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CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(Monographs) 


ICMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
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Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  nc 


noire) 


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Additional  comments  / 
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L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
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plaire qui  sont  peut-Stre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modification  dans  la  m6tho- 
de  normale  de  filmage  sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 

I      I  Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

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n 


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I — I   Pages  d^olor^s,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 

I      I   Pages  detached  /  Pages  d6tach6es 

I  / 1   Showthrough  /  Transparence 

I      I   Quality  of  print  varies  / 


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Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata  slips, 
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partiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc.,  ont  ^t^  filmies  d  nouveau  de  fa^on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
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colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
film^es  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meilleure  image 
possible. 


Thia  Kern  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  clieclced  twlow  / 

Ce  document  est  f  ilmi  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiqu4  cl-dessous. 


lOx 


14x 


lax 


12x 


16x 


20x 


22x 


z 


26x 


30x 


24x 


28x 


3 


32x 


The  copy  filmed  hare  has  baan  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Stauffer  Library 
Queen's  University 

Tha  images  appearing  hare  are  tha  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  tha  back  cover  whan  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


L'sxemolaira  filmA  fut  raproduit  grace  i  la 
g*n4rosit*  de: 

Stauffer  Library 
Queen's  University 

Les  images  suivantas  ont  M  raproduitas  avec  la 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  nanet*  da  I'axemplaire  f'lm*,  et  en 
conformit*  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  commandant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derni*re  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmis  an  commandant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreasion  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  das  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  la  symbols  -i^-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE '.  le 
symbols  y  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  In  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  tha 
method: 


Les  cartaa,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  i  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  &tra 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA.  it  est  film*  d  partir 
da  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  i  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  an  pranant  le  nombre 
d'imeges  nicessaire.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrant  la  m4thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

MICROCOfV    RfSOlUTION   TBT   CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    21 


^     /APPLIED  IM/1GE     In 


1653  lasl   Mo,r   str„i 

Rocheiler,   N».   vorl,         U609       US* 

{"6)   482  -OJOO-Pnon, 

(716)  2M-  5989  -  Fo« 


REPORT 


OF  THE 


CANADIAN  ARCTIC  EXPEDITION 

1913-18 


VOLUME  V:  BOTANY 


PART  B:  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  MORPHOLOGY,  SYNONYMY,  AND 
GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF  ARCTIC  PLANTS 


By  THBO.  HOLM 


G 

670 

1913 

C2t 

V .  OOfi 

pt.B 


UTTAWA 

1-.  A.  ACLAND 

PRINTER  TO  THE  KING'S  MOST  EiCBLLENT  MAJESTY 

1922 

iHued  Febniary  10, '  ^i2 


Report  of  the  Canadian  Arctic  Expedition*  1913-18. 

VOI-I  MK  I:  JiKNKIlAI.  I>TR01>H  TION.  NARRATIVK.  CTl . 

VOI.IMt:  II:  MAMMALS  AM>  BIBIW 

l.artA:M.\MM.\I.HOK\M:sTr.l(NAli.r,(AMi:inrA.     ''yHua,,lphM«r.inAnM,.r,,.n.^_^_^_^^^,^^^_ 

rart  1.:  miius  uy^y.^vKHs  Ai:rTi.- A^^.u■(^^.   My  li.  M.  An,i..rso„  .„,!  iv^A^;n.^^^ 

VOI.IMK  ill:  INSKCTS 

INTUnUl-CTlON.     l>v  T.  (i„r,l„„  HewiU ■."""'^f,!::Xi':Z'^S. 

\C  u^ ^^i^^^l^i^h^rd^""^: ' i;!rN:u.>.n  ...-.u.  .•.;;.•.•;.■.:.■..• ./--.' ^u,.  „,  r.«;. 

''M;"r;::;.iJiin«  Ti;;'::;;i''an.rr;;ii,.i,b.).  By  .>. «.  M^nooh (/^»-..'( ././.  u,  /^/s). 

r„rtivMAi.i<ii'iiA(;AANi)AN;'i;irn\- 

Part  1-.;  <'^'V;;;,:',;'",'„^!,^;,  i„,,„,li,«  InUlu.,  <c.nv.nl,y.id«^,  and  BuprestMa..     l!y  J.  M.  Sw.inc. 

rrl;;;^,i^'KKl!ii;;.  .t  ";:u.i!L  .,.,1  Ul,yno,.ophnra,  (.xolu,lin„  Ipi,l..   ^,   ^.   ^_^_^^_ 
,    „   ^,                  I  [UhuM  I>'<;m\„r  12,  una). 

1)  _  t-    iii.Ml  I'TI  1:  \         V  !  'Iw.iril  I  .  \  Mill  iiiziT.. .  

VaraiitU-liymcnuplora,     I'y  riiaro.  1.  I'.ru.-.. 

Par,  ].:  *^VniKHS:1nTl.S  ANI>  M  VKlAroDS. 

Spi.UTH.     Hy.I.  II.I  ""•;i""- 

Mitos.     By  Natliiin  Hanks  (Issunljnhj  U.  1919). 

M  vriupoils.     Ky  Kalpl.  \  ■  (  hiJinlKTlin ^^^^^^^  ,,_,_^,,,.^  ,y^  ,g50)_ 

VOLl  ME  IV:  BOTANY 

ran  A:  FIii:Sl.WATKU  AI.<;AK  AND  FRKSUWATER  DIATOMS.    Hy  Charles  W.^I^we.^^^ 

,:  v,' r'  u- 'n  preparation). 

Part  H:  MA  HI  NT.  AI.CAK.     Hy  1  .  ^.  <  '>lli»s •■  ;,r(;wr.>(ii)n). 

I'nrt  c'  ri'NCI.     liy  .lolin  IVariic^a „  nrcparalion). 

'artn-LlCHKNS.     I'y/L'  \V.,^!""" :■.■,:.■..  -.bruaryS,  1931). 

I'art  K:  MOSSKS.     Hy  It.  S.  V  i""""^ 

VOLUME  V:  BOTANY 

p„,A.VASrriA.VtANTS^JlV,.a.o.MM^ 

I'art  B:  «\>-TftVAVJ-TIovT  K  T    rTlV'    '  .  "xTS.      Tiv  The...  Holm •  •  ■  •     ('"  P"»')- 

rart  C-  cnOM-HAL  N JtKS  ON  AHCTIC  VkViI.TATI.JN.     Hy  I'rits  .lohan.^n.     {In  pr.paralu>n). 

VOLIME  VI:  FISHES,  TUNICATES,  ETC. 

(/n  p.-eparalion)  • 

Port  A ■  FISnr.S.    Hy  F.  Johansen   ••••,,■ i[n  nriparation). 

P^U;ASc"i3i.\NS,ETC.     Uy.V.G.  Huntsman ^' 

VOLIME  Vn:  CRUSTACEA 

PMtC-  CUM  ACKA.    My  W.  T.  C  alman ^f^^^^j  Sorrmber  10.  I9TO). 

Part  D:  ISOrOP.V.     Hy  P.  L.  lioonc         .      — ^^,  „. ■.'■.;■.'...,.  (/s.su^ii  September  7,  19S0). 

Part  E-  AMPHU'ODA.    By  Clarence  H.  Shoemaker v    ^^^^^^^  January  S,  19!1). 

PartF-  PVCNOCiONinA.     U'on  .1. 1,  ole (/„  /nreparalinn). 

Part  O'   -.-.Ul'H  VLT.orODA.     Hy  1-  ■  .lohansen • ;  ^j^^^^^  j^„^  „   ,9,0). 

V^rtH      'I.\DOCKRA.     Hy  Chaunoey  Juday ,.,  .(Jn  preparation). 

Part  I-  ObTKACOD.X.     Hy  U   \\  .  Sharpe. . .  ^   y^^    V  ,  „._u •.■.■.■.;'.■,  {Issued  A  prU  11.  19!0). 

Part  .1   FllESnWATKR  COPEPOnA.    "y,^^- ^wisht  Marsh ^^^        jg50)_ 

F.rtK- MARINE  COPEPODA.    By  A.  \Villey..     . .  •    •    ^ .j^     j  August  6.  19t0). 

■        Pari  L:' PARASITIC  COPEPOD.\.    Hy  Charlea  B.  W ilson ■  ■  ■  •  •  " (/„Veparaiion). 

PartM:CIRRIPEDIA.    By  H.  A.  Pilsbry 


REPORT 


OF  THE 


I      CANADIAN  ARCTIC  EXPEDITION 

1913-18 


.[ 


VOLUME  V:   BOTANY 


Parte,  contributions  to  the  morphology,  synonymy,  and 
geographical  distribution  of  arctic  plants 


By  THKO.  HOLM 


I 


2M57- 


ilTTAiV  \ 

t.  A.  ACr.AND 

PRINTEU  TO  TlIE  KINO'S  MO^T  i:XCKM.I.NT  MAJKSTV 

I'.iJ  J 


Issued  Febntiry  10,  112; 


('OntributioiiN  to  the  M(»rph<>loU.v,  Symmymy,  iitul  (A-o- 
Uraphkal  Distribution  of  Arctic  IMants. 


Hy    ruin,  I  lin..M,  (/(.//(-/( ,  Miiriil'ih.l.    :    N.I. 
With  SIX  i>hiitii<iriiiihs  tiiiil  I  iijhlii  II  lifinn  -I  in  tin  lt.it  ilnr  n 


1 1,1 


iithiir. 


'I"Im'  pii'«i'iit  (Otiliilxitinn  i.-i  i|i\ii|i'i|  intn  lour  ilir|M  ■:  ;,  i-  iujir.  iioltf* 
«>n  iii<ir|ili(ilo|iii';il  I'luiriiricri^lii's  utid  cn  tiiiiioinv  ;  ||,  uiviiiit  -  u iiriMpliical 
(lixlriliiilioti;  III,  ((tiicliKling  rcin;irks,  ami  l\  ,  ih.  lnMiourMpliv  hl.it.vr  lo  the 
<iiM*riliiiti()ii. 

riic  (net  dial  tlir  ritlln-liiili  iiiiiili'  l)V  I  In-  f\|)i(|it  joii  miiiairi"  iiiali\  iiili'lcMl- 
iriK  Hpcri.-.  iiiucihcr  with  ilic  ('act  that  tlirv  liavr  hctn  cDllcctcd  ami  |>n|>arp«l 
with  ttiiat  sjxill  ami  care,  lian  crinlilcd  im-  to  cvamiiic  ilicir  various  oiyanH, 
princi|iall\  tlw  vcjjctativi'  one-',  ami  I  a'li  tliiTrrorc  aMi'  m  otTrr  ^olll<•  iii'«ril|iiiorit 
of  raiiiiticatioii,  rr|iio(ii.ctioii,  liiljcn  in.  iti.,  ol  wlncli  several  ikhiiIh  nri- 
hilt  little  known  from  arctie  plants. 

HaviiiK  hail  the  op|iorliinify  ii  i'  lo  see  the  .ireiie  llora.  (Nova  Zenihla 
mill  (IreenlamI),  ami  moreover  to  ■  ,.are  this  wiili  the  alpine  flora  (Hoiky 
inoiinlaiiis,  Colorado),  1  naliirally  ft  el  indincd  to  Ire.al  Uiih  as  far  as  I  lie  srope 
of  thi'  Miil.jeci  will  permit,  'riieielore,  in  the  ehaplcr  dialing  uiih  the  ilistrilm- 
tion,  I  liave  inserted  several  coliiinns  for  al|iine  plants,  altlioiiijli  the  "ictii' 
(lislrihiilion  has  Keen  ({iven  the  most  extensively,  hecaiisc,  in  respect  lo  neOKi  iph- 
iral  dislriliiition,  the  arctic  and  alpine  floras  are  so  intimatelv  connected  with 
each  other  thai  a  discussion  of  either  one  alone  would  give  verv  little  iiiforniation 
al«'i'.t  their  history. 

ConsidoriiiK  tOKclher  the  iiitorostinu  chapters  on  neour.iphi.al  diMriliuiion 
in  Darwin's  "OriKiii  of  Species"  and  Nathorst's  "i'olarfoi -kniiiiieiis  MidruK  till 
Forntidens  ViixtKeonrafi,"  wo  have  a  most  valuahle  foundation  for  further  studies 
in  this  lino,  and  quite  esi)ecially  with  reference  to  the  arctic  flora. 

CH.APTKH    I.      MOKIMlOUXiK  AL    fn,\U.\(  TKIUSTH'S    AM)    SVX- 

UNYMV. 

GRAMINEAE. 

Th  specie  illoeted  heionu  to  the  following  trihes:  Phalaiideae,  Ario.s- 
tideae,  Avri.  iie,  Festuceae,  und  Hordeac;  of  the.se  the  Festiiceae  are  the  Lest 
represf .  cd  They  all  are  perennial  and,  concerning  the  hahif,  the  stoloniferous 
typo  is  Mnowhat  more  frequent  than  the  eaespitose  tine;  widely  creeping  .stolons 
alxjve  R  ,iu.id  are  characteristic  oidhjccria  vilfuiilai;  sulilorranean  ones  of  I'oa 
arctica,  Aictagrostis,  Ihipontia,  Ftslnai  rulirn  var.,  Ehimiis,  Arrlophiln,  and 
Alopecuius;  in  the  last  throe  genera  the  stolons  attain  (piile  a  consi(ieral)le 
length  and  ramify  freely.  The  cu'ms  are  ahvavs  simple  and  usually  short, 
pspecially  so  in  aii/ceria  teiiclh  and  f/.  vilfoiili'n.  while  in  Kli/mim,  Arctophila, 
Arctddnisli.t,  and  Dupoiitiu,  the  height  of  the  culm  may  reach  forty  cm.  or  even 
a  little  more.  The  inflorescence  is  most  often  an  open,  lax-flowered  panicle, 
notahly  so  in  A  tophiln,  Diipo/itin,  nud  Pmi  arrtica:  a  contracted,  spike-like 
inflorescence  occurs  in  Trixrtum,  Aloprnini.i,  and  Calnmaiirotitis;  a  spicate  one  in 
Elymii/i,  Agropyrnm,  and  Ilordeum.    The  flowering  glume  '  is  more  or  le.ss  hairy 

''riiiMiM,  well  known  toriii  "llowcrintJ  Rlui.ie"  liiis  rooi-nily  l)prmm'  suli-tituteil  1)V  "IriiHiiii"  pri)|)o<cd 
l,y  I'rofeHsnr  (  ^  \  .  I'lprr  (Seen.;.;  \.S.  vol,  XXIII,  190.',:,  ,in,l  i,  inlr,„|...T  .  in  VftViou,  munuftls.  \ot 
six-iikinif  ()( the  fiirt  tliiit  Iciniim  Ims  hwn  in  \im-  (,ir  s<-vi'nil  vciir-  l,»'f.,rc  a-  •  iiiuiloinicul  torm  proijoseil 
by  Mn,>.l„irK,.r,  it  «-.miis  unwise  to  clmntte  the  old  toi m  -llowiTinK  (iluiiu-,'  >  ,•  tliis Klmin-  {nhiim  llori-n- 1 
tt.s  wi'll  a^  till-  iMiipty  kIuimom  inluinac  vania.'i  arc  brai-ts  of  the  xuiw  or.|.  Iiurnp  on  the  ^ainc  rliai'l,i« 
whereas  le  ■pulea  is  borne  upon  a  rhacheola,  ileveloiioil  from  the  axil  o,  th.-  llowerinK  ulutnc  .More- 
over, in  -iM-.ikinu  of  •lenin.a"  in  plur.iU.  it  i^  ab.-^lutely  in.-orre.-t,  from  a  linKuisti.'  pi.int  of  view '  lo'write 
leiiiiiiiiH     iniiteiul  of     lemmata. 


24gS7— Ii 


4  B 


Canadian  Arctic  Expedition,  1913-18 


'^^r&^:;FeZ^^^^^^^  ^tis  aw„ed  in  Alopc 

length,  up  to  atout  S  fm     In  hahl/ th   "''^'"r  ^n^  "'"•"  '^''''^^^  «  considerable 

and  PieuripoJon^lTe  of  Xch  a?e  &  ^mAamp^a,  Catahrosa, 

But  since  Mr.  JoCsen  succeeded  in  fiS  ^•^^"buted  in  the  arctic  regions: 
more  inconspicuous  species  of  Sir  f  hi  "^  ""^^^'^^  °^  *^^  ."'"*"  ^"^  much 
•'missing'' spedesoTgrTsirwereov'l^K)^^^^  "  °°  '■'^"  *^  ''^"^^^  t'^^*  *»>« 

Arctagrostls  latifoHa  (R.  Br.)  Griseb. 

dian'exprdiSon  t  't1^^s"?cief  StlthoTr^^r"^.''*^!''^  *^^  ^ana- 
island,  and  Bernard  ^-r^^n:Tr:^SS'A^aZ^nZ^t^^.  til  27*='^' 
the  panicle  be  ng  more  onen  and  tho  =,^k„i  *    i  Unn.;  Beal,  as  far  as 

Grisebach  in  LedeCr^  ffia^ssfca  7d  AS  ^I""  "°™/^''*-  ^««"-ding  to 
merely  a  vanVtv  nfA    jLt-r  i-     ^^^'.^a  (p    434)  A.  arundmacea  is  considered 

wluch  I  haveTxTiVfro'i^'i^'^Sth^rSn^rSL^^^^^^^^ 

S'tSa'rct  ^nd"  t  fo^fSsTucrfSfhr'so^u^h^TuXr  '"  ^V^^"" 
ovina  and  in  many  soecies  of  Pnn  fh^lVJIu  u    '  '"'^tl^ermore,  in  Fes<?ica 

and  .h.  ,piko,«s  J.S'col^rb'i^  Titi^iL'i.urK'&r"*'' 

Poa  abbrevlata  R.  Br.  and  P.  glauca  M.  Vahl. 

•  Gnuaes  of  Alaska,  1910  '   ' 

•Consoectu.  Florae  Groenlandioa,  (Modd.  om  Gr*nla„d,  Kj*benh.va.  1880). 


Arclic  Plants:  Morphology  and  Synonymy 


5  B 


The  accompanying  figure  A;  3  I  have  drawn  from  a  specimen  collected  in 
Spitzbergen  by  Professor  A.  G.  Nathorst. 


2.  Same;  flowering  glume,  side-view. 
.  Ohjceria  vUfoidea  (Ands.)  Th.  Fr.;  empty 


FlGCHE  A. 

1.  I'oa  glauca  M.  Vahl;  spikelct.      (WoUaston   land). 

3.  P.  aWrefiflto R.Br.;  spikelct.    (Spitzbergen).   i. 

glume.  (Greenland).  5.  Same;  flowering  glume,  side-view.  6.  G.  marilima  (Huds.)  W'g^; 
I'mpty  glumes.  (Norway).  7.  Same;  flowering  glume,  dorsal  view.  8.  0.  Vahliana 
(Liebm.)  Th.  Fr.;  empty  glume.s.  (Greenland)  0.  Same;  flowering  glume,  palet  and  flower. 
10.  0.  (ene/JaLge.;spikelet.  (Martin  point,  Alaska).  11.  Same;  empty  glumes.  12.  Same; 
flowering  glume,  side-view.  13.  Same;  apex  of  flowering  glume.  14.  G.  anguslata  (R.  Br. J 
Kr.;  empty  glumes.  (Spitzbergen).  1.5.  Same;  flowering  glume  and  palet,  side-view.  16. 
(/.  pnupero/to  Holm;  empty  glumes.  (Hudson  bay).  17.  Same;  flowering  glume,  side-view. 
IS.  (7.  vaginala  Lge.;  empty  glumes.  (Cape  Bathurst).  19.  Same;  flowering  glume  and 
palet,  front-view.  20.  Same;  flowering  glume  and  palet,  side-view.  21.  G.  Kjellmanni'Lfjb.; 
empty  glumes.  (Nova  Zenibla).  22.  Same;  lower  empty  glume,  dorsal  view.  23.  Same; 
upper  empty  glume,  dorsal  view.  24.  Same;  flowering  glume,  ventral  view.  25.  Same;  a 
stamen.      26.  Same;  the  pistil  with  the  lodiculae.      (All  the  figures  are  enlarged.) 

P.  glauca  M.  Vahl:  "Caespitosa,  uiulticaulis,  rigidiuscula,  magis  minusvc 
glaiicescens,  spithamaea  v.  parum  ultra;  culmis  laovibus  (P.  cae.fia)  v.  supernc 
scabriusculis  (P.  aspera),  articulo  supcriore  elongalo;  foliis  subdistichis,  planis 
V.  coiiiplicatis,  apice  curvato  cucullato-contractis,  ligula  brevi,  obtusa,  folii 
supremi  ovali-oblonga;  panicula  erecta,  angusta,  ramis  brevibus,  ante  et  po.'it 
anthcsin  adpressis,  scabris;  spiculis  3-u-floris,  lanceolato-ovatis;  glumis  sub- 
aequilongis,  acutis,  violaceis,  albomarginatis,  gluma  fiorons  (palca  inf.)  5-  ncrvia, 
ad  nervos  sericca  et  basi  lanata.  Formae  maxime  memorabiles  sunt:  /3  elatior 
Ands.  1-2'  altus,  foliis  planis;  paniculae  ramis  longioribus  magisque  quam  in 
a  effusis,  c.  3-5  in  verticillis. 

"7  pallida  Lge.  Dense  caespitosa,  pallide  straminea,  cacspitibus  basi  vagin- 
arum  anni  praeteriti  reliquis  cinctis;  foliis  angustissimis,  coniplicatis,  ligula 
lacera;  spiculis  majusculis,  lanceolatis,  5-C-  floris;  gluma  florenti  et  palea  lividis, 
albomarginatis,  cum  macula  aurea  sub  apice,  ad  nervos  sericeis,  ceterum  glabris. 


JL 


6  B 


Canadian  Arctic  Expedition,  191S-1S 


"i  airoviolacra  I,gc.  Spithaniaoa,  rigida,  fol.  planis,  cauliiio  supoiioro  jiatulo 
l):i.-in  iriflorcsccntiae  sul)-attingpnte,  lijfula  eloiiRata,  panicula  virKinca  dense 
eoaictata,  spiculis  subhifloiis,  Klumis  loiige  acuininalis,  atroviol  mojs,  gliima 
Horento  ct  palca  basi  viridilms  all)Omarginatis,  apice  purpuroo-inaiginatis." 

The  spikclets  (Fig.  A:  1-2)  are  from  a  tvpicn.l  specimen  collected  on  Wolla.ston 
land. 

In  f\  ahbrciiatn  the  broad  empty  glumes  as  well  as  the  flowering  glume, 
the  latter  being  puberulent  on  the  sides  and  along  the  keel,  constitute  a  good 
distinction,  when  compared  with  /■•.  glauca,  in  which  the  glumes  are  much 
narrower,  and  the  flowering  glume  hairy  only  on  the  keel. 

P.  arctica  R.  Br. 

There  is  no  doubt  about  this  being  the  same  as  P.  flcxunm  Wahlenb.,  but 
it  is  debatable  whether  it  is  to  be  considered  identical  with  P.  ccnisia  All. 
Lange  (I.e.  p.  178)  states  for  instance:  "Nomen  P.  cerisia  All.,  quod  a  pluribus 
autt.  hue  relatum  est,  non  ad  hanc  speciem  spectare  videtur,  si  cum  Gren.  et 
Ciodr.  ad  P.  dislichophyllam  Gaud.,  a  nostra  l)ene  distinctam,  P.  rcnisia  »it 
.synonymon  ducitur. 

"P.  arctica  R.  Br.  vero  ex  consensu  plur.  autt.  omnino  eadem  cum  nostra; 
utrum  horum  nominum  praeferri  debet,  incertum  videtur,  cum  uno  eodemque 
anno  (1824)  publicata  sunt." 

As  pointed  out  by  Lange,  (I.e.  p.  178)  P.  arctica  is  readily  distinguished  by 
the  spreading,  flexuose  branches  of  the  short  panicle;  by  the  ovate,  2-4-  flowered 
spikelets  of  which  the  glumes  are  purplish  and  of  which  the  flowering  glume  is 
obtuse  or  roundish  at  apex,  with  a  broad,  hyaline  margin,  villoii-s  at  the  base, 
and  pilose  along  the  veins.    The  rhizome  is  stoloniferous. 

Arctophila  Rupr. 

The  old  genu?  '  ulpodium  of  Trinius  ■  was  founded  u|X)n  two  species:  mon- 
andrum  and  Steveni,  which  by  Trinius  himself  were  considered  as  "species  facie 
dissimiles,"  and  they  are  indeed  so  unlike  that  Robert  Brown  ^  a  few  years  later 
.segregated  the  former  as  Phippsia  algida  R.  Br.  and  retained  the  latter  only  as 
a  Colpodium.  To  the  latter  genus  was  furthermore  referred  C.  lalifoUnm  R.  Br. 
although  Robert  Brown  was  not  certain  about  the  real  affinity  of  this  species 
to  those  of  Trinius  and  especially  not  to  C.  Steveni  and  comprefi/<iari.  At  present 
Robert  Brown's  species  lati folium  is  generally  placed  under  Grisebach's  genus 
Arctagrontis  as  ,1.  latifolia  (R.  Br.)  Griseb. 

While  Colpodium  of  Trinius  was  adopted  by  Gri.sebach  '  with  the  omission 
of  r.  monnndrum  (Phippsia).  the  genus  was  nevertheless  augmented  with  certain 
species  placed  as  a  .section  "Arctophila"  in  contrast  to  C.  Steveni  and  its  natural 
allies  representing  the  section  "Eucol  podium."  By  including  the  species  of  Arcto- 
phila Rupr.,  the  npnns  Colpodium  became  actually  an  aggregate  of  incongruities, 
as  it  had  been  before  with  Phippsia  and  Arctagrostis  included.  By  Bentham  the 
genus  was  finally  restricted  to  the  sccilon  Eucolpodium,  while  Arctophila  became 
transferred  to  Graphephorum  Desv.,  next  to  Glycena  R.  Br.;  another  disposition 
was  made  by  Hackel  who  followed  Grisebach  by  placing  lK)th  Eucolpodium  and 
Arctophila  as  sections  of  the  original  genus  Colpodium,  characterizing  them  as 
h.aving  the  ".spikelets  one  to  two-flowered,  etc."  This  same  classification  is 
also  followed  by  Beal  ♦  in  nis  Monograph  of  North  American  Grasses,  with  the 
same  erroneous  characterization;  erroneous,  itecause  it  was  originally  intended 
for  Colpodium  alone  in  the  sense  of  Trinius. 

■    rririius:  l'Hllii;iin(>nt:i  .^unistoKniphui.      IHM.  p.   IIU. 

=  Brown.  HolxTt:  Cliloiis  Molvilliiuiii.    182:),    (.Miswll.  licit,  works,  I,  p.  ■-'21), 

•  Ledi'bour:  I-'lorii  Hiwcicft,    IV,     IK.W,  p.  ;W4, 

•Beal,  W.  J,:  (ir».<sos  of  North  .\inerira.  II.     Now  York,  1896,  p.  .i.)U, 


Arclic  Plfint-i:  }'  rphology  and  Synonymy 


7  a 


Three  species  are  enumerated  by  lieal  as  reprcsontativos  of  the  genus 
Col-podium  in  North  America:  C.fulvum  (Trin.)  Griseh.,  C.  pendulinum  (Laestad.) 
Griacb,,  and  C.  mucronalum  (Hack.)  Real.  Considerinc  ihe  fact  that  Colpodium 
in  the  sense  of  Trinius  was  originally  intended  for  both  (  .  Sicveni  and  Phippsia 
algida,  it  seems  difficult  to  find  any  good  ground  for  admitting  species  of  so 
little  affinity  as  those  of  Arclophila  and  still  crediting  the  genus  to  Trinius.  And 
the  species  of  Arclophila  have  themselves  been  transferred  from  one  genus  to 
another.  Thus  we  find  them  as  members  of  Poa,  Glycerin,  (Iraphephorum,  and 
finally  of  Colpodium. 

Considered  by  themselves,  the  species  of  Ruprecht's  Arclophila  '  constitute 
an  excellent  little  genus,  and  we  might  cite  Ruprecht's  own  words  when  he 
proposed  the  genus  in  his  "Flores  Samojcdorum  cisuralensium": 

"Arclophila  a  Calabrom  (airoide)  praesertim  difTert  glumarum  conforma- 
tione  et  longitudine,  hac  not  a  etiam  et  insuper  valvulis  ecostatis  a  Glyceria  R. 
Br.  recedit.  Atropis  Trin.  {P.  distans)  Catabrosae  quoad  gluinas  proxinna, 
spiculas  habet  (saltem  in  statu  virgineo)  lineares,  fere  teretes;  in  Arclophila 
nostra  semper  ex  ovato-oblongae  vcl  lanceolatae.  Conjunctioni  Arctophilae 
cum  Poa  obstant:  valvulae  dorso  concavae  vel  saltern  minus  compressae;  flosculi 
lana  nuinquam  cincti,  nee  ad  norvos  dorsales  sericei,  sed  ad  callum  more  Aven- 
acearum  pilis  rigidis  obsiti;  valvula  inferior  apice  vix  integerrima,  sed  margo 
plerumque  irrcgulariter  denticulatus  et  erosus,  saltem  crenulatus  et  apex  saepe 
obtusus  vel  truncatus;  habitus  etiam  nobilior  colore  fulvo  paniculae  saepe 
intermixto;  spiculae  majores  plerumque  et  flosculi  demum  patuli,  remotiusculi." 

The  species  that  are  best  known  are:  Arclophila  fulva  (Trin.)  Rupr.,  A. 
pendulina  (Laest.;d.)  Ands.,  and  A.  effusa  Lge.,  especially  the  first  of  these 
since  the  Greenland  plant,  A.  effusa,  was  for  many  years  considered  identical 
with  A.  pendulina  by  Fries,  Grisebach,  and  several  other  authors. 

The  species  found  by  Mr.  Johansen  is  .4.  effusa  Lge.,  described  in  Conspectus 
Fl.  Groenl.  as  follows:  "Satis  superque  difTert  planta  groenlandica,  in  Fl.  Dan. 
tab.  2343  nomine  Poae  pendulinae  divulgata,  a  Glyceria  pendulina  Laest.  vera, 
Lapponiae  tornensis  et  rossicae  incola,  statura  liumiliore  foliis  brevioribus, 
culmo  erecto  (nee  apice  nutante),  ramis  deflexis,  in  verticillo  1-2,  raro  3,  flosculis 
in  spicula  2-3  (nee  3-6)  minus  laxe  disjxjsitis,  glumis  obtusiusculis,  spicula  panim 
brevioribus,  etc.  Rotanici  plures  (I.  Vahl,  Fries,  Ledebour,  etc.)  has  2  species, 
inter  se  valde  dissimilcs,  infauste  junxerunt,  quarc  plantam  Groenlandicam  I.e. 
nomine  novo  designare  coactus  sum." 

West  Greenland,  between  64»  10'  and  Go"  20',  in  damp  situations,  very 
rare;  Sukkertoppen,  Godthaab  (Vahl). 

A  depauperate  form  of  this  species  is  known  from  Spitzbergen,  formerly 
considered  as  distinct  and  named  Colpcdium  Malnujreni  Ands.* 

While  Grisebach  (I.e.)  only  recognized  .1 .  fulva  and  A .  pendulina,  seven  other 
species  had  been  described  by  Ru))repht  (I.e.)  but  merely  referred  to  as  synonyms 
in  Flora  Rossioa;  Ihey  wore  rollectod  on  the  island  Kolgujew  and  on  the  Russian 
coast  near  Kainljaliiitza  and  Hjolaja. 

The  genus  seems  to  be  rare  in  North  America,  l)ut  specimens  belonging  to 
it  have  been  collected  in  various  parts  of  Alaska  and  adjacent  islands  and  al.so 
in  Canada.     The<e  speci.nens  iiavo  been  generally  identified  as  A.  fulva  or  A. 


pendulina:  of  th(>so 
Hudson  bay  region, 
on  this  continent. 
In  the  copious 


the  former  is  known  only  from  Muckelung  river  and  the 
and.  so  far  as  I  know,  .4.  pendulina  has  never  been  fourd 


material  sent  to  me  for  identification  from  the  Canadian 
Government,  I  found  four  species,  which  appeared  di.stinct,  and  of  which  three 
have  been  described  and  figured  in  my  paper;  On  the  genus  Arclophila  Rupr.* 

■Risprr-fht,  V.  .!.:  S.vi!-.Vi!:!:i.-  :ii!  l-.istiiri:i!;:  ^'t  ui-v^rapliiam  plap.tarum  Roaaioarum.    !S46.  n,  62-65. 
'Anderson,  N'.  I.    liidrai:  till  ili'n  minliskii  Kliiran    I.    Iltt  hittilU- otioskritvet  sris  tr&n  SpotsberRen. 
,0(vers.  Knnel.  Vof.  Ak.ail.  t'orliillirr.     N...  5.  p.  121.  Sti»-kliolrii,  isiiti.l 
The  Ottawa  Naturalist.  .Iiin.\  KKi:.  p.  s:!. 


8   B 


Canadian  Arctic  Expedition,  1913-18 


■D  ^^^  fPfcies  A.  gracilis  nob.  from  north  of  Lake  Superior,  collected  by  Dr. 
K.  bell;  .^1.  brizoides  nob.  from  St.  Paul  island,  Bering  sea,  bv  James  M.  Macoun 
and  A.  chrysantha  nob.  from  sixteen  miles  west  of  Nome  city,  Alaska,  by  J.  b' 
•  .  "•,  ^furthermore  A.  trichnpoda  nob.  from  Mansfield  island  and  Nottineham 
island  Hudson  bay,  collected  by  Dr.  R.  Bell,  and  of  which  the  diagnosis  »  reads 
as  follows : 

I  r  '''^toloniffrous:  culms  weak,  about  twenty  cm.  in  height,  enclosed  by  the 
leaf-sheaths:  leaf-blades  broad,  flat  and  glabrous,  longer  thpn  the  internodes- 
inflorescence  a  lax-flowered  panicle  with  the  glabrous,  capillary  branches  in 
twos  and  threes:  spikelet  three-flowered,  one  or  two  on  each  branch:  empty 
glumes  unequal,  quite  broad,  acuminate,  membranaceous,  three-nerved-  flower- 
ing glume  broad,  pomted  and  often  awned,  at  least  in  the  basal  flower,  hairy  at 
the  base:  palet  bidentate,  shorter  than  the  flowering  glume.  A  rear  ally  of  A 
mucronata  Hack." 

Finally  may  be  mentioned  that  John  Murdoch  collected  an  i4 rc^opAi/a  near 
I'omt  Barrow  which  Hackel  has  described  as  A.  mucronata,  fide  Beal:  Grasses 
of  North  America.'    The  diagnosis  reads  as  follows: 

"A  smooth,  stout  grass,  15-25  cm.  high.  Leaves  6-8  in  number  crowded; 
liguie  broad,  lacerate,  2  mm.  long;  blades  flat,  abruptly  poinded,  5-12  cm.  long 
b  m.m.  wide.  Panicle  shining,  yellowish,  open,  partially  included,  narrow  or 
pyramidal,  o-7  mm.  long,  rays  in  twos  or  fours,  reflexed,  the  longest  3-7  cm. 
long,  bearing  2-3  spikelets  near  the  apex.  Spikelets  2-flowered,  joint  of  rachilla 
U,b  m.m.  long,  smooth  or  very  sparingly  hairy;  empty  glumes  subequal,  3-3, 
I  r"-™-  'Ong  soft,  .:iin,  first  ovate,  l-nerved,  second  broader,  3-nerved;  floral 
glume  broadly  oval,  3,5  m.m.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  5-nerved,  margin  scarious, 
apex  irreguk-rly  toothed  or  torn,  the  central  nerve  extending  to  the  tip  or  into  a 
short  mucro;  palea  broad;  1,5  mm.  long." 

It  is  thus  characteristic  of  A.  trichopoda  and  A.  mucronata  that  the  midrib 
of  the  flowering  glume  is  extended  into  an  arista  in  the  former,  and  in  a  mucro 
in  the  latter  while  in  all  the  other  species  the  midrib  does  not  extend  beyond 
the  apex  of  the  glume,  a  structure  which  certainly  would  be  anomalous  in  the 
genus  Colpodium  Trin.  (as  understood  by  Bcntham),  because  there  the  midrib 
never  reaches  the  top  of  the  glume. 

These  species  of  Arctophila  may  naturally  be  classified  in  two  sections: 

L  Macrostachyae. 

Spikelets,  when  fully  developed,  five-  to  seven-flowered,  the  base  acute  during 
anthesis. 

A.  fulva,  A.  remotiflora,  and  A.  pendulina. 

II.  Brachystachyae. 

Spikelets  two-  to  four-flowered,  the  base  obtuse  during  anthesis. 

i4.  brizoides,  A.  chrysantha,  A.  deflexa,  A.  gracilis,  A.  latijlora,  A.  mucronata, 

A.  poealantha,  A.  scleroclada,  A.  similis,  and  A.  trichopoda. 

Dupontia  R.  Br. 

,      The  genus  was  established  by  Robert  Brown »  and  characterized  as  follows- 

Gluma  subaequivalvis,   scariosa,   concavn,   mutica,  lociistarn  2-3-floram  sub- 

aequans.    Perianthia  mutica,  scariosa,  (basi  barbata),  altcro  pcdicellato;  valvulis 

integris,  inferiore  concava.     Lodiculae  2.     Ovarium  imberbe.     Stigmata  sub- 

sessiha.    Caryopsis .      Grarnen  glabrnm  erectum.      Folia  linearia,  plana, 

vaginis  semifissis,  basi  integra.  Panicula  simplex,  roarctata,  fusco  et  purpur- 
ascenti  varia,  pcdicellis  cum  locustis  continuis,  perianthiis  separatim  solubilibus." 
The  genus  was  named  in  honor  of  Monsieur  Dupont  of  Paris,  author  of  a 
valuable  essay  on  the  sheath  of  the  leaves  of  glasses,  and  of  observations  on  the 
genus  Atriplex. 

'  Fcddo's  Kepert.    I.e. 

"Vol.  2,  New  Ynrk,  IS96,  p.  550. 

'Chloris  Melvilliana  I.e.,  p.  228. 


Arctic  Planlf:  Morphology  and  Syiiu,    ,  ly 


9   B 


Only  one  species,  D. Fischeri,  wasknown  to  KoIkti  Rrowii,  hut  sinon  then 
Ruprecht  (I.e.)  has  described  a  second  one,  D.  p/'ilosdnlhn,  from  Kolnujew  island, 
and  a  third  one,  I),  micrantha  nob.,  has  been  found  in  Luurador:  Halton,  and  at 
cape  Henrietta  Maria,  Hudson  bay. 

Of  these  D.  psilosantha  differs  from  D.Fischeri  by  the  empty  glumes  being 
"acutissimae,  caudatae,"  and  by  the  flowering  glume  being  "(fioseuli)  gluberrimi, 
acuminati,"  while  in  D.Fiitchcri  the  empty  glumes  are  more  or  less  obtuse  and 
the  flowering  glume  obtuse  and  pilose  at  the  base;  the  third  species,  D.  micranlha, 
differs  from  Ixjth  by  the  small  size  of  the  mostly  one-.'ioworcd  spik<lots,  etc. 
according  to  the  diagnosis:' 

"Stolonifcrous:  culm  slender,  glabrous,  about  twenty-five  rni.  in  height: 
leaves  very  narrow,  glabrous  with  prominent  ligule:  infiorcscrncc  a  contracted 
panicle  with  capillary  branches:  spikelets  one  or  two  on  each  branch,  mostly 
one-flowered:  empty  glumes  unequal,  very  narrow  and  sharply  pointed,  mem- 
branaceous: flowering  glume  acute,  slightly  hairy  at  the  base,  not  exceeding  the 
superior  empty  glume:  palet  bidentate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  flowering 
glume." 


Glyceria  R.  Br. 

The  segregation  of  Atropis  originated  with  Ruprecht'  and  was  accepted  by 
Grisebach  in  Flora  Rossica:  "genus  a  ilbjceria  imprimis  stylo  ad  basin  usque 
simpliciter  plumosa  distinctum  est."  Meanwhile  Parlatore  ^  established  the 
genus  PvrciucUia  containing  the  same  species  as  Atropis  and  formerly  by  Elias 
Fries*  referred  to  his  section  Hchochloa  of  (Hiiccrin.  According  to  Fries  (I.e. 
\MiS)  Glijccria  consists  of  two  sections:  "  Ili/drochlun  Ilartm.,"  with  the  flowering 
glume  7-nerved,  and  " Heleochloa  Fr."  with  the  flowering  glume  o-ncved. 

As  a  section  Atropis  has  been  recognized  by  vai'ious  writers,  and  much  more 
so  than  Puccinellia.  Buchenau  ',  however,  treats67(/cen'a  and  Atropis  as  distinct 
genera,  and  this  author  is  one  of  the  very  few  who  furnishes  a  sufficiently  com- 
plete diagnosis.  In  Gray's  Manual  (1908),  PyccincUia  is  accepted  as  a  genus, 
though  poorly  defined  as  distinct  horn  Glyceria;  more  recently  we  find  the  same 
disposition  by  Fernald  and  Weatherby  (Rhodora  lOlti),  enumerating  eleven 
species  as  indigenous  to  eastern  North  America  south  of  Hudson  straits. 

However,  in  giving  Puccinellia  preference  to  Atropis  Fernald  and  Weatherby 
have  certainly  misunderstood  Ruprecht,  because  this  author  has  clearly  demon- 
strated that  he  considered  Atropi't  and  some  other  genera  as  being  distinct  from 
Poa.  And  when  Ruprecht  states  that:  "E  conditionc  glumaruni  generum 
series  fortasse  sequens:  Diipontia,  Arctophila,  Pon,  Atropis  cet,"  this  author  did 
not  mean  that  these:  "from  the  condition  of  the  glumes  perhaps  represent  a 
series  of  genera  as  follows:  Dupontia  cet.,"  but  that  the  genera  mentioned  might 
be  arranged  according  to  the  structure  of  the  glumes,  as  enumcratecl  alxjve; 
series  means  in  this  connection  sequence  referring  to  the  arrangement.  More- 
over, it  seems  unjust  to  ignore  Atrojiis  because  tin;  diagnosis  of  Puccinellia 
by  Parlatore  is  more  complete;  if  such  procedure  be  considered  "the  best  for 
serving  the  cause  of  sound  nomenclature,"  as  claimed  by  these  authors,  very 
many  gen(>ra  of  Linnaeus  would  suffer      >  same  fate. 

By  comparing  the  species  of  Oiy  the  classification  proposed  by  Fries 

(I.e.)  apprars  the  most  natural,  retaini:  .le  gentis  intact,  as  has  been  proposed 
also  by  Duval-Jouve  in  his  classic  treatise:  Doiites  ct  pridres  au  sujet  de  quelcjueb 
esp^ces  do  Glyceria  du  groupe  des  Halophilcs.^ 

'  Fedde'd  Repert,  1."'. 

'  KlfirfiT  .S:iir..".ip.'!.    (':s!:r:;!.     IK!',:, 

»  Kl.  lUll.  I.     1K4S. 

*  SumriKi  vpprt.    1840. 


'  I'lorii  d.  nordwostdeutd;*li. 
•Bull.  So<-.  Bot.     I'ninL-i';  I';i 


'lli'lVhi'llc.  l^yl. 
[iris.  tstl:;. 


lU  B 


Canadian  Arcnc  Expedition,  1913-18 


fho  Im.;''''ntH'rh""T'''""/^''  ^""r'"*^  P^K'^-"  rcprosont  a  certain  tvpr  of 
fhe  Ronus,  and  the  on  y  one  known  from  the  arctic  regions  which  l)v  some 

Flin«  r!  1       w  f  ***;';*'""  of  C,//ycerm  this  typo  was  doscrii.ed  already  by 

Eha8  I.r..-.s'  under  Hckochloae,  while  most  of  the  other  species  were  referred  to 

rs  c^f'^^he  Sr:::r''rr  "^TI^-    ^^^'-"7.''"'^  *«  ^'^^  <'-  principal  cTarac" 
ev^orinr  lonfn  ,.  "-^t.vlus  distinctus,  pilis  siiKmatis  denticulatis.    Valvula 

r^^ti  n    reTds     "s,y^:;T"^  "'>"•,■  ^"  ^'"^  W^'e^^A/oa.  the  character- 

uation    reads       htifjmata   subsessilia,   simpl  c  tcr    pliimosa       Valvula   rxferi.ir 
o-norvis,  nervis  obsoletis.    F,:tucae  spec.  Kunfh  "  '"""""•      ^^"'"'^   exterior 

stvl,.^,);. .;,'""'/  ';"'}. ""••""Pl    •■  is  the  diaRnosis  by  Ilackel,'  namely:   '•GlyceHa, 
distinct  "'  ''  '"■''''"   '"'^'*^"'''  '^"^  -^"•''^^'*'  ^'Vles  none,  lodicules 

Glyceria  vllfoldea  (Ands.)  Th.  Fries  (Fig.  A:  4--,)  This  well-knovn  and 
on  the  arctic  shoros,  so  very  frequent  species  has  reLn  ly  been  transfS  from 
one  species  o  r...ot  her  or  reduced  to  a  mere  variety.     Rv  ScHbno"and Kril  U  rJ 

FSnThf  hSoTFrrnl:,J""7  v/'^--  ^^y^-^^  O-c./and  hl.ZiS  a  s'i'n.i  a 
s?ranLif  H.;^    nrr         ^k''^  T^  Wea.i.erby  (I.e.).    It  would,  however,  seem  very 
stranpe  if   he  earlier  authors  familiar  v.  if  h  the  species  described  bv  Trinius  had  not 

aS  tomm  nor  Tn^l  ■  K-  ""n^  Lundstrcim  in  their  extensive  writings  on 
arctic  botany,  nor  Lange  in  his  Conspectus  ( .c).    As  long  as  we  feel  sure  and 

K^  r.?  P  '  "''u  ^  naturally  be  more  safe  to  retain  this  name,  even  if  it 
rLi  ■i''''T'  date  than  Poa  phryganodes.  Dr.  Trimen  laid  down  a  very  good 
canon  alxjut  names  in  litany,  viz.:  to  take  the  most  certain  name   ev«i*^t 

U  is  dismS'and'w ^  '"*\"^  ""'•''^  1*  •'^^'^^  ^^  *°  "'^^  -  un"er'ta?n  name 
LoL    ^       J     r     ^''.'Pa.v  have  several  names  running  at  once.     In  recent 

"cZlWmJ"^Hl\"'''^  enumerations  cf  plants  from  l-arious  countries  ^e 
have  dpfnJf  H  new  combinations  because  the  authors  believe  that  they 

have  detected  a  much  older  name  than  the  one  now  in  use;  verv  many  of  these 
old  names,  however,  are  so  uncertain  that  the  earlier  wri  ers  discarded  them 
and  the  result  is,  of  course,  the  introduction  of  an  oldei  name,  which  is  sunnos^d 
to   be  correct,    until  still  another   be  proposed,    thus    nvo WTnian  Snse 
wrnoedl?r^'  combinations.    Examples  ofthis  kind  ai;.undTn^ecentTorks! 

o  tiaUen  Gunn.,  etc.,  names  that  were  never  accepted  bv  the  earlier  writers 
on  syste.natic  tetany.  And  as  long  as  the  old  mas  ers  discarded  such  iTames 
they  surely  must  have  ha.l  so.no  reason  for  doing  so;  in  anyfase  the  elrife; 
writers,  I  mean  Trautvetter,  Blytt,  TIart.nan,  FWes/Lange  \\inlLs  for 
instance,  were  certainly  more  familiar  with  the\vritings  of  G^^  il  ort  iS'and 
Cunnor,  for  instaiico.  t  ban  authors  of  to-.lav  Awioni,  ana 

resncSh"'"^''?;,.';;-^"'?  ,1^^*^   ^!^«„'?eep  referred  to  G.  n>arUuna  as  a  variety, 
\ro  ,      h;f    T^'  1 4    *;  .'P"'^'-' "«"'«.     thus  involving  "new  combinations." 

ve',rms'bT.^7V''^-"'r  '''''*'?•  ''^^"'''"'  ^^■^^  ' '"t'lally  discovered  in  the 
>ear  J8.38  b>  Laestadius  in  Finmarken,  and  that  he  called  it  G  distans  var 
reptan.  I  aest  but  without  publishing  the  diagnosis.  The  fact  that  thrnhni 
became  described  by  ITartman  '  several  years  before  Anderson  descried  Ws 

o  f  .  replanx  (I.aest.).  However,  since  the  name  G.  vilfoidea  is  the  one  used  bv 
the  leading  .authors  on  arctic  botany,  and  since  we  know- the  specie"  w°thaSute 
ceriainty,  the  name  "vilfoidea"  proposed  by  Anderson  ought  to  be    etS 


'  Xoyit.  I-icinip  Siipncac.     Mnnt.  II,  iS39. 

'  m  KriKler  -;    Die  n:it.  I'flaiui.nf. 

*  Incrpiiiei 

'  Tvilnne  i  t-  inmarkcn  Jterfiinna  I 

»  Excursions  I'lora  Kd.  I.     I,S4(), 


-     ............    .'.t.w.u-.      .»i.iin .  11,  ii'i.ia. 

m  KriKler  -;    Die  n:it.  I'flaiui.nf. 

Incromenm  rionir  Plwim-roKaniae  I!,«i(ac.     lasr.  IV.     IVtropoli^i   1X84   n  8V) 

'  Ex^'Sn^A™^^-;;  *i."'''sr """'™«"'"-  ^«'"  ^-'^  '■•""' ^^»«:  p  nv': 


Airtii'  I'limU:  Morphology  ami  Synonymy 


11    B 


To  ronsider  tlie  sppcics  as  a  incro  variety  of  0.  moritinia,  as  lias  '.v'on  done 
in  recent  years,  is  open  to  <iuostion,  a"*'  '''Imnson  '  has  written  a  very  instructive 
paper,  demonstrating  thatO'.  lilfoidm  i.        '..  marilima  arc  not  conspccific. 

LaiiRe  (lives  a  good  diagnosis  of  (/.  vilfoidea  (Conspcit  ns  I.e.  p.  170)  as  folic. ws: 

"(iracilis,  glaherrinia,  rhizomate  oblicpu),  foiionim  fascicnlos-ablircvintos 
et  flagelhi  valde  elongata  gracilia  einittente;  foliis  anguslc  Jincariitus  subcon-pli- 
catis,  acutis;  ligula  hrevi,  truncata;  paiiicula  hrevi,  contracta,  riiniis  sui>  imtlieai 
adprossis,  defloratis  crecto-patentihus,  infcriorihus  siibgcniiiiis,  super,  solitariis; 
glumis  obtusis  inaequalihus  flosculis  2-8,  palea  inf.  ovali,  olitiisa,  H-,')-nervia." 

"01)3.  Species  haec,  non  nisi  e  (iroenlandia  ;c  ins.  >'i)i(i>li(iii.  hucusque 
cognita,  niodo  crescendi  aliis(|ue  characteribus  n(l.  inaritiiiui  rcccdit,  ctsi  hujus 
forrnis  quibusdam  ((I.  marilima  var.  arennria  E.  I'ric-  Maiit.  2.  \).  0)  nffinis  est." 


