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MEMOIR

FRANCIS PEABODY,

PRESIDENT OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE,

CHARLES W. UPHAM.

SALEM, MASS.

ESSEX INSTITUTE PKESS.

1868.

MEMOIR.

At a meeting of the Essex Institute, Nov. 2, 1867,
the honorable duty was assigned to me of preparing a
Eulogy on Francis Peabody, then recently deceased. The
Body before whom it is to be read, and the topics to
be presented, will give to what I am no^r to offer the
form of a Memoir. The details embraced in the life and
character of our late President will be found to be the
highest Eulogy.

In order that we may do justice to an occasion, in
which a distinguished society, like this, renders its tribute
to such an example as his, it becomes necessary, in the
first place, to detect and bring to view the influences that
made them and him what they have been, and brought
him into the relation he sustained, as their chosen leader
and head. The institution, and the individual, alike are
phenomena that demand explanation ; and you will permit
me, by way of introduction, to illustrate, at some length,
the causes that have led to the formation and development
of the Essex Institute, and, as a consequence, of such a
character as we have met to commemorate.

It may safely be said that an uncommon degree of
intellectual activity is noticeable in the people of this
place, and of the section of country constituting the
county of Essex, from the very beginning. In the review.

now to be presented, the limits upon the occasion confine
attention mainly to the immediate locality.

The natural effect of the presence of persons of marked
impressiveness of mental traits among the first settlers
and their associates, is, of course, the primal and general
cause to which results, of this sort, are to be traced. The
influence of every individual upon those around him, and
upon those coming after him, is an absolute force, greater
than is itnagined or suspected. It cannot be measured,
traced, or estimated. Its invisible, unlimited, perpetual
momentum constitutes the dread responsibility of human
life— the incalculable contribution we are all always
making to the aggregate of good or ill, m the condition
and progress of the race. This power was brought to
bear, in stimulating the intelligence of the community
established here, in a remarkable manner, at its earliest

pei'iod.

Roger Williams and Hugh Peters, more, perhaps, than
any others that can be named, were of the kind to set
men thinkiug, to start speculations and enquiries that
would call forth the exercise of mental faculties, and of a
nature to retain their hold upon the general interest, and
be transmitted as a permanent social element. There is
evidence that several others of the first settlers here were
persons of uncommonly inquisitive minds, addicted to
experiments and enterprises, in mining operations, and
various forms of mechanical ingenuity. In proof of the
prevalence of this feature in the character of the people,
after the lapse of several generations, the following cir-
cumstance particularly arrests our attention :

About the middle of the laat century, a social evening
club, designed to promote literature and philosophy, was
in existence in Salem, composed of its most eminent,

sasion confine

ns of marked
first settlers
I and general
traced. The
und him, and
force, greater
be measured,
cd, perpetual
iity of human
e all always
the condition
IS brought to
le community
at its earliest

perhaps, than
e kind to set
inquiries that
Ities, and of a
I interest, and
snt. There is
lers here were
I, addicted to
perations, and
a proof of the
of the people,
following cir-

I :

social evening
hilosophy, was
most eminent,

cultivated and intellectual citizens. The following are
understood to have been among its members : Benjamin
Lynde and Nathaniel Ropes, both of the Bench of the
Supreme Court of the Province, the former, as his father
had been, its Chief Justice ; William Browne, Judge of
the Superior Court ; Andrew Oliver, Judge of the Court
of Common Pleas ; the Rev. William McGilchrist, of the
Episcopal Church; the Rev. Thomas Barnard, of the
First Church ; and Edward Augustus Holyoke, then a
young physician. When it is considered that the entire
population of the whole territory of Salem could hardly
have amounted, at that time, to more than 4,000, it must
be conceded to be proved by these names, to have
embraced an extraordinary proportion of persons of
eminent position and culture.

The result of conversations and discussions, in that
club, is seen to-day in operations within these walls, and
in the formation of such characters as that of him to
whose memory we are to devote the hour. A taste for
literature and knowledge, a zeal in the prosecution of
scientific studies, was imparted to the community, of
which we can distinctly trace the imprints and monu-
ments through all our subsequent history. The first
organized movement towards establishing permanent
institutions, to this effect, was as follows : On the even-
ing of Monday, March 31st, 1760, a meeting was held
at the Tavern House of Mrs. Pratt, for the purpose, as
stated in the notice calling it, of "founding, in the town
of Salem, a handsome Library of valuable books, appre-
hending the same may be of very considerable use and
benefit, under proper regulations." The poster calling the
meeting was signed by the following persons, all, it is
believed, members of the club: Benjamin Pickman,

Ichabod Plai8ted, Thomas Barnard, Samuel Cnrwen,
Nathaniel Rope., Timothy Orne, Ebenezer Putimm,
Stephen Higginson, William Pynchon, Edward A. Hol-
yoke, and William Walter. A subscription was started,
headed by Benjamin Pickman, of 20 guineas, Timothy
Orne, Samuel Curwen and William Walter, of 10 gumeas >
each, and Stephen Higginson, Ebenczer Putnam, Joseph
Bowditch, Samuel Barnard, Nathaniel Ropes, E. A. Hol-
yoke, William Pynchon, William Vans, John Nutting,
jr., Samuel Barton, jr., William Browne, Joseph Blaney,
Richard Derby, Daniel King, Samuel Gardner, Samuel
Gardner, jr., Thomas Barnard, Benjamm Pickman, jr.,
Francis Cabot, Joseph Cabot, William Epes, Andrew
Oliver, jr., and Joseph Jeffrey for William Jeffrey, of 5
guineas each. The Rev. Jeremiah Condy, described by
Dr. Andrew Eliot as a person "of great candor, learmng
and int^enuity," a Baptist minister in Boston, being about
to visit England, was employed to purchase the books.
On their arrival, a meeting of the subscribers was held,
May 20th, 1761, of which Benjamin Pickman was mod-
erator, and Natlian Goodell, clerk. The " Social Library-
was thus put in operation. The books imported, with
those -iven by members or otherwise procured, amounted
to 415 volumes. The Society was incorporated m 1797.
It may be regarded as the foundation of all the institu-
tions and agencies, established in this place, for the
promotion of a high intellectual culture.

The locality where the Social Library was formed is a
matter of curious interest. In a letter addressed to me,
Jan. nth, 1840, the late George Cleveland thus speaks
of it : "John Pratt kept what was called, in his day, the
' Great Tavern.' After his decease it was continued to be
kept by his widow and daughters, until the death of the

uel Cnrwen,
zer Putnam,
vard A. Hol-
i was started,
leas, Timothy

of 10 guineas
itnam, Joseph
(8, E. A. Hol-
lohn Nutting,
oseph Blaney,
rdner, Samuel

Pickman, jr.,
Epes, Andrew
a Jeffrey, of 5
', described by
indor, learning
)n, being about
ase the books,
ibers was held,
:man was mod-
Social Library "
imported, with
ured, amounted
orated in 1797.
' all the institu-

place, for the

v&s formed is a
iddressed to me,
and thus speaks
, in hiB day, the
I continued to be
the death of the

last, Abigail, which must have taken place towards the
latter part of 1765. The Tavern House stood on the
corner of Essex and Court streets, where the brick store
now stands. 1 can very well remember its appearance.
It was an old wooden building, with many peaks ; and
stood out on Essex street as far as the curb stone does
now. The estate came finally into the possession of my
grandmother Jeffrey, who sold it at auction, in 1791, to
Col. Pickman, and Stearns and Waldo ; and they imme-
diately covered the premises with the large brick store
that now stands there." The estate still renjaius in pos-
session of the family of one of the purchasers in 1791 ;
and the "large brick store" is know;i as the Stearns
Block. Our venerable fellow citizen. Hardy Phippen,
was thirteen years of age when the "Great Tavern" was
demolished, and a few days since, pointed out to me the
position it occupied, with its dimensions on Essex and
Washington streets, and described its appearance. His
recollections fully correspond with those of Mr. Cleve-
land.

The history of the building, thus remembered by Mr.
Cleveland and Mr. Phippen, previous to its occupancy by
the Pratts, is not without striking and suggestive signifi-
cance in connection with our subject. John Pratt bought
it in September, 1727, of the heirs of Walter Price.
Price bought it, Dec. 1st, 1659, of John Orne, of Salem,
carpenter, and Frances, his wife, for 150 pounds in cash
"already paid," and the deed was recorded, April 25th,
1660. John Orne bought of Charles Gott. The follow-
ing is a copy of the deed of this purchase.

"29th of December 1652.
Charles Gott of Salem Attornie to m' Hugh Peters for
and in consideration of forty shillings in hand paid hath

8„ld unto John Horno of Sftlem aforosnid one piece of
ground contaynin« about one .luarter ot an acr« more oi
lc«se nero the meeting how.e in Salem one the Nortli Bide
hereof, running along by the high way be.ng the land of
'Hugh Peters af.>res«id. Provided if m'" Peters shall
retorn? to New England in person and repay the said
John all his charges of building or otherwayes H'«towed
npon the said land that then the said m' f "iH h duv ot
the said land againe as by a writing dated the 28th day ot
this instant December 1652 apeareth.

It appears by the deed to Price of 1059, that, at that
time, there was a dwelling-house on the lot. The lan-
.ruage of the deed, just quoted, reserving to Peters the
ri«rht of reclaiming the property, in the event of \m ever
re'turning to America, upon making good to Orne for all
his charges of building, or otherwise bestowed upon the
said land," does not necessarily, in itself, prove that there
was a house upon it, when Orne purchased, but the
<reneral aspect of the transaction leads, I think, to the
conclusion that there was. It can hardly be supposed
that Mr. Peters would have authorized his attorney to
bind him, on the contingency mentioned, in order to
recover the property, to pay whatever Orne might spend
in erecting buildings, whether they suited him or not.
This consideration makes it probable that there was a
house on the lot in 1652, and that Peters and his attorney
knew what sort of a house it was. The same general
reasoning, probably, authorizes the conclusion that the
house was built under the direction, if not the personal
oversight, of Peters himself. Merely having care of the
lot, in the temporary absence of the owner, Gott would
not have taken the responsibility of erecting a house upon
it without specific directions, and it is most likely that,
if not built before he left the country, Peters would have

1 one piece of
n acre more or
the North eido
ii»g the land of
n'" Peters shall
repay the said
vayes bestowed
eters shall have
the 28th day ot

59, that, at that
lot. The lan-
g to Peters the
^ent of his ever
to Orne for "all
towed upon the
prove that there
chased, but the
I think, to the
ily be supposed
his attorney to
ed, in order to
irne might spend
ted him or not.
that there was a
I and his attorney
'he same general
tclusion that the
not the personal
aving care of the
ivner, Gott would
ting a house upon
I most likely that,
'eters would have

deferred it until his return. The balance of probabilities
seems, therefore, to be against the supposition that the
house was erected either during the period when Orne
conditionally owned it, or Gott had charge of it. Its
size, as particularly described to me by Mr. Phippen,
which led to its being called "The Great Tavern," and its
architectnre of "many peaks," prove that it was of a more
commanding, pretentious, and artistic style, than would
have been thought of by either of the good deacons, Gott
or Orne. Its position also indicates that it was built, at
a very early day, before the line of Essex street had
been adjusted.

It is well known that Mr. Peters lived, at one time, at
the diagonal corner of the crossing of Washington and
Essex streets. His house and lot there were sold by his
attorney some years after he had gone to England. I
think there is evidence that he had also built a house near
the corner of Washington and Norman streets. He was
a man of indefatigable activity, was always making
improvements, and starting enterprises, and it is not
strange that he built houses and changed his residence
from time to time. It is quite likely that before bis
mission to the mother country had been suggested, he
employed Orne to prepare a residence, more fitted to
accommodate him permanently, on his lot where the
Stearns Building now is. It may have been finished, and
possibly occupied by him, but, not paid for, in conse-
quence of the suddenness of his call to the service of the
colony, as one of its agents to look after its interests at
London. A settlement of accounts may have been de-
ferred until he returned, which all supposed would be in
a short time, an expectation cherished by him to the last.
The battle of Worcester, however, which occurred Sept.

3d, 1651, put such a face upon the affairs of the mother
country, that it seemed probable Mr. Peters's services
would be permanently needed there. Gott was accord-
ingly authorized to settle with O rne, conveying to him,
for the small sum of two pouuds, the whole property,
reserving, however, to Peters the right of repurchasing
it, if, notwithstanding the then existing appearances, he
should, at any time, come back and claim it. The death
of Cromwell in 1658, and the events that quickly fol-
lowed, showed that the days of the Commonwealth were
numbered and finished. As the next year drew to
a close it became apparent that the restoration of the
monarchy was inevitable, and closely impending. The
return of Peters became impossible; arrest, attainder,
death and conliscation, were hanging over him and his co-
patriots. Orne, perhaps, felt that the conditional clause
in his deed, rendered the estate liable, and he was glad,
before it was too late, to get rid of it by the sale to Price.
Such are the facts so far as known, and the conjectures
which they seem to justify, in reference to "the Great
Tavern with many peaks." It is interesting to find that
certainly on that spot and within those walls, the first
institution for a higher intellectual culture, and the diffu-
sion through this community of a taste for literature and
science, was organized in 1760 ; a spot owned by Hugh
Peters, and the structure probably erected, and perhaps
occupied, by him. He was as highly educated a person
as any among the early emigrants, and a zealous promoter
of popular intelligence. He took an active part in
bringing our college into operation, and made great,
although unavailing, exertions to have it established in
Salem. One of the objects of his mission to England
was to obtain aid for the interests of education here. In

wUKm

tmt frrfiBrfrrrrf ffil

rs of the mother
Peters's services
Jott was accord-
nveying to him,
whole property,
of repurchasing
appearances, he
a it. The death
that quickly fol-
imonwealth were
t year drew to
storation of the
impending. The
arrest, attainder,
r him and his co-
}onditional clause
and he was glad,
the sale to Price,
d the conjectures
36 to "the Great
isting to find that
e walls, the first
re, and the diff'u-
ibr literature and
; owned by Hugh
ted, and perhaps
iucated a person
zealous promoter
I active part in
ind made great,
it established in
ssion to England
ication here. In

iHWm'tfifTi 1

fffr-iirrf#iiiM%lria>ttiiw

the course of the trial that resulted in his condemnation
and execution, addressing the court he said: "I have
looked after three things ; one was that there might be
sound religion. The second was that learning and laws
might be maintained. The third, that the poor might be
cared for. And I must confess that I have spent most of
my time in these things, to this end and purpose."
When, in tine, the great activity of Mr. Peters, during
his short residence here, in stimulating the energies and
faculties of the colonists, and by innumerable methods
starting society in the path of improvement and progress —
so as to draw from Winthrop the encomium of "laboring,
both publicly and privately, to raise up men to a public
frame of spirit" — is taken into view, we appreciate the
singular appropriateness of the circumstance that the first
organized eftbit to create "a public frame of spirit," in
favor of the collection and diffusion of the means of
intellectual and scientific culture directly among the
people, took place on his ground, and in what was, not
improbably, his house.

It is quite evident that, at the time of the formation of
the Social Library, interest in philosophical enquiries was
a characteristic of the people here, the effect of pre-
existing causes, as well as the efficient cause of subse-
quent developments. The following instance seems to
indicate such a prevalent turn of mind only five years
afterwards.

