pizarro followed more leisurely; and on forming a junction with Almagro
on the great plain of Sacsahuana, near Cusco, he perpetrated another
great crime. Challcuchima, one of Atahualpa's ablest generals, who had
been taken prisoner, was burned alive. Soon afterward the Ynca IManco,
son of Huayna Capac, and the rightful heir to the sovereignty, arriveil at
the Spanish camp to make his submission and claim protection. His rights
were recognized; and on the 15th of November, 1533, the coinjueror
I'izarro entered the city of Cusco in company with the rightful sovereign.
The Ynca Manco was inaugurated with the usual ceremonies and rejoic-
ings; but in March, 1534, his beloved city of Cusco was converted into a
Spanish town, and a municipality was established. The palaces and spa-
cious halls were appropriated as churches and private houses of the con-
querors. The Dominicans received the great Temple of the Sun as their
monastery; and Friar Valverde, who became the first bishop of Cusco, in
1538, took the spacious palace of the Ynca Uira-ccocha, in the great
square, for his cathedral.
It was not long before the fame of the riches of Peru brought more
conquerors to seek for a share of the spoils. In March, 1534, I'edro de
Alvarado, one of the conquerors of Mexico, landed at Puerto Viejo, close
Almagro. lie .iccompanied his cliicf on liis lie settled at Tnixilln ; ami bis (iaiigliter Inez
expedition to Chili, and avenged his dcith by aceom]>anied Pedro de Ursiia in 1 5()0 in his ill-
ihc assassination of Pizarro. fated e.xpedition to discover Kl Dorado. His sou
(/■) Alonzo de .Avila. Bias was a friar, who uublished a book called
(/) lilas de Atienza was the second mari ICv!,h-ion iff .'os J^clis^iosos, ■Ai'lAn\:\,\n ifiij-
who ever embarked on the Pacific, when be |Cf. alsc note in Markham's Reports on tht
served under Vasco Nufiez de Brdboa in isij. Discm'ery 0/ Pirn, \>. 10/^. — Ed.]
y
W\-^..
I'IZARKO, AND THE CONqUKST OK I'F.UU AN'I) CHILI. 52 1
The SLcoiul
irc, I [cniniuld
llicsc arrivals
i, both of hi^Mi
:o C'lisco, tlic
one luiiulri'd
wo falct)ncts.
of the sicriti,
-■ar-ffiiard was
Dusaiul men ;
CO dc Chaves
• of the Ynca
; court at the
n abandoned
;reatcst kind-
put to deatli.
li army, and
with a native
u>n at Xauxa,
/ith Ahnaj^ro
:itcd another
;ils, wlio liad
V'nca Manco,
y, arrived at
His riglits
e conqueror
d sovereign,
and rejoic-
erted into a
:es and spa-
of the con-
■iiin as their
af Ciisco, in
n the great
to the equator, with five hunch'cd Spaniards, half of wlioni were ninunted.
Among them was tlie noble cavalier Garcilasso dc la Vega, father of the
future historian. After suffering dreadful hardships in passing through the
forests of the coast, the adventurers reached Riobamba, with a loss of one
VOL. u. — G6.
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NARRATnT. ASM) TRII ICAI. HISTORY OF AMI.RICA
Iniiiili of their minibfr. Tizano, Ifavin^; a j^arrisoii of iiiiict)' hk'ii iiiulcr
his biotiicr Jiiaii at Ciisco, proccciicci to tiic sea-coast, wiiere lie liaii an inter"
view witli Alvarado at I'aciiacaniac. It was aj^reed that Alvarado should
return to ills t^overnnient of ("lualiinala, while many of his surviving follow-
ers attached themselves to the fortunes of I'i/.arro.
The con([ueror now resolved to fix the [jrincipal seat of his government
within a short distance of some convenient seaport, lie finally selected
Ji site in the valley of the Rimac, six miles from the shores of the I'acific
Ocean. Merc I'izarro fnunilnl the city of Lima on the festival of l'-pii)hany,
the 6th of January, 1535. It was called "Ciudad de los Reyes" (the city
of the kiny;s) in honor of Charles V. anil his mother Juan.i, and also in
memor)- of the day.
The city was laid out on
,1 retjuKir pl.ui, whieh lias
bicii little altereil down
to the piTsunt tiuu', with
broad streets, at riL,dit aii-
l^les, and a spacious sipiare
ne.ir the centre, one side
of which was to be occu-
pietl l)y the cathedral and
another by tlie j)alace.
I'i/arro appointed muni-
cipal officers, collected la-
borers, and with ^re.it
energy pushed on the
■.
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i-~" — '-"^i
'WlJ
i
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JtJrv
1^^^§
^^
L...-n..<g^»
SfS.-n".. . ^^
■ -^T. -T—
r.lll.l)l.N(; OK A TOWN.
work of buildinfr.
Hernando Pizarro, arriving with such welcome treasure, was very gra-
ciously received in Spain. Charles V. confirmed all his brother's previous
grants, and created him a marquis;'-^ while Almagro, with the title ol
marshal, was empowered to discover and occupy territory for two hundred
leagues, beginning from the southern boundary of I'izarro's government.
Hernando himself was created a knight of Santiago, and was authorized
to enlist recruits, and equip a fleet for his return to Peru. The return of
Hernando was the signal for the breaking out of a feud between the old
p.-irtnery. Alm.igro and his friends declared that Cusco itself was to the
south of the boundary assigned to the territory of Pizarro. The conqueror
hurried from his work of building at Lima to Cusco, and made a solemn
reconciliation with Almagro, by a written agreement dated June 12, 1535.
Almagro was induced to undertake an expedition for the discovery and
' [Fac-simile of .1 cut made to do diilv in - Tlicre is no record, however, that a special
v.irioiis Antwerp imprints on Peru nf the latter designation for the marquisatc was ever granted
half of the sixteintli centnrv. It is co]iied in to Pizarro. It is tlicrefore an error to call him
this case from fnlio cijihteen (reverse) of /)<• Marcjuis of Atabillos, as he is .sometimes dcsig*
U'i<ii,/,-rliJc-k,- ein/i- Jl'ii\ii/i/ii:/i,' /fh/oi-ii- {7.nr;\\.c), natecl. He signed himself simply the ^' iri|uia
published by Willcm Silviiis, 1573. — l^D.] Pizarro.
IMZAKUO, AND IIIK COM^UKSr l)l' I'KKU AND (.1111.1. 523
GahricL de. Jlojcu GcruLrai
cU IcL Artilltria, ,
GAimiF.I, DE ROJAS.*
Cdiiqiicst of Chili. He was ncconipanicd by a large army of Indians, led
by two Yncas of the blood royal ; and he had with him about two hundred
Spaniards. He set out from Cusco in tiie autumn. I'izarro then returned
to the coast, to push forward the building of Lima, and to found the cities
of Tru.xillo (15351, Chachapoyas (1536), Huamanga (1539), and Arequipa
(1540). Hernando Pizarro, on his return, was sent to join his brothers Juan
and Gonzalo at Cusco, and to take command of that city and fortress.
1 [Fac-simile of an engraving in Herrcra, of Cusco, when tliat town was besieged by the
vol. iv. p. 260. He was one of tlie (listinguislied Indians. Later, as governor of Cusco for Alma-
cavaliers of tlie Conquest, to whom Munnz — gro, he had charge of (lonzah) Pizarro wl'ile he
erroneously, as Prescott thinks — assigned the was held a prisoner, and had, later still, coin-
authorship of the Ktlticioii fiimcra of (hide- mand of the artillery under Ciasca. ile died a/
gardo. He was distinguished at tlic defence Charcas. — Kd]
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NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
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CALOIO*
The Spaniards had already begun to look upon the natives as their
slaves, and the yoimg Ynca Manco was not only treatetl with neglect, but
exposed to every kind of humiliating insult. He escaped from Cusco, and
put himself at the head of a great army of his subjects in the valley of
Yucay. This was a signal ; and imme-
diately the whole country was in revolt
against the in\'aders. Juan I'izarro was
driven back into Cusco, and the cit\'
was closely besieged by the armies of the
Ynca from February, 1536. The be-
siegers succeeded in setting the thatched
roofs of the halls and i)alaces on fire, and
the Spanish garrison was reduced to the
greatest straits. The Yncas had occupied
the fortress which commands the town,
and Juan Pizarro was killed in an attempt
to carry it by storm. I'^inally Hernando
Pizarro himself captured the fortress, af-
ter a heroic defence by the Ynca garrison.
Still the close siege of the city continued,
and the garrison was reduced to the last
straits by famine. Month after month
pasb-id away without tidings. At last the
se.ison for planting arrived, and in August
the Ynca was obliged to raise the siege.
Chili, the long strip of land along the
west coast of South America, to the south
of Peru, had been conquered by the
Yncas as far as the river Maide. Beyond
that limit were the indomitable tribes of
Araucanian Indians. J^ounded on one
side by the cordilleni of the Andes, and
on the other by the sea, the country en-
joys a temperate climate, suited for the
cultivation of wheat and the rearing of
cattle. It can be approached from Peru
either by traversing the great desert of
Atacama on the coast, or by marching
over the snowy plateaus and rocky passes
of the Andes. Almagro chose the latter
route. The Indian auxiliaries, led by
Paullu, the brother of Ynca Alanco, and
by the Uillac Umu, or high-priest, marched first, carrying provisions and
making arrangements for their supply, taking the road through the Collao
SKETCH MAP OF THE CONQl'EST
OF cun.i.
' ^i't'fl*.'wtt--^i:^
n
PIZARRO, AND THE CONQUEST OF I'ERU AND CHILI. 525
and Charcas (the modern republic of Bolivia). The Indian contingent
was followed by one hundred Spaniards under Don Juan Saavedra ; and
this advanced party waited at Paria, in the south of Charcas, for the main
bod)-. This was commaniled by Don Rodrigo Ordonez, a nati\e of Oro-
pesa, who had served under the constable ]5ourbon at the sack of Rome,
lie was a brave and experienced commander, ever faithful to his chief,
the marshal Almagro. The whole force, when united in the distant valley
of Jujuy, consisted of five hundreil .Spaniards, with two hundred horses.
The march across the Andes to Cocjuimbu, in Chili, (.luring the winter of
1536, was a time of intense suffering and hardship bra\el\- endured; but
it was stained by the most re\olting cruelties to the people of Charcas
and Juju)'.
Almagro advanced from Cocpiimbo to the southward, and his Peruvian
contingent suffered a defeat from an arm\' of Prcjmauca Indians, lie was
reinforced b}- Orgofiez and Juan Rada, another fiithful atlherent, who
brought with them the ro)-al order appointing ^Mmagro to be adclantado,
or go\'ernor, of New Toledo, which was to e.xtcnd two hundred leagues frcjii.
the southern limit of Pizarro's government of New Castile. The explorers
now desired to return antl occupy this new go\-eniment, which they claimed
ti> include the city of Cusco itself. Almagro had arranged that tliree small
vessels should sail from Callao, the port of Lima, for the Chilian coast, with
provisions. 0\\\\ one ever sailed, named the" Santiaguillo," having a cargo
of food, clothing, and horse-shoes. She arrived in a port on the coast
of Chili; and when the tidings reached .\lmagro, he sent the gallant Juan
de .Saaxedra, the leader of his \'anguard, with thirt\' horsemen, to c(mimu-
nicate with her. Saa\-edra found the little x'cssel anchoretl in a ba\' sur-
roundeil by rugged hills covered with an undergrowth of shrubs, and having
a distant view of the shown- cord HI era. In some way it reminded him of
his distant S])anish home. Saavedra was a native of the village of \'alpa-
raiso, near Cuenca, in Castile. He named the bay, where the princijial
seaport of Chili was destined to be established, X'alparaiso. This was in
September, 1536. Landing the much-needed supplies, Saavedra rejoined
his chief, and the expedition of Almagro began its painful return journey
b\' the desert of .\tacama. On arrix'ing at Arecjuipa, Almagro fu'st heartl
of the great insurrection of the \'ncas. Marching rapidly to Cusco, his
lieutenant, Orgonez, defeated the \'nca Manco in the valley of Yucay; and
Almagro entered the ancient city, claiming to be its lawful governor.
The ro)'a! grant had gi\en Pizarro all the territor)' for two hundred and
scvent}- leagues southward from the river of Santiago, in l° 20' north, and
to Almagro two hundred leagues e.xtcr.ding from Pizarro's southern limit.
Hcrrera says that there were seventeen and one half leagues in a degree.
This would bring Pizarro's boundary as far south as 14° 50', and would
leave Cusco (13" 30' 55" south) well within it. Hut neither the latitudes of
the river Santiago nor of Cusco had been fixed, and the question was open
to dispute.
II
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NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
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Almagro seized upon Cusco on the Sth of April, 1537, and placed the
brothers Hernando and Gonzalo i'i/arro, who had defended tlie place
against the Yncas, in confinement. News then came that a large body of
men under Alonzo de Alvarado, sent by the governor I'izarro from Lima,
was approaching Cusco. Alvarado, with about five hundred men, had
advancetl as far as the ri\er Abancay, where he was surprised and tlcfcated
by Orgoncz on the 12th of July, 1537. Meanwhile some reinforcements
were arriving at Lima, in reply to the appeals of I'izarro for help against
the native insurrection.
The ecclesiastic Luquc had died ; but the other partner who advanced
the monc)- for the original expedition, the licentiate Caspar de I'^ispinosa,
still li\ed ; and he now joined I'izarro at Lima, with a force of two hundred
and fifty men. Cortes also despatcheil a vessel with supplies and military
stores from Mexico.
The Marquis — as I'izarro was now stjled — sent an embassy to Alma-
gro at Cusco, under the licentiate Ivsoinosa, in the hope of settling the
dispute amicably. Almagro, elated b\' his successes, was in no mood for
moderating his demands; and, unfortunately, ICspinosa died very suildenly
in the midst of the negotiation. It was broken off; and Almagro declared
his intention of retaining Cusco and marching to the coast, in order to
establish for himself a seaport. Orgonez had again defeated the \'nca
i^Lmco, dispersed his arm)', and forced him to take refuge, with his famil\'
and little court, in the mountainous fastness of Vilcabamba. Leaxing
Gonzalo Pizarro in prison at Cusco, Almagro marched to the valley of
Chincha, on the sea-coast, taking Hernando I'izarro \vith him. At Chin-
cha he began to lay out a city, to be called Almagro, which was to rival
Lima, one hundred miles to the northward. Chincha is nearly in the
same latitude as Cusco.
While he was at Chincha, Almagro received news that Gonzalo Pizarro
■id Alonzo de Alvarado had escaped from their Cusco prison, and reached
the camp of the marquis, near Lima. After some correspondence, it was
agreed that a friar named h'rancisco de Ikibadilla should arbitrate, and that
I'izarro and Almagro should have a personal interview in the little town of
]\Iala, near the coast, between Lima and Chincha. The meeting took place
on the 13th of November, 1537. There was a furious altercation. They
parted in anger; ir.deed Almagro, fearing treachery, rode off very hastily.
.\ cavalier of Pizarro's part}' had hummed two lines of an old song in b.ii
hearing, —
" Tieinpn es cl c.ivallcro,
Ticmpci cs de andar de aqui."
It was the last time the old partners ever saw each other. The friar's
award was that a skilful pilot should be sent to fix the latitude of the river
of Santiago, and that meanwhile Almagro should deliver up Cusco, ami
Hernando Piz.irro should be set at liberty. I'nt in order to secure the
I'lZARRO, AND THE CONQUEST OF I'ERU AND CHILI. 527
safety of his brother, the marquis made the concession that AhnaLjro should
hold Cusco until the bounchu'ies were fixed. Hernando was then allow
to leave tiie camp of Almagro.
Bi'c the marquis had no intention of allowing his rival to retain Cusco.
Too old to take the field himself, he intrusted the command of his army to
his brother Hernando. Mis rival was also broken down by age and infirm-
ities, and Rodrigo de Orgonez became the actual commander o{ .Mmagro's
forces. He retreated by short marches towards Cusco, the old marshal
being carried in a litter, and reejuiring long intervals of rest. The marquii
led his army down the coast to Vca, where l:e took leave of it, and re-
turned to Lima. I lis brother Hernando then proceeded still f;nther along
the coast to Xasca, and ascended the cordillcras by wa}' of Lucanas, reach-
ing the neighborhood of Cusco in April, 1538. iVlmagro had arrived at
Cusco ten da\s before.
Orgonez took up a position at a place called Salinas, about three
miles from Cusco. with a force of five hundred men and about two
huniired horses. His artillery consisted of si.x falconets, which, with the
cavalr}', he stationed on the flanks of his infantr)'. On Saturda)-, tiie 26th
of April, 1538 (or the 6th, the day of Saint Lazarus, according to Garci-
lasso), Hernando Pizarro began the attack. The infantry was led b\' his
brother Gonzalo, and by Pedro de \'aldivia, ihe future governor of Chili.
Crowds of Indians watched the battle, and rejoiced to see their oppressors
destroying one another. The cavalry charged at full gallo[), the infantrj-
fought desperately; but Orgonez was killed, and after an hour the fortune
of the day turned against the marshal. His soldiers fled to Cusco, followed
b}' the victorious party, and Almagro himself was put in chains and con-
fined in the same jirison where he had put the Pizarros. His \'oung son
Diego, — by an Indian girl of Panama, — to whom the old man was de\ot-
edly attached, was sent at once to the camp of the marquis at Lima, in charge
of Alcantara, the half-brother of the Pizarros. Hernando then prepared a
long string of accusations against his defeated foe, obtained his condemna-
tion, and caused him to be garrotcd in the prison. Almagro was buried
in the church of La Alerced at Cusco, in July, 1538.
The Marquis Francisco Pizarro received the young Almagro with kind-
ness, and sent him to Lima, ordering him to be treated as his son. The
governor himself remained for some time at Xauxa, And then proceeded
to Cusco, where he confiscated the propert}' of Almagro's followers. He
sent his brother (n^nzalo to concjuer the peojile of Charcas. In 1539 Her-
nando Pizarro set out for Spain ; but the friends of Almagro were before him.
He w.^s coldly received, and eventualh' committed to prison for his conduct
at Cusco, and lingered in capti\it>' for upwards of twenty years.
Pizarro returned to Lima, and despatched numerous ex|)etlitions In
various directions for disco\ery and concpiest. Gomez de .\Karado was
intrusted with the settlement of Ihuinuco; I'^rancisco de Chaves, of Con-
cluicos ; X'ergara and Mercadillo were to e\i)lore Hracamoras antl Chacha-
H.
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NARRATUE A\D CKiriC.\L lIlSiuR\ OF AMF.KKJA.
po}'as ; .ukI I'cdro Je Caiulia was to settle the Collao Goiizalo Pizano
himself undertook an expedition to the land of einnanion, — the fore^t-
co\'ereil re;;ion tt) the eastward of (Juilo. Leaving I'edro tie I'lielles in
command at Ouito, (jonzalo entered the forests with three hundred and
fift}' Spaniards and foiu" thousand Indians on Christmas l)a\% 1539. The
hardships and sulTerini^s of these dauntless explorers have seldom been
c([ualled by any boily of men on record. Descendini;' the ri\ers Coca and
Xapc, (jonzalo intrusletl the command of a small \essel to l'"rancisco ile
Orellana to <;() on in advance and seek for supplies. Hut Orellana deserted
his starN'iuL;' comrades, tlisco\ered the whole course of the ri\-er ^Vmazon,
and returned to Spain. Out of the three hundred and fift)' Spaniards that
.started, fifty deserted w ith Orellana, two hundred and ten died of hunger
and disease, and the miserable remnant eventually returned to Ouito witf
tlieir intrepii.1 leailer, (ionzalo 1 izarro, in June, 1542.
The marquis had also resolved to renew the attempt to conquer Chili,
which had been abandoned by Almagro. .\ caxalicr had actually been
sent <nit frtun Spain, named Pedro .S.incliez de lloz, to undcntake this
serx'ice. The mar(piis ass'jciated with him a commantler on whose judg-
ment, resolution, and ficlelit}' he could better rel\'. Pedro de Valdi\'ia was
a nati\e of .Serena in ICstremadura. lie had seen much scr\'ice in Ital}-;
was at the taking of !\Iilan and at the battle of Pavia. He had arrived in
Peru in I535,ha\ing been sent from Mexico b}- Hernando Cortes when
the governor of Peru appealed for help to resist the Ynca revolt. He did
important service for the Pizarros at the battle of Salinas.
Ha\ing collected one lunulred antl lift\" soldiers at Cusco, \'aldi\ ia
began his march for Chili in March, 1540. His camp-master was Pedro
Gomez; his standard-bearer, I'edro de ]\Iayor; his chief of t' ■ staff,
Alonso Monro}'. P'rancisco de Aguirre and Jcronimo de Aldcr't-: w re
his captains of caxalry ; P'rancisco de \'illagr;m led the arquebusi '■• . and
Rodrigo de Ouiroga the pikemen. Two priests, named liartop ^,r Rod-
rigo and Gonzalo Marmolejo, accompanied the expedition. Piofore start-
ing, Valdivia went to the c.ithedral of Cusco, and swore, in pie-enoe of
l^ishop \'al\erde, that the Hrst church he built should be deiiicated 'o
Our L,;dy of the Assumption, the patroness f Cusco, and that 1';: first
cit_\- he founded should be named .Santiago, after the patron of Spain. \ al-
divia marched b}- way of the desert of Atacama, and at the very out'^et
he made an agreement with Sanchez de IIoz that the soie C'-'nunand should
rest with himself.
Valdixia had for a guitle the friar yVntonio Rondon, who had accom-
panieil Alir.agro'.- expedition; and with iiis aitl he overcame all the difti-
culties of the march, and safe!)' reached Copiapo in Chili. vVdvancing
by Huasco and Cot]uimbo, he defeated a large ami}' of natives in the
valle}' of Chili 01 Aconcagua, and eventually selected a site for the foun
dation of a new cit}' on the banks of the ri\er Mapocho, in the territory
of the Cacique Huelen-Guala. The foundation of the church, dedicated
PIZAKRO, Ai\D THE CONuL'EST UF I'KKU AMJ ClllLl. 529
joiizalo Pizarto
1, — tlic forcNt-
) dc Piicllcs in
•c hundred and
••'}■' 1539- Tlic
c seldom been
i\ei'.s Coca and
0 Francisco do
ellana deserted
ri\er ^Vina/.on,
Spaniards that
died of luinj^ci
1 to Ouito witl-
conquer Chili,
actual 1_\- been
undcM'take this
m whose juda-
ic Valdi\ia was
r\-ice in ]tal\-;
had arrived in
o Cortes when
-■volt. He did
!,■■ ■
Fedro de VaicULia C oirc^Tiaclcv
I'l.DKO I)E VAI.UIVIA.'
to the Assumption, in accordance wit'.i the \-ow made at Cusco, was laid
on the I2th of February, 1341. The plan of the city was laid out, and it
received the name of Sa.itiago. The officers of the municipality were
elected on the 7th of Alarch, to rcmiin in office for one year.
It was not Ion- ■ Vjcfore the natives of Chili rook up arms to oppose the
intruders. Valdi\ia marched against a large body, leaving Monroy in
command at Santiago. But another force of Indians attacked the city
itself, with desperate valor, during fifteen days, killing four Spaniards and
twenty-three horses, and setting fire to the houses. Valdivia hastily
returned; and although the whole country was in insurrection, Monroy
voi,. n. — 67.
[From llcrrcra (172S), iv. Jou. — Eu.]
I ',
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St
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530
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
nobl)' voltuUccrcd to make liis way to rcni and return with reinforcements
and supplies. lie set out Jan. 2S, 1542. Valdivia began to cultivate the
land near Santiago, and to sow wheat, in the hope of raising crops; and
on the hill of Santa Lucia he constructed a ft)rt where provisions and valu-
ables could be stored. lUit the little colony continued to suffer much from
scarcity of prti\isions. Monro\-, hiding in the we)ods during the day and
travelling at night, escajjcd from t'hili and reached Cusco in safety. lie
VALLIIVI.A.'
succeeded in getting a small vessel sent from the port of Arcquipa to Valpa-
raiso, while he himself returned by the desert of Atacama, reaching Santiago
in December, 1543. Valdivia was now able to assume the offensive, and the
armed Indians retired to a distance from Santia; .
The chief pilot of Panama, an experienced Genoese seaman named Juan
Rautista Fastene, with Juan Calderon de la Barca, was ordered to under-
take a voyage of discovery along the coast of Chili at about the same
time. He sailed from Callao in July, 1544, and arrived at the ])ort of
Valparaiso in i\ugust, in his little \-essel the " San I'ab'o." Mere he was
' |Fac-similc of a part of a ccippcrplate, wliicli appears in Ovallc's llistoriia Rclacion dc diiU;
Rnim-, i6.|.S. — l''.i'.]
I.;
. S'
HNi '!
la to Valpa-
ig Santiago
ivc, and the
amcd Juan
1 to undcr-
t the same
tlic port of
ere lie was
^hicion de Chile,
riZARRO, AND THE COXoLEST OF TEKU AND CHILI.
531
visited by Valdivia, who confirmed the name of Wilparaiso and officially
declared it to be the port of Santiago. Valdivia proclaimed the foundalioii
of the town of Valparaiso on the 3d of September, 1544, and appointed
I'astene his lieutenant in commaiui of the Chilian seas. The two little
vessels "San I'edro " anil ' Sanliagnillo" then took sonic men-at-arms
on board, and proceeded on a \c)yage of discovery to the soutiiward on
the 4th of September. I'astene went as far as 41 south, discovering a
PASTENE.l
harbor whicli was named Valdivia, the mouths of -evcral rivers, the island
of Mocha and the Ba)- of Penco. He ri^ti.;; ned to Valparaiso on the 30th
of September, and reported iiis success to the governor, wiio now had
two hundred Spaniards at Santiago, besides women and children. In the
same year Valdi\ ia sent a captain named Bohan to found a town in the
valley of Coquimbo, to serve as a refuge and rcsting-])lace on the road
between Santiago and Peru. It was named La .Serena, after the native place
of Valdivia. The "San Pedro" was sent to Co(|uimbo to be caulked
and otherwise repaired. The governor then undertook an ex])edition to
the south, crossed the river Maule, defeated a large body of Indians at a
' [F;ic-siniile of p.iit nf .1 copijcrijlatc in Ovalle's Ifist, Reiki, i/e C/iiie, Rdiiic, 164.S. — Eu.]
1
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53:
NAKKATINE AND CRITICAL IIISIuKV oK A.MKKICA
EL >LVRQV£Z DON' TKAaVCISCO FlSAlOlO
dc TruxUto .
riZARkO.'
place called Ouilacara, and advanced as far as the banks of the river Bio-
bio, retiirnint^ to Santiacjo, after an absence of forty daj-s, in March, 154'^.
Tastcnc had made another voyaj:;e to Caliao, taking' with him the L,^illaiit
Alonso Monroy, who died on the passat^e. He returned to Valparaiso,
' [Fac-simile of engraving in Ilcneia, viil. and a kttLr in one liand and a glove in the
ii. p. 3S0. l)c Hrv (part vi.) gives a small other. A colored representation of the royal
medallion likeness. Cf. Verne's Lit Dvioiivcrle standard borne by T'i/.arro is given in Kl Gcn-
t/t' lit Tore. I'rescott (vol. i.) gives an engrav- eral Sitit Martin, linenos Ayres, tS63. Thcv
ing after a painting in the .series of the line continue to show, or did e.xhibit till recently,
of the viceroys, preserved at that time in the a bodv claimed to be that of I'i^arro, in the
viceregal palace at Lima. It gives the con- cathedral at Lima. (Mntchinson's Two Yean
tpieror in civic costnme, with cap and cloak, //; /V»7^ vol. i. p. -jool — l'.l>.l
:;'. !>
I'I/.\KR(). AM) llIK CONPLLSr OF I'LKl AND LlllLl. 533
T'l/AKkO
(Fa
lilc of the engraving as
'ivcn in Moiuamis anc
1 Ogilby. — ICn.l
K
S
I .«■
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ll
534
NAKKATIVK AND CRITICAL IliSIOUV OK A.MIIRICA.
Ml'
;•
(-<■'
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1}
I:.
1.1'.
witli a iiK'hmclioly .iccmiiu oT tlic ilisliirl)f(l state uf IVni, Dlx. 1, 1 547; aiul
\'alilivia tlctcrmiiic'd, after much ilclibciatiim, to take up arms a^^ainst
Gonzalo I'izarm, as a loyal servant of the Spanish Crown, lie went on
board I'astene's ship, made sail Dec. lo, 1547, and .uriseil at L'allao, the
port of Lima, lie had founded a new colon)', and left it securely estab-
lished in Chili.
During the seven j-ears of X'aldivia's absence in Cliili, stirrini; events
had occurreil in the land of the ^'ncas. 'i'lie inaripiis returned to Lima,
where he w.is husil_\- en^'ajjied in the work of huildin}^', and in adniinisteriiiLj
the affairs of his vast command. Man,v of the ruined followers of Alma^'ro
were there also, driven to desperation by the confiscation of their propert)-.
They were called, in derision, the " men of Chili." I'i/arro treated them
with contemptuous indiflerence, ,uul expelled liie youni; .Mmaj^ro from
his house.
The most conspicuous of the malcontents was Juan de R.uli; ant. he
matureil a plot for the assassination of the [governor. ( )n tlu: 26th ol
June, 1541, the conspir.itors, lie.ided b\- R.ula, r.ui across the ^rcat sipLue
ihiriuL^ the dinner hour, .uul entered the court of Piz;u'ro's house.' '1 he
marquis had just dined, and his brother i\I.irtin de Alr.uitara, the jud^o
Velasquez, I-'rancisco ile Cha\es, and others wi're with him. l?ein_L; un-
armed, several of those present, on hearing the outcry, let themselves
down int" a ^'arden from the corridor, and escaped. Cha\ ':s went out on
the stairs, where he was murdered b)' the conspirators, who were nmnin,L(
up. The marquis hat! thrown off his robe, put on a cuirass, and seized
a spear. lie was |)ast sevent)'. His brother, a ca\alier named (jomez
de Luna, and tv. > ]);it;es were with him. The assassins numbered nineteen
strontj men. I'izarro fought v.iliantly, until Rada thrust one of his com-
panions oil the spear ,uul rushetl in. i\lc;inlar.i, Luna, and the two |ia;4es
were tlespatched. I'izairo coiUinued to defend himself until a wound in
the throat l)rou^ht him to the ground, lie made the si^n of the cross on
the floor, and kissed it. lie then breathed his last. The conspirators
rushed into the street shoutint;, "The tyrant is dead!" The houses of
the !4ci\(.rnor and his secretar\- were pill;iL;ed. Ju.in de Rada coerced the
municipality ,ind pnKlaimed Diei^o y\lmagro, the youni; half-c.iste lad,
•governor of Peru. The body of I'izarro was burieil in the cathedr.il, by
stealth, and at iiit^ht.
But the colonists did not immediately submit to the new rule. y\l\'arez
de Iloltjuin, one of Pizarro's captains, held Cusco with a small force, and
Alonzo lie .AK'arado opposed the consiiiracx' in the north of Peru. The
bishop \'alverde, of Cusco, and the judi^e \'elasquez were allowed to embark
at Callao in \ovember, 1541 ; but they fell into the hantls of the Indians
on the island of Puna, in the Gulf of Guayaquil, and were both killed.
' |.\ \ir\v "f tlu' limiso i)f ]''r:inri>oi ri//.Ti(i, in IIiili liiiison's T-.i'O )'t\trs in Pciii, vol. i. p-
a>; it is now ni was iccciitly i.\istin,^, is shown 311. — V.\y\
tic A.
PIZAKKO. AND THL COM^ULST Oi I'iiRU AND CHILI. 535
I. 1547; •iiul
.inns atjaiiist
I Ic went oil
il Callao, tliL"
'cuicly cstab-
iiriiiLi exciits
I'll to Lima,
iilmiiiisU'ii.'iLj
s <if Alinai^ro
fir propcit}-.
treated tlieiii
inaL,M() fioiii
aui; aiKi In;
till- 26tli of
Kroat square
lotisc' The
a, tile jiuli^e
I'eilli; IIM-
: themselves
went out on
rerc niiinini^
'. ami seized
lined (iDine/
red nineteen
of his coni-
e two pages
a wound in
tlie cross on
conspirators
c houses of
coerced the
If-castc lad,
ithcdral, by
c. Alvarez
force, and
I'eru. Thr
1 to cmbari<
:hc Indians
killed.
'■;•«, vol. i. p.
'lei Tri-U .
VAC A DK CASTRO.'
The followers of Aliiiar^ro the lad, as he was c,-\llcd. determined to
march from Lima in the direction of Cusco, so as to ,L;et between Alvarado
and llolguin. At Xaiixa the youthful adventurer had the misfortune to
lose his most trusty adherent. Juan de Rada died of fever. The two most
influential of his supporters wlu) remained were Cristoval de Sotelo and
Garcia dc Alvar.ado, — and thej- had quarrelled with one another. Their
delays enabled llolguin to pass to the north, and unite his forces with
Alvarado's. Almagro then established himself at Cusco, where Sotelo was
murdered by his ri\al .Alvarado; and the latter was ])ut to death by the
young Alniagro, who assumed the direction of hi., own affairs. He was
barely twenty-two years of age.
I IFrom Ilerrcr.T (172S), vol. iv. p. I. — I'Ji.l
IMAGE EVALUATION
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 873-4503
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NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
The Emperor Charles V., long before the death of I'izarro, had decided
upon sending out a royal judge to act as the old conqueror's coadjutf)r and
adviser, especially with regard to the treatment of the Indians.. i'"or this
delicate post the emperor's choice fell upon Dr. Don Crist6\:il \'aca de
Castro, a Judge of the Audience of Valladolid. After a long voyage the new-
judge had landed at Buenaventura, a town recently founded by Tascual de
Andagoya, near that river San Juan where I'izarro had waited in such dire
distress during his first voyage. He had a royal order to assume the post of
governor of Peru in the event of I'izarro's death ; ar.d on arriving at I'opayan
he received tidings of the assassination. He then proclaimed his commission
as governor, and advanced southwards, by wayof (Juito, along the Peruvian
coast. At Huara he was joined by Alvarado and Holguin with their forces.
He entered Lima, and then proceeded, by waj' of Xauxa, in search of the
assassins. Young Almagro had a force of five hundred Spaniards, with two
hundred horses; and he had a park of artillerj- consisting of si.xteen pieces
under the direction of the veteran Pedro de Candia. With this force he left
Cusco in July, 1542. Vaca de Castro marched in great haste to Guamanga,
in order to secure that important post before Almagro could reach it from
Cusco. The rebels, as they must be called, took a route along the skirts of
the Cordillera, until they reached an e!e\ ated plateau called Chupas, above
and a little to the south of the newly built town of Guamanga. Their object
appears to have been to cut off the communications of \'aca de Castro with
the coast. In order to approach them, it was necessarj' for the royal army to
evacuate Guamanga, and ascend a very steep slope to the terrace-like plateau
where Almagro's army was posted. It was the i6th of September, 1542, and
the ascent from Guamanga must have occupied the greater part of the day.
The army of Vaca de Castro was marshalled by the veteran PVancisco de
Carbajal, an old soldier who had seen forty years' service in Italy before he
crossed the Atlantic. Carbajal led the troops into action with such skill
that they were protectetl i\v intei . cning ground until they were close to the
enemy; and when Almagro's artili-ry opened fire on them, the guns were
so elevated as to do no execution. This led young Almagro to suspect
Pedro de Candia of treachery, and he there and then ran the old gunner
through the body, and pointed one of the guns himself with good effect.
The royal army now began to suffer severely from the better-directed
artillery fire. Then the opposing bodies of cawdry charged, while C.irb.ijal
led a desperate attack with tlie infantry, and captured Almagro's guns.
I lolguin fell dead ; Alvarado was driven b.ack, and j'oung Almagro behaved
with heroic valor. Yet when night closed in, the army of \'aca de Castro
\vas completely victorious, and five hundred were left dead on the field. It
was a desperately contested action. Almagro fled to Cusco witii a few
followers, where he was arrested by the magistrates. Vaca de Castro
followed closely, and on arriving in the city he condemned the lad to
death. .^Mmagro suffered in the gre.it square, and was buried by the side of
his father in the church of La Merced.
PIZARRO, AND TlIK CONOUKST OF I'ERU AND CHILI. 53J-
Vaca de Castro assumed the administration of affairs in I'cru as royal
governor. In the same year tlie Dominican Friar (jeronimo de Loaysa, a
native of Talavera, became bishop of Lima. He was promoted to the rank
of archbishop in 1545. Another Dominican, Juan de Solano, succeeded
Valverde as bishop of Cusco in 1543. Gonzalo I'izarro, when lie returned
from his tcrriljle ex[)edition in the forests east of Ouito, was induced by
the governor to retire peaceably to liis estates in Charcas. The efforts
of Vaca de Castro as an administrator were directed to regulating the
employment of the natives, and to improving communications.
When the good Bartolome Las Casas returned to Spain, in 1538,'hc pub-
lished his famous work on the destruction of the native race <^f America.
He protested against the Indians being given to the Spaniards in eiiroini-
enda, or vassalage for personal service.' At last the emperor appointed a
committee consisting of churchmen and lawyers of the highest position,
to sit at Valladolid in 1542, and to consider the whole subject. The
result was the promulgation of what were called the "New Laws."
I. .After the death of the conquerors, the npartimiciitos of Indians, given to them
In eiicomieiula, were not to pass to tiieir iieirs, but be placed directly under the king.
Officers of iiis majesty were to rcnou.iee the irpartimiciitos at once.
II. .Ml auomc micros in i e"i > ho had been engaged in the factious wars between
the Pizarros and .Mmagros were to he deprived.
III. Personal service of the Indians was to be entirely abolished.
Blasco Nunez Vela was appointed viceroy of Peru to enforce the " New
Laws," assisted by a court of justice, of which he was president, called the
Andiciicia of Lima. There were four other judges, calietl oidorcs, or audi-
tors, named Cepeda, Zarate, Alvarez, and Tejada. The viceroy and his
colleagues embarked at San Lucar on the 3d of .November, 1543. Leaving
the judges sick at Panama, the viceroy landed at Tumbez on the 4th of
March, 1544, with great magnificence, and proceeded by land to Lima,
proclaiming the " New Laws" as he advanced. The Spanish conquerors
were thrown into a state of dismay and exasperation. They entreatetl
Gon::alo Pizarro t(J leave his retirement and protect their interests, and
when he entered Cusco he was haile.l as procurator-general of Peru. He
seized the artillery at Guanianga, and assembled a force of four hundred
men, while old Francisco de Carbajal, the hero of the battle of Cluipas,
became his lieutenant.
The viceroy was a headstrong, violent man, without judgment or capacity
for affairs. His first act after entering Lima was to imprison the late gov-
ernor, Vaca dc Castro. The principal citizens entreated him not to enforce
the " New Laws " with imprudent haste. Put lie would listen to no argu-
ments; and when the auditors arrived from Panama, he cpiarrelled with
them, and acted in defiance of their protests. At last the auditors ventured
vol.. II.
G8.
[Sec chap. V. — l^u.j
V S'
538
iNAKUATIVK AM) CRITICAL HISTORY OK AMERICA.
f!
iil)()ii the bold step of arresting tlie viceroy in liis palace, and placing liim
in confinement, lie was sent to the island of San Lorenzo, and a govern-
ment was formed with the auditor Cepeda as president, who suspended the
"New Laws" until further instructions could be received from Spain. The
auditor Alvarez was commissioned to embark on board a vessel with the
\icero\-, and take him to Panama.
Meanwhile Gonzalo I'izarro was approaching Lima by rapid marches, and
he entered the capital on the 28th of October, I 544, at the head of twelve
hundred Spaniards and sexeral thousand Indians dragging the artillery,
A\hicli had formetl the special strength of j'oung .Mmagro. The Aiitiiciicia
sidjmitted; t' •' judges administeretl the oaths, and (ionzalo was tleclarcd
governor and captain-general of Peru. At the same time Vaca de Castro
persuaded the captain of a vessel on board 01' which he was confined in
Callao Bay to get under wav and convey him to Panama. Accusations were
brought against him in Spain, and he was kept in prison for twelve }'ears,
but was eventually acquitted and reinstated.
y\s soon as the ship con\e)ing the \iceroy to I'anamawas at sea, the judge
Alvarez liberated him. He landed at Tumbez in October, 1544, denounced
Gonzalo Pizarri) and the juilge Cepeda as traitors, and called upon all lo_\-al
subjects to support him. Volunteers arrived, and Blasco Xufiez r.iiseil his
standard at .San Miguel de Piura. Gonzalo Pizarro assembled a ri\al force
at Tru.xillo ; but the viceroy retreated before him towards Ouito, Carbajal
l)ressing closely on his rear. The retreat was almost a rout. Passing
through Ouito, the viceroy took refuge at Pasto, within the juristliction of
Sebastian Henalcazar, the governor of Popavan. I'.uly in Janu;u-y, 1346,
having received reinforcements, IMasco Xufiez ventured to advance once
more towards Ouito. Gonzalo Pizarro took up a strong position outside;
but the viccroj', now accompanied b\' Benalcazar, made a detour and entered
Quito. On the i8th of January, 1546, the viceroy led his followers to the
plains of Anaquito, near the town, where his enemy was posted, seven
hundred strong. The battle was not long doubtful. Alvarez the judge was
mortally wounded. Benalcazar was left for dead on the field. The viceroy
was unhorsed and wounded, and while lying on the ground his head was
struck off by order of Pedro dc I'uelles, Pizarro's governor of Ouito. The
slaughter was terrific. C.uel old Carbajal never showed an\- mercy, and no
(.piarter was given. Benalcazar, when he recovered, was allowed to return
to Popayan; and Gonzalo Pizarro attended as chief mourner at the funeral
of the viceroy in the cathedral of Ouito.
Leaving a garrison at Quito, under Puclles, Gonzalo began his journey
southwards in Julj-, 1546, and entered Lima in triumph. The only rosist-
ance throughout Peru was from an (ilVicer in Charcas named Diego Centeno,
a native of Ciudad Rodrigo, who had come to Peru in 1534 with Pedro
Alvarado. He declared in favor of the viceroy at Chucuito; but Alonzo
Toro, who had been left in command at Cusco by Gonzalo Pizarro, marched
against him, and he fled into the fastnesses of Cliichas, in the far soutlt
riZAKKO, AND TIIK CONi^lEST Ol' I'i:Rr AND CIIILl. 539
i: (
marclics, and
cad of twelve
tlic artillery,
'he Aii(/iciicia
was declaretl
ica dc Castro
s confined in
:ii.sations were
twelve \-cars,
sea, the jiidt^e
4, denounced
.i])()n all loyal
nez raisetl Ills
1 a rival force
lito, Carbajal
out. I'assiiii;
urisdiction of
aniiar\-. 1346,
idvance once
ition outside;
r and entered
owers to the
ostcd, se\'en
le judge was
riie \-iceroy
lis head was
(Juito. The
ercy, and no
ed to return
It the funeral
GASCA.'
I'i/.arro was undisputed master of Peru, and his lieutenant Carbajal retired
to Charcas to work the silver mines.
News of the revolt had reached Spain, and the licentiate I'edro de la
(lasca, an astute and \ery able ecclesiastic, was appoinletl to proceed to
Peru, and mediate between the viceroy and the malcontents. lie received
very full powers, with lari^je discretion, and was entitled president of the
Audicucia. lie was \er\' ui;ly, with a dwarfish bod)' and exceedingly lon^,
unt,rainly Icl^s. The president sailed from Spain on the 26tli of May, 1546,
and received the news of the \'icero}''s death on his arrival at the isthmus.
lie brought out with him the aniKJuncement of the revocation of the " New
Laws," owin;4 to the danLjerous s])irit of discontent they had caused throu;4h-
' [This follows the engr.-iviiig given by I'res- Magclalciic .it Vall.ndojid, — an iiiscii|)ti(ii\ nii
cott (I/isloiy of Ifie Conqiicsl 0/ /'w/l of the which says that ("la-^ia died in 1 567 at the age
portrait hanging in the sacristy of Saint Mary nf scvcniy-oiie. — l'.ii.|
I'.
> , M
i..V
' II '"
; ■
n
^ ' 11
.< i\
.(■^
' d
^\
540 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
hdro da U
ITIiRO I)K l.A CASCA.
out the Indies. They were withdrawn b)- a decree dated at Malines en the
20th of October, 1545.
The president arrived at Tanama on the iitli of August, 1546, where he
found the fleet of Gonzalo Pizarro, under the command of Peth-o de Hinojosa.
Soon afterward Lorenzo de Aldana arrived as an envoy from Pizarro, but
was induced to submit to the president's authoritj-. Hinojosa followed the
example, and thus Gasca gained possession of the fleet. When the offer of
pardon reached Lima, Gonzalo was advised by his lieutenant Carbajal to
accept the terms; but the auditor Cepeda, who had turned against the
viceroy and admir.istcred the oaths of oflice to a rebel, felt that there could
be no pardon for him. The mad ambition of I'izarro induced him to
listen to Cepeda rather than to Carbajal, and he finallj- rejected the offer
of pardon; but man\- of his old followers deserted him.
' |l-"i(iin IIiTicia (172S), viil. iv. ]). :;i5, — \'.\^.\
alines on the
PIZARKO, AND THE CONQUEST OF PERU AND CHILI. 541
Lorenzo de Aldana was dcspatclied from Panama, with several vessels,
in Febriiar)', 1547, and arrived in Caiiao H.iy ; uiiilc Diei^o Cenleiio once
more rose in the south, and be<^an to colleet trot)j)s. (ion/.alo I'izarro
resolved to abandon Lima and march to Arecjiiipa with only five hundred
men, so numerous had been the desertions from his ranks. Aldana then
entered the capital, while (iasca himself sailed from Panama on the loth of
April, 1547, landing atTunibez on tiie 13th of June, lie advanced toXauxa,
and j^reat numbers flocked to his standard. I'eilro de \'aldivia, the governor
of Chili, had landed at Callao, and overtook the president, on his march
towards Cusco, at Andahuaylas.
Gonzalo Pizarro, despairing of being able to make head .against the presi-
dent Gasca with all the prestige of ro)'al approval on his side, had detmnined
to retreat into Chili. But he feared to leave Centeno hanging (ui his rear,
and thought it necessary first to disperse his forces. Centeno occupied a
position near Huarina, at the south-eastern angle of Lake Titicaca, ui)\varils
of twelve thousand feet above the level of the sea. Pizarro's troo|)s ad-
vanced to the attack over an open jilain. lie had about four hundreil and
eighty men, the strength of his arm\- being in his infantry armed with
arquebuses, and disciplined under the direct supervision of Carbajal. Cen-
teno had a larger force, and was accompanied by Solano, the bishop of
Cusco. Caibajal waited for the attack of the eneni)', and then poured a
deadly volley into their ranks. Centcno's footmen broke and fled ; but his
cavalry defeated Pizarro, and would ha\-e won the day, if the\' too had not
been repelled and broken by the admirable steadiness of Carbajal's arque-
busicrs. As it was, Pizarro's victory was complete, and three hundred and
fifty of Centeno's followers were killed. All fugitives taken by Carbajal
were put to death without mere}-.
The doomed Pizarro now abandoned all idea of retreating into Chili.
He marched in triumph to Cusco, while the president Gasca approached
by leisurely marches, gathering reinforcements by the way. With him were
the bishops of Lima and Cusco, the marshal Alonzo de Alvarado, the vet-
eran Hinojosa, Pascual de Andagoya the first adventurer in search of Peru,
Valdivia the governor of Chili. Centeno, escaped from Huarina, Cieza de
Leon the future historian, and mrny others well known to fame. The
president's army crossed the river Apurimac, and advanced to the plain
of Sacsahuana, near Cusco, whither Gonzalo Pizarro came out to meet him.
On the morning of the 9th of April, 1548, the commanders of both ..rmies
made ready for battle. But soon there were symptoms of desertion on
Pizarro's side. An important cavalier, Garc'lasso de la Vega, galloped
across to the army of Gasca. He was followed by the treacherous auditor
Cepeda. Soldiers began to follow in small parties. Old Carbajal was
humming two lines of an old .song, —
"Estos mis cabellicos madre,
Dos & dos me los lleva el ayre.''
'i''
1
'i'
i'l^
I
I
A
fr
;!
i
t
54-'
.\AKKAri\i-; AMJ cuincAL iii.src).;v ov amkrica.
J
Then desertions took place by companies and squadrons. I'' ;arro sorrow-
fully took his way to the royal camp and j^;;ve iiiniself up. Carbajal was
seized by the soldiers. He was hant;ed and ciiiart''-jd the folio vini,f day, and
soon afterwards Gonzalo I'izarro was executed m presence of the army.
The president enteretl Ciisco on the 12th of April, and be},'an a bloody
assize. Scarcely a day jjasscd without ftillo- crs of Gonzalo I'izarro bcin:^
lianged, tloyged, or sent in lar<j;e batches to the {^alleys. Two priests wc ru
executed. A canon of Ouito, who was tutor to Gonzalo I'izarro's litMc
son, was hanf,'cd for writing; a book e: lied Dr bcllo justo. .\t len',nh, satnl
with blood, the president left Cusco on the i ith of July with Archhishdp
Loaysa, and went to a small viilaj^^e called lluayna-rimac in the neii^li-
borhood. lie reti'-ed into ihis seclusion to escape the importunities of his
partisans. Here iie proceeded to arranL,'e the distribution of rz/rcw/wr/iw,
or j,n-ants of lands and hulians, amonj; his followers. He allowed a tentii
of the Indians to be employed on forced labor in the mines, diu.e re-;ersini;
the humane legislation advocated by Las Casas. Haxinj; completed his
work, the president sent the archbishop to announce his awards at Cusco,
and they caused a howl of raye and disappointed <i[reed. Gasca himself
went down to Lima by the unfrequented route of Xasca, and when a
positive order from ihe enqieror arri\'ed, that all [)ersonal service anion;;
the Indians should be abolished, he suspended its publication until he was
safe out of Peru. In Januar)', 1550, the president Gasca sailed for Panama,
leaving the country in the greatest confusion, and all the most difficult
administrative points to be .solved by his successors. The municipality of
Lima wrote a complaint to the emperor, representing the untimely depar-
ture of the president. I lis abilities and his ser\ices ha\ c been much over-
stated. He himself is the witness to his own revolting cruelt.es at Cuh-co.
Gasca left the government of Peru, with none of the difficulties settled,
in the hands of the auditors or judges of the royal Audicncia, of wnich
Don Andres de Cianca was president. His colleagues were Melchor Bra\o
dc Sarabia, Hernando de Santillan, and Pedro Maldonado. The judges
vere in charge of the executive from January, 1550, to the 23d of Septem-
Ijer, 155 I, when Don Antonio dc Mendoza arrived from Mexico as viceroy.
They had taken steps to organize a systematic plan for the in.struction of
the natives, under the auspices of Archbishop Loaysa, Friar Thomas de
San Mart'n, and the indefatigable friar Domingo de Santo Tomas, the first
Quichua Sv~holar. They worked harmoniously under the viceroy Mendoza,
who was a statesman of high rank and great experience. He promulgated
the royal order against the enforced personal service of Indians, antici-
pating serious discontents and troubles, which he was resolved to meet and
overcome. But his premature death at Lima, on the 2ist of July, 1552,
left the country once more in the hands of the judges, who had to meet a
storm which would sorelj' test their administrative abilities.
The ringleader of the malcontents was a cavalier of good family named
I'rancisco Hernandez Giron. Born at t'accres, in Estrcmadura, he crossed
1-1
IMZAKKO, ANT TML CONOUEST OT PKRU AND CHILI. 543
the Atlantic in 1535, and joined the unfortunate viceroy Mlasco NufJcz do
Vela at Quito, lighting iiiuler his banner in tlie fata! battle ofAna(iuito.
He also did ^'oikI service in the amiy of President (iasca, and was in the
left win^ at the rcnit of Sacsahuana. (iasca had assij^Mied the plain of
Sacsaluiana to him, as his rcpiirtimiciito ; but he grumbled loMdl)', r.nil all
the malcontents looked upon him as their leader. The pronmlgation of the
abolition of personal se.vice was received with a howl of c\' cration amon;^'
the conquerors, who looked forward to the accunuilalion of wealth b)- the
use of forced labor in the silver mines. Troubles broke out in Charcas,
and Giron resolved to raise the stand. i"-d of revolt at Cusco.
The 12th of November, '553, was the v^eililiuL,' day of iJon Alonzo dc
Loaysa, a nephevi' of the arciibishoi), who married a youn;,' lady named
Maria de Castilla. The corrcqidor o{ ("usco and most of the leadini,^ citi-
zens were at the supper. Suddenly Giron presentetl himself in cuirass and
helmet, with his sword drawn, and a crowd of conspirators behind him.
The street w^iS occupied In' a body of cavalry uiuler his lieutenant, Tomas
Vasqucz. The gujsts sprang from their seats, but Giron told tliem not to
fear, as he only wished to arrest the corrci^idor. He and the others then
)Ut out the lights and drew their swords. The loncgidor took refu;.;e with
the ladies in the drawing-room, and shut the doors. Two guests were
stabbed. Many escaped In- the windows and climbed a wall at tlie back
of the house. The corrcgidor and (Ulier officials were seizi:d and impris-
oned. Giron issued a proclamaticjii declaring that the conquerors would
not be robbed of the fruits of their labors. He soon had a respectable
force under his command; but most of the leading citizens fled to Lima.
Tlie rebel declared that his object was the public good, and to induce the
king to listen to the prayers of his subjects. The Aitdicncia was called
upon to restore matters to the state they were in at the time of Gasca's
departure. Tomas \'.isc[uez was sent to Arcquipa, and Guamanga also
declared in favor of Giron.
The governing judges were in great perplexity at Lima. After some
hesitation they put the archbishop Loaysa in command of their army,
with the judge Bravo de Samvia as his colleague. The marshal Alonzo de
Alvarado was in upper Peru, and he also got some loyal cavaliers round
him, and assembled a small force. Giron entered Guamanga Jan. 27,
1554, where he was joined by Tomas Vasqucz, from Arequipa; and he
then marched down to the coast. The judges encamped at Ate, outside
Lima, with fi/e hundred arquebusiers, four hundred and fifty pikemen,
three hundred cavalry, and fourteen field-pieces. Giron arrived at
Pachacamac on the shores of the Pacific, and the judges advanced to
Surco. But instead of boldly attacking, the rebels turned their backs and
marched southwards along the coast to Yea, followed by a detachment
under an officer named Meneses. Giron turned, and defeated his pursuers
at Villacuii, in the desert between Pisco and Yea, but continued his retreat
to Nasca. He had lost a great opportunity.
;
I'
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f 11
■ X
'm
544
NAKI<.\ll\i; AM) CKIllLAI. IIISIOKV Ol' A.MI.KICA.
'A !^ \
il
iart s^
ALONZO OF. AI.VARAOO,
The royal army ad\anccd to Chincha ; but the archbishop quarrelled
with Bravo de Saravia, and where so manj' commanded, and none were
military men, efficient operations were impossible. Meanwhile Alvarado
had assembled an army for the judges, of seven hundred men, the rendez-
vous being La Paz in upper Peru. With this force he entered Cusco on
the 30th of March, 1554, and continued his march in search of Giron,
who remained at Nasca, on the coast, until the 8th of May. On that
day the rebels once more ascended the wild passes of the cordillcra to
Lucanas, and were soon in the neighborhood of Alvarado's army, which
now numbered eleven hundred men. The rebels encamped at Chu-
quinga, in the wildest part of the Andes, on a mountain terrace by the side
of a deep ravine, with the river Abancay in front. The marshal Alvarado
was on the other side of the ravine, and was advised not to attack, but to
' [Fac-similc of engraving in Herrera, iii. 235. — Ed.)
:kila.
lop quarrelled
id none were
lile Alvarado
n, the rcndez-
red Cusco on
rch of Giron,
ay. On that
Cordillera to
army, which
ped at Chu-
ce by the side
hal Alvarado
attack, but to
IM/AKKO, ^\NU THE CONoUKST OK PERU AND CHILI. 545
harass the retreat of Giron. Hut on the 21st of May, under every possi-
ble tlisadvantage, he ordered the river to be forded, and an attack to be
made. The river was crossed, but the men could not form on ll>e other
side in the face of an active enemy. They fell back, and the retreat was
soon converted into a rout. ./Mvarado was wounded, but contrived to
escape with Lorenzo de Aldana and the learned I'olo de Omlegardo who
accompanied him, leaving seventy dead on the field, and two hundred and
ei{;hty wounded.
Giron entered Cusco in triumph. The jud^jes, on receiving news of the
disastrous battle of Chuquinga, decided that their army should advance to
Xauxa, and eventually towards Cusco. The Audiciicia now consisted of
Dr. Melchor Hravo de Saravia, Hernando de Santillan, Diego Gonzalez
Altamirano, and Martin Mercado. Altamirano was to remain in charge of
the government at Lima, while the other jiidges marched with the army,
preceded by their officer I'ablo de Meneses with the royal standard. In
July, 1554, the three judges, Saravia, Santillan, and Mercado reached
Guamanga, and in August they entered Cusco, having met with no opposi-
tion. G'»*on had retreated to Pucara, near Lake Titicaca, a very strong
position consisting of a lofty rock rising out of the plain. The royal army
encamped in front of the rock, and the judges sent promises of pardon to
all who would return to their allegiance. Giron hoped that the royal army
would attack him, repeating the error at Chuquinga; but the judges had
resolved to play a waiting game. A night attack led by Giron was repulsed.
Then desertions began, Tomas Vasqucz setting the example. The unfor-
tunate rebel could trust no one. He feared treachery. He bade a heart-
rending farewell to his noble-minded wife, Dorta Mencia, leaving her to the
care of the judge Saravia. He rode away in the dead of night, almost
alone, and I'ucarawas surrendered. Meneses was sent in chase of Giron,
who was captured near Xauxa. He was brought to Lima, Dec. 6, 1554,
and beheaded. His head was put in an iron cage, and nailed up by the
side of those of Cionzalo I'izarro and Carbajal. Ten years afterward
a friend of his wife secretly took all three down, and they were buried
in a convent. Dona Mencia, the widow of Giron, founded the first
nunnery in Lima, — that of " La Kncarnacion," — and died there as
abbess.
Thus the judges succeeded in putting down this formidable insurrection,
and were able to hand over the country, in a state of outward tranquillity,
to the great viceroy who now came out to establish order in Peru.
Don Andrea Hurtado de Mendoza, Marquis of Cartcte, was nominated
by Charles V., at Hrussels, to be viceroy of Peru fo' six years. He came
out with the intention of checking with a firm hand the turbulence of the
military adventurers who were swarming over the countrj'. Writing to
the emperor before he sailed, May 9, 1555, he said that there were
eight thousand Spaniards in Peru, of whom four hundred and eighty-nine
VOL. II. — 69.
iT,
^i
•1^
\
n
\
546
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY ()!• A.MKRICA.
u
hclil ttfartimiciitos, and about oiu- tlioiisatui were employed officially or
otherwise. A lar^je portion desired to live in iilieness. He proposed to
employ them on expeditions into unknown rej^'ions, and he submitted tii.it
no more Spaniards ou^lit to be alloweil to come to Peru without ^^noil
cause assi^'ned. In a letter to his dau^jhter, the {governess Juana, the
emperor approved the policy sketched out by the new viceroy.
Ihe Marcpiis of Cai'iete landed at I'ayta, and travelling' by land, entered
Lima on the ::ijth of June, 1556. He assumed ofruewith unpncedented
state and solemnity. He was fully resolved to put down seililioii once
and for all. lie ordered that no Spaniard shouitl leave his town without
permission of the authorities, and for ^jood cause. As re^Mrds the Aiiili-
cmin, he reported to the emperor that the judges were hostile to each
other, and that they lived in such discord that ;iil peace was hopeless.
He spoke fa\'orablj' of two, ,ind ri'(iuestfd that the others mii^ht bi'
recalled. He also rei)ortetl that the conr<;;i(iors maintained (piantities of
idle sokliers waiting for opportunities of mischief lie estimated the
number of the idlers at three thousand, and said that the peace of the
country was endanj^ereil by the immorality, license, and excesses of these
men. The viceroy kept all the artillery in the country under his own eye,
ordering j^uns to be seized and brought to him wherever they could be
found; ami he formed a permanent guard of four hundred arcpiebusiers.
lie then sent for a number of settlers, of turbulent antecedents, who came
to Lima joyfully, expecting that they were about to receive nfartimicnlos.
But he disarmed them, shipped them at Callao, and sent them out of the
country. Among these banished men were included the most notorious
ilisturbers of the peace in the late civil wars. Altogether thirty-seven
were sent to Spain. Tomas Vasquez and Juan I'iedrahita, the chief
supporters of Giron, were beheaded, and the conci^idors were authorizeil
to seize and execute any turbulent or dangerous persons within their
Jurisdictions. These were very strong measures, but they were necessarj-.
The intolerable anarchy under which Peru had groaned for so many years
was thus stamijcd out. Moderate ciicoiiiicndas were then granted to
deserving officers.
While the turbulence and cruelty of the Spanish conquerors were
checked with relentless severity, the policy of the Marquis of Canete towards
the people and their ancient rulers was liberal and conciliatory. In both
courses of action there was wisdom. After the siege of Cusco, the Vnca
Manco, with his family and chief nobles, had taken refuge in the mountain
fastness of Vilcabamba, and there he met his death in 1553, after a disastrous
reign of twenty years, lie was succeeded by his son Sayri Tupac, who
continued in his secluded hiding-place. The viceroy thought it important,
for the tranquillity of the country and the peace of mind of the Indians,
that the descendant of their ancient kings should be induced to reside
among the Spaniards. The negotiation was intrusted to the Ynca's aunt,
a princess who had married a Spanish cavalier, and to Juan de Betanzos, an
tICA.
I'l/.AKRO, AND rHK CONt^UKST ol ILKl .\M> CHILI. 547
1 nfficially or
proposed to
iil>inittc(l tli.it
Witllollt (^ociil
ss Jiiaiiii, tlu:
roy.
laiul, ciUcntl
mpicccdcntcd
scilition oiue
town uitliout
irds the Attiii-
ostilc to each
was linpclcss.
crs iui.L;lit hi'
(Hiantitics of
estimated tlic
peace of the
esses of tliese
his own I've,
tijey coiilil be
arqiiebusiers.
nts, who came
rcpartimicntos.
lem out of the
lost notorious
thirty-seven
ta, tile cliicf
re authorized
witliin tlieir
re necessar\'.
■-.o man)' year>
fjranted to
uerors were
ancte towards
)ry. In both
SCO, the Vnca
the mountain
.•r a thsastrous
i Tupac, who
it important,
tlie Indians,
ccd to reside
Ynca's aunt,
Hctanzos, an
excellent Ouicliua siliolar. It was settled tli.it the Vnca sliould receive
the I'licoiniiiuiii forfeileil by (Jiron (the valley of \iicay near Lu>co, wiiero
he was to reside), totjethe:- with a lar^c pension. All was finally arranj^eil,
anil on the 6th of January, 155X, the \'nca entered Lima, anil was most cor-
dially received by the viceroy. I''r<.n> that time he re^iikil in the v.illey of
Yueay, surrounded b)- his lamil)' ai il courtiers, until his ileath in ij'k.^.
Several of the .Spanish coiuiuerors hail married \'nca ladies of the blood
royal, and a number of half-caste youths were ^jrowini; up in the princip.il
citiis of Tern, who formed links between the Vncas and their con<iuerors.
There was a school at Cusco where they were educated, and the Nnc.i
Garcilasso de l.i \'eya records many anecdotes of his early days, and
enumerates the names of most of his sciiool-fellows. The Manpiis of
CaAete also founded schools at Lima and Iruxillo, and took ^'re.it pains
to supply the Indians with parochial cler^'y of j,'ood conduct, who were
strictly prohibited from trading'. In 155S llie nintias, or native chiefs,
who had proved their rights by descent before the Aiuiiiiuia, were allowed
to exercise jurisdiction as ma^nstrates.
The Marquis of Caflete founded the towns of Cuenca in the province of
Quito, of Santa on the coast to the north <if Lima, and of Caftete in a rich
and fertile valley to the south. He also established the hospital of San
Anilres at Lima, and built the first bridi^i; over the Rimac. \'ery ^re.it
activity was shown in the introduction of useful plants and domestic
animals. Vines were sent out from .Spain and the Canaries, and a harvest
of i;rapes was reaped near Cusco in 1555. Wheat was first reapeil in the
valley of Canete by a lady named Maria de Ivscobar, and olives were planted
in 1560. Other fruit trees and {garden vej^ctables soon followed.
The kiny, Philip II. , determined to superseilc this able viceroy in 1560,
appointing a j'ounj^ nobleman named Dieijo Lopez ile /uniya y X'elasco,
Condc de Nieva, in his place. Hut the Marquis of Canete died at Lima
before his successor arrived, on the 30th of March, 1561, having governed
nearly five years, lie was buried in tlie church of San I'rancisco. but his
bones were afterwards taken to Spain and deposited with those of his
ancestors at Cuenca. The Coiule de Xieva entered Lima on the 27th of
April, — a month after the death of the marquis. He was a handsome
young cavalier, of loose morals, and fond of every sort of ple.isuro. There
is very little doubt that he lost his life owing to a powerful husband's jeal-
ousy. He was set upon in the street, after leaving the lady's house, in the
dead of night. I le was found dead on the 20th of February, 1 564. and the
matter was hushed up to prevent scandal. The judges of the Ainiicncia
took charge of the government until the arrival of a successor.
During this period the Chilian colony was holding its own, with difficulty,
against the indomitable Araucanian Indians. After the rout of Sacsaluiana,
the governor Valdivia took his leave of the president Gasca, and embarked
at Arica on the 2lst of January, 1549, with two lunulietl men. His lieu-
548
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
tenant, Francisco de Villagra, had ruled at Santiago in his absence, vigilantly
thwarting a plot of Alonzo de Hoz, whom he executed, and suppressing
a revolt of the Indians of Coquimbo and Copiapo. He met Valdivia on
his landing at Valparaiso and accompanied him to the capital. The first
expedition of the governor, after his return, was undertaken with a view
to establishing Spanish influence in the south of Chili. In January, 1550,
with two hundred men, he crossed the Biobio, and intrenched himself in
the vallf^j' of the Penco, where he founded the town of Concepcion, repuls
CONCEPTION BAY.'
ing an attack from a large army of Indians with great slaughter. In the
following year he founded the towns of Imperial and Valdivia still farther
south.
The Araucanians now flew to arms in defence of their fatherland, at the
call of their aged chief, Colo-colo. A younger but equally brave leader,
named Caupolican, was elected toqiii, or general, of the army; and they
began operations by attempting to destroy a Spanish fort at Tucapel.
Valdivia hurried from Concepcion, at the head of fifty cavalry, and attacked
the Araucanian host. The governor had with him a young Indian lad of
eighteen, named Lautnro, as groom. There was great slaughter among the
Araucanians, and they were beginning to give way, when all the best feel-
ings of Lautaro were aroused at the sight of his countrymen in peril. Ou
' [Fac-simile of .i cut in Ovalle's Historiai /Mncioii </<■ Chile, Rome, 1648. — Ed.]
PIZARRO, AND THE CONQUEST OF I'ERU AND CHILI. 549
Ighter. In the
/ia still farther
the instant he felt the glow of ardent patriotism. He went over to the
enemy, c ' ortcd them to rally, and led them once more to the attack.
The Sp. iish force was annihilated, and the governor was taken prisoner.
Led before the toqui, young Lautaro interceded for his master, and the
generous Caupolican listened favorably ; but the savage chief Leucaton
protested, and felled Valdivia by a deadly blow with a club on the back
of the head. This disaster took place on the last day of December, 1553.
Don Pedro de Valdivia was in his fifty-sixth year, and by his conquest and
settlement of Chili he won a place in history side by side with Cortes and
Pizarro. He was childless.
Francisco do Villagra succeeded his old chief as governor of Chili, and
made preparations to repair the disaster. Lautaro became the second
leader of his countrymen, under Caupolican. Their tactics were to allow
the Spaniards to penetrate into their country as far as they pleased, but
to cut off supplies, and harass their re*-reat. Thus Villagra easily marched
from Arauco to Tucapel ; but he was aifacked bj- an immense army under
Lautaro, which stopped his retreat, and he suffered such severe loss in the
battle of Mariguanu that the town of Concepcion was abandoned in
November, 1555. There was hard fighting again in 1556, in defence of the
garrisons at Imperial and Valdivia. Early in the following year Lautaro
was intrenched with an army on the banks of the Mataquito, when he was
surprised at dawn by Villagra. He made a gallant defence, but was killed ;
and six hundred warriors fell with him. Thus died one of the noblest
patriots of the American race.