Kiai  RE  B. 
1.  .Stolon  of  (llyceria  vilfoidea  (Ands.)  Tli.  Fr.;P=thc  i)roi>hyllon  (fore-leaf);  L  =  lateral  shoot ; 
S=primary  shoot;  natural  size.     (St.  Paul  island,  Hering  strait,.)       2.  .Stolon  of  Caiahrom 
aquatica  (L.)  Beauv.;  St  =  flower-bearing  stem;  other  letters  as  above;  n.atural  size.    (Sweden). 
3.  Two  viviparous  spikelets  of  Aira  alinna  L.;  magnification  I]  (Greenland). 

For  a  comparison  I  have  drawn  the  spikelets  of  l)0th  (Fig.  A:  4-.^  and  (i-7). 

Moi cover,  as  pointed  out  by  Johanson  (I.e.),  the  structure  of  the  stolons 
differs  in  a  marked  degree  from  that  of  the  other  species  of  Glyccrla,  and  seems 
indeed  to  be  rare,  or  at  least  but  little  known  from  Gramineae  in  general.  The 
accompanying  te.\t  figure  (B)  shows  part  of  a  stolon  of  tf.  vilfoidea  (tig.  1);  in  this 
the  main  shoot  is  aerial  (S),  and  b"nr.^  several  green  leaves,  .scparntcd  from  each 
other  by  stretched  internodcs;  at  cacli  node  a  small  lateral  shoot  is  developed 
(L),  of  which  the  first  leaf  re[)rcscnts  an  adorscd  prophyllon  (F)  or  fore-leaf,  as 
is  the  usual  structure  of  lateral  sho'"*s  in  the  monocotyledons.  But,  as  may 
be  seen  from  the  drawinr  the  lateral  shoot  is  not  situateil  in  the  axil  of  the 
corresixjnding  stem-leaf,  1  has  been  moved  up  to  the  node  al)Ove,  thus  occupy- 
ing a  very  strange  |X)sitio  remote  from  the  ieaf-a.xil.  It  is  a  structure  that 
recurs  in  the  genus  Caiahrom,  for  instance,  inf.  aquatica  (L.)  Beauv.,  where  the 
structure  is  very  plainly  visible  (tig.  2);  in  this  plant  the  stolons  appear  to  root 
more  freely,  the  secondary  roots  proceeding  from  the  nodi,  as  shown  in  the 
drawing. 

The  fact  that  (V.  vilfoidea  seldom  produces  flowers,  and  that  fruiting  speci- 
mens are  almost  unknown,  indicates  that  vegetative  reproduction  supersedes 
tlie  floral,  and  in  this  respect  (7.  vilfoidea  is  readily  ilistingui.shcd  from  the  other 
species  of  the  genus.    While  vegetative  reproduction  is  known  to  be  prevalent 

'  Cm  Glycoria  maritima  (Huds.  i  Wuhlenli.  var.  arenaria  odi  Glyceria  vilfoidea  (Ands.)  Th.  Tr.  (Sv. 
Bnt.  Tidsk'-.  4.     Stockholm.  1910). 


12  u 


Canadian  Arctic  Expedition,  1913-18 


in  sPveral  otl.or  plantM,  notably  urctk-  and  alpino,  the  organs  of  rrpm.iuclion 
in  thMo  are  flowers  transformr.i  into  small  shoots  or  l.uibiots,  instead  of  lH.inK 
stolons  developed  from  the  basal  leaves.  In  Aim  alphia,  for  instanee  (fiff.  3)i 
the  spikelets  are  transformed  into  leafy  sh(K)ts,  since  the  flowering  Rl.ime,  the 
palet  and  the  sexual  organs  have  developed  in  the  shape  of  green  leaves  with 
sheaths  and  blades,  whde  the  empty  glumes  show  the  tvj.ioal  structure  of 
glumes  A  simdar  transformation  of  flowers  into  leafy  shoots  is  known  also 
irorn  the  arctie-alpme  Polygonum  viviparum,  from  some  of  the  Saxifragae  ,S' 
cernun  and  >.  .slellaris  where  most  of  the  flowers  develop  in  the  shape  of  bulblets! 
but  the  almost  total  absence  of  flowers  and  the  vegetative  reproduction  being 
effected  by  means  of  true  stolons  seems  to  be  especially  characteristic  of  (//-/cma 
viijoinen. 

G.  tenella  Lge.  and  G.  vaglnata  Lge.  were  also  collected  on  the  expedition 
and  since  the  former  has  been  so  very  rx)orly  described  in  Ostenfeld's  Flora 
Arctica,  and  the  latter  havmg  been  merged  intof/.  distans  (L.)  Wahlenb.  bv  this 
same  author,  I  deem  it  necessary  to  insert  the  original  diagnoses  of  these',  and 
Of  some  other  arctic  C.lyc-eriae,  which  may  prove  useful  to  future  students  of 
arctic  plants  ,Some  of  the  species  have  been  illustrated  with  respect  to  the 
structure  of  the  spikelets  in  the  text-figures. 

Glyceria  tenella  Lge  (rie.  A:  10-13)  is  described  in  Kjellman  and  Lund- 
stroms  Fanerogamer  fr&n  Vovaja  Semlja:  "(U.  caespitoso-pulvinata,  multi- 
caulis,  eauhbus  graeilibus  circa  3"  longis,  adsccndentibus  (v.  prostratis?);  foliis 
anKustissune  linearibus,  complicatis,  obtuse  et  oblique  mucronatis;  ligula 
brevissiina,  truncata;  panicula  brevi,  laxa,  lacemiformi,  contracta,  florendi 
tempore  e  vagina  folii  caulini  superioris  vix  exserta,  ramis  laevibus  1-2  in  verti- 
cillis,  inaequdongis;  spiculis  glabris,  circa  3-floris,  floribus  invicem  remotis; 
glumis  obtusiuscuhs,  superiore  subduplo  longiore;  palea  inferiore  violacea  vel 
viridi,  anguste  all)omarginata,  obtusa  vel  subtruncata,  leviter  crosa  3-5  nervi- 
anthens  palhde  fuscis  vel  sordide  luteis;  ovario  elliptico  ovali,  sty'lis  invicem' 
subdisfantibus  terminato.  Hab.  In  sinu  Rogatschew  insularum  Novaia- 
bemlja  et  ad  promontonum  Grel)eni  insulae  Wajgatsch  legerunt  F.  R.  Kjellman 
et  A.  N.  Lundstrocm  mense  Julii  1S75. 

"Habitu  nee  non  pluribus  characteribus  a  reliquis  Gbjceriia  mihi  notis  dis- 
tincta,  maxime  ad  Gl.  vaginatam  Lge.  etGL  distanlis  var.  pulvinatam  accedens, 
cum  nuilis  harum  tamen  associanda." 

G.  tenella  Lge.  for.-na  pumila  Lge.   (in  Holm:   Novaia  Zemlia's  Vegetation). 

"Differt  a  typo  in  insulis  Novaia  Zemlia  a  cl.  Kjellman  et  Lundstroein 
lecto:  statura  puniila,  culmis  vix  ultra  1"  longis,  panicula  (raceme  on^vi)  liorendi 
temjore  extra  folium  sup.  exserta;  palea  inf.  magis  obsolete  nervata.  Forsan 
It.  tenella  ipsa,  (hac  forma  mclusa)  ad  G.  vaginatam  Lge.  e  (Iroenlandia  (Fl 
Uan.  T.  2o83)  ut  forma  reducfa  trahenda  est,  sed  haec  panicula  magis  efTusa  et 
ramosa,  spiculis  -■,-()  floris  gluma  inf.  latiore  differt. 

Ilab.  in  rupibiis  insulae  Novaia  Zemlia  ad  Petuchowskoj  Schar. 
Glyceria  vaginata  Lge.  (Consp.  Fl.  Groenl.)  (Fig.  A:  IS). 

"Dense  cacspitosa;  culmo  ad  basin  1-2  nodis  geiiiculato,  articulo  suiMTioie 
elongato  fere  ad  paniculaiu  usque  vagina  ampla,  folii  lamina  multo  longiore 
incluso;  foliis  niollibus,  anguste  linearibus,  laevissimis,  glaucis,  planis  vel  sicca- 
tiono  involutis,  ligula  brcvi,  obtusa;  panicula  laxa,  ramis  subgeminis,  capillaribus 
ante  et  post  ant hcsin  erectis;  spiculis  laxc  5-0-floris,  glumis  ovatis,  obtusis, 
inferiore  dupio  breviore,  palea  inf.  concava,  obtusissima,  obsolete  5-nervia, 
basi  pi.osiuscula,  super,  paulo  lungioro,  truncata,  apice  eroso-ciliata."  Known 
so  far  only  from  the  coast  of  West  Greenland. 

Glyceria?  Kjellmanni   Lge.  (Fig. 
Fanerog.  fr.  Novaja  Semlja). 


A:   21-26.)    (in    Kjellman  &  Lundstrom: 


Arctic  Planls:  Morphology  and  Synonymy 


13  B 


"<il.  perennis,  cacspitosa,  multicpps;  fasciculis  singulis  cac-iiitis  |»<)lyi)liylli8; 
foliis  iiiferiorihus  nd  vaginas  recluctis,  foliis  caulinii  )-i>,  otnnilnis  phinis,  laxi- 
uscuiJ!*,  (>  baHi  lata  HPiisiiii  aiigU8tioril>tis  ot  oblique  ihiirninatis,  JiKula  [jtotracta, 
acutiusfiila,  Icvitcrque  donticulata;  culmis  croctiH  vcl  kchu  ulalo  adscciKJiiitihus, 
2-r)  lornjis;  panicula  c  folio  caulino  supremo  loriRe  exMiia,  lirevi,  aiiRUsta  et 
coarctata,  rainist  1-2,  breviims,  eroelis  cum  rhaelii  ];a'vil>us  et  (jlaberrimis; 
^piculis  cirra  2:  floris;  glumis  ovatis,  inforiorc  pellucidii,  1:  nervi,  superiorc  J 
lODRiore,  ',i:  ticrvi  et  circa  nervos  violaeco-tincta,  maruinc  pcliuciila  huera; 
palca  inferiore  ovato-lanceolatn,  nrrvis  3,  lads,  viohueis  J  longiludiiiis  parte 
percursa,  basim  versus  dorso  ct  marKine  dense  pilosa,  apice  irreuulariter  denti- 
culato-lacora,  palea  su|)eriore  marline  revoiuta  ad  nervos  2  pills  all)is,  rigidis 
ciliafa  npice  sumino  dcntirulata;  anfhcris  pallido  fuscis  vel  sordide  luteis;  ovario 
elliptico  stylis  2,  invicem  approxitnafis  terminalo. 

"Hab.  In  insulis  Novaja  Zemlja  ad  fretum  Matotschkin  Icgerunt  Kjollman 
et  Lunrlsfroem,  7-13  Julii  187.">. 

"Habitum  r-7i/c€rtarM>rt  minus  bene  exprimit  et  obiter  inspccta  jxitius  I'ois 
quibusdam  similis,  sed  characteribus,  imprimis  glumis  dorso  teretibus  a  I'uae 
gcnere  reredit,  nee  reliquae  characteres  obstant,  quin  ad  (lli/ceriae  genus  referri 
possit,  nisi  quod  spiculae  fore  semper  bi-floraeet  paleaeden.*e  villosac,  superior 
immo  margine  rigide  eiliata  (fere  ut  in  liromo).  Ilabitu  Dujwntiis  baud  dissimilis 
est,  sed  hoe  genus  glumis  spiculaaequilongis  praeterpluraabunderecedit.  Itaque 
hoc  gramen  singulare  ad  interim  G/ycenae  generi  subsumsi,  nisi  forte  proprium 
genus  constitueret." 

Glyceric  Vahliana  (Liebm.)  Th.  Fries.  (Fig.  A:  8-9). 

"Poa  Vahlinna  (Lichm.):  gramen  caespitosum  spithamaeum,  radice  fibrosa, 
culmo  3-foliatu,  vagina  superiore  folio  li  pollieari  loi.giore,  ligula  produrta 
oblique  truncata;  panicula  contractiuscula  radii"  binis  solitariisque,  spieulis 
subtritloris  pedicellis  longioribus  vel  aequilongis;  glumis  subaeciualibus-eloiigato- 
lanceolatis  obtusiusculis  glabris  obsolete-nervosis,  basi  apophysi  parva  instructis; 
paleis  glumas,  superantibus  valvulis  inaequilongis,  exteriorelineari-laneeolata 
obtusluscula  obsolete  5  nervia,  nervis  pilosulis,  intcriore  breviore  apice  Indentatp 
nervis  2  marginalibus  purpureis  ciliatis  percursa,  lodicidis  oblique  bidentatis, 
germine  elliptico  obtuso,  siigmatibus  2  plumosis."  Flora  Danica,  41,  tab. 
2401;  Kjoobenhavn,  1845. 

The  species  was  found  l)y  Vahl  on  the  west  coast  of  Greenland,  by  Niakoriiak 
near  Fman  k,  at  an  elevation  of  atxjut  700  M. 

Lange  (Conspectus  FI.  Groenl.)  adds  to  the  diagnosis:  "foliis  flaccidis, 
planis,  acutissimis;  glumis  parum  inaequalibus,  purpurascentibus,  margine 
apicem  versus  albomarginatis." 

Glyceria  Langeana  Berlin  (Karlvaxt.,  insaml.  under  svenska  cxpcd'tionon  till 
Gronland  18S3). 

"Ilumilis,  dense  caespitosa;  foliorum  fasciculis  intravaginalibus;  foliis 
rigidiusculis  aruatis;  cultnis  rigidiuseulis  vix  folia  superantibus;  paniculis  et 
spieulis  glabris;  glumis  inaequalibus  acutiusculis;  paleis  obtusis  exterioribus 
apice  laceratis." 

North  Greenland:  Kangaitsak. 

Glyceria  angustata  (R.  Br.  sub  Pua)  Fr.'(Fig.  A:  14-15). 

By  llobert  Brown  (Chloris  Mel  villiana,p.223)  the  species  is  described  as  follows : 
"Poa    angustata,    panicula    simplici    coarctata    lineari-laiiceolata,    locustis 

4-5  floris,  gluma  inferiore  dimidio  minorc,  perianthiis  apice  erosis:valvula  inferiore 

basi  elanata  lateribus  glabriusculis,  foliis  angusto-linearibus. 

"Desc.    Gramen   4-6-unciale,   glabrum,   erectum;   radice   fibrosa.     Culmi 

foliati,   basi  quandoque  divisi,  laeves.     Folia  angusto-linearia,  plana,  acuta, 

glabra,  laevia;  vaginae  subcylindraceae,  laeves,  suprema  folio  proprio  longior. 


Kovit.  FI.  Suec.  S.Hanti* 


Lund, 1812. 


It  tt 


Ciniiuliiin  Arvtir  Expedition,  l!)l,i-lS 


()rnii(>M  ipsa  \\n>\  iiitc^ra;  ligiila  tiiilxiujidratu  '  'ii  lata  r|iiain  lonfin,  npicc  ilcfiinta 
(Ictitf  tni'ilio  paiilo  ioniciori-.  I'aiiicula  crccta,  anjtustntn,  ('irriitnN('ri[i!  otic 
linraii-luiH'Hilata,  raiiiis  paucifloii?',  pcdicclli.t  (IciiliciilaliM,  slrictiM,  viridilms, 
apii'c  pallid  (lilatato,  ciiiii  lociisla  hand  (iiiiiiiiio  rontiiiuo,  LocUHtor  liyulirino, 
KlaliciTiiiiar,  iitiiiu'i'viac,  cniii  pcdiccllis  pi'i'.si.sicntcs,  vulviiia  inferiors  fere 
diiiiidio  iniiKirt';  siiporimc  dtipio  laliorc  rl  fcn>  dupio  loiigioic,  chtii.-'ioiT,  pcri- 
liiitliin  diiiiidio  ciicilcr  lufvidrc.  ncrvis  lalcraliliits  olisolctis.  I'criaiitliia  scpar- 
aiiiii  (Iccidciitia,  laclii  lociistac  Klidirn;  valviila  inferior ohIotiKa,  coiicava,  aciiliiis- 
ciila,  a|)i(i'  scaridso  oroso-donticulato,  (iniiKHicncrvis,  latciilxm  infra  iiicdiiini 
(iiiIh'  rara  iti  ncrvis  cxfiinis  crclirioro  itiNtriicti.u,  ipsa  basi  nlisqiir  hum  irnploxn; 
superior  paiilo  hrevior,  dincrvis,  nrrvis  viridiliiis,  dentieiilatis,  laterihiis  coni- 
pliealis,  I^idiciilae  -',  liyalinae,  iinlierlies,  seniiliitidue.  .Stamina  3." 
AecordiiiR  to  Lange  the  siiecioM  is  a  near  ally  of  C   Vahliana, 

Glyceria  paupercula  Holm  (in  IVdde,  Rcp.rt.  Ill,  1907)  (Fin.  A;  10-17). 

"Cai'spitose,  perennial:  eiilnis  low,  curved  or  dccuinhent,  iiiowtly  Ical'y 
to  the  paniele,  the  liase  of  which  is  often  enclosed  in  the  l.'iif-sheath;  leaves 
narrow,  Hal,  Klahrous,  tlur  blade  aliout  as  Iour  as  the  sheath;  panicle  pyramidal 
and  open  during  anthesis,  more  or  less  contracted  afterwards;  spikelefs  three 
to  four-Howereii,  seldom  five-llowered;  empty  Rlumes  unequal,  the  lower  the 
shorter,  both  much  shorter  than  the  spikelets;  flowering  glume  |)uuited,cuririate, 
glabrous,  five-nerved;  palea  bidentate,  glabrous. 

'It  is  a  memiier  of  the  section  Alropis  Hiipr. 

"Mansfield  island,  Hudson  bay;  collected  by  Dr.  R.  Rell." 

Since  I  described  this  species  a  revision  of  the  genus  Puccinellia  in  eastern 
North  America  has  been  presented  by  Fernald  and  Wutherby,  in  which  several 
now  .stations  have  been  recorded  from  the  coasts  of  Labrador,  Keewatin,  Ncv/- 
foundland  and  Quebec,  besides  that  two  varieties  have  beer  d<  scribed  by  these 
authors:  alaxknnu  (Scribn.  et  Merrill),  new  comb.,  and  longiqlumis  n.  var.,  the 
latter  from  Prince  Edward  island. 

According  to  the  revision,  cited  above,  the  var.  ahsknna  has  been  pas.sing 
very  generally  in  eastern  America  as  Puccinellia  arigui^lata,  based  u|X)n  Poa 
anguslata  R.  Hr.,  as  for  instance,  by  Simmons  (\'ascular  plants,  Ellesmereland, 
1900),  whose  specimens  thus  belong  to  the  variety  of  ,.nupcrcida. 

Glyceria  arctica  Hook.  (Fl.  Hor.  Am.  II,  p.  248.)    (Fig.  C). 


Fr     HE  C. — Clyceriti  arciica  Hook.     (Greenland). 
1.  Spikelet.    2.  Empty  glu..   s.  3.  Flowering  Rlume,  side-view,    4.  Same,  dorsal  view.    5.  Palea. 

(All  figi'res  enlarged.) 


.l;<7(i   l'liiiil!<:  Morphology  ami  Sijiiuiiijmi, 


15    B 


Liiii({<'  (('oii«|).  I'l.  (irociil.  I.e.)  dcsiTilH's  il.is  ns  |ii||()\v,><: 

"("jit'spitos.'i,  1-1  i'  liiiiKii,  ciiliiiis  V  liH.^i  t!<'iii('iilatii  ,mI-i  (•ii(l('niiliU>  v.  rri-rtiH, 
riditiislx.  rariiiM  iiixiiiMiili^);  foliif*  planis.  I'xsiccaiiild  iiiw)liiii>;  |iaiiirulii  aiiiplii 
(lid  ti"  loiiKa),  rarhi  iiiddrcscciif iar  scalni),  raniis  lirini-,  iri'clii-paf ulis  (laro 
divaricatis),  ante  i-i  |Hist  aTilln'niii  adprro^is:  spiciilis  iiiaju-i  iilis  .">-S-lii»rJs,  )(li>mi8 
aciiliiisi'iilis,  irifrr.  dupl(»  lirfvioic;  palca  inf.  U-.")-iicivim.  ohiiHa.  api''<'  croso- 
dcnlii'iilatn. 

"Var: 

"ti /(/JO  noli.  (0.  »//f/(('(/ HiM)k.  ex  dcsriiptiorif)  Diir.  |)l.  Kan.  No.  '.I7  (<x  Itiro 
natali)  foliis  latiorihii.s,  plani",  llarridi>,  pajjina  sup<Tii)ic  mmIhI-;  pariiculut' 
rainis  iiifi-r.  2-H  iri  viTlicillis,  |K)>t  aiitliosiii  divaricatu-rctlcxi^,  -pnnli-i  vario- 
gati^,  0-8-ll()ris. 

"7  f«;(i7/ar(.s  iKil).,  culiiiiillaccidi^;  f()lii<  cloiinal  i-^,  aiicn-li^,  -iipia  laivilm^: 
paniciila  niitaiitc,  rairiis  ImiKin-  'ilis,  capillarci^,  lit  \iiusis  i'-:t  in  \  11 1  icillis,  dc- 
lloratis  (Mi'ctit-pal  iilis,  iiifcrnc  Itiij^o  spalio  iiiidis,  ?'pi(iilis  la\f  .■)-ti-l!fti  i-.  \  liidiliii.". 

"3  ihisiidiithn  :i(il).,  riKidiiisciila,  pracci'dfiiliiuis  liiiinilior,  palca  inf.  <•  hani 
ad  iiicdjiiin  diii'so  lati'rilius(|iii>  piilicscctil)',  l>asi,  (I'luirinn  iii.star)  l(>ii){r  laiiatti. 

"Si)cci('."i  polytiiot'piia,  prafccdcriti  (0'.  riiarit.)  aflinisci  f(ii>an  non  ni>i  (•jll^d«•IIl 
varii'las,  taiiicii  modi)  crcsccndi,  fitatura  chitiorc  ft  pliiribiis  diaiurti  liliii- 
vidctur  disliiinuonda.  Noiiioti  <•'.  uirl i<aelliK)\i.  adliilmi,  ciitn  dcxiiplio  (!..•.  p 
2-lS)  .■'alls  liciic  nostrae  plaiitac  rcs|)ondi'at ;  olisorvari  laiiicti  drlwi  liniiraiii  (Moi. 
Airi.  tail.  '2'2'.))  (n-idcidcr  ad  spcciiiicn  iiiacniiii  cf  iioiidniii  picnc  cvdliiliiiM  f.Mclam 
CHsi'.     Siip|H)siii()iicm  on  tcxlii  ad   l''l.   Dan.  '1'>S'2),  plantani  ^lornlandicani 

eandcni  esse  cuiii  ^ '    uuiritiin  v.  iidlnxlri  Fr.  adliui  licnc  flindalain  r-isc- rrlisco." 

( Irccnland. 

Elymus  mollis  Trin. 

This  sprcics  is  fr('((iiently  I'Dtifoiindcd  with  tlm  iiri't'c  £'.  urcnarius  L.vav. 
villoKiin  U.  Mcy.  hy  Ciri^(•l)a(•il  (Fl.  Ross.  I.e.)  E.  mollis  i".  dc'crilu'd  as  follows 
"Ciilnio  apice  vclutino,  fo  ."s  dcinum  conviilutis,  n'wa  clonRata,  spiculis  p.-iiiinis 
V.  Icrnis  r)-pliiri(loris  rhachcos  intcrnodiuiii  supcranlihiis,  ({I'liiiis  In'*'  laiR'i'olatis 
at-'iiininatis  o-7-nervihus  inaiRine  inftnbranacfis  fiorihu.-ifiiic  dense  villosis,  his 
exsertis,  nervis  tenuibus  dorso  prominulis."  The  variety  villunus  oi  E.  iinrKiriu.i 
18  described  by  Lanne  (I.e.):  "Iluinilior  qiiatii  forma  in  Kiiropa  vulgaris,  sed 
spiea  rol)ii8tior,  gluniis  dense  villosis;  eetcruiii  vix  a  tyf)e  diflert." 

CYPERACEAE. 
Carex  [Rtippius]  L. 

The  genus  is  [KJorly  represented  on  the  aretie  coast  explored  by  the 
expedition  and  C.  incurva  is  the  only  Vignea  collected.  With  regard  to  the  habit 
the  stoloniferous  speries  are  more  frequent  than  the  caespilose,  uiid  they  ail 
are  "phyllopoilae."  This  character  "phyllopoda"  implies  a  biologic  |)eculiarity 
which  is  possessed  i  -pecially  by  northern  types;  it  consists  in  the  sli(M>t  being 
dicyclic,  i.e.  vegetative  in  the  first,  floral  in  th(>  second  season,  with  the  rami- 
fication of  the  shoot  s;,ini)odial.  Moreover,  in  this  type  the  very  young  iiillores- 
cense  is  j)roteeted  by  being  surrounded  and  covered  by  a  nuiid)erof  leaf-sheaths. 
The  inflorescence  thus  terminates  fh'  shoot  and  when  the  fruits  have  matured, 
the  main  shoot  flies  off  completely  while  a  lateral  btid  developed  in  the  axil  of 
one  of  the  basal  leaves  continues  the  growth  of  the  rhizome  and  repeats  the 
succession  of  a  vegetative  and  Horal  stage.  Otherwise  with  the  "ophyllopodnr." 
In  these,  principally  southern  species,  the  shoot  is  most  often  pliocyclic  with 
reference  lo  the  \eg«  taii\e  Stage  but  nioncx yclic  as  far  as  concerns  the  floral. 
For  in  the  aphyllopoilae  the  ramification  of  the  shoot  is  most  frequently  mono- 
podia!; however,  there  are  :!Ome  species  which,  although  being  aphyllopvdae, 
show  a  sympodial  ramification  and  in  which  the  very  condensed  rhizome, mostly 
more  or  less  caespitose,  develops  a  number  of  purely  floral  and  purely  veget   iive 


I 


16   B 


Cnmidiiin  Arctic  Hjri>e<lilu>n.  I1>IJ-18 


KhcMitN  l.tit  with  tin  nppurciit  rrRuliir  HU(<<'!.p(Mm.  ClmmctmHti.'  of  ihi-  tiiihyllo- 
poilni  \*,  however,  that  the  vi»iitiK  intlores^ei'ncc  xn  not  e«)vere.l  hy  leaf-«hrnthi! 
from  the  yeiir  previous  Imt  l>v  m-ale-like  h-iived  or,  h't  im  nixy,  "hud-senleii 
(ievelofie.l'ftl  the  dame  lime  aHthc  lnnl  npiM-nrn.  Thfw  \y\w»:  phyllopiHlae  iind 
nphiilloiHxIar,  wore  first  liroiinhf  to  utieiition  hy  Khas  I'rioH  '  and  thoy  am  imloed 
very  chiirueterifttie  and  helpful  to  the  determimition  of  many  critiial  f<|MMiei(. 
In  iny  paiKMx  deahnu  with  (  yperae.ae*  I  haveoflen  (leinonntrnto<l  thothntinetion 
of  tliexe  types  as  an  irn|>ortant  tneauM  of  chiHsifyitiR  Cnricrn. 

With  rPRard  to  the  M|K<cie!«,  the  hut  shown  that  llie  Vi(jtiriir  are  otdy  repre- 
sented hy  C.  inntrvn,  wJiile  eleven  Carirts  gemiimie  were  ct)lleeted.  As  has  hern 
the  ex()eVieiiee  of  other  aretir  expeditions,  the  Microrhynchne,  Aeorantiichyae  and 
Ph>isoiiir]me  are  the  most  fniiiient,  and  C.  xlinin  Drej.  seems  to  he  the  most, 
eonimon;  it  represents  ('.  (niiiiillHs  Wahlenli.  of  the  more  Bouthern,  hut  still 
l)f)real,  regions.  Since  ('.  utahx  has  sometimes  been  mistaken  for  tall  specimens 
of  C.  rigiiln,  I  have  figured  one  of  the  specimens  from  Hersehel  island  (Part  A, 
Plate  1,  fiKs.  1-4),  lieside  a  much  larger  one,  which  I  collected  on  the  west  coast 
of  Ciree'nland,  near  Jacohshavn  (Part  A,  Plate  I,  fif^s.  ")-S). 
The  original  diagtiosis*  reads  as  follows: 

"Spica   mascula    1,    feminis   3-<>,   elongatis   cylindricia   densifloris   ohtusis 
BuhscfsilihuH,  hraeteis  infimis  foliaceis  latis  planis  cwlmuni  auperantilms  auri- 
culatis,  squamis  ohlongis  ol)tusi8,  perigyniis  (iminaturis)  obovatis  brevissime 
ro<!tellatis  ore  intcgris  encrviis,  stipmatihus  2-3. 
"Grocniai.d;  Vahl. 

"Radix stolonifera erassa  vaginisobducta.  Culmus  crectus,  strictus,  crassus, 
obtusangulus  v.  acutangulus,  lacvissimus  v.  (raro)  superne  scabriusculus.  Folia 
plana,  lata,  laevissinm  v.  niicem  versus  mnrgine  acabrata.  Spicae  4-8,  termirialis 
mascuia,  relitiuae  fetri.irrn  ,  mascula  cylin  Irica  subclavata  sip.iainis  oblongis 
ohtusis,  feminea.'  densiflorac  obt-  ",  superior  interdurn  apico  inaacula,  infima 
peduneidata  relicpine  scssiles.  Uraetea  infinia  longiaaima  culmutn  superans, 
marginibus  apioem  versus  scabris,  auriculis  brevissimis  subamplectentibus. 
Squamae  perigynio  multo  minores,  obtusae,  fuseae  v.  nigrae,  v.  perigynia 
auperantes  acutiuseulae.  Perigynia  obovata  onervia,  cstipitata  brevissmie 
rostellata  ore  integro,  viridiflavae  v.  apice  fuscac.  Stylus  brovis  subexsertus, 
Btigm.  2  V.  3  elongata,  llaccida  villosula. 

"Haee  species,  rujus  perigynia  modo  immatura  vidi,  ^x  distylis  C.  aquahlt 
et  C.  mxatili  maxime  affinis  .-st '.  Al>  ilia  differt  foliis  omnino  planis  latis,  hraeteis 
brevioribus,  spiia  mascula  solitaria,  colore  spicarum  .'usco  v.  -'-ito,  statura 
humiliore.  Ab  hae:  bracteis  latis  planis  brevissiine  auriculatis  t  ,  aium  multo 
supcrantibus,  spicis  subclavatis  densifloris  pet.  A  retrris  distylis  longius  distat: 
C.  acuta  differt  spicis  pedunculatis  pendulis  arutis:  C.  caespitusa  spicis  ncutis, 
bracteis  aiiRiistioribus,  eulmo  scaberrimo.  perieyniis -fipitatis  nerva*is._  C.  Mricta 
Good,  spicis  niagis  laxifloris  acuiis  vapinis  folionitn  (ihrilloso-roticulatis,  cet." 
Thi-!  diagnosis  was  based  upon  specimens  collected  by  Vahl  in  Greenland. 
KUkenthal  *  refers  (\  shins  to  ('.  afiiuitilis  as  a  variety  incluiling  ('.  voriahilia 
Bail.,  a  species  from  the  subalpino  lK)gs  in  the  Rocky  niour.tains  (Canada- 
Colorado);  however,  this  classification  is  not  natural,  anc.  is  undoubtedly  the 
result  of  working  with  tw)  scant  material. 

Concerning  C.  subspathncta  and  C.  reducta,  these  are  near  allies  of  C.  saline, 
but  tneir  geographical  distribution  is  much  farther  north;  ihey  have  been 
do:,eril"d  and  figured  in  .i  recently  published  paper,  dealing  v/ith  Varices  aeoraa- 
tackvat :  SaHnne..* 


I  Synopsis  Caricum  distigmiitirarum,  spicU  suxu  ilisUmnis,  in  Sc:iiijin;ivia  lectorum.     Bot.  Notiser. 

'"""«  Am.  Jour'n.  of  Science,  Vol.  48.    New  Haven,  1919.  p.  ;9 

'  Drcjer,  S.  Rovisio  eritic:i  Caricum  boicalium.  Naturnlst.  liJssKr 
♦  Cypernreae-Caricoiileao  in  Engler:  Das  Pllanicnreich.  IampiIj?,  19!),). 
•Holm.Theo.    Studies  in  the  Cyperaceao.    Am.  Journ.  of  be,  Vol.  4». 


Vol.  3.    CoiJcnliagen,  1841. 
New  lUvon,  1820. 


Anlir  I'Uiiili'   .l/«;7»/in/"i;V  null  Siimniiinni 


17  ■ 


IJI.IACRAi!:. 

Hilllx'  .-  iiliiiit-'  .'iif  r\tr>'inrly  lan-  iti  tl  r  arrtic  riiiiiin.  Zuiinilniif  iiluiiiui 
Nllft.  of  the  Sli'liilitliiirciH',  /,/<>;/''"'  'ffiittHii  tiliil  Alliiiii,  xihirifiim  of  llw  l,iliiii'i'ilt< 
arc,  •»>  far  a>  I  know,  llir  only  l>ullioii>  t[M'rii'w  kliowti  ftoiii  llii-.  n-Bioii ;  llifV 
.vcri'  collifl.Ml  liy  Kjcllmaii  al  Port  <  lariiiii',  wliilr  l.ln,i,lni  j.  tlir  only  out- 
rollccti'il  liy  till'  t'\|MMlitioii. 

Tlir  i£fiiii^  l.liiiiiliii  ha!«  Mil  ii)ii'ri'«lin|{  lii!«fnry  ami  «>•  nwi-  ui  IniiiTli  '  an 
.xcfllciit  Mc  I'oiiiit  oi'  the  hisloiN  ami  of  thr  rnorplioloKifal  >li  mtiiri' of  tin-  -ptMics. 
It  wa-*  tir"!  ili'>(ril)4(l  l>y  ("a!<|iar  Haiiliiii,'  who  iiainril  it  /'v<  iiiliinniii.-.tiin  craiiiiht'O 
folio.  »iv"'  I.I  iiiiiiiiircin.Mis  iiutlinif:  at  lli;il  liliu'  il  \va~  klmwii  niily  fiimi  tin' 
iiioiiiilaiii>  of  ."'wit/i'rlaml  ami  Austria:  siviral  years  .aftcrwanU  it  wa-  ruHectcil 
.also  ill  llimlaml.  on  tlir  liiclu-l  |ii:.k>  of  .siiiowdoii  in  Walis  liy  I'.il.  I.liwyil  (.il-o 
written  l.ln\i|i,  ami  \>\  Hajiis  <li>iKiiali'il  willi  the  iiiiri'ilain  .iiiiiillMtion  as: 
MiillHisa  .'Jpiiia  juncifolia.  |m'I  icarpii*  nnico  iicrlo  in  siiiniiio  laiiliriilo  dodraii- 
lali.  Hajii*.  as  a  matter  of  fact,  h.aii  onlv  fruiting  s|MMiiiieii>  |{\  Dillenni*  it 
wa-<  tiaiiK-il  lliillxHiiiliiim  nliiiinini :  l>\  I.innaeiis  Hiilliiimiliiiiii  si  inhiniiii  ami 
later  on  Anlfuilciim  sirntiiiiiiii.  nmil  Salisliiir\-  referre<|  it  to  a  new  uenii>i  whicli 
he  naineil  l.hniilin. 

S.\MC.\CE.\E. 
Salix  Richardsonii  lliNik. 

The  ,H coinpanyiiiK  pholo(£r;iph  (|)  shows  a  tree  of  ihi-  <pei  ii- from 
.Macken^fie  iiver.  south  coast  of  N'ictoria  isl.aiid. 

I'hotoui.iph  (2l  shows  the  >aliie  >pecics.  m-owin(£  aloiiij  a  sin.ill  tnhiitary  lo 
<  "opperniiiie  liver  (l)elow  Hloody  fall). 

.Mkiiii  I  he  occurrence  of  this  species  in  the  river-bed  of  S.adlerochil  river 
.\liiskii,  .\Ii.  .lohunseii  quotes  from  his  field-notes  as  follows; 

"Two  iiecics  of  willow-shrulis  and  trees  seem  lo  occur  in  this  liver-Ked 
and  on  the  shclten-d  and  wet  places  (iritiulary  <'reeks)  of  the  ailjoiniuK  mountain 
slopes,  aUmt  •_'.')  miles  frcnn  the  loasl  :  ( I )  .\  very  cominon  and  dominant  species 
iS(UiX  UlcliiinlMinii  Ilk.)  with  re(ldi>li  hark  (laaiiehes)  and  piiliescent  Iwijts  and 
leaves,  the  latter  lieiiiK  rather  lnoad  .iikI  ovale-shapeil;  in  favoiiralile  places 
this  willow  attains  more  than  iiian-heiKlil  and  a  trunk  thickness  of  itp  to  alxmt 
(i  inches  in  cliaineter  and  form.-  a  dense  tree  or  shriih  growth.  (2)  .\  not  nearly 
so  common  sjk  .'ies  (N.  qliiitrn  I,.)  with  more  narrow  leaves,  aiiil  less  puhe.scent 
twins  and  darker  Itark.  It  does  iioi  attain  (in  these  arctic  river-lieds)  the  size 
of  (I),  is  hardly  v  re  than  a  shriih  and  h.as  a  far  less  twisted-for'xcd  appearance, 
hut  a  more  slia..,..t  >{n>"th  than  (II.  .\lso  it  seems  to  prefer  more  dry  places 
that-  fli  an. I  is  first  met  with  some  distance  fnmi  the  coast  inland. 

"Willows  alioiit  man-heiulil  were  seen  on  the  low,  uravelly  clay  li.inks  or 
islands  in  th,-  bed  of  the  river  at  its  moiiih:  lull  outside  of  these  (and  similar) 
protected  places  jt  was  only  in  the  larcei  creek-valleys  that  they  attained  a 
similar  or  hiutier  size.  Such  a  creek  valli  y.  Imrdi-red  by  'JdlMdK  tVet  lii(jh  clay 
banks  on  the  east  side  of  the  livir  I  went  into.  The  clay  banks  had  the  usual 
tundra  veiictation  (including  dwar''"d  willows)  mi  lop,  and  steep  bare  sides; 
but  in  the  creek  liottom  willow-  li.ad  an  extensive  and  luxurious  growth  (netting 
scarcer  and  dwarfed  at  the  lii'ad  of  the  creek),  attaining  more  than  double 
man-heiirlii  and  trunks  thicker  than  a  man's  arm  on  specially  protected  plai'cs. 
I  See  Xeji.  'li. 

"There  seemed  to  be  two  species,  the  one  (.s'.  Richnrilsimii  Ilk.)  rea<'liiiin  a 
far  (ireater  size  and  beiiin  much  more  ilominant  than  the  other  (.S.  qliiunif). 
Similar  ciuiditiot's  for  and  occiirrences  of  willows  were  rei)<)rted  by  dift'erent 
Members  of  the  expedition  from  other  rivers  fTree  and  HiKxl  rivers)  flowing 
into  roronation  gulf." 


'  Hi'ilrunf  ziir 
■'  I'riiilrciiiiU-. 


ii:i-^'i.  11171.  p  ■-•: 


iliT  I'lliinzcn.     Hcit    Zi'itunif,  I,i"p/.iu.  !sii:;    p.  mi. 


i 


18    B 


Cdniiiliiiii  A  relic  E.rpiililiioi.   I  III  3-1  SI 


.'.'Wu  A'.cfri  ./sun-;  Ho,,k. 

A  irco  in  iTcck-liol  i  f  liao'<  "  Miiilii'ii/.ii'  liivrr. 
Mar.  Ii  211,  I'.Mii.     (I'lii.tc  by  l\  .r,,li.iii-,.n.) 


h  I  •■asi  ..f  Vict..ria  IslaM.I  al.u*  111°  :iO'  West. 


S.  anglorum  (ham. 

■J'lic  .■<i)('i'i<'s  was  (s)llccti'(l  at  si'xcial  .■■iali(iii>  aiiil.  uiili  rr^'aiil  to  its  occur- 
rence, Mr.  .Johan.seii  writes: 

"('(ilic  liiilliurst.  (liows  aiiKHJK  ura-x's,  cii'.ion  tin'  I'lax-haiiks  witli  which 
the  higher  tiindrti  l)chiii(l  falls  oil  to  the  saiidspil,  and  on  the  tundra  itself. 
Found  lK)th  on  tlie  lop  and  slopes  of  liiese  elay-iianks:  in  the  former  place  the 
vepeialioii  is  more  siiinicd  and  ."-carci'i  (liaii  on  (he  .-lopes  and  in  (lie  |)ii)lecied, 
small  gullies  here.  (Jrowth  somewhat  prostrate  ami  spreading;,  Kiit  twigs  and 
catkins  protruding  well  from  suirounijinir  xcyctat  iiui." 


Antic  I'liii'ts:   MorpholtKjn  (111(1  Siikiiihiiiiij 


lit   1) 


\ 


><llix  H.,-hanhnnii  Hook. 

I'rcim  tributary  to  Copiiernilnc'  livor  ilu'low  Ulnmly  lull).      IVhruary 
r..I..li:iii-cn.  ; 


uary  W,  I'.H.'i.      ^I'liutu  l»y 


r..I..li:ili-cn.  ; 

■■  l',liiiiii((l(i-l:xial:  IkIuikI,  I)()li)liiii  and  riiion  Sirail,  X.W.T.  [off  Cocklinin 
)H)ii]i  H..M..\.].  Tlio  vopetatioii  of  tlii.s  island  i.s  latlici-  scarce  and  sluiitrd 
owint  to  it>  cxiKJscd  |H)silio!i  and  iK)or  soil  ((loloniitc-iock  or  uravcl);  it  is  hc-t 
ilcvclopcd  in  dcprcssion.s,  or  in  shelter  of  prolriidintr  cliif-parties  or  ];ir(;e  lioiilder-. 
The  conditions  and  the  vejictatioii  are  tliiis  similar  I.)  those  found  on  llie  islainl 
^exci'pt  (liaiitiy  island)  in  the  outer  liarliour  at   Hernard  iiarlioiu 

"The  willows  in  (piestion  sirew  in  i):ilches  iieie  and  tiiere:  tieneiaily  several 
plants  tonelhcr:  f^roulh  |)rostrale.  ami  eacli  plant  not  neail,\-  a<  spre;i<lino  a- 
oil  the  niainl.'inil. 


'OinUK  111 
louiin- 
n  ,'iiid 

led    ill 


on  the  niainlaiiil. 

"H(  I'Kiiil  lidrliiiiir  nnainlandi.  l)olpliin  and  I  nion  strait.  \  eiv  coi 
e\ cry wlieie.  especially  on  poorer  soil  isaiiil.  jiraNcl).  where  it  is  one  of  the  di 
atinji  iilant-.     On  such  nra\c'll\-  and  ^and\-  soil  with  little  other  \eij;elatio 

where  more  <\posed  the    plant    spreads  out  over  the  firoiiiid  mot   li.alf  l>ui 

till'  sand  as  i^  the  case  with  N.  (Hdlifulid)  in  all  directions,  the  whole  plant  remind- 
inti  one  of  a  hilfie  liasket-stallish.  The  centre  of  the  plant  is  ele\ated  mosl 
(thick  Irunk-liases,  many  dea<l  lea\i'si:  and  most  of  the  lea\cs  .-iiiil  catkin-  are 
found  at  the  terminal  liralich-ends,  which  seem  to  seek  i.iit  small  depre-.~ion~ 
in  the  fil-ound  lo  shelter  the  twifis.  The  diameler  of  a  very  larjre  plant  lna\ 
reach  a  couple  of  yards;  its  hei>;ht  (i\  er  t  he  [froiind  onl\  a  lew  inches.  A-  i-  I  Ic- 
case  with  other  prostrate  willous  the  female  calkin-  .are  le>s  likely  to  he  blown 
off  the  jilants  diiriiifi  the  winter,  where  these  latter  inot  the  catkinsi  are  snou- 
co\-ered.  In  l!!lii  the  s4>ason  wa-  several  weeks  earliii'  than  in  IDI-'i.  and  llie 
cat  kiii-l'ud-  Well'  nolici'd  to  emel'ife  from  their  luacls  in  the  end  of  M;iy,  Mtiti; 
ihouiih  it  look  a  whole  month  hefore  the  first  (lowers  apjieared.  In  101.")  the 
tiisl  >taniinate  Mowers  were  noticed  June  '2'.i  and  the  first  pistillate  ones  land 
new  li>a\esi  live  days  later.  'I"he  flowerins  Kevins  earlier  at  the  coast  and  on 
island  tlian  farther  inland.  The  flowers  in  the  cat  kins  have  I  he  follow  iiiK  colours: 
(ll  slaminate  scales  ( hi'actlet.s)  black  with  purple  base  and  white  hairs:  small 
inner  -cale  ('bractletl  purple:  filament  pale-pink:  anthers  dark  rose-|)urpIe, 
lulJiinii  M'llou  when  llir  |H)]ieli  caliie  mil.  laiel  lilaik.  'ii  pisliljale.  .\-  I  he 
.staminale  icapsiiles)  ilark  purple,  helow  with  white  woolly  hair-."  . 
24i..-,7     _■! 


•JO  B  CiiiKKliiin  Airlic  Kxitiiliii»ii.  UU.i-IS 

S.  ovalifoUa  liaiitv.  var.  camdensis  Schii. 

,\l)<)iit  tliis  Mr.  JohansiMi  writes  as  toilows: 

•■Ciillinson  puliit  (CaTiiiicii  Imv).  This  willow  fjnw  on  iii(»i«'  ban,  (iiavclly 
tiiiulra  near  the  beach  (tiaiisiti(>n-re(jioii  to  the  latter),  in  patches  of  several 
plants  its  (irowth  was  very  prostrate  and  ilepressed  (ainonK  stones  and  ve^e- 
tatioiii  with  the  stems  and  branches  lyinjj  very  close  to  thegroiind  andspreadinK 
widely,  so  that  onlv  the  <'atkins  showed  up  from  a  little  distance.  Kspecially 
the  ^iibterraiieaii  parts  (roots  and  stem  iiarts)  were  less  extensive  and  >preadinn 
than  with  those  found  at  Konnanevik,  Alaska  (see  below) ;  iwobably  l)ecatise  they 

did  not  (£••<»«  <">  -*:"'"'  ''"'"''*  :>''  '^  ''"'  '"""'  "'  '*"'  f'*'""'''  '''"'■'"• 

••  Kiniiitimrtk  (('amd(>n  bav).  The  collectmsj  place  w:is  wh.-re  the  seashore 
beach)  throiitih  low  sand  dunes  fjoes  ov«'r  into  the  more  typical  tunilra  b(>hind. 
On  these  sand  dunes  the  veKetati(m  is  very  characteristi.'  and  consists  ali.iosl 
exdusivelv  of  Kill m UK,  Carex,  Salix,  CluiwanKriinii.  etc.:  each  species  spreaduin 
.iH.th  alK)ve  and  under  the  siionn'l)  over  hone  i)al.hes  (areas)  and  dominatmc 
more  or  less  to  the  exclusion  of  the  other  species.  This  Snhx  seemei  to  be  very 
prostrate  but  the  larRcr  part  of  each  plant  is  buried  in  the  saml,  so  that  only  the 
leaf-  and'  catkin-carrvinn  branch-parts  (outer  I)  i)rotrude(l.  It  wt.s  iiKJstly 
lariie  pbmts  widclv  siireadinp  (l)Oth  roots  and  stems);  the  branches  olten  haviim 
lorm  of  louK  "runiiers"  intorsectinp  the  sand  in  al!  directions.  The  sand-.oyered 
D'lrt-  of  the  branches  were  without  leaves  or  catkins  and  pale  ( whiie-yellow). 
When  urowinjj  in  less  .sandy  .soil  the  growth  is  MatiU'ally  more  condim.sed  (s,-e 
above  un<ler('ollin.soniM)int).  The  plantswerem  ,il  bloom  m  theendof.Ium'  here. 
•  Martin  point  The  collectinK  place  was  a  .sandy  gravel  spit  of  slight 
el,-vat'ion  with  the  sand  dunes  le.-  -M-onounecd  than  at  Konganevik.  \  egctation 
rather  scattered  and  in  patches  cept  around  the  several  iwnds  an.  the  big 
lagoon  between  the  san.l  spit  a,...  the  mainlaiid  behind.  On  sandy  places  the 
veirefition  was  much  like  that  at  Konganevik,  with  Honrkenym  lakuig  the 
pla.-e  of  Chamaenerinm.  -Vs  the  character  of  the  spit  was  somewhat  int<.rnu.diate 
between  the  beach  regions  at  (^ollinson  point  and  at  Konganevik  .so  <"<1  ;'!''«' 
the  urowth  of  the  Salix  in  qut>stion  resemble  those  of  the  species  from  Inith  ol 
the  alK)vc  places.  .\t  the  time  of  collecting  the  i)lants  had  dropi)ed  <tanunate 
catkins  and  had  unripe  pistillate," 

S.  reticulata  L.  ,      , , 

V<  mav  be  -^een  from  the  text-figure  (I))  the  foliage  varies  (puK- consid.Mably 
•,>  to' size  and  shai)e;  in  iwarly  all  the  staminate  plants  collected  the  leaves  were 
"smaller  than  in  the  pistilhif.  The  large,  almost  orbicular  leal  (I'lg.  1)  is  fro.n 
•I  birtce  pistillate  plant  of  which  all  the  leaves  showed  the  same  outline  and 
approxinuitelv  the  same  size:  the  two  leavs  (Figs.  2  an.l  3)  are  fro.n  a  stam.nat.> 
plant  and  i)0th  forms  of  leaves  occiir.vd  together  on  this  plant  :  the  sp,-cim..i.s 
were  collected  at  Benianl  harUiMf. 


|-|.,1  M.  I). 
l.i'avcs  iif  Sali.r  rt'.irnlnhi  I.. 

1  I'islilhitr  i)l;iMi:  li('rn:iril  liiillHiur 
■J.  .^Iiiniiiiati-  plum;  same  localilN 
:i.  Slainiiiatc  plant;  same  loialily 
I,  I'islillatr  plant:  IliTsclicI  island, 
."i  and  •').  Pistillate  plant :  Henianl  liar- 
hum-,  i.Vll  leaves  stinw  tlie  natiira' 
-ize 


m 


Arclir  I'Idtits:  MorphiiUiiji!  ami  ^iiii'iiuioiii  Jl   » 

POLYGONACEAE. 
Polygonum  viviparum  I.. 

