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CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(i\1onographs) 


ICIVIH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


ml 


Canadian  Inatitut.  for  Hiitorical  MIcroraprodoctiona  /  Inatitut  Canadian  da  microraproductiona  hiatoriquaa 


1995 


echnical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  technique  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  lor  filming.  Features  of  tnis  copy  which 
may  be  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 


0 


n 

D 
D 

D 


D 


Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I     I  Covers  damaged  / 

' — '  Couverture  endommagee 

I     I  Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 

' — '  Couverture  restauree  et/ou  pelliculee 

I     I  Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I     I  Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

I     I  Coloured  Ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  / 

' — '  Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

f/l  Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material  / 
Relie  avec  d'autres  documents 

Only  edition  available  / 
Seute  edition  disponible 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  Interior  margin  /  La  reliure  ssrree  peut 
causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de 
la  marge  int^rieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have 
been  omitted  from  filming  /  II  se  peut  que  certaines 
nages  blanches  ajout^es  tors  d'une  restauration 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  lorsque  cela  ^tait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  &&  filmees. 


Additional  comments  / 
Commentaires  supplementares: 


L'Institut  a  microfilme  le  meilleur  examplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
ete  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire  qui  sont  peut-^tre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibll- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modifications  dans  la  meth- 
ode  normale  de  filmage  sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 

I     I      Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

lyl      Pages  damaged /  Pages  endommagees 

I     ]      Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
' — '      Pages  restaurees  et/ou  pelliculees 


0 


D 
0 


D 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
Pages  decolorees,  tachetees  ou  piquees 


r^     Pages  •Hetached  /  Pages  d^tach^s 
r~p[     Showthrough  /  Transparence 

D 


Quality  of  print  varies  / 
Oualite  inegale  de  i'impression 

Includes  supplementaiy  material  / 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  refi'med  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image  /  Les  pages 
totalement  ou  partiellement  obscurcies  par  un 
feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure,  etc.,  ont  ete  filmees 
a  nouveau  de  fagon  a  obtenir  la  meilleure 
image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the 
best  possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant 
ayant  des  colorations  variables  ou  des  decol- 
orations sont  filmees  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la 
meilleur  image  possible. 


This  ittm  is  f  ilmad  at  the  rtduciion  ratio  checked  btlow/ 

Cc  documtnt  est  f  ilmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indique  ci-dessous. 


1 

lOX 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26  X 

MX 

i 

J 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24  X 

28  X 

32  X 

Th«  copy  filmad  h«r*  hu  b*«n  rapreduud  thanks 
to  th*  gantratity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'wamplair*  filmt  tut  rapreduii  graca  a  la 
gintrosit*  da: 

Bibliotheque  Rationale  du  Canada 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  Iha  bast  quality 
possibia  conaidaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacifications. 

Original  capias  in  printad  paper  covars  ara  filmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratsd  impraa- 
(ion.  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
olhar  original  copiea  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impras- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  imprassion. 


Las  imagas  suivanlas  ont  ata  rsproduitst  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  si 
da  la  nattata  da  I'aiamplaira  tilma.  at  an 
conformita  avac  las  conditions  du  conirat  da 
filmaga. 

Las  aaamplalras  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  ast  Imprimaa  sont  fllmas  an  commancant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  »n  tarminsni  soit  par  la 
darniara  paga  qui  compona  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration,  soil  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  laa  autras  axamplairas 
originaux  sont  filmas  an  commanpant  par  la 
pramiara  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darniira  paga  qui  compona  una  talla 
amprainta. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  -^  Imaaning  'CON- 
TINUED"!, or  tha  symbol  V  Imaaning  "END"), 
whiehawar  appliaa. 

Maps,  platas,  charts,  ate.  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  reduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  ba 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  latt  hend  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  ss 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Un  das  symbolaa  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniara  image  da  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  la  symbols  — »  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  la 
symbola  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Las  cartas,  planches,  ubiaaux.  etc..  peuvent  atra 
tilmas  a  daa  taux  da  r*duction  diffarents. 
Lorsqua  le  document  est  trop  grsnd  pour  itre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clicha.  il  ast  films  a  partir 
da  I'angia  supariaur  gauche,  de  gauche  a  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  an  prenant  la  nombra 
d'imagaa  nacassaire.  Laa  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrant  la  mathode. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION   TEST   CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


I^||2j8 
1 3.6 


1.4 


Mi 

US 


1.8 


1.6 


^  >>1PPLIED  IIVMGE     Inc 

^P  1653   East  Main   Street 

—  —  Rochester.   New   York         14609       USA 

'.^S  (716)   482  -  0300  -  Phone 

=a  (716)   288  -  5989  -  Fax 


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Flowers  East  of  tie  Rockies 


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Flowers 


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Her  Fir.t  L  e„on   In   Botany. 


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^'°   FLOWER   GUIDE 

Revised  and  with   New   Illustrations       fW<^<^^ 

WILD     FLOWERS     EAST     m    THE    ROCKIES 

By    CHlvSTER    A.    RKHD 

Author  of  North   An.er.can  Birds'   Hggs,   Bird  Ouide.  Etc. 

With  ;J20  Flowers  in  Color.  Painted  by  the  Author 


MUSSON  BOOK  CO.,  Limited 
Toronto. 

1910 


V  -  f 


G.\<  n?  -'. 

.   ^ 

T<MM        ^v^ 

:r"' 

\  1 :  . 

„./  /./ 

Copyrighted  1907 

Copyrighted  1910 

CHAS.  K.  REED,  Worcester,  Mass. 


'<5 

w 


PREFACE. 

bi.tu?inhelrin^"  Wh^""''"""^''  ='  'J^^  ''^^'  °'  '•"'  fl«t  Mlyllower  or  A.^ 
the  beL  y  oT  Sf  W«w  ?n  ""' ut  ''""^  "'  ''"*^'-  "«  ^"''f^'-e  glistening  with 
raverle  a  fipl,]  hifn  ^  »^  t^  ^K'^n,"^""""'  appreciation?  In  the  fall  who  can 
of  the'SoMenrLl  Yet  it  f«''«n  ""°'.l°'  *''"  '^^^  °^  •'"''P'^  Asters  and  gleams 
anv  real  ron/prL  ilf  *  T'^  T'^*""  ^  ^"""y  *^^  ^^^rs  that  there  has  been 
hoLnt  L    r      v.^  interest  shown  by  the  masses  in  Nature  Study.    To  be  sure 

vaLtaL  onli°to  .''^''"  *«"PV"  '""'"  "^  '"^  •^'^''er  schools,  but  it  was  o?"d: 
vantage  only  to  comparatively  few.       Now  the  call  for  knowledge    or  at    east 

an?ls         •        '"'"'  "  '"""  '"  *''"'■'■  ''«"y  '-^"'"^  i«  voiced  by  fens  of  tW 

author"h««*  hirhl^- "°'V  f^"^  '°  ''•'"^'  °*'  the  first  edition  of  Bird  Guide,  the 
nPo,,?I  fn  besieged  by  requests  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  from 

«fn^  i  r^'^  ""'^'J  ^""  "**"""  °f  "f^.  t°  continue  the  idea  and  bring  o5 
similar  volumes  on  flowers,  butterflies,  fish,  animals,  etc.  The  present  volume 
has  been  carefully  prepared  with  two  objects  alwavs  in  viey-to  serve  Se 
greatest  number  of  persons  in  the  best  possible  wny^and  st  fl  have  a  volume 
^nlnH?"  be  carried  in  the  pocket  with  little  or  no  discomfort  The  «!"at 
majority  of  the  colored  paintings  have  been  made  directly  from  living  pUnte 


«id  the  balance,  with  few  exceptions,  from  herbarium  specimens.  They 
represent  normal  specimens  and  have  been  so  chosen  as  to  include  those  of 
the  conspicuous  flowering  plants  found  from  the  Atlantic  seaboard  west  to  the 
States  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Using  my  25  years,  devoted  largely  to  the 
study  of  living  things,  as  a  criterion,  I  have  endeavored  to  incorporate  in  the 
text  and  in  the  pictures  just  those  points  that  will  best  serve  to  identify  a 
flower  that  the  reader  may  find.  The  Introductory  pages  give  the  life  cycle 
of  a  plant  from  seed  to  seed  and  many  curious  facts  concerning  curious  plants. 
Should  this  volume  identify  some  of  the  flowers  that  the  reader  may  dis- 
cover, and  give  him  a  clearer  idea  of  the  appearance  and  beauty  of  the  grow- 
ing things  that  may  be  found,  the  author's  purpose  will  have  been  fully  accom- 
plished. 

CHESTER   A.    REED. 
Worcester,  Mass.,  1907. 


INI  RODUCTORY. 

ally  gl'^cfa^he7owe\?growr„f  b^^  /if'  ''°"  T"  °/,."^  '•^^"^«  "  ^«  -^  -««»• 
we  know  that  in  the  coursp  nf  ?fm^*  ..'i;^^'"'*-  ^^^  ^«'<'  »  beautiful  flower; 
that  the  next  year  the  nlan!  ^rnw  ?  '*  '^^■^^'^  ^"''  ^^^^^  ^^'^^^  a"''  ^'^  know 
proper  time  unfold  the'  rlt^-iTs  and  sf  Ih'  ''°",'  '""^  "'  ''»'^^-  "•"'''^  «*  '^e 
while  we  give  little  thought  to  th^^h  J  .\  .'''""''  ^"""""^s  year  after  year, 
Volumes  might  be  wriUef  ami  .Jpr^''  that  occurs,  the  cause  and  its  effect 
win,  upon  th^  many    nteresHnl  pfocessp^^^       whi'h'"'"- ''"""„  *•>«  »"'^  "f  I^^^" 

duce  seeds  to  perpetuaJe  Ihe  species  "''  """'  """'""'■''"'  '""''"''"^  '«  '"  ■"■"■ 

its  sUgmra^X'^tolrind  cvuirrtThTba'se  *° 'r?,^"---'^  -<:  the  pistil.  w„h 
laden  anthers.     A  flower  that  has  thP«P  n.'.an         ^,  '*''""^»«  ^"h  their  pollen- 

if,  in  addition,  it  hasrcc  oMa  and  cah^    of  netat  ^r"  ^V  r"'"'  ""^■^'•^ 
a  complete  flower     Oii  tlm  r„t,    i7       ^  '  J  '^  ""''  sepals.  It  is  known  as 

their  parts  nanTeT  '^  °"""^"''  ""^^  '"'^  ^'^''^•"  «  "•"»""  of  "owers  with 


St>iU 

PeUV - 

Pedivtiil '',. 

Bt2id ■"" 


Sessile- U&V 
-Whoicl 


Parts  of  Flowers. 


In  order  that  seed  may  be  set,  it  is  necessary  that  ripened  pollen  from  the 
anthers  should  come  in  contact  with  the  usually  sticky  stigma,  whence  it  will 
be  transmitted  down  the  style  and  germinate  the  ovule.  Aj  is  well  known  to 
be  the  case  with  the  higher  animals,  cross-fertilization  is  necessary  in  order  to 
insure  a  good,  vigorous  species.  It  is  also  evident  that  should  the  pollen  '.,-n- 
tlnue  to  fertilize  the  ovule  in  the  same  flower,  tht  plants  in  successive  ge  .^ra- 
tions might  become  weakened  and  finally  die  out  and  the  species  be  lost.  To 
avoid  such  a  calamity,  flowers  are  constructed  so  as  to  facilitate  cross-fertiliza- 
tion, and  the  means  that  some  of  them  adoi)t  towards  insuring  that  ead  are 
remarkable.  The  stamens  on  most  of  the  simple  flowers  usually  curve  outwards, 
so  that  the  pollen-laden  anthers  are  far  enough  removed  so  that  there  is  little 
danger  of  the  pollen  falling  on  the  stigma,  at  least  until  after  cross-fertilization 
has  already  taken  |)lace.  Others  have  either  the  anthers  or  stigma  ripen  first, 
so  that  it  must  necessarily  be  i)ollen  from  another  blossom  that  quickens  the 
seed. 

We  all  marvel  at  the  industry  of  the  honey  bee;  how  tirelessly  it  buzzes 
from  flower  to  flower,  from  each  gathering  a  drop  of  the  nectar,  with  which  it 
fills  Its  cells;  but  we  do  not  always  realize  the  double  duty  it  is  doing,  for  it 
is  a  most  .-eliable  and  active  agent  for  the  propagation  of  a  great  many  plants 


Many  butterflies,  bees  and  even  beetles  unconsciously  accomplish  the  same 
result,  and  It  Is  now  conceded  that  each  has  special  colore  that  are  attractive  to 
them.  For  Instance,  the  bumblebee  has  a  strong  preference  for  blues  and 
purples.  The  observer  will  also  notice  that  a  bee  makes  the  rounds  from 
flower  to  flower,  taking  all  of  one  kind  and  passing  by  other  species.  While 
this  habit  undoubtedly  avoids  some  complications,  even  should  he  mix  his 
drinks  and  visit  In  succession  flowers  of  widely  different  species,  confusion 
would  not  be  apt  to  result,  for  the  stigma  of  one  species  Is  usually  not  respon- 
sive to  pollen  brought  from  blossoms  of  another  family. 

Botanists  go  a  step  farther;  not  content  with  the  discovery  that  certain 
insects  like  certain  colors,  they  claim  (and  ain'arently  with  good  reason)  that 
the  bright  and  showy  petals  are  for  the  sole  purpose  of  attracting  insects; 
they  are,  in  fact,  bill  boards  advertising  the  fact  that  there  is  a  store  of  honey 
there  ready  for  the  asking.  On  the  other  hand,  those  flowers  that  are  self- 
fertilized  or  wind-fertilized  have  inconspicuous  blossoms. 

The  stigma  always  partially  obstructs  the  entrance  to  the  food  supply,  so 
that  the  visiting  bee  must  brush  against  It.  and  in  doing  so  will  leave  some  of 
the  pollen  that  he  has  brought  from  the  last  flower  visited  on  its  sticky  sur- 
faf-e.  The  pollen-dust  Is  attached  to  the  Insect  in  various  ways,  usually  simply 
by  h;j  brushing  against  the  anthers  with  his  hairy  body,  for  It  Is  found  that 

10 


With  the  germs  (Lauret  for  exam nleV^'mf'nt'h  ""J''"  '-l'^^^--  "^  *^  ^l^''^^'^" 
of  visitors,  releasing  them  onK  k»l  ^f'  "^"'^  '^'^"^  '°  '^a''^''  '"e  legs 
pollen  masses  (such  a  flower  L  In  ^n*""!  ^"'""^  «"°"«'^  '°  »««•■  away  the 
having  bright  colored  petalnanvo  '/hH  fl'n'^"  '^/•'e'^i'kweed).  Besides 
this  also  serving  to  attract  cerH^n\-in  ,=  %"''*''?  "'"'  ''^''''  '^  P'^slng  odor, 

light-coloved  letal^^e  wllsnreXnd  n  d'p./^f'''  "%"'  ''"''■'  ''"^'^-  ^'''^°  '"e 
the  moths  and  sphinges  That  S  them     '  ''"'"'"  '"^'■'""^'^  ^'^^"  °«  '°  "Attract 

guestV:nrs';t^*^-,faccero7tre"n',^?frtrw,n  n^'  i""  '''''"^"^  ""^'^'-'"^ 
insect  with  a  shiny,  smoo  h  body    wSer    v  niel  or^n'?  "■'''"    y^^T"-    ^"^' 

^;^^'^i^/o^r^.  ^^rjje^fti^'  ^'f  p  n°it":^^,"^n°L^ !;^.Xuy 


^MvaXe.  ov ... 

RovJa 

0\)tu&6 


Uucscc 
Ovs.U 

?- ?\Wo\*a-'coo\ 


Kindt  of  Leaves. 


flower  enlarging  ?b°"!,  *^^.^^berrv,  where  the  seeds  are  on  the  ou 

nlunie-Uke  parachutes  proMrten  lo 

13 


breeze  to  new  fields;  those  that  have  their  «f,'^'l%.^"^^'^,t'e.Ja"cki  bur- 
trusted  to  birds  to  be  carried  where  fate  wills  1  ;  "'"^^[^i  "''  f^^.^^^.^or  to  the 
dock,  etc..  have  spines  to  attach  themselves  to  the  clothing  of  people  or  to  me 
coats  of  animals  that  brush  against  them.  n^rtar   so  certain 

As  certain  insects  prey  upon  plants  or  rob  them  "'thei  nectar   ^o  ^''^  « 

iL^ct  S';.po?rhe  i-eaflThelwo'^arrs  of  th^  leaf  instantiy  clasp  together  on 


the  ceutial  stem  as  a  hinge,     if  nothing  is  caught    In  a 
Z  IZT\«"-  ''°''''"'-  ,*""  ""^"'Pt  •>««  been  suecess"uf . 
nn  fh»  fn^    ''^'^°'"  "  ""''"''  ""'"  the  victim  Is  entirely  ab 
on  the  inner  surface  of  the  leaf. 

Mvi^rtLi"  i""®  "."'"""  ^vorld,  so  In  the  plant  worlrl;  alv^  i 
nM  =.n?'  JJ^*^'''""^  surviving  an.l  the  weak  falling  bv 
old  adage  that  "In  union  there  Is  strength"  Is  amply  i,ro« 
tompos  e  flowers,  such  as  the  asters  and  goldenrods,  who.s. 
capped  with  numerous  flowerheads,  but  each  flowerheiwl  ■ 
dieds  of  little  perfect  florets,  so  closely  set  together  that 

lint  prnw]   Qorrtfc  ♦»»«  fl„ 1 1   L       .    .:.    „      m"i 


thiH'  the  rap 
renuiln  d.  r<e(l 
by      >■  gla  ids 


a    str-it!i;te    mr 

„■   waywtji-       Tb" 

••i  by  I  imny.  of  iht 

^talk.s     H       It  only 

s  conip.  .«e.       I   hun- 

cn  shun'     ar     insect 


t—.. — .,  ..„.^io,  „u  I  niMc^ijf  Hei  logeiner  mat  ' 

but  crawl  across  the  flowerhead  he  will  fertilize  a  number    .f  th.n,      Phiu  'heir 

e.s  and  the  rap.d  strides  with  which  they  occupy  new  trr   i.orv       ...   -h..    "h^r 

beis  of  others  that  are  yearly  becoming  less  common. 


15 


i 


FLOWER  GUIDE 

Wild  Flowers  East  of  the  Rockies 

Grouped  in  their  Natural  Order  as  in  the  latest  edition  of 
Gray's  Botany 


h 
T 


CAT-TAIL   FAMILY 

( 'J'liplimrtr} 

:;:=.•;  p.;:'-;..  S,-^^ 

..rm.r  s.„,n  fall  „r  l.low  away.  whil..  ,|,..  1,.    .•     1  ,;„    ,' 
It.    the     arge,   familiar,    brown   cat-tail   that    i,    ufZ 
used  for  (iHc.rativf  jmrposes. 

St    n,„at.   flowers  enonclintr  the  ii,,|K.r  en.l  of  the  llmer 
stalk,  ami  imme.liatelv  l,,.|,nv  a  hml  cvlir.lrieal    .,   ss    ,f 

siaiK  an<l  the  pollen  grains  are  simple. 

17 


BUR   REED    FAMILY 

( iSparganiaccae ) 

The  Bur  Reeds  are  marsh  inhabiting  plants,  some 
{^rowing  along  the  muddy  shores  of  ponds  or  streams, 
nliile  other  species  are  strictly  aquatic,  growing  in  the 
water  with  floating  leaves.  Like  the  t'at-tails  they  are 
not  in  the  least  dependent  upon  in.sects  for  fertilization. 
The  two  kinds  of  flowers,  staniinate  and  j)istillate  are 
always  in  separate  spherical  clusters,  usually  alternately 
arranged  along  the  stem. 

(A)  Great  Bir-reed  iSparfianitim  rurxicarpum)  is 
stout  and  erect,  two  to  three  feet  in  height.  The  ma- 
ture heads,  or  fruit,  are  about  one  inch  across;  com- 
posed of  wedge-shaped  nutlets  arranged  in  the  form  of 
a  spliere.  The  basal  leaves  are  similar  to  those  of  the 
Cattail  and  clasp  tlie  stems.  These  plants  are  found 
in  the  whole  of  tlie  V.  S.  and  soutliern  Canada,  flower- 
ing from  ,]une  to  Augu.st. 

(P)   Braxciiixg  BtH  Reeo   (.S'.  androcladum)   throws 
off  several  weak  flower-bearing  branches  from  the  angles 
of  the  upper  leaves. 
18 


WATER    PLANTAIN   FAMILY 

(Aliniiiacrfr) 

Gknis  Arrow-hkad  (t<„!,ilta,-Hn .  Arrow-Iiends  or 
Sag.ttanas  are  among  our  most  heautiful  wat.-r  plants 
1  he  leaves  var.v  greatly  in  shape  hnt  are  always  gr."ee-' 
f  m  a,,,„.arance.  All  species  have  three  pnVe  white 
petals  with  a  goUlen  center  formed  hy  the  large  anth  rs 

mnildy  shores,  and  ilower  in  June. 

lrw'hln',!riV,'"''?"  ■^«r"-'"--^"   '•^'''.'/'■"'"•'•''  lolihiin) 

root  T  e  vrvii"r'  .'™"'i "" '""« '"■""'™  '■■"■"  f" 

loot.      Ihe   3-j,etalled   wliite   (lowers   grow   in   whorls  of 

pistillate.      Seed,    wmged    on    hotli    e.lges    and    with    ■! 
tw,ste.l  hor.xontal   Leak.     This  speeies  is  smooth    I'ut 

(piiheseeus)  l,as  the  stem  ,,uite  woolv.  Coni- 
the  wliole  of  our  range. 

Xabrow-i.k.vvkd  .AHROw-itK.xn  (S.  hhuirlmnn- 
has  ,ery  narrow  leaves  with  linear  sa-ittate 
Ihe   seecis   are   winged   hut   the   heak   points   up- 


variety 
niou   in 

(T!) 
niana) 
bases. 


wards  instead  of  hei 


ng  hent  at  a 


11  angle  as  in  tlie  last. 
Ul 


ARUM   FAMILY 

{.liocc    ) 

cJ*""  '\?,"!'*'  ^  '■'"'>■""  '"'"''>■  "*  P'""''  containing  six 
Renera  All  have  aeiul  „r  puMfiont  juices:  (lowers  close- 
ly crowded  on  a  spadix.  iisuallv  surrounded  by  a  snatlie- 
leaves  either  simple  or  compound  and  of  various  shapes'. 

Genus  {Aiindniti} 

.TACK-IN-.TIIE-I'tLPIT     or      I.M.IA.X      TlRMP      (Arisftma 
Inplnjllum)    is  the  most  alnu.dant  an<l  the  best  known 
representative  of  this  genus.     I„  ,„„ist  woo.is  vou  will 
fv.',',.  i"'       '•'•''!?"'"'*'''  "'•'■  *'"■  *'I"«''^'  '""k'"K  ""'t  at  you 
the    spathe    is    l,<;|,t    f;reen.    more   or    less   striped   with 
I.n.wn.  espeeia  ly  <m  the  insi.le:  the  spadix  is  a Iso  gjeen 
an,l  has  the  tiny  lloweis  elusteied  about  its  base.  ^ The 
ai-ge  s,.]i,    roots  are  very  acrid  and  fiery  to  the  taste 
but  are  said  to  have  been  relished  by  the 'Indians:     rsu 
•i   *"■"•   ♦'"■'""compounded   leaves  .pread   shelteriniflv 
.long  stems  over  the  llow.T  spathe.     Large  cluster  %^ 
bnglit   berries   remain   after   the   leaves   liave   withered 
Howers  throughout  U.  .S.  from  April  to  July. 
20 


(A)   Water  ARfM   (Cam  pnh,.,fns)    is  our  onlv  >op- 
u,™tat.ve  of  ,U  fr,.„us.     It  is  .,„it.   a  eo,n,„on  pli.nt  fn 
cool  Logs,  whoro  it  firows  f,-,,,,,   six  inelies  to    i  f     t 
luU'ljt.      Tl,e   boautif,.!   dark   «,...>„      "a  l^l    pe,!    I^^v 
stan,l   al.ov«   the  wator   oa   lo„.   p„tiol,.s.       \'l„'a,tif,  I 
w|^y.vh,  e,  sproadin,,  spatl...  i^  .'..fn  .uistal...    ,,  't  .i 

i       I,„l       V     ''  -''""'I  ",'"•'''■"■•     '1''"'  'l<'"<"rinj;  season   is 

bl'    fvom  N-""t  '""•■,   m"'    *'''^   •''""*   ^•""■■>">»l.v    i"   cool 
ODgs  tiom  ^.  J.  and  Mo.  noithwaiils. 

(B)  nou,E.vCLr»  (0™„n«m  ,„/„„nV»m)  is  al.o  onr 
onl.v  member  of  ,ts  genns.     As  yoi.  will  see  bv     lie      , 

^:^  l;;:"^:b.f^"■'■  '^  -" "-'-''-  ^i-'-  ^"■-  ti'- 

The  florets  are  complete,  having  six  sepals  and  sta- 
men.-: they  are  set  closely  on  the  swollen  spa.liv  a  1 
attract  many  f^,es  and  even  water  snails  tl  at  er  ■ 
fe>;t  hze  them  simply  by  crawling  over  the  clubs 

Ihe  leai-es  ot  tlie  fJo n  Clul)  are  pointed  obion.'  in 

iavf,om\r''''\*''ii ''*■'■'■","''''    '""t^f'k-      Flowers    in 
jviay  11  om  Mass.  to  I'la.  and  westwards. 

21 


Genus 

claim  tharfann,'  b^  S^spiteT'-'tl.irnf'K^^"'''  *"''  ""« 
flowor  to  bloom  oacl,  vear'^  It  i,  w  ?  ^*""^'  ""■"  «■■"' 
them  witli  the  shell  like  L„„ti  u  *  ""'''""""•n  to  And 
pollen  fulV  rTpened  even  in'^  t1*  »bove  ground  and  the 

;r7o.e  ^*^^^''^"  -''"  ''-vnr'i;n'aTmo:t':^'iid^^;" 
the'' thiors.r:p:dif'cr'''''f  ,'•'■•''  '•'"'♦"•'•  ""-"^d  on 

large,  thick,  XT^^-,  g  "e ^  tirod^hl^if  Vb"  ^  "^ 
appear  after  the  fl,.,.o,.  i  »""nca  nood.     The  leaves 

strongly  veined;  quit^e  hanjr^e  if  fact  TlTe  '''•■•,  ""/ 
range  from  \.  S    to  AUnn    „„i         f,  ^"**<'  Planta 

bogiv-  ground.  '  ^"'^  '°"t''*"ds.  chiefly  i„ 

22 


SPIDERWORT   FAMILY 

(Coniniflinacea) 

(A)  DAT-Fr.owEB  (Comwelina  communis)  is  one  of  a 
very  few  of  our  native  j.lant.  Imvinfj  pure  blue  Mowers 
iach  blossom  lasts  but  a  single  dav  no«eis. 

The  stem  is  rather  weak,  much  jointed  and  attain, 
heights  of  one  to  two  feet.  Two  petal,  are  lar^ 
rounded  ami  blue,  while  the  third  is  t  v  and  S: 
less;   the  whole  Hower  peeps  out  from  a  clas,"nfr?  c  r 

crn   Mass.   to  Mieh.   and   southwards,   blixmiin.'  in   rich 
woods  or  doorjards  from  June  to  Sept 

^u:^n:L^.;£ '''-  "■■"^"  *"^  ^--^^  z^i^lTslz 

high.  Three  purple  petals,  three  brown,  hairy  senaU 
and  s.x  orange  tipped  stamens  compose  the^flowers 
They  may  be  found  in  rich  soil  from  Me.  to  Mich  ^.d 
southwards,  flowering  from  June  to  August! 

23 


PICKEREL-WEED   FAMILY 

il'(Jlllril,  ririrrnt 

ce«it,4ir:.b™:u;:r^,tor'-:H;!r'''  ""■'"•"''  -  -  - 

sl.allm';-  Von.ls  r  „,  ;  he  ,'.  i^'  r"f:"l"«  '"■"^"•■*"'>-  '" 
»»''  llou'en,,,,  f,,„„  jTnle  to  'i',,,"*  ^'''''  ""*'"■  ^"••■"■"■''- 
sn,ilK^r;:;:\.!;j:ii;;":   "l^Pi--;   t'-t  proceeds   fron.   a 

't..,n  about  M?^ hv.iv    wh    P      '.  ■    ""''""    '""'   '''■•'«?«    ""• 

«p.rw.     tL    ;,,,.   ,,,r"   ■';    •J"",",1'l  "P'hrl.v 
24 


LILY    FAMILY 

(  Lilidciii) 

tlian  80  hiHTios  in  ,„■,■  ranj;,..  .livided  int.,  :).•!  ^,.n7.|a. 

(A)  liKUAVORT  anihirm  pnfoliata)  is  ,■„»„»..»  in 
n.-l,  w.».,ls.  ll».  «fin.  ■-..aeiiin-  a  l.-n-tl,  „f  (i  t,.  18 
.11.    iis,.s   from  a   sl,„it  i.Mitstalk.     A   sin^Hc.   straw, •„!- 

ore.1     lower   is   piMidcnt   from   tho  end   of  vaH,   ,ln „ 

Inanel,:  it  is  Ion};,  bell-slia,,..,!  a,4  has  six  narrow  ilf 
^.su.ns  11,..  |,,,v..s  ar..  !if;|,t  kivo.,.  laiuo-shap...!  and 
IMorcMl  by  tl,..  stem.  Til.,  sli.litly  fragrant  l!.,w..,s  ,  o 
so   oon....aled    l,v   tlieir   ,lr.,o|,infr   position    as   to   1„.    i,,- 

:^:':;!g.,ir'..:"r:s.  ^""^- "'—  --^  ^"-^  -"  ■' 

(li)  (Ukksia:  Wii.i,  Oats  ((,„Krsi„  .^s.^^iMia)  has 
an  anjinlar  stem  from  «  to  14  in.  Ion,.,  th..  ,,vat,.- 
anceolate  leaves  are  s..ate.l  on  the  st...,,  aii.l  not  pi<.r(.,.,l 
■i  ■■  V'M'"''  '"•  *«"  ll""<'is  are  similar  in  si/e  an.l 
.•'.lorinK  to  thos<.  .,f  Kellwort  l.nt  the  interior  is  sm,  ot 
while  the  latter  has  rouj-h  ri.lfres.  This  species  i,  e 
n,..n  from  Jle.  t.,  Minn,  and  .s.mtliwanN     '   "^    " 


-  .! 


ONION;    GARLIC 
Genus  {Allium) 


The  various  species  belonging  to  this  genus  are  very 
strongly  scented,  pungent  herbs  growing  from  a  coated 
'    bulb. 

(A)  Wild  Lei:k;  Wiui  Oniox  (.4Hih»i  tricoccum) 
is  a  woodland  plant  blooming  in  Jlay  and  June.  The 
flowers  arc  in  an  umbel  at  the  top  of  a  scape  ti  to  20 
i-.y  high.  Tlie  llower  perianth  is  divided  into  six  green- 
isn-white  sepals.  The  leaves  are  oblonglancesliaped, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  on  long  petioles  from  the  bulbous 
root,  but  usually  withering  before  the  flowers  appear. 
Found  from  N.  'A.  to  ilinn.  and  southwards. 

(B)  Wn.n  G'.ai.iJ  (Allium  catifidrnnc)  has  few  pur- 
plish, (i-parted  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  from  a  cluster 
of  bulblets  at  the  top  of  a  seape  10  to  24  in.  high.  The 
leaves  are  grass-like,  sheathing  tlie  stem  above  the 
fibrous  bulb.  Flowers  in  May  and  .Tune  in  moist  mead- 
ows, from  N.  B.  to  Mich,  and  southward-^. 

20 


Day  Lii.y  {Himiinnillis  fiilra)  (Kiropkan)  will,  we 
think,  prove  a  wclcunii'  luhlitioii  to  our  llora.  It  is  now 
loeally  i  Imndant  in  R.  I..  I'onn..  and  X.  Y.  It  llonrislics 
bp9t  n, ...  salt  water  iinil  siircads  rapidly  by  means  of 
its  rnnnini;  roots  as  well  as  liy  seeil.  Tlie  flower  stalk 
is  tall,  2  to  5  feet,  and  at  its  siininiit  bears  eijilit  or  nine 
buds  which  open  one  or  two  a  day  into  larjje  showy 
flowers. 

The  ])erianth  is  funm'l-ftu'ui,  with  six  spreading  or- 
anf;e  limbs  anil  six  Ion);  stamens  with  larjre  brown 
anthers.  The  blossoms  appear  in  .July  and  Auffust. 
eaeh  remaininj;  ojien  for  but  a  sinfile  day;  this  habit 
makes  thini  very  Jiopular  for  vase  iIowits  as  the  num- 
ber of  buds  on  each  stalk  insures  fresh  tlowers  every 
day  for  a  week  or  more.  The  leaves  are  lonj;  and  linear, 
similar  t.)  those  of  the  Cattail,  appewrin;;  from  a  fleshy 
perennial  rootstalk  at  the  base  of  the  tall  lh>wer  scape. 

In  the  absence  of  any  odor,  the  beautiful  floWer  cup 
serves  to  attract  tlie  b<'es  that  are  necessary  for  the 
set ti 111'  of  its  seed. 


27 


LILIES 
Genus  i  I'.iiimn ) 

All  till'  nn'inlpcis  (if  tliN  };i'ini«  aip  niiioiij;  mir  iiidst 
iM'aiitifnl  lldwi'i*.  I?i  iiiir  niiijfc  it  iiiclnili's  «'i);lit  s\h'- 
clew,  of  wlilcli  seven  arc  iiativi's.  'I'iic  two  sin't'ics  ijf 
Hcil  Lily  can  readily  lie  i-eeoj;iii/.(>il  liecaiisi'  tlieir  peri- 
anth, iir   llower  fniiiiel.  always  opens  upwarils. 

Wood  Lii.v:  Wmd  Ouanci; -rkd  T.ii.y  il.iliiiiii  pJiiln- 
(litlthiriiiii  I  lias  a  leafy  stem  I  to  ;!  feet  liii;li.  at  its 
siiiiiniit  iK'arinfi  one  to  four  ereet  (not  |ieii(liilous)  llow- 
ers:  the  (llvisiiins  of  tlu'  perianth  are  deep  <iran};e-red. 
lijlhteninj;  in  color  at  the  stem-like  liases  and  profusely 
spotted  with  dark  lirow  n :  the  outside  of  the  perianth 
is  dull  whitish-frreen.  The  leaves  are  laneeolate.  sharply 
Jiointed  at  each  end  and  whorli'd  aliout  the  stem  in 
i;r"up«  of  from  three  t«>  seven.  Its  name  is  rather  mis- 
leading for,  while  it  is  sometimes  found  in  woods,  they 
will  be  f(inu<l  Idoomine:  niost  jirofusely  in  sandy  or 
lirush  covered  land,  lijiioms  in  .Inly  anil  Aujiust  in 
sandy  soil  from  N.  K.  t"  .Mieh.  and  southwards. 
28 


TntK's-cAi'  Lily  t  l/itiinn  suitrihnm  )  is  a  most  Ih'iui- 
tifiil  pliint.  |»'<>lilu>  ill  liliinni  aliiinst  lM-yiin<l  iM-lirf.  siinir- 
tiiiU's  tMintiiiiiill);  frmii  tliiity  to  fortv  l>i'illiiiiit  oiaiiiji! 
flowiMs.  Tlic  l)ii<.'lil  si'pals  arc  always  rctlcxed,  wiini'- 
tiiiU'H  H(»  iniu'li  so  that  tlii'y  rt'inind  (Hic  of  a  eoiltnl 
spiiii^'.  One  lias  lint  to  toiuli  tlir  lai;.'i'  iii'i'idaiit  antlicis 
to  }j<'t  a  practical  ili'iiioiistiatioii  of  liow  tlir  pollen  is 
attaclicMJ  to  till'  liody  of  a  lici'  and  rarricd  to  anotlici' 
llowi'i-.  tlicic  to  111'  di'positrd  on  till'  sticky  stifjiiia  of  the 
nintni'c  style.  Xatiirally  a  species  so  pnililic  of  flower 
and  so  capaldc  of  l)ein»r  cross-fertili/.eil  liy  foreign  agency 
is  in  little  danirer  of  liiiviiif;  its  niiiiilieis  lessened. 

The  llowcrs.  niiddiii;;  at  the  top  of  a  >ti'ni  ran;:iii^ 
from  2  to  7  feet  in  lie|(.dit.  have  a  six-parted  perianth, 
oranfie-red.  thickly  spotted  with  inirplisli  hrown.  The 
lanceolate  leaves  are  crowded  aloiij;  the  ii]i|K'r  stein  and 
whorled  uliiait  its  lower  portion.  lilooms  ahiinilantly 
ill  rich  soil,  diirinf;  .Inly  and  .\iigiist,  from  >.'.  J*.,  to 
Minn,  and   sontliwards. 


20 


Field,  Wild.  Mkaikiw,  Ykllow  or  Canada  Lilv 
iljiliiiiii  cnnnilciim)  \*  mw  iif  tlii'  most  aluindiiiit  of  tlic 
};(>iniM.  Imngim'  a  rii'li  nifndow,  smioiindi'd  l)y  dPt'P 
(jiccii  wiioiIh  and  covered  witli  tliousaiids  of  H'ese  lilies, 
their  heads  haiigiiij,'  anil  noddiii).'  invitingly  and  seeniint! 
fairly  to  tinkle  in  the  lirifjht  snnlijiht.  On  the  whole, 
this  (lower  nniy  lie  regarded  as  more  ^raeefnl  in  form 
than  is  the  Tnrk'sea|i.  hut  it  eannol  eompare  with  the 
latter  flower  for  lieaiity  of  eolorin^'.  Tlie  rej.'nlar  whorled 
leaves  and  ^rraeefnl  liemlinfj  ])eduniles  supportin);  the 
han<.'in};  "hells"  make  a  eiinventional  desii;n  that  often 
apih  1  s  to  the  artistie  eye. 

Till'  llowers  are  in  terminal  eliisters  of  one  to  twelve 
blossoms,  nodilin^  on  lonjr  ])e(lMneles  from  the  summit 
of  tall  leafy  stems.  The  leaves  are  laiieecdate.  arranged 
aiiout  the  stem  at  intervals  in  whorls  of  tlirw  to  eight. 
Flowers  dnrin};  .June  and  .Inly  in  moist  nu'ailows,  from 
Qiiehet;  to  ilinii.  and  suutliwa'rds  to  (in.  and  Mo. 


30 


(A)  DodTooTii  Vioi.KT:  \  K;.r.i>w  Addkr's  Tiimhk 
{Eriithritnium  umirirnnum) .  Tln-w  llowcin  iiri-  fniiiiliur 
iiikI  wchuiiiM'  lines  tii  all  who  WiiiiiliT  Ih'hmIi'  wixiillaml 
brooko  in  the  Spring.  The  namp  "  Violet "  in  of  conrw 
a  inisiioiiHT.  It  in  ofti'ii  Inciilly  kniiwii  as  tlio  "Trout 
Lily  "  or  tlic  "  Kawii  Lily,"  Initli  of  which  naiiii's  aro 
far  iiiori'  apiiropiiatt'  than  tlmse  ffivrn   it  firniMally. 

The  ninjih'  (i-parti-il  IIowit  ^jiows  at  tlii'  top  of  a  scapi- 
from  o  to  10  in.  Iiijrli.  Two  I'lliptical-laiKcolati'  leaves 
clasp  the  sea  at  its  base,  r  ..r  tlie  sealy  liiilh;  they 
are  pale  fireeii,  iiiottleil  with  purple  and  white.  This 
speeies  lilooins  in  .\pril  and  Slay  in  moist  woods  or 
swamps,  from  N.  1{.  to  .Minn,  ami  soiitliwards. 

(H)  C'LIXTOXI.V  {Vlhiloiiin  hurcalis)  is  a  heautifnl 
sjieeies,  its  leaves  resemhlinf:  those  of  the  I.ily-of-the 
Valley.  The  three  to  six  pendnloiis.  liell  sliaped  llowers 
are  i  leam-eoloreil  within  and  (ireenish  outside.  Three 
larne.  ohloii}.'.  ]iointed  leaves  elasp  tlie  llower  seape  at 
its  hase.  The  plant  is  alwiiit  ti  to  l(i  in.  liifjli:  it  Mow- 
ers (lurinfi  .Inne  in  damp  woods  from  l.ahrador  to  >lan. 
nnd  southwards. 

31 


Wii.n  Si'iKKNAKi)  (Siniliii-iiiii  i-ncriiiona)  is  i|iiite  an 
iin])cisinj;  jjlant,  witli  its  loiifr.  enrviiif;.  zijjza}!  sti'in,  its 
iiiaiiv  li);lit  jiiec'U  deeply  ribbed  leaves  and  its  feathery 
terminal  lliiwer  clusters. 

The  while  llowers  are  tiny  but  perfect,  with  a  li- 
])arted  peiianth.  six  slender  stamens  and  a  short,  tliiek 
style.  'I'he  stem  is  rather  anfiular  and  attains  a  length 
of  from  1  to  ;i  feet;  alternatiii};  along  it  are  the  largo, 
oval,  sliarply  |)ointed  leaves,  with  parallel  ribs  and 
wavy  edge.  The  ]K>rennial  rootstalk  is  tliiek  and  fleshy. 
Spikeiiaril  is  quite  abundant  in  nuist  rieb.  nneleared 
ground,  flowering  in  May  and  .Inne.  from  Ale.  to  Minn, 
southwarils. 

False  Solomon's  Skal  (SniildciiKi  ulrlhita)  bears 
some  resemblanee  to  the  last  species,  but  the  (lowers  are 
nnich  laiger  and  few  ill  number,  usually  only  six  or 
eight  terminating  the  zigzag  stem.  The  leaves  are 
broader  at  the  bases  and  slightly  clasp  the  stem,  where- 
as those  of  the  last  species  have  very  short  stems.  It 
grows  comnioiily,  but  not  as  iiinch  so  as  the  last,  on 
moist  banks  and  in  meadows,  from  Jle.  to  Minn,  and 
southwards. 


(A)     (  AXAPIA    ^rAYII.OWKR:     I'ai.sK    LlLYdK-lll  kV  \I  1  IV 

lM„„i,„li,„nn„    ,a;,„lr„.,r)     is   a    v,.,y    iil.iindant    «;,,mI- 

Jaml  plant,  frnnviii^'  in  colonics,  thonsamls  of  tl i  soi 

times  curpi.tinjr  pine  woods  witli  thi'ir  dark  ..iiK'n  .rlossv 
leaves  The  tw.,,  o  •  tl.ree.  I.roa.l.  ovat,.dannM,late.'"shin'v 
green  je.iws  are  rather  heart-shaped  at  the  has,.,  seated 
on  the  stem  or  very  nearly  so.  The  llower  perianth  has 
fmir  divisions.  .Aft,.r  the  Ihweriii-  season  lloth  of  these 
plaiit.s  liave  herries;  at  lirst  a  ereaniv  white.  ,,,otted 
with  brown,  and   later  turning  to  a  dull   nihy-red. 

tnfjjha)  the  smallest  meniher  of  the  frenns  Snnlari,,,,. 
IS  found  rather  eommonly  in  hoes  and   wi't  woods      The 

stein    strai.dit  and  slender,  fro,,,  ■>  t n.  hij,h.  n'snallv 

h.is  hi,.e  eaves  shin, n-  green,  ohhrngpointe,!  and 
sheath,,,..  ,,t  th,.  I,a.e.  arranged  at  ,e.nl'ar  i,„„,.vals 
along  ,t  i  ,,.  ||ow,.,s  a,e  whiti'.  few  in  n„„,l,er,  on 
short  p(.d,„„d,.H  HI  an  open  raee„,e  and  have  si.v  petals 
It  ,s  f.mnd  ,o,„  Lahrador  to  Alaiiitoha  and  .sonthwar.ls 
to  N.  J.  and  .Mo.,  ilowering  during  ilav  and  June. 


33 


PlHIM.l',    TWIHTKD-STAI.K     ( .SV/c/jfo/ll/x     lOMlls}     lias,    as 

wiiuld  he  juilgod  fioiii  its  iiiiiiH".  a  very  aiii;iilar  or 
twisteil  stem.  At  eacli  an};le  or  joint,  apiii'ars  an  i>vate- 
laneeolate.  ec)r(]atel.v-ril)l)eii.  sliinini;  j.'reen  leaf,  seated 
iin  the  stem.  From  the  axils  of  the  terminal  leaves  ap- 
pear small  llowers  <m  slender  thread-like  peduncles: 
these  llowers  are  sometimes  sinfjie  or.  aj^ain.  in  ])airs; 
they  have  a  bell-shaped  base  aid  the  perianth  is  di- 
vided into  six  lanceolate,  spreadinj;  dull  i)iir|)lp  sepals. 
The  stem,  which  is  rather  sparin).'ly  hristlv-hairv. 
reaches  heights  of  1  to  2'/,  feet.  This  rosy' species 
hloonis  in  ilay  and  .hine  in  cold  moist  wiii'ids  from 
Xewfoundland  to  Manitoba  and  southwards  to  the  Gulf 
of  -Mexico. 

C'oMMo.v  TwisTKD-.sr.M.K  ( SI rrplopiix  (iiiiplcrifolius) 
is  similar  but  has  f;reenish-white  llowers.  the  six  sepals 
of  which  are  very  stronjily  vellexed.  Th<'  plant  is  some- 
what laifier.  the  smooth  stem  beinjr  from  •>  to  3  feet  n 
length.  It  is  f(mnd  thr(iU};hout  northern  United  States 
and  the  southern  half  of  (  anaila. 


34 


Soi.oMox's  Skai,  [l'(ili)ii<jii'iliiiii  bi/lonim)  lia  siiiull 
{Ticciiisli.  Ix'il-shiipcil  lldwcis  nliHiit  oiic-lialf  incli  in 
k'Ufitli.  Iiaiijriiif;  in  pairs  cpii  slender  ])i'(lnnclcs  from  the 
iiNils  (if  tlic  Iciivi's.  'Ill,,  sti'ni  is  1  to  ■>  feet  in  jicifilil. 
Tliv  <il)lon;;-lanccoliit('  leaves  alternate  alimj;.  and  are 
I)artly  seateil  nn.  the  stem:  deep  ^ni'en  alxive  and  };lan- 
eiis  111-  wliitisli  lieliiw  \'eiv  eommcm  in  woods  from 
X.  R.  to  Ont.  and  sontliwanis,  llo\verin<;  from  Ajiril  to 
Jnne. 

