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Canadian Instituta for Historical Micoraproductions / institut Canadian da microraproductiona historiquas
1994
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MICROCOfY RESOIUTION TIST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
1.0
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^ APPLIED IIVMGE Ir
1653 East Mam Street
Rocheslei, New York U609 USA
(716) *82 - 0300 - Phone
(716) 288- 59S9 -fax
aibr SrairabiUtif nf thr llrntrrtinn mxb
Eurnurayrmput nf ffifrfta in
auft arnmtft (Chatham.
By Andrew Arthur Brovn, B. A.
\t Bffllrttbllttji of tlrr Jlratrttimt atxb t«rniirmjmf nt of
lltrdfl in and around (l^atUanu
"f)h Nature! thou (ijdilcM whom we worship
For in ihee we catch a gliinpte of the Uivint
Thoij){h interwoven »o intricately
That just where it liei we cannot define.
iv^ our eye* feast upon thy many beauties
Our can list to the noces raned in thy praise:
Voices of hirili sinking in tree fop>, and
I'he miectt humming alonu thr byways
But many dangers beset thee Oh Nature;
And we must lend to thee a helping hand
If we would ever prf.prvc thee as thou art
tn truth so perf-tt. .o beautiful, so grand."
Minis limy ho .stu.liiMl from tliif.- [xiints . f view:— The
scientific, the s<»ntiiiifnt!il iind the tccniumic. Th. tir-.st iiiphules
their (.Hfrin, rleveh)pinfiit, structure and relatiuiiship to the
otiier foriiLS of life past ami present. A.s rejrards the structure
of birds it i.s rather of interest to note in an a;:p when aerial
locomotion so (>ngr()SHes the .sciontiHc world that moist of the
speedier planes are modelled upon diagrams ,,f such bird* an
Eagles. Larks, Marti n.s, Swallows, (Julls etc.. when soaring; dur-
ing flight. Mans desire to Hy led him lo carefully observe
bird .structure and the restdt is the monoplane. Sentiment en-
ters largely into the intere.st of many. Children watch with
interest a Robin tugging at a worm. The building of the nests
excites our admiration for their ingenuity and facile adapUtion
to circumstances. Nearly everybody loves to hear the song of
birds. The hum of insect life mingled with bird notes is to
most natures soothing. Thus 'Nature does not provide delight
for the eye only. The other senses are not forgotten. A
thousand sounda, many delightful, seem to till the air." The
individual who has studied Nature and felt its potent charm ifl
-4-
nt'Vtr fritiiilloxH tor till cnHliun ^jrrt'tM liim wlx-rever he luny
turn in M(.iin'»«»f itn uiiiltiiudc of t. hum utnlthiiM in inHiikiri<l en-
iioMirl. I'oHsil)!}- tlu! wt>i<l in<|uii»itivfnes.H wouM niuit* clwirly
fleriiM- riiir iitliluJc tlmn sfntiiiuMit Tor iimn i<« a Kcnititii/.injj
uniinitl uii'i Natiin- iuiriislu.* him with no form of lift>. phint or
anttiml. so woii(l»Tl'iilly fushiont'il uixi ^jifttMl with [loweiH ojf
ailuption to iimn-oreiiti'd coiKlitionNUM binlM, t-vt^n Hlthou;(h they
an* hy no nuaiiH u« hi^'h in thf .s<'»ilf »if creatitni hh tnnuy (»f uiir
inHnmialN.
In thin -hort iiiticli- I nhiill «'(i(i('Hvor to hiy li<fon' you in
but H vtiy inipfrfirt anil ii)n<h'ns<»i foi tii .lata which I trust
will C'onNincc you oi tlie ecoiiomio importaiu-i' i^t' liinis an<l that
thfir juott'Ction ami tiicoura^fiiu'iit i« not only necessary hut
hi^'hly <<«'.siiahli'.
Many peopU- will recall tliat some five or six years ajjo
conilitions wire »uch hat an overahun«iance <jf iuHect life was
the result. Trees wtit- iiiresu-il in muny cases to such an ex-
tent as to seriously menace their life.
Elm Park in particular sutleroil, au'l only last year afttr a
showtr tn»' walks in the Park and many of the sid»«walks were
carpeted with moths carried earthwards and stunned hy the im-
pact of the lain drops.
Ah you aie awaic plants and trees breathe
throujjh stonnita or pores it) the leaves and that
under the influence of suulii^ht assimilation of a lar^e
portion of the plints and trees' foo 1 is performed hy tl»e
clilorophy! of tlie leaves. A very larj^e number of insect pests
prey upon leaves which they devour in ama/ing (juantilies
thus robbinijf the plant or tree of its main digestive organs.
This necessarily retards growth and mav cause them to die.