In the same year the viceroy, Marquis of Caiiete, appointed his son,
Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza, a youth barely twenty-two years of age,
to be governor of Chili. His cavalry, under Luis de Toledo, marched by
land over the desert of Atacama, while the young governor embarked at
Callao, and sailed for Chili with three vessels conveying seven hundred
infantry. Among the officers was Don Alonso de Ercilla, whose epic poem
records the events of this famous war. Don Garcia landed at Coquimbo
on the 25th of April, 1557, and the cavalry rrrived on the following day.
After having assumed the government at Santiago, and ungratefully dis
missed Villagra, to secure the tranquillity of his own rule, he continued
the interminable war. His first operation was to occupy the island of
Quiriquina, off Talcahuano, and to build the fort of Pinto on the west side
of the valley of the Penco. Here he was attacked by Caupolican with a
great army. There were marvellous individual acts of bravery on both
sides; Don Garcia himself was wounded, and two thousand Araucanians
were slain. The governor then crossed the river Hiobio and fought
another great battle, Caupolican retreating with heavy loss. Don Garcia
disgraced his victory by hanging twelve captive chiefs, including the he-
roic Galvarino. Penetrating far to the south, the town of Osorno was
founded beyond Valdivia, and the archipelago of Chiloe was discovered.
During the governor's absence in the I'ar south, the toqtii Caupolican
1^
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550 NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
' H t V»
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GARCfA HURTADO DE MENDOZA.
' [Fac-simik- of a coi'perpUite in Ovalle's llistoricx RtLuion i/e Chile, Rome, 164S. — Ed.]
PIZAKRO, AND THK CONQUEST OF I'EKV AND CHILI. 551
was betrayed into the hands of Alonso de Rcinosa, the captain in command
at Tucapel, who put him to a horrible death by impalement.
There was now a brief interval of peace. Don Garcia had brought with
him to Chili the good licentiate Gonzalez Marmolejo, afterwards first bishop
of .Santiago, who prepared rules for the humane treatment of the peaceful
natives. Only a sixth were allowed to be employed at the mines ; no one
was to work who was
under eighteen or
over fifty; no laborer
was to be forced to
work on feast days, and
all were to be paid and
supplied with food.
On the 5th of Febru-
ary, 1561, Don Garcia
Hurtado dc Mendoza
embarked at Valpa-
raiso and left Chili,
being succeeded by
Francisco dc Villagra,
the old companion in
arms of Valdivia. Vil-
lagra died in 1563, and
was succeeded by Rod-
rigo de Ouiroga. In
1563 the bishopric of
Santiago was founded, and in 1565 the royal Aiidicncia of Chili was insti-
tuted, with Dr. Melchor Bravo de Saravia as its first president. Its seat
was fi.xed in the city of Concepcion.
We must now return to the course of events in Peru. The scandalous
death nf the viceroy Conde dc \ie\'a seems to have induced the king to
choose his successor from among men learned in the law rather than from
the noloility, and to drop the title of viceroy. Lope Garcia de Castro had
been a judge of the Aitdiciicia of Valladolid, and afterwards a member of the
council of the Indies. He was appointed governor and captain-general
of Peru, and president of the Aitdiciicia of Lima, where he made his public
entrj' Sept. 22, 1564. To a\()id scandal, the belief had been encouraged
that the Conde de Nicva had been murdered in bed. But everybody knew
that he had been struck to the ground by several stout negroes with bags
full of sand ; that the blows had been continued until life was e.xtinct ; and
that after the murder people came out of the house of the Zarates, and
carried the body to the palace. The culprit was Don Rodrigo IManriquc
de Lara, a powerful citizen of proud lineage, who had discoverctl love
' [After the ^Icetcli in lieiuoni, cilitiim of 1572, [>. 16S, — V.\\\
PERUVIANS WORSHIPPING THE SUN.'
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552
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
passages between his young wife and her near relative the viceroy. But
the judges thought there would be grave scandal if the delinquent was
brought to justice, and the new governor took the s.aiic view. The affair
was hushed up.
Lope de Castro established a mint, imposed the abiiojarifixzgo, 6r customs
dues, and organized the work at the newly-discovered quicksilver mines of
Huancavclica, and at the silver mines. In 1567 the Jesuits arrived in Peru,
and in the same year the second council of Lima was convoked by Arch-
bishop Loaysa, the governor assisting as representative of the king. The
first council was in 1553. At the second the decisions of the council
of Trent were accepted, and the parochial arrangements were made ; while
the governor proceeded with the work of fixing the divisions of land
among the Indians, and marking out the country into corrcgimiciitos, or
provinces, under corrcgidors. In 1567 Castro despatched an expedition
from Callao, under the command of his nephew, Alvaro de Mcndana, who
discovered the Solomon Islands. Lope Garcia de Castro governed Peru
for five years, handing over his charge to his successor, in 1 569, to return
to Sjiain and resume his seat at the council board of the Indies.
Don Francisco de Toledo, second son of the third Count of Oropesa,
was the king's major-domo, and was advanced in years when he was
selected to succeed the licentiate Lope de Castro. In his case the title
of viceroy was revived, and was retained by his successors until the
independence. Landing at Payta, the viceroy Toledo travelled along
the coast, closely observing the condition both of Spaniards and Indians;
and he then made up his mind to visit every province within his govern-
ment. He made his public entrance into Lima on the 26th of November,
1569.
Toledo was assisted by statesmen of great ability and experience, who
warmly sympathized with the aboriginal races, and were an.xious for tlicir
welfare. Chief among his advisers was the licentiate Polo de Ondegardo,
who had now been several years in Peru, had filled important administra-
tive posts, — especially as conrgidor of Charcas and of Cusco, — and had
studied the system of the government and civilization of the Yncas with
minute attention, especially as regards the tenures of land, and always with
a view to securing justice to the natives. The licentiate Juan Alatienzo
was another upright and learned minister who had studied the indigenous
civilization and the requirements of colonial policy with great care ; while
in affairs relating to religion and the instruction of the people, the viceroy
consulted the accomplished Jesuit author, Jose de Acosta.
But the conduct of Toledo with regard to the Ynca royal family was
dictated by a narrow view of political expediency, and was alike unwise
and iniquitous. He reversed the generous and enlightened policy of the
Marquis of Cafietc. After the death of Sayri Tupac, the Ynca court had
again retired into the mountain fastnesses of Vilcabamba, where the late
Ynca's two brothers, Titu Cusi Yupanqui and Tupac Amaru, resided with
:ICA.
viceroy. But
;linqitent was
V. The affair
"[0, 6r customs
ilvcr mines of
rived in Peru,
kcd by Arch-
c king. Tlic
if the council
made ; wiiile
iions of land
■giniicntos, or
n expedition
lendafia, who
ovcrncd Peru
169, to return
:S.
: of Oropesa,
,vhen he was
case the title
ors until the
ivclled alonLj
and Indians ;
1 his go\crn-
)f November,
icrience, who
ous for their
Ondegardo,
administra-
, — and had
Yncas with
always with
an Alatienzo
e indigenous
care ; while
, the vicero\-
family was
alike unwise
)olicy of the
:a court had
icrc the late
resided with
PIZARRO, AND THE CONQUEST OF PERU AND CHILI. 553
many native chiefs and followers. When the new viceroy arrived at
Cusco, in January, 1571, the Ynca Titu Cusi sent an embassy to him,
and requested that ministers of religion might be sent to Vilcabamba.
Accordingly, the friar Diego Ortiz arrived at the Ynca court; but almost
immediately afterward Titu Cusi sickened and died, and the superstitious
people, believing that it was the work of the friar, put him to death. The
youthful Tupac Amaru was then proclaimed Ynca, as successor to his
brother. This gave the vicerc/ the pretext he sought. He despatched
a strong force into Vilcabamba, under the command of Martin Garcia
Loyola, who was married to an Ynca princess, the daughter of Sayri
Tupac. Loyola penetrated into Vilcabamba, and took young Tupac
Amaru prisoner on the 4th of October, 1571. He was brought to Cusco
and confined in a palace, under the shadow of the great fortress, which
until now had belonged to the family of his uncle, the Ynca I'aullu. But
the viceroy had seized it as a strong position to be held by Spanish troops
under his uncle Don Luis de Toledo. There was a trial for the murder
of the friar ; several chiefs were sentenced to be strangled, and Tupac
Amaru, who was perfectly innocent and against whom there was no
evidence, was to be beheaded.
The young sovereign was instructed for several days by two monks who
were excellent Quichua scholars, and who spoke the language with grace
and elegance. He was then taken to a scaffold, which had been erected
in the great square. The open spaces and the hills above the town were
covered with dense crowds of people. When the executioner produced
his knife, there was such a shout of grief and horror that the Spaniartis
were amazed, and there were few of them with a dry eye. The Ijoy was
perfectly calm. He raised his right arm, and there was profound silence.
He spoke a few simple words of resignation, and the scene was so heart-
rending that the hardest of the conquerors lost self-control. Led by the
bishop and the heads of the monasteries, they rushed to the house of
the viceroy and threw themselves on their knees, praying for mercy and
entreating him to send the Ynca to Spain to be judged by the king.
Toledo was a laborious administrator, but his heart was harder than the
nether millstone. He sent off the chief Alguazil, of Cusco, to cause the
sentence to be executed without delay. The crin.o was perpetrated amid
deafening shouts of grief and horror, while the great bell of the cathedral
was tolled. The body was taken to the palace of the Ynca's mother, and
was afterward interred in the principal chapel of tlic cathedral, after a sol-
emn service performed by the bishop and the cliaptcr. Toledo caused
the head to be cut off and stuck on a pike beside the scaffold ; but such
vast crowds came to worship before it every day, that it was taken down
and interred with the body.
The judicial murder of Tupac Amaru was part of a settled policy.
Toledo intended to crush out all remains of reverence and loyalty for
the ancient family among the people. He conriscatcd the property of
VOL. 11. — 70.
.? t'
*f'
i^
PIZAKRO, AND THE CONQUEST OF I'KRU AM) CIIII.I. 555
i
M
;• '
I i
1 [Fac-simile of the engraving as given
describes Cusco soon after tlie Conquest, and
Montanns antl in Ogilljy. Clarcilasso tic la Vega exiilains the ilistriliution i>f buildings whicli was
556
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
tlic Viicas, deprived them of most of the privileges t'.cy 1 ad hitherto been
allowed to retain, and even banished the numerous half-caste children of
i-^'-aniards by Vnca princesses.
At the same time he labored diligently to formulate and esta'^Hsh a
colonial policy and system of government on the ruins of the civilization
of the Yncas.
Li* '
The instructions of the kings of Spain, through their council of the
Indies, were remarkable for beneficence rnd liberality in all that conccrneil
the natives. Strict orders were given for their instruction and kind treat-
ment, and special oificers v.erc appointed for thei" protection. But at the
same time there were inces'jant demands for increased supplies of treasure
from the mines. It was like the orders of the directors of the Itast India
Company to Warren Hastings, — justice to the natives, but more money.
The two ciders were incompatible. In spite of their beneficent rules and
good intentions, the Spanish kings must share the guilt of their colonial
officers, as regards the treatment of the natives. It is right, hnwever, that
the names of those conquerors should be recorded who displayed feelings
of sympathy and kindness for their Indian vassals. Lorenzo de .\ldana,
who took a prominent and important part in the civil wars, died at
Arcquipa in 1556, and left all his property to the Indians whom he had
received in repartimicnto, for the payment of their tribute in ifuture years.
Marcio Sierra de Leguizamo described the happy condition of the people
when the Spaniards arrived, and in his will expressed deep contrition at
having taken part in their dest 'u^tion. Garcilasso de la Vega was ever kind
and considerate to his Indian v.vssals. Cicza de Leon in his writings *
shows the warmest sympathy for ti'.e Ynca people. There were, however,
too many of the first conquerors of a different stamp.
The viceroy Toledo wisely based his legislation on the system of the
Yncas. 11 is elaborate code, cr.Ued the Libra de Tasas, was the text-book
for all future viceroys. He fixed the amount of tribute to be paid by the
made among the conquerors. A plan .if the
ancient and modern city, showinc; tlie con-
querors' liouscs, is given in Markham's Royal
Commeutariis of Dc In P'lxn, vol. ii., and in the
Journal of the Royal Gco^ra'>hiial Society, 187 r,
p. 281. A plan of the ancient and modern town,
by E. G. Sqnier, is given in that author's Peru,
Land of the I . -as (New York), 1S77, p. .(2S. The
house of Pizarro is delineated in Chnrton's
I'oyafffurs, \'o\. iii. p. 3(17 ; ■"'"1 'he remains of
the palace of the first Inca, in Squier's ^.ninl
of tlie Iiicas, p. 451.
Cieza de I.eon says : " Cusco was grand and
stately ; it must have been founded by a people
(if great intelligence." (Markham's edition.
Travels, pp. 322, 327.)
Early plans or views of Cusco are given in
Ramusio, vol. iii. p. 412 (see ante, p. 554); in
Miinster's Cosmo!;rapliia, 1 572 and 1 59S ; in Braun
and Hogenberg's Ciritates or/>is terrarum ; in De
Bry, partvi., and in Ilerrera (172S), vol. iii. p.
161. There is a large woodcut map of Cusco,
in Ant. du Tinet's I'lantz, J\mrtraii: et Deserip-
tioiis (le plusieurs Villes, etc., Lyoi.s, 1564.
Vander Aa published a view at Lcyden, r>nd
another is in Rycaut's translation of Garcilasso
de la Vega, p. \: Accounts of the modern
town arc given by Markham, Squicr, and
others, and there is a view of it in Tour du
Monde, 1S63, p. 265. — En.]
1 For the writings of Cieza de Leon, sec tlie
" Critical Essay," fost.
I> \
PIZARRO. AND Tlir: CONQUEST OF PERU AND CHILI. 557
Leon, sec tlie
Indians, wholly exempting' all males under the aye of eighteen, and over
that of fifty. He recognized the jjositions of hereditary nobles or curacas,
assigning them magisterial functions, ami the duty of collecting the tribute
and paying it to the Spanish corrcgidors. He enacted that one seventli
part of the population of every village should be subject to the mita, or
forced labor in mines or factories ; at the same time fi.\ing the distance
they might be taken from their homes, and the payment they were to
receive. It was the abuse of the viita system, and the habitual infraction
of the rules established by Toledo, which caused all the subsequent misery
aiid the depopulation of the country. Humane treatment of the people
was accmpatible with the annual despatch of vast treasure to Spain.
Toledo also fixed the tenures of land, organized local government by
corregidors, and specified the duties of all officials, in his voluminous
code of ordinances.
In the days of this viceroy the Inquisition was introduced into Peru,
but the natives were exempted from its penalties as catechumens. Hereti-
cal Europeans or Creoles were alone exposed to its terrible jurisdiction.
The first auto da ft' took place at Lima on November 19, 1573, when
a crazy old hermit, suspected of Lutheranism, was burned. Another was
celebrated with great pomp on the 13th of April, 1578, the viceroy and
judges of the Andimcia being present in a covered stand on the great
square of Lima. There were sixteen victims to suffer various punishments,
but none were put to death.
During the government of Toledo, in 1579, Sir Francis Drake appeared
on the coast of Peru,' and in the following year the viceroy despatched an
important surveying expedition to the Straits of Magellan under Sarmiento.
After a long and eventful period of office, extending over upwards of twelve
years, Don Francisco de Toledo returned to Spain. He was coldly
received by Philip II., who said that he had not been sent to Peru to
kill kings, and dismissed him. He was a hard-hearted man, but a con-
scientious and able administrator, and a devoted public servant.
Don Martin Ilenriquez, second son of the Marquis of Alcanizcs, was
then viceroy of Mexico, whence he was removed to Peru as successor to
Toledo. He entered Lima on the 28th of September, 158 1. He worked
assiduously to carry out the ordinances of his able predecessor in all
branches of administration; but his career was cut short by death after
holding office for eighteen months. He died on the 15th of i\Iarch, 1583,
and was buried in the church of San Francisco. In 1582 he had founded
the college of San Martin, to be under the rule of Jesuits, and on the 15th
of August of the same year the second council of Lima assembled under
the presidency of the archbishop.
Loaysa, the first archbishop of Lima, died in 1575, and the sec was
vacant for six years. Toribio de Mogrovejo was consecrated at Seville in
1580, and entered Lima May 24, 1581, at the age of forty-three. He at
» I See Vol. III. p. 66— Ku.l
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NAKKATlVJi ANU CKli ICAI, HISTORY OK AMERICA.
once btyan tlic study of the (Jiiicluia lanKuaye, to prepare for his tours of
ins|)cction. Me had a mide, hut t^cncrally Iravclleil on foot, stopping; in
villages and at wayside huts, instructin^,', catecliisintJ, ami adniinislerinK the
sacraments. He penetrated into the most inaccessible fastnesses of the
Andes and visitetl all the coast valleys, journeying; over burning; deserts,
.ilont,' snowy luights, and throu^jh dense forests, year after year untirin^;ly.
He founilcil the scniinary at Lima, for the eilucation of priests, which is now
known by his name. Hesides the council (-f 15SJ, he celebrated two other
provincial councils in 1592 and 1601, and ten diocesan synods. The princi-
pal work of these assemblies was to draw up catechisms and questions for
the use of priests, with a view to the extirpation o( idolatry, and to regulate
parochial work. The good archbishop dieil at -Safla on the coast, during one
of his laborious visitations, on the 33d of March, irtofi. lie was canonized
in 1680, and is reveretl as Saint Toribio. During his archiepiscopate a girl
was born at Lima, of very poor and honest Spanish parents, named Rosa
Florcs, and war. baptized by Saint Toribio in 1586. Her goodness and
charity were equalled by her surpassing beauty, which slie dedicated to
God; and after her death, in 1617, a conclave of theologians decided that
she had never strayed from the right patli in thought or deed. She was
canonized in 1671, and Santa Rosa is the patron saint of Lima, with her
festival on the 30th of August.'
Don Fernando de Torres y Portugal, Condc dc Villar Don I'ardo, tlie
successor of Hcnriqucz, did not reach Lima until the ?oth of November,
1586. He endeavored to prevent abuses in taking Luiians for the »/i/ti,
and ordered that none should be sent to unsuitable climates. During the
previous forty years negroes had been imported into the coast valleys of
Peru in considerable numbers as slaves, and supplied labor for the rich
cotton and sugar estates. The Conde de Villar was an old man, with good
intentions but limited capacity. He allowed abuses to creep into the
financial accounts, w^hich were in great confusion when he was superseded
in the year 1590.
Don Garcia Hurtado dc Mendoza, the fourth marquis of Caiicte, had
already served in Peru, when his father was vicero}', and had won renown
in his war with the Araucanians. He had also seen service in Germany
and Italy. Married to Dona Teresa de Castro y de la Cueva, granddaughter
of the proud Duke of Albuquerque, he was the first viceroy who had been
allowed to take a vice-queen with him to Peru, and he was also accompanied
> [A life of Saiit.-x Ros.i, bv Leonard de it< consummation is printed in tlic M,rciiir dt
Hansen, was jirinted at Rome in lOG.). A /)v»/r.' ( 1 67 1 ) . A .Spanish translation of Hansen,
Spanish translation, Lu hu-ihivciititrad,) I^osn, by Antonio do Lorea, was issued at Madrid in
etc., bv Father lacinto de Paria, was published 167 1 ; and a Portuguese version appeared at
at Madrid in 166S. It is enlarged upon the ori- Lisbon in 1^)69 and 1674. Another Life, by
ginal from documents gathered to induce the Acufia, bishop of Caracas, was printed at Rome
ro])e to canonize her. De Parra, in his Rosa in 1665. A metrical ViJa dc Santa A\va, by
/.,»«v,;,/,; (.NLadrid, 1670), gives an account of the Oviedo y Heriera has the imprint of NLadrid,
movement to effect her canoniz.ation ; and an 1711. (Cf. Leclerc, 1705, 1754-5G. 17S4. l^'"
account of the solemnities on the occasion of 1813.) — ICu]
CA.
PIZAKKO, AND THi: CONQUKST OF I'llKl' AM) CHILI. 56I
his tours of
stopping in
listirinj; tlie
■SSlS of tlic
in^j deserts,
r imtirintjly.
,liicl\ is now
il two other
The priiici-
iiestions for
1 to retjiilatc
, during Olio
IS canoiiixed
;opate a ^'irl
laincil Ros;i
)odness and
Icdicated to
Jecideil that
d. Slu: was
na, with her
I Paiilo, the
r Novemljer,
pr the viita,
During the
St valleys of
for the rich
, with good
ep into the
superseded
Cancte, had
won renown
in Germany
anddaughler
10 had been
iccompanied
the Miiiiin- >le
Uioii of Hansen,
d at Madriil in
)n appeared at
nother Life, by
printeil at Rome
Sivita AVt.i, by
irint of NLadrid
56, 17S4, iSl.T
by her brother, the gallant and chivalrous Don Heltran de Castro y Cucva,
as commander of the forces. On the 0th of Januar>', 1590, the new viceroy
made his solemn entry into Lima, in a magnificent |)rocession of richly
adorned Indian nobles, arqucbusiers and pikemen, gentlemen of the house-
hold, judges of the Aiuiicitcia, professors and students of the Univcrsit)' of
San Marcos, and kings-at-arms. The niarcpiis came out with the usual in-
junctions to enforce the kindly treatment of Indians, but he received urgent
demands from the king for more and more money. In 1591 he imposed the
alcabala, or duties on sales in markets, and on coca. He was obliged to
send increasing numbers of victims to the silver mines, ami to the quick-
silver mines of Iluancavelica. He made numerous ordinances for the reg-
ulation of industries and of markets, the suppression of g;<mbling, and the
punishment of fugitive slaves. lie founded the college of San Felipe and
San Marcos at Lima in 1592. He despatched an important expedition un-
der Mandafta, which discovered the Martpiesas Islands. He was an active
and intelligent ruler; but all the good he attempted to do was counter-
balanced by the calls for treasure from Spain. He sent home 1,500,000
ducats, besides value in jewels and plate.
After having governed Peru for si.\ years and a half, the Marquis of
Caftete begged to be allowed to return home. He was succeeded by Don
Luis de Velasco, Marquis of Salin.is, who came from Mexico, where he
had been the viceroy. The Marquis of Salinas entered Lima on the 24th
of July, 1596, and governed Peru until the end of 1604.
Chili had been comparatively quiet under the immediate succesriors of
Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza, although the war with the Araucanians
had never actually ceased. In 1583 Philip IL selected a military officer of
great experience and approved valor as governor of Chili. Don Alonso
de Sotomayor left Spain for Buenos Ayres with seven hundred men, and
made the journey across the Pampas and over the pass of Uspallata, reac''
ing Santiago on the 22d of September, 1583. He and his brother Luis
carried on a desultory war against the Araucanians for several j-ears.
During 1588 the attacks of the Indians were led by an intrepid heroine
named Janequeo, who was resolved to avenge the death of her husband.
The governor was superseded in 1592 and proceeded to Callao, where he
commanded a ship, under Don Bcltran de Cueva, in the fleet which at-
tacked and captured Sir Richard Hawkins and his ship. Sotomayor then
returned to Spain.
The new governor of Chili was Don Martin Garcia Oncz de Loyola, the
same cavalier who married an Ynca princess, and captured young Tupac
Amaru. He was a Basque, of the province of Guipuzcoa, and a near relative
of Saint Ignatius, He arrived at Valparaiso, with four hundred soldiers and
abundant supplies of warlike stores, on the 23d of September, 1592, reach-
ing Santiago on the 6th of October. The Araucanians had elected the
aged chief Paillamacu as their toqui, with two younger warriors named
VOL. 11. —71.
I
4 I
\n
/'
562
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
Pelantaru and Millacalquiii as his lieutenants. Believing the subjugation
of Araucaria to be practicable, the new governor traversed the country
between Imperial and Villarica during the \ear 1597, but failed to discover
his astute foes. In the spring of 1598 Loyola was at Imperial, where he
received a letter from his wife, the Ynca princess Dona Beatriz Coya,
urging him to retreat to Concepcion, as the Araucanians were rising.
'ni'
SOTO.MAYOR
He set out for Angol, accompanied by only sixty officers, on the 2ist
of November, 1598, and stopped for the night in the valley of Curalaba.
When all were wrapped in sleep, the tents were attacked by five hundred
native warriors, and the governor was killed, with all his companions.
His widow, the Ynca princess, went to Spain with a young daughter,
who was given in marriage by Philip III. to Juan Hcnriquez de Borja,
heir of the house of Gandia, and was at the same time created Marquesa
de Oropesa.
The death of the governor was a signal for a general rising. Within
forty-eight hours there were thirty thousand Araucanian warriors in tlio
' [F.ic-similie of a part of a copperplate in Ovallc's /nstorha Kiiacwn de Chili, Rome,
164S. — Ed.]
ICA.
PIZARKO, AND THE CONQUEST OF I'ERU AND CHILI. 563
subjugation
the country
d to discover
ial, where he
Jeatriz Co}'a,
were risin".
field under the toqui PaiUamacu. All the Spanish towns south of the river
Hiobio were taken and destroyed, the invasion was hurled back beyond
Concepcion, and the Spaniards were placed on the defensive.
The seventeenth century opened in Peru with a period of peace, during
which the system of government elaborated b)- the viceroy Toleilo was to
be worked out to its consequences, — and in Chili, with the prospect of a
prolonged contest and an impoverished treasury. In both countries the
future of the native races was melancholy and without hope.
>l!
on the 2 1st
of Curalaba.
five hundred
companions,
ng daughter,
ez de Borja,
ed Marquesa
ing. Within
irriors in the
'e Chili. Rome,
CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION.
THE king of Spain instituted tlie office of historiographer of the huhes, and tliat post
was held for upwards of half a century by tlic learned .Antonio de Ilerrera, wiio died
in 1625. All the official reports and correspondence were placed in his Iiands, and he had
the use of a great deal of material whicii is now lost : so that lie is indispensable as an
authority. 1 His great work, Historia Geueral de las fiidias Occidentales, covers the whole
ground from 1492 to 1554, and is dividod into eight decades, in strict chronological order.
The history of the conquest of Peru and of the sulisequL'nt civil wars is recorded with ref-
erence to chronological order as bearing on events in other parts of the Inthes. and not
connectedly. The work first appeared in (601 and 1615, in five folio volumes, and was repub-
lisliedin 1730. Tlie English version by Stevens, in six octavo volumes (1725), is wortli-
less. The episode relating to the descent of the river Amazon by Francisco de Orellana
{Hcrrera, dec. vi. lib. i.v.), was translated by Clements R. Markham, C. IJ., and printed for
the Hakluyt Society in 1859 as a part of the volume called Expeditions into the I'allcy of
the Ama::oi)s.
Francisco Lopez de Gomara was another compiler, who never personally visited Peru,
and is best known for his history of the conquest of Mexico. His narrative of the conquest
of Peru forms an important part of his work entitled Historia de las Indias. Altliough
he was a contemporary, and had peculiarly good opportunities for obtaining trustworthy
information, he was careless in his statements, and is an unsafe authority.'-
Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y \'aldos, born in 147.S of an old Asturian family, was an
eve-witness of the events on the isthmus which directly led to the discovery of Peru. He
went out with the governor Pedro Arias in 15 13, and was at Panama when Pizarro and
Almagro were fitting out their first expedition. He afterw.ards resided for many years in
Hispaniola, and at his death, in 1557, he was chronicler of the Indies, the predecessor of
Herrera. He was devoted to historical composition, interspersing his narrative with anec-
dotes and personal reminiscences ; but most of his works long remained in manuscript.
His two chapters on the concjuest of Peru cover tiie ground from the landing of I'izarro to
the return of Almagro from Chili. '
1 [See Introduction (ji. i) and p. 67. — Ed] paper, appended to thccoinbiiicd edition of Peter
2 [Cf. the chapter on Cortes. — En.] Martyr and Ovicdn publislud at Venice in 1534,
^ [The bibliography of Oviedo is traced in a seems to have been tiilarccd upon a tract f.ii
note following the cliaptcr on I. as Casas. Pres-
cott has measured him as an authority in his
Vent (Kirk's edition, vol. ii. p. 305). Helps
speaks of his history as a "mass of confusion
and irrelevancy; but at the same time," he
adds, " it is a most valuable mine of facts." A
Coikjiiisiii del Pent, publislicd .it Seville in 1534
(Bihl. Am'-. t'(f. p. !()<)), and is tl. ought to bear
some rcl.uion to the "Relatione d'un Capitano
Sp.ignuolo" given in Ramusio, vol. iii. (Bihli-
o/lieca Ci-eiiTillidiia. vol. ii. p. 536; Sabin, xvi,
no. 61,097). — •'•"•1
T 1
Ii >l
564
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
It is, however, a relief to escape from compilers, and to jje able to read the narratives
of the actual actors in the events tliey describe. The first adventurer who attempted to dis-
cover Peru was the aiielantdiio I'ascual de Andagoya, and lie has recorded the story of his
failures. Born of a good stock in the province of Alava, I'ascual went out to Darien when
very young, with the governor Pedro ^Vrias, in 15 14. After the failure of his first attempt
he was in Panama for some years, antl in 1 540 received the government of the country round
the Rio San Juan, the scene of Pizarro's early suflerings. Here he founded the town of
liuenaventura ; but having got into a dispute with IJenalcazar respecting the boundaries of
their jurisdictions, Andagoya returned to Spain, where he remained five years. He accom-
panied the president Gasca to Peru, and died at Cusco on the i8th of June, 1548. He had
broken his leg, but was recoveiing, when fever supervened, whicli carried him off. Gasca
reported that his death was mourned by all, because he was such a good man. and so zeal-
ous in the service of his country. The historian Oviedo, who knew him well in the early
days of the Darien colony, speaks of Andagoya as a noble-minded and virtuous person.
He was a man of some education : and his humane treatment of the Indians entitles his
name to honorable mention. His interesting narrative long remained in manuscript at
Seville, but it was at length published by Navarrete.' An English translation,- by Clements
R. Markham, C. B., with notes and an introduction, was printed for the Hakluyt Society
in 1865.^
Francisco de Xeres, the secretary of Pizarro, wrote his account of the early days of the
conquest of Peru on the spot, by order (March, 1533) of his master. He left Spain with
Pizarro in January, 1530, returned to Seville with the first instalment of gold from Caxamarca
in July, 1534 ; and his narrative, which embraces the period between these dates, was printed
at Seville in the same year.'' This edition and that of 1547, printed somewhat carelessly at
Salamanca, are extremely rare.'' The third and best-known edition was published at Madrid
in 1749 in the Barcia Collection, Ilistoriadorcs priiiiithos de Lis Iiuiias. Italian editions
appeared in 1535," and in 1556 in Ramusio ;' and a French version was published at Paris
by M. Ternaux-Compans in 1837.'* An English translation, with notes and ah introduction
by Clements R. .Markham, C. B., was printed for the Hakluyt Society in 1S72. There is a
freshness and reality in the story told by Xeres, owing to his having been an eye-witness
of all the events he describes, which the more elaborate accounts of compilers cannot
' Colcccioii dc viages y descubrimivntos, vol. iii.
no. vii. p. 393.
- \Narrative of the Proceediii_^s of Pcdrdriiis
Davitlit, and of the Disccnwry of the South Sea
and Coasts of Pen/, etc. — Ed.]
^ [Oviedo traces Andagoya 's career in vol. iv.
p. 126. Cf. Hancroft'.s .C('/;/n;/ Anieriea, vol. i.
p. 503; Helps, vol. iii. p. 4^:6; and tlio notice
in Pachcco, Coleecion de documeiitos iiiedilos, vol.
xx.\ix. p. 552. — Ed.]
■* [ I'erdadera relation de la Cojii/iiisla del Peru.
There is a copy in the Lenox Library. Cf. />;/'/.
Aiiier. I'et, no. rgS. — En.]
^ [There are copies in tne Lenox and Carter-
Drown libraries. Quaritch in 1873 priced it at
^■35. Cf. /{//>/. Aiinr. I'ef., p. 277 ; Ternaux, no.
54; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 146. It is some-
times bound with Oviedo's CWoi/iea, and F. S.
I'.llis (1S82, no. 221) prices the combined editiun
at /'los. Tlie //nth Catalo^'ue. vol. v. p. 1628,
slinws an edition, Conquista del /\>i(, black-letter,
without place or date, which Harrisse thinks pre-
ceded this 1547 edition. The Iluth copy is the
only one known. — Ed.]
'■ [This Italian version (Venetian dialect) was
made by Domingo de Gazlelu, and appeared at
Venice ; and a fac-.'^imile of the title is given here-
with showing the arms of the emperor. Kich
(no. II) in 1S32 priced it at £l 4^. ; Quaritch uf
late years has held it at £^ and jQ-j ; F. S. Ellis
(18S4) at /'12, I2J-. ; and Leclerc (no. 2,998) at
750 francs. There are copies in the Lciio.x,
Harvard College, and Carter-lirown (Cata/oi^tie,
vol. i. no. 116) libraries. It was reprinted at
Milan the same year in an inferior manner, and
a copy of this edition is in the liritisli Museum.
Cf. Bill!. Aiiier. I'et., nos. 200, 201 ; /iiln'iotheeu
Gr'-nvilliana, p. S18; Huth, p. 1628; Court, no.
76. What is said to be a translation of this
Italian version into French, Vhistoire de la terre
uein'edii /\tii, Paris, 1545, signed I. fJ. (Jaccpies
Gohorv), puriwrts to he an extract from (Oviedo's
//istoria. V{. /Ubl. Amer. I'et., no. 264; Court
Catalopue, no. 175. — El).]
^ [Vol. iii. p. 37S.-E1).]
' I r(ii'(;,frj, etc., vol. iv. Tliisedition is worth
about eight francs. \ German edition is recorded
as made by Kiilb at Stuttgard in 1843. — Fd.|
the narialivcs
L-mpted to (lis-
iL' story of his
I Darien when
s first attempt
country round
d the town of
boundaries of
i. lie accom-
[ 54S. He liad
m otT. Gasca
n, and so zeal-
ell in the early
tuous person,
ns entitles his
manuscript at
/•^ by Clements
akluyt Society
rly days of the
left Spain with
oni Caxamarca
es, was printed
at carelessly at
siied at Madrid
Italian editions
ilished at Paris
\n introduction
There is a
an eye-witness
mpilers cannot
i edition is wnrllt
itioii isreciirdcd
, 1843. — El). 1
PIZAKRO, AND THE CONQUEST OF PERU AND CHILI. 565
LIBRO PRI
MO DE LA CONQ^VISTA
del PER.V & prouiacfa del Cuzco
dck Indie occidentali*
Cottgntiaft^ouircgiopctan&iX
TITLE OF XERES. VF.NUT, 1535-
ui
1(1 ■
PI
I' 1
HI
!>
( ,
II
•I •
n * .
i'< •
u
(
l!
1:
I
i
:|
I*)
^1
1
It
I
I
!i
i
H
c;66
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
impart. Xeres has increased tlie value of his book by inserting the narrative of Miguel
Astete, who accompanied Hernando Pizarro on his expedition to I'achacamac.
Hernando Pizarro wrote a letter to the royal /ludicncia of Santo Domingo, wliicli
goes over tiie same ground as the narratives of Xeres and Astete, but is of course much
briefer. It is peculiarly valuable as containing the observations of the man of higlicst
rank in the expedition who was able to write.' The letter is dated November, 1533, and
was written on his way to Spain with the treasure. Oviedo gives it in his Ilistoria Geiicral;-
and it is printed by (2uintana in his I'idas tic Espaiiohs cclchrcs^ It was translated into
I'^nglish i)y Clements R. Markliam, C. B., and printed for the Hakluyt Society in 1872 in
the volume of Reports on tlic Discovery of Peru.
Pedro Sancho, the notary, wrote a note of the distribution of the ransom of Atahualpa,
with a list of the conquerors and the amount each received. It is contained in the inedited
work of Francisco Lopez dc Caravantes, and was reprinted by Ouintana in his / Idas de
1-lspaTwles ceicbres. An English translation by Clements R. Markham, C. 13., was printed for
the Hakluyt Society in 1S72, in the volume already cited. See also Ramiisio, vol. iii. p.
414, for an Italian version, in which form it was used by Robertson and Prescott.^
\'icente de \'alverdc, the Dominican friar who accompanied Pizarro in the conquest
of Peru and took part in the imprisonment and murder of Atahualpa, was made bi.shop of
Cusco in 1536. On his way to Spain, in 1541, he landed on the island of Puna, in the 15ay
of Guayaquil, was seized by the natives, and put to death with his brother-in-law and
twenty-six other Spaniards. He wrote a detailed Carta-relacion on the affairs of Peru,
which is still inedited. He also addressed letters to the emperor Charles V., which
contain original information of great value. A copy of one, dated Cusco, April 2, 1539,
v.'as among Sir Thomas Phillipps's collection of manuscripts. It is frequently quoted by
Helps.
Pedro Pizarro, a cousin of the conqueror, went out as his page in 1530. v.hen only
fifteen. He was an eye-witness of all the events of the Conquest, and of the subsequent civil
wars, having retired to Arequipa after tlic assassination of his patron. Here he probably
wrote ills Relacioites del Desciduiuiieiito y Conquista de las Reyiios de! Peru, finished in
1571. It is a plain, unadorned statement of facts, but of the highest value as an authority.
It remained in manuscript for centuries, but was at length printed in the Coleecion de
dociimciitos ineditos para la Itisioria de Espana, v. 201-388.''
The death-struggle between the Pizanos and the old marshal Almagro is fully told in
the above general histories ; bi't light is also thrown upon the story from other directions.
Among the manuscripts in the National Library at Madrid ' tliere is an autobiography by
a young scapegrace of noble birth named Alonzo En"iquez de Guzman, comprising a period
from 151S to 1543, from his nineteenth to his forty-fourth year. The early part reminds
one of the adventures of Gil Bias ; but in 1534 he went to Peru, and was a principal actor
in the events which took place between the dei)arture of Almagro for Chili in 1535 and
' [Prcscott says (/"<•;•;/, vol. i. p. 3S5) : "Allow-
ing for the partialities incident to a chief actor
in the scenes he describes, no authority can rank
higher." — F.n.]
- Chap. XV. lib. 43.
s Paris, iS'5, p. 1S0.
* [Ilarrisse, Eilil. Aiin-r. I'd., Adtiilioiis, no.
109, notes, but not dr 7'isii, a plaquetic enumer-
ating llic treasure sent to Spain by Pizarro in
1534. F. S. I'.llis (1S84, no. 235) priced at ;,f2l
a second copy of tlie tract mentioned by Ilar-
risse (no. loS) as known onlv in a copy in a
private library in New York, entitled Co/ey etli-
r/it'r lirit-JTso (iiis.i Hisf<aiiia Kiiminen .uiiult, i53Si
which purports to be translated through the
French from the Spanish. Ellis pronounce.^ it
a version of Ilarrisse's no. 109, the only cojiy
known of wlich was, .is he says, lost in a bind-
er's sho]). Of. the Libro nllimo de Ic Indie occi-
deutale iiititulato ntK'a Castii^lia, e del Conquisto del
Peril, published at Rome, May, 1535 (Sunder-
land, vol. i. no. 265). For the effect of Peru-
vian gold on prices in Europe, see I'revoort's
Verriizaiio, p. iii. — En.]
" |It would seem to have been used by Her-
rera. Xavarrcte communicated a ropy to Prcs.
cott, who characterizes it in his Conquest oj
Pern, ii. 72.— F.D.]
" Piipeles Maiiusiiipts Orii^imles y Ineditos,
G. 127.
^?W^'^''T'
PIZARRO, AND THE COXQ^EST OF I'ERU AND CHILI. 567
his execution in 1538. Don Alouzo ;,ecnis to iiave quarrelled with Hernando Pizarro
during tiie siege of Cusco, and warmly espoused the cause of Almagro, who made liini
one of his executors. The latter [lortion of the autobiography, iiiLluding a long letter to
the emperor on the conduct of Hernando I'izarro, is very interesting, while the frankness
of Don Alonzo's confessions as regards his own motives is most entertaining. '/Vw Life
and Acts of Don Alouzo Enrujuez ik Guzman was translated and edited by Clements
R. Markham, C. B., and printed by the Hakhiyt Society in 1S62. It had up to this time
escaped notice.
The last years of the marquis Pizarro were occupied in Laying out and building tiie
capital of Peru, and we are indebted to tlie researciies of the learned Peruvian, Don
Manuel Gonzalez de la Rosa, for liaving discovered tiie most detailed account of the
founding and early liistory of Lima among tlie manuscripts in the liiblioteca Colombina
at Seville. Tlie Jlistoria tic la Fiindacioii ilc Lima was written by the Jesuit liernabd
Cobo between 1610 and 1629, and was first printed under the superintendence of Dr. De
la Rosa in the Revista Peruana}
The story of the murder of Pizarro is told in the general histories, and there are some
additional particulars in Montesinos. A very laudatory life of the marquis, which, how-
ever, contains the results of original research, is contained in the I'aroncs /lustres del
Nnevo Mundo, by Fernando I'izarro y Orellana (.Madrid, 1639). This work also contains
Lives of Pizarro's brothers and of Almagro. -
But by far the best life of Pizarro, both as regards literary meri -v.' conscientious
research, is contained in the Vidas de Espanolcs Celebres by Don Mani.„; Josef Ouintana.''
Quintana also gives the te.xts of the original agreement (1526) between Pizarro, Almagro,
and Luque, and of the capitulation (July 26, 1529, at Toledo) between Oucen Juana and
Pizarro. These documents are also given by I'rescott in the Appendix to the second
volume of his Conquest of Peru.*
After the assassination of Pizarro, the licentiate \'acp. de Castro, having J'.'feated the
younger Almagro, succeeded as governor of Peru, and the history of his rule is told in his
own letters. The first is to the emperor, reporting his arrival at Santo Domingo, and is
very brief. The second, also to the emperor, is from Quito, and announces the assassi-
nation of Pizarro and the rebellion of Almagro the lad. The third is addressed to the
emperor from Cusio, after the battle of Cliupas, and is a straightforward statement of his
proceedings. TIk fourth is a long letter from Cusco to his wite on private affairs. There
is also a long letter on the revolt of young Almagro and the battle of Clu'.pas from the
municipality of Cusco to the emperor. These letters are included in the gre>t official
volume of Cartas de Indias published at i\Iadrid in 1877, pp. 463-521. The I'ida v
elojio del liccnciado I'ara de Castro, Gobernadoi del Peru, was written by Antonio de
Herrera, the chronicler of the Indies."
A good historian accompanied the ill-fated viceroy Plasco Nunez de \''ela to Lima.
Augu;;tin de Zarate was comptroller of accounts for Castile, and was sent out with tl;e first
viceroy to examine into the financial affairs of Peru. He collected notes and maierials
during his residence at Lini.i, and began the compilation of a history from the dis-
covery by Pizarro to the departure of Gasca. when he returned to Spain. He had access
to the best official sources of information, and his work is not without value ; but he was
strongly prejudiced, and his style is tedious and inelegant. He assigns as the reason for
not having begun liis narrative in Peru, tliat Carbajal had threatened any one who should
it I
)
1 ^
IM
• Lima, iSSo.
^ [The author of the I'aroncs was a grand-
son of the daughter of Francisco Pizarro (cf.
Carter-Brown, ii. 465). H. II. Bancroft, Central
America, ii. 273. — Ed.]
^ [It was published at Ma(lri<l in 1807, 1S30,
1833, and at Paris in 1845. — l-"]
■• [Harri.sse (Bihl. AiiiJ'et., 132) (piotcs from
Asher's CafaloQ-tic, 1865, a Lctlcrc ,ti Piclro Arias,
1525, without jilace, which he supposes to refer
to the first c.\))cditiQn of Alm.ngro, I'izarro, and
Lucjuc. — Kn.]
'■ |Cf. the notice of Herrera with references,
given in tlie Introihiction. — El).]
!«• \
568
NAKKAI'1\K AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
I
attempt to record liis exploits. In the earlier portion.s lie relied on the testimony of the
actor.s still living : hut for the later [j.irt he was himself a spectator and actor. He had
not intended to publish it in his lifetime; but the commendation of the emperor, to whom
it was shown, induced him to depart from his |nirpose. The orit;inaI manuscript of Zarate
i.s or was preserved at Simancas; and Mufloz has disclosed how the printed volume differs
considerably from it, in suppressing; llii.iys too frankly slated, anil in takin<; on a literary
flavor not in the draft. .Munoz supposed that !■ iorian d' Ocampo performed this critical
office in passinjj the book through the press.' His Hisloria del Dcscuhrimicnto y Con-
qiiista dc la Pro-riiicui del Prni was printed at Antwerp in 1555,- and a folio edition
ai)peared at Seville in 1577;^ but the best edition of Zarate is in the Harcia Collection,
vol. iii. It was included in 1S53 in th.e JlihlioUXit dc Aiitorcs /■'s/in/'u'lrs, vol. xxvi.'
A more important narrative of the civil war, which ended with the death of the viceroy
Blasco Nut^ez, was written by Fedro de Cieza de Leon, and has been recently published.
Cieza de Leon landed in South America when he was barely fifteen, in the year 1534, and
during his military service he conceived a strong desire to write an account of the strange
things that were to be seen in the new world. ■• Oftentimes," he wrote, " when the other
soldiers wer» reposing, I was tiring myself by writing. Neither fatigue, nor the ruggedness
of the country, nor the mountains and rivers, nor intolerable hunger 'ind sulTering have
ever been sufficient to obstruct my two duties ; namely, writing, and following my flag and
my captain without fault." In 1547 he joined the president Gasca, and was present
at the final rout of Gonzalo Pizario. He was many years in Peru, and he is certainly
one of the most important authorities on Ynca history and civilization, whether we con-
sider his peculiar advantages in collecting information, or his character as a conscientious
historian. He lived to complete a great work, but unfortunately only a small portion of
it has seen the light. The first and second parts of the Chronicle of Cieza de Leon have
been published, but they relate to Ynca civilization and are discussed in a chapter in the
first volume of the present work. The third i)art, treating of the discovery and conquest
of I'eru by Pizarro, is inedited, though the manuscript is believed to have been preserved.
Part IV. was divided into five books relating the history of the civil wars cf the conquer-
ors. Only the third book has been published in the Bibliotccti 1 1 ispaiio-Ultraiiiarina. It
was very ably edited by Don .Marcos Jimenez dc la Espada (Madrid, 1S77), and is entitled
Lit Gttcrni de Quito. The volume begins with the departure of the viceroy Blasco
Nufiez de Vela from Spain, and consists of tifty-three chapters in the first part, the
concluding portion forming a subsequent volume.'^
The proceedings of the president, Pedro dc la Gasca, were recorded by himself in
very full reports to the Council of the Indies, which almost amount to official diaries. The
first, dated at Santa Marta on his w.ay out, July 12, 1546, has been published in the
' [Prcscott, ii. 494. — l-O.]
- [There is a cony in the Cartcr-lirown Li-
brary (Cii/aloi;!!,; no. 207). Quaritch priced it
in 1S79 ^' .^9 — I'^i'-]
^ [There is a copv in the Carter-lSrown Col-
Icctinii (no. 316); and utlicrs were suh! in the
ISriiilev (no. 5,346) and Murphy (no. 2,SoS) sales,
as well as in the Sunderland (no. 13,5-1) and
the Old Admiral's sales (no. 329) in Kiigland.
Quaritch jjriccd a copy at ^16 los. in 1SS3, —
a rai)id advance on earlier sales, but exceeded
in 1884 by F. S. Ellis (£21). Leclerc (givinji
the date 1557) jiriecd it in 187S at 400 francs
(no. 1,862). — Ka]
* [Zarate was early translated into cllicr lan-
guages. An Italian version apjicared at Venice
in 1563, translated by Alfoiii:t,> Ulloa (Carter-
iJruwii, i. 246; Leclerc, 1S65 — 100 francs; Ste-
vens — /'3 3.r.). Midler (Hooks on Aiiioita ( 1S72),
nos. 1,231, etc.) enumerates five Dutch editions,
the earliest edited by Willeni Silvius, Antwerp,
1564 (the Carter-Brown copy is dated 1 563, C'l/Ar-
/oi;iii; no. 245). In 1573 a new title and preface
were put to the sheets of this edition. In 1596,
1598, and 1623 there were editions at Amster-
dam. There were French versi(jns jjuhlished
at Amsterdaiu in 1700, 1717, i;iS, 1719, and at
Paris in 1706, 1716, 1742, 1752-54, 1830. An
English translation, made by T. Nicholas, was
published at London in 1 581 (Carter- Brown, vol.
i. p. 285; Minjjhy, 2,213). Ellis iiriced a copy
in 18S4 at /2S. — El).]
'" [For a detailed bibliography of the manu-
scripts and editions of Cieza dc Leon, with
various references, .see the Editorial Note fol-
lowing this cliai)tcr. — Ed.]
uc.\.
testimony of the
actor. He had
iiperor, to whom
uscript of Zaiate
xl vohiiiie diflers
ting oil a literary
mcd this critieal
'iriinicnto y L 'on-
1 a folio edition
larcia Collection,
f'.f, vol. .\xvi.'
th of the viceroy
;ently published,
e year 1534, and
It of the straime
when the other
r the ruggedne.ss
I snlTering have
ving my Hag and
nd was present
d he is certainly
whether we con-
a conscientious
small portion of
la de Leon have
a chapter in the
iry and conquest
been preserved,
of the conquer-
'Itniniariiia. 1 1
and is entitled
viceroy Blasco
first part, the
by himself in
xl diaries. The
ublished in the
America ( jS;:),
Dutch editions,
ilvius, .Vntwcrp,
latcd 156J, Ciila-
itle and preface
lition. In I5<X),
ions at Anislci-
sions published
S, i;i9, and at
-54, 1830. .An
. .Nicholas, was
rtcr-l!rown, vol.
s jiriccd a cojjy
iy of the manu-
(Ic I.con, with
torial Note fol-
I'lZARRO, A|\D Tin: COXQUEST OK I'ERU AND CHILI. 569
official volume of Cartas dc Indias (Madrid, 1877). Other published correspondence
throws light on the astute proceedings of the president wliile he was at ranamii. His
instructions to Lorenzo dc Aldana, his letters to Gon/.alo I'izarro. and the tietailed report
of his agent Paniagua have been published in the Reviita de Lima, 18S0. His repcv^ to
the Council of the Indies, when on his way to attack ("lonzalo I'i/arro at Cusco (dated
Andahuaylas, March 7, I54''^)> has not been edited. But the Chilian historian Don Diego
Harros Arana has published ' the long despatch from Gasca to the Council, dated at
Cusco, May 7, 1548, in which he describes the rout of Sacsahuana, the executions of
Gonzalo I'izarro and Carbajal, and the subswjuent bloody assize at Cusco. The docu-
ment frequently quoted by Prescott (in book v. chap. iii. of his history) - as Ju-lacion del
J.iccnciado Gasca MS. is an abridged and mutilated copy of this despatch of May 7, 154S,
from the Mufioz Collection,''' and is preserved at Simancas. The sentence pronounced o.i
Gonzalo Pizarro is published in the Rcvista Peruana (1S80), from the original manuscript
of Zarate's Chronicle.'' Gasca continues his narrative in the despatches to the Council,
dated at Lima, Sept. 25 and \ov. 26, 1548. which are also published byliarros Arana. ^
There are si.x other despatches of the president from Lima, datetl in 1549, in the Cartas
de Indias. The invaluable papers of the president Gasca are not in the Archives at
Seville, but have been preserved by his family."
But the best-known historian of the period during which the president Gasca was in
Peru was Diego Fernandez de Palencia, usually called "el Palentino," from the place
of his birth. He went out to Peru, served in the army which was raised to ])ut down the
rebellion of Giron, and having collected materials for a history, he was appointed chron-
icler of Peru by the viceroy Marquis of Canete. Kernandez fir.st wrote the history of
the rebellion of Ciiron, in the suppression of which he was personally engaged: and after-
wards he undertook to write a similar account of the rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro and
the administration of Gasca. Fernandez is a ry painstaking writer, and no history of
the time enters so fully into detail ; yet it is ple.i mtly written, and the graver narrative is
frequently relieved by anecdotes of personal adventures, and by amusing incidents. He
is however a thorough-going partisan, and can see no redeeming feature in a rebellion,
nothing but evil in the acts of rebels. His book is called Primera y .Seennda Parte de hi
Historia del Peru, (pie se tnando eserehir d Diej^o Feruande::, vecino de la ciiidad de
Palencia. It was published at Seville in 1571 (folio; primera parte, pp. 142; segunda
parte, pp. 130). This is the only edition.'
The first part of the work of the Ynca Garcilasso de la \'ega relates to the history
and civilization of the Yncas. and is discussed in the first volume of the present work.
But the second part is a general history of the discovery of Peru, and of the civil w.irs
down to the termination of the administration of the viceroy Toledo in Peru, and to the
death of the governor Loyola in Chili. Like the first part, the second is rather a commen-
tary than a history, for the Ynca quotes largely from other writers, especially from the
' [In his Procesp de Pfiiro dc I'liMir'in 1 elros
dociimciitos inedilos concfrniciitcs a cstc foihpiis/ii-
dor, rciiiiidos i anotihios por Dici^o Barros Arana,
Santia_i;i) de Cliilc (1S73), '^" PP- 39-' — '"-"•]
- [The Philadelphia edition, 1S79, vol. ii.
p. 40(>. — El).]
^ The historiographer Juan ISautista Muiioz
■• I'rcscott's copv (in his .■\ppeiuli.\, vol. ii.
p. 471) unfortunately contains various inaccu-
racies.
" I'bi supra.
" [Helps spi'-'ks ' these family papers as in
the ])osscssion of the Counts of Cancclada,
and he used copies which were procured for
intended to have written an exhaustive history him by Gayangos. Spanish Coni/ncsl, \cw York
of America, but he only completed one volume, edition, iv. 227. — En.]
He however made copies of documents from
the Seville Archives in 17S2 and 17S3. which
form one hundred and fifty volumes. They are
now in various libraries, but the greater part
belongs to the Real .'Vcadcmia dc la historia de
[Rich (no. 48) priced this edition in 1S32
at /5 5.r. ; I.eclcrc (no. 1,733) '" '^^8 at Soo
francs. The Council of the Indies is said to
have tried to check its circulation. A copy is
in the Carter-Hrown (i. 2S2) Collection; and
I
'■■\
'I T
Ilk
I
ii
1 1 ill
Madrid. [See the Introduction '.0 the present another was sold in the Court sale recently
volume, p. iii. — Im).] (no. 12S). — El).l
VOL. II. — 72.
l.;i.
ll
f.
t,1l •
.1
I
570
NAKKATIVi: AND CRITICAL IIISTOKV OF AMERICA.
J'likiuiiio. always carufully indicatini; thu quotations and naming the authors. Hut his
memory was well stored with anecdotes that he had hearil when a boy ; and with these he
enlivens the narrative, while often a recollection of the personal appearance or of some
peculiarity of the historical character whose deeds he is recording enables hin) to give a
finishing louch to a picture. His father was a conqueror and an actor in most of the
chief events of the time; * his mother, an \ nca princess, and born in the city of Cusco ;
so tl"; future author had sjjecial advantages for storing up information. lie was born
in 1539. but a few years after the concpiest and one year after the death of Almagro.
He passed his school days at Cusco. with many other half-caste sons of the conquerors,
and went to Spain in ijfio, dying at Cordova in i()i6. 'i'lie tirst part of his great work
on I'eru originally appeared at Lisbon in 1609, the second part at Cordova in 1617. The
second anil best edition of the two parts appeared at Madrid in 1723. The English trans-
lation of Sir I'aul Rycaut (16S8) is worthless, and there has never been a complete Eng-
lish version of the second part, which is entitled Historia General del Peru. The episode
of the expedition of Gonzalo I'izarro to the land of cinnamon (part ii. lib. iii.) was trans-
lated by Clements R. ^L1rkham, C.B., and printed for the Hakluyt Society in 1859.-
The licentiate l'"ernando Montesinos is an authority of some reputation, but chiefly
valuable for his studies of native lore. Me was altogether upwards of fifteen years in
Peru. He was there a century after the conquest. His Memorias Antii^uas Htstoriales
exclusively relate to Ynca history; but his Aniiales contain a history of the conquest and
of subsequent events, and include some original documents, and a few anecdotes which
are not to be found elsewhere."
The authorities for the final settlement of Peru, after the crushing of the spirit of
revolt by the Marquis of Canete. are a good de.al scattered. A learned account of the
life and administration of Andres Marquis of Cafiete himself will be found in the admi-
rable Diccionario Histdricu-Biografico del Peru by General Mendiburii, published at
Lima in 1880; which also contains a Life of his successor, the licentiate Lope Garcia
de Castro.
The viceroy Don I'^rancisco de Toledo has left a deeper mark on the history of Peru
by his Lihro de Tasas and Ordenaii^as relating to mines and the treatment of Indians.
The transactions with reference to the judicial murder of Tupac Amaru and the perse-
cution of the Ynca family are briefly related by Garcilasso de la Vega ; but there is a
much more detailed account in the Coronica Moralizada del Orden de San Au^tistiii en el
Pent by l^ray Antonio de la Calancha, published at Barcelona in 1638.'' Calancha also
gives the remorseful will of Mancio Sierra de Leguizamo, whose life-story is fully related
by Don Jose Rosendo Gutierrez in the Revista Peruana (tomo ii. iSSo).
The story of the capture and execution of Tupac Amaru by the viceroy Toledo is told
in very full detail by Baltasar d'Ocampo, who was an eye-witness. His narrative has all
the charm of honest truthfulness ; and yet the incidents, thus simply related, are as inter-
esting as the most ingeniously constructed romance. Unfortunately the story, as told by
' [A view of wh;U is c.illcd the house of
Garcilasso do I.i Vega is given in Squicr's Pent,
Land of the liicas, p. 449. — Ed.]
- [.'V detailed bibliographical note of G.irci-
lasso de la Vega's works on Peru is given in
Note n, following the present chapter. — Ed.]
" [Prescott, who had copies of both manu-
scripts, speaks of the opportunities which Mon-
tesinos enjoyed in his oltici.il visits to Peru, of
having access to re]>ositorics, and of making an
inspection of the countrv. Ifc adds that a com-
parison of his narrative with other contempo-
rary accounts leads one sometimes to distrust
him. " His writings seem to mc," he s.ays, "en-
titled to little praise, either fur the accuracy
of their statements or the s,agacity of their
reflections." — 1^15.]
•• [Cf. Rich, no. 226 £,2 \os.; Sabin, vol. iii.
no. 9,870; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 450; Du-
fosse, no. ii,Si8, — 2,180 francs. A second part
was printed at fJma in 1653 by Cordova y
Salinas, the same who ijublished a Life of Fran-
cisco Solano, the apostle of Peru, at Lima in
1630, which ap])cared, augmented by Alonzo dc
Mendicta, at Madrid in 1643 (Lcclerc, nos. i,7' +
1,73!. — Ed.|
PIZARKO, AND THE CONQUEST OF PERU AND CHILI. 571
Ocampo (^Descrificion de la Provinciii tie Siiii I'roiidsio ifr I 'illcapaiiipa), lias never I)een
printed. It is anionij tiic maiuiscripts of tlie IJriiisli .Museum.'
I'olo de Ondegardo, tlie learned lawyer, wa.s the priiieip.il adviser o£ the viceroy
Toledo. He arrived in Peru before tlie president (Jasca, and held the important posts of
corn'i^idor ot" Potosi and of Cusco. He had a profound knowiedije of tlie Vnca system
of government, and his two Rehicioucs? addressed to the .M.irquis of Canete and the
Condc de Nieva, discuss the land tenures, colonial policy, and social legislation of the
natives. His labors were all undertaken with a view to adapting the best parts of tlie
Ynca system to the new polity to be instituted by the Spanish conquerors : and his
numerous suggestions, from this standpoint, are wise and judicious. A feeling of syni-
jiatliy for the Indians, and the evidence of a warm desire tor ilieir welfare pervade all his
writings. Tliere is another rough draft of a report by Polo de Ondegardo, a manuscript
in the National Lil)rary at Madrid," which contains much information respecting the
administrative system of the Yiuas; and here, also, he occasionally points out the way
in which native legislation might usefully be imitated by the conquerors. This report
of Polo de Ondegardo was translated by Clements R. Markham, CI!., and printed for
the Hakluyt Society in 1873 in the volume called Rites and Laws of the liuas. It is
believed that Polo de Ondegardo died at Potosi in about the year 15S0.
The other adviser of the viceroy Toleilo was a man of a very different character, .1
hard, relentless politician, indifferent .alike to the feelings and the physical well-being ol
the conquered people. Judge Matienzo wrote a work in two parts on the condition of the
people, the iiiita, or forced labor, the tribute, the mining laws, and on the duties of the
several grades of Spanish officials. The Gohicrno dc el Peru of .Matienzo is a manuscript
in the British .Museum.''
The whole body of ordinances and regulations relating to the aboriginal people and
their treatment by the conquerors is fully explained and discussed by Dr. Don Juan de
Solorzano, a profoundly learned jurist, and member of the Council of the Indies, in his
Politiia /«(//(/«(« (Madrid, 1648). The history of tv/t7)w/t7/(/<iJ' in Peru is well and ably
discussed by luirique Torres Saldamando in the Rcvista Peru, 'ui (vol. ii. 1880).''
The second Marquis of Cartete, who was viceroy of Peru in the last decade of the si.\-
teenth century, was best known for his conduct of the Araucanian war. when, as a young
man, he was governor of Chili. That famous war formed the suljject of the epic poem of
Alonzo de Ercilla, the warrior-poet. Uorn at ISermeo on the shores of the Bay of Biscay,
where the house of his ancestors is still standing, Ercilla began life as a page to the prince
of Spain, and volunteered to go out and serve .ag.ainst the Araucanians, when news arrived
of an outbreak and the death of \'aldivia. Born in 1533. he was only twenty-one when he
set out for Chili under the command of the youthful governor Garcia Ilurtado de Mendoza.
Ercilla was present at seven regular battles, and suffered much from hardships during the
harassing campaigns. He returned to Spain in 1562, after an absence of eight years. His
.Iraucana'^ is a versified history of the war, in wliicli he describes all tlie events in their
' Additional M.inuscripts, 17, sSj. drid in i5,S9, :nul .it Antwci]) in 1597; and the
- [These arc dated 1561 and 1570. The three jiarts, with a general title, appeared at
originals are in the Ksciirial ; copies are at Madrid in 1590, — the first complete edition as
Simancas. A copy, maile for Kingsboroiigh, Krcilla wrote it. Two parts were .again issued
became Prescott's, who records his estimate of at Antwerp in 1586; and other editions appeared
it (Peru, vol. i. p. 181). It is said that Herrera at Harcclona in 1502, and at Pcr|)ignan in 1596.
made use of Ondegardo's manuscript. — En.] A fourth and a fifth part were added by Osovio
•' Quarto on parqhment, B. 135. after Krcilla's death, and appeared at Salaman-
♦ Additional Manuscripts, 5,469. ca. 1597, and at Barcelona, 159S. Tliurc were
'' [Cf. notes to chap, on I.as Casas. — V.U.] later complete editions at Madrid, 1633, 1776,
^ [The first edition, of only fifteen cantoi", was iS:,S; at Lvons, iS:;i ; and at Paris, 1824 and
printed at Madrid in 1569. This was enlarged 1.S40. Cf. Sabin, vol. vi. nn. 22,718; Ticknor,
with a second part when issued at Antwerp Is S/>u>iis/i Literature, ii. 465; Ilallani, i.ilerntiire
1575; again at Madrid, in t578; and at Lisbon, of Europe, ii. 284; .Sisniondi, Literature of Soiitli
in 1581-88. ;\ tliird part w.is printed at Ma- of Europe, \\. T]\. —V.V>.\
I
i !
{ :
,4 ;
i;i
1 ■ '
tl' '
'f
Ill \
5/2
NAKKAIIVK AND CRITICAI. HISTORY OF A.MI.KIC-A.
HI
order, cmimcratcs tlu* contcndini; chiL'fs, with ;» few lint's to dcnotcjllic ciiaractcr or siiccial
rliaractiristic of cacli, and is minutely acruMtc even in Ids Kfoj^rapldcal details. He tells
IIS tiiat much of the i)i)em was composed in the country, and that hy the lij;ht of the camp-
fires at nij^ht he wrote down wh.it had occurred during the day. Ticknor looks upon the
/tiniicdiia as an historical rather than an epic poem ; ' and he considers tlie descriptive
powers of ICrcillo — except in relation to natural scenery — to l)e remarkable, the speeches
he puts in the mouths of Araucanian chiefs often excellent, and his characters to he drawn
witii force and distinctness. Pedro dc Oila. in his Aiiiiiio DomadiK- praises the j,'ovcrnor,
Iluriadode iMcndo/a, tlie future .Marquis of Caf\etc ; and Lope de Vega made his Arauca-
nian war the subject of one of his plays.
1 he Life of the viceroy .NLarquis of Canete (Garcia) was written by Don Cristdval
Suare/ de I"it;uer()a, a man of some liter.iry fame in his day. When the marquis returned
from Peru broken in health, he was treated witii neglect and ingratitude; nor had he
received full justice from Ercilla for his youthful exploits, — at least so thought his heirs
when he died in I59<); and they ajjplied to Suarez de Figueroa to undertake his biography,
placing all the viceroy's family and olTicial papers in the author's hands. The result was
the Ifcdios iii Don (Jiin I'a Iliiiliiiio lic Mciiiloza, cuarlo Afiin/iim dr Canctc. which was
printed in 1613. ■' It was reprinted in the (WtVi/Vw r/(' Histoiiadorcs dc CliiU\ — a work
published in seven volumes at .Santiago in i8f)4, edited by Don Diego Barros Arana. This
work contains a very full account of the administration of the marquis while he was vice-
roy of Peru.
Pedro de \'aldivia has written his own history of his conquest and settlement of Chili,
in his letters to the emperor. Charles V. They are preserved in the Arciiives at Seville
among the documents sent from Simancas, and have been published by Claudio Gaye in
his llistoiiti dc Chile (Paris. 1S46), and also in the first volume of the Colcccion dc llisto-
r/'iidorcs dc C/iiVc iSa.nt'y.igo, 1S64). The first of Valdivia's despatches is dated from La
Serena, Sept. 4, 1545, and the second from Lima, June 15, 154S. In the third he reports
fully on the state of affairs in Chili, and refers to his own previous career. It is dated
from Concepcion, Oct. 15. I350. There are two others, dated Concei)cion, Sept. 25, 1 55 1,
and Santiago. Oct. 26, 1552, which are short, and not so interesting.
Some discontented soldiers brought a series of fifty-seven accusations against \'al(ii-
via. which were considered by the president Gasca at Lima in October. 1548, — the result
being acquittal. The j-lclir dc .Iccusacion was published at Santiago in 1873 by liarros
Arana, together with Valdivia's defence and several other imjiortant historical documents.
That accomplished Chilian historian has also edited a very interesting letter from Pedro
de Valdivia to Hernando Pizarro, dated at La Serena on the 4th of September, 1545. which
fell into the hands of the president Gasca, and remained among his papers : and when he
was at .Sevili( in 1859. he discovered one more unimportant letter from the Cl-ilian con-
(jucror to Charles W, dated at .Santiago, July 9. 1549. 'Ihc first book of the records of
the Santiago municipality, called the I.ihro Bcccrro, embraces the years iVom 1541 to 1557.
It has been published in the first volume of the Colcccion de Ilisioriadorcs dc Chile, etc.
(Santiago. 1861). and contains tlie appointment of Valdivia as governor of Chili, ;iie found-
ing of Santiago, with the nomination of the first municipal officers, ordinances for mines,
and other important entries.
There is thus ample original material for the opening chapter of the history of Chili.
Moreover, the first connected work on the subject was written by one 01 the early con-
querors. Gongora .Marmolejo served under \'aldivia, and was an eye-witness of all the
stirring events of the time. His history begins .it the discovery of Chili, in 1536. and
1 ["A niilifarv j.nunal done into rhyme," as Spanish /.i/craliiir, ii. 469; Sahin, vol. xiv. no.
Prcscott calls it. — History of tlic Coiii/iiest of 57,300; Cartcr-l'rown, vol. !. no. 506. — El).]
Peru, ii. loS. — Ed-I '^ [This was reissued in 1616. Rich, no. 14J
- [Published at Lima, 1596. Of Ticknor, — /l 4?. — Ec]
PIZARRO, AND THE CONCjUIiST OF I'KKU AND CHILI. 573
is lirouglit down to the year 1575. Written in Santiago, it is ;ulilrc!*sL-(i to tlie i)rfsiilLiit
of tlic Council of the Indies ; and tliouj;li the style is tonfiised, and often obscure, tlie
narrative has the merit of impartiality, and supplies many interesting details. It also has
annexed documents, including a letter from Gon/:alo l'i/.arro to V'aldivia giving an account
of events in Peru, down to the death of lU.isco Nuflez du \'ela. The I/isloiut dc Chile of
Gongora Marmolejo remained in manuscript in the liiMiotec.i de S.d.i/.ar (11. 45) until it
was edited by Don I'ascual de liay.mgos, in 1.S50, for the fourth volume of the Mciiioiial
lUitorico Espanol. It h.is since been published in the CoUccion dc llistorLidoies de Chile,
The story of the surprise and death of the governor, Martin Garcia de Loyol.i, and of
the subsecpient formidable rising of the Araucanians in i5t>S, was written in the form of a
poem by Captain Fernando Alv.irez de Toledo. The work has no literary merit, and is
only valuable as an historical narrative. The manuscript is in the N.ition.d Library at
.M.idrid, and it was published by Don Diego liarros Arana, in the Collection d'Ouvrafjes
iiii'dits OH rares siir VAiiii'riqne (Paris, 1861). An interesting modern account of the
de.ath of the governor Loyola, entitled La sorfiirsa <lr (iiniliivu, was written by the
accomplished Chilian, Miguel Luis Amunatogui, and published as one of his Xaracioiu's
Histdricas (Santiago, 1876).'