These  jdanls  receive  tlieir  mime  from  the  tliiek.  Ileshv 
and  knotted  rootstalks.  They  are  perennials,  eaeh  xca'r 
throwing  np  new  stalks:  after  Mowerin^'  these  ■„  i'ther 
away  and  leave  pronounced  sears  on  the  roots.  Tlii'se 
sears  sn<.'<.'ested  the  name  of  Solomon's  Seal  and  the 
niunher  of  them  prolialdy  aceiirately  denotes  the  afres  of 
the  iilaiits.  liotli  the  la'ijre  and  the  small  s])eei<'s'"}.ro\v 
ill  the  same  Idealities.  They  can  readily  be  distin 
^'uished  liy  eoni|)aris(m.  for  roiini.iildtiin'i  is  always 
larfier  in  all  its  parts;  while  it  may  be  but  a  foot  and 
a  half  tail  it  will  be  stouter  and  "have  compnratividv 
laraer  flowers  than  its  relative.     Often  it  assumes  tiiil'v 


{•ifiantic  si/e  and  mav  tower  al 


,b<tv<'  a 


tall 


heail. 


;i.-) 


(A)  Common-  Crkkn  Brikr  tfimila.r  rnhimUiolia)  is 
a  wciiidy  cliiiil'inj.'viiic  with  si-iittciccl  sliarp  ]iiirkl('s: 
it  cliiiilis  by  iiii'Miis  of  pairs  of  toiuliils  iniiii  tlip  axils 
of  till'  IcavcM.  Leaves  alteniatiii^'  aloiifr  tlic  stem:  roiinii- 
ovalc.  slianily  jwiiiitcil  at  tlic  ti])  ami  somcwliat  licait- 
siiapcd  at  till'  l)asc.  Klowcis.  few  on  siciiilcr  |)c(luiicl<'s 
fioiii  tlio  ixnyM-s  of  tlic  leaves:  periaiitli  bell-sliiiped.  witli 
SIX  slioit,  sjii-eadinj.'  lolies.  i}ale  f;ieeiiisli  in  color.  Cmii- 
nion  in  moist  tliiekets  from  X.  S.  to  Minn,  and  .sontli- 
wards,  llowering  in  Jlay  and  .Inne. 

(T?)  LlI.Y-oK-TliK-V.M.i.i;v  iCoiirnlhirid  wiijalix).  As 
a  {rard.'n  llower.  tliis  species  is  proliablv  familiar  to 
nearly  everyone,  W  liile.  as  a  native,  it  is'onlv  fonnd  in 
some  r)f  tlie  Montlieastern  nionntain  ran<.'es.  it  is  sonn'- 
timer,  foinid  in  tlie  Xortli  as  an  eseape  from  enltivation. 
It  IS  a  delieat'ly  heantifnl  speeies.  verv  rieli  in  fragrance 
and  very  Inirdy.  Tlie  liell-sliaped.  wliite  flowers  gfow  in 
a  one-sided  raceme  at  the  top  of  a  scape,  the  liase  of 
winch  is  shea'hed  hy  the  two  large,  broad,  oblons- 
pointed,  pnrall(d-v,.ine.l  leaves.  It  llowers  in  Jlav  and 
•hiiie  in  monntaina  from  \a.  to  S.  C. 

.■ill 


TXDFA.V     ('l<  r.MDKR-KOOT      iMcilcdIn 


IIIDU  wiMidlainl   planl.   but  tlM 


nr/iiiiiaiKi  I     is    a 


ilowtTs  are 


iniiiii- 


spkuims  tliat  tlicy   luv  oltcii   (ivcrldokcMl;    in   fuct   tin, 
till'   iippcr   li'iivcs   so  as   to   hi 


arc  often    iioddi 


Ix'lo 


iiivisil)lc.     Tlie   stem    is   tall   anil    slcnd. 
1    to  ;{  feet   in   lici'dil ; 


IT.    ranj.'in}! 


troin 


rootstalk,  liav 


III 


it   liscs  t'liiin  a   tliii-k   hori/ontal 
a  tastf  similar  to  that  of  tl 


l)ointi'd   Ic 


A    wlioil    of    from    live    to 


is    located 


midv 


top.   three  smaller   lint    *imilarlv   shape!    1 


le  cucnni- 

ovate-laiicccdate. 

on   the   stem:    at    the 


Atiove  these,  or  it  ma\-  he  Ik 


pedicels,   are  till 
low.    the   three 


Ho 


bei 


Till 


uf  th( 


pals   and    three    petal 


lie 


radiate 


sh-vel- 


perlanth    are    very   mnch    rcllcxed    oi-   curled:    tl 


iiposiufT    tin 


stamens    each, 


anil 


puiplishhrown,   recurved   >ti"inas 


■stvle    dividin 


into    threi 


It   is   said   that   the    Inili 


fiirmerly   used   the   roots 


for  food:   at  the  present  time  they  are'used  for  vu 
medicinal   preparatii 


.\.  It.  to  .U 


t'liciunhcr-root    is   found    fn 


anitnha   and  sontluvards  to  the  Gulf. 


ini'  in  rich  woods  duriuj;  .\1 


ly  and  ,)une. 


Genus    (Trillium) 

Trilliiiins    <l,.|ivc    tlicir    f;ciiciie    iiiiMic    fn>in    tlic    fact 
tliat  all  tlicir  parts  arc  nrran^fcd  in  threes;  tlircc  leaves. 


thr 
Tl 


■ee    petals,    tliree    sepals    and    a    tlir partiiil    st 


lie  eipninmn  name  (if  Wake    Hdl.in 


iiriiia 


{liven    lieeaiisc    these    tin 


as  prolialih-  carh 


-As  a  matter  of  fact  tliev  dii  n.it  lili 


appear    at    an    carlv    date. 


the    Rubins  h; 


iiioin  until  weeks  afte 


the  I  iple  trilliiiins  li 
that  111'  jiutrid  meat; 
fertili/.atidii 


returned  to  the  Xiirthcrn  State 


ivc  an  unpleasant  odu 


the 


All 

ililinjr 


upon  certain  carrion   lli< 
iliar  color  is  for  ll 


hn-fjcly  dejicndcnt  for 


ahle  that  their   peeiil 
a<lded  lure  for  these  insects 

PLRPI.K     TrILI.IIM;      HlRTI 

KoiiiN-     {Trilli 


it   is  very  ))roh 


lie  jiurpose  o 


if  an 


petals  and  three  sepals;  si.x  stamens 
the  stout  spread' 


IIROOT;      iLI.-.SCKNTKn     \V.\KK 

■rrcliiiii)     has    three    purplish-hrowii 


ini,'  stifima.      Klower  solit 
a  short  pedicel  above  the  whorl  of  I 
and  short  pclioled  leaves.     Tliis  trill 
from  U   to   13  inches.      It   II 
rich  woods  from  Quebi 
38 


'cediiifr  in  length 

arv.  rising  on 

'iroad,  ovate,  pointed 

iuni  ranges  in  height 

11  April  and  ilay,  in 


'c  to  Ont.  and  southward 


(A)  LAR(iEFr.o\vKRKi)  Tbii,i.ii-.v  {TiilliKiii  uraiiili/li)- 
rum)  is  the  liirjicst  of  the  •jcims  in  all  icHpcits  ami  is 
one  of  tlie  liest  known  ami  most  common  species.  It 
can  Im!  looked  for  in  any  ilaini).  rich  woods  diirinf;  .May 
or  June,  tsually  they  jfrow  in  colonies  and  it  is  an 
e.xception  when  one  Hnds  a  sinfjle  plant  without  others 
heinf,'  in  sifjlit.  Tlie  stem  of  this  species  is  from  10  to 
18  inches  in  heii;ht:  the  wa.\y  white  petals  are  from 
114  to  2  in.  in  len};th:  as  tlley  j.'ro\v  ohh.r  the  color 
changes  to  a  delicate  pink  and  they  curve  gracefully 
hackwards. 

Till'  Ihiwer  is  on  a  short  pedicel  aliove  the  whorl  of 
liroad.  ovate-pointed  and  shortly  petioled  leaves,  l-'oniid 
frcmi  Vt.  to  .Minn,  and  southwards,  to  X.  ('.  and  .Mo. 

(R)  Xoi)i)iNG  Trii.i.u  M  iT.  Crntiiiiiii)  is  quite  similar 
to.  but  smal.,M-  than  the  last  species.  Its  hlossom  is 
either  white  or  pink  and  is  on  a  curved  pedicel  that 
often  bends  so  as  to  place  the  llower  beneath  the  whorl 
of  leaves;  the  edfies  of  the  petals  are  ipiitc'  wavv.  This 
denuire,  bashful  little  trillium  is  found  from  Xe'wfounil- 
Inud  and  Man.  South  to  I'a.  and  ilich. 

39 


I.UNTKI.  rBIu.ir.\r  irrilliiiui  „,i,li,l„tu„i)  lias  alininlv 
l);.iiit,.,l  wav.v-..(ljj,.,l.  waxy-whit,,  petals  with  ..ii.„i,.;i 
\-sliai)t.d  marks  at  tli,.  l.asrs.  Th..  .,vat..  l.-aves  are 
sliarpy  poiiite,!  an<l  petioled.  It  is  a  c..mm„n  species 
troiii  Quebec  to  Oiitariii  and  simtliwards 

The  Painfd  Trillium  is  usually  retrarde.1  as  th..  most 
beautiful  of  th..  };enus.  tertainlv  it  is  the  most  abun- 
<lant  It  IS  m.u-..  f;r..f;ari.,us  than  ..th..rs.  an.l  w..  often 
hml  lar;re  b,..ls  ..f  tlu.m  with  their  ilaintv.  waxv-white 
w  avy-.Ml>;,.,l  llowers  swayiuf;  ab,.ve  th|.  ,h.;.p  ,ni->'n  back- 
Kroun.l  torm...!  by  their  broa.l.  wjiorled  leaws  Thev 
!.'row  most  |)r.)fusely  alon^'  th..  banks  of  woodland  brook's 
and  in  c,„d.  moist  };l,.ns.  ^„„  will  fin.l  thorn  nu)st 
abnndant  ,lunn^'  th..  latter  ],an  of  Mav  s.M.n  aft..r  the 
\\ood  Ihrnsh,  that  fr...|nents  the  sani."'  locality,  makes 
Ills  appearance  from  the  South.  TI1..V  are  alwavs  ass.>- 
ciated  in  my  mind  with  thf.se  bir.ls  and  witu  Water 
Jlirushes  that  [  have  often  watche.l  as  tliev  .laintilv 
threa.le.l  their  way  amon;;  the  nuuier.nis  plant  staiki 
entirely  c.mcealed  above  by  the  iiuni..rous  leaves,  an.l 
visible  only  by  placing  the  liea.l  cl.ise  to  the  .nound. 


40 


(A)  STAR•OF-nFTIIr.EItE^f  lOrnithoqaliim  umhrUntiim) 

(  KlBOPKA.N  ). 

Tlio  scape,  rising  from  a  eoati'il  bull.,  is  fn.in  (!  tc  1-2 
111.  hiph;  at  tlie  top  is  a  loos<-,  tcniiiiial  cluatcr  of  from 
four  to  eifiht  blossouis.  Tlie  pcriantli  is  divided  into 
SIX  wavy-white  sepals,  rather  preenisli  on  tlie  outside, 
i'lid  with  three  to  seven  preen  nerves;  six  stamens  and 
a  three-aided  stifiina.  The  leav€>s  are  loiifr.  lim.ar  and 
channeled.     P'ound  aa  an  esca|)e,  from  .Mi>.  to  \'a. 

AMARYLLIS   FAMILY 

(.1  Diariilliilnrcn-] 

\  family  of  bulhoua  and  scapebearing  lierhs  with 
flat,  prass-lilce  leaves  and  reijiilar  six-parteil  flowers. 

(R)  AT.\MASro  I.II,Y  (Zcplinranlhrs  Atamnsc.t  is  an 
exceedingly  beautiful  species  with  pure,  waxv-white  (low- 
ers, only  (me  to  a  plant,  erect  at  the  summit  of  a  scape 
from  6  to  12  in.  higb.  Perianth  funnel-form,  with  «ix 
spreading  lobes,  a  short  pistil  and  six  stamens  with 
large  yellow  anthers.  Leaves  hmg.  linear  and  clian- 
neled.  Quite  common  in  moist  places  or  swamps,  from 
Del.  to  Fla.,  flowering  from  April  to  July. 

41 


slightly  sreonisl.  on  thf',*^     ■■'''"■  *"'''"'"•  P"'''"-  ""'I 


42 


IRIS   FAMILY 

I  fritlfircfr) 

f.>-....k.    .n,.a„i.,K   rainbow,    an.l    it   c<.rb,    ."  "  *  '" 

tl.e  s,rap-.lil<e'.livi,i:;,;,  .     tlu'      X  ".^^  l,"'''' •-•  ""■''•■• 
on  th..  upper  siiifacH    if  tl,„  ,  ii    1  *'"    '*'i«"i'>    is 

>.-„  folded  ini:';iarviu ; ;  r^t'^r' w'-^'t  «"'"''"^- 

mon   from  Xpwf.nnull.m.l   .  .  \i      ■»  '     * ''^''■  ''""'- 

".>«ering  from  May  '^o'^.',';, ■''""''"''"  ""^  southwards. 


43 


''•^)    nr.lK-EYKn  fjRASs 


'•av,.,  ,„„|  (|„„.,.,J,|,„t     ,;V.      ,"      ».'»;■•    !•"»   ;.'.a...|ifc„ 
.V",",  lin.l  tl„.,„.       '      '      '"  "'  *'"•  '»'■»<l•>^^■  jiniss  i„  wMcl, 

JIk'     lill V('(l     (.'l-|s«i.       I 

JiKc  tip.     ( 


v.itli  a  v,.||,,„   ,„.  ^^.||j(^ 

"!;  <H--K,,  i.w.„/,«,/ ;,•'•.""'' '''''•''"■''■•''- 

v..,l,.t  ,.„|,„.^    tlu.  «.,.aiH    ,  '  '  ,     '';•',"   "'"'   "f  «    li^'l.t 
-nf-'lit  nn.nj;,.  <.„l„r     tl,-  sm   ll",  ,■  '  "''''^'■''  •"-  "f  » 

alKMit   5   t„    7    i„?  lona-    tlmsP   W  •     "'V"'"    '"'"^^'"'I'lte. 


J<»"*f:    thos, 


44 


ORCHIS   FAMILY 

Uhvhiiliii-id  ) 


4o 


SiiowY  Lady's  Slipper  {Cypripediiim  hirsutum)  is  a 
magnificent  orchid,  usually  regarded  as  the  most  beau- 
tiful of  the  genus.  It  is  of  imposing  dimensions  and 
has  large  fragrant  flowers. 

The  inflated  fh)\ver  lip  is  large  and  balloon-like,  about 
2  in.  in  length;  wliite,  witli  crinison-niagenta  blotches 
and  streaks  on  the  front  edge;  the  sepals  are  roimd- 
ovate  anil  the  petals  oblong,  both  pointed  and  both 
greenish-white  in  coh)r.  Xlie  leafv  atini,  that  bears  at 
its  summit  the  solitary  blossom,  is  from  1  to  2  feet 
in  height.  Foun<l  locally  from  Xewfoundlund  to  Minn, 
and  soutliwards  to  Cia.  and  Jlo.  flowering  in  rich  woods 
during  June  and  July. 

Sm.\i.l  White  Lady'.s  Slippkr  {CDpripnlium  can- 
didum).  The  flower  of  this  species  is  of  the  same  size 
and  shape  as  tliat  of  the  Yellow  variety,  but  the  lip  is 
pure  white  outside  and  stri])ed  with  purple  inside  at 
the  base;  the  two  lateral  sepals  and  the  two  petals  are 
ovate- lanceolate,  greenisli,  spotted  with  brown.  It  is  a 
single  flowered  species  with  numerous  leaves.  It  is 
found  in  swamps  from  X.  V.  to  Jlinn.  southwards. 

40 


PiXK  Lady's  Supper;  Moccasix  Flower  {Cypii- 
pcdiiim  acaule)  has  solitary  flowers  surmounting  a 
scape  from  8  to  12  in.  Iiigh;  lip  large,  drooping,  pink, 
with  a  slit  in  front,  instcail  of  a  circular  opening  as 
in  the  others.  It  fre(|uents  dry  woods  and  may  be  found 
from  soutliern  Canada,  southwards. 

AltlKmgh  this  is  the  most  ccmimim  of  the  Lady's  Slip- 
pers, it  is  no  less  beautiful  than  the  others.  The  flower 
of  the  present  species  is  a  very  ingenious  contrivance: 
it  is  fertilized  by  the  common  bumblebee.  The  only 
entrance  is  through  the  fissure  in  the  front:  it  requires 
eonsiil('ral>le  i)res9ure  to  force  his  burly  frame  through, 
hut  at  lengtli  lie  succeeds  and  the  aperture  closes  behind 
him.  After  eating  his  lill  he  takes  the  easiest  way  out. 
towarls  the  base  where  he  can  see  two  spots  of  light. 
As  he  forces  his  way  through  the  narrow  passage  he 
comes  in  ccmtact  with  a  sticky  stigma,  armed  with  in- 
curving hairs  wiiich  remove  any  pollen  he  nuiy  have  on 
his  back;  as  he  continues  his  struggle  out  he  reaches 
an  anther  blocking  the  passage  and  waiting  to  clap  its 
load  of  pollen  on  liis  back. 


47 


(A)  Grken-  \Y<m)D  Orchis  (Hahcmria  clanUaln)  lias 
from  tlirw  to  sixteen  iiiociiisiiiciious  greenisli  tloweis  in 
a  loos*"  spike  at  the  top  of  a  stem  from  0  to  18  in.  liigh; 
lip  oblong  and  with  three  teeth:  spur  long,  slender  and 
curved  upwards  and  to  <me  side.  One  or  two  oblong- 
laneeolate  leaves  with  obtuse  tips,  cli'sp  the  stem  near 
the  liase  while  several  small  bracts  alternate  along  it. 
Grows  in  bogs  from  Newfoundland  to  Minn.  an<l  south- 
wards. 

nT?)  Green- FBI XOF.D  Orciiis  {Unhcnarin  pnrn)  is  a 
common  green  orchis  (fcnmerly  virescens).  Th.'  lower 
leaves  are  oblong-lanceolate,  while  the  upiier  ones  are 
linear,  diminisliing  in  size  and  passing  into  the  llower 
bracts.  The  ilower  lip  ia  square-endeil  and  toothed; 
spur  slender  and  about  tlie  length  of  the  (lower.  In  the 
whole  U.  S.  and  southern  Canada,  we  may  hnd  tins 
species  growing  in  bogs. 

Habenarin  bractrata  is  similar  to  flava,  but  the  flower 
bracts  are  large,  being  from  two  to  four  times  the  length 
of  the  llowers.  N.  S.  to  Alaska  and  south  through 
the  r.  S. 

4S 


(A)  Vellow-fbingei)  Okciiis  { llnlKiKiria  rilidris)  is 
an  attractive  and  ratlicr  ('<>mini>n  oriliis  with  a  tall 
leafy  stem  from  12  t"  24  in.  liifili.  The  spike  is  very 
elosely  set  with  flowers  liavin;,'  rouniled  petals,  frinjjed 
lips  and  slender  spurs  alioi't  an  ineli  in  length.  The 
leves  are  lanceolate,  {tradnally  diminishing  in  size  as 
tliey  api)roaeh  the  spiki'  ami  passiiii;  into  the  tlower 
bracts.     Found  from  Me.  to  ilioh.  ami  southwards, 

(B)  Hookkr's  Orchis  ( f/.  Honl-rri)  has  a  leafless 
scape  from  (i  to  12  in.  high,  at  the  liase  of  which  are 
two,  broad,  oval,  shining,  deep  green  leaves.  The  ten 
to  twenty  (lowers  are  yellowish  green;  li]>  lanceolati' 
and  sharply  ]>ointed.  less  than  half  an  inch  long:  slen- 
<Ier  spur  about  one  inch  long.  Flowei's  during  .June  and 
July  in  woods  from  lie.  to  Jlinn.  and  south  to  N.  t'. 

IloCNULKAVED  Obciiis  ( //.  orbiciiliitn )  is  similar  to 
Hookeri;  the  lip  is  oblong,  obtuse  and  al)out  the  same 
length  as  the  spur.  The  two  basal  leaves  are  almost 
round.  It  is  coinmor'  in  rich  woods  from  Labrador  to 
Alaska  an<l  southwards. 

4  41) 


(A)  Kagoku  Kbinuki)  Orchis  [Uabeiuiria  tacera) 
does  iKit  attract  our  attention  l)eeanse  of  its  beauty, 
for  its  Mowers  are  ratlier  inconspionous  in  eolor.  They 
are.  liowever.  reniarkalile  for  tlie  |ieeuliarly  cut  and 
»laslie<l  lip,  it  l)ein!;  divided  ajiparently  witli  no  regard 
for  method  or  synnnetry.  The  )iieenish-wliite  liowers 
are  in  a  dense,  niany-lhiwered  raeenie  at  the  summit  of 
a  leafy  stem  from  10  to  20  inches  hifih.  The  leaves 
are  ohlonji-lanceolate.  diminishini;  in  si/e  to  the  flower 
bracts  as  they  reach  the  raceme.  This  species  is  not 
uncommon  in  swamps  from  Xewfoundland  to  Minn,  and 
southwards, 

(T!)  Wrirri;  Fkinciki)  Orchis  ( //.  hhpIiiiiiiihitliK)  has 
a  densely  llo.vered  raceme  or  spike  similar  to  that  of 
the  Yellow  Fringed  species,  but  the  liowers  are  pure 
white;  the  lip  is  not  divided  but  is  eo|iiously  fringed; 
lateral  oals  rimnded,  U])per  ones  elli|)tical  and  con- 
cave; sp".r  nearly  an  inch  long.  Leaves  lanceolate  and 
gradually  diminishing  in  size  as  they  alternate  to  the 
top  of  the  stem.  In  .Inly  and  August  .you  may  find  this 
species   ilowering,  throughout   the   t'nited   States. 

rid 


bnala)   ih  tl i,;  laiy-st  ami  perhaps  tl„.  m„M  iK.a.itif.il  „f 

the  K.MU.H       Ih,.  pal,.  p,„pl,.  |h,„,.rs  a,v  ...arlv  twic     a. 

large  as  th„s,.  .,f  tl,„  l„st  sp,.c.i,.s;   th,.  lip  is  „,-„r,.  .U- .plv 

nnj;,.,l.     llu-  .h.„s..|v  ||,.w..r,.,l  spik-  is  iho.it  t«„  i  , .    ,; 

11  .l.a.m.t.-r  a,„    olt s  t«..|v,.  i,„.h,.s  hmg.     Tho   h.  fv 

stem  attanis  he.ghts  .,f  trm„  1  t,.  5  f,.,.t.  '^|t  is  a  m  ^- 
niheent  phu.t,  the  sight  of  wl.ieh  is  well  worth  h  n- 
conveniemvs  „ee..ssary  to  visit  its  haunts,  it  ,.r,„vs  , 
sw^amps  throughout  tl,e   V.  S.  au,!  southern  Camuir 

(ii)  S.MAU.  PiRm:  FiiiNcKr)  Omms  ( //.  ;,s„™,/,si 
.«»  pale  purplish  fh.wers  i„  a  ,h.u>e  evli„,lriea  spike 
termnuu.ng  i„  „  leafy  stem,  ahont  I  o'r  P.,  feet  1 
The  spreading  flower-lip  is  ;i-parte,l  an,l  frin.-e,!-  s,.,.als 
roun.le,l.  petals  spa,„Iate  an.l  slig|„|v  toothe.  '"  1  ' 
leaves  are  laneeolate  an,l.  like  these'  of  the  ringel 
o  ehuls  grow  smaller  as  they  appn.aeh  the  top  of^h  1 
sten  l.l„„..rs  in  July  an.l  .August  in  wet  mea.h.ws 
Wtt,^       '"'         "  -^"^'f""'"'"""<'  to  -Manitoba  an.l  s.uith- 


51 


(A)    ('AI.OI'OdON  ;    f^RASS    I'lNK     ( 'V/Zo/Xjl/Oll    ;(»/(//c/?H.v) 

rs   an   exquisite  orchid   with   a    hidse   raeciiH'  of   four   to 


twelve  delicate  pink 


lelicate  ])ink  llowers.  at  tiM'  top  ot  a  scape  ranjj;- 
inj;  from  (i  to  15  in.  hiu};.  Tlie  Ihraers  are  apparently 
upside  down  as  the  lip  is  at  the  top:  it  is  narrow  at 
the  base  liut  broadens  into  a  broad  liooked  tip.  crested 
on  tlie  under  side.  A  sinfjle  f,'rassl.ke  leaf  sheathes  the 
(lower  scape  near  its  base,  as  it  rises  from  the  sidid 
Imlb.  It  firows  in  deep  swamps  and  boc;s,  from  N'cw- 
founilland  to  Jlinn.  and  .south  to  the  (iulf,  flowerinj:  in 
June  and  July. 

(15)  Arktiusa:  Ixuian  Tink  i.irrthii.in  hidbosa) 
has  a  solitary  nia};enta  pi.ik  blossom  topping  its  slender 
scape  that  rises  from  ">  to  10  in.  in  heifiht.  The  petals 
and  sepals  are  similar  in  shape  and  in  their  |)roper 
positions  at  the  top  of  the  llower:  the  lip  rises,  then 
al)ru])tly  turns  downwards,  broadens  and  is  aclorned 
with  three  to  live  yellow  and  white  crests;  margin  of 
lip  wavy  and  sometimes  spotted  with  crimscm.  Fmiii 
Newfoundland  to  Minn,  and  south  to  I'a.  and  Mo., 
Arethusa  has  been  found  blooming  in  swamps  during 
llay  and  June. 
62 


(A)  PofioxiA:  S.NAKK-MOiTit  (I'oi/onla  nphioqh,^- 
so,,!'.',).  Snake-moiitli  is  delipiitc,  ]mic  i.ink  in  colcr 
nnd  slightly  fragrant.  Its  pollen  is  not  in  stemmed 
masses  but  is  showered  on  the  haek  of  a  visitini;  inseet 
as  he  backs  out  of  the  flower.  The  stem  is  from  8  to 
13  inclies  high,  bearing  at  its  top  a  single  dower,  sepal- 
ami  petals  are  similar  in  shape;  the  lip  is  spatulal,- 
I>rominently  cre.ste<l  with  yellow  and  white,  and  tooti,.  ,1 
and  lacerated.  About  niidwav  of  the  (lower  stem  is  a 
single  oval  leaf  and  just  belo'w  the  dower  is  a  smaller 
bract  like  one.  Pogonia  grows  in  swamps  from  New- 
foundland to  Minn,  and  siMithwards  to  the  Gulf  of 
.Mexico,  llowering  during  June  and  .)uly. 

(B)  XoDDixj!  PofioxiA  (/'.  tiiaiithophora)  has  ,  leafv 
stem  from  2  to  H  inches  high.  From  two  to  eight  snial'l 
oval  leaves  alternately  clasp  the  stem;  the  (lowers 
which  number  from  one  to  six.  appear  singly  from  the 
axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  nodding  on  slender" peduncles - 
they  are  small,  miigentapink  and  with  ovate,  three- 
lolled  lips.  It  is  locally  distributed  from  JIc.  to  Wise 
and  southwards. 

53 


(A)  Whorled  Poooxia  (Pogoiiin  vrrfirillntn)  has  a 
single  llowcr  on  a  long  stem,  8  to  12  in.  high;  tin- 
sepals  are  greenish-yellow,  long,  linear,  witli  the  edges 
rolled  or  folded  together;  the  jietals  are  ohlong-lanceo- 
late  and  purple;  the  lip  is  also  purple,  wedge-shaped, 
three-lobed  and  with  a  liairy  crest  down  the  miiUlle. 
Five  lanceolate  and  steniless  leaves  are  in  a  whorl  about 
the  stem  just  beh>w  the  flower.  It  is  a  peculiar,  incon- 
spicuous plant  found  locally  in  moist  woods  from  Me. 
to  Wise,  and  southwards. 

(P)  Showy  Okchis  {Orchis  sprctahilix)  is  a  charm- 
ing early  blooming  orchid  found  in  flower  from  April  to 
.June  in  moist  woods,  often  under  licmlock  trees.  Two 
broad,  ovate,  deeply  ribbed,  beautiful  green  '.eaves  sheath 
the  flower  scape  at  its  base.  The  four  to  twelve  flowers 
are  loosely  racemed  at  tlie  top  of  the  sca])e  which  is 
from  0  to  10  in.  high.  The  magenta-pink  petals  and 
sepals  are  united  to  form  a  hood:  the  lip,  curvin" 
abruptly  downwards,  is  broadly  ovate  and  white;  each 
flower  has  a  short  spur  and  is"bracted.  This  species  is 
found  throughout  the  U.  S. 

54 


(A)  Rattlesnake  Plantain-  iEpiparlis  puhmrrtm) 
is  a  comiiiim  orclii<l  haviiif;  bcitiitifiil  IcavcH.  railiatiii); 
from  the  Hpsliy,  creeping  rootstalk.  The  scape  Is  tl  to 
15  ill.  Iiigh  and  curries  at  its  top  densely  (lowered 
sepals  anil  petals  united  to  form  a  hood.  It  is  found 
in  the  whole  of  the  U.  S.,  (lowering  in  July  and  August. 

(B)  Ladies  Tbesse.s  (ftpiranthru  rcrniin)  s  so  named 
liecaiise  of  the  braided  arrauffement  of  its  (hmers.  'Ilw 
leaves  are  few,  grass-like,  sheathing  the  scape  near  its 
base.  The  sca|x>  is  ti  to  15  in.  high,  has  several  small 
bracts  and  ends  in  a  2  or  3-ranked  spiral  raceme  of 
vvhit(\  or  creamy  flowers;  petals  and  upper  sepal  joined, 
lateral  sepals  lanceolate;  lip  ovate-obhmg  with  a  rougli 
tip.  Comnion  in  moist  fields  or  woods  from  JIc.  to 
Minn,  and  southwards. 

Slender  Ladies  Tressf^s  (S.  gracilia)  is  slender,  has 
its  (lowers  in  a  single-ranked  l-sided  or  slightly  twisted 
raceme;  lip  green,  with  a  white  wrinkled  margin. 
Leaves  small,  ovate  basal.  Found  in  dry  ground  from 
X.  S.  to  Manitoba  and  southwards. 

55 


m^. 


(A)  Hkart-i.kavkr  TwAYBl.ADE  {lAstera  corilala)  be- 
l(>ii({s  to  a  geniiH  containing  Hve  specifs. 

Like  most  of  tlio  Orcliids,  tlii'V  art-  larKP'j'  or  wlioUy 
dojiendpnt  upon  insect  aid  for  fertilization.  The  weight, 
or  shock,  of  nn  aligliting  ins»'ct  on  the  broad  lip  causes 
a  small  gland  within  the  (lower  to  rupture  and  cover 
the  pollen,  just  below,  with  a  sticky  llnid  that  causes 
it  to  adhere  to  the  head  or  body  of  tile  insect  anil  thus 
be  transferred  to  the  next  llower. 

The  stem  of  this  species  is  from  .1  to  10  in.  high.  At 
the  top  is  a  few  (lowered  raceme;  the  sepals  and  petals 
are  similar  and  spreading;  the  lip  is  drooping,  longer, 
two-deft  and  nuidder-purplc  in  color.  This  sp"cies  flow- 
ers during  June  an<l  .July  in  swampy  woixls  from  X.  ,J. 
to  Colo,  and  northwards  to  the  Arctic  coast. 

(B)  TwAYUi.ADK  iLipariK  lilifoUn),  although  having 
tlie  same  common  name,  is  of  a  dilferent  genus.  It  is 
a  more  attractive  plant,  having  two  broa«i  basal  inaves 
and  larger  (lowers  with  a  broad  ovate  lip.  It  grows  in 
woodland  from  Me.  to  Minn,  and  southwards. 


66 


BIRTHWORT   FAMILY 

{.iiistolochiarca-) 

A  small  family  of  low  herbs  or  twining  vines,  with 
but  two  genera  and  few  species. 

Wild  Ginueb  {Asanim  canatlensr)  may  Iw  found 
flowering  in  rich  woods  during  April  and  Miiy,  from  Me. 
to  Mich,  and  southwards.  It  has  two,  large,  heart- 
shaped  leaves  on  Ion).'  petioles  from  the  base;  deep 
green  above  aj.d  lighter  below,  soft,  wooly  and  hand- 
somely veined. 

The  leaves  are  very  beautiful,  but  it  is  the  solitary 
flower  that  makes  this  plant  so  interesting.  Small, 
dully  colored,  on  a  weak,  short  stem  that  barely  raises 
it  above  ground  and  often  leaves  it  concealed  by  tlie 
dead  leaves  tnat  carpet  the  woods  in  early  Spring. 

The  flower  is  bell-shaped,  with  three  short,  sharply- 
pointed,  spreading  lobes;  six  stamens  with  short  anthers 
and  a  tliiek  style  with  six  radiating  stigmas.  Another 
species  (grandiflorum),  found  in  Va.  and  N.  C.  has  but 
one  leaf  and  flowers  twice  as  large,  or  two  inches  in 
length. 

67 


Pipe  Vi.nk:  Ditciiman's  Pipe  (AriHtolochia  macro- 
phylla).  The  Uutclinian's  Pipe  in  cliietly  a  aoutlu'rii 
plant  ur  vine,  being  fuuiul  from  Pu.  und  Minn,  auutli- 
wards.  It  liaa  a  woody,  climbing  stem  that  may  attain 
lengths  of  from  10  to  40  feet.  The  very  large,  deep 
green,  veiny  leavi^s  that  alternate  along  the  .stem  are 
very  beautiful.  In  the  dull,  greenish-yellow  flowers, 
however,  lies  the  chief  interest  of  the  botanist.  Its 
stigma  matures  and  withers  away  before  the  ripening 
of  the  pollen,  thus  making  tlie  plant  dependent  upon 
insects  for  its  perpetuation. 

The  throat  is  filled  with  tiny  hairs,  all  pointing  in- 
wards, so  ingress  is  easy  but  egress  impossible.  Enter- 
ing insects  are  held  prisoners,  living  upon  the  nectar, 
until  the  stigma  withers  and  pollen  ripens;  after  this 
the  hairs  in  the  throat  lose  their  rigidity  and  the  pollen- 
dusted  and  well  fed  prisoners  are  alloived  to  escape. 
Tlieir  memories  are  poor  or  the  pollen  feast  is  well 
worth  the  imprifimment,  for  they  usually  immediately 
hie  to  another  blossom  and  force  their  way  in,  of  course 
pollenizing  the  flower  in  so  doing. 


S8 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY 

il'olygonacea) 

This  family  is  dividi-d  into  seven  genera  and  many  of 
tliene  arc  fnrtlii'r  divided.  Tliey  are  all  ineonspiciinus 
in  tliiwer.  The  genus  Uumex,  to'wliieh  onr  coninion  Sor- 
rels belimg,  tMintain  seventeen  species:  that  <pf  I'ldygo- 
mini,  which  contains  the  Knot-weeds,  lias  :it  si>ecies 
included  in  its  six  suh-genera. 

{A)  Lady's  TiirMn:  Persicabia:  Knotgrass  (/'o- 
lijijiiHum  pcisirarin)  (Eiropkax)  .  This  is  a  very  ooin- 
nion  weed  everywhere  in  damp  places,  especially  about 
farm  houses.  The  small,  crimson-pink  llowers  are  in 
dense  spikes  terminating  the  branching  stems  that  are 
from  1  to  ,3  feet  high.  The  lanceolate  pointed  leaves, 
that  alternate  along  tlic  angled  and  sheathed  stem,  are 
rather  rough  and  usually  have  a  dark  triangular  sjMit 
in  the  middle. 

(K)    tOM.\I<)N   SMARTWKKn:    WATER   PEPPER    ( /'.   ht/llro- 

piper)  has  similar  shaped  flowers  of  a  greenish  coh>r. 
The  leaves  are  lancerilnte  and  very  acrid.  It  is  very 
abundant  in  wet  places  throughout  our  range. 

69 


PINK   FAMILY 

( Caryophyllacca ) 

(A)  Common  Ciiiokweed  iSlellaria  media)  (Erso- 
PEAXi.  Although  this  is  on  introduced  weed,  so  hardy 
and  prolific  is  it  that  prohably  it  now  exceeds  in  num- 
bers any  of  our  indigenous  plants.  It  gn  ■  s  profusely 
about  dooryards  and  along  roadsides  everywhere.  Tlie 
corolla  consists  of  five  white,  very  deeply  cleft  petals, 
and  tlie  ealy.\  of  the  same  number  of  larger  and  longer 
green  sepals.  The  leaves  are  ovate,  small,  opposite,  on 
small  stems  about  the  length  of  tlie  leaves.  The  plant 
stem  is  either  simple  or  branched  and  ranges  from  2 
to  10  in.  in  height.  ^ 

(B)  LoNO-LE.WKn  Stitciiwort  (S.  longifoliu)  has 
larger  flowers  than  the  last,  but  the  petals  are  very 
narrow  and  so  dcoply  cleft  as  to  appear  to  be  ten  in 
number  instead  of  Ave.  The  sepals  are  nearly  but  not 
quite  as  long  as  the  petals.  The  stem  is  weak  and  usu- 
ally supported  by  surrounding  grasses  or  vegetation. 
The  leaves  are  sn'iall,  linear  and  pointed  at  both  ends. 
Common  everywhere  in  wet  places. 

60 


(A)  Corn-  Cockle  { Ainostrmma  fiitharfo)  (Eibo- 
PEAX).  Tlio  Corn  Cockle  is  vi'iy  closely  ic'liitcil  to  the 
Campions  (f^'iiiis  Lychnis).  ]t' is  an  "aimual  with  an 
I'icct  an<l  lather  downy  stem;  it  brandies  but  slijjlitly, 
each  branch  Ix'ing  terniiiiated  by  one  or  two  larfie  hand- 
some niajienta  flowers  with  an"  ex)>anse  of  one  to  two 
inches.  The  calyx  is  densely  hairy,  as  are  also  the 
lanceolate  leaves  that  grow  o|>'|>ositely  <m  the  stem.  We 
find  it  as  an  escape  from  gardens  or  in  waste  places 
near  grain  fields. 

(B)  R.\(;r,ED  Robin-  ^ Lychnis  Fhsriieidi i  iEibo- 
I'EAXI.  This  species,  whicli  is  also  known  as  Jleadow 
Lychnis,  is  noteworthy  because  of  the  slashed  appear- 
ance of  its  five  crimson  petals.  The  flower  calyx  is 
dee|)ly  ribbed  and  is  of  a  l)rownisli  jmrple  color,  as  is 
also  the  npper  part  of  tlie  flower  stem:  both  are  sticky 
and  hairy.  It  is  sometimes  found  in  waste  land  or 
moist  places  where  it  has  escaped  from  cultivation. 


01 


^&., 


(A)  Bladder  Campio:^  (Silene  latifoHa)  (Eitropean). 
We  liave  several  Campions,  some  natives  anil  simic  in- 
troduced. The  present  species  was  brought  to  us  from 
Europe.  It  has  very  unusual  blossoms,  in  that  the 
calyx  is  very  inflated,  almost  "lobular  and  handsomely 
marked  witli  darker  green,  so  as  to  often  give  it  a  very 
similar  appearance  to  tliat  of  tlie  citnm  melon.  Tlie 
five  white  petals  are  cleft  in  twain  for  nearly  tlieir 
whole  length. 

It  is  a  common  escape  fr<ini  g.irdens  and  may  be 
found  blooming  from  June  to  Augu-t  ahmg  roads  or  in 
dry  waste  places  from  Quebec  to  Jlinn,  and  soutli  to 
Va.  and  5to. 

(B)  Evening  Lychnis;  White  Campion  (Lychnis 
albn)  (EuROi'E.VN).  Tliis  is  anotlier  attractive  species 
introduced  from  Europe,  Tlie  petals  are  white,  deeply 
cleft  and  crowned  at  tlie  !iase  witli  little  petal-like  di- 
visions; the  calyx  is  intlated  and  often  deep  pink  on 
the  ribs.  The  leaves  are  smootli  edged  and  oppositely 
on  the  stem  that  grows  fron\  one  to  two  feet  high. 
Escaped  from  gardens,  from  Me.  to  N,  ,T.  and  west  to 
Ohio, 

62 


Hoixcixc.  Bkt  (Saponaria  officiiinlif:)  ( Kir(!Peax) . 
This  is  piohably  ttif  most  liardy  and  the  most  wide- 
ly distrihutoil  of  our  adveiitive  nuMiibfrs  of  tlie  I'iiik 
Family.  It  increases  very  rapidly  by  means  of  under- 
ground runners  as  well  as  by  sw'd."  It  is  very  com- 
m<mly  known  as  "  Soapwort.""  beeause  of  the  fact  that 
the  mucilaginous  juice  from  the  crushed  leaves  will 
form  a  lather  if  they  are  shaken  in  water:  it  is  said 
that   it  was,  in  olden  days,  used  for  washinj;  purposes. 

The  plant  stem  is  quite  stout,  smooth,  erect  and 
sparingly,  or  not  at  all  branched.  .\t  the  top  is  a 
coryndied,  or  flat-topjH'd,  cluster  containing  many  flow- 
ers; petals,  notched  or  scjmetinies  (piite  deeplv  cleft,  and 
with  an  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  long  claws  that, 
bent  at  right  angles,  enter  the  long,  tubular,  veined, 
greenish,  5-notehed  calyx. 

From  .July  until  September.  Soapwort  bloimis  pro- 
fusely in  waste  places  along  railroad  be<ls  an<l  beside 
dusty  roads  where  few  other  llowers  arc  able  to  flourish. 
It  was  one  of  the  first  of  foreign  llowers  to  be  intro- 
duced into  this  countrv. 


63 


(A)  Maidex  Pink  {Dianthus  drltoiiles)  {European). 
A  liandsoine  rose-colored  Pink  that  lias  become  natural- 
ized along  the  Atlantic  coast  and  is  (|uite  abundant  in 
some  localities,  in  tiolds  and  waste  places.  The  flowers 
grow  singly,  or  in  pairs,  at  the  ends  of  the  branching 
stem;  the  petals  are  broad,  wedge-shaped  and  finely- 
toothed. 

(B)  Fire  Pink;  Catciifly  {fiilene  s^hpinica)  is  one 
of  our  most  brilliantly  colored  wild  flowers,  the  petals 
being  either  deep  crimson  or  scarlet;  the  Ave  petals  are 
oblong,  2-cleft,  long-limbed  an<l  Ave  in  number.  The 
lower  leaves  are  thin  and  spsituhite,  the  upper  ones 
oblong-lanceolate.  Both  stem,  leaves  and  calyx  are 
rather  hairy.  This  species  is  found  in  open  woods  from 
southern  X.  J.,  western  X.  Y.  and  Jlich.  southwards. 

Wild  Pink  (flilcnc  pennfii/Jranica)  is  another  beauti- 
ful native  species,  with  bright  pink  flowers  and  a  low, 
sticky  stem,  tlie  upper  leaves  are  small,  and  the  nu- 
merous basal  ones,  lance-shaped.  Tt  is  rather  common 
from  Me.  to  X.  Y.  and  southwards. 
64 


PURSLANE   FAMILY 

H'ortulacacceF) 

clasp  it  opiJit'oif Zui  :,"f  wrru"'""-;!r'"  '"""'^ 

flowers,  somewhat  less  than  inch  ZrlJtJl'L  "'T  T'' 
two  wpals  and  five  golden  sta,  ,e,H  tl':,  , ,  t?,™  '."'V'- 
the  sticuia      It   ia  f,..,.,  i   •     """:""  ^"•"  niiiture  Ix-forc 

Mich,  and  south 'to 'trGi"f.""'"'  ''""''  '■""'  ^^^-  *<> 

the  whTrs  of  ^Ve,ttr  ;■'"''•■"■'""•''*''•  «™'«'  '" 
Found  in  waste  t.  aces  an!  .  *"""!"''*<'  f'^'  ljrancl.es. 
in  the  Southwest  ""^"''^'"'^  '"«'  P^s^'l'l.v  indigenous 

5 

65 


WATER   LILY   FAMILY 

(A)  Cow  Lily;  Yellow  Poxd  Lily  iXympha-a  ad- 
vena)  is  not  unattractive  anil  ia  intcreHtinj;  in  its  make- 
up. Tlie  leavpH  are  tliick,  r<)ii},'li.  ovate,  slit  or  lobed  to 
the  stem,  which  is  long  and  hollow.  The  flower  in 
raised  above  the  surface  of  the  water  on  a  long  hollow 
stem.  What  appear  to  be  six  large  green  and  yellow- 
petals  are  in  reality  sepals;  the  real  petals  are  numer- 
ous, stamen-like,  inserted  with  the  very  numerous  sta- 
mens under  the  golden-yellow  rayed  disk  that  forms  the 
stigma.     Very  common  in  itill  or  stagnant  water. 

(B)  VV,\TER  Lily;  Water  Xymph  [Cnxialia  odorata) 
needs  no  introduction  to  our  readers.  To  my  mind,  it 
lea<ls  all  other  flowers  in  beauty,  grace,  p'urity  and 
fragrance.  It  is  composed  of  four  sepals,  greenish  on 
the  outside  and  whitish  within,  and  numerous  pure, 
waxy-white  petals.  They  sometimes  are  gigantic  in  size, 
often  spreading  five  oi-  six  inches  across.  It  flowers 
from  June  to  Sept.  in  ponds  or  slow-moving  water. 