Some  tall  spociiiicDs  i'loiii  CiiiiKlcn  liav  iii(a>iiic'  iii  liiiiilit  l(i  ciii.  Tlic 
>ill>tciraii('an  stem  is  a  short,  hut  tliick,  liorizoiilal  rhizoiiic  with  the  iiitcnioili.'^ 
cxticiiu'ly  short ;  towards  the  i\\w\  tlic  rliizoiiic  is  inorc  or  lr»  Kent  so  as  to  fonn 
a  kiifc;  no  stolons  arc  <lcv('l()|)f'<l,  and  thin,  sccondarv  kmiIs  proceed  fioni  the 
rhizome.  Characleiislif  of  the  species  is  the  developinenl  of  hlilhlets  in  the 
intioresceiice:  they  have  been  desciiiied  liv  AresclioilK-'  'i'liose  liullilets  consist 
of  a  lulx-roiis  axis  of  two  internodes,  and  the  leaves  are  nieinliranaceoiis,  slieatii- 
inn:  at  the  ap<'.\  of  the  hiilbh't  is  a  terminal  l)ud  enclo-rd  within  memliranaccxxis 
leaves,  mostly  three.  When  the  l>Mll>lel  falls  off  u  ^rreeii  leaf  appears  and  second- 
ar>-  r<M)t>  <levelop  from  the  tiiherous  internode.  These  IjiilMels  thus  form  new 
iniiividiud-  and  constitnte  an  imiK)rtanl  means  for  disirihiii  ini;  the  plan'  ovci-  a 
l.-iruer  area  since,  as  nielilioiied  aliove,  there  are  no   •tolntis. 

P.  Bistorta  I.. 

llialniar  Nils^on  -  has  desciiiied  the  strin'fiire  of  the  rhizome  which  accoid- 
iny  lo  this  author  repiesents  a  m()no|)odinm  with  a  lermin.al.  \-eg(>tative  Imd, 
and  with  t  lie  tlower-hearinn  stem  developed  in  t  he  axil  of  one  of  1  he  <;reen  |ea\  cs. 
Til-'  r;,i/.ome  resemliles  that  of  the  preceding  species  hiil  it  is  -loloniferoiis  and, 
on  i!ie  other  li,itii|.  no  ImlMels  are  developed  in  the  inflorescence.  The  -pecj- 
meii-  collected  measured  a  heipht  of  ahoiit  IS  can..  includin«  the  intloresci  nee 
with  the  flowers  well  dexeloped. 


Rumex  arcticus  Tiautv. 

Several    -pecimeiis    Were    collecled    with    tlowcis    and    mature     fniil 


llie 


heiuhl  of  a  fiiiiliiiu  specimen  from  I'.athiirsf  inlet  measured  41)  cm..  \\\v  -lem 
heinn  12  cm.,  while  the  larjie  inflorescence  was  2S  cm.  The  sulnerranean  slein 
represents  a  very  coiulensed  pseudo-rhizome  liorne  up(m  .a  deep,  thick  lap-rooi: 
heside  that,  lontj  and  (plite  thick  .s(>eond;iry  roots  develop  from  the  siihterraiiean 
internode-,     (Jreen  leaves  .are  (piite  nuiiKaoiis,  foiininp  a  ro-ette. 

Oxyria  digyna   L.)  Hill. 

In  this  (ilant  the  aerial  shoot  represents  a  rosette  of  li'aves  with  the  llowel- 
liearint!:  -tiaiis  apparently  lateral.  With  resix'ct  to  the  siiliterrancan  orK.an- 
there  is  a  deep  ''M'  relatively  slender  primary  root  which  persists  for  se\cral 
y<ars:  from  tin  '  ■  un  of  the  i(M)t  several  erect  or  .MsceiidiiiK  stems  are  developed; 
"thi'y  are  densely  covered  with  remnants  of  leaves  and  the  internodes  are  very 
shorl.  From  these  siililerrancaii  sleiii-)K)rtions  .stokins  develop  (Fi«.  V.}:  lliex 
are  covered  with  tilliiilar  leaves  hut  the  internodes  are  often  (plite  distinct,  and 
S('coiidar\-  roots  proceed  from  the  nodi.  The  s|)eciiiien  fiiiured  represents  a  case 
of  the  .aeri.il  shoot  heinji'  developed  from  a  stolon,  heside  that  a  yoiili!;  .stok)n  of 
second  oidii  has  developed  from  the  ascenditifi.  siihterraneali  stem.  Alost  of 
tlie  specimens  loliected  were  of  this  t.vpe,  developi'd  from  stolons,  .and  only  a 
V('r\-  few  were  seedlings  with  the  primary  root  present. 


n 


J 


CARYOPIIYFJACEAE. 
Lychnis  iToum.]  L.  se(-iio  W'ahlbergella  Fries. 

.\s  a  .sicnus  Wuhlln  njillu  was  estahlisli(>il  hy  Fli.as  I'ries  3  and  distinfiuishcfl 
h\-  the  ovary  heinj:  unicelliil.ar,  the  valves  of  the  capsule  hifid.  and  the  seeds 
\V!!!L''ed'   t!io  irenus  w.as   placed.  !>et\veen    \' t'^'J"j'"f  iwvl   Mil'i*'.{h'UJ>" , 


•  lli.|i:m  lili  1  iriiii(fkiii>|ii)arrKi>  MmiMl.ijri  n.li  Hiolufi,     I, unci,  Is,'c7.  ii 
'  Diliciivhi  ji.rcl.-.tijminiir.  Arta  L'niv,  Lund,  xix;  LutJ,  liS.!-K,i. 
■  tioiaiiLk:-  .Vuiir-T,  1  uri.l    isi:i.  p    i|:;. 


I'al.,  \ir,  liL'.  Id. 


•.>■-'  It 


('(UKiiliiiii  ArHir  Kxixdiliiti),  1!)IS-IS 


Tliis  saiiic  classificiiioii  wo  find  in  Kiics'  Siiiimia  vcRctahiliiiiii  Scand 
Stocklioliii  ilSltii.  Willi  two  species:  IT.  iijHliibi  (I,.)  and  W .  tiffiiiis  i.l.  Valil), 
a  diagnosis  o!  lliefteniis  is  niveii  in  lliis  work  (pj).  I.VM.'m)  :  "Capsiila  unilocu- 
ii.iis  10  per  paria  ■■(innalis  deliiscens,  cariKiplioro  stipitato.  Setnina 
in  ndslris  sMJlinil  luinidtt  corriidalo  inarfiinala.  IJeliqiia 
Mrlini(lriil)  di»ersae  capsiilae  (lenlil)Us  siniplieiliiis  et  ae{)iialiter 
lam  dillerl  ut  Miilnrhiinii  a  Stilliirin :  (pinad  seniina 
pecies  aicticae,  niicrantliao.  caiiliKns  siinpli- 


ians.  den 
an^uldsa,    liiiilx) 
l,]ivhiii(li 
listanlibiis.     C^iuiad  eapsii 

al)  .\lsiin  .    <  )nin( 


III  l,(i>i(ii>iiinti 
cilms 


cilms. 

Thai  Fries  also  considered  Miliniiliiiiin  Irijhiriim  (W.  Br.)  \  aid  to  lielonji 
to  llie  H''iiti''  iiiav  l>e  seen  from  |).  I."),')  (I.e.)  where  lie  writes:  "I'roxima  esl  M'. 
trifliinw  Vahl  semimmi  mariiiiie  vix  lind.alo  diversae."  While  ihe  inajorily  of 
Scandinavian  aiiliiors.  Hlvtt,  liartnian,  Kjellman,  Lindman.  elc.  Iiavo  aecepled 
Wiihlhiijiillii  a>  a  iieiiiis.  I,an>ie  '  placed  the  species  under  Mclnnilrlnni  and 
i-i...i.i.i  K-   W'.ii-fiiitwr  '  ('iillfii>-<  t  lii>  liisiMwit  iftii  ti\'  l.aiifre. 


lis|)osiiioii  of  I.anpe. 

hy  lioliinson  "  placinjr  W <i}ilhi iijrUii 
I'lio    Knhii-liiiis    Fenzl   (extended),   and 


this 


icceiilly  Warming;-  I'ollovs  the 

Still  aiiotliei-  classification  is  pr6|H)sed 
as   ii   memliel'  of  Liichid^  'I'oiirn.   sectio    K     ,  ^ 

author  is  certaiidv  correct  when  staling-  "Kxamination  of  a  niiiiil>er  of  specimens 
seems  to  sl.ow  that   in   AnM'rican  species  the  characters  of  partial  scplalion  of 

inflation  of  the  calyx,  are  v<-iy  varialile.aiiil 

iiore  definite  or  satisfactory 

results."'     .\s  lonsi'  .1^  the  treinis 

ti 


the  capsule,  division  of  the  v;dv( 

do  not  lead  eiilier  individually  or  in  cond)inatioii  to  m 

W'dhlhntidid  w.is  known  oidy  to  consist  of  the 


results.  As  lonsi'  .i-^  I  lie  treinis  )l  iiiiincKji  iiti  h.is  Kno^u  (mii\  ii>  niusi^M  wi  mc 
two  species  ;.ientione(l  .iliove,  W  .  dixliild  uml  iiffiiils.  it  was  ipiile  ?i;itural,  but 
when  increased  with  l.nflinis  Irilbird  H.  Mr.  and  furthermore  with  /,.  Toi/ldrae 
Kohins..  /..  miiiilniHi  Wats..  L.  !  ujil  Wats.,  and  L.  nisniihihi  nob,,  the  (leneric 
distinction  vanishes.  On  the  oi!:er  hand,  these  species  may  n.atiirally  represent 
•V  section  of  their  own:  the  archc  alpine  W'tihUxnitllii :  it  is  inierestinc  in  notice 
that  a  member  of  the  section.  /..  dprtold  L.  var.  iirdcili.-:  has  been  reconed  from 
ti,^  .,i.>;,,„  .....r;,..,  ,.f  >.-,.<ii.i-ii  TilK't    .'ill    l.">-17. 11(10  fiM't. 


the  .alpine  rejiion  of  weslern  Tibet,  alt.  l.")-17,000  feet. 

Th.  M.  Fries  has  described  a  variety  arclicd  from  Spilzberjien  '  ihe  diagnosis 
of  which  reads  as  follows:  "|)e(hinculis  dense  cinerascente,  siibviolaceo-silanduloso- 
viHosis:  calyce  subfrlol)Oso-inllalo,  mafjis  jiatente  clandiiloso,  viilfjo  ai)icc  sang- 
uineo-viol;iceo.    vetiis    sul)nit:ric;intibus    lonsiiliidinaliter    stri;ito:     i)etalis    sub 

ariety  was  found  on  the  coast  of 


mens 

is  a  distinct  species.     The  diafrnosi 

"Of  the  section:    \Vnhlbfr(idJa\  perennia 
!rons  main  riH)t   and  woody  bratiche 


Iwarfy.   densely  c.aespilose  with 
leaves   crowded   at    the   base  of  the 
which  are 


ages,  colour  ill  dried  specimens  pur|)lish:  stamens  ten.  the  anthers  well  developed 
ovarv  nidimentarv  with  frequently  three  to  four  styles." 

With  regard  to  the  floral  structure  of  Wnhlhrnii'lld  Lindman"  has  describei 
the  fiowerof  M'.  npfldhi  (L.">  I*'''-  '"  h'*<  iiit<'resting  and  highly  instructive:  ( 'onlri 

■  (  DUMPci'lii-  I'lcHiir  .lliicnl.  .    ..  .^.  .>^...,,        ....        ,  ,,,.,,, 

'.Svnipt.  Kloniui  North  .Vi.KTini.     New  \  ..rk.  (  Miiihn.lKr.lMt.-.  »- .  I>. -'-'4 

'Tilliiw:  till  S,K.t<l>iTKi'ns  KiimToitainllon..        .Ofvis.  K.  \  ,-< .  .\ka,l.  loil,,!!-!.    .■M...khnliu.  IMfl 
.  22.1 


-  -  liiw: 
No.  22.) 

•  iv,i,icM{i>i)<Mt.  III.   1WI7.  p.  :m 

•  Hilmni:.  K.  Sveii>k:i  ViM.  .\kuil.  Hilltjr.,  \"1.  11'.     s 


.■kliolii. 


.l/(7/V  I'lmilt:  .\[i>rplioliiii!i  niul  ^ijiinniimij 


23  B 


Inition^  to  th"  knowlrdtio  of  the  tlowmiiij  and  fcciiiHl:ilU)ii  ot  >("Ui(linivviuii 
inountiuiiphuii^.  This  aiitlior  ol.MTvr.l  on  Dovi- iiioi.niaii.  two  t.ypcsof  Howers 
of  this  spocirs  ih.'  one  \mnvL  hiin.-r  l.iit  Ifss  conspicnoiis  an.l  with  tlic  staiiions 
sliortor-  Iho  oth.T   witli   the  P'MaU  nioic  .livlopoi  ainl  with  longer  staiiiPi.s. 

I  m-hms  „i„t„la  L.  lias  a  very  iunn  iaU)iit  U)  -•ii,.:,  p.isistiim  pfiiiiary  r(M)t. 
which  remain^  vitv  sl.Mi.lcr,  how.'v.r;  similar  vny  Innu  lateral  roots  pro.vc.l 
from  iioar  the  crown  of  the  primary  one.  \Vhil(>  in  small  specimens  the  crown 
of  the  root  bears  a  more  or  less  coiiipa.-l  roselleot  Iimvc-,  such  lealy  rosettes  are 
in  larcer  specimens  l)orne  on  a  dislinei  complex  ot  sui.terranean  stem-hases  at 
a  distance  from  the  crown,  thus  lepreM-ntinM:  a  pseii<lo-rhizome:  m  larj^e  specimens 
the  diameter  of  the  rosette  nieasiiivd  alioill    V2  cm. 

/.  affiins  .]  X'ahl  shows  the  -aiiie  siriictiire  of  the  vckcI  at  ive  organs  as  the 
nrecedinn  Iml  tlie  plant  is  smaller.  A  very  tall  specie<  is  /,.  Ta,,!,,,;,,  Hol.ins(jn, 
mcasiirini;  in  li.^iu'ht  aUiiit  L'S  cm.  I.iii  of  the  same  hal.it  .as  the  species  descril.cd 
alKJVo;  it  w:i«  roll. ••■led  aloiisi  .Mark,  h/ie  l,av  l>v   l{i'V.   I<aae  n.  Strmaer  (1S9.1). 

Stellaria  longipes  Coldi.'  var.  Edwardsii  \\,ii<. 


V'     ^^ 

%   - 

N 

\ 

\ 

\ 

'^ 

7 

~^ 

w 


£_: 


Iw.l  UK  v.. 

1  OxyTin  ■Iwym,  I..'  Hill. "liewiuK  ilic  >u,\nu~  an.l  a  niscttc  of  leaves  witli  n  flewor-bparing.stem; 
naturiNizi--Mi<'ciineiifnimH.TUanlharlK.iir.  -J.  L!i(l,i,i<nintiilii  l..v:iT.mrlim  Ih.  hr.;  flower- 
hoiiriiirt  .stem;  natural  mz<-.  ^periinrn  from  WuUasteii  laiul.  :).  .\  l>clal  ot' same;  enlarged. 
■  Lychnis  vixoiiliiln  nob.;  Il.m-cr-lx'.-iriiii:  .^tcm:  naliiralsize;  spnimcii  from  Mansheld  island, 
iiudsou  bav  n.  A  jictal  ol  same,  eiilarKed.  t).  StiWiria  lorHjii>es  Geldic  var.  KdmirdMi  Wats.., 
showine  a  stem  with  leaves  from  the  previiiiis  year,  and  yiiung,  floral  sh(M(ts  developed Jrom 
the  axils  ol  the  old  leaves;  If  lime^  naim.il  mze,  ^p.•.  mn-ii  11. .ui  r..rt,  Ki)«-orth.  7.  Same 
species- part  of  a  stolon  terminated  bv  a  flower;  1 3  natural  size;  specimen  from  Bernard 
i'lrbou'r        S    Same  species;  a  stolon;  1  i  limes  natural  size;  specimen  from  Bernard  harbour. 


24  H 


Caniiiiiiiti  Aiclif  H.iiii'htiini,  l')l,l-lS 


Arcoidiiiic  l<>  Waiinitm  (I.e.  p.  2."m)  'iIh'  liriinaiy  r(K)l  livo  tor  a  long  tiiiK'," 
Ixit  ill  none  of  llic  very  mmiiToiis  specimen- ol'  tlic  lypieal  plant  and  the  varieties 
which  1  have  examined  was  the  pi'ini;:iy  hhH  preserved.  Characteristic  of  this 
plant  is  the  profuse  deveiopmi'iil  of  loni:  stolons  with  small  scale-like  leaves 
an<l  si  retched  interiiodes(|'"i(i.  ID. 

These  aerial  sIkhUs  are  ascendinc  and  the  leaves  are  more  or  less  crowdeil 
on  account  of  the  shorlness  ot  the  inieriiodes.  .\s  |K)inted  out  l>y  Kjellman  ' 
the  leaves  are  still  attached  to  the  sh(H)Is  when  tlie  winter  commences  Ijut  they 
are  in  a  withered  condition:  the  stems,  on  the  other  hand,  remain  alive  and 
persist  il'.r(mirh(>iii  the  winter. 

At  the  l>eiiinninj.>;  of  the  spring  small  Imds  li<'come  visible  in  the  axils  of  the 
faded  leaves  whidi  soon  develop  into  small  leafy  sIkmiIs  (Fin.  I-:  ''-■*^)-  'I'Ik's'- 
shoots  fre(|iientlv  remain  veui'tative  for  one  or  two  yeai>  until  they  liecome 
terminated  liv  aii  iidloresceiice  or  a  sinirle  liower.  In  specimens  from  Port  Kp- 
worth  the  tlcnver  appeared  already  m  the  first  seascm  as  figured  ( l'i(r.  i;:  (i). 
We  have  thus  in  this  sp:'ci<"-  of  Slilhiiiti  a  very  interesting  example  of  herliaceoii- 
aerial  -tenis  whii'ii  winli'r  >ver  .and  produce  axillary  buds  the  function  of  wliicli 
is  to  develop  as-imilaliiiy:  leaver,  new  .ixillary  liiids.  and  filially  to  produce 
flowers  and  fruit.  This  method  of  n  production  I  oliserved  also  m  the  alpine 
plant  in  Colorado,-'  hut  in  this  the  axillary  shoot-  frecpieiitly  reach  'he  lloweriiiu 
slime  .'ilicadv  in  the  (irsi  year  of  their  urowlh. 

Sever, -iT other  species  of  Stitlitrni  exluKil  this  type  of  vecetalive  reproduc- 
tion, lor  instance:  .S.  Ii,niill',>liii  .Muelil.,  •*<.  hiinnjiixit  IJotth.,  .■ind  .<.    Ilnlo.-^liii  ].. 

In  N.  rnissil'iilid  KUth.  the  withered  stem-leaves  slil.teiid  lartte  Imds,  hiherii- 
aiula,  which  winti'r  over:  they  have  heen  descijhed  liv  Norm;in',  viz:  "forma 
uemmilieaiis.  Cauli's  saepe  stetiles  vel  |iaueitiori.  Kami  fiemma  lerminali. 
coiiipaet.'i.  saepius  sordi<le  violacea,  ovalo-uloliosa  v.o\alia  v.  eili|)tica,  usipie 
nd  .')  111. 111.  loMiia.  e  foliis  l<;il;dylicis,  cariiosis.  Iirevilms,  ovalihiis,  old  iisis,  (leiisis 
formala.  <  lemma  seipieiiie  anno  a  ramo  delapsa  .seiisim  eloiifiaiur.  Illirilla- 
railicales  raiiio.-;is  pliircs  ex  omiii  axilla  protrudil.  dcniiim  in  c;iuieiii  piocumiieii- 
tem,  ilileriioiiiis  loi.jfioiiliii-;  tiaildelitem,  >e  pi'odinit," 

Merckia  phy.sodes  lisch. 

The  primary  root  was  not  preserved  in  any  of  the  specimens  collected.  For 
a  comparison  I  have  also  examined  material  from  I'ort  Clarence.  Al.aska,  from 
Moosehide  mountain  near  Dawson.  Yukon,  ami  from  Jakiitsk,  Siberia.  Subter- 
ranean stolons  are  developed  with  iiiinule  sialr-like  hvves  and  w  ith  stret<'lied 
inlernodes:  c.ipill.ary  .secoiKhiiy  roots  develop  freely  from  the  nodi.  The  aerial 
shoots  are  lonji.  prostrate,  very  leafy,  and  while  many  remain  purely  vegetativi' 
during  the  lirsl  season,  some  others  deveio|)  a  siiifrle,  terminal  flower:  very 
often  a  loiifl  vejjt  tative  branch  may  dc  \el(ip  from  the  axil  of  one  of  the  leaves 
beneath  the  flower;  thus  it  may  look  ,is  if  ilie  liower  were  lateral  but  it  is  only 
a|)i>:iientl\-  .so.  The  prostrate  ;ieri  il  sliools  develop  no  roots  in  the  first  year 
but  in  specimens  which  represented  ba.ses  of  old  shoots  riK,'  ■ere  present,  and 
these  b;is.'d  stem  |M)rtioiis  had  jiiadually  become  iiuried  in  the  .-oil.  ( 'h.ar.aclei  istic 
of  Mirrkiii  is  thus  the  ;ibilily  to  wander  not  only  by  means  of  -iibterraiiean 
.stolons  but  also  by  m(>ans  of  the  loiiji,  prostrate,  .aerial  shoots. 


Cerast'um  alpnium  I.. 

This   forms   l;iij.;e   laishions   borne    upon    a    deep   but    -lender   priiii.ary    root 
which  branches  freely.    The  numerous  persi-tinji  -lem-bases  coiistilule  a  p.seudo- 

'  Mi'tlioil  of  liilic.nialion  un.i  vi'plalivr  i,-|.n»lii.l  i..u  in  Nmlli  Aiiuti.mii  -pi'iu-- ■>!  SC'll;«n;i .  lAiii. 
.I.Mini.  uf  S,,i,.M<v.  V..1,  .\  \V.     N,.«-  ll^iv.'M.  l!His  i        ,..>.,.,,,,,,      ,,       ,       ■       ,^„' 

'  I'iunie  \nlii  :.!■  Ni,rvi->:i.-ii-  ^iH'iic-  cr  loniiiu'  <  lin-ti;iin:i  \  i.l.  ScUk,  1  .irliill.  I  Irii-tiani;!.  LSH-,. 
p.  2(1. ' 


Aniir  I'liinl.^:  Mt>ri>iiiiii'\iii  <tii,l  S.>i,nn.,ii,,ii 


J.)    u 


rlii/.omr  ami  may  icinaiii  active  for  scvfial  years.  I'h.  !,■  is  no  Ic  liy  itiselte  as 
the  eiisliiiMi  is  formed  only  liy  th<"  miiiii'rous  hranclicil  -IkmUs  wiili  ilieir  iiili'r- 
IKxles  v<'ry  disliliet,  and  willitlie  leavo  o|i|)0>ile. 

Ilalianthus  peploiJes  1 1.)  I'r. 

This  i>  known  liesi  iiniler  this  name;  it  is  AniKniii  iKjihiiilis  \...  Imt  the 
m'lms  Las  also  lieen  ealled  AiiiiiiihIi  hui  I'liliiii.  Ilu„j.,  min  V.\\\\\..  and  .\ili  niiriinii 
Haf.  'I'lie  \-enelalive  lepmdiielion  is  ilTecled  li\  nuan^  nl  lnn«  -iililerrani'an 
stolons  with  meniliranaceoiis  leaves,  >iale-like  nml  -h.alhinir.  which  traverse 
the  ground  lor  some  time  until  they  seek  the  surface  where  ihey  liecome  trans- 
foi-Mcd  into  aerial  sIkmiIs  with  uri'cn  tvpical  lia\es  ,ind  Mowers  d'ifi.  ]■':  I); 
many  of  these  stolons  ramify  freely  in  the  ground;  lini-  tin'  indi\iihial  represents 
a  mass  ol'  Moral  and  veK"tative  shoots.  \'ery  |ieculi:ir  is  the  developineni  of 
dwarfed  s1i(m>Is  uixtn  tile  sulilerianean  nodi  of  ihi'  --loions.  'riieN  have  liem 
descrilx'il  liy  Warminn  '  ami,  as  shown  in  the  liiiuics  i  |'ii;~.  '.'-Ii.  tlicy  :irc  either 
simph-  or  r-imilK'il.  The  axis  is  very  short  ,ind  I  he  h-.-ive-  of  miiuile  >i/e  and 
scale-like;  they  may  persist  for  s,.via-al  \.':irs  wilh(U<  developinii  ari\  further, 
and,  jiidiiinji  from  the  excellent  m.-ileii,il  collected  on  the  cxp.dil  ion,  ih.'se 
slnK»ls  may  die  off  without  increasing:  :in\-  further  in  lentilh.  I  h.  a-  shown  at 
the  apex  of  the  lony:  stolon  in  fi(i.  L',  they  iiia\-  liecnnie  cMciided  into  ai^rial 
sh(«)ts.  .\s  mentioned  aUive,  these  sIkmiIs  may  de\elnp  laiertd  ~hool:-  of  llir 
same  slru<-lure;  thus  clusters  of  these  max-  lie  seen  at  iheronl.  Willi  reaped  lo 
thi'  rool-systeni,  very  thin  srcondary  roots  itc  dcvcioprd  heir  ,iiid  i  ieie  lieneath 
the  leaves  (if  the  stolons  hut  they  are  not  fietpieii!  and  no  root-  wi  re  ohserved 
to  proceed  from  tin'  upper  p.iil  oi'  the  slolohs.  No  primary  loni  wa-  i  eprese'iird 
in  auv  of  the  numerous  speciim  ns  collei-ted.  '1  iie  secdlinii  snip-  lia>  -en 
descrilied  li\-  Joh.  iaiksson';  when  jrrowirii;  in  sand  the  eoiyledons  .ire  hyp  ,.  ie. 
and  evidently  hy  means  of  contractile  kmms  the  yoiinjr  plant  liecomcs  pulled 
down  into  the  ground:  besides  true  colyledonary  Imd-  I  \Vo  pairs  of  accessoiv 
liuds  are  developed  aliove  these. 


3 


l-ici  m:  l\     Ihilniuil,,,.,  j,.  plui.l.s  .1,,    I'r. 

1  I'.irt  oi  ;i  l.irL"'  ~tiilnii  liiMrin;;  n  l.ilcral.  more  ^Inulcr  ^liili.n  wlm-ti,  mi  i  ctmIumh  ilic -urfui'i 
iir:M>  (jniM  leaves  anil  a  (Inwi'r;  natural  ^izc.  '.'.  I'art  of  a  large  sKilim  lirarinc  si'vcra| 
liwarfiii  ^lioiits,  one  el'  the  a|iical  liaviiiu  urnwii  nut  .ind  dcvclnjicd  an  aerial  -liiKit;  nattira 
size;  .-pecinieii-  I'l'iiin  >;inils|iit  at  Martin  (mint,  ,\la^ka.  ;;  ami  \.  Twe  iif  the  dwarfed  shoot- 
showing  rainitications;  in  lii;.  ;>  tin-  b.asal  leaves  have  dieppid.  leavinfr  distinct  sears;  thus 
the  .-^hortne-s  <il'  the  internodes  are  readily  lo  lie  oli>erved;  enlarged. 

rs„, aahiul.iMiskeoi:  niorfol..i;i-kr  Ul.llai;.  -Uelall.    ri.l-kl.    •   ,i.  -'.  Hd.    K vielpeiiliavli.   1S77  7!l,  P    '."1. 
■  Snidier  lifviT  Sandlliiifin  i  ii>tra  sk?nie.      Hiii.  I\.  S\eii-ka  \et,    Vkad.  lldlKf.  \nl    -'-'.    stdekliiih.i. 


IMIIi./ 


L'ti  n 


t  11  mill  ill  II  Arrtlr   H.rj>"lilii>ii.  ll>l.i-IS 


Alslne  verna  Unit  I.  var.  rubella  (Wilil.'nli.)  [>ko. 

Smiic  \  .\  l.ii(jc  siM'ciiiicns  were  collfctcd;  lli.'V  loiiii  (■u>lik)ns  ot  atx)iit 
10  nil  ill  di' iiictor,  with  iiii  .•ihiiiHlaiirc  of  Mowers.  Tliciv  is  ii  pcrsistiim  l.iit 
I  liin  ixiii  i-v  r(K)t  wlii.li  is  amplv  rainiti.Ml.  Tioni  I  he  .lown  of  t  In-  r(M)l  niimoious 
rrpcatc.liv  iiiancli.Ml  sIkh.Is  iiiisc,  hiii  (Irslitutc  of  hkiIs.  Warii.iiiK  '  stales  tliat 
ill  this  species  ;is  well  as  i'l  .1.  hlllnni.  mrllni,  hiilii,  iiriniiliinilini,  wairnvarim, 
ete.  the  raiiiitieatioii  is  iiioiio|K)(iial :  dm-  the  priiiiaiy  sliiMit  remains  voKetative 
fhroU({liotlt  the  life  of  the  plant. 

RANINCLIACEAE. 

Caltha  palustris  I.. 

Mthoiinh  al.selit  from  (  iieeiij.iiicl.  Spit/herKeii  and  Iceland,  (■aUhit  piiliixlnx 
nevertheless  is  eirciim|K.lar ;  farther  south  it  is  widely  disfrihuled  in  I.uroiie, 
Mini  on  this  continent  it  o.'cms  in  the  Atlantic  States  east  of  the  Mississippi, 
from  the  nioiintains  of  Carolina  and  Tennessee  northward  to  Newfoundland, 
theii.'e  west  to  Minnesota  and  Saskatchewan:  in  some  forms  and  varieties  it 
occurs  also  in  Alaska,  alone  the  norlheni  coast  of  Canada,  and  in  arctic  Siberia. 
Naturally  the  species  exhil.its  a  somewhat  dilTerent  lial.it  throughout  a  raiifje  of 
-iich  enormous  extent,  and  it  seems  more  safe  to  conclude  that  the  species  is 
iy)lvmorpliic.  rather  than  to  consider  the  modihcatton  in  liahit  as  lieinji  of 
specific  imixirtance.  This  iiiav  he  ivadily  ai.preciated  when  we  compare  the 
species  as  it  occurs  in  the  tem|»'iale  renioiis  of  lioth  Worhls  with  the  types 
known  from  the  more  northerly  latitudes. 

In  Norwav,  Mcco'-dinn  to  IMvtl  (I.e.),  the  stem  is  ascendmn  from  a  decumb- 
ent, sometimes  nM.tiiiK  base,  and  the  foliane  shows  :i  reiiiform  outline  with  the 
martlin  ereliate;  speeimeiis  with  the  stem  nMilinjr  are  by  this  autiior  relern'd  to 
the  forma  rmllnnis  Korst..  known  especially  from  Dovre  mountain  and  IinmarK. 
In  Swe.len  the  tvpical  plant  is  common  but  llartmaii  records  aNo  the  lornia 
riiilicaiin  beside  a  form  of  diminutive  size  with  the  leaf-niarKin  entire  instead  of 
eleiiate  III  Hilssia,  LedeUmr  .{escribes  the  plant  as  li;iviii(i  an  :  leci  or  aseemling 
siem  with  the  leaves  >ulK)rl)icular  or  reniform,  crenate  alontj  the  marum;  fmther- 
more  the  f.niii  with  the  stem  roolinnis  also  recorded  by  this  author.  Aseherson 
describes  the  Cerman  plant  as  having  cordate  leaves  at  tlie  base  but  remtorm 
above-  Hiichenau''  makes  the  same  statement  but  adds  that  all  the  leaves  are 
er.Muite-  this  author  made  also  the  observ;iti.)n  that  the  variety  huln  hehott,  in 
which  the  follicles  are  erect,  was  the  most  abundant  while  the  var.  tm'irn  luth, 
with  the  foUh'les  icciirved.  appears  to  be  very  r.are.  In  France  'Ciillhii  i>nliislns 
is  ciuite  freiiiient,  and  the  leaves  varv  from  reniform  to  somewhat  cordate  but 
alwavs  witl.  the  maifrin  <renu1,-ite.  According;  lo  .Mathieii'  the  basa  le.ives  of 
the  Belfiian  plant  are  sulxirbicular,  iviiiform,  ami  cnMiiilate  at  the  base  wiiile 
the  eaiiline  are  ereniilate  all  round.  ' 

\  similar  leaf-shape  is  also  characteristic  of  the  .\merican  plant ,  and  I  orrey 
describes  this  as  "orbiciilate-coi<late  or  reniform,  obtusely  crenate,  or  nearly 
entire-"  a  varietv  Inlcqcrrimo  {('.  inkgrrrimn  I'ursh)  is  also  mentioned  in  which 
the  basal  leaves  arc  wiioUv  ontiio  but  the  cauline  obscurely  crenate.  In  (.ray  s 
Svnoptical  Mora  a  varietv  ntih'anis  Cray  is  described,  the  leaves  varying  iroin 
"dilated-reniform  to  near'lv  truncate  at  base:"  and  a<-<-or(hns  to  this  author  C. 
miliriiHs  Forst..  ('.  usarifol'ia  DC.  C.  nrclim  K.  l?r.,  and  C.  imliistns  var  xibirica 
Renel  are  merclv  svnonvms  of  this  variety.  Finally  may  be  mentioned  that  in 
sCHue  specimens  from  St.  Croix  Falls,  Wisconsin,  the  inartjm  is  entire  m  the 
basal  ,as  well  as  in  the  (-aulim-  leaves,  and  the  outline  of  the  blade  vanes  from 
reniform  to  eomph-tely  round  in  the  basal  foliage    while    the    stem-leaves  are 

'  Carvoplivlliii-Piic  il'-  '■  !>•  -■"■         ,      ,.      ,,.,        ... 

'  Klomdor  I'rovinz  Uriimlcnliuru.     Itcrlin,  I.S(i4.  p.  li. 

'  l-loriwlornc,nl»cst(loutH'l.cnTi.'(i'b.-n(>.    I.t'ipziiJ.  IHitl.  p.  2.M 

'  1)..  LiiKuirck  ot  Do  Ciin.lnllf:  lloro  !-r.inCiiis.-       1'.  4.  V-nx  2.  I>:in..  I  .l.>.  p.  ii^. 

'  Floro  Eononilo  ilo  Holciquo,    T    1.  Hnixollos.  IS...!,  p.  H. 

•  lloruof  Now  York.    Vol.  I.  .Ml.any,  lS4:i,  p.  li . 


.l/(7/V  I'liinis:  Sfoi-pliiiiiiijii  tiH'l  Siiiinnijmii 


27   H 


uu-uW  ...n.f..nn:  ....  thr  o.h.T  iKUnl  -,„...  vrry  I..11  -l"''7'''1' ;''''''';;';'  ';^^,'; 
I'.ar-.'  livrr  l.iM.li.m,  Alhi.lia-ka,  l.v  .l;iin->  M.  Mm.„mm,  s how  ll...  Ic.il-nrirK m 
v.Tv  fiii.ly  cn'nulMl.'  ;in<l  ih.>  oulliiH'  roiiii.lisli  nMitnri,,  willi  lli.'  -iimi>  nhiliv.-l> 

'"""Wi'tli  lrij:inl  tr.  tin-  Mlrlic  plnl.t,  lv|.i<:il  C.illh.i  /nil„.h;x  „.clll-  in  Novil 
Z,.n>l.h.  lr..,M  wl,..n.  it  i.  m^xwd  l.v  Kj-'IImku,  um,!  l.un.Utn.n,  '  m.mI  wIh;!.- 
found  It  niv-..|f-  n.v  ^ix-ciiunis.  li(.wcv,.|-,  aiv  v.  i,v  «ni,ili,  nirMsiii  iim  ..iil>  li  •m 
-)  K.  7  .111  The  fciiniii  nnhni'i^.  (.n  lli.'Oil.cr  haml.  i-  known  Iron,  aicli.-  ^can.liii- 
avia  as  Maf.l  aU.v.  an.l  MjrlinKn,  found  il  m1<o  on  il,.;  A.iain'  .omM  of  inn« 
strait,  l..-si.|rs  on  St.  I.aw.rn.-..  i.lanU.  rurlli.rnio,,  ,  all  iIh.  .|..Tinirn.  .•ollc;  .-l 
on  the  Canadian  at.-lir  ,x|«Miilior.  irprrscnt  tin-  toi  n,  !■  m.  ( . :  1--):  ami  it  i> 
known  also  from  tlio  islands  in  Hcrin«  M'a. 

Tlw  SilM'iiaii  i.laiit,  on  tli<-  (itlior  liaiid,  rr|.i-..s..nt.s  mostly  tli.'  •aii.t> 
v/6,Vm7,  HrH.  "ill'  •'"•  <■•"••"■■'  '■'""<•""'  '<''»i''''  '■li-Ha.'t..nstir  of  wlarh  w  that 
the  lolx-of  111"'  liaf-litadi'  form  a  very  nirrow  -inn-i|ii:.  ;i). 


lli.l  iU.  <.'■ 
1    Col:!.,,  ,«i,..s;n.0..fon,K.  ,„./,.■,»,.  (iM.i-i,.   IlMinu.    A  irmtinK  >l"-inHM,  fmrn  lIuM^.a  i.-iand 

''/„!' c',H.g,a  f...-iiiu  '.id'.-',,,.  tl-.,rst.)  K..g.  l,..,n  J.k.it^k,  .SiUria;  l»..-tl,i.a.~  ol  ih.^  natural 

In  .i.mi)aiinK  the  leaf-outline  of  th.we  various  specimens  we  notice  that  the 
h-if  of  the  typical  plant  in  Europe  is  mostly  reniform  with  the  marjiin  crenulalc, 
but  varviiiK  to  almost  roundish,  suljorhicular;  on  the  American  continent  the 
tvpi^'il  "phuit  Ikis  the  lcaf-l>lade  more  or  less  reniform  hut,  as  stated  al)Ove,  the 
orbicular  outline  does  also  occur;  the  margin  varies  from  eienuhite  to  entire; 
the  latter  form  is  ovidcntlv  C.  integcrrima  Pursh.  In  Siberia  the  leaf-outline  i? 
eeneiallv  roiindish-reniform  with  the  sinus  narrow,  a  leaf-type  that  recurs  in 
the  s^ibf'rian  f  ..la  radicans.  In  Other  words,  the  form  of  winch  the  stems  are 
decumbent  and  rooting  occurs  throughout  the  northern   hemisphere,  and  the 


I  I'iiiHTutr;.!".'!'  frin  Xi>vi»ia  Zi'nilj;..  cti 
:  Dijiiipliiiii  Kxpoililion  il.i-.; 


il.i-.  p.  :!1U,I 


•JS    II 


i 'iiKinliini   Airtir  h!.riii  ilillnn,    IHI.i-IS 


l(:il-<iiiiliiir  III'  ilii«  lorrii  .iKrcc*  with  tluii  ot  iIh'  fypii'al  jilant  n^pcfiivrly  fniin 
r;iir(i|)r  aijil  North  Aiiii'iicii  mm  well  m.h  Ifuiii  Silx'iiii,  thi-  varii'tv  nihiricii  forma 
nulivini>'.  Ciillliii  imliinlii.s  may  thil*  l«'  iidisidfird  a  |i<il\  iiiKrphniis  -.imtio 
ilistrilpiitcil  liver  im  area  nf  ipiiti'  I'dii.-iih'ralilc  cvti'iit,  ami  ri'pri'Mi'iiliii-.  "rvi-ral 
arialduiMi-  Inrin-  rharartiri/cil  li\  ihr  >tnictiiri' nf  the  foh.ir  iiruiii^  ratlici  than 
l>\    thi'  tliiral. 

Aconitiim  (Ivlphinifolium  DC 

I'hi-  lallr^l  ^iMiiinrli  iiicasiirr-  a  liiiiihl  iif  '2'>  ilii.  alnl  licai*  TMaal  hiti-ral 
lairiiH',-,  'hnrlir  than  ihr  I'Miiiiial  nin'.  With  ir^pnl  Id  iIh'  i lui'tatJM'  ri'pro- 
ilmlinti  ihtif  i-  nil  rhi/oiiic,  ami  llir  aiiial  ,«lnmt  j>  JKiriir  ii|h)ii  a  lliirk  liiil  >h<irt 
lap-riKii    with    niaii\    iatrral   r(K)l«iil    con.^iili'ralili'   li'iiitth   ami   rilali\ily    ihick. 

Whin  ihi'  winlir  rnnmii'mis  a  IhuI  i*  (li'Vrliipcil  in  ihr  a\il  (if  ni f  tlir  li)\\«>i - 

iniisl   IraM-,  ami  fruin  the  lia>i'  nf  thi«  liml  a  laiitr  lap-KKit   will  ili  viliip  ilininii 
till'   wintii.      Thi-.  niaiiiiri'  nf  rrprmlurlinii   resrinlili'-i  thai   of  .1.    iiiiiiniilnin    I.. 
«liirh    !    ha\>'  i|i  ^laihi'il   in    Mcrik's   lii'imrl.'    Iml    iliflVi-^  from   this   li\    thr   liini 
irinaininii   M--iir   ami    not    licinu   ri'iiiovi'il    frnin    I  hi'   Iraf-avil    li\    iiiraii-  of    tin 
-Inloii-Iikc  ~lt  In  -II  Very   plainl\    \i>llili'  iti  .1.   iniiiimlinii. 

Anemnni'  parvlflora  Miriix. 

t'npinu--  niali'rial  ua>  rnlji-riid.  alnl  all  I  lir  ■^pi'iinicns  ri'prc-rnl  lhc\aiiii\ 
iliiuiilijliiid  rilirirh.'  ll  liijiihi;.-.  In  the  mtIioii  A  uriiii'mnillii  n  I )( '.  nl  uhirli 
si'vrral  sp('cii'>  havr  iiicn  Iniiml  on  this  rnnliiicnl,  I'nr  in.-lani'f:  .1,  Infuliu  I... 
kniiwn  al>()  from  Kiiropi'  ami  Sihrria,  .1.  'ininijiKfulid  I..,  .1.  .■/■,,;(//.<;  (Ir.,  .1. 
'Iirn/nliild  Aiil.  ll  eel.     In  iliiiopr  ilic  M'liioii  is  more  frriiiicni ;  ii  i>  rrpn-rnii'il 

li>'   .1.   Ill  iiiniii.^ii    I...  .1.  ,v///ri  .v// /.v    [,.,  .1.  Iiiilniiisis   ],.,   .1.  ixlliiiiilil   I..   r[    crl. 

Thr  >cilion  I--  ai'i'oiilini:  to  I  )(•  (  amlolii'  '  ilclincd  as  fnllnws:  "(  ar.  (  ai  pijfi 
n\()ii|i'a  >lslo  iiminata  liiisnlis>inia  villosa  aiit  siilijilalira.  I'rilinili  in  in\iiliiriii 
snlitarii  am  rari>-i Iiiiii  iimlu'llati.  siinprr  l-linri  iiiiili;  Mpala  o-j.").  " 

Flnwi'riiiK  sp('(■inlr^^  arc  tn'ncrallv  low,  nica-iiriii);  only  from  I  In  '.(  i  ni.  in 
hriuhl,  uhili'  fniiliiiK  sprcimins  nia\-  nacli  ihi-  hianht  iti  almul  2  ■in.  'riie 
plant  i>  pi'ri'iinial  ami  has  a  hnii/onlall\  iici'piny;  rhizome  with  slender  sloloii> 
iieariny  liiladar.  ineinbranareoiis  leave*:  -eeomlary  r(M)ls  are  de\elopei|  freelv 
from  the  oldii  part  of  the  rhizome  and  heiieath  the  aerial  >hnol».  These  >h(M)l- 
are  erect  with  a  -iilTlcrrane'iii  a-cendinu  slem  of  the  same  siniciiire  as  the 
rhi/onie.  and  when  rcai'hinji  the  siiiface  >oine  jrreen  |ea\e>  liecome  developed, 
which  remain  fresh  diirinj.;  'lie  (irsi  winter.  The  llowei-  lUn^  not  appear  until 
the  succeeding  sprini;  ••md  li\  that  lime  the  leaves  have  withered.  The  -liooi- 
ihus  reipiire  two  seasons  to  altain  the  tlowerin^  static  lull  iIk  \  ina\  pi  1-I<1  nir- 
several  >eai>.  prodiiciiifi'  alleriialely  lea\e-  and  flower-. 

.\s  st.ited  ;ilHi\e,  all  the  specimens  from  the  Canadian  arctic  expcditinn 
ie|)re>ent  ihc  \ariely  (/nniilijliini.  and  in  these  the  ilialncter  of  the  llower  idiiedi 
mci^med  aliout  '.i  iin.;  this  variet\  occurs  al.Mi  in  .\laska  and  in  northern  l.alna- 
dor.  The  typical  plant  from  Churchill,  llud.-on  lia\,  and  from  .lasper  paik. 
.\llierla.  is  a  tallci'  plant  hut  the  llouer  i~  .-mall,  the  dianieler  nol  exceedini.'- 
1 • 7  cm. 


A.  Kichardsonii  Honk. 

This  species  heloiifi-  to  the  -:ilne  -eel  ion  liul  il  is  of  a  much  mole  slender 
habit  than  the  nrec(>ilinir  one.  The  rhizome  i^  hori.znniMlh.  c!eepi!!ir  ;i!id  n>'!re- 
.sciits  a  monnixidium  until  the  first  llnweriiiji  stem  develops.  The  inleninde- 
are  stretched,  slender,  averafiiiiii:  in  Icnu'ih  from  .'{  to  7  cm.:  one  or  two  sicoiidarx 

'  Miir.li,  I'.IIIT 

-  .\.  Ilm-l.-i,  Hot.  .ImIuIi.  \'..I.  :i:.  f  ■ip/.iu'-  niiii..  |i,  17.'. 

*  Itctrni  \i'^'ft;ilHli>  -\ -iciiKi  n;nijr;i!f.  \'ul,  I.  l':iii      |v|s    p    nitV 


.1  r<7/« 

l'hl>,l.< 

Mtiiii 

hiiUitjtf  iitnl  Sifi 

III  >/)//)/(// 

ill    B 

rlMlt^. 

lilliu.    tl 

llIM,    1 

!lll<l     S] 

iiiiitiKly 

l)riiiic 

liril,    .livi 

Inp 

r|ll-l'    til    till 

'    IHMJI, 

a   littlf 

Ik'Iow 

llicr.1'. 

Witt 

1  ri'Kiiril  to  tli(> 

Iciivi 

•X    III     till' 

I'lii/.iiiiii',  Miiiii'  «i 

rali'-hki 

'  !i'av<>h 

.iri'  (li 

'Vfliipid 

I.M( 

rill  1st 

(»l   the  l( 

•liVCM, 

liovvfvcr 

,  an- 

Mitial,  KliT 

II.  M'-iiiiilatiiiK                 1 

with  1 

III.'  I.la.l 

I'   wli 

irii  is 

ainplf,  < 

|i'C|)|y 

.Vrlrft, 

Mll.l 

III!  i~fil:  till' 

llllWI'I- 

iH'aniiK 

-ii-rii  1 

M'MIX  orii 

'  p.'iii 

of  tiK'iclv  H-lol 

ll'll    (M 

f  :{-.lrll. 

mci^ 

I'll    lr:.vr-  vvl 

liii'li  aiT 

■•i'f««ili'. 

-^^  "I  ^ 

-'-■V/ 


1, 


u 


''-•■  /  u 


■  ;  h' 


I'lLlKhli 

lt;i-:il   Ir.il   III    .1  11.  i/K./.i    Hi,  hiir,ls„iin    llciiik   .   Ill  '  '    Wi-I    I  ill    •Ill:llli|  I    I  W  i  i-l  till  il-  i  .|     I  lir  l,;i(l|nil  -l/r. 

Till  II'  -ci'iii-  III  III'  no  ii'unlarily  with  icl'i'ii'iiri'  to  ilic  iHisition  of  llii'  sralc- 
likc  ira\i"<;  tlii-y  may  orriir  on  any  part  of  llii'  iliizoini',  pirci'iiinii  or  .^iirci'i'ililH!; 
flir  iiriM'M  Ji'Hvi's.  Anil  when  llu'  rlii/.onii'  iaiiiitii'>  tlu'  si'i'onilary  liiani'ti  may 
ili'Vi'lop  fii'iii  till'  axil  of  a  scali'-liki'  loaf  or  from  tlii'  axil  of  a  izri'i'ii  oin-. 

Willie  most  oftrli  a  (ji<'<'n  li'af  is  to  he  olisi'i  \i'i|  at  the  liasi'  of  tlir  llowcrinn 
«-li'iii  anil  siilili'iiiliiig  till'  hiiil  wliirh  is  to  ili'Vi'lop  ami  i-ontimii'  tlw  liorizonlally 
rrrrpiiiK  rliizomr,  this  Ki'<'''n  li'af  inav  In-  ri'plai'i'd  liy  a  srah'-liki'  one.  OlhiT- 
wisi>  tho  most  fri'iiuont  case  is  that  the  last  Iraf  of  tin-  primary  rhi/.omi'  is  arrial 
ami  uri'i'ii.  a.'i'l  thai  it  siititi'iiils  tlii'  si'i'omlary  liranrli  wliirh  is  to  lontiinn'  tin- 
(jrowlli  of  till'  rl.i/omc  in  tlir  sanii'  mannrr  ami  in  tlii'  sanir  ilin-ction  as  if  thr 
I'liliri'  rhi/.onw  wrri'  a  mono(H)iliu!ii.  For  instain'r.  in  a  spi'rimrii  from  St.  I'aiil 
island.  Mi'iiiifi  sia.  wliiili  my  lati'  fiii'inl  Mr.  .lami's  M,  'lariiim  I'olli'iti'il  for 
mi',  till-  rhi/.oiiic  mrasiiri's  scvi-nty-two  nn.  in  li-nuth.  as  apiiarriitly  oim'  siii^jlr 
axis  with  no  other  si^n  of  its  sym|)Oilial  striirtiiri'  Imt  .sonu'  few,  iiiiniiti'  snirs 
from  till'  withcri'il  flowi'rinn  sli-iiis:  on  this  viiy  lone  rhizoini'  only  oiii'  nrri'ii 
li'af  and  a  flower-lwarinc  sli'in  wi>ri'  dovi'lopi'd  at  the  afii'X.  and  a  yoiinn  stolon 
proi'i'i'ili'd  from  the  axil  of  llii'  firi'i'li  leaf. 

In  lomparinii  the  plant  a^  it  oei'iirs  in  (Ireenland.  on  the  .\retie  eoasi  of 
this  eontinenl.  and  on  the  coast  of  .Maska  and  aiij.'iceiil  isl.inds,  no  p.irtielllar 
sirii-'iire  of  ihe  rhizome,  willi  refeieiiee  to  the  foli.'nie  or  llower-lieariiin  stem, 
seems  to  I haraeterislie. 