The history of Chili, which follows ALirmolejo in point of time, is by Cordova y Figu-
ercM, a native of the country, and a descei hint of Ju.m de Negrete, one of the followers
ot Valdivia. Cordova y Figueroa was born it Concepcion in 1092, served with creilit in a
war with the Araucanians, and is believed to have written the history between 1740 and
1745. Beginning with the expedition of Alm.agro, it conies down to the year 1717, and
is the most complete history that had been written up to that date. The manuscript was
in the National Library at Madrid, and a copy was made for the Chilian government,
under the auspices of Don Francisco S. Astaburriaga, who was then minister to Spain.
It was published in the Coleccion de llistoriadores de Chile.
In this review of works on the conquest and first settlement of Peru and Chili, those
which refer only to the history and civilization of the Yncas, or to geography and natural
history, have been omitted, as they receive notice in the chapter on ancient Peru in the
first volume of this History.
EDITORIAL NOTES.
A. CiF.ZA DE Leon. — It does not seem de-
sirable to divide the bibliographical record of
Cieza de Leon between the present and the first
volume. His work was separated into four parts,
— \\\<^ first relating to the geography and descrip-
tion of Peru; the second, to the period of the In-
c.is ; the third, to the Spanish Conquest ; the
fourth, to the civil wars of the conquerors. The
fate of each part has been distinct.
Part I. Prescott (Peru, vol. ii. p. 306)
speaks of this as more properly an itinerary or
geography of Peru, presenting the country in its
moral and jjhysieal relations as it appeared to
the eye of the conquerors ; and not many of
them, it is probable, were so impressed as Cieza
de Leon was with the grandeur of the cordillera^.
Til is, as Parte primera de hi chronica del Peru,
was published in folio at Seville, in 1553. In
J [The Descubrimiento i Conqnista de Chile of Miguel Luis Amun.'itegui, published at Santiago de Chile
in 1862, was a work presented to the University of Chili in 1S61. — Eo.]
Ml-
1 1
:\
4T'"I
; I
' y
I': •
\t--
ill
.m
i
)
'
I
574
.\AKK.\ri\K AM) CKITICAl. lllSIOkV Ol AMKRICA.
Kii h% tiinr (iSj.) it wan worth jCi S'' I' was
rt'|>rintctl tliu iiuxl year (1554I at Aiilwcrp 111 two
di«tim.t editions. One, /,</ i/irtmini dtt l\>ii, in
(Inoilecinio, has the imprint of Nucio; the other,
likewixc in diiodecinui, is printed in an inferior
manner, and sometimes lias the name of Ilellero,
and sometimes that of SteeUio, as piililislier.
This hist edition has tlic larger title, l\ule f'n-
;«(■;■,; </<• l,i i/iioiii<M iltl JVru, etc., and was tlie
one nsed hv Tresi-ott, anil Icdioweil hy Mark-
li.iin in the translation, 'I'lavch I'f Ciiza i/r /.ton,
pulilislicil liy the llakluyt Society in 1>S6.(.-
Ill 1555 an Italian translation, Lit friiihi fartt
lit la iro/iicii ilil . . . /■■/■«, appcareil at Home,
made by Agostino Cravali/, or Auynstiiio di
(iravalis.^ A second edition — La priniii {lartf
i/ill' istorit ilil Pttii — apper.rcd the next year
|IS5(>) at Kome, and is found with the names of
two different pnhlishcrs.'
At Veiiiie, in 1560, appeared the Cronica del
•^iiiii rci^no i/il I'liu. This makes a work of
which the first volume is a reprint of dravali/.'
version of Cie/a, and volumes ii. and iii. contain
an Italian versimi of Gomara in continuation
olfered hy the same publisher, Ziletli, under the
title, /,!/ .',',<'«r/,f, terza fart,- ,hil,- hiiloriv ddt
India.''
The Knglish translation of Stevens ( The
S,-;viit,(H Voirs' 'I'larch ofTt-fcr d,' Chza Ihiotixh
llic mi,i;hly Aiii^'dom of l\-ru and llw lar^v I'tii-
hires of Carla^'etia and Pof-ayaii in Soiil/i .Imeriea,
from the City of l\tnaina on the Isthmus to the
I'tontiers of Chile) was jirinled at London in 1709,
aiitl appealed both separately and as a pan of
his collection of / '(it'(;4'i'.f. It gives only ninely
foiM- of ihe one huiulred and nineteen chapters.
Part II. Rich, lhouj.;li he had heard of this
part, supposed it to have disapiieareil and it is
spoken of as missing by Markham in "K^, and
by Ilarrisse in his liilil. Amer. Vet. (p. JKJ).
The manuscript of it was meanwhile in the
Kscurial, preserved in a bad copy made about
the middle or end of the sixteenth century; but
it is delicient in chapters i. and ii. and in jiart of
cliapter iii. .\nother manuscript copy not well
done i.s in the Academy of Ilistorv at ,MaiIil>,.
Lord Kingsborough had a copy, and from tliiit
Kicli had a tiflh copy made, wliiih was ii.sed liy
I'reHcotI i but it docs not appear th.it any of
theite student!! suspected it to be the second
part of tlie/a dc Leon. I'rescott, supposing it
to be written l<v the president of the C.)Uiu il of
the Indies, Sarmiento, instead of for that ofticcr,
ascribed it to him; but Kirk, I'rcscott's editor
(/'.7«, vol. ii. p. joS),has recognized its identity,
whiih f)r. M.muel llon/.iles di l.i Kos.i estaji-
lished when he edited the ICsi nri.il ui.inii-.cript
in 1S7J. This edition, though wholly printed in
London, has not been ni.ide public. Fullowing
another tr.iuscript, and correcting the .sjielling,
etc., Marcos Jimc'i './. de la Kspada printed it at
Madrid ic 1S80 as vol. v. of the HiNioteea I/is-
fanoCllramarina. An Knglish translation of it
was made by Mr. Markham, and pulilished by
the llakluyt Socielv in 1S85.
Part III. M.irkhani reports that lispada
says that this part is in existence, but in.iccessible.
Part IV. I'^sp.ida is cited as asserting that
bool I. and ii. of this part are in existence, but
inaccessible.
A m.inusciipt of book iii. is in the Kov.il
Library at M.uhid, in handwriting of the middle
of the sixteenth ceulury. It covers the period
from the appointnicnt of Hlasco Xufiez as vice-
roy in 1543 lo a period just previous to Gasca's
departure from I'aiiama for Peru in 1547. .\
copy of his manuscript, belonging to I'guin.i,
passed 10 Ternaux, thence lo Rich, who sold it
for /'ooo to .Mr. Leuoxj and it is now in the
Lenox Library.
It has since been included under Espada's
editing in the lUhlioteea //i.tfanol'ltramarina,
and w.is published at .Madrid in 1.S77 as 'J'ereero
lihro de las Cnerras ( 'ifiles del /'em.''
liooks iv. (war of Iluarina) and v. (war of
Xacpiixagnana), and two appcndeil conuneiitaries
on events from the founding of the Andieneia to
the departure of the president, and on events
extending to the arrival of the viceroy Mendoza,
are not known to exist, though Cieza refers to
them as written. These would complete thu
fvirtli part, and end the work.
' Cf. Rich, no. n; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. i;fi; Murphy, no. ^63; .'>umleil.iiKl, vol. iii. no. 7,575; .'>abin,
vol. iv. no. 1 !,044.
'■> Cf. Rich, nos. 2(5, 27 — .£1 i.e. ami .£1 lot. ; .'Jahin, 1 1,045 - 13,04': ; Cooke, no. 523 ; Carter-Brown vol. ;.
nos. 1S5, iSft; Court, no. 63 ; Ternaux, no. Cifi ; Urinley.no. 5,345; Lccleic, no. 1,706, — 2oofr.'incs; Quaritch,
t'; .ind .£10; F. S. Ellis (1SS4) .£7 \os. The latest Spanish edition, Cronica del Pern, constitutes vol. xxvi.
of the BiUioteea de Autores Fsfauole!, ptihlishcd at Madrid in 1852.
' ."sabin, no. 13,047 ; Cartci-Iirown, vnl. i. no. ii/i.
■• There are copies in the I.cnox and Cartcr-lirown (vol. i. nu. 208) libraries. Cf. S.ibin, nos. 13,048 - 13,049;
I.cclcrc. no. 1,70; ; Triiwel, no. 19.
* There arc copies in the lioston Pii'ilic, I-cniix, and Carter-Brown (vol. i. nos. 231, 249, 254) libraries. A
set is worth about ?2o. (S.ibin. nos. 13,050-13,052; Field. 114,315; Rich, no. 30 — loj. ; Court, no. 64;
Loderc, no. 1,70s ; Sobolewski, 3,744 ; Dufoss^, no. .S.(i7,S.) .Some copies .arc dated 1 564, and dates between
I ;C>o and 1564 .are on the second and third volumes (Sabin, no. 13,053). These three parts were again reprinted
■at Venice in i576(Sabin, no. 13.054 ; Leclerc, no. 1,709; Cooke.no. 524).
' Cf. Leclerc, nos. 2,503, 2,672 ; Coleccion de dociimentos iinditos (Es/aiin) vol. Ixviii,
iii. no. 7,575 ; Sabin,
PI/.ARRO, AND Tin: CONQUEST ol I'FRU AND CUW.l 575
What we know of Cicia U mainly derived
fruni himself and the hricf notice in Antonio's
Jlihliot/itai t/isf.ni,! .\W,i (Madrid, 178.S). The
writer of the torcgoiiii,' ihapter nivts an account
of (.'ieza's career, as well as it could l)c made out,
ill his translation of the TnurU ; but he siipulu-
niciits lliat Htury in the iiitruducliuii to hiii ver:iiun
of Part II.
B. f'lARftl.ASSo IiF. I. A Vl.iiA. — The Pnmfra
fatU lie III! Commcnlaiios im/is scliiis to have
been printed — according to the coloplioii at
Lisbon — in 160.S, l)Ut to have been piiblislicd
in l6og. It has incidental notices of Spanish-
American history, thouKli concerned mainly
witli ( lironicles of the Incas.'
The second part, calle<l //is/iOta (,\'n,iti/ del
Peru, was printed at Cordova in lOid, though
most copies arc dated 1C17. The titles of the
two dates slightly vary. This volume is of
larger size than that of ito).'-
The two parts were reprinted by Itarcia at
Madrid in 1 72.'-! 72 j.' Tliere have been l.itir
editions of the Spanish at Madrid in itioo, aiul
in 1829, in four volumes, as a part of a .scries;
Cimquistii t/el jYiieTo Afoiido, in nine volumes,
wliich embraced also Sulis's Mexico, Garcilasso
de la Vega's l'"iorida, and the Florida of Car-
denas y Cano.
Rycaut's Knglisli /<oy,il (\nii»icnl,tries of
Pent (London, i6S,S) was priced by Rich (no.
4J0) in iSjj2 at l,\ 4/., and is not worth more
now.* Markiiain's iCnglisli version of the first
part was issued in two vohmies by the Ilakhiyt
Society in iSlx^iS/i.
The French version (by J. liaudciin) of the
first part was printed at I'aris in 1653 ^* ^-^
Ci'inmenlaire A'ovn/,'' and of the second part as
llistohe lies Giierres Civiles in 1650, and again
in 1658 and 1672," and at Amsterilam in 1706.'
\ French version of the first part was also
[)rinted at Amsterdam in 1715,^ and joined with
the book on Florida ; another French c<lition
appeared at .Vmsterdam in 17J7.'' A new trans-
lation of this first part, m.uie by halibard, wa»
printed in I'aris in I7.(.(.'' Haudoin's version
of both paits was reissued in I'aris in iSjo."
There was \ (Icrman Iransl.ition in |;>»S.
An account ul (i.ircila>so de la Vega and
his ancestry is given by M.irkham in the intro-
duction to luM ver>ion o| the Poyal Commtiilariei
of l/ie i'neiii. .\nother account in in the Voew
meiilOi iiii'dilos {p.if.iii,!), vol. xvi.'-
The estimate held of him by Koliertsiui hat
been largely shared among tli>- older of the
modern writers, who .seem tu think that (iar*
cilasso added little to what he borrowed from
others, though we find >ome traces in him o(
authorities now lost. Tlie later writers are more
generous in their (iraise of him. Pre^cott ipiotcs
him more than twice as often as he cites any
other of the contemporary sources. (Cf. his
/'em, vol. i. p. 2S1). )
Helps says that "with the exception of
llcrnal Uia/. ,nid L.is ('asas, there is not per-
haps any historical writer of that periml, on the
subject of the Indies, whose loss would be more
felt than that of Garcilasso de la Vega."
C. Mi'.MORA.NPA. — \n early voyage to the
coast is supposed to be indicated in an Italian
tract of 1521, mentioned in the catalogue of
the liiblioteca (,'olombina. It is not now known,
except in what is supposed to be a Germ.in
version.''' The first tidings (March 15, 1533)
which Kurope got of I'i/arro's success came
from a letter which was addrcs.>,ed to the
emperor, probably in Spanish, though we have
no copy of it in that tongue ; but it is preserved
in Italian, Copiii delU tellere del prefetto delta
fndia, la Ntie^ra S/;it;nit dellii, a plaquettc of
two leaves, of which there is a copy in the Lenox
Library. It is supposed to have been |irinted
at Venice.''' This version is also included in the
1 Kicli priced it in 1832 at ,C\ lof., and Lcclcrc in 1S7S (no. 1,740) at 100 fr.ancs. There are copies in the
C.irter-Iirown (vol. ii. no. <)6), Hiistun rublic, and II.-\rvard CollcRC libraries; ,ind others were sold in the
Murphy (no. 2,589) and O' C;illasban (no. (|0j) collections. Cf, Sunderland, vol. 11. no. 5,35.8 ; vol. v. no. 12,814 j
Ticknor, Spanis/i Lilerutiire, vol. iii. p. 146.
* There are copies in the Boston I'ublic, Harvard College, and Carter-Brown (vol. ii. nos. iS^ 107) libraries.
Kich priced it in 1S32 at .Ci io.t. ; Leclerc (no. 1,741) in 1S7S at 100 fr.incs, Cf. Murphy, no. 2,5yo ; Huth,
vol. ii. p. 574.
3 Leclerc, no. 1,742 ; Carter-Drown, vol. iii. nos. 327-329 ; Field 5S9.
* Cf. Prcscott's Peru, vol. i. p. 294 ; Pield, 592.
6 Carter-Drown, vol. ii. no. 405 ; Leclerc, no. 1,745.
0 Ibid., vol. ii. nos. 700, 842 ; Leclerc, no. 1,744.
7 Ibid., vol. iii. no. 82.
s Ibid., vol. iii. no. 205.
" Ibid., vol. iii. no. 561 ; Field, no. 591.
1" Leclerc, no. 1,746; Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 768.
" Ibid., no. 1,747. .
'■^ Cf. Ticknor, Sfanisit Literature, vol. iii. p. 1S8.
" Bibl. Amer. Vet., no. 102; Addilious, no. 65.
''' BiN. Amer. Vet., no. 193 ; Bibliolheca GrenvdUana, p. 537 ; Bibliotheca Hel'triana, vol. 1. no. 1,961
h ' '
< ~ II
i "
576
NARRATU'K AND CRITICAL HISTORY OK A.M1:RICA.
'I J
Ci/'iv ill Bciicdctlo (Venice, 1534). A (Jeiinaii
translation was printed at Nuremberg, Feb-
ruary, 1 534, as \civc /^cittiiig mis J/is/'iiiiivii, of
four leaves.' A French issue, A\>ii:'Ml's cer-
taincs dcs isles dii Peru, dated 1534, is in the
British Museum.- Tieknor-* cites Gayangos'
references to a tractate of four leaves, l.,i Con-
ijuisla dc-l Pcni, which he found in the liriti^h
iMuseum.*
It is not very clear to what city reference is
made in a |)laciuette, Lctcra </c la nolnl cipta,
ncniiDhiitv rit>\ni-\ita tillo Iiulic , . . ilii/ii in
Pent ,i,/i. xxzi di iicn'cmhrc, dc MDXXXIUr.
An edition of the ne.\t year (1535) is "data in
Zhaual."'' Marco Guazzo's Ilisloric di tiittc Ic
cose dtgiie di mcmoiia qiitildel tiiiiio MDXXIl [I.,
etc., published at Venice in 1540, gives another
early account." It was repeated in the edition
of I545:>'h1 '546-
The Dc Pcrinitc nxionis, iiilcr lun'i orbis
frcr.'iiicias cclclicniiiut iin-cntionc of l.evinus
Apollonius of Ghent was published at Antwerp
in ijfij, 15(16, 1567, for copies with these
respective dates are found;" though Sabin
thinks Rich and Ternaux are in error in assign-
ing an edition to 1565. It covers events from
the discovery to the time of Gasca and the
death of Gonzalo Pizarro." It also appeared
as a third i)art to the German translation of
Benzoni (liasle 15S2).
Ternau.x-Compans in his / 'i'r('.i,v.f has jire-
served in a Trench version several early chroni-
cles of minor importance. Such is Miguel
Carcllo Balboa's Ilistoirc dii Pent (in vol. xvii.),
the work of one who went to Bogota in 1566,
and finished his work at Quito in isSfi. It
rehearses the story of the Inca rule, not alwavs
agreeing with Garcilasso, and only touches the
Spanish Conijuest as it had proceeded before
the murder of Atahualpa." Another work is
the Ilistoirc dii Pcron of Father Ancllo Oliva,
a Jesuit, who was born at Naples in 1593, came
to Pern as a Jesuit in 1597, and died at Lima
in 1643. It was apparently written before 1631;
hut what Ternaux affords us is oi\ly the lirst of
the four books which constitute the comiiletcd
work.'' Juan de Velasco's Ilistoirc dc Quito, a
work of a later day but based on the early
sources, makes volumes xviii. and xix. of Tcr-
naux's co'.lvction.
.Monso de Ovalle's historical account ol
Clhili was issued at Rome in 1646, in Italian, as
I/istorici A'cliitioiic del Pcl^iio di Cilc, and the
same year at the same ])lace in Spanish, as I/is-
toricii Kcliicion del Kcyiic dc Chile. Six of the
eight books are given in KnL,'.ish in Churchill's
Voyages (1732), and in Pinkerton."
Among the minor documentary sources there
is much of interest to 1)e f(jund in the Dociiiiicn-
tos iiicditos [Espaha], vols, v., xiii., xxvi., xlix., 1.,
and li.
The Minislerio de Foniento of Peru printed
at Madrid in iSSi the first volumes — edited by
Jimenez de la Fspada — of Relacioiies gcograficiis
dc Iiidias. The editor supplied a learned intro-
duction, a"d the volume contained twelve docu-
ments of the sixteenth century, which were then
inihlished for the first time ; '- and they con-
tribute to our knowledge of the condition of the
country during that period.
There are other documents covering the whole
course of Peruvian history in the collection of
Doeumciitos liistoricos del J'crii en las epocas del
coloiuagc dcs flies de la coiiqiiista y dc la iiidcf-eii-
dciicia /lasta a f'reseiilc, colcctados y arrcglados por
el coroucl Manuel Odriozola, the first vohmie of
which was published at Lima about twenty-five
years ago (1S63).
Ilarrisse {Bi/il. /liner. J'et., pp. 320-322) enu-
merates many copies of manuscripts preserved
in New York and Boston, some of which have
since been printed. There is record of other
manuscripts in New York in the A/a«a:ine of
American History, i. 254.
The Varias rclaeioncs del Peru y Chile y
Coiii/uisla dc la isla de Santa Catalina, 1535-
1 Bibl. Amcr. \'ct.,\m. 195; Libri [Catalogue (reserved part), nu. 32. There is a copy ni the Lenox
Libmry.
- /?//>/. Amcr. Vet., no. 196; Bibliothcca Greniiiliana, p. 537.
3 .Spanish Literature, ii. 40.
■• Cf. Sabin, vol. xiii. no. 54.045.
5 Cf. Carter-Brown, i. nos. 111, 113; BiH. Amcr. Vet., nos. 191, 206 ; Lcderc, nos. 2,339, at 1,200 francs.
" /?//'/. Amcr. Vet., Additions, nos. 124, 153, 157.
t I.eclerc, no. 1,689.
8 Cf. Rich, no. 44 — .t'l 4,c. ; Cartcr-Hrown, i. 26S : Quaritch, .£3 y.; Sunderland, vol. iv. no. 9,515;
Sabin, vol. i. no. 1,761 ; Hiitli, i. 41 ; Colui (1SS4), no. 113, at 75 marks. The Catalogue dc M. A. Chaiiniettt
its Fosse's, Paris, 1S42, is mainly of books pertaining to Peru.
" Field, Indian Bibliography, no. 67.
" Lcclerc, no. i.SoS.
Jl Ricli, no. 253 — X3 y.\ Sabin. vol. xiv, no. 57,971, 57.972; Carter-Brown, ii. 592; Quaritch, £(> 6!.-
Sunderland (iS<S3), ^5 ; Kosenthal (1SS4), 00 marks.
'- Leclerc, no. 3,029.
1 Leclcrc, no. 3,()2S.
VOL. II. —73-
" /?i>f/.j;/ Pitbiic Librayy CiUah^i^ur.
" llilh'iittlh'iti Aiih-iiiiiini. no. i,6S;.
w
1 1' •
'h
PIZARRO, AXU THE CONQUEST OF PERU AXO ClllLI. 577
ttcii before l6ji;
^ only the fust of
te the completed
sloirc dc Quito, a
cd oil the early
and .\i.\. of Ter-
rical account nl
t).(6, ill Italian, as
(// Cili; and the
Spanish, as J/is-
Villi-. Six of the
ish in Churchill's
m."
tary sources there
, in the Dociimcn-
iii., .\.\vi., xli.x., 1.,
1 of I'cru printed
unies — edited hy
tacioiics i;i:Oi;ri[lhiis
•A a learned intro-
lined twelve docii-
', which were then
'- and they con-
le condition of the
:overing the whole
the collection of
u til Ills i'/>Oiiis del
111 y dc III iiidifeii-
'ps y a)-n\i;liulos [•or
first volume of
ibout twenty-tive
pp. 320-332) enu-
iscripts preserved
nc of which have
record of other
the Miii^iizhic of
Peru V Cliih' V
Ciitaliihi, 1535-
copy in the Lenox
339, at 1,200 francs.
vol. iv. no. 9,ii;.'
ic M. A. Chaumcttt
Quaritch, £6 f)i.
PRK.SCOTI S I.IIiR.VKV.
ifij.S (Madrid, 1S79) ' constitutes vol. .\iii. of
Vokicioii di' lihros niros 0 ciiriosos, which includes
anoiivnions manuscripts in " Kelacion del sitio
del I'lisco, 1537-1539," in the " Rehelion de
Ciiron, 1553," and in some others of the seven-
teenth centurv. Vol. xvi. of the same Coli'rcioii is
edited 1)V I imeues de la Es|)ada, and is entitled
Memoriiis tiiitis^iiiis /lisloriiilis y /•oll/ims del J'eni,
por D. I'ciiiiiiido Moiilisiiio.i, si\i;iiidiis de liis In-
foniiiieiones iieeren del seiiorio de los /iieiis, lieehns
/•or iiioiidado de I), /•'niiieiseo de Toledo, vi'rey del
J'eril [1570-1572!. Madrid, 1SS2. An account
of the orif;inal which tiiis edition of the work of
Montesinos follows is given in the preface. 'I'he
editor criticises the transl.ilion by lleni i 'rernaux-
I'ompans in hi.; Memoires historicpies sur rancien
I'erou (forming part of his /'(M'(;j,to), I'aris, iS.|0.-'
Leclerc in lS7S'' offered for 2,500 francs an
nnprinletl manuscript containing the military
Lives of I'edro Alvarez, de Molguin and Martin
de .Mmeiulral (Almendras), consisting of depo-
sitions respecting their services by eye-witnesses,
taUeii in pursu mce of a claim by their families
for the pos.A-ssion of titles and property, their
ancestors having been among the conquerors.
The most conspicuous writers upon Peru-
vian history in English are riesc(Jtt, Helps, and
Markh.im, — the lirst two as the historians of
the l'on<|uesl, ,ind the third as an anuotator of
tile luiginal sources and an elucidator of coii-
iroverled points. Trescott's Conquest of Peru
was published in l,S43. lie h.id been fortunate
enough to secure copies from the nianuscripl
stores which Muiioz had gathereil, and X.ivar-
rete allowed his collections to be gleaned for
the .American's use. lie did not fail of the
sympathy and supjiort of Ternanx and of (l.iy-
angos. The ingeiiinii^ and active assistance of
Obadiah Rich secureil him a good share of the
iiianusci ipts of the Kingsbiirough (.'oUection
wlunth.it was scattered. The Coii,/ue.<t of Pern
was promptly traiislaled inlo Sp.iiii.-h, .uul
imblished at Madrid in i.S.(7-i,S4S ; ami ag.iin in
a version supposed to have been made by
Icazbalceta. It was ininted at Mexico in i.S.pj.
A l''ieiKh translation wis introduced to the
world by .\medee I'ichot, and the ICnglish on
the continent were soon able to read it in their
own tongue under a Paris imprint. The Dutch
and German people were not long without
versions in their vernaculars. Since .Mi. I'res-
cott's death the revision, which (he American
reader was long kept from (owing to the ob-
structions to textual ini|)rovements imposed
',\
'r < •
(It
W
\
.1
\
i
t
l^f.'
Wii
'j\ ■ -iv
578
NARRATIVE AiND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
by the practice of stereotyping), was made by
Mr. Kirk, wlio liad been Prescott's secretary ;
and tlie new edition, witli that gentleman's elu-
cidatory and corrective notes, appeared at I'hila-
deli)hia in 1874.
As was the case with the hero of Mexico,
the chapters in Ilelps's Spanish Conquest on the
conciniror of Peru have, since the publication
of that book, been extracted and fitted newly
together under the title of The Life of Pizano,
xuilh some account of his Associates in the Con-
quest of Peru, published in London in 1S69.
Pizarro is not, under Ilelps's brush, the abhor-
rent figure of some other historians. " He is
always calm, polite, dignified," he says. " He
was not one of the least admirable of the con-
querors."
Mr. Markham, referring to a visit which ho
made to Prescott, says : " He it was who en-
couraged me to undertake my Peruvian investi-
gations and to persevere in them. To his kindly
advice and assistance I owe more than I can
say, and to him is due, in no small degree, the
value of anything I have since been able to do
■n furtherance of Peruvian research." The
first fruit of Mr. Markham's study was his
Cusco and Lima in 1856. Three years later
(1859) he was sent by the British Government
to superintend the collection of cinchona plants
and seeds (quinine) in Peru, and to introduce
them into India. In pursuit of this mission, he
formed the acquaintance with the country which
was made public in his Travels in Peru and
India in 1S62. In 1880 he epitomized his great
knowledge in a useful little handbook on Peru,
which was iiublished in London in the series of
Foreis^n Countries and British Colonies. H;s
greatest aid to the historian has come, however,
from the annotations given by him to numerous
volumes of the Hakluyt Society, which he has
edited, and in his communications to the Journdi
of the Koyai Geoj;ra/>hiiat Society,
The Peruvian story is but an incidental fea-
ture of Hubert H. Bancroft's Central America,
where Alvarado's report of May 12, 1535, and
other documents which fell into that author's
hands with the Squier manuscripts afford in part
the basis of his narrative, vol. ii. chap. vii. Han-
croft accounts Pizarro himself the most detestable
man in the Indies after Pedrarias. He collates
the authorities on many disputed points, and is
a valuable assistant, particularly for the relations
of operations on the isthmus to those in Peru, —
such as the efforts of Gonzalo Pizarro to make
the isthmus the frontier of his Peruvian govern-
ment, and Gasca's method of breaking through
it. In his chapter on " Mines and Mining'' in
his Afexico (vol. iii.) he incidentally recapitu-
lates the story of the wealth which was extracted
from Peru.
The dignified and well-balanced story as told
in Robertson's America (bookvi.) is not without
use to-day, and his judgment upon authorities
(note cxxv.) is usually sound. He has of course
fallen behind that sufficiency which Dr. Smyth
found in hiin, when he gave his Lectures on
Modern History (lecture xxi.). The latter writer
reflected an opinion not yet outgrown when he
says that " Pizarro was, after all, a vulgar con-
queror, and is from the first detested, though he
seizes upon our respect, and retains it in defiance
of ourselves, from the powerful and decisive na-
ture of his courage and of his understanding."
The latest English summarized vie .1 of the
Conquest will be found in R. G. Watson's Span-
ish and Portiis^uese South America during the
Colonial /'<•;/*/ (London, 1SS4). The author lived
in South America about twenty years ago, in
various parts, as a diplomatic agent of the
English government.
M
li
THE
AMAZON AND ELDORADO.
BY THE EDITOR.
IN 1528, in order to follow up the explorations of Ojeda and others on the coast of
Venezuela the Emperor had agreed with t! great German mercantile house of the V'elsers
to protect a colony to be sent by them to found cities and to mine on this northern coast.'
This was the origin of the expedition led by Ambrosio de Alfinger to find a fabulous golden
city, of which reports of one kind and another pervaded the Spanish settlements along
the coast. It was in 1530 that Alfinger started inland. This march produced the usual
story of perfidy and cruelty practised upon the natives, and of attack and misery experienced
by the invaders. Alfinger died on the way, and after two years (in 1532) what was left of
his followers found their way back to the coast.
Meanwhile an expedition inland had started under Diego Ordaz in 1531, by way of the
Orinoco ; but it had failed, its leader being made the victim of a mutiny. One of his officers,
Martinez, being expelled from the force for misbehavior, wandered away until he fell into tlie
hands of people who blindfolded him and led him a ^;reat way to a city, wliere tiie bandage
was removed from his eyes. Here they led him for a day and night through its streets till
they came to the palace of Inga their Emperor, \.ith whom being handsomely entertained he
stayed eight months, when, being allowed to return, he came down the Orinoco to Trinidad,
and thence to Porto Rico, where, when dying, he told this tale of Manoa, as he called the city.
He was the first, the story goes, to apply the name of Eldorado to the alluring kingdom
in the depths of the continent. This is the pretended story as Raleigh sixty years later
learned from a manuscript which Berreo the Governor of Trinidad showed to him.-
Again, the Germans made another attempt to penetrate the country and its mystery.
George of Spires, under the imperial sanction, coming from Spain with four hundred men,
started inland from Coro in 1534. He succeeded in penetrating about fifteen hundred
miles, and returned with the survivors in 1538.
A lieutenant had played him false. Nicolaus Federmann ' had been disappointed in not
getting the command of the expedition, but being made second, was instructed to follow
alter his chief with supplies. Federmann avoided making a junction witli George, and
wandered at the head of about two hundred men, who were faithful to him, seeking glory
on his own account, till after three years of labor he emerged in April, 1539. from the
mountain passes upon the plains of Bogotd. Two years before this (in 1537) Gonzalo
IJ ^
1 Cf. Knrl KHipfel, in the BiMiothck des
Uti'rarischen I'ereiiis in Stuttffart, no. xlvii. ( 1S59) ;
Karl KUinzinger, Antheil dcr Dctttsclicn an dcr
EiitdccktiiigvonSiidamcrika, Stuttg.irt, 1857 ; and
K. von Kloocn's "Die Welser in Augsburg als
besitzer von Venezuela," in the Bertiiur Zcit-
schrift fiir al/gemeinc Erdkiiitde, v. 441.
- Cf. Schombmgk's R,ilei::;!i\'! Disiirfery of
Gniaiia, \t. 17. Raleigh's enumeration of the
various searches for Eldorado in this book are
annotated by Schomburgk.
' An account nf an earlier expedition by
Federmann in this region, Indianische Hisloria.
recounting experiences in 1 529-1 531, was printed
II
M
1
hi
'm
580
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
Ximenes Quesada, following up the Magdalena River, had arrived on the same plateau, and
completed the conquest of New G.'anada. The year following (1538), Sebastian de
Belalcazar, marching north from Quito, had reached the same point.'
Thus the three explorers from three directions came together. They joined forces and
descended the Magdalena to Santa Martha, -..'here Pedro Fernandez cie Lugo, the associate
of Quesada, died, while Quesada himself proceeded to Spain to obtain the government of
the newly discovered region. Meanwhile Hernan Perez, a brother of Quesada, being left
JL^ Lic^nciado Gonr2.cuo OCvmene^ di
QtieaadcL ducaJmo unutm) Reyna
de Grci/nadcL
QUE-S-^DA.-
in 1557 at Hagenaw. Ternaiix, in the first 1529-1531, printed in the Z>;7V/,-r/,7//;w/OT7V///(/«
voFunie of his /',m>i,v^, etc. (P.ivis, 1S37), gave a Venim fiir Erdkundf tii Dfcsdcn, \%i>(i, Aniuw;:;,
translation of it, with an introduction. Hi.s route, p. 93; also in 1868.
as marked by Khnuingcr in the l)ook already ' Cf. MarUham's Ti-aveh of Cicza de Leon,
cited, is not agreed to liv Tlr. ^^()viti^ Wcinliold, p. 110; and liis Xarnitive ofAndiv^oya, P- xxv.
in rih-r Xicohuis FeJerm.niii's h'eise in I 'eiieziichi, - Fac-simile of engraving in Ilerrcra, iii. ::i3'
1^'
THE AMAZON AND ELDORADO.
581
in command in Bogota, committed the usual cruel excesses upon the Cliibclias, but finally
left them, to follow another adventurer who had arrived in the track of Federmann, with the
same stories of the golden city. So tiie recreant Governor joined tlie new-comer Montalvo
de Lugo, and together they marched eastward on their golden quest. He returned to Bogota
in a year's time, wiser but not happier.
Meanwhile a new expedition was forming on the Venezuela side. Among the followers
of George of Spires had been one Philip von Huten,' who after George's death, and when
Rodrigo IJastidas had succeeded him, was made the commander of an expedition which left
Coro in 1541 by vessels, and, prepared for an inland march, landed at li.irburata. The
next spring he got on the track of Oues.ada and resolved to follow it ; but the ex;jedilion
only journeyed in a circle, and after suffering all sorts of hardships found itself at the point
of setting out. Huten, undaunted, again started with a smaller force. He encountered and
made friends of the L'aupe Indians, and under their guidance proceeded against the towns
of the Omaguas, where they encountered resistance ; and Huten being wounded, the
invaders retreated, and brought to an ■..-nd another search for Eldorado. The expedition
had added a new synonym, Omaguas, for the attractive lure.
pll..*ffC»«lT*
Mourns or 7-«oR/Noco
MOUTHS OF THt
SKETCH ^r.•\I^ AMAZON and KI.DORAnO.
Huten, on his return to Coro, found that Carbajal had seized the government. This bru-
tal soldier now executed Huten, and held his iniquitous sway until the licentiate Juan Perez
de Tolosa arrived with the imperial anthority in 1 546, when Carbajal was in turn put to death.
Thus ended the German efforts at South American discovcrv on tl'.is side of the continent.
Meanwhile Gonzalo Ximenes Oucsada's visit to Spain had failed in making him the
Governor of New Granada, as he had hoped. Luis Alonzo de Lugo, the son of Ouesada's
associate, was the successt'ul applicant for the position. The new Governor arrived in
1542, but a n-siift'nciii interrupted his career, and Pedro de L'rsua, a nephew of Arnien-
dariz, the judge who had taken the irsiiieitria. was sent to Bogot.i to take charge. Thence
his patron sent him on the old quest for the rivers flowing over golden sands. He failed
to find Eldorado , but he founded the city of I'ampluna in the wilds, and ruled its stately
1 t^
. 1
' ';
f
"■. :
h
!'■ V
i
-\
i
i
1^
5-, 1
f'
It •
1 He is somctimci called L'tcn, Utro, Urra, etc.
58:
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
I. : I
lots for two years. Tlicii Armendari/ had his downf.dl in turn, and I'cdro dc Ursua in
1549 found favor cnou^i,'li witli those wlio tlicii administered the giivernnient to ;;et coni-
maiKl of anotlicr expedition to I'lldorado, durini; wliicli he founded anotiier city, \vliiei\
he had to abandon in 1552 because the natives attacked it so persistently. Ne.xt, I'edro
was put in command of Santa '^lartha, and began to fight the Indians tiiereabout; but
seeking a larger field, he staj U<1 for Peru. Mis fame was sufficient to induce the
authorities at Panama to engage him to quell the Cimarroncs, who infested the Isthmus.
In two years Ursua accomplished this task, and then went on to Peru, where at Lima, in
1559, the new viceroy Canete appointed him to lead a well-equipped expedition to Eldo-
rado and the Omaguas. If the fabled city should not be reached, the quest for it would
draw away from Canete's jjrovince the prowling ruffians whom the cessation of the civil
wars had left among the settlements. But it was thought the (juest was more likely to be
successful than any previous one had been, since \'iraratu, a coast chieftain of lirazil, had
with two Portuguese recently ascended the Amazon, and had coiifiriiied to Cartete the old
stories of a hidden lake and its golden city.
Pedro de Ursua started in boats down the Ilualiaga to the .Maranon, and .so on to the
neighborhood of Machiparo. At this jioint, on New Year's day. 1561, conspirators mur-
dered Ursua, threw oil allegiance to Spain, and made Fernando de (nizman their sov-
ereign. One Lope de Aguirre was the leailer of the insurrection, and it was not long
before Guzman paid tlie penalty of hi.s life in turn, and Aguirre became supreme. The
conspirators went on to the mouth of the Negro, but from this point authorities differ as
to their course. Humboldt and Southey supposed they still kept to the Amazon until
they reached the sea. Acuiia, Simon, Acosta, and among the moderns Markhani,
suppose they ascended the Negro, crossed by tlie Cassiquiari canal to the Orinoco, and
so passed on to the ocean ; or if not by this route, by some of the rivers of Guiana. .Air.
Markhani ^ balances the testimony. Once on the ocean, at whatever point, Aguirre steered
'.lis vessels for the north ai ' est till they came to the island of Margarita, then colonized
by the Sjianish. Having SL.....d this settlement, Aguirie led his followers across the inter-
vening waters to \'enezuela, with the aim of invading and conquering New Granada ; but
in due time a Spanish force led by Gutierrez de la Pefia confronted the traitor and his
host, and overthrew them. Many of Aguirre's men had deserted him : when killing his
own daughter, that she might not survive to be stigmatized as a traitor's chikl, he was set
upon and despatched by his conquerors.
The earliest account of the expedition of Ursua and Aguirre is a manuscript in the
Royal library at Madrid written by one of the company, Francisco Vasquez, who re-
mained with Aguirre under protest till he reached Margarita. Vasquez's story was a
main dependence of Pedro Simon, in the sixth of the Priiiiem parte dc las A'oticias
hisioriahs dc las Conquistas de Ticrra Finite cii las fndias Oicidentales, published at
Cuenca in 1C27. Simon, who was born in Spain in 1574, had come to Bogotd in 1604,
in time to glean much from men still living. After many years of gathering notes, he
began to write his book in 1623. Only one part, which included the affairs of Venezuela
and the expedition of Ursua and Aguirre, w.as printed. Two other parts are in existence;
and Colonel J. Acosta, in his Compcndio liistorico del descubriinieiito y colonizacion dc la
Nncva Granada en cl sii^lo deciino sexto, jniblished at Paris in 1848, made use of them, and
says they are the most valuable recital of the sixteenth century in existence which relates
to these regions.- The account of Simon, so far as it relates to the expedition of Ursua,
has been translated by William Bollaert, and properly annotated by Mr. Markhani : it
constitutes the volume published by the Hakluyt Society in 1861, called The Expedition
of Pedro dc Ursua and Lope dc A;^iiirre in search of Eldorado and Omai^iia in 1560-
1561. It has a map which marks the alternative courses of Aguirre.'
1 Introduction of his Search for F.utoriuio. " Cf. Markhani 's introduction to this volume ;
'^ Manuscript copies of these parts are in the II. II. Bancroft's Central America, ii. 61. The
Lciiox Library. Expedition of Orsiiu and the Crime of Agidrre, by
THE AMAZON AND ELDORADO,
583
xlro de Uisua in
lent to t;et com-
nlicr city, whicli
ly. Next, I'cdro
thereabout; hut
it to iiuhicc the
ted the Isthmus.
iVhcrc at Lima, in
pudition to Llilo-
uest for it would
ation of the civil
more likely to lie
tin of Brazil, had
to Caflete the old
and so on to the
xjuspirators nuir-
Lizman tlieir sov-
it was not long
; supreme. The
;horities differ as
he Amazon until
derns I\Larkhani,
the Orinoco, and
of Guiana. Mr.
t, Aguirre steered
ta, then colonized
across the inler-
L'w Granada ; but
e traitor and his
when killing his
child, he was set
iianuscript in the
'asquez, who re-
ez's story was a
(/(,' Ids A'oliiins
les, published at
Bogot.i in 1604,
hering notes, he
lirs of \''enezuela
are in existence ;
olouizacion de la
use of them, and
ice which lelates
sdition of Ursua,
Ir. Markham : it
1 The Expedition
Imai^na in 1560-
CAbTKLLANOS.'
The main dependence of Simon, besides the manuscript of Vasquez, was a metrical
chronicle by Juan de Castellanos, Ele-^ias de Varoncs iliistrcs de Indias, the first part of
Robert Southey, was published at London in and first published in the Edinbun^h Annual
1821. This was written for Southcy's IIisto>y Kei:^istei , vol. iii. part 2, and then separately.
of Brazil, but was omitted as beyond its scope, > A fac-simile of the portrait in his Ehxiiis,
p. 10.
r
I
i
if',
i ' (i
I;'
584
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY i)l" A.MKRICA.
^3
ii
• ;
wliicli, contniniii;,', besides the accounts of I'rsii.i and A^iiirre, tiie exploits of Columhiis.
I'onie de Leon, Garay. and others, was printed at Madrid in 1589.' De liry makes use
of this versified narrative in the eigiith part of his Grand Voytiges. Castellanos' first
part is re[irinted in the PuhliaU-ca de Aiitons Kspartolcs, 1847-1850, wliere arc also to he
loiiiul the second anil third parts, printed there lor the first time. Tlie te.\t is tliere
edited by liiienaventura Carlos Aribau. Ercilla has recorded his opinion of the faithful
ness of Castellanos, but Colonel Acosta thinks him ine.xact. These second and third
parts recount the dventures of the Germans in their search for KIdorado, and record
the conquests of Cartagena by Lugo, of I'opayan by lielalca/.ar, and of Antischia. \
fourth part, which gave the conquest of New Granada, though used by I'iedr.diita, is
no longer known. ,
Castellanos could well have derived his information, as he doubtless did, from men
who had made part of the exploits which he celebrates ; and as regards the mad pranks
of /\guirre, such is also the case with another contemporary account, preserved in tlie
National Library at ALidrid, which was written by Toribio de Ortiguera, who was at
Nombre de Dies in 1561, and sent forces against Aguirre when that conspirator was on
his \'enc/uela raid. The story written from the survivors' recitals does not materially
differ fiom that of Vasquez. He gives also a short account of the expedition of Gonzalo
I'izarro and Orellana, later to be mentioned.
laicas Fernandez Piedrahita was a native of Bogota, and, like (iarcilasso de la Vega,
had the blood of the Incas in his veins. He became a priest, and was successively Uishop
of Santa Martha and of Panama, and after having lived a life of asceticism, and been at
one time a captive of the buccaneers, he died at Panama in 16S8, at the age of seventy. He
depended chiefly in his llistoriu General de las Conqiiistas del niievo Reyno de Granadar
on the Coinpendio of Ximenes de Quesada, no longer known, the Elet^idx of Castellanos,
and the Xo/icia of Simon. He borrows lilierally from Simon, and says but little of Aguirre
till he lands in \'enezuela. Aguirre's career in the Ifistoria de la Conqiiista y poblacion
de Venezuela of Oviedo y Bafios is in like manner condensed from Simon, and is confined
also to his final invasion of the main. The book is rare, and Markham says that in 1861
even the British .Museum had no copy." Tlie general historians, De la Vega, Herrera,
and .Acosta, give but scant accounts of the Ursua expedition. Markham^ points out the
purely imaginative additions given to Aguirre's story in Gomberville's translation of
Acufia, misleading thereby not a few later writers. Aluch the same incorrectness charac-
terizes the recitals in the I'iage of the Ulloas, in \'elasco's Historia de (Jiiilo (17S9).
The faithlessness of Orellana and his fifty followers in deserting Gonzalo I'izarro in 1540,
while this leader was exploring the forests of the Cinnamon country, is told in another place.
Orellana, as has been said, was sent forward in an improvised bark to secure food for
Pizarro's famished followers, but was tempted to pursue the phantom of golden discovery.
This impulse led him to follow the course of the river to the sea. It gave him the distinc-
tion of being the discoverer of the weary course of the jjreat Amazon. In his intercourse
with some of the river Indians he heard or professed to hear of a tribe of women warriors
whom it was easy, in recognition of the classic story, to name the Amazons. At one of
the native villages on the river the deserters built themselves a stancher craft than tliev
had escaped in ; and so they sailed on in a pair of adventurous barks, figliting their way
past hostile villages, and repelling attacks of canoes, or bartering with such of the Indians
as were more peaceful. In one of the fights, when Orellana landed his men for the
' Ticknor, 5/(7h/(// Z/V(V(7/«;i', ii. 471. There
are co])ies in the ISoston Public, Harvard Col-
lege, and Lenox libraries.
- Printed at .Xniberes in 16SS; Cf. Carter-
Brown, vol. ii. no. I,3'')j. There arc copies in Har-
vaid College and Lenox libraries. Cf. H. H.
Baiicioft, Ccii/nil Aiiicruii, ii. 62. The book is
worth £t, to ;^I0. Only the Parte primcra was
printed ; it comes down to 1563.
3 There arc copies in the Lenox and Harvard
College libraries.
■* Search for EUloviuio, p. xliii.
UCA.
ts of Columbus.
: liry m;ikcs use
Jastell.mos' first
re are also to Iju
lie text is there
I of the faithful-
cond and third
ado, and record
f Antischia. A
y I'icdrahita, is
«
s did, from men
the mad pranks
(reserved in tlie
L'ra, who was at
ispirator was on
s not materially
ition of Gonzalo
isso de la Vejj;a,
;essively Bishop
sm, and been at
of seventy. He
;/() lie Liianuda.'-
i of Castellanos,
little of Aguirre
lista y poblacion
, and is confined
ays that in 1861
Vega, Herrera,
' points out the
i translation of
rcctnt'ss charac-
ito (1789)-
I I'izarro in 1540,
n another place,
ecure food for
dden discovery,
im the distinc-
his intercourse
women warriors
ons. At one of
craft than they
;hting their way
h of the Indians
is men for tlie
j2. The book is
^iirte /<ritinra was
nox and Harvard
Tin: A.MAZON AND ELDORADO
58:
L'onfiict, it is affirmed tliat women led the native horde. I^'roiii .-x [irisoner they got signs
whicli they interpreted to mean that they were now in the region of the female warriors, and
not f.ir from all the fabled wealth of which they were in searcli. Hut the marks of the tide
on the banks lured them on with the hope of nearing the sea. They soon got unmistak-
able signs of the great water, and then began to prepare their frail cral'ts for encountering
its perils. They made sails of their cloaks. On the J6th of August they p.issed into
the .Atlantic. They had left the spot where the river Napo Hows into the Amazon on the
last day of December, 1541 ; and now, after a voyage of nearly eight months, they spread
their sails and followed the coast northward. The vessels parted company one night, liut
they reached the isl.md of Cubagua within two days of each other. Here they found a
Spanish colony, and Orellana was not long in finding a passage to .Spain. The story he
had to tell was a thrilling one tor ears eager for adventiu'e, and a joyous one for such
as listened for the talcs of wealth. Orellana might be trusted to entrap both sorts of
listeners.
The King was the best of listeners. He gave Orellana a commission to conquer these
fabulous countries, and in May, 1544, Orellana sailed with four ships and four lumdred
men. Misfortune followed him speedily, and only two of his vessels reached the river.
Up they went for a hundred leagues or so ; but it was (piitc different making headway
against the current from flo.ating down it, as he had done before. His men died ; his
vessels were stranded or broken up; he himself became ill, and at last died. This ended
the attempt ; and such of his followers as could, m.ade their way back to Spain ; and New
Andalusia, as the country was to be named, remained witliout a master.
Of the expedition of Gonzalo I'izarro there is no account by any one engaged in it ;
but we have the traditions of the story told by Garcilasso de la Vega in the second part,
book third, of the Royal Commentaries, and this account is put into English and annotated
by Mr. Markhain in the Expcilitions into the I'alley of the Amazons, published by the
Hakluyt Society in 1859, — and to this book its editor contributes a summary of the later
explorations of the valley. Orellana's desertion and his experiences are told by Herrera
in his Historia General ; and this, which Markham calls the best account possessed by
us, is also translated by him in the same publication. Wallace, in his Amazon and Rio
Nii^ro, has of late years suggested that tlie woman-like apparel of the men, still to be found
among the tribes of the upper Amazon, gave rise to the belief in the story of the female
warriors.*
The form which the story of Eldorado oftener took, and which it preserved for many
years, gave representation of a large inland sea, called finally I'arima, and of a golden city
upon it called Manoa, the reminiscences of .Martinez's tale. Somehow, as .Mr. .Markham
thinks, these details were evolved in part out of a custom prevalent on the plains of
Hogotd, where a native chief is said to have gilded himself yearly, and performed some
rites in a large lake. .Ml this array of wealth was clustered, in the im.agina'.ion of the
conquerors of northern Peru, about the tabled empire of the Omaguas : and farther souiii
the beckoning names were I'aytiti and Enim. Whatever tlie names or details, the inevit.i-
ble greed for gold in the mind of the Spanish invaders was quite sufficient to evolve the
phantom from every impenetrable region of the New World. In 1566 Martin de I'roveda
followed in the track of Ursua ; but sweeping north, his men dropped by the way, and a
remnant only reached Bogota. He brought back the same rumors of rich but recjding
provinces.
In 1568 the Spanish Government mapped out all this unkr,3wn region between two
would-be governors. Pedro Malaver de Silva was to have die western part, and Diego
1 Schombiirgk, in his Raleigh's Discovery of Eldorado, chips, vii. and viii. Acuna's account
Guiana (p. Ivi), enumerates the various refer- in 1641 is tr.mslated in Markham's Expeditions
ences to the Amazon story among the early into thf I'alUy of the Amtnons,^i:cX.-]i; m\A^W\
writers on South America. Cf Van llcuvcl, p. 123, Note.
VOL. II. — 74.
|(
'"! t
i 1:^
I i
Hi;
i
586
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
%: .
<i^\
% 'i'i
1
,.r
or
CO"
, V'"'
.-l"*
vV*
.v"
<•"
|»i (pal em.
7i', Ch,j^tMMkary^<
VaiuaniUo I'T
.'■Mi/'iuu
]ittiiutn'pif'^
r! 1-'^"
THE MOUTHS OF THE ORIVOCO.'
Fernando de Cerpa to have the eastern as far as the moutlis of the Orinoco. Roth
of tlie expeditions which these ambitious heroes led came to nothing beyond their due
share of trials and aimless wandering: and ore of the leaders, Silva, made a second
attempt in 1574, equally abortive, as the one survivor's story proved it to be.
Markham says that the last expedition to achieve any important geographical dis-
covery was that of Antonio de Berreo in 1582. He h.-id received by right the adventurous
impulse, through his marriage with the daughter or heiress of Gonzalo Ximenes de
Ouesada. He followed down the Cassanare and the Meta, and pursued the Orinoco to its
mouth. The English took up the quest when Raleigh sent Jacob Whiddon in 1594 to
1 This is a portion of the map piven by en- p/"GK;a«(7, published by the Hakluyt Sociotv
Sci-imbiirgk in his edition of J\ii/f(«'/t's Disiov- in 184S.
THE AMAZON AND F.LDORADO.
58;
explore till' Orinoco. Herreo, who was now the Spanish governor of I'l inld.id, llirew wli.it
ol).st.icles in the way he coulil ; and wlicn l<alfii;h arrived with liis (lect in 1595. tlie lai;^iiNli
leailcr captured tlie troublesome Spaniard, and was confirmed in his belief, by what llerreo
told him, that he could reach the goal. This lure was the lying account of Juan Martinez,
already nieiUioneil. The fortunes ol Ualei;;li have been told elsewhere,' and the expedi-
tions which he conducted or planned, says Markham, may lie said to close the l()ni; roll
of searches after the fai)ulous Mldorado.
Nearly the whole of the northern |)arts of South America had now been Ihriddeil by
numerous adventuring parties, but without success in this fascinating search. There still
remained an unknown reijion in Central (luiana, where were plains periodically inundated
by the overllow of the Rupununi, lissefpiibo, and IJranco (I'.uinia) rivers. Here must
llldorado be; and here the ni.ips, shortly after this, i)laced the mysterious lake and its
auriferous towers of .Manoa down to a comparatively recent time. According to Hum-
boldt - and Schombur^k,'' it was after the return of Raleigh's and Keymis's expedition
that Ilondiiis was the lirst in his Xiciiic'i: Git'r/i' ','an ltd ^^iUidrcykc Ltitilt Ciiiaii,! {\yy)),*
to in'roduce the Laguna I'arinia with its city Manoa in a map. He placed it between
1° 45' and 2° north latitude, and made it larger than the Caspian Sea.
We find the lake also in the AVVv/itV IWicliU of De Lact in 1630, and in the editions of
that year in other languages. Another Dutch geographer, Jamison, also re|)resented it.
Sanson, the f'rencii geogiai)iicr, puts it one degree north of the ecpiator in his Tore I'eniii:
in if)56, -^.iyiS. is particular enough to place .Manoa at the northwest corner of a squ.uisii
inhcnd sea ; but he omits it in his chart of the Amazons in i6,So. We find the lake again
in Heylin's Cosinoi^^ntp/iic oi iTi^j, and later editions ; in lilaeu's . //Ajy in 1685. Delisle
omits the lake in 1703, but gives a legend in Trench, as Homaiiii does in his map in Latin,
" In hac regione alicpii ponunt lacum I'arima urbemque Manoa del Dor.ido." In another
of Delisle's maps a small lake apjjcars with the legend : " (luiane proprement dite ou
Dorado, dans laquelle quelcjues-uns mettont le lac I'arime." We liave it again in the map
in Hcrrera, edition of 172.S; and in 1729. Moll, the Knglish geogra[)lier, likewise shows
it. In the midtlle of the century (1760) the maps of Danville preserve the lake, thougii he
had oiTiitted it in an earlier edition; and the English edition, itnproved by Bolton in 17551
still continues it, as does an Italian edition (\'enice) in 1779. The original Sjjanish of
Gumilla's /;7 OriiUho (2d edition, Madrid, 1745) has a maj) which gives the lake, and it is
rejieated in the French edition at Avignon in 1758, and in a later .Spanish one at liarce-
lona in 1781. Kitchen's map, which was prepared for Robertson's History of America,
again shows it ; and it is in the centre of a great water system in the large map of La
Cruz, made by order of the King of Sjiain in 1775. "'hich was re-cngravcd in London the
same year. It is also represented in tiie maps in ilie llistoria dc la niuva Aiulalucia, of
Antonio Caulin,'' Madrid, 1779, ^"'^l '" ^'le "^"JiJl:"^ '^' Storia Americana, Rome, 1780.
Conrad Mannert's map, published at Nuremberg in 1803, gives it : as do the various edi-
tions 01 Franqois Depons' loyui^e dans l^lmerique tiieridiona/c, Paris, 1S06. The lake
here is given under thirty degrees north latitude, and Manoa is put at the northeast corner
of it. The same plate was used for the English version "by an American gentleman."
published in New York in 1806; while the translation published in London in 1807,
e HakUivt Socii^tv
> Vol. III. p. 117, etc. One of llie latest
accounts is contained in P. G. L. Horde's I/is-
toire lie Vile dc la Trinidad sous Ic goiivcniemoU
cs/'iignol, 149S, etc. (Paris, 1S76-1883, vol. i.).
Abraham Kendall, who had been on the coast
with Robert Dudley, and is tlic maker of one of
the portolaiios in Dudley's Arcaiio del viare, was
with Raleigh and of use to him. Kohl (Collec-
tion, no. 374) gives us from the British Museum
a map which he supposes to be Raleigh's.
'^ Personal A'arratizc, chap. 17.
'■^ Kaleiiik's Discovery of Guiana, published by
HakUiyt Society (1S48), p. li.
* Schoniburgk says that Lcvinus Ilulsius
availed himself of this niaj) in constructing his
Ainericic /ars Auslralis, wliicli accomiianies the
Vera llistoria of Schmicdcl, imblished at Xurcm-
bcrg in 1599. Cf. Uricoechca, Mapoteca Colom-
biana, p. 90, no. 5.
' He was in the boundary expedition of So-
lano. Humboldt calls this map the combination
of two traced by Caulin in 1756.
I"
^;
I
I '
\:
h
Xirr^ ;t'wri! n"iilM« *
lU i
m
'
t
M
DE LAET, 1630.
TMli AMAZON AND KLlJOKAUO.
5«9
apparently lliu s.inic with ;i few vcrlial cli;in>ji'H, has a like configuration c)n a niaj) of rediacil
Hcalc. One of tlic l.itcst preservations of tlie niylli is tlie lar';e map piililished in I.omlon
liy I'aden in 1807, pmporlinj; to lie liased on tiif studies of D'Any de l.i Kcieliotte, wlieie
the inland sea is cx|)lained liy a legend : •• (iolden l..ike, or Lake I'arinie, Laiied likewise
I'arana l'itin;{a, — that is, VVIiitc Soa, - on the hankn of which the discovcrcru of the
Hixleentli ( enlury did place the imaginary city o| Manoa del Dorado.'' 1 have seen It
In (iernian niajis as late as 1814, and tlie l'ji;;lish Kt-'"n''-'l''>^i' Arrowsniith, kept it in
his maps in his day.'
It was lull for lluinjjoldt to set the seal of dislielief lirnily upon die story.'- Schoinliur;;k
.says that the inumlalions of extensive savannas durini,' the tropic, d winter ^.ive rise, no
doiiht, to the faille of the White Se.i. assisted liy an i;;noraiu:e of the Indi.in lan^;uaj;e.
Nevertheless, as Lite as 1844, J.icolj A. v. in I leiivel, in liis JJitur,i,lo, /u'l/ii^ a Xitrnilivc of
the Ciniimxtitnccs whu/i );aTe rise to Ncports in the Sixicttith Century of the Existence of
a h'iih and Sfilenditi City in South Anicrini, published in .New York, chin;; to the idea;
and he repieseiils the lake somewhat (loul)liiij;ly as in 4" north, and between 60" and (13"
West, in the map accompanying hi.s hook.
Later in the seventeenth century the marvellous story took on another Ruise. It wis
remeinhereil that after die corK|uesl of Peru a ;;ieat emi;;ralion of Inca Indi.ins had t.ikeii
pl.ue easterly beyond die niouiil.iins, and in the distant forests it w.is reputed they had
tsl.dilisheil a new em|)ire ; and the names of I'ayliti and Lnim, already mentioned, were
attached to these new the.itres of Inc.i ma).;niticence. Stories of this fabulous kin;;dom
cnnlimied to be hatched well on into the ei^jhteenth century, and not a few expeditions of
more or less imposinij stren^lli were sent lo find this kiiiijdom. It never has been found;
but, as .Mr. Markhain thinks, tliere is some reason to lielieve that the Inca Indians who tied
with Tajiac Amaru into the forests may for a considerable period have kept up their civiliza-
tion somewhere in those v.ist plains east of the Amies. The same writer says that the belief
was not without supporters when he was in I'eril in 1853 ; and he adds that it is a ple.isant
rellection that this sttny may possil)ly be true."
'i'lie most consiileralile attemiit of liie seventeenth century lo make better known the
course of the Amazon was the expedition untler Texeira, sent in i'')39 to see if a practicable
way could be found to tr.msport the treasure from I'eni by the Amazon to the .Atlantic coast.
.\cufia's book on this expedition, AV/iT'i; <lt\u ii/iriuiieiito ilil ;^riin A'io tie /tis .ImiUi'/h,*
pulilishedat Madrid in i()4i. is translated in .Markham's /',?//,;i'(y"///t'.////(«^(V/j. published by
tlie I lakluyt Society. It was not till 1707, when Samuel Fritz, a liohemian and a nii.isionary,
published his map of the Am.i/.ons at Quito, that we find something better than the va^;uest
rielinealion of the course of the great river.'"'
It is not the purpose of the present essay to continue the story of the explorations of
the Ama/on into more recent times : but a word maybe spared for the strani;e and sorrow-
ful ailventuies along its stream, which came in the train of the expedition that was sent
1 This enuiiierution has by no means men-
tioned all the instances of similar acceptance of
the delusion.
'- Cf. liis Cosmos, Eng. tr., p. 159; I'ii-!vs of
A'lttiire, p. 18S. He asks : " Can the little reed-
covered lake of Aniuca have given rise to this
myth? . . . It was besides an ancient custom of
dogmatizing geographers to make all consider-
able rivers originate in lakes." Cf. also Hum-
boldt's Personal A'arrative and Soutliey's History
of Brazil.
•'' Markham's Valley of the Amazom, p. xlv.
* This book is rare. It was ])riced liy Rich
in 1S32 (no. 2J4) at ;^8 Sj. The uiisatisfaLtnry
French translation by De Gomberville was
printed at Paris in 1GS2. Du''osm5 recently priced
this edition at 1 50 francs. The original Spanish
is said to have been suppressed by Philip IV.
but such stories are attached too easily to books
become rare. There was a copy in the Cooke
sale (1SS4, no. 10). The Carh-r-Bro-on C<ttalo^ue
(vol. ii. no. 4S4) shows a copy.
'" It can be found in Stocklein's Keise
BeschreitniHi^cit, a collection of Jesuit letters from
all parts of the World. Markham's I'aiUy of
till Amazons, p. .\.\.\iii.
1
I;'
1 (
I i
590
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY 01-^ AMERICA.
1 n
I, I
out by the French Government in 1735 to measure an arc of the meridian in Peru, for com-
paring the result with a similar measurement in Lapland. The object war, to prove or
to disprove the theory of Sir Isaac Newton that the earth was flattened at the poles. The
commissioners — Uouguer, La Condamine, and Godin (the last accompanied by his wife) —
arrived at Quito in June, 1736. The arc was measured; but the task did not permit
them to think of returning before 1743, when La Condamine resolved to return by descend-
ing the Amazon and then making his way to the French colony of Cayenne. He and his
companion, a Spanish gentleman seeking some adventure, had their full content of it,
but safely .iccomplished the journey.
Another of the commissioners, Godin, having tarried a few years longer in Peru, had
finally proceeded to Cayenne, where he made arrangements for embarking for France.
Through the favor of the Portuguese Government he had been provided with a galiot of
sixteen to twenty oars on a side, to ascend the river and meet his wife, who on receiving a
message from him was to leave Peru with an escort and come down the river and meet
him. Illness finally prevented the husband from proceeding ; but he despatched the vessel,
having on board one Tristan, wlio was charged with a letter to send ahead. By some faith-
lessness in Tristan, the letter miscarried ; but Madame Godin sent a trusty messenger
in anticipation, who fouiid the galiot at Loreto awaiting her arrival, and returned with the
tidings. The lady now started witii her father and two brothers ; and they allowed a cer-
tain Frenchman who called himself a physician to accompany them, while her negro
servant, who had just returned over the route, attended them, as well as three Indian
women and thirty Indian men to carry burdens. They encountered the small-pox among
the river Indians, when their native porters deserted them. They found two other natives,
who assisted them ;n building a boat; but after two days upon it these Indians also de-
serted them. They found another native, but he was shortly drowned. Then their boat
began to leak and was abandoned. On pretext of sending assistance back, the French
physician, taking with him the negro, pushed on to a settlement ; but 1 e forgot his
promise, and the faithful black was so impeded in attempting alone the task of rescue,
that he arrived at the camp only to find unrecognizable corpses. All but the lady had
s'l cumbed. She pushed on alone through the wilderness, encountering perils that a;<p.ill
as we read; but in the end, falling in with two Indians, she passed on from one niission
station to ■■ Aher, and reached the galiot.
Thu? ; hundred years later than Orellana, the great river still flowed with a story of
fearful hazards and treachery.
CHAPTER IX.
I 1
! ''•.
;d with a storv of
MAGELLAN'S DISCOVERY.
1!Y REV. EDWARD E. II.VLE, D.D.
FERNANDO DA MAGALHAENS, or Magalhacs, whom the French
and English call Magellan, was a Portuguese gentleman of good
family. He was educated, as well as his time knew how to educate men,
for the business which he followed through his life, — that of a navigator
and a discoverer. He was a child when Columbus first came home success-
ful from the West Indies; and as a boy and young man he grew up, in the
Court of King John the Second of Portugal, among people all alive to the
exciting novelties of new adventure. As early as 1505 he went to the East
Indies, where he served the Portuguese Government several years. He
was in the expedition which first discovered the Spice Islands of Banda,
Amboyna, Ternate, and Tidor. Well acquainted with the geography of
the East as far as the Portuguese adventurers had gone, he returned to
Portugal.
King Emmanuel was then upon the throne. Spain owes it to an unjust
slight which Magellan received at the Portuguese Court, that, under her
banner, this greatest of seamen sailed round the world and solved the
problem of ages in reaching the east by way of the west. Magellan was
in the service of the King in Morocco in a war which the Portuguese had
on hand there. He received a slight wound in his knee, which made him
lame for the rest of his life. Returning to Portugal, on some occasion
when he was pressing a claim for an allowance customary to men of his
rank, he was refused, and charged with pretending to an injury which was
really cured. Enraged at this insult, he abandoned his country. He did
this in the lordly style which seems in keeping with a Portuguese grandee
of his time. He published a formal act of renunciation of Portugal. He
went to Spain and took letters of naturalization tlicrc. In the most formal
way he announced that he was a subject of the King of Spain, and should
give service and life to that monarch, if he would use them.
Magellan had a companion in his exile ; this was Ruy Faleiro, a gentle-
man of Lisbon, who had also fallen into disgrace at Court. Faleiro,^ like
m
,\ ;
\r
}i
* On Faleiro's contributions to the art of navigation, see HumbolUl's Cosmos, Eng. tr., ii. 672.
-J
59:
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OK AMERICA.
AUI'OCKAPII or MACI.l.I.AN.
Magellan, was a thorough geographer; and the two had persuaded chcni-
selves that the shortest route to the Spice Islands of the East was to be
found in crossing the Western Ocean. We know now. that in this convic-
tion they were wrong. Any ordinary map of the eastern hemisphere
includes the Spice Islands or Moluccas, as well as Portugal, because the
distance in longitude east from Lisbon is less than that of the longitude
measured west. It has been proved, also, that the continent of America
extends fixrther south than that of Africa. This, Magellan and I'aleiro did
not know ; but the}' were willing to take the risk of it. Spain has alwaj's
held the Philippines, — the prize which she won as the reward of IMagellan's
great discover)-, — under the treat}-
of 1494, which gave to her half ihe
world be}-ond the meridian of three
hundred and se\-ent\' leagues west
from l-'erro. She has held it be-
cause Magellan sailed west, and so
struck the Philippines; but, in fact,
those islands lie witiiin the half of
the world which the same treat}' ga\'C to Portugal.
By mistake or b}' design, the Philippines, when they were discoxered,
were moved on the maps twent}--five degrees east of their true position
on the globe. The Spaniards made the maps. The islands were thus
brought within their half of the world ; and this immense error was not
corrected till the vovages of Dampier.^
Charles \'. was no fool. He recognized at once the value of such
men as ]\Iagellan and I'aleiro. lie heard and accepted their plan for a
western vovage to the spice regions. On the 22d of March, 1518, he bound
himself to fit out an ''.\'])edilion at his own cost on their plans, under Ma-
gellan's orders, on condition that the principal part of the profits should
belong to the Throne. Through }'ears of intrigue, public and private, in
which the Spanish jealous}' of Sevillian merchants and others tried to
l)reak up the expedition, Charles was, for once, faithful to a promise.
We must not attempt here to follow the sad histor}' of such intrigues.
On the lOth of August, 1519, the expedition sailed under Magellan.