66 


<  /{aniiiiciiliircir) 

sov™    narrow    vZw    pe   .n*'"*?,,''""';''^'"!'-.  "i"'  "vo  t.. 
ratlu.r   weak   ami   alu^i       ^  „  ^  "'. '^t'""    '«    -^t.-ut    hut 

wliKli    ar..   alMiut    y.    ,„     \„„J  T,-^      "  ,     ^'"'  <l"«"i -• 
terminating   the   hran.hln      1'  I'"  .'""-    I"''l">"'l.'s 

)    is  tile  vcrv 


.~'^:"^'t'!:^>">  <':'.">'"• ;-'" 


"nn....,,,,  „,ar.,|,  erb  „'  ,„ "' 7  ?"""""'>  i«  the  ver, 
"Cowslip."  Its  Tues  ;  •  "'  '■'■■■""'■""■■^l.v.  call,.;, 
marketed   for   tJ'n'Ll''''^'    •""""""'l.^'    "«'.l    a,„l 

.ve/low,  shining  sepals  Zl  ..m  '  ■  f"'""''-)  {.">l<leii- 
Tho  stems  are  h  w  a  .  '"""''■""•',  '^•'"lit"'-  >^tanu  „s. 
r-nuKi     kidney-shape  1,  "'' wm  "     ''''.T   '"V^-  "•'• 

f..ou...ther„ited";^ir,^iow^;Si./Ai!rirr;^^s 


(A)  C'BEKPIXG  BiTTKRCTP  {Ranunculus  rrpcns)  is.  as 
per  ita  name,  a  creeping  plant.  The  stem  i.s  prostrate, 
creeping  along  the  ground  and  striking  new  roots  from 
the  junctions  of  tlie  leaf  and  flower  stems  with  the 
nuiin  one.  The  flowers  are  large  and  broad-petalled, 
both  the  petals  and  stamens  being  a  deep  shining  golden 
yellow.  This  species  is  indigenous  in  the  West,  but 
|)robably  introduced  from  Kurope  in  the  East,  wliere  it 
is  found  chiefly  near  tlie  coast,  in  ditches  or  along  the 
edges  of  marshes. 

(B)  Co.MMOx  BiTTERciP;  Crowfoot  (ff.  acris)  (Eu- 
BOPK.VN).  Even  thougli  we  have  quantities  of  native 
Buttercups,  it  is  this  handsome  foreigner  that  is  tlie 
most  abundant;  this  is  the  s])ecies  that  is  found  in  fields 
everyvhere,  the  one  that  delights  the  little  folks  and 
figures  in  many  of  their  childish  games. 

The  leaves  and  stems  of  the  Crowfoots  are  very  acrid, 
but  not  poisonous:  on  this  account  they  are  sliunned 
by  cattle  and  horses.  This  accounts  in  part  for  their 
abundance  in  most  fields  and  pastures. 


08 


(A)  Tall  MEAwnv  Rik  (Tlialirtnim  poli/iiniiiuiii)  U 
one  of  the  characteristic  plants  of  swamps  and  <(l)fes 
"f  streams.  Sliouia  its  iieiglil.()rin}»  plants  Ih'  three  iir 
four  feet  hijjh.  we  finil  the  phimelike  (luwers  i,{  t\,\< 
species  triumpliantl.v  wavin;;  al>ove  them  on  stems  five 
six  (ir  even  seven  feet  tall. 

The  stalk  is  rather  stont  ami  {jrooved,  pale  L'r<'eii 
stained  with  maroon.  Tlie  lonjt  stemmed  leaves  an- 
many  times  comixmnded  into  small,  IoImhI  leallets  of  j, 
pale,  dull  ldue-;rreen  coli>r.  The  Mowers  are  in  featherv 
clusters:  each  individual  llower  havin;;  nunu>rous  while 
lilaments,  no  petals,  lint  iisuallv  fcmr  or  five  earlv  fall- 
in<r  sepals. 

From  June  to  Septemher  we  nmy  find  the  inist-liki' 
flowers  of  Jleadow  Hue  in  swamiis",  from  Lalirador  to 
Manitoba  and  south  tliroii};li  the   I'nited  States. 

(B)  I'ASQiK  Fi.owKR  (  iiirmoiic  lialcnn)  has  a  soli- 
taiy  erect  flowvr  with  live  to  seven  purplish  sepals 
Leaves  divided  and  cut  into  narrow,  acute  lolies  Hotli 
stem  and  leaves  covered  with  silkv  hairs.  This  species 
is  found  on  prairies  from  Wis.  and  .Montana  south- 
wards. 

(i<i 


(A)  Wdoi)  Am:.\i(ink:  WlMi  Kl.oWKR  iAnrniim,-  quia- 
(/uefolia).  Tlic  stem  is  sU'iidcr  and  from  4  to  8  in. 
tiiflli.  Tlirec  leaves  radiate  from  »  point  «l)out  two 
tliinls  up;  leacli  on  a  icmjr  stem  and  divided  into  tliree 
to  live,  toothed,  ovate  leallets.  Tile  solitary  llower  rises 
on  a  slender  peduncle  from  tlie  junction  ilf  tlicsc  three 
leaves  with  the  stem  proper.  It  has  four  to  seven 
sepals,  most  often  five;  white  inside  and  purplish  white 
on  their  outer  surface.  The  llower  has  an  expanse  of 
slifihtlv  less  than  one  iiuh.  hut  is  rarelv  s<>en  fiiilv  ex- 
panded. The  Wind  Klower  is  connuon  in  woods  or 
thickets  from  Xova  Scotia  to  the  Hookies  and  south- 
wanls. 

(It)  RfK  A.NKMO.NK  [Aiidiionrlla  tlmlirlroiilcs)  has 
four  to  nine  sepals  (usually  si.x ) ,  nuuuMous  orange- 
tijiped  stamens  and  a  broad  stijima.  There  are  several 
llowers  <m  I'xceedingly  slender  peduncles,  rising  from 
the  whorl  of  le.ives.  TIk^  latter  ore  on  slender  stems, 
have  heart-shaped  bases  and  three-lohed  ends:  rather 
small,  pale  grcn  above  and  with  a  whitish  bh.i.m  below. 
It  is  found  in  the  same  localities  and  the  same  range 
as  the  last  species,  with  which  it  ass(]ciates. 
70 


(A)  PlHI-I.K  VlWiiNs  ItowKH  {rirmntia  irilirillniin) 
is  prolmlily  the  most  lurc  s|M'eit'a  (pf  (  IciiiutiH.  It  fjrows 
in  rocky,  hilly  or  iiKiiintiiinous  woods,  most  iiluimliiiitlv 
in  nortliern  portions  of  its  ranjjc,  wliicli  is  from  (^iicbce 
to  Hudson  Hay  and  aoutli  locally  to  Del.  and  I'a.  It  is 
a  clinihinj;  woody  vine,  supportinn  itself  hy  the  bcndin;,' 
or  claspinK  of  the  leaf  stalks.  The  llowers  ({row  sin!.'l\\ 
on  Ion}.'  stems  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  from  the 
end  .if  the  vine.  They  are  hi'ge  and  hamlsome,  the  fonr 
thin,  purple,  pointed,  transhicent  sepals  spreadinj;  from 
two  to  fiiur  inches  when  fully  e.xpanded.  The  leaves  are 
divided  into  three  leaflets,  ovate,  pointed,  with  a  heart- 
shaped  base, 

(H)  ViHiiiN's  TJowER  (Clniiatin  i-iriiiiiiaiia)  is  a  beau- 
tiful, graceful,  climbini;,  twining  vine  found  tliroughout 
our  ranjie.  The  small  greenish  white  llowers.  with  four 
or  five  sepals,  grow  in  clusters  from  the  leaf  .Txils; 
stuminate  and  pistillate  ones  are  on  separate  plants. 
In  Fall,  the  beautiful  ailkv  plumes  of  the  seed  pods 
gives  this  species  the  name'of  "Old  Man's  Beard." 


71 


(A)  Wild  Coi.imiiink  { A./iiilciiin  canailrnais)  is  one 
of  our  typical,  early  wooillaiiil  plants,  graceful  in  form 
and  beautiful  in  (lower.  It  ({rows  in  rm'kv  W(H)illan<l 
throuffhout  our  range.  Howerinu  from   April"  to  June. 

The  Htem  is  very  sleniler.  wiry  ami  (iracefni.  quite 
iManchinj;  and  attaininf;  lieijflits  of  one  to  two  feet. 
The  llowerH  are  heavy,  wliirli  oauseM  them  to  n<«l  from 
their  slender,  thread-like  peduneles.  A  quantity  of  nec- 
tar is  seereted  in  the  Imse  of  each  red  spur.  Hervinjf  to 
attract  liutterllies,  moths  and  often  the  Kuhy-throated 
Humniinjibirds,  for  these  birds  are  very  partial  to  red 
colors. 

IB)  rioi.uTEiBKAD  ICoptin  irifolia)  is  a  small  wood- 
hind  plant  receiving  its  name  from  the  slender,  thread- 
like, golden-yellow  roots.  These  roots  are  characteristic 
and  readily  identify  the  species.  The  leaves  are  ever- 
green, deep  sliining  green  in  color,  ,1-partcd  and  notched, 
on  long  petioles  frinn  the  root.  The  white  flower  ha.s 
Ave  or  six  early  falling  sepals;  it  is  usually  solitary  on 
a  scape  from  3  to  (i  in.  high.  Common  in  rich  woods 
tliroughout  r.  S.  and  Canada. 


f-Al  VjONKSIIOOD:  Ani.NITE  l.lfOHlfHiil  Ullriiia I II III)  is 
iiii  ;rii^  ■tivo  wild  (Idwit  with  ii  slciidcr.  nitlicr  Mviik. 
sr ,111  olifil  Hli|)|)(irtiii};  itnclf  n;iiiiiijit  citiicr  Mpccii's.  Tlir 
ilowfiH  iirt'  (iiiiti-  liir(.'i'  iiikI  liiiiiclsoinc.  Tlu>  live  sepals 
me  viMy  uiifqual  in  si/x-  aii<l  slii\|ic:  the  iippiT  one  lar){<' 
mil!  liruMl-like.  ccincculinj.'  two  small  petals  within  it. 
The  liavfs  arc  tirni,  three  to  live-liilieil  ami  notched,  mi 
slender  pctiiilcs.  In  rich,  moist  woods  from  I'a.  soutli 
wards,  llowering  from  June  to  Scptenilier. 

(B)  ITkpatka;  Livkrwort  ( Hriiiili<a  liilohn).  If 
we  except  the  Sknnk  falibage,  the  heantifnl  llepatica  is 
tlic  first  of  our  (lowers  to  appear.  Its  stems  are  thickly 
covered  with  fuzzy  hairs:  the  threi-hihed.  smooth-cdj^eil 
leaves  are  rather  thick  and  coarse,  lastinj;  through  tin- 
winter  hut  tnrninji  a  ruddy  color,  while  the  new  ones, 
tliat  appear  with  the  huds,  are  lifiht  jjrci'U  and  radiate 
ahove  the  older  prostrate  ones.  A  sinj;h'  hlossoni  up 
pears  at  the  end  of  each   hint:  fuzzy  scape;    it  is  about 

< inch  broad,  and  has  live  to  ten"  pale  iiurple  or  lilac 

Hejial.s. 


73 


Hi'piitifiiH  1)1(111111  fiiMii  March  to  May  in  open  w<hh1s 
fiimi  .\.  S.  to  Manitolia  ami  soiitliwaiils. 

Maniirakk;  Mav  .\i>im,k  { I'lxlophi/Uiim  prllatiiiii)  he- 
longs  to  the  liarhciiy  Kaniil\  {  Hrrbrridnrra  ) .  a  small 
family  of  slinihs  or  hcrhs.  diviili'd  into  tive  {.'ciicra  of 
hilt  oiii'  or  two  spt'cics  each.  The  picsiMit  s|)i'oirs  is 
<|iiit<'  (■oinnion  in  rich  woods,  or  in  shady,  moist  jj-naind. 
from  western  \.  K.  to  .Minn,  and  southwanls.  lowering 
in  May.  Tlic  hare  stalk  rises  to  heifrhts  of  |l)  to  12 
inches,  tlwii  hranehes  into  two  lonfi-stemnied.  lij.dit  ffi'i'ii. 
laifie.  spreadiiif;  leaves:  the  latter  are  five  to  nine- 
parted,  loheil.  notched,  and  unevenly  l)ala]ieed.  From 
the  fork<>d  joint  of  tile  leaves.  lian;:s  a  solitarv  white 
llower  on  a  short,  sleii(h'r,  ciirviiif;  |K'dniicIe,  this  is  very 
delicate,  nearly  two  inches  across,  and  of  six  jietals  anil 
twice  as  many  stamens. 

The  frnit  is  laifie  and  U'lnon-shaped,  vellow  in  color. 
ri|MMiins  '"  -I"'.*'.  It  is  the  fruit  that  <{ives  it  the  name 
of  May  Apjile.  While  the  leaves  and  stem  are  poison- 
ous, the  fruit  is  not,  hut  has  a  peculiar,  acid,  sickish 
llavor. 


^ 


(A)  Hr.<M>i.Ko<iT  (S,ni,nii,u,n„  .■«,»„/. «.s-,\).  (Ic.s,.,, 
fol  .m-in;;  ,,,.  th.-  l„.Hs  of  „„r  l„„„is„„u.  Il.'imtic.a  w. 
fin.  tl„.  .I,.|„.at..  II.,w..r...l  Hl„„n,„„t  „.,t„,li„j:'it;  t^v^s 
ami  ..X|«„.l„,f;  ,ts  IIOWTS  i„  ri.-h.  ,:,,ky.  „,„,T  wnodlaml 
Ihe  (l.,w,..s  are  vvrv   .iHicat..:    th.-  ....{au'stav   l.ut  t" 

or       .■...., lavs  anyway.  I  a  I,,.,.,,!,'  of  win.r.na"',, W 

iiM'in  oil    s(MtiH>r. 

After  til..  llow<.r  is  <;o„,.,  tl,,.  l,.af  .Irvvlons  rani.llv  and 
lHr.,m..s  v..ry  lar^;..  an.l  in,,msi„j,.  „itl,  n.anv  .livisio,  s 
a-    lo  «.s         I,..  r.,..t  is  ,v.l.lisl,  an.l  is  lill..,l  witi,  a  mZ 

(H)  1'RUKI.Y  Poi-i-v  (.l,-,,r„,oHr  mrri,;,,,,,)  is  a  jian.l- 
s.a«e  .Mexiea,;  plant  f.n.n.l  in  tl,..  so„,inv..st..r„  ,  ,       1 

t..  t«..  f..,.t  iMKli.     Tl„.  sl,.n.l..ss  leaves  hav,.  sharp  lol,es 
als..  arn,...l   w,tl,  priekl,.s.     The  f!.,wer   is  hri^.ht  'v,.|Ioh' 

I  tii.  iiowi.rs  frivi.  no  I 
iH'es  lliat  visit  Ihi.ni. 


vrs  fiive  n.)  neetar.  but  ph.ntv  of  polh'n  tn 


"5 


C'KI.ANDI.VK  (Vhfliillillilllll  )llllillK)  (KcRorKAX).  i« 
iiltundant  almost  t-vcrywlu'rc  in  the  eastern  lirtlf  of  niir 
ciiiintry. 

Till'  stem  is  i|iiite  stout  luul  verv  liraneliing;  at  tile 
end  of  eaeli  i)iaiieli  is  a  loose  elnster  of  Imds  on  slender 
jii'dieels.  These  open  one  or  two  at  a  time,  so  that  the 
]>lant  keeps  in  hloom  for  a  loii*;  time:  in  faet.  the  llow- 
erinf;  season  I'xtenils  from  early  in  May  to  the  end  of 
Septemlier.  The  (lowers  are  half  an  ineli  or  more  hroad. 
with  fonr  <;<dden-yi'llow  petals,  a  slender,  pointed  ijreeu 
pistil  and  nunierons  yellow  stamens.  The  seed-pod  is 
Ion;!  and  sli'nder. 

The  thin,  soft  leaves  are  very  handsomely  divided 
into  tlirei'  to  seven,  lohed  li'alli'Is.  lioth  sti'm  and  leaves 
have  a  l>rij,dit  yellow,  very  aerid  jniei'.  that  stains  every- 
tliin(;  it  <MMnes  in  eontaet  with.  Celandine  is  often 
known  in  Kni'ope  as  "  Swallow-wort  '"  as  it  is  supposed 
to  eomnu'nee  (lowei-int^  with  th<'  eomin;;  of  the  swallows 
and  to  eease  with  tlieir  departure.  Its  generic  name, 
also  originated    in   thi-  lielief. 


(A)  DtTciiMAN's  liRKKniEK  [Divnilm  fiiditliiilii) . 
Tliis  pi'ciiliuily  tidwcii'il  herb  l)fliiiij;s  tci  ilii-  Kiiinitiiiy 
fiiiiiily.  11  faiiiily  of  <lclicati\  siiimitli  plants  witli  watery 
juices  and  eiiiiipoiiiKl.  <lis»eete(l   leaves. 

The  tliiwer  stalk,  pnieeediiifr  fnim  the  riii)t.  attains 
heights  iif  frian  ."i  ti>  !l  inehes  and  hears  a  Imise  raeeme 
i)f  f(inr  t(i  ei^iht  white.  inv<'rted  Ihmcrs:  the  four  petals 
are  nnited  in  pairs,  twii  iif  them  fdrniinf;  a  lar};e  (haihle- 
spurred  sae.  and  tlie  other  twii  very  small  petals  fiirm- 
iuj;  a  pniteetion  for  th<'  stijtma.  The  d(iul>li'  sae  is 
white,  stained  with  yellow.  Tlii>  leaves  are  on  Ion;; 
petioles  from  the  rootstalk:  they  are  pale  sa;;e;;reen  iii 
eolor,  ri-parted  and  finely  slashed.  Dntehmiin's  Tireeehes 
may  he  fonnd  hlrximin};  in  April  and  Mav  in  rieh,  hilly 
woods  from  X,  S,  ti>  .Minn,  and  sonth  ti>'.\.  ('.  and  .\lo. 

(H)  SgilRHKI.  (Okx  I />.  ctiiKiilciisis,  is  similar,  lint 
the  white  sae-like  ))eti-,is  are  stained  with  purple,  the 
spurs  are  shorti'r  and  rounder  and  the  Mower  is  slij.'litlv 
fragrant.  The  roots  have  little  Inhc'rous  append»j.'es  re 
senddin}.'  fjrains  of  eorn.  'J'his  spiries  is  found  in  the 
same   ranfje   as   the   last. 


MUSTARD   FAMILY 

{ClIKifrid  I 

(A)  TooTiiwoRT:  ('KINKI.KK(K)T  U>ciilaiin  <lii>lnill(i). 
Hiiriii};  tlir  hittiT  iiait  of  Ainil  nr  in  May  we  will  find 
white,  i-riisslikc  llnwiTs  uf  ■Idothwdit  (iftiMi  jj'i'wiii};  side 
l>y  rtiiU'  with  AniMiioiics.  Its  sli'iu  i«  slinit  and  siniMith. 
and  visi's  to  hcifjlits  of  S  ti>  12  imhcs.  'Iwn  :i-|>ait«l. 
ni)tt'lii-d-('(ljicd    leaves    witli    aluiit    stems,    are    set    (ippi) 

sitely   on   the   llDweiinjr  stalk,   aliove   tl liddlev    other 

laver.  similar  ones  are  on  lonj;  petlcdes  from  the  ro4it- 
staTk.  Its  root  is  eriiikled  and  with  toothlike  ajipend- 
a};es.  It  is  found  in  rieh  woods  from  N.  S.  to  .Minn, 
and   southwards. 

I  li  Wiirri.ow  (iKA.ss  ■  Dnihii  renin  I  (  KrROPK.\x  )  is 
.1  ..ceil  thai  we  tind  alonn  roailsides.  waste  places  or 
iiarri'n  lii  Ids.  The  llowers  are  small,  and  the  four  whiti- 
,^tals  an-  ili-eplv  notched.  The  scape  is  fri>ni  1  to  5 
1*.  hijili.  TIk-  leaves  are  all  hasal.  lance-slia|M'<l  and 
l/.l«-d   or   toothed. 


(A)  Common  Mcstarii  t  Hnmiirn  iiiiiin)  (Kiroi'kav) 
in  extensively  eultiviiteil  i:,  !:iii<.|i(.  for  the  siiiiill  diiik 
l)r()wn  seeds  tliat  fiiiiii  a  valuiilil..  artiele  of  eoinnieree, 
l)ein};  used  for  the  tahle  eondiiiieiit  a'ld  for  various 
iiii'dieiiial  piirjioses. 

Ill  our  eoiiiitry,  .Mustard  is  reirarded  as  a  pest:  it  is 
a  ver\  str<iu<;.  hardy  plant,  soon  overrunniuf;  seetioiis 
where  it  nets  a  rcu'iold.  The  stem  is  verv  hraiuliinfr 
and  ftrows  to  lieijrhts  of  from  2  to  7  feet.  'I'he  dmr- 
petaUed.  lifjht  ycHow  (lowers  are  in  >niall  ilen-e  clusters 

at  the  ends  of  tlie  hranehes:  a  trail  of  small,  ereet  s 1 

pods  is  left  in  the  wake  of  the  llowers  as  thev  eontinue 
to  bloom  alou};  the  len^'theninn  '^t<'iu-  The  lea'\e~  have  a 
large  terminal,  notehed  lolie  and  snialh>r  lateral  i -,. 

(It)  JlKIKiK  A[l-.ST.\RI)  iSiKlllllhl-ilim  l,fficillilli\  I  Kiuo- 
l'K.v.N),  This  eommon  weed  has  tiny,  fom -pelalleil  vel- 
hiw  llowers  that  hloom  all  sunimei,  alon;;  thi'  leiifjtheu- 
in;;  stem,  anil  leave  numerous  tiny  pods  elosely  set 
ajjainst  the  stem.  Thi-  leaves  arc' 'more  aufiuhii  anil 
more  finely  divided  than  those  of  the  ('iimniim  .\liistard. 


"!• 


Ik.'- 


PITCHER   PLANT    FAMILY 

{SarnirciiUictif) 

A  siniill   tiiniily   of  botr-inliubitint;  plants  liavinj; 
low  pitclier-fornioil   or  truni|>ft-9lmiMMi    leuvcs. 

IMTCiiEH  I'l.ANT;  Uintsman's  Clip  iS<tn-a<-<iii(!  itiii- 
luirea).  l-Vw  plants  uiv  as  littlo  known,  i;«'""i<ll.v  as 
this  si)ecii-s.  It  is  one  of  the  most  intcri-stinfj  ones  that 
we  have.  The  shaiK'S  of  both  the  leaves  and  biossonis 
are  eb'arlv  shown  in  tlie  opposite  pieturi'.  The  niteliers, 
or  basa!  leaves,  may  niimbfr  fnan  three  to  a  ilo/.en.  ali 
radiatinj;  from  the  root  anil  all  with  the  oriliee  lip. 
An  examinatKm  shows  that  each  pitchei  is  partially 
lilled  with  water.  .Inst  l)elow  the  :im  of  the  leaf,  on 
the  inside,  is  a  sticky  substance  to  attract  insects;  as 
these  enter,  thiy  pass  ilownwards  over  countless  littli' 
hairs,  all  pointing  downwards.  These  niaki'  it  \ery  dif- 
ficult for  insects  to  crawl  out  of  the  pitcher,  and  many 
of  them  become  exhausted  and  arc  drowned  in  the  wa- 
ter. As  these  insects  decompose,  they  arc  absorbed  by 
the  plant. 

The  Pitcher  Plant  is  local  in  b.ijrs  from   I^abrador  to 
Manitoba  and   southwards. 
80 


SUNDEW   FAMILY 

(A)  TiiREAD-r.K.WKi)  Si  xi)Kw  ( Oiosrm  fiUformi/i)  has 
loiif;.  linear,  tilm-like,  <rwt,  vcrv  liairv  Icav.'s.  Tl,,. 
llowciM  air  miiiicious  anil  liiciselv  'aecmiMl  at  tlir  top  (if 
11  sicndrr  MiiKi.itli  wapc;  llicy  jiavc  tivr.  small,  piiiiili' 
|)otaN.  Iivi>  staiiicns  ami  si'vcial  2-paitiMl  stifiiiias.  I'liis 
spwrifs  is  fminil  in  wul  sandy  soil  fiiaii  New  Enc'laml 
tu   Dela  ivuri'.  *" 

(1!)    liiu  Mii.i-AVKii  .SiNDKW   {ni-onrrn  n,tii,iilif;lun   is 

one  of  the  most  < iiiion  of  the  Sundews:    it  is  found  in 

moist,  saiid\  ..v  peaty  soil  from  l.alirador  to  .Alaska  and 
soiitli  to  I'a.  and  lal.  Tlie  leaves  are  niiiiierons.  (niite 
ronnd.  and  on  iony  stems  from  the  root.  The  leaves  are 
thickly  eovere.l  with  liaiiy  {{lands,  that  exude  drops  of 
a  li.^ar  j.'hitinoin  flnid.  These  dew-like  drops  deeeive 
iliseets  ii:to  alifr|itin<;  on  the  leaves,  llaviiij;  caught  a 
victim,  the  leaf  slowly  folds  about  it  and  ilip'Sts  it. 

The    [lower   stalk   of   this   species  fjrows   from    5   to   il 
in.    high,    is   red.lish    colored   and   often   has  one   or   two 
hraiiclies    at    the    top.      'Jhe    one    to    tweiitv-five    flowers 
that  it  has  durini,'  the  Howering  season  are  white. 
«  81 


SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY 

(Ndji/iiii/'"''"') 

(  \)  Grams  ok  1'arnassis  [I'nnmssia  va,  Jniiunn)  n 
a  im-ttv  little  MWiuiii)  or  iiinidow  plant  giowniK  tioiii 
H  to  24  iMcl»-«  l.ijsl..  The  llowrs  art-  a  .lelioite  ci-aii.y 
white,  tiiielv  veiiUHl  with  jireeiiish.  aii.l  iK.nie  Mn^'ly  on 
loiiL'  seaiH.;:  a  Hiiigle.  heait-.liai.e<l  leaf  elaspn  each 
Hower  s.ane  a  short  .Ustaiiee  al>ove  .t«  l.ase.  The  hasal 
leaves  are  loiis,'tteiiime(l,  rather  tliiek  ami  eoarae  in  tex- 
ture, smooth  edjjed  ami  hluntly   pointed 

We  liiid  this  sm'cies  in  hh..m.  from  the  hitter  part  of 
.Tune  until  the  end  of  Septemher.  most  almndantly  in 
the  latter  month.  It  ranges  from  Newf.mmlland  to 
Manitoha,  south  to  Va.  and  Mo. 

(15)  KABI.Y  Saxikraok  ( .s'flj-i/rai/n  liniininixh)  is  a 
tinv-llowered  plant  that  loves  dry.  sunny,  roeky  hill- 
aides  It  Howers  during  il.ich  and  April.  Ihe  leaves 
are  all  hasal;  spatulate  in  shape,  blunt  ended,  either 
rouEh-edeed  or  t.iotlied.  ratlier  eoai.'e  in  texture,  nar- 
rowing towards  their  base  into  elasping  stems  Saxi- 
frage is  common  from  N,  B.  to  .Minn,  simtli  to  ba.  and 
Tenn. 
82 


.MiTRKWdRT     (  Milillil     tlll'lll)     llil^    II     I'i'W      lliiWiT-.    \  CIV 

>li<irlst»'iiiiii('il,  ill  II  l(Mi-c  lait'iiii'  ;il  (lie  tii|i  cil  ii  li'iif- 
It'^s,  slightly  liiiiry  ■•(■ii|n'  4  to  7  in.  lii;;li.  Tlu'  llnwcr* 
liiivc  tlvi'  pctnls.  t'luli  Willi  tlir  I'll;.'!'  Iicinitiliilly  fiiiifii' I 
Ml  as  to  ;:i\i'  the  tlowrr  a  crystailim'  ii|>|u'!ii-aiii-4>  aliim^' 
like  a  siiowllako.  We  tiiiil  tliis  spciii's  I'l.iiii  l.i'liiniliii 
to  Saskatilifwiiii,  soiitli  to  C't.  and  .Midi. 

(.\)     TWO-I.K.VVKl)    MlTRKWORT     {Milltld    itipit  llUll)     \*    H 

laifrrr  ami  Htiinlicr  s|icii<'s  with  similar  lluwris,  luit 
with  two  vviy  short  stcinnicil,  lii'ai't-sha|ii'(l  Iravrs  ilas|i- 
iii;;  the  tlowi-r  stem  oppositely  aliout  halfway  up  its 
lt'ii<;tli.  l-'oiniil  ill  rich  woods  from  N.  K.  to  Minn., 
south  to  ,\.  ('.  and  Mo. 

lli)  KoAM  Ki.()wi:r:  F.\i..sk  Mitrkwort  iTiiinlln 
(■(iiilif)iliii  I  has  the  {jcncral  ap|M'nrniicc  of  the  last  spi- 
cics.  Tile  MJcnder.  hairy  flower  scape,  rising  Ii  to  ]•*  in. 
from  the  rootstalk,  has  at  the  top  a  loose  panich'  of 
many  small  flowers,  each  on  a  Ion<^  slender  stem,  thus 
dilferinjf  from  the  short-steiiiined  '.'.'  •  irs  nf  .Miiella. 
KoHiii  F'lower  is  (MiiiiiKiii  from  \.  >'v  i.u  Mina.,  .south- 
wards, tloweriiif!  in  .May  and  .liiii  • 

83 


ROSE  FAMILY 

.  (  HUHIKTU) 

(A)  JFFAnoyswKCT  {Sitirtrn  salicifolia)  is  a  Odiinnoii 
and  iH'mitiful  hIhiiIi  that  );ii>\vs  nlimi;  the  cilp-s  of 
winxls,  nu'aiii|M  or  cvi'ii  roaiUiilcx.  Its  liandsoiui'  |>>ia- 
iiiiilal  clii>*t«'rs  of  llo\ri'in  an-  in  oviilcm'i"  iluriiifi  .Inly 
and  AngUHt.  The  sti'm  Ih  straijflit.  Blender,  woody  and 
yellowish  bnff;  alonj;  it,  at  close  int<'rvals,  altirnate 
the  lanceolate.  t<iotheil,  sliort-stemnied  leaves.  At  the 
top  is  a  Hpire-like  panicle  of  Ueeey  llower  elnsters,  Eacli 
llower  has  live,  round,  white  petals  and  numerous  lonj;, 
pink  stamens  that  g'^''  the  (lowers  a  feathi'ry  appear- 
ance anil  a  rosy  tint.  It  ran<;es  from  X,  V,  to  Mo,  and 
southwards. 

(B)  HABOlt.vcK;  STKKPl.Knfsii  (Spiiura  lomrntona)  is 
one  of  cair  most  iM'autiful  tlowerin){  shrubs.  The  llower 
spike  is  more  slender  and  steeple-like  than  that  of  Mead- 
owsweet and  the  Mowers  art'  a  beautiful  shade  of  pink. 
The  leaves  are  mo.e  closely  alternated  and  are  dark 
jireen  aV)ove  and  li(fliter  below.  Steeplebusli  grows  in 
low  ground  from  X.  H.  to  Jlinn.  and  southwards. 

84 


(A)  Wii.ri  Strawiikrrv  (Frnrirniia  lirfiininiin),  Tlip 
liniiy  sti'iiiH  (if  iMitli  li'iivcs  iinil  IIhwcim  risi'  ilin-ctly  frimi 
the  niniiiii);  rootstiilk.  Tlif  llowi'is.  si'vcnil  cif '  nliieli 
jfidw  nil  I'licli  stcni,  air  H  lii'i'l-Hliapi'd,  liiivi'  livi-  rnuiKli'il 
white  |wt«lrt  Hiiil  iiaiiim  laiici'olati'  fficciiisli  Kcpals. 
After  the  tlnwcrin^r  wawiii.  tlii-  (jivrii  criitiT  cxiiaiiil!*, 
I«'i'(iiiici  |)ulp.\  anil  liiially  tuiiis  icil  iiii  tlii'  outer  siir- 
faee;  the  minieniiM  se<'(l-.  are  in  litth'  pits  pri)viUe<l  for 
them  nil  tlie  surface  of  the  Ihtia. 

The  Wihl  Stiawheny  is  coiiiiiioii  in  fields  and  pastures 
throiighinit  our   range. 

(H)  Ilidii  Ilrsii  Hi.ACKiiKHBY  il/iihiis  nUciihrmrimin) 
is  a  tall  hninehinjt  shnih  with  slender  lirowii  stems, 
from  three  to  ten  fiK-t  loiijj.  armed  with  stout,  slightly 
recurved  prickh's.  It  is  from  this  s|H.cii's  that  the  well 
known  variety  was  developed.  The  leaves  are  diviiled 
into  three  to  live  ovate,  pointed.  tcHithinl  leaflets  with  a 
lihhed  and  liairj-  surface.  The  tlowers  have  live  jireen 
sepals  alternatiu),'  with  the  narrow  white  petals.  This 
species  is  very  common  evervwhere. 


85 


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te:5— ^ 

MICROCOPY   RESOLUTION    TEST   CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


l!f  IS 

2.0 


1.8 


1.6 


^  -APPLIED  IM^IGE     In 

^T-  '653   East    Main   Street 

S^S  Rochester,    New   York         14609       USA 

■^—  (716)   482  -  OJOO  -  Phone 

^=  (?16)   288  -  5989  -  Fa« 


^- 


(A)  Common  C'lM^rKKOIi.:  riVK-l'i  Mii'l!  il'ninitilhi 
riiii(iil(  Kx'iK) .  Tliis  spccii's  i~  tlic  iiKist  cnimnoii  iif  tlic 
Kivi'Hiitrcis.  It  is  (iftiMi  iiiistiiki'ii  for  tin-  Wild  Straw- 
licriy.  Ihtimisi'  of  n  siiniliirity  Ijctwccii  the  liMvcs  of  tlic 
two' s|iccics,  uhlioufili  those  of  this  spiH-ics  have  tivf 
divisions  while  those  of  the  Stiiiwlii-rry  have  Imt  three. 
The  lloweis  ale  sh:ii»Ml  like  those  of  the  Stiiiwheny.  Imt 
have  hrijilit  yellow  petals.  It  is  very  eoiiiiiioii  in  the 
I'liited   States  and   southern   Canada. 

(1?)  Sir.VKRY  CiM;ri:t()Ii.  i  I'nli  nlilln  iiiiii  iilta  ]  is  a 
eonwnon  and  very  handsome  >pe<-ies  fonnd  in  dry.  liar- 
ren  fironnd  throut;lioiit  onr  iant;e,  lait  most  aUnndantly 
near  the  eoast.  It  is  snniller  than  the  ]ireeedin}.'.  bein;; 
from  .")  to  1-J  in.  hi}.'h.  'I'lu'  little,  yellow  llowers  are 
clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  hrauclics.  The  stems  and 
the  nndersides  of  the  divided  and  dci'ply  e\it  leaves.  »vc 
covered  with  tine,  white,  silvery  wool,  contrasting.'  sharp- 
ly with  the  dark  jiivvn  of  the  npjier  surfaces.  This 
species  bloom  from  .May  until  Seplendier. 


80 


(A)  A<;KIM<)N"Y  t  AfiriiiKititd  tnifposr/mhi )  i-*  it  coiii- 
1111)11  weed  fduiid  (ill  tlic  lidnicrs  of  <»:iiri|i>  m-  thicket-. 
It  lias  a  tall.  Iiaii-v.  >iin]pli'  sti'iii  t'lciin  two  to  t'cnii-  I'i'ct 
liif;li. 

Tlic  lldwcis  ail'  ill  a  liiii^'.  iiiaii\ -lliiwcrcd  spiki'  at  tin' 
1n|i  (if  the  stalk.  Kacli  llnwci-  is  tiny,  lias  live  yclldu 
petals  and  niinieidiis.  iiiaii}.'e  stamens.  ;;ivinf.'  the  spike 
a  liii^'ht.  fidldeiiyelhiw  a|ipeai'aii('e.  h  is  a  e(iiiiiniiii 
idaut  fi-Diii  N.  ]{.  t(i  X.  ('.  and  westwards  t(i  (  al. 

(Hi  M.\rsii  I'"ivi:-HN(;i;R:  I'l  ri'i.k  ('i\()1  kf(iii.  t  I'o- 
t(iitillii  iiiihislrls)  is  ill  ehaiaetev  ipiite  like  the  fure 
fliiini;  speeies.  It  is  the  (Uilv  mie.  hdwever.  haviiif:  pniple 
fldwers.  and  is  easily  I'ecdjjnized  dii  that  aeeniint.  The 
lldwers  are  nearly  an  iiieh  liinad.  laifier  than  thiise  df 
the  (ither  (iiKpiefdils. 

The  stem  ■;riiws  fniin  11  to  20  iiiehes  hm;;  and  is  rather 
woddy  at  the  liase.  I'lirjile  ('iiii|iiefdil  i;rd«s  in  swamps 
(ir  ('(Mil  lio<;s.  from  Labrador  to  .Alaska  and  south  to 
X.  T.,  Pa.,  la.,  and  (al.,  Iloweriii^'  during  .Jiilv  and 
Aiifrust. 


87 


(A)  Crkkpixo  DALIliARnA  { nalibii  rilii  rrpriw)  is  a 
(U'lictito  wcMullaiul  plant,  found  fiom  N.  H.  to  Manitoba 
and  soutli  to  X.  .1..  Oliio  and  Midi.  It  lias  crc«'i)in!:. 
diMiscdv  luftiMl  footstalks,  from  wliieli  s|iiint.'  nnnicroiis 
hcart-sliapiMl  leaves  on  Ion;;  ]>eti(des;  tliese  leaves,  their 
stems  and  tlie  Hotter  stalks  are  downy,  the  former  beinj; 
seallop-ed};('d  or  toothed. 

Dalibanla  has  two  kinds  of  lloners:  The  tirst  on  loni;. 
njirifiht  seaiies  spread  about  half  an  inch,  have  five 
ovalT  white  petals  and  many  stamens.  The  seeond  are 
cleistojiamous  ones  (fertilized  in  the  l)ud  1  on  short  curv- 
inf!  pednneles  from  the  root.  These  last  llo«i>rs  are  fer- 
tile, while  numv  of  those  with  jietals  are  not.  Ualibarda 
blooms  from  .lune  to  Sejjteniber  in  riel.  woods. 

(B)  YKi.i.(nv  AvENS  {(Irinii  fitrictiiiii)  firows  in  moist 
loeations  in  swamps  or  thickets.  The  texture  of  the 
whole  plant,  leaves  and  stems,  is  roufili  and  eoarse.  The 
root  leaves  are  interruptiMlly  pinnate,  the  se^nnents  be- 
ini'  wedfie-shapod  and  toothed.  The  tlowera  have  (pule 
larire  .'oTden-vellow  petals  and  a  <lowny  reeejitaele.  This 
sjjeeies  is  common  from  Xewfoundlaml  to  .Manitoba  and 
south  to  N.  t'.  and  ilo. 

SS 


Swamp  Kosk  ( Ifosu  vuroliua).  Wild  m-^cs  are  very 
c(»)iini(m  throujflHiut  our  rniijre  an<l.  of  t-ourso.  arc  fa- 
miliar to  ('vcryoiic.  Tiu'  Swamp  Hose  is  a  very  bushy 
specii'!^.  jj;ro\viii<;  from  one  to  nine  feet  hi;^h.  It  is  very 
eomniou  on  the  e(l<;rs  (»f  swamps  or  streams,  ami  in  low 
j^rouml.   throuj;hout  i>ur   ranji*-. 

The  llnwers  are  two  or  three  inches  hroail  and  have 
nunu'r<)\is  yelhiw  stamens  radiatin*.'  from  tlu'  *.'reenish- 
white  eentcr.  The  stem  of  the  Swamp  Rose  is  sparin<;ly 
armed  with  stout.  wicU'-lmscd.  curved  tiiorns. 

Pastihk  Kosk  ( liosa  humilis)  is  *',(>  most  iil>n?idant 
of  all  (tur  wild  roses  an<l  arrows  in  jtrofusinn  ill  ilry. 

rocky  jdaces.  It  does  not  ^row  as  hij;)i  as  t,  S\vam]i 
Kose.  rarely  exceeding;  three  feet  in  height,  hut  the  slen- 
der stems  are  more  hranchinj;  and  often  jrrow  in  larj;e, 
tanjrled  masses.  The  tl()wers  are  alxait  the  sanu'  size 
as  those  of  tlie  Swamp  Rose,  hut  are  usually  solitary  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches. 

The  stem  is  anned  with  straight,  slender,  lij^dit  brown 
thorns  or  prickles,  two  of  which  are  set  oppositely  (ui 
the  stem  at    its  junctions   with   the   leaf  stems. 

89 


,  ...       •  l'l""Miiiitr  ,|int..  c.Mii.ionlv  i„  ,|,v    rJwv 

«'-nt..,l,   a,-„„.,ti..    fn.j,n„l    .   .f  ^    :.v     '    Th;.  'T'""' 

;;;;:;  :;"M""'  "■■'•'v"!^-  «'-i"«  fr'm ;::;;,  ^  ',:^-^^ 


!K) 


PULSE    FAMILY 

I  I.I  iiniiiiiiiisd  ) 


f.A)    W„.»  .,„   VA.yy.   I.,  ,.,m,    ,/,„,„■„„,  ,„,,,, „;,^    ,.„. 
vn,.^  Its  j;,.,,,.,,,-  11,1111.'  fniiii  th,.  lii  i„  „f  „,,i, 

S;;::;:;;u;f:;;;,;;;,r^i:;:::,;;:--:' 

•iiTt.  liain    Mild  l.niiieliiii...     T|„.  |,.;iv,.<  l.iv,.       .  ,      i 
"■^  nmv,.,-s    „i-,.    ,„    l„i,..    sh„„y.    tn-inii.il    snik.s   ,„■ 

r:5'^;:;;:::";;;.,';;?'X^:£  ;;;=:!,-''»» ^ 

n">-i    stiiKcs,   tl.cv  iiii'  alidiit  mil'    lull   I ,    I,.,, ,• 

"'"■^•'••^  '^  '•'" '  •■•■""  1'^..  t..  (.',.  .,,,1  ,;,..t  t,>  m!' 

91 


(A)     Wii.r.    ^smuo    (liapl Ma    ilnrlnrh)     is    a    vorv 
l>i:inc-liy   and    vcrv   Ims  iv   1„,,|,      -riii.   st..,,.   .li,.- i  ^ 

j.ft,,,.     if     I.,,,,...       ,■]  ■  .  ''  '"     l'IVI(I<'<    SOIlll 

ilt.i    It    Icaxi,    the   fri(Miiul.    th,.    sl,.ii,li.r    linuiclilrts   ,.v 
t.'n.  in-  ,.,|„„llv  in  all  ,lin.,.ti„„s.     Tl„.  !,.n  ?V-     th,  .'. 

rim  r„„ts  of   \\il,l  I„,|i        „,„  „„„|   ,   .  ,, 

'■"''7"  ''■;::•.,"/  "  I"""-  'l""'it.v,  ....,  als„  l„.     ,a  I       .,„„  ;]. 
-Manu.  t„  M,„„,.s„ta.  llmv,.,-!,,;;  fr„i„  ,),„„.  t  ,'  s,.,,,'.,,,!,,', 
(T!)    liATTI.Kiiox    (Crolotmi,,    s.niiUnn.)     n.,riv,.s    its 

.     ■!    I.la,.k,sl,    sr,.,l-,„Ml.     1,  is  an  annual  1„.,1,.  wi,|,  a 
i.u.K  iK.mlnif;  st..„,  «„,!  st,Mnl..ss,  t„„tl,l,.ss,  ,„,i„t,.,l'     ■■ 
li'av,.s  altrniatMiff  alonj;  it.     Tl„.  vllmv.  ,,;«  lik      I'v  .  's 
an.  „,  small  ..Instns  at  t n.ls 'of  the  Inrn'ts       t    s 

to    I  la.    anl     l,.xas    and.    i„    the    ilississipiii    l.asin     to 
Indiana  and  South   Dakota  ".isin,    10 


U.'   Iin.l      ,„   l„.,-l,   i„  ,t v.  ,a,„h.  «.„,„,.; 

f>';m..\.   II.  t„   Minn.  :,n,l   s.M.tlnv.InN  ' 

st.m,   l,..,u    to   the   to|,   wh,.i-..   it   t..n ntcs   in  „   .jcns,. 

1.  puipl...      1   „.  .In,v,.rs  an.  la,,-,,  an.l  nnnnTons:     h  . 


111^',   vciy    slcniii-r   ami 


wiiif;-   anil   k.vl.      It^    r,„,ts   aic   In 
wi\   tcinfrii. 

i»K    aiMint     n,     mchi's    acriis«-     citti.n     the     liv..      I 
n.nn,l,.,|  |„^als  l,av,.  ,MM.plis|,  sp„ts  at  thHr  l,as.;:  Ttu'; 

Sr";"^„:;";a::;;ir '  -"'^ "-  "•^t  -  ti-  h^c.  „i 

111..   Icavrs   „f   th..    I'avtridf;,.    I',,,   aiv    l„n-   ;,,al    ,.„n, 

'""•" !„"'    -'"-"•    ^■"■'ll.    hlnnt.    Ian,...-sl,ap;.,l     I'a   ,. " 

..  J- 1.    w,tl,    a    Uuy    awl-lik,.    |„„„t.      Th,.    Men,    is    ,.,-,.,.t' 

.    h,.>  sniootl,    an,l  f.'r.,ws  „n..  ,„■  t«„  f,.,.t  tall.     W,.  li,„ 

t^^.>.  plant  in  dry  or  sandy  li,.|,U  thronghout  th,.  r„it,.,l 


03 


y/ 


(A)  It.MiniT-KiOT  <r.i)VKH:  Stom:  (  roVKii  iTiifdliidii 
«/T,/i.s(|  I  Ki  ii(pi'i.A\  I.  'I'll!'  >tiilk  iif  this  ~f„vw~  is  soft, 
silky  aihl  Iriiiii  4  \«  In  iiwlirs  hij.!,.  -n,,.  |ij;||t  jrn,,.ii 
liiivfs  liavc  Ihivr  1,. allots  witli  liliirit  tips.  Tl,,,  ||,nv,.r 
JKMils  an'  i-iiii]|j,ps(.(:  of  nuiiicrons  Mulcts:  it  is  tlic  Ion.', 
Iiiiik.  fi'alliciy  tips  of  tia.  Ii\i-pai-ti.(l  calw  that  jxwr^ 
till'  lilossoin  its  silky  fu/./iiicss:  it  is  (pilti''  fraf;iant  ami 
Is  visitcil  liy  the  sniallrst  laittiTllirs.  ^,,11  inav  liiiil 
this   spi'i-ii's  oVfi-yHlicic   within   oiii-   iaii};c. 

Mi)  I!ki)  Ci.ovi:!!  irilfiillinji  iiniliiim]  is  tin'  most 
i'liiiiinoii  anil  thr  most  valiiahh'  spirirs  of  clover.  One 
would  hardly  liidiivi'.  knowiiif;  how  aiiniidant  it  is  in  all 
parts  of  our  ran;;v.  that  this  <d(.vi'r  could  have  Iicimi 
introdnccd  and  have  iiiTomc  so  widely  distrihntcd.  yet 
snch  is  the  ease.  One  reason  that  it  iloes  so  widi'  in 
this  cDUTitry  is  that  we  have  a  very  lar;!V  nniidier  of 
InnnMcliees.  and  it  has  heen  found  that  clover  is  so  de- 
liendcnt  upon  these  insects  for  fertili/atiou.  that,  with- 
out them,   it  will   soon  die  out. 