That insect pests destroy vast (juantities of agricultural
and forest products yearly is indisputable. 1 t\o not e.xactly
recall to what Carlyle referred when he said: "There are no
triHes for out of triHes come tragedies. Had he had in Ids
Blind s eye some devaf<tated forest or agricultural area ho
CouM ri')t hiivi- tiMi'l'- 11 III -If HiiliftU ikini |»filiii.iit niii.iik
A >.in;rle iiiotli li^rtU' 1)1 (!y in «'«|»il.l.' ui Imm uf^ th.- ii .»tnr
fif iiri iricr.ililil.' iiiiml>Hr (,f iu kiml, iiut inlif.|Ui'iuly iiimiiii;^r
intft till' liuii<lr<-ils of tlic.iiHii.uls, an. I .•v.u niun- \t\,\ tlif (•••
Milt' Thf>»' itiH.'cN iiiijHt li\ luxl plant lil'-- will i... .|,.iiii.|.-.J uf
its* vepliiif Hi) us to IfHiI nrif .1) ini|tnii- wlu'tln-r u pi i^u.- urn tiro
hns lately I):i.s.ho«I tlmt way.
IvM-ust and uthiT plii^u»'« iin* im \nnn- miiiiiiumkim li' <iiy
tliun irt liihlical litn^s. I.nt lui- »'0i n inilly niiuli nioii. v.-iioiH
to tuitions tin. I coniniiinitit's 'ri„. I'.-.i w.M-vil in u .sin::h' stuti)
cl.f««troyfl l?;{O(i(».0()0 w..itli of tlmt ciop. Tl„. f,„v>t t-nt rutii -
pillar hus Htri()p.".| I) ir. ..f ,.vriT j.-il .ilmh ol .I.M-iMiioiis triMis,
K<juan' mill's in ••xt.-nf. hihI the l.rowii tjiii an. I '^y\>^v inotliH
hiiv«. cost th.' N.w Kii^'Un.j and otii.r slal.-s t.-ns ..I' niillDiis of
(lullnrs. On 11 consftvativ.' Iia^is it is .wtiinatcj that ih.' loss
yearly in the I'nite.l States on agricultural and forest proijufts
is ttJmut l?M0(),0(K),(K)O. C. (Jor.lon H.-witt. 1». Sc, K. U S. (.'.
Dominion Kntonif.lojrist estimates that on our tield corfts th«
minimum annual loss due to injurious insects cannot ho less
than 9r)0,()()0,0(K). Nothing' is said of forest products destroyed
by these agents annually at all.
Birds are the speediest and most eflicaciouH means of rid-
ding ourselves of insect pests.
There is a definite relation between a tree, an insect and a
bird. The former affords food to the second an<f a place
on which often to deposit its eoftrs; antl also a shelter and ne.st-
inj; place for the latter a.s Well as that on which its food, the in-
WMit in one or all of its motamorphostical forms, is largely found.
Hence it is important to preserve thiseijuilibriurn for if insects
increase and birds decrease the tree suffers and often die*; and.
if birds become too numerous, a state of affairs not often oc-
curring as various agencies tend to tl-e contrary, insect life—
the birds' main food supply— will be depleted and they will
starve. Not only do birds perform a service to man impossible
of monetary calculation by destroying insect pests, but man/
-6-
birdn oftt larjfi.|y of wmd imHn; for ' trtr.H." m they fM in th«
limfof Our L»r,| ^till, will chukf ' wli.at ' hihI impmi the full
pr.Hhictivity of (h«> H#)l.i mm.! «anhMi. To the Unuvr. who de-
pend". :.irj;ely upon H.'I.J «n<J truck -^urilofi products for a ljv«.
IIIhmkI. I will throw out thiH «u|fjr«.stion thnt an acrt- inoru or
Ie!M< (»f W(Hi.n»4n.l clos.. to thecloiir.'d land not a«ide a^i a bird
wihctuary will amply repay him for any lorn ho iiii^ht occaaion
by witholdiniT (hiK lot from cultiviiiion, Hnd matt-riully 1««50H
his lalK)rs m .'liminatinj; thi; pornicioui^ Colorado IWxstlu or
Potato Buj; and othor poHtH.
Following arc a list of hiris mi^Tatory and resident
in this Heetii»n with th«f diet net iorth as rt'V»'altd by anulyMis by
the United Stat*!.- Oovtirnnunt, various state and other inveiiti*
gators in Cimada including' notes of my own. The dat«H aro
tlie earliest and latest date of arrival Iiere, covering,' a periixl
of sixteen years, tiik<!n from l>r. Huxttrs list in th<- Miramichi
Natural History Association liullttin, NuuiImt, 2, IMOI. I have
arranged them in «;roups for purposes of consideration.