.'"Mime  more  or  less  inlelesl  inj;  si  rinllires  liia\  lie  liieiitioneil  a>  follows; 
A  speeimeii  from  Hea\er  inlet,  I'nalask.i.  showed  the  main  rhizome  destiiiite 
of  ereen  leaves,  and  .'it  the  liase  of  the  llower-hearinn  stem  a  seale-like  leaf 
siihtenili'd  the  sioloti:  liiit  from  the  |iosierior  part  of  the  rhizome,  from  the  axil 
of  a  siali  -like  le.if  a  similar  stolon  had  developed,  hearing  a  lypieal,  ureeii 
leal :  in  another  >  pee  i  men  from  the  same  locality  the  main  rhizome  I  Kite  two  ureen 
le.'ives  anil  a  tloral  shmil  ;  these  two  leaves  were  separaled  from  each  other  hy 
an  internode  alioiit  .")  cm.  in  lennth;  in  this  same  specimen  the  \oun>j  stolon  at 
a|iex  Iniie  two  sc.de-like  leaves  plecedniii  a  very  yoilliM;,  "Ol  ipnte  developed 
ureeii  leaf.  Ill  a  specimen  fro'n  CiMik  inlet,  ^'■,lkoll  river,  the  ihizoiiie  measured 
alKiiit  20  cm.  in  leiitjth  ai.i  txire  three  )£''<'<'"  leaves  .'Uid  a  flower-hearing  stem. 
.\  much  shorter  rhizome  from  Kodiak.  Alaska,  measiiriiif;  onlv  7  cm.,  lK)re  two 
iireen  leaves  and  a  floral  stem:  beside  that  the  apical  stolon  U)re  a  fully  developed 


no  II 


(iniiiillini  Aiiiir  hri'i'li'luni,  U'l.UIS 


urccii  lent'.  iirci-ciliiiK  a  •ic'ili'-likf  mir  miuI  ;i  \<'tv  voiiiiu  iilrcn  niir.  l''iiiMll\  .  in 
•xiiii)'  xiM'i'iliK'lix  uliji'li  I  I'olli'ili'ii  III  ( ii'i'i'ii|,'iliil.  liriil  lltil-lt'iixlMiiK,  iIh'  apical 
sliiloii  liail  i|i'\i'lii|H'i|  ill  III  M  Mm  a  I  xImmh  :  ilm^  two  tlnvM'iiiiK  nIciiix  \\i\f  i|i>vi'lo|H'i| 
c<mlciniK>raiiripii«ly. 


A.  Drumniondll  \\ati. 

t>lll>    viliic  liw    ■.|icciiiiin«  \Nilli  llli'  l(a\r>  Wllllcli'il   Well'  ((illiili'il 

Niivi'IiiIk  r  hilt  thf  -inichiii'  iil'  ilic-c  Icavi'x  a(iri'(>  vit\'  well  willi  ili 
.Hliccii*,  ami  iiiiicli  iiinir  f.<i  tliaii  uilli  .1.  iinilliji'lii  Piiir.  Aniininu  />;■' 
was  mImi  c'oIIiiIciI  (III  the  (ijoa  (AiHiliiidii  ij.r.i.  and  llif  |iliotoi;i  apl 
(hntifin  nt  a  llowriiiiu  -|icciiii(ii  liavi-  nn  cloiiiil  a«  to  tlic  concctdi- 
iilrlitiliialiiili. 

As  far  as  lialiit  is  ciiiirciiii'il,  ,1.  hniin  nitmlii  i>  di'iixcly  ('ai's|iii<i.' 
very  (Iccp.  wikhIv,  piimary  nnit  uliicli  liraiiclics  frcrly  Miwanlft  apex, 
rrrrt  or  asccniliiiK  xIkhiIs  aiisr  from  the  <'io\vii  of  the  i(Kit,  ni<>a?'iiriii|; 
nlxiiit  I  cm.;  wlirii  ri'acliiim  the  -iitfaii'  these  shiMits  develop  rosette^ 
mid  teiiiiilril   lloweriliK  stems. 


a-  late  a." 
at  of  tliix 
uiniiiiiiilii 
lie  ri'pro- 

"   ot'    the 

•e  with  a 

Several 

ill  lieJKht 

111'  leaves 


Ranunculus  Pallasii  Schl. 

Of  tliis  stately  plant  several  tlowi  linu  specimens  wen-  eolleeted  in  .1  |H>nd 
on  the  tundra  at  Kontjaiu  vik,  Caiiiden  lia\  ;  they  measured  in  leintth  alKiiit  L'K 
cm.  We  meet  here  with  llir-  same  structure  of  sIkk)!  as  in  Aritiiiniir  liiihiinlsuiin 
liilt  .scale-like  leaves  are  ah.senl.  .\s  lontj  as  the  sliiKit  is  purely  xcKetalive, 
the  ramification  is  moiiofxxlial,  lui,  when  the  flower  appears,  and  this  terminates 
the  axis,  the  sliiKit  liecomes  a  .symjiodiuiii.  Hranches  of  l{.  I'alla.yii  thus  show 
a  few  stretched  tistulmis  interiiodes,  aUiiit  10  cm.  in  length,  and  some  leavi>» 
with  loiiu  petioles,  siiliteiidiiin  sluKits,  while  op|)Osile  the  leaf  a  t.all  peduncle 
(aliout  10  cm.)  arises  hearinij  a  single  flower;  in  the  specimens  from  Koiiuaiie\ik 
wmio  of  the  lateral  sh(K)ts  had  alreiidy  developed  a  ureen  leaf  and  a  ti'iiiiiii.'il 
tlower-ltud.  With  i-esp-ef  to  tlie  loliaije,  it  may  he  stated  that  the  e.irliest 
developed  leaves  i  '.e  very  -i.;ail  hlades  which  are  ohlonn  or  line.ir  .ind  Inirne 
ll|)on  loiilt,  fistulous  petioles.  In  lil.iture  stx'cimens  the  leai-l»lades  ii,'  laiuer. 
entire  or  ;{-!ol)ed,  the  middle-lohe  heinj;  lonuer  than  the  lateral  nne>:  however, 
in  »|>eciniens  from  Hudson  hay  (I.at.  tiO°  fi'l  the  leaf-Made  is  :i-clel't.  with  the 
laler.'il  lolies  re!,iii\ely  lonii  and  n.inow.  The  r<K)i-system  (•oiisi>tsof  m.iny  \ery 
lonii,  ^lendei .  >r(o,id.iry  nxit-  piureedinii:  from  the  nodi. 

.\  iiyliiid,  It.  Iiliiiiiiinriis  ■;  I'lilliisii .  has  lieeil  descrilied  ;ind  limued  liv 
Andersson  and  llesselman  in  1  paper  dealing  with  the  flor.a  of  Spit/lieineii  and 
Boereii  I]il;in<l,'  previously  descrilied  iiy  \.  <!  Xat hoist  .as  a  varieiv  ".v/ic/.v- 
h/niftisis"  ol'  I,'.  I'dllfisii.  In  this  hyliriil  the  leaf-Made  is  always  t  hie. -cleft, 
the  lolies  entire  or  with  tlie  margin  dentate  or  even  Inhale;  the  flower  i-  -n;  Her 
than  in  A'.  /'i///(/s//  and  of  ,1  yeIlowi>li-wliite  colour.  .\  larjje  taMe  is  tivon 
.showintr a  numherof  [mints  hy  which  the  iiylirid  is  distinguished  from  the  parents, 
and  several  fifrures  of  leaves,  pet.ils.  >l,iiiiens  and  fruits  .iccoiiipany  tlie  le\l. 
Of  special  interest  is  the  fart  that  this  hyinid  is  the  first  which  has  licen  t'ound 
in  Spitzlieiuell. 


R.   Punshii    Richards,  and    R.  hyperboreus  Itotth.    were   found   in    -iiallow 

[(Oiiii-,    iKdii    wilii    the  iea\e>   ii«iallii(i.      (  )f   ihe.v,    the   fill  liiel    wa>  cuiii-eiiii    wilh 

ripe  fruits  on  ileischol  island,  while  the  specimens  from  Cape  Hathiirsi  were 
.sterile,  with  no  flowers  at  .'dl,  and  with  the  leaf-hladi^s  of  very  iliniinutive  size. 
All  the  -pecimeiis  of  R.  hiiji-  rhtiniis  were  sterile  with  the  leaf-l'lades  veiy  ~iiiall. 

'  BiliHiiK  Iv.    .sv.  Vft.-.Akftil.    Hdlgr.    V.jl.  I'G.  Slo.kl.olm,  I9U0. 


Arctic  Planh:  Muipliol<>ny  and  Symiinini!/ 


31    B 


I'lM  lit.  I. 
I.  Ii'iiinnunh,.^  /■i/i/i..M(ii.v  I.,,  >|H'i  iiiii'ii  limii  Tici'  rivrr.  -Iidwiiii;  I  lir  .ipiciil  |m.|  li'  ri  mI  i  Iii>  iliizoiiii 
I  H.  ,  with  t«ii  urnii  Iciivi-  1 1.'  1.^^  ami  a  ,-li.lnii  Si  J  ilivi'lii|ii(l  in  llir  :i\il  i.l  I.  ,  Hiii'  And 
Iwi>-iIiimI-  iiMiiir.il  -i/c  ■-'.  Smiiic  -imtii-.;  :i]>hmI  poiMoii  nl  ilir  rliizuiiir  li  ;  S  ilir  lliiwcr- 
inie  ••tiiii;  iiiliiT  litlci>  :is  uliiivc;  nii.ciurd  ^1.  S.iiiii'  -piTK-;  piiii  nl'  iIk  rhi/unii  «iili  ihrci- 
(trt'i'ii  li'ii.r-  i|,'-l.'i:  ^llllllll.«  iirc  (lcvrlM|M d  in  llir  ii\ils  1  I.l.  I.-',  :iMil  I.  ;  I.  Ml  1-  :i,-  :iKiivi'; 
li.iuiiul  >izc  I'iismrs  J  unil  II  .in   ilrawii  Irmii  .'^wcili^li  riMcilii'ii-. 

R.  Cymhahiria  I'm-li  vai.  alpina  ll(«(k. 

1-'(>UIh1  uilli  llir  ll(i\\cr>  l'llli.\-  ilr\cl<i|ir(l.  ;iiiil  ^linw  mii  llir  -iliir  lialiil  as 
f.'iMlicr  Miiiili,  uiih  loiii;  sioldiis  al«>\r  uiitiind.  'I'hr  s|>('i'iis  is  well  ciiuiiipiil  lor 
jjiopanalion  anil  w  iilniintt  (it  it-  iiiiisic  of  oiriirii'iiri'.  rvrii  I  lioiiiili  I  lir  indix  iiliial.s 
Mil'  \i'l>'  >lii;ill  ami  I  lie  llouii-  alua\»  -ilijili'. 

R.  pyftmaeus  Walih  nli. 

Niiiiirroii*  s|ii'riin('ii<  wcif  collcrlril  wiili  flowns  ami  \(iiniir  I'niit :  in  >|iilr 
Ot  the  siiiall  ^inr  of  till'  plant,  the  shoot  aUiM'  cioiiiiil  iiii'.asiiiiny;  mIiIuiii  iiioi. 
tlian  2  cm.  in  liriulit.  tln'  vi'i-lii'a!  rliizoinc  cxIrmU  lo  a  .Irplli  of  aUmt  '_'  ."i  >  ni. 
and  hears  niiiii'  loiis  slriidiT,  laniiticd  roots. 


R.  lapponicus  I.. 

Like  AriiUKiiH-  liidKinlxunii  and  A'.  I'tillayli,  this  spi'rirs  ha-  i  norizonl.illy 
crc-rpiiis  rhi.cOiiie,  arid  thr-  nuiiifiriitio!'.  i-  mo-TOi«>di:-l  lin'il  '■^■■■■■-  fir-t  flnwi-!- 
apppfirii.  A  yoiiiiK  rhizome  (Fid.  I:  1)  from  a  specimen  collected  on  the  south 
coast  of  Coronation  fjiilf  thus  shows  part  of  the  ihizoine  (H.>  hearinj:  two  fireeii 
loaves  (L'  and  L-),  while  the  terniinal  jiart  of  same  rhizome  (St.)  is  terminated 
bv  a  free  bud:  secondary  roots,  lonp  and  slender,  are  developed  beneath  the 
fiVst  loaf  (U). 


■A2  n 


('(nuuliiin  Arrlii-  Exj-iilllinn,  l!)l.i-IS 


St 

I. lis; 


An  oilier  rpriiiiicii  ( I'in.  2)  Iroiii  Xoiiliotlcii.  Swcilcii.  shows  ilic  i 
tnictmc  of  the  tiiMluic  plant.  Tlw  i)OsIiTior  part  of  the  main  rhizome  is 
>■  1{;  it  hears  a  ^reen  leaf  (I.')  and  is  terminated  l)\-  a  flower  of  which  oi 
nasal  |)ortion  of  I  he  peduncle  has  heeii  shown  (S.) ;  in  the  axil  of  leaf  L'  is 
/oiital  shoot  (St.)  of  which  thi'  first  leaf  is  (jreen  (I.-)  an<l  of  the  same  si 
shape  as  leaf  h' .  The  horizontal  shoot  iSl.)  hears  al  the  apex  a  yoiiilK  leaf 
unfolds  in  the  succeeding  season.  In  this  way  the  axillary,  horizontal  s 
stolon  (St.)  will  continue  its  t;rowlh  in  the  same  directioti  as  the  m.ain  rl 
iIJ.).  In  old  specimens  it  thus  .'ippciis  as  if  the  entire  liorizonlally  c; 
rhizome  were  an  axis  of  the  same  order  hut .  as  shown  alxive,  it  .aclu:    '■    c 


.-*j 


iroin  Mil'  axn  oi  i  ne  rust  leal  u.  J,  nearin^  a  ^reen  leai  ii.  )  wmcii  luiaiii  su 
a  stolon.  This  specimen  thus  shows  threi'  stolons,  all  heinc  ;ixillar\.  .\( 
like  leaves  weie  oliserved  in  any  part  of  these  rhizomes,  liiniiiiindus  hipi 
liiows  in  moist  ttiound.  principally  in  Ik)hs,  .ind  the  internodes  of  the  ri 
may  reach  a  leiifith  of  IC  cm.  or  even  more;  the  specimens  from  Con: 
irulf  were  rather  low.  the  floweriiid  stem  reachiiiK  a  heifihl  of  onl\'  S  cm. 
specimens  from  Sweden   may  averaiio  double  the  size,    or   more,   when   ii 

R.  nivalis  L.  .iml  R.  suipliureus  Solaml.  exhiliit  the  same  urowtl 
sometimes,  it  li,is  proxeil  diflicull  to  ilistinnuish  them  from  i-aeh  ollic 
faeilitale  the  identification   ;i   lnief  diagnosis  of  /i'.  .s////)//»('ri(.v  ijiven   liy 


/'■l 


.-^ 


4 


"  ( 

-'-^r 


y 


C'  [ 


7 


10 


V 


■;a. 


h  -' 


8 


1 


)  \ 


\     ../ 


1  I..1  lii,  l\ 
B:i>al  Ii'mvo  (if  R:n,(iiii'iiliis  siiliihnrcii-i  .•Solaiid.  (1-7  ..  :iiiil  A",  nii'iilm    ],    iS-1  1  i,  all  tv 

•  •f  till"  luitiiral  size 

1  Spi'ciincii  from  .Si.  I'aiil  i.-l.iiiii,  Hcrinp  sea.  2.  Spi'i'iini'ii  from  lauTialowan,  Sil)or 
Sp.-'iiv,'  :\  fru:::  Map!:i!i-!i:-  h.-iy,  Spi! ;'.!ii-ri.'c!!.  1.  Spfci!!!c!!  fri!!!!  .!ak'.i!^:fc.  .SilM'ria.  .' 
nun  from  Tnimso,  Kinriiark.  (>.  Spci  iiiii'ii  from  Camilcti  liay,  .\hiska.  7.  Spciiti 
MaKilalcrii' I'HV,  SpitzlxTKcn.  S.  SiKciimn  from  St.  Mattliiw  i.<lanil,  HcritiR  sea.  ' 
locn  from  Dovrc  mountain,  Norway.  10.  Spiiimiii  from  Cape  York,  West  (Irccnla 
.Spi'i'imcri  from  Cioiihavn.  Disco,  Crccnland. 


Aniic  I'lantx:  Morphology  and  Sunniiijiny 


33  B 


ws  ilic  typical 
izoinc  is  sliowii 
wliicli  only  tlic 
•af  L'  is  ii  liori- 
saiiic  size  ami 
)iiiiK  leaf  wliicli 
izoiilal  stem  oi 
>  main  ilii/oini' 
nially  ^'i  iii"'' 
rl  II:    '•    con-'iy'- 

ISC      >l      1  '  llllttlli 

■   Ik    ■!(  .I'lopi'r! 

MHIIi      ,1  ■     '       I' 

ic   liccaiisc   tlic 

t.i    is  llcVcll)|)C(l 

afiain  siihtcnds 
ary.  No  scalc- 
dlls  hiiijioiiiciis 
ol'  the  rlii/onic 
mil  ( 'oronatiiiii 
l\'  S  cm.,  wliilo 
when  in  fruit. 

-  iiniwtli  and- 
icli  oilier.  To 
:iveii   liy    Lailfie 


.7) 


>  ,  / 


•1 1  '.  all  iwo-lhird- 

\v:ui,  Sihoria.  •>. 
Si!!l'!i:l.  .".  Hprri 
7.  Specimen  from 
■iiiK  Kc.'i.  i>.  Speii 
St  ( Irci'iilunil.      1 1 


f Conspectus.  I.e.  p.  ■")(>)  may  ho  insertoil  hero.  It  rc;iii<  as  follows:  "A',  nllnicua 
Laxiii.  (A',  siilplnirciis  Solaiid.)  praeoedeiiti  (A*.  WiVdZ/.s-  1,.)  arcto  allinis,  a  quo 
recodit  praecipuo  hahilii  robust ioro,  foliis  radicalihus  hasi  rotiindatis  v.  ciine.ito- 
coiitiactis  (nee  rciiirornii  cortlatis),  hrevitor  (nee  ultra  iii.,|iiini)  lobali.s,  caiilinis 
foro  ad  basin  us(|uo  '>-7-  fidis,  potalis  pallidioribii.s.  siilfureis,  stylo  brcvioro. 
In  spcciniinihiis  {iroeiilandicis  IoIkis  fol.  radio,  integros,  nee  ut  D(".  (Syst.  veg. 
1.  p.  271)  indicai,  deiitalos  invoiiis." 

For  comparison  I  insert  some  fipiiies  of  the  basal  le,iv(  s  <if  Uitli  species 

I  Fig.    K).     They   Initli  are  perennial,   but    the  siiblenaiie.in  sk-iii   is  relatively 

I'ort,  vortical  or  ascendinn,  densely  covered  with  old,  williored  loaf-sheaths"; 

■.  condary  rcMits  develop  from  the  nodes  of  the  stem,  and  the  primary  root  is  of 

;horl  diiration.beinp  totally  absent  when  the  plant  has  roacl'cd  the  lloworinn  state. 

R.  affinis  R.  Mr.  (Chloiis  .MelviU.  I.e.  p.  189). 

This  is  somotiines  difficult  to  distiiiKuish.  The  orif;inal  di.i(inosis  reads  as 
fiillow.s:  "foliis  ladicalibus  pedato-miiltifidi^  pctiolatis:  caiilinis  subsos.silibiis 
difiitatis;  lobis  oiniiiiim  linearibiis,  caiile  erecto  l-2-tl()ro  cum  calycibiis  ovariisiiue 
pubosccntibus,  friictibiis  oblonno-cylindr.iceis,  achoniis  rostro  rociirvo.  <  )bs. 
It.  Hiiricomo  pro.xima  species." 

FaiiKO  '  nivos  the  followinti  suppliiiieiilaiy  diagnosis:  'i'olia  radicaliii 
reniformia,  lovitor  lobata  v.  in,iy:is  minusve  profimdo  palmatifida.;  potala  iiallide 
liilea,  siibtiis  fiisco-venosa.  minora  el  aiijiu-lior.-i  (plain  Ii.  (iiiricoiiii :  capiluliiin 
carpellariiin  ovali-obloiiy;um  (nee  subglobosiini),  coleriiin  1{.  aurkoiiiiiin  L. 
nflinis,  sod  humilior  el  j^racilior." 

According;  to  Lanjio  (I.e.)  U.  ajjinis  is  very  rare  in  Greenland:  it  is  known 
from  Kast  (ireenland:  Fr. . Joseph's  fjord  73°,  and  from  West  fircenland:  .\r.salik 
in  I.sortok  fjord.  I-'roin  the  latter  station  .some  specimens  have  been  figured  in 
Flora  Danica  \'ol.  17.  Tab.  3029  (1SS3),  and  these  specimens  give  a  good  ropre- 
.sentation  of  the  s|)ecies  as  well  as  thi^  photographic  icprodiiclion  of  specimon.s 
from  IlarlKiiir  fjord  in  Simmons'  Flora  of  llllesmero  Land.'-  On  the  accomp.any- 
ing  plate  I  have  figured  a  flowering  specimen  from  Bernard  harUnir  and  an 
acheno  taken  from  a  fruiting  specimen  from  l^pwortii  harlMiur:  the  leaf  (Fig. 
2)  is  from  Bernard  IiarlKiur. 

While  the  ty])ical  s|)ocies  occurs  in  Spit/bergen,  according  to  Xatliorst,' 
this  author  found  al,-o  a  plant  which  proved  .<o  dilToierit  from  lyjiical  A',  ajjluii 
that  he  described  it  as  a  subspecies:  Wilaiitkrl.  Xathorst  calls  attention  to  the 
following  distinctive  character^  [los.sossed  by  this  subsiiecies:  it  is  of  low  stature 
and  caes|)itoso:  the  fruiting  head  is  roundish,  not  cylindrical;  the  carpels  are 
thinner,  with  the  body  only  a  little  longer  than  the  recurved,  rather  coarse  beak. 
A  figure  is  giv(>n  by  Anderson  and  ll(\sselm:ni  in  their  interesting  aocfiunt  of 
the  Fulcra  of  Spitzbergen  and  Rooren  F'.iland  (I.e.).  ,1.  Froyn,  however,  ("in  lit- 
teris,"  compare  Andor.s.son  and  liesselinan  I.e.)  on  examining  this  plant  as  well 
.a.s  the  material  of  typical  A',  (jffmi.^  collected  by  these  authors,  has  reached  the 
conclusion  that  the  specimens  must  be  referred  to  R.  arctinifi  Rioliards.  and  that 
R.  offuiis  does  not  kiow  in  Spit/.bergen  at  all:  fiirtliermorc,  this  author  in.si.sts 
that  all  the  material  from  Siberia,  Daviiria  and  Spitzbergen  named  R.  nffinis  is 
actually  7?.  arcticuf:,  and  that  R.  nffinis  is  confined  to  western  North  America, 
viz.:  the  Rocky  mountain;-,  extending  from  there  to  Melville  island.  This 
statement  .seems  rather  peculiar  when  wo  remember  that  Richardson's  R. 
arclicvs  came  from  arctic  North  America,  collected  on  the  first   l'>anklin  ex- 


190(1, 


'  ("•-•r.=r-~tii-^  VI.  Cfnrnl.     (J. p.)  p.  ,57. 

'  Kpport  on  tlie  .Seidiul  Norwegian  -Srctic  Dxpoilition  in  the  "Tram,"  1S!IS-I!)02. 


Nil.  2.    (  lirisliunia. 


•  Nya  Biilrag  till  KSnnendoinen  0111  Spctsbergens  Kilrlviixtcr  (Kgl.  Sv.  \Vt.  .XkaU.  Hdlgr.  20.  No.  8' 
htockholm,  ISS.'i,  p.  23. 

24«57— 3 


1 


31   li  Ciintiiliitti  Arrtii-  iLri)i'lilii>n,  1913-ta 

lifditioii.  A  vciv  (Ictiiilfd  nccouiit  of  h'.  iiffi>ii!<,  incliKliiif;  U.  <//W/((/.s  is  jrivrn 
liv  Simiiioiis  (\.v.,  J).  101 1.  However,  as  lonj;  as  tlio  ideiility  (tf  H.  mrtinis  is 
liispiiIrMl  it  iiiiiv  l)e  well  to  reprint  tiie  <li:iKnosis,  inasmuch  as  ilie  work  m  wlucli 
it  is  ptil>lislie<l  niav  not  he  readilv  accessil>le  to  many  of  tiie  re:  !ers.'  Hicliardson 
descritx'd  the  speries  as  follows:""/i'.  iirrtlni":  fohis  radicalil.n  peiiolalis  hastalis 
tripartitis  lol.is  divisi-;  eaulinis  in  lohos  lineares  inteprMnios  partitis,  <'aul( 
Irifolio  unitloro,  calvee  villoso  pelalis  l.reviore  (M.)-  Folia  ^'lallerrMlla ;  radii;ah!i 
lonfiins  peliolala,  haslata,  tripartita:  loho  inlerm  'dio  nncuiciilan  tritido.  laemn^ 
lateralilms  minorihus,  patentihu  lot)is  lateraHl)iis  l-i>artitis  senmentis  divan- 
eatis,  oxteriorihns  sensim  minoribiis:  huiniis  ommims  ohtusis.  laneeolatis  ve 
linearihns;  eaiihna  in  l()l>os  Mnearcs  intefierrinios,  ol)tiisiiiseiilos  partita,  ad 
hases  meiiii)ranacea,  amplexicauha  el  pihs  alhis  moUihns  eiliala;  imiim  suh- 
IH'iiolalum  loliis  sex,  siimnuim  ioliis  trii)iis.  Caulis  simplieissiinus  i)eda  i^- 
creiiiis  unillonis,  foliis  tril)U>  leiiiotis  munitus  et  supra  folium  summiim  pili^ 
alliis  villosiiisciilus.  Calvx  tiavescenti-eruhescens,  villosus,  reflexus,  iielali- 
(liiiiidio  hrevior.  I'etala  hitea  patentissima,  olK)va1a,  ohtusissima,  receptacuh 
l.reviora.  Stamina  lilamenlis  hrevissimis,  antheris  ohlongis.  Ciormina  Klal>r;i 
stylo  reeiirvato  mucronala,  reeeptaculo  cyliiidraceo.'' 

I{(inuii(iih(s  (ircticii.s  ]{iehards.  was  thus  established  on  a  plant  which  war 
collected  on  the  liarren  ni'iunds  from  lat.  (U"  to  the  Arctic  sea,  in  lat.  ti9°,  and 
it  was  published  in  the  same  vear  as  Robert  Brown's  Chloris  Melvilhana  ( IS2:j> 
however,  in  the  second  edition  of  Franklin's  Narrative  Richardson  a(k)i)ts  tlu 
name  li\  affinis  of  Robert  Urown.  Ry  Cray  (Synopt.  Flora  I.e.,  p.  31)  li.inrtini> 
is  piven  as  a  svnonvm  of  H.  nffiiiis;  another  synonym  is  7^  (imovnus  Karel.  et 
Kiril.  according  to  LedelH)ur  (Fk)ra  Rossica,  I.e.,  p.  7:V2).  In  recent  years  sonu 
\meric!in  authors  have  a<k)pted  the  name  /i'.  ixddliJidKs  Sm.  instead  of  R 
nffml^  R.  Rr.  but  Simmons  i  Fk)ra  Kllesmerelaml  I.e.,  |).  102)  has  clearl.v  demon- 
strated that  Smith's  and  Robert  Brown's  plant  are  not  conspecihc.  Simmons 
havinp;  seen  the  original  specimens  of  the  former,  li.  jxihilifulu.'^,  states  that  tin 
basal  leaves  are  almost  circular  in  outline  and  deeply  cut  into  numerous,  almosi 
linear  sefrments.  with  a  smaller  median,  and  two  larger  lateral  lobes,  a  striK'turr 
which  (k)es  not  occur  in  R.  afmis;  acconlinji  to  this  author  li.  prrlnl  iiil„.'<  ^u\ 
is  a  native  of  Asia,  especially   Kastern  Siberia,  besid(>s  .somi'  c  ^ImikU  i 

Rering  sea. 

Several  verv  fine  s))ecimens  were  collected  by  the  Tanadian   ; 
tion,  ineasuring  in  height   from  ti  to   12  cm.  in  floweriny;  siiecinu  n 
stems  with  the  fruit    from   the  year  previous  were  about  twice  as  tall 

Plate  II,  Figs. ■■   ■'  ■' ' 

agrees  exact  h 
land. 

The  species  is  perennial:  the  primary  root  soon  becomes  replaced  by  ; 
number  of  slender,  secondary  roots  developed  from  the  nodi  of  the  short,  erec 
rhizome.  Several  basal  leaves  surround  the  flowering  stem  which  bears  scvera 
long-pcdiincled  flowers  in  a  unilateral  cyme. 


^lands  ii 

,xpedi 
wilhere( 
Part  A 
1-H  illustrates  one  of  these  speciiiK-ns,   and   the  American  plan 
with   that   from  Siberia.   XovaZc'.   la,  Spitzbergcn  and  C.reeii 


Ranunculus  Sabinii  l\.  Br. 

This  is  described  by  Robert  Brown;^  "foliis  radicalibus  el()ngal( 
tripartitis:  k)bis  ellipticis:  lateralibus  semibilidis;  eaulinis  sessilibus 
linearibus,  calycibus  hirsulis  i)etala  retiisa  siibae(iuantibus.^()bs.  pi 
li.  tilvnU'Di  et  piigmocuui  iiu^dia  in  Ilerl 
forsan  hand  distine'rt  a  li.  •:::■"!:  cnjiv^ 
retusa  ct  folium  radicale  j)iiiiialifidum." 

J  .John  I'runklin;    Narrative  of  u  journo.v  tn  xh<-  sin 
I.on<lcm,  182;!.  „  .      ,   , 

'  n.  denotes  the  Hurrnn  <  rrimnils  from  I'oint  hiki- 
•  <  'hlori-s  Melvilliiinii  \].i\,  p.  IS!)). 


1).  Sabine  exstat.  ulterius  ex 
cfr.  icon.     Flor.  Dai!.  1609. 


)  peliolati 

tripartiti 

anta  inte 

aminanda 

ubi   j)et;il: 


r^  cit  till-  I'nlar  Sen  ill  tlic  years    islil  M  21  ami  2: 
»  tlu'  Aiiti<-  >»'ii. 


Arclir  I'huit.-::  Morphology  and  Synoinjmy 


33  B 


In  Gray's  Synojjt.  Flora  (1895-97,  p.  29),  the  spccii  -:  is  inciiiioiuMl  only  as 
a  eynonyni  of  R.  pyqmai  us  Wahlenb. 

Tlie  affinity  of  tlio  species  is  undoulitedly  with  /.'.  iii/iinuic.its  Wahlcnl). 
and  several  specimens  whicli  I  have  examined  may  well  lie  mistaken  for  large 
s|)ecimens  of  the  latter,  notably  some  collected  l)y  Simmon-  in  ICIlesmereland 
(Aluskox  fjord);  more  typical  arc  the  specimens  from  Cape  J5athurst  which  are 
of  considerably  larger  size  with  resfjcct  to  fcliage  and  flowers,  and  in  some  of 
these  the  fruiting  stalk  from  the  year  previous  is  still  preserved;  it  is  strict  and 
measures  the  height  of  It  cm.  The  specimens  from  I']llesmer(lan(l,  on  the  otlier 
hand,  show  the  fruiting  stalk  arched  and  bent  toward  the  ground  as  in  R. 
pygmncus.  R.  Sabinii  is  |)erennial,  of  exactly  the  same  haliit  as  R.  'lintJif;  and 
affinis  as  far  as  concerns  the  rhizome,  the  roots,  and  the  inliorescenee. 

PAPAVERACEAE. 
Papaver  nudicaule  L. 

According  to  Tr.  Fedde  '  the  jjlant  iVom  the  arctic  and  northern  part  of  ihe 
subarctic  countries  r'  presents  the  sulispecies  P.  radicdtinii  (Hottl).)  Fedde; 
specimens  were  collected  at  many  stations  visited  by  tb     expedition. 

'i'lie  species  is  perennial  with  the  primary  roots  jiersisting  for  several  years 
as  a  deep  and  relatively  thick  tap-root  which  })ears  many  slender,  lateral  rami- 
fications. Several  erect  or  ascending  shoots  proceed  frr)m  the  crown  of  the  root, 
and,  on  reaching  the  surface,  they  develoj)  green  leaves  and  lJower-l)caring 
stems,  each  with  a  single  flower.  Large  specimens  are  thus  of  a  caespitose  growth 
in  which  the  leaves  form  crowded  rosettes  like  cushions,  reaching  the  width  of 
about  12  cm.;  in  such  sjiecimens  the  munerous  shoots  may  reach  the  length  of 
aljout  .5  cm.  I)eneatb  the  smf.ice;  they  are  densely  clothed  with  tl>c  persisting 
leaf-sheaths  from  previous  ye.irs.  In  the  tallest  specimens  the  flowering  stem 
measured  alx)ut  14  em.,  the  fruiting  one  up  to  about  22  cm.,  but  most  of  the 
other  specimens  were  much  lower. 


CRUCIFERAE. 

Lesquerella  arctica  (Rich.)  Wats. 

This  is  a  perennial  herl)  with  a  deep,  slender,  freely  branching,  persisting 
priinary  root  crowned  with  a  compact  rosette  of  leaves  from  the  axils  of  which 
the  ascending  flower-bearing  stems  arise;  the  ramification  of  the  shoot  is  thus 
inonopodial.  The  rosette  of  the  largest  specimen  measured  C  cm.  in  diameter; 
the  height  of  the  flowering  stems  was  about  10  cm. 

Cochlearia  groenlandica  L. 

Collected  as  late  as  the  tenth  of  August,  at  Bernard  harbour,  several  minute 
specimens  were  commencing  to  bloom;  in  these  the  diameter  of  the  rosette 
measured  onl\  U  cm.,  the  height  of  the  flowering  stem  1  cm.,  and  tlie  very  tliin, 
primary  root  al)Out  4  cm.  in  length.  Such  small  specimens  were  growing  with 
large  ones,  about  •")  cm.  high,  and  with  almost  mature  |X)ds. 

Drabn  alpina  L. 

A  large  number  of  specimens  were  collected  of  this  species,  the  largest 
forming  a  compact  cushion  me.asurinff  in  diameter  10  cm.,  with  tlie  flow-ering 
stems  only  3  cm.  in  height.  The  primary  root  persists  throughcat  the  life  of 
the  plant  and  attains  a  considerable  length,  but  is  generally  slender;  only  in  one 
specimen  did  it  measure  al)Out  3  cm.  in  thickness.    In  some  very  old  specimens 


1  A.  Kngler:  Das  Pflanzonrcich. 
84657—31 


Leipzig,  IftM,  p.  :t7ri. 


KK« 


31)  B  (anndia^-  Aidic  ExpeilUion,  1013-lS 

from  Hcrnard  liaihour  did  I  he  hoi(jht  of  tlio  •  -hion  measure  5  cni.;  in  such 
spociiiicns  tlic  struct iiic  of  tlic  shoot  could  t>f'  followed  from  the  eurhest  stage 
of  the  phuit.  From  tiie  crown  of  tlio  primary  root  numerous  slioots  proceeded, 
densely  covered  wiili  ai)|.r(<sscd,  witliercd  leaves  and  reachin}!;  a  hei^tlit  of  aUmt 

4  cm.,'  whence  a  svstei terminal  and  lateral  rosettes  commenced.     In  other 

words,  the  comple'le  vcRclative  system  of  branches  and  leaves  i.--  aU)ve  ground 
and  winters  over  as  such.  t      ,  ■   i     r 

Amonp  the  plants  which  Kiellman  >tndied  at  the  most  northerly  ixmit  of 
Asia,  Cai)e  Tscheljii>kin.  DniUii  aliniia  rei)resented  the  remarkable  habit  of 
forming  compact  i>all.-  of  which  the  i^reater  iH)rtion  of  the  shoots,  and  especndly 
the  vounR.-st  ones,  were  completclv  alxive  ground.  A  corresiMuiduig  habit  was 
also  ob.served  in  Erilrichiinn  rlllosiim,  Saxifnifin  scrpyllifoha,  I'a/mer  nuihconle, 
Sldlarin  lon(iipc!<  et  cet.' 

D.  nivalis  I.iljebl.  and  D.  fladnizensis  W  ulf. 

These  species  from  Camden  bay  and  Hernard  liarJKjur  illustrate  exactly 
the  same  hat)it  as  observe(|  in  I),  .ilpina. 

D.  hirta  L. 

D.  hirta  L.,  on  the  other  hand,  doe<  not  .<eem  to  persist  for  so  many  years 
as  the  three  foregoi  ig  species.  It  is  a  tall  plant  as  compared  with  most  of  the 
other  Dmbac,  reaching  the  height  of  al)out  20  cm.  when  in  bloom,  such  specimens 
having  been  coIle<ted  on  the  south  coast  of  Coronation  gulf.  The  primary  ro«it 
is  relatively  shor'  anc'  thin  and  only  a  few  rosettes  of  leaves  are  developed,  each 
of  which  is  terminated  liy  an  inllo.-escence. 

Braya  purpurascens  (H.  Hr.)  Bunge. 

Has  a  mono|)odial  sjioot,  the  youngest  specimens  showing  very  plainly  a 
eentral  leafy  a\i>  and  two  lateral  inflorescences;  in  old  specimens  the  rainihca- 
tion  is  ob.scured  by  the  .everal  leafy  shoots  being  crowded,  and  the  lateral 
position  of  th.^  tloial  stems  is  only  indicated  by  the.>(>  being  ascending,  not 
strictly  erect. 

B.  glabella  Richards. 

Only  a  single  specimen  was  collected  of  this  very  rare  species,  known  only 
from  the  arctic  coast  of  this  continent,  from  East  Creenland,  and  from  a  few 
station^  in  arctic  Scandinavia.  It  is  readily  distinguished  from  B.  purpurascens 
bv  the  leaves  being  remotely  dentate,  and  by  the  long,  linear  pods.  1  he  speci- 
nien  from  Wollaston  lan<l  measured  a  iieigh.l  of  aiiout  12  cm.,  and  although  being 
a  young  spe.amen  eleven  flowering  stems  were  developed  from  the  small  rosette 
of  leaves;  the  primary  root  is  relatively  short,  slender,  and  much  branched.. 

Eutrema  Edwardsii  R.  Br. 

In  voung  specimens  the  primary  root  is  sh'iider;  there  is  no  rosette  and  only 
two  to"'''ree  long-petioled  leaves  at  the  base  of  the  single,  terminal,  flower 
bearing  stem.  In  the  ohler  specimens  the  primary  root  is  quite  thick,  ( istiiictij 
wrinkled  and  as  manv  as  six  flower-beari-ig  stems  are  developed  from  the  crowr 
of  the  root,  besides  several  green  leaves.  The  height  of  the  flowering  stem  aggre 
gated  about  15  em.,  that  of  the  fruiting  stem  very  nearly  20  cm. 

Hesperis  Pallasii  (Pursh)  T.  el  Gr.  [//.  pygmaea  (Adams)  Hook.] 

In  Gray's  Synoptical  Flora  it  is  described  as  a  dwarf  biennial  plant,  but 
according  to  the'  numerous  and  exceedingly  well  preserved  specimens  coUecttv 
by  the  expedition,  it  is  a  perennial  and  not  always  of  dwarfed  stature  either 

'  Ur  Polan-ftitemas  lit  (I.e.,  p.  -475). 


Arctic  I'liints:  Morphologij  and  Syhiini/nnj 


B 


a  flowcriiin  spccimrii  fioiii  llic  soiilli  coast  of  ("o'linalicin  l'uU  iik  ;i-ii1('s  in  hcijilit 
iKt  less  than  IS  ciii.,  Mini  a  I'niitilip  specimen  tVoni  ll(i-r|iil  islaml  10  ■  ni.,  tli<> 
inaliiie  |H)ils  averauiiiK  aiioiit  H.b  cm.  in  leiintli.  'I'lic  specimens  from  Itcinard 
harlMdir.  on  the  oilier  liaiid,  are  very  low,  represem  mil;  coinpacl  ciisliioMs  of 
leaves  from  2  to  (>  cm.  in  diameter;  in  such  siieciineii-  the  tlowers  are  l>arely 
raised  aliovr  the  leaves. 

As  stated  at)Ove,  tlio  phint  ir;  ijcrennial  whieii  is  readilx  to  lie  seen  from 
the  subterranean  steni-]iortion  bea'inj!;  nuineroiis  remnanis  of  leaves  from 
jirevioiis  years  and  emitting  sliort  lateral  branches  with  rosiltes  and  (lowers; 
moreover,  in  several  old  specimens  small  leafy  rosettes  were  develo|)e(l,  but  still 
too  younn  to  |)roduce  flowers.  Tho  large  fruitinj;  specimens  from  llerschel 
isl;iiirl  have  man\-  ureen  Ica^/es  in  clusters,  indicatinn  thai  future  niowlh  is 
secured.  The  i)riiiiary  root  persists  throughout  the  life  of  the  iil.'int  and  in- 
crease.-?  ouite  considerably  in  thickness  and  length,  ramifyinp;  freely,  the  lateral 
branches  ecuialling  the  primary  in  length. 

Cardamine  pratensis  L. 

This  seems  to  thrive  well  on  the  arctic  shore;  the  st)eciiiiens  are  tall  and 
bl(K)ming  freely;  a  specimen  from  Port  l^pworth  hail)Our  me.isures  2\  cm.  in 
height  and  bears  three  lateral  racemes  developed  from  the  axils  f)f  the  eauline 
leaves.  It  is  a  [H)int  of  interest  to  notice  that  in  some  of  these  high  northern 
S|)eciinens  (roronation  gulf)  vegetative  reproduction  is  seciueo  by  means  of 
adventitious  be, Is  (leveioj)ed  u|H)n  the  basal  leaves  clo.se  to  the  leaf-segments. 
Tiiese  buds  u;K)n  the  leaves  of  Cardnniinc  w(>re  described  ..Iready  by  Cassini; 
while  still  in  jonncction  with  the  leaf  they  develop  some  small  leaves  and  roots 
and,  when  liberated,  they  continue  their  giowth  and  develop  new  independent 
individuals.  Similar  buds  are  known  a'so  from  a  few  other  plants.  Turpin 
observed  them  in  Ornithoqahnn,  llen<low  in  Malaxii^,  and  according  to  Lindley  ' 
the>  alx)und  i"  liryvphi/Uum  and  Ttllimn  (jrandi flora. 

With  regard  to  the  fruit  in  (  rilnninir.  the  siiecimens  showed  mostly  flowers 
and  only  a  few  young  pods  were  'r\elop(><l.  Thus  in  case  of  failure  to  i>roduce 
seed,^,  Carilawine  would  be  able  to  iieconie  distributed  by  means  of  the  adventi- 
tious buds. 

C.  digitata  Rich,'.rds. 

In  a  monograph  of  the  genus  Cardainiiic  ().  E.  Schiilt;;  -  ri'jeets  Richardso 
name  "difjiUitn"  because  the  genus  h.as  become  merged  into  the  genus  I)uduri<; 
of  which  there  is  a  species  "digitutii"  of  older  date,  thus  necessitating  the  creation 
of  a  new  name  for  Richardson's  |)lMiif. 

''Ihiitiirin  diqilatn  Lamarck"  must  eonsequenlly  be  renamed  Cardominc 
digilala  (Lam.)  Schultz,  and  "C.  digitata  Richards."  must  bear  the  name  Carda- 
mine hyperborva  Schultz.  Howcv  r.  it  all  depends  on  the  conc(-pt  of  the  two 
genera  Cardamine  and  Dintaria,  whether  they  should  be  kejit  separate  or  be 
united.  This  question  has  been  raised  before  by  some  of  the  ablest  l«if;tnists 
abroad  and  on  this  coiuinent  and  the  question  seems  to  lie  well  solved  by  firay, 
(Jreene,  Xultall.  Sereno  Watson,  and  several  others  who  were  familiar  with  the 
species  of  lK)th  genera  as  represented  on  this  continent,  maintaining  the  ticnus 
Dentaria  as  distinct  from  Cardamine. 

With  respect  to  the  subterranean  stni,  ('.  digitata  jiossesses  a  -lender, 
horizontally  crcei)ing  rhizome  which  bears  aerial,  green  leaves  .'ind  which  is 
also  stoloniferous.  In  this  way  the  species  is  better  ecjuipped  lo  become  dis- 
tributed than  C.  pratensis  in  case  of  failure  to  produce  mature  seeds  in  unfavour- 


able KCafsOiis.     Rv  the  consfantlv  .smaller  size  of 


leaves,  and  especially  by  the  rhizome,  C.  digitata  is  a  good 
distinguished  from  C.  pratensis. 


flowers,  the  shape  of  the 


species,  and  well 


'  Introductitjn  to  R;)t.inv.    London.  !<;:(:.',  p.  .50. 

•  Engler's  bot.  .lahrb.    Vol.  32.     Lcipziij:,  1903,  p.  .")0. 


ns  B 


Canadtan  Arclic  Kxpidition,  1913-lS 


Parrya  niacrocarpa  U.  nr.  [Matthiola  nwlicaulia  (L.)  Tiaiiiv.,  Pnnya  nvdt 
caulis  (L.)  Ki-ncl.] 

Srvcrul  tloworint;  and  fruit  inp  si)pciiii('ii.s  wore  collected;  diniiiK  I  lie  flowcrin 
the  hpitjlit  of  the  i^teiii  uvenijjes  alx)iit  It)  cm.  The  primary  nK)t  is  deep,  an 
very  thick,  lieariiig  at  th(  en)\vn  some  few  short  erect  or  uscondinK  sh(K)li 
densely  covered  with  remnants  of  old  leaves,  and  terminated  by  a  fascicle  c 
leaves  surrounding  the  flowering  stem.  With  regard  to  tlie  vegetative  repn 
duction,  it  would  aj)peav  as  if  the  species  is  very  |XX>rly  e(iuipped,  since  tlicr 
is  no  other  suhterranoan  stem  than  the  very  short  pseudo-rhizome,  descrihe 
above.  However,  tlie  loot-system  shows  that  thr  plant  is  by  no  means  unubl 
to  wander  and  tlnis  iiecorie  distrii)Uted  in  a  vegetative  manner  since  the  larg 
tap-r(X)t  fretiueiuly  brandies  and  some  of  these  branches,  especially  the  hor 
zoiital  ones,  are  able  to  produce  new^  ))lanls  as  root-shoots. 

lM)r  instance,  some  flowering  specimens  collected  on  Ilerschel  island  an 
Wollaston  land  were  actually  ro<jt-slioots,  witli  the  mother-root  still  attaehec 
Similar  r<M)t-shoots  occur  in  a  number  of  plants;  Wittrock  '  has  written  a 
interesting  paper  on  this  subject  furnishing  a  comprehensive  list  of  species  tha 
multiply  in  this  manner,  .\monp  the  Cruciferae  VVitliock  mentions  some  specie 
of  Arabia,  Vardamine  n'solifolin,  Leiiidiuin  lalifoUuiii,  AUiarin,  and  severe 
Nantiirtia. 

P.  arctica  R.  Br. 

A  relatively  smaller  pl.ant  than  P.  macrocarpn  but  the  root  is  ;dso  here  quit 
thick  and  deep.  The  aerial  shoot,  inflorescence,  and  leaves,  agree  with  that  C 
the  preceding,  but  I  fouml  no  specimens  developed  from  roots. 

Erysimum   inconspicuum   (Wats.)    MacMill.     [E.   yuniflorum    Nutt.,   no 
Pers.] 

The  tall  flowering  stem  (about  21  cm.)  arises  from  a  small  rosette  of  leave 
borne  upon  a  slender  but  persisting  primary  root  which  ramifies  freely;  th 
species  is  perennial. 

Sisymbrium  sophioides  !■  isch. 

On  Ilerschel  island  this  species  may  persist  for  more  than  one  season,  n 
shown  by  a  very  largo  si)ecimen  with  six  flower-bearing  stems  reaching  th 
height  of  al)Out  80  ctn.  and  arising  from  a  large  rosette  of  leaves;  the  thic 
primarj'  root  boars  evidence  of  having  been  rctivc  for  at  least  two  seasons 
The  specimen  was  collected  in  the  month  of  .\ngust  and  with  it  several  nnic 
smaller  specimens  were  collected.  Averaging  only  3  to  .')  cm.  in  height,  thes 
plants  were  in  bloom,  and  the  rosette  of  leaves  was  iierfcctly  fresh;  thus  the 
might  be  able  to  winter  over.  It  deserves  attention  that  this  species  is  generall 
described  as  an  annual  and  that  it  occurs  as  such  in  arctic  Scanilinavia  (70''  X.L 
according  to  Blytt;'  it  has  also  been  found  near  Ivigtut,  on  the  west  coast  c 
Greerdand,  but  as  an  introduced  weed  only. 


CRASSULACEAE. 
Sedum  Rhodiola  DC. 

The  very  carefully  lifted  specimens  form  relatively  large  compact  cushion 
with  the  numerous  low,  flower-bearing  stems,  about  5  cm.  in  height,  borne  upo 
fleshy  subterranean  branches  with  numerous  withered  stems  from  prcviou 
years,  and  terminating  in  a  deep,  rjlativciy  slender,  pritiiary  root.  As  con: 
pared  with  Greenland  specimens,  these  from  Martin  point,  Alaska,  are  muc 
less  robust  with  respect  to  the  size  of  leaves  and  inflorescence. 

'Botan.     Notts.     I.und.  1884. 

'  Xoriics  Flora,  p.  99.5.     CtiriatLiiiui,  1801. 


Airt'r  i'l'iiils:  Muipholniiij  ami  Sufimnimij 


at)  B 


SAXIFRACACEAE. 

Chrysosplenium  alternifolium  L.  vai.  tetrandrum  Luml.  [('.  ktmndnim 

Til.  Fries.] 

Tliis  is  11  vory  small  pcroniiial  l.t'ih.  Willi  rcspiM  i  lo  llio  iiKirplioIciuiial 
slnictiiro,  the  varicly  ukiim's  with  lln-  typical  |)laiit.  as  i|i'sciil)iHl  liy  Iniiiscli.' 
Til**  altruist  filifcifiii  piimaiy  axis  ron.sists  of  Idtin  iiitciiiixli's  .iiul  licais  small, 
scal('-lik(!  loaves  with  a  iiiiiiiitc,  rudimotitary  Made.  \\  tlu-  apical  pail  nf  the 
stein  the  loaves  are  nii-eti,  loiin-petidleil,  and  lieariiid  a  roiiinlish,  reiiiform 
blade.  Soedtldaiy  niots  develop  freely  from  the  iiilertiodc-.  Floweriii(i  as  well 
as  purely  vojtetative  shoots  may  develop  from  the  axils  of  the  lowermost  (iieeii 
leaves;  inore  freipieiilly,  liowever.  stolons  are  developed  from  the  axils  of 
these  leaves.  The  slolotis  iiave  loiiK  iiiteriiodi's,  and  the  leaves  are  scale-like 
or,  towards  ajiex,  jiieeii  and  of  the  typical  shape:  axillary  stolons  develop  some- 
times from  the  leaf-axils  of  the  mother-stolon;  thus  l!ie  plant  shows  (piite  u 
compact  mass  of  shoots,  of  which  the  stolons  (HMdnally  hecome  se|)aiated  from 
the  mother-axis  and  develo|i  new.  independent  in<livi<luals. 

Parnassia  Kotzebuei  Cham,  et  Schl. 