In 1766, a lad of thirteen years of age, born and
brought up on a farm in Woburn, with only such advan-
tages of education as a country school district then
attbrded, was apprenticed to John Appleton, grandfather
of Dr. John Appleton, the present Assistant Librarian
of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Mr. Appleton's

..fi-4'ii:Mi^3r^^i&

m^^sm^^^^m^kkMis^^^^

residence and place of business was on the south side of
Essex street, the lot being occupied, at this time, by Dr.
George Choate. He carried on a retail variety store, in
the style of that day, and was engaged in commercial
pursuits in connection with a general traffic. The young
apprentice, from early childhood, in his hmnble rural
home, had manifested a taste for mechanical and philo-
sophical amusements, and had delighted in constructing
miniature machines, and in rude attempts at drawing and
modelling. Here he found an atmosphere so congenial
to his original passion that he was stimulated to exercise
and exhibit his genius. His curious and various experi-
ments attracted favorable notice, and won for him an
established reputation, in an appreciating community.
When the repeal of the Stamp-Act, by the British Parlia-
ment, had raised an enthusiastic gratification throughout
the colonies, the people of Salem were determined to
celebrate it in a style of extraordinary and unparalleled
brilliancy and impressiveness. It M'as voted to have a
grand display of fireworks. There were no professional
pyrotechnists here, and perhaps never had been in the
whole country. All, however, knew the mechanical and
chemical propensities and attainments of Mr. Appleton's
apprentice boy, and he was appointed to conduct the
preparations and superintend the exhibition. Some care-
lessness, not to be wondered at, considering the inex-
perience of all concerned, led to a premature explosion,
and he was so seriously injured, that his life was for a
time despaired of, and his health so much affected, as
finally to render his removal to his home in Woburn
necessary. But the bent of his mind had, in the few
years he had listed in Salem, become so fixed that, upon
his recovery, he instantly sought and obtained permission

south side of
time, by Dr.
iety store, in
I commercial
The young
nmible rural
al and philo-
constructing
drawing and
so congenial
3 to exercise
rious experi-
1 for him an
community.
Iritish Parlia-
m throughout
etermined to
[ unparalleled
ed to have a
} professional
. been in the
Bchauical and
r. Appleton's
conduct the
Some care-
ing the inex-
Te explosion,
ife was for a
h affected, as
B in Woburn
1, in the few
ed th^t, upon
ed permission

to attend a course of philosophical lectures, delivered in
Harvard College. He walked regularly to and from
Cambridge, a distance of nine miles to enjoy the privilege.
He was then seventeen years of age. He taught country
district schools at Bradford and Wilmington, in Massa-
chusetts, and Concord, New Hampshire. All the while
he continued his philosophical pursuits, and attracted
increased attention, by novel and successful operations, in
mechanics and chemistry. By a 'singular succession of
circumstances, he was drawn to a military career in the
service of the mother country. He combined quali-
ties that soon gave him great distinction in that line.
His scientific attainments and philosophical enquiries,
always directed to practical ends, were found of inestima-
ble importance, in fortification, engineering, armament,
equipment, subsistence and all sanitary and economical
modes of military administration. Gunpowder, . as an
explosive agent, had ever been a special and favorite
subject of experiment and research, not at all checked by
the disaster of his boyhood at Salem. His methodical
and observing habits of mind, and disposition to classify
all details, gave him facilities in mastering military tactics.
And, besides, his personal aspect and address were pre-
cisely adapted to command preeminence, in the pomp and
pageantry, the parades, evolutions, and blazonry of tented
fields and marshalled camps. He united with all that
was showy and dazzling the sterner wisdom, itself based
upon philosophical principles, that made him famous as a
disciplinarian. In the whole range of biography, there
is nothing more wonderful than such a product as he
presents — raised in rustic life, on a New England farm,
and in a Salem retail shop — a most finished and polished
gentleman, with a commanding presence, and easy eour-

tesy, seldom approached by those upon whom knightly
or courtly influences have been shed for indefinite gener-
ations. His lofty form, noble bearing, sweet and winning
manners, gave to his early manhood a wondeiful attrac-
tiveness. One of his biographers says : "His grace and
personal advantages were early developed. His stature
of nearly six feet, his erect figure, his finely formed
limbs, his bright blue eyes, his features chiselled in the
Roman mould, and his dark auburn hair, rendered him a
model of manly beauty." We may well believe that he
shone the cynosure of all eyes, at the head of his regi-
ment of dragoons, and that ho made a sensation in all
circles in London. In 1779 he was elected into the Royal
Society, and in 1784, received the honors of Knighthood
from the King of Great Britain. Having "introduced a
revision of the military exercise, and eifected several
reformations of acknowledged consequence," in that
country, he went to the continent, with a view of offering
his services to Austria, then at war with Turkey. Dr.
Jacob Bigelow, who wrote the memoir of this remarkable
man, read before the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, from which I have already quoted, says that
"in more than one instance of his life it happened that
his fine manly figure and captivating manners were instru-
mental in deciding his reception among strangers." On
his way to Vienna, he was present at a review of Bavarian
troops. He appeared, as a spectator, on the ground,
mounted and unifoiTaed, according to his rank, as Sir
Benjamin Thompson, a colonel of the British cavalry.
The commander of the troops was a Duke, and soon after,
the King of Bavaria. Attracted by the splendid bearing
and aspect of the stranger he sought his acquaintance,
and impressed with a deep admiration of his qualities and

lom knightly
Blinite gener-
and winning
leiful attrac-
[is grace and

His stature
inely formed
iselled in the
tdered him a
lieve that he
i of his regi-
isation in all
tito the Royal
F Knighthood
'introduced a
ected several
ce," in that
Bw of offering
Curkey. Dr.
is remarkable

of Arts and
ed, says that
happened that
'8 were instru-
angers." On
w of Bavarian
I the ground,

rank, as Sir
itish cavalry,
md soon after,
Lendid bearing

acquaintance,
s qualities and

attainments, made him his aid-de-camp, chamberlain,
member of his council of State, and Lieutenant-general
of his armies, and afterwards raised him to the dignity of
a Count of the Holy Roman empire. It must commend
Sir Benjamin Thompson to the good feeling of every tnie
and high-minded man, that while covered with all these
honors at the Court of Munich, he did not forget or fail
to avow his attachment to, and pride in, his early humble
condition and home in New England. In selecting the
distinguishing element of his title as a nobleman, he
chose the name that had formerly been given, prior to its
change to Concord, to the village in New Hampshire,
where, when nineteen years of age, he had taught school
and been married — Rumford. He led the armies of
Bavaria with distinguished success in an important
campaign, and reformed the entire military organization
and civil administration of that country. The extraor-
dinary results he secured by the application of philosoph-
ical principles, in raising the condition of the whole
people, in reducing the burdens of government, and
particularly in solving the great problem of statesmanship
— abolishing pauperism by bringing it into remedial rela-
tions with labor — made his name renowned throughout
Europe. Monarchs sought his services, and learned
societies and scientific academies in all the great cities
conferred upon him their honors. He was commissioned
ambassador to Great Britain, but was prevented from
acting in that capacity. The old feudal doctrine of
perpetual allegiance, not much longer to. be tolerated
among nations professing to recognize the rights of man,
was found — he having been born a British subject — to
obstruct his reception, in the official capacity of Bavarian
Envoy, by the Court at London. But so warm was the

^sSJ*(

welcome extended to him imofficially, by the government
and all classes of the people, especially men of science
and learning, that he was induced to remain some years
in England, during which time he secured the establish-
ment of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, whose
charter expresses the great object and end of his labors,
through his entire career, from his boyish experiments in
Woburn and Salem, to his last productions.

The absohite identity of his language with that em-
ployed to express one of the designs of the Essex Insti-
tute, and the main object of the Peabody Academy, will
not fail to be noticed, "for diffusing the knowledge, and
facilitating the general introduction of useful mechanical
inventions and improvements ; and for teaching by philo-
sophical lectures and experiments the application of science
to the common purposes of life." His last years were
spent at a beautiful seat owned by him within a few miles

of Paris.

Count Rumford enlarged, in many important particu-
lars, the scientific knowledge of his day, and published a
great number of valuable works. He died, August 21st,
1814, in the sixty-second year of his age, and his Eulogy,
before the Institute of France, was pronounced by Cuvier.
Some years before his death he gave to the Royal Society
of Great Britain one thousand povnds, the interest on
which was to be distributed, from time to time, as
premiums to the authors of the most useful discoveries in
light and heat, and at the same time he transmitted the
sum of five thousand dollars, to the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences, the interest to be devoted, in like
manner, to the same ends. In grateful remembrance of
the institution which had opened its lecture-room to him
when a poor country boy, he bequeathed one thousand

J ffovernment
en of science
in some years
the establish-
iritain, whose
of his labors,
speriments in
I.

ivith that em-
e Essex Insti-
Icademy, will
lowledge, and
ful mechanical
hing by philo-
ition of science
st years were
in a few miles

)rtant particu-
id published a
, August 21st,
nd his Eulogy,
ced by Cuvier.
Royal Society
;he interest on
e to time, as
1 discoveries in
transmitted the
rican Academy
levoted, in like
emembrance of
e-room to him
I one thousand

dollars annually, with the final reversion of his whole
estate, to the University of Cambridge, in the State of
Massachusetts, as the foundation of a professorship, "to
teach, by regular courses of academical and public
lectures, accompanied with proper experiments, the utility
of the physical and mathematical sciences, for the
improvement of the useful arts, and for the extension of
the industry, prosperity, happiness and well being of
society." Here, again, I cannot but remark that it would
have been impossible to frame language into a more
perfect expression of the ends pursued by the Essex
Institute and Peabody Academy, and to which the life of
our late President was devoted.

It will be conceded, I think, that in respect to such a
mind as that of Count Rumford, the period of his resi-
dence here was most important. It was the age in which
the deepest and most durable impressions are made. His
faculties were then in their forming stage, and the direc-
tion in which they were afterwards to work decisively
detei-mined. It was, indeed, fortunate that his awakening
and kindling genius was placed under the influences that
here surrounded it. His subsequent course, surpassing
as it does, in many points of view, all that is found in
history or fiction, may be largely ascribed to the intellec-
tual energies put in operation by the men who established
the old Salem Social Library.

Richard Kirwan, LL. D., of Dublin, was one of the
most distinguished philosophers of his period, and is
ranked among eminent writers in chemistry, mineralogy,
geology, and kindred sciences. In 1781, a vessel, having
on board a valuable library belonging to him, was cap-
tured by an American private armed ship, and brought
into Beverly, to be disposed of as a prize. The collection

of books was there sold, as a whole, to an assocuition
of .rentlemeu of this town and neighborhood aniong
whom wore the Rev. Manasseh Cutler, LL. D., A. A. fe.,
S. P. A., then the minister of the congregation at Ham-
ilton, afterwards a Representative from tins State m
Congress, and founder of the State of Oluo, who m the
course of his distinguished life adorned eaeh o te three
learned professions; the Rev. Joseph Willard LL.D.,
S V. A.; of Beverly, afterwards President of Plarvard
College, and first President of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences; the Rev. Thomas B.u-nard, P. D..
A. A. S., of the North Church in Salem ; Joshua iisher,
M.D., i.A.S., of Beverly, the first P-sident of the
Massa husetts Medical Society ; the Rev. John Piujce, of
the First Church, in Salem; and EdSvard A. Holyoke
M D., of Salem. They made it the foundation of the
Philosophical Library. Justice to the '"e'"^ <^* J*'^
Tnl ghtened merchants, who owned the vessel, Andrew
and John Cabot brothers, requires it to be recorded as
a part of the transaction, that they relinquished the.r
shLe of prize money for the books, and made such
Irmn^ements with the other parties in interest, that the
wiok library came to the association of scholars just
Imed, at a mere nominal price; and the satisfaction
wTh which the afl-air will ever be regarded, is rendered
rolret by the additional fact, that remuneration was
slequently tendered to Dr. Kirwan, but he declined to
acccp? it, expres-"g gratification that the books had fallen
into such hands, and were put to so good a use

The Social Library and the Philosophical Library were
after some time, consolidated into the "Salem Athen.um,
and incorporated, as such, in March, 1810.

The "Essex Historical Society," was mcorporated m

an association
jvliood, aijiong
J. D., A. A. S.,
ffation at Ham-

this State in
iliio, who in tho
ich of tlie tlireo
illaid, LL.D.,
3nt of Harvard
can Academy of
Jarnard, D. D.,

Joslnia Fislicr,
'resident of the

John Prince, of
rd A. Holyoke,
)undation of the

memory of the

vessel, Andrew

be recorded, as
jlinqnished their

and made such
interest, that the

of scholars just

the satisfaction,
rded, is rendered
■emuneration was
ut he declined to
e books had fallen
d a use.

ical Library were,
lalem Athenaium,"

no.

IS incorporated in

1821, and put in operation on tiio 27th of Juno of that
year.

Such is the history of movements, in an organized form,
to give ett'ect to ctlbrts to prontote the intlucni^o of liter-
ature, science, piulosopliy and history, in this place from
17()0 to 1821. It is quite remarkable, that in each stage ot
the progress a leading part was taken by one man — Dr.
Holyoke ; he signed the call for the meeting at the house
of Mrs. Pratt, and was an original subscriber to the funds
then raised to estiiblish the Social Library ; he was one of
the purchasers of Dr. Kirwan's books, thus cooperating
in founding tho Philosophical Librai'y ; he was the tirst
President of the Salem Athenteum, and also the first
President of the Essex 1 listorical Society. Tho eft'ects
of such institutions, and methods of combined action of
such men, upon the character of the population in general,
may be estimated, in some degree, by considering them in
view of the ordinary laws of social influence ; but they
can only be adequately and fully appreciated by illustra-
tions in detail.

In the earlier portion of this century, when our popu-
hition was scarcely half of what it now is, and we had
barely reached the required constitutional dimensions, but
not yet aspired to the dignity, of a city, there were on
the list of our inhabitants the names of an extraordinary
number of persons, eminent and conspicuous for attain-
ments in science and literature. It is proper to bring
them severally before our minds, as we shall thus best
appreciate the influences under which the subject of this
memoir grew up to manhood.

Edward Augustus Holyoke, LL.D., was President of
the Massachusetts Medical Society, and of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences. He added to the learning

•l«S)!ft(ft>!=-

^mtS--;si^^h^- ■■~X.;S!?SiSiS^!?SSI^SSI^SP^5j3S'^SrS?S

and skill that made him, for half a century, The Teacher
of his profession, acquisitions of knowledge in various
other fields, particularly of Natural Science. lie kept
up with his times in the several departments of intellec-
tual progress, retaining the effects of an early classical
training, and enjoying to the last a relish for the produc-
tions of elegant literature. A professional practice ot
unrivalled diiration, accompanied by careful observation
and an admirable judgment, made him the great oracle
among physicians, large numbers of whom, from all
quarters, gathered round him, as the guide of their early
studies. Among his pupils were some of the most dis-
tinguished medical names of the country ; one of them
was the late James Jackson, long the revered head of
his profession, whose eulogist informs us that he took
"his old master, as he always loved to call him, as his
model."* Dr. Jackson had explored the whole ground ol
medical science and practice, at home and abroad, and no
man ever more universally enjoyed or deserved the confi-
dence and respect of the community, for discriminating
fairness, and sound judgment; and it is stated by the
highest authority that he expressed himself thils, con-
cerning Dr. Holyoke : "I can only say of his practice,
the longer I have lived, I have thought better and better
of it." The "Ethical Essay," a posthumous publication of
Dr. Holyoke, commenced in his eighty-sixth, but mostly
composed after he had passed his ninetieth year, is a
lasting monument of his christian wisdom, and shows that
he was entitled, preeminently, to the character of a
philosopher, as well as patriarch.

♦An Introductory Lecture dellvereil before the medical class of
Harvard University, "Nov. 6th, 1867, by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Park-
man Professor of Anatomy and Physiology.

Tho Tcnclu'i-
JO in vnrious
!0. lie kept
ts of iiitcllec-
!arly classical
• the produc-
il practice ot

I observation
great oracle

:>m, from all
of their early
ihe most dis-
one of them
ared head of
that ho took

II him, as his
ole ground ol
:)road, and no
ved the confi-
liscriminating
tated by the
If thus, con-

his practice,
er and better
publication of
h, but mostly
ith year, is a
nd shows that
laracter of a

nedical class of
II Holmes, Park-

Timothy Pickering, LL. I)., S. P. A., adorned tho
great 8|)here8 in which ho had moved in our pul)lic and
national military and civil service, Avith schoiurly tastes,
and a purity, exactness, vigor and impressiveness ot
style that jjlacod him among our host writers. James
Madison pronounced tho highest encomium upon his State
Papers, while at tho head of the department at Wash-
ington intrusted with the foreign relations of the country,
at a critical period of our diplomatic history.

Tho Rev. John Prince, LL. 1)., A. A. S., S. P. A., had
a world-wide reputation as a scientific mechanician and
discoverer, enlarging the domain of Pneumatics and
Astronomy with ingenious constructions, the work of his
own hands. His divei'sitied attainments in natural philoso-
phy, and general as well as professional literature, were
called into the service of learned institutions, and private
students throughout the country, and his judgment, skill
and taste employed to aid in the selection and importa-
tion of standard books, and the most approved philosoph-
ical apparatus. Colleges, academies, and libraries, in all
parts of the Union, have now in their lecture-rooms and
alcoves, the fruits of their correspondence with him ; and
machines contrived or improved by him, and constructed
in his own laboratory, are still regarded as invaluable,
in displaying the wonders of the creation, in the laws
and growths of nature, or the starry firmament on high.
His homo was at once a lecture-room and school of
philosophy, over open to contribute to the delight and
instruction of neighbors or strangers, in tho diversified
methods by which the lucernal microscope, magic lantern,
telescope, air-pump, electric jar, or other philosophical
machines are put to their uses by a skilful hand. It is
impossible to estimate the value or the extent of the

'^k*i>5Sft^^^*S*Tfc4s^^-*^^J■■^^:*-;*ft^'-3ifc='-■-

sorvino ho thus rondonul with ghul enthusiasm, aiul uii-
vvoariiid constancy, all his life Ion*,', to ever welcome
jynests. Many ii yonnjif mind was thus opened to discern
the value, and inspired to pursue the attainments, of
science and phiU)sophy. The iiterest so deeply taken in
such subjects, in his early youth, by him whoso character
wo have met to consider, was gratefully attributed, in a
large measure, to the happy hours he sjjont in Dr. Prince's
laboratory and library.

Benjamin Lynde Oliver, M. D., A. A. S., was also
a philosophical mechanician, illustrating his favorite
branches of science by machinery of his own construc-
tion, operating upon brass or glass. Ho was a scientific
musician, astronomer and optician ; had an ex<iuisito
classical and artistic taste, and was an elegant bellen-
leltres scholar and writer.

The Rev. William Bentley, D. D., S. P. A., was emi-
nent as a person of very various attainments in philosophy
and literature, of large acquaintanco with books beyond
the range of ordinary reading, extending his researches
to foreign libraries, particularly to oriental sources. He
was deeply interested in geographical studies, and always
zealously engaged in exploring local antiquities ; his
multifarious attainments in that line, are illustrated in his
"Description and History of Salem," occasional published
discourses, and especially in the colunms of the local
press to which he was a constant contributor. His rare
attainments, great benevolence of life, ardent patriotism,
originality and independence of character, mental activity,
and social spirit, made hiih altogether a most marked and
interesting personage, gave an impulse to the thoughts of
men, and left a stamp upon the general intelligence of
the community not soon to be effaced or forgotten.

iMin, and iiii-
vcr wolcoino
Btl to (liscorn
iiiiitneiitM, of
nply ttikiin in
1)80 clmructor
tributod, in a
I Dr. Prince's

S., was also
his fuvorito
wn constrnc-
as a scientific
an nx(]nisite
legaut belt&i-

A., was emi-
in philosophy
tooks beyond
lis researches
sources. He
8, and always
equities ; his
istrated in his
nal published
of the local
or. His rare
it patriotism,
ental activity,
it marked and
le thoughts of
ntelligence of
gotten.