SoiiK Birds of Orchard and Woodland
Wilson's Thriisliiliyl(K-iehla fuseese.ns fusceseens)\lay I 1. Feeds
on insects larirely. especially thus,. lir(|u.'iitiny the yr.»un<i and
the lower parts of tn-es. Ants, ^roiMid beetl.-s, cureulio«,
gnisshoppers. cutworms and earth worms art' favouni.-s; l.ut It
ha.s U'en observed occasionally to cit hairy eatcrpillurs of thu
gipsy moth and, f line; coiisidciabjy in trees it lakes many
caterpillars ii.clii.|iiiu tl„. destnictiv ■ tent cat-rpillar. In sum-
mer and fall it .'ats wild i.-iiit, ^cldMiii troul-linj; cultivated
varieties, lis halnts are eomuiriid.ille and it should be eticuur-
a;,'ed.
Hermit Thrush (Hylocichla guttata palassi) .May 21, I'-H
diet islarjjejy iii.Mctivoiiius. A y(Ujni,' Ifermit Tliru>li in capti-
vity. Mr. Dani.'l E Owen .states, ate rei;ularly half its weight
of raw steak daily, and in .all probability wonld have eaten a«
Iiiucli m(jre had it l<een fed oftener.
-7-
■■
i
Protv^nor ForU-M' Ntudien of tin- ^eriiiH Hyhciclilft in .'llinoi*
showH thit 61% of their forwl c«m«.iMt« of iiisi.otn. V'' of niyii.i-
rKKl« and rJ2''/ «f fruit. Thirty purtH of thr food cuuMisttd of in-
junouH inncttM nml only wvi-n uf Iw'niHcial H|)«ci««.
Ruby-crowned Kin^lft (K»-sfuhiH mU.n.luhi calfndula) Apr.
.10 and May ao. It n«'«t8 in conifiTou-* trrrs. Hfing .xtrtniuly
i«niall, runkinjj m-xt to thi- Munuiiinf(ltirdn in Hiz«, it f<(«dHon th.«
niinutr foroM inwctn which f-scipo Iiu^'t hirdw. Not oidy do
they creep uh..ut tht- trunks hut mIko skillfully warch the folia^.-,
and an- exp.Tt Hy ouK-Ihts. I5ark h.;ctlfM. Hcal.- insects, and
the og^s of injurious uiothH, and plant licf form thf» major part
of i»j) food. It is a valuahle /mset in the orchard and ii.M work
on conifers is uu>st etKcncious.
American BroWn Creeper (Certhiu famih'nris Americans)
May 10 and June 17. Feeds very largely on insectM. im boring
gruU and th.; pupae and egg.s of in.sectM, Dr. .ludd's cx-imina-
tion of a Htomach showed such heetlon oh lUI'.ps acreu.s und
Bruehus hihi«ci; aN.) HawHie.H. antw. spiders and seeds of scruS
pino. Th#y work on tree trunks starting alK)ut two feet from
the groun.l working up to almut twenty feet and have been ob-
served to thu.s search forty-threetrees in an hour.
The Warblers are small bird.s and as they are in.sectivorous,
this enables them so reaeh even the tifis of the twigs. Th.!
vurioMH members of this lainily cover a tree from the ground to
the topmost branches and thus are highly d.-siruble. The eight
birds below are \\'ood VVorbh-is
Maryland Vell.jw-thn.at r(Jeothlyp^s trieha.-^ tiiehas) May 1
and dune (J. F.-eds on leaf hop[)ers, grasshopp<-rs, eank.rwoi ins.
gipsy moth CHteipilhirs (has Ik-m ob.serve.l toeat tilty-two in a
few minutes), ca,se bearers, leaf rollers and many other de.struc-
tive caterpillars; also catching and eating butterfli.s and moths
:n consi.lcrab!,. numbers. Ke.-tles, Hies an.l especially plant liiv,
llie birch aphis bc-inga favoiite, are included in its food.
Oven-bird (Heiurus ..njrnCapill!!:-^) M.ny tii. Wh:!*- fcc.'in'T
on the ground it eatsgrub.>j and earthworm.s and picks up cater^
-K—
pillars nn.l Other ins..c-t. wind, l.uve dr.,.,..! f.-on, the trees
Many cat rp.llars ..f th. .nf-sy u.-th ar. thus .l.stroye.l in their
In.in,^^ plHcvs an.,... ,|.,.., ,.,„,,, ,, ^,^^ ,.,.,^^,^,.^ ^^^,^^^^,^|^^ ^^^_
vice hy .h,stroyin,i. cankervvorn.s un.l phint lice: and, while
mainly insectiv„n,„s, can .si.h.sist on lar;t.,H,,.ouM f„o.l.
Hluo-eye.| V..||.,w Warhler n)en.ln.i,.a aestivu ae^iva) May
.ian.l.lun.U, (), f ourn.ost useful hir-ls. Almost entire-
ly .usee .vorous. Two tlu.-ls .f i.s f | ......i.ts of eaterpillars
o wh.ch .t .s l,.,..|, wh,.n pl,.n,if,.| ],.,„,.^., ,„„^„ eate.pilIarK'
ot the K,psy ,.n.l hrown-t.ul n.uths an.l shows an inonlinate fond-
n.'ss tor cnnker and othe,- n.easn.in-r wor.us. Tent caterpillars
are comn.only eaten as ar. sn.all bnrk ..no l.orin,. h.-tles. an.on.
the latter the una^oes ol the eurrent bore,-. W.evils an- ..•e.d?