Poor Faleiro, alas ! had gone crazy in the mean time. What i)roved
e\'cn a greater misfortune was that Juan of Carthagena was put on board
the " San Antonio " as a sort of Japanese sp}' on Magellan. He was
the marplot of the expedition, as the hislor}- will show. He was called
a r'lYt/cr, or ins]iector.
' [It will be rcnicnibcicd thai tlic origiii.il tlio fust limit, li.id iiegoti.itcd with Spain f(ir .<
liiill of 1493 fixed the iiieiidian 100 leagues (sav new limit, tlic Pope assenting; and this linal
.(00 milcsl west of the Azotes or Cape lie Verde limit was confirmed hv a convention at Toidesil-
Islands, sii|)posinc; them to lie north and south of las at the date above given. Cf. I'opelliniere,
each other; whereas the bniit in foice after June /a:< Irci.t moiuii-s, I'aris, i 5S2 ; liaronius, .IniiiiU's
7, 1.(94, was 370 leagues (sav i.oSo miles) west (ed. bv lirovius, Rome), vol. xi.\. ; .Solorzano,
of the .Azores, since I'ortngal, com])laining of PoUtiia huli,iii,i. — E.n.l
,
MAGKI.L.W S DISCOVKKV.
593
suaded chcni-
last was to be
II this coiivic-
n hemisphere
, because the
tlie longitude
It of America
k! I''aleiro ilid
ill has ahvaj's
of Magelhm's
ider tiic treat)'
o her lialf ihe
rid i an of three
■ leaj^ues west
is held it be-
d west, and so
;; but, in fact,
lin the half of
re discovered i
true position
ids were thus
error was not
I'aluc of such
cir plan for a
5 1 8, he bouiul
ns, under Ma-
profits should
nd private, in
thers tried to
to a j)romise.
ucli intriL;ues.
ler Magellan.
What proved
put on board
ui. He was
le was called
Willi Spain for .i
;; and lliis tinal
.Milion at Tordcsil-
Cf. l'o|ielliiiierc,
liaioiiius, Anilities
xix. ; Solorzaiio,
I
.M.\(;i;i.i.AN.'
There is something pathetic in contrasting the magnificent ficct with
which Magellan sailed, under the patronage of an em]3eror, with the poor
little expedition of Columbus. With the new wealth of the Indies at com-
mand, and with the resources now of a generation of successful discovery,
the Emperor directed the dockyards of Seville to meet all [Magellan's
wishes in the most thorough way. Xo man in the world, perhaps, knew
better than Magellan what he needed. The expedition, therefore, sailed
with as perfect a material eiiuipment as the time knew how to furnish. It
consisted of five ships, — the "Trinidad" and "San Antonio," each of
1 [Fac-.similc of an engraving in XavarietL's
Colcciioii, vol. iv. It is aUo rcpnuluccd in
.Stanley's First rovdi^i- yon ml th,' WorU by .I/.'-
gt-llan (Ilakluyt Society, 1S74) ; in Cladera's
Investii^iicioncs hiitoruiis ; in the Kchuion ilcl nl-
tiino viiigc ill iSlreilio ilc Miixilliviis dc la /rai^vlii
de S. J/. Siinta .Uiu-in dc In Gih-za en los nnos
de 17S5 I' 17S6 (Madrid, t7SS) ; in the Alli^t-mnnc
-i-,i;';-,/////.f,-//,' Ef'heiiu-yidcn (Xoveinber, 1S04),
|). 369; in Angnst I'iirck's Mai^cUan odc-r die erste
A'eise mil die eide, l.uipsic, 1844; in Kiige's Ge-
VOL. II. — 75.
seliielite des Zei/iil/ers der /inldeel:iiiigeH, \i. 402 ;
and ill tlie Ctir/er-/in>:c'ii C\ifiili%'ne, i. Si.
There are two |>orlraiN in I)e liry, — one a
full length in the corner nf a map of America
which accompanies the narrative of I!en/oni in
])art vi., and of Ilerrera in |)art .\ii. ; and the
other on a map of the two hemispheres in part
xi. ; also repeated in Sehonteirs Jonrnal (1C18).
There are similar pictnies in Hulsiiis, parts vi.
and xvi. C'f. the (',t!,il,>gne (no. ij;5) of the Gal-
lery of the Xew York Historical Society. — Erj.]
M«
■' j».
■V7
' K
I'J
p:
ii I ifc
J1 "K'WM" 'i«''if«W
ZZ-M
594
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF A.MKRICA.
> ;
Hernando de Magallane.?.
(LvLvaCle ro Portiinttcj . dcj cti/}riclar dzl
L.ilrccho' dc /ii. nomSrc ,
MAGKLLAN'.'
iJO Spanish tonclcs, the " Conccpcioii," of 90, the "Victoria," of 85, — long
famous as the one vessel whicli matle the whole vo\'age, — and the "Santi-
ago," of 75. For the coa\'enience of the translators this Spanish word tondcs
is generally rendered b_\- the I'rench word tonticaiix and the ICnglish word
tons. Hut in point of fact tlie toitdc of Seville was one filth larger than the
toiidada of the north of Spain, which nearly corresponds to our ton ; awd
the vessels of ^tlagellan and Columbus were, in fact, so much larger than the
size which is generally assigned to them in the popular liistories.^
' Fac-similc of tlic cngr.iving in Ifcrrcr,!, i. 295.
- [S(.c noU', \'ol. II., p. 7. — I'll]
'» ■;
MAGELLAN'S DISCOVERY.
595
I
of 85, — long,
1(1 tlic " Santi-
sh word touch's
I'jiLilish -wore]
;irycr than the
our ton ; aiul
lari^cr than the
'• f
I 1
K<
\ \
3- i=
MAGi:i.I.AN.'
■ rn.i
■ Fac-simile of the cncravinfj in Ogilln's Aiiurua (p. 79), — tlic same iisetl in Montanns's
596
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
"!;
< ni'- n
WWBH
i
On the 20th of September the fleet had cleared the River Guadalquivir,
and was fairly at sea. Six days afterward it touched at Tenerifie for sup-
plies ; and here was the first quarrel between Magellan and his \vatchnian,
Juan de Carthagena. Up to this point entire secrecy had been maintained
by Magellan as to the route to be pursued. Juan de Carthagena claimed
the right to be informed of all things regarding it. Magellan refused,
probabl)' with considerable scorn. When off Sierra Leone, a few days
after, a similar quarrel broke out; Magellan arrested Carthagena with his
own hand, and put him in the stocks. Of course this was an insult the
most keen, and was meant to be. The other captains begged Magellan to
release the prisoner, and he did so; but still he kept him under the arrest
of one of their number.
From Sierra Leone they ran across to Brazil and anchored again for sup-
plies in the magnificent Bay of Rio de Janeiro. By their narrative, indccil.
on the return of the first vessel, was this great estuary made widel)' known
to the world. It is now known that ^Ligellan was not the first disc(j\(jrer.
I'ero Lopez had explored the bay five }'ears before ; and as early as 1 5 1 1 a
trader named John of Braga, probably a Portuguese, was established on one
of its fertile islands. Indeed, it is said that the hardy seamen of Dieppe
had been there as early as the beginning of the century. Its first name
was the Bay of Cabo-Frio.
The meridian of Alexander's Bull had been meant to leave all the
American discoveries in the possession of the King of Spain. But, unfor-
tunately for him, Brazil runs so far out to the east that a meridian three
hundred and seventy leagues west of the Azores gives Portugal a considerable
part of it; and in point of fact the western boundary of l^razil has been
accommodated quite nearly to the imaginary line of the Pope. To
Magellan and his company it made no difference whether they were on
Portuguese or Spanish soil. The\- found the Brazilians friendly. " Though
they are not Christians, the\- are not idolaters, for they adore nothing.
Natural instinct is their only law."
This is the phrase of Pigafetta, the young Italian gentleman to whose
iKUVc book we owe our best and fullest account of the great vo)'age. It is
clear enough that all the crews enjoyed their stay in the Bay of Santa Lucia,
by which name they called our Ba\' of Rio tie Janeiro. It was in the heart
of the Brazilian summer, for they arrived on the 13th of December. They
had been nearly three months at sea, and were well disposed to enjoy trop-
ical luxuries ; and here they stayed thirteen days. Pigafetta describes the
Brazilian hammocks ; ^ and from his description luirope has taken that
word. The same mav perhaps be said of the mysterious word " canoe,"
which appears in his narrative under the spelling " canots." ^
' TJul tlic word /iiuiiiu- is Ifaytian, not T5ia- ,130. [Of. Scliomburgk's /ii!M!;/i's VisaKcij oj
zilian. The liamiuock itsclt liatl been noticed Guiaiuu pp- 40' <^5- — ''"'^'l
by Columbus. Peter S\\\\\.\r describes it, .ind -' [.Sec p. 17 of Vol. II., for a contcmpor.ir7
Oviedo tiifMrcs it in narrating tlic second vov- drawin.u of a canoe. — En.l
MAGELLAN'S DISCOVERY.
597
It was Pigafctta's first taste of the luxuries of the South American fields
and forests, and he delighted in their cheapness and variety. " For a king
of clubs I bought six chickens," he writes ; " and )et the Brazilian thought
he had made the best bargain," — as, indeed, in the condition of the fine
arts at Santa Lucia,
he had. A knife or a
hook, however, bought
no mure ; yet the na-
ti\es had no tools of
metal. Their large
canoes, which would
carry thirty or forty
people, were painfully
dug out by knives of
stone from the great
trees of which they
were made. The Span-
iards ate the pine-
apple for the first time.
Pigafetta does not
seem to have known
the sugar-cane before ;
and he describes the
sweet potato as a nov-
elty. " It has almost the form of our turnip, and its taste resembles that
of chestnuts." Here, also, he gives the name " patata," which has clung
to this root, and has been transferred to the white potato also. For a
ribbon, or a hawk's bell, the natives sold a " basketful." Their successors
would doubtless do the same now.
The Spaniards found the Brazilians perfectly willing to trade. They
went wholly naked, — men and women. Their houses were long cabins.^
The people told stories, which the navigators believed, of the very great
age of their old men, extending it even to one hundred and forty years.
They owned that they were cannibals on occasion ; but the}' seem to have
eaten human flesh only as a symbol of triumph over conquered enemies.
They painted their bodies, and wore their hair short. Pigafetta says it was
woolly; but this must have been a mistake. Although he says they go
naked, he describes a sort of vest made of paroquet's feathers. Almost
INDIAN BEDS.
1 ['Phis is Bciizoni's representation of tlie
hnmmocks wliich are used by the natives of
the northern shores of South America (edi-
tion of 1573, p. 56). See also the second vol-
ume, p. II. — En.]
•^ Which they called hoi, according to Pi-
gafetta ; but this name has not been traced
since his time. The I'ra/ilian name of hon>e
was oca. Of twelve " Brazilian " words given
in I'igafctta, five found their way into Eu-
ropean langu.ages. TUit, oddly enough, three
of these were not Brazilian, but vere " ship-
language," and borrowed from the West Indies.
These are caoiih for " king," hamac for " bed,"
iihiiz for " millet : " perhaps caiiot is to be added.
But Si'tebos, the name of their god or devil, is
Pigafetta's own. Shakspeare was struck by it,
and gives it to Caliban's divinitv.
•' 'I
* 'I
!► \il
I
I :
i I
598
NAKRATIVK AND CRITICAL HISTOKV OK AMERICA.
111!
fi
u
in
C
* f V part of the " Tabula Terra Nova " in the
Ptcleniy of 1522, showing the acts of cannibals.
Similar representations appeared on various
all the men had the
lower lip pierced with
three holes, and wore
in them little c\lin-
ders of stone two
inches long. They
ate cassava bread,
made in round white
cakes from the root
of the manioc.^ The
vo)-ajjers also ob-
served the pccari''
and those cnrious
ducks " whose beak
is like a spoon," de-
scribed by later trav-
ellers.*
.(\fter a pleasant
stay of thirteen days
in this bay, Magellan
took the squadron to
the embouchure of
the River La Plata,
which had been dis-
covered four j-ears
before by Juan Diaz
de Solis, who lost his
life there. The Span-
iards believed the
tribe of the Oue-
randis, before whose
terrible bolas he had
fallen, to be canni-
bals; and they were
other maps of South Amer-
ica. Of. Miinster's map of
1540. Vespucius, in his let-
ter to Lorenzo de' Medici,
was tlie first to describe the
cannibalism of the Brazil-
ians. Cf. Thevet, Singular-
itez de la France antarctiqiie,
chap. .\1., on their cannibal-
ism. — Ed.)
2 Jatropha manihot.
* Sus dorso cistifero (LinnKus).
■• Anas rostro piano ad verticem dilatato
(Linnxus).
OS
H
C
f-
<
0.
CA.
icn had tlu
pierced with
cs, and wore
little cylin-
stone two
ong. The)'
i'dva bread,
round white
am the root
[inioc.^ The
rs also ob-
he pecari''
L)sc curious
whose beak
spoon," (le-
>y later trav-
a pleasant
:hirtcen days
ay, Magellan
squadron to
aouchure of
:y La Plata,
id been dis-
four years
y Juan Diaz
who lost his
The Span-
lieved the
the Oue-
efore whose
w/as he had
be canni-
d they were
of South Air.er-
iinster's map of
uciiis, in his let-
nzo de' Medici,
to describe the
of the Ihazil-
hevet, Si/it;ii/tii-
iiiice autarctiqnc,
1 their cannibal'
ha manihot.
us).
rticem dilatato
MAGELLAN'S DISCOVERY.
599
probably right in this supposition. Continuing the voyage southward,
Magellan's fleet observed the two islands now marked as the " I'enguins "
and " Lions." The historian of the voyage notes the penguins and " sea-
wolves " which were then observed there. Passing these islands, they
opened a harbor, since known as Port Desire, where they spent the South-
ern winter. It is near the latitude of 50° south. Magellan supposed it to
be in 49" 18'. Hardly had they arrived in this harbor, in itself sufficiently
inhospitable, when the mutiny broke out which had been brewing, proba-
bly, since Magellan's first insult to John of Carthagcna. The announce-
ment made by Magellan that they were to winter here gave the signal for
the revolt. On Palm Sunday, which fell on the 1st of April that j-ear, he
invited the captains and pilots to meet on his vessel to attend Mass and to
dine with him. Two of the captains, Mesquita and De Coca, accepted the
invitation and came with their staffs. Mendoza and Ouesada did not come.
Juan de Carthagena, it will be remembered, was under arrest, and ho, of
course, was not invited. The same night Ouesada, \ i De Carthagena
and thirty men, crossed from the " Conception " to the " San Antonio,"
and made an effort to take Mesquita prisoner. At fir^^t they succeeded ;
but the ship's master, Eliorraga, defended him and his so bravely that, with
succor from Magellan, he retained the command. The purpose of the
conspirators seems to have been simply to return to Spain without winter-
ing in so bleak a home. The three rebels sent to I\Iagellan to say that they
would recognize him as their commander, but they were siu-e that the King
did not propose such an undertaking as this to which he was committing
them. Of course, under the guise of respect, this was to exact submission
from him. Magellan bade them come on board the flagship. They re-
fused. Magellan kept the boat which they then sent him, and despatched
six men, under Espinosa, to the "Victoria" to summon Mendoza. Men-
doza answered with a sneer. Espinosa at once stabbed him in the neck,
and a sailor struck hini down with a cutlass. Magellan then sent another
boat, with fifteen men, who took possession of the " Victoria." In every
case the crews seem to have taken his side against their own captains.
The next day, the 3d of April, he obtained full possession of the " San-
tiago " and " Conception."
On the 4th o'. that month he quartered the body of Mendoza and pub-
lished his senter cc as a traitor. On the 7th he beheaded Quesada, whose
own servant, Molino, volunteered as executioner. When Drake arrived
here, fifty-eight years after, he supposed he found the bones of Mendoza
or Quesada under a gibbet which was still standing. Juan de Cartha-
gena and the priest Pedro Sanchez de la Reina were convicted as part-
ners in the mutiny, and sentenced to remain when the ships sailed.
This sentence was afterwards executed. Alagellan doubtless felt that
these examples were sufficient, and he pardoned forty of the crew ; but,
as the reader will see, the spirit which prompted the mutiny was not
yet extinguished.
« 1
^* )
I
ti
W
6oo
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
n
%
|i|:
They had lived here two montlis without scciiii; any of tlie natives, when
one day, accorchiig to the narrative of I'iyafetta, a giant appeared to tlieni
wlien they least (.•xptcted to sec any one. " lie was sin^'inj; and danein^'
on the sand, and throwing; chisl upon his head, almost naked. 'Ihc eaptain
sent one of our sailors on shore, with orders to make the same jjestures as
tokens of peace. This the man did; he was understood, antl the giant
permitted himself to be led to a little island where the capt.iin had landed.
1 was there also, with many others. Tiie ;^iant expressed much astonish-
ment at sc.' us. He pointed to heaven, ;uul undoubtedly meant to say
that he thought wo descended from heaven.
"This man," continues I'igafetta, " was so tall that our h.eatls hardly came
up to his belt. lie was well formed; Iiis face was broad and colored with
red, excepting that his eyes were surrounded with yellow, and he had two
heart-shaped spots upon his cheeks. He had but little hair, and this was
whit(;ned with a sort of |50wder. ilis dress, or rather cloak, was made of
furs well sewed, — taken from an animal well known in this region, as we
afterwards found. He also wore shoes of the same skin."
It seems desirable to coj^y this description in detail, because here begins
in literature the vexed question as to the existence of giants in Patagonia.
Whether there ever were any there is now doubted, though the name
" Patagonian " is the synonynie of giant in every European language. While
the narrative of Pigafetta is thus distinct in s.iying tliat one giant only
appeared at first, another authorit)*, with equal definiteness, says that six
men appeared ; and it afterwards appears that two of these, at least, were
larger than the Spaniards.
The comparison of the details of this last narrative in Herrera with that
of Pigafetta illustrates curiously the perplexity of all historical inquiry;
for we arc here distinctly told that there were si.x who appeared on the
shore and seemed willing to come on board. A boat was sent for them,
and they embarked on the flagship without fear. Once on deck, the
Spaniards offered them a kettle full of biscuit, — which was enough, as
they supposed, for twenty men ; but, with the appetite of hungry Indians,
the six devoured it all immediately. They wore mantles of furs, and
carried bows and arrows. The bows were about half a fathom long ; the
arrows were barbed with sharp stones. All were shod with large shoes,
like the giant.
On another day two Indians brought on board a tapir, and it proved
that their dresses were made from the fur of this animal. Magellan gave
them in exchange two red dresses, with which they were well satisfied. It
is not till the next day that Herrera places the visit of the giant. That
author says that the Indian expressed a wish to become a Christian, and
that the Spaniards gave him the name of John. Seeing the crew throwing
some mice overboard, he ;isked that they might be given to him to eat.
l'"or six days he took all liie mice the ship could furnish, lUid was never
afterward seen.
ICA.
iMAGHLLAN'S DISCOVERY.
60 1
natives, when
.-aretl to tlicin
and daiiciii}.'
The captain
le gestures as
uul the "^iant
I had landed.
uch astonish-
nieant to say
s hardly came
1 colored with
d he had two
, and this was
was made of
ref^ion, as we
>e here begins
in I'atagonia.
<^h the name
;uage. While
ne {jiant only
says that six
at least, were
rcra with that
ical inquiry;
ared on the
nt for them,
n deck, the
cnouL^h, as
ngry Indians,
of furs, and
)m long ; the
large shoes,
md it proved
agellan gave
satisfied. It
iant. That
Christian, and
ew throwing
him to eat.
d was never
More than twenty days hiter, four Indians of the first party returned
to the ships, and .Magellan gave orders that two of them mIiouUI be sei/etl
to carry home. The men were so large that the Spaniards could not make
them prisoners without treachery. Loading the poor giants with more
gifts than they could well carry, they finally asked each to accept an iron
chain, fitted with nuuuicles. The two Indians were eager enough to accept
the fatal present, and were easily persuaded to have the chains fastened
to their legs, that they might the more easily carry them away. They found,
alas! as so many other men have found, that what they took for ornament
was a cruel snare; but, thus crippled, they were overpowereil. Their
screams of rage were heard by tiieir companions on short-. It was
after this treachery that the natives first attacked the .Spaniards. .Seeing
fires at night, Magellan landeil a party for exiiloration. Seven .Spaniards
founil the tracks of Indians and followed them ineffectuallj'. .\s they
returned, however, nine Iiulians followed, attacked them, and killed one
Castilian. But for their shields, all the Spaniards woukl have been killed.
The S[)aniards closed upon them with their knives, and put them to fiight,
visited their camp, and feastetl from the store of meat they found there.
The next day Magellan sent a larger party on shore and buried the dead
Castilian.
The reader is now in [jossession of all the statements from which we are
to decide the much-disputed question whether, in the time of Magellan,
I'atagonia was a land of giants. He is to remember that I'igafetta, who was
the friend and fellow-voyager of the giant Paul, one of the two captives,
does not in other instances go out of his way to invent the marvellous,
though he often does repeat marvellous stories which have been related by
others. It is to be observed that none of the voyagers pretend to have seen
any large number of Patagonians. The largest number seen at one time
was nine; and even if these were different from the si.x who came to the
ship, fifteen is the largest number of the native visitors to the squadron.
Of these, according to one account, in which three at least of the authorities
agree, two are of extraordinary height, so that the heads of the Spaniards
reached only to their girdles. It is also said that the feet or shoes of all
were large, " but not disproportionate to their stature." For three hundred
years, on this testimony, it was perhaps generally believed that the Patago-
nians were very large men. The statement was positively made that they
were nine feet high. But as other voyagers, especially in this century, more
and more often brought home accounts in which no such giants appeared,
there was an increasing distrust of the original Spanish narrative.
Especially when navigators had to do with the wretched Kemcncttes
and Karaikes of the Straits, who arc a tribe of reall\' insignificant .stature,
was indignation liberally bestowed on the old traveller's story ; and when,
in 1837, the original narrative of the Genoese pilot was brought to light by
Navarrcte, — a simple and unexaggerated story ; when it proved that he
made no allusion whatever to any persons of remarkable height, — the whole
VOL. II. — 76.
i
t
I,
I
I
4IL
I'
I
602
NAKKAIIVL AM) CUITIi AI. HISTORY Dl' AMliKiCA.
1'
giiiiit story was ilcclarctl In Ijc an invention of ri^^afotta, and liic yiyantic
si/c of tl)o I'atagonians was Ocnoiiiicctl as a mere traveller's fable. Such
criticism probably y;oes too far.
The simple facts may l)c taken, ami the hasty inference may be dis-
regarded. i'A'ery traveilinj^ showman will testify to the fact that there
occasionally appear men, even under the restrictions of civilization, who are
so tall that the Spani.uds, not of a large race, woukl only CMue to their
girdles.' If I'igafetla is to be believed, two such men came to Magella I's
squadron. Tall men
came to Cook's st|uad-
ron at I lonolulu, a hun-
dred jears ago, who
were quite above the
—• average of hi
s men.
Magellan supposicl
that these were t\pical
men, that they were
specimens of their race.
Because he supposed so
he captured iIriu and
tried to carry them to
Spain. Magellan was
mistaken. They were
not specimens of their
race ; they were ex-
traordinary exceptions
to it. lint the ready
tribe of geograjjliers,
eager to accept marvels
from the New World,
at once formed the conclusion that because these two were so large, all
Patagonians would prove to be so.
Pigafetta drew no such inference, nor is there any evidence that the
Spaniards ever did. On the other hand, six Spaniards, with their knives,
closed fearlessly on nine of these men, and routed them in a hand-to-hand
fight. We may fairly conclude that the delusion which modern criticism
ha.s dispelled was not intentionally called into being by the navigators, but
was rather the deduction drawn from too narrow premises by credulous
Europe.''
1 O'lirien, the Irish giant, was eiglit feet four Patagonians in Thevet's La France antarctique,
inches high. His slveleton is in the College of Gaffarcl's ed., p. 287. Schoutcn testifies to
Surgeons in London. finding bones in a grave ten feet and more of
- [Fac-simile of a part of the cut of Porto stature; and Pernetty's foya^e aiix Isles RIalo-
Desire (no. 22) in Leniaire's Speculum orientalis nines (Paris, 1 770) gives the testimony of an
occi Jentiilisque, ftXC; 1599. — Kl).] engraving to their large stature (Field, Indian
^ [Cf. note on the alleged height of the Bibliography, no. 1,200). There is a cut of two
giant's skkleion at PORIO DKSIRK.''
MAOIILI.AN'S DISCOVllKV.
603
'Iho next > oya^crs wlio saw tlicsc poopk- were Drake's party. I'Metclier,
wrilint; '■> *''^' World Junoii/ftissii/, alter tifiy-eiylit years, sa\ s distinctly
in his narr.Uivo of Dralic's arrival at tliis same Tort Julian: " \Vc liail no
sooner landed i\\M\ t'wo young giivtts repaired to them." .\j;ain, speaking
of the same ii terview, " lie was visited by two of the iiihahil.iiUs, w hum
Maj,fellan named I'ata^'oiis, or rather I'entaguiirs, from their lui;^e stature."
And afterward he resumes the matter in these words; " Magellanc was not
allo^'ether deceived in naming them ^'iaiits, for they generally differ from
the conunon sort of men
both in stature, bif^ness, and
strength of boily, as also
in the liideousness of their
voice. Hut yet they are
nothing so monstrous or
fjiaut-like as they are re-
ported, tiiere beincj some
Kui^lishuuii as tali as the
hij^hest of any we could
see. liut peradventure the
Spaniards did not think
that ever any lui^lislnnan
would come thither to re-
pro\'e them, and thereupon
niii^'ht presume the more
bcjjdly to lie, — the name
Pentajjones, five cubits, vi/.
seven foot and half, ile-
scribing the full height (if
not somewhat more) of the
hij^hest of them."
This last sneer is in
Fletcher's worst vein. The
etymology of " Pentagoncs " is all his own. Magellan's people s.ny dis-
tinctly that they named the Patagonians from their large feet, — taking the
phrase " large feet" from the large shoes which they wore to protect their
QUONlA.NUiEC*
enormous Patagonians standing liesiilc a Kuro-
pc.in in Hon Casimiro dc Ortega'.^ A\.sii»ii'i
fiiitdriio del primer viage lu\ho ill rcilcdor del
mundo, emprendido por Hernando de Mii/^iilhines
(M.idrid, 1769). Statements of tlieir unusual
height have been insisted upon even in our d.iy
by travellers. One of the most trustworthy
of recent explorers (1869-1870) of Patagonia,
Lieutenant G. C. Musters, says that the men
average six feet, some reaching six feet four
inches; while the average of the women is five
feet four.— Ed.1
' [Fac-simile of a cop])cr-platc engraving in
the I'jiglisli version of 'riuvct's Pi'ilnuliires ttiid
Lives a|)pLiKled to North's Pinliirc/i (Cambridge,
England) p. 86. Thevct in his text s.ays of this
"giant-like man," "I have seen him and suffi-
ciently observed him upon the Kiver of Janaira.
lie had a great body, jiroportioiiablv gross,
exceeding strong. His portraiture I brought
from that country, with two green stones in his
checks and one on his chin." — Kn]
«'
(I
ijfclM
604
NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
\\n
feet from cold. The language is distinct: "Their shoes go four inches
above the great toe, and the space is filled with straw to keep them trom
the cold." These shoes, of this same form, are figured by modern artists,
who have drawn for us the Tchuelches of to-day. It is quite possible
that the false etymology which made " Patagonian " mean " Five-cubit
man " was the real foundation for the general notion of the gigantic size
of the race.
From these winter quarters Magellan despatched the "Sant lago" to
examine the coast. The vessel was unfortunately lost on the rocks, but all
the crew were saved. Two sailors returned to the rest of the squadron
with news of the disaster, and the commander sent back supplies. They
were near a hundred miles away from him, but he kept them supplied
with provisions ; and they were able to rescue a part of the stores and
equipage of their vessel. At the end of two months, in which they
encamped upon the shore, they rejoined him. It is observed that wi'.h
them the winter was so cold that for water for their daily use they wire
obliged to melt ice.
After taking possession of Patagonia in the name of the King of Spain,
by planting a standard on a hill which they called Monte Cristo, Magellan
sailed on the 24th of August from this inhospitable bay. Ho now carried
out the cruel sentence of the Court on Juan dc Carthagena and the priest
Pedro Sanchcs. He landed them with a supply of biscuit and wine, and
left them to their fate.
Two days after, following the coast, he entered the River of Santa Cruz
and narrowl)' escaped shipwreck there. He was able to supply himself
with wood, water, and fish. On the nth of October he observed an eclipse
of the sun.'
Still keeping on, during the 2ist of October, the day which the Church
consecrated to the " Eleven thousand Virgins," they discovered a strait, to
which Magellan gave that name. It was the entry to the famous channel,
four hundred and forty miles long, according to his estimate, which has
for so many years borne his name. The depth uf water near the shore,
which has since been observed, attracted the attention of the Spaniards.
The mountains which looked down upon it were high, and covered
with snow.
The crew and the captains, even after the hard experience of the
mutineers, did not hesitate to express their unwillingness to enter the blind
and narrow chamicl before them. I\Iagellan summoned the commanders
and made to them a formal declaration, of which the substance has been
preserved. He told them that their sovereign and his had sent them for
this very purpose, to discover this strait and to pass through it. If they
were faithless as to its issue, he declared that he had seen in the archixes
cf the King of Portugal a ni.q), tlrawn h_\' Martin Pel'.aini, in which the sti'ait
' lU-ireia gives the obscrv.ition in sniiK- detail; but M. Cliarton says it was not visible tli ;rc.
IICA.
MAGELLAN'S DISCOVERY.
605
0 four inches
cp them trom
lodcrn artists,
quite possible
1 " ]""ivc-cubit
: gigantic size
■iant lago" to
rocks, but all
the squadron
pplics. They
:hem supplied
:he stores and
n which they
■ved that wi'.h
use they \vt re
King of Spain,
•isto, Magellan
le now carried
and the priest
and wine, and
of Santa Cruz
supply himself
ved an eclipse
:h tlic Church
red a strait, to
mous channel,
itc, which has
ear the shore,
the Spaniards,
and covered
rience of the
enter the blind
commanders
uice has been
sent them for
th it. If they
n the archives
hich the strait
lot visible til ;re.
was indicated, and that it opened into the western ocean. The squadron
should not turn back, he said ; and he gave his order for the cuaiinuation
I'lCiAl'tn'AS MAI'.'
of the voyage in this determination. If the vessels separated, the com-
mander of each was to keep on until he had reached the latitude of
' [This fac-siinilc is made from tlic eiit, ji. 40 I'an ix (iSoi). The rcailer will observe that the
of the French edition of Amoretti's Premier north is at the bottom of the mai). There is n
voyiige iiiitour ,h( inoih/e par J^ii;,i/eflii, Paris, reversed sketch of it elsewhere. — Kd. |
I
if
Kv
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NARRATIVE AMD CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
IM*
75° S. If then the strait had not been found, any commander mii^lit
turn eastward; yet he was not to seek Spain, but to sail to the Mo-
iucci's, which were the objective of the vr .-age ; and the proper sailing,'
lUrections were given for reaching those isUuids by the route through tiie
Indian Ocean.
The geographers have been at a loss to reconcile this statement, — that
Martin Behaim had already drawn the strait upon a map or globe, — with
Magellan's chiim to be its discoverer. liut, as the reader knows, there
was no lack of straits or of continents on the various maps before Magellan's
time which could be cited for any theory of any cosmographer. We know
the history of navigation well enough to understand that, whatever drawings
Magellan might have seen or cited, nothing can shake his reputation as the
far-sighted discoverer of the channel to which, without any hesitation, the
world has given his name.'
His firmness had so much effect that the captains went back to their
ships, pretending to accede to his wishes. With the " Trinidad" and "Vic-
toria," Magellan waited at the entrance of the channel while he despatched
the " San Antonio " and " Concep9ion " to complete the survey of it west-
ward. Hardly had the squadron divided, when a terrible tempest broke
upon both parts of it, lasting thirty-six hours. Magellan's ships lost
their anchors, and were at the mercy of the wind in the open bay. The
other vessels seem to have run before the gale. At the moment when their
people thought themselves lost, they opened the first " reach " — if it may so
be called — of the strait ; the}' pushed through it till they came to the ba}-
now known as " Bou^ault Bay." Crossing this, with increasing confidence,
they came into the second channel, which opens into a second bay larger than
the first. After this success they returned to report their progress to their
commander.
He and his officers, meanwhile, had begun to fear that their companions
had been lost in the lempcst. A column of smoke on shore was supposed
to be a signal of the spot where they had taken refuge. But in the midst of
such uncertainty their vessels reappeared, and soon fired shots from their
guns in token of joy. They were as joyfully welcomed ; and, as soon as they
could tell their news, the re-united squadron gladly proceeded through the
two channels wliich they had opened. When they arrixcd in the bay which
had been the farthest discovery of the pioneer vessels, they found two
channels opening from it. .'m the southeast is that marked ".Suppose" on
Bougainville's map; and to this channel Magellan directed Mcsquita in the
" .San Antonio," and Juan Serrano in the " Conccp9ion."
Unfortunately the sailing-master of the "San vXntonio" was Stephen
Gomez, who hated Magellan with a long-cherished hatred. When Ma:;.l-
lan first arrived in .Spain, Gomez was, or thought he was, on the eve o(
starting on an expedition of discovery under the patronage of the Crown
' IScc tlic section on " The Ilislorical Choroj;rapln' of South Amcric.i.'' — Kd.1
'/■
MAGELLAN'S DISCOVERY.
607
Maj^cllaii's grand plan had broken up this lesser expedition ; and instead of
commanding it, Gomez had found himself placed in a subordinate post
under his rival's command. He now took his chance to revenge himself
as soon as he was directed to survey the new channel. Before night fell
he had escaped from the surveillance of the " Conception." .At night he
caballed v.ith the Spaniards of his own crew ; they rose upon their captain
Mesquita, a Portuguese, the loyal cousin of Magellan, and put him in irons.
Without delay they then escaped from the squadron ; and returning, through
the channels they had traced, to the Atlantic, they sailed for home. Touch-
ing at the forlorn harbor where they had winteretl, they picked up the two
mutineers who had been left there. Indeed, it is fair to suppose that their
whole plot dated back for its origin to the unsuccessful enterprise of the
wi'" :er.^
iVIagcllan, on his part, waited for the " San Antonio," which had been
directed to return in three days. Though the channel which she was to
explore passed between mountains covered with snow, we are told that the
strait where Magellan awaited them lay between regions which were " the
most beautiful in the world." On the southern side they had, once and
again, observed fires in the night, and they gave to that land the name of
" Tierra del Fuego," "the Land of h'ire," which it has ever since preserved.
They did not see any of the natives on either coast. The sailors caught so
many fish which resembled the sardines of their home, that the name of
" River of Sardines " was given to a stream which makes its outlet there.
Finding that the " San Antonio " had left him, and probably suspecting her
treachery, Magellan went forward through the southwestern ciiannel with
the " Victoria " and the " Trinidad."
It is at this point th<it we are to place a formal correspondence which
has been preserved by a Portuguese historian ^ as passing between Magellan
and one of his captains on the question of advancing. These letters are
dated the 22d of November, 1520. Martin Mcndoza, in his reply to ]\Iagel-
lan's letter, agrees that until the i,st of January they should persevere
while the days are long, but urges that the vessels should lie b\' in the
darkness. He is as resolute in expressing the conviction that they should
be out of the strait before the month of January is over, — that is, that
they should turn about, if necessary, on January I, if they had not then
reached the Pacific, so as to be well in the Atlantic again by the first of
February; that then they should give up the original object of the voyage
and sail to Cadi/,. The document seems genuine; but, as the reader will
sec, there was no occasion for using its counsels. Before the ist of January
they were free of the strait forever.
While his squadron loitered in hope of the "San Antonio's" return,
Magellan sent forward a boat to explore the channel. On the third day
I
t\
i
' [For Gomez' subscqiiciit career sec Dr. Shc;i's chapter on "Ancient Florida," in Vol. II., am]
chapter i. of Vol. IV. — El).]
- fuan dc Harros.
' (
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NARRATU'E AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF. AMERICA.
J
she returned td him with the joyful news that they had opened the western
mouth of the .strait.
Tile Pacific was found ! The chroniclers say that the crews wept for
joy ; and the)' may well have done so. They gave to the Cape — which
made the western end of Tierra del Fuego, on this channel — the name of
the " Desired Cape," " Cabo Deseadc," which it still retains.
The squadron did not at once follow. Magellan put back for the other
vessels, and met the " Conccp9ion " alone. He senc back the "Victoria"
this time to search for his faithless consort. If she were not found, his
orders were that a standard should be planted on high ground, at the foot
of which .should be bur.icd a letter, with an account of the destination of
the squadron. Two similar signals were left, — one on the shore of the first
bay, and one on the Isle of Lions, in the channel. But the " Victoria," as
the reader knows, did not find the "San Antonio;" she was far away.
And with three vessels of his squadron only, Magellan passed out from the
strait which had detained him so long, into tlie ocean. They fairly entered
upon it on the 28th of November.
Figafetta, in his joy at leaving this strait, which had been the scene of
so much anxiety, describes its natural advantages in glowing colors. " In
fine, I do not belie\'c there is a better strait than this in the world," he says.
They gave to it the name of " Strait of the Patagonians ; " but the world has
long snice known it b_\- the name of its discoverer. "There may be ft und
at any half-league a good harbor," — such is the Italian historian's state-
ment,— "with excellent water, cedar-wood, sardine-fish, and an abundance
of shell-fish. There arc also herbs on shore, some of which are bitter, but
others arc good to eat, — especiall\- a sort of celery,^ which grows near
the springs, of which we made excellent food." Cook found celery of the
same kind two centuries and a half later, as \\ell as abundance of Coch-
Icaria. So great are the advantages of such .supplies for the health of
crews in danger of scurv_\-, that he thought the passage into the Pacific
bv the Straits of Magellan prefcralilo to that b\- Cape Horn.- In later
days his advice has always been followetl In- vessi^'s having the aid of
steam.
Thus ended t'.ie onl\- glimpse \\iiich Spaniards had of Patagonia for
many )-ears. Magellan's act of possession held, however ; for the country
ha:- no attractions to make it a stake for wars or other controversy. Magel-
lan looked his last upon it as his squadron gladly steered northward; and
after leaving his Cape \'ictory, — for he gave that name to the southwestern
point of America, — neither he nor his landed again on this continent.
The poor giants who had been so cruelly enslaved never reached Spain.
One was on the " San Antonio " with Serrano, who deserted his commander
in the strait. This one died before they had crossed the Atlantic. The
other was on board the " Trinidad," the flagship, with Magellan and Piga-
Apium duke.
2 See Cook's Fiyi> I'oyage, i. 70, 74.
the western
MAGELLAN'S DISCOVERY.
609
I
fctta, the historian of the expedition. He became fond of Pigafetta ; and
when he saw him produce his writing tablet and p-iper, he knew wiiat was
expected of him, and of his own accord began to give the names of differ-
ent objects in the I'atagonian hmgiiage.' CJne day when he saw Pigafetta
kiss the cross, he told him by signs t'-at Sctcbos would enter him and make
him a coward. But when he was himself dying — of scurvy, most likely,
which was decimating the crew — he asked for the cross himself, kissed it,
and begged to be baptized. His captors baptized him, gave him the name
of Paul, and he died.
It would have been natural for IMagellan, now that he had attained the
South Sea, to sail by a direct route to the Moluccas, of which he was in
search. Till a very late period the geographers have suppt)sed that he
did ; and his track will be found on most of the large globes, to a period
comparativf^ly recent, laid down on a course a little west of northwest, —
as, indeed, I'igafetta sa)'s they ran.
It was not observed by these globe-makers, and in fact to many of them
it was not known, that, if Magellan had taken such a course, he would have
run directly into the teeth of those northwest winds which blow with great
regularity in that part of the Pacific, and he would ha\e met a steady cur-
rent in the same direction. In such computations, also, it was forgotten
that Magellan supposed the Pacific to be much narrower than it is, and
that when he left the straits he did not anticipate so long a voxage as lie
had. Put the fortunate discovery of the log-book of one of the " pilots "
now gives us the declination of the sun and the computed latitude for every
day of the Pacific voyage. It appears that Magellan held well to the north,
not far from the coast of South America, till he had passed, on the west,
the islands of Juan Fernandez and Masafucra without seeing them, and
only then struck to the northwest, and afterwards to the west.- lie thus
came out at the equator at a point which, by their mistaken computation of
longitude, was 152° W. of tiie meridian of P'crro, 159° 46' west of our first
meridian of Greenwich.
The Pacific 's now known to us as an ocean studded with islands, the
inhabitants of which are well provided with food from their own land, and
water.^ It was, however, the remarkable fortune of Magellan in this voy-
age to sail more than ten thousand miles and see but two of these islands,
both of which were barren and uninhabited. He found no bottom close to
the shore. At the second of the two islands he stopped to fish for sharks.
1 Pigafetta has preserved the voc.ibulary of
ninety words which in this way he made. The
words, he .says, are to be pronounced in tlic
throat. A few of the words are tlicse : Ears,
sane ; eyes, at/ier ; nose, or ; breast, ot/ifv ;
eycl.ds, sechechiel ; nostrils, orcsche ; mouth,
piam ; a chief, /w:.
2 This might have been inferred from Piga-
fetta's map of the strait, in which the western
shore of Patagonia and Chili arc well laid in;
VOL. n. — 77.
but that inference seems to have escaped the
globe-makers.
3 Most observers forget, however, when they
look upon a map of this ocean, that the name of
an island or group upon the map may cover a
hundred, not to say a thousand, times as much
space on the paper as the island or group takes
up on the surface of the world. Dr. Charles
Darwin calls attention to such forgetfulness, in
the Fiyiijt' 0/ the Beadle.
i
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iMAGELLAN'S DISCOVERY.
6ll
and gave it the name " Shark's Island," or " Tiburones." The crew were
so impressed by their dismal welcome that they called the two " Dcsven-
tvradas," the " Unfortunate Islands." These two islands, the first-born to
Europe of the multitudes of the Pacific Ocean, cannot now be identified.^
On the 6th of March the "oyagers at last saw two more small islands.
Soon a number of small sails appeared, the islanders coming out to meet
THE I.ADRONES.''
the ships. Their little boats had large triangular-shaped sails of matting,
and they seemed to fly over the water. The Spanish seamen saw for the
first time the curious catamarans of the natives of these waters.
Magellan was tempted to land at a third and larger island. This was
either the one since known as Guahan, or that known as Rota ; Magellan
called it Ivagana. So many of the natives swarmed upon his ship, and they
were so rapacious in stealing whatever they could lay their hands on, that
he found himself almost at their mercy. They begged him to land, but
1 The identification attempted on tlie map - [This fac-simile is made from the Paris edi-
(t.alscn from the Ilalclnvt Society's volume on tion of Amoretti's Pis^tifetta, p. 62, and shows
Magellan) is one of many conjectures. the catamar.an of the natives. — El).]
i^
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NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
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stoic the boat attached to the stern of his ship. At last Magellan did land,
in a rage. He burned some of their huts, several of their boats, got back
his own, and killed seven men.
The squadron, after this encounter, continued its westward course, fol-
lowed by a hundred canoes. The savages now showed fish, as if they w ished
to trade ; but the women wept and tore their hair, probably " because we
had killed their husbands."
To this group the Spaniards gave the name of " Ladrones, the robbers,"
'wh.ch it has ever since retained. After three hundred leagues more of
westward sailing, the tired navigators, half starved and djing of scurv}',
made the discox'cry of Zamal, now called Samar, the first of the group since
'•nown as the I'liilippines, — a name they took from Philip the Second,
i'vj'.i, ilan called them the Archipelago of St. Lazarus, because he first found
how large a group it was on St. Lazarus' day, the fifth Sunday in Lent.
In these islands the navigators were, at first, most cordially received.
By means of a Malayan interpreter they were able to communicate with
the nati\'es. Before si.K weeks were over, with rapidity which may well
ha\e seemed miraculous, they had conver';ed the king and many of the
princco and people to what they deemed Christianity. But, alas I the six
weeks ended in the defeat of the Spanish men-at-arms in a battle with a
rival prince, in the death of Magellan and the murder of Serrano, who had
been chosen as one of those who should take his place. The sur\'iving
Spaniards withdrew as well as they could from their exasperated allies.
They were obliged to destroy one of their ships, which was leaking, and
thus were left with only two. One of these, the " Trinidad," they despatched
eastward to the American coast ; but she failed in this voyage, and returned
to the Philippines. In the other vessel, the " Victoria," Sebastian del Cancj
and his crew, after spending the rest of that year in the East Indies, sailed
for Europe. They left the Island of Timor on the nth of I'ebruary.
Though they had nothing but rice and water for their supplies, they dared
not touch at the Portuguese establishment at Mozambique. After they
doubled the Cape of Good Hope, on the 6th of May, they lost twenty-one
men in two months. Their provisions had failed entirely when, on the 9th
of July, they touched at Santa Argo, in the Cape de Verde Ishmds.
Even now they did not dare tell the Portuguese at that island who they
were. They pretended they came from the coast of America. When they
found that the day was Thursday, they were greatly astonished, for by their
own journals it was Wednesday. Twice they sent their boat ashore for a
load of rice, and it returned. The third time they saw that it was seized
One of the sailors had revealed their secret, and the jealous Portuguese
would no longer befriend them.
The poor " Victoria," with such supplies as she had received, was obliged
to run direct for Spain. On the 6th of September she entered the bay o£
San Lucar again. By their own computation they had sailed 14,460 leagues.
Of sixty men who sailed in her from the Moluccas there were but eighteen
MAGELLAN'S DISCOVERY.
613
survivors; of these almost all were sick. Of the other forty-two, some
had deserted at Timor, some had been condemned Id death for their crimes,
and the others had died. This was all tiiat was returned o. wo hundred
and thirty-seven persons who had sailed three years before '^n this magnifi-
cent expedition.
Del Cano was received at Court with the ^Teatest courtesy. The luii-
peror gave him a pension of five hundred ducats, and for armorial bearings
a globe with the device —
"Pkimus cikcumdkdisti Mn."
The " Victoria " w as richly stored with cloves and other spices. Of these
the sale was carefully managed, and the proceeds were enormous. The
foresight of Magellan was completely justified, and the profits of the expe-
dition alone immediately temr I the Emperor to fit out another. The
"Victoria" afterward made two . jy/ js to the West Indies, but never re-
turned to Spain from the seco 1, an ' aer fate is not known. An ancient
representation of her (from Hulsius) is the distinguishing sign on the cover
of the volumes issued in our day by the Hakluyt Society.
C^Lo^zz^c^ G /L^£^
CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE SOURCES OF INFORM.\TION.
15y Edward E. Half, and tuf. Editor.
PIGAFETTA, who was born in Vicenza not long after 1490, was accordingly from
twenty-five to tliirty years old when he accompanied Magellan.! pjg j-gpt ^ cliary
of the voyage, a copy of which he gave to the Emperor ; and later, in Italy, he wrote out a
more extended account, copies of which he gave to distinguished persons. Of this ampler
narrative four separate texts, in as many manuscripts, are preserved to us.
No. I is in French, Navigation et descouvrcment de la Indie snpcrieure faicte par iiioi
Antoine Pigcfcte. Viucciitin ; on paper, in the National Library at Paris. It gives the full
vocabulary of the Giants' language, which is also reprinted in Amoretti. Students en-
gaged in the study of the geography of the East Indies should not be satisfied with the
few copies given by Amoretti of the maps and representations of the islands there. In
this copy, which is divided throughout into short chapters, there are many more of these
' He died in 1534. A brother-in-law of Ma- This p.ipcr, describing from such sources as were
gellan, Duarte Harbosa, who was killed at the available the eastern regions, had not a little
same time with his chief, prepared a manuscript influence on Magellan. The original Portuguese
in 1516, which was printed by Ramusio in Italian was printed by the Lisbon Academy in their
xf, Soniiitario (it tutti li rfi;ni ilcW Indie oricittali. Xoticias C'llriiiniiriiiiins, in 1813.
,1 I
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NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OK AMERICA.
i ■■:
■•1. '
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m
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maps tlian have been engraved. It is impossible to looi< at them without believing that
they give some idea of the size and even the shape of the islands visited. Charton culls
this ijaper manuscript the o'.'jsi of those in France. No one can decide such a question.
The illustrations in the vellum manuscript certainly seem to be nearer the originals than
those in this coarser paper one.
No. 2 is a richly illuminated vellum document, with a text somewhat softened in the
coarse parts. This may have been the copy known to have been given to Louise of Sivoy
by I'igafetta. This manuscript is also in the Paris library. The writing is elegant, and the
maps are very prettily done in body color. They are much more elegant than the majjs in
the paper manuscript, which are in rough water-color by some one of no great artistic skill.
The representations given by Amoretti of a few of the designs are sufficiently good for all
practical purposes. lUit the picture of the boat with outriggers, illustrating the customs of
the Ladrone IsLinds, is much more artistic in the vellum manuscript th.ui it is in Amorctti's
engraving.
No. 3, the most complete, was owned by M. lieauprd, at Nancy, in i84r, when Tho-
massy described it; was sold in the I'otier sale in 1851 (no. 506), and passed into the Solar
Collection, and in 1861 (.Solar sale, no. 3,238) it w.is bought by a London dealer, and
reached finally the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps, who bought it at the Libri sale
(no. 1,139) '" 1862. It is a question with critics whether Pigafetta composed his work
in French or in Italian ; for there is also a manuscript (no. 4) in the later language, poorly
conceived, however, and mi.xed with Spanish, preserved in the Ambrosian Library at Milan.
This was the manuscript published by the Abbe C. Amoretti ; it is written in the char-
acter known as cai'celleresco, on paper folios, of which the handwriting is of the time of
Pigafetta ; and it was once owned by the Cardinal Frederic Borromeo. R.iymond Tho-
massy 1 gives several reasons for believing that the French te.xt i.s the original, but we
have not been .satisfied that it was so.'-
In the earliest edition of Pigafetta which we have, —one without date, and in F'rench,
edited by Antoine Fabre, — the te.xt is represented as being a translation from the Italian.
It is possible that, being an abridgment, it might have followed some abstract which had
been made in that language, possibly an .iccouiit which in 1524 I'igafetta asked permission
to print,'' of the Uoge and Council of Venice. This original French edition is called
Le Voya[:;e ct Navigation faict par les Espaiiinoh es isles de Mollucqiie.'s j and is usually
thought to have been printed in 1525. It is in Cothic type, except the last four leaves,
which are in Roman, as are all the notes.'' Harrisse cites'' an Italian edition of Pigafetta
with the letter of Maximilian, as published at \'enice in 1534;° but there is little reason
to believe such an edition to exist.
The earliest undoubted Italian edition was printed, however, in 1536, and it w.is pro-
fessedly a translation from F.abre's French text, and there is reason to believe that Ranuisio
may have been instrumental in its publication." It has the name neither of author nor of
printer, but is supposed to have been issued at Venice It is called // I'iaggio fatto da
g/i Spagiiivoli a tonio a' I mondo.*
' Bnlh-tin dc la Socicti de Ghgrapliie, Septem-
ber, 1S43.
- Pig.ifctt.i himself mentions a manuscript,
Uiio libro scrif'to Jc liitti Ic coic />iissaU dc g/'onio in
gionio uel -'iiixxio, written by his own hand, and
presented by him to Charles the Fifth. Harrisse
tliinks it was written in French, and describes
the uKinuscripts, /iil'l. A»ii>: \'cl.Adii., pp. xxx-
xwiii.
■' This petition is given in Stanlev's .l/;;'('//if;/,
and ill Il.irrissc's Bibl. Aiitcr. I'ct. Adj., p. xxviii.
■* BihI. Aiih-r. />/.,no. 154; Carter-Brown, no.
86; Iirunet, iv. C50; Des lirn^^e^, Navigations otix
terrcs AiistiwL., !. 121 ; Pan/.cr, viii. 217; Anto-
nio, Bibliothcca llispuna Xcaa, ii. 376.
■' On the strengtli of IJvrcs Curictix, p. 29.
" Bill!. AiiHr. I'c-l,, no. 192.
"' Ranuisio included it in his lliiggi \\\ 1554,
with annotations.
" Bii'l. Amer. I'd., 215; BibliotlicciX IId<cy
iitiiia, ix. 3,129; Bibliotluva Giiin illiana, 110.
54S; Stevens, N'iigg,-ts, no. 2,753; Libri, 1861,
no. 2S8 ; Carter-Brown, i. iiS; Court, no. 372.
There is also a (opy in the Lenox Library.
Wiley, of Xew York, priced a copy in 1883,
at $145.
MAGF.LLAN'S DISCOVKRY.
6'5
Amoretti published the Ambrosian manuscript (no. 4, above) in 1800, at Milan, under
the title of Primo vinfy^h intonio al j^lobo terracqueo ossia rai^i^iiUi^lio Jella navi^^asioiie
alle Indie oricntali d\i\ Mai^ai^liancs, 15 19-1522. Pubblicato per la prima volta da tin
codice manusirillo delta Biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milanc, e corrcdalo di note da C.
Amoretti con un transunto del Tratlalo di navi^azione dello stesso autore. Milano,
1800.'
About a month after the return of Del Cano in the "Victoria," Maximilian Transjl-
vanus (a son-in-law of Crist(')bal de Haro, who h.id been a chief advocate of the voyage
at the Spanish Court) wrote to the Cardinal Archbishop of .Sal/.burj; a brief account of
the voyage, in a letter dated at Valladolid, Oct. 24, 1522;'^ and when it was printed at
Cologne in January, 1523, as De Moluccis insulis, and in the following November and again
in February, 1524, at Rome, as De llispanonim in oricntem navij^atione, its text consti-
tuted the earliest narrative of the voyage which was given in print.' It was afterward
printed in connection with the earliest Italian edition of I'igafetta ; and the English reader
will find it in the volume on Magellan published by the Hakluyt Society.
Ramusio also tells us that Peter Martyr wrote an account of Magellan's voyage, gath-
ered from the lips of the survivors, which he sent to Rome to be printed, but that in the sack
of that city by the Constable de Bourbon it disappeared. We have but one point of this
Martyr narrative preserved to us, and that is the loss of one day which the "\'ictory"
had experienced in her westering voyage, — when arriving in Seville on the 6th of Septem-
ber, 1522, as her crew supposed, they found the SeviUians calling it the 7th.*
There are two modern gatherings of the most important documentary illustrations of
this famous voy.age, — the one made by Navarrete, and the other published by the Hakluyt
Society. The former constitutes the fourth volume of Navarrete's well-known Coleccion ;
and among the variety of its papers printed or cited largely from the public archives, illus-
trating the fitting out of the fleet, its voyage, and the reception of Del Cano on his return,
a few of the more important may be mentioned. Such is a manuscript from the lil)rary of
San Isadro el Real de Madrid, purporting to be by Magellan himself; but Navarrete does
not admit this. He prints for the first time an original manuscript account in the Seville
archives, usually |cited as the Seville manuscript, which bears tin' title of F.xtKuIn de la
/labilitacion, etc. It gives an enumeration of the company which composed the force on
the fleet. The Navarrete volume also contains the log-book of Francisco Albo. or Alvaro,
printed, it is claimed by Stanley (who also includes it in the Hakluyt Society volume),
from a copy in the British Museum, which was made from the original at Simantas. It
I.'
s /■/,;;:;,'/■ in 1554,
1 A French version of this text was issued
at Paris in 1801 ; and the Itali.m text was again
printed in 1S05. Pigafctta's story is given in
Englisli in Pinkciton's Voyages, i. 18S ; in Ger-
man in .Sprcngcl's ISeytrai,vn, and in Kries's
Beschreihini;^ I'on ,l/((^'<7/i/«-A'tV.f(', Gotha, iSoi.
Cf. a bibliography of the manuscript and printed
editions of Pigafctta in the Sliuli /'ioi^'>;ifu-i e hibli-
ogyafiii, published by the .Socicta Gcografica Ital-
iana (.nl cd., i88a),'i. 262.
- The date in Navarrete is October 5.
3 All three of these editions arc in the Lenox
Librarj', and the first two are in the Carter-
Brown. Cf. Harrisse, Bihl. Amer. Vet., nos. 122,
123, 124. Leclerc priced the Cologne edition at
500 francs, and the Rome (1523) at 350. Bibl.
Amer. Vet. nos. 376, 377. Dnfosse (nos. 11,003,
12,348) puts the Cologne edition at 500 francs,
and again (no. 14,892) at 380. The Court Cala-
lox'iie (Paris, 1SS4) shows the Cologne edition
(no. 220) and the Rome (1524) edition (no. 221).
l!runet is in error in calling the Roman edition
the earliest. A Cologne copy in the Murphy
sale (1S84) brought S75 ; ditaliix'iie, no. 2.519.
One in F. S. KUis's C,it.ih\i;i,e (1884), no. 18S,
is priced at ;^42. Cf. Sabin, xi. 47,038-47,042;
Carter-Hrown, no. 75; Giaessc, iv. 451; Ter-
nanx, no. 129. It was also inserted in Latin in
the A'tTv/j Orl'is of 1537 (p. 5S5), and of 1555
(p. 5-4)i and in Johainies licenuis's Omnium
gentium mores, etc., Antwerp, 1542 ; in Italian
in Ramusio (i. 347); in Spanish, in Navarrete
(iv. 240, dated October 5, and not 24). The
narrative in Ilulsius (no. xxvi.) is taken from
Ortelius and Chauveton. Cf. Panzer, vol. vi.,
no. 375; Stevens, A^uggets, no. i,S68; Bihliotheca
Greiivitliana, p. 454; Tcrnaux, nos. 29, 30;
Giaessc, iv. 451, 452; Bihliotheca Ileherinna, i.
4,451; ii. 3,687; vi. 2,331; vii. 4,123; Leclerc,
no. 69; Bibl. Amer. Vet. Add., no. 136.
■* BiN. Amer. Vet., p. 229, where other miss-
ing accounts are nientionud.
V IjJ
•!;i
'I I
6i6
XARRATIVF. A\n CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
li\
follows the fortunes of the tlect after they slj»lite(i Capo St. Aii}{iistinc. Munoz had found
In tlic Archives of Torre de Tonil)o a iotlur ot' Antonio Itrito to llu; Kinjj of i'ortujj.d, .iiid
Navarrcte n'woa this also.' A letter of Jean Sehastian del Caiio to Charles V., dalid
Se|)l. 5, l-iiy, descrihes liie voyage, and is also to he found here.''
The Ilakiuyt Society volume borrows largely from the lesser sources as given in
Navarrete, and anionj; otiicr pa|)ers it contains the hrief narrative which is foinid in Kaniusio
as that of an "anoiivmous I'ortutjuese." It also f;ivi's an l!n;;nsh version of wliat is known
as the account of the Cicnoese pilot, one Joan llaulist.i prol)ai)ly. This story exists in
three Portuguese manuscripts : one helouf^s to tiie library of the monks of S. Hento da
Sande ; another is in the National Library at I'aris ; and from these two a text was formed
which was printed in lS2fi in the Xoliiius I'ltiaiiiarinhas (vol. iv.) of the Lisbon Academy
of History, as " Koleiro da viaj^em de I'crnam de iMaxalhacs" (1519). A third manuscript
Is in the iibr.iry of the Academy of History at Madrid. As edited by Lui);i Hugues, it is
printed in the fifteenth volume of the Atti della SocielA Ligure di Storia Patria.
The narrative in the preceding text has shown that the jjrecise statementH of latitude
made by the (ienoese pilot have wholly destroyed the value of all speculations as to the
route of Ma;"'llan from the Straits to the Ladrones which were published before this
" Roteiro " became known. The track laid down on the older globes is invariably wrong,
and M igellan's course was in reality that along which the currents would easily have pro-
pelled liim, being that of the Antarctic stream of the Pacific, which Humboldt has ex-
plained.' Stanley also points out that the narrative given in (laspar Correa's Leiulas da
India is the only authority we have for the warning given to Magellan at TenerifTe by
Harbosa ; and for tiie incident of a Portuguese shij) speaking the "Victoria" as llie latter
was passing the Cape of Good Hope.
One Pedro Mcxia had seen tlie fleet of Magellan sail, and had likewise witnessed the
return of Del Cano. A collection of miscellanies, which he printed as early as 1526, under
the title of Silva, and which passed through many editions, affords another contemporary
reference.* It is hardly worth while to enumerate the whole list of more general historical
treatises of the sixteenth antl even seventeenth centuries,'' which bring this famous voyage
within their scope. It seems clear, however, tiiat Oviedo had some sources which are not
recognizable now, and some have contended that he had access to Magellan's own papers.
Herrera in the ninth book of liis eleventh Decide in the same w.ay apparently had informa-
tion the sources of which arc now lost to us. The story of Magellan necessarily made
part of such books as Osorius's Dc Rebus Eiiimannelis _^cstis, published at Cologne in
1581, again in 1597, and in Dutch at Rotterdam in 1661-1663. liurton in his Hans Stadc
(p. Ixxxvi) calls the Rclacion y dcrrotero del I'iaje y desciibrimieiito del estrei/io de la
Afadre de Dios, antes llaniado de Mai^allanes por I'edio Saniiiento de Gamboa, published
in 1580, an unworthy attempt to rob Magellan of his fame.
> Cf. />//'/. Amo: /',/., \,. 229.
- Cf. J, A. .'^clniiellcr's Uhcr eiiii^^c ditcii lnviti-
scriftUilie Scc-karti-n, Munich, 1S44, which is an
extract fruin the AhlitiUiUiins^cn d. Hnier. Akittl.
J. Il'issensi/t., iv. i. It is announced (ICSS4) that
llarrissc is preparing an annotated edition of
the letter.
" Cf. Ueclns, Oram, bk. i., chap. ix. and
Chart.
* Cf. BiN. Am. I'ef., nos. ,So, St, i;^2, 133,
161; Cartcr-Iirown, i. 212, 2S3, 336; ii. 22r;
l^abin, xii. p. 90; Ticknor, Catii!i\i,'iit\ p. 226.
'•• Among them may be mentioned, for in-
stance, snch books as Aigensola's Conqiiista de
Ins ishis Mahicas, Madrid, 1609, which a lumdred
years later was made familiar to French and
I'"ni;lish readers bv editions at Amsterdam in
1707, and by being included in Stevens's Vollec-
tion of l'oyni;es in 170S, while the Cerman ver-
sion ap|)eared at Frankfort in 171 1 (cf. Cartcr-
Iirown, ii. 77; iii. 92, 104, 119, 147); Gotard
Arthiis's India Orientiilis, Cologne, itoS; Karya
y Sonsa's Asia Porltix'ncsa, Lisbon, 1666-1675.
The final conquest of the Philippines was not
accom|)lished till 1564, when by order of Philip
II., Mignd Lopez do Lcgaspi led a licet from
Xavidad in Xew Spain. For this and the sub-
sc(iuent history of the island sec Antonio de
Morga's IViilil'piiic Islands (Mexico, 1609) as
translated and annotated for the Hakhiyt So-
ciety by 1 1. F. J. Stanley, iS6,S. Cf. Pedro
Chirino's Rtlicion de las islas Filif'inas, Rome,
1604 (Rich, Cafalo«iie 0/ Books (1S32), no. 99;
Sabin, Dictionary, iv. 12,836)
MAC.ELLANS DISCOVERY.
617
7. had found
iirtii;,'.d, .iiid
IS v., dated
.IS given ill
1 in Ranuisio
lat is known
)ry exists in
S. UcDto (la
; was tbrmcti
oil Academy
1 manuscript
I Ilium's, it is
till.
tfl of latitude
oils as to llie
1 l)efore tliis
riably wronn,
ily liave pro-
loldt has ex-
I's l.ciidas da
'I'encritTe by
' as the hitter
witnessed the
s 152^), under
contemiiorary
icral historical
imous voyaije
wliicli are not
s own papers.
J had informa-
essarily made
\\. Colojjnc in
llaiis Stiidi'
trccho dc la
'wa, published
The modern studies of Nf.inellan and his career have been in good hands. Navar-
rctc when he made his most important c<inlrii)iilion of m.itcrial, .iccompanied it with
a very careful A'oluia l/w^rtl/uit of Majjellan, in which he makes exact references to his
sources.*
A critical life of MaRclian was prefixed iiy Lord Stanley to his II.ikhi\t Society volume
In 1S74. K. 11. M.ijor in his I'rin^c lltiny th • Xitri^ator included .111 admirable critical
.iccount, which was repeated in its results In his later volume, DisiOTi-rUs of Prime
Henry,
A paper on the search of .Magellan anil of Gomez for a western pissafjc was read
by l!uckin;;iiam Smith l)ef()re tlie New York Historical Society, ,1 brief report of which
is ill the Historical Magazine, x. (1.S66) 22(;; and one may compare with it the ess.ay
by Lanj^eron in the Revue Gt'oj^raphiqne in 1K77.
A niimlier of more distinctive monographs have also been printed. beninninK with the
Afa[;ellaii, oder die h'.rste Reise nm die h'.idr nac/i dciii vorliandircn Qiiilleii dari^e.ttellt of
Aufiust liiirck, wliicli was piil)lislied in Leipsic in 1.S44.' Dr. Kohl, who had nivcn the
subject much study, particularly in relation to the history of the straits which iMajjellan
passed, published the results of his researches in the /.eitschrift der llesettsiJiaft Jiir
Erdkuitde in Rerlin in 1S77, — a treatise which was immediately republished separately
?i» Geschichte der Rntdeckun^^syeisen und ScliiJlJalirlen ziir Mai;e//aii's SIrasse. In iKSi
Dr. Franz Wiescr, a professor in the University at Innspruck, examined especially the
question of any anterior exploration in this direction, in his Maj^aliuhs-strasse iiiul
Austral Continent aiif den t;M>en des Johannes Sdiiiner, which was jjublislied in that
year at Innspruck.' About the same time (18S1) the Royal Academy at Lisbon printed
a Vida e l'iai;ens de l-'ern!lo de Afaf^al/nles, com tint apf>endice orii^inal, which, as the
work of Diego de Barros Arana, had already appeared in Spanish.
The bibliography of Magellan and his voyage is prepared with some care by Charton in
his ybyai^eurs, p. 353 ; and scantily in St. Martin's Histoire de la (.ii-<\i;ia/>/iie, \i. 370.
' Cf. also a notice by Navarretc in his Mitlheiluiif;eu des /iislitiils fiir oster>tiilii.u/ie Ge-
O/'thiidos, i. 143, with (p. 203) an .appendix of schiditsforsihiiiii;, v. (heft iii.) to "ciii Itcricht
" Prucbas, ihistraciones y docunientos." dcs Gasparo Contarini iilicr die Ilcinikclir der
"^ S.ahin, iii. 9,208. Victoria von der Ma^alhiics'sclien Kxpedition,"
' Wiescr has also drawn attcntiiin in the with ample annotation.
I
1|
V
EDITORIAL NOTE. — A section on tlie "Historical ChoroRraphy of .«oiith America," traclni; tlic
cartographical history of th.it continent, together with a note on tlie " Hibliography of Uracil," is reserved for
Vol. VIU.
vciis's CoUec'
dernian \ci-
1 (cf. Carlcr-
147); Goiaid
itoS; Karya
11, i66()-i675.
ncs was not
order of Philip
,1 fleet from
s and the sub-
c Antniiio dc
xico, 1609) as
c HakUiyt So-
5.S. Cf. 'Pedro
7///«<;.f, Rome,
S;,2), no. 99;
VOL. II. — 78.
'I
Ifcll '<
w
m
m
''",1 I
■•I (J
:ir
INDEX.
[Reference is commonly made but once to a book if repeatedly mentioned in the text; but other references arc made
when additional information about the book is cr- iveyed.j
Aa, Vandek, his collection, 63; map
of the Pacific cgast, 467. Set'
Vandcr Aa.
Abancay River, 544.
AbiTca, 1*., Kfjrs de A ragon^ 6S.
AL yoa, jv^-
Aberl, J. W., Report on .\>7(' Mexico^
4S7, 50 [.
Ablyn, yieuwc UWrc/f, 410.
Abreu de tlalineo, .?().
Acadia (Larcadiat. 451, 45,^
Acapulco, ,i.)2, 441 ; view of, ,VM : com-
merce with Philippines, 454.
Acklin Island, 1)2.
Ada, igS, lyfj, 501^.
Acoma, 4S5, 4S7, 504.
Aconcaqna. 524, 52S.
AcDSta, Col. }., ///sL y.Gratuiiliiy 5S2.
.Ai-'psia, Jose dc, in Peru, 552; used
I )uran s manuscript, 420; account
nfhini,42o; Ih- Xatura Novi Or-
/"s 420; on tlie conversion of the
Indians, 420; tin the nalivesof Peni
and Mt xico, 120; Hist. fi,it. y uioral
tie las Ifiiiias^ 420 ; inSihrvibjiug
iier A merua. 420 : AVrc // V//. 420 ;
A tnrrh.i tnii-r W 'est I miui^ 42 > ;
Eiist and U 'est Indies, 420.