John Dexter Troadwell, M. D., .v. A. S., was a man of
strong indiviiliiality and inipreH.sivenesH of clmracter, of
extensive learning outside of, as well as in, iiis profeHnion,
particularly in the h^xicography and interpretation of the
Greek and Hebrew Scriptures. His frank and forcil)lo
expri'ssions as ho moved about among the people in his
ext«Misivo practice, were suggestive and stimulating to
the mental ac^tivitios of the community.

Nathani(d Bowditeh, LL. D., S. P. A.,Ava8 President
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and n
Fellow of the Koyal Society of London. Similar bodies,
ill the great centres of science in foreign countries,
honored themselves by inscribing his great name on their
rolls. He was a writer of recognized authority in
astronomy and kindred departments. His translation of
the "Mecaniciue Celeste," with the commentary that accom-
panies and gives completeness to it, places his name
where none other stands, by the side of LaPlace. His
" Practical Navigator," cannot be displaced as a standard
work, and will forever guide the sailor over the trackless
deep. As a mathematician ho holds the front rank, and
will through all coming time. Dr. Bowditeh was not, as
one would suppose from the amount of hard mental work
he performed, a recluse, wholly absorbed by calculation
and the solution of profound problems requiring the
utmost concentration of mind ; ho was a social, cheerful,
lively man, mixing with the people, more active in prac-
tical every day affairs than most persons, with faculties
ever free and fresh, in all neighborly, friendly, and
domestic relations and circles. The influence of such a
character, upon the prevalent ideas of the community in
which he lived cannot be overrated.

To show how fully I am sustained in the reasoning

"'wsssaSmfeS^SSaSife

which these instances are cited to support, the following
passage from Dr. Bowditch's will is presented :

"Item. Ifc is well known, that, the valuable scientific
library of the celebrated Dr. Richard Kirwan Avas, during
the revolutionary war, captured in the British channel,
on its way to Ireland, by a Beverly privateer ; and that,
by the liberal and enlightened views of the owners of the
vessel, the library thus captured was sold at a very low
rate ; and in this manner was laid the foundation, upon
Avhich has since been successively established, the Philo-
sophical Library, so-called, and the present Salem Athe-
UiBum. Thus, in early life, I found near me a better
collection of philosophical and scientific works than could
be found in any other part of the United States nearer
than Philadelphia. And by the kindness of its propri-
etors I was permitted freely to take books from that
library, and to consult and study them at pleasure. This
inestimable advantage has made me deeply a debtor to
the Salem Athenteum : and I do therefore give to that
Institution the sum of one thousand dollars, the income
thereof to be forever applied to the promotion of its
objects, and the extension of its usefulness."

When we consider that he gave legacies, of the same
amount each, to the Salem Marine Society and the East
India Marine Society, both which institutions. had be-
friended him or his relations, and which, in their respec-
tive spheres, have done so much to raise the character and
improve the coudition of our maritime population, and
take into the account the means and circumstances of the
donor, they cannot but be regarded as noble benefactions,
and demonstrative of the depth of his gratitude.

If Richard Kirwan could have foreseen the testimony
that has just been read, he would have felt his loss more
than remunerated, and, in the magnanimous spirit with
which he refused pecuniary compensation, given thanks

)rt, the following
iented :

valuable scientific
rwan Avas, during

British channel,
rateer; and that,
the owners of the
Ad at a very low

foundation, upon
lished, the Philo-
3ent Salem Athe-
near me a better
works than could
ited States nearer
ess of its propri-

books from that
it pleasure. This
eeply a debtor to
(fore give to that
ollars, the income
promotion of its
less."

acies, of the same
ciety and the East
stitutions.had be-
1, in their respec-
e the character and
e population, and
'cumstances of the
loble benefactions,
gratitude,
seen the testimony
felt his loss more
limous spirit with
tion, given thanks

that his books did not reach their destiuation, but were
diverted to this place. If the institutions, whose influence
I am sketching, had done no more than open the path
through which the mind of Bowditch advanced to its
achievements, they would have amply repaid the public-
spirited efforts of their founders. But they raised up and
stimulated the intellects of many others, as I proceed to
show by continuing the list of those who, at the same
time, adorned and illuminated this community.

John Pickering, LL. D., S. P. A., was President of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. As a
Greek scholar, and lexicographer ho had no superior,
and his attainments were great in universal Philology,
embracing the languages of continental Europe, and
extending to Oriental nations. He had made wide re-
searches also in the aboriginal tongues of America.
Foreign scholars recognized his name, and welcomed his
labors. He was an honorary member of the Academy of
Science and Literature of Palermo, and a corresponding
member of the Archaeological Society of Athens. He
was conversant with general literature, a master of the
culture derived from all the fields of classic lore, and, at
the same time, a learned and active lawyer. Residence
in earlier life in diplomatic circles, at European courts,
had added to the natural dignity of his presence, and
given a polished refinement to the courtesy and gentleness
of his manners. An unobtrusive modesty and simplicity
of demeanor, an easy recognition of all pleasant and
playful phases of conversation, an affectionate geniality,
and a pervading kindness of expression towards all de-
scriptions of persons, made him as fine a specimen of
what constitutes the real gentleman as can anywhere be

found.

-:'M&*&m^mm^^ss^tm^mmmk

Daniel Appleton White, LL. D., A. A. S., was a man
of strong intellectual faculties, highly educated, and of
extensive attainments beyond the range of his profession.
No one among us has been a more earnest or efficient
patron of literary and scientific institutions, and traces
are here to be found, as monuments exist in a sister city
of our county, of his zeal and munificence in the cause
of popular education, and the diffusion of the means of
knowledge. Scholars, philosophers, and distinguished
persons of all sorts, visiting our city, were welcomed to
his generous hospitality, while many an humble, but
aspiring, student felt the cheering and sustaining influ-
ence of his liberal sympathy and substantial aid.

Joseph Story, LL. D., A. A. S., S. P. A., trained the
classes in the Law School of our University in all the
learning of his profession, and from the Supreme Bench
of the Union announced, with acknowledged authority,
the interpretation of the Constitution, and the force and
limitation of the Statutes of Nation and State. His
published works exhaust the topics of judicial lore, and
are standard text books in courts at home and abroad.
Besides all this he was a public orator, and shone in
general literary accomplishments. His eloquence and
energy were always at hand to advance the intellectual
condition of the people.

Either of these ten men, all living here together,
would have been recognized as an intellectual leader and
head, in any of our great cities. Combined they were a
constellation rarely equalled, anywhere, in any age.
They were none of them mere bookish men, standing
aloof from the community, but severally among the
people, and of the people ; to be seen daily, as much as
any class of persons, in the streets, social circles, and

i.n.WBBUIWTg.-pi

, was a man

iated, and of

is profession.

t or efficient

3, and traces

a sister city

in the cause

the means of

distinguished

welcomed to

humble, but

taining inilu-

aid.

., trained the
ity in all the
ipreme Bench
ed authority,
the force and
. State. His
cial lore, and
! and abroad,
and shone in
loqueuce and
le intellectual

lere together,
al leader and
i they were a
in any age.
nen, standing
y among the
ly, as much as
1 circles, and

places of public resort. They took as active and efficient
a part in local affairs as others. They were always in
lively contact with their fellow citizens, without reserve,
hauteur, or pretension. It is obvious that their influence
upon the condition and current of popular thought could
not but have been most potent and far I'eaching.

There were many others, younger men, of marked
eminence, adding to the mental stimulus of the place.

Leverett Saltonstall, LL. D., A. A. S., did not forget,
while in extensive professional practice, to keep a deep
interest in the general culture and higher welfare of the
community. Education, fine faculties, fluent speech, a
generous and magnanimous nature made him a persuasive
and impressive speaker at the bar, and in popular assem-
blies. Literary tastes, the warmth of his heart, sympathy
with all amiable human affections, a manly ease and free-
dom of address gave him a just influence in private
circles, and all associated forms of action. He was an
enthusiast in whatever relates to colonial or local history,
and the memorv of the Fathers. One of the founders
of the Essex Historical Society, and always an active
member, he was selected to deliver the Addi'ess, on the
197th anniversary of the landing of Endicott. The occa-
sion was observed, Sept. 6th, 1825, with much public
interest, in the meeting-house of the First Church. A
large audience appreciated the ability and eloquence
of the discourse, which gave an early and efficient im-
pulse to the commemorative spirit now happily pervading
the land.

Benjamin Merrill, LL. D., was a learned lawyer and
scholar, the influence of whose pleasant humor, polished
and pregnant wit, and acuteness and force of thought
enlivened conversation and gave eflect to the productions

of his pen in racy articles, long continuing to add attrac-
tiveness to the local press, particularly to the Salem
Gazette.

David Cummings, a man of strong powers, and promi-
nent at the bar, is well remembered for his ardent natural
eloquence at public meetings and in addresses to juries.
His pure and noble spirit, and transparent character,
secured the respect and confidence of all, while his
genial ingenuousness, freshness of thought and expres-
sion, acuteness of perception, keen but playful and
beniffnant satire, and an enthusiasm all his own, de-
lighted every circle in which he moved.

Joseph E. Sprague, was early drawn from legal prac-
tice into political life, in which few ever bore a more
active or efficient part. His facile, rapid, and felicitous
pen was always ready to meet the demands of the hour,
not merely for party purposes, but to give expression to
worthy sentiments on the topics and occurrences that
arrested notice from time to time. Like his classmate
Men-ill, he fully discharged his obligations to the public
by using the columns of the Eegister to promote the
intelligence, and guide the thoughts of the people. Sal-
tonstall and Merrill, on one side, and Cummini^s and
Sprague, on the other, were leading actors. in political
operations, at a time when party passions were exasper-
ated beyond the experience of our day, but so liberal
and enlightened were their spirits that the bonds of per-
sonal friendship were never severed between them, and
they acted cordially together in giving their sympathy
and influence to the general welfare and progress of
society.

John Glen King, a learned lawyer, had rare classical
attainments, and was widely known as one of the choicest

-felWM.ttf'iHt'MaillUJW

0 add attrac-
0 the Salem

i, and promi-
rdent natural
jses to juries.
Qt character,
1, while his
; and expi-es-
playful and
his own, de-

m legal prac-
bore a more
and felicitous
i of the hour,
expression to
urrences that
his classmate
to the public
promote the
people. Sal-
umminj^s and
•s-in political
ivere exasper-
)ut so liberal
bonds of per-
jen them,* and
leir sympathy
i progress of

rare classical
of the choicest

scholars of his period. He studied the writings of the
early fathers of the Christian Church to an extent which
but few clergymen have equalled.

Keuben Dimond Mussey, M. D,, LL. D., A. A. S.,
was a leading practitioner here, and established a national
reputation that ultimately drew him to the West, where
he was welcomed as one of the heads of his profession.
While in Salem, in 1812 and 1813, he gave courses of
lectures on chemistry, imparting such an interest, in this
community, to that subject that the thoughts of enter-
prising business men were particularly turned to it ; and
as is generally supposed, the Laboratory, incorporated in
1819, which has been in successful operation ever since,
manufacturing, on a large scale, aquafortis, muriatic acid,
oil of vitriol, blue vitriol and alum, was the result. For
many years he had in charge the medical department of
Dartmouth College, lecturing on the Theory and Practice
of Medicine, Materia Medica, Surgery, and Medical
Jurisprudence.

Daniel Oliver M. D., LL. D., A. A. S., was associated
with Dr. Mussey in practice, and cooperated in con-
ducting the lectures on chemistry. In 1820, he was
elected Professor in the Medical School of Dartmouth
College, and also filled the chair of Intellectual and Moral
Philosophy there, continuing in the discharge of his
duties with high reputation until 1837. Subsequently he
was called to a professorship in the college of Ohio.
After a brief, but distinguished service in that new and
wider field, he was compelled to relinquish his labors by
a disease which proved fatal in 1842. He was a learned,
able, and accomplished scholar, outside of his profession,
of rare attainments in classical, French and German
literature. His tastes, manners, and character were

"J|llMJ«tfCT»)lll-UI»U»MIMi "W— ^T-HMj^Jife^,;

eminently refined, delicate and retiring ; but there was,
notwithstanding, a universal recognition of his merits.
His work entitled "First Lines of Physiology," is a
standard authority. The leading collegiate institutions
of his own country conferred upon him their diplomas,
and he was an honorary member of the Academy of
Science and Literature at Palermo.

Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, A. A. S., after
completing his professional preparation in the office of
Judge Story, entered upon the practice of law here, and
was early brought into particular notice by addresses on
public occasions, and articles in leading journals and
magazines. His attention was given to Agriculture as a
science and art, especially to Horticulture. No one did
more to inspire a taste and interest in such subjects, and
in recognition of this fact, the municipal authorities, in
laying out a street bordered by proprietors engaged in
rearing nurseries of trees and flowers, called it by hj^
name. General Dearborn was the first President of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society . The traces of his
hand are to be seen at Mount Auburn, and the Forest
Hills Cemetery in Roxbury, the place of his residence
during much of the latter portion of his life. He was
long in the public service in local, state, and national
offices. He was the author of valuable works relating to
commerce and internal improvements, as well as Agri-
culture ; and in the department of biography, naval and
military. He wrote, not so much from ambition in
authorship, as from the love of literary occupation, and
for the gratification of his sense of the beautiful in art,
leaving behind him elaborate, exquisitely finished and
embellished manuscript volumes, designed as memorials
for his friends and family, on Architecture and Flowers ;

' -■■■taMTWSH'.g.'/'i.JWWlfHWMMM

■■■ "T^T^-Ts^-'^-.^-yj''

it there was,
his merits,
ology," is a
) institutions
sir diplomas,
Academy of

.. A. S., after
the office of
[aw here, and
addresses on
journals and
riculture as a

No one did
subjects, and
luthorities, in
s engaged in
led it by hj^
isident of the

traces of his
id the Forest
his residence
life. He was

and national
ks relating to
well as Agri-
liy, naval and

ambition in
icupation, and
iautiful in art,

finished and

as memorials

and Flowers;

and also a Life of Christ, in which all the passages of
scripture relating to it, are collected and harmonized into
a continuous narrative.

Joseph Emerson Worcester, LL. D., A. A. S., passed
some years here as a teacher, engaged, at the same time
in preparing his Geographical Dictionary or Universal
Gazetteer. Publications of this class secured him the
honor of election as a corresponding member of the
Boyal Geographical Society of London. In the Athe-
naeum and private libraries, and the society of our culti-
vated men and accurate scholars, he was preparing his
mind for the great work of his life — that monument of
patience, perseverence, judgment, taste and learning —
The Dictionary of the English Language.

Thomas Cole, A. A. 8., was a thoroughly trained
scholar and teacher, conversant with the various depart-
ments of science and philosophy, particularly astronomy
and meteorology, and occupying the first rank of micro-
scopists, pursuing researches to the minutest recesses of
the fields of natural science.

William Gibbs, shrinking from observation with the
most sensitive modesty and humility, could not es-
cape being recognized as an antiquarian explorer, as
exact, thorough and successful as any we have ever had
among us.

Malthus Augustus Ward, M. D., also a person of un-
obtrusive deportment, in addition to the learning of his
profession, pursued the science of natural history with a
quiet enthusiasm that conducted him to wide attainments
in that department, especially in botany. He removed to
Athens, in Georgia, and during the residue of his life
was connected with the University there, as Professor in
his favorite branch. In that service he exerted an ex-

sanemeumKHsmKurr

■1 ■ "tSSasK

, '■-'.i~j;::smm:!^^Ski-^i&iimsi^:s^^MZi>mm-^Mmm:':

tensive influence in behalf of science and learning, con-
ferring lasting benefit upon the young men then passing
through the academic course. Among his pupils was
Alexander H. Stephens, who has expressed to me in the
strongest terms the value he and all others attached to
Dr. Ward's instructions, gratefully ascribing to him the
credit of directing the studies, guiding the tastes, and
stimulating the minds of those frequenting his lecture-
rooms and participating in explorations and observations
of the surrounding region, over which he was wont to
lead them, disclosing the beauties and wonders of nature.
Near the close of the period, to which I am referring,
in 1820 and 1821, the corps of our enlightened citizens
and highly educated men was reinforced by the settlement
here of two distinguished clergymen, John Brazer, D. D.,
A. A. S., Professor of Latin in Harvard University, a
ripe classical scholar, of extensive attainments in general,
especially in critical, learning, and a writer of unsurpassed
clearness, accuracy, and purity of style; and James
Flint, D. D., whose mind was also stored with the treas-
ures of classical, as well as sacred literature. Familiar
with the best productions in prose and verse of English
authors, bearing in his memory all their finest passages,
a rich imagination, and free and fervid expression, gave
to his private conversation and public discourses, and to
occasional poetic pieces that will never be forgotten, the
power of eloquence and the stamp of genius.

All these were either early trained in academic disci-
pline, or mainly devoted to studious pursuits. But there
were others, self-educated, and engaged in ordinary occu-
pations of active life, foreign from literature or science,
who, like the subject of this memoir, found time, not-
withstanding, to gratify a love of knowledge by pros-

larning, con-
then passing
pupils was
to me in the
attached to
: to him the
tastes, and
his lecture-
observations
(vas wont to
PS of nature,
im referring,
med citizens
le settlement
razer, D. D.,
Jniversity, a
ts in general,
unsurpassed
and James
th the treas-
•e. Familiar
le of English
est passages,
ressiou, gave
arses, and to
brgotten, the

idomic disci-
i. But there
rdinary occu-
•e or science,
id time, not-
Ige by pros-

ecuting, as a recreation and for thoir private enjoyment,
researches in intellectiiiil and philosophical spheres, and
whoso habits and attainments were Avell known, and
operated as an incentive to others.