>^y se.^ed upon^ A v.-ry few useful Keetl-s are eaten ly if
^ho^v.n. considerable skill as a Hy-catcher it seizes sn.all n.oths,
■ke the cod „,^. n..,h. It covers the whole tree and even -M-ass-
iioppers, an<l niyriapo.ls are on the bill of fare.
American Redstart (Setopha^^a ruticillu. Apr. 2!) and May
^7. The .nsect iood of this bird is perhaps the n.ost varied of
^^ common NVarble... ^ere are few sn^U si.ed forest insect
w.ch do not ,n one form or another fall a prey to it. Cater-
pdlars which spin silken threa.Is and han. in ndd air are seized
upon. It takas .ts fooi from trunk, lin.bs, leaves and the air
so of necessity Its prey i.s varied. Practically all the smaller
pests of deciduous as well as coniferous trees are .levoured
It oats many of the s.naller hai.y caterpillars, as well as bugs-
moths, gnats, two-winged flies, small grasshoppers, beetles and
plant hce. A rather interesting fact hasbeen gleaned by observa
tion: that in common with the Maryland Yellow-throat when
searching a tree trunk they will, unlike the Creepers which
chng perpen.Iicularly and partly support themselves with the
tad, cling horizontally and maintain their balance and hold
with the claws alone; but they work up a trunk spirally as do'
...OhillL:
.
The Marnn Hou,e ha, been occupie.l on ,he author', ground, for so ne^ix year,
Sparrow, al,one« .n oneof .he 14 room, and they .eem to agree with th.ir neighbor,.
The hou,e in the tree i.a, tried thi, year a, an experiment and i, made of zirc
roofing ,n the form of a stove pipe and covered with birch bark. The two hou,e,
of th., model on our own elm, have two roon, each and are all inhabited and the
birds are doing good work among the insects.
10
the Creepers.*
.„ Y«;'"W-'''""Pe*l Warbler (Dendi-oicncoronaU) M«y 13 ami
28. teed upon bay-WnieM. cad.ljs flics, various insect larvae beet-
le. Kn'iK plant lice and their e^g8.l,ou«o flie. and other diptera
and the birch an.l w„lly apple tree aphi^.U.th of which it is irery
fond. In .pring it renders valuable service by prtyinif upon in-
sect pe«ts which come into l,einK with the w„rmer weather
NHHhville Warbler (Hehninthop.Ia rubricapilla rubricapilla)
May 2, and June G. Feed on CR,.kerworms. tent caterpilUrn
brown-tail and ffipsy njoth larvae.
Black-poll Warbler (Dendroica striata) Apr. 30 and June 1
teed o„ |,H„y caterpillars and plant lice. e.speciHlly the aphi«
infe.Hting the iK)pIar. ^ ^
Ceruleun Warblfr (Dendroica caerulea) May 25 Feed upon
the in.sects commonly constitutinj^r the food of Wo )d Warbiera
^ Cedar VVaxwin^(BomKyciIl*cedroium) May II and June
J. Peed on cedar berries a.s well a.s tho.se of mountain ash
bats voraciously of cankerworms. While they do eat cherries
in large quantities, a stomach analysis shows them to be
very largely wild cherries; and much more than half their
berry d.el is wild. They are particularly efficacious in keepincr
down the elm-leaf beetle. Flies, grasshoppers, beetles, cricketl
ichneumon Hies tent caterpillars, crane flies, cankerworms lace-
w»,gs as well as bugs and bark lice go to swell the bill of' fare.
?»*« «Ti 1 fP''*^*f?,P"''f'"'^"^ purpureu8)Apr. 28 and
Jutte (5. I)evoui-s buds and bhvKSoms of apple cherry peach and
plum trees feeding on the stamens and pisti s iTeV^i fe^7
upon the blossoms of the r^ maple and Jeds of .u^ ?re^l tTe
white ash and the berries of re<i'cedar, mountain ash anToUen.
♦Note:— I have oKserved that the Brown Creeper works nn
a tree spirally from left to right while the AmeXn R^' u"?
ascends the trunk spirally fn>m right to left. I have never
observed the Maryland YelloH'-throat but in no in.stance thaJ
came under my observ tion did either of the first mention^
b.rds proceed to .search the trunk than in the above mannrr
A. A. B.
—11-
Their purning in however not excessive a.ul or» the other hand
hey eat 5e<Ml8 of n.any of our moet destructive weed-s. ragweed
being a favonte. In part.cular.de.stn,ctive to plant lice and ranker
worms and also takes ground beetles anW s.Mne cutwonns
American GoldHnch ( Astragal in i.s tristis tristis) May 20 an<i
June 12. Feed much on the seeds of weeds as wild clematis
w.ld sunflower and ragweed but seeds furnished with down as
he dandelion and thisMe are favorites. The young are largely
fed on plant lice, caterpillars, sn.all grasshopper and beetles
and the parents themselves take cankerwo.ms. Hessian flies
egirs of plant hce. the birch aphis and Chennaphis laricifolise'
J'n aphis common on larches.