The  little  llorets.  composing'  tlu'  };loiinlar  llower-head. 
are  l)ri);ht  crinisou-pink.  The  three  leallets  that  nmki' 
up  each  leaf,  liave  whitish  green  triangles  in  tlie  middle. 


(A)       Al.SIKK     (JU      Al.SATlAV      (   I.IIMI!       {Tllf„li„,„       1,11- 

l,n<linii\  I  l-.i  iHipiAM  i..  ,|iiilr  siiiiilai-  t.iour  iwliv,. 
wliitc  (  lov.T.  Imt  thr  >ti.|ii  is  stent  iMMiicliiiif;  ;iii(l  jiii.v 
Iln-   tnfiiliiit,.   l,.,ivcs   (,f   thin   >|MTic  ,   ,i,v   iiriiiiiMk.Ml   ,ul,l 

liiivc  11   sinipli'.    iiMiijili'il   cihl.   nut   iiHlch,.,!.   Imt    tl I.'i' 

lit  till'  U-.ii  is  viT.v  tiiii-ly  t...itlii',l.  ■111,.  iliMvt-  n,iiii,,w- 
111^'  till'  iiiiinil  MdwiT-liriiiis  ii,,-  iTp;ini-i-.il,,n.,l.  tiii"i.,l 
with  pink:  tli.,\  tiiv  v,.|y  fiiij;riint  iiiiil  la.li'ii  wltli 
ni'i'tiif. 

lli)    Wfiitk   Ci.iivki!    \riil(,li,n,i    n/Hii.^t    i-   tl,       .icwt 

ii.niiniin   „(  Ih..  whiti.  .■Inwis.      It   is   sn|,|H,>,.,l   t in- 

iliticniins  III  till'  ii,iitli,.|ii  pints  ,,f  mir  inn..,,  |t  is 
liifflily  |iii/,.,l  lis  finiijr,.  f,,r  catll,.  nml  is  ..Fti'ii  ,.nlti- 
viitiMl   in    li,.|,ls   f,„-   tliiit   |iiip,,s,..      It    is  Ills,,   a    fav.iiit,. 

Wltll    kt'l.plTS    ,,f    Im.,.s. 

Its  stt'iiis  an.  sniiHitli.  n.cliniiifr  imil  I  t.i  111  iii,li,.s 
liiii^r.  'I'lii'  Ii'uvi.s  111-,.  i.,,nip,is,.,|  ,,f  tliivi.  Ii.all,.ts.  Ii,.ait- 
.shapeil  ,11-  noti-li..il  nt  tlic  rnils,  nnil  ii-in,  with  a  ,n,,p. 
Ill'  1,'ss  distinct  triiinf;iilar  niiiik  in  tli,'  mi, I, II,.  Tli,' 
lliivvfis  aiv  i-n.iiiny  whit,.,  slijrhtlv  pinkish  ami  vi'iv 
iiiii'riiiit.  ■  • 


(  A  I     ^Kl.l.dW    Cl.OVKR;    TI(11"    Cl.ovi:! 
ritllll)     (  Kl  ItOI-KAN  ).      This  clnviT    is 


Trifdl 


iinii   mirit- 
tlii 


xrrv  (■(•luiiiDii  III  till- 
riistcni  liiilf  cif  tlic  liiitfd  States  Mild  sJiiitliiTii  Ciuiacl:!: 
wi'  liiiil  it  jridwiiii;  iiKist  iiliiiiiilaiitlv  iiloii^'  roailsidcs  and 
ill  dry  or  sandy   liidds. 

Tlif  st(  111  is  i|iiit('  sMiiMitli.  slender,  erect  and  sli^rjilly 
branelilii).'  and  j.rii\v.s  fruni   li  to   '  ">   ineiii's   liij;li. 

Tlie  llowcr  lie;  d  is  oldoii^'.  densei,  crowiled  witli  small, 
froldeii-yidlow  llorets.  having;  an  alternate.  M-aly  arraiij.'i'- 
iiient.  Tliey  Idooni  from  the  liottcmi  of  tlie'l 1.  up- 
wards and.  as  they  mature,  turn  yeliowish-lnowii  and 
are  relle\ed.  resenihlinj;  dried  hops.  Its  lloweriiij,'  sea- 
son is  from  .luiie  ti'itil  Septeinher. 

(R)  Vf;i.i.(iw  Mki.ii.ot:  Ykt.i.ow  Swkkt  Ci.ovkr  (l/i//- 
hitiiH  itfficiiialini  (KiKorK.w)  is  a  eominoii.  weedlike 
])laiit  found  everywhere  in  waste  places.  Tin'  stem  is 
tall  and  lirancliini;.  fiiowliif;  fniiii  2  *o  4  feet  liifili.  Tlie 
leaves  are  trif(diate.  each  leaHet  lieinj;  liiiely  toothi'd  and 
the  middle  one  liaviiifT  a  short  stem  with  a  donlde  heiid. 
The  yellow,  clover-like  llorets  are  in  loiifr.  loose  raeeines, 
terminating  the  branches;   tlicy  have  a  sweet  fragrance. 

06 


(A  I    Aii-Aihw:    LicKUNK    I  l/i  </.,•«,/ 


I  Kl  III)- 

I'    \\r\i\- 


PKA.x)    is  fiuiiiil  finjwiiijj  wil,|   in      ,,.,1,.   |,|||,.,. 

most    iinywiicrr    in    mir    ran;;.-.      It    iniikcs    an 

f.Ml,i,.r  for  catllc  ami  will  }.r,,«    In  wasti'.  san.lv  plaivs 

wlii'ic  It   IS  iinpcissili; -  to  raise  erops  of  hay. 

Till'  stalk   is  SI ,t|i.  slrnili'r.   lirancliin}.'  ami  i.n-cl  ■    it 

Krows  fnaii  I  to  2  f,...t  liif;li.     Tli,.  Iraus  aiv  tin parte.l 

on    l(.nn    sliMiiler    stems    witli    narrow    stipule-      n     their 

Iwse.     -||ie   pnrph'   Mowers  ;;row   in   short.   I a.enies 

i.t  the  ends  of  the  sh.mler  hraiiehes;   the  see.lpo.l  i,  eiiri- 
oush-   twisted  or  eoiled. 

(Ml    Cow   \Kr<ii:    IJn  K  \t:T(ii    l  1  ,Vm    C,„rr„)    i,   a 

trai  Ml-   herl,  with   a   w,.ak.   aiifjled   st ;    it   is  eoninion 

on    the   Imrders    of   thiekets   or    t I^r,.s   of   eiiltivate.l 

tields.  Iho  stem  ^'rows  from  two  to  thive  feet  Ion"  and 
e  iinhs  over  fin.ss  ,„■  ]„«•  hriish  In  means  of  Cnall 
slender   tendrils   at   the  ends  of   the   leaves. 

The  oomjiraind  leaves  are  made  up  of  twentv  to  tliirtv 
small,  oval  leallets,  ,.ael,  tipped  with  a  li'iiv,  shar,;- 
pointed  hristl...  The  lifrht  vi.det-colored,  beau-like  lh,w- 
ers  grow   in  one-sided  rauemes. 


(A)    CJboim)  Xi 


W 


an  exceed injfly  beautiful  climbing 


ii.D   Kka.v    (Apion  luberuna)    is 


I'f  four  or  fi've   feet 


oniwlliig  over  walls 


•iiie,  uttaiiiiii},'  lengths 


twisting  Itself  about  shrubs  or  otlier  ..| 
shaped,   tulx 


or  fences, 


•rous   root   is   edible,  as   ev 


ants.     Its 


pear- 


ery   country    bov 

.Inriiur  An.r„st  .,  ,  Sen... .,  •  ,■'■""""'  ^"*  "'  '■''""" 
..n  tlie  l„  ni  ,s  ; ""'  ^l"''''"'"''-  '"  'l«"'P  groun.l.  usually 
t„  M  n.  .      "f  '•"■anips  or  wet  meadows,  from   \    ji 

to  .Minn,  and  southwards  to  the  (Julf 

stT.ms  from  tl le  ■  m,i;s?,f  w       ;    ^'""l""","'"'!'    ""    «'™d-- 

^vi.i,  «i„^l.:  ,;,,.„!!",,.',t"'  '•"■'""''  '"''-  I»-a.-«l.ape.l  pods 
08 


FLAX   FAMILY 


(I.i 


nacrte) 


R)    Wii.n  Vfm.ow  Fi.ax   (I. 


sirnder  iMTi'iinial 


( 1.1  nil 


to  two  fcHt 


|)ccics  with   ii   sinootliNt 


III   rii-iiiiiiiiiiinii )    is  a 


in  heiftlit.     The  tl 


■111   fioiri 


into   hv..   sepals,   a    c..„„l|a   „f   Hvo   pi'tals/ti  ■  /  st'     ,      ' 
and   p.s.ls.    ,„.,f..ot    an,l    syn,„„.tnc!,l    II„w..,s    f.?r 

tlM.    and  l.av,.  iM.t  ..„,.  ril,.     This  speci,.s  „,av  l„.  f ,1 

'"  .1.V  WKKlland  .run,  M,,  ,o  Minn,  and  smitimard. 

wlv!  '  Tl'.r"', ''V''  ""■'•"""  '"""""■•'•■<'•'""'"»  (K.RO 
lu^V.'t  1  "<"■''   f "■'•"■"    '"    """■'■    •'ttraotiv..    than 

t        ast    ,..,.ans.  „f  ,ts  laij,,.,-  ,|.,„.,,.s.     Tli,.  ston.  is  vn- 

;.'■",  '""'li™  "••>■  trnninat,.,!  «itli  „n..  ..,•  tw„  .Ldi.-a  ■ 
^.<d..t-  .1,,,.  |.„v,.,st  these  nieasnre  alaait  three  ,  ,  r  ers 
of  an  in.h   i.road.  or  slifihtlv  more  qnaitiis 

Ihi«  IS  tlie  speeies  that  is  cultivated  very  e.vtensivelv 
in   huro,H.    and    U-ss    so   in    this   eountrv.   for     t "    i,  e , 

fihre   and    Us   se. i|.    hotli   of   whieh    have   a    verv   ex 

tensive  eoinineivial  use.  • 


WOOD   SORREL   FAMILY 

iOjiiliilncea-) 

v-.y  partial  t;.  n,o;::ta'in,: ";,.;  iir  ^'^c'lr  ■■""  '^ 

very  frml   l(,okin«.  iilidut    in   ! ,  .T,   i        ,    ,      """''is  are 

-m  long.  sl<.n.l,.r  petioles  fro  ntlw  ?  f  ';,''"  '"'■  "'•"' 
foliate  or  clovcrliko  ...t  i  i  .,  "'"'=  ""'X  are  tri- 
inversely  I.  t-«I  aped  ™t  '  t  i  *'"•*,'"•*";  ''■"""'«  '«■!"« 
and  with  two  ro,,  d  d  1,  " ,  XV,  '  V.'"  "'"'  "'"^'"''' 
fo.ind  from  X  S  o  S,,k,  'L  ^^ '"*-',  ^^  ""'1  •'^orrel  is 
-V.   V.  and  in  nlonn^ahr  to  x"c  "  '""'  '"""'  '"  -^■-  E-, 

-ony^i.e;i:i::^'<i„:r;"Sa;i;:fr;r':f^['^-  '•'""'-••  ^-.e 

or  more  pale  mauenta    1,Lm.:  •      '"■  """""'ts  tlir,.e 

'"■t  a  trill..  s„,a  tV't^a^'";    ,:;  T^'''  7.'"1"  "'  ^"'"r. 

The    leaves   of    hot      H.  ,"""  "'"'*"  species, 

and   fold  u,t        handled     '/i.ev'";'''   T  ^"'•.v   «<"'-tive 
o|>en  in  the  morninfe"         ■         ^       '"'  ""*  '''  ''"'^'^  ""J 
100 


tl..'  steiu  „;,  tle«,le  n,,  ,,,1"  ;  '""If^  "'  "'"  '■"<'  <'f 
"f  tl„.  l..av<.s.  AuX  t  ,  H  :  '"  ""■  '•""'*  "f  -<">"" 
I'"i"t.-1  l...,ls  take  tlo      ac..        t?'";?  '""""''   ''"'"  "•'■'f- 


101 


""""      "*  'm.   of   (  ir   ni.ist   o.iiii n   \v.i,.illi,ii.l    nli.,tv 

..■•an..|u.s;  tl.e  potals  a,.  Ia,.«.  „„.,  .„„.,,,  I.^l^^..^;;; 
Tlie  l<.av,..s  .if  tl,..  (i.Maniuin  are  v,.,v  e.mis,.  .,,,,1  f„„,. 

J'V!:i!L:^z'^j'^n!:^^!: ». '^'^ 

l'"t    s.nall..r    an.l    ...arsor    in    fxtn  1,."7   "'"''"'• 

Mi.allH,-    a„,l    usnallv    .n,,r.  ?J  ,lv    o  .ft       Tl.       f    '■"•" 

.-..Ht  a   str,>nfr  .«l,„-  wl.en  .;,.„i".d.  '    ^'"'    ^''"'"^ 

«aX     '""*■''  '^  """""""  f"'""  ^''>-  t«  ili'm.  an,l  south- 
102 


MILKWORT    FAMILY 

(  I'dl l/<lil lurid  ) 


(A)  Frinckd 
dainty  jiikI  Iciw 
five    inclics    frcmi 


roi.Y<i.\r.A  { I'liliffitilii  finiirifiilin)  is  a 
IHTcniiial.  usually  rising'  liut  four  or 
the  ^'^oull(l:  tli<'  stem  liciids  .sl.aipjv 
It  cntcis  the  sdil  and  uoiitiiMics  into  a  lun"  slcn'l.'r 
io„tstalk  often  a  foot  in  Ifiijrtli.  Kith.T  one  or  two 
low. MS  arc  at  tli<.  Mininiit  of  -;,.■  stem:  tliev  arc  quit,, 
laru...  I„.infr  nearly  an  inc-li  in  leufitli;  the  two  lat.'ral 
srpals  ar..  iarfie  ami  winf;-sl,a|.e(l :  the  three  petals  are 
joineil  to-ether  to  form  a  tuhe.  throufjii  wliieh  the 
stamiMis  an<l  pistil  protrude.  I'olvgala  is  cMini- 
danip.  rieh  woods  from  .\.  S.  to  Jlanitoha 
southwanls  to  the  Culf.  lh>werinL'  duri 
.  June. 


yellow 
nion 


.\hu 


ami 
an<i 


(Hi  -Milkwort  { /'ohif/ala  ixjliiuiinia)  is  a  slendiT- 
stenmwil  speeies  from  live  to  lifteen  inehes  hi'di-  the 
stem  IS  elosely  eniwdeil,  alternatelv.  with  narrow  o,-i| 
pointwl.  steniless  leaves.  The  dull  erimson  (lowers  are 
home  in  Ion;;,  slemler  racemes  at  the  top  of  the 
It  IS  qnite  eonmion  everywhere  in  dry  sandy  soil. 

103 


stem. 


"11(1    not    visililo   f,.„,„    til,.   „.if»Ti        .r     ^*-'"'-'  ^'""tei- 
'-"-  i>ig.„  and  abollndJ^nrlS-SX  u"S  '  *°  '" 

the  .t<Mn._cro,'  1  k        Tl    '  ;"'"■*'''''     "   ^'-''^   '"•"»"'' 
biancli.  seated  within  t,f     ^1       '•      *'""  *""''  "*  <"'*'cli 

104 


SPURGE   FAMILY 

I  t^iililloihidccd) 

"vate-p,.„,te<l   mid   «,.at,.,l  „„   tlu-   'I,.,  .i.,?        '    '"'*■"'• 

'IV    quite    similar    i„    «|,a,,..           t     ,  '  ,,f      I  ;.'"'''  ''''''^ 

•:.,lkww(l   ami   arc   altcrnatuil   on    f  .           .     '•"""""" 

the  end  of  the  branch  "non.?    V  '''"' '    "'"*  '"'•"■ 

ah..ut  t..e  .ten.;-';^^!:';::;;,;;;-;;;  ;';<;!-'^;;-h.>.h.d 

"ThDir;::;:^  ;:;;;r'":^i,;"-^"-"?"^'  -''i--^ 

the  center  of  tie  te  ,,.;'"  •,*■''""';''■''  '"  '''"'^'"■■^  "■ 
The  stannnate  nd  ist  I  ate  I  u  """'^''""''  '■■"^■''- 
,;;an^     The  invo,..crri:'ll:rp^^n„nar\i^:tr 

Uhen  broken,  both  the  leaver  nnd  ot™,  ■  i 

lilies  of  a  niilkv  iiii ri  il  ?     '''''"''''  "l"'""' 

in  dry  soil  fr,  mN  „  .,nd  «  "^"'""l  "'  ^''"""K"  K-ows 
i«  «..n.elinies  f^ld  SllV's  .I/'t;;  ni^It.*"  '"""■'""''  ""^ 


JEWEL-WEED   FAMILY 

(  H(ilmmhuirvic) 

fl^^t^"^"  •^■••'JTK,,  Tor<H..MK-X„r   ilmpatimH  hi- 

'..•"sl.es  ajia.nst  tl.e  n.atur,.  T.mcl>.n.,.-,",t     ''""'™*''"> 
lie  leaves  are  very  delicate  in  ap|.earance,  and  their 

J.el..v.     Connnon  in  shady  places  throughout  th'ulii;," 

•-^  .ft      r-  f'  :• '     ) 


MALLOW  FAMILY 

I  Miilniri(r) 

(KtRoiKAN)    ,s  a    vciy  c(,ni,n„i,    wikmI   about  d vanls 

v«t..,l  h..|,N.     II,..  |„„jj  stalks  spnuK  fi"",  l,i..n„ial   nn'ts 

nu-l,..s    ,„    l,.„f;tl,.      Tl„.    ,la.k    yn.,.„.    r..n,„l    l^avrs    aT* 

v.T.y    liaii.is,,,,,,.;    tl».y    liav,.    a    shallow! |    ai„l    v.tv 

hn,.lv    tootl„.,l    ...I...    a„,l    a,v    ,l..,.ply.    pal,„at..|v..'il,l      . 

nXl,  '  '  "'"'  ""■  '''"'"  ^''■"'"  "'■'•  '•"I"''- 

Th,.    small,    w s,,r..a,l.    Im.|I  shap,.,!    Ilowrrs    aro   Hns- 

of   the     <"  v,.s       Ih,.    hv,.    petals    have   noteh,-,!    tips,   aiv 
Vint,.,  ,l..|,cat..|.v  tn,te,l  with  ,,ink  or  pal,,  .nag,.,,  a    ami 

Hat  anil  r,mii,l,.,l,  (•,a.ipos,.,l  „f  a  ,lo/,.„  ,„•  ,„„„.  paii„.U- 
iL'"T  '"  ';>  '■''"'I'-."'"  «itli  J-"-'''«t  ■■•■lish.  th,.s,.  l,..!,,,- 
„»m  «      *""'      *'"'*  *-"''"  ^''^  ''•"•^■"■^  """■  "f  it-*  '■"'»"'"» 

llctllltrSt 

107 


.nat..|y   slasLe/anll   t.^.       „       s,       ^f  i:'; •;!:'• ',  "'"'  ,'!'•'■ 
Ntciiis    niDcc.'d    fr,„n    ti,  '^"^   nil   liiurv.  branclim.r 

"ne,,rVw.?fU'i,,io  ;;:;■.:"'"'''  '"""V  '".'""!«'"•<  "f 

«"!.l3  „f  each  of  th,    flv.  ?  '■  i'^"''"'""-  in  tliat  tl,.. 

odor  of  n.iisU      Tt   U     ,,  /      .      7  f'"''  *'"■»''   "   ''''S.'lit 
Knglan,,  al.'.l'souVla.'n/'r'a^ad.';""'""*  '"  "■"•*""■■"   -^'«- 
108 


tl.ia  .s,,,.,i,.s  fully  ,„„k,,,  „•,,  i„  ,i^^. 
Ii>iir  to  SIX  inches  iieniss.     The 


tliiTc  ni(>  not  ii   jr, 
profusion  of  bloom,  una 
for  its  lilossoniH  inciisun 


and 
link   ill 


.   consiiipii- 

Tllc    loll};, 

llat-hiM,!,.,! 
i't  I'ncaswl 
"liicli    ar<! 


^e^    larK..    petals,    are   a    delicate  ■;,;;.    eolo, 
o  isl.y  ve,n,.,|.  an,l  often  with   ciinisoii  1,-  s  s 
s-ncler    pistil    ,|ivi,|es    at    the    tip     int.       ve 
t.smas:    for   more   than   half   it's   l',:  1, 
'"    ''■*-,  '""K    ''tanien    clnnin,    the    sides    of 
covered    with    vellow   anthers  "■""'    "™ 

the  ooa^Tom'!;r  ^""'\'"  ^"'"'•P^  and  marshes  near 
S«'i)tenilM.r.  "'''•     ^'  '''"""'«  ^'^""^  July  to 

109 


ST.   JOHNSWORT   FAMILY 

( lljiiiiiiciiiiir) 

(OMMOX  St.  .Ioiinswokt  i  ll,n,nin,,„  pnfnrnliim) 
(MHoi'KAX)  18  11  Huiicl.Ti.r  from  tli.'  old  wmld  tlint 
liiiviiij;  rciicliiMl  our  lioHpitiiMc  shores,  pro,-..,.,|c(l  tr)  mill 
tipiv  and  oviM-niii  tlie  nativt.  |)laiits  so  that  it  Is  now 
rcfianli'd  hy  fariiieis  as  a  ,„.st  aloii>;  with  tlir  \\il<| 
larint  and  .Mustard.  If  it  is  tni..  that  in  the  strii.r„h. 
for  ..\ist..|ire,  tlie  fittest  survive,  tlien  snrelv  this  spe- 
cies must  he  oi.e  .,f  the  (ittest;  we  oft.Ml  see'it  .rrowin- 
lustily  in  cireilinstaiiei.s  under  whicli  few  plants  eoiild 
exist.  It  grows  proinisiuoiisiy  in  Hehls  or  aloii"  road- 
sides. Kven  a  fjeneroiis  sprinkling  of  tarvia,  nreived 
when  the  roads  were  sprinkh'd,  failed  to  kill  this  plant 
althougli  many  otlu'r  speeies  dii'd   from   the  etfects 

It  has  a  slender  hut  touch  stem  from  oiw  to  two 
feet  lii)ili;  It  has  numerous  short  hranehes.  eaeli  crowded 
with  tiny,  .stiir,  oval  leaves.  The  upper  hranehes  ter- 
minate in  eliisters  of  ".-parted.  •lolden-vellow  flower- 
with  numerous,  I,,,,};,  yellow  stamens.  "  This  siM'cies 
blooms  from  ,hily  until  Septeinher. 
110 


TI,l."^i..i!I,"i;:"  J"'',  •'•'"^■^»"«T  "tliprrino,,  nr„i„in,nn . 
III.  s,i„  I.S  Hl..M.l..r.  .Mvct  and  fimu  „„,.  t.i  t«(,  ff.'t 
m  i.'.Klit.  ^'imvin;;  fr.,m  ,,..n.,iiiial  ru„„i„„  r.M.t.tnIK 
11»'    c.m,|,>i,Ht.v..|v    I...,;..    |..„v..H    „,,■    li.-ht    L-r....,       v  t h 

truj    HI     ,.|,.s..lv  «.t |.,«ifl.v.  on   tl,..  st-i«. 

1.       II(iw..|>.    arc    in    Hniall    iliistrrs    tiTniriiatini?    tl... 

t  iiinnuin  in  moist  places.  •  "lioni  n>. 

.   (R)     St.    .7(m.N.s,V(>RT     lll,„,r,iru,„    ,H!„ii,.„m)     |,-,s    ■, 

snnpl,.   nsualK    4an;rl.M!   st ,o„„.,i„,J  „,     "  ,   ',■  f,,,; 

'.■•""'•I'    >;-;>■■   tl,..    top.      It   j,M„„s    ,-,. s    ,o   2(     in  I... 

«.u.m..ii„.  tl,..  fi„„.:is  an.  I,..:;".],  'p  i,";:  i,^'" : 

fop.l    ,„    ,la,„p    plac..,    o,    alon;;    .stivains     nj    m  ,     , 
Jl,nn.   anil   south    to   I'a.  '  ■    '' 


111 


(A) 
dense) 
uniciue. 


ROCKROSE   FAMILY 

[Vistaerw) 
FRoSTWEfiD:  KoCKRosK  { fleliunthemum  cana- 
This  littlo  ix'icniiiiit  is  vciy  rcmiirkablp  and 
Ix'iiuise  late  in  autuinii.  crystals  (if  ice  form 
about  the  cracked  l)ark  of  tlie  root.  It  is  also  remark- 
able for  tlic  fact  tliat  it  has  two  sets  of  llowcrs.  the 
tirst  ones  in  .Mine  and  later  ones  in  .Inly  or  Au^'ust. 

The  leaves  are  small.  oblon};-lanceolate.  hoary  with 
white  hairs  (m  tli<'  under  side,  alternating;  along  the 
stem  that  rises  from  10  to  18  indies  high.  lioth  the 
early  and  late  (lowers  are  fertili'.  Frostweed  grows 
in  sandy,  dry  soil  from  Jle.  to  .Minn,  and  southwards. 
(I?  lIiosoNi.^  {Huttsonia  tomcntosa)  is  a  low 
branchinfi.  little  shrub  rising  only  H  or  10  inches  above 
ground.  Its  branching  stems  are  closely  crowded  with 
tiny,  scale-like,  ova!  leaves  about  one-half  inch  long. 

the  suuill.  yellow  Ihiwers  that  are  crowded  along  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  open  only  in  sunshine:  the  five 
tiny  yellow-  petals  surround  numerous  stanu'ns  and  a 
long,  "slender  style,  lludsonia  is  fcmnd  on  sandy  shores 
from  X.  T5.  to  Va.  and  along  the  Great  Lakes. 
112 


VIOLET   FAMILY 

(  \  iohu'c(r) 

(A)  fiiHU-FooT  Vioi.KT  (  r/o/n  ficilata)  is  a  \vi>ll 
known  ami  very  cliaiucti'iistif  vidlot.  The  llower.s  of 
this  s|)ecies  are  tlie  larj;cst  iif  tlic  lilne  violets:  they 
are  blue-violet  or  purple-violet  and  have  a  hrijiht  oranjje 
eenter,  fornied  by  the  larjre  anthers. 

The  leaves  {.'row  on  l<ni}r  petioles,  in  <li'nse  tufts,  from 
the  ro(tt:  eaeh  leaf  is  cut  into  live  t*)  eleven  parts,  all 
sharply  i)oiiite(l,  anil  the  middle  and  lateral  oni's  with 
their  ends   notehed  or   eleft. 


l*Ai..\i.\TKD  Vioi.KT    ( Vinhi 
blue  flowers  with  bearded 


(H)   K.Mii.v  I!i.i  K  Vioi.KT ; 
piilmiilii]    has  slifjhtly  snuiller 
side   petals. 

The  basal  leaves  are  very  variable  in  shape,  ranpinj; 
from  heart-shaped  with  rounded  teeth  and  an  un- 
broken edf;e  to  ])a!niately  eleft  ones  with  iive  or  seven 
rounded  htbes.  Jioth  of  thest^  violets  are  common  in 
dry  ground,  the  former  in  tiehls  or  the  borders  of 
swamps,  and  the  latter  usually  in  thin  woodland,  from 
ile.   to   Minn,   and   southwards. 

X  113 


(A)  Common-  Violet  (I  tote  cucuUata) 
moncst  mill  iicst  known  of  all  tlic  vioh'ts. 
low  liin<l  I'vcn  wlii'i-c. — in  woods.  nuMilows 
alonfr    roiidsidi's.      It    is    a    vi'iv    beautiful 


is  the  com- 
It  f;i()ws  in 
uuirslu's  or 
and   vaiialde 


to 


species    liolh    as    to    size    and   color   of    hlossojns   and 
shape  of  the   leaves. 

The  ilowers  are  sonietiuies  a  deej)  purple  and  ajjain 
may  be  a  lifrht  blue,  or  evc'u  nearly  white.  The  "two 
upper  petals  are  usually  darker  near  the  throat;  the 
three  lower  ones  shade  to  white  at  the  throat,  the  side 
ones  beinj;  beautifully  friu4;eil  or  li.'arded.  The  leaves 
are  usually  heart-shaped,  round-toothed  and  eoneave 
or  furled;    they  uie  on   hinj;  stems  from   the  base. 

(T?)  C.vNAD.v  Violet  tVialii  riniriflnixi.s]  is  the  most 
comuion  of  the  leafy  stenuned  blue  vi(dets.  You  will 
notiee  that  the  ]iieeediu}r  species  all  had  their  h'avivs 
and  the  dowers  iioddinj;  on  sh'nder  seapes, 
one  has  leaves  f;''owinf.'  on  the  slcMider  stem 
and  /lowers  above  them  on  iieduneles.  sprinudnj;  from 
the  aufiles  of  the  heaves.  This  sjieeies  is  quite  er)ininon 
in  woods  throughout  the  United  States. 
114 


from  the  b^ 
while   this 


(A)  Sweet  \>"iirn;  Vioi.kt  tVinhi  pnUni.i)  is  tin- nidst 
fraijnint  of  iiiir  wild  viiilcts,  rcfiiinllcss  nf  culiii-.  It  is 
a  must  clianuin^'  ]ilant.  liiit  very  iliiiiiniitivi'.  in  f:u't 
it  is  ]ir(il]iil)ly  tlic  smallest  of  tlii"  oiitiic  family.  ( Ici'U- 
sioiuilly  we  may  tijxl  tlirm  in  soiiu'  cxcciitioiiaily  favor- 
alplf  locality  •iidwiiijj'  to  a  lii'i};lit  of  |n-rlia|)s  si\  iiiclii's, 
l)iit  the  usual  height  will  liaicly  cxcccil  two  iin-lics. 
The  ]ilant  is  stcTiilcss.  that  is  tin- 'leaf  strms  anil  llowcr 
stalks  all  s|iriiij;  diri'ctly  from  the  root. 

Till'  Icavrs  of  the  coiiimoii  white  violet  are  idiiinled 
lieartsliaped  with  slijrhtly  .scalloped  or  roiiiid-toothed 
edf;es.  It  is  very  ooiiiiiKm  in  swam|)s  and  moist  woods 
throufrliout  tli<'   I'nited  States  and  southern  Canada. 

(li)  L.\N<  i:-Li:.vvKi)  ^  lot.icr  (  l/o/n  hniciohilii )  is  a 
taller,  more  sliMider  specii's  erowinjr  from  :)  to  S  inelips 
hiflh.  Its  leaves  aie  lanee-shaped.  seallop-edj.'eil  and  on 
loni;  .stems  from  tiie  root.  The  white  lloweis  are  only 
sli^'litly  frafinmt;  the  three  lower  jietals  ;ue  stniii}.rly 
veined  with  purple  and  the  two  side  ones  are  rarely 
lieanh'd.  It  is  commonly  found  in  swamps  and  nniis't 
jjrroiinil  from  \.  S.  to  .Minn,  and  southwards.  Ilowerini,' 
from   .\|:ril   to  dune. 

11.-) 


Downy  Yellow  Violet  (Viola  piihcsccns)  is  a  large 
very  lianclsome  violet  that  ])refers.  for  its  habitat,  ilrv 
hilly  woods,  often  l>y  the  side  of  rushing  brooks,  but 
not  usually  where  the  soil   is  moist. 

The  Yellow  \iolet  is  one  of  t!ie  tallest  members  of 
tlie  family,  its  stem  ranging  from  (i  to  18  inches  in 
lengtli.  Uotli  the  stems  and  the  leaves  are  woolly-hairy. 
Tliere  are  from  two  to  four  leaves  growing  from  the 
stem  near  its  -r.inmit:  they  are  heart-shaped,  pointed, 
and  either  toothed  or  scalloped.  Tlie  lowers,  rising  on 
slender  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,'^ are 
rather  large  and  bright  yellow;  the  two  lateral  petals 
are  heavily  bearded  and' the  lower  one  is  handsomelv 
veined  with  purple.  These  beards  compel  visiting  in- 
sects to  brush  against  the  stigma  and  then  against  the 
anthers  before  reaching  the  nectar  iu  the  short  spur. 

ilost  of  the  violets,  during  the  oumnier,  have  apeta- 
lous  or  cleistoganious  llowers  on  short  peduncles  from 
the  root;  these  uever  open,  but  are  fertMized  in  the 
bud.     Common  from  N.  S.  to  JIanitoba  and  southwards. 


IKi 


LOOSESTRIFE   FAMILY 

( Li/thrtirrir) 

I'l  Ri'LE  OR  Spiked  Loosestrife  {Liithrum  fiaUcaiim 
I  l-.LBOI'EAN  ).  Un<liml)tc(lly  tliis  spccivs.  whicli  came  ti) 
IIS  from  Kiiropr   is  the  most  bcautifiil  of  the  <;cnus. 

Tlic  plant  j.'i()\vs  from  2  to  4  fcrt  iiijili  and  hranolirs 
tnwarils  the  toi).  The  many  i)iirpl(.  Mowers,  niakini;  up 
the  spil«-.  eaeh  have  si\  Ion;;  petals  ami  are  trinior- 
phoiis,  that  is  Mowers  c.  the  same  plant  have,  relativelv 
three  ditterent  len'.'ths  of  stamens  and  jilstils.  Pnrp'le 
Loosestrife  is  found  locally  in  swamps  and  on  marshv 
liordi--s  of  streams  from  jie,  to  Del.  anil   westwaids.     ' 

LoosESTRIiE  (l.ullinim  nhilinii}  is  a  tall  slemler.  na- 
tive speeies  jjrowin^'  1  to  :!  f,.ct  lii<.'h,  aniiniar  and 
hianehinfr.  '-i'he  deep  f;reen.  lance-shajied  leaves  are  set 
oppositely  on  the  lower  stem  anil  alternatelv  on  tli.' 
upper  hraiifhes.  The  iiow,-rs  appear  sparinj;lv"from  the 
axils  of  the  leaves  near  the  ends  of  the  hranehes.  This 
speeies  grows  in  moist  frronnd  from  N.  S.  to  .Minn  ami 
southwards  to  the  (!ulf. 

117 


MELASTOMA    FAMILY 

(  Mclftstohificcu  j 

^iKAliow  I'.KAl'TY  (A'/ir.n'd  vii(iiiiicii)  is  a  pretty  little 
plant  that  always  causes  a  thrill  iif  a<liniiatioii  to  pass 
tln<)iii;li  us  as  wv  cdinc  acniss  it  in  frrassy  niaislics 
whore  (ither  Ihnvers  are  usually  few  and  far  li'etween. 

It  lias  numcrons  buds,  two'  or  three  of  which,  only, 
open  at  a  time,  lasting'  but  for  a  short  space,  the  petals 
then  fallini;  off  ami  the  calyx  and  lonj.'  stamens  beconi- 
inj;  witheied  and  brownish;  these  detract  jrreatly  from 
an  otherwise  vi'ry   beautiful   ]ilant. 

Meadow  lieauty  or  "  l)e<>r-j;rass ''  is  a  perennial,  has  a 
stout  stem,  cpiite  branchinf,'  and  sliarp-pointed,  ovate, 
toothed,  tliree-rilibed  leaves,  seated  o|ipositidy  on  the 
stem.  The  (lowers  {;row  on  slender  peduncles' from  the 
annh's  of  the  u]iper  leaves;  they  have  four  larjie.  round- 
oil,  maecnta  jietals.  each  with' a  short,  shaip  jioint  at 
the  tip.  The  ei^ht  stamens  are  hm;.'  and  slifihtly  un- 
equal, the  anthers  beinj;  e\ce]itionally  larjie  and  bright 
^olden-yidlow.  Jleadow  beauty  is  found  blooniinf;  dur- 
in;;  .Inly  and  Anj;ust  in  sandy'  marshes  and  -hores  from 
3Ie.  to  Fla.  and  in  the  states'  bordering  tlie  ilississipj)!. 
118 


EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY 

(Ontitfrdcf  u) 

A  fnmily  of  liorlis  or  slnulw  with  pcrfcpt,  usinlly  foiir- 
paitccl  lliiwcrs,  four  |)ctiils.  fmir  scpiils,  four  m'  ci;.'!!! 
stiiiiicns  anil  a  two  or  t<inr-|iarti>cl  stijiiiia. 

(A)  Chkat  \VlI.I.()W-iii:nii;  l'liir:\vi.Ki)  { F.pihihimii  nii- 
!/i(.ilif<ilii(iii)  s|>riii^.s  lip  in  ])iiifii>i(in  and  attains  its 
{.-rcati'st  iiroutli  in  i-l('arinf.'S  iir  rcc'cntly  luirncii  lanil. 

Tlio  tall.  iipri;.'lit  stem  is  usually  siniplc.  lint  (u-casiiin- 
ally  slifilitly  liiaiicln'cl  at  the  top.'    It  attains  livij;lits  of 

from    two    to    iM;;lit    f<'('t. 

Till'  llowfi-  spike  is  loiifi:  tlic  (lowers,  lilooniinfr  from 
the  liottoni,  upwards,  leavt    upri};lit.  Ion;;,  slender  pods. 

Tlie  (ireat  Willow  llerl)  is  aliundant  tliron^rliont  our 
range  in  low  ground,  blooming  dining  .Inly  and  .\ugust. 

(B)  TT.viiiv  \\'ir.i,()W  TIi:nn  t  Kiii!<,liiii:ii  hiifnitiiin) 
(  Klli()iM:.\N  )  lias  liefoiiie  naturalized  and  is  fairlv  eoin- 
inon  in  waste  |ilaees  and  aliout  idd  dwellings.  '  It  is 
lirancliy.  Iiairy.  lias  liiirdy  tootlied.  steniless  leaves,  and 
four  parted,  magenta  llowers  growing  from  tlie  angles 
of  the  upper  leaves. 

110 


(A)  EVEXING  Primrosk  ((i:iiotheia  hicnnh)  U  nn  ex- 
ceedingly common  biennial  plant,  of  nocturnal  habits, 
the  lloweis  spreadinj;  vrulv  open  at  dusk  and  partly  or 
wholly  closing  the  next  morning. 

The  stem  is  soft-hairy,  cpiite  stout  and  often  verv  tall, 
ranging  from  1  to  (i  f.^'t  in  height.  ]!oth  the  stem  and 
the  leaves  are  rather  coarse  in  texture.  The  flowers 
are  seated  in  the  angles  of  the  upper  leaves.  The  four, 
pale,  lennm-yellow  petals  are  large  aiul  roundi'd,  the 
Hower  spreading  slightly  less  than  two  inches. 

The  lower  buds  o]>en  first,  only  i,  few  at  a  time,  .so 
that  usually  we  may  find  seeil-p'ods  seated  among  the 
leaves  just  below  the  flowers  and  undeveloped  buds  and 
leaves  above.  Primrose  blooms  in  fields  and  roadsides, 
everywhere,  from  July  to  Sejjtember. 

(H)  Sdxdrops  trEiwihcra  fi-utieom)  a  somewhat 
similar,  diurnal  species,  with  a  branched  stem  grows  1 
to  3  feet  high.  The  pale  yellow  flowers  measure  from 
'/a  to  1  inch  across;  they  are  in  loos^  terminal  clusters 
or  from  the  angles  of  the  upper  leaves.  The  leaves  are 
linear-lanceolate,  slightly  toothed.  Common  from  Me. 
to  Minn,  and  southwards. 
120 


GINSENG   FAMILY 

(.l/«/i<(r('a) 

Wild  Sar.saparii.f.a  llinlia  nuiliraiilis)  lias  a  sinjilc 
liirf^e,  conipoiiiid  leaf  on  a  Ion;,'  stem  from  the  crcepinj;, 
fragrant,  aromatic  root.  The  (lowers  are  gathered  into 
three,  rounded  uinljels,  at  the  to])  of  a  long  stem  that 
joins  the  leaf-stem  near  its  l)ase.  t'ommoii  in  moist 
woodland  from  Newfoundland  to  .Minn,  and  southwards. 

ffiNSK.No  (1'ana.T  <n<in<iinfoUit}ii  \  is  well  known  as  the 
)ilant  tliat  is  collected  an<l  cultivatiMl  for  its  tliick. 
fleshy,  hranching  roots.  The  plant  grows  fiom  8  to  18 
inches  high.  Thre"  compound  leaves,  each  cimsisting  of 
tiv.',  ovate-p<>inte<l,  tootiied.  sh(nt-stemmed  liillets.  radi- 
atr'  from  near  the  top  of  tl»'  smooth  stem.  Jt  is  found 
in  ricli.  cold  woods  from  Quehec  to  Jlinn.,  southward. 

DwAIil'  (ilxsKN(i  {1'aiia.r  trifoliinii)  is  a  tiny  species 
from  4  to  8  iucjies  high.  It  iias  a  spherical  root,  slen- 
der stem,  three  leaves  compounded  of  three  leatlets  each, 
and  numerous,  tiny  white  (lowers  in  an  umbel  al)Ove 
them.  Common  in  rich  woods  fnmi  N.  S.  to  Jlinn.  and 
southwards, 

121 


spe- 


PARSLEY   FAMILY 

( i'iiib<lif< ni ) 

(A)  Watkr  Parsnip  {Sium  rinilafdliiim)  is  a  stout 
bniiicliiii};  licil)  {irowiiif;  in  Hlialldw  water.  Tlii'  latliiT 
\vcal<  stem  is  t'liiin  2  to  tj  fwt  lii^Mi.  The  altiMiiatiiif;, 
coiiipoiiiKl  leaves  arc  very  variable.  Imt  iiMiallv  of  from 
seven  to  fifteen,  sliarply-tootlied,  linear  or  laneeslniped 
leallets.  Flat,  <lonie-sliaped  clusters,  or  nniljcls.  of  tinv 
vyiiite  (lowers  terminate  the  upper  liraneiies.  This 
cies  is  very  abndant  llirouyliout  the  country. 

(R)  Wii.n  Carbot;  Hird's  Xkst;  Qveex  Anxe's  Lace 
{DaKciia  Viirutit)  (KrROI'EAN).  While  to  llower  lovers, 
this  nniy  a])pear  to  be  the  most  beautiful  species  of  the 
family,  it  is  the  most  heartily  detested  weed  with  which 
the  fanner  has  to  conten<l.  it  is  very  prolilic.  and  each 
individual  jdant  strikes  its  roots  deep  into  the  ground, 
as  tliou}:li  determined  to  defy  extennin.ition.  The  fully 
o|)ened  flower  clusters  have'  an  excpiisite.  lace-like  ap'- 
pearanee,  while  those  half-opened  are  hollowed  sugges- 
tively like  a  bird's  nest;  in  th<>  centiT  of  the  cluster,  is 
a  tiny  purple  lloret,  all  the  others  being  white. 
122 


DOGWOOD    FAMILY 

(('(iniacrti) 

(A)  J'towKRixo  Dogwood  irmtiiin  flnrirln)  is  n  t:ill 
(tliiiil)  or  tice.  raii^'in}.'  in  lici^'lit  linm  7  to  40  fcrt.  The 
liii<;<'  liiinilsiiini'  llmvcis.  •>  to  4  inclics  ji<-npss.  iuc  in  full 
Moniii   lict'iiic  or  just  lis  tlic  leaves  eniiiiniMier  to  ii|i|i(.:ir. 

'I'lii'  t'niii'.  Iiu-).'!'.  iiotclu'il  si'^iiiicnts  iirc  imt  iPctiiK.  Imt 
form  the  iiivoiiu-ri'  iiiiil  the  ii'iil  lliiwcrs  are  eliistereil  at 
the  center:  they  have  four  tiny  •;reenisli-M  liite  petals 
anil  niinieroiis  little  stiiinens.  'IJiis  Dcywdoil  is  enninion 
in  dry  « Is  from  Xle.  to  Minn,  anil  smith  to  llie  Cnlf. 

(1 
tlf  iisi 
for  it  ^'rows  only  from  -!  to  S   inehc's  hi>;l 

The  -tell)  is  lealless  exee|il  at  the  top,  m  wliieli  j.nint, 
four  to  six  leaves  radiate. 

What  apjreius  like  a  sinjtleil  lai-ire  hlossnin  .seated  al- 
most within  the  whorl  of  leaves,  is  in  reality  a  chister 
of  tiny,  frreen-petalled,  4-parteil  (lowers  surrounded  liv 
four  lar^'e  jireeiiisli-white  hraets.  It  randies  from  Lahrii- 
dor  to  Alaska  .south  to  N.  .1..  Ind.  and  .Minn. 

123 


lilM  iii!i:EiHY;     DwAiiF     CoUNKr.     iCuniiin    rilllil- 
is  really  a  dwarf  as  e  1111  pa  red  to  the  |ireeeilin;.', 


HEATH    FAMILY 

(  Erirnvfii ) 

r  n,  •  r  •     r'"^''-  '."•'.'  "'""""'"i-     Tl,..  stalk,   risin-r 

fnmi  .)  to  1)  ind».s  \„t!k.  is  „f  „  ,,„|,,v  ,,,|„,.   ,|,„  ,      '- 

".•V  tl,K.k  H,.„mtl,.  irn.j;MlM,ly  t.H.th,.,!.  I«,km!-sI  ,  ,  ,1 
.|.int..,l  a„.l  wit  .  o,„„,,i..„,„M  whitish  .stroaks  f„  i  ; 
the  v,.,ns  I„  ,I„|v  aiul  A.ifrnst.  it  hrars  ,„„.  f.  t  v 
n.Kld.ng  llow.Ts  ,.„  l„„f,.  ,.,.,,.t  ,HMl„n.l..s  ah„v,.  til  t  .  ■ 
most  whnr  of  l..av,..s  It  ran«,.i  fro,,,  .M...  ()„ta,i  .  ■  i 
Minn,  .southward  to  (ia.  andMiss. 