Actnhachi, 248
Aites de la ^ociH^ iV Etlmologie^ 50.
Aciiuo, 4S7, 4i)0.
Acuna, bishop of Caracas, gf-o; Rio
de las A tnazons, sS>); translated by
*Miinbervi!Ie, 584.
Acu-^, 477. 4S.>.
Adda^d. d', 47-
Adlard, ( Ico. .-( //O'e Rohart^ 46(1.
Admiral's map, 12.
Adrian VI., 2,^5.
Adrian, Cardinal, 307.
yKneas Sylvius, .v; his Historian 31 ;
annotated by Cohmibns (rut), 11.
Africa, geoi^raphy of, v)! circunmavi-
gated by the a.icients, 4t); sketch-
map of ex|)lorations ^cut). 40 ; map
of (14-10), 41 ; supjiosed to be con-
nected with America, 127; coast of,
by Ptolemy, 165 ; map of ( 1 509K 1 72 ;
in Pomponius Mela's map, iSo.
Agathoda'mon maps, 2S.
A^ile, 246.
Agnese, Haptista, pnrtolano of Charles
v., 222; map of the Moluccas, 440;
n)ap(i5i',\ (If; ; map (1554), 44"^-
Agricola, Kudolpluis, 1S2: his iract
Ad J 'adianui/i, tS2.
Asaadu, Juan, 17.
Aguilar, 4'vv
Agnilar, Coude de. vjo.
vVguilar. Francisco de, 2f«n.
Aguilar, Marcos de, jS'i.
Aguilar, Martin, !iis voyage. 461.
Aguirre, V. de, 52S.
Aguirre, Lope de, Ids revolt from
Ursua,5S2; killed, 582; account of,
5S2.
Ahumada, Pedro de, 254.
Ailly, Pierre d' i,Petrusdc Aliacus), 28 ;
)''!tago Mundif 28; notes on, by
Cohimbus, 29; fac-sin»ileufthem, 31.
See D'Ailly.
Alabama River, 205-
Alaman, Lucas, tianslates Prescott,
427 ; Historia de la Republica Meji-
cana, W. 42S: fUstoria de Mejico,
42S; Disertacioiiesj 25(', 3(15.
.Alaminos, Anton de, pilot, 201, 203,
233, 234. 236, 2S3.
Alarcon, Hernando, sent to support
by sea Coronado's expedition, 443,
4S1 ; on the Colorado, 4S1 ; his
buried message I'ound, 4S().
Alaska, first fairly mapped, 4'^'4 ;
(..Maschka) 4'-;.
Albertini, Francesco, Opttacuhim de
Romcr, 154; De Roma /•riscif, 154.
Albertus M.ignus, jS; hisportrail(cut),
2.): De iiatiira loi-or7trft,<^^\ edited
by 'ranslelter, 173.
Albo (Alvaro), Francisco, log-book,
">?;■
Alcabala, 561.
.Alcalde, duties of, 34S.
Alcaforado, Francisco, 3S.
.Alcantara, l-'rancisco Martin de, 512.
Alcantara, Martin de. 534.
Alcarraz, Diego d', 4*^6, 41)1, 4'>6.
Alca/.ar, Co}>t/>afiia de yesus, z-jij.
Alcon, Pedro, 51 1.
Aldana. 231J.
Aldana, Lorenzo de, 23.), 540, 54". 545-
AKiercte, J. de, 52S.
Aleutian Islands, first lairly mapped,
4''4-
Aleque. 1".- \. ^f),
Alexander VL, I'ope, 13: his P.ull, 13,
45; bust of, 44: addressed hy Co-
lumbu*^, 46. See Pull : Demarcn-
tion.
Alfinger, Ambrosio de, his expedition,
.Algu.i/.il, 51^3.
Alibamo ( AJinianni, I.inianuO, 250.
Allard, CaroUis, his Atlas, 4M6.
Allefonsce, rcnigh sketch-maji of tlie
Antilles, 227.
Allegania, name proposed for the Uni-
ted Stales, 17S.
Alleurctli, Alleyri. \\\-^ F.^hewerides, i.
Allen. J. .A., Iiil'liogra/>hy.o/ Cetacea,
430,
A llge/neiffe t^'-'>gra/>/ttSilie I'.f'hemeri-
den, 140, 5.(3.
Ahnagro, Diego, i<A5"5l proclaimed
governor of Peru, 534 ; Ids career,
506 : follows Pizarro, 507 ; made
governor of Tumbe/, 512; breaks
with Pizarro, 512 ; brings re-en-
forcements, 517 ; likeness, 51S; asks
for a province, 51S: agreement with
Pizarro, 522 ' goes to conquer Chili,
523 ; enters and claims Cusco, 525;
conference with Pizarro, 52'); de-
feated and put in chains, 527 : his
son Diego, i;27; killed, 527, s.i''-
Almanacs, earlv, 102.
Alniendral (Afmendras), Martin de,
in-
Alonzo V. (Portuga!). 3.
Altamaha, 24'').
Altamiranis D. CI., 545.
Alva, Duke ot". S-^.
Aivarado, Alonzo de, 534, ^\\ \ ad-
vances on Cusco, ^2i\\ (lefeated, ^2''»;
escapes from Cusco, 521.; likeness,
(;44 ; defeated Ijy (liron, 1:45.
Aivarado, Carcia de. S35.
Aivarado, Citmez de. 527.
Aivarado, Con/alo, his m.muscript on
the conquest of ( 'ruatomala, 41.).
Aivarado, Ilern.nido de. \\.^\.
Alvar.ado. Pedro de, 351; his portrait,
3''fs 3')^ '- a'ltog., 3')7 : with Cri-
jalva, 2«pi ; in Mexico, 3()7; at the
second siei;e, 37^1; receives 'I'apia,
3S0: in Ciuateniala, 3S3 ; accounts
of his trial, y*i<^ 410". in Peru, 520;
his report to C'ortes, 411: his ile-
spatches from Cuatemala, 410; re-
turns to Cuatemala, 522; new grant
to. S22.
Alvarez. K%iy ^X<.
Alvaro. See Albo.
Alviles, Diego, 5o(>.
Alzate. 37S.
Amador de los Rios, fose, edits Ovie-
do, 3tf>.
AmaiiiMvo, 2(3.
Am.iiuhis, Chronica, 417.
Am.it di San Kilippo. Pictro, /^V.'.^.^
dei viagi^iatori Italiaui, \i,^ ; utap-
panioiidi, etc, 155; Stitdi I'iog. e
Ain.it, Die: de los escritores Catalanes,
45-
Amatepeque, 503.
Amati, Ricrrclie, 51.
Amazon, 510 ; discovered, S2^; history
of the, 570; (Paricnr.i, Maranon,
Otcllana |SS; sketch-map, i;Si.
Amazons (female warriors), 5'<4, 585'
tin New Mexico) 474.
Atnl>o\ii,i. ^.(1.
Am.'lia Island, 2S2.
A luerica. /./%, .*?
620
fl
p- 4
America, in Schinier'sclohe (1535), iiS;
ii.iniecpn the ^l■(l^s^^)res, i »o; (in the
1 >.i \'inci skelcli, u'l : p.ipur nn the
naming ot". by Ju^titi Win^or, 13,1 ;
n.niu' prnposed in Citsif/tii,'-. ////roi/.,
\\'\lh lac— similes, 1 40, I'lS ; carliesi ii-^e
of name on maps, 171, 17J ; slicmid Iju
cillcilColumba, 174 : a part of Asia,
170; lliu name tirsl applied to (he
L'tuire continent (1541). 17'^; name
of, in editions of Ptolemy. 1*^4. Si'c
Ntiitli America, Sontli America.
Americnt' Kthnol(tgical Society, /ViU/^-
iiidons, 501.
Amm\au journal of Xumismatics,
47"
American Philosophical Society's
'I'fittisaitious, 35.
Aiiirrii'tiii Ixcviciv, 501.
Aniichel, 3S4: named by (iaray, 237.
yXmigns del I'ais, lufornit', etc., S2.
Amoretti, Charles, on Mnidonndo, 456 ;
publishes l'is;afetta, fn4.
Annica, 5SQ.
Amiinate^ni, M. L.. DrscHf'. t rotiq.
lit- CAt/r, 57_^ ; Ld sor/irrsu lic
Citriti'iiva, 573.
Anahnac plateau, .^sS, 359.
Anaiea, 24(1.
Aualectic Miti^nzinc, 50.
A miles tie Aragou, '>s, 421.
Anacinito. 53S.
Anasco, Juan de, 245, 246.
Ancients, their references to western
lands, 25.
Ancona, 1 '«(Vi/rt«, 421), 558,
Ancoras, 449.
Ancupariiis, Thos., 173.
Andai;oya, Pascnal de, igfi, ifjtj, 212,
5<'5' 541* 5''4 '' 'i'** Rt'/atiou, 212,
214, 564 ; edited by Markliam, 212,
5^)4 ; inspector-general, 506; his life,
^<^^\ in Him, 506; founds IJiiena-
ventnru, 53'^>.
Andaluiaylas, t;i9.
Andalusian Ijibliophiles, 6<'>.
Anderson, America not discovered by
VolmnbuK, 33.
Andes, 514. See Cordilleras.
Andrade, J. M., 422 ; his library, 3<)9 ;
its sale, 430.
Anghiera. See Martyr.
Anian, early use of the name, 445 ; on
the Asiatic coast, 445.
Anian, Gulf of, 454.
Anian KeKtuim, 452, 454, 450, 472.
Anian, Straits of, origin of the name,
445 ; first on maps, 449 ; mentioned,
445. 45'» 453. 454. 455- AVh 4f>"i 463.
4('i4. 4f>i;, 4fiii, 4fi7 ; llojdson on, 456.
Anson, I'oyages, ^(yj.
Antarctic continent, 1 nj, 433, 454, 457 ;
{Terra Australis) 45^^
Anlicluhones, iSo.
Antigua, 197 ; abandoned, kjq. .S>c
Santa Maria.
Antithas, inK.
AnMlles{.\ntiglle , 220 ; (Kntillas), 226:
tirsi named, 38,
Antillia, 105, 115; (Antiglie), i2i;(is-
land)v>. 3>*-
Anlischia, 5^4.
Antonio, liibliotheca If/s/i. nova, 575.
yXntonlude la Ascension. 4<'ki.
Antwerp. A'////, dr la Soc- gcog , 59.
Anza, 4fiS.
Apalche, j<i.
Apalache Hay, 243, 2S3, 28S.
Apalaches, 295.
Apianns. Petrus (Bienewitzl, Coswog,
liber ^ 1 73, 1 74, 1 S2 ; Declaratto
tyf^i cosiuogrnphici, i7f>, ('^2 ; ac-
count nfliini, I>^J ; .inn{)tated by ( 1.
I'risins, 1S3 : later editions, i>^4, iSt;,
1S6; Ills likeness, from Keiisner,
179 : another likeness. iS; ; b" '' ^':-
raphy of, 1^0, etc. ; his map
122, 173, \'^2 ; fac-viniite of
ApoUonius. l.evinus, /^c/Vr/.7 '.* cesi-
oi/ix, ^7',.
Apuriin.ic, 520.
Arabs, their marine chart's. 94.
Ani^on, archives of, ii,; chronicles of,6S.
IXDKX.
Arana, Diego de, 10 ; Biblto^C- <f^ <^b- .
ras afhhi., (>h, 2Sg. !
Araucanians, 524, 54S ; wars of, 5O1, 1
573, poem on, by l-.rcilla, 571. j
.Araucaria, 5f>2. |
.Arauco, 524.
Arbadaos, 244.
Arholancha, Pedro do, n/*. 211.
Arch.eoloftical Institute of America,
Frf-orts, 502.
Archc, 491.
A rt Itivo dos A\;ores, 40.
A rchivo Mexicttno, 3>»S.
Arciniega, Sancbo de, j/S.
Arctic (kean (mare septentrionalo in-
co^into), 451.
Arilomo, Ant. defence of C. de Vacai
jSh; l''..\auten, 2Sf»,
Arellano, t". d', 25.S.
Arellano, Tristan d',213, 482, 48''i, 4S1J,
504: attacked, 495.
Arenas{Cape), 281.
Arequipa, 519. 55S. 559". founded, 523.
Argensoia. A miles de Arago/t, 91 ;
Cofitj. de bix islax Malucas, OiO.
Arguello, Ilernandode, 213.
Arias, C.oniez, 503; seeks De Solo,
Aribau, I!. C, 584.
Arica, 519.
Aristotle, 24 ; De mundo^ 2C>.
Aii/ona, 477.
Arkansas Indians, 294.
Annas, I. \,. de. Las Cenizas de Co-
lo//, yl'.
Arinendariz, 581,582.
Armor of Columbus' time (cut), 4;
f Cortes' time, 360; Spanish, 539,
544.55"' .
Arms of Spanish towns and provinces,
409.
Arnini, T., Das altc Mexico., 362,
42S.
Arrowsmitli, bis maps show Lake Pa-
rima, 5^9.
Artlius, (lothard, 420: India orien-
talis, *'i''.
Arx Carolina, 269,
Ascension liay in Yucatan, 203.
Asensio, |. ^I., Los ?rsfos de Colon^
S2.
Asia, in Poniponius Mela's map, 180.
A-'ian theory, 42. See .\meric-'».
Aspa, Ant. de, ^9.
Asseline, David, A /itiquitez de Dicp/'e,
34-
Astabuniaga, F. S., 573.
Astcte, Miguel, his narrative, 566.
Astrolabe, 9'); picture 01,9(1.
Astronomers, important on early voy-
ages, [4S.
Atabillos, Marquis of, 522.
Atacama, 559; desert, 524.
Atacamcs, 50S.
Atahualjia, 514; jiortraits of, 515, 516;
made prisoner, sU-; offers ransom,
517, 5')'i ; nuirdered, 517
Atien/a, Mlas de, 520; with Balboa,
520.
Atienzn, Bias de (son\ Relaciou, 520.
Atlantic Hiean, names of, 30 ; called
*■ Mare del Nort,'' 451.
Atlantis, 37.
Atratf) (river), i<(8, 509.
A tti della Soc. Ligitre di Storia
Patria, io'<, dif).
Attwood's Bay, 5').
Aubin manuscripts, 41S
Audiencia, w"^; of New Spain, ^87: of
San Domingf), 3S2.
Augustinian friars, 399.
Aiisli, 7, das, 9, f.6, 103.
Ame (harbor), 243.
.\uto da fe in Peru, 557.
Autun, d', 28.
-Av.-'vares ( Indians). 244.
/. ■ JiidaiVi. Diego de, 343.
Avila, Alnnso (le, 351, 429, 520.
.Avila, Pedro Arias d', 505; governor
of Nicaragua, 50*^. See Pedr.-irips,
Avila. See 1 )avila, Gil Gonzales.
Axacan. 2''>n, 282.
Ayala, J*edni de. 518.
Ayays, 253.
Ayllon, Lucas Vas(lU(.•^ de, of St. Do-
mingo, 23S; on the Klorida coast,
2.(0; land of, 221: in \'ngiiiia, 241 :
map
'54'. i;r;
>'. rediscov-
dies, 241 ; authorities o
of his explorations, 285
Ayora, 11,7.
A/evedo (Jesuit), 278.
.Azores, ir.5, 115, 451 : li.
Artliifo dos A{Ores, 40
ered, 38.
A/tec civilization, de-cribed by Pres-
cott, 4?;; doubted by Wilson, 427.
.Aztec liter, iture, 417,
Aztecs before the Conquest, as d'--
scribed by Sabagun, 410; driven
from Mexico, 445.
Bahui-xa, 127.
llaccalaos, 128. 432, 434, 436; Baca*
laos) 22,1, 228, 44f>: (liacalar) i2'> ;
(I'accallaos) 435; (Bacallaos) 435;
(Bacaalear) 432; ( Baccaleanim re-
gio) 177, 433; (Bacalhos) 44(1;
(Baccalos) 451; (Ba(|ualnn) 450;
map of, 435.
Bachiler, Ap/intes para la hist, de
C/tba, 230.
Backer, La compagnie de Jesus, 420.
Back-staff, 98, 100. ^Vc Cross staff.
Bacon, Fr.. Li/eof/Ienry 11/., t,.
Bacon, Kuger, 2S: Opus Maj'/ts. 2S-
Badajos, Gonzalo de. 198.
Badaios. Congress of, 439.
Baerle, K.van, edits Herrera, 4()i.
Baez, 282.
Baguet, " Ces restes de Colomb," 82.
Baliamas (Banama), 217; discovered,
233; number of, 53 ; map, 55 ; slaves
taken at, 23(t.
Bahia de Cavallos. 243.
liahia de la Cruz (Apalache), 243, 2S8.
Balbiia, AL C, //isioire d/i i\'rtt. 576,
Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, 193 ; liears of
the Southern Sea, 194: discovers it,
176, 195, 211, 217, 436, 439, 505; his
trial, 197; executed, i9i(, 212, 213;
authorities on, 210; portrait, 195,
Balbuena, '".l liernanlo, 430.
Baldelli, AlJio/iedi Marco Polo, 156.
Baldi. C'. Colombo, (n).
Baldwin, C. C, 457 ; Prehistoric Xa-
tiotis, 25.
Ballenar, 524.
Balsas, Kio, 198.
Bamba, river, 521-
BanchcK), (!., iv. : ed. ofCodice, 72.
Bancroft, Geo., on Prescott. 427.
Bancroft, 11. II., his manuscripts, viil ;
on Ilenera,'>7; his Early Ameri-
ca/i Cliro/ziilers, J07 ; his authorities
on Mexican liistorv, 399 ; criticism of
Prescott, 425 ; his lists of be ks on
Mexico, 430; Ins Xatire AVttTJ,
5U2 ; History oy/'aciyic States, 502 ;
Xortk .Mexican States, 502; Cen-
tral A u/erica, 207, 502, 578; Mexi-
co, 428, 429, 502 ; California, 502 :
Xorthioest Coast, 502; AVif *l/tM'/-
t 0 and A ricona, 502.
Banda, 591.
Bandelier, A. V., on Chimalpain, 412 ;
bibliography of Yucatan, 213, 42W,
430 ; Ilisto/ical Jnfrod/iction to
St/tdies aimaig the Sede//tary In-
diausy 477, 502 ; and the Codex
Chii/talpopoca, 4r8; R/tins i/i the
Valley 0/ J'ecos. 48S.
Bandini, A. ^L, I'itadi I'espucci, 131,
154.
Banks, Sir Joseph, 226.
Baranda, vii.
Barbo^a, Duarte, Somviario, 013.
Baibmata, 5S1.
Barcelona, archives ai, n.
Barcia, Andres Gonzales. Ensayo
cronoldffico, 2S3 ; flistnriadores
primitivos, 401 : edits lienera, 07;
edits G. do la \'cga's Florida, 290
etlits Torciuemada, 422.
Barco, pLdm del, 517.
Barent/, .\<'o.
Barlxus, Xo7'ns Orbis, (t7.
i*
INDEX.
621
I de. of Si. D'>-
i Morula tn.ist,
in Vir;j;iiiia, 241 ;
L's 1)1), i'^s ; map
285.
\ Ml r;4i. 17;;
rs, 41' : iciliscuv-
■cribcd hy I'res-
by Wilful, 427.
'onquest, ;w cli ■
in, 4i'i ; driven
«4. 43^' ; iS'ic.i-
>\ (Hacalar) i2fi ;
(Bacallans) 435;
[liacealcarum re-
(Iiacal!ir)s> 44''-
(Baquahin) 45" ;
'iirit la hist. </<■
'lie lie Ji'-sus, 420.
See Cross-staff.
'fen>y I'll.. ?,.
>/>nx Mtijiis, 2S.
198.
. ■\M)-
i Hcrrera, 401.
de Colomb*" '^z.
217; discovered,
I, \ map, 55 ; slaves
43-
palachej, 243* 288.
aire tin Pern. 57^).
z de, \u} ; bears of
, 1(^4 ; discovers it,
■ 4.^S 439. 505; I'i^
ed, u^j, 212, 213;
j; portrait, I'js-
m/i', 430.
Marco Polo, 156.
, Prchi&torie Sa-
d. o^Codice, 72.
'rescott, 427.
nmuiiscripta, viii :
"s Early Ameri-
7 ; bis authorities
, 391^ ; criticism i)f
lists of br. ks on
Xafire Kaces^
'aci/ii States, 5.i2 ;
California^ 5"2 ;
502 ; A'fTt'-J/t'.r/-
502.
.V/,
Cbimalpain, 41^ ;
'ucatan. 215, 42-).
I utrihiiutioH to
•he Seiieutary In-
nid the Codex
rS ; Ruins in the
4SS.
(// res/>nai, \\i.
iininariOt (ji3-
t. 11.
m/alcs, Etisayo
llistoriadores
dils Herrera, i>7 ;
l's Flrida, 290
, 422.
''/j, f>7.
Harlow, S. L. M., prints Ilarrisse's
Xoteson Colunil'USy viii.; his Hltrarv,
4^.
Haronms, Annates, 592.
Marreiros, De Ophira regione., 154.
Ilarrio-Xuevo, I" de, 212, 495.
Harros, Arana Mie^o de. Collection
d^oiwra^es inedits on tares sur
VAtnerit^ue, S7V. Proreso de I'al-
diT'ia, 5'>9; Coleccion de llistoria-
dores tie Chile, S72: book on Ma-
gellan, 617.
Harros, Jo.'io de, Asia, 90.
Harrow, Chrotioh\^ieal History of
\'oyai;es, 3^, 4:;:;.
r.arry, J. J.. <h: rohinibiis. (v),
Uartictl, J. I\.. on C. de Vaca's route,
2S7 ; on cariy printing in Mexico,
400.
liirtolozzi, K., Rieerehe circa sco-
Perte di I'^cspucci, 162; Relaztone^
1^)2.
I'asanier, 293, 298.
Uasle, treaty of, Mo.
Hasns, 44,,.
IJassin de Sand.icourt, 145. i'''4.
bastidas, Kodri^cj, loi), 189, 581 ; au-
thorities on his voyage, 2q% 207;
his voyage, 22. 204.
lianranU bay, ' o').
IJaiuIoin, J., 575.
Baiitista, Joan, pilot, '-16.
Kayuera, I'., Copia de la Icttera per
Colombo^ 62.
lia/an, Pedro de, 241.
Hazares, Cliiido de, 257.
Iteaupre, O14.
Hecerra, I)iej;o, 19^, 441.
Heclier, Landfall of Columbus, 54.
Hede, 2S.
Hehaini, Martin, his career, 104; his
claim to early discoveries, 34; his
map of Mai;ellan's straits, 35, 604;
improves the astrolabe, 97 ; on the
African coast, 41 ; portrait, 104 ; liis
^tobe, 25, ni( ; section of, 105 ; de-
scribed, 105.
Behring on the Asiatic coast, 464 ; his
straits. 4f'S.
Bijar, duque de, y.v\
Helen, river, 22.
Betgranu, L. '1*., Ossa di Colombo, S3.
IJelkna)). 1 >r. Jeremy, cm Columbus,
f^S ; his Aineriean IHoi^raphy, oS,
Belle^arde, Abbe de. 341.
Belle^^ardi', Ilistoire unlverselle, 410.
Bellero, Juan. 180; his maji, 227, 412.
ilellin, Nic, his map of California, 41 iS.
Bcllnro, (1 'i'., on Columbus' birth-
place. H4; Notizte^ S4.
Belloy, M.irquis de, Ct>lofnb.6<).
Beiiaduci, Lorenzo Boturinl, 2 ; his
maiHiscripts, 397, 418 ; Idea de una
uueva historia, etc., 41S, 429 ; Cata-
loi^o, 429.
Renal'-a/.ar, .Seb., 19S 538, 580.
Beneventanus, Marcus, 121, 154.
Beiuncasa, Andreas, portolano, 3S.
Benzoni, Girolamo, 346; Historia del
inondo nuoz'o, 34'>, 347 : its biblio-
graphy, 347 ; his portrait, 347 ; Nuo-
7>anie*'te ristampata, etc., 347 : <hi
Columbus, 67 ; AVrvr novi orhis his-
tori<p libri, 29--, 347: in De Bry,
347 : Per neivenn If'eldt, 347 ;
Cterman versimis, 347; I >utcli ver-
sions, 347 : Kiiglish versions, 347.
Berardi, Jiianoio, 131, 142,
Berckman, A., 1S4.
Berendt, (J. H., 402.
Bergenroth, G, A., edits Rolls Series,
1.; Calendar of Letters, etc., i. ;
liiuls a Columbus letter, 47 ; Calen-
dar of State Papers, 47; on l--a-
bella,'5.
Bergomas, Snpplementnni supple -
tnenti, 64. See T'oresti.
Beristain, liibUotheca Hispano-AvW'
ricano, 429.
Berlin, Catalogue of manuscripts in the
library at, 449; GeselUcliaft flir
Krdkunde,q3 : Berliner '/.eitsehrift
fUr allgemeine Erdkunde, 579
I Bermuda, 224, 451, 453: (1511) im;
(152.,) 22 1 ; (1544) 227; <i55&) ^28 ;
hrsi seen, 1^5; (.Belmudo) 229; in
the early maps, 225.
Bernaldez, Andres, Historia de los
reyes catolieos, 47, S3.
Bernalillo, 4X8.
lieniard, A. J., Geofroy Tory, iSi.
Berreo, Ant. de, s^f*.
BeiTio, 23'>.
Berihoiui, K. I,.. 4'7.
Bertraiidin yournal des Sacauts^ 4-; i .
Benvick, Duke ul', >:«,
Betanzosj Juan de, $\'\
Beteia, lathL-r CicKory de. 255-
Bianco, Andrea, his sea-chari, 38, 94.
Bibliophile Belize, z,i>.
Jiibliot--ca de los Atnericauistas, 39'^,
4P>.
Biblioteca CoUnubina, <->i.
Itiblioteca C"osaleiiense, 159.
Biblioteca historica de la Iberia, 40S,
411.
Biblioteca uacioual y extranjera, 42S.
Biblioteca I 'alenciana, I'u.
Bibliotheca Thottiana, 171.
Bibliothek des Uteran'schen I'erei'fis
in Stuit^i^art. 579.
Bihliothi'que filzhnrienne, 203.
Biedma, laiys Hernandez de,A't'('./( Aw,
2S9, 2ijo; autog., 290.
Bienewitz. See Apianus.
Big.ites, 487. 4SS. 49'-
Bimini, 1 10, ;'i7, 231, 2S3 ; fountain at,
232; name transferred lo Mexico,
.'»»7-
Biobio river, 532.
Ibondelli, 41 5.
Bioiulo, De veutiset navigatione, 421.
Bird, [(jS, 199, 505, 50.J ; visited by
Andagoya, 5ot). ^Vt* Beru.
I Bison, 477; the range of, ,244. See
Buffalo.
I Blaru, WMw, 5S7 ; his maps of Cali-
fornia, 467.
I Blanco, Cape, 40, 2S0, 461 ; (Blamquo)
44^
I Blome, Description (ifijo), 466.
I Bobadilla, 20, 21, 1^9.
I Bobr.dilla, Friar Kr. de, 526.
I Bobadilla, Isabel del, 197.
1 Boca del I>rago, 1S7.
Boca de Terminos, 203.
Bocchi, I'rancesco, Libri elogiorum,
1 54.
Bifinus, Joliannes, Omnium gentium
mores, 615.
Boesnier. Le Mexique cowjuis, 430.
lioRotii, 5S1 ; P'edermann and others
„ :»t, 579.
Bohan, 531.
Boissard, Icones, (7 ; Bibliotheca, etc.,
(7. 73-
Hoj.idm, ( 'ape» 40,
BoUaeii. Win., 582.
Bon'ionnne, M., i8'>.
Bind, C»., Biblioteca Esteuse, 107.
Boiinerniix, Baron de, I'ie de Colomb,
Bontier, 36.
Bookworm, 48.
Boide, P. G. I.., VMe de Trinidad,
5^7-
Boija, J. H. de, 5^2.
Bnrromeo, Fred., Cardinal, 57, 614.
Bory de Saint-Vincent, Les Isles For-
tunl-es, 3fj.
Btis, Van den, Leven en Daden, 68.
P.OSM haert, ifi2,
Bos-i. \.., I 'ita di Colombo, f^S.
Boston, a ship from, alleged to be met
by 1 )e I'onte, 4'^)2.
Botero. Relacioues, 461.
Botiii ini. ..SVf' Beiiaduci.
Bougiier, si*o.
Boulenger, Louis, 120.
Bourke, J. G.. <ni Coronadn, 503.
Bourne, /Crgi/nent of the Sea, 98.
pMiwen, Ills map, 4' 8.
liraba, .(05.
I'r iL.iinor.is, ^27.
'■rii'lf.'id Club publications, 2)0.
Bui^a, J..lni ol, 59').
Branco river, 5S7.
Brant, Seb., portrait, 59; Xarren-
schi^, 5S
Brant(jine, Grands capttatnes, 2 /S.
Brasilic, iiS, u.,. See Brazil.
Brasseur de Bt>urbonr.;j;, I'opul-l'uh,
25; on Spanisli cruelty, 343 ; hi^i
auihoriiy, 41s ; Xations cir'Hisees,
41S. 42S ; on the in.inuhcript of Her-
11. il I>iaz, 42S; edits Btshoj) J.an-
da's Relation, 429: his lilaary, 41S,
4^11. I'odex Chin;alpo/>oca. 4i'<.
Braun and Hogenberg. Croitates, 37S ;
Cites dn Monde, 37.S.
Bravo, Melchoi, 542, 543, 55[.
Brazil, 228, 435, 430, 4^7,440; bibliog-
raphy ()f, <>i;\ cut off by line of
demarcation, 5./.; first visited. 150;
in the Leno\ globe, 123, 170; map
of coast \ 15 -'2), 5';8; natives ot", 5- 7 ;
cannil).ils. 5.^7 ; called /'i-rra Sanc-
tiC Crucis, i'>y, 219; (Prisilia) 121;
( Mre>ilia)459. See i'risilia, Brasilic,
Bresiiia,
Breckenridge, H. ^^., Early Discov-
eries in .\eu< Mexico, 502.
Bresii {island), 36, 451, .(53.
Bresilia, 433. See Brazil.
Breusing, Gerhard Kremer, 471.
Breiising, .A., Zur iiesthiJite der
l\artograf>hie. 55.
IJrevoori, J. C., on .Spanish-American
documents, i. vii ; on Munoz, iii;
Remains of Columbus, S2 ; on the
aims of Ciplumbus, SS ; on the bib-
liography ot Cortes, 411 ; uii the
bibliography of Gomara, 414: on
Viscain;), 40i-
Breydenbach, B de, his Percgrina
Hones, S. 10.
Briceno, Alonzo, 510.
Briggs. M.istei, his map in Piirchas,
402, 40'>.
Brinton, I>. G , 279, z'^z; Aboriginal
American Literature, 419; l-iort-
dian J'eninsnia, 2^^
British Museum. Spanish docinneiits
in, vn ; Index to Manuscripts, \ii;
Catalogue oj Spanish Manuscripts,
vii
Brito, Am., f)i6.
I'.rovius, 5.^2
Brown, Kawdon, Calendar of State
/*a/>ers, 1 ; and the \'eiietian ar-
chives, viii; disco\er\ of letters re-
specting Vespncius, 152
Biuzen, la Martinicre, introduction a
Vkistoire, 40.S.
Buache, 4'iS ; Consldhations geo-
graphujues, 461 : Decouz'ertes de
I'Amiral de J-'onte. ,\<>;i : and
Kino's map, 4O7 ; on Maldonado,
45.'; ■
Buell, Bernardus, 5.S.
Bnena N'entura, 509, 53'-.
Buffalo, eariy pictures (1542) of. 477,
4SS, 4S9 ; tirst .'s|)anish knowledge
of, 4^7. See Bison.
Biiga, ^O').
Bud (or Boil), If..
Bull of demarcation, 51^2 ; the line
mo\ed, 592, 51/j. See Alexander
W. ; I )einarcation.
Bullart. Isaac, ;^.
Bulletin de la Soci^t^ d'Anvers, S2.
Buid)urv, Hiitorv of A ncient Geogra'
, Ml'' '^^
Biirck. .-\ugns", Magellan, 503,017.
Buriel opposes Delisle's views on De
Konte, 463.
Burke. I'Mmund. European Settle-
nients in America, 424.
Biirney, South Sea I'oyages, 461
Burton, Hans Stade, <>i<>.
Bustamante, C'arlos Maria de, 39S ;
edits Cavo's I'res Siglos, 42'S ; pub-
lishes Cbimalpain, 412.
Butler, J Dm on the naming of Amer-
ica, 17S; on portraits of Columbus
Biitlner, 221.
lUincton, Cho tm> D,-liner, 25^
Bynneman, Henry, 414.
^ i
022
INDEX.
C AiiAM.FKis Diego, 2.19.
Ctb.illuro, oraiioii on Columbus, Si.
I alifza (It; Vaca, 503 ; at t'uliacan,
174 ; Keiacion^ 4<vy. Sec \'aca.
CaI)L'zu(io, J. K., 90.
Cabu. .Sec Cape.
(abo, Dcseado, 60S.
Cabo Krio, 5cj6, See Trio.
Cabot, St.-l.,istian, compared witb Co-
lumbus, <n) ; bis rccurtls ot longi-
tuflu, 100; bis map, 113, 227,241:
on \*espucius, 154; was he on ilit
!• Inrida coast, 2,^1 ; apparently igno-
rant III lltpmez' voyage, 242: lesti-
tics in the Cntumbus lawsuit, 242;
at La Plata, 440: an Italian, 2; witb
his father discovers North America,
t^S; tlioiiglu it different from Asia,
i3f..
Cabral discovers Brazil, 24, ijO, 169,
Cabrera. lUieno, his XaTrf^acion^ 45.^.
Cabrera, Ciisltilja!, Manuai de adul-
/rs. 400.
Cabrilio, Juan Rt>drij;ue/., on the Cali-
I'ornia coast, 444. 4>St.
Cabnsto, 2511.
Cacama, .^"4.
Cadanio>to, 40,
Cadiidaguios, 294.
Cadoret, K., I'le de Co/oiii/', O5, 69.
Caicedo, 194, 209, 210
Caicos, 233.
Cakclii(|uels, ^S^
Calanclia, Ant. de la, Corouicti, 570.
Caldera. 524.
Calderon de la liarca, 427.
Calderon tie la Llarca, Juan, in Chili,
Calendars, published by English Gov-
ernment, i.
Call, 5<.,.
Calicut, 42.
California, coast of, in maps 447, etc.:
map by l)udley, 4'>5 ; discovered
by Cortes, _ii,,i : urli^in of name, 44.^ ;
history by Clavigero, 425.
California (gulf), mai^ of, by Cortes,
442 ; called < lulf of Cortes. 4,43 ; Red
Sea, 44,1; (Mer Vermiglio) 22S ;
map of, by Castillo, 44.? : bv Cabot,
447; by Freire. .(4'^; (Niar Vernieio)
449; map by W'yttliet, 45S.
California (peninsula). Kino's explora-
tions. 4()7: early thought to be an
islpnd. 442 ; then held lube a penin-
sula,^45: su sliow'ii ill varinus maps,
445, etc.; omitte' on others, 440;
represented v .i* !!«■ .-., 22-S ; dis-
torted in shaf ■. .,-.. , jy Wylflict.
45'^; later rt'i- ■■1*: t ■ ■■ an island,
4f>t ; mapj slio; 'i 1 ..., pcnin >u)a,
4'^>i ; earliest insularizing of it, 461 ;
early suspicions of its insularity, 4r)i ;
in iJriggs's map, 4'>2 ; an island on a
capfircd S)tanl-,h chart, 4^2 ; a pe-
nniftiiia in I )e I.aet, 4fS2 ; an inland.
400; v.iried views, 467. |
Caliquen, 24".
Callao, 519,
Callender. i'oyages to Term Austra-
/is, 102.
Caliiva, 251.
Calvet de Estella, "He rebus gestis
(."ortesii,*' 3<)7-
Calve ton. Sec Chauveton.
Cam, Diego. 41 ; on the African coast,
Caniargo, Diego de, at Panvico, 2.^S ;
^fnnoz, account of, 41S ; hi.« History
'ifTlaxcila. 41N ; his expedition, 2S4";
names of his folttiwers, 415.
l"amaron. Josef, 2'>i.
Cambiasi, Count, his sale, iv.
Camercane {i'.Iands), 177.
Caniers, Jifhn. edits >lela, 1S2; edits
Soiinns, 173.
Canipanins on (.'I'lifnrnia. 46G.
l_ ampe. Frietlrich. /^ittn Andeiikfn
P}rk/ieiinrrs, i'»2
' nnncihe, 201. 20;.
V- ainpi, //istoria ecdesiastica di /'/-
iictnta, 84.
Canada, 51. t5.j.
Ciiiuiduitt Monthly^ 97.
Canaries (islands), .s, ro^, 177, 451 ; as
lirsi meridian, 95; bibliography of,
30 ; settled by Bethencourt, 30. See
Fortunate Isl.-ind.s.
Canasagu.i, 247.
Canale i,town), founded, 547.
Canate. Sic Mendoza.
CaiKueral, 277.
Canaveral, Cape, 263, 1<^\^ 295,
Cancelad,!, Counts of, 5'»9.
CanceU'eri, F. (I., Diss, sopro Coiont-
/'(», viii, '15, 73, S4
Canc'r de Barbastro, Luis, and tb ■
Indians, 234 ; in FUirida, 255 ; killei.
255-
Canchetoi 1S7.
Cancio, 233.
Candla, P. de, 510, 512, 52S, 536.
t 'anico, Sci' Cancio.
Canizares, Ei Tleyto dc Cortes, 430.
Cannibals, 175, 220, 303, 329; of Brazil,
597 : piflnre of. 1 ;, 59S,
Cannon of Cortes* time, 352 ; cast in
Mexico, ^'^o.
Cai,'), Francisc(\ 504.
Cano, Melcliiur, 3 ii;.
Canoe, Indian (cut), 17; described by
Pigafetta, 59'-.
Canovai, S., Elogio di l'es/>mt'{\ 135 ;
various publications on Vespucius,
Cantino, Alberto, his n^ap, 43, 107,
231 ; sketch, loS; illustrates Ves-
pucius' voyage, i^'i ; type of, 122.
Cantiprateiisis, Oe rernm thifiim, 2S,
Canto, Ernesto i\\*, .! rr/mw dos
.■i(('/-ci-, 3S ; Os Cord- K'-.i-.'.. 107.
I'antu, Sforitt unirersait . Sj.
Canzio, M., 7S.
Cape. See Arenas, lilanf< , Bojador,
C'anaveral, Corrientes, (lood Htjpe,
(iracias a I lins, llalieras. Mendo-
cinii, Mesurado. Non, Passado,
Race, Roman, Roxo, Rostro, St.
Augiistin, St. Melriia, Si. Roman,
San Francisco. '~,uiia Maria, Stor-
mv, Tiburon, I iafai;iar. See also
Cabo.
Cape Breton (Berti'i) .151 453.
Caiie De \ eide Islai-'K, i.^, 1^5, 115.
Ca))e (iraiias a Dios, 35 j.
Cape Race (Kas), 453.
Cape St. Lucas {de Bali-iiiif. 458.
Cape St. Vincent, lighi at, i, 2.
Capiapa, 559.
" Capitana.*' ship, 20.
Capponi. .S"[(' (lino.
Cnpriolo. Ritrattt, 72.
Caravantes, F. L. de, yC>.
Caravels, 7, 4S.
Carbajal. F. de, joins Cionzalo Pizarro, |
537 : leads \aca de Castro*s army,
530 ; e.xeculed, 542. !
Carb.ijal, Mexico, 73.
CarI)allido y Zuniga. See Barcia.
L"ardenas, 4116 |
Cu'denas y Cano, Florida^ 575. See j
Barcia. j
C.irdenas, V . de, his Coieeciou^ vii. I
(.'ardenas, Carcia Lopez de, 484, 488.
Cardenas, laiisde, 397.
Carderera, \'., Ketratos de Cohu.,
Cardona, Nicolas de, 4O1.
C'areta, \<^^,
Caribana (punta), 1S9.
Caribi)ee Islands, 16.
Carillo, Luis, u>S.
C-arleton, J. II., Excursion to the
Ruins of Aho^ etc.. 494,
Carlos (Indian chief), 279, 282,
(. arlos. See Charles.
Carlyle, Thomas, on Prescotl's letters,
427.
C'armona, Ahnizo de, 2i>o.
Caroline. .SV*' Fori Caroline.
Carpenter, his Geos^raphy^ 462.
Carrifui. A. <le. 511.
Cartagena, iio, 191, 2o<*, 581 ; view of,
■ J-: taken by Lago, 584; plun-
dered, 2'*2.
Curias de Indiasy viii, 5^7; map In,
Carthagena, Juan de, 592, 599, i^^
(KtJ.
Carthagena. See Cartagena-
Cartier, watched by Spanish spies, 254.
Carvajal, A S. de,' factor of Columbus,
iv.
Carvajal, B. de. t;7.
arver, the traveller, 4O9 ; his Travels
4*. 9.
Casa de la Contratacicm, 57, 348,
Casa lirande, 4S2, 503,
Ca>as. pursues Olid, 384.
Caseneiive, i ; (admiral) Sr>.
Casoni, ,-( nn,i/i di i/enozuiy 83, lyj.
Casqui, 231.
Cass. Lewis, (m A'.tec civilizatitni,
427.
(assanare River, 586.
Ca;;..ano Sena. Duke de, 450.
Cassaquiari Canal, 581, 5S2.
Cassava bread, 5'(S.
Castaned.i, (labril, on the Conquest of
the thichimecs, 419,
Castaneda, Pedro de, Re/otion, 500.
t'astaiV) tie Sosa, ( laspar, V'4-
Castellani, 3.(2: I'litit/ci^o, 435.
Castellanos, juati de, his portrait, 583;
E/e^ias, ;>>, 3S3,
Castilla del ( )ro, NS, i^;, 221,459, 505 J
mail of, I'jo, iifi.
Castilla Nueva, 212. See Now C.xs-
^ tile.
Castillo, 241 ; fac-simile of his map of
Calilbinia, 444.
Castro. Lope < larcia de, governor of
Pern, 531 ; his life, 570.
Castro. Vaca de, 1 '- letters, 567; hir.
lite by Hcrrera, 5 v-
Cat Island, 55.
Catalan inaj)pemonde, 30,94.
L'atalutla, 392.
Catamaran, on,
Calaneo on ( oUimbtis, 64.
Catesby, Can'/ina, 53.
< '.itliav. 41, 105.
Caioche, 3S4 : (punta) 201, 236.
Canlin, Ant., ///>/. Xtteva Audaiuciti^
5^7-
Caupolican, sjS, 549.
Cavendish, 4O4; on Pacific coast, 456;
capture^ Viscaino, 4'>o.
Cavo, Andres, 7>-cjr si^los de Mexico,
428.
Caxamaica, 55S.
Caxamarca, 514, 516, 519.
C.iyas, 251.
Centeno, Diego, 53S, 541,
Cemi, expedition *o, 20S ; (river) 189.
t^epeda, 537, 53S. 540, 541.
Cepeda and Carillo, Ciudad de Mexi-
'*". 375
Cermenoi., 453.
Ceron, ( leorgc, 259.
Cerpa, I'iego Fernando de, 5S6.
Cervantes, Ant. de, 240.
Cespedes, A. (1. de, Reg. de Km-ic^a-
tion, 45, 46 J.
Chachapoyas, 519,528; founded, 523.
Chaco, Rio, 502.
t-'hac-Milub-cIieu, chmnicle of, 419
("haix, VA\\\,Bassi'i dit Mississipi, 2S7.
Chalco, 3(.9.
( hallcuchima, 520.
Challeux, Nicolas le (Challus), at fort
Caroline, 29'^i ; Discoitrs, 2'/) ; Ih's-
toire inrniorai'/e, 29''' ; 'J'r/u- ,viii
Per/ctt Jh'scri/>fion, :;<:/« ; edited by
dravier. 2»,'f>; /'«■ Gallorum Ex^e-
ditioiie, 2.;/.
Champktiii, hi-- astrolabe, 97.
Chanipotim, 203,
t "hamuscado, I*. S., 504.
Chanaral, 524.
Chanca, IM-. , 37; on Columbus' sec-
ond voyage, 89.
Channing', Edw., " Companions of
Columbus," 187.
C'hapulteper, 374.
Charcas, 523, 525.
Charles III. (Spain), his care ot docu-
mrnt';, ii
m ^
1
TNPRX.
U2?
lu'u 5^7 ; map '",
Je, 5'J2, 599t (>o4i
artagen.i-
Spanish spies, 254.
tcior ol' Colunbus,
, ^1)1) ; liis Travels
cion. 57. 34'^'
A '.tec civilizaimn,
on the Conquest of
s, ifxj, 221, -ISO* 5"5i
I.
!i2. .SVt' N>w Las-
simile u£ his map of
unlnl 201. 2,^6.
■/. X 10 111 A iidiUuciih
on Pacific coast, 45*^' >
ino, V"".
2uS ; (river) iS«j.
5lo, «;4'-
u, Cimiad dc ii/c.it-
, 52S ; founded, s~^-
, chruniclc of, 419
;;■;/ dn Jfississi/>i\ 2S7.
ie{ClialUis),ai I nit
. DiscourSi 2'/*; H'^-
iNc, 2o'>; ^''■"■y '"/"^
i/'tio>i,zi)(^ : ediu-dby
y," (ialiornm lixpf
,slvolabe, 97-
S., 504-
11 c:oUmibus' sec-
' Companions of
ain), bis care of docu-
rharles V . (Spain), forms archives nf
Siniancas, 1.
Charles V. (Emperor), 8H ; autos-, J8*j,
372 ; };ivcs a map to Philip II., 22^,
445,446; portrait in Joyius, .171 ; in
lierrera, .t;,i ; portrait in title of a
I.alin Corii's, .\<y.).
Charlesfort (Port Koyal), 2'>o, 274;
abandoned, 262.
Charleviiix on Columbus' birth, 83 ;
Is/e K^MK^no/e, SS.
Charlotte Islands, 4O.1.
Charton, his list of sources of Mexican
history. .Vv> ; l't>j'iij:furs, 10, 71.
i'haumette (les Fosse, Cala/i'^rw, 576.
Chauvetnn, Urbain, 297 ; translates
lien/oni, ^47-
Cbavanue, l*r. J., 222.
Chaves, l>iej;ode, 518.
Chaves, l". de, 51S, 520, 527; mur-
dered, sit
Chaves, Jliuronymus, his map, 281;
de'-eiiption of the Atlantic coast,
I hcKupie, 247.
Chjrokees, 247.
Chesapeake IJay visited by Spaniards,
240, 2''i), 2S2.
Chevalier, .M., J/f.i'/./Htf aucien et
inodertie, 428.
Chia, 49'-
Chiaha, 247.
I'hiametia, 442, 482.
i:hibchas, 5S1.
Chicava, s^ti.
Chicama, sn;.
Chichilticalii, 4S2, 4S7.
CMiilaga, 4v>
t.'hilca, ssS.
Childe.'K. V., translates Santarem's
I't's/'HiC, 178.
Chili, 22S, 43r., 459; Analt's de in
Univt rscdiid^ 5'> ; coast, 460 ; " Con-
quest and Settlement of," by Mark-
ham, 505 ; its earlier history, 524 ;
skelch-niap of the Conquest, 5J4 ;
war^ with Araucanians, 547 ; Val-
divia defeated, 519 ; \'illai;ra, gover-
nor, 549 ; C. K. de Mendoza, gover-
nor, 54(); Villagra, governor, 551 ;
Quiroga, governor, 551 ; audiencia
of, 551 ; WytHiet's map, 559: Soto-
mayor, govertior, 5'>[ : l.oNula, jj<>\-
ernor, 561 ; sources of information,
S71; I'arias rehicioHCS del Peru y
Chile, 5;f'. .•>>? Almagro, Valdivia.
Chilian, 524. \
Chill 'e, archipelago, 549.
<."himalhuacan, 3'N-
Chimalpain, Cronica J/tM'/iviHrt, 418 ;
translatesCiomara, 412 ; liustanianle
supposes il a native text, 412 ; Ban-
delier deceived, 412.
Chitnl)ora/.o, 5o<j.
Cliinan. Sec Colfo.
Chincha, 2^8, 5fj, 526, 55S.
Chiquito (Colorado), 483.
Chira Kiver, 515, 519.
Chiiino, Pedro, Islas Filipinas^ G16.
Clii^ca, 248, 251.
Choco May, 5<>)'
Choetaco lilufr, 291.
C/toLv de docitincnts geog. h la bibL
na:., 38.
Choliila, jijS, 362.
Chronometer, 101.
Chnchania, sqij, 507, 509.
Chncaito, 538.
Chupas, 53'» battle of, 567.
Chuqiiinga, 519; battle at, 545.
Cia, 49.
Cianca, Andres de, 542.
Cibola, 477, 47^, 480, 52S ; identified,
483; the district of, 483; map <>f,
485 ; expedition to, 503 ; seven cities,
45S ; larious ideiiiit'ications of, 501,
502, 503-
Ciboletta, 501.
Cicuy(i, 487, 488.
Cie/.a de Leon, Pedro de, 541 ; career,
568; fate ut his manuscripts, 5')S ;
La guerra de Quitoy 56S; biblin-
grapny of, 573 ; /'arte pnmcra de
la chronica del /Vn. , 5731 various
translations, 574; I'arts II., III.,
and I\'., 574; copy of manuscript
in Lenox 1-ibrary, 574 ; Tercero
libro, 574.
Cignat to, 224.
Ciguat.m, 44(,, 473, 474, 4<>.j.
Ciinai rones, 5S2.
Cimlier v i Danjon, A rchives curieuses,
290.
Cinnamon. Lrnd of, 528, 581.
Cipango, 8, 24, 25, 105, 116; described
bvM.irco Polo, 2.>; (Cimpangi) \2^\
(Zipangii) iiS, uy, 121; (/ipagri)
120; (Zipaiurt) 123 ; (Zipugna)
124. .VfV Japan.
Circoiirt, A. de, '1'..
Cisnuros, Diego, Ciudad de ATexico^
.37^-
Citri, Hon Andre de, 424.
Cilri de la (Itiette, 2S(;.
Cive/,/a, Marcel lino da, Missions
FraricisiU ities , 3 .
Cifilta cattolicii. '-9.
Cladera, C. , luvestigaciones hi>tori-
i-'as, 35, 78, S3, K.5.
Clarke, J'rogress 0/ .Uaritinie Discov-
ery, 40,
Clavigcro, F. S., account of, 425 ; his
Afessico, 425 ; California, 425 ;
///V. antigiia de MeJiLO, 425 ;
Gesi-'i* ron jIAmv'lc, 425 ; History of
^)A'.r;(.v, translated by Culleii, 425;
portrait, 425 ; his list of books on
Mexico, 430.
Ciaviis, Claudius, 28.
Cleinencin im the value of ancient
Spanish money, 517.
Clement, IlibUog. cnrieuse, 182.
Clement \'I L, portrait, 407.
Clemente, C, J'ltl'las, <),
Clerigo. See Las Casas.
Climatic lines, 05.
Clinton, I)e Witt, on the Spaniards at
( >nondaga, 2S3.
Cliil), Indian (cut), i().
Cnoyeii,i>5.
Cobo, Ilernabu, Fuiidacion de Lima,
5"7-
Coi.a, 248, 25S.
Coi,a River, 528.
Cochiti, 4()i.
Cocleius, Johannes, 1S2.
Coco, 4S7.
Codex Ramirez, 375.
Codine, Jules, Deconverte de la cbtc
d' Afriiptc, 40; Lit nier des IndeSf
40, ,,4.
Coclho, (ion/alo, his voyage, r5i, 162.
Coruachitpii. 251.
CogoIIudtt, L). L., y'ncalhaiif 214, 429.
Coiha, 509.
Coin-Collectors^ Journolx 470.
Cole, Humphrey, invented the log, 98,
Coleccion de doc. inhl. "^ara la hisioria
JCs/>ana, vii.
Coleccion de d<' inedit-iFspafiolas en
America)^ '.ted by Pacheco, etc.,
vii. 49S.
Colection de libras raros 6 cnriosos,
577. ,
Coles, Juan, 290.
Coligny, lives of. ?98.
Coligua, 251.
Colin, edition of Hcrrera, 67 ; Nieii.K-e
}t'erelt,<>7.
Collao, 519, 524, 52^. 55^-
Colo-colo, 54S-
Cotogiie, Coronica7uxn Coellen,, 59-
Coiniv iio, M., Los restos de Colon, 82.
Colmenares, Kodrigo Knriquez, 193,
210.
Colondjo. .S".!*.' Columbus ; Colon.
C'tilombo family, genealogical table,
87; lawsuit, ss ; H.irrisse on, S9.
Colombo, ]''. (J., 72.
Colombo, Liiigi, Patria del A mini-
rei^lio, 84.
Colon. .SV.' Columbus, Colombo.
Colon ett Quis<]ueya,h^, 82.
Colon, Luis, 65, 66; renounces I: •■
rights, sv.
CoJon, i'edi), 65.
Colorado (rivtr), 4' j
ascended by .-Marr
Columbia pope d
United .Mates, . / ■
Columbia Kiv t, /■
Columbus. .S"'V r
Colundms, Parii ' '
Alriean roast, 4
Lngland, 102 ;
,09. 4« , 4^6.
: -14 ^
naiiie i'o' the
1 ; CjI >m^o.
•iw, 88; on the
■■4k map to
ives il' Kispani-
ol.i, 1;: on the Honduras coast, 2J .
in Li>t)on, i; in Lngland, 3 ; pot •
trait, 86 ; men>oir. >Sh,
Cohimbi.s, Christopher, hirih, i : tiate
of l)irth, 8i. s.j; place of birth, 83,
80; his father, 8g; of humble origin,
84, 8.,; genealogy of his family, 87
signiticatioii of his name. 135 ; his
piratical c.ireer, i : sells maps, ^ : Iiis
marriage, 2, 90; his geographical
thef)ries, 3, 24; as t<> size of glol)e,
24; as to shape of globe, o't: his
ntites on H'Atllv, i^i\ on .F.neas
Sylvius, 32: his argument from
trees drilted ashore, 35 : liis alleged
intercoinse wi- 1 Spanish pilut, 3;;
proposes to l-'t (diiiami and Kabella,
3 ; made liiuli admiral, 5 ; would
rescue the Holy Sepulchre, 5; his
voyages (collectively), lo^; niap i\l
the h)ur voyages, (»>, fu, 67 : his (\:s\
voyage, 8, 4(1, 1 1 [ ; his ships, 7;
nundjer of his men, 10 ; money
raised, 9r : his track (rnapl, <j; his
attempt to ascertain longitude hythe
needle's decliiialioii, u>o; landfall, u.
52, 92 ; his prayer, o : sup|>"sed he
had reached .Asia, i^'') ; u>ual as-
cription of hi> discovery, i^.lt 59-*^;
builds I'ort in Hayti. m; return voy-
age, 11 : his reception, 12 ; news ni
tlie discovery c.nried to Italy, 48;
etfect in Fuvope. s'l : his second
Voyage, 15, 131 ; observ.-s jCilpsc of
the monn, 9S ; returns \x\ Spain, 18 ;
autlmrities on second \oyage, 57;
his third voyage, i j, 13^, 14-;; gets
information of thi: Pacific, mi ; Kol-
dan's revolt, 20; I'jbadiMa arrives,
20; put in chain- .•■> : returns to
Spain, 20: aulh"! Ities on third
voyage, 58 : his fourth voy.ige,
20, i>)i ; loses an anchor, yt; au-
tl' irities on fourth voyngc, ^9 ; Ins
.■ 'Cialions with i u cs ( Barcelona*,
5'., vJosta Kica) ?i.(t, ul;a) 10, {K'w
i-'on) .o- (Katr n., ( Honduras)
21- 'lif i.i II .', X •- ijamaicat 22, 201,
C-y- ■ »: . <!'.'. ,i).>o, (Poriugai)2.
'Uioidal 3, "', (Saiamaiicat 4,
.. ( .iuta Fe v (Segovia) 23 ■ (lii-'S
■ .Liirely, ,23, 78. H17 ; house where
If^. die'"', 23 : burial, 78 : remains rc-
I iu\ , dio St. Domingo, 80; siipiJ' ied
t-inicnr.ent at Havana, 81 : his will,
6^; Uie l.iw.'-i it nt his heirs, 10, 204;
his tonii'-c K n with Beatrix Fn-
rique/. t, > , iil characteristics, 23,
2[: nexactne-^--, 91; makes slaves
oi ..le natives, ;n3 ; imagined him-
self inspired, .-4 ; compan-tl with
Cabr>l, 1,.,; , -rson.il n lations and
reciprocal intluence with C.iboi, i3'>
with 'i'os^.inelli, 2, 9i>; with N'espu-
cius, \\i, 142, 141. 17"^; his com-
panions, 1S7; his fame, '15; early
references to, 57, 02, '>4 ; pnems and
dramas on, 68; etforls to canoni/-«
him, f^ii) ; Roselly de Lorgnes' et-
foitSi'H) : his name suggested for tlie
New World, I'xj, 174 ; authorities on
his career, 2.» ; documents, i, vii,
viii; his letters-patent, iii : his pri-
vileges, oo; the ''admiral's map,"
113; "ihernjapsconnecied withhim,
94, 104. 11.., 144; hi.-, matiu-rripis,
('5,^',: iit<>enoa, iv. 77 . hi-, manu-
script on Portiisuesedisco\ eries, 3;; ;
his drawing of Ins triumph, 12 ; hi**
letters, 46, 89 ; first letter, er.riv
editions, 48 ; fac-sinii!e ; nf pa_ .'s,
49-54; .Amb'tiiiian text, 'fi; other
texts, 50; turned ii.to rhyme, s' •
in later shapes, 51; letters IcH.
ii^
.^
624
II
m
6^.
tSi
ii , pliotograiilicd. iv ; liis fournal
nljrid>;ed by has Casas, n : his
piiiitud \vrUiiii;s, Mij ; Cartas y tn/a-
nwntiK 5-' Copia de la ii-lttrny *■>• ;
Li'ttcra *-arnsifua,<*2 ; liis Juuiiia!,
4(1, Sg, 1^1 : Libfo dt' las projicuis,
2\y X.); Epistola C Colom (ir De
insulis tuvftttisy (S ; Kyn .Si hoii
hul'sch., etc.. 31 ; leltcis in Cartas
de Iiidias, viii ; Iiis wiitin^s, edilcd
by Turru, -I'l; lives and iwilices uf,
)>2 ; (Castcllanos) 11S4, {lltidse) iv,
(Kerdinand Coliimbiis) 'j.(, ^5, (Cii-
usiiniani) 62, (llarrit.su) SS, (Ir-
viiij; vi, (Navairctu) v, (KiOiL-rtsotO
ii. (W'iiisiir) i; tlcNLiipilons -.i hi-,
pcranii, ('j; likene-^sus, iiainU-d, cii-
gravL'd, and carved, — laiiicly { IIlm-
wick-Alba) 7(>, ( Hnrgona) 76, ((."apri-
olo) 72, 7.1, (Cardenas) 78, U 'o.ylctltil
7,1, (t uccarc)} 72, (U'Arnbras) 73,
U)e l;ry) 7.^, 74, 75, a»e i'as)
73, (lidvvarti^) 7S, ( Klorence) 7;,
7.^1 74( (Fuchsiusi 76, (.C.enoa) 7S,
(iiavana) 70, 77, (j<)mard) 74, 7^!,
(Juviiis) 7'., (La Cosa) 71. (Li-
ma) 7S, (^LuInd) 78, (Maella) 7'.,
(Mali)ilai 7J, C.^Iercnri^ 73, (M.tn-
tanus) 77, 7(>(M(ne)7(),{Musaic)73,
(( Ipineei ) 7J, ( Parmisiano) 7^), ( I'cs-
thieia) 70, (l'hil(jponns) 77, (New
I'ruvidcnce) 7^, iRdinc) 7S, (Seville)
70, 78, (Washington) 7S; his coat-
arnuir, 151 SS, S<>, 105; liis ariii()r, 4;
hisaut.)^., \2 \ his handwriting, 14;
liis niulto. 78.
L'oUitnbus, Diego (brother of Christo-
pher, the Admiral), 2, if', S7, 88,
iiyi ; sent to Spain, 17; rctnrns, iS
to Cnba, 34*; ; his honsc, 88; his
will, ii.
Columbus, Diego (son of the Admiral),
2,86; a rityal paije, 5; lawsuit of,
144, 174 ; memorial on converting
the Indians, 337; his remains, 80,
81.
Columbus, Ferdinand, S7, 88; career
of, ()5 ; his mothtr. '>4 ; accompanies
liis father, 21 ; '.uions with Ves-
pucius, I70, 174; his alleged m.ip,
43, 2o(f. ills Histories (14; discred-
ited by Harrisse, (>(>, Sg ; defended
by Stevens and D'Avczac, '•') ; hi>
library, O5 ; his income, O5 ; his
tonib, 65.
Columbus, Luis (grandson of the Ad-
miral), his remains, 80, 81.
Coma. (.;., 5S.
Comile d' Archeologie Americaine.
5"-
(,omogrc, 5^5, 50*^.
Compass, 94; picture of, 94. 6Vr
Magnet ; Needle.
Compt'tidio histcrur, etc., 08.
Cnmpostella, 474, 4'^"? 4^1-
Cona, 4.^3.
Conception (Chili ', ^24: founded, 548.
"Concepcion'* (ship\ 5^4.
Concepciui, Bay. 54*^.
Conches, Feuillet de, 12.
Conches, (luillaumc de, Itis Phiioso-
phia minor, 28.
Conchucus settled, 527.
Conibas (island), 4O3.
CtMiibas (lake), 457.
Connasauga Uivcr, 247
Covqtiista del ttuevo mondo, 575 ; del
Peru, 5\v
Cim^ag, his map, 46S.
Contarini. Gasparo. 017.
Conti, Natale, Unwerses historic:
libri, 154.
Cnnii. \'., on Moiiiferrat, 84.
CooU, C"aptain James. 46.^
Cooley, W. D., Maritime Discovery y
.14-'
Coc'sa River, 24H.
(.'oosas, 25S.
Cnrtsawaltie, 247.
C!opala, 504.
Copia dellf lettere del prejctto della
luiiia, 575.
Copiapo, 524, 53?, S59-
INDEX.
Coppee, Henry, ''Conquest of Mex-
ico." (75.
Coppo, his map sketched, 127; Porto*
lauoy ij**.
Co(|uibai;oa, 1S7, iSi>.
Coquimbo, 524. 525. 55'>*
Cor.i/oues, 482, 48(1, ,\yp.
Cordifurm projeciion of maps, 123.
Cordeiro, Luciano, " Les I'ortugais
dans la dectmverte de PAnierique,"
Cordeyro, Iftstona ifrsulaua, 33.
Cordiller.i-. of the Andes, 514.
Cordova, I'iisluip, V'.S-
Cordova (Cordoba), Francisco Henian-
de/. de. 2ini, 201, 402 ; voyage to the
llah.nnas, 230; to Vucaian, 214;
dies, 237.
Cordova, I'edro de, 310.
Cordova y Figueia, Hist. <tf Chili, 573.
("ordova y Salinas, 1570.
Cordova (town), 3.
Corner, FiaiiLesco, 152.
Coni, 5;<j, s'-i-
Coronado, F. \'. tie, eoveruor of New
Gallicia, 471 ; accoiml of, 474, 475;
seeks Tnpiia, 4.8,.; autog., 4S1 ;
commands expedition to Cibola,
4S1 ; captures the town, tSj, \ map
of bis explorations, 4N5 ; arri\es at
(^)uivira, 4.;3 ; ill, 41/) ; letinn march,
4i>7 ; sources of iiifonnaiitui, 417S,
4'ji> : his Iftters, 5o<i; I^tiaciou del
suct'so ill' la ioftiadit, 500; Pras-
/ado, etc.. 5»kj ; Jar.miillu's account,
500 ; motlern accounts, jm ; his
several expeditions, 503 ; his expe-
dition Connected with voyage on
the Pacific coast, 443 : hears of De
.Soto's partj, 2i;2.
Coronel. 19.
Coronelli on California, 4'^'7.
Correa, Ct.ispar, his account of Da
Cama, 44 : Lcndas da India^ 616,
Correa, Jiiaii, zoS.
Correiiti, ( 'esare, Lettere auiogra/e
di Colombo^ 46.
Corrientes, Cape, 233, 509.
Corsica, alleged birthplace of Colum-
bus. .84.
Cort.unbi'it, \\.., Xouvclle histoire des
vayax^es, 72, 83.
Cortereal, Anns, 445.
Cortei eal, ( laspar, 06 ; at H ndson's
Str.iits, 445 ; his discovery {Ke^alis
donias), 122, 123.
Cortereal, Jo,\o \'as Costa, voyage to
Newfoundland. 33.
Cuiicreale (1527), 219.
(."orierealis, 177.
(.'ortes, F'rancisco, 441.
Cortes. Hernando, cliapter in, by Jus-
tin Winsor, 349 ; commander of ex-
pedition, 204, 349 ; suspected by
X'elasciuez, 351 ; his c.\nnon, 352 ;
map of his voyage, 353 ; sends mes-
sengers 10 Montezuma, 355; founds
Vera Cruz, 356 ; foils Velasquez,
35'> : send-^ treasure to tlie Kmperor,
35'); nia|) of his march 10 Mexico,
35-8; sinks his ships, 35') ; numbers
of forces in all his expeditions con-
troverted. 359 ; at (I'hoiula, 3'»2 ;
niueis Montezuma, 362 : has a Ho-
tilla on the lake, 362; receives trib-
ute from Montezuma, 365; professes
to build '•hips to leave tlie country,
3(15 ; Xarvae/ sent against him, 3O5 ;
t,'ortes defeats him, 3''7 ; returns to
Mexico, 36s ; shows ^fonlezuma to
the Mexicans, 368 ; ende.ivors to
leave the city, 3O8 ; the triste mnhe,
■?,(>■)■, at Otumba, 370; retreats to
'riascal.i, 370 : his second letter,
371 ; builds brigantiiies, 372 ; estab-
lishes base at Tescuco, 372 ; his
marches round Mexico, 374 ; brig-
antines launched, 375; attacks the
city. 37''» ; captures it, 378 ; casts
cannon, 380; sends further treasure
to Spain, 382 ; sends jugglers to
Kotne, 407 ; receives plenary intJul-
gence, 407 ; made governor and cap-
tain-general, 3S2 ; seeks passage to
Asia, 411, 439; siezes P.anucu, 382;
sends an expedition to (iu.itemala,
383. pursues Olid. 3S4 ; goes In
Honduras, 384 ; returns to Mexico,
38f); his cominission suspended,
3S(» ; goes again to Spain, 3S7 ;
made iSlaripies del N'alle de < »ajaca,
388; his wife dies, y<-}; marries a
daughter of the Conde de Aguilar.
31J0; returns lo Mexico, 3»>i ; aids
l'i>:ario, ^iU\ senils expeditions on
llie Pacific, 3.^3 ; builds vcsels at
'relnian tepee, ^1^3, 441 ; discovers
(- alifurnia, 31,3, 442 ; last return lo
S|>aiii, s>S\ his destxnd.ints, 305;
dies, 3 j() ; his remains, 3./. ; sources
of information on his carjer, 397;
his letters, 337, ^97, 4<i2 ; I'ida de
Cortesy 347; tirst letter. 402; Us
equivalents, 40J ; /)i- rrbits c'stis
Cortesiiy 397, 4"2 ; Peter NLirtyr on
Cortes, 402 : Xew::t/tt etc . 402 ;
Prois lettnsy 4.12 : Xruw /eittiiNt^^
402 ; Kin Ausciij^.cXk:, 403 ; I'runs
iatiouitss, etc. 403 . second letiet,
284, 41.3; Carta de relacio^ 4t>3 ;
Carta de ^'elacion^ 403 ; cut of (I'or*
tes betore Charles \'., 40^; In-, map
of the llulf of Mexico, 404, /'»v^-
ilara, elc, 404 ; fae-simite (tl its m e
,md reverse, 405, 406; La preilarn
narnttione, 407 , Hin seltone new:
Zeytnn^y 4"8 ; edited by Loren/aiLi,
408 : life by Sands, 40S ; De insniis
nuper nivvntisy 408: facsimile of
title, 41-J9; ill (iryii.eus" Xoz-ns or-
bis, 4o>i; Correspoml.niie de Ciirtex,
410; Ci'r/esi T'(>« (/(■/// newen Jlis'
panien, 410; Erobernn^i^ von Mex-
icoy 410; Drei Benchtey 410; t)t
Contreyen, etc., 410; Brieven van
Cortes, 410; Despatches Folsom'si
ed.), 4 10 ; in W 'lies' History of
Pravayle, 410 ; third letter, 410 ;
Carta tercera, 410; Tcrtia nar-
ratio, ^\y>\ the " secret letter," 41 1 ,
fourth letter, 284. 41 \ : La ijuarta
relacion, 411 ; Lste vs una carta,
etc., 411; lifth letter, 411; Carta
quinta, 411; characteristics of Ins
letters, 411 ; authorities on his Hon-
duras expedition, 411 , Ultivia car-
la, 41 1 ; Lscritos snelfos, 411; bib-
liography by l>iaz P.\ cet.i, 411 . by
Harrisse, 411; b\ Hix-voori. 411;
account of, in (loinara. 412 ; in Per-
nal Diaz, 414; in Sahagun- 415 < )•>>
marches shown on a map ni jour-
danet's Bcmal Dtaz, 41; . names of
his followers. 41:^ ; hi-- career as
tlrauii by IxtiilNochiil, 417; by Ca-
margo, 418: i)y Hrasseur de Ht>ur-
bonrg, 418 ; by Kamire/, 419 . bv
Vasqnez, 41'); by Torq-iemada, 421 ;
by .Sdlis, JJ4; by Robertson, 424;
by (."lavigero, 425 ; by Prescott, 425;
by R. A. Wilson, 427; Life by A.