Red-eyed Vireo ( Vireosylva olivacea) .May 10 and .June (i
Pray upon larvae which depend upon their protective shape and
coloring. One of the mo.st eflective enemies of the gip.sy and
brown-tail moth.s. Many kindsof moths and butterflies, assassin
bugs, tree hoppers, bugs that eat plants an.l fruit, many beetle.s
kIL 7 T^ ""^ ^"'^ ^''^''"*' "^♦^^•''^- ^-hoppers,
katydids, locusts are eaten; and at times it becomes an ex^rt
flycatcher taking horseflies.nosquitoes and other gnats and mrny
gall fl.es. Blueberries, ra.pbernes. blackberries and mulberries
are commonly eaten but to them may l>e added sheep berries
and the bernes of the dogwood, prickly ash and poke. They
are also fond of the fruit of the benzoin bush, the sLsafras and
magnolia and wild grapes.
White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus griseus) May '^1 Fee^is
quite largely on hairy caterpillars.
Chickadee (Penthestes fttricapillusatricapilluH) This bird
isa resident throughout the year. They can be heard any-
where in the woods along our country roads and railroad
rocks. At one time they were quite numerous in town but the
last time I can recollect hearing or seeing any was about five
or SIX years ago when a pair nested on the Benson homestead
in a tree opposite Mr. Michael Murray's. They readily respond
to encouragement and amply repay any measures tak4 in that
■L.'!|^J^
-w:
::!of
fcr"*'<'
#v
-12-
liroction. Other birds are always whoi-e ChickHdeon mv found.
They seem intuitively to know that where these kiu-n eyed Hn<l
induHtriouH littl.- cre.iturrs are, there also is forxl. They are
not .|Uarrel8oiiit' and in addition to attracting other birds p^-r-
fonn yeoman service in devouring such pests as the tent c-M-
erpillars ,ind their eggs; codling moths with thn;- larvae;
the forest tent caterpillar; and the larvae, chrysalis an 1 imigo
of the gipsy and brown-tail moths.
Ihe birch, willow and apple plant lice ami eggs as well as
the pine weevil, flea l)eetles, und bark beetles .jestructive t(>
fruit, shade and foiest ti ees are also eagerly devoured
The Acadian Chickadee ( Penthestes hudsonicus littor-
als) is also residint all year in this section of New Bruns-
wick,
SoDgiess Birds of Orchard and Woodland
Least Flycatcher ;. pidonax minimus) May 22 and 2S
Catclies house and May Hies, many moths that fly by
• lay as the gipsy, brown-tail and codling moths; al-
so those stirring very early in the morning or eveoiug.
Caterpillars which spin down by a silken thread fall a prey to
it as well as many hairy cat rpillars and their imaijoes, borinf
and bark beetles, the flies of the railroad worm, cankerworms
and many other caterpillars and plant lice.
Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) May 1G and June lo. Feeds
mainly on flying insects, May beetles, Cetonias, weevils of fruit
and grain, click beetles, grasshoppers, crickets, wasps, wild bees,
moths awd flies preying on bees, ants, fleas, house flies, as well
as si'veral species troubling catUe, mosijuitoes, gnats, midgets,
leaf hoppers ajid many other bugs, numerous varieties of cater-
pillars mostly hairless species; but also eats hairy caterpillars
and tl eir imagoes. It is the premier destroyer of the gvpsy
moth and also takes the ichneumon flies when a host to an in-
jurious or secondary parasite (Theronia melanocephala)
Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) May
20 and June ri. Plant lice, small spiders, beetles, small worms.
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'W.vms.-nectHr oV 11 .w.mn hikI littl,' ins,.c(H tli.it Hit in tlu- air. .-s-
ri)eci!illy un.l.r tiv,.s, ,,ji i]uo suimiier evening,.
North.M-n Flidv.-r i('Mb.pt..M uuratiis lut.tis) Apr. 2»; a,„|
^Iiiy 2f>. Fee.j.s nu .-•ats ul.ic-l. constitut." ubcut 4.-) of its fun.l;
«t l..'ini:tlM-j.n.i„i.., l,ir.l in this p .^p.-ct. Also takes l.cotlcM.
pa^slioiq^.Trcrick-.-ts, eat, -rpiliars such H> fnrfst tent an.) |m-
chi.li.i- l.Hiry cat-r,.ill,„s, pupa.., ..{' jjip.y „,uth, plant lice niu\
other har.uful iu,ecls an 1 ^.r„ss an-I w..,..l ...,,.K are taken to
Sfjine e.vtent.