(R)  PiPsis.sKw.v;  I'R.xcK'.sPixF.  U'himaphila  umh,!- 
1'il.n  «n.w.s  ,„  s„„,lar  lo.aliti,.s  „„d  is  m.,,. rally  ,,,.,•,. 
'•">»'"'>"  than  tl,..  last.  Its  h.av,.s  a,-,.  ,,s„a  l'  „  tw,' 
whorls  ai,ont  tl,..  l.,-ownis|,  st.m:  th,.v  ar,.  hr i«h  sf, 
lowa?l'""t'i  "»",»■''•.  >-i;'-tt«l.  point.'..!,  l.nt  l.V.-Lh.  '.'.;, 
t<)»ard,  tl.L.  <.nd.  Il„.  il„w..rs  a,,,  .si.nilar  to  t  ■  last 
and  are  ,i.  a  I.h.so  2  to  S-ll.,wi.r..,l  un,l„.|.  Thi-  stvio  is 
very  short,  with  a  .Vpart,..!  fr,„n„,v  sti.Mna  This  s„ . 
ces  ,s  f„„„.l  fro,n  X.  s.  to  Ga.  and\vestwa,d  ' 

124 


lAl  .SiirN-i.HAF  IPyroln  illipHra)  is  tlic  iiK.st  00111- 
iiii>ii  .,f  th,.  I'jiolas.  Till.  ..vciKiC'ii  leaves  air  liiii-lit 
fimMi.  .ilisciiri'ly  tootlic.l.  broadly  elliptical  ami  narrow 
iiijj  into  loiiK  Hteiiis  that  clasp  at  the  base.  DiirinK  Mkv 
a  loii)i  siiKH.th  scape  sprin;:s  from  the  miihlle  of  the 
Kidiip  of  basal  leaves  to  a  lieijiht  of  5  to  1(1  inches   Ixvr- 

'"K  •"''•'•  't*  top  a  ra iie  of  several  flowers.     It  is  com 

iiion  throiifihoiit  the  rnited  States  anil  soiifhern  Canaila. 

(Hi  Onk-kuiwkrkd  Pyhoia  i  Momscs  uni/lonn  e\ter- 
r.all.v  closely  resembles  the  preceilin;;  species.  The  llower 
scape  IS  from  2  to  5  inches  hif-h,  ami  iit  the  -ii,,.,,,], 
bears,  iliiriiii;  June  or  July,  a  single  noililiiw'  flower 
It  ranjics  from  Lahrailor  to  Alaska  ami  south  to  Pa 
and  Jlinn. 

(C)  I.MinN  Pipe,  Corp.sk  Pi..\nt  ( Mount mpn  ,,,ii- 
/loia)  1.S  a  very  peculiar,  ghostly  appearing  plant  found 
•■.minionly  in  dimly-liglitoil.  rich  woods.  It  has  m)  L'reen 
foliage,  just  white  bract-like  appendages  on  its  upri.'ht 
white,  cold,  clammy  stem.  A  single  white  flower  mills 
trom  the  top.  It  is  parasitic,  drawing  its  nourishment 
troni  living  roots  or  decaying  vegetable  matter.  Cotn- 
uioii  throughout  our  range. 

125 


Swamp  HoNKYsrcia.K:  Wiiitf,  Azai.ka  ( Rhoiln/lrii- 
tin, II    nnrti.111111  I    is  a  mcist  licinitifiil  K\vaiii|)  sliriil)  witli 

!'■'"'!« I',  fiiijirant.  \vliilc>  llowois.     Tu  I<,w.  we,  swamps 

It    is    very    ^-11111111(111    and    lil 11s   vorv    j-.i-dfiisclv    (hiriii-' 

.Iiiiie  and  .hi'iy.  'J'lii.  Imsli  is  hum  s' Vi  H  tVct  in  licd'di't 
and  vcn-  liraiicliy.  The  leaves  arc  lonjr-iival.  Iiroad'i'st 
tciwaids  llio  liluiit-iKiiiitiMl  ti]i  and  iiarrnwin''  tci  slioit 
stems. 

The  lieautil'iil  ll.iwers  are  jiiiie  wliite.  or  rarelv  tinned 
with  ]diik:  tile  tiilie  of  tlie  hiiijr  eorcdhi  is  ecnvred  \ntli 
very  stiei^.^.  lirciwiiisli  liairs.  and  terminates  in  five, 
larfre,  |Miiiited.  s|ireadin-'  hilies.  The  stamens  an-  verv 
Iniijj-.  slen.hM'  and  wliite.  and  tipped  witli  yellow  antliers. 
■||ie  live-poiiiti'd   calyx   is  very  small  and' incoiispicnous. 

During.'  the  early  time  of  their  Idooiii.  all  the  Azaleas 
liear.  han^iii,!;  anioiij;  the  fraf;raiit  llowers.  ]ieeuliar.  iiiiev 
pulpy  {jrowths  that  are  edible,  as  aiiv  well  hred  far'mer'.s 
liciy  knows:  ne  calls  them  May  or  Swamp  Apples.  Imt 
they  arc  really  niodilied  liiuls  and  not  fiiiit'iis  trrowtlis 
or  caused  by  insei'ts.  as  was  foniierlv  bidlevcd."^  These 
beautiful  Azaleas  arc  found  from  'Me.  u,  ()|,i,;  j,,,,! 
s  iVilii\ard.-. 

120 


X^.X^J 


s,!.;^M  '^'^r   ;^V''y^'    I'lNXHR    I-lowkr:    W.I.,.    IIONKV- 
■SKkr.i.   il.h,„liiil<,„lr„ii  iiiiill/loniw)    is  ,.11,.  ,,f  ,mr  iii,ist 

'  ;"■•'"■"    ""■     "■'"-   "Pl-ar.   ...■   just    =,s    ,l„.v    ,•„„,- 
■.■,i.-(.  t„  ^,„«.  M.,,1  l„.,.„ns,.  „f  til,.  v,.n-  l«.;n,tifnl  ,.„l,„s 

.r,h""\l  , I"" "ti  ""'.;"■'  '"  '""   '"""'1'^  ''""'"f-'  -M'>il  a>"l 
f',,-  ■;         ,"■    """■'''■"   ■"■'■    l"-'i<'ti'-.'ll.v    tl„.   sain,,    in 

ni    MS    i|„.    „.i,,t,.    v;.n,.ti,.s,    ,..xi.,.|,t    that    tlie    cnolla- 
nllii'  IS  sliditiT. 


I'ink    Azali'a    " 


,,,.    ,      ,,,  ,  -     ".-^    '"   ,"l"'ii    \V",«ls   „i-    swamps    fr„,n 

Mr.   U>   III.   anil   sniithwanls.  ' 

llil    T!ii.iii,)ii.\    lUli,„l,„l,ii,h;,n  rana.lrnsr)    is  a  iM.anti- 
('.''    '"'"■';  '■'■   llii^    •■""Miy.    imn„„tali/,.,l    i„    v,.is,.   l,v 

*"'   '""';      ""■   """'■■■'<  "-iiall.v   a, ar   l.,.fnn.   tlio   ,,ale 

«n.,.n,  „l,l„nj,  l.avi.s:  tl„.  ..nmlla  is 'al„,m  nn,.  inch  I,',,;,' 
r^it  niap.nta.  an.l  t«-,vl,pp,.,l.  Th,.  upp,.,-  lip  is  S-hilK^l 
an  I  th,.  Imv,.,-  ,s  n,^arl.v  ,livi,l,.,l  int,.  tw„  ,lisli,K.t.  Iin,.ai- 
prtals,  lh,.y  jj.,.,.w  in  thin  clusters  tpniiinatin"  the 
l>iancli,.s.  Kii,„|,„.a  is  f„„n,l  on  .lamp  liil|si,|,.s  ami  in 
svvanips  tio.ii  N,.ufnnn,llancl  t,.  Qn,.l„.c  an,l  s,ni|,  to 
-N.  ■!.  anil  l>a..  Unwi.rinjr  durin;;  May  ami  .liiii,.. 

127 


L\ 


A.MKRUAN-     HlIODODKNDROX:      HrkAT     L.VUREI.      iltllfxlo- 

ihiitli-tiH  ma.rimiim)  is  ii  l;iic.c.  tall  and  very  oniaiiicntal 
^hiiil)  ffi-owing  from  o  Id  ;!5  feet  lii}.'li.  It  is  one  of  tlip 
most  eliaracteristio  shiiilis  of  the  .\ll<'<;li('ii\  ^fountain 
rcffiim,  where  it  fjrows  in  sncli  ))rofnsloii  as  to  form  al- 
most imiM'nctrahlc  tliickets.  As  it  is  a  very  hanly  sliriili 
ainl  not  injnred  by  trans|)lantinir.  it  is  very  often  used 
for  decorative  etTects  in  ]iarl<s  and  aliont  ]irivate  dwell 
intss. 

Tile  oblonj;  leaves  are  deep.  ;;lossy  <rreen.  tonijli  and 
leatliery  in  texture  and  have  a  smooth,  slifjlitly  rolled- 
nnder  ed;;e.  They  droop  in  the  winter  season  hut  are 
wide  spread   in  siunmer. 

At  the  ends  of  the  numerous  liranehes.  during  June 
and  duly,  are  showy  eliisters  of  |iink  or  white  (lowers. 
Kaoh  hlossom  spreads  nearly  two  inehes  and  is  com- 
posed of  five.  Iiroad.  hliuitended  )ietals  of  a  pink-white 
color,  spotti'd  with  {.'olden-orange.  They  have  ten  spread- 
inn;  stamens  and  a  snuill  ))istil. 

Hhododendron  is  fcnind  in  rich,  hilly  or  mountainous 
woods,  commonly  from  I'a.  to  Ga.  but  rarely  north- 
wards to  Ontario  and  Nova  Scotia. 

128 


^foiNTAix    Lairkl:    Si'(>(in-W(m)|)    I  Kiihiiia    liitifolia) 
i  dill'  of  tlip  most   piipiiliir   iif  imi'   licaiitifiil   tlowcrinj; 


f 


ERRATA 
The  illustrations  on  pages   129   and  145  were 
transposed  in  printing.     The  picture  of  Mountain 
Laurel  appears  on   page   145  while   that  on  page 
129  is  Butterfly-weed. 


Until  iiiotlis  and  Imh's  visit  these  iiciwiTs  in  (iiiesi,  m 
tlic  little  su|i|)ly  i>f  nectar  that  is  secreted  aliimt  the 
base  (if  the  jireenisli  |iistil.  Tlie  ihiwer  stems  are  sticky 
K(i  that  iiiily  wiiified  insects  can  fret  to  the  interior. 
I,aiir<'l  is  common  from  N.    I!,  to  Ont.  and  soutluvarda. 


129 


H 

^•^ 

^  S**" 

^■su.. 

\,€ 

'  ■ 

The   ..... 
Iciitlicrv  in  ti'xture  .... 
iiiiclcr   I'dfic     'J'lu'y  (liim))   in  vnt,    . 
wide  spiviul   in  sninnicr. 

At  tile  ends  of  the  lunncrous  l)riuK'lH.s.  (luring  Jn»u- 
and  .Inly,  nrc  sliowy  clnstcis  (if  ])iiik  (ir  wliitc  llowcrs. 
Eacli  blossom  sprcnds  nearly  two  inclics  and  is  com- 
posed of  five,  liroad,  lilnnt-cnded  ]iet.Tls  of  a  pinkwliite 
eolor,  spotted  with  };ol(len-oian(»e.  Tliey  have  ten  spread- 
iiij;  stamens  and  a  sni.nll  pistil. 

Hhododondr(m  is  f(nind  in  rieli.  hilly  or  mountainous 
wdods,  commonly  from  Pa.  to  (ia.  but  rarely  north- 
wards to  Ontario  and  Nova  Scotia. 

128 


MoiNTAiN  Lairkl:  Sii)()N-\V(k>I)  iKiiliilia  lufifiilid) 
is  (iiif  of  the  most  piipiilar  of  mir  lirautifii!  llowcriii); 
s|iiul)s.  Ill  till'  Nditli  it  •.'rows  from  :S  to  H  feet  in 
licifflit.  Imt  in  tlio  Soiitlu'in  States  it  oft™  attains 
licifllits  of  20  to  30  fwt. 

riic  leaves  arc  dark  {.'lossy  jiieen.  pointed  at  eaeli  i^ml 
and  ()l)l(ni{;  in  shape:  tliev  are  arranfjed  altcrnatidy 
aloiij;  tile  liraiielies  and  in  dense  terminal  eliisters.  The 
llowers  are  very  peeuliar  in  their  eonstriietion.  the 
eor(p|la  heiiif;  deep  saiiei'r  or  howl-shaped,  with  five 
short.- Iiroad  lohes:  on  the  outside,  aroiinil  the  hottoni 
edjji'  of  the  "howl."  are  ten  small  hninps,  that  inside 
the  eorolhi  form  little  poekets  to  receive  the  anthers  of 
the  slender  white  stamens,  eurvin;;  from  thi'  eenter  of 
the  hlossoni    like   the   spokes  of   a    whecd. 

Roth  moths  and  hees  visit  these  llowers  ia  ipiest  of 
the  little  supply  of  ueetar  that  is  seereted  ahoiit  the 
liase  of  the  f;reeuish  pistil.  The  tlower  stems  are  stieky 
so  that  only  winjred  inseets  eau  {;et  to  the  interior, 
l.aund  is  common  from  >>.   li.  to  Ont.  and  southwards. 


129 


Siii;i;i' l..\VRi:i.:  Lamiikii.i.  iKuhniit  tiiiriiistil(ilia)  is  a 
Miitill  .sliiiililiy  siicfics,  n\iij;iiif;  troiii  S  to  Hii  ini'lius  liifili. 
Jicsiclcs  ilic  (.'■iiiiiiiuiii  iiiiiiii's  jiivi'ii  i\liovi'.  it  is  li'ss  oft™ 
kiiowr  ■•-  "Slicci)  IViisiPii"  iiiid  "  Wick  v."  ii  ratlicr  siu- 
i>t(T  let  cif  lliUllcs  ti>  \n-  ll|i|illcii  to  il  slliulj  witll  SUcll 
liaiulsdiiH'  llii\v('i>. 

All  "i  till'  liiiMfls  have  (liiii^ic'iiuis  pi-opci-tios.  tlio 
juices  ,it'  the  U'iivcs  liciiij;  very  piiisiiiinus.  It  is  also 
c-LiiiriccI  lliat  limii'V  iiuiih'  liv  Ix'i's.  fci'iliiij;  on  tlic  nectar 
tioiii  huirel  Mo>sIinis,  is  also  poi>oii..ii>.  Tliis  species 
^;els  its  inanv  names,  referrinf.'  to  its  desli-ncti ve  elVects 
rin  sheep,  luVniisi'  it  grows  in  aliundance  in  [jastures 
snitalile  onlv  for  the  pasturaj;e  of  sheep.  The  leaves  of 
this  small  l.'inrel  look  temiiting  hnl  are  very  often  fatal 
to  the  rMiiiinils  eatinjr  them. 

Their  shapes,  forms  and  mechanisms  are  ahont  like 
those  of  the  Mountain  Laurel,  hut  the  cidor  is  a  heaii- 
tiful,  dec'p  pink;  little  n-d  anthers  lit  snugly  in  the  t<Mi 
little  jHickets  foinicil  f.pr  them  in  the  surfaci'  of  tlu' 
corolla.  Sheep  l.aurcl  is  conunon  from  hah.  to  Ont. 
and  s  luthwards,  bloomint;  ill  June  and  duly. 


130 


(A)  Winti:hc:ki:f.n:  Ciikckkriikrry  idniillhiihi  pin- 
riiiiihriist.  I  cliiiilit  if  Uii'i-i'  is  ;i  (•..iiiiliy  Imy  iir  L'irl 
witliiii  thr  riiii^c  iif  this  ])liint.  iiiiil  it  cxtrnds  fr.mi 
XcwfdiiiiillaiKl  til  MiiiiitnlpM  Mill!  scuilliuanls  tii  the  Ciilf, 
wlio  is  nut  ]ii'ifi'ctlv  fainiliiir  witli   it. 

Tlic  Icavi's  me  ii'll  clnstcicil  :it  tlic  1"l>  "i  (lie  i\iclcly 
stem  tliut  '."■(i«s  fiiMii  2  ill  .")  iiiclics  lii;;li;  tliosp  iif  mliilt 
])liiiits  iirc  deep,  sliinin;;'  ^'ii'rii,  iiviiti-iiniiilril  ;ni<[  very 
spaiintily  tMntlu-il.  fsiiully  twu  wliiti'.  tii'mlur.  .'i  imti'licd 
lliiwcrs"  iLali;:  nil  sli'ildcl'  |ic-illlliil.'s.  jll-l  lnlicMtli  tlic 
spivadiii^'  k'iivi's.  (lining  July  and   Auyiist. 

(T!)  Tii.Mi.iNC  AiiiiiTis;  Mavii.ciwk.i  il'.iihiitii  ri- 
priis).  Arhiitiis  is  a  crccpiiiL!'  plant;  tlir  -tcnis  aio 
toiifill.  Iniiiy  and  Uiani'hcd:  tlicy  spri'ad  out  ainng  tin- 
{Ti-ipund  fur  li  tn  l.'i  iiiclics  fnini  tin'  miit.  Tin'  rvci- 
{.'iTcii.  altcrinitin^r  leaves  are  tmigli.  uval.  slightly  heait- 
sliaped  at  the  liase.  net-veini'd  and  tinithle-s.  The  lliiw- 
ers  are  in  teinLinal  elnsters.  ii|ienin,L'  in  April  and  -May. 
Thev  are  r>  parted,  delicate  pink  and  have  a  fragriinee 
similar  U>  Unit  "f  the  Water  I.ily.  .\rliMtns  ;_'r..ws 
thnnifjhont  the  eastern  half  iit  our  enntinent  on  shady, 
roekv   hillsides. 

131 


""c,.,„„,,,,H„^„?t^^/        ,,';;■  •f-t'-f.'!'.     It  i.  not 
"•la,  and   is  f„nn.l  i-  r.   v   i^?  I        ''''"  '"•''  "^  ^'"»- 

Tl...  n„n-„vl.v  .,l,l,.„''     .    ,V  ,  '"^  '"■  ''a'"!'  tliick-ts. 

w,H,l.  '"'•'  •'"   "'^'''"l  honeath  witi,  a  rusty 

DIAPENSIA   FAMILY 

( OiiijKii.si(n-r,(  ) 

.-t,.,.n  .St,rt,.s.  ."Tn/'V*'         "x    r'''"n  "     *''•', •^""tl- 
from  tlM.  roots       '  *"  ""   *■""""'  f'"'  "  «<'  '0  incl.rs 

"unlorons.  tinv   w  bit    ,.        k  n"   '"'''   '"    '""«"'•     'J'li- 
stem,  growin"  fnn    fi        '  •"''''''  '"""  ""'"'■''  '">  the 

five,  ^mZ-emlH   pet^N  "."I'd    .tl  V'^'^»r^=   ''»■>•  Inn': 

them  i.  a  cM,rio„s,'':i,on.'"to.a"s:;r.:^.  "'•-'*"•"■"  <■-■'  '"■ 

132 


I.EADWORT   FAMILY 

il'liiiiiliiii/iiiiifidi 


I'iK'H.   opait..,!  a,„l  with  ,,iait,.,|  ,,,lvs. 


>skmary:    Sr:A   T,avk-.n-,>ku 


^fARsri    i;< 

liiiidiiitiii ) 

slioic:   it  is  found 

till-  -Atlantic  cast  tn>ni  Lalj 

tlie  (iulf  ti)  Tcv 

Til 


l.illliniilllll     11(11, 

v-.y  cmnnanly  i„  ^alt' n,aM,'l!';,|nn! 
"'"■•  t"  l--l'.ii.la.  an,|  al,,,,: 


viT.v    oliaiact<.ri.stif    plant 


-)^:^''tin;;;:ir'i^;r;&;;;t*:i'>T'r' -. 

"l-<>"  out  into  tiny  lav,.„,|  "  (I    v^.,-        .,  •^.'.■(''•■'"'"■'-   H"-.' 
'-■1.  coming  fro,;,  a  o "ootl^'^'i^wr,":,:;;:/"'^-  '"■""^' 

133 


w 


PRIMROSE    FAMILY 

( t'riiiiifhirt  II  ) 

(A)  Ykij.ow  T,(>(is|.:sri;ii  k  i  l.iixinKirlihi  in-rcKtiis). 
Yolliiw  T,iHisfstritc  has  a  tall,  ^Iniilcr.  siiiijili'  >ti'ni  fniiii 
S  tip  :i4  inches  hi^rh.  'ii,,.  leaves  me  iMiiiitid-lancciilatc. 
sti'iiili'ss  ai](l  eniwiliMl  aloi!-  ♦|i,.  stem.  ritli.T  niipiisitclv 
or  altcTiiately.  Tli,.  Il„a...  .,|,ike  is  l,„in  and  contains 
nian.v  lanls  ,.n  sIimkIit  |j,.iliccls;  tlicv  (.pen  from  the  ImjI- 
toiM  ot  till,  spiki.  upwanls.  Kai'li  ll,mi.r  has  live,  nninteil 
pililen-yellow  petals,  eaeli  with  two  small  reihlish  In-own 
spots  near  the  hase:  the  stamens  anil  pistil  projeet  in 
a  cone-like  cluster.  ■||iis  Loosestrife  is  ahiiniiant  from 
^ewfounlllan(l   to   Ilnilson   lia.v   and  sonthwards. 

(li)  FofR  Lkavki)  T.iiDSKsTitiFi:  t  r.iinliiincliid  tiiimhi- 
fiilid}  i.s  a  very  common  s|iecies  foniid  in  Imv  land  in 
about  the  same  ran^'e.  Tlie  lli.wers  are  verv  similar  but 
each  petal  lias  a  siufrle  lar^'e  spot  of  reddish  brown  at 
Its  base  instead  of  a  double  one:  the  ij.nvers  appe-ir 
from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  The  poiiitwl.  lanceo- 
late leaves  are  wliorled  about  the  stem  usuallv  in  "roups 
of  fours,  oecasionallv  more  or  less.  '        " 

134 


'^\^"T'^''     """■"■■      •\""1'>«AV     Cows,.,,.      ,n,„/,™- 


till  1,11    Mrililiil  I     i 
"■(iiiilllllids   ;|||(|    ,,ll 
1111(1 


M     Wl'-tl'lll    S|i(.c|i.s    tluit 


l-nU<    ill    ,,||,MI 


I'l'llllc    tlollL    |>„.    to    .\l,|.    ,„    .M,„|it,',|„i 


I  lie  lr;iv(.s  ,mv  ,iII   hi   a   nift   larliatin''  ficiii  \u,-  h-,<, 


liki'   stem 
fiscs  a  hill' 


I- ■    ■  -. !"■'■   iiitd   troii^'h- 


■'  th,.  s„„i„i,t  „ii„  .s„v,,,,i  ,i,,„i,,,  ,,„,,,i ,„„i,„„: .': 

'•".;!;  ■■*"PI"'i-tin^'  a   .sin- |,li,i „,.,■  ' 

111,.   ..iaiii,.,is   |,i„|,.,.t    fn,m   ,|i,.   ,|,,„.,,    ,  ■     ,       ,         , 

n.   mn..,s)    ,<  a  v,.,-v  ilaint.v  ami  l„.ai,ii,i,l  ,,i,i|i„„.  „, 
■||  .ifr    VMi...    „„,.„    s|,n.i„li,ij,    „v,.r    lar„.    Mir,ii,.,.s    „ 

1"^   «|.|i    in    til.,    lioii.s,.    ,„    l,a,ii;iim    ,,„ts.      Th,.    l,.i,v,.s 

"  :  .t  IS  t,„,„  th,.,,-  .sliiip,.  11,1,1  th,.  fiK-t  that  tli,.v 
«..■  ah„„t  th..  Hiz,.  „f  th,.  Kiifilish  tw,,,,,.,,,.,.  that  t l,.v 
ongiiially  ivc.oivt.d  the  „ai„..  „f  ,M,„„.vw,>r  ■ 


Frincki)  Looskktbikk 


T  ,     .,        .  (•^Ilil'DIIIIIIII    (11(1,1111111.       KrillL'.Ml 

'''' """!'  '."  »  »■'■••>■  l>ranrl,in^r  |„,,|,  „„t  „i  ,,||  \ik,.  ,i„. 

fic.ni   12  to  L'4   iiiclu.s.     T|„.  s|,..,i,.s  r,,-,.iv..H   its 

name  l'riii;ri.(l    (rilUihim  ] .  Imthiisc  „f  tin- 

the  iir>l«.r  si.l,.  „f  th..   I,.„f  st,.|i,s.  til.,  irst  of  tl„.   pliint 


lit'itif;  HiiiootI 

'I'llC     Slliootll,     lioht     ^r|.|.,.,| 
l«lillt<Ml,     on     >|lUlt      |H'(io|(.< 

on  the  plant  stem.      I'li,.  || 
fr 


^ln'cilie 
liairs  on 


ivi's  a 

sli'lll^ 


lancfshapi'd  and 
owinjr  o|>|i,Mili'h- 
IcncliT  pfdifi'l's 


from  tlu;  aNJIs  of  tlic  terminal  leaves:   tli,.  >;old,.,    vcllow 
.-orolla   ,s  d,v,d..d    into   tiv..  ovat.   lol,..s,  ..ud,   tmninar. 


iiifr  in  a  sliaip.  twisted 
center  of  Ji,.  coiolla  is 
by  tlie  small  spots  at  tl 
pale  ^'reen  pistil  in  tlic 
Ntaniens.  livv  lieini;  fertih 
hoinj;  alxntive. 

Fringpd  Loosestrife  is  eonnnon  in  low  f;roiind  and 
thickets  from  Newfoundland  to  Hritish  Columbia  so„i  . 
wards  to  the  Gulf  of  ilesico 


mncronate  point :  around  the 
1  reildish  brown  rin;:.  formed 
■  bases  of  the  five  lobes.  The 
center  is  surrounded  bv  ten 
and  till'  other  altermitin^'  ones 


13U 


<l«inlv  littl..  ,.l„„t  „ftrn  ,.„|l..,l  II Star  Am.|, 


•II  ',    .  '.    , Mil.. I   ini-      .-.liii    .Ani'iiiiini'. 

.1,,  ',T,''"""'        ',""'*'"l'^    "^    !""«    '""1    i/.-ntal    ami 

m-h.s  lijih:  at  th,.  t.,|,  „f  this  Malk  is  a  „l„„l  ,.f  .n.n, 
.        lHnr..-sl,a|„.,|  a,i,l  sharply  |h  i„t..,l.     |)„,|„j,  y,U,y  anil 

the.  Hhml  „f  |,.av..s  .,„  a  vn    s •  |„,,li,.',|     -ihr  ,l,.||. 

.•at.,  wint,.  |„.tals  an.  sharply  p„i„t..,l  a„,l  ,a„.n.  f,„,„ 
■s  X   to  ...tilt  m  niiinlH.r.     Tl,,.  Star    Kl,,,,,.,-   is  t„„,i,l    i„ 

,n,    w„„,lla„,i    ,,..,,,,    r,,l„.a.h.,-    ,„    .Manit„l,a    a„,l    s,,,, 
•  "    >  a..   III.,  anil  M,i,ii. 

(li)     I'lMPKRNKI  :     P<K,R    M.VN-.S    Wk.VTI,  f:R-,i,.ASH     I    I  „„. 

i..'l.  II,  the  hist  phi,.,,  tl,..,-,.  an.  v,.,-,  f,.„  n.,1  ir„w,.,s  f. 
1.  f..un,l  aii.l  „„  oth,.,s  with  the  «ha.le  „f  ,...1  „  th  J 
■Ml,..  I  sali,„m  or  <-.,pp,.,.y  ,,..1.  Thi-  sipiaro  st..|U  s 
«„..mtli,  sl..n.k.r  an.l   rather  w,.ak.  „ft,.n   1   inl,  p  •  J    a t." 

Ztz^'lt  1::  "'""•' '"  --"■  -■">>•  H--  -p-' 


.'imst. 


i.'i: 


I.OGANIA   FAMILY 

(A)    VEi.r.ow   Fai.sk  Jkssauivi-    ,,■  , 

<l"«.s„,„.s  ,r,  t„l,„la,-f„  ,   ,:  f„  .,     "' V^"'"''    spikes.      The 
two  inch,..  i„  |,.„„.t„.  '"""  "'"'  '""J."'  in.in  one  to 

I  III'      DViltl'-pililit,.,!      I.,.,,-,,,       i,      , 

«i-rt  ,„.tii,i.j.  ,„>:.;; ;::;„. "'it ^^v"; "ri"-'-b- ..« 

fr>n«-  frimi  Ihi.ir  axil.      T  ,  "i  ,    "'   '•'""'   """•■i-   «|-ik..., 

twinin^^  Thi. .....ei.!:-...!!:;,  tz  '^^^1  :^i:::! 

Ky.  to  Kla.  a,„l  Ti.x  i"',,"'""'^     '"'"    «>l'i"   ami 

stem  ri.injj  f,,„„  ,  j,,  .,  f.!,.  V', '"  ■",1!""  ,  "■t'l  a  simple 

3^-,Moheaattho'e„iia.:i\,h;:,t'l;;.;;.'t;!'^;;ri;; 

138 


GENTIAN   FAMILY 

((loitiaiiiicca:) 

(A)  UosK  PixK  (l^ahnliii  nii(iiilarls)  is  tlic  most  wide- 
ly (listiil)iiti'il  i)f  the  Snl)liatias.  Wlicivas  tlic  rest  of 
tlit>  trilic  arc  (.■(iiiliiicd  in  a  raiijri'  vciy  i-losi'  to  tlie  sea- 
coast,  tliis  speeies  is  eoiiiiiioiily  foiinil'  in  ricli  •rroiind  in 
all  the  .states  from  llie  .Mississippi  Kiver  to  the  Athiiitie. 
Its  iH'riod  of  hloom  is  diiriiii;  .Inly  and  An^'nst. 

The  ovate-lanceolate  leaves  are'  stenilcss  and  seated 
oppositely  on  the  stem.  The  branches  usually  divide 
near  their  ends,  each  division  hearinf;  a  heantiful  llowiT 
alxnit  an  inch  across.  At  the  e<'nter  of  the  live-parted, 
pink  eondla  is  a  yi  llo\v-f.'reen  star,  a  feature  that  iii 
ijuite  characteristic  with  niemlH'rs  of  thi.<i  family. 

(H)  Si:.\  I'l.NK  (Stibntid  strllriris)  is  a  heantiful. 
slender  speci<'s  connnon  on  .salt  nnirshes  from  .Me.  to 
Fla.  The  ])ink  flowers  grow  sinfily  at  the  ends  of  the 
slcniler  liranehes.  Like  that  of  the  hist  species,  the 
center  is  y<dloH-};reen  hnt  is  often  edijeil  with  a  deep 
crimsim  which  adds  greatly  to  the  attractiveness  <if  the 
hlossom, 

130 


^  A'v*»i§<.f™*. 


Large  Maksif  Pink:  Sahhatia  {Subatia  itodecumlra] 
is  the  largest  tlowcrcd  anil  the  most  hcautifiil  sjH'iies 
of  this  genus;  in  fact,  it  is  one  of  the  ini)«t  delicately 
beautiful  flowers  of  our   wild   (lowers. 

During  July  and  August,  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  we 
sometimes  find  braekisli  ponds,  the  shores  and  muddy 
flats  of  which  have  a  ruddy  glow  owing  to  tlie  nund)eV 
of  these  large  attractive  blossoms  tliat  appear.  The 
stems  are  slender  and  wiry,  and  but  little  branched; 
they  attain  heights  of  1  to' 2  feet,  each  branch  bearing 
usually  but  a  single  blossom. 

The  flowers  measure  from  two  to  two  and  one-half 
inches  across;  the  nine  lo  twelve  petals  are  a  deli- 
cate rose  color  and  each  has,  at  its  base,  a  yidlow- 
green  spot  margined  by  a  three-pointed  ochre  or  crim- 
scm  border.  The  corolla  lias  a  regular,  symmetrical 
wheel-like  appearance,  the  petals  making  the  spokes 
and  the  yellow  center  forming  the  hub.  The  calyx  is 
composed  of  linear  sepals  to  the  same  number  as  tin- 
jietals.  The  st,imens  are  quite  widely  separated  from 
the  slender  style  so  that  self-fertilization  is  hardly  to 
be  expected. 

140 


>Hi\oEB  Gentian  {(Irnliaiin  tiinihi).  l)ccnusc  nf 
Its  exijiiisite  bpauty  and  coniiianiliv,'  raritv.  is  one  u! 
the  most  liighly  |)iiz('(l  of  our  wild  flowers. 

Tlie  stem  is  stout,  stitf  and  brnncliiiij;,  eacli  l>ra'  li 
liemj;  erect  and  terininatinfr  in  a  bud.  Tlie  vellow- 
Kieen  leaves  ar<>  (ivate-lanceidate,  seated  oppositely  on 
the  stem. 

The  cal.vx  is  anjjular,  has  four  sharp  points  and  is 
a  bronze-green  in  color.  During  September  and  October 
we  may  find  these  blossoms  fullv  expaniled.  delicate 
vase-shaped  creaticms  with  four  spreading  dee|ilv-fringiMl 
lobes  bearing  no  resemblance  in  shape  or  forn'i  to  anv 
otlier  AuKTican  species.  The  color  is  a  violet  blue,  the 
color  that  is  most  attractive  to  biunl)leb..es.  and  it  is  to 
these  insects  that  the  flower  is  indibted  for  the  setting 
of  its  seed.  The  anthers  mature  l«>f<ire  the  stigma  is 
developed  so  that  self-fertilization  is  impossible.  The 
flowers  are  wide  open  only  during  sunshine,  furlin^  in 
their  peculiar  twisted  manner  on  clomlv  davs  and  at 
night.  In  moist  woods  from  ile.  to  .Minn,  and  south- 
wards. 


141 


;f«»>-*f>*r 


(A)  Dow.NY  Okxtiax  (acnliiiiKi  piihrnilin  is  11  haiiil- 
soiiic  s|ici'ics  ^priiifrhij;  fniiii  a  |i(>r('iiiiiiil  riHit,  tin"  siiii- 
l)li',  stiai^lit  stem,  lisiiif;  frmn  .s  tn  IS  inclics  liifili;  tlif 
stem  is  iisniilly  jonjili  and  sli;;litly  liairy.  Tlic  lijilit 
};ri'('ii  li'avfs  arc  still'  and  scati'ii  (ijipositcdv  on  tlio  stt'm. 
The  Mowers  ■,:vi-  h  irnr  ill  tcrniiiial  (lusters  or.  sonu'- 
tiinc>>,.  t'liini  tlh-  ixils  of  tlic  iipiicr  leaves;  tliey  are  bell- 
sliaped  with  ;.(■  triaiifinlar.  slijijitly  sjiread'ini;  lolies. 
Ill  eidor  tliey  are  lirilliaiit   vicdet  Idiie. 

Downy  (ieiitian  is  eonmioii  in  dry  fields  and  on 
prairies  from  I'a.  to  (la.  and  west  to'  Minn,  and  Jlo.. 
Ilowi'riiijr  during'  Seiitendier  anil  Oetiplier. 

(B)  Soi.iT.MlY  fii:.\TI.\x  Oliiiliiiiiii  I'lii-jilnirid)  is  a 
]iretty  little  speeies  ■.'lowliii;  in  moist  plaees  from 
sontherii  X.  .1.  to  Kla.  The  sini])le.  slender  stem 
raiifies  in  heifiht  from  ti  to  l.")  iiielies  and  hears  at  the 
snniinit  a  solitary,  ereet,  hell-shaped  (lower,  of  a  lifiht 
ultrainariiie  Idiie  eidor:  the  livi'.  spreadiiif;  lobes  are 
notched  at  their  liases.  Tile  llower  is  vi-ry  laifje  i-mn- 
)iared  to  the  stem  and  leaves  of  tlic>  plant  it  {rrows  upon; 
the  hliissoni  measures  from  2  to  2'<.  iiudies  loii};,  whieli 
is  ahoiit  the  leiijtth  of  the  linear  leaves. 

142 


C't.OSKI)     flKNTI.W.      lioTTI.E'.     (i  KNIIA  N      i  dillt  irlllll     .1)1- 

ilrrir.iii)  is  the  iiiiist  ;iliiiiiclaiit  i>f  nil  (li'iitiiiiis.  Tlic 
tldwcrs  iirc  lis  |M  -iiliiir  in  tlirir  wily  as  tliiisi>  i>{  tlic 
Frin}.'(Ml  lire  in  thiMis.  It  is  rciiiarkablc  Uvansi'  tlic 
tivi'  parts  (if  the  icinilla  iicvi'r  spriMcl :  tlic  llciwcr  ic- 
iiiaiiis  closed.  The  lliiwcrs  arc  cinss-fcrtili/cd  liy  tlic 
<'<>niiiiiiii  liiiiiililclicc.  Jlc  knows  tlicrc  is  a  supply  (if 
nectar  at  tie  liiittnni  of  cacli  liliissdiii  anil  lie  has  tlif 
wits  anil  tlic  streiiL'tli  tii  fret  at  it.  Slowly.  Iiut  surely, 
he  is  alilc  to  force  llir>  closed  lolies  npait  until  liis  liodv 
i.s  half  concealed  in  the  "  hottlc."  and  he  is  aide  t'li 
reach  the  holtoni.  .\s  he  leaves  the  llowcr  he  is  certain 
to  scrape  oji'  ipiantifics  of  |iollcn  on  his  licail  and  al- 
most sure  to  leave  some  of  it  on  the  receptive  sti^'iiia 
of  tlip  ne.\t   llowcr   visited. 

Tlip  stem  is  smooth  and  siieplc:  it  ^'rows  from  1  to 
2  feet  liijih.  The  leaves  are  rather  laiiic.  ovate-pointed 
and  narrowed  into  very  sliort  clasping'  stems.  Tlic 
(lowers  (irow  in  terminal  clusters,  set  in  the  axils  of 
llic  last  pairs  of  leaves.  Closed  i>eiitian  jirows  in  moist 
places,  often  along  brooks,  from  Me.  to  Manitolia  ami 
sonihwarils. 

1-13 


DOGBANE   FAMILY 

(  ApocffHttt'rtf  ) 

A  small  family  composcil  pliii'lly  of  poisonous  tropical 
|ilants,  usually  with  milky,  acrid  juices. 

(A)  Indian'  Hkmp  ( .l/mci/dHiii  ciinnabinum)  is  a 
rather  unattractive  s|)ccies  with  a  sniootli  l)ranching 
stem,  rising  from  vertical  roots  to  heights  of  1  to  4 
feet.  The  ovate-|)ointe<l  leaves  are  closely  crowdeil  on  the 
stalk  ()p])Ositel,v  to  one  another. 

The  small,  tive-parteil,  greenish-white  flowers  grow  in 
terminal  clusters.  We  tinil  this  species  very  almmlant 
in  ilry  tiehls  anil  thickets  tliroughout  our  range;  it  flow- 
ers from  June  t<)  AMgu^l. 

(B)  SpRK.VDINci  DodiiANK  ( .1 /)ori/)iHiH  anilmiKTtii ifn- 
liuiii)  is  a  uuich  more  attractive*  s|)ecies  than  its  relative 
just  nu'ntioned.  It  grows  from  1  to  4  feet  high,  and 
has  many  long.  s])reading  hranches.  The  short-stenuned, 
broadly  ovate-pointed,  pale  green  leaves  grow  t)ppositely, 
to  the  ends  of  the  branches.  The  clusters  of  flowers 
terminating  the  brandies  are  ccanposed  of  pink,  bell- 
shaped  blossoms,  having  five,  pointed,  recurved  lobes. 

144 


MILKWEED    FAMILY 

iAxclipiailarca) 

A  fiiiiiily  of  stoiit-sti'inmcd  plants  liiiviiip  milky  juices 


mul.  usually,  laific  (ii)|iiisitf 
blossom  lias  livi'  tiny  structures 
with  pollen  nuisses  on  each  enil. 
the  visitin;;  1«k'  or  liutterlly  is 
one  or  more  (»f  its  lejis  cau»;!it 
the  apex  and  must,  in  order  to 
arranjrcment    from    its    support. 


whorled  leaves.  Kacli 
shaped  like  wisli-hones. 
They  are  so  ]>laced  that 
pretty  sure  of  j::ettinj; 
in  the  sharp  anjile  at 
jfet  fr4'e.  tear  tlie  tiny 
Me    then    Hies    to    the 


next  plant  with  this  dan^lin;;  from  liis  Icjjrs. 

TtlTTKRFLV-WKKI);        I'l.KI  HISY  ROOT ;        ()R.\N(;K       MlI.K- 

W'kki)    iAfictrpitin   fuhn'osti)    is  tlie  mo.  c   bi'illiantly  col- 
ored species  of  the  fienns. 


The  stem  of  huttertiv-weed 


IS  usnailv  erec 


t.  fr 


1  to 


3    feet   liipli;    it   is   rather    roujth 


id    h: 


th( 

Icavi 

opposit<dy. 


ilky  juices  so  common  to  the  othi 


hut    little   of 
The 


u'r   species. 


an 


lointcdiihlonj;.  very  short  stemmed  or  seated 

beautiful  oraufje   llowers  i;row  in   llat- 

topped  clusters  or  umbels,  at  the  summit  of  the  plant. 


It  is  found  from  Mass.  to  Mi 
10 


111  southwards 


H.l 


M 


Common  Mii.k-wkkd  {AsrUpins  si//inrn)  is  the  most 
almiulant  nn.l  the  hest  known  of  the  -Milkweeds  t 
m-ows  eveivwhere  al..n};  i-oa,lsi(h.s.  in  h.'hls  and  on  the 
borders  of'  wood*..  The  ratlier  st,..it  stem  rises  from 
"  to  r>  feet  hiL'h  and  has  niinieri>iis.  o|ii...site.  hU),'e.  olj- 
lon.r,  short-stemmed  l.'aves  of  a  yelh.w-L'ieen  eoh.r  lioth 
the  h-aves  and  the  sfm  are  lin.dy  lumy  ""<  '.";*'.'>;','''' 
.piantities  of  a  thick,  stieky.  hitter,  milky  lluid  if  thev 
are  hroken  or  hruised  anywhere. 

The  llowers  fii'o"'  '"  vo'>">led  elusters  cften  in  "  I'''"" 
dant  position,  from  the  axils  of  the  ui>|ier  leaves,  Ihey 
are  verv  fraiirant  and  seerete  an  ahundaiu-e  of  iieetar. 

In  tlie  Kail,  the  elusters  of  lihu-ecdored  llowers  have 
been  replaced  bv  larf-e,  rou-h-eoated  seed-iio.ls  that  are 
cm.pletelv  filled  with  the  silkiest  of  llossy  substance 
attached 'to  the  numenms  black  set'ds;  hnally  the  pod 
bursts  and  liberates  the  seeds,  each  lloatnifj  away  on  the 
breeze,  sometimes  aviating  for  several  miles  before  com- 
ing to  earlli. 


146 


(A)  I'oKK  Mii.K-%vi;i;ii  ( AKclcpins  jihiiliihiicinihx)  is  a 
tall  .species  };i(i\vin^'  fnini  2  to  11  tVet  in  lieifjlit.  The 
tlowers  eiiiii|nisin^'  its  elusters  me  fewer  in  nuinlier 
than  those  of  the  eoimiioii  inilkweeil  liiit  imieli  larger 
and  of  a  elear.  ivMry-white  eolor.  The  tlower  sti'ius 
are  Ion;;  and   slender  so  that  the  entire  cluster   is   in  a 

noddin^'    position,    it    lieinn    tl nly    one   of    the   p'nils 

in  which  all  tlie  llowera  are  pendent.  Poke  .\lilkwee<l  is 
fcaind,  usuallv  in  ilry  sitnatjons.  alini!.'  the  edires  of 
woods  or  alon;;  roadsides,  from  .Me.  to  Minn,  and  sonth- 
wards.      It   llowers  from  dune  until   .\nj;nst. 

(U)  WiioRi.Kn  ^lir.KWKK.n  (.l.w7i;>;«.s-  rri-lUUhitii)  is 
a  Very  sliTiler  species,  conuuon  in  dry  woods  and  on 
prairies  in  the  Siinth:  found  north  to  Mass.  and  Sas- 
katchewan. The  stem  is  slemh'r.  simple  and  risea 
from  1  to  3  feet  hii;h.  The  narrow  linear  leaves  have 
their  inar{;ins  rolleil  nnder;  they  ^row  in  closcdy  clus- 
tered whorls  alxmt  the  stem,  usually  ipiite  erect.  The 
numerous,  small,  jjreenish-while  lloweis  ^i\■^>\\■  in  a  rouml 
cluster  or  umliel  at  the  snnunit  of  the  stem.  It  is  a 
very  dainty  species,  one  not  apt  to  be  confused  with 
anv  other  nu'nd)cr  of  the  fauulv. 

147 


CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY 

Ifoiirolnihirctr) 

plant.,  ,„•  ZnlJ  ''*-''*'-''    ''«'""    "'"«--■   "f   oth.T 

streams.     It   fr.M-        ,1,.^  L'    "  ,     '«"",''"'"«   I"""'^   '"• 
some  iivi„«  pla^t.' ':„;„•"  U'";;-   ";„-'ntaet   ,vi,„ 

anatjeeu^;^-,^:.,!:-!.!:;:^;;';:;;---^ 


POLEMONIUM   FAMILY 

H'ol(  IIKllliiK'l,!  I 

Ilii'   iiaiiow,    laiicc-sliii,,.,!    1.,  '''*''  '"  '"'if-'lit. 

"■n,at,.,l    a l.;„.   ,',,.'  .'    ''•'■  r  ,;""   •"""■■■  '•'■>s..|v'-a|- 
•"l'l«''l    elustePat    tl .        „„„  ' '     'r',""';':    '"',■    '"    "    'lat- 

--naan.wi.,es,,n.a,i:;;::u„tiv  tj;;;;, "^"f  *"•• 

^-tl=L:';;:;;;,-'-,-.^^  5«  •.;,  M 

"'">(l.s  .,r  „„  prairies.         "       ""^  -*'">    "'"'  J""'-  in  ,ln 

t"  wliit...     (Jr„un.l  Pink    s  f,.i  n  ri  °  '''""'  "'""*""  pink 

140 


BORAGE  FAMILY 

{Uorayimicca) 

(A)  F0R(1KT-MK-N()T  {  M  iioKdl  in  srnipioidrsi)  (  KlHO- 
PKAN).  Foijii'tiiic-iiDt  in  a  I'Diiiiiiiiii  wild  llowi'i'  in 
Kiirope  ami  Asia,  ami  is  In  this  oimntiy  as  an  rsciipc  ami 
faiilv  well  cstalilislicil  in  Nova  Soitia.  Niw  Knfilaml. 
New"  York  and  Hciiilliwanls.  Tlic  stem  is  latliiT  stout 
Imt  weak:  it  rises  alioiit  a  foot  in  licM^ilit.  ami  is  smooth 
but  the  leaves  are  roufih  and  liair\.  The  llowvrs  are 
home  in  one-sideil  enrvinj;  terminal  elusters.  The  tivo. 
broad,  riainded  petals  are  sk\ -blue  with  a  yellow  eye; 
the  uii(h'Velo|ied  bmls  are  pink.  There  are  several  spe- 
cies of  Myosotis.  the  present  one  having  the  largest  and 
nuist  beautiful  llowcrs. 