Helps, 42S ; in fiction, 430 ; in dra-
ma, 430; his portraits, 72, 7f>, 424:
in Cortes valeroso, 354; in Massa-
chusetts 1 listorical Society's I ol-
lection, 357 ; In Solis, 3O0; m Jovnis,
381; in Herrera, 3S9 ; fn'l-lengih
jjortrait, 395; medal likeness, -^ii'i;
other portraits, 389 ; engraving by
Verlue, 424; his arms, 354: his
banner, 381; his armor, 390; his
autog., 381.
Cortes, ALirtin, 95; Arte de navegar.,
98.
Cortina, Conde de, 416.
Cosa, Juan de la, 16. 1S7, 189, 208, 20'^,
210; vignette of Saint Christopher,
71 ; killed, 191 ; with Ojeda, 144 '- his
voyages, 20O ; his chart, 135, 206.
See La Cosa.
Cosco (Aliander, Leai^der), 177; his
rendering of Columbus* letter, 47.
Cosmo^raphiie introductio, tac-simi-
les of pages, 167, etc ; ('.-iM' '-^
See W'aldseeniiiller.
Cossetle, Captain, 270.
!2 ; seeks passage to
sieves I'aiiucn. .^Sj ;
.litiuii to ( iti.itcin.il.i,
Oliil, .-,^4 ; p.cs III
; rutiirn?. U> ML-xim,
imissiiMi siispuiuletl,
aiii to Spitin, (S; ;
(lul Vallc (If M.ij.ic.i,
(lies. 3^.^; marries a
c (.'('iiile lie Amiilar,
0 Mexicu, .vii ; auls
sends expcilitii'iih mi
.1 ; huilils vessels ai
i-/(, 411 ; discovers
, 44J : last return to
IS de-.CL-ndants, j.'ii
tiinaiiis, ^'j'- ; boiirce*
oil his carjer, .Vj7 1
r, 3'^7. ■»'»-; ''"^" '^'
lirst letter. 4<'-: i "''
ij : A' r,-/'/fs ir:stis
(oj ; iViur Martyr on
Xfwzt it^ etc., 4'>»;
4<ij : Xt-we A-idimt;^
ztl,i,', cte, 4"H ; I'rum,
, 403 . secoiul IcUei,
r/a tie reiticid^ v^}, '.
■ion, 4u.i : cm oi Coi-
1 Its \'., 4'M; 111-- "><M>
Mexico, 4*14 , /Nv^-
: (ac-siniilL-oi Us tit'C
15, 401") ; /../ />ri\iitra
17 , Ein ii^io/ii' t/i'W:
edited by Loreii/aii.i,
inds. 408 ; Di' if/.wi/is
■J, 40S ; fat simile i)f
(Iryn.i-ns' Xi>7-iis or-
is/>(U/J.ru.i' <ii' Ct'rft'i,
'•on ili'in nt":vi''i /i is-
Erobcrinti; von Mi'x-
■i BcricUtc, 4i>. ; l>t
c, 4 m . Britvt'n van
DLsf>atihcs Fohnnri
\VillLs' History of
o; third letter, 410;
i, 41U ; Tcrtia nar-
L- " secret letter," 411 \
2H4, 41 I ; La quarta
; kite cs una carta,
ih letter, 411 ; Carta
characteristics ut his
.ithorities on liis llon-
on, 411 , Ultimo car
•tos snt'/tost 41 1 ; bib-
_)iaz li.VACia, 411 ; bv
; by Krevoorl, 41 1 ;
(loniara. 412 ; m tier-
in Sahas;un. 415- '""
n on a map in lour-
I J)iaz, 41 > . names of
415 ; hi- career as
ilxoLhill, 417 : by Ca.
by IJrasseur de l{'>nr-
y Katnire/-, 4Jg . by
by Torqueniada, 4-' ;
, by Robertson, 4.M ;
425; by Prescott, 4J5i
Ison, 427; Life by A.
n fiction, 430; m dra-
jiortraits, 72, 7(1, 4^4 ;
■roso, 354 ; i" Massa-
irical Society's t- ol-
. Solis, ^^Kj; in Jovnis,
rera, 389; fu'l-lengih
medal likenes>, v 1
•, .^«y ; engravinii by
his arms, 354 : '"*
his armor, 390; Ins
)5; Arte de riavej^ttr,
416.
, lO. 1S7. i8g, 2o8, ao'>,
of Saint Christopher,
withOjeda, 144: '"^
his chart, 135, zoO.
Ltr.nder), 177; l»i=i
lumbus' letter, <\j- _
introduction trtC-smii-
1O7, etc. ; (i5'-*l •'''
liiiler.
1, 270.
Cost.1 Rica coast, zi ; Co/eccionde doc.
ifted., ix-iso"*. See Peralla.
Coiitan20, It., //ist. Sici/iana, Oj.
Cotoche, 353-
Cotolendi, La vie de Co/om/'t (>0.
Colopaxi, 509.
Council for the Indies, 310,348. Sfc
Intlies.
Councils, ecclesiastical, in Mexico,
records of, 3')'>. |
Cnurt, i»r., his library, 163. |
Cousin, of Dieppe, 34.
Coxa, 5ti9.
Coxe, l>aniel, Caro/ana, 4O7. |
Coxe, William, /^nssian Discoveries, ]
463, 469.
Coyba, 198.
Coyohuacan, 375.
Cozamel, 203, 218, 224,225, 35»i 353,
3«4.
Cradock, F., // ca/t/i Discovered, 3.
Cravaliz, Ayosi., 574.
Crez'cntia Catalot^ne, 171.
Crignet, epit<Mne of Ortelius, 472.
Crist(»fano dell' Altissimo, 73.
Cromber^er, 400.
Cromwell, Oliver, 341.
Cronabo, 1S7.
Crooked Island, 55, 92.
Cross-staff, 9S. See HackstafT.
Cuavo, Alonso de, 2(2.
Cnba, 106, 1 15, 12'), 12S, 228, 229, 432,
4.15. 437. 45 ». ('5'^> 217,(1520)218,
(1527) 220, (15J9) 221, (15.U) ^n,
{\z,\(i)22':,, 0541) 1771 tl>t^ "*»"ie ap-
plied to Nortli America, 121 ;
thoii.i;lu a part of Asia, id, 106;
bibliography of, 230 ; t!ouba) 226;
circumnavigated, 214 ; coiuiuest of,
214 ; (I-'ernaiulina) 201 ; explored
{150S} 201 ; island or peninsula, 201 ;
(Isabell, Uibella, or Vsabella) 108,
111, 114, I iS, 123, 125, 170, 175, 183;
earliest named, 183 ; (Jnaii.t) 201 ;
early i^iveii a wrong l.itiindu, </> ;
letter from (1520) 215 ; map of, 450;
in Martyr's map, im; (North Am-
erica) 127; in Stobnic/a map, ii'.;
in Syivanus' map, 122 ; Wyltliel's
map, 230.
Cubagua, 134, 581, 585.
Cubanacan, 42.
Cnccaro, alleged birthplace of Colum-
bus, 84.
Cuenca, 509 : founded, 547,
Cuellar, K. de, 511.
Cuellar, Sancho, 520.
Cnitlahuac, 369.
Cuitlaluiatzin, 370.
Culebras (gulf), 199.
Culhnac.in, native history of, 41S; Co-
dex Chiinalfiopoca^ 418 ; AtuJes de
Cnaiihtitian, 418.
Culiacan, S. Miguel de, 441, 475, 482,
4>ii; ; (proviiiL •) 474.
Cullen, Charle.-.. 425.
Cumana, 55S, 55 j.
Cuuniiigham, William, Cosmogra-
phical (r/assct O7, i 7(1.
Curalaba, 5112.
Curazao (Curai;oa), 1S9, 190.
Curiana, is^, 207.
Cnrico, 524.
Cu.co, 228, 514. 516, 517, 5iO,_558:
claimed by Almagro, 525; besiejjed
by the Indians, 524; manuscripts
o"« 577 • becomes a Spanish town,
520 ; view of, 554 ; view of temple at,
555; plan of, by Markh.\in, 55'j ; by
Squier. 55') ; palace of Vnca, 550 ;
other plans and views, 556.
Cuihing. Caleb, on the De Fonto voy-
age, 4'M : un Navarrete's Co/eccion,
v; Reiniiiisieiices 0/ S/>aiti, 'S^'y on
\'espucius, 154, 178.
Cushing, Frank H., on Zuni, 4S3.
Custodi, Fielro, 46.
Cutifachiqui, 247.
Cuyoacan, 3''j9.
DARAinE, 19S; expedition to, 211.
D'Abreu, 440.
Daelli, (i., Bibl. rara, 40.
INDEX.
D'Ailly, Pierre, bis map (1410), 95.
See Ailly-
Dalibard, 575.
Uampier, the navigator, 592 ; AVw
/'.',V./.C.', 4(17.
Danckerts. his maps, 466.
Dandol.i, M., ()ratio, 62.
Daiulolo, 'I'., Scio/i di J)ante e Colom-
bOy ''9 ; Coiondui, (19,
D'Anville and Lake Parima, 587.
D'Arcy de la Kochette, 589.
Darien, 191 ; ditferent torms of the
name, 191 ; settlement at. 20).
Darwin, Charles, / 'oyagei}/ the Beagle.
'Kit;,
Dati, <;., and Coknnbns* k'tter, 51;
('Htfj/(r, etc., 51; La Icttera, etc.,
5'-
D'Anbigiie, Hist, nniverselle, 298.
D'Ave/ac, A/<ep\ns sur la bonssole,
94; "U Columbus' birth, 83; Livre
de /**. Colo nib, Ui > ; Dhon vc rtes
dans rOLi'an Atlantiifiie, 31); A'.r-
fedition de lU'thenconrt^ 3*1 ; hies
d'A/riqne, 3'.; Isles fatita^tiqucs,
3''> ; Snr la f^rojection des cartes,
47";
iiigs,
I '.4.
D.ivila.
Davila,
Davila,
Waltze-Midler^ i(.4 ;
1^)4; his I'oyaf^es de
s writ-
•s/>uce.
See Pedrarias.
F. A., 213.
(lil Cioiuales, 213 ; Teatro
eclesidsticOf 3911, 400. See Cil.
Davilla Padilla, Santi,it,'o de Mexico,
3'('j, -loo ; I'aria /listoria, 4t>o.
Da Vinci, Leonardo, sketch of mappe-
mondu ascribed to him, 124, 125,
i2h, 172, 234. ^ee \'inci.
Davis, W. H. H., HI Gringo, 502;
S/>anisli Cont/ncst of Xew Mexico,
2SS, 502.
I ''Avity, i'ierre, Le Monde^ 462.
Da/a, Luis, 257.
Deane, Charles, on Schiiner, 176
De Iby, his picture of Columbus, 73,
75 : ;;ets Lcinoyne's papers, 290; his
engravings tor Las Casas, 342.
De Llerck, Tooneel, etc., 70.
De Coca, s^^'t-
De Costa. IL F., Colunibns and the
Gcogr,i/>licrs 0/ the Xorth, 33.
Dee, Dr., bis map, 453.
De Foiite, liarthoiume. his alleged
voy.ige, 4'>2 ; coined by Putiver, 4J 2 ;
faith of l_>eli-ile and Puache, 4."3 ;
map, 4(19.
De Fuea, alleged voyage, 450 ; partly
believed by * rfeeiihow, 457; sources
of, 457 : Deiisle and iiuache on,
4'>i.
De Laet. .S"**- Laet.
Delainbre, L\4strunoniie du nioyen-
age. 94.
Delaplaine, Repository of Lives, etc.,
Del Cano. Seb., 224: commands the ^
" Victori.i,'' ''112; at the Ca[»< de
Verde Ulands, 'm2 ; surprise at the [
loss of ,1 day, 012, 015 ; reaches San |
Lucas, 'ji2 ; at Court, 613 ; his letter, ]
'•If).
Delislu, 468; on the insularity of Call- j
fornia, .t'>7 ; Peconr'crtes de l\imi- \
ml de I-'onte, 4^? ; opposed by \
Buriel,4'>', : n . of Louisiana, 2.^ : '
route of De •■ tt), 294, 295: Atlas \
fionveaiff 294 ; and Lake Parima, '
5S7 ; map of tlie Mer de Po/test,
46.^.
Demarcation, line ot. 99, 441 ; j- the
Cantino map, loS; on map of 1527,
43. See Alexander VI., Pnl!.
Demersay, A., on the Spani>h and
Portuguese aii hives, tl.
Denis, Fcrd., on S.diagun, 416. I
Depons, Fr.j I'oyage, 5S7.
J)e principiis astronomic, 432.
Di's Hrosses, Xaz'igations, 614.
I)eschanel, K., C. Colombo S3.
Desimoni, C, I^ibro di Ifarrisse, S6.
Desjardin, Krnsl, Rapport sur Har
risst'y viii.
DesmarquelSj //ist. de Dieppe, 34.
625
D'Fste, lierculc, 107,
De Thou, //ist. nni-oerselle, 297.
De \'ries in ihi; Pacilic, ^'•i,.
Dewey, Dr. Hrville, oil the Spanish
coiupterors, ^14.
Dexier, Arthur, 42ft.
Dexier, lieoige, character and deaih,
ix.
De/a, Diego de, 4, 91.
Dia/.. .Aioii/o, 41 1.
Diaz, dul t'astillo, Bernal, i'>, i./t, 201,
214,427 : withCoidova, 284 ; account
of. 414; //ist, T'crdadera, 214, 414;
his antog., 414; the original maiui-
script, 414, 415, 42S; two early
printed editions, 415 ; later editions
HI various languages, 41s: Kiiglish
texts, 415 ; jomd.niet's edit ion, 415;
letters in the Cartas de Ind/as, 415 ;
wounded, 23''.
Dia/, Ju.ni, his /tinerario, 215.
Dia/, Mclchior, 481, 482, 4S5, 4i:ifi. 503 ;
dies, Y\\,
Diccionario nniv. de hist, y de geog,^
.415-
Diego de la Cruz, 25').
I>iego,' Juan, 39'/
Diegus. See Momem.
Dieppe, hi-<tories of, 34.
Diether. Aiidruw, 410.
l)inaux. Cardinal d' A dly, 29,
I )ixon I'liiir.tnce, 470.
Dobbs, Artltnr, Countries adjoining to
J/ndu'n*s Bay, 4O2, 4'jS; his map,
4"7-
/?octrina Christiana, 400.
/}octrina en A/exlcano, 401.
Documentarv sources of early Spanish*
Americ.in history, i
Doctimentos para la liistoria de Mex-
ico, 39S.
Dodge, Robert, 106 ; ^/emorials of
Columbus, iv.
Domenichi, i^-j,
Dominic of the Annunciatitin, 257.
Doniiiiicaus, 3.^1,; in Florida, 25'.; in
Ciisco, 520; m Ilispaniola, 305,30*;.
Dominico. 18S.
Doncel, time-., 24 1.
Donderti, (i. A., L^onesld di C. Co-
lombo, (>5.
Doppelmayr, J. 0., Hist. Nac/tric/it,
105.
Dorantes, 244, 2S7.
Doria, {j8.
Dormer, /)iscursos varios, 343.
Dovle, William, /iritish Dominions^
.io8.
Drage, Theodore S,, Xort/iivest /^as-
sage, 4(.3.
Dragg, Great Probability of a Xort/i*
ivest /^assage, 403.
Dragon's mouth. 58*1, 5S8,
Drake, Sir Francis, his harbor on
the California coast, 453 ; II, I L
Haucrofl's view, 453 ; doctnneiits in
Peralta, 453 ; t'lnds remains of Ma-
gellan's mutineers, 599 ; his dis-
covery of New Albion, 4(^)5 ; in the
Pacific, 452 ; his most northern
point n-aciied in the P.icilic, 455;
seesgiantsin P.iiaguuia, 'xu ; on the
coast of iV-ru, 55-.
Dresden, I'erein fiir Erd/iunde, 40,
10'', 5 So.
Drogeo, 472.
Drumniond, /Iha Tcrceira, t,^.
Dry.uider, J., Cosinogniphite introd.,
421,
Dryden, /ndian Emperor^ 430.
Dudley. Robert, Arcano del mare.
4'J4) 5'^?! I'i-^ original drawings, \(^\ ;
his career, 4O4 ; map of the C.difor-
nia coast, 4''5 : edition of Arcano
(1061), -t'.f).
Duflot de Mofras, Mendoza et Xavar-
rete, v ; //<'>r^goH, 431.
Dugdale, Warwickshire^ 466.
Dulce, Rio, \"^-j.
Duprat, h'.lisabet/i de Wi/ois^ 297,
Duran, Diego, l/istoria^ 419; his
manuscript, 420.
Dura/.zo, J., Elogiy 68.
* ^
'•
VOL. II.
■79-
626
INDEX.
JH i
Diim, (', F., /V/?rt/c.M. 501; Colon y
i'lHzon, 2^\\ Informi'y ulc-, i\i-
Duv.il, hi'. ni.»|>, .(""■
Uwiglil, TliLutliiru K., 46*;.
liAHTi: CoUiinbus' itlea of the fnrm
of, \},y. cuniru of, \\\ the turres(rial
paradise, »>■) ; a sphere, 24, zy. si/.c
of, 2 1, ^n ; hh.ipi.'il hke a pc.ir, 2.(.
See ( llobc.
KchctL', ^MS
Echevcrri, J. dc, /.(*j Ci'u/ztt' Jr
Cofoft, Si.
Kciia, 28s; A*('/((r/(»«, 28(1.
Hclcitit Miifiiizini^ 426,
KcHpsi'. .V(V Smi.
K<iiubnrk^h Rfvwn^ 50.
Kdw.irds. H., i/V*/ huiiess 78.
Kdwards, |:., Memoirs of Librarits^
Egui.ir.i y I*'-j;iuen, Bibliothcca Mexi^
mutt, 424.
/i/« Si/uhit' ne^ve /.eitn/ii^, 51.
Kldor.idii, iLiniu hrst applied, 57^; ;
(Somh America) history of the behef
it), sn-
El iieneral San Martin^ 5.JJ.
Kborra^a, .v*')-
Kills, ( leorj^e K., oil Las t.'asas, 2()9 ;
oil I'rL'scott's use of the noctograph,
427.
Kllis, Henry, I'oj'itj^e to Iliulson s
Hay, (OS.
Klvas, (ieiilleman nf, liis /\e/a^iim^
2SS ; rirf^hiiii richly valiteii^ 2S1);
il istorie of ferra Florit/a, 2^«) ;
Diseovery ami Conquest of Florida
(edited by Rye), 2.St>.
Emory, W. H., Xotes of a Military
Recomwissame ^ 501.
Knciso, M. K. de, i-ii, 194, n>5i i07 ;
account of, i'^^, 20S ; Suma tie
geografia, <jS, 211S.
Knconiieiidas, 3,(7, 34S, 537, 571,
l'ji.uel, Samuel, Mhiioires^ 46S ; Ex-
traits raiso/ies, 408.
luiim, 5S5, 5,Sy.
Equator, tirst crossed on the American
side, is; ; lirsl crossed on the Pacific
side. 507.
Eratosthenes, his theory of the Allan-
tic, 104.
Ercilla, Alonso de, in Chili, 549; Wr-
a/uana, 571; augmented by Osorio,
57'- . '.
Escambia River, 25s.
Escobar, Maria de, 51S, 547.
Escoitpii, Mexico cotiqnistada^ 430-
Escondido (riverl, 2S1.
Escurial, documents at, iii.
Espada, M- j. de la, edits Cieza de
Leon, 574 ; edits Mentorias anti-
f;uas del Peru, 577 : c».hts Rela>. i-
ones x't'Oi^f't/it'if^i 576-
Espejo, Ant. de, .(ij/. 504.
Espinosa, alcalde mayors 107.
Espinosa, Chronica a/>ostolica^ y)^.
Espinosa, E. t".. Hist, dc Mexico, 42S.
Espino.sa, Caspar de, it>8, 505; in
Lima, 526; his expedition, 211; a
partner witli Pizarro, 507; ihes, 526.
Espinn/,,1 uvitli Magellan), 5<>g.
Espiritu Santo, bay named by De
Soto, 245 ; Rio de, 221, 224, 223, 22i> ;
{i52o)2iS; (1527)211). .VdV Nlissis-
^ sif pi.
Esquivel. Juan de, mi, 201. 214.
Essenwein, A. O., Bildcr-Atlas.,2,12.
Esseipiibo River, 1^7, 5H1, ^Sj,
Estancelin, Xavigateurs Norwands^
Estero de los I. agarics, 203.
Esieve, R.. 76.
l!stieniie, H., j^^O.
Estoiilant, 459, 472.
Estrada, y'^f^'.
l-.stratla, Alonz* d', 475.
I'slrada, Pedru de, 240.
Ktowa, 247.
Etudes par les p^res de ia Crmpo^nie
de Jesus, d*).
Iv.irfijje, naining of, 167.
Eusebius, Cltronican, 04.
Evans U.S., 481.
Everett, A. II., and Irving, vi.
EahI'K, Dr. John, I'-j, 17^.
Fabian, 47.
Eabie, A. M., I'ida de I. as Casns,
,M.i-
Fabre, Ant. ,014.
Fabricius de \'agad, Corouica de A ra-
Fadeii, his map showing Lako Pari-
ma, 5S.,.
Fairbanks, Florida, 2)1 ; St. Ait^us-
tit/Cf 21J3.
Faleiro, Kuy, 5i>i, 54J.
Falero, /.a loi/j^itud en la iuar, <jS.
l-'alkeiiNtem, iiuchdruckcrknnst, 407.
FancMurt, C St. j , yucatan, 42.J.
Fiirfan's lleet \\ recked, *:,f>.
Faria y Sousa, -*i.v7ii i^orfut^uesa^ 34,
610 : Ruropa I*ortugiifsa^ 5(-.
Farmer, Maria, 76.
Farrcr, Virginia, her map, 4'^/),
Favolitis, Hugo, map-maker, 450.
Federici, F, his collection, iv.
Federmann, Nic, indianisc/te 11 is-
toria, 579; his expedition, 57S.
Felipina, 257.
Ferihnand (Spain), sign-manual, 5f>,
S5 ; portrait, ^5: dies, SS, no,
Ferdinand and Isabella (cut), h.
Fer^ani, Al, 24-
Feria, Pedro de, 25*', 257.
Fer-Uabelica, i^o-
Fernande/, Alonso, Hist, eclesidstica,
yyi-
Fernandez, Alvaro, 2S9.
I'ernaiidez, Let'm, Coleccion, .198.
Fernandez, Val.. Marco i'auloj etc.,
fi2.
Fernaiidina. See Culia.
Fernandii VL (Spain), his care of doc-
ninenls, ii.
Ferraro, (1.. Relazioney 62, 156, 1G2.
FeriL'bouc, 47.
Ferrt'lo (or l-'errer), pilot, 444.
Ferrer, Jaunie, Ills map, 45; Ids iSVw-
A-wt /dj, -15.
Ferrer, Juan, 256.
Ferro. meridian of, 95-
Feuillet de t'onches on pictures of Co-
lumbus, 70.
Fin.x'us, ( Jrontius, Ids globe, 184, 431.
Fioreiuino. F. C, Cltroniclie., 62-
I'ischer, .Augustin, Biblioteca Meji-
ciina, 430.
Fischei, 'Theobald, Ueber Seekarten,
03 •
Fisher, L. P , on C. de Vaca, zSS.
F'lavigiiy, V'iconite de, 410. 1
Florencia, Fr. de, Compaiiia de Jesus, '
309.
Florida, 22S, 229, 432, 435< 4. A 453 ;
(iS^o) 2i,S, 0327) 219. ('54") 177. '
(,1542)226, (i5f)(>)45[ ; abandoned l)y
the Sjianish (mfn ), 2tx); Ribauli in,
2'>o ; Laudoiiniere in, 2'^»2 ; ancient,
by J. (i. Shea, 231 : named, 233 ,
called Cancio, 2^: authorities un
its history, 292 ; on Menendez, 292 ; .
on Ribault, 293 ; on Landoiinierc,
294, 2y't : on Gourgues. 3. ,7 ; La Re- [
Prinse de la Floride, 297 ; a^ a ■
name lirst confmed to the penin.sula, 1
275; Indian tribes in, 2S4 ; called !
Isabella. 116; Jesuits in. 2S2, 399; )
mapsol (Canliiu)), if)S, (Cortes) 404, ,
(I)a Vinci) 1 24, i2'i. (anon.) 292,
(i3'>5l 2')4, (15JC, Leinoine) 274, (()r-
Iehus> 472, (Wytlliet) 2"^!, (otliers)
275- ,
Morin. Juan. .S(V \ errazano.
I-'oglietto, Klogia, S4.
Folieta, U., Claroruni Li^urum elo-
Folsoni, Cicorge, on early American
discoveries, 34; Despatdies of Cor-
thy 4 ID, 411.
Fonseca, Juan Kodiiguez, 57; oppo-
nenl of Las Casas, 3 10 : head of the
council for the Indies, 311 ; op-
poses Columbus, 91, jii; opposes
Corles, 357, l^-
Fonseca, b.iy of. 200,
Font. line, i/o^v tht World was i\'o-
, /W. 25.
I'oiiianarosna, SuMnna, S-^.
Fonianetla, Hern, de Escalanie, Me-
moir, jiji-
Fonte. See De Fonte.
Force, Peter, 337.
Foresti, J I* { llerg(imas), Suppleinen-
turn supplcmenti cronicarutn^ 52
Forlani. See !■ urlani.
Forni.deoni, La marine des I'^nitiem,
i''
Fcrnari, Haliano de, Ou.
For(iuevaiiI.\, Sieiir de, his paper*,
I'orsler, F., Columbus, 6<).
Fort Caroline fiMinded, ^hz . site of,
264,270,274; mapof, 2'J5; views nt',
26S, 2'>9; attacked by Menendez,
271. ,
Fort Louis, 294.
Fortunate Islands, 36. See C.oiarr
Island.
Foscariiii, Delia left. I'en,, 30.
Fountain of Vouih (lliniini), 2S3.
Fousang. See l-ii-aiig.
Fox, C.. v., First Landint,'-plaee of
Columbus, 56.
Fr.ancesca (1527), 219.
Francino, A , his collection, 182.
Francis <if Vittoria, 343.
Francisc.uis in llispaniola, 305 ; in
Mexico. 399 : histories of, 399.
Franciscus, monk, De orbis situ, 431 ;
his map, 431.
Francisque-ftiichel on Saint-Hrandan,
36.
Fraiick, Sebastian, I f'eltbuc/t, 421.
Frankfort globe, ii><, 122. .VfvSchiiner.
Frankl. poem on Columbus, 73.
Franklin, Heiijainin, on the he Fonte
story, 4O2.
Franquelin, on California, 467.
I-'reccia, 78.
Freherus, P., TliMtre, 73.
Freire, Juan, his map of tlie California
coasi, 447.
French standard, shown in view, 2(<if.
Fresnoy, I hi, Methode pour etudier la
Keoj^'i 29S.
Freytas, F. N. de, Relacion^ 504 ; ed-
ited by J. (;. Shea, 504.
Friars in Mexico, 3»/). -iTee iJcmiiiii
cans, Franciscans, etc.
Friess, Lorenz (Frisius, Phrysiusl, 121;,
173: his niappemonde, 174; Ca*ta
Marina^ i2'>, 127, (2S, 220, 421 , ni.ip
of Antilles, 2 iS, 220.
Frio, Cape, 12O, 151; port, 162. .Vev
Cabo.
Frisius, (lemma, 101 ; on longitude, 9S;
annotaies Apianus, 1K3.
Frisius. .SV(' l-'riess.
l-'ritz, Sanuiel, map of the Amazon,
Fructuoso, Caspar, Hist, das ilhas do
Porto Santoy 38.
Fuca. See I >e Fuca.
Fuca Straits, 470.
Fuchsius, Metoposcopia^ 76.
I''uenieal, liishop, 391 ; autog., 391.
Fueiite, Alonso de la, 212.
Fuenies, F. d.;, 518.
Fuentes y (luzman, F. A., Historia
de Guatemala, 39S, 41(7, 42S.
Fulgnsus, I'.., Collectaneat<j2
Furlani, Paulo de ( I- orl.ini), Carta
nautica^ 439 1 bis maps, 43S, (15(0)
A'Vh (1.02) 439, (1574) 45". 454;
sketclied, 454.
Fusang, 454, 463, 469
Fusler, iii.
G.AFFAKi:!., Paul, his Etude sur les
rapports de I* A m^rique et de Pan-
cieu continent avant Colovih, 25,
34: his Decjuvcrte du BresU par
Cousin, 34; his Hist- du Bresil
Francais, 34 ; La Florida Fran*
i'aise, 243.
lialardi. Fcid. de, TraitS politiquf ^},\
OS.
INDEX.
627
■A/ xvas J\'0'
0, Sn/>/*U'iii<n'
«/t'i I 'hiitifiis,
ndin^-phice of
ction, 182.
iniob, 3*15 1 "'
ics of, .■^()(^
I Saint- liraiubn,
'eltbuch, .\ii.
22. J»V(' Schiiner.
imlms, 7.^.
jii Ihe Dc l''t>"te
iwn in view, 2<«>.
'(■ /dh/' iiudier In
'elaciouy 5')4 1 ^^-
^). .S"ec Dunmii
etc.
us, Phrysiiis), i:;^,
[jnde, 174 ; CVi»M
Ls, 220, 42" . '"''P
ol' tlie Amazon,
\Ust. this tihas do
lis Etude sur ies
m^rigue ft de Van-
Vhint Colovih, 25,
\U' du BrhU /./r
1 Hint, du Jirfsd
Li Florida Fran-
Galdivia Mcii(in7,i, V. ilc, .\^).
Cali, l-'i-ancisiiu ^t;.^uIc)t 455i 4'''J'
(l.ili.uio, .|^').
(iail.iciis, l*liili|»i>iis, Eiu'hiridiou^ 450.
(;.ilLir(l<>. U., /y*is,ty<>, etc. 24.
(;.ill.ir<!n, I!. J..4i-'-
Gall.itm, .Mliert, on tlie Indian tribes,
j</»; (111 A/ttc civilization, 4J7 ; Aw
aU'Mt Stnii'CiriliztilioH 0/ Xrto
Gallcf;o, ju, a4(j.
Galk'Kos, .Uian. .(Sr>, 4.,'., .(.J7,
(iailcrm, picHMc ot".i, 15'-.
(iallinas Kivcr. .('^2.
(iallidt (hi I'll-, t7'
(JalU), Ant,, nu (.oluinhns, 52, S9.
Galln (ixland), S''^> So-;. 51,1.
Gallucci, .12".
(iatvarmo, 54 i.
Ganm, Jik1o da, thf) ; his land, 466 ; in
the Pacific, 4fvi.
Gaina, Vascn tU^ his portrait, 42 ; au-
toi;., 42 ; his discovery, 42.
Ganinarn. /?*■ we;'. C. Colutnhiy Ci;.
Ganjbia Kivcr, .jo,
(ian^L's, 111,4,15: i" ihc early discov-
eiic^. i()S.
Garabiui, iij'<, i<>7, 21^.
Garay, Kranciscn de. 237; his patent,
2^7; i;nveriior of Jainaicai 21 *; au-
thorities on hisvoy,t>;e,2S4 ; exploits
sniij; by Castellanos, 5S4 ; land of,
321; namesof hisrullnwer-^, 415 ; at
I'anuco, I'^z; dies, 3S3, 503.
(•arccs, Julian, mi.
Garcia, Juan, 2^5.
Garcia, Nuua, de Torcno, his map, 43.
Garcia de kesi-nde, Ch'touuit^ 'Hi.
Gariliay, /.(/-/ iff Santo Domiuj^Oy 280.
Gasca, iVdro de la, likenesses, s.*<7,
540; president of Peru. 5.i'>; enters
Cusco, 542 ; leaves Peru. 542 ; his
reports, 568; authorities uii his ca-
reer, .sfKj ; his papers, 569.
Gassarum. A. P. LHwUhs^ 421.
Gastaldi, Jacopo, 433 ; Notizie di G(W-
taldiy 4i5-
Ganlc. See (iali.
Gay, S>;dney Howard, " Amerigo Ves-
pucci," I2<).
Gayangos, P. de, 47, 400; his autng.,
408; e<lits Marinolejo, 573; Cartas
de Cortes, 4('2,4i»s, 411 ; Catalogue
of Spanish manuscripts^ vii.
Oayarre. Louisiana^ 292.
Gaye, Claudio, llistoria de Chi/c, 572-
Gayon, (ion/alo, j(>[).
Gazetta ittteraria }tHiversaU\ 222.
Oazttte dfs lieauX'Arts, 44.
Gazlehi, Momingo dc, 5O4.
Gelvcs, Nuno, S,;.
Genard on t)rtclius, 471.
Genoa, birthplace of Cohimlms, S4 ;
Academy "f. <>5 ; in\e>iii;ate birth-
place 01 Cohimluis, .^4 ; archives
of, iv ; home of ("olumbus, 7S ; no-
tarial records ot', iv ; papers at, h<).
George of Spires, 579.
(leor^ia (island), 151.
Geography, histories of. 9^.
Geraldiiuis, Alex., 4; his ttincrari-
Jim, 4.
(German efforts at settling .South Ame-
rica, 5S1 , search for Kldorado, 5.S4.
(ieslin, 50.
Ghillany, Geschichte des Seejahrcrs
Rittt-r Beh tim^ 15.
Giants in Pataj^oni.i, f.nQ ; skeleton of,
(K12; siien by Drake, 602; named
fr<tm their lar>;e feet. 603.
Gibb<ius, iulward, of l}uslon,462.
Gil Gon/.alex de Avila, 199, 200. See
Davila.
Gila River, 4^5.
Gilbert, Sir 11., map, 452.
Gilles de Gourniont, i!;S.
Gino Capponi, Marquis, Osservazioni
on Vespucius. 155.
Giocondo, Giuvanni, 14O; the archi-
tect, 159, 163, 164.
Giocondo, Giuliano B. del, 146
(lioruaie Ligustico, 102.
tiiovio. ^Vt." Jovlus.
' Girava, Co.uwt^rap/tia, .\\^; its title*
< page, 417; docripuuns of America,
I Giron, Francisco Ueniande/, 542 ; en-
ters ("usco, 545 ; retnats and is cap-
tured, 543; hi4 rebellion. 577.
Giuntini, [•'., v.
Giustiuiani(Agnstino ,90; Psa/ter'tf^;
fac-siiniles of page, '13 ; Aunaii di
iienoa, u.\.
' Glareanns, Ilenricu^, iif>, \^f^\ Geo-
1 graphia, i$\ its liiblio^raiihy. 25.
] Glas, Geo,, ConijHC't of the Canaries^
. -»''■
Globe, sphericity of, 104; niciiire of an
\ ancient <iiie, 41;. .SV<' Karlh.
I Glohts muttdi, i;i, 172.
Goatitlan, (74.
Godfrey, 'riioinas, his mariner's bow,
i '9''.
! Godin in Peru, 5</) ; adventures of his
wife, 59"-
Godoy, his report to Cortes, 411.
Gohory, J., La terre nenve de Feruy
V'4-
Giilfo Chinan, 451.
Gold coast, 40.
Golding, .Arthur, translatiim of Mela,
iSo.
G(>Ids(jn. William. Passage between
the Atlantic and Facijtc^ 4^3 ;
Straits of Antan, 45'>
Goinara. Krancisto I, ope/, account of,
412 ; his access lo dncumenls, 412:
translated by Chimalpaii., 412 ; his
Historia general de las Indias,
412, 563; descriptions of America,
i><o ; on the t.'oriereals, 107; Con-
(fin'sta de Mexico, 412; on Peru, |
412 ; Cronica de la Xue7>a Fspatla, j
412; //istoria del Capitano Cor- \
ies, 412 ; //istoria de Mexiio, 412 ; ;
Coniptista de A/^xico, 412; ///>-
pania I'ictrix, will) fac-simile of
tille, 413; Pleiixaiit lUstoriCy 414;
Conqiiistiidi Messi'.'o, 414 ; ahiicineil
in hden's Decades^ 414; in H.ik-
luyt, 414; bibliography K>i, by Ihe-
voort, 414.
Goniberville, 5S9. ^
Gome/, E^te\an, 241; on the Xorth
American coast, 241 ; with M.iy.el- ;
lan.^nO; deserts, (107. i
(iome/, Francis, 2di. I
Gomez, Pedro, with Valdivia, 52S.
Gomez, archipelago of, 224. ]
Gonzaga, F., De origine religionis ■
FranciscauiP, 399, '
Goiu.des de l.i Rosa, Manuel, 5117 ; 1
e<lits Cieza de Leon, 574.
Good Hope, Gape of, 41
(ioodall, IJ., Tryall of Travell, 6S.
tjoodrich, Life of so-called Chris-
topher Ct'lnm/'us, 33, 69. ^
Goos, Abraham, his map, 462. [
Gordiliii. Francisco, sails to Florida, ]
23S; his expediiion, 2S5.
Gorgona (island), t,n<}, ^n, 513.
Gorricio, Gaspar, iv, 2f>, S.^.
Gfisse'lin, Geog. des Grers, loi.
Gourgiie^. Domenic de, his attack on
Flnrid.i, 2H0; 'Mile avenyer of the
Hunucnois," 29S ; La reprinse de
la Floridfy 297; dit7erenl manu-
scripts of it, 297, 2<t'<\ no Spanish
authorities. 297 ; a slaver, 297- , '
Goveiieche, Juan de, his hfe of Soils, t
■l-M- , . i
Gracias a l>ios, ("ape, .m.
Graham on the hourly variation of ihe ;
needle, loo. !
Orajalc-;, Mendoza, 270.
Gran (>uivira, 494. See Quivira.
tJranada. arms of, 4S ; captured, 50
In laudem, etc. , 50.
Granada 0'^li»'id\ 22O, s'^S.
Grand (islel. fabulous, 30.
th'atid Turk Island, 55.
Grant, I'ort. 4^2.
Graml)ani, Lord, ii.
(irapes in Peru. 547.
Gravier, Gahiiel. edits Challenx, 29 ^> ,
Rech. sur les navigations Euro- '
Prairies,
his A polo*
P^ens, 42; Le CaiiarieM, j*"-, yii
Les Xotmands sur la ronte de$
indcsy 25,
Gr.ivicr, N. F,, Satnt-Dt^, ifu,
Graviere, j, de l.i, /.«■» niarins, 7, M3,
Gray, Gapt,, in ihe " \Vashmj;ton,''
47"-
Gre.U Circle, is.
(ireat l-!xnm.i (island), 5;,
(ireat In.upia <isl,iiidi, 55
( ircco (norllu•a^Il, <t\,
lireenhow, Oreg.>n and California^
4Ss; on the Oreuon qiiestuui, 4f>.j ;
.\'or,'h:oe<it I'o^ist, 4'ii.
Grt'enl.md, a peninsula of Fiirone, iK,
III, I2U 43i; rejuiions with Ice-
land, 3t; seen by Coriereal. inj;
on early maps, 2^^ : in ihe Canlino
map, loj: called by various name*
(Groil.mdi.i), 412 ; (ilrutlandiat 451,
453 ; i,Gn>ul,nidia') H4, 435 '■ i.Groen-
land) 472; (Groeiilant 452, 459;
iGruentant) 115; i(ironland) 175:
(Terra nova) 440, 44;.
Gregg, Commerce of the
495;
Gregoire, Bishop of Plois,
GreilT. P., i^j.
Grieniiiger, Joli.miie-*, laS.
Grij.ilva, Juan de, 34'>. ,^51, 354; his
expedition, v, 203, 215, 402, 401;
s.nis with G.uay (■■i23), 23 S ; Cro*
nica, 3.)j; /tineriirio, 397; por-
trait. 21(1.
Grimaldi, 4S.
tlrinialdo, 93.
Grimm, Signumd, 40S.
( Irimston, lulw., .jji.
Gtoclant, 459, 472
Grotlie, H , his Leonardo da rinci,
^f.
Griininger, printer, i^v)-
Giyii.L'us, XoTUs Orlw'Sf 62.
Guachoyaiupie, 251
( luadalaxara, 474.
Guadalupe, 374 ;
Co'eccion, 400.
Guagiianico, 351.
Guahan, <n 1.
Gu.ile, 278.
(iuale (Amelia) hland, 2S2,
Gualteroiti, R., L\-l merica, 154.
Guamaii'/a, 536, 537.
Guanahani, ^2, 93, 224; <.Guanahan)
221; (Cianahani) 22f': (Guanao) 177;
Ptmce de Leon at, 233.
Gnanape, 55^.
Guandape, 241.
Guanima, 233
(iuanuco, 558.
(iuarico, 53S.
Guastecan, 472,
Guatari River (Wateree), sSs
Guatemala, 221 ; audiencia of,
Colecciou de doc. an/ig., 39"^
the /Vf>(<'.vfj again~t Alvarado, 419;
Remcsal as an authority, 419; Vas-
quez' Chronica, ^\i: //istoria of
Fuentes y Gu/inan, 41 1 : the Com-
pendio ui Uomingo Juavrns, 419;
expeditiou to, under Alvarado, 3S3;
map, 3'^4; sources uf its liistoryi
3C(S, 419.
Giiaxule, 247.
Ciuaya(piil, 5"9.
Guaya(piil, (.1 11 If of, 511.
Guaz/o, Marco, //isforie, 57ft.
Guerin, I-eon, Xavigateurs FrancaiSf
34, 29S.
Guerra, C, io>), 1S7, 204, 205.
Guevara, Juan de, 207.
Guibert, 5l. C . .J/^moires de Dieppe,
^^'
Guicciirdini, //ist. ef //alia, 154.
Guinea coa'^t, ig.
Gumilla, El Orinoco, 5^7*
Gnss, A. I.-, " Karly Indian History
of the Susquehanna," 2S3.
Gutierrez. J, R., 570.
Guyas, 4'(i.
Gnznian, Alonso F.nriques de, 566; his
autobiography, 567.
Our Lady of, 399;
4''«;
410;
638
INDKX.
GuimAii, nii'KD de, expedition to Sina*
ln.l, VM.
Oii/in.ui, I'LTnaiuio rle, hit revolt, $^i.
Uu/iiiiU), N'uMii HcltMi) (Ic. 47J ; liin
cxputlitioti Id i'luii.itan, ^',ti diit-
trusxci iht* vcsHLMi of CorUs, 441,
442 ; .;vi)i(l'« I'orti'M, 443 ; expudi-
lion tn i'.tmim, .iSh, 503; to New
(lallitia, \',t. s"i; iiivaik's Jalisco,
07; 111 Mexico, jys ; accuuiit of Ins
tit.il, !■;'<■
Ciu/iii.tt), I'ern NiiAc/ de, j^v
(ju/m.m. S,, AV f^tregrino iK.iiatto,
430
Haag, La France f^rotfstiXntty 2')S
Ilackc, CoiUition 0/ /V»7iv«j. 4'''^''
llnckil, lIuimaH, 293; Xw'iyioriiiit^i'.^i.
Hadluy's iiiiadrant, 101.
Hageii, V<in iIl-i. 179.
Haj;eiibL'i>:. t* i.intis, 471,
Main, Kef^irtortitm^ 4**.
Makluvi, (III I>i,iIii.''N (liscovery, 4S5i
XoialuV //i\tor), 293; t'D}ttj,'i'S,
J9S.
Hale. I'm K., C(»py of a drawing of a
biiffal(i, .\S.r, uti Coruiiadu's discov-
ery, S"i ; procures loiiei* map of
Calit"»niia, ii-*' discovers tpnuiiial
of the name of CalHornia, in: //is
Level /ii'st, 44.1 ; " Magellan's <lis-
Covery," 5>;i ; Seven it/^anis/i Cit-
ies, '1 ; on Palu^*, '>
Hallain, 11., Literaiure 0/ Europe,
57. 57'-
lialley and the magnetic poles, 95; on
icr I c* -atrial magni-tisni, mo.
Haniniocks (cut^ 11; in iirazil, 59*) ;
tigmcd. 597.
Hansen, l.t'onard de, life of S.mta
Kosa, sfxi ; Lit fiienaventurai/a
Hi'sa, s'Kj; odiur versions, ^k).
Hanly, Jules, JLes Diepf>oii en Guinh^
Hailcy, Kdward, 226.
llaro, \S . du. his-
Haro, 11. de, 5191 520.
Harrassowit/., Karissima A tttericana,
157
Harris, johii, ihc fac-similist, 50,
liarri-., Coliection of I'oyuffes, 4^17,
Harris^e. H., his proposed A tneric
I 'esfluti', 1 55 ; on r erdinand (.'0-
hunbus, i-h ; criticised by Sies-ens.
66; his /). /unuiHt/o Co/on^ 6'» ;
his Feruiifu/ Colomh, du ; /..-t
Cort>^reii/s, 33 ; Les st^/>u/tun'x </e
Colonil\ So; Los ystos tie Co/on,
83; hi-i Cabots^ ')3 ; C/tristc/i/ie
Co/omh, H8 ; Xotes on Columhus,
privately printed, viii : his I/istoirr
de C Co/oml' ixttribuee a son fils^
h'> ; Les restes mortch de Co/onib,
.S3 ; Colom/y et la Corse, S^ ; Les
Colombo, So ; Desjardin on, viii.
Hatleras, Cape, 2S5.
H.inslab, Freiherr von, his globes,
171.
Havana, 22^1. 230, 353 : plundered by
the French, 2<>2 ; view of, 202.
Havana (San t.'risioval), 351.
Hawkins, Sir JoJui, 2'i2.
Hawkins, Sir Richard, captured, 561.
Haxa, 44-'.
Haynes, Henry W , *' Karly Explora-
tions of Xew .Mexico,'' 473; favors
the Ztini theory of the Seven Cities,
V'.V
Hayti (15291. 231: (1541) .77. See
Hisp;inio]a, Santo I)oiningo.
Hazard, Samuel, Santo Domins^o, 71,
81,^8.
Helps, Sir Arthur, 317 ; Conquerors of
the .\\"u> If'or/d, 42^; S/>anish
Conquest of America^ (•*), 204, .12S ;
Life of Cortes, 42S; his map nf
Cortes* voyage, 35^; Life of /di-
sarm, S7S , Z//(' 0/ Co/utnbns, ho;
Life of Las Casas, 343 ; his map of
the Valley of Mexico, 309.
Henicz, 495.
Hennepin, bibliography of, 67; his
maps of the Pacific coast, 466.
Henriquei, Martin, viceroy of Peru,
557'
Henry (Prince), the navigator, 2 ; por-
trait (cut), 39; •^iiu>Ki 3>^; livus of|
Heilslmw, II. W.. 4M1.
Herniano, l>iev;n, 439.
nermann de Toletlo, 41(4,
nrru.inde/, Pero, Conientarios, 2^b.
Hirrera, A. de, his lile <<( V'aca de
t astro, ^^7 ; on Italbo.t, 211 : his
Iiieture of Cohiinbus, 71 ; on Coluin-
)us, f.;; acci>nnt of, 67; drew
largely from l.as ('usas, 67, 34" »
bibliography ol', 67; hiH f/is(oria
fieneral, 1, f)7, 213, m \, S'm ; his /)e.
seriftion, 67 : editfd by Itarcia, f'7 .
editions of, f'H ; in Vander Aa, llul-
siiis, etc., f'S : translaii'd tiy John
Stevens, f^iS, v,t ; KoLertsons opin-
ion of it, 424 ; on I, .ike Parima, 5**? ;
and Ma;;ellan, (w6; maps (i^m).
4(hi ; edited hv Van I'.aerle, 4i''i;
cliarj;es Vespuciiis wilh falsifying
dales, TS4 ; histrrionraplier, 5'>,l.
Hemes, Willnnt. 11.
Hesperides (i 5 vit. 177.
Hessels, J. H.. 5..
Hevia, l)iegM t\v. 27X.
I'eylin, Cosinoiir-i/'hiet 46'', 5S7.
Heyn, Peeler, Miroir Jit Mondet 472 ;
epitome of Ortelius, 472.
Hinojosa, Pedro de, 51*'
Hipp.ircliiis and lunar tables, 90.
Hispaniola, 435, 437; U54i) 177;
(Kspanola) lo^, no; (Ksiianhnlla)
108; (Kspagnolla) 22(1; tHispani.i'
insula) 12^; (Isabella) im* ■2fi.
(Spagnola) 115, 124, 12^, 175, 218,
223, 2jS, 2i'), 451 ; (Spagnolla) in,
nf), \\A, 170, 1S3, 4<;,.; (SpaK»"ll<>)
125; (Spamuiola) 18S; (Sp.miola)
217, 412; t oiumbus at, 13; fruits
of (cut), i'>; mines, 16; map of,
ascribed to Columhiis, 104; other
early maps, 101;; map (1531), '^'^;
name. 10: native houses (cut), 11;
curing of Mck (cut), n. See Hayti,
Santo I)otningo.
Hochelaga (.Ochelai), 451.
Hiiler, .\oH7' bio^- A''*"' ^^•
Ilogenberg, Ci-:'itateSf 5. See liraun.
Hojeda. i'.v Ojuda.
Holbein, 44'i.
Holguin, Pedro Alvarez de, 534 ; life
c.f, 577 : kdled. 53''. .
Hoinann, and I. .ike Parima, 58^, his
niap(i70(), 4^7
Homem, I >iego, map of the Moluccas,
441 ; map (1540) 44(1 ; map dss^*.
227, 22 ,, 44s; (is'aS) 449; At/ante
niaritiniOf 449.
llmidius, Jodocus, his map of Gulf of
California, 4O1 ; his circumpolar
map, 40 1 ; Caerte van Gniana,
5^7.-
Hondius-Mercator atlas (1613), 461.
See M creator.
Honduras, ()lid*s expedition to, 3S2 ;
map, 3S4; Cortes in, 3S5 ; discov-
ered, I'll.
Hiiniger, Nic . translates fienzoni, 347.
Honoratns, Pray, 475.
Honter, bibliography of, 122 ; new
maps dsf^i), .23; Rudimentorum
cosniOi^raph.a libri^ 122, 176.
Hooke. R., 424.
Horn, Ulyssea, 34.
Hour-glass. 437.
Howarih, (Jeorge, 357.
Hoz, Alonzo de, !;48
Hoz, Pedro Sanchos de, 538.
Huallaga River, 519. 5S1.
Hnamachiico, 520.
Ifuamanga. 520 ; founded, 523.
lluanachuco, 51 t.
Huancabamb.i, si^i 5'9-
Hnancavclica. V'l-
Huaniico, 51. ^ s2'>; settled, 527i
Huarina, 519, 54' ; war of, 574.
Muascar, 514.
Hnasco, 524.
liuayn.i Capac, 514
Hllbet, Wolfgang, ifio.
Hueleii-tMiala, $iS.
lluel, lli^hop, 4JU,
Huguenots m Florida, 29I // 'f<i- 1
haled l)y the Spanish, 2(n.
Huuuiis l.uigi, 6|fi.
HuUiii , l.tvnms, hts map " Atitericoi
pars iuistralis," ^^7.
Ilitmana, Juan de, y>4,
Hnmliohh, Alex., hii /i.xamen eri-'
tiotie, t-H, 17S; .iui>)g., (iS; Krit.
i'utersni/inn^en, ('S ; introduction
to llhillany'a iie/taim, 6M ; his / '<y-
oj^e aux r^^ions /tfuino.viiilest 2r>'i !
/'ersonal .Varrttt/ve, 3of>, 2H7, 375 ;
Ess.ti fi>lifi(/ne, 375 ; dissipated tlie
myth of i;idnr<ido, 5H9 : defence o(
Vespnctus. 17S.
Hurtado, i.,s.
Hutchinson, Tivo ] 'ears in /'erit
5.6.
HntcM, Phihp von, hi'< expedition*
Huts in trees, native, ^14.
Hylacomvlus See Waldseemiiller.
litAKk^, It, de, iu<>.
Ibarr.i, I )tem«, 504.
n>.iir,i, I-', de, 504.
Ic.iiia, (72.
Ica/batceta, J. (;.,3.>;: aiitog., 397;
Afuntes para nn iatali\-o, etc ,
417; Coleieion de docunientos^ y^j^
4<^M ; liiecionario, 4'k.; edits Men*
dieta,423, on Koren/.ina,4nS; printn
a sei ret letter of Cortes, 4n ; / 'ida
de Corfh, 42^
Icel.nul (Islandia). 414; visited by Cu*
lumhus, 33.
Icliuse, 257.
Ideler, J. L., 68
Uacomylus. See Waldseemtiller.
Illapel, 53|.
Iinperi.d (town in Chili), 54S.
Inci 'Tiiu * and the crown of Peru, 325.
Inca empire, early reports of, 19.^
Incas. See V'nc.is.
India in J'ompoiiius Mela's map, iSo.
India Superior, i7(>. See Asia.
Indian Ocean as ui Inland sea, 95,
Indians, other advocates of, than T*as
Casas, 343; described by Las Ca-
sas, 31M; estimates tpf numlicrs at
the time of Etirope.an Contact, 327;
early cuts of, i^i), 162 ; enslaved by
the Spaniards, 303 ; sedentary, 473 ;
pueblcp, 473 '. the Spamards' relaiums
to, ji>); as found bv Columbus, 300;
why -SO named, ii-c
Indies, council for the, and the piihli-
cation of maps, 171 ; their ar-
chives, i See I'oimcil.
Infantado, l)iu|ue del, 89; his manu-
scripts, viii.
I'lK*^' 57'' < H'est-lndisc/ie Spie^/iel^
^U2.
Inghiiami, Fcdia, 5S.
liuiuisition in Peru, 557 ; in Spain,
301, 3(15; history by 1,I( ente, 325.
inventio fortnnata, 95.
Irving, Pierre, Life of -i'. L-vin^^
vi.
Irving, 'I'lieo., Florida and De Soto^
2.)...
Irving, Washington, his Columbus, vi,
(iS ; Companions of Columbus, vi,
204 : manuscript of his account oi
Colinnbusat Harcelona, 5'>; on por-
traits of Columbus, 71 ; on Vespu-
cius, 155,
Isabella (of Spain), sign-manual, 0;
her will, 316. 343 ; dies, 2.1, 310? "C
character, 5 ; story of her )cwe!s
pledged, 91.
Isabella (city), 16.
Isabella. See Cuba.
Islela, 4S1J.
Isnardi, V ^ Dis^crtazione. 84; Xuovx
dor., S4 ; /'atria di Colombo, 73-
Ttali.in travellers, 93.
Italv and Americin discovery, 2 ; Geo-
graphical Society, 93.
INDKX.
629
iH map" AniericB
hii ll.xntneu c/-
, (iS; intriHluctioil
titini, fiM; liis / >)•-
^./HlHO.liit/t'S, 3(>'» ;
175; (!i-Hip;itetl the
10, 5^'> : defence ol
}'i;trs hi I't-ru
n, Iii. I'xpL-aitioiu
-■e, S14.
■ W.ilihoomiillcr.
,, 3.J7 ; aiiloR., .^q::
uu i>ifii/oi:i>, etc ,
^c liocutui-utos, S'-ilt
■to, 4'x'; edus Men-
ciren/., 111.1,4"^' pf'"***
f Cortes, 411 : / V(i
. 4^; visited by Co-
Chili), 54«-
,e tu)wn of Peril, 32$.
y repi-rlsof, wj
IS.
ms Meli\'s map, i^^o.
|7f). SW Asia.
m inland sea, <)5«
..in.Ues (if, tli.in l.ai
l.-Liilied by 1-as Ca-
natcs tif muiibcrs it
iiiiipean cimtact, 3^7 ;
Vj, i'!2 ; enslaved by
^(H ; sf'di-ntary, 473 "•
ic Spaniards' relaimns
ndbv CoUimbns, V"!
, !'"(. ,.
,Y the, and the publi-
iip^, 171 : their ^r-
t- Cfuincil.
le del, 8<> : his nianu-
^ s^- . ^, .
-ni. 557 ■■ '" Spam,
„y by LI. -enle, 3^5-
A/A- 0/ a ' f-'-vt"S*
'loritia and De Soto,
Ion, his Columhn, vi,
\>fis of C'>/ii>'i/>us, VI,
int ("f his account ut
'..irceloi.a, 5'>; on por-
nibus, 71 ; on Vespu-
lin), sifin-niannal, s'>;
34^;dies, 2;^, ^10; ner
story of Iier lewels
,crf,izw»f. S4 : ^Vttoi'i
ria lii Colombo, 73-
nn discovery, 2 ; Geo-
iety, 95.
[titnl on MuiV)/, lik I
|v.At:.inn. fji 1.
ixtiilxnthiil, ifntoria Chiihhnecit% '
417, his works on New Spain, ^!7 ; >
HttrriNt'% triw/itaiitw, .(171 ''^'"■
//;M(, 4l^i Jf/if.i/trtC^t/i/n/Ht'/HfS, I
417; /itUS til' J't'ZiHCO, -117; AV/fl' '
iiOHif, 411, 417
lirapalap), .V"t, .I7I1 ,*7''- ^7'J'
l/iapalatzinco, .16*^
«>')•
>yc<- Ihck-Ataff,
AusUiiU'tt in
Ml K-STAKK.
( rn-^s -^tatT.
Niirnbe*);, \ oj.
Jal. A., ArchMo^ie navnL^, 7; /.<»
i'r.iihg tihiritinit', ij; Z^.- /'iir/i <>
A',f/A'v. IX
Jalisrn, .tS;.
Jamaica, ijR, .^m, (1511) no, (1570)
aji, dsiO ■'-'i. (ism) "77. (J^niaeal
23U, ( Janiaicha) j iw, (.|aniat(|iia) ii<u
IJaniavca) J17, (Jani.iC(pia) iiS,
Colinnbus at, ,>j; a granary, igi ;
ni.ip, tsii : Mettled, 314.
Janiotiiwii, its ^ite occupied by the
c.irly Spaniards, 2\\,
jan»M|ue(>, 5(11.
Jiinnsdn, A /omit' maritime, 4(^i\ Orfi/s
ni,ir/t/tit/t.ft I'lj ; etlits Mercator-
JioUtiiiix .■U/>tu 4''-i.
J.itivier, .It/tts moiirr/w, 4'»j.
jai'.in, 4f,j, (Cimpau.O 41S; (CJi.ipan)
4^1, 4<;4, (lapon) ♦'-(, |/ipaitj;n)
1711; in (Jrtelius, 4;j . m TosLaneUi's
map, lui. .SV(f Ci)iaiino,
Japanese map of the I'acitic coast,
4^o
Jaraniillo, jiiaii du, 2^,'^: Kcliicton,
5'>o.
Janniu. See I-'ciier.
Jayme, Juan, 40; tus I)cclln,itonum,
100,
JetTcrson, Thomas, his picture of Co-
liuiibus, 7}: eiiHravetl, 74.
Jetlcrys s iii.i| ol he l-'onte's nairative.
4''); Xort'tH'fst Coast, 4CX1 ; trans-
lates Mulli;r's voyages to the north-
west, 4'.^.
Jemt./. 4.ji
Jetpietepeciue, 51(1.
Jere/. (). de, 51 1.
It uniymites, ,s 1 1 .
Jc^so (island), 4^l; in the maps, 4O3 ;
depicted hv Hennepin, 464 ; (Terro
Ksonis), 4(>7,
Jcstiit^ III Florid. 2.S2 ; in Mexico,
y)i) ; in Peru, ;;5J,
Joan liaptista, Kiay, 422.
jocundus. .SV** Giocondo.
John of Clauni. ,v/.
Joniard on likenesses of Columbus, 70;
Monument ti ColotHf'% 74.
Jones, C. C, jr., on Ue Soto's route,
2<)\.
Jordan Kiver, 240, 292 ; whence named
2Sv, ([•edee)26o.
Josse, A. I,., 424.
JdUidaiiL't, Denis, edits SahaRiin, 417;
/.It f"t\ss/on (ie Vair sur i.i vie tie
riiotutut', 175; hisinapof the Valley
of Mexico, lu'iiotypcy ^73 ; Ifistoirv
t't'riiiiqnf, 415.
yonrnal 0/ tilt' Ftanklin Institute^ 04-
Journai of the Afiittttry Service /ftsti'
t lit 10 tit 375.
Jovius, Paidus, Eiof^iti, 20, 67, 70. 71,
7.! ; his Kallery, 72 ; portrait, 70.
Juan Ponce, Hay of, 2S:;
Juan y Ulloa, lU meritii,i)io tie tietrnx-*--
caciofif 4t.
Juarros, J)ominj;o, his Guateinaiii.
417.
Juda is. See [ucKru'i.
Judau*;, Cornelius de, his map, 457 i
A'/: -iuin, 457.
Juiuy. V'.
Julius II., I tpe, I20.
Kai-MI'FKR, 460.
Kalbflcisch. C. H.. 113. i'^'3, i73-
Kii'r^'i.f City /\e7>iew, 467.
Karaikes, Ooi.
Keating, Mauiue, L'dits Pernal Dial,
. 4M
Kennriielte-^, ' rii,
ki'iiilall. Abrah.im, in (lulana, )^7.
Kendriik, ( ,ipt., ill (he '' (.'oUunuia,"
47"'
Kcrii, K. II,, map hy, y^j,
Ki-ri, / 'optj^is, '1;, ihj.
Kt'dell, Samuel, irauptlales Columbus*
Jourii.il, I'l i't-rsoutti Marrntive,
40.
Keynns with KaleiRh, 5*17.
KinKshnroutih, his Ixnind tracts on
Mexico ,111(1 Peru, V)<i i his text of
Sainton, 41')
Kino, I- aiiier. explorations in Califor-
nia, 4'>; ; his map, 4^;.
Kirk. J. v., 427; rriiitiMH k. A Wil-
son, 427; cdii-t i'restutt's i'ern,
57'*-
Kitchen's map ^hoWH I, ike I'arima,
«;H7.
KloniMi, K. voii, '' Die Welsi-r,'* 579.
Klun/iiiv:>-r, Karl, Autiieii tier
D,iituhi-if tin tier iCMtiieckuHff voh
Siiiiaint'f/Aut, 579.
Kliipfel, Karl, .n;.,.
kiii^hl, A. tl., Ct'imni'us^ fu).
Korrius, Petrus, his maps, 464,
Kohl, Dr. I. C, on discovery in the
toilf of \lexico, 4«^>4 ; his collection
of m.ips, c)3 ; Ins mami'^cript at
Worcester, IJ7 ; his stucht-s of the
cartography of the Pacilic coast,
4ti : his manuscript memoir on this
sid>iecl, 127, 4U ; 011 Magellan's
Straits in /.eitwhri/t tirr Gt'seii'
.t. luift ftir F.riikup'tit' in Heriin,
017 , repubtislu d as MageiiiiiC s
Strasse, fuy : Lost Mtips^ 117.
Kolno. .SV(* S/kolny.
Kopjiu, K W'., 4U1.
KrJL's. Miii^'fi/an/Ceiset 615.
Kubhii Khan, 42
Kiill., 5'...
Kusker, n., i;i.
Magellan at, 59X ;
.Soils, ^>o5. ,SV^
, 2b2.
L \ C \ii 1. 1', 376.
La C'ondaminc, 590; descends :he
Am.i/.on, 5i<o
I^a t os.i. Juan de, his map, icrfi ; ac-
count ot, 106. See Cosa.
La Croix, A igt'tneene U 'eereid Be-
J hryxfingy 37S,
La Crwi, his map, ^"^t-
La llarpe, Abr^^e ties voyages, 463.
La Paz, 442.
La i'erouse, 470.
La l*lata,44^ 45 .
called early bv
Plata.
La Roche, Jean dt .
La Salle, Cavelier de. his connection
with I'rnalosu, 50) ; place of his
death. 2.^.
Labanotf, Alex., his maps, 93.
Laba/ares, Ciuido dc js'»-
Labordf, J. P Aft*- dii sud, 46S;
/ 'ovtti^e pittort'sque. \%y,
Labrador, 4^5, 4c. 4S", 451 ; (Lavo-
rador) Ji-ii (L.iborador) 22'<, ^53;
(terra laboratorum) 122; early vsits
to, 34.
Lacio, publisher, 412.
Ladrones. 43 >, 010; Pigafetta's map
of, 61 1, 614.
Laet. J. de, map of Lake Parimn, 587,
I.atiiau. Decoit'' dcs Povtugnis, 42.
Lafreri, Get\i:rafta, 4(2.
I.afuunte y Alc.intara, 47.
Lake, Arthur, n.
Lamartine, (". Coloutb, S3,
Lambert, Jt-han, 157.
Lamberi. !'. il.. \->\\ the origin of the
name America, 171).
Laiula, Diejio de, Keiation de Yuca-
ttin, ^2<).
F^andon, Gaferie iitstorique^ 73.
I^anueac, Coiottib, f'S.
l-anueron on .Magellan, (n-j. ,
Laniuinas, ). D., Co/o/nb, 64; Ktmifs^
^4-
Laon nlobr. 2**.
I.apie on MaldonnHn, ^t,f->\ in Xtmtu
ann,ii(i di 1 ^-oya^^es, .\U\.
Laroussf, Grand dixt. itniversei, hH.
\.A* Alah, Lslevan de, 378
\.,\n Casas, .\uioine, 3U4,
Las C.is,i4, ltartlif)lt)imw, chapter on,
by tiLo. K Kills, J,,,,; his birth,
3ot ; ariives m Anu-nc.i, ai ; or-
dained at lli->paniola, i-<^; gocN to
* liba, (o^ ; goesio Sp.tin ( M15', .t"? i
returns in Indies, t j; ; olhur visitn
to Spain, V'"*! cutiTs a convent
("S.'JJ, ti3- .'.(.t 1 made l>iT»lii'p o|
t hiapa, U41 dies, 311; his diarac*
ter. t"''. tt<>' his exagK<-rations, m,
\i^, ui, .ti<<> (27, 32H, 3 t2 ; ri-latiouii
to •■'.iveiy, \}.\, ti>. WV tJ'*i on
riK<<n<teiid.in, ^{/ , his coloiu at
( umana, uii liis mt'niorials to (he
Crown, 317 ; his *' Piopoiiiioiis,"
321, \\$: oppo'^cd bv 1 )viedo and
Sepulveda, \i.\, \\t ; his opponents,
34-t « charges agam<tl hini, ;jo, 34 f ;
upporled by IlL'rreia and ror(|ue-
iiiadi, w'-; .eviewed by I'rescott,
32M; I 's 'lorlrail, ti-' l his aulog.,
313' <■ iiiouiiu's on iu^ c.ireer, 331 i
live, fi liiin, 3411 hy Labie, ut I
by i.\-I| s, t4r. liy II. IL Itancroft.
343; by Pit cott, tn; bv Llounie,
324.U0; hi- v\rillng^. (m.3.m; bib-
liogr.iphv of, 3ii; hi^ i>br,is (l.lo-
renlL-"'- edition), m^, \.\h; (/-.ifn'res,
J4ui Aptdo^HUit iiist.y 340; histm-
published writings, 337 ; Carta
(15-io), 317; Cttrta ( I S4';K SS7 '• < '""Ai
^551). .U;; iiistoria d-.- ias Indtas,
yii, M.;, f,,,, 317, 33(j; fac-simiie ot'
indorsement on it, 339; Congutsta
tielV indie, 34^1 his use of docu-
ments, il ; on De Soto, 2|;4 ; nn C u-
liimbus, ii ; abrui:;es the Journal of
Columbus, 46, III ; his nine tracts,
}13. 115; lireriiima re/a, ton, 333 ;
fac-simile of title, 314; Canctotirrtf
spiritual, },\\: /,o tfne se nj^ne, i^xc,
335; i'.iitre los remedios, 335; Ai/ni
se i-''tii'ft,'- nni's, etc , 335 ; lac-simile
of Us title, 330; . t f//ii xe i'ontienr n'/it
dispitta, 3.55: i'^xte es nn trafttdOf
335: i'ropout tones, ■s\s,\ fac-sinnie
of title, 33S, /V/;/(///ri, 335; Tra»
tatio, us; I^xpucatio, 337; re»
pruned AS Las obras, },\-^ \ transla-
tions of his tracts, t4i ; I\\ fannies et
iritantez, 341; i iie Span/s/t Colo-
nie, \\\ \ Teitrs of tlie imHtins,
341; Seer lort I'eritaely 14\\ Spie-
gliei tier Sp. i'lranniie, 341 ; His-
toire tidmirabie d,s iiombles in-
solent es, 341 ; Le iniroir de ia
tyraniiie, 341: Htstotre des indes,
3<;' ; La deionz'erte des huies, 341 ;
Relit ion ties vi>yii^es, 3 1 r ; Relation
of tite first x-'va^^'es, 342 ; .Vewe
If 'elt, 342 ; Xiimitio rei^iontim
IndnarTin, 3 \2 ; De Hry's engrav-
ings, 342 : Actonnt of tite first Toy-
rt.^(*j. 342; i't>pery trtdy displayed,
3(j; Old i-l 11 inland for ever. \.\2\
W'aritaffti^er liericlit, 342 ; Ihnb-
stand:);'- nut rit<ifftif;e UrSiiirei'
bung, \\i\ Reg'ionuiu Imiiiarum,
342; Istoria, 342; Ii suppiice, GXc,
342 ; La iibertti pretesa, 3(2.