Birds of Field and Garden
Rol-iii
May
wiM
ar. :».')
'^I'lanesticus niii,rr,itoriu, nii^'rati»riu«i M;
il. Vevrrtal.Ir r.,o.l :.S' ami of this
And
47% wiM fruit an.i only 4 fultivate-l varieties
Earthworn.s. larvae of March (lie. (l5ihio all.ipennis)
cutwonu.s( the larvae of Xoctui.l moths,) eankeruornis, woolly
bear caterpillars, caterpillars of the foreit tent.;ripsv. l.rown-tail
an.l wh ,e-n.arkr.l t.is>ock moths, all the span-worms: tent cat-
orpillarH.curculios. leaf-.-atinnr, woo.l-horin^' and rj.oun.l beetle,
wire worms, white grubs of May beetles and so-called "June
•bugs' of the genus Lachnosterna.
Bluebird (Sialia sialis sialis) Apr. 24. Fee.ls on cutworms
-cankerworms, furry caterpillars of Arctians and other hairy
species; and Orthoptera, of which grasshoppers constitute
^nearly 25% on the average of the years food. It also takes
•vegetable food including many wild berries.
Dr. Judd says the food of sparrows consists of from *>5
-to 35% animal matter and from 05 to 75% vegetable matter.
Beneficial insects .seldom amount to more than 2 percent.
Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia m^Iodia) Mar. 29 an<l
Apr, 23. Feeds on cabbage plant lice, cutworms, caterpillars of
brown tail and gipsy moths and several hairless pests among
.the Geometrid.s, leaf hoppers, apittle in.sects, grasshoppers lo-
custs, crickets, click l»eetles Hies and their larvae, earthworm.^
-•spiders, wild fruit«. some wa.ste grain; and 50 per cent of their
-14—
food eoTiMists of seeds of weeds eh cliickweec], purslane, sorre?,
dandelion, dock, witch, pidjjeon, barnyard, and crab jfrassos.
Slate-colored Junco(Juncohyeinali8 hyeinali8)Mar.29 and May
S.Useful mainly in that it eatH large (|uantities of seedsof Ainar-
ath, lamb's (juarters, sorrel, wild sunHower and other pernie-
ious weeds.
Chipping Sparrow (Spiz.ella passerina passerina) Mar. 2})
and Apr. 28. Destnys caiiktrworni.o, caterpillars of brown-
tail gipsy and tu.««80ck moths; tent and fore.st tent caterpillar*
and nioth.'s; codling moths; nocturnal moths; such as Arctican»
and Tineid n-jths: current worms, leaf-eating beetles, yra.ss-
hoppers.pe! lie*-, parsely butterflies; and seerls of chickweed,
clover, rr^weed, aumranth, wood sorrel, dandelion, lamb*
quarters, jHuslane, knotweed, black bindweed, crab and pigeoa
grass anu some wild fruits.
Tree Sparrcw (SpizelU monticola monticolH)Apr. 24 and 25.
Seeds form i)H per cent, of its food. It feeds very largely on<
pigeon, crab and other j^niss .seeds as well as those of ragwe^'d,.
amaranth, lamii's (juarters and other common weeds.
Peabody Bird (Z-motricliia nlKJcollis) Apr. 27 and May 11
Feeds on beetles, berries and thi., seeds, but mainly on weedl
seeds, the ragweed C(»nstitnting 45 per cent of its food; andi
polygonum.
Siivdtiuali Sparrow( Pas.serculiissandwicliensis savanna;Apr."23;
and .Miy lO.Neirly liiU' dI" its fo)! isinsi'-t. .,u3h as Sparrows
eat. Itshows a fondness for Ik-.tlc-i, ant^ in p.irtieular, cut-
worms, some spiders and sr»,' = ls and its vegetable food is largely
the seeds of pigeon, panic find marsh grasses and wild rice.
Vesper Sparrow fPoaecetes <rrniiiineus grunniieus) Apr. (S^
an<l 29. Feeds on dung, leaf, dick iin<l ynmnd beetles, weevils,
grasshoppers cutwoitiis and seeds of grass and weeds common-
in corn and other fields and gari.lens.
Fo.x Sparrow ( I'asserella iliaca iliaca) Apr. 14 and May 3..
Feeds on insects generally eaten by Sparrows and the seeds ot
our common noxious weeds.
„
-IS-
House or Englwh Sparrow (Pjiswer doraesticus) Here the
year round. Has a very ctII reputation hut while puijnacioui*
if spacious nesting phice isavailahleothtT hirds are not niolcNted.
This is only my own observation. The va»t majority of their
foocJ is grain and seeds, especially of tho .• weeds abundant in
gutters and on lawns; but in summer they eat large numl)er»
of flieH, mosquitceg. moths, elm-tree beetles and a smiill mauve-
blue fly which infests the elm leaf, tussock caterpillars, and in
fact they eeem so greedy they will eat almost anything. I am
fully aware that my remarks are not any too e.vtensivcly cor-
roborated but am certain as to their accuracy as the fre(|Ucnt
denunciation of this bin) led me to watch him closely.