The  species  is  caes|)itose  with  a  very  short,  erect,  sulite'raneaii  stem  from 
which  numerous  lotiK,  slender,  secondary  roots  are  developed.  There  are  no 
scale-like  leaves,  and  the  foliage  forms  a  small  rosette  from  the  centre  of  which 
the  flower-lieariiiK  stems  arise.  .Induing  from  the  structure  o'  -ome  younc; 
specimens,  it  appears  as  if  the  first  Hower-liearing  stem  terminati  he  (irimaiy 
shoot,  and  the  vegetative  re|)roduction  is  secured  by  means  of  o.  or  several 
buds  developed  in  the  axils  of  the  rosette  leaves.  These  buds  may  be  purely 
vegetative  for  a  .season  or  so  and  they  may  be  separated  from  the  mother  plant 
and  give  rise  to  new  individuals.  Heside  these  vegetative  buds  there  are  also 
some  others  which  are  floral  and  develop  during  the  succeeding  year.  \o 
distinction  was  to  be  observed  with  regard  to  the  external  structure  of  these 
buds;  thev  were  not  protected  by  scale-like  leaves  and  their  position  in  the 
ro.sette  was  not  the  same;  thus  flowers  and  vegetative  shoots  may  be  seen  in 
the  same  specimen  to  have  developed  in  no  particular  order.  The  species  thus 
agrees  with  P.  ixihi.stris  L.,  according  to  the  description  given  by  Hj.  Nilsson 
(Dikotyla  jordst.  I.e.,  p.  KiS). 


Saxitraga  [Tourn.]  L. 

The  fifteen  sptcies  collected  by  the  expeilition  represent  the  following 
sections  according  to  Kngler:=  NephntphiiUinii  (laud..  Hirciibis  Tausch., 
Boraphila  Engl.,  bactyloiilcs  Tausch..  TmchuphijUiim  (laud.,  and  I'orphy- 
rion  Tausch.  The  number  of  species  enumerated  and  d'/scrilied  by  luigler  (I.e.") 
aggregates  IGG,  and  many  of  these  exhibit  a  geographical  distribution  of 
enormous  extent,  throughout  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  to  the  highest  eleva- 
tions in  the  mountains. 

Owing  to  this  very  wide  distribution  the  genus  nadirally  exhibits  (pute  a  num- 
ber of  morphological' structures  which  may  well  be  looked  upon  as  epharmonic 
characters.  Nearly  all  t  he  species  are  herbs,  and  th(\v  are  generally  small  plants, 
but  with  the  flowers  quite  conspicuous  and  of  delicate  striu^ture;  very  character- 
istic of  the  genus  is  the  immense  variation  in  leaf-outline;  we  have  a  number  of 
species  that  exhibit  the  same  leaf-shaiie  as  various  genera  of  other  families. 
For  instance,  there  is  a  species  called  "acon'tifolia,"  and  among  others  may  be 
mentioned  "ajuqaifoli,,."  "cvdu^MvJdin"  "hedfracea,"  "hi€rnriiM:'n,"  '•hmrheri- 
folia,  "juniperifulla."  "IcucnnthemifoUa."  "pa massif olia,"  "rammcullfoltd 
etc.— As  stated  above,  the  habit  is  extremely  different,  and  regardless  oi  the 

'  Zur  Miirplioloiiic  dor  monocotylisrhcn  KnoUen  uml  Zwiobclgi'wlwlw!.    Hcrlin,  ISIO.  p   \K. 
'  Monographie  der  f  liittung  Siwifniga.    Broaluu,  1872. 


4<l  II 


CiininliiDi  Arrlif  i'.i  jii  ilitliDi ,  lf)t.!-IS 


njitiiir  of  cnviroimicni  <rvci;il  v.tv  .lisiimt  Ivpcs  „<  \m\>ii  in;iv  I l.>..|vr,l  ■, 

flio  same  -latioii,  wlictli.r  in  th,'  far  imiili  i.i  in  ilii.  alpinr  irninn.-  of  the  moun 
tains.  Ihus  anmnu  tli..  phuils  wlii.h  air  iin.uinK  n.'ai.sl  tlir  J'olr,  hctucr 
JM'  ami  s;{  21  N.,  (lalhricl  hy  the  l{iiii>li  polar  .•xpcdiiion,  |S7.'.-7C.,  ami  lli 
liitp  I.H'iil.  hockwood.  I'nitcd  Stales  Army,  wr  tiiid  not  less  itiaii  six  six-cics  d 
.S(i.n/;v/r/((,  VIZ.:  S.  cvnnni,  S.  ninills.  S.  ,l,ri pirns.  S.  tii(usi,i,l,ilii,  ,s.  llaqrVurit 
ami  >  i,i,ims,lif(ih<i.  And  acrordintt  to  Hooker'  S.  arinin  an<l  S.' fin,/, Hurl 
aseeml  to  an  elevation  of  ahove  17,(M)0  eel  in  the  Iliinalavas;  f.irtheVinore,  ii 
tlie  Kocky  mountains.  Colorado.  1  et,  (cl,.(l  .S.  rtrnua,  S.  HagdhiriH,  and  > 
imohs  ahove  It.OilO  I, .(I  all.  In  other  words,  tlio  scetions  wh'ieh  are  al.le  U 
fhrivf  lit  the  stations  tarthest  north  aiv  Ntphrophyllum.  linrnphilr,  Dnrtu 
lovhs  Trachyphyllum.  and  I'orpliijmm  :  three  of  fhes..  :  XephrophiiHinn 
JSornphilii,  juid    1  rarhyphylhiw.  are  arnond   those   that    ascend   to   the    liiL'lie^ 


latitude: 

.\s  [loiiiied  out  l.y  Kn^ler  (I.e.  p.  .•|7),  the  miijoritv  of  the  spoeios  re  i.ioi.n 
lam  plants  and  many  of  these  heloiiR  to  the  alpine  llora.  This  aiitlior  gives  ai 
mt*Testin(j  talile  aecorditiK  to  which  the  lartjest  numi.er  of  species  occur  in  tin 
huropean  Alps  from  Franco  to  Croatia  (12  sp.);  then  follow  Tihel  and  thi 
llinialaya.s  wilh  ;}.)  species,  the  Pyrenees  with  M),  the  Carpathian  mountaiie 
with  2..  the  Uocky  mountains  with  22,  etc.  Onlv  :>  species  are  credited  to  ih, 
South  American  Cordilleras. 

The  majority  of  the  species  are  herhaceous  y  few  are  annual,  atu 

several  may  he  designated  as  undershruhs.  Amon>,  ,  ne  perennial  herhaceou' 
ones  some  interestinti  structures  are  to  he  observed  with  respect  to  the  vegetative 
reproduction,  the  (levelo|)ment  of  runners  ahove  the  K'ouiid,  and  of  hulhlet< 
developed  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  the  h.i.sal  as  well  as  the  caiiline,  in  the  lattei 
ca.se  rciiresentinp;  transformed  flowers  as  in  S.  crniiia  and  N.  stdhtrls  fornr 
comosa,  tor  instance.  But  although  the  i)riniarv  root  persists  in  nianv  si)ocie- 
no  instance  IS  known,  .so  far,  where  the  root  incre.a.ses  in  thickness  to  imy  Rreal 
extent,  as  i.s  otherwi.se  a  feature  characteristic  of  v.arious  mountain  "plant.s 
especially  the  alpine  ones. 

The  arctic  species  collected  hy  the  expedition  constitute  actuallv  an 
assemhiape  of  types  in  which  the  venelative  reproduction  gives  an  excellent 
illustration  ot  the  biology  of  the  genus  in  tlu>  arctic  and  ali)iiie  leRions. 


Saxifraga  aestivalis  Fisch.  et  Moy. 

The  plant  upon  which  Linnaeus  estahlishi-d  the  speciT's  cmiiic  from  Siherii 
and  according  to  I.edehour  the  species  occurs  al,<o  in  .\l;iska.  and  arctic  Vmerica' 
However,  some  Siberian  specimens  which  I  have  before  me,  collected  near 
Jakutsk  (\.  II.  Xils.son),  and  at  Tolstoi  XosfM.  Hn'nner)  differ  from  the  \laskan 
as  well  .as  from  the  arctic  American  by  the  leaves!  Fig.  L: :{)  being  of  a  more  round- 
ish outline  and  of  a  thinner  texture,  besides  bv  the  (lowers  being  considerablv 
.smaller.  The  structure  of  the  rhizome,  however,  is  identical  (Fig.  !)•  it  is  ascend'- 
ing  or  .sometimes  vertical,  :!uite  thick,  and  be.-irs  numerous  leaf-scars  fron' 
preen  leaves  while  scale-like  ones  are  entirely  absent.  Slender  .secondary  roots 
areileveloped  beneath  the  leaves,  and  the  jirimary  root  evidently  dies  off  at  an 
early  stage.  The  leaves  form  an  open  ro.sette  and  the  tlower-beariiig  stem  (St. 
in  hg.  1)  terminates  the  shoot;  an  axillary  bud  remains  dormant  through  the 
winter  and  produce-  a  rosede  of  leaves  and  an  inflorescence  during  the  next 
spring.  Lateral  braiu'hes  develop  often  from  the  rhizome,  esp-ciallv  when 
growing  111  Sphagnum  bogs.     While  thus  the  Siberian  plant  differs  somewhat 

•  Introductory  K.ssjiy  to  tlie  Flora  Indiea.  London,  IS.iS,  p.  2l'I. 


Arctic  I'lniiis:  MurpholDgy  and  Sijniiniimn 


41  B 


fiuin  the  Jtii'tic  American,  llw  s('V<'r!il  specimens  wliicli  |  Ii.i\c  culliciecl  in  the 
Sprnce-zone  of  the  l{<ick>  iiKHint.'iins  in  ( 'oloiado  a(ii'i  i  in  all  respects  with  tlio 
Silii'iiMii  plant. 


-f'.V, 


/. 


-L.J 


\  >  ■  .  I 


^^\ 


-'^\, 


'z^' 


V--.- 


I 

V 


Fkuhf.  L. 

1  !<(:.nfniijii  (((k/i'.;'(«  I'i-clj.  iinil  Mi'V.,  >liiiwitiK  the  rliizunic,  lliu  liasul  leaves,  riiitl  tlio  l)ii.-<' of  the 
llowiT-bcariiin  .<ti'iii  (St.);  '>"i'  'liird  iif  tin-  natural  ^i/l';  -iwciiiien  from  Mnitli  coast  of  Coro- 
nation gulf,  {'ai)e  Barrow.  J  Saiiii' fpiiics  var.  A't7.soM(»M»  (Don);  a  liaial  leaf ;  one  third 
of  the  natural  size,  spcciimn  from  Herachel  i.sland.  15.  .S.  acstivulis;  a  '>  al  leaf;  one  third 
of  the  natural  size;  specimen  from  Siberia;  Jenisei,  Tolstoi  Nos. 

S.  Nelsoniana  Don.  • 

This  is  by  Enjjier  referred  to  the  preceding  species  as  a  variety;  the  Icaf- 
hlade  (Fift.  2)  resend)les  that  of  tlie  Siberian  plant  hut  thf  petioles  are  imieh 
loiifrer  and  llie  flowers  relatively  larger;  the  rhizome  shows  ilie  same  structure 
as  descrilied  al)ovo. 

S.  Kyallii  Kngl.  anil  S.  davurica  Pall. 

These  are  both  known  from  .Alaska  .and  adjacent  islands;  they  exhibit  the 
same  haliit  as  the  preceding  species  l)iit  the  leaf-shape  is  (piite  distinct. 

S.  hieraciifolia  \\ .  et  K.  and  S.  nivalis  L 

Tli(>se  are  also  members  of  this  section  {Boraphild)  but  iheir  liabii  is  very 
different  from  that  of  iS'.  aestivalis.  The  rhizome  is  relatively  short  but  quite 
stout  in  the  former,  and  secondary  roots  develop  freely;  the  almost  sessile 
leaves  are  arranged  in  a  rosette  smrounding  the  terminal,  flower-bearing  stem. 
Axillary  buds  sometimes  develop  rosettes  contemporarily  with  the  terminal, 
and  several  inflorescences  may  appear  upon  the  same  individiud.  Characteristic 
of  tluse  species  of  Bvruphila  is  the  enrly  withering  of  the  primary  root. 

Although  quite  frequent  in  the  arctic  region,  S.  slcUnris  L.  var.  coinosa 
Poir.  was  not  found  by  the  expedition.  I  mention  it  in  connection  with  the 
other  s|)ecies  since  it  is  quite  an  interesting  plant  showing  some  struct lU'es 
which  reciu-  in  members  of  the  section  Nephrophylliim.  TIk;  typical  .'^. 
stellari.<  L.  has  an  ascending  or  idinost  horizontal  rhizome  which,  according  to 
the  substrate,  may  attain  quite  a  considorabtle  lengtli;  for  instaricc,  iii  speeinif-iis 
growing  in  wei  moss  the  rhizome  measures  the  lengtli  of  about  IS  cm.  (specimens 
from  Austria)  and  bears  small,  scale-like  leaves  subtending  stolons  of  the  same 
structure  as  the  main  rhizome.  In  these  specimens  the  aerial  leaves  are  so 
remote  that  no  rosette  is  formed;  however,  in  the  northern  plant  a  rosette  i 


42  II 


CaiKiiliiifi  .\i(lir  I'.xjiiililloii,  lUt.i-  IS 


<l<'V."l(i|>.(l  fiuMi  til.'  centre  of  wliieli  the  llmvei-hearitiK  ^telii  .ili-es.  The  piiitn 
root  .lie-i  niT  :it  iiti  early  stale  JMif  heeomes  MiliMitiile.i  l,v  loiiii,  -|ei„|er,  seeuii.li 
roots  prneee.iiiij;  from  itie  rlllzoine  .lose  iMii.'alll  the  ri.s.ll... 


FiGtRE  M. 

1.  Snxifraga  stellnriii  I,,  var.  nrnosa  Poir. ;  natural  size;  spiMi.ui'ii  from  West  ( Ircmland  2  Pel 
of  samp;  enhirRed.  3.  A  bulblet  of  same;  enlarpinl.  4.  A  bulhlet  of  ^'.  ctniM  L.-  eniare. 
5.  A  Rernunating  bulblet  of  same;  enlarged.  0.  S.  mdiaUi  Small;  natural  size:  specim 
from  Hersohel  island.  7.  Petal  of  same;  enlargcil.  S  ,*J.  da-ijriens  Ehrh.  from  Corkbu 
pomt;  natural  size.    9.  A  leaf  of  same;  enlarged. 

An  aretic  variety  of  thi.s  species  is  the  so-called  cowo.w  d'if:.  M:  1,  2,  3) 
which  most  of  the  flowers  are  transformed  into  small  h-.ilblets.  These  bulhlc 
represent  an  im.nort.int  me.ins  of  v.-gptative  reproduetioii  since  thiv  arc  able 
develop  new  individiiols  when  separated  from  the  mother-plant,  thtis  remindii 
of  .S.  cernua  L.  of  the  section  Nephrophyllum.  When  the  bulblet  perminat. 
It  produces  a  short,  a.scending  rhizome,  terminated  bv  a  ro.sotfe  of  tvpical  leave 
and  an  inflorescence  bearing  few  flowers  but  manv  bulblets. 


Arrlic  I'liiiil-:  Mmfihiihiijij  .iml  Sijiniinitny 


13    D 


III  ll»i>  inn  Xeiihriijilnjllum  wi'  moot  wiili  hov(|;i1  s|M'i'ic>M  wliirli  duvi'lop 
liiillili'ts  ii|MHi  ihc  rlii/niiif  ;i-.  well  as  in  fho  inflorcsiinii-;  ihi:^  pci'iiliiirily  was 
kiunvii  iilii';iil>  In  l.iiiiiMiiis  when  he  di  -crilxMl  S.  (iroiiiilnln  "radire  ut.unihita." 
.\flirwari|>  the  inoriiliulnirv  of  tins  i»lant  \\:i-<  Ih'iti  di'-ii  il.rd  >t)  \ci\'  lAidlctillv 
l.y  Inriisili  il.c.  p.   I1KI  . 

AinoiiK  tlic  airlir  ti'iircHciitativcs  of  this  M'ciioii,  >'.  nni'iii  h.  is  tlic  most 
fn'(|iicfit  (iin>.  'I'Ih'  iliizoiiic  is  vory  sliort  and  tin'  piiiii:ir\  root  inii.-l  l">  of  a 
very  sliort  cliiratioii  sItici"  it  coiistaiilly  laiks  in  niatun'  .|)cciin»'ris.  In  this 
>pcr'i(-i  hulMi'ls  (l'\^^s.  t-.V,  arc  developed  iit)i  ot)ly  in  the  aNJlsof  the  lia-al.  Kfet!" 
leaves  l)iit  also  in  the  iiilloreseenoe  where  they  sometinies  repl.ne  all  the  tlowers.' 
Most  fre(pientl\  the  bracts  of  the  inlloresci'iice  siililend  only  >ninlc  luilhlets, 
corresponditiK  to  sinyle  flowers,  Iml  in  some  reinarkal'le  specimens  irathered  by 
.lames  M.  .Ma<'oiiii  at  I'lillorton,  llud.'-on  hay,  the  hracts  suKtind  numerous 
clusters  of  liulhlcts:  in  these  vigorous  speciineiis  the  inlloreseence  was  profusely 
<l(>compound  instead  of  lieiuK  it  ■simple  laceine  as  in  the  lypii\il  plant.  On  the 
other  hand,  in  S.  ililnlis  I'^nnelrn..  which  Mnjfler  considers  to  lie  meidy  a  variety 
of  .'i.  ccrnuit  (I.e.  p.   107),  thesi-  hullilets  are  totally  iihsent. 

The  hullilets  of  the  inflorescence  are  of  a  |)ink  colour  an<l  they  Kerminate 
freely  when  separated  from  the  mother-plant.  AccordiriR  to  W.armiiiK,"  slender 
stolons  may  also  occur  in  this  species,  and  the  foliane  of  such  stolons  may  consist 
of  sc.ile-like  as  well  as  of  {.'reen  leave>  some  of  which  m;t\   suliteiid  hullilets. 

S.  radiatu  ."^mall.' 

This  is  .S  cxiliH  ."stephan  (1S22)  but  the  latter  name  h.as  been  rejecte<l  since 
there  is  a  N.  cxilis  I'oll.  of  earlier  date  (ISIO).  The  species  ,S'.  rndiata  (FiR.  M: 
li-7)  resembles  >S'.  nihirlrn  h.  very  uuich,  but  in  S,  railiata  the  stem  i.s  pubescent 
with  glandular  hairs  intermixed;  the  bas:;l  leaves  are  inirely  .">-7-lobed,  and  the 
petals  are  very  distinctly  three-nerved.  Hiilblets  occur  in  both  species,  mainly 
in  the  axils  of  the  ba.sal  leaves,  sehlnm  in  the  iiiHoreseence. 


\ 


S.  rivularis  J,. 

This  little  species  foinis  sm.all  cushions,  but  the  iiriinary  root  is  substituted 
by  a  den.se  mass  of  filifi  lui,  secondary  root  'he  rhizome  is  v^ry  short  and  bears 
rosettes  of  leaves  wit''  teimiiial  flowering  .■  .is.  When  growiriR  in  loose,  wet 
.soil,  r.r  in  moss,  the  il..  ome  ma\-  develop  Horizontal  stolons  (specimens  from 
Camden  bay),  which  bear  typical  Ereen  leaves.  Bulblefs  occur  also  in  this 
>peciis  as  described  and  lipured  by   vVariiiing  (I.e.  ii.  211),  and  by  Ci.  I.indiiiark.* 

The  section  Hirctdus  comprises  mostly  Himalayan  species,  but  one  of 
ihcse,  S.  Hirculus  L.,  i.<  also  widely  distributed  throughout  the  northern  henii.s- 
phcrc  ,tiid  reaches  the  polar  regions  in  both  Worlds.  The  arctic  plant  is  low, 
the  flowering  stcm.s  reaching  a  height  of  only  G  cm.  or  less;  it  forms  small  and 
more  or  less  compact  cushions  of  numerous  leaves,  and  .several  flower-bearing 
stems  ire  prod. iced  on  the  san.ic  individual.  There  is  no  primary  root  in  mature 
specimens  but  the  profusely  branched,  subterranean  shoots  bear  many  filiform, 
second.iry  roots.  The  subterranean  stem  represents  in  these  arctic  specimens 
from  Bernard  harbour,  Ilerschel  island,  etc..  a  horizontally  creeping  rhizome, 
about  7  cm.  in  length,  slender,  but  woody,  den.sely  covered  with  remnants  of 
withered  leaves  ami  branching  freely;  stolons  with  scale-like  leaves  are  known 
to  occur  in  the  southern  |)lant  but  I  observetl  none  in  the  numerous  arctic  speci- 
mens, which  were  examined.  Vegetative  reproduction  is  siantily  represented  by 
the  arctic  plant,  since  the  branches  of  the  rhizome  are  of  a  solid,  woody  structure, 
not  jjeniitttiiig  the  3ccon;'..ary  rosettes  to  become  separated  from  the  mother-plant. 

'  C'onip.irp:  llip  aiitlinr  in  nijmphn.vKipeditiDncn's  ZooIoKisk-botan.  Vdbytte  i\.r.). 
'  Sajifrauaoeae  iMod.l.  inn  Ci^nlaml.    K^licnhavn,  1912). 
'  North   \incri''an  I'lora,  Vol.  22,  190.i. 

'  BiiiraK  till  kilnnoiliinien  <>m  do  .Svi'nska  SaxUraga-.^itors  yttre  byuKnad  ach  indivijbildniiii!.    Bil>  . 
K.  .Sv.  \et.    .Vkad,  Hdlgr.    Vol.  28.    Stoi-ktiolm,  11HI2. 


i 


•II  It 


Ciitiiulnin  Air'ii    I'.xihililiiin,   IHt.i'lS 


S.  ileciplenH  Klirh  ,  in.  I,   v;ir.  ftroeiilandira    I,)   !,«.•,    in. I  S.  sillensu'fl«i 

Si. •rill.. 

III.'-..'  Ml.  ih.^  .iiil.\  iiii'inl>rrs  i'(  til.'  -.■.lii.ii  hill  I  nil, ill,  ^  ul.i.ji  mi.'  kli... 
fn.ii.  iiiilli^  Airiciica:  i.l'  tli.'w  only  tli"  luiimr  wn«.  rKJIiitcil.  >'.  lUcijui 
I'Anh.  I-  ih.^  nmni^  ,'i<|.>|iii<i|  l.y  I'iliijl.i  in  liis  Mi.noni.'iph  ..f  llic  cfiiii>  il.c  p.  |J 
an. I  ill.'  (III.'  I1-.I..I  l.y  the  Viiiioiix  aiilli.ir.',  «li.>liavc  wntl.ii  mi  iircli.-  Imlai 
fi>r  iiiftaiic^:  Kj.lliiiaii,  Traiit vcltcr,  l.annf.  an. I  (itli.'i>i:  iccciillv,  liiiwcv. 
uiKilhcr  liaiiH'  lia«  Imm-ii  inli...|iici'i|,  viz.:>'    ijnn  iiliimlicii  I,,  l.y  II.  (i.  Siiniiiiiii 

.S'.  iliniiii  lit  is  licn-i.'Iy  ca.'spito-;.',  ami  ili.-  [iniiiary  r.».t  imt-InH;  n  is  sjcn. 

hut  (li'f|(  .•III. I  r:uiiili("<  fri'.'jy:  « iii.jary  ronN,  on  the  tithi-r  li.'iii.i,  .l."v.'li>|i  s.'l.l.n 

1  her.'  I-.  no  rlii/onic  in  ilic  proiwr  «i'nsc  ..f  id.-  u'..r.|,  l.iit  iiiiiiiit.his  sh.Hirs  dcvcl 
from  ill.'  .(-..wn  ..f  ih.'  idiil.  I.iniiinaik  il.-.i  in.  nt  ions  tli;it  lat.ral  slio.its  n\t\w 
at  an  caily  staij.'  .'11111  thut  tli.y  arc  .|i.v.'l..|).'.l  from  the  axils  r>f  ilic  lowcriiK 
loaves  ..(  the  iiiaiii  s|i(h<  .  The  ai'i^oinpanyiii(i  limire  (\''[t(.  M:  .Si  shows  only 
siiiall  p.irl  ol'  a  iar^.^  .•iishion;  ill  shoots  are  ilensejy  ciotheii  with  with.  re.  1  IcftVi 
an.!  ;il  lli.^  ap.'X  ihey  hi'.'ir  s.^veral  r.is.'ties  of  fre-h  leaves  surroiiiuiintt  the  tlowc 
lieariiiK  ^l.'iii"':  since  the  (levejopin.'iit  of  .si-coridiirv  rootn  is  very  scant,  the  ^<ho( 
do  iiol.  so  far  as  [  know,  hconi.'  s.^parati-.l  from  the  iiiother-planl ;  tliii-*  t 
species  is  (^vidcniiy  n.it  al.h'  lo  miihiply  by  mcaiii  of  veKctativi!  reproiliictiu 

Whili'  f'^mjli'' ilci  \m  ,\  .<,.|||,.,|  ..i  niimhcr  .if  varieties  of  the  species,  I,ani 
(I.C.I  in'"iti.>ns  only  ilm^f  occiirrini;  in  ( ire.'nl.inil,  as  f.dltiws:  1.  iinn-idiimli 
"-'-l-piillii-;iris.  .l.'iis..  pilviicit.i.  ulaii.liil.iso-pilos:i,  l'.)liis  trifi.lis,  lai'iniis  ol.lii: 
Nuliiiitetris;"'  2.  uiiifliini:  "hiiniilis,  l-;{-l|ora,  caiy.-.'  iiinro-clandiiloso,  ceteiii 
Ut  1,  in  (luain  sensini  transii.-  vi.letiir,  nam  f.irm.ie  iini- I't  pliirillorae  promi>ci 
li'Kiintiir;"  ;}.  Sl,Tnhrr,iii.:  "spithainaea  v.  iilira.  Ia\iiis  caespitosa,  minus  ilcii 
Klaniliilo-i^)-pilo^a:  f.)liis  pilin  iio-triti.lis,  laciniis  later.'tlibii.s  lji-trilol)is." 

Th.'  section  Tniclnjiihi/tl  .in  comprises  ty|)es  of  very  .listinct  lial.il;  amoi 
the  arctic  we  ine.^t  with  N.  hrmichialis  h.  and  .S'.  triniii)hiliilit  Hottl).  which  ha 
the  same  hul.it  as  N.  ilccijui  ns;  S.  iiiznidc-i  L.  which  in  s.'\ .  r.il  respects  remin.ls 
.S'.  Iliiculu.H,  aiif'  finally  the  peculiar  .S'.  flnijillaris  Willd. 

Of  those,  S.  tricuspid-atn  Hotth.  forms  larpo,  i-ompaci  .iishions  in  th.'  saii 
inaniier  as  ,S'.  ili.rijiif,,.^.  ami  the  primary  root  p.'rsists,  while  secondarv  rtui 
were  not  oliservc.l.  In  this  species  the  tlowor-heariuti  stem  is  (piile  tall,  i.'.ichii 
a  hei)jli!  -'  ahoiii  10  cm.  \  specimen  from  (Ire.'iil.'ind,  I'autorlik,  Noiirso! 
poninsui:.  .liffers  from  the  type  by  the  shoots  heinu  very  l.inir.  about  23  en 
and  the  l.-ave^  i.niote,  thus  j'orminn  no  rf)seltes. 

S.  bronchialis  L.  apr.cs  with  lli.'  firmer  hut  [..•^id.s  I  he  p.rvislinn  prima 
root  secondary  root-  .ire  also  pr.'s.nt.  developing  freclv  fr.im  th.'  suiil.'rr;inc! 
stem.s.  .\n  intercsiinj;  viiriety  is  rhirlirwu/'s  Don.  in  which  the  l;itei;il  shoo 
are  extremely  short  with  the  miiiiil.'  leaves  crow.le.l  ard  thi.ker  th.-iii  in  tli.'  Ivp 
it  isanaiiv.'of  eastern  Asia  l.ut  has  also  i.een  found  in  Alaska  and  .-Lljac'iit  i-land 
Moi.  .iver,  ihc  .speci.'s  occurs  .dso  in  the  Rocky  mountains,  ascending  aboi 
12, (MM)  feet  aliove  ,s(>a-le\<'l  in  rolorado  (Cray't;  peak),  and  specimens  from  tti 
locaiily  as  well  as  from  lower  altitudes,  for  instance  in  Clear  Creek  canyc 
(10,0(10  iV.'ti.  tipree  well  with  the  Silierian  plant:  l.ut  when  comjiared  wilh'tl 
Alaskan  plant  fKodiak,  lc(;it  Walter  H.  Ilvaiis)  there  is  .some  difference  wi( 
|.spei-t  to  the  fruit;  this  is  eonsideralily  I.u'iier  in  the  Alaskan  specimens  In 
otherwi-.^  ill.'  structure  of  the  leaves  .■uid  their  |iosition,  l.eiiic  den-elv  I'row.l.' 
is  identical. 

Some  years  ac.i  Dr.  Wieirand  otalihshe.l  ;.  new  sp,.i'i,.s.  x.  ,,;/./.,,..,,,,,.,;/,,,, 
foun.led  upon  specimens  of  >'.  hnincliinlis  from  the  l{oikv  iiKiunttiins.  with  tl 
following  di.-iinction:  "DitTers  from  .S'.  hn.nchialis  I.,  in  its' more  suliiilate,  dark. 
Rreen  leaves,  wWI;  fewer  ciliac  near  the  apex;  more  slender  pedicels,  smalle 

'  Flora  n[  Klli'smiTplanii  O.c  p.  70). 


Ardtc  I'liV'h:  Morpholmpi  antl  Sijiunuinij 


la  O 


,  witli  till 
to,  darker 
i,  siiiuUcr, 


wliilr  iirliiU  Willi  piiiplr  ilrii-.  aiiovi',  ami  iml  uiiKuiiuhilc  at  llic  I.ut;  ^lalll«■lu( 
-lioitir  lliMii  the  1  Killa:  mihI  .•.imillct  caio-iilc  willi  ihmcIi  >i|iolltr  -tvliji.  It 
|)riili:i('l\  imliulc.t  ..II  nf  llic  -i, -culled  >',  lininrhldliy  froth  llic  Hnckv  n.oiinlains 
Miiith  III'  Alaska." 

Sninc  ."iKTimcii.s  whiiji  I  haM'  jicfiiii'  nic,  colliili  i|  li\  Mr.  (laiiclall  nn 
I'riilKick'H  tiiouiilaili  laiirli  ill  (oloradii  (alliiiidf  7,.'><MI  !ii  '  iijjni'  cxaclh  willi 
ilif  ili^tihctioii  piiiniiil  uiii  \>\  Dr.  Wiitanii/  Iml  1  il.,  n,.!  Irt'liivc  ilioe  dis- 
tinrlivr  rliararliis  arc  -iilliiiciil  fur  I  lie  i  -lalili.-liii!!  nl  dl    i  in  u  •^iiccics. 

rnifoMir  liiijricr  in  Ins  excellent  iii(in(ijjra|ili  <•<  llie  liihii^l.c  p.  I'l.'i;  ciillrt 
attciiiiiin  to  the  \aiialiilil\  u(  S.  hriiticliiiili.s  ]..  eurri'.-poiiiliiiy  I'uli  that  of  N. 
iispini  !)('..  uf  winch  ihe  alpMie  fruin  j-  iicic  deii>el\'  cae^plln-(  ,  and  wil'i  llio 

lllllillc-'ccllce     frW-llliWclc.i     III     .itnll:!-!      Willi     the     plalll      fldll     jiUMI      cic  Vat  it  III-*. 

I  im.iIIn-,  if  we  (■(impale  >.  jUujiUm  i.-,  U  illd.  a-  repiist  iili  .i  in  lln  iNirlli  ami 
xiillli,  wi'  mitice  (|iiile  a  promiiielil  diHeiiinc  in  llie  icl  ili\c  ^\/.v  cif  Ijiiwcr  and 
frilil,  llie  Nlnicllire  <if  llie  foliauc  elc,  l>Ml  williiiiii  t.clintr  imline.j  in  divide 
the  species.  From  ihe  cNpelHlice  1  have  iiad  with  Sii.nfidiio.  .-p.iially  in  the 
licld.  1  sliiiiild  pieler  to  consider.'*,  aiixtitiniiiiildiin  \\\i%.  a-  n  tot  m  nj  >.  l,i,,inhiiiliH 
I..,  ili'lead  of  ait  ilidc^  cndelit  s|H>cies. 

S.  ;ii/i)idfN  f..  Several  complete  spocimeiis  wcf  collected  l.\  the  i  \pcdition, 
"ciiiiiplcte,"  liec.iiise  in  sc\i  !:il  of  the  speciincns  the  primaiv  luut  \\a«  preserved. 
However,  the  arctic  plaiil  dilTers  fiom  the  sotiiherii  li\  il-  more  conden-ed  mowlli; 
(|iiile  compact  cii-hions  may  he  developed,  ineasininn  in  width  aliout  7  cm., 
ii'it  iiicliidinn  the  llovveiiim  vicnis.  .\  iioiik  tlio-e  from  Mern.ird  harhoiir  some 
•■pecimens  are  of  c|iiite  diminutive  size,  harely  2  cm.  hich,  .ind  it  is  in  such  speci- 
mens  that  the  primary  root  w.as  present;  it  is  lelalively  deep,  hut  slender,  anil 
emits  .sovoral  liraiiches;  secondary  roots  develop  fr(>(.ly  from  the  suhterranean 
stein.-*.  In  the  southern  plant  the  stems  are  more  spreadinn,  in  the  m.anner  of 
>'.  II I  mil  IIS,  hut  typical  stolon-  with  -cale-like  h'aves  were  not  ol.-erved.  In 
the  arctic  plant  the  leaves  are  much  crowded  and  the  -hoot  is  (piiie  inofusely 
r.imilied;  thus  a  cushion  may  he  formed.  \'eir|.tative  reproduction  i-  -eciireil  hy 
me.uis  (pf  the  lateral  shoots,  which  m;iv  he  -  parated  from  ili(>  mot  her-plaiil  ami, 
l.y  their  ahilily  to  di  velop  secoiid.ary  roots,  new  individuals  miv  thus  he  formed. 

S.  flaftellaris  Will.l. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  inlere-iinc  species  of  the  jjeiiiis.  We  tiiid  it  in  the 
polar  rciiions  as  well  as  in  the  alpine,  and  exiiihitini:  principall.v  the  s.ime  morpli(i- 
loniciil  structure.  The  arctic  pl.ant  i>  cenerally  of  very  low  stature,  ihi>  ftovver- 
leariiiK  stem  reachinn  a  liii^ht  of  onlv   J  .J  to  ;!  cm.     Tlie  shoot  lie: 


fleshy    1, 
form  ;i 


a  niimlier  of 
c.ives,  (ilandular  hairy  especially  alonn  the  iiiart;ins.  ,ini|  these  leaves 
-mall  rosette  resemhliiii;  that  of  a  Sriiijii  na  mn.  In  -pile  of  ihe  very 
con-idi^rahle  material  which  I  have  examined,  there  is  not  .i  single  specimen 
shovviim  a  persistent  iirimary  root:  the  root-system  consists  only  of  a  iiumlier  of 
secondary  roots,  developed  from  the  h.asal  internode-  of  the  rosette.  \  sintjlo 
tlovver-lieariiiR  stem,  hearing  a  few  leaves  and  one  or  two  flowers,  teiininales 
the  shoot.  \'cry  characteristic  of  the  species  is  the  development  of  Ioiik  runners 
ahove  the  irroiind,  c<jiisistiiin  of  a  siiiKle  internode,  reaching  a  leiiKth  of  about 
10  cm.,  and  terminated  hy  a  siiuill  spherical  rosette  of  Kreeii  leaves;  these  riiiiiier.s 
are  developed  if.  the  axils  of  the  rosette-leaves.  When  the  fruit  is  mature  the 
main  shoot  di.  s  off  and  at  this  time,  towards  the  end  of  the  ,<ea.son,  the  rosettp.s 
h()rno  on  the  runners  have  commenced  to  develop  roots;  as  the  runners  die  off 
witti  tiK^  niol |ier-nl^rii .  fh.eso  ro.^^ettes  thu.s  heconie  indenendot^.t  inf^'vii^h*."^?^  .inH 
repeat  the  prowtli  of  the  mother-shoot.  I  do  not  know  how  h  rig  time  these 
ro.scttes  re!)uire  to  become  mature  to  produce  flowers,  but  judginj;  from  the  size 
of  varioii.s  specimens  which  I  collected  in  Nova  Zenibla,  I  presume  thev  reach 
maturity  in  the  third  year. 

'Bull.  Toircj  H..t    Club.    Vol.  27,  190(/,  p.  388. 


tt)  n 


(Mtuulidn  Arclir  Exixdiliiin,  lOIS-lS 


III  ronipiiiiiin  (lio  arctic  with  tlic  aI|)ino  plant,  for  instance  with  a  sciios  ( 

.spcciincMs  from   tlic   ]{ocky   numiilains  (if  Colorado,   flio   folIowinK   doviatior 

were  noticoahlo.     The  fln\vorin(i  stem  is  taller,  more  loafy,  and  two  to  thrf 

flowers  niiiy  i)e  developed;  moreover  the  plant  is  more  ulaiulular  hairy.  Final!' 

in  some  specimens  from  near  (lie  -iiinmii  of  James'  peak  (13,()()0  feet).  .-I'siomewhi 

remarkahie  structure  occurs.     They  grew  in  somewhat   damp  soil  associate 

with  Siirirsia,   /)r//«.«,  AdinvUa,  etc.,  and  the  tiower-hearinR  stem  reached 

height  of  aliout  I.')  cm.,  Iiearing  aliout  7  flowers  in  a  unil;iteral  evme;  the  tlowoi 

hearinir  stem  was  very  leafy  and  .several  of  the  hasal  leaves  above  the  rosetl 

stihteiided  runners  of  the  usual  structure.    The  rosette  was  not  so  eonipact  as  i 

typical  specimens  and,  moreover,  a  suhterranean  stem-portion,  about  o  em.  i 

lenjijli,  extended  from  the  ros(>tfe  to  a  cluster  of  secondary  roots;  this  ston 

portion  bore  some  remnants  of  withered  leaves  and  consisted  thus  of  more  thn 

a  single  internode.    Some  isolated  youii.c  rosettes  wiiich  grew  near  the  flowerin 

specimens  showed  a  similar  eloiigtiied  stem  beneath  the  rosette-leaves,  provide 

with  a  I'orresponding  system  of  s< .  .iiuhiry  roots  at  the  lower  end  of  the  stem,    j 

third   type  of  specimens,   however,  explained   this  singular  structure;  it  con 

.sisied  of  ;i  rosette  of  leaves  with  runners,  but  instead  of  being  terminated  by  ai 

inflorescence   the  main   shoot    had  continued  to  grow  above  the  rosette  as 

vegetative  shoot  bearing  several  scattered  leaves  and  terminated  by  a  rosett 

of  .1  more  open  structure  than  in  the  typical  plant.     In  other  words,  the  alpin 

S.  fliifitlliin's  may  remain  at  a  purely  vegetative  stage  for  .several  years,  but  no 

as  a  single  rosette,  gradually  increa.sing  in  size,  as  is  the  ca.se  in  tlie  .arctic  speci 

mens,   but   developing  an   erect,   purely   vegetative  shoot,   of   which   the  ape 

assumes  the  shape  of  a  ro.sette  to  produce  (lowers  in  the  succeeding  vear,  and  stil 

depending  on  the  same  fascicle  of  secondary  roots.    The  age  of  siich  specimen 

appeared  to  be  not  less  than  four  years,     the  fact  that  none  of  the  specimen 

examined  posses.sed  a  primary  root  iiatur.ally  indicates  that   thev  owed  thei 

existence  to  ro.settes  of  runners,  which  undoubtedly  is  the  most  common  methoc 

of  reproduction  in  this  species.    However,  capsules  with  ripe  seeds  are  frcquenth 

to  be  found  in  al|)ine  specimens,  and  even  in  \ova  Zeinbla  did  I  succeed  ir 

finding  fully  matured  capsules  with  seeds. 

The  section  Porphyrion  to  which  S.  oppositifolia  L.  belongs  comprisei 
only  t  hree  other  species  :.s'.  hijhmi  .\1I.,.S'  macropetahi  Kern.,  and. S.  re<?<.<fa  Gouan 
Of  these  the  two  last  ;ire  natives  of  the  mountains  of  .Middle  and  South  Europe 
.<?.  hiflorn  IS  also  a  native  <if  these  mountains,  but  extends  northward  to  Laplanc 
and  northern  Russia. 

.S'.  opiiosi'lifitlia,  on  the  oiher  hand,  is  widely  distributed  throughout  th( 
northern  heiiiisi)here  and  abounds  in  the  polar  legions.  It  is  actually  an  under- 
shrub,  since  the  profusely  ramified  branches  above  ground  are  woody.  The 
long  stems  are  mostly  prostrate  with  th(>  inlernodes  more  or  less  stretched,  with 
the  leaves  opposite,  and  developing  secon<lary  roots  (piite  freely.  Kiect,  but 
very  short,  floral  shoots  are  developed  in  the  axils  of  the  caiiline  le.ave.s,  .and 
they  bear  only  one  flower,  at  first  .■ilmost  sessile,  but  distinctlv  pedicelled  when 
fruiting.  In  very  large,  old  specimens  tlie  posterior  parts  of  the  stem  have 
frequently  died  o(T:  thus  the  root-system  is  confined  to  .secondary  roots;  but  in 
sm.aller,  younger  specimens,  tlie  iiriniary  root  may  be  preserved;  it  is  slender, 
but  (piite  deep,  and  bears  .several  lateral  branches. 

\n  interesting  variety,  Xulluirstl.  was  found  by  Dus<''n  in  East  Greenland  ' 
and  described  as  follows:  "I.axe  caespitosa;  ramuli  steriles  breves,  c.  3  cm.  longi, 
sat  dense  foliati,  foliis  opposilis;  r.amuli  floriferi  elongati,  .'>-(>  cm.  longi,  inferne 
glabri  sursum  sensini  all)Oi)ilosi.  iipicem  versus  dense  pilosi.  remote  foliati. 
foliis  medianis  et  supremis  saltem  alternis,  rarissime  opposit is;  folia  longiora  ei 
remotius  ciliata  quam  in  typo,  rotundate  acutata,  usque  ad  10  mm.  longa  ct  3 


'  Pill 


K.  Sv.  Vrt.    .\kiicl.  II.UKr.    V..!.  27.    Sto.  kliolrn,  1902,  p.  S.?. 


t 

Aniir  PJinils:  Morphology  and  Synonymy  47  e 

t.im.  lafn:  flnrtvs  solifarii  v,l  raiissimr  I,ini,  majoios  (iii.mi  in  fvpo,  ,;,]orc  vui- 

ahilcs,  pallulc  ruhro-viola.ci,  palli.lc  rosci  vcl  alt.o-ro.-^oi;  ^(■paIa  fiTO  triaiiL'iil-iria 

iPiiiotc  ciliata;  potala  ovalia  vol  ol)long()-ovalia."  '  ' 


Dryas  L. 

Wliilo  ;;.  octopcUilu  I,,  and  I>.  l)nn,iv,o,i,lii  Hook.  Iiavc  alwav-  1 11  recog- 

ni-<(Ml  as  (iistinct  spccios  tliorc  lias  soinrlinics  l,of-ii  cxpiosscd  .Irliiltt  ahout  tho 
sponfic  validity  of/),  inlegrifolia  M.  Valii.  KjoUnian/-'  who  had  tlio  rare  oppor- 
tunity to  olwrvp  D.  oclopdala  and  D.  intcgrifolia  at  tho  same  sl.ation  on  the 
Asiatir  coast  of  Bonnp  .strait  at  Konyani  hav,  frit  convinced  that  tlicv  icprcscnt 
two  distinct  spocics.  Xathorst,'  who  also  found  them  growing  together  at 
<  ape  \ork  on  the  northwest  coast  of  Greenland,  observed  moreover  a  form 
intermediate  l.etween  iiotli  which  he  named  D.  inhiirifolia  forma  intermalia- 
in  this  form  the  leaves  varied  from  Iieing  dentate  onlv  at  the  base  to  dentate 
along  the  whole  margin  from  base  to  apex.  This  author  felt  inclined  to  con- 
sider this  intermediate  form  as  a  hybrid,  inasmuch  as  the  two  species  keep 
remarkal)ly  constant,  even  when  distributed  over  large  areas  The  forma 
7 /i^crmcr/m  has  since  also  been  reported  from  Xortheast  C.reenland,  viz.-  Scoresby 
sound  by  Jlartz."  who  has  figured  an  interesting  series  of  leaves  of  t  pical  D 
ocUipddla,  of  the  forma  inUrmcilin.  and  of  D.  intrgrifidui. 

The  specimens  from  Port  Epworth  harbour  represent  the  forma  inlermciUa 
but  in  the.so  specimens  the  dentate  leaves  are  verv  few  in  proportion  to  the 
entire  ones,  and  the  specimens  are  better  referable  to  D.  iulrqrifoUn  than  to  the 
.other. 

Sieversia  glacialis  R.  Rr. 

\  few  specimens  in  fruit  were  collected  of  this  verv  rare  species  the  stem 
reaching  the  height  of  fifteen  cm. :  by  the  stvles  being  pilose  the  species  is  readilv 
tiistingui.'ihed  from  iS.  /("o.s.sv'/ I'    Hr. 

Potentilla  palustris  (L.)  Scop. 

Two  vegetative  shoots  were  collected  with  relativelv  large  leaves  the 
length  of  the  leaflets  being  about  2  cm.  and  the  width  about  1  cm. 


P.  fruticosa  I,. 

The  specimen  from  Port  Kpworth.  collected  in  the  month  of  ,JuIv  i-;  quite 
a  hit  e  siiriib  17  cm.  high,  with  several  stout  branches,  with  its  leaves  (iistinctlv 
pctiolale,  and  with  the  floral  peduncles  attaining  a  length  of  about  3  cm'- 
t  ■<■  flowers  are  Large  and  as  well  ;is  the  leaves  larger  than  those  I  have  «een  in 
tlie  alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  mountains  in  Colorado. 

\  Sp<'ts))(.ri;ons  I'lorn,  I  .-.  p.  S.-). 
ISSi!  p.^.^27."'^''  ''•-•' '"«-«'"'i-'I'usi..n,s   F^vnornKrunlloni.        Vena  Kxpe.Iit.   vctcnsk.   arhct.         St-vklioini, 

StocVholm.'lsM^p.T^'"'*'''''  ''*"  "'"-'"^"•»  •■■■■«nl:.n.l.     Ofvcrs.  KrI.  Svcnska  Vet.     Aka,l.  VMM^r. 
havn,'lS9.rp''3T  "*  '^■'""'"■5"*"K">""'  1'^"  N"'".!«sl-f:r,^nla.,.l.    Mo,M.  on.  Gr*„land,  XVIIt.  Ki^l.cn- 


18   B 


Canadian  Arctic  Expedition,  1913-lS 
PAPILIONACEAE. 


Lupinus  nootkatensis  Donn  var.    Kjellmanii  Ostf. 

The  .sppfios  is  perennial  with  a  docp,  strong  primary  tap-root  bearing 
large  rosette  of  leaves  .surrounding  a  tall  flower-hearing  stenl,  the  tallest  speeinn 
measuring  about  24  cm.  in  height,  the  (lowering  raceme  itself  about  S  cm.    : 
fruiting  specimens  the  large  legumes  are  den.selv  villous,  and  about  5  cm. 
length. 

Astragalus  [Tourn.]  L. 

The  two  species  of  Aslragahis  show  a  very  different  habit.  In  .1.  alpine 
the  primary  root  persists  but  it  is  very  slender;  the  aerial  shoots  are  rpiite  lor 
but  very  slender,  prostrate,  and  profusely  branched,  bearing  several  leaves  ai 
a  terminal,  long-pedunculate  inflorescence.  Some  few  secondary  roots  deveh 
from  the  nodes,  and  tubercles  were  found  on  some  of  the  lateral  roots. 

In  .1.  ahoriginortuii.  on  the  other  hand,  there  is  a  very  strong  and  thic 
primary  root,  often  branched  and  crowned  with  numerous,  "compact  clusters 
persisting  internodcs  with  scale-lik»  le  --"s,  supporting  leafv  shoots  and  flowe 
bearing  stems;  root-shoots  ab 

As  may  bo  seen  from  '■         ,Part  A,  Plate  X).  the  arctic  specimen 

A.  abortginorum  differs  in  se^  x,  spects  from  the  prairie  plant  described  at 

figured  by  Hooker  (Fl.  bor.  Am.),  but  Mr.  Marcus  .Jones,  to  whom  specimei 
were  .sent  for  identification,  kindly  informed  ine  that  the  arctic  material  repr 
sented  the  typical  plant. 

With  regard  to  the  systematic  position  of  this  species  Hooker  (I.e.)  stat- 
that  the  perfect  fruit  which  was  unknown  to  Dr.  Richardson  has  now  been  sec 
in  abundance,  and  proves  the  species  to  be  a  I'hora,  rather  than  an  Antragahi 

Phaca  frigida  L. 

In  specimens  from  Bernard  harbour,  collected  in  the  month  of  August,  tl 
racemes  with  fruit,  not  fully  matured,  measure  1.")  cm.  including  the  pedund 
while  in  bloom  the  stem  above  ground  measures  onlv  about  8  cm.  in  heigh 
The  primary  root  is  long  and  slender  and  the  capillarv,  lateral  roots  bear  tube 
cles.  As  in  the  plant  from  Nova  Zembla,  which  I  liave  described  and  figure 
(Dijmphna  Expedition  I.e.),  the  aerial  .shoots  develop  from  the  axils  of  scale-lil 
leaves  borne  upon  jxrsisting  basal  internodcs;  thus  a  pseudo-rhizome  is  ah 
possessed  by  this  plant. 

Oxytropis  Roaldi  Ostf. 

Having  been  published  in  Christiania,'  and  jjerhaps  not  being  readil 
accessible  to  the  reader,  I  herewith  insert  the  diagnosis  as  written  by  Mr.  Ostei 
feld;  it  reads  as  follows: 

"Scapigera,  usque  20  cm.  alta,  multiceps;  stipulae  altc  petiolares,  alba 
membranaceac,  longe  ciliatae,  pars  hbcra  uninervis,  e  basi  dilatata  lineari; 
foliola  7-8-juga,  lancelato-ovata,  adpresso  niveo-pilosa;  scapi  foliis  longion 
pilis  subadpre.ssis  vel  subpatulis  instructi;  inflorescentia  subcapitata,  .5-l( 
flora;  bractene  lineari-lanccolatae,  calycem  subaequilongae;  calyx  tubulosc 
campanulata,  dentibus  triangularibus  tubo  triplo  brevioribus,  pube  nigr 
pdisque  longioribus  albis  instructa;  corolla  calvci  dimidio  longior,  violace( 
purpurea;  legumen  (altum)  ovato-oblongum,  recte.  acuminatum,  mcmbranacec 
cnartaceum.  ca.  12  mm.  longum,  uniloculare  vol  partim  semi-lncul.are,  pub 
breve  grisoo,  calycem  subduplo  superans.    Hcrschel  Island." 

I  1.  jy"v."'''r"«'''r*''  'i'"!'''*''.U?  ^^'^  VSV^^  Amcrira  (King  William  1  and,  King  Point  and  Hersch 
Island)  by  Oj6a  Expedition  1904-1906.    Vidensk.    Sekk.    Bkrift.    Christiania,  1910. 