(B)  Wild  Comfrkv  {Cipionlnsmim  viriiiiiiaiiKiii)  is  a 
common,  rough-stemmed  perennial  growing  in  decidu- 
ous woods  hmn  Me.  to  .Mieli.  ami  southwards.  The 
tubular  corolla  is  pale  blue;  it  is  set  in  a  ilve-parted 
hairy  calyx.  Tlie  basal  leaves  are  large  and  ovate; 
the  "stem' ones  clasp  the  (lower  stalk  with  somewhat 
heart-shaped  bases. 

150 


(A)  Hl.iK-WKKi);  ViI'Kr's  liici.iiss  {Kihiiim  iiiliiurc) 
I  Kl'KorilAN ).  TliiH  prciiliar  plant  is  liically  aliiliiilaiit 
ill  ilrv  licliU  and  wastf  places  in  tlii'  East.  It  is  iv- 
Harilcil  lis  a  pest  anil  is  a  dilliciilt  nnc  to  fjct  rid  i>f. 

Till'  stem  is  lijjlit  jirci'ii.  spotted  with  purple;  it  jtrows 
oicet  from  I  to  :t  feet  lii^rli.  'I'lie  llowers  ;;ro\i  on  leafy 
spikes  spriiifiiii^'  from  the  steiii  near  the  top.  When 
till"  lirst  llowiMs  apiM'ar.  in  .lime,  they  are  elose  to  the 
stalk  at  the  hase  of  the  rolled-iip.  lealv  spike.  As  they 
eoiitinue  to  hlooiii.  the  spike  jiradiially  strai^ihtens  and 
the  open  llowers  appear  farther  anil  farther  from  the 
stem.  The  showy,  tlihnlar  eorolla  is  hrifiht  hliie,  and  is 
exeeeih'd  in  leiifith  l>y  the  lonj;  stamens  and  three-parted 
style;  the  Imds  arc  pink. 

iH)  S.M.M.i.  Bi  11I.OSS  iLiicdpsin  amiisis)  (KiRorKAN). 
This  IS  a  very  ronjih.  iiristly-steinnied  siM'eies.  also  nat- 
uralized from  Kiirope.  and  now  fonnd  in  waste  plaees 
near  d\vellinj;s.  from  Ale.  to  Minn,  and  south  to  \'a.  The 
laneeidate  leaves  are  seated  on  the  stem;  they  diminish 
to  the  size  of  hracts  and  pass  into  the  racemta  of  small, 
tubular  violet-blue  flowers. 

161 


v" 


VERVAIN   FAMILY 

Herba  with  opposite  leaves  and  perfect  but  usually 
irregular  tlowers,  the  tubular  eoroUas  spreading  into 
two  lips  or  four  or  five  lobes. 

Rrx'E  Vkbvain  (IVrhoiir  hiislula)  is  our  most  com- 
mon exami)le  of  the  genus.  It  is  a  tall,  slender,  rank- 
growing  plant  rt'aching  heights  of  2  to  7  feet.  The 
leaves  are  dark  green,  short-stennned,  laneeolate.  sharply 
toothed  and  grow  opjjositely  on  the  stem. 

At  the  top  of  the  stem  are  numerous,  slender  Hower 
spikes,  each  branching  from  the  stem  and  assuming  a 
vertical  p<:sition,  in  a  regular  .)r.ler  suggestive  of  can- 
delabra. These  .slender  spikes  contain  many  buds,  the 
lower  of  which  ojjen  first.  From  July  until  the  end  of 
August  we  will  lind  rings  of  purple  ilowers  about  the 
spikes,  graduallv  drawing  nearer  the  ends  as  the  flow- 
ering season  advances,  ami  leaving  behin<l  a  long  trail 
of  purplish  calyces.  The  tubular  ciucdla  has  five  spread- 
in"  lobes,  a  sh'iider  pistil  and  two  pairs  of  stamens. 

152 


MINT    FAMILY 

(Labiatw) 

(A)  Self-heai,;  HKAr.-At.r,  iPrunrUn  vulgaris). 
Along  roadsides,  in  fields  and  on  the  borders  of  woods, 
everywhere  throufihout  the  conntry,  we  will  find  this 
familiar  flower.  The  st^-m  grows  from  (1  to  I'l  inches 
high  and  is  topped  witli  a  cylindrical  flower  heail,  com- 
posed of  many,  two-liiiped.  t'nlmlar,  jMirple  florets.  Hut 
few  of  these  liloom  at  a  time  eonnnencing  at  the  bottom, 
and  the  flowering  season  extends  from  Jnne  to  Septem- 
ber. The  leaves  are  sparingly  toothed  and  seateil  op- 
positely on  long  stems.  .  I'sually  several  leaflets  appear 
from  their  axils  and  sometimes  smaller  flower  heads 
from  the  axils  of  the  ui)per  ones. 

(I?)  Skullcap  ISrutdlarin  inirgrifolia)  is  one  of 
the  handsmnest  of  the  Skullcaps,  the  tubular,  two-lipjH'd 
flowers  in  the  loose  terminal  8])ike.  each  measuring  about 
one  inch  in  length.  The  downy  stem  rises  from  (i  to  24 
inches  liigh  ami  is  set  oppositely  with  tmithless.  lance- 
shaped,  round-ended  leaves.  It  is  found  in  dry  ground 
from  Mass.  to  Fla.  and  ahmg  the  Gulf. 

l.)3 


(A)  finofxi)  TvT:  GTLL-oVER-TiiE-cROfNn  tXrprta 
hedcrarra)  (Kiropean')  is  a  bpautifiil  littlo  trailing 
mint  that  grows  very   prnfusely  about  country  lionsps. 

Tlie  leaves  rise  from  tlie  stem  in  ))airs;  they  i  '  round, 
with  heart-shaped  bases,  the  edge  out  into  rounded 
lobes,  and  their  whole  surfaoe  is  downy  and  veiny.  The 
pretty  little  purple  flowers  grow  in  small  clusters  from 
the  axils  of  the  leaves.  The  v.i)i«'r  lip  is  erect  and 
slightly  notclied ;  the  lower  one  has  tliree  spreading  lobes 
and  is  sjjotted  with  dark  purple. 

Ground  ivy  is  found  in  blossom  from  May  to  July 
througliout  the  eastern  half  of  our  country. 

(B)  Catnip  CXeprfa  Cataria)  (Eirope.vn-)  is  a  very 
common  mint,  introduced  from  Europe,  tlie  aromatic 
foliage  of  which  has  a  very  peculiar  attracticm  for  all 
members  of  the  feline  race.  The  plant  has  a  stimt, 
square  boUow  stem  from  2  to  3  feet  tall  and  is  downy, 
as  are  the  sage  green,  toothed  leaves.  The  lilac  white 
flowers  are  clustered  on  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the 
leaves.     Catnip  is  common  throughout  our  range. 


154 


(A)  MoTiiKRWORT  iLconiinin  Cnritlnrn)  (El'ROPEAN) 
is  a  siiiipli'.  ('icctstciiiiiK'd  mint  jjrowinfi  ficmi  2  to 
4  fft't  Iii^li.  It  lias  a  very  (lecorativc  ('(Feet,  tin*  leaves 
bcliif;  large  at  tlie  liaw  of  the  stem  and  rapidly  dlmiii- 
isbiiit;  as  tiiey  appruaeli  th<*  top:  the  lower  ones  are 
quite  long-stemmed  and  all  are  palinately  slaslietl.  The 
llowers  grow  in  round  clusters  surrounding  the  st^m 
at  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

The  numerous  llowers  composing  these  clusters  have 
tiny,  two-lipped,  wliite,  ))ink  or  puri)le  corollas  and 
minute  stanums.  Both  the  stem  and  the  leaves  have  a 
woolly  text're  and  the  former  are  strongly  veined. 
Motherwort  is  commonly  found  ahout  old  country  dwell- 
ings and  along  roadsiiies.  We  lind  it  in  liloom  from 
June  until  August.  It  is  a  much  more  leafy  species 
than  most  of  tlie  mints. 

(B)  Hkdce  XettlK;  Wofxn-wonT  iStarlnjs  pahis- 
Iris)  is  a  tall  mint  (1  to  3  feet)  with  a  downy-hristly 
stem  and  purple,  tubular,  two-lipjH'd  flowers  in  a  ter- 
minal spike  and  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves; 
lower  lip  streaked  and  spotted.  Common  in  moist 
ground  from  X.  S.  to  Manitoba  and  southwards. 

155 


hWi 


Oswego  Tea:  Bee  Bat.m  (Monarrla  dklyma)  is  onp 
of  our  moat  brilliantly  colored  wild  flowers.  It  sjrows 
along  the  shady  borders  of  woodland  streams  or  pools 
where  its  vivid  coloring  is  in  strong  contrast  with  the 
deep  greens  of  the  surrounding  vegetation.  The  stem  is 
hairy  and  rather  rough;  it  attains  heights  of  two  feet 
or  more.  The  short-st«'mmcd,  broad-lance-shaped  leaves 
are  light  green,  sharply  toothed  and  ratliir  thin. 

The  flowers  grow  in  rounded  terminal  heads,  com- 
posed of  numerous,  long  tubular,  scarlet  florets.  The 
upper  lip  is  long,  arched,  pointed  and  often  notched  at 
the  tip;  tlie  lower  lip  is  three-parted,  the  middle  (me 
being  hinger  than  the  side  ones. 

Nectar,  seated  at  the  base  of  the  long  tiibe.  can 
only  be  reached  by  long-tongued  insects.  Best  a<la])ted 
to  it  are  bumbU>bees  and  certain  of  the  butterflies.  Tlie 
Ruby-throated  llumniingbird,  too,  attracted  to  this,  his 
favorite  color,  often  jiartakes  of  tlie  sweets.  From  .Tuly 
until  September  this  beautiful  s]x>cles  blooms  in  suitable 
liiealities  from  Quebec  to  Manitoba  and  soiitliwards  to 
Ga.  and  Mo. 


15G 


NIGHTSHADE   FAMILY 

(A)  EiTTKUswKi'rr:  Xkihtkhadb  (Solaiuim  Diilrn- 
Diara)  [Kuiopcaii) ,  altliimj^h  an  immiifraiit,  is  quite 
iDiniiion  in  tlie  eastern  lialt  of  (lur  ODunti  y.  It  chooses 
for  its  habitat,  moist  thickets  or  the  ed^es  of  ponils 
wliere  tliere  are  ph>nty  of  shrubs  to  lielp  support  it, 
for  this  species  lias  v.e.ik  stems. 

The  dark  green  leaves  are  variable  in  form;  some  are 
lobeil,  others  have  small  lateral  leallets  and  still  others 
have  another  pair  of  still  sm  lUer  leallets  on  the  leaf 
stem.  The  flowers  haufj  in  loose  clusters  on  limp  pe- 
duncles from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  This  species 
blooms  from  June  until  September. 

(R)  Black  Xkihtshade  {Sulantiin  iiiiinim)  is  a  na- 
tive species  with  a  smooth,  erect,  Iranohinft  .stem  1  to 
2  feet  high.  The  lonij-steMuned  ovate  leaves  have  a 
wavy-lobed  edfje.  The  five-parted  white  flowers  grow  in 
fcw-Howered  clusters  from  the  leaf  axils,  the  round  ber- 
ries are  black  when  fully  ripe,  and  arc  quite  poisonous. 
This  species  is  found  throughout  our  range. 

157 


Pl-RPIE  Thorn-  Aitle  {Daliira  Tatula)  is  a  large, 
ill-.cc.nt..l.  n.nk-i.Mo«inf;  w.'..!  will,  a  stmit  ...rnctl.  st..... 
from  1  to  5  f<...t  l.if.'!..  Tlir  l„M^r.st..i.n.u.a  loavi'S  l.u« 
VCTV  irr.-'ular,  i'.«irs7.1v  tootlu-d  outlines.  The  laven.ler- 
coloreil,  truM.l.et-sl.ai,e.l  llow.Ts  are  about  four  inches 
1  .K  The  llaiiuf:  corolla  has  five  l.roa.l  sharply  pointed 
h>l,es  an.l  is  seated  in  a  li^'ht  !jr>\''^''n',  '  .-oro  la 
about  half  its  lenj-th.  Tsually  ''V"'"V''/  .  !  te 
is  more  intense  on  tlie  lobes  and  otten  shades  to  «  te 
towards  the  base  .,f  the  tube.  After  lower. n>:.  a  hu!.c 
m-een.  fruit-eapsule  about  two  .nclies  Ion-  »P1"''"^  * 
i,  „void  in  shai.e  and  armed  with  stout  prickles,  llie 
entire  plant  has  poisonous  juices  U  grows  m  w as  e 
ground,  ..specially  about  l.arn>ards.  from  Me.  to  ilinn. 
and  southwards. 

Thorn-  Apple;  Jimsox  Weed  (Daliirn  SIramoniiim) 
also  conies  from  across  the  water:  it  is  very  similar  to 
the  prccediuL',  grows  in  the  sanu'  places  and  in  the  same 
r'um-  TheHowers  are  white  nn,l  the  leaves  are  lighter 
green;  the  stem  is  also  somewhat  stouter. 


158 


FIGWORT   FAMILY 

{ScrophuIariucc(c) 

IK)  Common-  or  C-w-kt  JIh.i.kin  {rcrhasciim  Thy- 
SHX  (KiKoi-KA.N).  Tl.is  «rll  known  lilant  i«  .m..  ..f  t  >.• 
most  fonunon  si^'l.ts  alon.i;  r.m.lsul.'s  iuul  in  .l.y  lioUls. 
Us  loii"  stalk  rises  from  2  to  7  i.vt  al.ove  {.rromi.l. 

MulU-in  loaves  are  very  soft,  with  line  wli.te  .l.wnv 
l.airs;  tl.ey  have  fiiven  to  the  vlant  a  i.aine  very  ..ten 
aoDliea.— ••  Flannel  I'lant."  The  ones  on  the  tall  stalk 
are  smaller  an.l  (liniinish  in  si/.e  to  braets  as  they  vaelj 
the  bottom  of  the  h.n-  Hower  spike.  I'r.an  •'"'"■";"' 
HentemlxT.  th.^se  flowers  open  a  ti'W  at  a  time  and  hist 
but  a  dav.  The  lif.'ht  yellow  eor.lla  has  live  uneven, 
concaved  'lobes  and  five  protruding'  stamens. 

(Bl  AIoTIl  Ml-LLKIN  (Verhn^vum  lihUhn-m)  ( KURO- 
imU-  lias  a  tall,  very  slemler  stalk  at  the  summit  of 
.vjlich  is  a  Inose  raceme.  The  llow.-rs  are  lar-e.  have 
five  petals,  verv  pnaninent  stamens  and  oran^ie  ant  lers. 
The  upper  leav<.s  are  lance-shaped,  the  l.nver  ones  have 
the  margins  deeiily  cut.  tootlieil.  and  notelied.  It  is 
common  from  -Me.  to  Ontario  and  southwards. 

159 


(A)  Blue  Toadflax  (Linaria  cniiatlcnsis).  This  is  a 
very  slender  and  dainty  si)ecie8,  the  stem  attaining 
heiglits  of  5  to  30  inclies. 

Tlie  little  tlthular  flowers  are  violet-hlue  in  color;  the 
corolla  is  two-lipped,  the  upper  one  having  two  lobes 
an<l  the  lower  one  three:  the  latter  is  pouch-shaped  and 
extends  backwards  into  a  very  slender  spur.  Blue  Toail- 
flax  is  commonly  found  in  dry  sandy  fields  throughout 
the  United  States  and  southern  Canada. 

(B)  ToAD-FLAx;  Hlttkb-axd-eogs  [Linaria  vulgaris) , 
although  an  immigrant,  has  extended  its  range  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  and  southern  Canada  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  stem  is  simple  and  from  (i  to  30 
inches  high.  The  narrow  alternating  leaves  are  grayish 
green,  covered  with  a  whitisli  bloom. 

The  tubular,  yellow  flowers  have  two-lipped  corollas, 
the  upper  ones  of  two  lobes  and  the  lower  of  three,  the 
center  one  of  which  extends  into  a  large  sac-like  spur 
and  has  a  protruding,  pouting,  orange  palate  that  closes 
the  throat  of  the  blossom.  This  arrangement  is  designed 
for  the  bumblebee,  whose  weight  on  the  lower  iip  opens 
the  flower  so  he  can  get  at  the  nectar,  while  it  is  tightly 
closed  to  pilfering  ants. 
100 


(A)  TiHTi.EHEAU  {('luloiw  ylubra).  Tliis  is  a  miiia- 
ture  loving  plant  found  in  swamps. 

The  stem  is  stout,  sniootli  and  frect,  from  I  to  3  fi'ct 
tall.  The  loaves  are  lanc'e-shape<l,  stemmed,  pointed  and 
toothed.  Tlie  flowers  are  clustered  in  a  short  spike  at 
the  summit  of  the  stem;  the  coridla  is  tulmlar.  aliout 
an  inch  in  length  and  is  white,  tinged  with  pink.  The 
upper  lip  is  broad,  arched,  creased  and  notclied  in  the 
micldle;  the  lower  lip  is  three  lobed  and  woolly -bearded 
in  the  throat.  Turtlehead  bhxmis  from  .Inly  until  Sep- 
tember anil  ranges  from  Newfoundland  to  iliinitoba  and 
s  luthwards. 

(B)  Pkntksmdn;  Bk.vbo-tonolk  il'rntrsmon  hir^u- 
I11.1)  lias  a  straight,  slender  woolly  stem  that  grows 
from  1  to  .'1  feet  high.  The  leaves  are  light  grei'U.  lance- 
shnped.  rough-edged  or  minutely  toothed,  the  upper  ones 
seated  oppositely  on  the  stem  and  tlie  lower  ones  with 
short  peti<des.  The  small  magenta-wiiile  lli>\ver>  are  in 
in  panicled  racemes.  The  trumpet-sha|«'d  corolla  has 
two  lobes  to  the  ujiper  lip  and  three  on  the  lower,  the 
throat  nearly  closed  by  a  hairy  palate  on  the  lower  lip. 
Jle.  to  Wisconsin  and  bouthwards. 


11 


101 


i-Mmmim 


MoNKKY  Fl.owKR  (.Uiniulus  ringrnn)  is  a  porennial 
witli  a  siiiootli.  Miiiarc,  liollow  stem  growinj!  from  one 
to  three  feet  in  lieiglit  and  brandling  considerably.  The 
leaves,  seated  oppositely  on  the  stem,  are  lance-shaped, 
pointed  and  sliglitly  toothed.  The  flowers  are  few  in 
nunilier  and  are  on  long,  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils 
of  the  upper  leaves.  They  open  one  or  two  at  a  time. 
The  pale  purjile  flowers  have  two  large  lips,  the  upper 
divided  into  two  lobes  and  the  lower  one  into  three,  all 
broad  and  wavy.  Four  white  stanu'ns  and  a  pistil 
nearly  till  the  throat,  at  the  mouth  of  which  are  two 
bright  orange-yellow  spots. 

A  snuill  store  of  nectar  is  secreted  in  the  base  of  the 
flower  tube.  The  double-yellow  palate  serves  to  close 
the  entrance  to  the  tube  »o  that  small  useless  insects 
nmy  not  be  allowed  to  partake  of  the  sweets  within. 
When,  however,  the  burly  bumblebee  alights  upon  the 
lower  lip,  liis  weight  causes  it  to  droop  and  allow  easy 
access  to  its  meager  supplj-  of  nectar.  Monkey  flower 
is  found  in  wet  places  from  N.  B.  to  Manitoba  and 
sotitbwards. 


1U2 


(A)  AMF.RirAX  nR(M)Ki.iMK  (  i'rronim  aiiiri-irdiiii).  the 
prettii'st  of  tilt!  spoL'dwells  or  vt'roiiicas,  is  iv  very  frail 
plant. 

Till'  stern  is  stout,  sniootli.  liollow  and  (|uit('  wcali; 
tlip  lowrr  part  spreads  over  the  fjround  anil  freijUently 
talves  root  at  the  an}.'les  of  the  lower  leaves.  At  inter- 
vals, branehes  rise  to  heijiht  ot'  ti  t(»  lil  inehes.  hearing 
from  the  a.xils  of  the  upper  leaves,  small  foiirparteil 
blue  fhmers  in  loose  racemes.  The  lifiht  blue  petals  have 
purple  stripes  and  a  white  spot  at  the  l)as<'. 

Hrooklime  has  a  hint!  season  of  bloom,  beiufr  found  in 
flower  from  May  until  September.  It  is  eonimon  in 
moist  ditehes  and  alou};  brooks  or  ill  swamps,  from  Xew- 
foiiiidland  to  Alaska  and  south  to  \'a.  ami  .Mo. 

IB)  Common  Si-kkowkm.  (IVcoHiVrt  <iffi<-iiinli.i)  Is  a 
popular  little  jilaiit.  The  prostrate  woolly  stem  is  eieet 
>it  the  end  and  terniiiiatcs  in  a  raceme  of  ]y,\\c  lavender, 
four-petalled  (lowers,  the  lower  petal  of  which  is  con- 
spicuously smaller  than  the  other  three,  a  common  trait 
of  this  );enus.  Speedwell  is  (|iiite  etaiimou  thnaii;h  the 
I'nited  States  and  southern  (  anaila. 

103 


...jiidMiii 

1^^ 

■"^•1 

J 

■.rf 

i 

(A 
l)retty 


rrRl'I.K     fiKBARniA 
little    spccii's   that 


itlrrni'ilin  intfptm'ft)  is*  a 
(liK'oratPH  low,  iiiiiJHt,  sandy 
fields  and  meadciwa  with  its  beautiful  purple-pink  blos- 
soms. The  slender  stem  is  quite  branchy  anil  averajjes 
about  a  foot  in  hei)tlit.  thoujjh  it  oecasionally  attains 
hei);lits  of  two  feet.  Kroni  three  to  eijjht  tlowers.  optm- 
ing  one  at  a  time,  jfrow  alonn  the  ends  of  eaeh  branch. 
The  corolla  is  broad  and  about  1  in.  lonj!,  brifrbt  pur- 
plish pink,  the  mouth  of  the  funnel  spreading  into  live 
rounded  IoIk's,  spotted  or  downy  within. 

All  the  (ierardias  and  Foxgloves  are  quite  parasitic, 
attaching  their  roots  to  those  of  other  plants  and  get- 
ting part  of  their  sustenance  frimi  them.  This  species 
is  found  cliielly  along  the  coasts  of  the  Atlantic,  the 
Great  Lakes  aiid  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  blooms  from 
August  to  Octol)er. 

(B)  Smooth  Falsk  Foxi:r,nvK  {Onnnlin  rirfliiiirii) 
has  a  smooth,  branching  stem  from  2  to  0  feet  high. 
The  large,  lemon-yellow  flowers  measure  nearly  two 
inches  long  by  an  inch  broad.  The  plant  grows  fnmi 
lie.  to  Jlinn.  and  southwards  and  lilooms  during  August 
and  Sept. 
1U4 


Scarlet   PAiXTKn-ciP;    Indian    Paim    Iiki:  n    {('■••■ 
tillvja  vitfcinra) .     Tliis  »iii;;iiliir  s|M't'if-  i-  ;.   miiisM". 
tliiit  18  it  faHtt'iis  it>  iiM)ts  upon  tlio-'    of  cui.M    i,,iiir^ 
and  takes  llicir  nmirislinicnt  t'luni  tlini  . 

The  sU'niler.  Iiiillow,  ri'clilisli,  un<:iilai'  .mk'  ii.iii*  sl(  wi 
;;r(t\VH  from  u  tuft  of  siufHttli-cd^^cd.  ohlony  l^avr  .  '('Ir 
stem  loaves  are  rather  suuill  anil,  the  upper  '  'i.^  i  spe 
cially,  have  the  ends  three-h)l>ed;  those  near  and  siir- 
roinidin^  the  (lowers  have  their  ends  scarlet,  as  though 
they  had  IxH'n  <lipped  in  a  i)ot  of  red  paint.  The  How- 
ers'  corolla  is  almost  concealed  in  the  two-lohed  cylin- 
drical calyx,  the  end  of  which  is  usually  a  lirilliaiit 
scarlet.  The  corolla  is  irregulai'.  jjreenish  yelhtw.  with 
a  narrow  iipp<T  lip  and  a  tliree-htlied  lower  oiu'.  They 
have,  set  in  the  up|>er  lip,  four  unequal  stamens  and  u 
lonj!  pistil. 

The  Scarlet  Painted-cup  is  found  in  Ion  >audy  ground 
from  Mass,  to  Mauiloha  and  souliiwards. 


163 


Woon  rtKTOXY:  LoisewoRT  (Pnlirulaiin  ranailrnsis) 
ia  a  peculiar  plant  that  we  tinil  in  <liy  woods  and 
thickets  and  often  alon;;  roadsides. 

The  llowering  »t<Miis  are  st(nit.  hairy  and  leafy;  they 
rise  to  heights  of  (i  to  18  inclies.  The  leaves  are  all 
fernlike  in  form;  many  of  them  rise  on  long  hairy  stems 
from  the  roots  and  smaller  (Uies  alternate  u]>  the  flower 
stalk.  The  tlower  spike  is  short  and  densely  flowered 
and  contains  manv  small  hract-like  leaves  amonK  the 
tubular  flowers.  The  corolla  is  composed  of  two  lips, 
the  upper  one  being  arched  and  strongly  eurvnl  or 
liooked  at  the  tij).  The  upper  lip  varies  from  a  yel- 
lowish green  in  freshly  o|H'ned  flowers  to  a  dull  reddish 
or  the  mature  blossoins,  this  latter  being  the  beefsteak 
color  alluded  to  in  one  of  its  connnon  names. 

Wood  IJetony  is  found  from  Xova  Scotia  to  Manitoba 
and  southwards.  It  is  cpiite  abundant  throughout  its 
range  ami  its  flowers  nmy  be  found  from  early  in  May 
to  the  latter  part  of  July. 


I(i6 


BROOM-RAPE   FAMILY 

{Orubaiwhaceu;) 

(B)  Hke-xh  Drops;  I'anckr-root  (Epifaiiun  rirtjini- 
anit).  Tliis  |i<>euliur  growth  is  found  almost  exclusively 
in  l«?ech  woods. 

Tlie  stem  attains  lieijtlits  of  (i  to  20  inches.  At  the 
ends  of  the  brandies  are  a  :iUMil)er  of  curved,  tubular 
flowers;  these  are  stained  a  dull  majienta. 

Ueecli  Drops  attaches  its  roots  to  those  of  beech  trees 
and  gets  all  its  sustenance  from  them.  It  blooms  from 
August  to  Oct.  and  ranges  from  X.  H.  to  .Minn,  and 
southwards. 

(A)  One-fi.owkred  Caxckr-root:  Rroom-rape  [Oro- 
baiwhc  unilloia)  is  an  attractive  little  parasite  with  a 
subterranean  scalv  stem,  each  branch  sending  up  one  to 
four  very  slender  stalks  from  .i  ti.  ti  inches  high  and 
bearing  at  the  toj)  a  single  blossom  each. 

Their  color  varies  from  a  ]iale  purple  to  a  cream  color 
and  they  average  about  tliree(|uarters  of  an  inch  in 
h*ngth.  It  is  found  in  moist  \^'oods  throughout  the 
United  States  and  southern  ('ana<la. 

I(i7 


BIGNONIA   FAMILY 

(  Hitjitonidrt  a  ) 


{T(<-iiiiiii    iiiilirnnfi)    is   an    cxct'cd- 
viiic  liiiviiiv  :i  siiiillieiii  (lispiisition. 


Trimpkt   Ckkki'icu 
iiiffly  iH'iiutifiil  woody 

Till!  stiMii  ■rrows  fvoiii  ;iO  to  4(1  fi'ct  loiifr  and  is  citlier 
prostrate  or  clinihinf;.  Sonictimi's  it  extends  over  the 
jiround,  rliniliin};  over  tlie  huslies  that  may  tie  in  its 
path,  anil  a^'i'.in  it  may  tatie  an  upward  course  and 
flind)  tlie  trunks  and  liranelies  of  small  trees.  As  it 
is  11  hardy  |dant  it  is  often  seen  in  cultivation  and  is 
used  to  ileeorate  |ioieh<'s  in  tlie  North. 

The  llowcrs  are  triimpet-sliaped.  red  within  and  tiivvny 
or  oranfie  on  the  outside  of  the  tulie.  They  f^row  in 
terminal  clusters  of  two  to  nine  hlcissonis.  each  in  a  cup- 
shaped,  two-parted  calyx.  The  corolla  is  about  2',4 
inches  loii};  and  tlares  into  live  rounded  lobes.  Four 
anther-beanii};  stamens  and  a  pistil  are  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  tube.  The  leaves  grow  oppositely  on  the 
stem  and  are  each  composed  of  7  to  1 1  ovate,  toothed 
leaflets.  We  find  this  vine  from  N.  .1.  to  la.  and  soutli- 
wards. 


PLANTAIN    FAMILY 

I  I'lanliifiimicitei 

(A)  Common  Pt.ANT.MN  { I'laiiliiiio  major)  is  a  vory 
familiar  weed  about  ill-kept  iliidiyaids.  Tlic  leaves  are 
laifje  ami  spread  in};:  l>roa(lcil)liiii;.'.  lui  long  tnmj,'lie<l 
>teiiis  iliat  radiate  iri>ni  tlie  niot. 

The  flower  stalk  rises  to  alioiit  tlie  same  lieiglit  as 
the  next,  hut  the  (lower  head  is  very  loiij,'.  The  tiny 
white  flowers  open  in  oireles  ahout  this  heail.  slowly 
nmking  their  way  towards  tlie  toji  in  tlieir  sneeessicm 
of  hloom,  which  lasts  fnmi  June  until  Septemlier. 

(B)  Enclish  Plantain  Whtniiitin  lani-ioliihn .  Tin- 
leaves  all  radiate  from  the  liase:  they  are  laneeolate. 
shar])lv  pointed  and  set  on  lon<;.  troughed  stems. 

The'  flower  stem  is  stiff  and  smootli  and  attains 
heijrhts  of  (i  to  IS  inehes.  Tlie  head  is  short  and 
studded  with  tiny,  fcair-parted.  dull  white  flowers,  with 
Ion}.',  slender  stamens.  Ihere  are  otien  i)erfect,  stami- 
nate  anil  pistillate  Howors  on  the  sam  plant,  ft  is 
as  abundant  in  all  parts  of  our  ran^'e  as  it  is  in 
native  European  home. 

lUll 


now 

its 


MADDER   FAMILY 

Uiublacca-} 

(A)  Bi.TETS:  I.N.NOfKNCB  [  Houstoiiia  c(vrulra) .  These 
ari"  v^rv  daiiitv  ami  iH-uutifiil  littlo  vlaiits  that  dworate 
our  tieids  profuselv  from  April  until  July,  ihc  sterna 
are  ver  slender,  about  a  to  C.  inehes  tall,  and  have  a 
few  pai'rs  of  tinv  leaves;  larger  leaves  appear  in  tufts 
from  the  base.  "The  iM'rianth  is  slender  and  the  lobes 
flare  widelv:  the  corolla  is  about  one  half  inch  in  width, 
— wiiite,  with  the  ends  of  tlie  h>bes  pale  blue  or  violet, 
and  stained  with  yellow  towards  the  center  of  the  tiower. 
(B)  Pahthidgkbkrry  [Mitchvlla  ripens)  is  a  moat 
beautiful  little  trailinj!  vine  with  rounded,  opposite, 
white-veined  leaves  along  the  creeping  stem,  that  ex- 
tends fi  to  \-i  inches  from  the  root.  Two  beautiful  little 
four-parted,  bell-shaped  tlowera  terminate  each  branch. 
They  are  downy  white  within,  and  jiinkisli  and  smooth 
on  the  outside."  Thev  have  a  fragrance  similar  to  that 
of  the  Water  Lilv.  A  double,  red  berry  replaces  the 
flowers  in  the  Fal'l.  It  is  common  in  woods  throughout 
our  range. 
170 


HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY 

( Caprifniiarrir ) 

(A)  I51S1I  IIoNKVsrcKi.K  {iMiiirna  rniiiiilnisiin)  is  a 
liusli  (ir  sliriil)  witli  thin.  Htni}:}.'lin>.',  l>nmii  hnincli.'S, 
attaining  lieijilits  of  2  to  4  fc<'t.  Tlif  leaves  are  tliin, 
liflit  green,  somewhat  heart-sha|icil  ami  short  stemmed. 
They  grow  oppositely  on  the  Ijranehes  and  have  small 
stipules  between  them.  The  llowiMs  are  home  in  pairs 
fi-om  tlie  axils  of  tlie  terminal  leaves.  Tlie  Naples  yel- 
low tul)es  an'  ahont  three  fourtlis  of  an  ineh  in  length 
and  have  live  lolies.  This  species  is  eomnHm  from  Que- 
bec to  Manitol)a  and  simtli  to  I'a.  and  .Mich. 

(R)  Twi.NKI.oWKB  (IJiiiKKi  horralis  nnirriniiin'i  is  one 
of  tlie  most  delicately  beaiitifnl  of  our  wild  llowers. 
The  stem  is  slender,  trailing,  reddisli-lirown  and  from 
(i  to  lit  inches  long:  at  intervals  very  slender,  leafy 
rtower  stalks  rise,  bearing  at  the  end.  twr>  pen<luloiis, 
bell-shapi'd,  white,  fragrant  blossoms:  the  corolla,  which 
has  live  lobes,  is  criniscm  ])ink  within.  Tin'  evergreen 
leaves  are  short-stemmed,  almost  riaind  and  scaUop- 
toothed.    Cool  niossv  woods  from  Lab.  to  Minn. 

171 


CoBAL  OB  Tb(  MPKT  lIoNKYsit Ki.K  i Lonicera  nempff- 
rirrns)  is  a  verv  oniiinii'iitnl.  c'liinbin)»,  woody  vine 
j;i<>wiiij;  friiiii  S  to  1">  fi'i't  in  li-njitli.  It  trails  over 
l)U»li<»s  or  entwines  its  stc'iii>  aliont  tlie  l)ranelies  of  trees. 
The  lower  leaves  have  >hort  stems,  are  roiinded-oval  in 
sha))e  ami  o|>|Misite.  as  are  those  of  all  the  nieinhers  of 
tliis  family.  The  leiives  neai'  the  enils  of  the  hranches 
are  nnited  at  their  hases.  elaspin;.'  the  stems  and  forniinp 
ciilt-^ha]te(i  strnetnres.  Tiie  strikinj;Iy  eolored  lh)\vers 
grow  in  whorls  on  spikes  terininatin*;  tlie  hraiiehes. 
The  tiihnlar  eoroUas  ai^e  alwiut  two  inehes  in  len*»tli. 
hrijfht  reil  on  the  out-ide  and  yellow  within:  the  open- 
inj;  of  tlie  etmdla  spreads  bnt  very  little  and  is  iive- 
lohed.  In  the  Sonth  tlie  haves  of  the  t'oral  Iloneysnckle 
are  everfireen  hut  in  the  .Vortli  they  are  decidinms.  ]n 
Kail  where  each  llowi  was  located  ilnrinj;  the  Summer 
we  find  an  orantii'-red  iH-rry.  This  specie*  is  distributed 
from  Conn,  and  Nehr.  southwards. 


172 


BLUEBELL   FAMILY 

( (Mmiuiniildira) 

(A)  Bki.i.fi.owkr  (Cniiipaiiiihi  rniniiiriiloi'lcs)  (KtBo- 
I'K.aM.  This  lii'iiiitiful  Kiiiii|i('iiii  species  is  a  frequent 
eseape  from  gardens  anil  is  ([nite  tirnily  established  in 
several   localities  in  the  Kastein  States. 

The  simple  stems  are  erect  and  ipiite  tall.  ranj»in(! 
from  I  to  It  feet  high.  The  toothed,  lance-shnpcd  l<Mves 
alternate  ahni};  the  lower  portion  of  the  stem  and  the 
bidl-shaped.  purplish  (lowers  are  in  loose  spikes  on  the 
terminal  porti<nis. 

(B)  IIarkiiki.i.:  Kukiiki.i.  {f'nmiMiiiiihi  rntKnilifoJin) 
is  the  ■•  nine  liells  of  Scotland "'  so  familiar  to  us  in 
sonj!  and  verse.  It  is  a  verv  slender-stemmed  species 
bnt^very  hardy,  as  attesti'd  by  tlie  altitudes  at  wliich  it 
is  found  on  liiountaiiis.  The  tloweriu);  stems  are  very 
slender  and  wiry,  sparsely  set  with  linear  leaves:  they 
usnallv  branch  "near  the  summit,  each  division  bearing 
a  demure,  drooping,  violet  bell.  It  is  fonm:  in  bloom 
from  .lune  initil  Septcndier  in  rocky  or  sainly  places  in 
Canada  and  northern  Inited  States. 

173 


LOBEUA  FAMILY 

(Lobcliacra) 

Cabdtxai.  Flower  (Lnhrlin  rnnlinalis).  Althoujth  ex- 
eeeilinglv  brifilit  colored,  tlit-sc  Hdwits  nri-  rightly  cinaspd 
ns  amoi'ifr  mir  mi)st  Ipi'.nitiful  wild  om-s.  As  iniglit  be 
expected  friiiii  their  c(>li>r.  they  are  visited  by  and  cliielly 
fertilized  bv  the  Kuby-thniatcd  Hummingbird. 

Tlie  siMi|)le  stem  jirows  ti>  heights  of  2  to  i  feet,  from 
])erennial  crei'iiing  rootstalks  that  often  throw  U|>  new 
plants;  the  stalk  is  hollow  and  ratlier  closely  set  with 
alternating,  lance-shaped  leaves,  the  lower  ones  stemmed 
and  toothed,  the  upper  ones  clasping  the  stem  and 
nearly  smooth-edged.  The  showy  llower-spiUe  is  loosely 
set  with  bright  red  (lowers;  the  narrow,  tubular  corolla 
])riH>eeds  from  a  five-parted  calyx,  anil  ends  in  two  lips, 
the  upper  having  two  erect,  narrow  lobes  and  the  lower 
a  broad  three-cleft  one,  velvety-scarlet;  the  five  stamens 
are  united  in  an  erect  tube.  The  Cardinal  Flower  is 
found  in  moist  ground,  esiH-cially  along  brooks,  blooms 
in  August  and  September  and  is  found  from  N.  S.  to 
Minn,  and  southwards. 
174 


(A)  SpiKKD  LoBKi.lA  (l.ohilin  fipicntn)  N  ft  «mall 
flowt-red  species  linving  n  iiiiple  leafy  stem  from  1  to  4 
feet  in  lieijriit.  The  leavc-s  vary  greatly  in  sliape  from 
lanee-slia|ieil  to  ol)lont',  anil  ileereaso  in  size  rapidly  aa 
tliey  approueli  the  llower  spike.  The  small,  pale  blue- 
violet  llowers  are  set  in  short  smooth  calyees.  The 
npper  lip  of  the  corolla  has  two  small  lolies  and  the 
lower  one  is  divided  into  three,  larger.  Hpreadinjj  ones. 
It  is  cinunionly  fonnd  in  dry,  sandy  soil  from  N.  S.  to 
Manitoba  and'soutliwards. 

(B)  I.NDIAX  Tobacco  (Lobelia  inflnta)  is  the  most 
common  of  tlie  Ijibelias:  it  is  foimd  growing  everywhere 
in  either  sandy  or  moist  soil,  in  woods  or  in  fields.  The 
alternating  leaves  are  pointed-oval  and  sparingly  wavy- 
toothed:  the  lower  ones  .ne  (|uite  large,  while  the  upper 
ones  are  very  small.  The  simple  stem  is  stout  and 
()uite  hairy,  it  irows  from  1  to  2  feet  in  height.  The 
little  bluc'-violet  ilowers  are  barely  one  (juarter  inch 
long,  each  seated  in  a  large,  smooth  inttate<l  calyx. 

Thi^  flower  calyces  enlarge  after  the  corollas  have 
withered  away,  and  form  round  seed  pods. 

175 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY 

{Coiiipoaita) 

(A)  Taix  Bx.azino  Star  (Liatria  aearioia)  is  a  tall, 
hamUonic  perennial  that  rfowb  in  dry  nituationfi  and 
attains  heit(l>tH  of  2  to  tl  feet.  A  lonj;  spike  containing 
numerous,  quite  large,  flower  lieads  adorns  the  top  of 
the  stem.  These  heads,  which  are  about  %  in.  in  diam- 
eter, have  a  very  disheveled  appearance  for  the  magenta- 
purple  rays  emerge  in  all  directions:  they  are  contained 
in  a  large  imbricated  involucre.  The  leaves  are  stiff, 
lanceolate,  and  closely  alternated  along  the  stem.  It  is 
found   from  Me.  to  Mich,  and  southwards. 

(B)  Ibonweeb  (Viroiiia  novchoraccnsia)  is  a  tall  (3 
to  7  feet)  and  smooth-stemmed  member  of  the  Com- 
posite Family.  The  alternating  leaves  are  lanceolate 
and  finely  toothed.  The  flower  heads  are  grouped  in 
flat-topped  clusters.  The  rays  are  slender  and  very 
numerous,  giving  the  heads  the  appearance  of  little 
thistles.  This  species  blooms  in  August  and  Septemlwr, 
at  which  season  it  is  one  of  the  characteristic  plants 
in  moist  ground  near  the  seashore. 

176 


(A)  -ToB  Pte  VVked  iKuimturium  purpurrum)  i»  a 
viTj-  familiar  and  pretty  »pecli-H.  Tlie  Hiinple,  ratlier 
xleiKler,  ateni  is  very  tall,  iittainin);  luMghts  of  from  °2 
ti)  10  fet?t.  The  stem  ia  ubiiiiII.v  ataiiiCTl  purpllstli  and  is 
set  at  intervals  with  whorls  of  tlirci-  to  six.  rough, 
<-oar8cly-toothed  leaves;  tlicw  latter  have  short  steniH, 
rather  hroail  hasen  and  an-  sharp-pointed.  The  llowers 
grow  in  Hat-topped  terminal  ehmterH.  Kaeh  floret  is  of 
a  ros.x  purple  color  and  has  pyijecting  styles  that  give 
tlie  (lowers  a  very  fu/./.y  appearance. 

.Joe  I'ye  Weed  is  commonly  found  in  moist  places 
from  Xewfonnilland  to  Minn.  an<i  southwards,  dowering 
during  August  and  September. 

(H)  Thobouoiiwort:  TIoxknkt  { Eupatoiium  pirfoli- 
atum)  is  a  flowering  herb,  nearly  Iwloved  by  the  old- 
fashioned  housewife  and  ecpially  detested  by  the  small 
))oy.  It  was,  and  still  is,  one  of  the  most  counnonly 
useil  lionie  remedies.  The  stem  is  stout,  hairy  and  1  to 
o  feet  tall.  The  opposite  leaves  are  perfoliate,  that  is 
the  ends  are  joined  together.  It  is  very  common  in 
swamps  or  thickets  everywhere. 

1-2  177 


MICROCOPY    RESOIOTION   TBT   CHART 

(.»NSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


^  /APPLIED  INA-1GE     In 

^K  1653   Eost   Moin    Street 

^S  Rochester.   New   York         14609       USA 

^=  (715)  482  -  0300  -  Phone 

^S  (^16)  288-5989  -Fax 


(A)  fiOLDEX  AsTKR  (Clirysopnis  innriatm)  is,  as  one 
woulil  judge  friHii  it«  species  name,  very  partial  to  the 
seatoast.  where  it  may  l>e  found  in  profusion  in  dry 
sandy  ])Iaees  and  along  roadsides. 

The  llowers  grow  in  rather  loose,  llat-topped  clusters, 
each  head  being  on  a  rather  long,  slightly  sticky  pe- 
duncle. The  tulmlar  and  ray  llorets  proceed  from  a 
bell-shaped  invoducre  composed  of  overlapping  bracts. 
Its  period  of  bloom  is  ^luring  August  and  September 
and  it  ranges  from  N.  V.  and  Pa,  s^mthwards  to  Fla. 
and  La. 

(15)  CrRVKn-r.KAVKn  Goldkx  Astkr  {(.'liriisopnis  fal- 
eat(i)  is  a  very  beautiful  species  with  a  silvery,  woolly 
st<'m  4  to  10 "inches  high,  clos<'ly  crowded  with  stitf, 
linear,  downy,  slightly  recurved  leaves.  The  gidden- 
yellow  llowers  s])read  about  an  inch;  the  tubular  florets 
in  the  center  have  a  brownish  orange  tinge  but  the 
nunuTous  straps  or  ray-llowers  are  the  brightest  of 
orange-yellow.  This  species  loves  dry  sandy  soil  and  is 
most  abundant  near  the  coast  from  (ape  Cod  to  the  pine 
barrens  of  Xi'W  .lersey.  It  nuiy  be  found  in  bloom  from 
the  latter  part  of  July  until  September. 
178 


GOLDEN-RODS 

Genus  {HolidiKjo) 

The  Genus  Solidaffo  is  a  very  large  ono,  comprising 
more  tlmn  eighty  speeiea. 

(A)  SlLVKR-ROI);  WlIITK  GOI.DKN-ROI)  ( .So/Wrtflo  bi- 
color)  bears  tlie  distinction  of  being  tlie  only  one  of  our 
very  numerous  (!ol(len-ro(ls  that  does  not  have  golden 
flowers.  Those  of  this  species  ari^  \.liite  or  creameol- 
ored.  The  stem  is  usually  simple  and  attains  heights 
of  frimi   10  to  30  inclies. 

Silver-rod  blooms  during  August  anil  September  on 
drv  ground,  freipientlv  along  roadsides  or  thi'  edges  of 
woods,  from  X.  15.  to  Minn,  and  southwards  to  tlie  Culf. 

(R)  Tii.iE-STKMMi:n  Ooli>kn-koi)  ( NodWui/o  ctmia) 
blocmis  during  Si'pt.  and  Oct.  I'lie  simple  stem  is  closely 
set  with  lanceidate.  tootb.'d  leaves,  and  from  the  axils 
of  those  on  the  upper  half  .if  the  stem,  appei.r  l.xise 
racemes  of  flowers.  The  heads  are  rather  larger  tlian 
those  of  most  >if  tlie  (i.ddeii  rods  and  have  from  three 
to  live,  comparatively  long,  golden  rays  surrouiuling  the 
tubular  florets. 

17!) 