Titlark or Meadow Pipit (Anthus pratensi'*) May (J. Feeds
mostly on in.sects common to thetJiet of the Wood Warbler.'*.
Crow Filackbinl (Qui.scalus cjuiscula (|ui»cultt) Mar. 29 and
May (J and Rusty Blackbird (Euphajjus carolinus^ Apr. 2.'^ and
May 21. Both feed on hairy caterpill.irs, cutworms and earth-
worms but are destructive to other birds eHpecinllv t!ie younj;
«nd those of the Robin in particnlar. Tli.-y jittiick adult
birds and pick their eyes out and will rhive away robins as
a result ofjtheir raids. 'Iliey me also grain eaters. The fornier
bird should be dubbed the * Kobi-.-r !'.ird ' and no opportunity to
shoijt either onglit to be nei;l< cied.
Crow (Corvus brachyr. l.iMehyrliynclios) Mar :{ and 17,
Some usudlly stay all winter chiefly around smelt boles. They
eat soiiiu insects, hiiry eHt.-rpillars ti,.-M mier ;in I grain,
as every farmer knows.
Bob(»link (Dniichony.x oryzivorus) May 17 and dune 'I
About S.5 per cent, of food: in-. M-t. V» ry destructive to plant
lice, grasshoppers and caterpiil its, the army worm in particular.
Spotted Sand})iper (Actitis niacuJaiia) May '2'2. Feeds ou
gra.sshopi)er.s, locusts and other insects connnon in field.-*.
Birds of IVIarsh and Waterside
Swamp Sparrow (Melospizageorgiana) Apr. 28 and Ma3r
-16-
21 K....1. on .n„y vvon.H th. irre.n jfnu.shop,M.rs «n.l tho .shU
Mav ^1 "' n '''"- '^'' """'"'"^ nov..horH..nsis n.,vo.>..rHn,„.is>
,' \V 1 u '.'", ■" ''"" '"'" "^ ^'""'' '"^'-•^•t>*co.nmon to the Jiot
"" »V(in<| \\arlii,.,>
<;';"«tBIm-ll.r.,M AM.i..,il,..ro.lmslH.ro.lia.j Apr. 2S and
ay :;.an.iMitt..n..,;,.un. ..•) May 7 nndjL ^^ ^Cl
"""'"V worm, if,vc,. u.i..l...pp,rH. s.ilt .„ .rsl. cat.rpilluM
iiXH.low ,me,, ,,.ptile^ and f,o^«. '^ '
Birds of the Air
^'';'"'' ""'•':!"'■' 'i'vus lMi.|.soni„s) Apr. UHn.|JunolOn24
^ on.ad.s ..x,Mn.ne.l: 7, cor.tain.. i poultry or .a,„. ,,i,.|s; :U
<t her l„n s. ..,, ,..,e.- an-l uth...- .n.u.mals, !), r.ptile.. otc.; U. .n-
M'Ct«. ,11.-1 ,s „.,.,v .■ii.pty.
Mav-""oM!r? •'^'t'^^P—'- «parverius)Apr.51 and
a H> -. )t .L'O stomachs examine.]: 1. contain.-.l a .mail- 53
o he. ...... s:,Oi,mu. ami other mammal. ,,. n.pt'iKoS
2i+, insects, etc . .in.l 2 were empty.
Broad.win:,^..! Hawk ( Uuteo phityterus) Mav l' 1 Of 49
stomachs evamin,.,!. -^5, contained n.ice and other 'mammals; 1
li/'Uds; i.inseetsiand 4wereempty.
'r''"^<'«retheexaminationshy Dr. Fisher of U. S Hiolo-
«ical Survey and of .32 ston.achs of the la.st bird examine,! by C
fowl" I '";^'''^"«^ me contained a trace of any domestic
fowl and nearly every one c-.,tained mic
i\ies^!'"'!u^ T'V"^^- ^"^•*P«''^ffiea)Mayl and SO. Catches
rt es. small beetle.s of various kind.s. Hying ant.s. bucjs. gra.,shop.
pers, an. I other insects, and spiders.
Ni-hthawk rChordeiles virginianus virginianus) May 28
and . W H ProfeHsor Beal estia..ted %hat the Jol
M ;? h .''.?I .""^ '^"'' """'^ "^^^ '^^'f °f the insect contents.'
M iy b. .ties, jfris.hoppar.s. gnats and mosquitoes in enormous
quantities potato and cucumber beetles, leaf hoppers ^nd bZ
are found in their stomachs. ""Fpers ana bugs
.