Arctic  Plants:  Morphology  ami  Synonjiny  49  b 

Characforislic  of  tJin  species  of  Oxytropis  collcuted  on  the  expedition  is  the 
c.iespitoso  growth  with  iiiimcrous  leaves  forming  conipacl  ciir;hions,  espeeially 
ill  0.  nigrcscens  and  0.  nrctohia  The  primary  root  persists;  it  is  quite  long 
Htid  relatively  thick,  freciiicnfly  supplemented  liy  sccondarv  roots  of  almost  the 
SMtne  length  and  thickness,  \umcrous  aerial  shoots  with  the  very  .short  inlcr- 
n.ides  completely  hidden  liy  the  crowded,  withered  leaf-sheaths,  stipules,  rises 
from  the  erow.i  of  the  root,  and  these  shoots  are  terminaled  l)v  rosettes  of,  [eave 
surrounding  the  central  flowering  stem  overtopping  the  leaves,  as  in  0.  folioloxa, 
0.  campestris  and  <).  liimldl;  or  the  peduncle  of  the  inflorescence  is  so  short  that 
only  the  flowers  themselves  are  raised,  and  only  slightly  so,  above  the  foliage, 
as  in  0.  nigrencens  and  O.  nrctobin.  The  habit  of  t  liese  two'  species  is  thus  identical 
with  that  of  Trifolium  nnnum  from  the  alpine  region  of  the  Rockv  mountains. 
A  specimen  of  O.  nigrcscens  from  Camden  bav  consists  of  a  comp.act  cushion 
measuring  IS  cm.  in  di."-'"ter;  the  largest  of  0.  arctobia  measiiri'd  12  cm.  in 
diameter.  Common  to  .  .  „•  two  species  of  Oxytrupix  and  the  Trifolium  men- 
tioned above  is  the  two-flowered  inflorescence,  while  in  the  other  species  there 
are  several  flowers  forming  a  head  or  a  short,  more  open  i  vceme. 

Hedysarum  Mackenzii  Rich,  shows  the  same  habit  as  Oxylropis  campeslris, 
but  the  flowering  steins  are  much  taller  and  branched,  specimens  from  Ber- 
nard harbour  measuring  28  em.  in  height;  the  inflorescence  is  racemose. 

Characteristic  of  these  arctic  Papilionaceae  is  thus  the  persisting  primary 
root;  in  most  of  these  the  growth  is  caespitose  owing  to  the  profuse  development 
of  aerial  shoots  of  which  the  basal  internodes  persist  and  from  the  leaves  of 
which  new  shoots  arise,  bearing  leaves  and  flowers,  and  dving  down  to  the 
ground  at  the  end  of  the  season,  leaving  only  the  lowermost  part  to  persist 
and  rep.  at  the  ramification  in  the  manner  of  a  pseudo-rhizome. 


i  EMPETRACEAE. 

!  Empetrum  nigrum  L. 

:  Several  specimens  were  collected  on  tundra,  with  flowers  and  fruit;  the 
'  branches  showed  the  typical  riowth  of  the  species  and  were  quite  long,  reaching 
;  30  cm.  in  length.  ^  &.  *, 


ONAGRARIEAE. 
Epilobium  latifolium  L. 

,,       J^^  tallest  flowering  specimen  is  from  Cape  Harrow;  it  measures  20  cm.  in 
iniM^rht,  and  several  stems  are  developed  from  the  woodv,  thick,  primary  root- 
las  to  the  size  of  the  flowers,  the  dried  petals  measuie  2. 2  cm.  in  length  and 
about   1  cm.  in  width.     The  leaves  are  lance(jlate,  quite  long,  and  relatively 
narrow.     In  specimens  from    Wollaston  land   the  flowering  stems  are   much 
f^hoiter,  only  !»  cm.  in  length,  and  the  leaves  are  short  but  very  broad,  oval  in 
loufline.    While  thus  the  primary  root  persi.sts  .and  develops  as  a  strong  vertical 
Iroot,  the  basal  subterranean  stem-portions  persist  also  and  increase  in  thickness- 
lUjion  these  buds  become  developed  which  give  rise  to  the  aerial,  floral  shoots; 
|tlius  we  have  in  this  plant  a  pseudo-rhizome  with  the  primary  root  persisting  and 
fiirreasing  quite  considerably  in  thickness.     Among  the  numerous  specimens 
|coll(;cted  there  was  no  indicatio;.  of  reproduction  by  means  of  root-shoots. 

|E.  angustifulium  L. 

;  ,  The  Fire-weed  is  .so  widely  distributed  in  the  arctic  regions  that  it  is  even 
.rircunipolar,  but  it  is  nowhere  as  abundant  in  the  polar  regions  as  farther  south, 
throughout  the  entire  northern  hemisphere.    And  farther  south  it  is  especially 

24857—4 


50  H 


CiiiKuiiou  Arctic  Kxpeilitinn,  Wl.i-lS 


abundant  in  clearings  and  newly  hurried  lands.  It  is  also  called  Wiilow-hoi 
(in  accdiuit  (if  the  seeds  lieariiiK  ii  t>if'  "f  '•'">?  liairs  thniujjli  the  help  of  \vhi( 
the  plant  is  readily  disseminated  over  areas  of  jj;reat  extent.  However,  tl 
species  possesses  also  another  means  iiy  which  its  dispersal  is  effected,  namel; 
by  the  long  horizontal  roots  developing  root-shoots;  these  roots  with  liU( 
may  ()ersi.st  for  many  years  in  the  soil  in  a  dormant  state  waiting  for  the  oppo 
tunity  favourable  to  their  farther  development.  And  this  opportunity  is  tl 
cutting  down  or  btuiiing  of  the  forest.  This  is  a  fact  so  well  known  that  it 
hardly  worth  mentioning  but.  among  the  many  reports  that  have  been  givf 
about  the  sudden  atid  abundant  appearance  of  the  species,  one  might  be  (•it( 
here  which  is  cpiite  interesting.  M'-.  I.  \V.  Cliickering  '  writes:  "In  northwestei 
Maine,  on  a  tract  of  land  of  some  4,000  acres,  over  which  lumbering  operatioi 
had  been  carried  on  some  years  ago,  leaving  a  tangled  mass  of  limbs  and  unde 
brush  a  fire  broke  out  .lune  Sth  and  swept  over  this  entire  tract,  lasting  for  tw 
weeks,  burning  with  such  fury  that  it  was  almost  impossible  for  the  stage  1 
travel  along  th(>  road.  .\  new  vegetation  began  to  start  in  three  weeks  after  tl 
fire,  aiul  the  whole  region  of  4,000  acres  was  covered  with  Epilobium  anjiu.st 
folium  as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach,  over  hill  and  valley,  ridge  and  interval  w! 
one  mass  of  colour  from  the  Fire-weed."  Tliis  sudden  and  so  abundant  appca 
ance  of  the  plant  must  necessarily  have  been  caused  by  the  rapid  developmet 
of  root-shoots,  which  thus  were  in  the  soil  in  the  state  of  buds  waiting  for  tl 
opportunity.  From  the  writings  of  Irmisch  ^  we  have  learned  about  this  plai 
that  it  often  reaches,  the  flowering  stage  in  ,  iie  first  year.  But,  of  course,  tl 
vegetation  mentioned  by  .Mr.  ("hickering  could  not  possibly  owe  its  appearanc 
to  seeds,  three  weeks  after  the  tire.  Rut  Irmisch  describes  al.so  the  root-systeii 
and  this  author  made  the  interesting  observation  that  the  primary  as  well  i 
the  secondary  roots  of  the  young  seedling  develop  buds  freely  which  sometimi 
give  rise  to  n(>w  plants  in  the  succeeding  year.  The  wide  distribuiion  in  tl 
north  of  the  sjjecies  evidently  depends  on  its  diss-'iiiination  by  the  wi..d;  i 
persistence,  on  the  other  hand,  it  owes  to  the  development  -ot-.shoots. 

LMBELLIFERAE. 

Bupleurum  amerlcanum  ('.  et  R. 

The  only  arctic  representative  of  the  genus  and  in  no  particular  morph( 
logically  distinct  from  its  numerous,  more  southern.  c()ngeners  among  tl 
perennial  forms.  The  primary  root  persists  as  a  relatively  slender  tap-ro( 
crowned  with  a  rosette  of  long,  nai-row  leaves  and  a  few  or  only  a  single  flowe 
bearing  stem,  somewhat  taller  than  the  leaves;  the  tallest  siiecimen  measun 
about  1  i  cm.  in  height. 

Selinum  cnidiifoiium  Turcz. 

A  few  flowering  specimens  of  this  very  conspicuous  plant  were  collected  (i 
Herschel  island;  it  shows  the  same  habit  as  I'achiijilciiriiin,  but  is  more  robus 
the  stem  taH"r,  about  20  cm.,  and  the  ample,  basal  leaves  deeply  cut ;  the  large: 
umbel  measured  10  cm.  in  diameter. 


ERICACEAE. 
Ledum  palustre  L, 

In  all  the  specimens  collected  the  leaves  are  ren  iikably  short,  sometimi 
barely  1  cm.  in  length,  and  very  narrow;  the  inflorescence  is  also  much  smalh 
than  in  th(>  typical  plant.  Some  of  these  specimens  nia>-  be  referable  to  tli 
variety  ihriimhcii.s  Ait.,  but  in  others  the  stems  appear  to  have  been  erect,  an 
attaining  a  height  of  about  2'.i  cm. 

'  Rot.  Gazottf    Vol.  0.  p.  193.     C'liiiiiiiii.  1884. 

'  Uolall.   XcilUTIK.    I.<'ip2iu.    |S.')7,  F-  -IM. 


I  Arvlir  I'IdNl.s:  Morphology  and  Si/tmniiiny  51   b 

Rhododendion  lapponicum  (L.)  Walilcnh. 

SoniP  of  tho  .-<p,.,.i„„.iis  HIT  quite  l.iisliy  luit  willi  il„.  sioins  iii.mt  „r  less 
prostrnto;  as  to  th.-  f.,li„K,.  and  the  fiowcis  tlicsc  ,.«r.M.  i„  ,-,11  r..s|...cK  with  those 
','  ;..(•  (iropiihiiid  jilant. 

Kalmia  polifolia  Wantz. 

Seems  to  he  very  rare  as  only  two  small  speci.nens  were  r.illected-  the  aerial 
l.ranohes  are  erect,  ahout  (I  em.  hi^h,  and  are  iiiostiv  (.n<-f!.,wered- the  leaves 
.•ir<'  short  and  very  narrow  and  the  speeimens  are  even  nmre  reduced  in  size 
than  those  winch  I  have  observed  in  Uie  hiRli  mountains  of  Colorado  above 
tmiher  line. 

Loiseleuria  procumbens  (L.I  Desv. 

,.      <^"!.v  /wo  speciinens  were  found  on  the  .south  coast  of  ("(.ronalion  uulf    in 
■.[.worth  harhour.     The  denud.-.i,   twiste.l  stem   is  ,,uite  thick  and  prostrate 
I"  aruiR  at  the  apex  many  ascendiiiK  l.ranches  with  leaves  and  flowers  of  the 
ty[)ical  structure. 

Cassiope  tetragona  (I,.)  Don. 

,  ('ommon    and  collected  at  several  stations;  it  varies  much  in  heidit :  from 

(S  lo  22  cm.:  the  smallest  specimens  are  from  Camden  Imv;  in  these  the  prostrate 
;  -tcni  hears  munerous  asccndrng,  crowded  shoots  with  manv  flowers.     Otherwise 
IMC  plants  re.semhle  those  from  (Ireetdand. 

Arctostaphylos  alpina  (I..)  Sprenji. 

;  .All  the  speciinens  collected  show  the  characteristic  lial.il  (.f  the  species-  in 

=  fruit-hearinK  specimens  from  Hat  hurst  inlet  ( AuKusf  2.-.thj  the  leavs  an-  of  normal 
size,  measuring  at.out  3  cm.  in  length  and  1.2  em.  in  width. 

VACCINIACEAE. 
Vaccinium  uliginosutn  L. 

:  \Vhile  all  the  specimens  represent  the  varietv  mlcrophuUum  Lije.,  those 
,ln„n  Bernard  harl.our  are  the  most  peculiar,  the  leiiK'th  (.f  the  leaves  avcraninK 
only  about  5  mm. 

V.  Vitis-idaea  1,.  v.ir.  pumilum  in.rncm. 

The  very  small  specimens  auree  exactlv  with  the  plant  as  it  is  dev.'lope(i  in 
i.tl.cr  arctic  countries;  although  collected  as  late  as  in  Augu.st,  the  specimens 
Virc  .ill  in  bloom.  ' 

I  PRIML'LACEAE. 

Hndrosace  Chamaejasme  Ib.st. 

\  ''"'!"  ''".'''.f  f'f  ff'i^  interesting  little  plant  is  the  same  as  that  of  spe.'iniens 
Iron,  the  alpme  region  ..f  the  Rocky  i.K.untains.  It  actuallv  represents  an 
imdcrshrub  with  two  ,yp,.s  ,.f  shoots.  The  persisting,  but  verv  slender,  i.rimarv 
root    IS  crownei    with  a  d.'iisc  rosette  of  Icives  from  the  .axils  of  some  <  f  which 

rZ^it'^  '■  '"■'""  ''T'"'^-  ,'''1^V^"'  '^"''""  ■''''  '■"'"i^i.'.^K  ab,ne  ground  and 
/onsist  of  one  or  several  stivlche.l  internod-s  the  foliage  of  which  is  in  the  shape 
Ijl  rosettes,  but  only  the  apical  develops  an  infl(.rescence,  a  scape  with  a  few- 
tl(.weiv<l  umbel,  or  it   remains  purely   veget.ative,  giving  rise   to  a   secondarv 

24657-4J 


52  B 


Canadian  Arctic  Expedition,  HJIJIS 


Figure  N. 

Androtace  Chamaejasme  Host.;  a  flowering  specimen,  showing  the  primary  root  and  tl 
gtolons  above  ground  terminated  by  rosettes  of  leaves  and  inflorescences;  natural  size;  specimf 
rom  Bernard  harbour. 

group  of  sessile  rosettes.  The  rosette  dies  off  after  the  first  flowering,  becomii 
replaced  by  the  secondary  rosettes.  The  root-system  is  thus  iworly  represent( 
and  secondary  roots  are  very  scarce;  when  such  develop,  they  proceed,  one 
two  together,  from  the  nodi  of  the  stolons.  There  are  thus  apparently  two  typ 
of  shoots  in  this  plant,  viz.:  the  stolons  with  stretched  internodos,  and  the  ax 
of  the  rosette,  consisting  of  extremely  short  internodes  with  crowded  leave 
However,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  it  is  the  same  shoot,  an  axis  of  the  same  ordc 
which  thus  becomes  modified  in  structure  according  to  its  function,  to  d  velc 
in  the  manner  of  a  horizontally  creeping  stolon,  with  the  uppermost  inte.  od 
becoming  shortened  so  as  to  produce  a  rosette  with  a  terminal  inflorescence. 

Primula  borealis  Duby. 

Kjellman,'  who  has  offered  so  many  and  most  excellent  contributions  ' 
the  knowledge  of  the  life-history  of  arctic  plants,  describes  the  over-winterii 
buds  of  Primula  nivalis. 

In  this  species  the  over-wintering  bud  consists  of  several  fleshy,  scale-lil 
leaves  surrounding  a  series  of  very  small  leaves  which  in  the  following  seasc 
will  develop  into  green  assimilating  leaves;  in  the  centre  of  the  bud  an  inflore 
cence  is  already  formed,  and  thin  struettirc  is  to  he  observed  at  the  commene 
ment  of  the  winter.  The  material  of  P.  borealis  Duby  collected  on  the  expeditic 
contains  numerous  specimens  with  an  old  withered  scape  from  the  year  previou 

'  Vt  Polarvaxternas  lif.    Stockholm,  1884. 


Arctic  Plants:  Morphology  and  Synonymy 


53  B 


as  well  as  a  scape  of  the  yoar  of  collection,  bearing  nii  umbel  of  flouers<.  In  the 
axil  of  one  of  the  innermost  leaves  of  the  rosette  the  bud  to  winter  over  is  already 
visible;  thus  these  two  arctic  species  show  the  sainc  method  of  hibernation. 
Furthermore,  in  both  species  the  rhizome  is  vertical  iiut  extremely  short,  and 
there  is  no  trace  of  the  primary  root;  the  root  system  consists  of  several  long 
secondary  roots  developed  from  the  basal  internodes  of  the  subterranean  stem 
or  rliizome. 

Uodecatheon  frigidum  ("ham.  et  8chl. 

-As  in  the  I'rimiihte  described  eliove,  there  is  an  over-wintering  bud  situated 
in  the  axil  of  one  of  the  innermost  leaves  of  the  rosette,  and  of  the  yniw  structure. 
But  Dodecatheon  possesses  a  very  distinct,  well  developed  rhi/..me  which  is 
horizontally  creeping,  quite  thick,  and  reaching  a  length  of  up  to  4..')  cm. 
Numerous  long,  fleshy,  sparingly  branched,  secondary  roots  develop  from  the 
lower  face  of  the  rhizome. 

Douglasia  Lindl. 

According  to  Benthain  and  Hooker  only  four  species  are  known,  three  being 
natives  of  this  continent,  the  fourth  of  the  European  Alps,  generally  called 
Arctia  viialiana  Gaud.  The  genus  belongs  to  the  section  Primvleae,  and  its 
nearest  ally  is  Androsucr.  Gray  (Synopt.  Fl.  I.e.),  describes  four  species  from 
this  country:  D.  nivalis  Lindl.,  D.  arcticn  Hook  ,  D.  laevigata  Gr.,  and  I),  montana 
Gr.  Of  these,  D.  nivalin  is  known  only  from  near  the  sources  of  the  Columbia 
at  an  elevation  of  12,000  feet  (Douglas),  while  D.  arctica  has  been  found  on  the 
arctic  seashore  between  the  Mackenzie  and  Coppermine  rivers  (^lichardion). 
and  Red  mountain,  Yukon  valley  (M.  W.  Gorman,  1899);  since  then  it  has  bten 
reported  from  King  point,  on  the  Arctic  coast,  Lat.  N.  ()9''  6',  Long.  W  137° 
40',  by  the  Gjoa  expedition,  and  from  between  Herschel  island  and  the  '- „.kenzie 
river  delta  by  L  O.  Stringer. 

I),  arctica  forms  small  compact  cushions  of  erect  or  ascending  woody  stems, 
densely  covered  with  the  appressed  linear  leaves  and  terminated  by  the  flowers 
which  are  arranged  in  a  small  umbel.  None  of  the  specimens  examined  had  the 
root-sj'stem  preserved. 


GENTIANACEAE. 

Gentiana  arctophila  Griseb.  and  G.  propinqua  Richards. 

They  both  are  annuals  and  of  exactly  the  same  habit,  viz.:  a  small  rosette 
of  opposite  leaves,  a  central,  terminal,  flower-bearing  stem  with  one  or  two 
pairs  of  opposite  leaves  subtending  single  flowers,  and  furthermore,  one  or  two 
pairs  of  one-flowered  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  main  stem,  developing 
from  the  axils  of  the  innermost  pairs  of  leaves  of  the  rosette.  They  resemble 
each  other  very  much  but  may,  neverthi  loss,  be  readily  distinguished  by  means 
of  the  structure  of  the  corolla  which,  according  to  (Jrisebach,'  shows  the  follow- 
ing characters:  "Corollae  4,  rarius  5-fidae  coeruleae  lobis  ovato-lanceolatis 
acutninatis  cuspidatis  setula  coronatis  et  margine  hinc  setulosis  tubo  obconieo 
basi  angusto  fere  2-plo  brevioribus  in  G.  propinn^ia,"— while,  "corollae  4  fidae 
coeruleae  lobis  triangulari-ovatis  basi  superincumbent ibus  acutis  cuspidatis 
sctiila  coronatis  margine  nudis  tubo  sensim  ampliato  basi  lata  3-plo  brevioribus 
in  a.  nrrtnphila." 

Most  of  the  specimens  are  very  small;  the  height  of  G.  arctophila  averages 
from  6  to  7  cm.,  and  from  only  2  to  0  cm.  in  the  other. 

'  Genera  ct  species  Gentiancarum.     Stuttgart,  1S39. 


o4  B 


Cuniiiliiiri  A I  die  Expedition,  t9l3-IS 


Pleurogyne  Ksih. 

nn  .l).^'"'*'  /■■  ""'"'"/ '••'r''-  '"'^  '"■•'"  nM.,.nl,.,|  fn„n  .,..it<.  a  ,.ui»b..r  of  stall 

,T'.    V       """""'•  •'.'■•  "•"'  •'"•  Hfx'ky  Miountii  lis  south  t.,  lul   ;{«)"    /'  rar//,/A, 
(.nsol,    has  not   w„h  .-..rtMinty  I.,...,  ..l.s..rv,.<l  Iut.-;  (ir       a    l^fj,  n 
credit.-,    a  van...y  ,„,.s,7/„  Cray  t„  f„..l,ra.l.,r  an.l  thr  alpi,  ,1  rS  ./o    I     '\V 
mountains  ,.f  Now  Hanipshiro  (Pursl,,,  hut  acn.r.linR  ,1   n*^^      a  .     'on  • 

has  l«.,.„  n.,,„rt..,l  fron,  Antic.sti  an.l  s,„n.>  f.-w  stations  in  (},!,■      \I,a,  « 

en  IZZirr  <•""-"■•''•>■'"".  *•""""'"'  =^''''i"  '-I-iition  and  sh  : 
X,  tors  Z-7\  '■""f"'*-'.";"'  "r;  '>!'"•'•.  -"',.  hfiof  not.vs  on  thoir  .listin.l 
cnara  ors  na,\  1„.  approprial...  Fioth  wciv  .losfrii.e.l  l.v  CiisHmch  ^  v 
a/m,  til':/'''"'  '''.'"■'■"'""^  Im..aril,us„u,.,  s..paiis  lanrooIatoHinoariLus  con,  I 
ov^i  iCs  I,  n  '■''  "••"•"•. ■^"""""'"'■•<  suturalil.us,"  an.l  "I',  rarinthlaca.  U, 
son  in,  "'•'"'"«'•■''<"•"•  ^'"Pal.s  ovatis  ..orolla  ,lupl..  hrovioril.us.  ovaii.,  oht. 

cannthaca  has  Ik-ou  .iraun  on  VUUr  XI,  fig.  3  (Can.  Ar.t.  lOxp.,  Vol   r,   pt 


'  '''vinZ^M  Ti"'*"'™  ''■'h'^'- ',  ''  """■'•^;  ""<■  ^""'  '"-v'hiras  .im,.s  natural  sizr-  .porimrn  frc 
hX,  r  ?'  C  Ivv    'V'"^f '  """■  ""'^  '"•^>-"'i'-'l-^  '">'-  natural  .i.e:    spcnrnVn  B.Tna 

'  ■"'"^  I'Juuitj  .     1 1.  A  oliiii-li-af  of  siunc  spcciim-n;  natural  sizt'. 

I  (Iray's  New  Manual  of  Botany.     1908.  p  fi.59 
MatalogueofCaniirlian  Plants,  Part  II.     Montreal    IWt    n  .I"! 
..i-niTa  et  species  Gentiunenrum ;  ."Stuttgart,  I,s:i«   p  'm  " 


f  of  stiitidii- 

bwOSf    COlVMt 

.  cariiilhiiivii 
.'icdiin  havi 
f  the  Whit. 
Ill  I'f'rnald. 
ly  Miicoun 
•Mfiinwliili 
ml  since  I' 
r  (lisfiiH'ti\i 
l>acli,^  viz. 
us  forollaiii 
'hiiicn.  folii> 
irio  (il)tus(p, 
■l)oiir  of  1' 
I.  T),  pt.  A). 


Arctic  I'liittis:  Morpholoyi/  ami  Siinoniimi/ 


;>.j  u 


and  anotlxT  s|M>ciincn  cf  die  same  species  from  the  Mackcn/ic  river  delta  is 
fiuuredin  the  aecotnpanyinu  te\t-tiKiire  (Kin.  ( ))  I.eside  .1  spcciineu  fiuiri  Switzer- 
land (l''iK.  <■>:  I).  Willi  the  only  exception  that  the  llowers  in  the  American 
plant  are  li-lrameious.  Inn  petilamerous  in  the  lliiropean,  the  sirnciine  of  the 
llowcr  and  foliage  aure.-.  very  well  with  that  of  the  linropean;  and  .ilihoiitjh  /*. 
idtiitti  varies  somewhat  with  respect  to  the  structure  of  the  (lower:  letramerous 
or  peiitamerous,  the  ca|y\-lolies  lieinn  shorter  or  lonuir  than  the  corolla,  ami  iho 
leaves  varying  in  lenuih  and  width,  no  transitional  forms  have  lieen  oliserved 
so  as  to  make  the  ideniitication  uncertain.  /'.  roliitn  (Iriseli.  is  generally  a  tidier 
plant  with  the  leaves  relatively  much  lonner  and  narrower  than  those  of  the 
other  species,  and  the  narrow  calyx-lohes  constitute  also  a  jjood  ch.iractcr. 

As  stated  aliove,  the  flower  varies  from  telra-lo  peiitamerous,  the  former 
ohsciveil  in  the  s|)ecimens  from  Mat  hurst  inlei ;  in  (Jreenland  liolli  types  of 
tlowcrs  occur,  ;ind  in  a  larne  series  of  specimens  from  .Amur  most  of  the  flowers 
were  pentameroiis;  pentamerous  flowers  are  also  characteristic  of  the  plant 
from  ('olor.ado.  With  regard  to  the  plant  from  the  Iliid.son  hay  region,  some 
small  individuals  from  Fort  (leorne  have  only  lerrameroiis  flowers  while  others 
r'f  normal  size  have  all  the  flowers  pentamerous;  in  very  tall  specimens  from 
Alherta  the  flowers  are  constantly  pentamerous.  The  calvx-lohes  vary  con- 
sidcralily  in  letiKth  as  may  he  .seen  from  the  Htjures  ( Fi)j.  0:t>,'!S,«,  11,  12  and  \:i): 
for  instance  in  some  specimens,  collected  urowinn  together  (Fins.  12-i:{),  the 
lohes  may  he  longer  than  the  corolla,  or  considerahly  -horter  th.an  this,  uiit  in 
these  doviafiiiK  forms  no  approach  to  the  floral  structure  of  /'.  cnrinthutcn  can 
he  detected. 

Those  two  species  are  strictly  annual  and  of  low  stature;  the  tallest  speci- 
mens of  P.  rotata  measures  10  cm.  in  height,  while  /■*.  cnrinthlaca  does  not  reach 
more  than  frotn  2  to  3  cm. 


POLEMONIACEAE. 


Phlox  Richardsonii  Hook. 


Densely  caespitose,  forminti  large  cushions  of  a  diameter  up  to  IS  cm. 
The  primary  root  persists;  it  is  deep,  woody,  and  branches  very  little;  the  llower- 
l>earin(j  shoots  are  (piite  long  and  woody,  hearing  numerous  ciniwded  rosettes 
of  small  leaves  at  the  apex,  surrounding  the  single,  almost  sessile,  relatively 
large  flowers.    The  plant  thus  represents  an  undershrul). 


Polemonium  caeruleum  L. 


va. 


villosuir  (Hud.)  Br.ind. 


[■oimni  fron. 
•thirds  tiiiK- 
ural  size.  4 
riiiii  ncrimrii 

c.        t).    Pl.l, 

from  Hatli- 
''.  M.  .Siiiiii 
■tliirds  (iiiic- 
Hill  lira!  .-^izc 
'I'itiii'n  fron. 
ime-s  nut  lira, 
cimcn  froih 
natiiral  size 


Measured  from  the  crown  of  the  very  long  and  slender  persisting  primary 
root,  the  prostrate  .stem  above  ground  reaches  a  length  of  up  to  2.") Cm.,  and 
>i(iiis  of  that  length  are  in  their  fourth  year  of  age.  The  plant  is  stoloniferous, 
and  the  development  of  the  shoot  may  be  studied  from  smaller,  younger  speci- 
mens. During  the  hrst  sea.son  a  rosette  of  leaves  develo|)s;  in  the  second  ye.ar  a 
leiininal  inflorescence  appears,  borne  upon  a  long  (about  Idem.),  erect  pe(iunclc, 
naked,  or  bearing  a  single  leaf  supporting  a  secondary  few-flowered  infiorescence.' 
!rom  the  axil  of  one  of  the  rosette-leaves  a  long  stolon  develop:;  b.  aring  numerous 
scale-like  leaves  ;nid  terminating  in  a  rosette  of  green  havi  .s  .^om  which  the 
ramification  continues  as  described.  The  vegetative  re.):oduc')'(n  is  .secured, 
inoreover,  by  long,  slender  stolons  proceeding  from  the 'axils  rf  the  scale-like 
leaves;  thus  the  plant  is  alile  to  spread  over  an  area  (  f  quite  considerable  size. 


'  PDleiuuniiiceap,  in  A.  I'.nirlo! .  I):iri  PIlHiizminMili.     H(rlin.  19i  ., 


m  u 


CanwHnn  Arctic  ErfHilitim,  tOlS-lg 


,^0^^T  --^^^-^^"^^^ 


Figure  P. 
«  aerial  «ho«t;  lwo-th,rd>  ...  the  .u.ltl  :i.?;.;.i|^;;:'5l;,j!;'Si:!:r, rfi"'  ""'*  ''"'  '«"• 

P.  faoreale  Adams. 

BORAGINACEAE. 
Mertensip      aritima  (L.)  S.  v.  tJray. 

-ovo?;,    ..n"''|.Vr  /i;  "'''■'•  '"V'r."'''''^'  "•"'  '"'"•'"•^  '^  ......si.Joral.lo  long 


<■!•. 


I,.        ■  ,.    1"  .  ■nil  II.-  iiwiii  .iiiuim  point, 

Lugo  open  cushions  inca.suiinK  ab.uil  20  cm.  in  .lianiot 

Myosotis  silvatica  HofTm. 

SCROPirULARIACEAE. 
Castilleja  pallida  (L.)  Kunfl,. 


.1(f//c-  I'liintu:  Morphology  and  Synonymy 


67 


''^ 


/^ 


.1)1p  Icngtii 

of  shootf 

fy,  Hower- 

aiit  forms 


crown  of  tho  rcM)t,  ami  timst  of  these  shootH  ar.«  flow.  ,-l,»..irir,u.  l.tininaird  by 
tho  .lonse,  capitate  inflor,..r,.ntr;  usually  «o.„e  few  pur.lv  veK.t.tiv..  shoot* 
.U'vrlop  from  the  crown  ..f  the  roof,  but  these  do  not  Rrowanv  further  nor  do 
,fhey  winter  over.  Ihe  veKefalive  reproduction  is  elTcted  l.v  means  of  the 
,>ersistmg  steni-bases  with   their  auxiliary   buds,   thus  represent iuR  a  pseu<lo- 


iPedicularis  [Tourn.]  L. 

\  With  respect  to  th..  habit  of  the  sr^-cies  collected,  four  types  are  represented 
|1he,v  are  all  pereiui.MJ,  an.l  the  primary  root  persists,  but  is  dcvelope'l  to  quite 
|a  d.fTerent  extent.  /'.  onlica,  I'.  Innate,  and  /'.  hirsuta  represent  one  tvpe  n 
iwluch  the  primary  r„.,t  ,s  very  thick,  wrinkl.'d.  and  commences  to  bran.h  at  a 
depth  of  about  2  cm.;  it  then  <h-velops  a  few  lateral  roots.  cpialinR  the  primarv 
in  length  and  of  almo.t  the  same  thickness.  Th.-re  is  no  rhizime,  and  a  compact 
rosette  of  Rreen  leaves  is  borne  at  the  crown  of  the  primarv  root.  In  the  centre 
of  the  rosette  the  flower-bear.nK  stem  .levelops.  In  /'.  sudrtici.  on  the  other 
hand  (Hg.  ti;,  there  is  a  subterranean,   horizontally   cr.'.'[)in(t  stem   which  is 


Figure  Q. 

and  ihfh^1^('itjfl^^'u'^''^'''V'''^  ^'"  '>°'>^o.n'a"y  creeping  rhizome,  a  stolon,  some  leave., 
ana  the  base  of  the  tJower-bearing  stem;  natural  size,  specimen  from  Camden  bay. 


tVil^TT*- 


.*)S   h 


I'linii'liii,,  Airlir  A'x/Wi/ioh,  IUI.UIS 


nuitr  hi.k.  SiToiulary  rootn  iIpvoIo,,  I  ^rr  .in.l  tli.i.-;  il.rv  an-  tl..shv  l.iir  n 
..„,i,.r.  |„„„,  „,m|  hiMnrl,  very  littl,..  fl.-.i,!,..  H,.-,t  I  li.M,|i,.x  of  ihr  s„|.„.rra 
Mt..iii  .|,.vrlo|,«  ||,|„  ,,  Hc.rnl  >lH«.t.  as  shown  ti.  tlir  fiumv.  sohi..  I.ilrn.l  s| 
.lrvrl..|.  aU,  ;..mI  ||„...  r,.,,,,,!!,  vc|{..laliv.-  for  at  l<-a.|  Iw..  s<.„-<..„m  Mv 
s  ru.l.iic  nf  ||„.  strm  an.l  r.M.t-s,vsf..m  /'.  v,(,M,n,  is  i,.a.lil\  .lisr ,nKuisl,...i 
the  Ihrr.  >jK.,.|,-  .n.ntmi.r.l  ahovr.  A  tlnnl  r\,„.  is  sliowii  |,v  /'  v,rfuill,i 
xvvy  cni.siHni,,,!-  plant  with  the  >.v.Tal  (l.iu  ,.|«.arin(£  Mrins  mr-asiir.ni£  a 
IH  <■,„.  in  hriKl.i  |„  ,|u<  M>-«'i.-  Ilir  t.al.it,  i.r.  stnn't.ir..  „S  r(H.i-svst7-m 
shoo...,  aKn>.>  vuti,  tha.  ..I  f„,..7,V/,./,,.  .l..s,.nlH.,|  al...v,..  Wrv  clian.rtrrist 
tlM-  arianKmniu  of  ih.  .t.in-l..av.  ..  forminK  s-vrtal  whorls  and  s„|,t,.n 
axillary,  almost  srssilr  .Juslcrs  of  He  .vers. 

In  /'   hippnin,;,  anil  /'.  r„i„l,ita  th<>  primary  r.w.l  is  lonij,  l.ut  rnimins 

1.'  axils  ot  th.-  I  .,-al  st..m.l,.avs,  and  wlirn  srparat.'.l  fi„i„  ih,.  „.o,|,rr  r 
l.rs..  stol.w  -  Kivr  ,.,■  to  n,-u  itnlividuals.  \Vh,.n  I  .olI.Tird  /'.  l,im„J, 
(.r..rnl:.nd  I  ol.s..,-vd  ''.at  tl...  tlowrs  an  wv  fraRiant,  .-xhalinK  a  perl 
mmdar  to  tl.at  of  .ho  ,„y  ot  .1...  Valley;  o,|„.rwis..  the  s,>,.n,.s  of  l'Xulan> 
not  at  all  laKranl.  n  soin..  of  fh.-  Knr„,«.an  spei-irs  the  ramifieation  of 
shoot  has  .,M.„  desenhed  as  hein^  mo,,  .podial;  o^vln^:  K.  I  !,.•  ptrsen,  ,imt, 
t)eintc  < Ined,  and  .ill  heinu  -pecinnns  in  full  l.loom.  I  was  unahle  to  st.ulv 
particiilar  point  ii,  i  he  steni-striict  lire. 


vSELAGIN  ACEAE. 

Lagotis  glauca  (iaertn. 

This  has  a  loHK  (al.o.it  10  .-m.).  ,.,eepinK.  Heshv  rhizome,  hearing  m 
ImiK  slen.ler  sparuiKlv  ramified,  .se,on<lary  roots."  A  »h)wcr-l,e,uinu  s 
•  levelops  at  thr^  ap..x  of  the  rhizom..,  .-mrounded  hv  a  few  imosflv  onlv  I 
green  leav.'s,  hut  l.y  many  withered  leaf-sheaths  from  the  preeedinn  vears 
plant  shows  to  some  extent  the  same  lial.it  as  <hinno,>h>l,i  ,•,-.{,  iudirins  from 
well  preserved,  drn-d  sp..eim<'ns.  the  floral  stem  appears  I.  I,e  lateral-  in  oi 
words,  the  shoot  repre.sents  a  monopodium  as  in  ChiimophUa. 

V-eordinKi  to  Hooker  (Fl.  l.or.  .\m.)  the  variety  SMleri  is  th,  plant  eoll.M 
<m  the  expe.hlKm,  l.iii  Hooker  eon.sidered  this  a  .species,  not  a  vari.-v  an.l 
calls  the  K.^'U\\x(;!imh,indm.    The  specific  diagnosis  reads  as  follows: 

\'(l  Cmlnu  (Cham,  et  Schl.);  foliis  radicahl.iis  sul.rotiiiel.. -a.it  ehnm- 
ovatis  hasi  par.im  attemiatis  ol.t.isinsculis  ^f.-ssc  inar,|„alifer  cimalis  stain 
bus  hal.io  superiore  diipl,,  hrevioril.us,  styl.,  i||,>  hrevior...  '/.  ,„■„/„  Wj 
(..  '""/"/•"",;..^V  •"''„':'  '""•'•"''•"•■  var.  I'allas.  I.mjolis  ,,lnura  t.aertn.  liar 
ij.jitinimdm  Will.i.     Halt.     Itial.as.hka  <  ham." 

"^•.  SUlUri  (Cham,  et  Schl);  foliis  radiealibus  ol.l,,n>ris  ,itrin(iiie  infra  v 
mams  attemi.atis  aciitis  inaeipialit.r  ol.tiise  .serrafis,    staminil.iis  fere  loimitml 
al.ii   s„p,,,.,„ris.   stylo   illo  hmKioi,..    <;.   „n„.,r,  C.   .1,  „t„M.  (!.  <,rnr,hs  Willd 
hornihs  \\i\\.     Hah.  Hav  <-»■  St.  Lawrence.     Cliami-M.  •' 


PLANTACMNACEAE. 

Plantajio  lanceolata  I,,  var. 

Chaiacteristic  of  this  arctic  variety  is  th..  small  >u.v  of  the  h-aves  ami  fl.i 
.scapus;  the  latter  nica.-^iirf  n.-neially  only  3  cm.  Hut  n  ajjives  with  the  tvpi 
plan  ,s<)  far  as  concern,  the  structure  „f  the  shoot  hein^  monopodial,  and  by  I 
development  of  the  primary  root  as  a  d.-ep.  thick  tap-root,  measuring  in  so 
t'pecimens  ahout  10  cm.,  and  hcrinn  -evral,  l.ii!  thin  Literal  roots 


h.v  liiir  iiitli 
xiiliti'iraiuMi 
.ili'ial  sIkmii. 
iriM.     My  t)i 
Kuislit'il  friiii. 
vvrliciUaln,  ;c 

l-HVstlMIl   til    i 

in.cfciisiic  i 
I  siihtcrulii  i: 

ri'iiinitis  vciA 
IfVfldp  froii 
iiDllior  pliii, 
l(if>lh>iiira  III 
K  a  pcifiiiiii 
■iliruhirin  ;iii 
•atioii  of  till 
I'lil  iniitcrJMl 
c>  study  tlii- 


'ariiiK  Mi;ui\ 
I'ariiin  .stcir- 
y  only  twi. 
t  years.  Th' 
itiK  from  till 
I'ul;  in  "llin 

itit  follcctiil 
ctv;  and  li. 

It  t'lonttai'.- 
lis.  stanijiii- 
train  Willi  I 
tn.     Harts. 


Arvtii   I'tants:   }f')rpUidt>iii)  diui  S/iinininu/  o\)    B 

VALKRIANACKAE. 
\  aleriana  capitata  I'all 

Tl.i.-J   huH   a   lo.iK,   alHMil    7   rni..   .■„.,.|,ini:   lliizun.c    u   ,1,    niaUN    >l...,.t,r,    ,„,- 
-  l.iimr  u-d,  .s.-rondary  i„ot>,  whilr  tUvrv  ..  no  .ran.  „1  ,|„.  ,„  ,„,,„.,  ,,K,t.  at  L  -.  not 
in  fully  inatuivd  individnais.     TImt.-  is  no  losrti.  of  |,.a\.  .,  ,.,dv  a  nair  >.    I.a«.«l 
on..,  and  the  aiiial  ,l(.|n  >.-ldoiii  hiars  mor.'  than  (HO  |mir.. 

CAMPANII.ACEAK. 
Campanula  uniflora  I.       i  m   |{i. 

Some  remarkai.K    lall  -^i.- nnM'n.  imaMirinK  22  en,,   wer,.  r,,lle.ted  ...i   li.e 
-null  ...asl  of  (  oronat.un  kuII  ;  all  lli.^  other  .,„.rinien.s  ,.re  of  nurin.U  m,/..,  and 
^    n-nli   -lllil||,.r.       I  he   vi'ifelative  sfruelure  i.s  <,uite  infereMillK.      As  ^l.owi     in   li,- 
I  figure,   111.,  pninarv  root   is  dev,. loped  as  a  relatively  larKe.   vumkl..,!  tap-rooi 


/ 


/-' 


\    1       ;"  // '/ 


-A.^'- 


<\J  /.§■    ^'^■' 


^V^  A- 


) 


•  infra  veii 
loncitudi!  • 
X   Willd.  < 


s  and  flor 
X\w  typir 
and  by  t 
ng  in  son 


I 

il    i 


S 

f 

Fi.,ireR. 

Mibt,^rnr"n*r'"  '  '""'"  "^  fi'-'/f '"'t'  n,nj\,w„  L,  sho«-i.i«  (lie  l;.rKc  primary  -•„-„, 

umirraii^.m  stnu-  i«Tiniii:u...l  l,y  nwttcs  of  Icaycs  and  flowcr-bearinii  »t,-iiiis- 

spofiriH.i,  irom  B.Timrd  harbour.  uu«.  rotaring  »t,  .„u», 


60  B 


Canadian  Arctic  Kipediiion   1913-lS 


bearing  several  shoots  at  the  crown.  These  shoots  are  slender,  and  their  a 
terranean  part  bears  small,  scale-like  leaves,  while  toward  apex  small  rose 
of  green  leaves  appear,  surrounding  the  flowering  stems.  As  the  main,  i  c 
primary,  root  is  wrinkled,  indicating  that  it  is  contractile,  the  crown  of  the  r 
becomes  gradually  pulled  deeper  and  deeper  down  in  the  ground,  at  the  sa 
time  as  the  .subterranean  parts  of  the  stems  increase  in  length.  In  young  sp 
mens  the  subterranean  stems  are  thus  much  shorter,  sometimes  barely  visii 
the  crown  of  th(>  root  being  close  to  tiie  surface  of  the  ground. 


COMPOSITAE. 
Erigeron  grandiflorus  Hook. 

A  robust  species,  the  heads  measuring  4  cm.  in  width,  borne  on  simi 
leaty  stems,  about  12  cm.  in  height.  A  large  rosette  of  leaves  is  develo] 
from  the  short,  thick,  a.scending,  subterranean  stem  portion,  and  the  primi 
root  IS  deep,  but  rather  slender;  similar  long  secondary  roots  develop  from 
subterranean  internodes.  In  large  specimens  several  subterranean  stei 
terminated  by  leafy  rosettes,  were  developed  from  the  crown  of  the  sa 
root.  A  corresponding  structure  recurs  in  E.  compositus  Pursh,  but  in  t 
species  the  subterranean  stems  are  more  numerous;  thus  the  rosettes  fo 
cushion.s  of  considerable  width. 

E.  uniflorus  L. 

In  well  developed  specimens  the  habit  may  varj  from  densely  caespito 
i.e.  with  a  rosette  of  leaves  borne  upon  a  verv  short,  erect,  subterranean  ste 
bearing  numerous  strong,  secondary  roots,  to  a  more  open  growth,  the  si 
terranean  stem  being  horizontally  creeping,  measuring  ribout  7  cm.  in  leng 
and  terminated  by  a  few  aerial  shoots  with  only  a  few  basal  leaves,  ^rost  of  t 
species  belong  to  the  variety  pulcheUus  Fr. 

E.  alpinus  L. 

Only  a  single,  but  well  developed  specimen  of  this,  on  this  continent  so  ve 
rare  species,  was  found  at  Port  Epworth.  As  pointed  out  by  Lange  (Consp.  ] 
Ciroonl.),  It  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  E.  xmiflorus  L.  by  "Periclii 
pihs  non  vel  obsolete  articulatis,  floribus  femincis  exterioribus  ligulatis,  interio 
bus  ol)li(iue  tubulosis." 

Concerninir  the  habit  of  the  plant,  this  differs  also  to  some  extent  from  th 
of  the  precedinti  species.  The  basal  leaves  form  a  compact  rosette,  with  numero 
strong  secondary  roots;  from  this  rf)sette  nine  erect  flowering  sterns  were  dcvi 
coed,  ail  simple,  and  attaining  a  height  of  about  16  cm. 

Antennaria  alpina  (L.)  R.  Br. 

Only  a  few  specimens  were  collected  and  tliev  represent  the  variety 
which  the  leaves  are  hairy  on  i)otli  faces.    Lange  '  lias  called  this  variety  cam 
cens,  and  it  has  been  found  in  Greenland,  Scandinavia,  and  in  the  borearregio 
of  this  continent,  besides  in  the  alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  in  Colorac 
for  instance. 

A.  Candida  Greene. 

The  specimens  upon  which  Greene  established  this  species  came  from  M 
Rainier,  Washington,  at  an  elevation  of  9,n00  feet,  .and  the  diagnosis  rc-uls  ■ 
follows  :* 

■  riorft  Danioa  I'aiw.  47.    Tali.  2785  .1869). 

» (irwnp.  K.  L.     leaflets,  Vol.  2.     Wa^^hington.  1910  12,  p.  I.'il. 


d  their  sul- 
lall  rosette-! 
ain,  i.e.  thi; 
of  the  rooi 
it  the  sami' 
'Oiing  speci- 
roly  visibli 


;  on  simple, 
developed 
he  primary 
p  from  the 
3an  stems, 
the  same 
)ut  in  thi> 
ettes  form 


caespitosc, 

nean  stem, 

1,  the  sul)- 

in  length, 

'fnst  of  the 


Bnt  so  verv 
Consp.  Fi. 
"Periclinii 
3,  interiori- 

;  from  that 

numeroii- 

fere  dcvel- 


Antic  Plants.  Morphology  and  Synonymy  61  B 

"The  niimerous  very  leafy  sureuli  upright  and  tiicir  leaves  not  icwulate, 
but  subercct,  §  meh  lung  more  or  less,  oijovatc-spatulate,  elothed  den.selv  with 
eicse  .snowy-white  tonientuin:  flowering  stems  rising  1  to  2  inches  ulxne  the 
:  cushion  of  leafy  sureuli,  slender  with  their  small  leaves  as  white-whooly  as  other 
parts;  heads  in  fertile  f)Iant  3  to  5,  closely  congested;  proper  scales  of-involucre 
wholly  concealed  by  the  white  indunient,  their  translucent  tips  from  oval  and 
obtuse  in  the  outermost  to  oblong,  and  in  the  innermost  to  lanceolate  and  acute 
111-  acuminate;  sterile  plant  not  known." 

The  material  from  Hernard  harbour  shows  an  ascending,  creeping  rhizome 
with  numerous  long,  slender,  unbranehed  roots;  the  foliage  forms  dense  rosettes 
but  so  closely  crowded  that  the  leaves,  as  described,  are  mostly  erect.  The 
snow-white  tomentum  on  both  faces  of  the  leaves  renders  the'  species  very 
distinct  from  A.  nlpina  and  its  allies. 

Matricaria  inodora  I.,  var.  grandiflora  (Hook.)  Ostf. 

This  is  the  variety  which  Huprecht  •  has  described  under  the  name 
phaeocephala.  It  is  the  arctic  representative  of  M.  inodora,  and  while  the 
typical,  southern  plant  is  annual  or  biennial,  the  arctic  form  is  perennial.  The 
:  specimen  from  Herschol  island  measures  about  23  cm.  in  height,  and  only  a  few 
*  specimens  bore  two  heads  on  the  same  stem.  The  subterranean  stem-portion  is 
J  erect,  but  very  short,  densely  covered  with  remnants  of  old  leaves,  and  the  root 
I  system  consists  of  long,  slender,  fibrous  roots.  Several  rosettes  of  green  leaves 
I  may  occur  at  the  base  of  the  aerial  stem,  and  the  habit  of  the  plant  is  actually 
s  that  of  a  perennial. 

;  Chrysanthemum  integrifolium  Rich. 

J  Characteristic  of  this  species  are  the  short,  linear  leaves  forming  very  com- 

I  pact  rosettes;  the  flower  bearing  stems  are  monocephalous.    The  .subterranean, 

J  vegetative  organs  consist  of  several  ascending  stolons  arising  from  a  commori 

m  base,  ovidentl>     he  crown  of  the  i)rimary  root  which,  however,  had  faded  away 

^  in  the  material  collected;  the  only  roots  still  in  existence  are  long,  slender,  second- 

j  ary  ones,  proceeding  from  the  internodes  of  tlu-  stolons. 

I  Artemisia  vulgaris  L.  var.  Tilesii  Ledcb. 

Some  very  tall  specimens  were  collected  on  the  south  coast  of  Coronation 
;  uiilf,  which  measured  a  height  of  40  cm.,  including  the  about  12  cm.  long  panicle. 
■  llie  a(>rial  .shoots  arc  developed  from  a  complex  of  stem-ba.M's  with  numerous, 
I  thm,  .secondary  roots,  representing  a  p.seudo-rhizome. 


variety  in 
iety  canes- 
r-al  region- 
1  Colorado 


from  Mt. 
s  roads  n  - 


I 


A.  Richardsoniana  Ress.  and  A.  hyperborea  Rydb. 

These  have  a  persisting,  deep  and  thick  primary  root,  from  the  crown  of 
winch  ascending  subterranean  stems  arise,  terminated  by  compact  rosettes  of 
leaves,  surrounding  the  flower-bearing  stems.  These  subterranean  stems  vary 
imich  m  length,  averaging  about  6  cm.  in  the  latter  species.  According  to  the 
diagnosis  the  hairy  covering  of  the  stems  and  leaves  is  somewhat  different  in 
these  species,  which,  however,  may  depend  on  the  character  of  the  .soil  where 
they  were  collected,  the  former  inhabiting  a  gravel-tundra,  the  latter, 
T    P-  J,    '^  ''    sand-dunes    and    sandy    slopes.        With    respect    to 

A.    Iiichard!iuuiana   Bess.,    this  is  described  by  Grav'  as   follows:    "A   span 
to  near  a  foot  high,  with   rather  slender  ascending"  stems  from   a  cespitose 


'  Samojed,  risural,  I c.  p.  42. 

•  Synoptiial  Flora  of  North  .\iiu'rii 


■u.    The  Oamopctalne.    Seconci  Kdit.     N'ew  York.  IMti,  p.  .■i71. 


(i2   B 


Canadian  Arctic  ExpctUtion,  l!)lS-tS 


caiuiox :  Ipiivf.s  silvpry-rancscpiit  with  firm  very  close-prosscd  pubcscciic 
radical  twice  teriiatcly  or  quinatolv  dividcc'  or  parted  into  ohlong-liripi 
or  narrower  lohcs  (of  oidy  2  or  3  lines  in  lenfsth):  cauline  sparse,  mostly  trifi 
heads  comparatively  small  (2  lines  high),  several  or  rather  numerous  in"a  stri 
and  simple  racemiform  inflorescence,  fuscous;  corolla  pilose  or  sometim 
glaborus.— .1.  nrctica  and  A.  caespiloxa,  JJess  in  Hook.  FI.  I,  323,  324.  Arct 
i'oast  to  Boar  Lake." 