Las Casas, Francisco de, joo.
Las Cases (\ap()Ieon's chamberlain ,
304-
Lasso de la V<-,i:a, riabriel. his Corth
vnlentso, 354; JA'.r/aiwrt, 354; his
likeness, i^j.
Latitude, errors in, (/- : first use *pf, 95,
Latitude and lonuUnde, earliest in-
stance rif, in Spanish maps, 221.
Laudonniere, Kem.-, builds I'ort Caro-
line, 2'>2 ; L'/tisttv're ni>tal<ie, 293 ;
XtUiibie History, 2i)\ ; Lemoyue's
account. 29'^' ; Brevis narrafio, 2</);
Challeux' Distours, 2'/i.
Lautaro, 54S ; victorious, 5(.^; killed,
54''.
Lavazarts Cuid" de, 501.
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630
IMJEX.
I.avradio, Count tie, 42.
l..i\v», unrlv Spanish, resjiecting the
Nl-w Wuritl, w;; "(^ .%Icxico, 401.
.S>(- New I-aw^.
],.iycal liay. S5-
Lc Clcrtqi EtaNiswMietil de la Foy,
244-
Lc VL-rricr, 36.
I.L-.igiic, its length, 4v
I.ebiij.i, Ant. tk', l^riuifutii Operu^ 64.
I-cik-Miia. l*L'(lii» (le, i7'>, J04.
Lclrciy, J. II., Meiui'r litis of Ber-
iitutiity 1 10.
l.uu.ispi, M. I., dc, '«if".
I.i-H'iin.i. I'.iiriinK; (k, La Cosa, 107.
l.cj;in/.unii. M.iuin .sicrr.ulc, 550, 570.
I.cigli, Sir riiiiina>, 404.
I.eislcr, ( iiivcrnnr, 7')
Lek'wci, Jcathnn, />/*• Ktitth\Kun^
tier C'(/» ///./!.'*■/■ *//// (h'nt Atlanti'
iihett Otiit», 3'> ; Mm in.ip of the
Allautit. acconlin^ to the ancients
(cut!, ,^7; makes an hypothetical
map 11501-151^), lotj; on ( Irtctius,
471. ^72■
Leniairc, S/t'i tf/nft/, 1^2.
Lemnyne (k- Minnuf>, jacciues, his
acLount (it l.auihiiuiii're's cxi>edi-
tion, 2'j't : Brf7<is titirnitio^ 2*)G ;
translated h\ l*crkni>, 2<>').
Lenox, Janifs, nn the C'cijmnbiis letters,
47; hi-i \vii(i(l-cui map (i5J(), 22J ;
laL-Mutik- ot, 2J.^ \ his ^lobe, sketch
of, i2i, 170; I.enox Library, 15S;
Spanish (lIlctlln*'nt^ in, iii.
Llmi Alricanus, i'\t ; his Afrtque^ 163.
Leon, Cieza de, treatment i»( natives,
550.
Leitii, Jean. Sec Leo Africanus.
Lepat;f. II., Rcnf et /Vj/z/o-, i(>4.
Lcpe, I)iego ik'. lo/, iS'^ . Ins voyage,
M'l; anihiirilie-- on his voyage, 204,
205 ; Iii-i map, 20*;
Lero/, liii\t^r,if'/n,i i/r/tt A nicrhit, 288.
Lester, (.'harles I'.dwards, 139.
Lcti-ra til' itt Jiof'ii it/>ttty 576.
Lettri's etiiftanUs^ 4'7.
Leucatiin, t^yu
Levanto Kii'-ii. «>!■
Lt':'eu Titn Coiuinhus, (ny
Levinus Apullonius, 21^7.
Lcxona, 40S.
Lt'Vi-s y t^riienaniiis^ 347.
Lil)ri's library, I'i'i.
Lii/itr tii-r /fit"- 1 'tter/, t}j.
Lii^hi i\f Xavigntiou, 97.
Liglitfi'oie, William, Comf-litinti of
I\fit^i,iu<i, 341.
Lihn, Z., /},• ori^tne, etc., 5S.
Lilius, Orbis brvx'iarium^ 25.
Lima. 513, f.M, <;5S; accounts of its
founding, 5*7 : colk-ges at, 5'n ;
coniuiK at, 552. 557 : founded, 510,
5^2 ; called " fiudad de los Keyei."
522.
Linali, Costumes tie Mexujue, 3.
Lindenau, Corresp tie /fac/tf 2-^i.
Linschoten /(inertino, 4S7; editions
oft 457; Wohe's translatifm, 451;
copies (tf, 45<); maps in. 457; Nttvi-
^afio, ^fto ; H isiotre i/c la vavtgO'
tiofi, 4'kj; Pesirifition tie PAmrr-
/(/««■* 4''>o ; Besi liryT'iMef, elCt Afx*'.
the I^utch editions used as sea-man-
iials, 4*to; ill Dc Hry, 4f»<>: i)il)liog-
raphy In Sabin, 4''>o; his life, 4'x>.
Linns (Islandf^). S'fj.
/-////>/< vV^'i Mftffaaine, 71.
Li'ibon, archives of the Titrre do
'I'ombo. ii. viii, t/.i; Royal Academy,
their Xotitias para tta^oes ultra-
rnar/uas, 173, OiO.
Livres fayh en rente ptthlique 1,000
frttftcs^ 27.
Llama. 505
Llorenle. Juan Antonio, biographer
and editor of L.is ("asas, 304, 324;
history of the In(|ui'iition, 325; his
work on the Popes, 325.
Loaysa, Alon/o de, 541.
Loiva, (larcia de, 440.
Loaysa. Cienuiinio, bishop, 537; arch.
bishop of Lima dies, 557.
Lockh.irt, John L, Mcnw'rs of Dtaz,
415-
Log, invention of, t^s.
Lfik, Michael, his ni.ip. 4i;4.
laimas Colmenares, J. l!, de, 504.
Lombards (^uns), 7,
Long Islantl ( h.ihamas), 55.
Longfellow, 11. \V., on Irving, vi.
Longitude, errors m, <jS ; first use of,
<)5; niore or less nntcriain at sea
to-day, 101 ; rewards oi accurate
methods, hkj. .Sir Latitude.
Lo|ic de Sosa, 2o<^,
Lope de Vega, on the Arnucaman war,
Liipes, I'ero, 5176.
Li^iez de Ilaro, Nohilario, S8.
Lope/, Diegt), 402.
Lope/, map ol Mexico, 375.
Lore, Am. de, 5*"i.
Lou-n/ana, Cartas pastorales, 400;
edits record-- ol ettleMaslical coun-
cils, 3.^.1; \uefti /i.\/>ai/a, 40S, 443;
atcount oi hmi, 40S ; //tstoria de
Alejiio, 4oS ; his man of New Spain
i/ieliotypi'}, 35<( ; on Viscamo, 461.
Lorgues, K. de, Satan t outre Colouib,
U) ; I. a croi.v dans les deux
tuoutles, (,i, . Cl/r. CtflotuO, (m);
L^tmltassitdiur tit Dwu, f«j-
Los i<ios, I'edro de, 2<x).
Lota, 524.
Lbwensiern, L, on hkencsses of C'o-
kmihiis, 70.
Loyola, Martin Carcia, 553 ; governor
of Chili, 5*>i ; killed, $fi2 ; sources of
information, S73.
Lucanas, <;_•-, 1,44.
Lucayan Islands, map, 61 ; their na-
tives cnrrutl to Ilispaniola, 321.
Lurnycim'(|uc, ^38.
Lud, Waller, 141;, i(>2, 471 : noticed by
Ilenrv Sie\ens if>_' ; his Spt\ulum,
<'>, I4'.;. 1^.;.
Lugienberg, his map, 4''i4.
Lugo, r. de, fSo.
Logo, Luis Alon/o de, 800; of New
(".ranada, 5*^1.
Lugo, Moni.dvo de, 5S1,
Luguna, 4S,), ijoi.
Luis, niissionaiy, 4117.
Lullius, Kayniond, Arte de utne^ar^
Luna, Come/ de, 5^4.
Luna y Arellano, Tristan de, 257 ; his
expedition, .'s'^ : returned to Cuba,
lainar tables, tyi
I/unirrrs pittoresi^ue, 2t/>.
LiKpu . Hernando. ^.5, 507 ; made
bishop of iiimbez, 512: died, ^2(^.
Lyuro titis obras tie Garcia tie Ke-
sendcy jf^t.
M \( I>r>NAi I), ^^, Gutitemozin, 430.
Macedo, nf)tice of Ortelius, 471.
M.Khin fliscovers Madeira, 3S.
>Lichiparo, 5^2.
Mackenzie, A- S., 53.
Macova, 27').
Macrobins. 28.
Macuelas, Juan, 257.
Madden, Sir I rederick, 337.
Madeira discovered, 3S; as t'irst merid-
ian, <i5.
Madrid, Academy of History, publi-
cations on American history, vii ;
Royal Academy, Memorias^ 70;
Soc. (leog., lioietin^ 72.
Maelta, M,, 7*..
Maese de Campn, 271.
Maffeiiis, 6; ; Counaeutarioruur urha-
ftorum lihri, 431; Historiarum
ituiiearum lihriy 41; 7.
M.ngalliaens. .SV^- ^iagellan.
Magalhatsde riandav<t, 154.
Ma^asin pittoresque^ 73, Z'\U.
M.igdalcn (Indian women). -'SS-
Magdalena (Klortda river), 243, 2*^8.
^L^gdalena South American river),
!"<■). SU.
ALigellan, Fern<indo de, career, <;qi ;
different forms of his name, 5<»i ;
aulog , <;</? ; sails on his expedition,
5.>2; portraits of, 72, 75, 71., j;.)^, 5.(4.
5^5 : his Heel. 5'i3 ; t,uarre!s with
Juan de Carih,igena, ti-**., 51*11; at
Rio de Janeiro, f.^t, ; ;u L.i IMata,
59S : at Port Desire, 59.;; mutiny
there, 5/9 : executes Mendoza
and tjiiesada, sv* ; sees a giant,
*oo; tights the natives, '01; takes
|M»ssc-,Nioii of I'aiagonia, ^04 ; ob-
serves eclipse of sun, f>o4 ; in the
straits, \^h ; teaches the I'acitic,
OoS ; his track in the Pacific, '^)09;
map ol it, rio ; at the Ladrones,
Cm; at the Philippines, Ci.* ; killed,
612; SOUK es of uiformation for the
voyage, ''13: Pigafett.Vs diary, C.13,
C)i4 : Max. 'IVansvlvanus' ktter, in^ ;
lost .nceount by Peler .^LlrIvr. ')i<; ;
rii»cumenlsin Naxarrete, (.15 ; manu-
script a>cril}ed to Magellan, 615 ;
enumeration of his companions, 615 ;
accounts by Stanley, Major, etc.,
'07: bibliography ctf, (.[7; docu-
ments published by the H.ikluyt
Society, 'uo ; account by Cenoese
pilot, (u6 ; shows how Magellan
followed the Antarctic current, f>i6;
account in t>viedo, ^iO ; in Herrerii,
fii'i; tlie Sotiiiti of Navariete. 617.
Magellan's Straits, 435, 4^*., 440, .(50
(i|;3tl, 223; (1541I 177; treatise cm
its history by Kohl, <)i7 ; by W'ieser,
M7: named alter the Kleveii thou-
sand Virgins by its discoverer, (x-)4,
C-f? ; prefigured on Hehaim's map,
''«»4 ; Pigafetta's map, ^x)5 ; called
** streto Paiagonic(»,"' i-*.-^: voyage
of the *■ Santa Maria de laCabeza,"
^L'lgini, J. A , edits Ptolemy, 457.
Magnet, history ol the, 04 : v.nriation
of, <)4 ; lines ol no variation, 95. See
Compass, Needle.
Magnetic curves, charts of, loo.
Magnetic pole, 95.
Maida (island), 4^1, 453.
Maiolto, map of America (1527), 94,
219, 2 2(».
ALijor. R FL, Select Letters of Co-
iuiul'us, 10, 47 ; Coutfuest of tlu
CauarieSy 3') ; on date of Columbus'
birth, S^; on the Da Vinci map,
124 : on Vtspucius, 178; Prime
lieury tlie .\'a: it^ator, 40, (>ij : Dis-
t'orenes of /'riuce /leury, 617.
Mala. 5iiy. 52O.
Maldonado, 21.
Maldonado(.irtist), 3''t2.
Maklonado, Diego, 503; seeks De
Soto, 253. ^
^T.lldonado, Fr.acisco, 250.
Maldonado, Lorenzo Kerrer de, his
disputed voyage, (55; authorities
for, 455; I'iaj^'jcf^, 456: Memoir
by Lapie, 450; map, 4OS.
Maldonado, |*tdn> de, 542.
Mal(k)nado. Roderigo, 48'), 4'j2.
Malhado Island. 344.
Malipiero. Dominico, loC).
^Ldloy, Charles, AJfairs maritttue, 83.
Malpica. 72.
M.-ilte-Prnn, if'4; Hist, de la ^h^g., 30.
Manca, Vnc , 520; at Vilcabamba,
546; neglec'<'0 524 ; heads an army,
524; deleatet' by Orgone/, 526.
^L^ndana, 5'u.
Mandeville, John de, influences Co-
lumbus, 27; ItinerariuSf 30.
Maneiro, De vitis Mexicauoruui, 421;.
ALingi. 42. 105, iiS, 43S, 454, 472,-
mare de, 451, 453-
Mangon, 42.
NLmigua, 233.
Manilla, 454.
ALinioc, 5')>*.
Manipacna River, 2«;'>
Mannert, Conrad, 5S7.
Mannn ;» id Prnmis, Notizie di Gastal'
■ii, AV,-
Marr.a (city), >iS5 ; first in maps, 5S7 ;
in later maps, 587, 5S8 ; disappeared,
INDEX.
63'
nt) hh expedition,
r^. 75- /''' 5'».*' 5'.'4»
1} : (inairels wilh
Lii.i, sn''. vm ; at
yih : lU I, a I'l.ita,
sirt", 5<>>( ; imiiiny
ucutcs MciuKiza
/i) ; sees a k''1"'»
atives, f oi ; lakes
,laj;oii!a, fxi^ ; oh-
siin, (<o4 : in the
clits the Tacific,
I till" P.icifu, '»»>;
at the raclnmes,
^pii.L-s, f-i* : killed,
iiloiniaiioii fur the
atetta's (iiaiy, '>i.l,
ilvaniis' lutler, ^15 ;
iVter Martyr, fn^ ;
larrete, ('I5 ; nianu-
lo Ma^^elian, 61 3 ;
is companions, ^115 ;
nlty, Major, etc.,
IV i'f, '17 ; (locu-
r by ilie llakhiyt
:couni by (letioese
AS how Mnnellan
arctic current, f-iO ;
o, f>i'>: in Herrera,
! of Navarrete, ''17.
435' 4.V>, 4-l^'. -ISO
II ) 177 ; treatise on
hl,'>i7 : by \Vic?er,
r thi' Klevt-n th.'U-
its (li'-.coverer, Uy4,
on liehalm's map,
tn.ii>, 'n)? ; called
nico."' <■*:> : voyage
laria de l;»Cabeza,'*
s Piolemy, 457-
: the, '14 ; variation
II variation, 1^5. St'g
If.
haris of, 100.
America (1527'. <y4.
ft-cf Letters 0/ Co^
; Cotiqutst 0/ t/tr
n date ot" lohinibus*
he l)a \inci map,
cius, 178: Prime
i^ator^ 40, O17 : Dii-
Ilt'ury^ 617.
503;
seeks De
250.
I'errer de, his
S5; authorities
, 456 ; Memoir
ap, 4'>«.
542-
KO, 486, 4<}2.
7;,
lirs maritittw. Si-
Ust. tie fn gfo^., V'.
at Vilcabamba,
i\ : heads an army,
[ )rgoi*ie/, 52O.
le, inlUiences K'o-
'r4trittSt 30.
Mt'.vicauorutiiy 42^
43S, 454, 472.'
59-
S7.
Notizie di Gastal-
irst in maps, 5S7 :
, 5SS ; disappeared,
Manriqtie de Lara, Rodrigo, 551.
Manta Hay, socj.
Mantuanus, IJ., Opera, (^2.
Mitnuscrits tic ia Hibliothique tin Kot,
Mapocho River, <12H.
Maps of the earhest Spanish and I'or-
tugtiese discoveries, t)y, early Spanish
ones very rare, 174. -SV^ t ordiform.
Maracaibo, i<i<>; Lake uf, 1.^7-
Alaracayo Lake, 55^.
Maragnoii, Rio, 2jK.
Maranon (river), i.SS, 513, 519, 5S1.
See Amazon,
Marata, 477- t^"
Marchand, (Juy, or Guiot, printer, 4%
5'^» S'-
Marelienaof R.Abida, 3, 5.
Marchena, Perez de, 91-
Marchesi, 4"^.
Marchetti, edition tif Orteliiis, 472.
Marcos, I- ray, 475, 47(>, 477, 5r>3 ; his
I)escuf>rimiefito, 4'>'>; report alle.ed
in Kamusio and Hakluyi, 47^, 41/);
his fictions, 41). ^ ; rejoins Conmado,
4X0 ; general of tlie Franciscans,
4S1.
Marcou, Jules, on the naniitig of
America. 179; First Disciweries o/'
Caii/orttia, 443, 4''?; on Alarcon's
vovage, 413'
Mar del Sur. See Pacific.
Margarita (island), iS, 20, no, 134, 1S7,
325t 581. 5*^^; map, 61; seixed by
Aguirre, 5^2.
Margry, Xarigaiiotts Frati^aises, 12,
Vi-
Mariames (Indians), 244-
Mariguana (Island), 55, 5^>.
Mariguanu, battle o^ 549.
Marin, CVwwfn/tftii'' I'emsiatii, viii.
<>o.
Marina, 355i 3*/'-
Marini, f.. IS., (<(k
Marintis, 24.
Mariiuis of Tyre, 05.
Markham, Clemenis R., " Pizarro, and
the Conquest of Peru and Chili,"
505; ** Critical Kssay/' s^\\; his
Expeditions into the I 'ixlley of the
Atiuizotis^ 503, 5S5, <^) ; \\\s Narra-
tive of the rroceedings of Pedni-
rias Davilla, 564 ; edits Xeres, 5'>4 ;
Reports on the Discox'ery of Peru,
Strf); edits Life of Guzman^ 567;
Rites and Laws of the Incas^ 571 ;
Travels of Cieza tie I^eon, 574 ;
CJarcdassode la Vega's Royat Cojn-
fttentaries, 575 : encouraged by
Prescott, 578; \\\s Cuscoand Litna^
57S ; 'I'ravets in Peru and India,
57S; his handbook on Peru, 57S ;
Search of JiUorado, 5S2 ; edits
Acosta, 421 ; edits Andagoya, 212.
Marmocchi, Ratct'/ta, v. 342.
Marmolejo, (i., 52S, 551.
Marmolejo, Gongora, career, 572 ;
Uist. de Chile, 573-
Marquesas Islands, 561.
Marquez, Diego, 212, 213.
Martens, Th., 50.
Martin, Alonso, 196.
Martin, Cristobal, 504.
Marlines, his maps, 450; (155-?) 45" ^
(157S) 227, 22'> ; his map of the
Moluccas, 441-
Martinez, Father, 279.
Martinez, Henrico, Reportorio, 421.
Martinez, the author of the story of
Manoa, 579.
Martinez receives letter from Toscan-
elli, 31.
Martyr, Peter, d'Anghit-ra, 57, 224 : on
Columbus' second vovape. 5S; Dec-
ades, 57, 122. \^2\' EpistoUr, 5;.
estimate of, 57; De nuper repcrtis
ittsulis^ 402; E.vtraict on recueil,
410; on Nlageltan's voyage, flic; ; his
niap (1511), io«), im; Len^atio
Bahylonica^ io<>; Sunifnarioi^x^^^),
222.
Martyrs, the (islands), 231,
Massbieau, L., Mexico, 37S.
Mata-I.anares, manuscripts of, ii.
Matagorda Hay, 244.
Maian/.is, 203, 230, 276.
Matacpiito, 549.
.Matienzo, Juan, 552 ; his Gobierno de
el Peru, 571.
Maulc River, 524, 531, svj.
Maiiro, I'ra, his map, 41, 94.
Mauro, Lucio, 414.
Maury, Myttoii, i^,.
Mavila, 24S, 291 . battle of, 249; name
how spelled, 291.
May (river^, 295.
Maya civthzatimi, 42<>-
Mayer. See Meyer.
.Mayer, Anton, It'tens Ihichdrucker-
i^eschichtv, 1S4.
Mayor, Pedro de, 5^^.
Maximilian, Kniperor of Mexico, his
library, 430.
Mavixcatzin, 172.
MeCulloch, A ntiqitarian Researdtes
in A tnerica, 2'/i.
Mead, ConstrnctioH of maps, 470.
NIecia de Viladcstes, map of the Cana-
ries, 3'>.
Mecken, Israel van, 352.
Medici, I.nreii/o di Pier l-'rancesco de',
14;:, ; letter to, from \'espucius, ijf).
Medici, primes, 131.
Medina, PcMlro de, Arte de navegar,
7, 'jS, 17''; his map, 113,220.
Medina-Sidonia, Duke of, his manu-
scripts, viii.
Medina, Lih'o, f>.
Meek, Alexander, on De Soto's march,
lip'. Romantic Passages^ 2t/i.
Mepander, j'--'.
Meier, fi. 1... 2<>«>.
Mela, Pompt)nius, bibliography of,
iHo; his man of the world, iSo; his
Cosmoj^rap/iia. iS<i; /}e situ orhis,
2S, iSi ; Cosmographica geogra-
phta, iSi ; De totius orhis descrip-
tiom'y iJ^i : edited by Vadianus, 122,
iS>; issued with Solinus, iN»; cctr-
recled by Ulive and Harbaro, 1S3;
translated by Golding, 1S6 ; his
north and south theory, 26 ; on Ves-
pucius, 154. See Pompoiiius.
Memoirs for the Curious, 402.
Memorial historico Espaiiol^ 573.
.Mena, luan de, 25O.
Mcna, ftlarcos de, 256.
.Mendana, Alvaro de, 552.
Mendez, Diego, fu.
Mendiburu, Diccionario del Peru, 570.
Mendieta, Alonzo de, 570.
Mcndieta, C., I/ist. eclesiastica In-
diana, 415, 422.
Mendocino, Cape, 444, 465 ; earliest
mention nf, 455.
Mendo/a, .Andrea Hurtado (Marquis
of Canate), viceroy of Peru, 545 ;
dies, 547.
Mendoza, Antonio dc. 303, 474 : his
auiog., 254; conquers the Chichi-
mecs, 4i(); viceroy of Peru, 542.
Meiidu/a, Cardinal, 91.
Mendoza, C.arcia Hurtado de. gover-
nor of Chili, 549; defe.its Caupoli-
can, 54(j; likeness, use; leaves
Chili, 55! ; (fourth Marquis of Cart-
ete") 5^>o ; bis life. 572.
Mendoza Grajales, his Memoria, 293.
Mendoza, Murtado de, his voyage,
441 ; on the Pacific coast, 303.
^fendo/a, juaii GonzAles de, Htstoria
del Reino de China, 504.
Mendoza, I-. T. de, his Coleccion, vii.
Mendoza, Martin, counsels with Ma-
gellan in (he Straits. f>o7.
Mendoza, Pedro de (in Peru), 519,
Mendoza, P. G. de, archbisnop of
Toledo. 4.
Mendoza. one of Magellan's captains,
executed, and remains found by
Drake, vi*)-
Mendoza (ijhili), 524
Menendez de .Aviles, Pedro, afm, a^i;
directed to conquer Florida, 2^1 ;
attacks Kibault, 2O3 : attacks Fori
Caroline, 272 ; returns to Spain, 279 ;
returns to Florida, 2S2 : on the
Chesapeake, 2^2 ; ilics, 2^3 ; por-
trait. 2''i ; authorities, 293, 297;
Cartas^ j'*3 ; his victims of tlie
Epistv'a supplicatoria, 297.
Meneses, 543,
.Meiieses, Pablo de, i;45.
Mer de Tonest, 4(1 1, 41.7, 4(tS, 4(1^.
-Meras, Solis de, 275.
.Mercadillo, ^jj.
.Mercado, .Martin, 54^.
Mcrcator, Michael, his map, 4^1.
Mert.ttor, Gerard, map (15(1), 177;
(i5'^>) 44-j, 452; .md Ciioyen, 95;
his prftjection, theory of, 470. See
Ilondius.
Mevcator, Ruinoldus. bis map, 457.
Mcrcure de France^ ^<^k
.Merciiri, t-ngraving ot Cohnnbus, 73.
Mi-rida. bisjiop of. See Laiul.i.
.Meridi.in, first, 95 See Longitude.
.Mes(|uita, 599, '►"Z-
Mesurado, Cape, 40.
Meta (river), s><i. S***^*.
Metullus, America, 45S.
.Mexia, Pedro, Siha^ tub.
Mexico (jrcCnrtesi, 415; called Temi-
stitan, 225; held to '^e (^uinsav,
432 ; human sacrifices in, ^28 ;
plans, descriptions, and \ iews of
the city, 450; plan ot", belnre the
("oiuiuest, s''\- descriptiniis of, ^.4 ;
lake of, 35"^; i's causeways, 3')4,
3'^'9 ; alleged plan by Montezuma,
3''>4 : Heliis's plan, i'")-, Wilson's
plan of the valley, 374: the l.tke in
C'ortt--.' (lav. 37;; ; shrinkage of the
lairune^. (75 ; map in Keiting's /?(T-
nal Diaz, 415 ; Jourdanct's map
iheliotype), 375, 415; Humboldt's
'"•ip. 375 ■ Lopez map, 375 : Si-
cuenza's map, 375: the waters of
ii- la' i supposed to flow int«i the
I'atitii., 375 ; iiuuKlatinnv, 375; view
of the city iincler the coiKpicrors,
377 : sketch in P.oidmie's Lih'o,
37^^; uew causewavs built by the
Spaniards. 37S ; ci'lv rebuilt,' ^;S;
catliedralbuilt, 37S , plan from Ram-
n'?in, 379 ; other plans. ^7** . at count
by Salazar, 37^ , other .accr)unis, 37S .
Temple of, 40S : second conquest
by Cortes, 37^ : list of the cinu|uer-
ors and their descendants, 414, 41'; ;
conquest of, sounes of information,
397; the ''anonymous coiupieror,"
397 ; reci>rds of the municipality,
39S ; records of ecclesiastical coun-
cils, ■^.>., ; authorities DM church his-
tory, 31 (1^; document. irv sources,
397 ; Documentos para la hisfori i,
498 : native manuscripts destroyed,
417; bibliographv of. 429; bv Ho-
turini. 4-"); by (.lavigero, 431.; by
Ramirez. 410: by H, 11. Hancroft,
430 : plays and poems on the Con-
quest, 4vi: map of the west coast,
45p; Geographical Society of, 93;
its fioletin. 451.
Mexico, c.iilf ot*, early maps of, 217*.
(tiolfo Mexicai US'. (S*^' map by
Martines, 450 Cabot's ma^), 447;
(mare Cathayum) 433; Cortes' map
of, 404.
Meyer. See Mayer
Meyer, M. ^L, 102.
Meyer, Tobias, 101.
Meygenberg, 2^.
Michoacan, m.ip of, 400.
Miculasa (Indian), 250.
Miggrode, facques de, 341
Mibn, alleged birthplace of Columbus,
S4.
Millacalquin, t,<^2.
Minos and Mining, 578; in Hispan*
iola, I'..
Mint established in Peru, 552.
Miranda de Azevedo, 440.
Miranda, Juan de, 51)4.
Mirandolo. Pico de. i''>2.
Miravalle, Co un Is of, 362,
Miniel o. 2'(2.
Miruelo, Diego, pilot, 23'), 242.
63a
INDEX.
I:j
./*;■
1
MiftiHsippi (riveO, ii« supposed cnurse,
28j; crossed by l>e Sold, 247, 251 ;
discovered bv Piiu'd.i. 2}j : who
discovered it "' j-u ; cillcd " Kspir-
ilii Satilo," 177, 237, 404, 447, v'4 ;
early maps of, 2'/» ; map by Wyt-
tlic't, 2S1 ; by Delisic, hh »>«
Kspiriiu Santo.
Mittlu'iiungt-n ifis lustitiitsftir Oester*
rtichisihe iieschuhty/orschiin^^ 617.
Mixco, ;iSv
Mobile Hay, 2<>5.
Mocha oslaiuh, 5^1 ; {C'hili'i 524.
MoKHtvej", 'ri.ribio de, bi^liop, 557.
Molina, A. ile, c;ii.
MolineaiLX K'obo, 452 ; map, 45S,
Mnl). Ilerinaini, map (17 V')< 4''^ : niap
ot ilie Paeilic coast, 1*7; of C'alifor-
iiia 11755). 1''**; '"ike I'arima, s**7-
M<>liiLca>, 150. J 17, 4411, f.|o; discov-
ered, ^•}\ ; readied (i.sii). 441 ; ex-
peditions tn, 4 (u ; (.'orli*> opens
trade with, ^i^^ ; supposed way li>,
44''; sold by Spain, 441 ; early
maps, 44.1, 450 (i.s'>S), 44'*; history
of, by Arpeiisola, <n(i,
Monarchiis, Robertus, BeUnm Christ.
Print i/i., 51.
Monasteru), ^41.
Moneltc, J . W. , / 'alhy 0/ the .1/issis-
Sippi^ 2(/'.
Monroy, Alonso, 528, 529; goes to
Ciisctt. 5v>; dies, 532.
Mfitiiii, n., 40.
Moniz, \'asco Ciiil, ijo.
Mon>errate, docmrents at, ill.
Montaldn, iVofessor, ^4*
Montanus, i(>2 ; Ntemve WfcreU,
Montc;o, Francisco de, 351 ; in Yuca-
tan. 42i).
Monielonne, Puke of, 30^, 306.
Monten>s, ^\(\
Montesinns. Ant. de, 2.(0. J54, 2SA.
Montesnid.s, K., his career, 570; his
Metiioriaa^ 570. 577; AnuahSy STf^-
Montciuima, licars of t.'ortes, ^53 ; pic-
ture of. in Montanus, 3f'i : in Soils,
363 ; other likenesses, 7f>, 3''«2, 424;
meets t'nrtes, 3')2 ; in chains, 3''>2 ,
his descendants, 3f>2 : his appear-
ance and a(;e, 3C'2 ; offers tribute to
Cortes, 3^5 ; wounded <in the para-
pet, Vj8 ; dies, 3'>S; liis tributaries,
408.
Montlezun, Haron de, 53.
Monthly Misfci/ttfy, 4V12.
Moon. .VfV I anipr tables.
Moqiii pueblos, ,S4, 503.
M<)ra, I>. de, l;l^^
Mora, J. de, 425.
Mora, Mt'jico, 42R.
Morales, 107.
Morales, Andrews de, 204.
Morales, flasp.ir de, 505.
More, Sir Ihonias, his Utopia^ 176.
Morelli. C'av.. Lettcra rarissima, 62-
Moreno, Ins ma)is, i;^
Miirj;a. rnHi/^pitir Ishiuds, 616.
Morgan. I,, \\.^ House and House- Life
of the American Aborigines. 502 ;
on the seven cities of Cibola, 502.
Morisotus, Orhis maritimi^ 34.
Morris, J O., u/>.
Morton, 'I'liomas, on the Asiatic cv-
tension ot North America, 43»>.
Moscoyo, Luis de, 24S ; succeeds De
Soto, 253.
Moscoso, K., 51(1.
Motolinia, Toribio, 343 ; his life by
Ramirez. 343 ; his autog., 343 ; His-
toriay 3()7.
Motujw, 5i(^). 519.
>Tount Si. Klias, 469.
Muller, E.,0'.
Miiller, Ci. ['*., on voya 'es to the
Northwest, 4'")
Muller, Johannes, ol' Kitnigsbcrg (Kc-
t;ii montanus), i/i, 'ci ; his Ef<he-
meridesy i/t; his TabHlic its/ron.,
Miiller. Johannes, I'ereine Dcutsih'
/unds, yj.
Mulligan, John, 5S.
Mundus notus, 157.
Mundus Novus (South America), 115,
Munc'Z, Juan, in Florida, 255.
Mufio/, J, B., autOK- of, in; Itis col-
lection of manuscripts, vii, 56*) ; on
Columbus, ^.S ; his Historic failed
to record Vespuciiis, 153.
Munroe, i'rof. C. K., 352.
Miinsiei, Sub., his in.ip (1532), 12 1,
122 ; Xo7'us orhis, 122.
Miiratori, <;o; Kerum ital. scriptores,
4S.
Murphy, H., on the tomb of Cortes,
Murphy. 11. C, 2S7; on the bibli-
onraphy i>f the t'osmo^. Introd^
166.
Mnrdock, J. It , Cruise of Co/untbus,
54.
Murr, C. (1. von, A/etnorah'^'a^ 35,
221 ; Gesih. des Fitters t> ai$$i,
Musters, C». C , on Fata^onia. N13.
Myritius, Johannes, Opusculuin geo-
frraphiiuni^ 1 54, 439 ; map, 457.
N.MRT.VTi. manuHciipts, 41S,
Nancy j;lobe, 432 ; sketch of, 433.
Nanipacua, 25S,
Napione. Del primo scopritorty 84,
if)3 ; rutria di i oioinbo, .^3, 84.
Napo River, 52S, 5SS.
Napochies, 25H.
Napoleon I., his havoc among the
Spanisli archives, i
Napoli, Juan de, porlolano, 38.
Xaraciones hrstorieas, 573.
Narvae/, Famphilo de, m Cuba, 201 ;
has a paieni, 242 : disappears, 244;
his landing! in Florida, 274 ; where
did he land? 28^ : names of his fol-
lowers, 415; sent an.iinst Cortes,
3'.5 ; treats with Cones, 3f)6 : re-
leased by C^irles, 3s. 1 ; aulhoiities,
2X('', auloj;., 2S() ; map of his dis-
coveries. 22fi.
Nasca, 5i.(. 543, 55^-
Nata, 50'^
Natchez (Indians), 25S, 294.
A'atwn, '/'//(*, 71.
Natives, earliest picture of, iq.
Nativita, iSH.
A'nufiea/ A/a^acine, S2, 100.
Navarrete, K. F, de, ('5; La longitud
en la mar, i>s.
Navarrete, M. F. de, account of, iv ;
La histi^riit de la n'tutiea^ v, ()S ;
on Alotuo de Santa t"ruz, 100; on
Andagoya, 212; his C'oleaion, v;
Opiiscuh's, v; JiiN. ntar. Espa-
t'lolii, V ; his documents on Magel-
lan, O15: edits Doc. inhtitos^ vii;
Sutd y Mfxicana (atlas), 45ft, 561 ;
on Maldonado, 456; his researches
on Columbus, f>\ ^^<^\ Moticia of
Maj;ellan. (n 7 ; another in his Opiis-
cidos, (n-; : on Vespucius, 153, 178;
l'/in:ex nienoreSy 204.
Navarro, 516.
Navarro, Joaquin, translates Prescott,
427.
Navidad, I. a, 10, iC>, 226.
Navigation, books of, 9S.
Nebnssensis, Ant., 5S.
Needle, declination of. 100; dip of.
100; variiiiion ot', as a means of
ascertaining; louj^iiude, 99. See
Magnet, Compa-^s.
Negrete, Juan de, 573-
Negro River. 5S1.
Negroes in Fern, 5'»i. See Sl.ivery.
Xeueroffnetes Amphitheatruni, 7S
Ne'.v Andalusia, 88, n/o, 191. 585; his-
tory of, 5^7.
New ('astile (Fti'ul 525. See Castilla
nueva.
New France (Nova Francia), 453.
New Gallieia, 229, 474, 504; conquered
by ( '.u/iiian, 391.
New ( Ir.iii.ula, 4t;S, 581
New Interlude, fi2.
New Laws, 1:37; revoked, 539. See
I..UVS.
New Mexicti. Coronado's incursion in-
to, 47V. sources of information, 49H
{see Coronadn); early explorations
o'l 473 ; various expeditmns to, 5113.
New Sjiain, Audiencia, 4'^); l.oren-
zana s map of, 40^; m.ips of, 35S,
359; map of, in llerrrra, 392; (Nu-
eva Spanya) 45.1; map by Orlelius,
472-
New Toledo (Chili), 525
Xe;t' ijuarter/y ICeTien'. 51.
New Vork IliMorical Si'.tiely, Cata-
^ loj.'ue of iialiery, 515.
Xe^ve /eitun^c ""v lhsp,tnien, 57').
Newfoundland in the t .intiuo map,
loS; (Terra Cortesi.i) 121; early
voyages lo, 33 ; in Sylvanus' map,
122 ; (Teira nova) 450.
Newton, Sir Isa.ic, 470; his theory of
a spliL-rc flattened .it the poles, 590 ;
expeditions to verity It, 5';<i.
Nicaragua, docunvuts on, ix ; Lake
^ of, 20ii. See I'eralta.
Nicholas of l.ynn. tjs.
Nichol.is. Thomas, 414 ; translates
Zarate. s^.s.
Nicohni. |)oiialo, 131.
Nicoya, I)iegode, 191, 198, 200.
Nicuessa. ss, 2<)9, 210.
Nieva. See iluniga.
" Nina," ship, s, 1S7.
Nifio, 18, 204, 205.
Nino, Andres, 199.
Nino, Fedro .Alonso, 109, 1S7.
N'ito, 3.S5.
Noinbre de l*ios, 1S9, i(>(i, 223, 22^,
44'', 50f>. 5*^» ; settled, 505; aban-
doned, 506.
Non, ( ape, 40.
Nootka Sound, 4^*^, 470.
Nordcnskiiild, A. K., Trois cartes,
2S ; Brdtlerna /.enos^ 121, 43'> ;
edits manuscipt of Marco Folo, 30.
Norena, Alonso tie. rn-
N(.rlh's Plutanh, 7S.
North America, the belief in its nar-
rowness, 4'rf> ; connected with Asia,
2-^5, 431 : shown as an archipelago,
12^. See America.
North star, t^).
Northmen, voyages to America, 33;
their acquaintance with the load-
stone, <>4,
Ncrumbega, 451, 459, 472; (Anoroba-
gra) 224 ; (Norumberga) 453.
Not ic ills Aistoricas de la Xueia
/ispafta, 421 .
Xouvelles certaines des isles du Vent,
Nova Cialilia. See New Callicia.
Xot'us orbis. See ( Iryn.i-us.
Nucio, Antwerp publisher, 412.
Nueva Galicia. See New Galiicia.
Nunez de Halboa. See Halboa-
Nunez Vela, lilascct, 537.
Nuremberg Chionicle, 34.
Nuttall, Travels into Arkansas, ic^z.
Nyeto, Alvaro, 257.
Obras :iffidits defildsofos, 337.
Ocampo, Italta-ar d', his IWox'incia
de S. /''. de I'illcapatnpa, 571.
Ocampo, Floriaii d', edits Zarate, 56S.
Ocampo, (iarcia de, 1M9.
Ocampo, Sebastian '^e, explores Cuba,
201 ; sails around Cuba, 214.
Ocampo, Chronica^ 421.
Ocean //ix'hways, 221.
Ochechiton, 25S
Ochoa, NLartin de, 27', 278.
Ochusc, 257. See khuse.
Od^rigo, N., has manuscr pts of Co-
lumijus, iv.
Odrio/iil.i, M., Hoc. historicos del
J\'ru, 576.
Octtinger," /iibl. bioir.^ 66.
Ogilby, his map { 167 1), 466.
Ojeda, Alonso de, 16, 6S, SS, 112, 144,
209, 5c/) ; his voyages, 109, iS^, 20S;
authorities on, 204 ^ authorities on
his second voyage, 307 : notice of,
INDEX.
(>iZ
414 ; transl.itcs
, Trois atrtfs,
'tios^ 121, 4.1 1* i
Marco Polo, 3<J-
13-
belief in its iiar-
itcttid with Asia,
. an arcliipela^u,
Anu-rica, .vi ;
vitli llic luad-
's isii-s tin I\'rUy
Arkansas, 292.
iso/os, 337.
his Prot'incia
\tmf>a, 571.
"its Zaratc, 56S.
hnlorkos dii
l)V N'a\ arrcte, v ; accompanied by
Wspuciii^, 14'^ 'SS-
Ol.ino, I.Din; tic, mm.
<JM WurUi, map nf (ifjo), 41.
Olibahali, i<^.
Olid, Cristiibal (K-, 214, .151 : at the
second sie^e cif Mcxici). ^^i^\ in
Hunduras, j(X), jSj ; his detection,
\^\, 411.
Ohva, Anello, Hist, du Pfrou, 576.
Oliva, V. 1*. de, his account of Coliini-
biis, 66.
Oliva, Johannes, his map, 461.
Olives planted in Peru, 547.
Oliveri'S, 2\\.
OnM^;ua-^, 5^1 ; tahkil empire of, 5S5.
Ona, iVdrn de, Araiuo t>oinatio^ 572.
OnaiL', Inan de, 4'>i, 504.
Ottc a'li\',-fc,<''',
OndcRardo. L'olo de, 545, 552 ; career,
571: AV/ii</('«rj, 52,(, 571 ; his man-
uscripts, yi.
Ongafia, his Raccolta di maf^f^ii-
mundl^ \rt-f.
Onondaga, Spanish at, 2St.
Oostanaula River, 247.
Opmecr, P. van, O^us chronografihi-
cum, 72.
Ordaz, Oiego, .151; his expedition ,
57'J-
Ordi'miHzas rea/rs, ,^47.
Ordiitatiort's U'^nuniue colU'ctiom's^
AOI.
OrdfU'ie/ de Mont.a!vo, Las sert^-its de
/•'s^/af id/an, \i\.
OreKon irivur), 4'"J-
Orellana, I'r.uiciscode. 18S; wiihGoU'
zalo I'lzarro, 52S; courst-s the Ama-
zon, 447, 5-'>t. e>'<4 : Herrera's ac-
count, translated by Markham, 56.1;
goes til hp.iin, s'^S ; returns and
dies, sSt;. .V(V Amazon.
OrKouc/, k., f;2i> : <lefeats Alvarado,
526 ; deti-als Manco, 526 ; killed,
■=27-
Orinoco River, 1.^3; discovered by Co-
lumbus, jo; explored, 57(9; ni.an of
the nuiutlis, 5S6, 588; explored by
Whiddon, 5S6.
Crista, 2S2.
Ori/aba, .15S.
Oropesa, 525, 552, 562.
Orozco y Herra, 41S; Cartoffrn/ia
Alexhanat «>,i, 166, 375 ; yaiifc de
Mexico, 375.
Orozco, Juan de, 504.
Orsenius, Andirose, 471*
Orsenius. Kerd., 471
Ortega, 1-. de, Rcsumen, ^kj^.
Ortega. C F., 41S.
Ortehus, .account of, 471 ; genealoqy
of, 471 ; life by Van liuls*, 471:
ptirtraits referred to, 471, 472; no-
lice by Macedo, 471 ; his list of
authorities, <)t, 471 ; ediiMui , of Ins
Theatrmn, 471, 472: winch ii the
original text i* 471 ; additamcntuin.
471; French and ticrman transla-
tions, 471 ; his niappemonde de-
scribed, 472 ; map of the New
World, 47j; epitomes of, 47^; map
of new Sp.iin, 472 ; of Florida, 472 ;
of Peru, 472: last edition, by hmi-
self, 472 ; // Thcatro del mondo
(.•Sq«>i43'); map(i5S2), i,%.
Ortis, Alonso, Los tratados, 157.
Orliz, Diego, 553.
Ortiz de Malienzo, Juan, 23.S,
Ortiz of Narvae/.' expedition, 245;
with I)e Soto when he died. 252.
0>imo, d', Colomh et Marchenay 3.
Osorius, De rebus Emmanuelis gestii,
616.
Osorno, 534 ; founded, 54<>
Ostro (south), <>4.
Osuna, Duque d', H9.
Otina, 2-n).
Otniar, Johannes, 157.
Ortubia, Juan Peres de, 233.
Otumba, 35S, s^h, ; victory at, 370, 374.
Ovalle, Historica relatione . 576; /m-
toricn relacioti, 57''; Fnglish ver-
bion, 5;'>.
VOL. n. — 80.
Ovando, Nic. de. 21, ^rji ; deporting'
natives frmn the l.ncavan Islands,
\2^: at liiNiuniola, -•(',
Overland Monthly, .iSS.
Ovietio y llanos, renezueia, 5S4.
Ovii'do y llerrera, I'ida de Santa
Rosa, 5'").
Oviedo y Valdrs, (;. F, de, i«.y ; m
Peru. i;'i3 ; his account of Peru,
5'>i ; Iiiscareer, 20-), ^43; Sntiiario,
313. 3-15; othcial Lhronicler, 343;
Historia de las Indias,, 343, 34>;
critical estimation of his jii-.t(try,
563; published with Peter Martyr,
51 (i ; printed conipletf, 34'> ; cnrre-
snunoenl rif R.iinusi(,. \\\ ; kutw
Cortes, t4t; h.iled by I, as L'.isas,
314, (45: bibliography of, 345 ; yv
la natural liystoria, 141, 3^5; f.ic-
simile of title. 341'. his arms, \-\t, ;
Coronita, 145 ; Lis auto;;., 340 ;
llistoire naturt-llr, 14'.; Libro x\.
346; dies, 346; uupriuted part-i of
his Ifntoria, 34(1: life bv Aiiudor
de los Kios, 346; Hi\toirede Xiea- \
ragua, 34'" ; letter from ( 1 S43), 410 • 1
and M.ageilan's papers, 616. 1
Pahi,()s, Juan, 400.
Paca, sy,.
Pac.dia, _'5i.
I'achac.mi.u. 3i<>: temple of, 517.
i'.ichania, 558.
Pacheco, J. F,, Coleicion, vii, 4'>^.
Pacilic coast, discoveries on, 4{i ;
chronolngy of exploratiuns on,
43,1 ■
Pacific Ocean. 177; heard of by Co-
lumbus, >ii; discovered, it>5, 'xiS
{see Halboa) ; various names, 43<>;
(Mar I'.^eitko) 45*; (.Mare del
Stir) 22},, 227, jjS. 450, 451 ; (Nfare
del Sul) 22f); (.Marc del Zur* 45<> ;
nameil in Pigafelta's map. fi*>$ \
maps of U513), 44' •; (151 -) 217;
ch.art of .Magellan's tr.aci, 610;
trade-winds, 454.
Pacific F ilroad Reficrts, 502.
Pr-i-'i:. See Davilla.
Padilla, lu.ni de, 4'<4, 41)7, 50;.
Padilla, '\Iota, Xncva iiali.ia, 46S.
Paesi noritinei/te relrorati, 205.
Paez, Juan, 445.
"'•allay.i, 250. ,
Misp.uiorum, 265.
Pani.tiuacu, 5'>i, 5*'3.
Palafox y Slendoi;a, / 'i*-tudes del
Indio, 343.
Palencia, Fernandez de, career, 569;
Historia del Peru, },b<) ; called ,
" Kl Palentino." ^69.
Palcnlino, el. ^SV*- Palencia.
i*allast.elli, \\.,La uiot^lie di Colombo,
85. i
Palmas, Rio de, 242, 2S1.
Palos, 5, 6. I
Palos, Juan, likeness of, 2S7.
Pampluna, 5S1. j
Panam.a, 22s, 22(),435, ^C); documents ■
in, ix ; founded, i>/S, i'><f, 212, 505
ti5f>*)), 451. See Prralta.
\ liagua, 509.
i-anuc<f. 22<), 353, 3S>, },■<(■>: Rio, 203
(1520), 21S, J23 ; named, 237.
Panzer, .*/««rt/^«, i j^g.
Paposo, 5>4.
Para, sSi.
Parana, 45.]!.
i'arana Palinga, sS-).
l*ardo. Captain, 27H.
P.irdo, Juan, 504.
Pares, Juan de, w-
Parestrello at Porto Santo, 38; his
family, <>o. See I'erestrello.
Paretct, llartoKmieus, se.i-chart, 38-
Paria, 114, 16.,, 177, 21S, 223. 5SS;
(Chili) 525: discovered, 1S7, gulf
of, «iS6 (map), 61 ; {1511) iio", n.anie
of, 2^1.
Paria, University of, 90.
Parias, i»i. 432: (in Schi'mer's globe)
Paricura, iSM. See Amazon. I
Parima (lake), s^s '• first in maps, 5S7 ;
in later map:., 5.S7, 5.SM ; disappeared,
Parima Iriver), 5H1.
Paris, Societe de Cteographie de, their
Recueil de voyages , 30,
P.irita (gidfi. i<^s,
P.irkman, I , Pioneers 0/ France,
2->3. 2;>8.
Pirtneiuier of Uieppe, it,^.
I arniigiaiio, picture of I'uhindjus, 76.
Parra, lacmto de, s'jq ; Rosa Law
reada, 5'><i
I*arrots, laud of (llra/il), s'f;
Pas. Crispin de, -ji, Ljfigies reguni,
etc , 72.
Pa^anionte, 1*^4, 210, 211.
Pascpi.il, Desiubr. dg la sit. de la
A merica. s^.
Pastpialigo, 10;.
I'assado, Cane, 507.
Paslene, J. 11., 530; his likeness, 531.
Pasto, 5ix^
Pastro y Cneva, P. de, s''i.
Pal.igonia, giants in, '00 ; dress of,
f»(). See Liiants {rcgio gigantutnit
432.
Patahs, 433.
Patinamit, 383.
Patiilo, 2''7.
Paucart.itnbo River, 519.
Pauli, l\L-ii)hold, {)7
Paulitschke,.-/y>-/X-</-///('r(i/«/-, 40.
i'aullu, Ynca, 524, ;^i-
Paulhier, O , edits Alarco Polo, 30,
Payta, 510, 54*J*
Paytiti. 5^5, 5,S9.
Paz, M. de, 511.
Pearl co.ast, 20. lo^i, 169.
I'earl fishery, 1S7.
Pearl Jslands, 197, 19S, k/;, 505, so<>
Pecari, 59'^.
l*ecci;>len, M. N., his map, 461.
Pcdrarias, Oavilla, 209: Lettere di
Pietro Arias, 567, authorities on,
211; his character, n/i. .SVtr AviJa-
Peignot, Re/>er/o:re, i('3.
Pelanliru, V'2>
Pena, (nitierrez de la, H82.
Pena, Nunez <ie la, La Gran Carta-
ria, 3'>
Penalosa, Diego de, his discovery 0/
(Juivira, 503, 504.
Penco, 54S; b.-iy, 531.
Penguins islands), 51/}.
I*ensacola, 24'», 250, 2|i7, 295 ; dis-
covered, 236.
Peralta, C. de, si"-
Peralta, Joan Suarez de. Las Vttdias,
421.
Peralta, M.inuil M. de. Casta Rica,
X ica ragua y Panama, ix, 213.
Perestrello, 2. See I'.irestrello.
I'erez de el Christo, Cristoval, hlas de
Canaria, 3'>.
I'ere/, Juan, 4'Kj.
Perkins, F. P., translates I.emovnc,
2</..
Priuambuco, 22s.
Pernetty, I'oyage, <ti^2.
Perthes, Justus, Mittheilungen, 471.
Peru, 433, 4^1;, 43'., 4P», 450, 459
(1541), 177; *' (."(nujucst and Settle-
ment of," by Markham, 505 ; first
rumors of the country, jnj ; origin
of name, 5'i5; Ribero tirsl u-.es it
in maps, ^*->^ : likenesses of the vice-
roys, 532; under C.asca, ly^', revolt
under liiron. 'i,\\\ Andrea Murta<Io
de Mendo^a, \iceroy, 54s; Zuniga,
viceroy, 547; sun-worship in, 5^1 ;
C.istiu. gdvernitr, ^si ; Toledo, vice-
roy, ;;-■: relatiinis of natives with
the Ci.inicil of the Indies, 550;
Iminisition intrruhiced. 557; Henri-
que/. \Ken)y, 5^7; F. <le 'I'(»rres,
viceroy, 5'x>: NIeudoza (fourth mar-
?uisnflanetel, , «.; described in the
)utch .Vpiainis, 1S4; negroes intro-
duced, 560; laiis de Vetasco. vice-
roy, 3O1 ; sources nf inlorm.it ion,
51^' 3 ; in Ooniara, 412 ; Xeres on,
345; gold sent to Kurope, 500, 5781
634
INDEX.
f iTecl on prices, 5*^)6 ; Cof>ey ttlkher
i'ru'Jf, s'>'« ; Libra uit into, 5(>'t ; au-
tlll>ntic^ on the trcntniunt oi the
InHi.uis, 571; later hisiuries, 57'';
J)thumt-ntos histthiios lid l^cru^
57(1; manuscript so.irces, 576; / '.i-
rias rtliuionei ii*l l*t'ru, 57^; cluef
niudern writers on Peru in Knj;Iish,
577 ; i|iiinine in, 57S ; attempt to ex-
p<>rt tn-asure by the Ain.izun, 58.);
Spaniel) Lruelties in, jiS, iim, 320;
the Inca Titus. 3^5: maps ul* 5i><>:
(Kihero)5(iii, ((>rteJins)^7j, (Kamu-
siol .'jS, (Wyttliet) ,,5S ; (sketch-
maps ot' the (.'nnque^il 5111), tiii>;
( Ku>;e*.'.) 51 (. Stf I'i/.irro, Itiru.
Pochc'l. ()-%car, on liiaiico's map. <>i:
Dit- rheiluuii dc*" Ei'iit\ 45; /fr//-
(i//f-r dir Kntfii\kn»igcny tn;, uiO ;
on Columbus' birih, s^.
Petatlan, 475, 4.,,S ; (.river). 244.
Petavius, History 0/ the It or/J, 466.
J'ctau. Sir Petavius.
/'^/f' it/iis maritime^ 375.
Petiv^r, James, coins the De Fonte
story, 4''j.
F*etrarca, K., Chronica, O2
Ptiri, Mciiri, prints Mela, 1S4.
Philcsius iV(. St'i' Kingrnann, M.
Philip 1 1., organizes the firchives at
.Simanca^. i; map of. 222.
Philipi'ine Island^ 51(2, <'to, 612 ; con-
quered by the Spaniards, 45 (, 610;
histt)rtes uf, Mh.
Phillipps, Sir Thomas, 337, 427; h's
manuscripts, 5'wi, 014,
Phillips, Henrv, Jr., 375.
Phillips, John (Milum's nephew), 341.
Phdoponus, F. H., Xoz : typis, etc.,
5S, 2S6.
Phrysius(Frisius). ^V** Friess.
Phrysius, (icmma, Cosmo^rafhia^
i5(); De principiisastronomia^ 17O,
421*
Piache, 24S.
JMchol, Amedee, edits Prescott*5 /Vr«,
. 577-
Pickett, Ittvasion of Alabama by Dc
SotOy 2(>i ; History of Alabatuay
2)\.
Piedrahita, luan, 546.
Piedrahita, L. F-, career, 5S4 ; ".,v-
toria general, 5S4.
Pietsclimann, R., Guanohani-frase^
55-
Pigafelta, Antonin» Trattato di navi-
gazione, yfi. ; his narrative edited
by Amoretii, 614, 615 ; by Fabre,
''14 ; in different languages, '14 ;
bibliography of, ()i5 ; hlscareer, (113 ;
Ills diary, 613 ; its illustrations, '>i3 ;
different texts, O13, O14 ; Uno libra,
<>i4 ; and the captive Patagonian,
Pigllius, 154.
Pigmies, 472.
Pinart, his library, 430.
J'ineapple found in lirazil, .^07.
Pined.K Alon/o Alvarez de, on the
Florida coast, 237.
Pineda's exiiediiioii, 21S.
Pinei, Ant du, Plantz, etc., de i^tu-
sieurs villes, ^z^<^.
Pingel, C, Oninlands Hist. Itfif.Jes-
maeker, 34.
** Piuta," sliip, S.
Pinto, fort, 541).
Pinzon, M. A., espouses Columbus'
theory, 3.
Pinzon, V. v., 109, 187 ; authorities on
his voyage, 204, 205 ; Varnliagen on
it, 205 ; his vovage, 149.
Pinzon and Sniis, voyage of, 1 53,
Pinzons, 8, 10, 34; contribute money
to Columbus' outllt, 5, oi-
Pircke\.nerus, P., GermanitB expltca'
tio, i/j; edits Ptolemy, 102 ; portrait,
102.
Pinin, his Cortes, 430.
Piscator. See Visscher.
Pise... 510.
Piura, 515
I Pizarro, Francisco, 103 ; at Panama,
I 5111; ; forniha company with Alm.ik;ro
and l.uquc, y>f), 5')/; his previous
I history, <;■>'' ; sails on his lirsi expedi-
tion, 5,1';, 5(17 ; his second, 50^ ; left
' on Gallu, 511S ; draws the Ime on
the sand, si'*: names of sucli as
crossed, 5m; got-s totiorgona, 511 ;
cruises along the coast, 511; goes
to Spam, 512; takes his brothers to
Peru, 512; breaks with Almagro,
512 : goes to Peru again, 514 ; at
'I'uinbez, 514; at Caxamarca, 5i<>;
imprisons Atahualpa, tji'-; exacts
ransom, 517 ;• murdl■l•^ Atahualita,
517; line of his march Ironi rumbez,
5i<y; sends treasure to Spain, e;i<i;
enters Cusco, 521 > ; founds Luna,
522 : made a mar(iuis, 322 ; recon-
ciliation with .Alniagro, 522 ; dispute
j with Almagro over bcpunds, 5^5;
j conferenci.' wiih him, ^2(> \ gives
Command of his army to his l^rother
! Hernando, 527; likeiusst-suf, 7:;, ;'•,
' 532» 533 : his standard, 532 ; his body
preserved, t,\2 ; in Lima, s 14 ; killed,
511' 5''7 ; his house in Lima, 534
his house iti Cusco, 5|;6; snurccs of
his history, 5(13 ; account of treasure
sent to Spain, ^U'>\ lives of, 5'<7 ;
earliest tidings of his success, iu the
j Copia dellc letter.', etc., 575; trans-
lalions of it, 57*, ; Hclps's character
I of him. 57S; H. M. Hancroft's,
j 57S; Kobcrtaon's, 57S. 6Vf Peru.
I Pizarro, (lonzalo (brother of Fran-
cisco), 512 : 'ei/ed by .Almagro, 52') ;
escapes, i;2*' ; leads his brother's
infantry, 527; sent to conquer Char-
cas, 527; explores east from Quito,
I 52S, 570 ; deserted by Orellana, 5S4 ;
\ returns, 52S ; on his estates, 537;
leads army agamst Lima, 537* 53***.
j enters it, 53S ; reiects pardon from
' (iasca, 540; defeats Cetiteno, 541;
surrenders and 's executed, 542 ;
sentenced, $ii>) ; letter tt) Valdivia,
573-
Pizarro, Gonzales (fatli'^r of Francisco J,
5'*'J*
Pi/arro, Hernando, 512 ; bis expedition
to Pachacaniac, 517, 5'''>; goes to
j Spain, 520, 522 ; returns to Peru, 522;
' at Cusco, 523 ; caiHures the Inca for-
tress, 524; seized bv Almagro, 52(>;
released, 527; commands his broth-
er's army, 527 ; attacks ()rgf)nez,
I <;27 ; imprisoned in Spain, 527; his
Jetter, 5^16.
Pizarro, Jnan, 512 ; at Cusco, 522, 524;
killed, 5M-
Pizarro, Pedro, 512 ; his Relaciones,
Pizarro y Orellana, J'arones ilrtstres,
L'S, 5^17; his descent, $(ij.
Pizignani, his charts, 3S, i;4.
Placentia, alleged birthplace of Colum-
bu.s, 84.
Planacays, 92.
Plancius, map of. 4|;7.
Plannck, Stephanus, printer, 48.
Plata, Kio de la, 22S. See La Plata.
IMato, Critias and Tiniaus, 26.
Plautins, C, 5S.
Plisacus sinus, 1 15.
I'lutaich, translated by North, 516.
l*oj;gia!e. C'aetano, 163.
I'oMicy, Louis de, 289.
Polar Islands, 1)5.
Pole Star. .V<v North Star.
Polenr, Jean, translates Oviedo, 3 j6.
Polo, NLirco, Milione, 30 ; early n an-
uscript of, 30 ; first printed, (o ;
editions, 30; his portrait (cut), 30;
edited by Vule, 30; bv I'authie-, 30.
Pomar, J. B.. on Cholufa, 422.
Pomponius Mela, 1(^14, i'>S; edied by
Vadiarms, 173. See Mela
Ponce de Leon, Juan, his vovago to
Pimini, 232, 233 ; names Florida,
233; directed to settle it, 234; hke-
n ess of, 23s • dies, 23'^>: auihorities
on, 283; bay of, 224, 225; the con-
(rovcrted dale of his discovery, 284,
his exploits celebraie<i by Castei*
lanos, 5'^4 : names ot liis lollu\^cta,
415'
Ponce (le Leon, Luis, in Mexico, ^^(j.
Police Vargas, his maiiusciipt, iii.
Poiu-nte (.wesi 1. i)\
I'ontanus, his A ntsterdam, \U\.
Ponionchan, 2\^*\.
Pnnayan, 50.^ 511, 581 ; taken by P,c-
lilca/ar, 1584.
Popelhuierc, Les trois motides, ^c^^.
Popocatepetl, 358 ; sulphur got from
Its crater, 3S0.
Porcacchi, map (1572), 44'): sketched,
453 : L'iso/e, 44(( : copies uf, 449:
editions of, 450; Carta da navijjar,
45<»-
Porco, 55S.
I*orras, Diego, Oi.
I'orro. Ilieronymus, his map in I'tol-
emy (i5.,7i. 457.
Port. Ste Porto, I»nerlo.
i'ort iJesire, .NLigellan at, 599; view
ot. 'M12.
Port Nipe, 55.
Port Piidre, 55.
i'ort Koval, 2'io ; Menendez builds
fort, 278.
Port/olio (Philadelphia), 410.
I*oito Hello, 22, 5u'».
I*ort(i Kico, 22'i; pillaged, 2O2.
l*orio Santo, 2; discovered, 4-).
Porto Seguro, Uarou of. Ste Varn*
hagen.
Portol.i, 453.
Portugal, king of, on title-p.iges, 159,
160.
Portuguese on the African citast (14S9),
41; their authorities, (>o : their ear-
liest maps, »j3 ; their posscssiuns in
the two Indies, 449 ; their sup-
posed early visit to the Pacific coast,
441.
]*ostcl, Guillanme, Costnoff. discipliua
coviprnd., 35 J Ve orbis terne con-
cordia, 421.
Potosi, S58.
Poussieigu,?, Floride, 298.
J'owell, J. W., Geographical and Geo*
logical Survey, 502.
Pradello, alleged birthplace of Colum-
bus, S4.
Preciado, 443.
Prescott, \V. H , account of, 425 ; Con-
finest of ^lexico, 42";, 420, 427 ,
Ferdinand and Isabella, 425 ; criti-
cised by H. 11. Uancroft, 425 ; por-
trait, 426 ; his manuscript material,
^■i'. 3'J7t 426j 427 ; on Columbus,
69 ; new editions by Kirk, 427 ;
Iran si .It ions of, 427 ; life by 'I'ick-
nor, 427; hisletters, 427; his library,
427; his manuscripts in Harvard
College Librar\*,427; hisnoctograph,
42^), 427 : other manuscripts, 427 ;
euhtgy on, by George Uancroft, 427 ;
view of his library, 577 ; Conquest
of Peru, 577; translations, 577;
new edititm by Kirk, 578; re.ids
Solis, 424 : alleged leniency to the
Spaniards, 313, 328.
Prtivost, Robert, 29S.
Prielo, A. L., Los restos de Colon,
81, 82; Informe sobre los restos,
82.
Prime, W. C-, 126.
Prince, L. P., A'rri' Mexico, 503.
Prince, Thomas, on the De Fonte
story, 462.
Prince Albert Land, 95.
Pringle, Dr., 4''2.
Printing, early, in Mexico, ^00, 401
Prisilia, 114. See Brazil.
Proinauca Indians, 525.
I*rornis, Vincenzo, Slemorialedi Dicgc
Colombo, 224.
Prosopographia, 389.
Proveda, M. de, 585.
Provisiones, cedulas, etc. (1563), 347
(iS')0)348-
Prynne, Arthur, abridges Bernal DiaA
415-
INDEX.
635
is discovery, 384 ,
ralccl by Castci-
ot Itis luliowerii
:, in Mexico, i^tt.
inusLiipt, iii
rt/affit -»'>'■
ii ; lakcii by He-
is ftiouiifi, 434-
sulpliur got iVom
2), 44') •' i^ketclied,
; copies of, 449 ;
arta Jti mivigar^
his map in IMnl-
iicrto.
Ian at, 599; view
Menendcz builds
ilii,\), 410.
^n litlc-pagcs, 159,
Costuoff- discipUiia
}e orbis Urrte lon-
\rrijphical ana Geo-
rthplace of CoUini-
7s restos de Colon,
le sobre ios rtstos,
, Mexico, 503.
on the De Fonte
Mexico, ^00, 401
Hrazil.
MemoriaU di Diet>6
fas, etc. {1563). 347
iridges Bernal Diat
Ptolemy, Claudius, cdilionit and maps
of, J<>: (1475)27; (1-178) 27, 120;
(14S2) as, 95; (l4Hh) iS 33 ,;5;
(14'/') 3^, i-'o; (1507) "o; (150S)
(>?, 95, i'»')t 120, 121, 154, is5<22o:
(151 1) 6_', 95, 109,122, 12i, Ux), 1S4;
(1513, Stt'buicz.l) O4, 116, 117, 131,
tjM ('5' 0*'4i05. "►■'i "<i "^« "1'
1^2, 171, t:u 3-:o; (i5-io) "a '• ('52-*)
112, 125, ijf>, 148, 173, 175, iS|, 5vS;
(1525) loj, 112, 126; (15,5) ''5» »'■!,
IJ7, 17'.; (1510) 146; (i|;4i)i27, 1S4,
44'>: (i5t-M ^»''i (<545) 44^'; (»54^)
2J'., 2.U, 4.4. 44'); (155-*) 1*^4. 214.
44'^*: ^I5?>y 41'': ("5'") 4^'^'> 4*'V.
471 ; (i5'>-!) 4(7 ; (i5''4) 437; ('574)
437; ('5'>;> t^;. 472; (i5')'*> 4S7i
('5'»*^1 457; map of thu world ac-
cording to, i'>5 ; his theory of cast
and west cxiensioii 20, 95 ; pc»rlr;iil»
(cuts), 2f\ 27 ; Anpelo's Latin version
»i(', 2(>, 27 ; early edition's, 27 ; spread
of his views, 27 ; ntaps by Anallio*
d.tmiin, >S : nianu>>crij)ts of, 2S ;
bibliography of, 9.^, 43S; recog-
nizes liititude and longitude, 95;
errors of Inngitudei 101.
Pucar.i, 519, 5)5.
Pueblo 1 ndi.uis, 473. See M(K|ui ; Sed-
entary : /nni.
Puelles, Pedro de. 52s, s^S.
Puente, Alonso de la, ^13-
Puertc), kio. 4SH.
Puerto ltel|.>. s-x^ Se^' Porto.
PuiTtn hescado, 203. See Port
Du^iri.
Puerto \'iejtt, 5'x>.
Puga, Va^co ik-, his edition of laws,
34S; /V(':'/j/(>wj, 401.
Puget Sound, i;'>.
Puna, 5o<j ; island, 514.
Punonrostro, 211.
Qu.MJK \NT. See Hadley.
QuatUis, map (i'kxj), 4'k).