-17-
Whi,,-,,o<.r.wiII (Antn.MtM,„„s vc^.if..„.us vudf.n.us, \„
anun... .....et tr.p. N.,,t ,....,. Ma, «.., ..,„, ,J,J:
beeth.. hairy c«U.r,..llHrs Huch hh th- t.nt a,..| l..s..,ck nUe.n.l':
l.rs^. ^s|,u„wor.„H, Kra^slu.pper. an.l unts ,... .1, ,,,..,. ,'.,,
Barn Swallow (Hirumlo ..rytl.r.tra.t.M, May 1 au-I "4
CliH-orEuvos Swallow (lVtro,.h..|i.|.„. lunifn.,,. lur.if.on.;
H.by..n.lar to the ban. Swallow. U,-,. nu.ube.s of ,1.1
tweful hinls n...st.Ml un. ..r th.- ...ives ol ,1... ,;,. ♦ .• ,
I.0.H „f U,o CM Wharf, Nc„™:;;,: "■ ""■ "«""'■ »"l"-
l'"r|.l.- Martin (Fr.,Kni.sul,i,s„UH a,.,, ir, „„.| M,,,. ..^
.lnp..l cucu.„ber bo,.U«, .. w,.|| .., ,,„„.,. „ .„„ ,„.; .,1'
.nKCws „„,,„„,,,..„, ,„„„j. „„„„ „,^,^,^^ ,1^^
VWlt« to thiMr y.Minjt in one ilay.
Trusting timt U.. aUve i„f„„„„,i ,, |„.,.„ ,„„i^i^,„|
•..-. .i„ne ,„ . fuw c„n„trk.s wl,„,. I.ir.l .ncmrat-, ,„.n, .
an ,iin<,vati.m hut a science. - "nni i, n..t
Karon V„„ Kerle,,sch on hi» es,,.te.« ,., S,.,h„eh, (i,..„„,nv
hH.s for nmny year, encourage,! h hi. >v.,,„ilan.|. h.ivin'ir'
»n.re than Vm „e»t hnxe, ,,lace.l ,,„,! ne^rK- „|| occu,.i:,i „
re-ult when the Hainich w«i, ,o„,h ..I Ki,;.n„eh, eoveri!,.;,:;.
.ral M|n..re „„|e., „.„ „trippe,l nearly I,,,,-,- in ,;„. s,,,in.. ol r,0.5
by ca,er,„ilar« „t the .Jak U.af.r.„ler n„„h ,T.rt 'ix vtr,: i, „,!
the «-,««s of th. Baron », I on, .„,i,l the ;,e„er„l f..„."J,
rr'iulri" t„:'"'ra1rti:,r;f7
Bt.rl.M.sch nt-st U>x th^ *r^"'""""> ^^ the eco..orni(> value of the
ii.. ./.u,. ; „:h';'of'lTe.!;'::;:";r ;:;;: ^^z'^t. ^Jt:i
-18-
In HunjfarxOtto Hermann i/imrKoly r-^poniiibl* for Rimilftr
wnwMrcH beinK taken; and in (act iUv Aunru-Munifarian (Jovem.
•n«nt n.anufactnroii thoM boxoH in NUte factoricn.
In England a Royal Society for Bird FroU^tion >.»<• under-
taken niinilar work.
Tht. United Stat*^H Government tun recon.mi-ndod such
ineasurei,; and many states are activdy e„,faff.'d in bird prt,t<KS.
tion and their wo,k i» ably mippl.-mented by the National Aiao-
ciation of Audi *>on SocietieH.
In ( )ttawa throujjh thr- windom a»d efforts f.f Dr. C (Jordon
Hewitt. Doinini-.n KntomulogiNt, there are t.. l»e two bird ^anc-
tuanes. In oth.r Heeti„„s too. bini protection in receiving, a littU
ot the (ittetition which it juHtly nieriti.
The Mart in house on our own ^Mounds hh well «« the tree.s
have attracted birds in incieasio^r „u„a,ers yearly for someye.rs
past, an.l apart from any eeununiic vulu., which they undoubt-
Odly havo.hav.. uHorded a vasf amount of pleasure.
The binl hou.se« which tl... boy, of (Jrannnar .School Manual
rrauunjr Class are buildin^r in competition for tlie prizes I offer,
ed will I trust be hun^. in Elm F.rk as it is my intention to ap.
proftch the mayor and council on this matter; and doubtless they
will absent to guch a proposal. The result will I can u.ssure
every .loubting Thomas be bifarious. affording protection to the
trees and a source of pleasure to those frequentinr. the Park as
bird notes float from the branches.
Trees are a monument to a man s love of the beautiful in
ItTnf Fl T"l^ ^^'V' r '''''''' ^^^^onhl like to see th!
trees of klm Park standing for many a year to grace the only
recreation and restmg place our town affords; and also to "«•
them more extensively inhabited by our feathered friends.
"There are always destroyers and upbuilders-
In everything those two forces blend;
While the moth and the 'ocust are destroyers
The bird, is Nature's greatest friend."
Chatham, N. B.
Apr. 29th. 1914
tif
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