A.  cotnata  Kydh. 

In  specimens  from  "Sandspit  at  Martin  point,"  the  numerous,  den: 
ro.-<ettes  of  leaves  are  developed  at  the  apex  of  short,  verv  much  branched,  sul 
terranean  steins  with  an  abundance  of  thin,  profuselv  branched  secondai 
roots.  In  specimens  from  "Gravel-tundra  at  ("ollinson  point"  tliere  are  loni 
sul)terranean  stolons,  quite  thick,  l)ut  with  only  a  few  roots,  which  are  quii 
!<lender;  in  such  specimens  the  cushion-structure  is  less  pronounced. 


Petasites  frigida  (L.)  Fr. 

This  is  one  of  the  species  which  by  .several  authors  have  been  referred  t 
^ar(^o.sl)lta  Cass,  on  account  of  the  corollas  of  the  pistillate  flowers  being  ligulati 
By  Reichenbach  Xardosniia  has  been  reduced  to  a  mere  .section  of  Petuaite 
and  so  it  is  accepted  al.so  by  Benthain  and  Hooker.  Among  the  species  of  tli 
section  Xardosmia,  \.  glacialis  Ledeb.  and  A",  (hnelini  DC.  have  the  l)asi 
leaves  developed  almost  contemporarily  with  the  flowers,  while  in  the  othe 
species  as  well  as  in  Petasites  s.s.  the  inflorescence  appears  earlier  than  th 
leaves. 

Froni  a  morphological  viewpoint  the  genus  Petasites  offers  several  points  c 
interest,  for  instance  with  regard  to  the  structure  of  the  rhizome;  in  this  respec 
several  species  have  been  discus.sed  by  Hjalmar  N'ilsson,"  viz.:  /'.  iilija  (L )  Gaertn 
P.  spuria  (Retz.)  Reich.,  and  P.  officinalis  Mocnch. 

In  these  the  rhizomes  bear  series  of  meii.branaceous,  sheathing  leave^^ 
destitute  of  i)lades,  and  some  with  blades  and  long  petioles.  In  P.  frigida  th 
following  structures  have  been  observed.  In  a  fruiting  specimen  from  Ilersche 
island,  collected  in  August,  the  horizontally  creeping  rhizome  bears  a  tall  (2 
em.)  flower-bearing  .stem,  and  at  the  base  of  this  the  rhizome  continues  us  ; 
liorizontally  creeping  stolon,  consisting  of  six  internodes.  The  first  three  leave 
are  scale-like,  but  after  these  follow  two  long-])etiole(l,  green  leaves,  situatei 
very  close  together,  while  the  leaves  of  the  apical  portion  of  the  rhizome  are  mereb 
scale-hke.  A  fragment  of  a  stolon  from  the  .sanie  localilv  (Fig.  ^S;  2)  illustrate 
this  structure.  In  another  si)ecimcii  (Fig.  1)  from  the  .■^oii'lii  coast  of  Coronalioi 
gulf,  collected  m  July,  thi>  rhizome  bears  a  tall,  fiower-l.earing  ftein  at  the  ha.si 
of  which  I  wo  young,  green  leaves  aie  situated.  The  apical  ]H,nu,u  of  the  rhizomi 
l)ears  four  scal<>-like  leaves,  of  which  the  fo.emost  partiv  ><urrouiids  two  ver\ 
young  green  leaves.  In  other  words,  the  rhizome  is  undoiihtedlv  a  monopodiun 
with  the  Hower-beanng  stem  axillary,  as  shown  in  figure  1.  Moreover,  it  woiih 
app<'ar  as  if  the  green  leaves  (Fig.  2)  represent  a  veiv  short  vegetative  i)ran<-h 
developed  in  (he  axil  of  a  scale-like  leaf.  ( 'oiicertiing  the  root-svstein.  secondarv 
long  and  slender  roots  i)roceed  from  the  internodes;  ihev  are  especiallv  abimdan 
elo.so  to  the  floral  shoot. 

The  fact  that  /'.  .Ovy/f/*/  very  seldom  di>vel()i)s  flowers  in  tli..  ;irct!c  r'irion 
and  tiiat  it  must  dcpen.  ,  to  a  very  coiisiderable'cxteiit.  on  the  vegetative  ivpr.i- 
duction,  seems  to  indicate  that  the  species  is  not   well  adapted  to  the  arcti. 

'  Dikiiivhi  jdidstaminur.     f.Ai'iii  I'n.  I.uii'l.  .MX,  IKS-2  H.I.  p.  |79.) 


Aniic  Pldiitf:  Morphologi/  and  Syiioniittn/ 


63  B 


-(•liniate.  Kjcllmuii  '  has  cxpicsscd  thf  view  that  the  i)laiit  like  scvoral  others 
reached  the  arctic  eomilnes  at  a  time,  when  the  cliriiate  was  more  suital.h'  to  its 
cxistenee.  Xathornt  has  reached  the  same  eoiiehisioii  relative  to  its  occurrence 
ill  SpitznerKen. 


^^)h  cvv:'> 


I  w 


I'llil  HK  S, 

!|.   I'rlnsiles  frigidit   ll,.i   I>  ,  sliowiiiK  the  rhizdine,  the  leiifv  sliools,  and  the  base  of  :i  flower 

l)e:iriiiR   stem;    natiinil    sizi-    -ii.  eii;ien    fnmi    Tri>e  river.      2.  Sii species,   showiiiR  the 

mMliiredfohagc;   Mvo-iliinis  of  the  naliinil  size;  speeimen  from  Herschcl  island,     i,  4  ancl 
.1.   Hasal  leaves  ol  S,,„riii  risidiMi.is  l.css  :  iiaiural  size;  speeimens  from  Ilersehel  ibland. 


I.Vrnica  alpina  d, ;  Ohn. 

j  Several  very  tall  specimens,  iiieasinirifj  from  2.")  lo  ;{(»  cm.  in  hei)iht, 
|he.iriii';  three  heaiN  were  collected  at  Bernard  liarl.our  and  on  the  .^oiith  e 
fnl"  roidiiation  (riilf.  There  is  a  horizontally  ereepinc  iliizome  of  eonsidei 
i  eiiiith.  densely  covered  with  remnants  of  leaves,  and  with  many  .slender, 
:  iiiinched,  .secondary  roots  proceedins;  from  the  lower  lace  of  the  internodes. 
nUv  ape\  (if  the  rhiz"!!!..  m  !,.w  pairs  ^^(  oppusit,-  ufeeti  leaves  are  situaittl 
|roimdinn  the  l.a.se  of  ihe  ltouer-l)earinn  stem.  Characteristic  of  Aruira  i,-- 
I  the  rhizome  l«-ars  only  jtreen  Icives,  none  scale-like. 


,'ind 
oast 
at.lo 
un- 
At 
Mir- 
that 


I'r  Pularv  4jic'r:ia-  lif.    1..-.  ji.  :m 


«l.  I' 


64  B  Canadian  Arctic  Expedition,  l9l.i-lS 

Saussurea  alpina  (L.)  DC. 

Has  a  horizontal,  woody  rhizome  with  scale-like  leaves,  hut  the  ro 
system  is  very  scantily  represented.  A  dense  rosette  of  leaves  terminates  I 
rhizome  and  surrounds  the  floral  shoot. 

Crepis  nana  Richards. 

This  interesting  little  plaui  forms  dense  cushions  from  only  2  to  almost 
cm.  in  diameter.  The  jirimary  root  persists  as  a  relatively  thin,  hut  dei 
persisting  root,  hranchiiiK  only  near  tlio  very  slender  apex.  In  continuati 
with  the  root  an   erect,   subterranean   sfcni   arises,   bearing   numerous,   loi 

f>etioled,  green  leaves  and  numerous,  very  short  flowering  stems  which  hs 
rom  two  to  four  heads.  The  subterranean  stem  is  quite  thick,  and  shows  v( 
plainly  scars  from  withered  leaves,  crowded  on  aiiount  of  the  internodes  bei 
extremely  short. 


Airtti-  J'liiiil.'<:  Geoyniphical  Dislrihiition 


(i5  B 


;  the  root- 
ninatos  tlir 


>  almost  10 
but  deep, 
}ntinuatioii 
rous,  lonp- 
vhich  have 
shows  ver.\ 
lodes  beind 


("HAFTKR  II.     (lEOr.HAPHICAL  DISTIUIU  TION. 


H 


V  oxam 
'd 


ininK  thj.  KcoRraphiral  table  (Table  1,  pp.  (iH-7.-i),  i„  wbi.-h  I  h 


ive 


'    '      '.""'"J" ■    -I"  .  1.-.^   .>iinu   wen-  coiiccicd  Oil  trie  ail't 

...ntinont,  we  noti.c  th.-.f  this  flora  is  artually  a  eoinp<,.vition  of  two.  whi.'h  are 
vrry  distmet,  viz.:  a  nortliern  and  a  southern.  Of  these  the  northern  will.  I.v 
;.  .lose  analysis  .s„«n  prove  to  eontain  a  large  eontingont  from  distri.-ls  verv 
niiiote  a..d,altho,.Kh  mainly  northern,  by  no  means  to  bo  re.striefd  to  the.se 
n^r.ons.  Hut  we  eall  the  flor:,  "northern"  beeause  the  most  eonspieuous  par  .  f 
I  s  .•omponents  repre.sents  th,.  eireumpolar  flora.  With  regar.l  to  th.-  .southern 
.^le  Men  this  we  readily  ree„Knue  .as  being  principally  derived  from  our  own 
H..  a  he  compon.-nts  being  either  i.Ienti.-al  with  Ameriean  tvpes.  or  ■•it  le.ast 
exliibiting  a  striking  analogy  with  our  native  .speeies 

Sueh  dual  composition  recurs  in  other  arctic  countries,  marked  to  a  great(-r 
lanr'niM::.'''  ""■:  '••'ff  t^n^'-,i".fl>eeii!ai..l,  less  so  in  Finmark  and  f".,- 
and.  Spitsbergen,  etc.  but  (,uite  distinct  on  the  .Siberian  coast,  judging  fro,, 
the  interestu.g  and  highly  instructive  sk,.|ches  contributed  bv  von  H.aer  an 
Kjellman  1-or  ..ven  if  the  arctic  Siberian  Hora  is  not  so  verv  distinct  from  the 
circi.rnpolar  or  the  truly  ar.'ti..  flora,  there  are  certain'  tvpes  which  ,„av 
readily  bo  recognized  as  being  of  southern  origin 

.  Of  great  interest  is  the  fact  ihat  even  on  the  "Barren  Cn.un.ls"  are  sneci.-.s 
winch  al.so  are  at  hon,e  in  i„o,e  ho.spitable  surroundings,  the  Alps  of  Switzer- 
land,    he  I  y,.enees,an(l  the  Ili.nalayas.     And  the  enormous  distribution,  ex- 

hn?ni«rr        •'^  ""^  ^''T  ''''*"''•  T^'.  '"'^■''  ""'  f'-ol'l'^'"  a«  to  the  migration  of 
..cr^Hli;  •  '■"•f;""P«l«.'-fPt''"^.^  f>""ng  the  glacial  epoch.  Rut  at  the  same  time 
7*1   Vu     ■    ""'"'■'■'■''  <  '*;t"l'"tion  farther  south  may  lead  to  the  acceptan.v 
ted   I  vTrm^''"!'""V"'"'  '?•  '^••h""";\''".  ^vi<l.  so  very  few  words,  but  subLuiti- 
; nsmi  n  ..    !  "I'sorvations,  exp  ained  the  problem  as  "Eadem   momenta 

( osmica  easdeiu  plantas  diver.sis  in  locis  produ.xisse."  '  In  other  words  v  lilo 
.'migration  and  return  of  the  arctic  i,lants.  so  admirablv  dis.'ussed  bv  Nathorst  = 
cannot  be  contested,  there  is  nevertheless  some  difficult v  in  realizing  the  fact 

I'cl  enr.nn  Tl  "'''^Y''''  ^^^^'^'^  ^'^''''  f"""*'  ^^'"^  '"'^y  *"  ♦'"^  >nounlains  at 
>uch  enormous  distance  from  the  arctic  region. 

Nevertheless,  some  of  these  flifhculties  hiive  been  removed  ]>y  the  many 

..nportant  points  which  Nathorst  has  brought  up.  espe..ially  with  referei!ce"o 

M   s uppo.sed  compo.sition  and  distribution  of  the  former  arctic  Hon,,  its  migra- 

<-"  to  the  s,,u,h, hiring  the  glacial  epoch  an.l,  finally,  its  retreat  when  th,   ice 

mln.r'n  ni''^       u"'^','"'*''  ''"    '"■''■^f'table  fact    that   the  Altai    mountains 

a  hour  a  considerable  elem,-nt  of  arctic  flora  besides  which  the  vegetation 

...mtans   though  far  remote.     .\,„    i|,.  „,tu,-al  raus,.  of  this  wide  distribution 

,1  in     >,'■'''  "  ''>V^""";''^'  "''^'; '  ••'-  'impending  on  the  favourable  .-on- 

hZ\J  ♦hese'nountains  during  th,.  glacial  epoch.  When  the  t,-mpe,ature 
1 1,  ln^vlo;  i  V  »  '"'"'  ';'r""^":,"f  "'f-  -^Itai  ttom  was  for,.ed  to  descend  to 
t  I.  lowlands,  the  flora  was  th,.,,  al.l,.  to  distribute  it.self  over  the  lowlan,ls  of  all 

tHTI',',';,  ,  '"/v        ,'■  '■""*'■•'"">■  '",J-,'"'"P'^.  there  was  no  inland  ice  to  prev.-nt  its 

.Si'  ^*'^P'"'"^  T;'"  """'''••'['-'  ^I"-'^"'!  «-^  far  north  as  the  c  imatologic 

ondit.ons    pernutted.      Moreovf-r.  the   relativejv    nor11„rn   situation    of   these 

l,','Tr,!l''''  "'"•'  ""  ""'""■'■■'"'  f="-'"^  "■•♦''  '•"Pa'-d  t..  th,.  m>gratio,i  of  the  plants  to 
ine  arctic  region. 

«ar.    K;:;t;"'!1Sr  !J"i5t«""  "^  '^""-'""^  Vax,«.,.«ran,    ,A.  K.  N.^l^i^wloll    S.uUi,. 1,  Kn.knin- 

24«7— 5 


66  B 


Cunnilliiii  Airtic  Kxpedilion,  1913-18 


\o  doubt  the  Altai  mountains  constitute  a  most  important  centre  of 
tribution  and  mnuy  species  were  developed  there  which  succeeded  in  reat 
the  northeastern  corner  of  Asia,  and  from  there  extendinR  to  arctic  Am 
ana  Oreenland  A  similar  important  centre  was  undoubtedly  located  in 
JMiropean  Alps,  known  to  be  so  very  rich  in  alpine  species,  many  beinc  end 
to  these  mountains.  Furthermore,  the  Hocky  mountains  bear  evidence  of  ha 
been  the  actual  centre  of  an  old,  alpine  vegetation,  of  which  several  sr)eeieH 
entered  the  arctic  region  and  nov  constitute  a  large  element,  a  truly  Amei 
one,  of  the  polar  flora. 

These  data  are  consequently  of  great  importance  to  the  solvinc  of 
problem  regarding  the  probable  location  of  the  centres  of  developnu-nt 
aistril)iition  of  our  arctic  plants. 

However  such  singular  distribution  of  plants  is  more  readilv  obser 
When  we  de;d  with  the  alpine  vegetation,  comparing  this  with  the  arctic, 
instance,  in  (  olorado  the  alpine  vegetation  illustrates  the  fact  at  once,  that 
composed  of  six  elements:  <ircumpolar  types;  arctic,  but  not  circump. 
norltiern  but  not  arctic  tyf)es;  northern  types,  endemic  to  North  Amei 
andtinaly  there  are  some  southern  types  common  to  both  Worlds,  or  end( 
to  North  America.  J  his  heterogeneous  composition  naturally  induces  u 
attempt  some  sort  of  tribulation  of  the  complete  geographical  di.stributioi 
the  arctic  species.  But  it  is  by  no  means  an  easy  task  to  mark  .lown  a  nun 
of  species  credited  to  the  various  districts  in  the  north  and  south.  And 
diflieulty  presents  itse  f  from  the  indisputable  fact  that  many  species  repoi 
from  the  arctic  have  also  been  recorded  from  th..  south,  but  un.ler  other  na. 
1  think  especially  of  such  species  as  have  originated  in  the  arctic  recion 
were  forced  to  migrate  to  the  south  during  the  glacial  epoch;  some  of  these  v 
left  on  the  southern  mountain  summits,  while  the  others  returned  to  ti 
northern  homes  when  the  ice  receded.  Such  species  as  were  left  on  tlie.se  me 
tains  thus  represent  remnants  of  a  glacial  flora,  and  naturallv  the  chance  in 
dimatologie  conditions  has,  sometimes,  resulted  in  their  appearance  uii 
disguised  forms  which  not  infrequently  pass  for  different  species 

Xevertheless,  if  such  tabulation  lie  not  absolutely  correct,"  it  will  alw 
give  us  some  idea  of  the  distribution,  in  a  general  way,  of  a  number  of  spe 
which  are  still  recognized  as  identical,  northern  as  well  as  southern  types 

Having  thus  reached  to  obtain  a  view  of  the  geographical  distribution, 
a  pme  e  ement  proves  a  surprisingly  large  representation  in  the  north,  and  espi 
a  ly  in  the  arctic  region.  And  besides  that,  this  same  vegetation,  at  least  a  num 
of  the  alpine  species,  show  also  a  more  or  less  extensive  distributiim  thrmi 
out  the  southern  mountainous  regions  of  both  Worlds.  Among  these  spec 
w-e  incet  thu.s  with  some  that  exteiul  to  the  arctic  region,  and  others  of  wh 
the  distribution  may  extend  far  to  the  north,  but  without  reaching  the  ar( 
countries  Of  these  the  latter  frequently  show  a  vast  distribution  through, 
the  northern  hemisph(-re  and,  moreover,  a  distribution  which  may  pr< 
exceedingly  scattered.  The  occurrence  may  be  so  scattered,  indeed,  that 
are  at  a  loss  to  appreciate  how  the  species  ever  reached  such  stations,  so  rem, 
from  each  other.  ' 

.\nd  as  will  be  demonstrated  in  the  subsequent  pages,  the  species  whicl 
have  m  view,  are  not  only  .such  as  occur  on  the  summits  of  the  higher  mountai 
v^ry  remote  froni  each  other  but  also  such  as  are  more  or  less  lowland  plan 
With  respect  to  the  origin  of  some  of  the.se,  I  have  suggested  the  probability 

/ll  'VI''  ^'"^''',  '■''•"*'''''  ""'''.'^'^  ^y  ""  "'^"^"s  «■'"  bo  in  opposition  to  the  in.i 
putable  theory  relative  to  the  migration  of  the  plants  during  and  after  t 
glacial  period.  *" 

Some  few- examples  may  he  cited  to  illustrate  the  probability  of  a  sini 
centre,  viz.:  Carex  fesiiva,  and  of  evidently  several:  C.  atrala  and  C.  alvn 
Having  studied  several  .species  of  the  genus  Carex  from  this  particular  point 
view,  we  might  consider  for  instance  C.  fesiiva.    This  species  is  arctic,  but  neitli 


ft'^,. 


centre  of  di  - 
d  in  reuchiiiL' 
ctic  Ainci-jc  I 
•cated  in  tli'' 
eing  ciidoniic 
ncc  of  haviiii; 
specicH  lia\' 
ily  Aniorican 

living  of  the 
lopnicnt  and 

ly  observed, 
arctic.  1m n 
ICO,  that  it  i~ 
circiinipolai  : 
th  Amcricii: 
,  or  endeniir 
iducos  us  tn 
<triljution  nf 
vn  a  nuintxr 
li.  And  tlip 
:ics  rcporu'il 
thor  natnc^. 
roK'<"i>  bill 
if  these  weiv 
ed  to  then 
those  inouii- 
hangein  tli' 
■ancc   undi  I 

will  alwav- 
M-  of  specie- 
ypes. 

ibution,  till 
and  especi- 
stanunibi  i 
)n  througli- 
eso  specie- 
rs  of  \vhi(  h 
I  the  arctir 
throughoui 
may  pro\r 
'd,  that  V.I 
1,  so  renioti 


.1 /•(•//(■  /'/(////„•.•  Geogntphiml  Distrihution  07  b 

jircmnpolar  nor  strictly  .■ilpino;  if  is  relatively  rare  in  the  polar  nginns.  but  it 
has  boon  recor.ie.l  fn.n,  iiortheastern  America.  ( ireeniand,  Icl.jand,  :m.l  Ti  Hii.nk 

h  Iher   Juth'^md?/"-^;"-  'T  \  '7'""'  "'"  "'>"''"'"  "'-"■     '""   -->^ 
.irl her  .M  uth  an.l  especially  m  the  subalpnic  zone  of  tlic  l!o,l<v  n,.,iirit.-Mi,.  i.  ,, 

.herd  of    Ins  same  speccs,  acconipanie.l  by  sovial  abcriant  forms,  b,..ide.  b  • 

specos  that  are  apparently  d>sli,„.t.  but  among  its  close>,  allies;  C.  Uro.tuclnin 

<     imitrns,s   <     i^,t„sal.,,r\,:    .ludgirig  from  our  presenr  kn.iwle.lge  o(  ihedistij: 

-non  <,n.f.s,n;,.U.  geographical  centre  seems  to  have  been  i„  ,he  sou  h,  in 

^tho   Rocky     M..ut,tai.,s,   whetr  it    is,   thus,   typically  devlop..!,   and   :,ssocia  ed 

In,'    •  ;!n!!'  'IT';' .'";'•■'""•  "'"'  ^*'"'  "'"'"*  ^''"'■'"^-     -^  '"<"■'■  "■"'"Plieated  case 
|n,M     be  illt.str.at.Ml  by  (  „n.v  „tn„.,  .and  T.  „l,nu<,.    The  forn,..r  is  onlv  known  as 

|arci,c  HI  a  few  stations  of  (uveiiland  atid  th<.  Kuropean  euntinent'.  while  the 

I  latter  has    been   collected   m   antic   I{i,s-i:,,    iMiniark,   Cn.enh.nd.   and    \ortV 

|,\ii,.Tica,  but  i>  more  fre,,,ient  farther  soiiih.     In  the  Hockv  mountains  of  (  olor- 

,'  .  M/,/.  an.l  (  .  chidnocjus:  ;,   cl„s,.  ally  of  C.  nirnio,  C.  ,n<,!a.  abounds  in  the 

northeastern   pari   of  tins  con.inent,  thus  illustrating  the  occurrence  of     |1  '  - 

ftvpes   associated    with   each   other.      Thi.    might    iiwliivit..   the    location    of   the 

|geoKraph.cal  centre  .ms  being  ,n  the  ]{„cky  mountains,  so  far  as  conc,.rn'     I  e 

|.\i,iei,ca..  roprosentat.ves  of  f.  olrala  an.l  C.  al,,lna.     In  lluropo  r.  „/,„/„  i.    i„ 

IXh  m.v  liVri!"'!''""'''''  '■•  »^^"  I''="^'-i.^-  "'■</'"  ='"'1  C.  Lrrunn,  both'  i.f 
Juhich  ma.\  be  hioked  upon  as  imm.Mliate  allies  of  this  species.  \nd  if  we  extend 
|our  comparis,m  of  tlu'sc  species  with  those  that  occur  in  the  Ilimalavas  we  find 
|theie  not  only  C.  nIroUn.ndC  nl,:,m,  but  .also  some  deviating  forms,  ai.l  <Zl 
l.alicd  specu's.  among  which  r  /../.,„„.,„/.  r.  ohscun,.  r.  ItutL,  atid  r  ,1/;  " 
|If  thus  the  association  with  allies  in  connection  with  fivquent  occurrence  and 
|tendency  to  vary  may  throw  some  liglit  upon  th..  .,u.>sti„n' ,s  to  their  .vntr.  o 
|.iistr.hution,  I  certainly  oonsi.i,,-  it  natnral  to  attribute  to  th.'s,.  .pe,.  •'  tl  r.  .' 
u,s  in,.t  contr,>s,„ne  in  the  Rocky  nmuntains,  anoth..r  in  th..  Kunip.-an  As 
?anil  a  third  one  in  the  Ilimal.ivas.  '  '    ' 

Ll  ,nr""''i!''  ''•'"""'  •"">•'?'•  <'i'Vii'"''l  I'v  eomparing  th,.  .listribuiion  of  other 
pan  s,  when  reptTsc^.t...    inboth  W.irlds.  For  instanc..,  A„nno,u-  ,n,rd..iflo^ 

lIAmidm.  Lima,  Pyroln  Snxnnvj,,,  and  s..v..ral  others  from  tl...  ar..tic  shore  -m: 
very  instructive  from  this  particular  point  of  vif.w. 


OS,  which  I 
mountain-, 
ind  plant  - 
)bability  .  t 
3  the  indi-- 
1  after  tin 


of  a  singlr 

C.  alpivd. 

ar  point  c  f 

but  ncithi  r 


24667— .ij 


Ml  t. 


Ii8  H 


Canadinn  Arctic  KiihiHUoh,  I!U,1-IS 


% 


(•t'oKraphic-.il 
Tiil.lo  1. 


Polar  KiKiiina 


fi 


Ill 


t'^Htnptfng  frayiliM  (I..)  Hernh. 

Or^tptrri.^  froQriinK  '\.A  ScliotI 

Kquii**  turn  ainv.tr  I,. 

/!,'.  ritritijtitum  Schlrich 

I.lifoiniiltuin  Stliit;<t  I.. 

llufitrhli«  imunjinrti  K.  lir. 

Il.iilimia  'I.ilj.i  H.ot  S. 

Alnju  runts  aliiiitu.''  Sin. 

Arrlniiftshs  l,ili)i,liii    I'K.    Hr.  > 
<iri» 

<'tt1nmtiir'*i*lii*  /iMr/t«r.j.^(7n«  U. 
Hr 


Triifhim  spidilum  (I..^  Hicht. 

Calnhriixii  nl(]hUi  (Solumi.i  Fr 

/'(«i  ulaurn  M .  Vatil 

/'.  nhhn  iiiiM  H.  Hr 

/'.  urrtini  R.  Ur.. 

Arrtnphtln  iffuM  I.tfi-. 

Duihinliii  Fi.vhiri  H.  Kr. 

(lli/ciria  vilf<'iilta  (Amis.)  Kr. 

f.'.  IcnilUi  l.i!i' 

Ii'.  niflinflfd  1-Ki' 

Fr.tlurii  iiiinii  I.,  var.  hnrif^iliii 

F.  riibro  I..  v;ir.  uri'Bcirin  . 

f .  altaica  Trin 

Unriiium  juhalum  I.. 

!':iiimii.i  m.W/i.s  Trin 

Kriojihorum  Srhuchu  i 
Hoppe 

A",  vaginatum  I 

K.  angu.tdyu/ium  Koth 

K/lfna  /ifiiarriii  (.Ml.)  Kocii 

Corel  incurra  Li^htf . 

C.  rigida  Good 


a 
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f 

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3 


Arctic  I'liintu:  Geographical  DiHlrihulion 


69  B 


-_ 



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• 

— 

* 
• 
• 



^.  iihura  I 

^.  I'lilrhra  Cham 

• 

* 

>.  tiirhardsortii  Hc^ok. 

* 

" 

* 

— 

1 

j 

•S.  'ila/rnma  (And.)  (  ov. 

N.  futtirtonrnniii  Schn.. .  - 

• 



- — 



- — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

-— 

— - 

-l 

• 

— 



— 





— 



— 

— 

\ 

>'■  'nphdckdn  Uydli     

* 

* 

* 
• 

5 

>  iiraliJiiUa  Trautv.     .   . 

~- 

—  - 

—  - 

—  — 

* 
♦ 

• 
• 

—  - 

-11 . 

-_-  - 

• 

• 
• 



"■   iMihophylta  And 

i: 

r 

I 

— 

•'<   ritlundijolia  Trautv 







— 

— 



* 

— 

• 

• 

; 

•'<.  po/ortj  Wahlcnl) 



• 

•   * 

• 

• 



— 

— 

• 

— 

— 



« 

— 

* 

* 

>'.  reliculata  I 

» 

* 

* 

«   * 

• 

• 



* 



• 

— 

* 

« 

• 

— 

4 







— 













.  . 





70   B 


Cnnodian  Arctic  Ei]teflition,  t9l.i-l8 


Tuhio  I. 


u 


p 


I'liliir  l(i>Kinnit 


tl 

■1 

■ 

w 

■i 

n 

E 

■". 

< 

ll.luh  iil.nulul,,   I  Mi.li\   . 
I'lflytjin'im  nvtinriitri  I,, 

I-.  Ili^tort,,  \ 

h'uiift  irrhi-ii.-'  'rrilUtv 
Ofyrni  itijli/llil  '  I..1  lllH 
Sih'Ht  ticilltit't  I 

/.ycAnt.s  iip'  liilii  r 
/..(ijhnis  It.  »r 
L.  Taiiliinir  Hi>l.iii». 
SuUtiria  /(>n(/i|><<  Ciolilir 

S.  humif'tn  UottI). 

f    rvst  ,im  ii.fitnum  I..        ..    . 
('.  mu/ilfiu  II  1.     , 
H'lliimlli:     ;>. /i/iiiJcK  i|..i  l-'r. . 
,t(«tn<:  (irtdcu     Sluv.l   Ii'lizl, 
A.  rirnn  Hiirtl.  viir.  ruin II i  l.iri 
A.  mairociirpa  i  I*ursli  i  I'enll.. 

Caltha  palwtirix  I,,  furinu  rtuU 
cun.1  iFr.l  Hartm 

AnmUumdtlphiniftiliitm  IX'  . 

Dflphtnium     ttcopulm  :im     (ir. 
Viir.  iiltiuritm  dr 

Aru'innnr  htrttutui/fimtt    (['ur^h 
McMiU 


A.  Hichtird«ont\  HcM)k 

A.  parnflora  Michx 

A,  Drummondxi  Wats 

Butrachium  conjirvind*-s  Fr. 
Hanunailua  Pallmii  Sihl. 

K.  fumhii  RUhards 

R.  Cymhahria  Pursh 

R.  hypfrhiireus  Rottb 


E 

■s 


Arrlic  I'liiiitK:  (itograijhical  l/iutnbHlion 


n  B 


*  •(••■i£l,i|i|iiri|| 

'I  i\Av  I 


I'mIiit  ItftfiiiftM 


/.'  i-ifi>'t'f  tir  NS.ihlcnl). 
i     1,'    I'tpiumuus  I.. 

I 

I    ll.u'lflw  Kiir,  I'l    Kir,' 

T     V    -fiif'liuriif  Siiljind 
3     /l    fllKtIi.t  I..  , 

^    /■■  -i*itii.  H    llr 

.;    /,'    >.i^f"M  H.  Hr.   . 

It.  oniilfnlnli.t  Null.  V     i.^<u« 
(Ui  dr.    ,  , 

I'''.ytn*r  nmiiraub   I 

I,f-il'tir>Ua    tirrttrti     (Hirh.i 
Wuts 

7'hlaffti  aliM:itre  I. .v.   putfiu-t 
aKcrna  (.Kyilb. )  Omf. . 

(.'orA/edn'd  i/r***  tititntlifd  I. 

hraha  uliiinti  I 

/^.  nnuli»  l.ilji'hl 

/>.  flailnizfnttin  Wulf 

/;  '''•rymbitAii  H.  Hr. 

/'  *irt.i  I 


lirnyn  purpuranctnti      iH,   llr.  J 
Hunuo 

H.  iilinnn  Stcrnb.  et  Iloppe. . . 

Kulnma  Edirardnii  R.  Hr. 

lh.-i>rn.i    fallasii    (I'ursh)   'i' 
A  (; 

'iii'iamtnediifilata  Richurda  . 

C.  pralciuris  I 

i''irry4i  macTitearpa  H.  lir.  . . 

/'.  arcttca  R.  Hr 


Krynmum  inmniipicuum 
(Walsj  McMiU 


Sisymbrium  tophioidee  Fisoh. . 

f'krysotplenium  tetrandrum  Th. 
Fr 


'  Described  from  apt'ciinpii!!  collected  in  the  Ala-Tau  M<.unt«in»  in  Central  A»ia. 


* 


72  B 


f'tinndinn  Atrtie  KxptfiUton,  UHd-'lH 


Parna^Kui  jmlunlrtM  I,.    .  . 

F.  K"tithun  ChHrn.  ft  SrliL. 

Saiifrngn  radiata  Sninll. 

^S.  rirtUaria  h. 

S.  rrrnuu  I,. 

N.  Htrrulus  I-. 

iS".  arntiialtn  Kinrh    vt  Moy.     , 

N.  Wrtmoniantt  \hm 

S.  rrfirta  H'Hik 

.S.  nira/iN  I.. 

4S.  hifrnnifolui  \\ .  &  K 

N.  rifo/'tiiiM  Khrh.  v.griHH- 
lamhra 

S.  hronchiatin  }.. 

S.  tnru/fftitiata  U(»ttl>. 

S.fiau*n,in.'^  Will. I 
>',  itjtfutMtltfolia  !.. 
Srdum  /ihttdiola  DC. 
I)rya.s  iHtofnUUa  L. 
JJ.  tntt^gnjoha  Valil. 
Su-9rr»ia  aUinalin  K.  Hr. 
PotrnhlUi  paluhtrin  (I-.)  S*M>p. 

P.  frutiroHU  Ij.  

/*.  pulihtlh  H.  Hr 

/*.  nipva  L 

P.  rt^fficauli:*  Leitin 

P.  Vahliana  I.elun 

/'.  rmuruinnfa  T*ursh. 
Hubuz  <'hamacTnani3  I.    . 
Ho*a  acicularia  Li  mil 


Pular  l(i>Kion*i 


■a 

n 

ii 


I' 


1 


1 1 


i 

■3 

J 

*   z 

if    2 

S      2 


3£ 

IS 


^mun^S: 


-ato«".'«'*.-t;.-  *4?>-aH 


i  ~ 

IS 


Arilir  I'IiiuIm:  (imgraphical  Dinlrihutiun 


73  » 


(iMifiriipliif  ul 
I'lil.li-  I 


it 

•• « 

I' 


t 


I  I'hyruM  manttmui'  ^\..'  \M^v\ 

\      titulwi  alpinuM  I.. 

\   iil">rti/inoi »m  Hii 'iiinN. 

I'hitra  frifftda  L , 

I  •TUfn-fttH  ,nmptntri.i  IW 
ti  fvhulum  HtM.k. 

"   •it,/'"'.^'  -n-   J'i*ll     J  i-.  h.. 

fi'  ly.-' I!  urn  \f<i^^'niii  Rirh 

//    i(p(N'i/n  I. 

1'  ^nfutrutu  ntjnnn  Ij,  . ,    . 

hjirlittnuni  liitifi>hum  K 

A*,  aniflutijolium  L 

IflppUriM  tuUfQTXH  \, 

BnpUurum  awnntnum  ('.AK 
></tnMni  cniihijuitHm  Turc*.     . 
I'yn4u  grandxfitmi  UatI    . 
L'fium  ixiiwtn  I*. 

lihniitdindron  Uxptwntcum   {{,.• 

WhIiIU 

I  mniituria     pTovumhmH      (!,. ) 

Dt'sv 

Kiilmtu  jMihJului  \\  unR. 

'  'i-^mope  ((trayonn  (I  .)  Don.. 

A'etoHtaphylfKt     alpitui     •■  I,.l 
■■^prcng 

\'<icrinium  rtUKpilonum  Mkhx.. 

I     uimimigum  L.f.  microphyllu 
I-K*'-        

\     \  (/r.t./(i«f  (1  K.  vur.  pumtlunt 
Horn 

I >"^' cathon frtoidum  f'liuiii.  et 
Schl 


I   \i 


|!J 


i  I 


H 


3 
1 


if  I 

m 


■  I 


71    B 


('(tiKiilian  Arctic  hJu-iuiliiion,  l!)l,i-  IS 


\ 


<K><>Km:>Iii  -111 
TaMc  1. 


Prtniuht  fmrnihs  T>iil>y 

I*,  ittrirtn  !l(>rncrn.  -  .    . 

/*.  sihniiii  .)nv(\..   

I)i>Ui/Jii.-<iit  tirrfira   Mniik 
Andmstio  ('hiimuijnsmf  Host 

A.  sfjtUntnonnhs  \, 

hinrn 


Polar  HoKions 


■3  SI 

^5.1 


Sliifto'    Anm  rm    1..    f 
'Tun-E.)    Simin 


(iiTitiiimi  nrrlDj'htfit  (irisch. 

(1.  itrnjiirifiua  Itirliards  .. 

f'lruroifyjn  rotata  iifi-ivlt . 

/'.  ciirinthiani  (Jrisd..  .  .  . 

Phlox  liuhiirdi'onn  (look 

PfilrmoniHW    ra>ruhu'n    I.,    v 
nlliinHm  (Itud.l     Hraml. 

/*.  hurt  alt  Adums 

MyoMoti.-<  .'iilnitica  lIofTin. 

M'rttrtfsia  Orummimdu  l)un... 

M.  ponicuhta  Don. 

M.  wiintinui  ll,.l  S.  1'.  (iriiy. 

CaxhlUja  fniUttln  il..)  Kunth.. 

P'lhiuliin.i  lapiiomcii  1, 

/*.  vtrticiltata  I 

/*.  htr.stita  \. 

/'.  Kutirttca  WilUi 

/'.  arctica  11.  Ilr. 

/'.  hinatii  ( ■li:irn.  ct  Sclil. 

/'.  aiintati  Adams 

Ptnyutcula  ruli/fin.H  I. 


Lai/nttH  {jlnura  (ijuTtii.  v.  SUt- 
Itrx  (iiiini.  t'l.  Srhl 

Plantago  lanctnlata  I 

Vulrriana  raintata  Pall. 


s 

Xi 

3 

a 

>. 

II 

= 

< 

S 

*9  C 


tf 

1-1 

X 

s 

•5 

■5 

e 

1 

3 

u 

B 

S9 

i  -^.i 

X     '1  ~  *i 

X 

< 

Arctic  I'liiiits:  Geographical  Dixtribiilion 


75  u 


(M'"(iriipliic!il 
T:il.lf  I, 


Polar  Retaonx 


"*i 


t  'amiHiTiit. 

/.'.  alfnitit 
'-.*.  tirnniitjh' 


—. 

■  — 

hi  ntiijhirii  I.. 

iriru^  ]. 

tiUi}\onis  \.. 

s\ 

Itonk. 


Arfi  nriiinii  lit  f'ltiit  (I,,l  H.  Hr. 


.1. 


uh.l.t  ( ; 


Achlittil  hini  'ilis  Hdiij^    . 

Milfriniriit  nnt'Inni  I.,  v    (/r«n 
//..rn  illdiik.i  Oslt. 

(  hrustinthi  in iiiii    <fitiynfiilin ri 
Hi.h. 


-    I  ;; 


1 

!S 

> 

i 

e 

c 

jf 

X 

j^ 

r. 



< '.  iuitiiutn   1,. 

.1  rh  nnnia  h''rhiirii-< 


mitinu  lU's.s 


,1.  riiluiiii^  I  .V.  TUtyii  I,ti!eli 
Pitanli.i  fntjflti    \..\  Ir. 
Arntiv  iilpina  '  I.  M  >lin, 

S'tifciO  jfilit^ylns  ri,.)  II(M)k.. 

>'.  fnyiiius  J. CSS. 

N'iH.v.'<Hr»'i  iiHfjUfiftfoha  IK  '.    . 

I'uriifin  um  li/rntnm  il.p<ii'li,l 


T.  r.ntiophirutfi   i{.^^^\v\^   i  DC 


S3  ^ 


-^    I    § 


1    I.- 

S  j  -< 


76  B 


Canadian  Arctic  Kxpeditiou.  1913-IS 


With  rospccf  to  tho  vopctation  covoring  tho  arctio  coast,  oxplorod  l)y  tlio 
pxpp<lition,  tiic  arctic  clement  is  In-  far  the  most  prcdoiiiiiiaiit.  It  is^iiidccd 
readily  to  be  seen  that  of  the  230  species  collected  not  lesH  than  81  are  circiim- 
polar;  the»e  are  as  follows: 


I 


CtjMoplerix  frayillH 
Eqinxtium  arvvtiiie 
Lucopodium  Selagt) 
Hierochloe  alpina 
Alopecurus  alpiuux 
Arrtagroslin  latifolin 
Trixetum  spicatum 
Poa  arclica 
Arctophila  cjfum 
Dupontia  FiHcheri 
FeMuca    nvina,    niontlv    th(!    \;ir. 

hrcvifiilia 
Ffslurn  riil/ro  vur.  ureiuirin 
Eriophiiruiii  Scheuchzeri 
"  I'lglnaliim 

"  aityuxtifiilitim 

Carex  Inrurra 
"      riyiild 
"      nubKiHithacifa 
"      rnrifforit 
"      inisaii'lni 
"      pidlii 
Juncus  higliiinls 
Luziila  hiipirhiirdi 

"      .ipifdtd 
Tojieldid  pal  II  sir  IS 
Salix  glaiico 
"      reliciihita 
piilarix 
Poli/gon  uvi  vii'ipn  r  ii  iii 
Oxyria  digynn 
Lyrhnix  nprlnlii 
"        iiffinis 
StelUirid  hiimlfiisa 
( 'rrnstium  alplii  urn 
H  dlid  nth  us  peploidfs 
Alsi'ic  irrna  var.  rubella 
( 'allhii  piiliixirix 
HdiiiiHcnhix  hyptrbiiriiis 
"  pyginii''ux 

"  Uippnniriix 

"  niidlis 


Draba  alpina 

"      nii'dlix 
"     fladnizcnxix 
"      hirta 
EiUremn  Kdudrdxii 
Cdrddmirip  pnilnitm 
Chryxiixpliriiiirn  Irirawiritiii 
Saxi/ragii  I'liilarix 

"         rirniia 

''         Ilirciiliix 

"         nii'dlix 

"        hieraciifolid 

•'         drripienx 

"         ii/ipoxitifolid 
Sidlli/I   Rhoiliiild 
Ihgax  iKtopctnla 
I'otentilla  paluxlrix 

"        niira 
Hitbiix  ('hdmai-mortus 
Axtragaliix  alpinux 
I'hnrii  frigiilii 
F.mpitrum  riiijrum 
Epihthium  Idtifoliiim 

"        anguxlifolium 
Hippuris  vitlgdrix 
I.iilum  paliixirf 
Lirixi'kurid  procutubfnx 
( 'dxxiope  tftrdgonu 
A  rctoxtdphylox  alpina 
Vacciiiiiiin   idigiiiiixum 

phyllum  •» 

Vncci  II  i  II  m  I  'ilix-lduea 
I'ldvinoniuM  biireale 
Myoxidix  xilidlirn 
I'ediciilarix  lapponira 

"  hiixiild 

"  sitilrtini 

I'iiiiliiicida  riilijiirix 
Eriii<riin  ii n ijlurii x 

"  alpiuux 

.1  u  If  II  nil  rid  dipiiid 
Arte  1)1  ixia  viih/arix 
I'l  liixilex  frigida 


V.    niirrn- 


Tih.' 


Piiparir  inidicdiilv 

Tho  ( ir.imincMC  ami  f 'vpcraccae  arc  llw  l'<'s'  represented,  eacli  liy  0  specie-- 
then  follow  (he  ( 'ar\()|)liyllaceae  and  Saxifranai'cae  each  with  7.  the  ( 'rncit'erai 
with  I),  the  Conipositae  with  only  .">.  the  Kosaceac  with   I,  etc. 

Hy  coniparinp  the  species  lnutid  in  the  region  explored  hy  the  exiiedilioi 
with  those  reported  from  Spitzliertii'ii  liy  Nathorsi,  Andcrsson  and  Uesselmaii 
(I.e.),  it  will  lie  seen  that  Hi  specii^  are  common  to  lioth,  and  of  these  .")9  aii 
amonjr  the  circumpolur  oms.  On  the  other  hand  the  flora  of  Spitzherpn  i;on- 
tains  HI  species  which  are  al>sent  from  the  reijion  visited  by  the  expedition 
th<>se  species  are  as  follows: 


Arrtic  /'hints:   (ieographtcul  Distnhuli 


i  t    B 


*Eqiiisrlum  srirpoidf 


"I'od  pnitfi 
*  "  iilpina 
sirirta 


liiielliiiii 


Koeimjiii  I 


iiitriii  n 


iliinill 
liiitn 


*(,lut 


■end  iiiHiii.tliiln 


lima 


Viihl 
hull 


Ciilahnixa  < 


ji'llniiniiii 
'line  I II  nil 


"  (I  I  fill  ill 

*.{ini  riKs/iilusii 
*     "     iilpiiia 
*(  'iilauinyi  nulls  slnrtii 
*i'iinf  hfsinii 


lailiifii 


ijlu 

jKirit 

iiiirili 

11  /till  mi 


llili. 


*Are 

*Alsitw  Jiiissit 
*      "      btfiuru 
l^iltnn  nirfilis 
**h'ii>iiim:iila.\  (jlitriillis 
**l}riihii  iirrticit 
"      iihliiiiiiii'n 

"         llllllivil 

*(  'ochlmriii  fciuslriilii 

*Ariihiy  III  pi  no 

*(  iirilii  1,11  III   hllllilij'iiliii 

I'liti  iitilla  fraijifiii  inis 
"         iiiiiriiliitii 
iiiultijiiln 
*Siixifriiijii  Milliiiis  forir 


*», 


Sal 

"H (I III II    nil 


11  pi'  lll/p 
linn  li  nrlla 


la  ( -onnsii 


nil 


'^Tiini.riinini  nfficiniili 


pliifniiitiiciii  iiiiin 


.ptMK 


<     •>•' 


However,  (if    (Ikm      JO 
Aiiieiiciiii  ■■irclHpelnKt)  li.e.j,  and    I  liave  iiiarkeii    tl 


:iri-  ie(i)i( 


il  li.v  .Siimiiuii.'- 


list,  (jivi  II  ali.ivr.  Ill  other  worils,  c,f  tli 
tOti  ((cciir  also  on  tin-  arctic  coasts  ot  ihi- 
parisoii   Id  ilie  crtjsts  of  ( Ireelilaiiil.    II   s|)('cies  iiiav  I 


with 


ironi  th.    antic 
an   asterisk  in  th 


it  sp'cies  known   from  Spitzhernen 


li 


-terisksi  which  I  }«■  iiortliern  retrioii  i 


nlinent.     And  if  we  extend  th 
added  (marked  wit  I 


I    tW( 


irrow    has   in    cc»tiiin<;ii    with    Spitzliersren.      '11 


lom  the  east   coast   of  (ireeiilaiid  to  I'ojnt 


■"[iitzlieiffe 


'U!    which  are  al 
f<.ll. 


It    fl 


which    thus   inhahit 


I  .reenlaiiil.  are  as  t<il|j>ws: 
Eijiiisitnni  I,  ni'lliini 
I'lMi  stnrtii 
(  iilnfiyiisii  rnnn niKi 


■<ini  llii~  |)art   of  arctic  America,   i 

Siihx  /iiiliiris 
hniliii  iiltiiirn 
I'liti  nlillii  fiiiipfonnis 
"  inultiMa 


nclMiling 


h,iiiMun,i,n,:lnini  (I.iljeM.)  Krok  was  Krst  descrilM'd  hv  [.iljei.Jad,'  who 
1.  lerre.l  It  tak.lnnniil,  as  a  variety,  l.i.t  witli  th.-  remark  thai  il  miuhl  ivpnsent 
:i   distinct   .species:  It    was    fmind    in    Torm'    I.apmark.  and    the  moimtn.ns  of 


.1  ami  land.     Hlytt  (Nor(;es  Flora  1. 


p.  ti     refers  it  to  A'.  srirpinJ,  <  .\lich\.:  the 


Is,  of  coui.-e,  .-1  1 


iifl'erenl 


\ariely  Innlh,,,,  of  A',  piiliisirr  doscrilied  l>y  Klias  Frio 

nlaiit. 

I'lm  strirtii   Lindel,.   is  known   ai.so  fr some   mounlams   in   Sweden   and 

Norway,  hut  with  the  ,.xception  of  its  occinvnce  in   \ov.a  Zcmihla.  no  stations 
ill  Kussia  or  in  Mlx-ria  are  recorded  l.v  Traut vetler. 

(  iiUihrnsii  concinnn  Th.  Fr.  has  also  I.een  found  in  Nov.i  Z,.ml.ia,  Waiiiatsdi 
.nd  some  tew  stalmris  in  Western  aicli.'  .>il,eria:  Jalmai  and  J)i,.k.son's  harhour.' 

>-'/ .r  polans  \Vahlenh..  on  the  other  hand,  is  wideh  distrihiit.-d  from  Dovre 
iiimark.  Lapm.arK,  thnai^di  arctic   K„,ssia  an.i  Siberia.      From   this  c.mtincnt 
"It  oiitMde  the  reuion  yisifd  hy  the  expedition.  Snlix  p.ilnns  ha-  been  n-porled 
li'iin  I  orl  (  larence  and  trom  St.  I.awren<-.>  island  hv  Kjellman  ' 

Dmhi,  iiUnicn  is  a  native  of  the  Altai  mountains,   but   il    has  furtiiermore 
I. ecu  reported  from  arctic  S,i«nia  (Dickson's  harbour),  and  from  Xov.a  Zenibia 

/<>/' /(/(//« jrf/(/(jor w/.v  WilM.  has  been  collected  on   Nova  Z(>mb!a.   in  arctic 

1  iKii.«t  til  on  Sv.-n>k  tl,,ni     Jn,l    K.lii,  I|,>„1:,,  i79:t,  p  :WI 
•  1  luiii  .Sc-iinirii.     I  pMil:i.  IN,).'),  p    I,';.!; 
Ill.'i'liii-r:l:i  ri.  I'hiicnoK     Ho-.-ira,-    1  ,-  ; 

ii„or'';,'.':rT""'''«'"'^"  \'-"-'-''''i"'a.-'  .-  lan.l  ,V.TO  Kxp,.,!,  V.M..n,k,  hik.t    Vul    2, 
i,iner„,,a,„fl,„„„pSM,   l.a«,v,„-.M'\„        ,lM,|e„,.  Vul    :',     f.„„.kl,ol„, .  1,SS3.  > 


Si-,,  kliolii.,  I.sk:!,) 


I 


»N 


rs  B 


CoiKulinn  Aniiv  E.ri>i<lilioii,  l!)t.3-IS 


Russia,  acpdidiiid  to  Traiitvpttprd.c.i.  Ix-sidcat  sonic  few  stations  in  arctic  Siliciia. 

l''itrntill(i  miiltifiilal..  is  very  rare  in  tlic  Alps  of  Switzerland.  Imt  lias  also 
l)Pfn  reported  I'roni  Caucasus,  soullicrn  l{iissi;i,  and  Silicria. 