Jonathan Webb, an apothecary, attentive to his busi-
ness and an active and efficient citizen, was an electrician
without a superior, retreating, in his leisure hours, to
apartments provided for the purpose within his own
premises, and filled with apparatus upon which he prac-
ticed and experimented, developing the wondrous prop-
erties of the element of nature, in whose study ho was
an enthusiast.

Thomas Spencer, an English emigrant, in the hum-
blest condition, a tallow chandler by trade, and for some
time without any means but what were supplied by indus-
trious toil, as a day laborer, after a while became known
as a philosophic lover of nature, and a refined and beau-
tiful writer. His lectures, on the forest trees of this
neighborhood and on the phenomena of light and the
laws of vision, were performances of exquisite finish.
Although his condition was originally lowly and obscure,
having been bom with a pure and gifted genius, and,
through all disadvantages, cultivated his mind from child-
hood, lie here soon found friends, and a public that ap-
preciated him. He is still living, his venerable ago
illuminated by mental and moral accomplishments, an
opulent and extensive landholder in one of the richest
agricultural counties of England. His history is, indeed,
invested with a truly romantic interest. Messages of
love, received from time to time, show that he remem-
bers, with affectionate and grateful feelings, the friend-
ship and sympathy he here enjoyed.

There was a young man, employed as a clerk in the
5

SI iilSJvHJ^ttX-- <

counting-rooms of one of our grent mei'chants, afterwavtls
cnn-ying on, for a while, u retail store, whoso exuberant
spirits Piado him the life of all companies, in scenes of
innocent social gnyety, but who early caught the inspira-
tion of the place, and seized every available moment to
enrich his mind by the study of the befct English works.
Upon reaching an adult age he, at once, made himself
felt as a devoted supporter of all movements in favor of
the difi'usion of knowledge ; and to his inspiring activity
and contagious enthusiasm, the Essex Historical Society
largely owes its origin. After an aI)8enco of forty years,
during which he was deeply engaged in business, con-
nected with the transaction of extensive commercial
affairs, in New York, Europe, and California, he returned
with unabated zeal to give, in the last year of his life, an
impulse to the Essex Institute it will feel forever. Al-
though always immersed in occupations aside from litera-
ture that would have wholly absorbed, if not exhausted,
other men, George Atkinson Ward continued thti prepara-
tion, he hero began, to take his place permanently among
men of letters. From time to time the productions of
his pen gave vivacity to the columns of periodicals ; and
he lived to complete the fourth edition of his "Journal
and Letters of Samuel Curwen." The wiitings of Judge
Curwen were the products and the evidence of the taste
and culture that prevailed here duriug the last century,
and the volume in which Mr. Ward presented them to
the public, with the value added by his editorial labors,
is secure, I am confident, of holding its place, in all
coming time, as a standard work, containing much that
illustrates the opening of the revolutionary struggle, and
ffivins: the best view that ever has been presented, or can
ever be obtained, of the interior social condition of the
mother country at that period.

, afterwanla
) exuborant

n 8C'0IK'8 of

tlio iiispiru-

inoment to
flish works,
lado himself

in favor of
•ing activity
ical Society

forty years,
isiness, con-

comniereial

he returned
f his life, an
ji'ever. Al-

froni litera-
it exhausted,

tiui prepara-
ently among
•oductions of
odicals ; and
liis "Journal
igs of Judge
! of the taste
last century,
ited them to
;orial labors,
place, in all
g much that
struggle, and
ented, or can
idition of the

Behind the counter of a retail store, on Essex street,
at the period now un<ler review, was to \w found a per-
son i)ursuing the daily routine of a most unpretentious
life, apparently thinking of nothing else than the accom-
modation of customers, in the exhibition of his stock,
and measuring out, by the yard, linen, cotton, ribbons
and tape. Ho was, apparently, beyond middle life,»of a
mild and courteous demeanor, quiet, and of few words.
TIku'c was, it is true, in his mein and manners, a com-
bined gentleness and dignity, that marked him as differ-
ing from the common run of men, but nothing to indi-
cate the tenor of his peculiar mental occupations. The
leisure hoiu's of that man were employed in patient,
minute, comprehensive and far reaching researches in
books, quarterly journals, magazines, and political docu-
ments, guided by a cultivated taste, keen discrimination,
familiarity with the best models of style and thought,
and intimate acquaintance with the biographical details of
all the prominent public characters of England, and their
personal, family, and party relations to each other, that
enabled him to grapple with a subject, that was engross-
ing and defying the ingenuity of them all, and thereby
to place himself as a peer among the literati of his day.
The most critical and distinguished minds, on both sides
of the Atlantic, at that time and for a great length of
years, were engaged in elaborate and indefatigable efforts
to solve a problem, which more and longer, perhaps,
than any similar inquisition, has arrested the curiosity
and scrutiny of mankind.

A series of letters, from January, 1769, to January,
1772, appeared in a London paper, the "Public Adver-
tiser," over the signature of "Junius," discussing the
conduct of the ministers of government, measures of ad-

""(WrfM***

niiiuMtriition, ami tlio t-hnriu'torH of living HtntcHiiu'ii, in a
Btyin of (!U'ji;antc, Hcvority, force and t'll'cctivcness, never
BinpaHsed, if ever equalled. They were felt and ae-
knowledged then, as they are now, to ho masterpieces, in
grace of diction and power of thought. In the most
wonderful manner their authorHhip was kept concealed
against a pressure that exhausted every form of vigilance
and espionage that could ho brought to hear. As, week
after week, they shook the mind of England and the age
to its centre, and flashed before all eyes, as from a gal-
vanic battery, living pictures of the great men of that
period, of course they became the subject of universal
and most exciting interest, growing deeper and stronger
from day to day. Who is the author of these letters?
was the question on all lips. To give an idea of the
kind of sensation created by them, I present a few speci-
mens of the manner in which their "great unknown"
author is spoken of. The Avriter of the article on the
subject in the "Encyclopujdia Americana," thus charac-
terizes him. "His style is severe, concise, epigrammatic
and polished ; his reasoning powerful ; his invective un-
sparing and terrible." Again: "lie was evidently ac-
quainted, not only with the court, but Avith the city;
with the history, private intrigues, and secret characters
of the great ; with the management of the public oflSces ;
with the proceedings of Parliament ( not then, as since,
public); and also with the official underlings, through
whom he sometimes condescends to laeh their superiors.
With this extensive information, he united a boldness,
vehemence, and rancor, which, while ho spared no one,
stopped at nothing, and rendered him an object of terror
to those whom he attacked. To use his own language,
'he gathers like a tempest, and all the fury of the elo-

oHiiu'ii, ill a
'iif'88, never
bit and au-
torpieces, in
[n the must
)t concealed
of vigilance
. As, week
and the age
from ft gal-
men of that
of universal
md stronger
1C80 letters?
idea of the
a few speci-
t unknown"
■tide on the
thus charac-
pigi'aiumatic
nvective un-
vidently ac-
th the city;
et characters
ublic offices ;
en, as since,
ngs, through
ir superiors.
. a boldness,
ired no one,
ject of terror
vn language,
•y of the ele-

ments hursts upon tli« m at once.'" At Hrst the gonornl
su8pi(;i(in was fixed U{uin Hurke, who alone was thought
capal)le of such wonderful compoMitions, hut ho publicly
denied being their author, and in a speech in the House
of Commons, expressed his opinion of him, "in rancor
and venom, the North Uriton is as much inferior to him,
as in strength, wit, and judgment. King, Lords, and
Commons are but the sport of his fury."

Besides Burke, conjecture fell at different times, upon
a gi'cat variety of persons, among them the Grenvilles,
Wilkes, Dunning, Charles Lloyd, John Ilorne Tooko,
Charles Leo, Sir Philip Francis, Hugh Macauley Boyd,
Gibbon, Grattan, Sir William Jones, Horace Walpole,
Lords Sackville, Camden, Chatham and Chestertield.

Among the great minds engaged in discussing this
question, and seeking to solve the problem, were Burke,
Lord Eldon, the celebrated Dr. Samuel Parr, Sir William
Draper, Butler the learned English lawyer, and a host of
others. Any number of books were published in Eng-
land and in America on the subject, and all the literary
and political journals lent their column?, to elaborate arti-
cles pressing theories, based upon prying research and
industrious investigations. But all attempts to penetrate
the veil, and disperse the shadow the writer had thrown
over his name, failed ; but still the search continued with
unabated earnestness.

It is indeed marvellous that a Salem retail shop-keeper,
without any known aid, but from local libraries and the
society of persons here eminently conversant with the
materials that could shed light upon such a subject, was
enabled to enter into this crowd of great contestants for
the discovery of the world-engrossing secret, and bear off
the palm of victory in such a race. But this, in the

-tmmSSSxSr:^:

!ikiMi^it^dmmiiiimimiii>>&'sMi!JSfJ>jtS9Ss.':

, V

judgment of many most competent to give an opinion,
Isaac Newhall did. Tiie writer of the article in the En-
cyclopadia just quoted, sums up a review of t'le whole
"•round by citing the "ingenious" vohime, as lie pronoun-
ces it, published by Mr. Newhall, entitled "Letters on
Junius," in which the opinion is maintained that the
famous documents were from the pen of Lord Temple,
brother of George Grenvillc ; and upon critically exam-
ining the evidence presented by Mr. Newhall, decilares
his hypothesis "probable," saying in conclusion — "if it
is not the true one, it is certainly embarrassed with fewer
difficulties, than any which have come to our knowledge."
The influence of the examples I have enumerated,
heightening the preexisting tendency of the general in-
tellect and of the then counnercial character of the place,
which diflTused through the whole body of the people
knowledge derived from conversance with all nations in
all parts of the globe, reached the inmost recesses of
society, and was felt in every condition of life. The in-
spiration was caught by the young, and a bias towards
intellectual occupations, and a taste for the pleasures of
literature and science, early imparted to many minds.
In the opening decades of this century, the eye of a
prophet would have detected, in primary and preparatory
schools, and among the boys at play in our streets,
names now enrolled in the very foremost rank, in the
various fields of letters and science. In history — William
Hickling Prescott; the higher mathematics — Benjamin
Peirce; elegant literature in its most attractive depart-
ments— Nathaniel Hawthorne; botany and its kindred
branches — John Lewis Russell; magnetism, electricity
and chemistry — Charles Grafton Page; and podtry in
one of its purest forms — Jones Very.

■-aMtM!flUWiilii(a.iittetb»BWt tr •—

'ive an opinion,
tide in the Kn-
ew of t'le whole
!, as he pronoun-
led "Letters on
itained that the
>f Lord Temple,
critically exani-
fewhall, dec'laros
nclusion — "if it
assed with fewer
our knowledge."
ave enumerated,
f the general in-
jter of the place,
y of the people
th all nations in
most recesses of
of life. The iii-
i a bias towards
the pleasures of
to many minds.
•y, the eye of a
• and preparatory

in our streets,
lost rank, in the
listory — William
latics — Benjamin
attractive depart-

aud its kindred
etism, electricity
; and poetry in

'Ss^i^)i:.r>%i,i^xM>.samjt'iUwimam tbw"

The sketch now given, has been confined to Salem,
The theme is equally fruitful, if the field of view is
extended over the whole surface of this part of the com-
monwealth. I leave to others more competent to do it
justice, the grateful task of enumerating the strong
minds and characters, adorning the early annals of Ips-
wich in its original dimensions when the great court
town, Andover, Haverhill, the other towns on the Mer-
rimack, especially Newburyport in every stage of its
history, Lynn, Marblehead, and all over the county. It
can thus be shown that the elements of intellectual culture
were sown broadcast throughout the region, and that
■ such characters as have now been enumerated, and as we
are preparing particularly to consider, are the sponta-
neous product of our soil.

The "Essex County Natural History Society" was in-
corporated in 1836. A young man, a native of our city,
engaged in business here as a bookseller, Benjamin Hale
Ives, inspired with enthusiasm as a naturalist, awakened
especial attention to the subject by articles in the news-
papers from his pen, continued from time to time until
the movement was effectually started. His early death, in
1837, was a great loss to science, and to the community
in all its interests. The first President of the Society
was Andrew Nichols, M. D., of Danvers, now Peabody.
He was born in 1785 and died in 1853. Learned in his
profession, and honored for his worth in all respects, hcf
had tastes and faculties that found their gratification in
philosophic pursuits — a dear lover of nature — of an
imaginative and poetic temperament, — flowers and trees
and the fields and forests they adorn, were to him, as he
wandered among them, things not only of beauty, but of
life. No one ever explored them with more delight or

*WESSS^^c^lS>^":3S?5w*.iai!3s«<il ■;

studied them more thoroughly. In 1816, Dr. Nichols
gave a course of Botanical Lectures in Salem, and al-
ways delighted to communicate information, and awaken
interest in that department of knowledge. Zoology was
also one of his favorite subjects of observation and re-
search. He was naturally the chosen leader of those
engaged in these fascinating departments of science.

The "Essex County Historical Society" and the "Essex
County Natural History Society" were consolidated, un-
der the name of the "Essex Institute," in 1848. Judge
Daniel A. White was the first President.

The Essex Institute is the mature growth of the seed
planted here more than a century ago, on ground ready
to receive it, which came into full flower, in the cluster of
great minds adorning this community half a century
since, and whose ripened fruit will perennially and for-
ever, we trust, be gathered by all who reach forth their
hands to pluck it. Under the care and guidance of
devoted scholars and students, whose labors and lives
have been given to it, the Institute has become what it is.
Their services are appreciated and honored here and else-
where. While they, and he, so long their Secret: ry and
now their President, around whom they are encircled,
who toils for it by day and watches over it by night,
whose learning, science, resources and affections are all
merged in it, are here to listen, I must not name them.
The eulogist and historian, at a future— may it be a long
distant — day will have their memories in charge, and
then express the gratitude we now can only feel.

By the published volumes of its "Historical Collec-
tions" and "Proceedings," and the "American Naturalist" ;
its field meetings, and meetings for discussions, written
and oral, of matters of science, history and literature ;

Bj^eSi^^S'%fc^sr»r.^?^'s^'"

■:^7-iA^i-i;^&.^s^irT^'tM^imsm. '#"

Dr. Nichols
era, and al-
and awaken
Zoology was
tion and re-
ier of those
science,
i the "Essex
olidated, un-
848. Judge

li of the seed
[round ready
the cluster of
f a century
illy and for-
h forth their

guidance of
rs and lives
ne what it is.
ere and else-
lecretiry and
,re encircled,

it b} night,
jtions are all
t name them,
r it be a long

charge, and
'eel.

)rical Collec-
i Naturalist";
lions, written
id literature ;

its horticultural and other exhibitions ; ita already exten-
sive library of books, pamphlets and manuscripts, and its
invalual^le museum, the Institute has made an achieve-
ment, beginning to be universally recognized. In no
locality, in the country, has so much been accomplished
in exhuming and working the treasures of municipal,
civil, and personal history, and in bringing to light antiq-
uities and natural productions, as in this county. For
all this we are mainly indebted to the Essex Institute.
No writer can trace the origin and history of any of
our towns, or portray a passage of our annals, without
depending upon resources it has provided, while its explo-
rations are covering every department of natural objects
and phenomena.

I have endeavored to explain how the institution and
influence of an association, so efficient in its action,
and already attracting so wide a notice, can be accounted
for, as having been established and wrought to such vigor
in this comparatively small and suburban city. The per-
sonal memoir, I am now prepared to present, will exhibit,
in a particular instance, a striking result of the same
operative causes.

Lieutenant Francis Peabody emigrated to this country,
at about twenty-one years of age, from St. Albans, Hert-
fordshire, England, in 1635. He is stated to have first
settled in Ipswich, which then included, indefinitely, the
territory outside of the present limits of that town to and
beyond the Merrimack river. His name is found, as of
the grand jury, and on trial juries, from Hampton. As
that place was finally decided to be within the limits of
New Hampshire, and as he also desired to be "nearer
Boston," he sold his estate in Hampton in 1650, and
bought land in what is now Topsfield, on its southern
6

S;?335SES3^^S^T^^

— **s5a^;sssr"':«P5?'^.5^

line, near Governor Eudicott's Ipswich River fai-m, where
he spent the remainder of his days. By his wife Mary,
daughter of Reginald Foster, he had fourteen children,
and died in February, 1698, at the age of eighty-
four.

His fourth son, Isaac, was born in 1648. The home-
stead was assigned to him. He died in 1726.

His eldest son, Francis, was born, December 1st, 1694,
bore the military title of Cornet, and lived in Middle-
ton, where he died April 23d, 1769.

His eldest son Francis, born September 21st, 1715,
was Deacon of the church in Middleton, and died there,
December 7th, 1797.

His sixth son, Joseph, was born December 12th, 1757,
and died January 5th, 1844. He was one of the most
eminent merchants of his day, carrying on a conunerce
that encircled the globe, and making this port the point
of arrival and departure of his richly laden fleet. His
eldest son, Joseph Augustus, born in 1796, was gradu-
ated at Hai-vard College in 1816, but commerce was the
profession of his choice. His position -aade him familiar
with the business, and he had the qualities enabling him
to t<XM the place of his father. The prospects of this
town, as connected with foreign trade and its maritime
welfare, were considered by the people as identified with
him. His y)ure and amiable character was recognized
and appreciated by all ; and deep was the sense of a great
public misfortune, when he was taken away, in 1828.
The day of his funeral, as I well remember, Avas one
of general mourning. The second son of Joseph Pea-
body, Charles, born December 8th, 1797, was drowned
August 10th, 1805. The third named Francis, born
July 14th, 1799, died in infancy. The fourth, also

farai, where

i wife Mary,

len children,

of eighty-

The home-
).

er Ist, 1694,
i in Middle-

21st, 1715,
I died there,

r 12th, 1757,
of the most
a commerce
port the point
u fleet. His
, was gradii-
lerce was the
! him familiar
enabling him
ipects of this
its maritime
ientified with
18 recognized
use of a great
ray, in 1828.
iber, Avas one
Joseph Pea-
was drowned
Francis, born
fourth, also

43 '

named Francis, was born December 7th, 1801, and is the
subject of the present memoir ; ho was of the fifth de-
scent from the founder of the family in America, and
bore his name. His mother was Elizabeth, daughter of
the Rev. Elias Smith of Middleton.