(A)  Kari.y  C()i.nKN-Roi>  (K<iUil(uio  jiiiiecii)  is  p,  vrrv 
eimiiniin  spci'ii'S  iind  (iiic  of  tlic  wiilii'st  to  Iphxini,  bi'iiin 
fimnd  ill  flower  from  .Inly  until  Sept.  The  flowers  are 
ill  11  Ijir;/e  j»riic'eful  cluster,  eoiiijxfsed  of  iiitmerous  ra- 
cemes, at  the  summit  of  a  tall,  simple  stem  2  to  4  feet 
lii).'h.  The  stem  is  smooth.  an};uhir  ami  usually  a  ruildy 
hrown.  The  leaves  are  smooth,  laiice-siiajied;  the  lower 
ones  toothed,  hut  the  uppi'r  with  nearly  even  edjics. 
The  j;ohU»u-,vellow  flowers  iiave  ei;;ht  to  ten  rays.  Kound 
in  dry  places  from  X.  H.  to  Sask.  and  southwards. 

(R)     Rol  llll-STK.MMKn    (iOI.DKN-Kon     {Stililiaild    )|((/(W(/) 

is  a  very  hairy  s|)ecies,  roujih  to  the  touch.  The  stem 
attains  heifihts  of  I  to  7  feet.  The  llower  racemes 
spread  in  a  broad  pyramidal  panicle.  The  leav<'s  are 
feather-veined,  qnite  liaiiy  and  coarsely  toothed, 

C.WADA  GoU)KN-R()i)  { Siilidaiio  iiiiiailciixi.i)  is  perhaps 
the  most  coinmon  and  the  handsomest  of  the  j;i'nus. 
Till'  flower  cluster  is  very  larjie  and  pliinii'-like.  The 
leaves  are  thin,  narrowly  lanceolate  and  finely  toothed. 
The  rather  slender  stem  ascends  to  heights  of  2  to  7 
feet.  The  flowerheads  are  rather  small. 
ISO 


Lam'im.kavkd  fi<>i.i(i:N-R(>i)  ISiiliihfiio  ijr(im[iiiji>l 
Tliis  s|H'C'ifs  (lill'cis  j;iciitly  in  iiii|i,':iiaiicc  fiinii  tlic  n^ 
fiinii  of  most  iif  tlic  (idlilcn-iiMls. 

The  sli'iii  is  (siiiipU'.  aiif;iilai-  and  slii;litly  nmj.'li ; 
asciMKis  ■>  to  T)  feet  and  near  Uic  siiinniit  sends  np  nni 
slender  wiry,  leafy  liranelies  snpportin;;  llat-topped  tie 
er  i-ln^teis.'  'I'lie'  ll<i\veis  are  erowded  elosely  lo^rel 
lint  are  very  small  and  ratlier  dull-colored:  tliey  li 
\i  to  -JO  ni'innte  rays.  'I'lie  leaves  are  small  and  ii 
rowly  lanec(date;  tl'iey  have  tliree  to  live  ribs  and 
tootl'iless  Init  liave  a  rou<;li  eil^'c.  It  l>loonis  from  Aii^ 
nntil  ()etol:er.  very  eommonly  from  X.  S.  to  Sask.  i 
.scmthwards  to  .N.'.l.  a     i  Mo. 

Showy  (!()i,ni:N-Hni)  iSiilifliii,  xpcriDsii)  is  a  larj.'e 
speeies.  from  H  to  7  feet  tall,  with  a  slont  simple  stem 
and  a  mafiniiieent.  hrijiht  pdden  yellow,  phune-like 
head;  the  Uowers  are  eomparatively  lar^e  and  have  nsii- 
allv  live  rays.  Keadily  distin^'iiished  liy  its  leaves,  the 
lower  ones' rather  !ar'};e.  eonliaeliii;;  into  a  inarjiineil 
stem,  frradnally  deereasin;;  in  si/e  to  small  lance-shaped 
ones  at  the  top  of  the  stem. 

181 


THE  ASTERS 
Genus  (Aster) 

Tlic  mombers  of  this  ^'enns  are  excecdiiifily  numerous 
in  species.  Tlipy  arc  very  variable:  some  have  large 
flower  lieads,  others  tiny  ones;  some  are  quite  tall, 
others  barelv  rise  atiove'  the  jiroiind:  some  liave  few 
flowers  on  a'plunt  vvliile  on  otliers  tliey  are  exceedingly 
numerous.  Their  colors  are  usually  some  shade  of  pur- 
ple or  white. 

Nkw  Exci.ANn  AsTKR  (Is'rr  nnrw-aiiplrc)  is  one  of 
tlie  largebt  of  the  genus,  its  stem  attaining  lieights  of 
from  2  to  li  feet. 

The  stem  is  stcnit,  branched  ami  ratlier  rougli.  The 
leaves  are  soft,  hairy,  lance-shui>ed  and  clas])  the  stem 
by  a  somewhat  heart-shaped  base.  The  flowers  are  in 
a  broad  corymb  at  tlie  top  of  the  stem.  They  are  quite 
lari'c,  measuring  about  an  inch  across;  tlie  30  to  40 
naiTovv  niys  nn-  of  a  purplish  iiilor,  often  quite  bright. 

Tliis  species  is  common  from  Me.  to  Jlinn.  and  south- 
wards,  bUxmiing   from  August   to  October,   frequenting 
dry  ground. 
182 


Smooth  Aster  {Aster  Inris)  is  a  Iinndsome  species 
liaviiig  a  sniootli,  stdiit  atciii,  from  2  to  4  feet  high. 
The  flowers  are  in  lovely  terminal  clusters,  each  hlossom 
measuring  aliout  an  inch  across;  they  are  usually  light 
violet  blue  in  color,  although  color  is  very  variable  with 
all  the  so-called  blue  asters;  each  disk  is  surrounded 
by  la  to  .'10  rays.  The  leaves  are  nearly  smooth-edged, 
lanceolate,  clasping  the  stem  with  a  distinct  heart- 
sluiped  base.  The  Smooth  Aster  is  abundant  from  Me. 
to  Minn,  and  southwards,  growing  in  dry  soil  and  bloom- 
ing in  September  and  October. 

Xew  York  Aster  (Astrr  novi-brlijii)  is  one  of  the 
very  commonest  of  the  "blue  asters."  The  stalk  is 
slender,  very  branchy  and  grows  from  1  to  3  feet  in 
height.  Tlie  leaves  are  conini<mly  narrowly  lanceidate 
but  are  very  variabh";  they  slightly  clasp  the  stem  with 
their  bases.  The  numerous  flower  heads  are  a  trifle 
more  than  an  inch  across,  the  yellowish  center  being 
summnded  by  15  to  24  lilac  or  blue-violet  rays.  This 
species  alxmnds  from  Newfoundland  to  Florida  and  per- 
haps west  to  the  Miss.  Valley.  It  blooms  in  St  ntember 
and  October. 

18.3 


(A)  Hkart-i.kavki)  Astkk  (  Iv/o-  ronlifoliiis)  is  a 
coinn...n  sprei.^H.  iva.lilv  ulrntilicl  l.v  tlir  sl>,.,..-  of  it^ 
Ipav.'s  tliat  air.  tli>'  lower  ones  .•s|H.iMall.y.  lica.t-sl,a|HMl 
ami  on  MUit.-  lonfi,  sU'iiilrv,  cilial.'  pctiolrs.  1  lir  sla  k 
is  slciul.T,  l.ianfl.y  and  ^rows  from  1  to  4  .■•■t  lii^  .. 
The  llowcrrt  are  imiiifrous  lint  nimparativcly  small, 
his  across;  tlii'V  liavi'  lirownish  yellow  ciMi- 
•20  lilac,  or'  li^;lilcr  colored  ra.ys.  It  is 
iiecies  in  tliin  woo<ls  ami  tliickets,  or 
.l.nif;'  their  ed-es.  Konnd  from  N.  1!.  to  .Minn,  and 
tluvards.  (lowering'  in  Sept.  and  Oct. 


alxnit  %  incli 
ters  and   ll>  to 
a  very  common 


(I?)    Pamii.ko  AsTi-.R    i.lslir  imiiiciildliis)    is 
tall   brancliin;.'.  slender-stemmed  species,  cimimonly 
in  nu)ist  fironnd  and  on  tlie  borders  of  woods  or 
The  smooth   stalk  attains  liei^dUs  of   from  2  to 
At  the  ends  of  tlie  branches  are  nnmerons  th.wei 
abont  the  size  of  a  nickel,  loosely  panicleil.      1 
are  Ion"  lance  shapeil.  nearly  smooth,  obscnrcj  , 
at  all.  toothed  and  ilark  f;ivcn  in  cidor.    Tins  is 
the  palest  colored  of  the  -  blue  asters,     the  flow 
very  lifiht  vicdet  and  often  white. 

184 


very 
found 

copses. 

8  feet, 
lieada 
leaves 

or  not 
one  of 

'rs  are 


white,   aster   fio.n   M''-   t"   Mi""-   ■'"''   ''""tl'""^'-     ,"" 
at  grows    1    tM   ;i   f-.t   tail    an,l    has   n.any    hran,  h,s 
'   ■     havi...'  siinph..  inan.vfl..wr..l   st,.,ns  ra.w,,,.!  al on- 
;,■  r       t.   .■M.ls'    All  11,;.  su.ins.  ,.v..n  th..  iL^wrr  ,u.,l,nr 
I'L     an-    s..t    with    linv,    hrathlik,..    l.n-ar    leav-s       I 
or    illustration,    th.    appan-ntlv    ,linVr..nt    ^;'"     '"  ^";;; 
tho   ll.mvrs  of   this   an.l  the   last  >|h.i.i..s   is   t.-causo  th.. 
scale  is  dilVerent. 

(H)  -MANV-KLOWKiiKn  AsTKK  ilv''''  mull  illoiii.'O  has. 
as  its  name  would  lead  one  to  think,  very  many  Ih.wei-. 
but  they  are  sn.all.  averafiing  less  than  '  ^,  ""•''  •"■j;.';^; 
In  fact  most  of  the  wh.t,.-llowere,l  s,,..eies  d..  I  .  x. 
smaller  llowers  than  the  hh.e  ,>nes.  hut  what  thex  la  k 
in  size  they  nn.re  than  make  up  m  r.u>nhers  'l"'  ^  ' 
is  slemler  Imt  wry  hranehinj;.  makin-  a  Imsh-Uke  ,.  an  . 
Kach  branch  is  terminat..<l  by  short,  man/lloweied  i.  ■ 
eemes.  The  leaves  are  tiny,  lis-'ht  f;r..en  a.id  Imea., 
smooth-edged  but  naigh  to  the  l..iu-h.  crowded  ".'""fr  t ;-; 
branches  to  their  lips.  This  .s  a  ->"■■!""».  ^I";<:''",  I  ' 
Mass  to  Alinn.  and  southwards,  growing  in  di\  plaos 
everywhere  and  blooming  fr.,in  Sept.  to  Nov. 


vr;.:: 


«»tt-jji 


'^m^ 


(\)  Smai.i.  WiiiTK  AsiKR  (.l.s(rr  iiwiimiiM  i:<  -^till 
amitlMT  c,f  thr  tiny,  wliit.-lli.won.d  astrrs.  It  liiw  a  tall 
l,ran.-l.in^'  st.-n  Ir.-.n  2  t,.  5  fo-t  l,.;rh,:  t''", '""".^  " -^ 
iiearlv  all  li'avc  tlic'  main  stalk  m  a  l.i.nzi.ntal  jioMtnin 
,n.l  tin'  inllon.scMiri'  is  .lii.Mly  nn  one  snlc  j't  the  llow- 
crin};  stems.  It  t;n>ws  in  moist  -ciil  ticm  Mc  to  .Mum. 
anil  siintliwards. 

(B)  St.vrvkd  .Astkr  [.lKt>r  hilrri/lonis]  is  a  mnch 
branehcil,  »li^'lltlv  hairy  sihtIi's.  .•nnininn  m  tliu'kcts  ami 
li,.Ms  from  N.  S.'t..  Ontario  ami  s.mtliwar.N.  11,,.  loaves 
are  lanee„late  anil  taper  t..  a  |K.int  at  eaeh  eml.  iln;  ray 
llorets  are  usually  less  in  nnmlier  tlian  most  ot  tlio 
other   white  species. 

])\ISY  FiK\n\Nr.  ( I'l-iiimiii  ramoxim)  is  a  eomnnm 
aster-like  smries  f.mnd  hloomin;:  in  li.'Ms  from  .Tune 
until  Oetoher.  The  stem  is  r.Mi-h-hairy  and  arrows  1  or 
"  feet  tall.  The  small,  daisy  like  llowers  grow  in  a 
eorvmlH.d  elnster  at  the  top  of  the  si.in;  they  are  ah-nt 
1/,  'ineli  aer<iss.  have  ipiit.-  a  broad  dise  of  tulmlar.  yel- 
lowish tlorets  and  very  numenais.  narrow,  ray  lh>ret9; 
these  rays  range  from  40  to  80  in  nmnher. 
180 


(A)  Asirr  umMh,l,is  is  a  .•,tMni..n  siut..--  "1  »'"  ' 
nst.T  f.m.i.l  -nminf:  in  nu.ist  w.,M,ib».l  '''■  ''''.''r V',  ,  I 
has  sniiH.lh.  l.'afy.  I.iaiu-liiii^'  st,.ii.>  tnmi  -1  l..  n  t.'.'t    •>li. 

Tl...    lU.m.Tuns    ll.mvr    l.va.ls    air    in    <-..iMp.mn,l    l.at- 

vrlluw  ana  ar,.  M„r..nn,l,Ml  l.y  a  l.'W  wlMf;  >ays.  UM  all> 
l,.-s  lliaii  a  (I../V1..  It  is  a  .■..iniii.m  sp,.,-i,.s  tl.naiL.lic.ul 
the  iiortli.Tii  pails  c.f  tia'  riiit.-il  Stat.'s. 


(n 


1ai!P-i.i:avi:1)  W Astlk    l.lW.r  ,;,»,»;»'./».>.■  i 


is  a  low-r„vvin-  wcuullaial  asl.T  m-..vv,i,j;  man  1  tu  .i  L 
f,.,.t  iu  li.'ifil.t.  Tin.  l.'avs  a  put..  laiJ-"'-  -^ll^'n'l.Y  \ 
point..,!,  sharply  tooth.-l  an,l  s  „„l-t,.,„.n..,l  .        al- 

t..rnat..   ahm;:    the    Imver    pnru.ms   .,:    tla-    stem    an  1    . 


teniate    aiim^'    uie    iii".i     !■■■.' ,    , 

„,„„,„„.    are    s.>   eh.sely    tu^eU„-r    as    t,.    appea  an 

al-out  the  st..n..  just  heh.w  tia.  Ih;w,.,s.        he  Ih  «    >  s 
few    in    nnniher.    .m    sle.ah'.-    pe;lieel-,       1  hev    I'ave    !« 
white  ravs  an,l  a    lather  hrnwnish  eentei  •.    the     avs  a 
l,ni..    nairow.  ufleii  wavy   aii.l  jiiv,.  the  lluw..,-  a  spi.M.l 

,„■   frcm    1   t..    1'..,  inei  It    is  .piit-  a   e.anmnn  s, les 

i„  eoiil  riH,  wouTls  from   Lahra.h.r  to  Ontario  an.l  south 
to  I'a.     It  IjlooiiLs  during  August  ami  ^eptemher, 

IST 


mv-  .-jr.  '    -  J     «, 


lA)  Tk-MU-V  Kvkri  ASTIMi  i  \)i'iiihiilis  iii'iiiiniilKi'rn) 
\<    till'    liUfji-t    llnwrrcil    1111(1    till'    |nvttif>t    of    tlu'   •■vfi- 

Tlir  st.'ins  arc  simiilc.  i|iiiti'  ■-tniit.  \vliitcw(ii)lly.  Ii'afy 
unci  (i  l.i  :!(t  ificlii'^  in  licljilit.  I  lie  li'iivi>«  air  Imit.'  and 
iiairiiw.  Iiavi'  a  ^.iMnntli  nl^i'.  ar<>  ;;ravi*li-^'ircii  almvi' 
111(1  wdollv  IrtOdU.  ami  iiariow  iiilo  cla-iiii;;  liaso;  tlicy 
ire  cldsi'ly  >cl  a  mid  tlic  -tciii  tidiii  llic  lia^c  to  tlic 
llcwcr  iliKtcr. 

Tlic  lldwcrs  arc  in  llattdpiicd  clii-lcr-:  cacli  licad  is 
(•iimpdscd  of  inaiiy.  |icarly-\vliitc.  diy.  (ivcilapldnt;  scalt's 
lliat  siinimiid  lirciwiiisli-ycllnw.  tiilailai-  lldicts.  Slaml- 
iiatc  and  pistillate  Ihnvcis  cn.w  mi  dilVcrcnt  jdaiits. 
Tills  j'.vcilastiii},'  is  very  cinnniim  im  dry  hillsides,  in 
wiidds  cir  on  iiTciitly  eicaicd  land.  It^  laiiire  e>  U'lids 
friiin  N.  S.  to  Mani'tolia  and  soiitliwards  to  S.  ('.  and 
Mo.     It   is  ill  full  Idooin  from  .Inly  until  Scptcnilier. 

{1!|  S\Vi:i;r  KvKlil.AsriMi  {  lliiniihaliiiin  jiiihici  \ihii\iiM) 
has  a  woolly  stem  and  wavy,  hiiieeolale,  Hd(dly  leaves. 
I'lie  pearlv  llowerheads  are  oval  in  ^llape•.  lliey  do  not 
e.spand  until  afti^r  tliey  have  matured.  It  is  eoiiinion 
in  |iasliires  everywhere. 
ISS 


(Itl  1!.,SIN-\m;I:|);  (  nMlv\>s  I'l.WI  iSill,hni„i  hlmu 
alum,  \*  ii  Im^.'.  ■.lii.w.vlln«,.|v.l  pl^iiit  fM.inil  .mi  tin- 
w,M.Tii  i.n.iri.-.  ■  hM.  I,  >t..ul.  n.n;il..  l.r..tl.v  >-.■"' 
that  attains  ImIjiIi-h  ..f  fnan  tlir.v  t"  t.'i.  t.vt  Hi- 
sfni  -rnvv,  fn.n,  a  privniiial  n..,t.  11m'  lai-v  ^''AU- 
ar..  i,i,inatiOv  .livi.l.Ml.  ra.li  ,livi-i..ii  lu'iii-  linear  an. I 
.■nll.ilM.il.  ■        ,  , 

111,.  ll.wiT  1 Is  ar.'  »,.,y  laru'.'.  nira-nnii^'  In.in   Ivy 

to   fnwr    inda.s   a.-n,-s.      Tlirv    a        s,.-sil,.   „r  ,.N,-.....l|n;r  > 

,|„M-t-st..nii 1.    -al.Ml    al.mj.'    1         uppcT    p.ntinn    ot    tin' 

stunt   sirML.      ■ll.cv    an'   .lis........    tu    |.n'.,.nt    Ila'ii-   .'|1;:''- 

„„rt|i   an.l   suntli.      (■nn,|.:.-s    plant    is   tnnn.l   ,.i.    prjiiin- 

frcm  Mii'li.  U,  Nin-tli   l)ak..la  an.l  -..nll.wanis :   it  1 an- 

friini  .Inly  until  Scpti'ml"'!-. 

I  \i     I'RAIHM-.    Dock     iSili.lihnii    t,,l,intlu,        um    !''■' 
inilili'liiinn   is  lalli.T  an  allrartiv,'  plant  thai      .-.'■  ^'imv- 

„n  piairi.'s  an.l  tin'  cl-cs  „f  ,-up-.,'s.      I'hr  >i .tli.  sl.-n- 

,l,.r   st.'ni   asc'mls   :i   t..    \n    t.'.'t    l.if:h    an.l   l"'ars   a    1'«.m' 
pani.'l.'  of  lar-.'.  v,'ll..« -rav.'.l   ll.'W.'r  l,.'a,ls.      ,  la'  l.'av.'s      J 
m..-tlv  nan.'  fr..in  tin'  ■■....(  an.l  !.>w.'V  part  ..f  tla'  st.'ni ;       i 
tli.'v  ;.r,'  sl.'n.l.'r-p.'ti..l."l  an.l  .l.'.'ply  pi.nnit.li.'.l.     t.'nn'l 
friiiii  <>.  t.>  Minn,  an.l  s.aitliwar.ls. 

1S..I 


Elecampane  {Intiln  Ilrlrnium)  (ErRopEAX)  is  a  tall. 
stDiit.  iK'auti'iiI  iiK'iiilH'r  (if  till'  coiii|i()siti'  family  tliat 
ionics  to  us  fidiii  the  old  world. 

The  stout,  sniootli.  .isually  uiibiamdiod  stalk  •rrows 
from  •!  to  ti  f^'ct  iu  lici<.'lit  aiid  is  Iwify  tlirou}.'liout.  At 
till'  summit  of  tlio  stem  is  a  siiii;lc,  or  snmctiiiic'S  two, 
larjic  llowcr  set  on  a  )i('diiiu'li'  from  tlic  an^U'  of  the 
ujiper  leaf.  A  smaller.  Hat.  liraet-like  leaf  ajijiear  just 
lielow  the  Ihiwer  involucre.  The  iiead  measures  two  or 
three  iiielies  aeross  and  has  a  liroad  disc  of  tulmlar. 
yellow  Ihirets,  these  turnin;.'  tan  cidor  as  they  a^e.  The 
yellow  rays  are  iinmerous.  liut  very  narrow,  usually  set 
at  dillerei'it  anodes  and  with  some  vacant  places  so  that 
tlie  flower   has  a   rather  dislieveled  a|)pearnnce. 

The  upper  leaves  usually  clasp  the  plant  stem,  wliile 
the  lower  ones  are  on  petioles.  They  are  liroad.  thick- 
textured,  toothed  and  pointeil;  the  larfie.  whitish  veins 
show  very  prominently,  the  upjier  surface  of  the  leaf 
is  rcaifih. 'yellowish  green,  while  tlie  lower  is  lighter  and 
woollv. 


190 


(  \)  RoniN's  Pt.axtain-  (Friflrron  pulrhrllus)  is  one 
of  tlic  carlirst  nifiiilMTs  of  tin-  com|Misit.-  family  to 
bloom.  Ill  f;ut  it  is  oft.'n  known  as  tli."  "  Uluc  SpiinR 
Diisv,"  a  nam.'  wliiili  is  very  appropiiat.'  I'"-  !«•  >"''i'" 
nioio  so  than  tlii>  one  it  commonly  hisirs  llic  v.M-y 
fu//v,  li.'lit  <'rc.-ii.  juicv  stalk  attains  lififilits  of  from 
10  to  24  iiielK's.  Nlost  of  til.'  leaves  aiv  in  a  .l.Mise 
rosrtto  at  til.,  l.aso  of  tlic  stalk;  tlioy  ar.'  spatula t..  in 
shall.',  iii.listinctlv  to.itlicl  aii.l  liairy  tlir.mf.'h..iit.  I'rom 
on.'  t..  nin..  tl.iw.'Vs.  an  im'li.  or  sli-htly  nior.'.  I.roa.l  are 
}:i-oiiI....l  at  th.'  t.ip  "f  th.'  stem.  It  is  cminioii  .'v.-ry- 
wlii'ii',  bhi.miinji  in  May  ami  Juiii'. 

(B)    Pi  RiM.K  Conk  Ki.kwkr   {Brniitin-ia  piirpiirra)    is 


a  sliowv   \vi'>t.'ni   sp.'i'i.'s  l).'arin;r  a   sin^: 


:1.'.  lar 


lloWlT 

h.'aii"with"'a"ioni.'al  c'lit.'r  of  purpl.'  '.lise  ll..r..ts  ami 
surr.mn.U'.l  l.v  many.  larj;.'.  notcli.'.l.  majinita  rays.  111.; 
stiff  liairv  st.'m  rises  2  to  H  f.'et  luflli.  i  lie  leav.'s.  also 
stilMiairv,  alternat.'  alonft  it:  tlic  upper  on.'s  are  t.i.itli- 
less  an.r  seated  on  tlif  st.'m.  wliile  the  l.iwer  .in.'S  are 
sliari.lv  t....tlie.i:  th.'V  are  live-riM.e.i  an.l  ,1.'.^)  (.'r'™  "i 
color.  '  Rich  soil,  N.  V.  to  Mich,  and  soutliwar.ls. 

101 


Br.ACK-KYKi)  SrsAN;  Ykt.i.ow  Daisy:  Conf.  Fi.owkb 
{ Itiitlhrrkia  liirla)  is  a  l)Ciiiitifnl.  laifiP-flowi'ird,  t(m).'li- 
stcinmeil  species  that  is  ei)iniiiimly  fiiiiiid  in  dry  fields 
and  pastures  tlinninlidiit  tlie  East,  altlicmgli  it  is,  by 
nativity,  a  western   speeies. 

The  "stem  is  liairy,  roiijili.  very  tmifjh  and  j;n)\vs  from 
1  to  3  feet  in  lieifjlit.  Sin);le,' larj;e  llowers  are  borne 
at  tlie  summit  of  eaeli  stem. 

Tlie  involucre  is  composiMl  of  two  rows  of  leaf-like 
bracts  that  spread  as  the  llower  opens,  the  ouier  ones 
extending;  almost  as  widely  as  tlie  rays.  The  conical, 
dark  purple  center  is  composed  of  Ion}.',  tubular  florets 
that  ripen  in  successive  circles  about  the  cone,  makini; 
a  fringe  of  yellow  jMillen  on  it-  surface.  The  oranp'- 
yellow  ravs  nre  neutral,  with  neitlier  stamens  nor  pistils. 

The  leaves,  scattered  alternately  ahmfi  the  stem,  are 
stiff  and  hairy.  The  upper  ones  are  lanceolate  and 
seated  on  the  stem,  the  lower  ones  are  broader  towards 
the  tip,  rather  spatulateshaped. 


1!»2 


Tam,  Conk-flowkk  (Ifuilhcchia  latiiiiaia)  is  u  tail, 
lanlcy  member  of  this  penus,  witii  an  entirely  different 
temperament  from  tliat  of  the  IJlaek-eved  Susan.  No 
liot,  sandy  or  dusty  fields  for  this,  l)Ut'the  cool  deptlis 
of  moist  thickets.  As  usual  with  vejretation  in  moist, 
rich  soil,  its  f;ro\vtli  is  luxuriant.  The  smooth,  hraneli- 
inj;  stem  ascends  to  heights  of  ;i  to  10  feet  and  is  leafy 
tliroufjhout.  Ordinarily,  the  plant  (h>es  ncit  frrow  more 
than  five  feet  in  lieifjlit:  those  that  exceed  this  heiglit 
might  he  termed  giants  of  the  spceii's.  The  h)Her  leaves 
are  very  large,  are  on  long  peti<des  and  are  cleft  into 
five  or  seven  divisions:  the  lower  and  middle  stem  leaves 
are  usually  three-parted  wliile  tlie  upper  ones,  or  at 
least,  the  ones  nearest  the  flowers  aii'  small  and  elliu- 
tical.  ' 

Several  large  flower  heads  terminate  the  branches; 
they  measure  from  2  to  4  inches  across.  The  central 
disc  is,  at  first,  hemispherical  and  green  but  finallv  be- 
comes elongated  and  brownish.  The  rays  nund)er  si.x 
to  12  and  are  bright  yellow  in  color."  This  species 
blooms  from  .July  until  Sept.  and  is  found  from  Jle.  to 
.Manitoba  and  southwards. 


l;{ 


193 


Tex-'KTAI.i.kd  SiNFi.owKR  { llclUinthiis  decnpctalmis) . 
This  is  a  slender  sU'iiiiiipd,  grafeful.  slidwy-lloweml  Sun- 
flower, common  in  iliinii)  woods  and  on  tlie  borders  of 
thickets,  from  Me..  Quebec  and  .Minn,  southwards.  Tlie 
branchin};  steAi  {.-rows  from  2  to  5  fe<>t  tall;  it  is  slightly 
hairy-rou};h  on  tlie  upper  portions  but  smooth  below. 
The' leaves  are  thin,  rather  rouffh-liroad  lance-shaped, 
short-stemmed  anil  fjrow  oppositidy  on  the  stem;  they 
are  all  sharplv  saw-toothed.  Tlie  showy  liowers,  grow- 
ing on  slender"  peduncles  from  thi^  ends  of  tlie  branches, 
are  2  to  S  inclies  across.  Tliough  often  with  ten  rays, 
they  just  as  frequently  have  any  number  from  8  to  15. 

Common  Sunfi.owkb  iHcIiaiithun  anmius)  is  the  com- 
mon garden  sunlli-wer  that  often  has  such  enormous 
heiids.  The  normal,  wild  plant  is  comm<m  from  Minn, 
to  Texas  and  westward.  The  flower  heads  range  from 
three  to  six  inches  in  diameter;  it  is  only  the  cultivated 
variety,  produced  from  this,  that  has  the  mammoth 
heads  we  oft<'n  see. 

In  its  wild  state  the  plant  grows  from  three  to  si 
feet  tall.    Their  period  of  bloom  is  from  July  until  Sept. 

194 


jEBlKAi.Ksr  Abticiioke  I Ilvliniifhu!)  tiibrronun)  is.  liko 
the  Coiimion  Siintlowcr,  a  viiluiiblo  .spefics.  anil  one  tliat 
is  often  cultivatcil  Ijceausc  of  its  edible  roots,  tliese 
being  tender  ami  of  goiiil  llavor;  they  are  eat;Mi  raw  or 
cooked.  Their  valne  as  articles  of  "food  was  first  dis- 
covered by  Indians  and  by  them  imparted  to  i  iir  early 
colonists.  The  nanu'  .Jerusalem,  in  connecti<m  with  this 
plant,  is  a  corruption  from  the  nanu-  applied  to  the 
species  by  Italians,  (tJirasole  Articocco),  meaning,'  sun- 
flower artici"  ke. 

It  is  a  handsome  plant,  the  stont,  leafv,  hairv  stalk 
growing  from  3  to  12  feet  tall  and  iM'ing  topixid  witli 
several  large  showy  flowers.  The  large,  three-veine<l 
leaves  are  hairy  anil  have  toothed  margins.  They  are 
chiefly  set  opjHisitely  on  the  stem,  althimgh  some  of  the 
upper  ones  may  alternate.  The  several  (lower  heads  are 
large,  measuring  up  to  three  inches  across.  The  central 
florets  are  greenish  yellow  and  are  surrounded  by  from 
12   to  24  long,  golden-yellow  rays. 

This  species  is  often  aNo  known  as  the  Canada  Potato 
and  the  Karth  Apple.  Its  range  extends  from  southern 
Canada  southwards  nearly  to  the  Gulf. 

195 


(A)  TiKor.AR-TicKS :  Stick-tioiit  (Biiteiis  fronilosa)  is 
a  iiliiiit  fiiiiiiliar,  to  tlieir  soitdw.  to  all  who  roam  tin" 
woods  and  fields  diirinp  Fall.  Wlio  lias  not  had  tlio 
pleasant  tusk  of  sittin};  down  and.  one  by  one,  removin>( 
the  little  two-hookc'd,  l)lack  seeds  that  hang  so  closely 
to  elothin<r. 

Iie}r<jartieks,  in  a|ipeaianee.  is  an  uninteresting  \yeed 
connnim  everywhere  in  moist  f;round  or  along  roadsides. 
The  stem  is  very  liranehing  and  is  from  1  to  8  feet  tall. 
The  leaves  are'  compounded  of  three  to  five,  sharply 
toothed,  lanoe-shaped  leallets.  Tlie  llower  heads  are  com- 
posed of  tubular  brownish-yellow  llorets.  simietimes  with 
no  surrounding  rays  and  again  with  a  few,  tiny  ones. 

(I?)  Labim:b  nrR-MAKU;oi.n;  Brook  Si  nfloweb  {Bi- 
(UiiH  htris)  is  a  verv  attractive  species  while  it  is  in 
ilower,  but  h>ter,  after  the  litth'  seeds  have  formed,  it 
has  the  same  disagreeable  traits  common  to  all  the 
mend)ers  of  the  genus.  The  tlowers  of  this  species  are 
1  to  2  in.  acn-ss,  having  S  or  10  large,  yellow,  neutral 
rays  surrounding  ihe  dull-colored  disc  florets.  The  stem 
is 'slender  and  branching,  the  leaves  lance-shaped  and 
toothed.     Common  in  swamps  and  aliptig  brooks. 


(A)  Common  Wiiitk  Daisy:  ()x-f.yi;  Daisy  (Chri/s- 
anlhcmtim  Inicniitliiiniini)  (  KlROPKA.N  i  is  a  natliiali/c>(i, 
floral  citizen.  It  is  sii  cniniiKin  anil  has  iH'Conic  so  wide- 
spread tliat  it  is  even  lietter  known  than  nnist  of  our 
oiininion  native  llowers. 

This  daisy  needs  no  description.  We  have  two  very 
similar  kinds  diirerinf;  in  the  shape  <jI'  the  leaves  one 
l)einf;  nion,  |)innatifid  than  the  other.  The  one  shown 
on  the  opposite  page  is  tlie  most  common,  a  variety  of 
Iciicaiillii'iiiiiiii  called  ]>iiiiiitlijhiui>i.  The  otlier  '  va- 
riety has  the  ends  of  the  leaves  rounch'd  and  I'liely 
tootlied  but  Mot  cut  or  slashc'd. 

(B)  Fkvkrfkw  (ChiiisdiitliniiKm  I'ailhriihini)  (Kr- 
ROi'EAX)  is  f<mnd  in  some  ])laees  in  thi'  East  as  an 
escape  from  gardens.  Tlie  stem  grows  from  1  to  2  feet 
tall  and  is  quite  liranching.  The  (lowers  are  grouped  in 
clusters:  they  are  mucli  smaller  than  those  of  the  last 
species  and  have  a  comparatively  broader  disc  of  yellow 
llorets.  The  leaves  are  broad,  deeply  pinnatifid  and 
each  division  further  toothed  or  cut.  It  is  locally  nat- 
uralized from  ilass.  to  N.  ,1.  and  westwards.  It  blooms 
from  June  until  Sept.,  the  same  as  does  the  last  species. 

197 


(A)  Yahrow.  Milfoil  {.Ichillrn  Mitli folium)  is  one 
of  the  iiiDst  ciminion  of  our  wayside  weeds. 

Tlie  stem  is  stout,  firny-preen  usually  simple,  or  fork- 
ing near  the  top.  The"  leaves,  alternatin;;  along  and 
clasping  the  stem,  are  soft  and  feathery, — deeply  and 
flnelv  bipinnatifid. 

The  flowers  gro.v  in  very  oom|)act,  llat-topped  clusters 
at  the  top  of  the  stem.  Kach  flower  head  has  a  center 
of  short,  tubular,  yellowish  florets  that  turn  brown  or 
grayish  as  they  grow  old:  they  are  surrounded  by  from 
four  to  six  round,  white  rays. 

Yarrow  is  a  very  hardy  plant:  we  may  find  it  thriving 
beside  roads  wl'"Ve  the'  ilust  has  killed  nearly  every 
other  living  thing.  Its  leaves  have  a  strong,  not  un- 
pleasant, aromatic  odor. 

(B)  Mayweed;  Chamomile  (Anthcmh  Cotula)  (Ec- 
BorEAN)  is  also  a  common  weed  found  by  the  wayside 
in  corapanv  with  the  last  species.  The  stem  is  very 
branchy,  s'to  20  inches  high.  The  leaves  are  very  finely 
divided.  The  strong,  unpleasant  odor  of  the  foliage  will 
at  once  correct  the  impression  that  it  may  be  a  daisy. 

198 


(A)  SNEEZF.WKEn  ( 77(7()ii KHi  niifiimiinlr)  is  a  Iionuti- 
fiil,  liitlu'i-  Olid,  plant  tliiit  l>iij,'lit('iis  iiii'iiddws  iiml 
Kwainps  (liiriiii;  Ail^unt  and  Sept.  The  stem  is  ratlicr 
stimt,  sniootli  and  branching::  it  ascends  fnmi  2  to  0 
feot.  Alteinatlnjf  alon^  thr  -tcin.  are  ninnerinis  ovate, 
pointed,  sliarplytootlied,  bri^dit  green  leaves. 

It  is  tile  blossoms  tliat  attract  our  attention  for.  be- 
sides beinj;  very  liandsonie,  tliev  are  unusual  in  form. 
The  hemispherical  center  is  composed  of  closely  packed 
tubular  Horets  anil  is  surrounded  by  a  number  of  broad, 
toothed,  <i<iUlen-yello\v  rays;  the  heads  have  an  expanse 
of  1  to  2  inches,  lioth  the  tubular  and  the  yellow,  pis 
tillate  raya  are  fertile. 

(B)  Taxsy;  Bittkb  Button.i  (Tanarrtum  riihinrr) 
(EiROPKiVN)  is  abundant  everywhere  about  houses  and 
along  roads,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Koeky  Mountains. 

The  foliage  is  very  bitter  and  is  the  foundation  of 
nmny  an  old  fashioned  renu'dy.  The  ttow\'rs  grow  in 
llat-tnpped  clusters  and  are  composed  of  round  discs,  or 
"buttons."  of  tubular  ilorets  only.  It  is  a  s|)ecies  not  to 
be  mistaken:  it  has  an  a])pearance.  an  odor  and  a  taste 
of  its  own.    It  blooms  from  July  until  September. 

199 


(A)    Ooi.DEN  Rauwobt    iScccio  aureus).     In  Inttor 
March  an.l  .■ally  April,  Ragwort  «l.ows  simply  a  ti.  t 
of  stonu.u.a,  lK.art-slmp.Ml  l..av..s.  ''-"".'''''"S^. *'"';«    /„,, 
l,.t«i      A  littl.-  later  a  stfiii  asc.ii.ls  from  the  perciim.il 
root-    a    sU-n.lcr,    to.ifih.    unjiular,    twiHtinK    stem    that 
liv  n-a     OS  h'eightrof  1  to  :!  feet.     During  May  an, 
e;   thev    earrv    at    their    summit    a    loose    cluster    o 
"ght,  oranf;.-v;.llow  ilowers.     Kach.  llowr  is  compos.'.l 
„    but  8  to  12- narrow,  orange-yellow  rays,  surrou.ahug 
a  central  cluster  of  tuhular   llorets  of  brownish-orange. 
The  stem  leaves  are  chielly  sessile.  . leeply  cut  or  pin- 
natiful.      Ragwort    gr.nvs    most    almiulantly    an.l    m.  >t 
ht^nriantly  Tn    swamps   or    moist    ^"•"'•■»'.   '"'*':,;' ;' 
four,.!   in  ilrv   places  or   stony   pastur.-s.     Us   r.ing.    .x 
tenlis  from  .Newf..un.llan,l  to  Wisconsin  and  southwar.U. 
(B)    Arnica     (Annra    wollh).      The    slightly    hairy 
st.m  grmvs  fr.mi   1  t.i  2  f.-et  tall.     The  basal  leaves  ale 
ong-p*;tiole,l  but  the  stem  ..i.-s  are  --i'«  ""' .  "I"';;-', ; 
sh.in.)w-toothe.l.     At  the  summit  are  one  I"  nin.    Il..«ii 
hea  1    on  :^':ier  pe.lni.cles.     About  the  central  .l.sc  in.e 
10  to   14  vell.iw  rays,  each  with  three  n..tch.>j.  in  their 
ends,    faiiada  and  the  m.iuntains  of  north.'rii  I  .  •  - 
200 


RiKiKHK    (Arctium    minus)     (Khiopkan)    U   u    v..rv 

,„,,"„,  plant  ..n  wa.t.-  I^'rt'  "'"Ir  J'Z^t^ll 
tlu.  .Mlf;..s  of  woods.  Tl...  plant  is  "Itwi  «">'[  ""'':[. 
.,   ,ir  hi-li.     The  low.T  loaves  aiv  very  lai};.'.  oltrn  nioi. 

a,  a  ot  in  length,  heart-shape.l.  .l...p  (.'.een  a.. 
nilTy  veined  ahove.  grayish  .,e,u.atl.  '-"-;;';„;";;„  !'^ 
wool  that  e.,vers  the  ..nder  surfaces,  l''  P '' '  !  ^ 
are  smaller,  more  ovate  in  form  and  less  densely  wooii> 
Tt he  lualersides.  The  llower  heads  grow  in  0  ust-  •  a 
1    ,.    ends    of    the    l.ranehes.      Th.^    ,i.v,dner..    is    alino-.l 

he  i"  h-C'omposed  of  numerons  bra.ts   ..a.h  t.rmina 
ii7 in       sharp,  hooked  point.     Tubular  llorets,  only,  a  e 
seated  wit  In  this  ,nv,diiore;   they  are  purple  and  w  ute 

n  ..^o"   ai'd  seerete  an   ahundance  of  nectar,  on  which 

account  thev  are  f.e(iuented  hy  lamey  '"•••J-  

The  present   species  a.U.pts  the  policy  ..    the  Hegg.i 
ticks"  hut  instead  of  single  seeds,  it  "tt"-'"'-  .t"'  "    '^': 
lur-like    hen.l   l.v    nwai.s   of    its    numerous    little    1  o  ks. 
T h cv  c  in.'  tenaei.mslv  to  everylhing  they    ouch:  .louht- 

ess-niosJ^d    mv    readers   recall  ma^Mug   these   burs   to- 
gether  to  make'castles,  funny  men.  animals,  etc. 

201 


»*t   "  •  '^JFiWIV  l^f^'l't  %^  *l 


Bhar,.lyi..ickU..l    "'''■\,^;"       1    anel..-.     Wh.-n  in  full 

:it;.v:x;;:d"--:,  ;!:itin. « tmy, ..«.,.,  out. 

'"Mi'\r'tti«tlo.  vi.l.l  »n  almn.lancc  of  nuctar  and  are 
frequented  by  bees  and  butterthea. 


202 


lUl.I.  TlllHTI.K    {Cirsiiiiii    laiifKiliitiiiii)    \*   till'    lliistlr 
tlint  we  niiwt  (>fl<ii  -'•i'  i"  li'''"'*  »'"'  I""'*"''-'-     "  '"  '.""' 

tl.r....  inch.-s  aiT,«s.  'I  li.'  st.Mi.  is  sti.iit  ,n,.l  >Mni,l,..  ami 
<rr..ws  from  1  to  :»  fi'.'t  l.it;li:  it  is  l.a.iy  ni.l  an-iilar  iii 
Bfctioii  ami  fjrows  fi...u  u  liicumal  root>talk. 

Tli.^  tlowcr  lirails  arc  very  lar;rc',  two  to  tliicr  an  1 
on.-l.alf  i.u'h-s  across  niwl  usually  solitary  a'tLo-'Ifl' 
fr.M|U..ntlv  two  la.wls  cn.NV  on  tlir  saum  slalk  1 1  >■ 
l..av..s  arc  lamM-sl,a|H.,l.  (.'rrci.,  claspin-.  ra  la'r  liai.s. 
pinnalili.l  an.l  aru...!  witl.  short,  stout  pn'l>l-'--  •'"fl 
,,.|ow  tlio  llowrs  arc  several  small  liraet  like  leax.-. 
also  ariiie.1  « itli  shar).  prickles.  All  tlos  armor  temU 
to  .liscairafie  pilfcriii-  insects  from  crawliaj:  n|.  tla 
stem:  slumlil  tliey  persist  an.l  read,  tlie  lar-e  oaolmie. 
which  is  also  arnicl.  they  will  liml  that,  in  a.  :tion.  it 
is  sll.'litlv  stickv,  ami  ineseiits  an  •  incn, tralilc  harrier 
to  their  upward  progress.  This  species  is  coinmon  from 
Ale   to  Del.  and  I'a.     It  blooms  from  July  until  hcpt. 


203 


The  slenili' 


TiilsTi.E    iCrntaurra   iiiiira,  rnr.  rmlinla). 

^,.^.  „ stem  biiiiiclica  sli'.'litly  anil  riws  to  lioiglits 

(,f  1  to  2  foi't.  each  l)iaiicli  bearing'  a  solitary  flower  head 
at  the  cud.  The  flower  head  has  a  round  involucre  of 
tawny,  or  (lark  brown,  dry  bracts;  the  florets  are  all 
tubular  and  rose-purple. 

This  species,  which  is  introduced  from  ICurope.  frrow  3 
in  waste  places  and  alon^  roadsides  from  N.  S.  to  On- 
tario and  south  to  X.  •!.  and  I'a.  It  may  be  found  in 
blcxmi  from  duly  until  Se]>t. 

(B)  CiiiroRY;  SiTCORY  iCichorium  iiiiiihKs)  ( KiRO- 
I'KA.N)  has  become  thoroughly  luiturall/ed  and  is  coui- 
mim  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  United  States.  .■s])ecially 
so  near  the  coast. 

The  stem  is  stiff,  timfih  and  anjiubir  in  cross-section: 
it  attains  heightH  of  from  1  to  :i  feet.  The  leaves  are 
long-lanceidate.  dark  gray-green  and  coarsely  toothed. 
The  flowers  are  very  beautiful.— a  violet-blue,  approach- 
ing a  i)ure  blue  in  color.  There  are  at  least  two  ranks 
of  strap-aliajied  rays,  the  inner  ones  much  shorter,  all 
toothed  at  the  ends.  Succory  blooms  in  dry  situations 
from  .Inly  until  (Kl. 
204 


(•V)  Fall  DvMiKi.ioN-  (Ltuiitoilim  fiiiliimiialis)  (Ku- 
BOi'E\N)  is  a  small  daiulcli.-n.  iiatuializ.-.l  fn.iu  Kuropo 
and  common  in  tlio  Eastern  States  durin};  [""ll.  '"■  >"'•" 
the  latter  part  of  July.  The  leaves,  tutte.l  at  the  base 
of  the  Uower  scape,  ar.-  lone  and  narrow  and  have  l.lunt 
teeth  The  llower  scape  is  Ion}.'  and  slemler  and  usually 
forks  near  th.'  summit,  heariuf:  two  or  three  llower 
heads,  rarely  (mly  one:  the  scape  attains  heifihts  of  , 
to  18  inches.  The  llower  stalk  is  not  hollow  like  that 
of  the  common  dandeliim,  hut  is  solid.  It  prows  in 
liclds  aiKl  alon;;  roadsides  and  is  cpiite  common  from 
Newfoundland  lo  Mich,  and  south  to  I'a. 