(Juaquitna, 48 1,
(^uanlni-mnt/.int 371 ; captured, ^78.
(,>UL-li, K. tV., on the Cakcliicjuels, 419.
t,)uemad<>, 509.
tjuilrandis, 51, s.
tjuereclios, 4 ,j.
tjuesatla. (lonzalo Ximenes, conquers
New tiraiiada, 5S0; his portrait,
5S0 ; goes to Spain, 5^1; his Com-
pcndio, 5S4; hts daughter marries
Iterreo, sSi*.
Quexos, Pedro de, 23S, 240.
(Quiche, 3S3.
Quicksilver in Peru, 552.
(}uiguate, 251.
QuiKicarai 532.
Quiliota 52(.
Quintana, Manuel Jos^, on Balboa,
210; /'/V/<M, 210, 343, 567; Obras^
r^ ?■*'■ n
Qumtanilla, 5.
Quintero, 524.
Quinto, S9.
Quipana, 351,
Quir, F. dct his map, 461.
Quirex. 4S5, 4.J1.
Quiriquina, 524 ; island, 549.
Quiro, Alvaro de, 507.
Quiroga, Rodrigo de, governor of
Chili, 52S, 551,
(3uiros, 2S2.
Quisau, 454.
Quispicauchi, 51 1.
Quito, 504), ^13; audiencia, 460; his'
tones, 57(1, 5S4.
Quivedo, Hishop, 197.
Quivira, 451, 459, 465, 472. 4<)» • d^S^)
228:(i5y))504; (i''*>2)504; (Qmvir)
454 ; (city) 445 ; site transferred to
the coast, 445 ; map of, 485. See
(Jran Quivira.
Quizt^uiz. 251.
Quoniambec, giant, picture of, 603.
Kabids. :i, 5 ; Columbus at, 90, 91.
Race, Cape (Rasu), 432.
Rado, j. de, 519, 525; plots agamst
Pizarro, 534; dies, 535
Raemdonck. See Van Racmdonck.
Rafts, Indian, S'*"^.
RaleiKh, Sir Walter, hln account of
searche-^ fttr KUiorado, ^j<}\ at
Truiidad, 5\- ; seiuls nut Wniddon,
5^, : niap of the ( (rnioco, 5S;.
Rantirez, Antonio, J15.
Ramirez, Jos^ rernando, edit** the
I'rocesos de residing ia, vjS : his
library, 39S, 3,^,, ; BiNioth.-ca Mexi-
oirtii, 410; collates S.ilugun, 41';
edits Uur.iii, 419; his life of Mnto-
hni:i, 313, 397; note.-, on Prescoit,
427.
Uannre^, Juan, 241. *
Ramirez, i'edro, translates Itelhcn-
toi.rl's narrative, V'-
Ramusio, (i. it. X<tr/[otf/\>/n', 49**,
^'ri ; on Colurnlius, o;, S3 ; his
preface to I.l'o AtVicanus, th\ ; his
map dss*"'), ^27, 44S ; facsimile,
228; kiu'W Oviedo, 341; and the
publication of Pigali-tla, 'm |.
Raiijel, K<nlrig'i, on I »e Sttto, 291.
Rankc, l,eoinild von, ,ti;.
R.ippahannock, .Spanlaids on, 2S2,
2S.1.
Rayiial, fJ. T., l^es Europhns dtins
ies dt'Hx Jndfs^ 40.
Rayon, 1. L., .1 rchii'O MexuanOt
.V*8.
Reclus. Ocean, 6i^>.
Rccueil dc traites^ 17S.
Regioinontanus. Si-e Mutter, Jo-
hannes, of Konigsberg.
Ref^istro JV/ca/tTi", 429.
Ke^nault, 47.
Reina, P. S. de la. 51)9.
Reinosa, Alonso de, 551.
Reisch, lire:.;nr, Xt,tr^arita philo-
sophic-i, 95, 113; his man, ri4.
Ri'laciottes t^eoji^rtiflnts de itidins^ 57''.
Rem, Lucas, J\t^t'buc/i^ 45, 162.
Remesal, Ant. de, S. I'i'ncent de
ChViipa, 91, 343, 3>/>, 419 \ on Guate-
mala, 410.
Remon, Alonso, 414.
Reiichini, 5S.
Rene', I>nke, i(/>, 113, 146, 163, 164;
dies, iin).
Rcnteria, Pedro de la, 308.
Repartiniientos, 30), 537.
Rcsidencia, 14, v>^-
Keusner, Nic, Ins Icottes^ 26, 37, 59,
7*), 102.
Revelli, S., 78.
Ri'vista de Lima, 5^*9.
Re7'tsfa f*cr.'uina, 567.
Rex'ue arcfiMogiifiiCy 70,
Rt'vue contcmporaifu\ 70, 411.
Rczuc de ^^i-ographit'^ 25, 40, 378.
Revue de Piiris, '^S.
RiT'ue dts f/ttes/ions /tisfofiffites, 66,
Rt:-rii' gh\^raphi<jue, 617.
Rc7'ue oricntale et A m^ricatne^ 50.
Revue poiitiipte et /itt^raire, 34,
ReT'/te rHrospectife^ 2.,S
Rev, F. del, CorU'z en 'Atbasco, 430.
Reynoso, CaiJtain, j'j-i.
Rheinisches Arch/v. 51.
Ribadeneyras, /i/b/toiecaf 41 1.
Ribault, at Port Royal. 2fKi; at Fort
(.Caroline, 2O2 ; attacked by Menen-
dez' fleet, 263; wrecked, 273; sur-
renders, 276 : authorities on his
expedition in Florida, 293 ; H isioire
de rexphiitioti, 293 ; True and f.ast
Discoveries, 293 ; Il'/io/e a fid Tme
Discovery, 2<ii, tlayedl:*), 2')7.
Pibeiro, J. P., Hist, do real archivo,
ii.
Ribera. A., 511.
Ribera, Nic. dp, 507. 510,
Riliero, his map, 43, 20'), 221, 233, 505;
its influence, 225; records Gomez'
discoveries, 242.
Riccardi Palace (Florence;, maps in,
438.
Rich, Ob>diah, 577 ; helps Irving, vi,
Richcl, Dinmsio, Comfn'ndio, 400.
Richelet, Pierre, La Floride, 2i)o.
Richeri, (>. U., his collection, ir
Richtcr, \. P . Iht I'inci^ tt^,
Riggs, (i.-orge W.,2S7.
Rnnac Rivei. 522, 547*
Rhicon, A. del. -j.
Ring1nar.11, .Maiiuas. 146, 163, 164; at
work on Pink-iny, 171 ; tlics, 171.
See I'hilesius.
Rio de Janeiio, visited bv Magellan*
5t/i ; I'ero Lopez at. S'/i.
Rio <le Palmas. 242, 2S1.
Rios, Pedro de Ios, 50S.
Kiquelme, 510.
Rilli.iyrner, De .•rbis terrarutn^ 421.
I\ittt.'r, Karl, on Itenial l)iaz, 415,
UivaroUi, F, ili, iv.
Robertson, I)r. William, Iiis use of
document>^, ii : on CoIunitiUH, li ;
/ f isto-y ot' A ir • riiti 'jX, 4.4, on
Peru, s;'^ ; i»m Vcspucms, i.jS, 154.
Rocca Sapnriti, 5S,
Roce, I >enys, 15S.
Rotlu'fort, Ce'Nar de, /fist- naturcUe
des lies Antilles^ 2S9 ; Caribby
I.dands, 2St;.
Rodrigo, n., 52S.
Kodrigue/, Juan, 204.
Rodriguez de Villa Fuerte, Iiaiicisco,
5".
Rogel, lather, 279, 282.
Roillo Island, 3^
Roias, Gabriel du, likeness of, 523,
Rftldan, his p;voIi, 20 ; drowned, 21.
Rolls ClironicIeH (IJi itish tlovern-
nient), i.
Roman, ('ape, 2''i'».
Konie (.Georgia), ^47.
Riindoti, Antonio, s'S,
Roque Cttcchia, Pishop, Los restos df
Colon, S2.
Roquette, He la, 53, 107.
Rosaccin, 457.
Rosaspina, 73-
Rosny. Leftre de Colombo 49, 50.
Ross, '^homas^ina. 20*').
Rossi , Del disiiiLiia mento di Coiombo^
5S.
Rostro hermnso cape), iSS.
Rota, *.ii.
R<»t/, his map of the Antilles, 226.
Rouen, glnbu at, 34; Indians at, '^i-
Rome. P. du, La conqu^te du Mex*
itpte, 4V>
Roux (It: Rfichelle, Ferd Cortez, 430.
Roxo. Cape, 2^7.
Rudders introduced, 9S.
Ruge, Sonhus, Das ^.eitalter det
Entde.kutit^en, 45. '>9, i.c: U'clt-
ansc/iauuu^ des Columbus, <•,; his
map of Cortes' march. 35S; lii> map
of Guatemala, etc., 384; his map of
Pizarro's discoveries, 512.
Ruiz, llartolomt^, 507, 510, 511 ; made
j^rand pilot, 512.
Ruiz, Fray Fr., 504.
Rum Cay, 55.
Rnpnmnni (river), 581, 587.
Ruscelli, Carta uiariua^ 43l>: his maps
(iS44). 4i-!; ('5''i)44^; Iii^ text of
Ptolemy. 4^7
Russian Academy's map of the north-
west coast, 4'k).
Ruy de Pina, Dom Jcao II., (fi.
Ruysch and the magnetic jxile, 95 ; his
map, i5'»: its connection with Ves-
pucius, 220; \*arnhagen's view of
It, 155
Ruyter, See-Heldeu, 77.
Rycaul, Royal Cofnmentaries, $-j$.
Rye, W. It.', edits the Knight of Klvas,
2St^ ; Biedma, 2'jo.
S.A.WFDKA, Ceron, 441.
Saavedra, Juan, /ja^.
Sabellicus, M. A., /« rapsod. hist,
5').
Sabin, li^orks oj Las Casas, 33?
Sabio, 40S.
.Sacchini. //is/. Societaiis Jesu, 2%2*
Sacchuma, 250.
Sacoahuaua, 519-
Sacsahuaman (Inca fortress), 531.
.Si-^csahuana, 520. 541,
Saeghman, his ^'oya^es, 347.
636
INDEX.
S.'icKin.in Collection, ^fnt.
SaxW' '^' iton.i A fttfr/caMa, 5M7.
SaKM->» K.Mii'iM (Ic l.t, y/zj/. ill.' Ckfia,
3.W.
Sneren, sclm. .1 .a, 40
San.igiin, I''. I'l.. aceniitit of IiIid, .|i^;
)ii% niiimiscripl lost ntid tliscovcrtd,
411;. 4i'>; sludiu^f the A/.iei., 415 i
iCi'iiiif^i'litriutu, etc, 415 ; lii>» in.iii-
iiscriptA, 415; Si'riHotu's, 415: his
portrait^ 415 ; Jiist. ,t^rnt-ral de
las cosas tit- Xio-7'it /•Js/'ttrhi, 41'';
CtWf/utsfti iff .lA'.r/<<'. 4i'i ; his
aut(iK-> 41''' lt><^ lt->\t 111 Kint;slH)'
nMifili. 41''; ditTuTciit texts. 41/. ; /,,i
rt/<ir/i/('H (/.* .\*. s. til' Ouiiiit-.'ti/^',
4i(>; contrasted with Hcrnal hi.iz,
4i>' , ailirlc on, by I'urd. Ucnis*
41(1, l/ist. ghUrtxle tics {.Afscs, etc.,
SniiR. rLX'fitig. i>8.
Saint. .SVt" San, Sanct, Santa, Santo.
St. Angustiii, Cape, iSS; early names
of, JUS.
St. Au^usiine, 32S, 3<)t, : bnrned by
Drake. aS^ ; foiindud by Mcnendc/,
a^i.v 2''4, 2'^>5 ; vi"w ctf, 3(,(t.
Saint- l>i(% account t)t', I'-j ; its press,
i6i; its scholars, 102; its press
broken up, 171.
St. Mias. .V.v Mount
St. I'rancis, Kingdom of, 4S0,
St. HcU-na (cape), 251.
St. Ilclfii.i (rivL-r), 2.^5, 2-i2.
St. i,., > (Mexico, west const). 449.
St. John the M.iptiM (S.in Juan Hau-
tisia) Kiver. 2Vi. 240.
St. John's Kiver ( Horida), a*"!!, 2(15;
Spanish forts at. 2^).
St. Juliai;. port of, f)o5.
St. I,,iwrencc' (ruH), 107, lav
St. I.a/.irus Archipelago (jiorthwest
coast). 4'',i ; (Philippines), 612. Sfi'
San l.a/arus.
St. Lucia, 22''.
Saint-Martin, Vivien de, Nisf. dc Iti
.C^v., yu t 17.
St. Mattliew (island), 36.
.Saint-.Mery, M. de, on Santo Domingo.
St. Michael's (Azores) and the first
meridian, os-
St kjnian. Cape, 221.
St. Thomas (island), 227, 447, 440, 450,
,451- .
Saint-Victor, fleoffroy de, his Mkro'
rosttft>s, 2P.
Sitiutiti' dt' Ci'hiiif*, 6().
Sabmanca, council ,it, 4 : its univer-
sity faculty on the making slaves of
the Indians, .^^7 ; junto at, 91
Sala/ar, 1 'oniinic de, 257.
S.'Ja/ar, !•". C, his account of Mexico.
Sala/ar, Joseph de, Crisis, etc., 2S3.
Sal.i/ar de Mendn/a, I'-, Monanptia
di- /Cs/ii/ur, i-s.
Saia/ar y t )Iarte. Ijin.icio, Lu con-
t/itisfti dt' M-'xiiO. 422.
Sala/.ar, usurper in Mexico. 3S6,
Salcedo, names o( his followers, 415.
Saldomando, E. T., 571.
Salinas, 5i(). 52^.
Salinas, Marcpns of. ^ev VeUsco.
Salinerio, Atmot. ati Tticitnm^ 83.
Salmon, Aifn-n'rti, 4')S.
.Salte, Martin. 21,1.
Saltonstall. W . translates the Hondius-
Mercator atlas, 4^2.
Salv.i. vii.
Salvador. 4f'<.
Samana (liahamas), 55, 56, ryj.
Samann. Julian de, 254, 256.
Samar, ''12.
San. Si',' Snnct, Santa, Santo, St.
*' San Antonio," vtt.
Snn lirandan Island, iCi,
San niego (L'aiifornia), 444.
San Fsteban del Puerto founded bv
Cortes. 2(^
San Felipe (Chili"i, i;24.
San Francisco, the older bay so called,
453-
San Francis .0^ Cape (Peru), 509. '
Sar< (iallari t risen), 510,
,S.m Jote, kin. ^oi.
S.m Ju.m de Clioa, 203, 352, 353.
San Inan Kiver, 21, 21J, 5r>/, 513;
{lViii)5'7-
San L.uaro Archipelago, 459. Sft
Si, l.a^aruH,
San Lorenzo (Pert'), sot)\ (Nootka)
•4'N.
San Lucar, 1 '2, 144, 2r»o ; (gulf) i(jS. '
San ALniin, riioin.is de, 512.
San .NLiteo (bay), 50"j, 5M, 514; (fort)
2:9.2^2. ^ '
San M gnel, 519; founded, 515 ; (C.ili-
I"..,. ja) 444 ; (gulf) !-;<., k/.. 5o<j;
settled (Jame-iiown), 241 ; (Sinaloa)
244
.San Saba Mountains, 244. |
San Salvidor Island, $\. >
San .Sebastian, 191. |
San Vicente, Juan de, 265.
Sana, 519.
.Sanchez (Sanxis), Gabriel (Raphael),
47. 4^-
Sanchez, Conzalo. 257, [
Sancho. Pedro, 5'-^.
.Sanct Virente (gulf), Uf).
Sancta- Crucis Lena (South America),
tij. .SV.- Sant.i: Cruds,
I Sand clocks, loi.
I Sandia Mountains, 48'*.
I Sandoval, C.onzalo de, .■^S'* at Villa
kica, y/i ; with Curlers, 367', his
raids, 372 ; convoys brigantines, 373 ;
at second siege of Mexico, -'>: C(Ui-
fers with Tapia, iS..; in Honduras,
.'^■'*5 • goes to Spain. 3H- ; autog.,
3>*7 : |M>rtrair, 3.SS; dies, 3H8.
S.ingninetti, S4.
Sanguinelti. A., Op'/\'i/tt' dt' /■'. Co/in/t-
I'o, f^tf ; Cnm^nhtizifltii- ili Co/iftu6t>,
f-i: I '//.I di Ct^fottil'itf in).
Sanson, (•uillauine, 4'>3.
Sanson, Nic.,4'''': die<l,4''<3; bis maps
show I ake Patiina. 5S7.
Santa. .SVr San, Santo, St.
Santa, 51 1. I
Santa lonnden, 547.
Santa Argo, (mi. I
Santa Clar.i Island, 511.
Santa Cruz, A. de, bis vaiiation chart,
HXl.
Santa Cruz Hav (California), 442.
Smta Klena (I'orl koyal', 35.J
.\in!a Lucia, Hay of. See kio de Ja-
i:eiro.
Santa Maria (Chili), 524.
Santa .NLiria del Antigua del Darien,
Santa %Liria de la Consolacion capet,
' "Santa Maria." ship, 8.
Sania ^Luta, iS^; (mountain) i6g.
Santa Martha. 5S0, f.Si.
Sant;. ki)sa(bay). 257; (isl.-md) 243.
Santi' Losa (of Lima), 5')o ; sources f)f
her iiistory, $<->o.
Sant.i; Crucis (cape), 59S, Sec Sancta-
Crucis.
Santangel, Luis de, 5, 4^'t <^J'-,
Santareni, Viscount, 178; his accusa- i
lions of \'espncius, 155, 178; Hist.
tit' lit cttrtt\crii/>hu\ 2S, 93 ; A%'-
ch.'ri/tcs sur I'espiix-c, 171: trans-
lated by Child'.', 17S: his works on
Vespucius, 178
Santiago (Cbilit, 524, 529; L thro Be-
cerrc, ^72.
Santiago kiver (Pe''u\ 5o<).
" Santiago de Palos," ship. 20.
Santillan, Hernando de. 5^2, 545.
Santo. .SV^ San, Santa. Saint.
Santo Domingo, archives of, iv ; Cathe-
dral at, 7'), Si; founded. 20; Haz-
ard's book on, 71, Set' Hispaniola,
Hayti
Santo Tonias, Domlnj-io de, 542.
Sanuto, 91;.
Sanuto, Livio, Get^grafttx liisttnta,
4"?')-
Sanuto. Marino, bis map, 36, 94 ; his
Diarii. loS.
S«ona, is«.
.^anigossa, treaty of. 441
Saravia. fu,
Sargent, Henrv, 357.
Sarimento de Gamboai Pedro, AV/.r
*■/>'«, f>i't.
S.irmiento, llihbop, 175.
Sarmiento's voyage to Magell.m'i
Straits, 1157,
Saturiba, 27^, aXo.
Sauce, .NJateo ile, 25S.
Savage, James, on the De Fontc story,
4' ..
.SavfMia, 89, go; arrhivcs, S9 ; alle,i;ed
birthplaie of Columbus, 84,
Savonarola, 1 1 r.
Savorpnanus, Pierre, 404, 410.
Sayri Tupac, 5461 dies, 552.
Scandia, 472.
Stc/ta tl/ trtri<>sdi) /ct/t'*tirtt; |fi2.
Schanz, J:'fit;//<i,/i,' J/iit/df/.\/>t>//ftA; 3.
.Scbedet, I lailinann. l\\x/s/rtft//, or
Xurcttif' X C/irtmklc, 34, 35.
Scheler, Cli., 105.
.Scherdigers, Abel, translates Uenzoni,
Vt7*
Scherzer edits Ximenes, 41J;,
Schmeller, Dr., oii the discovery of
Madeira, 3H.
Schmeller, J. A,, Scr Kitrteiif 616
.Scbmiedel, / cm llhtoriit, 587.
Scboettt-r. M., on X'esnucius, 179.
Schoinburgk, K. IL, littrbadtfcst 226.
Sc! iiner, Johann, J)c uuf>cy rc/'cp-fis
hts/d/s, mS ; reprinted l>y N'ainlia-
gen, iis; globe (i-;i>). "^^ Tti
(1520) I n)f 173 ; his Lncuicntiisiniii
drsiriftif^, iiM, 171; bis note-bonk,
I '3 ; OpHscttliint t^eo^rtiphi. itm^
'7^'. 432; portr.iit, 117; reierentes,
1 17.
Sciionlandia, 437.
;JcIuioIcraft, Imliau TrUws 0/ Xonh
jt nii'riiii, 50J.
Schoti, .Andreas, //;V/ iiiusi., 51.
Scliott, Charles A., I'ttritttiott oj the
Coiii/'itss, IOC.
Scliott, T., Coimnbus^ (h).
Scbottus, .A., isr>,
Schumacher, M. A., /'ctrns Jtfiir 'yr,
I lU.
Scott, Winfield, his approacli to Mex-
ico, 375.
Scotto of Cenoa, 44 ■■
.Scyllacius, Nic. /V /;/jr«//>, etc., 58,
Sea-manuals, Sec Navigation.
.Sea of Darkness, 30,
Sechura, 510; desert of, 519.
Sedeno, latbcr, 2S2.
Sedentary Indians, 473. See Pueblos;
Moqui ; /uni.
S^tulU)t, ^cs iiistfitmetits dcs Artibcs,
'X-
Seeley, J. k.. Expansion t\f Enj^Uind^
45. 4-!' ■
Segni, on history 01 Florence, 154.
Segura, 372.
Scgura, Father, 2S2.
.Segura, Juan, 282.
.Segura mission, 282.
Senaraya, S4.
Senarega, I)c rebus G^'nuensihts^ 4S,
Seneca, his Medea, 26.
Sepulveda, opposes Las Casas, 3r4,
331 ; his career, 314 '■> bis bonk
printed and seized, 315: di-pute
with Las Casas, 315 ; his Vennhra.
tes Secuntltts, 315, 335; W/t'A'.C'r
33i ; Opera, 335.
Serena, 524; founded, 531.
SeriKMii's mouth, s'-o.
Serrano, 194; murdered, (112.
Serrano, Juan, Oo^.
Scrrnno, Miguel .Sanchez, 25S
.Serrao. 44*> _
Servetus edits Ptolemy, 127. Se%
Ptolemy ( is.l?)*
Sessa, Ducpie de, 288.
Setebos, 597
Seutter, At/as, 4''7-
SevcM Cities (islands), 36, :;8; called
Heptapoiis, 177.
INDEX.
^i7
la, P«dr(i, Relit
to Mati^'I'Xi'n
! Dc I'Olllf slot),
Ivc-, N
lll)U», !<4
, alltucl
", 55a.
Iliriirif, lf'2.
iimlehfi'litik, 3.
J\ff;filrnin, or
«.Wi-, 34, 35'
anslates Beiuoni,
llie dUcov^rj of
istoria, 5S7.
usjiucius, i7'>-
>(■ ««//■*■ n/'irfis
liiiifd by Vaii'lu.
(1515), iiS, i7tj
us Linitiftttnsniui
;i ; his iidte-bix'k,
I, 117 ; referentes,
f Trihi-s vf Sorth
iip iUitst., 51.
, / aritUioH oj tht
us, (n).
., Pi'trus Mitt-yr,
approach lo Me\-
hisulis, etc., 5S.
^tvigation.
of. 519-
\. See Pueblos;
"tits des A ruheSf
'Hsiott 0/ Kngiami^
'"lorence, 154-
Gi'Huensibtts, 48»
I. as Casas, 314,
ti4; liis* bixik
-J, ^15; dl>pute
,1-^ ; his Deiiithrti-
>,' ns ; Apo/t\iri<tt
ds), 36, :8J called
Seven Cities (towns in New Mexico),
473. 4'*"»-
Sevilla Nueva (Scvilla d' Oro) in Ja-
maica, j>*i
Sfiville, annaU <if, dS ; arcliives at, ii,
viii ; t.iihfdral o(, f>5 ; views of, 3;
(;a.')cn of Columbus, 5 ; notarial
reiordn ol, ii.
Sfor/a. Ascaiiio, 57.
Sfor/a, Lud., 5S
Shapley, 4M.
bhea, |, (i., on the Remains of Co-
luminis, So, .S( ; on "Ancient Flor-
ida," 2,11; on (he Segura mission,
3M2 ; on the Spaniards in the
V'hcsapcake, aSj ; edits Kelacion
of Penalo-^ii's expedition, 504.
Shelvocke, / V^-divi, 4''7-
Sherer, Krsfan/ies, 25.
Ship-lansiiaKc 5'>7-
Shipp, Bernard, ue Soto and Florida^
a.>o.
Ships, early (cuts). 6, 7, 10, 13, i8, 19,
159: method of buildingt ^i first
one built on the North American
coast, 240. See Vessels.
Sicard, Commodoie, 3ji2.
Siffuen/.a, map of Mexico, 375.
SiEtien/a y (ion)(ora, a88.
Silla. 4 )i;
Silva, Mieud de, 227.
Silva, Pe(l.ci Malaver de, 585.
Sdver ItlufT ((ieornia), 247-
Silvins, W'lllem, edits /^arate, 5O8.
Simancas, archives of, i.
Simtion, Ki-mi, edits Sm .iKun, 417.
Simcm. Pedro, Xotttuis, 5^2.
Simpson. J. II., Coroniuio^s Mitrch,
5u2 ; yonrtiai o/fi Military Recott-
uoissatue^ 502.
Sinacam, iSj.
Sinaioa, 4S5, 499.
Singrein, Jean, 1S2.
Sirocco (southeast), ()4.
Sismondi, Literature of South 0/ Eu-
ro fe, 571.
Skolnus See S/kol.iy.
Slafter, IC. I*'., Incorrect LntttudeSy
Slave voyaRes, 215.
£>lavery, African, in the Spanish
islands, 304 ; connection of Las
Casas with, 312: of Indians, 348;
instituted bv Columbus, 303; its
character, 30 j.
Slaves captured at the jtahamas, 339.
Sloane, Hans, 4f)o.
Sloane manuscripts, early map m, 433.
llnnth, Huckinglutin, The Caf>tivity of
Ortiz, 245 ; on C de V.ica's route,
287; memoir of, by Shea, 287;
Cii/'<"( (* de ' Vrrrt, 2S j ; his Coiec-
ciou, aS-^, 4i;S: his manuscripts, vii,
2SS ; iHi Do Soto's landing, ,191-
Smiih. J. J.. A inerican His'orical
and Litfrary Curiosities^ 73
Smith. \V., Dictionary oJ Ancient
Biograf^hy., \i}\.
Smithsonian Institution, Re/>orts. s^J-
Smv''», William, Lectures on MjJern
ilu -rv, 424. S?'^-
Siu)w, History of Boston, 4O3.
Sobrarius, Panegyrtcum^ 62.
Socorro, 4S().
Soderini, Piero, 145; a-lressed by
Vespucius, 162, 1O3.
Solano, Kr.. 570.
Solano, luan de, 537.
Soligo, Christofalo, his chart, 38.
Solinus, bibliography of. 180; his
Poiyhistor^ 122, 1S2; issued with
Mela, 1S2, iS(:; edited by Camers,
122, 173-
Solis, Antonio de, Couqunta de Mex-
ico, 422, 575 ; coniinuaiion by Sail-
zar, 422; account ot'. 422; portrait,
423 ; editions of, in various lan-
guages, 424; life by (ioyeneche, 424
Sons, Juan DiAz de, 191.
Solis de Meras, Memorial, 293.
.Solomon Islands discovered, 552.
Solorzano, Juan de, Politica Indiana^
45. 57ii 592.
Snnora, 4S<).
Sopcte, 4.y2.
Soria Luce. I>. de, $11.
Sorie, Jacques, sacks Havana, 2f>2,
27S'
Soiel<i, (.!. de, 515.
Sdiil, Aloiizo I'ernandez, 2\%,
.Soti', iJomingo de, 31s; his summary
of the l,.Ts Casas conlmversy, 335.
Soto, Mernando de, up, 2im) ; his
exi>edition, s<\3;, in Florida, 244:
crosses the Slisslssippi, is" ; like-
ness of, 2SJ ; autog., 253; cbes, 3St •
s|X)t of his de.Uh, 2<>4 \\\\ Pern, 2SS,
fi'^i 5'7. Ii-!'*; protests against Ata-
lualpa -• de.iih, 51S; aiillinritles im,
3HS ; Reia^am verdadetra, 288;
U. Smith on, 2H7; Knight of Llvas,
2HS ; lliedma, 2H.> :^ ( Mrcilasso de la
V'ega,2';o; Kanjel's narrative, 291;
Sold's own letter, 291 ; opinions as
to his route, 2}i,v/i\ iis northerly
limit, 2112: his will, 391; his route
in l*ell^le's rnaf), 21^4, ,,-^5 : other
maps of (he route, 2-^5.
Sotornayor, Alonso de, governor of
Chi'i, s'li : portr..ii, s''2.
Soiomayor, luan de V, Provincnt de
el Itza^ 42'^
-South America, cartographical history
of, (■'■/: maps, .,•!, 437; (Ortchus)
472- (ifKJi) ^ n> ; (Marlines) 450,
(Mundus voi'us) 450; {Terra
Santtir i' rue is 122, 1..3 See
America; Mundus novus.
South Sea. See I'acific.
Southern Cross, 41, i'>9.
'Southern Literary Afessenger, 2-)2.
>.outhey, Robert, E.xpedition of Or-
sua, 5S2, 5S3 ; History of Brazil,
5^9.
Southron, The, 2</».
Southwell, Sir Robert, 464.
Souza, Lo[Kv. de, Diario, 155.
Spam, arms of (cuts), title, 6, 413 :
chroniclers of, hS ; ))ennits various
early expeditions, 132; its govern-
ment sup )resses maps, 1 13. See
Spanish, Spaniards.
Spalding, Ar hbishoi), on Prescott,
427. ,
Spanjicnbcrg, 4'»).
Sp.unanls, administr.itive and judicial
system, 34:^ ; rejjulations regaiding
slavery, 3.jS ; their rapacity and crn-
elly, 301. 3'A 319, 7>-^' 327* 343t 4>7 :
and the Indians, 2<>9 See .Spain.
Spanish arms, 334,344, 40's with quar-
teriiv.;s, 5'i5.
Spanish maps, earliest. 93-
Spanish voyages to the Northwest,
4^9
Sparks, Jaicd, ^/Ai«//, 293, 29S; on
\'espncius, 1 v>.
Speed, John, his Pros/^ect, 462, 464 ;
maps(ift5i), 40^).
Sphericity of ilie earth, 24. See Karth ;
r.Iobe
Spice Islands. 441. See Moluccas.
Spit/er, r., 445-
Spoiorno. (I. It., Codice di^L Co-
lond'o-Ameiicano, and editions of, |
iv, /iS ; on Columbus' birthplace, S4. 1
Sprengel, M. C-, on Ribero's map,
221 ; Beytrdi^en, (>i$; his version of i
Muno/, iii, j
Squier, KA't^Collfctton-f Documents, 1
vii; niaMu>cripts, ;7S; map of Xew '
Mexico. 501 : <in !\cw Mexico, 501 ; I
plan of Inca fortress, 5J1.
Stadius, lA [
Stamler, J., Dyalogus, t}2- j
Stanley. M. K. j., 14; edits Morpa's j
Ph:iif*f*iiie Islands, 610 ; hfe of .Ma-
gellan, ()i7.
Stapfer, J- J-, 410.
Steelsio, Juan, publisher, 412. j
Steinhauser, A., 222.
Stephen, a negro, 475; killed at Ci-
bola, 479 : tradition of his death, 4S3.
Stevens, Henry, on the ancient geog-
raphers, iSi ; American Bihliogra-
/'her, 19; his opini'Vi of Clavig"!ro,
435: on tar'y Spanish laws, 1147;
on ILirri'se, M* ; his prints nf La«
< as.)s' writings, .,17 i liis notice <>f
Lnd, iM ; o<i Drielius, 471,
Stevens, John, lran^la(es Merrera, rH ,
Cieza de Leon, 574.
Stevens, Histoty of iieorgia, 291.
Stobnicza, his iniroduclion to Ptolemy
(see Ptolemy); Ins ma)), ii(>, 121.
Stocklein, Rehe B ichreihungeu, s8<i
.Stocftlei , Johann, Elucidatio Astro-
labti, <^i ; editor of Proclus, <}>i.
Stormy Cape, 41.
Strab"», 24 ; /?<* situ orhis, 25 ; on the
sphericity of the ulobe, 104.
Studi biografh 1 e hibliografici, 1 ,5
Stukely projects an KngTish setlleineiit
in Florida ( .5^111, 2''2.
Sliiven, De ver,i t . vi orbis iuventore,
35.
Suaitv de lMj;nero.., Crislovul, Hechoi
at Mendojti, 5;»,
Sugar-cane, sj7-
Suina Kiver, 51*.
Sumner, Charles, Profhetic i'oiiet
concerning ^iiinrica, 23.
Sumner, (leorge. 65 ; on Columbus at
Barcelona, 50.
.Sun, eclipse observed by ^Lagt>llJM,
(•04.
Sun-worship, 551.
Surco, 543.
Susquehanna, early Indian history of,
283.
Suya, 491.
Sweet potato, 5.,^
Sylv.mus, H., edits Ptolemy, 122, 12^,
his map, 122. See I'tolemy (1511).
Szkoliiy, John, 34.
TuiAsco, 203, 352, 353, 3S4.
1 aboga, 507.
Tac.nacura (St. >Liry's), 280, 383.
Tacuba, 374.
Tafnr, Pedro, 510.
Taisnier's Aavigatione, 9S.
Talavera, 57, 91, zkj; pirate, 191. 193.
Talcihiiano, 549.
Taliepalua, 250.
Talladega Kiver, 248.
Tallaseliatcliee Ki.er, 248.
'i'allise. 24::.
'raniaricine, 2 |X.
'I'ainbo kiver, ^,19.
Taini/ey de Larroque, 298.
Tampa Bay, 24'», 288, 295 ; its various
names, 2*^■^.
Tangarara, 51 s*
Taiiguijo (^llahia), 203.
'I'ansieiier, ( leorg, edits Albertus Mag-
nus, 173.
Taos, 495.
Tapac, Amaru, his flight, 589.
Tapia, Andres de, his Relacion, 19s.
Tapia, Cristobal de, 237; ordered to
New Si)ain, 3S0.
Tapir, (<ac\.
Ta^'Calousa, 3;S, 295.
Tascliereau, 2't<.
Tastaln/a, 24"^, 241).
Taylor, .Alexander S., his version of the
Rciaciou ol l,'.ibriilo's voyage, 445;
First I'oyage to Cahfornia, 445.
Tehii.i, 41/5.
iehnantepec, 22**, 44 '1 384* 393 i O'e*
quantepeqiie) 229.
Tehuckhes, 603.
Tcjada,537.
Tejera, K , Los restos de Colon, 82, 83.
Teios, 473.
Tellcz, F., Oratio, 62.
Temivtitai:, 3^5, 4^2- See Mexico.
Temporal, Jean, 1O3.
Tenailla. 57,
Tenochlitlan, 3'j5. See Mexico.
Tepeaca. 35S.
Tepeacans, 372.
Tepeyacac, 376.
Tequeste, 279.
Ternate, 591.
Ternaux-Cnmpans, Henri, 427; his
manuscript collection, iii; his Voy-
ages, vi ; his library, vi ; hi** Ar.
638
m
(hivei tffi r'/»vrf^i*f, vii, 40"! 499.
H;'>i Htr$ifii //r fi/ih utHfn/.t, vii ;
j'h\i-t si*r li% Fi>*ritU\ J.J7 ; Ins ml-
lv(lHHi<t (III McMio, 41;; piibli»lie*
p.iri i>( Oviidn, .iifi.
Tcrt.i Kmums, 4^7.
'J. rr.t Icrm.i, 11% S<eX\%XX%.
'I't rt.i S.inti.r Crucis, i6-j.
'rriT.HdsH.l, S.).
TiTr.i/.i'', rr.inci*cn tic, ^97.
'rt'Htii, <i., his map, jjt"-
Teucnri.t (rivi-r), 4<>4
Teiiinch, 11. !>.. oil Monicr, ua.
'rrxt<p( n. .S"(-.* Tt'/t llLl).
'rrxtuiii, kllii;H of, |i 7.
'IVxi'ii.i, expldics ilic Amnznn, jRtj ;
m.ip of I'acil'ic c(M»t, 4f)fi.
Tcy.is. 4')V
Tpzcuco, tsS .^'hi, (74.
'rrzcHio en /<■( uUimos tirmf'OS, 41S,
'rc/omnioi-, !• . de A.) CVf«/<<i Mfxi-
< itiiit, 4rS
'J'At'stiro dt I'irtudfx, 40S.
Tlifvenot, ni.ip ( I'l'vO. 4''(>
Tlievei, Aiuirc, Lf grand imulaire^
ins; AV/ifi/ Lives, 3S>>; and Lau-
donnii'tc's pajwrn, j.^; ; i'ortriti-
fur.'S amt I.ivfs, 516, U).i.
ThomaHsv, KaynKtnd, (114; Les /rt/Vi
_ grojCrttf'/ii'i, -'7, '-a.
Tlidrndike, Israel, 73.
'I'l.ttliatia. «>H.
Tliiile. 17; (Iceland?) 33.
'rinle, 44f.,
Tilmrnn (cape), iRS,
Ticknor, Gcnr^c, critinncH U. A. Wil-
son, 427 ; Life of Preuatt^ 42'>, 437 ;
S/>ntnxh Lltfraturf, (.H; catalogue
of his Spaninh lihrary, 47.
Tidnr, 5.)!.
Tierra del FtieKn, 435, 450, 459; ex-
plored by De Konta, 46a ; named
ny Miipt-llan, 607.
Tierra firine, i'kj, 1H9, 209, aiM; trad-
ing-voyaRe-t to, 20S. ^SV^ Terra
Timiex, 4H«;, 4SH, 493, 495.
Timor, fpi j, 613.
Tiraboschi, (15; Letteratura italiana,
8,( ; Storitt, 30.
Tiran, Archivt's </' Aragoft, \\.
Titian, lu'.id o) t'ortt-s, 424,
Titicaca. Take, ^9- 55**'
Titii Atauchi. «;i", sjo.
Tim C'lisi Vup.inqui, 552, 553.
Ti/.on River, 4.S6.
Tlaci>pan, 176,
TIalpan, 35M.
Tiascala, .V3M, 359, 362 ; Cortes* retreat
It). I/O.
Tlatelulco, market of, 376.
Tobar, iVdro de. .(S4. 4./).
Tobia, Cristobal de, 2^5
ToboRa, 5cvi.
Tnledn, Kuniandn Alvarez do, 573. j
Tok'dii, I'rancisco df. K"^''^''""'' ^^
I'oru , «;j;2 ; his L ibro <ft' Tasas,
'>': 57" ; returns to Spain, 557 j
< hufi-ttttt/zttx, H70.
Toledo. laiis dc, 549.
Tohn, .\s't' 47-
'Tolosa, I)iej;o dc, 255.
Tolos.t, juan de, 503, 5S1,
'Toliica, 15S.
'Tome, Rio, 25';.
Ton, Kn^iish, a^ compared with the
Spanish tonci'fs^ yt\.
I'onikas, 2i}.\.
'i'omiai-e of ships, 7, 594. See Ships ;
Vessels.
'Tcnti, his route (1702), 294.
Tuntonteac, 45'*-
'Tonlontcaiic (ri". "i), 449.
'Topira, 43^. 4^'. v>o.
'Tordesillas, convention of, 14, 4?;. fo^.
Toreno, Niino C.ir i.t dc, 224; I>art of
hi-i ni.ip, 220, 221
Toribio de lienavente See Motolinla.
'Toribio de Orlinnera, ;S4.
'Toro, Aloniio, c;3S,
Tonpiemada, I nan di , 4^*0 : Afomtr-
^uitt Imiitina, 421, - 22 ; account of.
421 : edited by Tarria from the
manuscript, .*■•,•, on Xuares, 2S7.
INDKX.
Torrr. G l( , .SVr//// di Cohmho^ Iv,
46, $, f.v
1 orre, |uan tli' la, 510
'I'orre di> Tiindm. See Lisbon.
'TorrcH, Antotiio di*, 17
Torres V I'ortnjtal. {'ernandndu (Conde
d" Villar doll I'ardo), y^i
Torumai, 37S; (153.;! j^r. \.\s^^^ i>ii\
disO'Vered, 233 : on Mi.ip% 334.
Tory. C.ei.froy, eiliis .Mela, iMi ; ac-
coinit of, by Hernard, iHi.
ToKc.iDclli, J, 3, 30; his viewH, 3^^ ;
cn*re*|Mindcnte with Columbus, 30,
31, (jo; map, ii, 3H, 101; rcMortd,
103.
i Toxinuv. ptibli<>hcr mi Rome, lao.
I 'To^ii ingravingK, ^\,
TolotiacH. 351;.
I Tolonte.ic, 477, 4S0,
'To|<)lr.»r, 472
'Toul/a. I' de, iratiKlales Solis, 434.
Tour tin ittotiiie, 2<iH.
I 'Tmunce, R, cU- la. 224.
Touron, ///,!/. de ^ A mhiifuft ^S''**
'Tovar, juan, 420.
'Town, building of .1, 1(22.
'Townshcnd, 'I homa<>, vcsion of Solis,
. 'I ozeti, K,, Entdecker der ueuen
n-elt,y%
I TrafalKar (HalleraH), Cape, 221, SS5
'Trainonl (iHirih>, -d-
j Trannylvanus, ^laxilnili.n^ He Afoluc-
] cis insu/is, (nt,; De Hisptinormn
! '''rian^o Island, 92
; 'Tribaldo. I.uis, <;o4.
! Trinidad, 1 u, i37< 33i t (Cuba) 353;
j discovered, 2o ; map, .sHft.
[ Trixte nocht , y'^K) : tree of, 370.
' Trithenms, Johannes 'ar ; Efitst.
' jft%m<, 121.
I Trivigiann, AnKcln, io6.
1 Trivulgin Library, 51, 58.
i Tross gores, i2i>. 173.
Truiiillo, Sebastian, 141.
Trnjillo, 3^5-
, Truxillo, Diego (ot Alonzo), 511.
TrLxillo, 558; founded, 523; (Peril)
Tschudi, Antii]uedadei% 515.
'Tuc.ipel, 524, 54^.
'Tucson, 477.
'Tnlla, 251.
'Tum.ico, 505, 5ni).
I Tumbe/, 221, 50H, 509, 511, 514, 519.
j Tupac Amaru, ssa : captured, 553, 570:
executed, 553 ; documents on, 576.
Turin, M^m. de i'Acadetnie^ S4,
'Turner, Sharon, 3.
Turner, W. \V.. Paci/ic K. R, Re-
forts, S02-
Turcpioise mines, 48^^.
'I'usavan (Moqui), 484, 4*^5.
'Tutahaco, 4S7, 4S9,
'Tuzulutlan, 3 13.
Twisi, Sir 'Travers, Afottof^rafih on
Burial-place of Coluinbusy Sj ; Ore-
gon Quest ion t 4;; 5
Tylor, K. I!., Ana/iuacy 42S; confirms
Presct»tt. 42><.
Tvpograpliical errors in early book.s,
"153-
IJacpf Indians 581.
Vcavali River, 519.
l\ita (h'dian), ^45.
Uguina, Antonio de, his manuscripts,
iii.
Uillac Umu, 524.
l7ira-ccocha, Inca, i;2o.
L'nib.ilmh,24S.
I'lloa, Alfon/o de, r*";, ^68.
Ulloa, Carlo /'., 4-'i-
Ulloa, Francisco de, explores in the
Pacific, 3(j|i, 442 ; his charts, 449.
United States Nav.-il Institute, Pro-
reedings, 54.
Uui:'rts fittoresque., 36.
I'mb.i (gulf;, iS*,, 50,,
Urano, C. M., translates Bossi's Co- ,
lomba^ 68.
Urdnncta, Andrew dr, 44s, \\\.
Uriciieihea, Ma/nttem tttlohibuiHii,
tr-u.i, Pedro de, iti llogoia, nHi |
founds Pampluna, ^Hi ; tiuelU' Ih*
1 iniarroiieH. $><?■, m-cks Kldorado,
520, ^Si ; murdered, j^i , attoiiut
of. sHj.
UspAllata, 5<ii.
I'tatlan, jtSj.
Uiielli, (iuMavo, .V.///rt. elc, 9,t ; At*
/antit etc, 93 ; on the Mrly maps,
V.\{ A, (.Ani/A t>r, with Narvae/, 24^ \
his journey overland, 244; hii* AV-
iat ion, jH^; i\'iiu/r agios, etc., a**'*;
in Soiiih Americ.i, a^'i ; autog,, 2M7 5
memoir l)y 'T. W. Field, a**; ; his
nuite. JH7. See tabe/a rte Vaca.
Vaca de ( asiro, defeats Hiego Atma-
jjro, 5i'»; governor of IVru, st;;
unpritoiied, ^17; e^rnpes to Pan-
ama, t,},s\ likeness of, 53;;; ^ent to
Peru, s.t6.
Vacap.», 477.
Vadiamis, .idopis the name of America,
173; edits I'omponiuH Mela, 17',,
|Sa ; hishkenes-., iMi ; Inbliography
of, iSo; his true name Wall. 1S2;
letter to Rudolphus Agricola. 182;
his /■;///() we, 17'j, i.S4,iS'i; iiHmap,
1^4-
V'aldes, i(v).
Valdivia, Pedro, 1.(3, n>4 ; le.ids Pi.
/arro's infantry, 527; starts lo com*
plete cniupicst of Chili, 52S ; like*
nes.eHof, |;2«>, 5101 proceeds against
<;on/.alo I'i/arro, 1134; joins ( la^ca,
541 ; goes to Valparaiso, 54S; killed,
S4'i : li'** letters, 572; accusations
against, 572.
Valdivia (town), 524, 54S.
Valerius Cornelius, /)e spluera, 176
Valfennosa, i8«/.
Valladnlid (New MexicoJ, 495.
Vattard, Nicholas, his map, 226.
Valori, lt.-iccio, lOi.
Valparaiso, 524; named, 525; name
conhrmed, ,s 1 1 •
Valscqua, tiabricl de, his chart, 3S,
'74-
Valtanas, r>. de, Conifeudio, N4.
Valverde, V, de, ^12; bishop of (;usc<\
S20, 5*1/ » ; death, 5'>f) ; Carta rela-
(ion, 5'>(>.
Van Itrocken, Ctj/cwi^, '«).
Van Ileuvel, J. A., Eldorado, 5S9,
Van Ilulst, Felix, on t)rtelius, 471.
\'.in Kampen, Lez'etis vau Nederlan-
ders, 4fKi.
Van I.oon, /.ee-Atla%, 4^3, 4C.6.
Vail Raemdonck, bis Aleriator^ 471 ;
iihard de Crenier, 471.
Van Richllioien, China, iiq.
\ aucouver on the northwest coast |
470.
Vander Aa, I'ersanieling, 2Si>: /^ee-
uud LandreizeN, 2^>t- See Aa.
Vandera, Juan de la, 378.
Varenius, 47().
\'ariatioii-charts, 100,
Variation of the needle, 45. .^V^
Needle.
Varnhagen, F. A. de, on the name of
An. erica, 178; bis St/umer e Api-
anus, 1.S3 ; Carta de Colon^ ^1 '
jiiiblishes Columbus' notes on
D'Ailly, 20; prints a Columbus let-
ter, 47 ; Das umhre CiuanaJuxni,
5.S. 5^' i Verdadera (luanahani, 91 ;
eilits Lopez de Sou/a's Diario, 135 ;
his Ifist. do Ihazil, 155 ; his W w*r-
igo I'esfuici, 131, 155 ; his track oi
\ espucius' first voy.ice, 155 ; his vari-
ous publications on Vespucius, 15'*;
on Vespucius* voyage (1497). 231.
Varthema, Itinerario, 21^; copies of
2 1 5.
Vasari, Lives 0/ the Painters, 72.
Vasconcellos, D. Juan al SegundA
*io.
Vasque/., Alonzo, 201.
INDKX.
639
I45.4M.
SHl ; (ItirlU <ho
Kuckw r.ldnr.idot
it 5<Si ; ncKiuitt
fA. etc., %t : ^/*
ll.c enrly mapn,
tl) Narvntz, 24". ;
1(1, 344 ; IiIh AV-
'ttj^ios, etc., i*"';
iMfi; iiutdK., a**7 I
Kielcl, a»*7 ; hi*
ibez.t ilu Vad-
ium \)\vfi,(i Alma-
r of iVru, i,\; ;
escapes to I'iUi-
of, 5(s; sent u*
name of Aiiit*rif.»,
miuH Ml-1.1, 17',,
iKi ; lnhlidKrapliy
11,11111- Wall, I Si.
IS A>:ricola. 182 ;
1S4, iSfi; itHHtap,
(, i.>,(; lentU I'i-
17 ; starts to coin-
Chili, 52S i hUc-
; procfvds against
^34 ; joins ( la'-ca,
raisd, s-C*; kiljfd.
57J ; ate us.it ions
y V s/Zuera, 1 7O
xico), 4V5«
is map, 226.
lined, 525 ; name
Ic, his chart, 3S
l)isliopor (,'usca»
5'»'>; Carta reiif
hioradoy 5S.>.
ttilL-liu-, 471.
IS z>an Seticriati'
,4^,.4r,f,.
J/enatot\ 471 J
'■. 471'
/mi, 1 1<).
iiurthwcst coast,
ne/itt£, 2**'<; ^*^'
zSi). Sfi' Aa.
27a.
needle, 45-
Se^
on the name of
Sihoui-r e Af*i-
(/(* Colony 4'' ■
iius' luites on
s a Columbus let-
ahn' iiuattahani\
a iiuanahaniy <ji *
n/.a's Diario, 155 J
7, 155; his Ww'"
155 ; his track ol
'yape, 155; his van-
tl Vcspucius, 15'';
■age(i4';7). ?3'- ,
'.', 215; copies 01
Painters. 72.
'nan at Segnndo,
Valine/ fie Aillnn, l.ucas, nent to
.Nlcxico, I'lH, \ui.
V'asipiei, Kr , liiH accniint of Aunirre,
S'*J i ChroHit-Ut 4i>> , Oitatt-tmitat
in-
Va^iut?/, I't'dro, ji j.
Vasi|iK/, rouian, <)(j, 545, 540.
Vattciiiare, II , 411.
V.iuK<)iidy, hmiujp, ^M ; Ohfrvati0H4,
4''i-
VeiT, (iitstavde, /V/wj //riHrnhf 40.
VcKa, tialinul l.asMi dc la, Cortft vai-
troio^ 4iu ; J/c.i /nj//.;. 4ju. ^V#
Vt'i(a, iiartilasso dc Ki, bihluigr.ii^hy
ul, 575; ComnuHtat los ffii/t-t, 5/31
//»/. ^iturai iii'l i't-ni^ 57«», 573;
KyLaiit s Hoy at L ot/it/ifMtarws,
575 : Markliam's vursmii, 575 ; uthor
versions, 575; Ho^itia Ut-l /«,**,
aVt 575 1 CoHtfui'te tit! la FhritU%
2'/»; li» ob»'rnH)i von i-loruiay j'^n
KiiUlish version 111 Miipp's l)^ SotOy
i'f(> ; ai school 111 Cu!m:o, 547 ; dcserl»
Conzalo I'l/airu, ^41 ; a« a writer,
Vega, Carcilastuj de la (father), 521.
Vcija, Lope de, Man/Uf-z utl I'allrt
_ 4.»".
Vcua, M. de la, gathers documents in
Nlexico, viii; /Intoriit, 20.
Velarde, Luis, 46;.
Velasco, Juan dc, //ist. Ut QuitOy 576,
5^1- .
Velasco, Luis (an Indian), j7<>, 2S2.
VelaHLo, l.uisue, 454. anxiouH locun-
(|uer 1-lurida, 250 , father uf the
Indians, 25').
Velasco, l.uis de (Marqula ot Salinas),
Velasco (river), 46^.
V(.-las(]iiez (judge In I'erti), 5.^.
\'elas(pif/. (If C uellar, I 'lego, governor,
J4>j; portiaii, .t.vi; his adherents,
.153 i his intrigues agaiiisil Cottes,
3S''i 357 • !><:ndH N.irvaez against
rim, JO5; hiH expedition to Cuba,
201, 2J7, \ii\\ death of, 214
Vela-.(iuez de Teoii, 151, 3W1, 3(7
Velcz de Medrano, Juan, 277.
Velsers, 571/
Veiicgas, Sotkia tie la Cali/orttiay
4()i -y bibliography of, 461.
Venereal diseases in i\merica, 32<).
Venezuela, 1.S7, n^, 410; colonies on
the coast of, 57«j; history of, 5S4,
Venice, archives of, via ; pliindercd by
the Austrians, viii ; Statt: J'a/n'ti^
viii ; Coluir.bus at, */».
Ventura Je Kaulica, Colombo^ (h).
Vera Crur(.Mexico), 203, 35S , luunded,
355. 35*'; site shifted, 350.
Vera i*a/, 254.
Veradus, C, ^o.
Veragua, or Veraguas, Duipie de, 0^,
,S7, S.S; his collection ol papers, 111,
viii, S.^
Veragua (.town), 21, lyS, 5<xj.
Vergara, Juan cle, 1H9, 20/, 527.
Vennejo Kiver, 4S3.
Verne, Jules, Dhonverte de la terre,
3f*. 7<-
\ erra/ano, supposed pirate, 3S2.
Vericheyde C \tst-/ndisi. /•*• ^'oyafft'eu ,
4^o.
Vespucci. See Vespucius.
Vcspucius, Ainericiis, cli.ii>er on, by
S. H. iiay, i2t>; an Italian, 2 ; spell-
ing of the name, i2<;, i'/'*; his t'urc-
iianie of (lerman origin, 13;, i7<j;
notices (if (<lay), i2«y ; (N'tvarretc)
V ; (Wiiisor) 15; ; account of his
voyages collectively, 142, 145 ; in the
CosMioff. introd.y 145 ; Quatiuor
fiaz'igattoncsy it>b ; liis relations with
Saint-Die, 174 ; his alleged tirsivoy-
^g^i '37» '40. 155; his second voyage,
i4')t 150* 153: with Ojeda, i44i i4<>t
>53i »^7 • his third voyage, 145, 150,
156 ; in tlie Portuguese service, 140 ;
ins fourth voyage, 151 ; his letter to
K. de Medici, 15b; his letter to
Soderini, different texts of, 163 ;
editions of the Athnditi »i1'hi,
aMd tratislaliohs, m; ; lacsinit'rs nf
V>'»gi'-'. iW. 'VS IS'. "•". I'"; /''
t*rii AHliirttha, i\'»; his miitift-
linn Mith i-arly ni.ips (Kuysih), j2-t ,
mis-,iiig map) iV'< <74. as a mari-
n< r. I (H ; uiih Coelho, i^j ; his
char.iitcr, mIi praiting, \f«i\i liargrd
with dcLL'il, I II, i7'>; an imposlnr,
IS4 ; ,1 iliatlal.iu, 142 ' cLiimih i-.i
havf di-<CMVi rud the main, m ; w.is
he on tliL' 1- litrida ((i.i-^t ' 2 ti • named
in the A.wc inlfrlnde, i-i ; the lir>t to
describe th>- 1 annihals ol jlra/il, 5>ts ;
thought Amenta was Asia. i'>7; )>er-
Kniial rclaiions with |)a \ itu i, 172;
with Ctplumbu*, itr. \\-t, 17H: with
Cahul, 1 1; I ; nuntiniiL-d by < Ivit-do,
154; nut incniiniied in the I'ortu-
gufse arihuL's, n;, m^, i^^; ap-
pointed pilot-major, is2 ; his later
voyages, 1^2; his death, ij^j; his
portrait, 7-'. ,"4. 7S. U" (Ihon/ino)
I VC* (I'artnigianii) 140 , (I'cale) 140;
(NlontanuH^ 141; his aulog , 13S;
fac-siinile of letter, tyt \ hiti descend"
ants, 131.
Vespucius, fiiorgi Antonio, ug.
Vespucius, Jerome, 139.
Vespucius, Nastugio, U')
Ve^wils, size tif early, 2*15, 5<)4 \ picture
')f, jC.7. See Ships ; I'onnnge.
Vctancour, Teatro Me.ruam'y yt't.
Vetancurl, Augustin de, Teatro MeJc-
icano, 422 ; account of, 422.
Vftter, 'l'heodor« i;'j.
Veytia, Mariano, f/ist. nntigua de
AAy'itOy 41S : ' uuco, 41S.
Vianelln. ly, t%fy
'•Victoria, ship, S')l ; her falf, 6n ;
commemorated by the Ilakluyt So-
ciety, (113.
Vienna, geographers at, 173, 181 ;
presses al, 1H4.
Vlura y Clavijo, /sla\ de Ciftiariay 3^».
Vjgel, litbhoteia .W.xkanay 340, 41H.
Vilcabainba, 52'', m''
Villa Kica. .^f<- Vera Cruz.
Villa ki^a(( hilij, 524.
Villacun, 5Il^ sn
Villaf.bu', An^cl dr, js^i >" f"'lorida,
25'); at Santa IJcna. 2^*0
Vilkigra, I-. (\\ 5|S; governor of
Chill, 549; deft-ated at Mariguann,
549< in Chill, ^51.
Vill.igraii, V. dc, 52.S.
Villalobos. l,o)K's do, voyages, v ; on
tliL' I'acific coast, 44S.
Vill,i!ta, Josl' tlarcia de, translates
Irvin-'s Columhtx, ^s.
VillauItdL' llellond, Costes d'A/riquCy
V)-
Villroel, Cnnzalo de, 273
Vincent, loninii-nr and Xavigattou
of the AncirntSy 41.
VinciMi/ins ol lieauvais, 2S ; his Sfec-
uliiin, 2S
Vinci, Da, acciuaintance with C(plum-
bus, II ; his alleged map, 124- i2().
Si-f 1 ta Vinci
Viran<iue, 251.
Virar.itu, 5S2
Virchow and Holt/cndnrff, I'ertriige,
fxi.
Virgil on western lands, 2;;.
I'irgiuia richly 7ut/iifd, 2^>h
Vistaino, Seb.. 501; his voyage, 4f>o;
his map of the Pacific coast, 4fn.
Visscher. his map ot Pacilit coast, ^(tfK
VitL't. A Hi'. 7'illrs dt' J-'rance, 39;
I fist, dc /?/r/A-. ,14.
Vivien de Saint-Martin, /fist, de la
, ,g^og-y 472-
Vi/caino, Juan. See Cosa.
" Vizcaino," ship, 20.
Volafan {see \'irnh;\gen), 47.
Von Murr. C. 1 1., Ritter Behaim, 105 ;
Mcmorabiliay */>.
Voneltio, Crasnar, his map, 438, 448;
lac-simile of his map, 436.
Vorsterman, W., ic;S.
Voss, Xachricht von dem tteuen ff'eltf
162.
I'oyaget tttt Mord, 3<i4
i oyagie o/te S. Mi/>i aerty 4'«».
WAiiKSsfii., r C, Sa<ra /^arentalutt
\S : Untoruiy \s
Wagiii-r, Ctflombo und ifihe Kntdeck'
iiHL'en, ,\.
\VaUM'na»*r. dies, i..;,
Waldsieniulh'r, M.irtin (Walt/emUlIrr,
llvtaioinylus, llaionivliis), in, 147,
jjn; his I t>sfHi\'r,i/>ltue introdui-
//I', 14), 14H ; at Saint-Dit*, i'-4 ; edits
Plolcmy. 2'>4 ; biblir.grapliv ot his
( 'osntot^r,i^/ihe tntrodui. /w, i(>4,
etc. \ Ills ina|)s, ijji
Wallace, .-/ tna-on and A*i'tf Xegro,
OS.
WaliAemiilltr See WahNeemiiller.
Warburtun, CoH>/nt'if 0/ Canada, 2i>H.
W,iidt:n. Chrou. hiit. de I'A nii^rti/ne,
2w*'
// anvii ii/tire //istorua/ Cofkctionsy
.y.u
Washburn, J. D. , reviews Wilson's
A.ic f/ntory^ 4 J 7.
Washita kiVL-r. 251.
Wateicloiks. iMi.
Watt-ree kivir, 240; (fiuatari), 2.S5.
Watlmg's Islatul, 54.
Watson, Paul Hairtm. litbliografhy
0/ i te'Colnmi'tan linxoveries, 34.
Waison. k. (i, .Sf-antih and Porta-
ghfst' .Soutlt Atnrrli-a, 57H.
Watt, (oacbiin. S^e Vjdianns.
Weimar gh.be, iiM.
Weinhuld. Moritz, '* Federmann*!
keise," 5H«i.
Wcise, A. J . , Discoveries oj A mericuy
94
Weissciiliurger, i'^2.
Weller, Ke/^-rtorinni^ \\i).
Wells, KiUard, Xciu Sett oJ Maps^
4''7-
U tlt-Kueely Per, (71.
Werner, lolm, of Nuremberg. 101.
West Indies, when iMUud, i'»j.
Wheat mtr(Hbi(-ed into I'eiu. 51S, 547.
Wlieelri, (ieorge M , 504; AV/t'W 0/
.V«r.ri', 44 3
Wbuidnn, Jacob, explores the Orinoco,
Whiijple, A. \V , Pactfic R. K. Re-
/>orts, ^"i
White Sea ' South America), s**-).
Whitney, J. D., 44'' i on C aliiornia,
443.
I Wiesencr, \'e!^f>uce et Colombo 17S.
Wieser, Traiiz, Ma^alh'ws'Strassey
'117; /Vr l^ortnlan des Kdntgs
Rhilif*/', ii. i;**, 222,
Will und Nopitsch, Lixtcon, 117
! Williams, Helen .Nlaria, j*/).
1 Williams's Florida, .'•>(}
Wiliner, L. A., Ri/e 0/ D* Soto, 2</',
I Wilson, R. A.. Xetf History of the
! Conquest of Mt'xtto, 42;; Aicxica
! and /.'.v Ri/ti^ion, 4J7: MexHO, iis
Peasants and its PriestSy 427;
Mexu-'y Central America, and
California, 427 ; criticised by
fieorgi^ I'icknor, 427; by Kirk, 427;
bv J. I>. Washburn, 427.
Winds, names of, 9».
Winiiepeg. Lake, 4*"(.
Winsor, Justin, ''Columbus.'* i ;
*' Cortes and his Companions,"
349; '* fliscoveries on the Pacific
Coast <pf North America." 431 ;
•'Documentary Sources ot* Early
Spaiish-Amrrican History," i; on
editions of t."ie/a de Leon, 574: on
Oarrillasso de la Vfi:a, 57 > ; KohPs
Collection of Early Mafs, .,4 ; on
l.as Casas, 343 ; " Sources of infor-
mation" about Magellan's voyages.
613; "Vespucius and the naming
of America," 153: Ihbliografhy of
Ptolemy's Geo^raphyy 2S, 438 ;
*' Karlv Cariographv of the Gulf of
Mexico." 217 ; "The Amazon and
Kldorado," 579.
Wolfenbiittel map, 222.
G40
INUKX.
W.H.1I, \V, M.. (S6.
WrijjlH, I (Iw., CrrtatH Errprt of
.\.if/jj'.i//i'*i, V'. 47"'
Wiiiikc, lli'itiriili, iieuk, tit-r A'ri/-
kuHtif, 41 ', JJ4.
W'yM-, l,ieuleii.ii)l, 35J.
Wyiliici, (nrncliiiR 47^; Detcriftumn
/Ut*/f»Hauie aHf^mtHtiitti, 4^7; nt.ip
of C'iiltrnrtM.i. 4^*4 ; iita|i n( Ainrrici,
45<> ; liit iiwip iif I'lTu, |(sH ; i)f 1 hill,
55;; A'rrww DnHUurum hutoria,
a-
X\n\, 4(ij.
X.ihila, K. A., /W/r*" Atitian^ 4i<^
X.lli-in, ajM.
\.ii|uix.iKii.in.i, war nf, i(;4.
X.IUX.I, SJn, 55H I (nvt-D *tl't.
Xt-rei, 1' ranciHin tk, with rij:arri),
tif Vi-nii«' ( 15.^5) tditintt, 5fi<s ; 'i ver-
«ii>ii hy j.ii.(|iie»(iuhury, .^45 ; L'ha-
toire, 14 n
Xinit'iiiH, I anliiial. V*;, jn ; oppoMj
African slavery, yM.
Xitiienen, ihtj^fH ti,- ios huihs, 415
Xitnencft, pilot, killed, 441
Xivruy, II. de, /J^-i prtmiirti rtU'
Xlicia, Mark de. 320.
XualKi, J4;.
Xu.ire?, Kiiiliur Juan, 2^2, 244: like*
ne^H of, iSj.
Vaoi'Na, ift.
Vaiic/, iiiciiir* of Columbus, 7s.
VtKiiii Kivi-r, j}u.
V\.i, 51V. 54*.
Yt^nii^itij!, Nil, hi» ult, I'WS.
Vdc.ii, Kmpiru of. .Srr I'cru.
ViiL4K, likeiii'^Mcii nl, 51^,
Voudic, A\v\., oil TernauK, vi
Vu(..ii.in. f»h 1;;; ilit iiaitir, ijo ;
(Iiaaliiii) jjo, jii. aj\ , (l.uc.itaii)
JJ5 ; U-iii:li.itiih) iig; (IncInU) ii-j .
^laMrd.inf ; ( (irdi'bu •i(,aM, 217;
diHciivL-rfd liy I'iii/on, jihy ^ iiiitliur-
iliL't on, 4i<i; in.ipH ol, ai<i, aUt ,in>
1^4' l<>4! A» an itinnd, u"^, jjo;
/V(i/jr Uttrifi sur U i/,'< oHVfrtf,
4"'-
Viiciv, Ml. M7-
\ iip.ih.i, i\u,
Vui|uc>ViMupie, 4<>5,
7.\\\\\ ln>, 3H0.
/jii.ilul.i biiili, ^).
/.u.tlut.i, 4.V1, 441.
/■ich. I orrfs/>oMtiitnce, v, )'(4, 331
/.il.inKO. 5<Hj,
/.illicri, map, (is^'^Ot 44<i : ^ac-^ilnilt.^
451
ZainAcoJH, N, dc, ///j/ de M^jU o,
4J^
7anial, '>ii.
/amudiu, KH, 11)4.
Za[>at.i y Mendnz.i, J. V , rr(>f'/.(i,4^i.
/aniuoj!,!, Juiiii, 4i()*
/.irale, Auk. de, 5J7 • carttr, 5A7 l hit
///j/('r/.f, y.'i ; transUiloiiK, sf>H \
t oNf/MH/it tU Af/tUt; 4.IU ; /V
/I tiHtirrlifi Ar rtn/r 11 arathttnk*
/fituhr(/t/kt itUgtmeint HrJknuJtt
4. .4,
/tihthri/t fhr wiiifMuh, (i.t'g.^ }).
/eni uxpliiraliHiiK and I oUnnbuk, i.n
Ihcir nt.ip, j'H, 41;, 471.
/cri, All^ll*l|l), /># Utttrt tii C^^im^
fit., ix.
/ban. it, 57').
Zifglcr, yXIcs., AVv"*'«/*iwwj, ./»,
Zii'ljlcr, Ills SihotiUiii, 4(3; m.i|>,
/ilrlti, 57«.
/ria-na iMi-l.t, on Hcmcb'i ni.tp, ii4.
/ortii. AlcKtt.indro, 117
/ua/o, t^y AV«* lu-nn.
'/.wAtxu UiL'gn M. df, ii3
/ncttleiKC, .iH(.
Zumarraxa, Ititliop, 4<>i).
/ui^i, 501, }oi ; pucbliiA of, 4R3
/ui^tKai A Haiti n/fj. , ^s- '»■'*•
Zni^iKa V Vcl.itto, I'icgo Lnpc« da
(I'undc de NiL'\aK Viceroy ol i'erii,
M7*
Ziirl.i, Fr,t A/ttHfo, 31; Di Mari$
Zurita. 2$fi\ on New Spain, 417.
/uroiiH, i8u.
/iitngils. iHy
Sj; , citttr, ii,j 1 htt
^ ; Iraiixliiiinnn, si.i |
r At/tiiii, 4 JO 1 /JW
• tHi/t ll'arachlijikf
tllgettitiMt ErdkiiHilt,
K and I'ltluiMUUft, jj }
417. 47»'
r» Ulltri M Cg/omtf,
I'gitnttutitniii, i^>.
liiiHiliii, 41 J ; map,
Kei!«rirft nuip, 114.
i>. 117
( U.1(().
ill-, ji]
lip, 4110.
tueblos nf, 483.
iV. J,, ' s. h^-
(), I 'ifKfi Ln[ie4 da
:\a). Vkcniy (il l*eru,
'it<M Spam, 417.