At ten years of age he was placed in Dummer Acad-
emy, at Byfield, under the care of the Rev. Abiel Abbott,
D. I)., a graduate of Harvard College in the class of
1787, originally pastor of a church in Coventry, Con-
necticut, subsequently at Peterboro', N. H., and whose
last years were passed at West Cambridge, where he died
in 1859, at the age of ninety-four — one of the best of
scholars and of men, loved and revered by his pupils,
and honored by all in the varied scenes of his active ser-
vice. At about twelve years of age, young Peabody
was removed to Brighton, where he passed about four
years in a select private school, kept by Jacob Newman
Knapp, of the Harvard class of 1802 ; a man of eminent
reputation as a scholar and instructor, and especially
remembered, as such, by our elderly people. He opened
a school here more than sixty-five years ago, Jan. 1,
1803, which continued until 1811. Through his long
protracted life, there has been no failure of vigor or
activity, his physical and mental powers remaining wholly
unimpaired.*

Through his school days, and indeed from early child-
hood, Francis Peabody gave indications of the tendency
of mind that so strikingly marked his maturer years. He
was ever exercising his constructive faculties, making
miniature machines, trying experiments upon the ob-
jects and forces of nature within his reach, and occupy-

* Mr. Knapp died July 27th, 1868, at Walpole, N. H., aged ninety-
four years and eight months.

ing all the hours, when free from regular and appointed
tasks, in contrivances, manipulations, and drawings.

His regular academic education terminated with his
residence at Brighton, and he returned to his home in
Salem. The prevalent direction of his thoughts, as just
indicated, disinclined him to the general exercises of
collegiate establishments. Their purpose is to take the
mind before it has received a controlling bias to any
particular branch of knowledge, and lead it through the
whole circle ; make it try all, survey the entire field,
and then select for its life-pursuit what it thus finds in
most affinity with its own special tastes and faculties.
He had found, by tendencies that could not be oven'uled,
and convictions that could not be called into question,
even in his earliest boyhood, in what path his mind was
designed to travel, and he entered upon it, at once.
More than this, his extraordinary activity and mobility of
temperament, made the thought of the slow routine and
measured pace of collegiate life quite repulsive ; and it
was wisely concluded not to enforce upon him the com-
pletion of his education, by residence in the ordinary
way, and for the usual time, at the university. He was
allowed, and enabled, to gratify his predilection for
scientific and mechanical operations at home ; and entered
at once, in his own way, upon chemical processes, and the
ingenious use of machinery and methods of operation ;
which, however, before long, were interrupted by a vio-
lent sickness in the form of typhus fever, that, for some
time, threatened his life, and from which he slowly recov-
ered.

For the purpose of fully reestablishing his health, a
sea voyage was deemed expedient, and he made his first
trip across the Atlantic. Early in the summer of 1820,

d appointed
iwings.
;d with his
us home in
»hts, as just
exercises of
to take the
bias to any
through the
entire field,
hus finds in
nd faculties,
e oven'uled,
ito question,
is mind was
it, at once.
1 mobility of

routine and
sive ; and it
im the com-
tlie ordinary
ty. He was
iilection for

and entered
isses, and the
f operation ;
ed by a vio-
bat, for some
slowly recov-

bis health, a
lade his first
mer of 1820,

when eighteen years of age, he took passage in one of his
fatlier's ships, the Augustus, to Bussia. She was com-
manded by John Endicott Giddings of Beverly; Jona-
than Flint was first mate, Oliver Thayer, second mate,
and Samuel Endicott, Jr., supercargo. The crew, as
was then almost always the case, was com])osed of young
men belonging to the place and neighborhood. Of
course all care was taken to provide everything that
would be agreeable or beneficial to a young person not
yet entirely relieved of the character of an invalid.
Among other things a goat was placed on board for his
special comfort and nourishment. The vessel, as usual,
made the northern passage, touching at a solitary rocky
islet, about half-way between the Orkney and Shetland
groups. The nearest land is Samburg Ness, the southern
extremity of the Shetlands, from which point its lofty
crags are visible. From the island itself nothing is in
sight, all around, but the dreary desert ocean. For what
reason I know not, nor can imagine, the place is called
Fair Island, and, as such, is put done on the maps. It is
four miles in length, and two and a half in breadth ; and
has but one harbor. Its inhabitants are excluded from
all cognizance of the rest of the world, except when, as
in this case, a passing vessel comes to, in their port.
This small desolate spot, alone and a-far-ofi*, in so high a
latitude, in the midst of a comparatively unfrequented
sea, whose wild storms almost throw their spray over
the whole island from shore to shore, has, of course,
but a small population, necessarily destitute of many
of the comforts of life. "Whenever the rare oppor-
tunity occiu*s, they gather upon the deck of the transient
visitor, and seek to get what they can ; and as they
have nothing to give in exchange, have naturally be-

tmm

come inveterate beggars. The young passenger, com-
miserating their destitute condition, and moved by their
forlorn entreaties, parted with whatever he could possibly
spare of his stores and wardrobe ; and to one old man
who told a pitiful tale of the infirmities of his sick,
famishing, and aged wife, he relinquished his goat. This
circumstance, for which I am indebted to our esteemed
fellow citizen. Captain Oliver Thayer, is mentioned be-
cause it illustrates a trait of character, that may be fit-
tingly noticed in this connection, which Francis Peabody
exhibited through life. A more kind and obliging dispo-
sition never existed, as all, who have had occasion to be
its objects, gratefully remember.

When the vessel was lying at Cronstadt, Mr. Peabody,
accompanied by a son of the American Minister at
St. Petersburg, made an extensive tour into the interior
of Russia, visiting Moscow and other chief points of
interest.

Coming home, on her return trip, in the same vessel,
he devoted himself, with renewed health and zeal, to his
laboratory. The next winter he attended a course of
scientific lectures, at Boston, passing regularly over the
Turnpike, in all weathers. The next he spent, for the
same purpose, in Philadelphia, frequenting its scientific
rooms, especially that of Dr. Hare, with whom he formed
an acquaintance that soon assumed, and ever after re-
tained, the character of an intimate and mutual personal
attachment.

On the 7th of July, 1823, he was married to Martha
Endicott, of the seventh descent from the original Gov-
ernor of the Plantation. Her father, Samuel Endicott,
was born, as all his intermediate ancestors had been, on
the Orchard Farm.

jnger, corn-
ed by their
uld possibly
ine old man
)f his sick,
goat. This
ur esteemed
antioned be-
may be fit-
cis Peabody
liging dispo-
casiou to be

[r. Peabody,

Minister at

) the interior

sf points of

same vessel,
d zeal, to his
a course of
irly over the
Dent, for the
its scientific
tm he formed
ver after re-
tual personal

)d to Martha
)riginal Gov-
lel Endicott,
lod been, on

At every period of his life, while muinly occupied in
his favorite studies and pursuits, he was led by the extia-
ordinary activity of his nature, to participate with his
whole soul, in whatever was going on around him, in
social movements and local interests, that commended
themselves to his favorable judgment. About this time
his attention was given, with great enthusiasm, to mili-
tary matters, inheriting the true spirit of a New £ng-
lander, transmitted through his ancestors, who had borne
titles of honor in rural trainbands. He commanded a
battalion of Artillery, and was soon promoted to a
Lieutenant-Colonelcy, in that arm. In 1825, he was
transferred to the Infantry, as Colonel of the 1st Reg.,
Ist Brig., 2d Div., Massachusetts militia. It was proba-
bly much owing to his energy and zeal in the service,
that the famous muster, and sham fight, well remembered
by our older citizens, took place near Tapley's Brook, in
what was then Danvers, on the 6th of October, 1826, in
which five regiments of Infantry, one regiment and a
battalion of artillery, and a battalion of cavalry took
part. Ten light companies were included in the force
brought into array on the occasion. The broad plains on
both sides of the old road to Lynn, at that point, afforded
favorable ground for evolutions, manceuvrings, display,
skirmishes, and battle. It was the last great affair of the
kind, under the old militia system, when the whole male
population, with limited exceptions, within the military
age, was enrolled and mustered. There was an entire
regiment from Marblehead and another from Beverly.
Of the scene exhibited that day I can speak, for I bore
part in it, as chaplain of Colonel Peabody's regiment.
He had provided me with sword, belt, sash, and the
chapeau bras then worn by commissioned, especiah'y

r5SSBi2SSKiss»^rai3SSiiKvt'

■'.isamm

mim

iiiiMilllr-

field and staff, officers, and sent a horse to my door. In
company with Charles Gideon Putnam, Assistant Surgeon
of the Regiment, now President of the Massachusetts
Medical Society, I sought a position on a neighboring
height. As we wore non-combatants and our services
would not be needed until casualties occurred, we thought
it best to be out of the reach of stray ramrods. The
whole ground was spread out to our view, and under a
bright, but tempered sun, it was worth beholding. An
uncounted multitude darkened the distant acclivities and
the level area all around outside of the lines. The roar
of artillery, the incessant rattling of infantry fire, the
clouds of smoke, the dashing onsets of trampling cavalry,
and the final desperate charge by bayonet and sabre of
the contending forces simultaneously along the whole
line, made the mimic battle complete.

Having exhausted the activities of a military life, it
had no charm left for Francis Peabody, and he forthwith
gave himself back to his predominating tastes, and to the
inexhaustible satisfactions they afforded him. Yielding
again, and now once for all, to the spirit of the place, he
renewed his philosophical and inventive operations, and
engaged in branches of business, manufacturing and com-
mercial, to which they led him; remaining always on
hand, however, to bear his jmrt in movements for the
general welfare.

I shall sketch his progress somewhat in the order of
time, but not undertaking to enter into details; that
would require many extended scientific treatises, and
explanations and illustrations altogether beyond allowed
limits on this occasion.

In 1826 he was mainly occupied in experiments,
studies, and calculations connected with the establish-

y door. In
ant Surgeon
[assiichusetts
neighboring
our services
, we thought
arods. The
and under a
olding. An
iclivities and
. The roar
try fire, the
ling cavalry,
ind sabre of
; the whole

itary life, it
lie forthwith
9, and to the
1. Yielding
bhe place, he
orations, and
ng and com-
; always on
ents for the

the order of
letails ; that
eatises, and
ond allowed

jxperiments,
iie establish-

49 •

ment of a business ho long carried on, upon a large
scale, which has passed into the hands and is now con-
ducted by tlie "Forest River Lead Company."

Colonel Peabody was among the first to introduce the
system of miscellaneous courses of public lectures on
scientific and literary subjects, which has since been
developed into one of the most efficient agents in advanc-
ing the intelligence and general civilization of the people
of this country. On the 6th of November, 1827, the
Essex Lodge o. Freemasons in Salem voted to have a
series of literary and scientific lectures, which commenced
in January, 1828, and continued to May. Among the
lecturers were Thomas Cole, George Choate, Francis
Peabody, Jonathan Webb, Malthus A. Ward, and Ben-
jamin F. Browne.

About the same time the Salem Charitable Mechanic
Association appointed a committee to provide lectures
for the members and their families. On the 24th of
January, 1828, the introductory lecture was delivered by
Dr. George Choate, who was followed by Caleb Foote,
N. J. Lord, John Codman, J. T. Buckingham of Boston,
and others.

During the same season Colonel Peabody gave a free
course of public lectures in Franklin Hall, on the history
and uses of the Steam Engine ; and the next season he
gave a similar course, in cooperation with Jonathan
Webb, on Electricity, in Concert Hall. The display of
apparatus, in the course on Electricity, was extensive and
complete. The exhibition of machinery in connection
with the Steam Engine, provided at the cost of Colonel
Peabody, was finer and larger probably than any ever
presented in this country. People of all conditions were
attracted to the halls, and great interest awakened in
7

ft-#

■•^SBSSWisKa&ssimiKXi^.

such subjects. Young men, espociftlly those in mechani-
cal employments, appreciated the opportunity, and all
were instructed. Among them, it may bo mentioned,
was Increase Sumner Hill, who is now, and long has
been, one of the most distinguished mechanical engineers
in America, and recognized as such by the government in
the commission he has held for many years, as "United
States Inspector of Steam Engines and Boilers."

These numerous lectures awakened, in the whole com-
munity, a sense of the value of knowledge and of the
importance of its diffusion, which, the very next year
took form in the establishment of Lyceums— that is,
permanent institutions, for the diffusion of knowledge,
by miscellaneous lectures— here and elsewhere through
the country. A full history of the proceedings, that led
to this result, is a subject that deserves, and will undoubt-
edly receive, a distinct treatment. I can only touch a
few points, such as particularly belong to, or are sug-
gested by, my subject.

Near the close of the year 1829, a notice appeared m
the newspapers calling a general meeting to be held at
Topsfield, for the purpose of establishing a County Lyce-
um. What the precise object or plan of those concerned
in the call was, could not be gathered from ifs terms. It
was understood, however, that it was designed to provide
for lectures to be delivered in that, or some other central
place, upon which the people of the county were expected
to attend. But it was obvious that an institution of the
kind could hardly be made to operate efficiently over so
wide an area; and much discussion arose touching the
proper manner of bringing the process of lecturing to
bear upon the people. The consequence was that a large
concourse of gentlemen of influence attended the meet-

t-^

e in mechani-
inity, and all
)o mentioned,
and long has
tical engineers
government in
PS, as "United
lers."

lie whole com-
ge and of the
ery next year
ums — that is,
of knowledge,
where through
sdings, that led
d will undoubt-
1 only touch a
», or are sug-

ce appeared in
^ to be held at
a County Lyce-
those concerned
m if 9 terms. It
gned to provide
ae other central
y were expected
istitutiou of the
iciently over so
se touching the
of lecturing to
was that a large
mded the meet-

ing, which was held in the A« ademy Hall, at Topsfield,
on Wednesday, the 30th of December, 1829. I do not
rcinombor ever to have witnessed a more interesting and
enlightened assembly. Very animated, earnest and pro-
tracted debates took place, and it was finally decided by
a full, but close vote, that a County Lyceum, if formed
at all, ought to consist of delegates chosen in local
Lyceums to be previously established in the several
towns and villages. A committee was raised to prepare a
circular, u duty assigned to me, to be distributed widely
throughout the county, ft tting forth the advantages that
would arise from the organization of such institutions, at
all points where an adequate population existed ; and a
day was fixed for delegates, appointed as aforesaid, to
meet and form a County Lyceum. Among those acting
a prominent part, at the meeting in Topsfield, were
Bobert Rantoul, Sr. of Beverly, Rev. Gardner B. Perry
of Bradford, Rev. Leonard Withington of Newbury,
Rev. Henry C. "Wright of West Newbury, Dr. Jeremiah
Spofford of East Bradford, now Groveland, Isaac I'.
How of Haverhill, Rev. Charles C. Sewall of. Danveri,
and Ichabod Tucker, the Rev. James Flint, D. D., David,
Cummins, Elisha Mack, George Choate, George Wheat-
land, Francis Peabody, David Roberts, and Robert Ran-
toul, Jr., of Salem. A Lyceum had previously been
established in Beverly. The gentlemen who had at-
tended the meeting from other places, on returning to
their respective towns, immediately applied themselves
to carry out its resolves, and the result was the formation
of such institutions, in every large town, and populous
neighborhood in the county.

Such an entire change has come over the spirit of
society, since these institutions have been put into opera-

KHimamm^immi.'i

•'jm'MiimwMimmiiaMUMitvM.'imm'm

>i-

■88

tion, owing, I doubt not, very much to their influence,
that it is impossible for the present generation to estimate
or account for the excitement attending, or the resistance
made to their introduction. Great activity and energy
were required to bring the public mind to appreciate the
movement. In this place the end was accomplished by
the earnest enthusiasm of particular persons, among the
most zealous of whom was the subject of this memoir.
The comparatively early death of Robert Rantoul, Jr.,
authorizes me specially to refer to him with the gratitude
due to his services on this occasion. He gave to the
cause the whole force of those faculties which subse-
quently commanded eminent distinction, among the pub-
lic men of the commonwealth and country, not only as
a politician and legislator, but in the higher fields of phil-
anthrophy and education.