(B)  DwvRF  1).\M)i:lion:  (  vntiii.v  (  A'li./m  ririiiiiica) 
is  a  tinv  little  Jilant  as  compared  to  the  common  dande- 
lion The  leaves  are  all  hasal  on  rather  lonp  p<>tioles; 
thev  are  coarsely  and  sharply,  or  lac-iiiately.  toothed. 
Xuinerous  unhra'nchinf.'.  slend.'r  llower  scapes  rise  from 
these  tufts  of  hasal  leaves,  each  hearinfj  at  the  summit 
a  little  solden-rave<l  llower  resemhlinj,'  a  dandelion. 

Cvnthia  is  a  very  common  native  species  and  is  found 
hloo'ming  from  April  until  .Tuly  in  dry  tiehls,  open  woods 
or  saudv  soil,  from  s.mthern  Canada  to  the  Gulf. 

20,5 


\)  Common-  nAxnfT.ioN  iTara.rnciim  offirinale)  nl- 
tliDii-li  an  iinmifjiant  to  our  land,  has  i-xti'nd.'d  lU 
raiiiie  from  tlie  Atlantic  to  the  I'acitic,  and  is  as  well, 
or  bi'ttor,  k)io\vn  as  any  other  wild  llower  that  wo  have. 
As  everyone  knows,  its  ^'riMMi.  ja^'f.H'tl  l'""^'*'''  *<"■■"  ^^ 
staple  article  of  food  and  can  be  ]inrchased  in  markets 
in  Sprin"  at  so  nnuh  per  peck.  This  species,  witli  its 
larn-e  Hat  rosette  of  leaves  and  hrijilit  sunny  llowers 
needs  no  description;  it  is  well  shown  on  tlie  accoin- 
panvinfr  plate.  All  parts  contain  a  bitter  milky  juice 
that  exiKles  freelv  whenever  the  jdaiit  is  broken. 

The  dandelion  blooms  most  abundantly  during  the 
Sprin"  months  but  may  also  bi'  found  diiriii!;  every  othi'r 
month,  even  in  Winter.  The  nam.,  .landelion,  of  course, 
refers  to  the  jag-ied  edge  of  the  leaves. 

(H)  RFD-SEKDKn  D.vx»F.i.i0N  {Tamxacum  enjlhrosprr- 
miiiin  is  a  smaller  species,  also  Kuropean,  with  more 
deenlv  cut  leaves  (pinnatilid)  and  with  reddish-brown 
se<Hls.'  whereas  those  of  the  iireeeding  species  are  usu- 
ally olive-ixreen.  Common  in  dry  fields  from  Jle.  to  1  a. 
ancl  westxviird  to  the  Mississippi. 

200 


(A)  Sow  Thistle  [SonchiiR  olcidrniii)  (Eiropk\x) 
1    ,s  sprcKs  is  not  a  real  tliistlc  at  all  ami  tli.>  name 

..ow  IS  ai)|)lic(l  ratlicr  as  a  toim  of  derision,  siani- 
ij-inf;  spnrioiis  or  wortlilcss. 

The  St.™  is  stout,  smooth,  sroov.Ml,  liollow  and  snc- 
cul.'nt;  It  attains  li,.ijrhts  of  1  to  (i  feet.  Tlie  leaves  are 
sliaped  more  like  tiiose  of  the  dandelion  than  a  t!  i-tle 
Imt  are  armed  with  soft  spikes.  The  snnill,  thistle-like 
ilower  heads  are  lijrlit  yell  ,w:  they  {{row  in  loose  clus- 
ters, terniinatmi,'  the  hranehes. 

(B)  Wild  Lcttick  iLnrliica  ramdnitii)  is  one  of 
the  rankest-Krowin};  of  our  native  i)lants.  The  milkv- 
jniced  hranchin;:,  smooth  .stem  ranjtes  in  heiifht  from 
■i  to  10  feet.  The  l.,,ves  are  all  v.'rv  anjrular,  cut. 
toothed  and  froufied  in  all  nninner  of  forms,  "hose  near 
the    liase   of    the    stem    ar..    very    hirj.'e.    often    attainin;; 

enfiths  of  more  than  a  foot.  They  become  smaMer  and 
less  deeply  lohed  as  they  mount  the  stem,  the  upper 
small  ones  heing  alnn.st  entire-edfjeil.  The  snmll.  v(d- 
low-rayed  flowers  are  numerous  hut  unintiTestin^'  '  Vt 
maturity  they  are  succeeded  hv  silky  heards  of^down 
proceeding  from  the  deep-vase  like  involucres. 

207 


(A)  I  ATTr.E.sNAKE-wKED  (ff,Vr(!r!Hm  rrnoxum)  is  c  m- 
iiionly  f..,-nd  in  dry  sandy  placs  and  in  „,„.„  wo.„ls. 
Jt  can  readily  l«,  rccufini/cd  by  the  tuft  of  si.atiilate 
leaves  spreading  from  tlio  root,  each  leaf  haviiiL'  stron- 
veinmfjs,  of  purple. 

A  solitary  stem,  liranchiu;.'  sliglitly  at  the  top,  "-rows 
from  the  center  of  the  tuft  of  h-aves.  Tlie  (l.,wer  heads 
are  composed  of  bright,  fjohlen-y.-llow  ravs  seat...!  in  a 
rather  deep  involucre;  they  resemble  little  dandelions 
lilt  the  rays  are  few,.r  iu  numl„.r.  I!attle™ake-we..d 
blooms  from  June  until  September  and  ranges  from  Jle 
to  Minn,  and  .southwards  to  C-a. 

(B)  Canad.v  Hawkwekd  {IHrrmiiim  canailni.ir)  is  a 
smooth,  sh^nder,  leafy-stemmed  species.  J{esi,les  the 
large,  spreading,  basal  ones,  the  stem  is  alternatelv  set 
with  steniless.  lanee-shaped,  sharply-toothed,  light  ireen 
eaves,  llie  llowers  are  praeticallv  like  those  of  the 
ast  .species  In  October,  they  are  rejilace.!  bv  little 
brownish   glolies   of   ilown.      fanada    llawkweed    is   com- 

«"•'!■  Tr.  ,"    ;"."'''''''   "f   "■'""'*'   f'""'    ^'<■«•foundlan<l    to 
liritish  Columbia  soutl,  to  \.  .1..  Mie),.  ,,„,!  (),.e„„„      jt 

blooms  from  .Inly  until  Seiiteniber.  " 

208 


KEYS  TO  FLOWERS  BY  COLOR. 


The  flowers  are  gronpe.l  uiidei-  their  most  conspicuous  colors,  the  one.s  the 
l!r„  "'?«    .''.  "'"■'*', "'"  '"  •■'»"  "»'"'■    As  far  as  possible  the  smallest  flowers 


are  i)lace(l  tiist  in  each  section 


WHITE  AS  THE  CHIEF   FLOWER-COLOR. 

False   Si)ikeiiard.— Tiny:    clustered 32 

False  Solomon's  Seal.— ^  leuves  ou  stalk 33 

Meadow  Rue.— Filmy  cluster;   li-lobed  leaves .' ,ii, 

Sundew.— Raceme:  ltav.-s  hairy,  basal s". 

Saxifrage.— Cluster;  3  petals:  basal  leaves S2 

Mitrewort.— Raceme;  :,  petals;  crystal-like yj 

Foap;  Flower.— Feathery  spike:  leaves  basal I.;'- 

Meadowsweet.— Spike-lilie  clustei-   ^1 

White  Clover.— Trii)le  leaves;  nmnil  heads ....'. r,-, 

Ginseng.— I'mbel;    :!  comiiound   leaves p.'l 

Wild  Carrot.— Flat  cluster:  divided  leaves ['.', y,', 

Catnip.— Small  clusters;   aromatic j-,^ 

Rattlesnake    Plantain.- Tubular,    spike.l ............' 55 

209 


Ladles'   Tresses. — Spiral   spike;    tubular a* 

Checkerbury. — Tubular,  pendent;    evergreen 131 

Patrldge  Berry. — In  pairs,  4-lobed l''* 

Violet. — 5  petals,  lower  large,  veined i H^ 

Star-of -Bethlehem. — Umbel ;    grasslike   leaves 41 

Dutchman's  Breeches. — 2  sac-like  spurs 77 

Squirrel  Corn. — Tubular,  heart-shaped 7T 

Toothwort. — 4  petals;  2  compound  leaves 78 

Star  Flower. — Above  whorl  of  leaves 137 

Bladder  Campion.— 5  petals;   inflated  calyx 62 

Evening  Lychnis. — 5  notched  petals 62 

Anemone. — 5-G  sepals;  delicate  low  herbs 70 

Plpsissewa. — Cluster;   5  waxy  petals 124 

Shinleaf.— Raceme ;  5  waxy  petals 12" 

Indian  Pipe.— Cold,  clammy  white;  no  green 125 

Turtle-head. — Tubular,  2-lipped;  spiked 161 

Cornel. — 4-parted  involucre.     Low  herb 122 

Bloodroot.- Solitary;  6-10  petals 75 

Mandrake.— Solitary;   6  petals;   large  leaves 74 

Fringed  Orchis.— Showy  spike;  lip  fringed 50 

Trillium.— 3  petals,  3  sepals;  3  leaves 38 

210 


Arrow-heads.— Aquatic;   3  petals   ...  ,« 

Water  Arum.— Aquatic;  large  white  spathe. .       si 

Grass  of  Parnassus.— 5  petals,  green-veined ....       ti 

Azalea.— Shrub ;  tubular,  5  spreading  lobes ...             ,« 

Laurel. -Clustered,  Saucer-shaped ;  shrub  io2 

Atamasco  Lily.— Erect,  6parted;  solitary. . .             i. 

Lady's  Slipper. -Large,  white,  slipper-shaped . .           ]i 

Dogwood.— Shrub  or  tree;   4-parted  involucre. ...    ,3? 

Water  Lily.— Floating,  numerous  petals '■'.'.'■'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'"  M 

BLUE  AS  THE  CHIEF  FLOWER-COLOR. 

Bluets.— Tiny,  4-lobed:   white,  blue-tipped i7a 

Toadflax.— Spurred,  hooded,  tiny  lip. . . :«» 

Forget-me-not.— 5  petals,  yellow  center. ...  tso 

Day  Flower.— 2  petals;  delicate;  spathed ,? 

Piclterel-weed.- Aquatic;  showy  spike  oi 

Mud  Plantain.— Aquatic ;   kidney-shaped  leaf.  ...  tl 

Fringed  Gentian— 4  spreading,  fringed  lobes iJ? 

Bugloss— Leafy  racemes;   tubular,  5  lobes ik7 

Lobelia— Leafy  spike;   3-lobed  lip ,,5 

211  


PURPLE  OR  MAGENTA  COLORED  FLOWERS. 

44 
Blue-eyed  graas— 6-parted,  white  center 

Sundew — Raceme;  leaves  thread-like  , ■••  •  ■ 

St.  Johnswort— Flesh  color,  5  petals 

Speedwell— Axillary  racemes,  4  petals 

Showy  Orchis— Purple  hood,  white  lip , 

Fringed  Orchis— Showy  spil<e;  lips  fringe;! ° 

Clnquefoil — 5-parted,  calyx  large   ., 

Lupine— Pea-like;  8-palmated  leaflets  "^ 

False  Indigo— Pea-like;   3-palmate  leaflets ^J 

Flax— 5  large  petals;  tiny  leaves '• 

Vervain— 5  petals,  tiny;  slender  spikes ^ 

Self-heal— Short  stout  spike;   hoode<l 

Skullcap— Spiked ;   tubular  with  hood  and  lip i^°° 

Ground  Ivy— Prostrate;   axillary  flowers '-•''* 

Monkey  Flower— 2  lobed  upper;  3  lobed  lower J»^ 

Gerardia— Tubular,  5-lobed ;    linear  leaves i^* 

Hepatica— 6  petals;  3-lobed  leaves;  downy '* 

Splderwort— Small  cluster;  3  petals;  hairy ^^ 

Violets— 5  petals;  lower  large,  veined 

212 


Loosestrife— Showy  spike;  5  long  petals 11' 

Miiliweeds— Axiilary  clusters;  milky  juice j** 

Bittersweet— 5  petals;   yellow  cone  center |^' 

("ranesbill— 5  petals;   palmate  leaves ^"^ 

Virgin's  Bower— Large  bell-shaped;  4  sepals |i 

Meadow  Beauty— 4  petals;  long  curved  pistil J" 

Closed  Gentian— Tubular,  closed    |" 

Phlox— Corymbed;   5  spreading  petals f*' 

Bluebell— Bell-shaped,  5-toothed ;   slender   J '* 

Bellflcwer— Showy  spike;  5  toothed  corolla J'^ 

Thcrn  Apple— Funnelforn-;  .^-pointed  lobes '»« 

Morning  Glory— Funnel-shaped;   climbing  i" 

Blue  Flag— 3  petals ;  3  sei  als  variegated *^ 

Wake-Robin— 3  petals,  3  stpals,  3  leaves 

BLUE  OR  MAGENTA  COIVIPOSITES. 

Ircn-weed— Tubular  florets;  clustered  1J| 

Blazing  Star— Tubular  florets;  loose  spike j'" 

.loe  Pye  Weed— Tubular  florets ;    flat  clusters i ' ' 

Burdock— Tubular  florets;  spiny  involucre ^''^ 

213 


Thistles — Tubular  florets ;  spiny  leaves 202 

Asters — Blue  or  purple  rays Ig2 

Robin  Plantain — Purple  rays  191 

Chicory— Blue  rays,  notched  at  tip .' ' ' '  2O6 

PINK  AS  THE  CHIEF  FLOWER-COLOR. 

Perslcarla— Tiny,  in  slender  spikes 59 

Steeplbush— Steeple-like  cluster  84 

Red  Clover— Trifoliate;   round  flowerhead ........[.."     94 

Twinflower — In  pairs;   crimson  inside 171 

Dogbane — 5-toothed,  bell-shaped ;  spreading  144 

Arbutus — Creeping;  o-parted,  fragrant 131 

Milkwort — Round  scaly  heads;  small  leaves 104 

Fringed  Polygala — 2  wing-like  sepals 103 

Pogonia — Solitary;   broad,  crested  lip 53 

Calopogon— Several ;  fringed  leaf  at  top 52 

Arethusa — Solitary;  broad  crested  lip;  erect 52 

Bouncing  Bet — 5-parted,  deeply  lobeii -■■'■■.......'...'.     63 

Spring  Beauty — "i-parted;  grass-like  leaves 65 

214 


willow  Herb — 4  petals,  slender  pods;  spike 119 

Azalea— Tubular,  5-lobed;  long  stamens;  shrub 127 

Laurel — Clustered ;   saucer-shaped    130 

Moss  Pink — Creeping;   5  notched  petals 148 

Sabbatia— Large;   10-12  petals;  2  Inch  across 140 

Sea  Pink — 5  petals,  crimson  marks;  showy 139 

Rhododendron — 5  petals,  yellow  spots;  shrub 128 

Rose  Mallow — 5  petals,  large,  3  Inch  across 109 

Wild  Rose — 5  large  petals;   spiny  stems 89 

Moccasin  Flower — Large,  slipper-shaped   47 

RED  AS  THE  CONSPICUOUS  FLOWER  COLOR. 

Wood  Lily — Deep  orange-red,  spotted,  erect 28 

Columbine — Pendulous ;    5-spurred    72 

Pitcher  Plant — Leaves  hollow  SO 

Pimpernel — Copper-red,  5  petals;  sandy  soil  137 

Oswego  Tea — Striking,  tubulp; ;  round  heads 1.56 

Painted  Cup — Floral  leaves  scarlet  tipped   Ifi.". 

Coral  Honeysuckle — Slender,  yellow  within   172 

Cardinal  Flower — Lip  3-lobe<l;   velvety  174 

215 


ORANGE  AS  THE  CHIEF  FLOWER-COLOR 

Jewel-weed— Pendent;   bunch-like,  spuired  "  inR 

Butterfly-weed— Terminal  cluster;   brilliant         ii- 

Toadflax— Yellow  spur  and  lip;  orange  palate  '.'.'. \ln 

Trumpet  Creeper— Large  trumpet-shaped ;   vine         i «» 

Turk's  Cap  Llly-Reflexed,  spotted;  leafy  oq 

Day  IJIy— Erect;  basal,  sword-shaped  leaves  . .' ,? 

Hawkweed— Rays  in  several  ranks  Jl 

Dandelions— Rays  in  several  ranks  ,n? 

Tansy— Flat  clusters,  no  rays  .  t"° 

Golden-rods— Plume-Iike  spikes;  5-V2  rays .sn 

Golden  Aster— Golden  rays;  sandy  soil  I'a 

Elecampane— Slender,  yellow  rays;   disc  {in 

Sunflowers— Yellow  rays,  large  disc  ....  ioi 

Coneflower— Orange  rays,  purple  cone  disc   .  .  .'. ;,, 

Ragwort— Orange  ra.-s  and  small  disc  '■'■'■'■.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.""  •>oo 

YELLOW  AS  THE  CHIEF  FLOWER-COLO". 

Golden  Club — Aquatic:  club-shappd  spike 

Hop  Clover— Cylindrical,  scaly  heads  .  .  qi 

Yellow  Flax— Tiny  flowers;  tiny  leaves  .    .  oq 

216  "" 


?K  Hnn«~^'rr  "°^'^'''-   '"^ali'llke  leaves 

rinfitoil-.,  petals;   r.-palniate  leaflets «-' 

rL  o    !".      "*  .'"'"''''■  «'<'"'lt''-  pods;  dnsfers »« 

Yellow  Star  Grass-fi  sepals ;  grass-like                  '*^ 

Dog-tooth  Violet-Solitary,  fi.pa^eV        r> 

C  imonla-«-parted:  I!  oval,  basal  leaves ■'^ 

S  .  .Iol.ns« urt -.-  pet,-,Is,  n,a„y  ,„„^  ,,  ,,,^_.„;, .-{l 

Violet-,-,  petals:   lower  lage,  veine.l                 ''» 

xosestrlfe-Show.v  spil<e;  T,  petals    basarshot "*"■ 

l.oosestr.le-Axillar.v:   leaves  whorie.lnfors ^''-^ 

Vo  1*"'^"", V?^  ^""^^'  ■'^  >•«''■«:   woolly                  '••i-1 

Moth  Mullein-Raoeme:   r,  large  pe  aW <•'>«• 

Fringed  Orchis-Showy  spike;  Hp'Tringe.l l-^» 

Cowslip-.-,  shiring  petals;  olnstere.l          '  4!)- 

Buttercup—.-,  shinging  petals                 fi7 

Patridge  Pea-.5  petals;   pinnate'  leaves' .' «« 

P  h~  T'  T','"'  •   ''"■'"'"■^' •   **">«"  'eaves  ■ ; : "••! 

P.lmrose— 4  petals;  coarse  stem  an,l  leaves     "^ 

2,7       120, 


V' 


120 

Sundrops— 4  petals;  slender  stem 164 

Foxglove— Tubular,  5-lobed ;  leafy  spike 13j 

False  Jessamine— 5-lobed;  climbing,  tubular gg 

Yellow  Pond  Lily— Aquatic;  floating  leaves  ^5 

Ladv's  Slipper— Solitary,  sUpper-shaped   ; ;  g^ 

Cankda  Lily— Pendulous;  leafy  stem   

BROWNISH,  GREENISH  OR  INCONSPICUOUS. 

^     J  ....17 

Cat-tails— Cylindrical  brown  heads  ^ . .  _ 18 

Bur-Reeds— Spherical  brown-yellow  heads 20 

Indian  Turnip— Large  striped  spathe   • 22 

Skunk  Cabbag^Large  spathe  set  on  sromid  •  ■  •  35 

Solomon's  Seal— In  pairs  from  axils,  greenish  ^ 

C«cTmber-root-3,  3-parted  spiderlike  flowers  •  •  ;  ^g 

Green-fringed  Orchis-Lips  frmged;  spiked 57 

Wild  Ginger-Tubular,  3-lobed ;  near  roots  94 

Stone  Clover— Fuizy  gray  heads ;  trifoliate   9g 

Ground  Nut-Spherical,  pea-like  clusters ^^^ 

Wood  Betony-2-lipped ;  clustered ;   fern-like   ^g^ 

Beech  mops— Resembling  little  twigs 


vV 


^Wa^7 


INDEX. 


Achillea   millefoliuiu    198 

Aconite     73 

Aconitum    uncinatum    73 

Adder's-tongue     31 

Agrimoiiia  gryposepola  87 

Agrimony    87 

Agrostenima    githago    61 

Alfalfa    96 

Allium    26 

Amphicarpa   monoica    181 

Anagallis  arvensis    137 

Anaphalis   margaritacea   188 

Anemone   quinqiiefolia    70 

Rue    7C 

"          patens    69 

Wood    70 

Anemonella  thalictioirtes  70 

Antliemis  Cotula 198 

Apios   tuberosa    98 

Apocynum     144 


Aquilegia  canadensis   72 

Aralia  nudicaulis    121 

Arbutus    131 

Arctium   minus    201 

Arethusa    S2 

Argemone   mexicana    75 

Arisaema  dracontium    20 

triphyllum     20 

Aristolochia    57 

Arrow-heads   19 

Arnica    mollis    200 

Arrow-heads     19 

Artichoke.   .Jerusalem    19") 

Arum,  Water   21 

Asarum  canadense   57 

Asclepiadaceae  145 

Aster    acuminatus    187 

"     cordifolius     184 

"     ericoides      185 

■'     Oolden    178 


219 


i 


Aster  Heath   185 

■'     Heart-leaved     1^4 

"    laevis    ^^'^ 

"     laterlfollus     186 

■'     linaritolius     187 

"     multiflonis     185 

•'     Xew  England    182 

"     New  York   183 

■■     Smooth     183 

•■     Starved     186 

•     iimbellatus     187 

"     vimineus    186 

••     Wood    187 

Avens   88 

Azalea    126 

Baptisia  australis   91 

tinctoria     92 

Bean,  Wild   98 

Bearil-tongue     161 

Bee   Balm    156 

Beech   Drops    167 


(Beggar-ticks     196 

Bellflower    173 

Bellwort     ^5 

Betony,   Wood    166 

Bidens  frondosa    . .  ■ . , 196 

laevis 196 

Binilweed,   Hedge   If 8 

Bittersweet     15^ 

Blackberry    85 

Blazing   Star    176 

Bloodroot     75 

Bluebell     173 

Bluets     170 

Blue-weed     151 

Boneset    1^^ 

Bouncing    Bet    62 

Brassica  nigra   79 

Brauneria  iniri)urea   191 

Brooklime     162 

lirrom-rape     "j" 

Bugloss     151 

220 


Buiichberry     123 

Burdock     201 

Bur-Marigolil    196 

Bur-Reeds    IS 

Butte-and-eggs      160 

Buttercu|)s  68 

Butterfly-weed    145 

Calla    palustris    21 

Calopogon     52 

Caltha   palustris    67 

Campanula    173 

Campion,    Bladder    62 

Canoer-root     167 

Cardinal  Flower   174 

Carrot,    Wild    122 

Cassia  Chamaecrista   93 

Castalia  odorata    66 

Castilleja  coccinea   165 

Cat-gut     93 

Catnii)     154 

Cat-tails     17 


Celandine    76 

Centaurea    ncgra    204 

Chamomile      198 

Checkerberry    131 

Chelidonium  majus 76 

Chelone  glabra  161 

Chickweed    60 

Chicory     204 

Chimaphila   niaculata    124 

umbellata    124 

Chrysanthemum     197 

Chryso|)sis  falcata   ITS 

mariana   17S 

Cichorium  Intybus   204 

Cinquefoils    86 

Cirsium  arvense   202 

liuniijlum   203 

Claytonia    virginica    65 

Clintonia      31 

Clover.    Rabbit-foot    94 

Red       94 


21 


clover  White   95 

■'       Yellow    96 

Columbine,    Wild    72 

Comfrey     1»0 

Conmielina   communis    23 

Com])ass   Plant    183 

Coneflowers    192 

Purple  191 

Convallaria  niajalls   36 

Convolvulus   sepium    148 

Coptis  trifolia    V2 

Corn  Cockle   61 

Cornel     123 

Cornus  florida    123 

canadensis    123 

Corpse   Plant    125 

Cow-Lily    66 

CranesbiU      102 

Crotolaria   sagittalis    93 

Cucumber-root,   Indian    37 

Cuscuta  Gronovii   148 


^Cynoglossum  virginlanum    150- 

CypriiJediuni     45 

Daisy,   Ox-eye 197 

White    197 

Dalibarila  repens    88 

Dandelions,    Common    206 

Fall    205 

Datura  Tatula   159 

Daucus    Carota    122 

Day-flower     23 

Dentaria  diphylla   78 

Dicentra    Cucullaria    77 

Dodder    148 

Dodecatheon  Aleadia   135 

Dogbane     144 

Dogwood,  Flowering    123 

Draba  verna   78 

Droscera  rotundifolia    81 

filitormls    81 

Dutchman's   Breeches    77 

Echium   vulgare    151 

222 


190 


Elecampane    

Epifagus  viiginiana ifi? 

Epigaea  repens   jo, 

Epilobium  angustifolium   .' .' .' ng 

"        hirsutuni    iiq 

Erigeion  pulchelliis   ...      iq? 

Erythronium     .  ,, 


Eiipatorium 


31 


perfoliatiim    . .  177 

„  purpureum    ...  177 

Evening  Primrose    .  7.^ 

Everlasting     ,'^" 

Feverfew     .  l^Z 

Flag,    Blue    .  

Flax 

Foam    Flower 

Forget-me-not     .  .    

Foxglove     

Fragraria  virginiana 

Frostweed  

Garlic,  Wild    '.'.'.'.'.'..',', ,„ 

Gaultheria  procumbens  ......".'...   131 


197 

4.3 

99 

8.3 

100 

164 

S.5 

112 


Gelsemiiim  sempervirens  r« 

Gentian,  Bottle   ..  ift 

"      Closed    ....    1*^ 

;;   Downy ;.■:;.':;; Iti 

Fringed    {41 

Solitary     i*' 

Gentiana  Andrewsii   ....  •  ■  ■  ■    ^-"^ 

erinita     

puberula 


143 
141 
142 


quinquefolia      ....  ijg 

Geranium   maculatum    ....■.'.' 102 

Roberfianum     .  .  in;) 

Wild    ....  ^"^ 


Gerardia, 


102 


223 


purpurea 
Geuni   stricttim 

Gill-over-the-ground 

Ginger,    Wild    

Ginseng 
Gnaphalium 
Goafs   Rue 


P'.'HJle    :.■;;  164 


164 

8& 

154 

.57 

•: • 121 

polycephalum    igg 

93 


Golden  Club   21 

Golden-rod   Blue-stemmed    179 

"       Canada    ISO 

"       Early     180 

"       Lance-leaved     181 

"      White     179 

Goldthread    72 

Grass,  Blue-eyed   44 

Grass  of  Parnassus   82 

Grass  Pink   52 

Green   Brier    36 

Grouml   Xut    98 

Ground  Ivy   154 

Habenaria  clavellata  48 

ciliaris     49 

fimbriata    51 

"         lacera     50 

Hardback    84 

Harebell     173 

Hawkweed,  Canada   208 

Helenium  autumnale  199 


Helianthenium  canadense 112 

Hellanthus  deoapetalus  194 

tuberosus     195 

Henierocallis   fulva    27 

Hemp,    Indian    144 

Hepatica    73 

Heteranthera  reniformis    24 

Hibiscus    Moscheutos    109 

Hieraeium   canadense    208 

venosum     20S 

Honevsuckle,  Coral 172 

Bush    171 

Swamp     126 

Trumpet     172 

Houstonia   caerulea    170 

Hudsonia     112 

Hypericum    HO 

Hypoxis  hirsuta    42 

Impatiens  biflora  106 

Indian  Paint  Brush   ICo 

Indian    Pipe    125 

224 


ItKliaii   Tobacfo 
liiiliaii    Tiinii|)    . 
Indiso,   Kin,,  fals 
Wild    .  .  . 


20 
(tl 


.Innocence    ^-|i 

Innla    Heleninni    .  jgQ 

li'is    ■■■ ^,j 

rronweed      I^f' 

Jack-in-the-Puliiit    ........'. -ji 

Jessamine,  Yellow  Kalse    i3> 

Jewel- weed      jqJ 

Joe   Pye   Weed    '.'.'. ,77 

Kalniia    angustifolia 130 

latifolia    f'^s 

Krigia   virginica    205 

I-abrador   Tea ^.52 

I^actuca   canadense 207 

Ladies'    Tresses    ' r,r, 

Lady's  Slipper,  Pink   .'''''     47 

Showy     4g 

Yellow    4,5 

225 


Lady's  Tlnimb   -^ 

laurel    .Monntain {-ilt 

,      ,"          i^''^^-!'      '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.  ]'w 

Leiliini   groenlandiciini  tv> 

Lfcli,    Wild    '.'.'.'.'.]'."  id 

Lconnrus  caj-diaca    ...          ji-.-l 

Lettuce,    Willi 207 

Liatris  scarlosa .        '  ^-i; 

LiliiiiM  Ciinaclen.se   '.......  .  3(i 

pliiladelphlcnni 2jj 

superbnni     ^1, 

Lily,  Ataniasco   41 

"     ("ow     ...                            f,,, 

"  nay  ::::::::::::;■■■■  ■>: 

■'     Red    Woorl     28 

Turk'scap     ' ' '  T,q 

"     Water     7f 

l-ily-of-the- Valley   ....'.'.'.'.'.', .'    .' .  "  gj- 

r.imoniiini  caroliniananuni   ....  m 

Linaria  canadense    " '  igj) 

vulgaris    ......"  leo 


I/inn.if';i  boioalis   1T1 

l.iiinni     viisiiii:iiiiini     '.'!' 

Mpiiris    r.C. 

l-iKtcia  coidata    Hfi 

l.ivorwoi't    73 

Lobelia    rardinalis    174 

Lobelia  indata  17r> 

spicata     175 

spikeii    nn 

Ixiniccra  ranadensis    171 

seniperviiens      172 

I.oospstrit'e,    Koui-leaveil     134 

Kiinged     13fi 

Purple     117 

Loosestrife  yellow    134 

Loiisewort     IfiC 

Lupine.   Wild    91 

l^iipiuus  pereniiis   91 

Lychnis    G2 

Lysimachia      1 34 

Lythrnm   Salicaria   117 


Mainthenmni    ranadenso    33 

Mallow,  Coninioii    1"" 

Mnsh     lOS 

i:;>se      109 

Malva    107 

Mandrake      74 

Marigold,   Marsh   fi7 

Marsh    Rosemary    133 

May   Apple    74 

Mayflower     131 

Canada     33 

Mayweed     1 9S 

Meadow   Beauty    118 

Meadow    Rne    (19 

Moadowsweet     S4 

Medeola   virginiana    37 

Medicago  sativa    97 

Melilot,   Yellow    9C 

Melilotus  oflieinalis   9fi 

Milkweeds    14t> 

Milkwort     103 

226 


MiriMiliis  riiiK,.n.s  ,„„ 

-Mitrliclla    n-i,,.„„     Jj!,t       <>.il«'«iii     .. 

•Mitella   iiinla  ''"       '*'"'*.    WiM 

■Milclla   (liDhvllit    f'      "I'lK'Hifia   hi 

Mitrcwoi-ts  ...  ,:; 

Monartla  ilidynia   .'.' i-i! 

.MonosiH    iiiiidoia         i;. 

.MoMotroiia    iiniHoiH         ,.7-^ 

•Moneywort  

^ kt-yfloHcr     "■'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.]',',""    ill 

7;: 


■Miinli.sliooil      

A'i;llu'rwort 
•Mild  Plantain  .' , 
•Mullein,  Coninion 
•Moth  .  . 
•Mii.stanl 


Myosotis   scoipiodes 


■'         lieileracea 

-NiRlit.sliaiie      

.\yini)liaia  advona 


Oicliis 


7!) 
•Nepeta    cataiia    \f' 

I. ■.4 

7 


ir, 

SB 


:i   niennis 
frnticosa 
<ii-een    Wooii 
I'nride-tr'inKed 
liaKKed-trinKod 
Uonnd-li.aveil 
Showy 

•■<l»'ct:il)ilis - 

"       Vellow  tiiMHc^d    '.'.' ',' 

I'lonliuni   HiiMaliciini  ., 

OinitlioKalnni    nnii.ellalus 

()rol)aii<li(.    niiifloia 
().sw(  so  Te 
0.\ali 

I'ainted-cnii 
Paiia.x   (|iiin(|uefoiiii,n 
tiifolinn] 


'a 


L'^'T 


iirnassia  caniliniana 
I  uisiiip.   Water 


IL'O 
IS 

.".I 

.Ml 
111 
"il 

I 

!l 

I 


II 

i»;7 

111(1 
Kin 

22  \ 

IL'I 

•SU' 

\2J 


Piisiine  K'lowpf   69 

I'liitridgebcny     170 

Pea,    Patridgc    93 

Po<li(\ilaiis  canadensis   166 

Pentesmon     161 

^ersicalia    59 

Phlox    149 

Pickerel-weed     24 

I'inipernel    137 

Pinl(,    (•"'ire    64 

•      Ground     149 

Indian     138 

Maiden     64 

Marsh     140 

Moss     149 

•'       Rose    139 

••       Wihl      64 

Plnxter  Flower   127 

Pipaissowa    124 

Pipe   Vine    58 

Pipe,  Dutchnian's   


Pitcher    Plant     SO 

Plantain,   Coiniiioii    169 

Robin's     1»1 

Water      67 

F'lMago    niojor    169 

Pogonia      53 

Polysala     103 

Polygonatuni     '■<'< 

Polygonum   persicaria   59 

Pontederia  cordata   21 

P»Pl)y.  Prickly  7ri 

Portulaca  oleraccii    6,"i 

Potentilla  canadensis    86 

palnsfris     87 

Primrose,    Evening    120 

Prunella  vulgaris    153 

Purslane    65 

Tyrola  elliptica   12'! 

Pyxie     132 

Ragged    Robin    61 


228 


»anim<iilii.s    . . 

Hattlehox ••; 

KHttlesiiiiliH  Plaiitaii'i r? 

Rhoxia  vhginica   f?^ 

Uhodoilen.lion    ' '° 

(•anii(len.se     , ,' Jf- 

iimximnni    . .       i,g 

niidifloniiii .:" 

"         viscosiiiii    ,T,' 

Itosin-weed ^^"^ 

Hock-rose '^^ 

Hosa   Carolina ^H 

"     iiibiKinosa     . . . .' .' ^ 

Rose.    Pasture    ..  ^^ 

"     Sweetbrler    ....■;; °^ 

Rii'lbeokia   hirta    ..  ,tl 

habbatia    .  '•'•' 

140 

229 


Sabatia    iinKiiIaris  ,,„ 

:   'i"'i"<m>,ira  ..:;:;.■■; \:l 

SaKittaiia     '•'|' 

Sansniiiaria  cana'dPiisis I'- 

napoiiaria     ',:,' 

SaiTacenia   imriMiiVa  ' .' on 

^arsaparilla.    Wil.l            ,,: 

haxifrasa    vi,sini,.ii.sis Z!, 

SaxilraK...     Karly     ^- 

bciitelliiria  iiiti'srifolia ,:-.: 

Scnpcio  aureus }"''' 

Shinleaf       .          ■ -f 

Shootins   Star      If' 

Silenc    latffolia '^;,' 

'■       vh-Kinica    ; p^ 

hiphiuni    lacinatUMi    .      ,o,. 

Silver-rod     ''•' 

Six.vrinchinui ']'■' 

sinin  ckutaefoiiuiii ■.■.'.'.;; ;;;■■■•  ,tl 


aiviiiiiiip    I"'' 

SKiiiik    ( '!il)l>iim'    '~^ 

Smart  wi^cil    'il' 

Siiillachiii     :!- 

Smilax    :!'! 

Sni'f'/.cwci'd     ll'l* 

Snow  i)ri-ttii -Mdiintaiii     10.' 

Soapxvoit     '''i 

Solaniiiii    l)nl<  iiiiuiia    1-">T 

iiiKiiiiii      '■''" 

Soliilaf?"   liiiolor    ^"''■^ 

cai'sia      1"!' 

caiiadtMisis     l^iil 

.jiincca     1!^" 

"       Kraiiiinit'dlia     1^1 

SdUiimoh's  Seal.   False   u2 

Solomon's    Sral.    True    S4 

Soripl    Wood    :  .  100 

Spfirc:aninin    (^nrvciii'i)Us     18 

Spi'Pclwcll     '. !«■! 

Spiderwoit    2o 


Spiyi'lia    maiiliimlii  a    ';'** 

Sidl'cnai'd     ^'If 

Siiiiantlii'S     •'•' 

H|iiri'a    lonii'iilosa    ^' 

Splri'a  saliiifiilia   ^\ 

S|)i  mii   Uranty    'i^ 

riiinirrcl    Corn     'Jl 

Sta<di.v.s    jialiisti'ls    I-"'' 

Star    Flower    y''' 

Stiir  (iiass.  Yellow    12 

Star-ol'-Hetlilehem      H 

Steepleliiish     ^' 

Steironema   cilialiim    I^'ti 

Stellaria     "io 

St    .lohnswort.  Common    110 

.Marsh     HI 

Stitcliwort     «0 

Stravvborry.   Wild    sr. 

Streptopns   :it 

Sundews     ^1 

Sniidiops      120 

ISO 


SiinflDWiT,    C'oinnion    1!t| 

Siiiidowi']-,    'I'l'ii-iKitallcil    I'll 

Swcciliriiir     K;:, 

S.viii|)l(j(ai'|)iis   loetitliis    22 

Taimrftuin  viilsiiri' iii'i 

Tansy    .  : ]]  I  >,,, 

Tai-axafiiin  oflicinjlis :;(ii; 

TfCDina  I'liilicans   kin 

Ti'iilirosia   viiKiiiiaiiii   9:1 

TlialiclMini  lidl.VKaniiini   (i!i 

'riiisHf.  Coimnon   211;! 

Canada     2ii2 

Sow      L'OT 

Star     20:! 

Tlioi-n  AiP|ilp   I.-.X 

Tlioi-oiinliwort     177 

Tiart'lla    <()i(lif()lia ..,..  s:l 

ToailHax     K'.O 

T()()tln\(»rt      7^; 

Tiailfioantia   virsiniana    l!:! 

Tiiiolinni     94 

2:!1 


Tric'iitalis  aiiii'iiiaiia    i:!7 

'I'rilliiiiiis      ^s 

'rnrniiM  I    ('ici'Iki-    ms 

Tiirtli'litiail      .'.'  nil 

Twaybla,!,.     ;,,; 

Twill    KlovviM- 171 

Twi.-i..,l-sii,lli      '.',,[',  :!| 

Ty|j|ia  iiiiKiislil'olia    17 

T\|ilia    iatifcilia     '  '  17 

r\  iilari;i   iicrliiliata   it, 

Vi'iiMs'   I UiiiK Class ::-!! 

Vi'iliasciiiii      |-,i| 

Vi'i'liciia      |,-,2 

Vi'inonia    luivcliuiafciisis    1 71; 

Vciimiia   lu;; 

Wrvain     | -,■> 

Vclcli.    Cow     '  ' '  '  i,y 

Vicia    Ciafca    117 

Viola  lilaiiila   11.-, 

cannilciiKls     ]  |  | 

I'nriillata     1 1.( 


Viola    lanreolnfa    „r 

paliiiata    ...        ,,o 

"      Jiedata      . ', 

"      Dubescens    ...  '  '  '  -.il. 

Violet.   Bir<l-foot JJS 

Common    . .  , ,  f 

"      Canada f,^ 

Dog-toothed     .  o, 

"       I'almated      ...  ,Vo 

"   "■•>'*''  ::::;::::;:;  m 


Violet  Yellow  .  ,,p 

Virgin's   Bovvei-         'i'' 

Whitlow  (Jra.ss     ^' 

Willow   Hei-b      ^^^ 

VVillow   Herb,  Hairy    ;  i Ji^ 

Wintergreen    .  ^^'^ 

Wintergreen,   Spotted ,'oj 

Woundwort  ''* 

Yarrow     ...    "'•'> 

5!;eph.vranthes  '  Atamaseo'  ' .' .' .' .' ;  [  [  [    '41 


232 


71 

78 
119  . 
119 
131 
124 
155 
198 
41 


WATER   BIRDS 

By  CHESTER  A.  REED.  B.  S. 

THIS  book  is  uniform  in  size  and  scope   with   LAND 
BIRDS.      It  includes  all  of  tile  Water  Birds,  Game 
Birds  and  Birds  of  Prey,  east  of  the  Rockies.      Each 
species  is  ILLUSTRATED  IN  COLOR  from  oil  paintings; 
the  bird,  its  habits  and  nesting  habits  are  described. 

The  pictures  show  more  than  230  birds  in  color,  every 
species  found  in  our  range.  They  exceed  in  number  tlio,r  in 
any  other  bird  book.  In  quality  they  cannot  be  surpassed — 
exquisite  gems,  each  with  an  attractive,  background  typical  of 
the  habitat  of  the  species. 

"LAND   BIRDS"  and   "WATER    BIRDS"    are    the 

only  books,    regardless   of   price,    that  describe  and  show  in 
color  every  bird.     250  pages,  neatly  boxed. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  $1.00  net;  in  Leather,  $1.25  net; 
postage,  Sc. 


/nm  "Wmr  tlrdi" 


I 


Ami  "Lmd  Birdi" 


K 


LAND  BIRDS 

By  CHESTER  A.  REED,  B.  S. 

N  illustrated,  pocket   text  hook  tkn  enables  anyone  to 
quickly  identify  any  song  or  u.sectivorous  h>rd  /  '  "d 
-t  -»-     e-ist  of   the    Rocky    Mountains.       It  describes  il.e.r 
habits  and  peculiarities;  tells  you  >vhere  to  look  for  then,  and 
describes  their  nests,  egRs  and  songs. 

FVFRY  BIRD  IS  SHOWN  IN  COLOR,  includ.ng 
the  fe,n'a^^  and   young    where   the    plumage    d.ffers     r- 

„aterco!or  drawings  by   |''\;:;;!^"^  CCURAXr  and   he 
trati.ns  are  the  BKST,  the  MOST  ACCURA 1 1, 
MOSr  VALUABLE  ever  printed  in  a  bird  book. 

"I  AND  BIRDS"  is  the  most  popular  and  has  had  the 
T  AR  ';FST  SALE  of  any  bird  book  published  m  this 
clun  It  is  vised  and  recommended  by  our  leading 
Ornithologists  and  teachers.      230  pages. 

Bound  in  Cloth,  75c  net;  in  Leather.  $1.00  net; 
pottase.  5c. 


^^A* 


GUIDE  TO   THE  MUSHROOMS 

By  EMMA  TAYLOR  COLE 

Tl'LLS  HOW,  WHKN  and  WHERE  they  gr  v;  how 
to  collect  anil  prepare  them  for  the  table;  describes 
the  coniinon  kinds  both  edible  and  p.nsonous.  Hand- 
somely illustrated  with  about  70  halftones  from  phot.vraphs 
of  living  mushrooms  and  five  PLATES  IN  COLOR. 
Uniform  with  "Wild  Flowers."      $1.50  net;  poaUge,  10c 

GOLDFISH,  AQUARIA   and  FERNERIES 

How  to  make  aquaria.  How  to  fit  them  up;  all  about 
goldfish  and  fresh  water  fish  that  are  suitable  for  the  aquaruim. 
Water  plants  are  described,  as  well  as  many  '•""osmes  that 
can  be  kept  in  the  tanks.  All  these  thrngs  are  HM.LY 
ILLUSTRATED.     Cloth  bound,  50c.;  pottage,  5c. 

GUIDE  TO  TAXIDERMY 

A  practical  and  thorouRh  instructor  in  the  art  of  mounting 
birds,  mammals,  head,  fish,  etc.  W^,  !'•'.«  an  d lustrated 
prospectus  for  those  interested.  fully  dlustrated;  cloth 
bound;  310  pages.      $1.65  postpaid. 


fnm     'WiW  hirdt' 


Handtomelv  bound:  boxed.    $2.60  net;  postage.  ISc. 


WILD 
FLOWERS 

EAST  OF   THE 
ROCKIES 

By 
CHESTER  A.  REED 

The  latest  flower 
book. 

In  a  class  by  it- 
self. 

Original,  beauti- 
ful, compact,  com- 
plete, interesting, 
exact. 

Pictures  320 
flowers,  ALL  IN 
COLOR. 

450  pages. 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS'  EGGS 

Br  CHESTER  A.  REED,  B.  S. 

THIS  is  the  onlv  book  on  the  market  that  gives  ilhistra- 
tions  of  tlie  tfrgs  of  all  North  American  birds .  Each 
egg  is  shown  FULL  SIZK,  photoEraphea  directly 
from  an  authentic  and  well  marked  specimen.  There  are 
a  great  many  full-page  plates  of  nests  and  eggs  in  their  natural 
situations. 

The  habitat  and  habits  of  each  bird  are  given. 
It  is  finely  printed  on  tlie  \)est  of  paper  and  handsomely 
bound  in  cloth.      350  pages  -6x9  inches. 

$2.50  net;  postage  25c. 

COLOR  KEY  TO  N.  A.  BIRDS 

By  F.  M.  CHAPMAN  ami  C.  A.  REED 

This  might  well  be  called  an  illustrated  dictionary  of 
North  American  birds,  the  male  of  each  species  being  shown 
in  COLOR  from  pen  and  ink  drawings.  Uniform  with  Egg 
Book.     350  pages. 

$2.50  net:  postatre  2Sc. 


frm  "Un4  lUrJt" 


FLOWER   GUIDE 

By  CHESTER  A.  REED,  B.  S. 

A  GUIDE    to  tlie   common  wild  flowers  found   in  the 
Eastern  aiul  Middle  States. 
Wild  Flower  Ciuide  is  the  same  size  and  scope  as 
Bird  C.ulde.     It  has  had  an  extraordinary  sa  e  and  h^'^   'een, 
adopted  atfd  used  in  quantities  in  many  of  our  leadm;;  colleges, 
and  schools. 

The  COLORED  ILLUSTRATIONS  192  in  munber, 
are  beautiful,  artistic  and  accurate  -producttons  from  o. 
naintinirs-  the  finest  series  ever  made.  I  he  t^"'  «<^"''  '■'■'^"^ 
lZ-h\Xmnd  when  it  blo..n,s,  whether  in  woods,  helds,  swamps 
etc  the  letht  that  the  plant  attains,  whether  it  sself-fertd.zed 
or  c'ro  s  er  i  ed  bv  insects  and  how;  in  fact  .t  R-es  a  f^reat, 
Seal  more  information  than  one  would  thmk  possible  in  a 
book  to  fit  comfortably  in  the  pocket. 

Bound  in  Cloth.  75c.;  in  Le«th.r.  $1.00;  pottage.  5c 


n  "Wrtwr  GuicW