On Monday evening, January 4th, 1830, a meeting
was held at the house of Colonel Peabody, at which the
following persons, of this place, were present: Daniel

A. White, Ichabod Tucker, A. L. Peirson, Malthus A.
Ward, Elisha Mack, David Roberts, N. J. Lord, S. P.
Webb, R. Rantoul, Jr., Eben Shillaber, G. Wheatland,

B. Tucker, Warwick Palfray, John Walsh, Benjamin
Crowninshield, Stephen C. Phillips, Jonathan Webb, W.
P. Endicott and Caleb Foote. After full and free con-
sultation, it was voted, on motion of Dr. Peirson, " that it
is expedient to establish an institution in Salem, for the
purpose of mutual instruction and rational entertainment,
by means of lectures, debates," &c. On the 11th of
January, a public meeting was held in the Town Hall to
promote the same object ; and on the 18th, at a meeting
in Pickering Hall, the Lyceum was formed, uud a Presi-
dent, Vice President, Recording Secretary, Correspond-

) their influence,

ration to estimate

or the resistance

ivity and energy

to appreciate the

accomplished by

>rsons, among the

; of this memoir.

ert Rantoul, Jr.,

(rith the gratitude

He gave to the

ies which subse-

i, among the pub-

ntry, not only as

;her fields of phil-

1830, a meeting
lody, at which the

present : Daniel
rson, Malthus A.
!^. J. Lord, S. P.
r, G. Wheatland,
Walsh, Benjamin
aathan Webb, W.
full and free con-
. Peirson, " that it
L in Salem, for the
tial entertainment,

On the 11th of
the Town Hall to
18th, at a meeting
ned, und a Presi-
tary, Correspond-

ing Secretary, and Treasurer, were chosen. At an
adjourned meeting, at the same place, on the 20th, a
Board of Directors was elected. These meetinsrs were
numerously attended, great interest was manifested, and
the elections, by ballot, were accompanied by a lively con-
test between the supporters of different tickets.*

Great difficulty was experienced in procuring a suitable
place for the public meetings of the society, and the
delivery of the lectures. Attempts were first made to
obtain permission to use the Town Hall. Two or three
regularly warned, and quite fully attended town meetings,
were held on the subject, and much discussion had, but
the application failed. The first lecture, by the Presi-
dent, Judge White, a very able perfonnance, the publi-
cation of which was immediately c".lled for, was delivered
in the Methodist Church, in Sewall street. A gentleman
from Andover, Samuel Merrill, Esq., who came all the
way to hear it, expressed the universal sentiment of those
who listened to, or have read it, in a well turned and
indefinitely self-multiplying compliment, when he thanked
the Judge at its close, and said in the fulness of his
cordial admiration, that he could not tell which had ex-
ceeded, his expectations, or the realization.

The society at once became so large that it was neces-
sary to find some other place of meeting, and the sub-
sequent lectures of the course were delivered in the
Universalist chur^^h. During the next summer a site was

♦The officers elected, at the meetings of January 18th and 20th,
were as follows : — President, Daniel A. White; Vice President,
Stephen C. Phillips ; Recording Secretary, Stephen P. Webb ; Corres-
ponding Secretary, Charles W. Upham ; Treasurer, Francis Peabody.

Directors: — Leverett Saltonstall, George Choate, William Wil-
liams, Ruftis Babcock, Malthus A. Ward, Abel L. Peirson, Jonathan
Webb, Rufus Choate, Caleb Foote, John Moriarty.

iiiiiiik

purchased and the Lyceum Building erected. Judge
White advanced the requisite funds and Colonel Peabody
was chairman of the building committee. In many re-
spects the structure was an improvement upon any before,
or elsewhere, erected for such purposes, and maintains
its reputation and usefulness to this day. The limited
dimensions of the site made it too small to accommodate
the whole body of members, who had to be divided into
two classes ; and the lecture, each week, was repeated on
the succeeding evening. For several years no compensa-
tion was asked by the lecturers, and the proceeds of the
sale of tickets soon cleared the property. No imder-
taking of the kind, or of any kind of associated enter-
prise, in this place, has been more successful, and the
value of the services of the first President, Daniel A
White, first Vice President, Stephen C. Phillips, and
first Treasurer, Francis Peabody, cannot be overstated.
There had been a few similar institutions elsewhere
before. That in Beverly has been mentioned. Bernard
Whitman, whose memory is deir to all who knew him,
and must be cherished forever by the friends of truth and
progress, had, in 1826, established what he called a Rum-
ford Institute, in Waltham, and there were one or two
others, in portions of Worcester and Middlesex counties.
But it may safely be said that the proceedings at Tops-
field and here, originated the institution as a difiusive
energy over the country at large. The very next winter
there was a legislative public meeting in the hall of the
House of Representatives, in the State House, at which
the Governor, Levi Lincoln, presided, for the express
purpose of promoting the formation of Lyceums through-
out the State, in its several cities, towns and villages.
They have now been in operation, all over the country,

ted. Judge
nel Peabody
[n many re-
1 any before,
id maintains
The limited
iccommodate
divided into
I repeated on
10 compensa-
)ceeds of the
No imder-
ciated enter-
)ful, and the
it, Daniel A
Phillips, and
e overstated,
ns elsewhere
ed. Bernard

0 knew him,

1 of truth and
called a Rum-
B one or two
9sex counties,
lings at Tops-
as a diffusive
J next winter
he hall of the
use, at which
r the express
jums through-

and villages.
• the country.

■,&sm^mm»>fmmmm w^

V.:.,;.-,.. M

for well nigh forty years ; and it is for the philosophical
historian, to consider and estimate their bearings upon
the intellectual, social and moral condition of the whole
people. It cannot be questioned that they are a potent
engine to accelerate the civilization, and raise the level of
society.

The first two courses of lectures were as follows. No.
6 of the second course was delivered in the Lyceum
Hall, at its opening, and was especially prepared for the
occasion.

FmsT Course.
1880, by D. A. White.— The Advantages of Knowledge.

" JohnBrazer. — Authenticity of Ancient Manu-
scripts.

" Francis Peabody. — Steam Engine.

" A. L. Peirson. — Physiology.

- •' George Choate. — Geology.
■ Thomas Spencer. — Optics.

Charles G. Putnam. — Nervous System.
• - *• Thomas Cole. — Astronomy.

" [d lecture by E. Everett, on a Workingmen's

Party, was read by Stephen C. Phillips].

" Stephen C. Phillips.— Public Education, with

a sketch of the origin of public schools in
Salem.

" Henry Colman. — Human Mind.

" Joshua B. Flint, Boston. — Respiration.

» " " " -Circulation of Blood.

" " " " —Digestion.

Second Coubse.

1880, by RufUs Babcock.— Power of Mind.

" A. H. Everett, Boston.— Review of the con-
tinual progress of the iiiy>rovement of Man-
kind.

" AlonzoPotter, Boston.— Moral Philosophy.

" Malthus A. Ward. — Gardening.

1881, " Leonard Withington, Newbury.— Historical
ProbabUity.

Feb. 24,

March 3,

" 10,

" 17,

" 24,

" 31,

April 6,

" 13,

" 20,

10.

27,

11.

May

12.

((

11,

13.

18,

14.

26,

Dec.

16,

29,

Jan.

12,

y: .*::-. V -- 56

6. Jan. 20, 1831, by Stephen C. Phillips.— The Influence of the

country and the age on tlie condition of
Mankind.

'* Henry K. Oliver. — Pneumatics.

"A. L. Peirson. — Biography of Dr. Jenner,

and History of Vaccination.

" Henry K. Oliver. — Solar Eclipse of 1831.

•' George Choate. — Climate and Its influence

on organic life.

" Charles W. Upham. — Salem Witchcraft.

(I (I i» " "

" Jonathan Webb.— Electricity.

« « «« ««

<« A. H. Everett, Boston.- French Revolution.

11 II II " " "

" Thomas Spencer. — Optical Instruments.

" Malthus A. Ward.— Natural History.

II It II "

" Francis Peabody. — Heat.

" StephenP. Webb.— Russian History.

" Edward Everett, Charlestown. — Political

Prospects of Europe.

■ " Benjamin F. Browne. — Zoology.

■ " Ruftis Choate.— History of Poland.

7.
8,

9.
10.

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

23.
24.

" 25-26,
Feb. 1-2,

" 8-9,
" 15-16,

" 22-23,

Mch. 1-2,

" 8-9,

" 15-16,

'« 22-23,

" 29-30,

April 5-6,

" 12-13,

" 19-20,

" 26-27,

May 3-4,

" 10-11,

" 17-18,
" 24-26,

Before leaving this subject I desire to call attention to
the fact, that of the twenty-three gentlemen who took
part, as lecturers, in the first two courses, all but five
were our own townsmen. This was in accordance with
the original design of the institution, which" was to
develop materials existing among us, encourage home
talent, and, here especially, to keep in vigorous action
the transmitted love of knowledge. The rapid spread of
the system of public lectures, on a permanent footing,
very soon led to the formation of a new professional class
seeking employment at large. For some years past per-
sons of this description have almost exclusively been
called from abroad to lecture in our halls. I would not
discourage this ;;ractice by other associations, but respect-

,\-

luence of the
I condition of

r Dr. Jenner,

!e of 1831.
i its influence

'itchcraft.

:h Revolution.

truments.
istory.

istory.

m. — Political

>land.

attention to
n who took

all but five
)rtlance with
lich was to
urage home
orous action
\\d spread of
lent footing,
issional class
rs past per-
isively been
I would not

but respect-

fully suggest whether it would not be well for the Salem
Lyceum to return to the original plan. If the Directors
should seasonably seek out young men, belonging to our
own community, and induce them to select subjects, with
the whole inteiTening period between the courses for re-
search and preparation , I am confident that elements enough
could be found in our midst to provide lectures from year
to year, that would renew the original interest of the
whole people, and, for all reasons, prove widely attrac-
tive. Let the experiment be tried. It would, I am quite
sure, lead to results in which all would be gratified, carry
still higher, from year to year, the standard of general
intelligence, and perpetuate the scientific and literary
reputation and preeminence of our city.

About the year 1833, Colonel Pcabody built the Paper
Mills in Middleton. Afterwards he commenced, on a
large scale, the business of refining Sperm and Right
Whale Oil, and the manufacture of candles. He also
erected Linseed Oil Mills at Middleton. In initiating
these various branches of business he carried out the re-
sults of experiments made in his private laboratory. Much
of the machinery, and many of the methods of operation,
in all of them, were derived from scientific works in his
library, and from the application of his inventive and
contriving faculties, under philosophical principles, to the
minutest as well as the most complicated details.

Early in 1837, he took a leading part in the prelim-
inary consultations that led to the establishment of the
Harmony Grove Cemetery. He presided at the first
public meeting, held in Lyceum Hr^U, February 24th,
1837, to promote the object. Proceedings were inter-
rupted for a time. At a public meeting, September 6th,
1839, he was made chairman of a committee to purchase

"awgijwawaiaa 'mm mmtrntmiimiami

mummMi

liAHiMnaEntasi

mmmutuiMimmitMwMtmw

the jjroiinds. On the 4th of October, 1839, a committee,
of which he was also chairman, was entrusted with the
superintendency of the work, and under its direction the
ground was laid out, with avenues and paths. He pre-
pared the model of the keeper's house ; and the rustic
arch and gate- way, at the eastern entrance, was planned
by him, and constructed under his immediate inspection,
combining all the solidity and simplicity that stone can
give, with a vestment of living verdure, ever thickening,
as the tendrils spread and clasp it, from year to year. He
is the first named in the Act of Incorporation, passed
February 19, 1840 ; and his taste, judgment, and active
service were appreciated by his associates throughout.

With the subject of architecture, in its character as a
science, he had made himself specially and thoroughly
acquainted by the study of authorities, and careful obser-
vations in his frequent and extensive foreign travels. In
what is called Decorative Architecture he had no superior.
The construction of his buildings, and the conveniences
and adornments of them, were all his own. The arrange-
ments, in detail, of his town house, display his unsur-
passed taste, skill, and genius, in this department. His
elegant seat at Kemwood, and the configuration and style
of the grounds, with all their embellishments, and all
their utilities, were from plans prepared by him. Some
articles of furniture were selected and purchased abroad,
but a large proportion of them, in each of his residences,
were from models devised, or drawings executed by his
direction, in his workshop, under his own eye, and to a
considerable extent, by his own hands. In many partic-
ulars of beauty, richness and convenience, they have
rarely been equalled. The ornamentation of the interior
of the North Church in this city — so much and justly

>tm^SM4SiSMMS^IK^'^

a committee,
ted with the
direction the
hs. He pre-
ad the rustic

was planned
;e inspection,
lat stone can
r thickening,
■ to year. He
ation, passed
it, and active
roughout.
Iiaracter as a
d thoroughly
lareful obser-

travels. In
1 no superior,
conveniences
The arrange-
ly his unsur-
rtment. His
tioD and style
ents, and all

him. Some
lased abroad,
is residences,
ecuted by his
jye, and to a

many partic-
e, they have
f the hiterior
ch and justly

S--*-eStS£^%'SiI

admired — walls, ceiling, orchestra, organ frame, gallery
and lights — was wholly designed by him, and executed
under his sole direction.

His Wind-mill, a skilfully planned and very ingenious
machine, upon novel principles, is much used in some of
the Western States. The entire structure revolves to
meet the direction of the "'re ' air. The fans, of
boards or plank, adjust tUeiA^selvt o the force of the
wind, and, in fact, the entire machinery works more
smoothly, steadily and equably, the stronger it blows.
One of them, on the estate at Kernwood, draws from a
well, at some distance, and a depth of sixty feet, all the
water used in that establishment. Another, a flour mill,
constructed on similar principles, but of much larger
dimensions, stands on the same premises.

The application of science to practical and useful arts
was not only the unwearied labor, but the happy enter-
tainment of his life. For only a few of his innumerable
improvements in this department did he procure patent
rights, and only in some of them prosecute the results of
his contrivances, in actual business operations for the
sake of emolument. From time to time many ingenious
cooperatives were employed by him, and have derived
benefits to themselves, in subsequent periods of their
lives, and in other spheres of action, from processes
wrought out in his laboratory and workshop, by his and
their joint labors, but at his expense. His habit was,
when a new subject of research, or the possibility of
effecting any particular improvement in the use of me-
chanical or chemical forces, occurred to him, to learn, in
the first instance, all that had been wi'itten or accom-
plished by others in the matter. He would send abroad
for the best and latest publications relating to it, and

:-■ T.'«c»a»!^isMP<lliMtMMiCMM

procure, at any cost, all drawings, descriptions, or instru-
ments that Avould illustrate it. In this way be collected
a library and apparatus of tbe eboicest and most valuable
sort, and of tbe greatest variety and extent. After
studying the wbole subject, in the use of these means, he
would betake himself to his laboratory, and never weary
in experiments and operations until he had accomplished
the desired result, or become convinced that it was beyond
attainment. As soon, in any case, as the requisite condi-
tions were secured and the designed machine completed,
or the attempt found impracticable, he would turn to
some other project. The consequence is that he has left,
to be used by others, the fruits of his toils. His musical
instruments, for instance, constructed upon the most
ingenious principles, have never been put to use, or
brought before the public ; and the- melodeons and organs
constructed by him in the most finished, compact, simple,
economical and beautiful forms, adapted either to pipes
or reeds, in which the use of the fingers of the per-
former, or the hands of a blower, may be dispensed with,
are to be seen only in his own private manufactory.
They were the results of the studies, contrivances and
labors of his last years, and had just been completed.

He had no ambition to acquire celebrity as a man of
science, but only aimed to gratify his own miaJ in the
pursuit of knowledge, and to turn his experiments and
researches to practical and useful purposes. His active
devotion to philosophical enquiries and operations, did
not, however, escape observation. His zealous labors
were appreciated by all engaged in similar investigations,
and interested in scientific culture and advancement. A
quarter of a century ago he was elected a member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

US, or instru-
y he collected
most valuable
xteut. After
3se means, be
I never weary
accomplisbed
it was beyond
quisite condi-
le completed,
Duld turn to
it he has left,
His musical
ion the most
[t to use, or
Qs and organs
ipact, simple,
ither to pipes
J of the per-
spensed with,
manufactory,
trivances and
)mpleted.
' as a man of
miaJ in the
eriments and
. His active
derations, did
ealous labors
Investigations,
.ncement. A
lember of the

BSiaBBiiTaS

In the course of his life, he made, I believe, no less
than eight visits to Europe, some of them quite pro-
tracted. In most cases his family accompanied him.
They were not made to escape from the tediousness of
life at home, or to conform with the fashion of people in
like circumstances with himself, but for purposes of
health, in the gratification of his active nature, and to
gather materials for the better development of his zeal
for scientific improvement. While abroad he was always
on the watch to find and explore whatever illustrated the
application of philosophical principles to useful arts, and
to keep up with the progress of mechanism. He was
recognized, as a familiar acquaintance, in the workshops
of ingenious artisans in all the great cities, and wherever
the processes of skill and ingenuity, in the analysis of
the elements of nature and the application of its capaci-
ties and forces, were carried to the highest exemplifica-
tion ; and he would come back to his own laboratory with
renewed enthusiasm, wider views, more enlarged knowl-
edge, and more earnest desires to turn to practical account
the discoveries of the age.

His attention, on one of these occasions, for instance,
while in Paris, was drawn to aluminium, and the proper-
ties it possesses. He procured a quantity of the metal
upon which to experiment on his return. Some time
after reaching home he carried a parcel of it to our
respected fellow citizen. Dr. J. E. Fisk, and gave it to
him, saying that it was susceptible of a use that would
revolutionize the art of dentistry. Dr. Fisk carried out
his suggestions, and aluminium is now generally used
everywhere, superseding silver, and from it lightness
preferable to gold. I mention this, not merely because
it shows how Colonel Peabody occupied his thoughts, and

Mt iHilliihiiliitlli'aWiii

exercised his observation while abroad, and the free and
liberal use he made of the new ideas there obtained, but
also because it presents a singular instance of several
minds, placed beyond possible intercommunication, being
simultaneously led to the same discovery. When Colonel
Peabody made his communication to Dr. Fisk, he sup-
posed that the suggestion was peculiar to himself, and
they both took the matter in hand, of the application of
aluminium to the particular purpose conjectured, with all
the interest and earnestness attending an original experi-
ment. The Doctor found the result perfectly successful,
and introduced the great improvement into his practice.
But the next "Dental News Letter," the periodical journal
of that branch of the Medical Profession, contained an
article which showed that Dr. Van Denburgh, of Oswego,
New York, at the very time when Dr. Fisk was making
out of the lump Colonel Peabody had brought to him for
the purpose dental plates of pure aluminium, was doing
the same thing without any suspicion that the thought
had occurred to another person ; and it turned out that,
four years before, a patent had been granted in England
to a dentist there, for the same object, but that no
general publicity, at least out of England, had been given
to the improvement. We have hero, therefore, a case,
in which three minds, entirely separate from fct»ch other,
travelling over diflferent paths, came together at the same
point, in an application of scientific research, to a dis-
covery of gr'^s't practical importance.

At this point it may be most proper, as the review of
Colonel Peabody 's operations, in the search of scientific
truth, and in effectual applications of it in manufacturing
and commercial pursuits, is drawing U) a close, to insert
the following letters, addrfsssed to me, from persons

the free and
btained, but
I of several
iation, being
hen Colonel
isk, he siJip-
limself, and
pptication of
•ed, >vith all
final experi-
Y successful,
his practice,
dical journal
iontained an
of Oswego,
was making
t to him for
I, was doing
the thought
led out that,
I in England
but that no
d been given
fore, a case,
I bbch other,
at the same
sh, to a dis-

he review of
of scientific
anufacturing
)se, to insert
rom persons

whose recollections specially enable them to speak upon
the sul)jcct :

"East, Boston, Mass., March 16, 1868.

Your note of the 14th Inst., In reference to my recollections of the
Bcicntlflc lectures of our late esteemed fViend, Francis Peabody, during
the years 1828 and 1829, is before me.

In reply, I can only state, that iit the time named, I was about
twenty -one years of age, and was be|Q;inning to be interested In the
Steam Engine, and in Natural Philosophy generally. A few years
previous to these dates, I became acquainted with Joseph Dixon (now
of Jersey City, X. J.), and witli him generally attended Mr. Peabody'a
lectures In Salem. At that time, being somewhat acquainted with
practical mcclianics, I was firequently employed by Mr. Peabody In
repairing or constructing some of bis apparatus, wliich embraced all
that Yias then known of the Steam Engine, Electricity, Pneumatics,
Hydraulics, Chemistry, etc., but Mr. Dixon was his right hand man, and
had the general management and manipulation of all Mr. Peabody's
apparatus during the progress of the lectures, thereby relieving Mr.
Peabody from making the experiments himself before the audience,
and giving Mr. Dixon the opportunity of manipulating, at which he
was an expert and entirely at home.

From my long acquaintance and unbroken Intimacy with Colonel
Peabody, I formed the opinion that he possessed a vast taad of theo-
retical knowledge upon all the subjects before named, and as a prac-
tical Chemist, he occupied the ffont rank. In his later years he
fi-equently ultlmated this knowledge In various kinds of manufactures,
which seemingly was the love of his life. He was ever of a genial and
happy disposition, and nothing gave him greater satisfaction than to
be able to answer any questions relating to these interesting subjects.
I am. Sir, most respectfully,

Yours, etc.,

INCREASE 8. HILL,

U. 8 Inspector of Steam Vessels.

In a letter recently received in this city, from Mr.
Dixon, the gentleman referred to by Mr. Hill, he says of
Colonel Peabody, that he "had great love for chemical
and mechanical knowledge, and a high appreciation of
whatever seemed a step forward, in the practical appli-
cation of science to the arts."

The following is from James Kimball, Esq., President
of the Salem Charitable Mechanic Associution :

" Salkm, March, 25th, 18A8.

Undcrntanding that you have accepted the Invitation of the Ennox
Inxtltuto to prepare a Men;olr of the late Colonel FrnuclH Peabody,
it has been suggested to me, that I give you my recollections of his
connection with the Introduction of popular lectures as a means of
liHtructlon, In the various departments of SclcntlHc Investigation.

In December, 1827, the Mechanic Association of Salem, appointed a
Committee to consider the expediency of inntltutlng a course of
lectures; at this time I was the acting librarian of the Mechanic
Library, and had t^ie opportunity of knowing the views of those most
interested in their establishment, and their report, favorable to the
proposed object, was baned upon the encouragement and cooperation
tendered to them by Colonel Peabody, who entered with all the enthu-
siasm of his nature into the work, and commenced the preparation of
a series of lectures on Steam, and Its application to the Mechaulc Arts.

The flrst series of lecttircs delivered by him was In the Franklin
Hall. They were practlc; , as well as experimental, and were Illus-
trated by his valuable and extensive working models. Some of his
Steam Engines were of sufficient power to run a common lathe.

I remember well that. In his Illustrations of the application of steam
as a motive power, he exhibited all the improvements, of any note,
that had been made up to that period, with working models of the
various Inventions fVom the earliest and simplest application of xteam
as a motive power, up to the later discoveries and inventions of Watt
and others.

It was understood, at that time, that no public Institution could
exhibit so varied and valuable a collection of working models as Mr.
Peabody possessed and used in the illustration of these lectures.

The next season he prepared a Course of Lectures on Chemistry,
Electricity, and Pneumatics, in which he was assisted by Dr. Jonathan
Webb, a practical chemist and apothecary of that day. These were
delivered in Concert Uall, on Central street, and were illustrated by
the apparatus of Mr. Peabody. In his lectures on Electricity ho used
a new machine constructed for himself, which was said to have been
the largest in the country; the glass plate wheel of which he had
imported flrom Germany, at great cost. I think It was stated to be
9l,G0O.

Colonel Peabody was admitted a member of the Mechanic Associa-
tion In 1833, and styled himself a manufacturer.

., President
t :

, 26th, 18fi8.

n of the Essex
mcls Peabody,
lections of his
ns a means of
'cstlgatlon.
m, appointed a
{ a course of
tho Mechanic
of those nioNt
v-orable to the
id cooperation
1 all tho enthu-
preparatlon of
Mechanic Arts.
D the Franklin
nd were lllua-
Some of his
>n lathe.
:atlon of steam
9, of any note,
models of tho
atlon of steam
ntlons of Watt

stltution could
models as Mr.
lectures,
on Chemistry,
y Dr. Jonathan
. These were

illustrated by
tricity ho used
I to have been

which he had
IS stated to be

;haiiic Associa-

,i>ai««i8SKSvS!

1 feel very confident that the intlaence of these lf>cture«, on the
young nit'chaulcs of thot doy, was productive of K^euter good than all
other sources of investigation and study which hud ever before been
opened to them, awnlcening and stimulating the mind by their ft-eshncss,
and by the practical application of principles which were new to them,
and but for the interest of tho lecturer In tho investigation of theories
as well as principles, and his desire to Impart to others whatever
interested himself, would have lost a part of their usefulness by being
hid from those who were most likely to be bcnelited.

I have fk-e(|uently, since that time, met those who attended these
early lectures, who have referred to them as being their Incentives to
flirther study and investigation ; and many of those who have distin-
guished themselves as master mechanics and Inventors, have attribu-
ted much of their success to the opportunities afforded, and the
inspiration given them, by the Interest taken In their instruction by
one who was desirous of imparting to others whatever his means and
advantages had enabled him to accomplish.

I hove thus presented to you my recollections of this period, and
feel very confident that I have not overstated, but have rather come
short of the fiicts. If they will aid you, In the learfC*'.X?^ are at your
service.

Our associate, Henry M. Brooks, clerk of the Forest
River Lead Company, lias kindly communicated the
following minutes :

" Colonel Peabody commenced the White Lead business somewhere
about 1826, in South Salem, where LaGrangc street now Is. In 1880, he
bought Wyman's Mills, now known as the Forest River Mills, which
were sold to the Forest River Lead Company, in 1843. Mr. Peabody
carried on the lead business until the latter date, and manufactured,
very extensively White Lead, Sheet Lead, and Lead Pipe. About
1833 he built the Paper Mills at Middletou, and made book and print-
ing paper of the very best quality, until he disposed of that property
In 1848. From 1883 to 1887 be sold largely to Gales and Seaton, the
celebrated printers and publishers In Washington. When Mr. Pret.
cott was about commencing the publication of his "History of
Ferdinand and Isabella," the first edition of which wm to be brought
out simultaneously in this country and in England, he sent for Mr.
Peabody and showed him his samples of English paper, and wae very
desirous to have the American copies equal, if not sup'Tk r, io the
English, and for that purpose contracted with Mr. Peabody to fbrnish
him with the paper. The quality of the paper, which Mr. Peabody
9

manufactured expressly for this work, was very satisfactory to Mr.
Prescott, and was considered a very superior article, and probably
the best paper which could then have been made In the country.
Peabody's paper for blank books was well know!i among stationers
as the best in the market.

About 1836, Mr. Peabody commenced. In South Salem, the business
of refining Sperm and Whale Oil, and the manufacture of Sperm
Candles. In one year he purchased $100,000 worth of Sperm Oil, and
$50,000 worth of Whale Oil. His candles had a great reputation both
at home and abroad. He Imported the first braldliig machine and
made the first candles with the braided wick, then considered a great
improvement over the common wick. About 1837, Mr. Peabody built
Linseed Oil Mills at Middleton, and went largely Into the business of
making Linseed Oil, importing his flax seed from Europe and from
Calcutta. In order to procure larger supplies of seed he chartered, In
1841, the ship General Harrison, and the same year purchased the ship
Isaac Hicks, and the next year, the ship New Jersey. These vessels
he sent to Calcutta, and they returned to Salem with cargoes of Cal-
cutta goods, and great quantities of Linseed. When the New Jersey
arrived in Salem in 1843, it was said that she was the largest mer-
chantman that had ever discharged a cargo here. She registered
between 600 and 700 tons, and was a great carrier. The Linseed Oil,
like all the other articles manufactured by Mr. Peabody, was of the
best quality. At that time there was only one other Linseed Mill in
this part of the country, namely, that belonging to Mr. Stearns, at
Medford.

Mr. Peabody also shipped to London large quantities of Linseed Cake,
used extensively In England for feeding cattle. From this statement
It will be seen that Mr. Peabody at one time carried on the following
branches of business, namely. White Lead, Sheet Lead, Lead Pipe,
Linseed Oil, Sperm and Whale Oil, Sperm Candles and Paper, employ-
ing directly and Indirectly a great number of men. There were at one
time commission houses In New York and Boston employed almost
exclusively with his business. The well known firm of Chandler and
Howard, In Boston, may be mentioned as an Instance. To do the
same amount of business Mr. Peabody did when he was manufacturing
largely, would now probably involve a capital of over a million of
doUars."

Colonel Peabody's manufacturing and commercial oper-
ations in Linseed, described by Mr. Brooks, led him to
pay particular attention to flax, especially a valuable

ry satisfactory to Mr.
article, and probably
made in the country.
)wn among stationers

ith Salem, the business
nanufacture of Sperm
arth of Sperm Oil, and
I great reputation both
braiding machine and
ten considered a great
1837, Mr. Peabody built
ely into the business of
from Europe and from
if seed he chartered, in
rear purchased the ship
Jersey. These vessels
im with cargoes of Cal-
When the New Jersey
e was the largest mer-
here. She registered
Tier. The Linseed Oil,
r. Peabody, was of the
I other Linseed Mill in
Ing to Mr. Stearns, at

intities of Linseed Cake,
, From this statement
:arried on the following
heet Lead, Lead Pipe,
Jles and Paper, employ-
len. There were at one
oston employed almost
7a firm of Chandler and
a iiistance. To do the
m he was manufacturing
U of over a million of

id commercial oper-
Brooks, led him to
pecially a valuable

!:i.-5^SS»i*-((i*<i.~.- ',

species of it, grown in Bengal. The plant there reaches
a considerable height, and its bark yields the finest and
longest strands. The lower part, or but-end, is quite
thick, the bark rough, containing irregular threads, of a
very short staple. Regarded by the natives as a refuse
portion of the shrub, it can be obtained of them at a very
low price. He procured some of these but-ends, and
went to work upon them in a building erected for the
purpose at Kernwood, until he had matured the requisite
machinery to disengage and straighten out the fibres, and
twist and weld them into continuous threads ; and finally
succeeded in producing, out of them, cotton bagging of a
superior quality. His factory for this purpose, and the
first of the kind ever contrived, recently established here
on a large scale, gives employment to a great number of
persons. The article wrought in it is called Jute, from
the name of the district in Bengal (Chotee) from which
the raw material is obtained.

His enterprise and liberality, stimulated by the lively
interest he felt in our local annals and antiquities, and
his reverence for the memory of the first settlers of this
place, took effect in one great service, never to be forgot-
ten, in the historical department of the Essex Institute.
It is a matter of record that, in 1670, the Meeting-
house of the First Church was superseded by a new one,
and that the old building, consisting of two parts, one
erected in 1634, the other an enlargement made in 1639,
was thereafter used for various purposes, and ultimately
removed from its original site. Tradition, supported by
a strong array of certificates from certain individuals
who had enjoyed favorable opportunities of receiving
information on the subject, and which had long been cur-
rent, pointed to a building owned by Mr. David Nichols,

•liSjNMMI

iiirnm»iifiwiwi>tiiti>irtri«ifi)iiiiin>iairriiiriri

■iiMiiiiHNUiMlMaAnMiMt

standing on his premises, in the rear of the tanneries,
under the brow of Witch Hill, as the original part of the
primitive Meeting-house— that erected in 1634. It was
precisely of the same length, br >adth, and height, consist-
ing of a single room, with plastered walls and ceiling, and
a garret. It had been used for some time as a lumber-
room, but was in a state of decay that would not long
have allowed of its being serviceable even in that way.
The story was, that at an early period it had been occu-
pied as a wayfarer's inn, a stopping place on the original
road from Salem to Lynn; also the only one then
travelled between the interior and Marblehead. If it was
the veritable Meeting-house, it had, as we know, been
used, still earlier in its intermediate history, as a school
house. The subject was investigated by the Essex Insti-
tute. Mr. Nichols presented the building, and the Salem
Athenroum gave a site for it, where it now stands, in the
rear of Plummer Hall. Colonel Peabody, who, with the
late George A. Ward, had taken a leading icterest in the
matter, offered to assume the entire expense of the opera-
tion of removal and reconstruction. He proceeded, with
careful workmen, to direct and Duperiutend the process of
taking it to pieces. It was certain from expressions in
the record, that, when used as a Meeting-house, there was
a gallery at one end, of which, however, at this time,
there was no appearance, in the aspect of the room.
This cu-cumstance had introduced some perplexity and
thrown doubt over the whole subject. There were, how-
ever, two upright posts, of great size, equal to that of the
corner or mam posts, standing opposite to each other,
about one third f the distance from one end of the build-
ing, and an equally large transverse beam resting on their
tops. Why these posts, and the beam above the ceiling

the tanneries,
lal part of the
1634. It was
leight, consist-
ad ceiling, and

as a lumber-
ould not long
n in that way.
ad been occu-
on the original
)nly one then
ead. If it was
ire know, been
y, as a school
he Essex Insti-

and the Salem
IT stands, in the
, who, with the

interest in the
36 of the opera-
)roceeded, with
i the process of

expressions in
louse, there was
r, at this time,
, of the room.

perplexity and
lere were, how-
al to that of the
1 to each other,
nd of the build-
resting on their
lOve the ceiling

ft9

connecting them, were placed at one-third instead of one-
half the distance in the length of the building, was the
question. At first it was thought to favor the supposi-
tion that there had been a gallery, which would have con-
firmed the tradition; for no other use than that of a
Meeting-house would have required, or allowed of, a
gallery. But there was not height enough, under the
rafters, and above the transverse beam, resting as it did
on the top of the upright posts and the plate of the
frame ; and this seemed to negative the idea that the
transverse beam was designed to support a gallery. The
upright posts had been coated over with some sort of
moi-tar and whitewashed. Upon breaking and picking
it off, the original mortices were revealed a few feet be-
low the ceiling, exactly of the size to receive the tenons
of the transverse beam, with a shoulder in the upright
post at the same point, so that the bearing should be not
only upon the tenons, but upon the body of the posts and
beam. In knocking away the plaster from the plate, or
transverse beam, at the nearest end of the building,
grooves were found fitted to receive the upper ends of
the joists upon which the floor of the gallery was laid.
It seems that when the building was converted to the use
of a school room, or when used for any other purpose,
the gallery, being found an obstruction and incumbrance,
w.'is put out of the way, by raising the front beam on
which it fested up to the top of the posts, and a clear
ceiling spread under it. No discovery in astronomy,
electricity, or other field of science, or search of antiqua-
rian, was ever received with more enthusiastic gratifica-
tion, than filled the minds of all engaged in the work
when these mortices and grooves were brought to light.
So much as was undecayed of the timbers and rafters,

was put up, on the new site, with new material to supply
what had mouldered away, and the building stands com-
plete again.

The manner in which the whole thing was done, the
carefulness and good judgment with which the half-per-
ished old structure was taken down and removed, and
the thoroughness and exactness with which it has been
restored, attest the skill, energy, liberality, public epirit,
and reverence for the First Fathers of our country, which
marked the character of our late President. The vener-
able building, thus rescued from farther decay, standing
on ground contiguous to his own garden, and near the
scene of his scientific explorations and experiments, may
well be regarded as his monument. As a relic of our
American antiquity it is unique and precious, endeared
by sacred associations to the hearts of Patriots and
Christiap'?. In former ages, tens and himdreds of thou-
sands of pilgrims flocked, year after year, from the whole
catholic, which was then the whole European, world, to
pay devout homage to what was believed by them to be
the house in which the mother of the Saviour dwelt. Here
is our Loretto, and this the Santa Casa, to be visited by
all, in coming ages, and from foreign lauds, who share in
the enlightened interest, ever deepening and spreading
as civilization advances, that consecrates the memory of
the founders of the free institutions of the New World.

Daniel A. White, the first President of the Essex In-
stitute, continued in office until his death in 1861. Asahel
Huntington, who succeeded him, retired in 1865; and
Francis Peabody was, in the same year, elected to the
office. Soon after he visited England and the continent.
At this time he undoubtedly communicated to his kins-
man, George Peabody of London, a full account of the

lU.

m^m

rial to supply
g stands cum-

v&a done, the

the half-per-
removed, and
h it has been

public epirit,

lountry, which

The vener-

ecay, standing

and near the
eriments, may
1 relic of our
ous, endeared

Patriots and
dreds of thou-
rom the whole
san, world, to
3y them to be
r dwelt. Here
) be visited by
, who share in
md spreading
he memory of
New World,
the Essex In-

1861. Asahel
in 1865 ; and
elected to the
the continent,
ed to his kins-
account of the

history, condition, and usefulness of the Institute. A
warm friendship had long been cherished between him
and the Great Philanthropist, who reposed entire con-
fidence in his character and judgment, and was therefore
disposed to enter heartily into his views ; and our society
was included within the scope of that noble scheme of
munificence which has showered such unparalleled bene-
factions upon Europe and America.* The endowment of
the Peabody Academy has placed the scientific part of the
Essex Institute on a foundation that secures its permanent
preeminence as a School of Philosophy and the Arts.
The historical department, at the same time, has been
relieved of a large portion of its burden, and indirectly
benefited in various ways. It has, thus far, been sus-
tained by the devoted zeal of uncompensated laborers, and
the friendly influence of an appreciating community. It
will continue its great work in the same spirit and with
the same support. Its claims will meet the response of a
grateful public; generous hearts will warm towards it,
and benefactors be raised up to carry it onward ; so that
we may now feel sure that ultimately the hopes and
prayers of the first colonists here will be realized. We
shall not, indeed, have a college, but we shall have an
institution that, in its proper sphere, will bear the charac-
ter of a University. The application of philosophy to
life, and the elucidation of our early history, will reach
a point not elsewhere surpassed. The Peabody Academy
of Science, and the Essex Institute, working side by

* George Peabody, of London, is a descendant of John, who was
bori; in 1642, the eldest son of the founder of the family in America,
the flrst f rancis. John's third son, David, was born in 1678. EUs
third son, David, was born in 1784. His second son, Thomas, was
bom in 1762. His fourth son, Georqe, was born February 18th, 1795.

.,i^!«m»^*^

Ill'

ill

side, or consolidated into a grand scheme of knowledge,
combining the highest classic titles over given to seats of
learning, the "Peabody Academy of Science and the
Essex Institute of Natural and Civil History," will make
this another Athens. The fact that one man, our lamented
President, was, at the head of both the Academy and the
Institute, foreshadows this happy consummation.

Colonel Peabody had strong family and domestic affec-
tions. The death of a beloved daughter, on the 12th of
December, 1866, produced a shock from which he never
recovered. She was worthy of the love and admiration
with which all who knew regarded her, and was endeared
to her father by earnest and active sympathy in his
favorite pursuits, and by embellishments given to his
works by her refined taste, and delicate pencil. She died
away from home ; and the intelligence came unexpectedly
upon him. Although he bore it with manly firmaess, and
the devout submission of a christian, it could not fail to
be noticed that his spirit never fully rose again to its
accustomed buoyancy. The blow reached the vital centre
of his being, and the effect on his general health soon
became quite manifest. It was followed, on the 20th of
January, 1867, with a slight apoplectic attack, which was
repeated on the 2d of September.

After the death of his daughter I had a long conversa-
tion with him, in which he laid bare before me the senti-
ment of his soul under the bereavement ; and I can truly
say that I have never witnessed a stronger manifestation
of the resignation and faith, that are the highest and last
attainments of a follower of the Saviour. His spirit
bowed in humble but elevated recognition of the Provi-
dence that orders and numbers our days, and ^as sus-
tained by the consolations and reflections that will come.

■:3^;:::

'^^^^M4i^i^6iimi^:i^-i^)ii%i.&lifSsi'^thiXxAi^S^^^W7--

)f knowledge,
en to seats of
ence and the
ry," will make
, our lamented
idemy and the
ation.

lomestic affec-
on the 12th of
hich he never
,nd admiration
I was endeared
mpathy in his
1 given to his
icil. She died
3 unexpectedly
y fii'mness, and
uld not fail to
je again to its
the vital centre
al health soon
on the 20th of
ack, which was

long conversa-
) me the senti-
and I can truly
L* manifestation
ighest and last
ur. His spirit
1 of the Provi-
, and "was sus-
;hat will come,

under such an afflicll. a, bringing pen^e to a believing
and thoughtful mind.

About the time of the announcement of the donation
by hia friend and kinsman for the advancement of science
among us, in developing some of his views as to its
proper application, he expressed to me the expectation
that he should not live long, and might at any moment be
taken away. He spoke on the subject with perfect calm-
ness, and in a manner to convince me that his thoughts
and views had been brought to a state of perparation for
the summons whenever it should come. He entered
particularly upon the consideration of such an event in
connection with his plans as charged with the trust of
organizing the Academy in accordance with the purposes,
and fulfilment of the wishes, of its illustrious founder.
This led to general remarks on the subject of death,
especially if it should suddenly come, and he expressed
the idea, that he felt no anxiety, and allowed himself to
indulge no preferences, as to the time or mode of its
occurrence, but experienced entire relief in leaving all to
a Providence that was infinitely wise and benignant. I
was much impressed with the seriousness, sincerity, per-
fect acquiescence of spirit, and devout submission to the
Divine will, he manifested throughout. His instincts
were religious, and had ever been cherished by reflec-
tion, and strengthened by habit. The sentiments he
expressed were evidently such as he had long entertained,
of the willingness and readiness, with which every child of
God ought to commit life and events to the disposal of
The Father.

During the month of October he continued to fail. On
the afternoon of the 29th, when standing at the window
of his chamber, looking out upon the cold and blustering

rt'S'^f^^^^^^'A ' At^'y*

u^^ ^T

autumnal air, and following the foliage, falling from the
branches that had sustained its life, blown hither and
thither, and strown on the ground, he said, "we do all
fade as a leaf," and immediately turned to his bed. He
fell, at once, into a quiet and gentle sleep from which he
never awoke in the body. Not a pang, nor a struggle,
nor a movement, told when his spirit passed away. His
death, only indicated by his ceasing to breathe, was in the
evening of the Slst of October, 1867.

In looking over the memoir that has now been pre-
sented, justice requires me again to state, that it is but
a cursory and quite imperfect enumeration of the scien-
tific and mechanical operations in which the life of Francis
'Peabody was employed. Fully described, they would
require a minute technical analysis such as only persons
particularly conversant with such subjects could present ;
and ranging, as they do, over so many distinct depart-
ments, demand separate treatises. In the course of the
narrative many traits of his character have incidentally
been given. Some general views of it may properly be
offered in conclusion.

Colonel Peabody was a business man of marked energy,
exactitude and capacity. As a manufacturer and mer-
chant his transactions showed sagacity, prudence, and
intelligence. Like all his other engagements, they were
suggested and guided by his predominating taste for
scientific pursuits, and the knowledge thus acquired.
His business operations were illustrations, on a large
scale, of the application of philosophy to practical ob-
jects. His experiments and studies were, in one sense,
kept in subordination to his business, and never allowed
to occupy his time or engross his thoughts, to the dis-
advantage of any important interests in which he was

illing from the
wn hither and
id, "we do all
) his bed. He
from which he
nor a struggle,
jed away. His
ithe, was in the

now been pre-
, that it is but
n of the scien-
B life of Francis
ad, they would
as only persons
could present;
distinct depart-
B course of the
ive incidentally
nay properly be

marked energy,
iturer and mer-

prudence, and
lents, they we)"e
lating taste for

thus acquired,
ns, on a large
to practical ob-
!, in one sense,
d never allowed
hts, to the dis-
1 which he was

« oncerned. Although all but profuse iii the e.xpenditure
of money in the prosecution of investigations, he was
never wasteful, inconsiderate, or careless ih its use. He
exercised his own judgment in the application of his
means, made his outlays in such directions as he saw iit,
and could not easily be drawn upon by inducements, ad-
dressed to the love of applause or popularity. His own
idea of the methods in which he could best promote the
public welfare ruled his conduct. In concluding a bar-
gain or a purchase of any kind, he was not to be imposed
upon, and, in no degree, did his enthusiasm in favorite
pursuits detract from his vigilance or caution as a busi-
ness man. He was as thorough, skilful and extensive a
merchant, as if commerce had been his only employment.
For some years before his death he managed a trade, and
owned a tonnage, equal to that of his father, when the
ships of that great merchant frequented every port of the
Altantic shore of Europe from the Baltic to Gibralter,
around the Mediterranean, and in both the Indies. And
what was most extraordinary, with all his ships, cargoes,
manufactures, building houses, embellishing estates, ex-
periments in the laboratory, operrtions in the workshop,
and the study of authorities from the shelves and cases of
his library, he was, as much as any man among us, on
hand to participate in local interests or social movements,
ready to attend to any call for consultation or coopera-
tion, and apparently at leisure to enjoy intercourse, or
engage in conversation, with any one at any time. Al-
ways busy, but never in such a hurry that he could not
stop to converse with friends or townsmen, as met by the
way — with time to spare for all the demands of family,
neighborhood, or society. The activity and elasticity of
his faculties never failed. His inexhaustible spirits sup-

piicd both mind and body with inexhixiistible strcngtli.
He was novcr known to be tired, and did not seem to
need reat. His business and his amuscnients wore so
organized that they never interfered with each other. His
multifarious engagements were so methodized that he
could, wiienever he chose, fly aAvay from them; but pres-
ent or absent, his business went on, his vessels kept under
sail, and the wheels of his mills continued to revolve.
Few men have done more work, and few have found more
gratitication outside of what is ordinarily called work.
In this respect he was remarkably successful in solving
the problem of life. He experienced an equal exhilara-
tion, in meeting its obligations and enjoying its pleasures.
He turned its labors into pleasures, and kept the heart in
sunshine however dark the cloud over head. "

He must be allowed to have been one of the most use-
ful persons we have ever had among us. The period of
his activity in the affairs of society embraced nearly half
a century, and, from first to last, he spread activity
around him. The various industrial enterprises he
started, the iustitutious of usefulness he helped to estab-
lish, and the numbers he brought into employment in
several departments of business and labor, constitute an
aggrc ^ate scarcely to be estimated, and not often to be
traced to one originating mind. At the time of his death,
and for many years before, it is probable that, at least
three hundred persons were profitably occupied in carry-
ing on his business by sea and by land, in trades, arts,
labors, and handicraft of all sorts. And it is observable
that the employments he thus opened will continue to
dill'use their benefits and privileges to countless numbers
indefinitely ; for experience has shown that his enterprises
were the result of good judgment and stand the test of

ibie strength.
I not seem to
KMits wore 80
ch other. His
;lized that he
em ; but pres-
els kept under
id to revolve,
ve found more
called work,
iful in solving
iqual exhilara-
f its pleasures.
3t the heart in

the most use-
The period of
3ed nearly half
pread activity
snterprises he
Iped to estab-
mployment in
, constitute an
ot often to be
le of his death,
that, at least
iipicd in carry-
in trades, arts,
, is observable
ill continue to
itless numbers
his enterprises
nd the test of

time. The machines ho improved and constructed, the
processes ho introduced, the manufactures he set in
motion, lead works, paper oil and jute mills, some of
them passed into other hands, are still, and probably
always will be, in vigorous and prosperous action. The
buildings he erected or embellished, the lecture-room he
designed, like his stone arch at Harmony Grove, have
durability impressed on them, survive their constructor,
and bid fair to survive the lapse of generations.

He was a good citizen in all respects, regarding with
interest the advancement of society, and retaining to the
end a disposition to aid in all eiitcrprisos that commended
themselves to his judgment. While always ready to act
with others, he was tjften in u minority upon local as
well as national questions, but he loved the people and
rejoiced in their prosperity and happiness. He was a
true patriot. Nothing could wean him from attachment
and devotion to his country. No extent of what he
might have thought mal-administration : no defeat of the
parties to which he may have belonged, whether based
upon questions of policy affecting the general govern-
ment of the Union, or on state or municipal affairs ; no
amount of supposed error or wrong in the temporary
phases of society ; none of the trappings of foreign courts
or seductions of foreign travel ; neither the pomp nor
pageantry elsewhere seen, nor the glitter which wealth,
like his, in other forms of society enables its possessor to
command, could estrange him from che land of his birth
or the home of his fathers. While abroad he gloried in
and yearned for his. country, and came back, each time,
with a conviction that there was no country like his own,
and no spot, in that country, better than this to live in,
and die in. His conviction that our institutions are

loundcd ill truth aiitl rif?ht, uiid his t'tilth in their perpe-
tuity, were never shaken, and lii» vision of the future
glories of America never grew dim.

Few men liave been more free from pride or pretension,
in spirit or manners. The riches he liad inherited and
actiumulated, did not lift him out of the community, or
estrange him from the sentiments, ways, or company of
the common people. He talked and acted with them as
an equal. To this admirable trait of his character a
cloud of witnesses could be raised from every position in
society, and in every stage of his life. Such a man was
a true republican, to whatever party he belonged.

His private character, from the beginning to the end of
life, waa irreproachable. No taint ever sullied the purity
of his sentiments. Neither fashion nor folly undermined
the integrity of his principles. He was a temperate,
exemplary, ingenuous, and honest man. The utterances
of his lips, as well as the habits of his life, were always
under the restraints of propriety. He respected all that
was excellent, and reverenced all that is sacred in
humanity. His thoughts were innocent, his aflections
kind, and his faith in man and in God immovable. He
appreciated the value of religious institutions, and re-
posed, with steadfast fidelity, on his religious convictions.
He allowed no vain speculations or casual annoyances, to
cast a shadow on the path that leads the christian heart to
the service and worship of God.

The example, that has now been contemplated, presents
a moral, which I would leave pai-ticularly impressed on
every mind.

"The vanity of human wishes" is not the morbid com-
plaint of a melancholy temperament. It is a solemn
verity. Failure to realize mere worldly happiness is the

'4^^jmi»ti*i,M^t<Si:SSxi:ii. -

I their perpcv
)f the futuio

or pretension,
inliorited uud
ominunity, or
r company of
with them as
8 character a
ry position in
ich a man was
•ngod.

' to the end of
led the purity
y undermined

a temperate,
['he utterances
, were always
pected all that

is sacred iu
his atlections
movable. He
tions, and re-
18 convictions,
innoyauces, to
■istiau heart to

lated, presents
impressed on

! morbid com-
t is a solemn
ppiness is the

IcHHon taught by universal oxporionco. The fact that this
lesson 18 never received, ia the mystery and enigma of
life. Wo toil and struggle with ever unabated eagerness
for what, upon clutching it, always proves an illusion.
We find it to he a shadow but pursue it still. To an eye,
looking down upon the sublunary scone, what a strange
spectacle is presented in the whole race of man absorbed
in this always baffled effort, this never ceasing, ever fruit-
less chase. Wealth, it is thought certain, will place in
our hands the embellishments and blessings of life, and
secure perpetual contentment. We gain it ; but elegant
mansions and overflowing incomes, leave the soul poorer
than before. Existence, desire accomplished, becomes a
burden ; and we sink into dreary duiness, or fly to other
al)odes, which in turn soon grow wearisome ; again we
shift the scene, and wander without rest and without a
home. Ambition contends for the prizes of public station.
They may all be won, and the successful aspirant left the
most dissatisfied citizen of the state. The young king
of Macedon sighed for universal dominion ; and entered
upon a career to attain it, crowded Avith more success
than ever reached before or since ; but at its close, when
the whole world, subjected to his victorious arms, was at
his feet, wept for other worlds to conquer. The Hebrew
monarch surveyed his riches and splendors and luxuries
and glories, and revealed to himself the utter emptiness
of them all — "vanity of vanities — all is vanity." The
history of the ages confirms the teachings of our own
observation and experience, and stamps disappointment
upon the fulfilment of earthly hopes.

When Francis Peabody had reached the age of man-
hood and become the head of a household, he was in
possession of all the happiness that can bo desired or

ei?:iaSSi^AV

imagined, and it lasted through life. Why this exemp-
tion Irotn the lot of humanity? Because his faculties and
aspirations had early opened and entered upon a field,
outside of, and above, the sphere in which enjoyment is
• ordinarily sought. In the pursuit of knowledge, in forms
that included the ever exhilarating activities of the intel-
lect, he f'^uP'^. tue elixir whose infusion in his cup kept it
from palling on his lips.

Let every young man, especially let those in the posses-
sion or the acquisition of fortune, secure a like refuge, by
choosing some department of science, philosophy, literal-
ture, or art, and make it a recreation amidst the toils of
business, and a refreshment when other objects lose their
zest. He who adopts this course, will have, ever after,
no void in his heart, no weariness in his hours. His
labors will all be lightened, his joys will retain their
relish, contentment and cheerfulness will crown his days.
The elasticity of his spirits, and the enthusiasm of his
youth, will continue unimpaired to the end.

The foregoing Memoir was read at a meeting of the Essex Insti-
tute, July 18, 1868, the President, Dr. Henry Wheatland, in the cliair.
At its conclusion, Hon. Asahel Huntington, Ex-President of the
Society, after spealfing in strong terms of praise of the reader's
treatment of his theme, oflfered the following vote, which, being
seconded by Abner C. Goodell, Jr., Esq., Vice-President, was unani-
mously passed :

"That the thanks of the Institute be presented to Mr. Upham for
his address, and that the same be referred to the appropriate Com-
mittee for publication."

-\^

iSr'^

Why this exemp-
3e his faculties and
jred upon a field,
hich enjoyment is
nowledge, in forms
vities of the intel-
. in his cup kept it

those in the posses-
re a like refuge, by
philosophy, litera^
imidst the toils of
r objects lose their
1 have, ever after,
n his hours. His
i will retain their
ill crown his days,
enthusiasm of his
end.

ing of the Essex Insti-
heatland, in the cliair.
Ex-President of the
praise of the reader's
ig vote, which, being
i-President, was unani-

ited to Mr. Upham for
) the appropriate Com-

filyl

MEMOIR

FEANCIS PEABODY.

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