With  regard  to  Crceiilaiid  the  t.iMc  shows  (lia(  120  species  of  tlic  (Jr.'cnland 
flora  occur  also  in  the  region  explored  li.v  llie  expedilion:  of  these  species  7ti  are 
among  tiie  circuniiiolar  ones.  Coninion  to  Crcenland  .iiid  the  islands  of  the 
arctic  .\iiierican  .'irclntielago,  hut  ali-ent  from  our  region  are: 


W'ddiusiii  ilrinsis  i  I..)  \\.  Hr. 
\V.  tjluhellu  K.  Hr. 
I.iia>ii<iilium  (innotinioii  L. 
Aiji'iistls  cdiiiiiii  L. 
.< .  hiinalis  llarliu. 
I  'alan'iiijnisli.i  lnjipdnitu 
(Wahh'iih.)  Martin, 
.t  irii  ctt(  spiUiKii  I,. 
.1.  (ttropnrpurcd  Wahienli. 
('(itiihriim  iiipiiitini  (L.)  Heaiiv. 
I'lciirdpixji))!  Sdhlnil  K.  lir. 

]'<>(!   pl'dtl  lists  L. 

I',  (ilpinii  h. 

I',  laxii  Hnke.'.' 

(ilijcdid  Vnliliiuiii  Liehni. 

Aijnipipiiiii   riulaci  mil   (Iloriieni.^ 

Lge. 
Elj/iiiHs  (irciiiiniis  I,. 
Kiilin  slit  cnrlciitii  Willd. 
Cdit'X  niinliiiii  I'r. 
C  ursino  Dew. 
('.  (upinrratts  AVorniskj. 
C  liiijiipinti  Wahlenl). 
r.  ijliinnsii  Wahlenl). 
('.  (ilpiiin  Sw. 
('.  pcildtii  Wahienli. 
('.  iistulnltl  Wuhleiili. 
('.  capillaris  L, 
Junius  cdsldiieiis  Sui. 
in  all,  53  species,  23  of  which  arc 


J.iiziild  pdriijliird  (l']lirh.)  Dcsv. 
Sdli.r  III  I  hand  L. 
lirlidd  ndiia  l>. 
Km  iiiijld  isliirulird  L. 
Sdijiiid  nirdlis  Fr. 
Alsiiif  liijliird  (L.)  Wahienli. 
Aroidild  ciUdId  L. 
lidiiiiiiiiiliis  ijliicidlls  li.  ('. ) 
('drildiiiiilf  hi'UidifnUd  I,. 
Aiiihis  dri  iiiaild  (Ri<'liards.) 

tlelerl. 
Arnliis  dipiiid  ].. 
Sdxifriujd  AizDoii.  Jacf). 
N.  riilldris  L. 
I'liUntiUd  nidruldld  I'oun. 
/'.  Iriilfiildtd  Soland. 
Fip-old  minor  I,. 
I'lnillniliirr  cacnileil  (I..)    (Jren.  et 

Codr. 
Cassiiipr  hypnoides  (L.)  Don. 
Arctiistiiphijliis    I'l'd-iirsi  il_,.; 

Spreiig. 
Didpi  iisid  Idpponicn  I,. 
Kiiphriisid  Idtifiiiia  Pursh. 
Priliciildris  fliinniicii  L. 
('(iiiipdinild  rotiitidifulid  I,. 
(Inaplinliiim  niirveijir.uni  (iunii. 
Arliiiiisia  bomilis  Pall. 
Tdrnxdnim  phijmntormpiiin  \:dil. 
(lianiiiicae  and  (,'yperaceae. 


Among   those  species,  which  the  tuctic   \merican  archipelago  has  iti    com- 
mon with  Creenland,  the  following  occur  fiirlhermoro  in  the  Hudson  bay  region; 


Aijrostis  can  I  lid 
A  ird  cwspilosd 
<  'dtahrosd  dUjidn 
Pud  idpina 
Agriipijnini  viiddcinni 
Ehpniis  dniiiiriiis 
CdTiX  tpiniin-dii's 
('.  ijldn'osd 
('.  dlpirid 
(\  u^tiildU. 
J  uncus  cdstaneus 
I.azula  parvifliird 
Salix  hcrbdcm 
Hetuia  nana 
Kiieniijid  isldudicd 
in  all,  30  species. 


Saqina  nivdlis 
Cdrddwinr  bfllidifolia 
Ardhis  (ilpind 
Sdxifraija  Aizoon 
S.  sttlldris 
I'utciililld  macuhita 
}'.  tridvntdta 
I'ljriild  viiiKir 
FhiflliidoiT  cacrulva 
('as»iope  hiipnnides 
Arctosldphi/ldS  i  id-ursi 
Did  pt- IIS  Id  III  p  poll  tea 
I'cdic  uliiris  Jid  m  m vd 
Canipanuln  rotii ndifoiia 
Artemisia  borealis 


Of  tlipsp 


,1  ira 


Arrtic  P^J/(^s^•  Cfci^mphiral  DiMrilndion 
fipocics  flip  folldwiiijr  are  circumpolar: 


7!l  B 


rae.ipitosn 


Cntnhrom  ahjula 
( 'iiiTT  (jliiredKd 
Luziiln  piirviflorn 
Snlix  licrbaan 


II 


Cardnmitir  hellidifitlin 
Arntiift  aljiinn 
Snxifrnijit  stillaria 
Caniprniiln  roliim/ifolia 
Art)  imsiii  horral 


owcver,  the  Iliidson  |,:,y  iCKJoii,  l.ctwooii  r,r,°  ;,n<l  (;.-,'=  N.  I 


111   iirffio  spi'd'os,  ;iiii|  «,r  tlicatidiit   -irA) 


i'^  qiiilc  ricli 


liout  90 


no  firciiiiii)()l:ir.  iiifliidint;  tl 


spcfios  wliich  .Iff  known  fiorri  (I 


Most  of  thcst 


losr  cruniicratcd  uliovc. 


(•iiciiniiiolar  plants  cvidcntlv  Ix-l 


KTtiary  tinus  inhaliilcd  tln'  polar  r> 
(luring  the  glacial  cpocl,.     Many  (,l  th, 


ongcd  t{ 


(lor 


1,  wliich  in 


iiiit  rcfinncd  to  their  nortlicrn  I 


rgions,  hut   was  forced  towards  the  south 
<(•  sought  refuge  in  the  higher  inountain- 


Ici  the  (Xilar  regions  thev 
all 


.      -  .    "<''|'  acfonipaiiied  1 

iill.me,  s|iecies:  thus  the  jiresent   arcti<>  li.ir;i  i 


loines  wh.'ii  the  ice  receded.    And  on  their  ret 


clcinent. 


H 


remained  on 


tl 


over,  th(>  |)rohal)iliiy  is  that  no 


southern  mount 


fc 


tiumher  of  soul  hen 
rejiresented  l)v 


re.'it 
1.  inaiiih' 


•Ollti 


licrn 


demonslr.'iled 


ims.  some  to 


ngli 


I IV   (he 


of  the  circumpolar  plants 
persist,  others  to  suc.unih.     This 


indisputable   fa<'t    th.at    the  alpine  f'ora  show 


typ 


iig  of  lyp.-s  simil.ir  to  the  present  arctic  llor 


ir-e   leniaikalilv  distinct 
ingreproented  in  the  arctic  A 


mid 


itl 


Aslr<i<i(il 


ilicnan  in  the  arctic  Asint 


TL. 
;iccording  to  longimdi',   an  Anierican  eh 
inerican  floi;t,  ;i  Kuropeaii  in  the  .Mictie  i;uro() 


lorcign  .iritie 
H'nl 


in  arctic  An 


IIS  abiinyinonini  in    arctic  America,  tl 


or  instance,  the  occurrence  of  the  Anierican 


the  actual  road-;,  foil 


ric.i  !uid  (ireenland,  etc.     Hut  it  is 


le    Americ;i 


u  k 


M\<,    lOllO  .    . 

as  well  as  on  (heir  retreat. 


>y  these  |)lan(s  fn 


it  is  merel\ 


ruicrmi  a>ni/>osi(i(,)s 


iijccdiral  to  detorrninc 


licse  i)lan(s  from  the  polar  remons  to  ihe   south 

,  .     ,  ,,    ,:     '\"<'  '1"'  tlilfi'iilf.v  culminates  especialh    when  we 

bear  m  ui.nd    he  cMraonhnanlv  .scattered  dist,  ihution  of  some  of  (hcse     ol Tr 
plant.s  ,r  .southern  regions,  the  Inglie,   tnountains  for  instance.     It  is  still  L, 
difh.-ult  to  api.reeiat..  the  a,-Iual  mea.is  l,y  which  the  migr.alion  hc-anie  clfe     <'T 
■  reat  rnportance  has  been  attributed  to  the  belief  (hat  niigraiorv  birds  carry 
uith  (..em  see.  s  of  p  ants    but  recently  we  have  h.arned  that  su.'h  birds  niigrate 
"M  a.,  ...upty  stomach,  and  are  almo>t  always  cleat,  when  (hev  eommen.e  the  r 
ong  journey.     I  lus  MatemenI  w..  owe  to  Knud  Andersen,'  who  ma.le  the  .(    r  - 
Img  ol  s..rvat.on  n,  Denmark.  (ha(  .luring  a  p-.n..,!  ..f  -l-.l  years  the  int..stine<  .  f 
all  tne  bir.ls  killed  ,,,.ar  the  lighthou.-es  wen-  foun.l  t..  be  ."mptv,  besi.j,.  the  iJ, 
that  no  S....1S  were  found  adlu-ring  t..  any  parts  of  these  birds'.     However,  Pn,- 

b.ssor  Henry  U     Henshav;     has  more  rcently,  exp.vssed  un  opinion  wh  ch  i< 
entirely  diflerent,  making  the  f.illowing  statemenl  ■ 

"The  sour.cs  of  th.'  vg..tati.)n  and  (he  m..,ans  bv  which  th.-  .s.mmIs  o[  plan(< 

ami   .shrub.s   were   ong, nally    (ransport.-.l    f.,    th,.<e    distant    o.van-gir(    is  an-N 

hou.sands  of  miles fn.m  (he  n.>arest  mainlan.l.  are  a  mos,  inviting  Md  of  sp,.cula- 

lon.     Ihe  winds  are  capal.h-  of  convying  mimK.-  ...>e,ls  to  givat  distance,    ■md 

avourable  oe.-:in   curtems   also   materially   ai.l   as   pl.int    .listribuLiis.      jiir.ls 

lu.wever    are  doubtIe>-  the  most  important  of  natur.'s  ...■..,!  .•arriers      \-,sc  d 

an.   hooke.i  .se,.,|.-,  atta.h  t.>  th.ir  plumage,  or  s.....ls  mav  b.-  .■arn..d  ,n  sm.-ars  of 

earth  or  mu.l  on  l..a(hers.  bill,  ,„.  f.-et.    Such  ......Is  may  be  transports  indH  nit.' 

LowtirTl'  •  '""■;•'"  ■\"V'"'^=""'  >■<■">•■-  '"■  >".  'i--opp..l  on  ..o'il  fav.,urab!..  ; 
0  V  in  111'  ""■'■'  "^  "  """'  ''■'••;'"  ''M'-'fiti""  <"  the  islan.l,  the  Nutting 
IMrt>  .„  l.)ll,  weiv  .-(..■cially  re.piested  t..  examin..  .•a.vfullv  all  their  sp..cimen. 
of  Laysat,  binls  f.,r  („■  pre.scn..,.  of  .s,.,.,is,  .an.l  a.-tually  found  atta.-h.'.l  to  the 
foot  of  a  I  aysan  albatros.  a  ..eed  of  a  sp,.ci,-s  .,f  the  boan-.'ai.er  family,  which  is 
g.r.erally  .hstnbute.i  m  the  South  Sea  i.^lands.  So  far  as  known  t  he  "plan  d,.'^ 
not  grow  on  Laysan,  and  had  this  seed  chanced  to  fall  in  a  favourabl..  spot  the 

niK.on    D?  <JurM„l-la.il,.»,r.i  lieservation.    \™rbook  ol  Ur.  Dept.  of  Aghc.   lau.  Wa-sh- 


80  B 


Canndidii  Arrlir  Kxprdilion,  t'JlS-lS 


tloiii  of  the  island  miKlit  Imvo  been  onrichc.l  by  aiiothor  spi-cics.  A  still  irioic 
strikintt  instaiicf  of  a  luni  aotiiiR  as  a  carrier  of  seeds  was  observed  several  years 
ago  by  Mr.  Hryaii  on  Marcus  Island,  where  lie  found  no  fewer  than  40  seeds  of 
a  tree  Of  the  madder  family  adheriiip  to  the  feathers  of  a  shearwater.  These  and 
other  similar  facts  show  how  tlie  flora  of  oceanic  islands  may  be  transported  by 
birds  from  island  to  island  or  from  conlinenis  to  distant  shores." 

Furthermore,  that  resident  birds,  jis  for  instance  the  partridge,  may  well 
transport  manv  seeds  from  one  |)lacc  to  another,  has  been  pointeil  out  by  Dar- 
win.' 

\\'ilh  regard  to  other  factors  of  dispersion,  water  for  instance,  we  know,  so 
far,  too  little  about  the  possibility  of  s(eils  retaining  their  vitality  during  |)ro- 
lonjied  immersion  in  salt  water.  The  transport  by  means  of  ice  may  takf-  place, 
as  pointed  out  by  Simmons,  when  the  (pieslion  merely  <leals  with  narrow  chan- 
nels or  fjords,  but,  nevertheless,  more  indirectly  so,  since  the  wind  becomes  a 
more  or  less  necessary,  additional  factor  for  carryinn  the  sc<ii>  to  the  shore. 

Hov.cver,  even  if  we  have  reached  no  decisive  coiiclusi(.n  as  to  the  means 
by  which  the  mi(iration  was  effected,  nor  by  what  roads  it  took  place,  we  do 
know  that  the  plants  exist  there,  that  aictic  ami  sdpine  speci<'s  do  occur  in  the 
polar  rcfjions,  and  (piite  a  numbei  of  these  furthermore  in  thi  mountains  farther 
south.  It  seems  e\eii  plausible  to  suppose  that  the  mountains  harbour  a  larger 
nundier  of  arctic  renmants  than  has  re.iliy  lieen  accounteil  for,  becau.si'  the 
arctic  siM'cies  in  the  mountains  as  well  as  the  alpine  species  in  the  arctic  rejjion 
may  have  submitted  to  a  more  or  less  pronounced  iindilication  in  structure  dm 
to  the  chaiiRe  of  conditions.  Such  inodilieation,  in  external  structurn  especially, 
ma.v,  as  stated  above,  have  resulted  in  the  res|)ective  species  appeariii(i  in  dis- 
>tiiise,  and  beinf.';  mistakeii  lor  separate  s|)ecies.  In  this  w.iy  botanical  nianu.als. 
comprising  floras  of  mountainous  regions,  are  sometimes  crowdeil  with  >u|)- 
posed  new  species  which  actually  are  simi)ly  "loditied  forms  or  varieties  produced 
iiy  change  of  environment,  especially-  climate  and  soil.  ( "onseciuently,  wheii 
<leal'-:g  with  plants  scattered  over  large  areas,  we  must  consider  whether  lhe.\ 
ri'preseiit  analogous  types  or  mere  forms.  Aitiini.sid.  Aitlimioria,  Driilxi.  and 
several  other  genera  have  recently  furnished  an  almost  untold  number  of  su|)- 
posed  new  species,  regardless  of  the  natural  modification  to  be  sought  in  "geo- 
graphical distribution." 

Returning  to  the  circumpolar  species,  these  iiaving  been  so  admirably  des- 
cribed and  their  distribution  disrussed  by  some  of  the  ablest  botanists,  the 
danger  of  (MMors  in  their  det.'rminalion  is  but  slight,  even  if  more  recently  sonu 
authors  liavc  ventured  •(>  make  changes     as  a  rule  wholly  unwarranted. 

H.aving  enumerated  the  circumpolar  species,  <'ollected  l)y  the  expeiliiioi' 
we  shall  now  <itfer  a  few  data  regarding  their  occurreiM'e  in  other  region-,  more 
over,  some  points  will  be  discussed  relatisc  to  the  southern,  the  .MliLiie  eleineti' 
which  has  also  become  distributed  in  the  polar  regions, 

In  accordance  with  the  enumerittioii  of  the  circuni|M)l:ii  specii'^.  gnni  i: 
the  preceding  pages,  and  the  accompanying  tabl(\  it  will  be  si  cii  tiiat  thos- 
exhibiting  the  widest  geographical  distribiitio'i  farther  sfHitli  are  ;i-  foll<i,\s 

('i/sliiiitcrl'<  fifKjilix,  Kipiir-cliiiii  iirrriisi-.  LiivopoiliHiii  Stldiin,  Tnsiliini  ^inrtthtm 
Poll  arctiat,  Fi'-!l'!c<i  urinii.  especially  the  \aricly  hrrrifolid.  F.  nihid  var.  itntinrni 
Kriiiphonim  Schi  iichzcri.E.  viuiindtum,  E.  ntHjiiKtifnliuin.  ('artj-  iiinirrd,  the  disir - 
bution  of  which  on  this  continent  extends  as  far  south  as  the  ."^trait  of  Magetliiii. 
(',  r'Kjidd,  which,   however,  in   the  Caucasus  occurs  only  as  the  variet\-  ilaririi 
a  plant,   which    Moissier  (V\.  orient.,   (ien^ve.    lS(i7-S4i   has  enumerated  as  ( 
;•/(/((/((.  but   by   Hi<hler  (1*1.   Kuiop.,   Leipzig,    ISlMI-l'.MWi  has  !een  referred  to  T 
cnesiiitosd  y.  ddcird.      I-'urthi  rmorc  (dnx   niixdiidid.  ('.   /;'/'(,  Juiniis  hujlnmn- 
SdUj-  •ttirulitld.  f'lihifioniivi  niipfirnm.  Uxiiria  digymi.  Lychnis  niieUila.Cernsbnn 


'Oarwin.i'.    <  >n  tlw  ( )rii:iri '>f  Sjn..  u-.     l..urttil,il      l,,iiiil..ii.  ivxl.  p.  4.'!2. 
.Sif  ii/.-ii.'  Il<>*«4'liimn.  II      N&Kni  liiktimo-i-^r  niviT  vaxii  inns  spridninit      Uniaii    \otiscr.  ISOT 


^ 


...Ik   -mJJ. 


Arctic  I'lii Ills:  Geogrni>fncal  DiMrihiition  m   B 

ir^««'%'''iy"'''V""'r"'''  (^'■"'"' /"'/"'^"--.  Cnriliuinii.   „ral,,i.is.  S.,,,(in„a 

Mdum    Khoiliola,    l>n,as,    I'.iUiiliUn    „mv,    /'.    i>„lusln\    Fmnclnn, 

Eny,r„„  itnijlon,.,  ari.l  IJ.  ul,,i,ii,..  I'lmi^tris,  l.,n,„lnnii.  I:,„lnhii„ii, 

Vnnn  this  small  ..nuiM<.rali.,n  it  will  1„.  srcn  that  inc.t  of  tl.rs,.  s,„.,m-s  immv 
n/,J,    /)■      •      •  ""  /■'•"!"".7"-'  f  vj„.ra,...a,..  n..tal.ly  Knoi.honnn,  ,1,'   >„/,,• 

k.l    ::;::./: M":;;;''r" "" •■^•■:'';"""- "^r ""•  i""-'"'-''' f >.uiil, '  s 

I'.Wr  i,    i   .V  I.     i    '■  '"r"'V  Y'"'  '■•■>«''"■'''•' AV./W..,,,,  ,1...  „.,„i,  .„   ,,„. 
noin  iiiiitN  max  l.c  .Iis|)(.|s...l  (.nly  l.v  iricans  of  animals 

in..>   ho  .lu.;  to  I h..|r  lo.al  .■xtcrmination.  or  ,„.rl.a|,s  •..,„...  thrv  mav  rv on-s    . 

'loi.l.f,,  l\   |,.,vc  an  important  .-..nln.  in  ih-  nortlinn  n.j;io.,. 

W.I.  r.Kan    to  tl.o  t.-,.ly  arni,.  ..Icm.-ni,  iImmv  arc  s.-x/.r.-.l  .,....„.<  whirl. 
:^  .  .o..Kh  not   l....nK  .■..-...npola,,  ,n:.y  Im-  look..,l  upon  ,.,s  ^...n  in.-'   .V-  i.         ,    ' 

;'  "'  ^•"■"-  <•    ""'^<'  '"'V.'  not,  so  far.  I,,.,,,,, .suillut,..!  tarth.       m  t         Am  nl^ 

';<-o  may    ,,.  ......mo.u.l    lli,n.clil,.e  pnucijUo.   I'i,„  nU.irni.,.,.  ,  CrJ C^ 

an,    M.-..ra    oth-r  s,h...,..s  o    Sati,.  Jiii,i.,..r.  I,,c,iiiis  rnijl.in...  AUI,,,.  ,        !    ^    ; 

I  nr,/„  a  ,hia.  .s,u;  n,,,u   niiliot,,.   Dri/n.   inhyrifuln,.  Siirnsio.    I',.l,  iilill;    ,„il 
<Mli,  a.,.l  sov.-ral  oth,.r  I'olciitilla  sp....i,.s,  /.■„..,  U.ilnns.  L,i,iiiiL  J   ,, 

U  iiJitno  .'"•^"f """"'  "■t'VnhJniiii  A,-,,„„si.,  n,l„„.L  var.  Tt.si,\ 
.\nii,„,  Sini,,,  ,,s,,lif„h„...  Saiissunn.  T,ii„x,u;,i„.  ;,n.l  Cnnis  M„,,.t  <i( 
spjT.rs.  an.l  a.l.l.n^  to  ,h..s,.  ,h..  SO  ..inu.npol.r  „.„...  w.  hav  in  all   1  i  a 

HR.ons  i.i.titfr  M.utli.      J(i..  remaining  sfn-c.-s,   .i,„„f  <M),  mav  l.r  Dartiv  s.,,-!.  -.s 
.•Y,  .-rm..,a...,J  m  x^  ^rrtu-  ,v«...n..  Urn  ..f  whi.-h  a  ....rtai.;  .1,..,  ,:  .    p.,       n.". 
n        .■    ..o,.nta,«.     «Ml.  ,h..  ,.,^s  n-turn...!.      An.l  a.,otlH.r   part    .on'i-tJ  , 

7"'""'  ■^'"■'■"-   ^'"'■*'  a.--ou,pa, I  Ih,.  ar.ti,.  on  ih.ir  nuvai.    Tl,....  .onih- 

-P....S  ,.,„„.„    «„h  .-.nauay   i...  ,|.-f,n,..l,  .-xropt   thai   .l,..„-  ,l.s.ril  ...ion     ,     I, 
.        -•  -^•••^.    -".K  .-.UHr  v,.,-y  s..ant  or  .at,..-...!,  ,n,«|„  m.licat..  tl"!;  ^I.  1  ,      . 
r^   ;i,n'<J  ,       •■'^ '•;•'"•<■••"•-  'h<.  Mrnrtur.  of  ar,-,i..  sp,.,.i,.s,  i,  has  I,,...,  shown  .„  th,- 
TfZJ    %.      1    '''''■''•n.l.olop...d-.ru.t..,VM.,.n,....l.sol„t..ly,.ha,a...,.ris- 
!•    s  u       ■,.      '         T  ""•„^''","'-  'l<-vlopn...nt   of  th.ir  floral  an.l   v,.K..tativ,. 

•     w>KHat,v,.  r..pro,|,„-non  as  thrs,.,  an.l  a.v.  ..kLmmI,  i,,  „K.nv  cases  not   of   s,.,h 
.1    af.-l    s,at..n.    as  f,v,,u,.n.ly   ,l,.s,.nl...|       M„,    .h.v   rcscn.!,!,.  alpi, .  p|.' 
■iml  ;h,.y  a.-   with  h„t  vny  ...w  .x.vpt.on-,  p-avimallik..  them  '  ' 

iti.Tc  IS   th.is   IH,  al.soliii,-   morpholoKicMJ   .•haiacicr   l,v   which  arcti     aiHl 
l|.n.    -PCC...S  .„..,v  l,c  ,|chnc.l.  an,|  wc  ,n,..,  therefore  consi.ler  then  .  ■        othe 

■  H  ^u  ,t  7'  V":"  "'"  '1'""'"":  '"'""^  '"  ''i^'i"*-'"'^''  'I'"-",  i"  the  present  ..,.• 
:  ;  t;  \  1  ";  '""■  "•*^^;"'"''".  '""-'h-ni  ami  sonthern  ,.|em,.nt.  It  mav  l,c  ,H,ss,b|c 
-  jMaM,.h  snch  a,hs.M,cno„   i.y   ,„eans  of  eon,pa,ini:  .ho  genera,  or  In  so.ne 

I^  r     "'''■'■'r'-  •;"'■'"  V'"  '"'*''  ",''  •■"■'■  """^^'•*'  '"  '"'■''"<''•  '""  ""iv  as  supple- 
.  icntary,  poniliarities  in  their  morph()logi..al  structure 

In  the  s>,l.seq„en!  paire.  I  shall  on.loavo.ir  to  show  the  importance  ,,1  ,he 

"set    KcoKraph.cal    .l.stnl.uiion    .n     .lofininK    the    prohal.le    lo,-a.ion    „r    the 


82  B 


Canadian  Arctic  Expidilion,  lOlS-lS 


centre  of  these  speeirs,  their  reiitre  of  development  mikI  of  disti  ibiition.  For  this 
purpose  I  have  especially  seleeted  s\i(li  species  as  are  not  circunipolar,  atul  of 
which  the  distrihutioti  in  the  south  is  well  exeinplitied. 

In  hcKinninu  with  the  Flerithiplivta,  the  species  collected  by  the  expedition 
arc  too  few  to  (jive  us  any  idea  of  the  icprcseiitiition  of  this  Kroup  of  plants  in 
the  arctic  reijion.  Therefore,  in  the  ac<'()nipanyinK  lal)le  I  Table  21,  I  have 
enumerated  all  the  species  known  from  our  arctic  shore,  including  the  islainls  of 
the  archipelaRO,  and  from  (Jrcenlaiid;  however,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  several 
Bpecies  reported  from  Greenland  have  not,  so  far,  been  found  on  om-  arctic 
shore,  a  special  column  has  been  K'ven  to  the  species  known  from  that  country. 
On  the  other  hand,  no  column  has  been  niveii  to  arctii'  Siberia,  sinci-,  according 
to  I.edebour  (FI.  Hossica  I.e.),  DryopliriKfrauraiix  is  the  only  fern  recorded  from 


T\»LK  2. 

iiriiuiimllv  in  llu-  nnrtlicrn  r 
iif  liotli  Worl.l-. 


Ptiriiliipliyto 

'prions 


u 


Phfpoptfris  poltfpndimdfft  F6;' 
/*.  Dryoptrrts  CI..)  16- 
C'ryptt>u''oninia  acriUftichoidi ■■*  U.  lU. 
AapUnium  liridc  Hudif.. 

Poly-ttirhum  Limrhid.'i  (\..)  Until 
DTyopttri^  fiitantns  fl-.)  Srliotl 

D.  N/xnu/f/.-.i  'MUll.>  Kzv. 
BU'chnum  npirnnt  tl..l  Itolli.. 
Cyittoptrria  frn^ilxH  {\..)  Uoriili 
WofnUta  ihrnm.-<    I..)  U.  Mr 

W  .  hnpvr\)ortii  K,  Wr. 
W.ul'th.lUi  U    Mr 
Botryrhiiitn  Lunnrui    !.,■  Sw 

a 
li.  hi'ii'  nhitum  Uitiit'l-'  Auii 

K'lut.ti  turn    u  ft  "■  I   }.. 

E.  filvatirum  I.. 
E.  [fultt-itri  \.. 

E.  vaniijittum  Sclilfii  li 

E.  ^nrjuifdfs  Mich%. 

I.yt'i'Podiutn  Sihtf"  I,. 

L.  antinttnuni  I,. 

L.  filpinum  I. 

Siltiotndla  ■■^f tiitjinfultn     l.'  l.k 

IfiitrK  trhinoxrutm  Dur 


^•5 


-^h- 


3 ».  I V 

=11 1 


■w 


t 


i4rf/ic  I'hniis:  (kogniphiailDutribiil 


ion 


I  hat 


3!!:,v''-^1J:"''''iA''l)'^'V'J''.H-.'-<°  •«''  Propo  flun,..n  T 


MiddciKlorff  c'l  Kupr.Thi).  "    H.-sidos  this  f<'rn,  /, 


alum,  and  L\iiiixiliim 
Sihcria,  ari'l  by  addinji  ll 


aro  tlip  only  Pt«ri<l(.phy| 


!/nii)i,(hi,iii  Silwjii,  A. 


s.{  n 


iifiiyi-  r.iiKsiiiic 


I  iccdrdcd  friti 


K'lr  iicfiiiToricc  iii  Sili.Tia  to  llic  i.iiior  station 


min /till  li- 
lt arctic 


.in  (inuii.poiii,  iM  fact  ,|i..  only  fircuinpolar  PtiTidoplivta  known  s„  f.,r     /  m„- 


MCopocli.Kcac.  f.    nlijiinim  and  /..  .S,/„,,„  aic   vci  v   fivquontlv    n.H    with     in.l 
MmutMncs  ,,„,„■  alM.ndant.     Th.  latitude  rcarhcl  l,v   .J,nH«  of  th  ..  "n,.ci.-s 
'.iv.nlan.l  .s  ,,uue  rnnarkal.lo;  tlu-  following   ;uo,H.Kns  „,a>  I'o  o|  ...tcvsV 


( 'i/stti/ilniti  f rati, Its  7tj ' 
Wooil.sia  hyjurhona  73°  21' 
DniojilnisfriHfnni..'  72°  .W  ("ii"  :{()'  in  SilM>riM) 
I!  iKiitsiii  (//•(  N»-,,s-  72°  IS' 
K^HiKiinm  urtfiise  72° 
II  iitiilxid  ijlaMJii  ~V  y'u' 


III  (iljiiimiti  70' 


(■oni|);ll(>    III,- 

•  <•■'.    (iiinnar 
llowinK  latitudes 


Lj/iii/ioiNiim  Sihuii,  .unX  K<tuhrlum  rnn'rijatm,,  71° 
hijun-ilHW  .sr /;/.»„/,, V,  E.  silroliciim,  and  l.iiconwini 
liotri/,  Inum  l.iinii.>a  (19°  20' 

/'*.,, '.-/(/o/.s-  DnjoptiriK  and  l'„l,iMlchiiiii  t.nnrfi/lm  (ii»"  l.V 
/  ^.</,7v/rn.v  p.,hjln„linm,s  and  lh,,o,,l,ri.  spiniilunu  (io°  40' 
S(l(uiinill(i  KclihUitKiiihs  (il°  l.'>' 

This  notth.>rn   distiihulion   may   Iw  (.xt,.n.l.<|   fail  her  if  w 
••lafioiw.    known    from    Spitzherscn.    as    r..,.„rd,.,i    l.v    \ath<,r.i 
Ar..ior,M.n  an.nioss.-hnan  (I.,-;, ;  a.r'or.ling  to  ,l„s,.  aui'hors  the  fo 
iiiMV  lie  ()H«Med: 

I.urui'oiliiim  Stiuijo  an<i  Kipii.'^ilinii  nirifiiatiii,,  SO 
'  ni'lopti  lis  frn,iil/<  "{}"  1.-,' 
\i'ooilsin  iihihilUi  Vs    40' 
Ki/iii.yituiii  iiircii/tc  7S°  .'50' 
h'.  srir/iiinlis  77°  :{()' 
With  regard  to  Uie  di^iril.ution  farther  sou'li    « 

".riTX'I ''.''"■  ',^'''l"'<"'  «•/  /-.'/";/!'"'"""    "'I''':",,    and   I..„clcs  all    I  f,e    oil,, 
ndophxta  have  heen  found  on  this  continent.  „u.h  of  the  .•Mctn.  cr-l,.   an 
laiiiy  m  the  mount, uns. 

('niptufinniima.    liotnjihium     lancmJaniiii.    Asi,l,n!uni    vn  :di'      l^net,-,      n„. 

i.i.iv   lie  tieate<l  scparatelv. 

With  retard  to  Criij-Ui.iniiiiiiia  iHroslichniil, s,tho  disi 
"''.'.'."'1;'':/'"".'"  '"'^''.  """:"  r.'-"*"*'"''.'"  Hi'iiish  Colunihia,  -ip.tch 


see  from  tlie  t.ilih 


W 

Mil 


I'al.h. 
■  lller 


witliin  til 
i-o  froi 


e  (iistrmuiion  of  this  spe(i(  - 

u  (lorlhward 

n 


n  tfie  arctic  circle  (Macoun  I.e.),  and  according  to  (Jrav  .1  (  '   n  i-'kiniw 
,,,        "  y'lorado  and  California.    Another  species, C.  N/.V/,-,,  Uimel  ,  iVniil 
W^,..,,n/..S/c//cr,  Hupr.)   occurs  also  on  this  continent  from  Lahn  d."  U   K  i 
■lu.nhia,       south     to      Illinois      and      northern      lVnnsylv...nia'     i.      .'''S 


jum  •••:3T  ^^^K 


M   B 


Ciiiiiiiliiin  Airlir  Ei)fililuin.  tHld-IS 


iils«i  III  cisHTii  SilMM-ia  ami  in  tin-  Haikil  iiioiintiiins.  Finall>,  if  I'llhttu  iIihhh 
liook  is  n\-t>  III  lie  rcfnrril  Id  tlii-  Ki'iiiis,  we  Imvi-  a  third  »|M'(it«  (li^lritiiiltil 
from  tiuiUc  lo  Hrili>li  (  oliiinliia.  TIk'  (jiiiKiaphical  ccnin'  of  llio  kciium  u|)|M-nrh 
fhiiH  111  have  hiMMi  lii.aird  on  iliis  i  iinliiiiiil.  I'lii  -niith  of  tlii>  antic  rt'tjionx. 

T  jiinil  Hittniihium  liiiiirohiliim  is  a  native  of  ( ;ri'ciilanil  (til'  N.  1.)  ami 
arctiiSi  .imliiiavia,  aiuiaism  f  Dovir.  lliij'ilal.  rti'..  Iiiit  t-.<iM  om  rontinrnt  rrpri-- 
.-(•ntril  liy  a  variety  iiiiiiiiHllsqiini  nliim  I'l  ,i»f  ami  Mnorr.  it  is  cviili'iitiy  of 
Si  tiiiilinaviaa  oriniii.  The  fiaiiu-  apiwars  aUo  to  Im-  tlir  fa»<  of  Ayi>lfiiiiim  vinilv, 
niid  It-  present  soiitlMrn  distrilmtion  may  indiiate  that  it  is  one  of  the  northern 
fil  >nts  which  were  left  over  on  liie  southern  inoniiliiiis  while  the  others  retreated 
(..  their  northeiii  homes. 

Witii  regard  to  hieU'x  itlnnimimni.  its  piesi-nl  distribution:  Iceland,  raeroe 
I-lamls,  Scamliiiavia,  Denmark,  and  Central  llnrope.  seems  to  indicate  that  the 
(jiniriaphic.d  ceiilre  of  lliis  s|)ecies  is  located  in  Ceiil 'al  KllK'pe,  ,'ind  thai  the 
di  ■']!  iiiKiii  to  the  Mirth,  to  Greenland  and  I'inmaik.  liwik  place  diirinu  the 
gi   .  lal  e|Mich 

priio/ih  !>■'  friiiiriins  ix.  nil  the  other  hand,  fi  Kcniiiiie  aniic  type,  «iiiih  w.i- 
eviii'iilh  more  widely  distrilmted  in  the  |Milar  reHiolis  Ixfore  the  glacial  epoch, 
Hitd  Its  oci  inrence  in  arctic  Siheria,  Iral,  and  Altai,  and  iilsi.  in  Kamiclialku. 
iiuuhl  indii.ilc  :i  foinier.  circiiiiipolar  distrilmlion, 

Hefore  «,  r:iii  consider  the  distrihiitioii  in  (i<'ii<'i'-'d  of  all  the  olhir  I'teri- 
doplivta.  enmiH  laiid  in  Talih-  2.  we  iiiinht  add  the  followiiiK  ten  species  which 
have  heeii  foiiiHJ  in  the  arctic  regions  of  Scamliiia'i.a  .ind  Hnssia,  l>ul  not  in  arctic 
America;  liy  adding  i!i  -^i,  we  shall  have,  I  helieve.  an  approximately  complete 
list  (if  .'ill  tlie  arctic  I'liridi.phyta.  The  miml-er  of  species  is:  I'ili' .  s,  J\;  Iviuise- 
taciac.  .'i;  l.ycopodiaceai     :l;  Selatjinellaceae,   I;  and  lsoetiicea<\  I. 


■|\Bl.»:  2'. 

tifoitnipliii'iil    (li-irjl.iiiiiiii  of    in  lie  I'l.Ti.i  pl.ylii  ;      = 
ftliM'ni  fr,,ni  ;irctif  Aincri' ;i.  ,      I' 


i'nli^fin,i,i,n:  ruliiurt   I,. 

y*   thiti  fti'iiiu  I.- 

.\  -jtii  ttiiim  yitij  U  mi  tut    1..'  Hi'rnli. 

.1 .  ,-f  f>1*  >ir>  uifuili  Sw 

.1 .  ,  ff  hiittim  !■  r. 

<  i/xiniit'  '■'.■«  nitiTil'imi  \\frn\i. 

Alln^iinis  ,'ri>;iM''  Hcrnli 

/Jrynptt  lis  f'itu  Mm*  ^l..,'  Scli"tt 

llnnihii  >>lnilhiiilil<ri.-     I..)  lliilTln 

Hntiii'hiiim  mnlnfitruinlis    I,.'\\il)il. 


1 

fl 

; 

7   « 

a. 

-4 

= 

B 

r. 

s 

:- 

iZ  ^ 

J! 

fi 

1 

r  4 

i 

3! 

1 

3 

» 

< 

• 

« 

• 

• 

'      • 

• 

« 

. 





_     .- 



.  — 

« 

* 

■ 

• 

« 

• 

» 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

* 

•• 

• 

♦ 

• 

1  - 
i      • 

• 

_-  — - 

. 

. 

'^  V 

"^r 

• 

• 

,     • 

• 

' 

• 

• 

* 

• 

* 

• 

. 

.\s  may  1'  i  en  from  these  tahh's.  iii(i>l  of  ihopecies  have  also  heeii  reported 
from  the  .  ir  tains  farther  south;  not  less  than  2!)  from  America.  2.'i  from  .Mlai. 
24  from  ti.  .vips  and  Pyrenees.  IS  from  I'ral  and  Kamtchatka,  and  Iti  froi  i 
Caucasus.     Aiiionp  these,  the  five  species  which  .are  atisent  from  .\merica  an 


'^rw-ct^k-xiB    iMTTi"  -miv. 


Airlic  I'liinis:  duiyrafthicnl  Dixlrihiiluin 


i..u,ns,„„„  ...„•„„„/,.  ..„..*• I  u.aii.v.  ai,...,„  i,..n.  Altai  I...,'..,!,,;;;,;! 

.\ll"^iiriis,   A-ji',  niiiin  iiii'l, , 


l'ol!U>.xln„„    ,h,„,„,n„      .\.,,l,,..,„„    en„„l,„„.    Mlosur,..     h„„,,..,,,„„    al, „„ 

:....!  ho,l,s.      Al...,„    ln.n.   ,1,..   Kun,,,,.,...   Al,.,,,   I,,,,    ,.....r,|...|  |„„„   Altai  Z' 

'"■''.     .l'^ I'll  IK II III    f  11  nil'  '" 

Hiliiisilinii  sririiiiiil,  ..  all. I  A.',  inniiiiihiiii. 
frmii   thr   i;iiii.|wat.   Alp-aiv:  ^//^^,,;^,■^v    vuinln, 
litirhiiiim.  and  Hutriivhniiii  iiiiilriniintDltH. 

It   i.  ii,trn.sti„K  ,„  n..ii,.,.  tlu.1.  if  tl„«,.  „H.st   wi.l.lv  .iistril.utcl  Im.l  aU, 
U...n     ..,..,,,...1    in„n  ar.-l,.    S,l.,.ria,    17  -.f   thr  .,„..„>    .  ,Mnn..,a....|   .„.   "      |,      " 
-     "I  '•'    .MIu.niH.la..      ||„.„   f.tal  mI.m.,,,..  I>..,„  ,|.a,  n.^,..,.  n.akr.  a  ui,|,.«at" 
in  tl    „   north-m  .|.slnl.„tM.n.      \,mI  natu.allv  ....  for  ti...  SilMam..  l...„lra  «.h 

.  .       •;'••■«'""«.''  Aha.  atwl  Ha.kal,  «,■  l.av.  .,.,.„  ,|.at   .....   Us.  than  jr,  .,       .'^ 

"'  """       "■'•'.l..|.l.,V.a  l.av..  •..,„..  ..Mal,l,.|„.,|.a.Hl  ...anur  as  if   M.ilfht  a  pp..  n 

.-...•.:.  .■.Iw.tl.  (I..H..„„«  pla,....  M,a„.v  ,.f  uI.hI,  an-  k.,.,w„.  a.  pro..,,,.  ,„',;.,: 
I'l  arctic  Ml..Tia,  ali.l  . •veil  I.,  he  ,i,ciiiii|K.liir. 

nthrnvi.-,.  with  Knn.p,-  a.,.1  N..ril,  AiiKrica.     W..  have  s,:;,  (ha.   .1,..  .hs.ri 

'•'7;''' •'MlH.an-ti,.lM..r,,h,p|,v, a,  in, h,....,Mp...a,..,.. «,.,,,.,,... tal.lv, ,a    :.," 

nl  th..s,.  ,.,.n„n,.nts  .•..rns|K,„.l.  wll  with  th,.,r  ....rth-n,  ...•.urr,.,,..,.       \„.         ,,,; 

Al.ai  .  ,  .  i.,.ains.  In  ..th.r  «..r.k  ih.f..  is  a  s.rikinK  a,.....r.lan,...  I„.t«..,.n  • 
I  '..a  ..f  Ih..  s.Hilh..rn  inoiintains  lhr..iijjh.,nt  th..  ,,....  h.r.i  h.m.-plHn.  .,.,.1  thai  .f■ 
|  >■■  a-c,,..  n^M,,,^  as  ,ar  as  ,h,.  l',,.r,,h.,,hyt.  a,c  .•,,n.crn...l.     An.l«,.hav,.s....n    I 

ha.i.ith.  ,H,lar,•..KM,.,sllu.l.Tnsa.,,lth.Mralli.^shav....^•,,•h...hh.■hi^h..s,h.l,,„   ,.s 

kn-.Nvn    .,r  vas.a.la..  pants.     Hv  .„,„l,iain«  thcs..  .lata  .vla.iv..  ...  .h..ir  p   •    ', 

.lis.ril.u.i..n    I  r.;aly  l.,.h..v..,  that  n>..st  ..f  the  ...rti-  l'f...i.l..phv,a  ...luin,    ..     , 
.he  lar  n..r.h       1  h..y  .-ann...    p,.ssil.ly    1,..  .•..nsi,|,.n.,|  as  a   pari   ,.f  tin.     ,  ui  ,! 
alpmc  Altai  .l.,,a,  as    ..n^  as  u,-  hav  n.,  ,.:,.•.•  ..f  th..ir  ,ni«iati..n  f,„n,  tl.M 
n.oun.ains  ...  ,„.  ,„.rth    s„..h  as  is  ..th.-rwis,.  th-  ..as..  .,(  ,  „„n.l,..r  n(  ,h.u    '  ,'« 
plants,  still  ...  I...  f,,un.l  n.iith  ..f  Altai,  i.e.  in  aiv.i..  Silxaia. 

'K'li.uanis,  i, 


plants 

In  passing  |„  ,|,.Mri..r  .,..•  K<...Krapiu.al  .|istnl.u.i..n  ..f  ili..  I'han.n.u.nis  i, 
will  ...  s..,.n  that  «..  ar..  .l.^aJi-iK  with  a  ^r.-np  .,f  pl.ants  whi..h  has  l„.,..„n,.  LI 
-vny  .hstr,l„.„..|  ar..„n.|  tl...  p,.lar  .-.w.-ns  than  tl...  I'...ri.h.phvta  tl  1 
mimlicr  .)(  thfiii  arc,  at  present,  (•ir.unipol.'ir.  '       ' 

•)"""■"«•'  '■''•'•'■"  ro„i„l,;i.sis  H.SP.  ,,,/;/,.  nuiwliiisis  .Mill.,  ,|.„.s  „,.,  pr„|„.r- 
ly  l...h...K  t,.  h..  a,-.-t,e  z..ne,  it  .h.s.-rvs  n,..nli..n  that  it  is  known  t..  .,..„,. 
ina.jy  places  far  .i,„-,h  ..f  ,he  arcti,.  .airle  in  Ca.i.a.la  an.l  Alaska.  It  was  |  „ 
•n  '|l.un.la.,..e  „,  two  .h.^tricts  exph.r...!  l.y  the  ,.xp,..lit,o„,  na.n..|v  th,.  Ma.^k,.  ,! 
.h.|  .1  a.ul  (  ..pp..rin.n..  r.v..r  vall..y.  With  r..K...r,|  .„  .h..  .listril.nti..,,  of  .1...  sp,.  .f, " 
1..  th..  .Ma..k..nzi..  .|,.|,a.  Mr.  A.  II.  Ilarris.,n  has  pnl.lish,..!  a  .nap  ..f  ,h..'. L    . 

>h..win«    1...  .M.r.h  limit  ol  ,h..  spr.,.....'    A.- -.linu  t..  this  n,ap  ,h..'sprn....  !...,,   .s 

.-.  1.  th.  al.ov..    .at.  .,9°  N.,  at  the  s.....h  p.,int  ..f  Hichar.l  islan.l.  ..xt.-n.l.n^^  f r.  in 

ih.....  .soul hca.st ward  ,..  s..,.on.l  Ksk.in..  lak...  at  al.out   l.at.  OS"  .W  \     .,„d  t|   ! 

M".th.-as.w..,r,l,  r..a,.h.nK  l.at.  f.i)"  ;{.V  \.  n.....r  th,-  .s.,„th  shor..  of  I.iV.'.'rp...,!    I  J 

Ihe  spru..."  thus  .•<,in..s  within  t.'n  iiuh.s  ..f  ,1,.-  ...as,  on  the  w.-st  .si.le  of  Franklin 
l.ay    on  th.;  nort.,n  r.v..r,  an.l  within  thirty  ..r  f..rtv  .nil..s  .,f  the  ....as,  .,i    ,1  e 

AiuhTs..,,  river,  s..u,h  of  |.,v,.rpo.,|  hay.     Th.>  n...st   n..r,h..r,i  l.un.-h  ..f  spru.  . 
I  ...s  in  th..  (  opper.nin..  river  rcKion  is.  ;ic....nlinK  t..  Dr.  H.  .M    An.l..rs.„  (i„ 

Nefan^.n:  My  I.if..  with  th..  Kskim..,    l....p.  .^.o)^.■i,hin  six  ti.ile;  of    he  '.Is 

....  a  little  ......ck  valh.y  sev,.ral  uules  ..as.  of  ,1...  Coppermine  riv-.p,   l.u.   thes.' 

.....s  were  scr.ii.l.y  and  ,    vjirf.-.i.       In  a  small,  i.solal...!  gn-v..  ..f  .s pru...  ,  ,.ar 

Kendal  riv.T  a  few  miles  .,...s,  ,.f  the  Coppermine  iiv..r,  an.l  no,  far  frl.n,  Dis  „a 
lake,  Dr.  An.l..rso,,  n>,..n.un.d  on..  live,  whi,.h  was  f..ur  f..e,  and  six  in<.h..s  in 
circumference  five  feet  above  the  prounil    an.l  al...ve  .he  hench  ro..|s-  H...  s.,me 


in  ."v.iirrli  of  a  Pulnr  C.mtim.ni."    I'.tll.5-|907.    I.r.n.l.m,  IWW. 


MICROCOPY   MSOIUTION   TEST  CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No,  2) 


^    APPLIED  irvMGE 


I6?3    Eosl    Mo,r    Slr«, 

("6)   W-0300-Phon,  "" 

(716)   268  -  5969  -  foi 


ic 


86  B 


Canadian  Arctic  Expedition,  191S-IS 


tree  A'as  fivp  fort  in  circiiinforpnce  three  feet  above  the  ground.  Dr.  Anderson 
fnrtherinoro  states  that  none  of  these  trees  were  very  high,  but  were  mostly 
straight-grained,  and  not  twisted  spirally  as  are  most  of  the  spruce  in  this 
region. 

These  northern  groves  of  spruce  have  been  mentioned  already  by  the  earliest 
expeditions  which  visited  the  lower  Coppermine  river,  notablv  bv  Samuel 
Hearne  (17()9-1772),  Captain  John  Franklin  (1S19-1822),  and  Dr.  johii  Richard- 
son (182.5-1827).  In  his  "Arctic  Searching-Expediiion.  1848-1849,"  Dr.  .John 
Richardson  gives  an  interesting  description  of  the  spruce,  as  he  found  it  above 
"Bloody  Falls"  0!i  the  Coppermine  river,  which  rn.ay  be  quoted  as  follows: 
"(Crossing  overland  from  west  of  the  mouth  of  Coppermine  river  to  above 
Bloody  Falls)  we  encamped  on  the  7th  September  on  coming  to  a  clump  of 
stunted  white  spruce  ....  In  the  existence  of  many  scattered  stumps  of 
decayed  spruce  tir  trees,  and  the  total  absence  of  young  plants  one  might  be  led 
to  infer  that  of  late  years  the  climate  had  deteriorated  and  that  the  country 
was  no  longer  capable  of  supporting  trees  so  near  the  .sea  coast  as  it  had  formerly 
done.  The  largest  trees  in  the  clump  in  which  we  bivouacked  had  a  circumfer- 
ence of  37  inches  at  the  height  of  four  feet  from  the  ground.  Its  annual  layers 
were  very  numerous  and  fine,  and  indicated  centuries  of  growth,  but  I  was 

unable  to  reckon  them.    This  place  lies  in  Lat.  67°  22' X Oneci:cum- 

stance  which  came  under  my  observation,  and  has  been  cursorily  alluded  to,  is 
the  existence  of  very  ancient  stumps  of  trees,  either  solitarily  or  grouped  in  various 
places  of  the  barren  grounds,  seemingly  the  vestiges  of  the  forest  which  had 
spread  more  widely  over  the  country  some  centuries  ago  than  in  the  present 
day.  .  .  .  .  On  the  sheltered  banks  of  rivers,  even  in  the  barren  grounds, 
clumps  of  living  trees  occasionally  occur,  but  the  stumps  I  speak  of  stand  often 
on  the  exposed  side  of  a  hill,  and  indicate  a  deterioration  of  the  climate,  however 
that  may  have  been  produced.  We  saw  no  young  firs  growing  up  in  such  situa- 
tions to  leave  similar  vestiges  in  a  future  age Within  the  Arctic  circle 

it  (the  white  spruce)  seldom  exceeds  40  or  50  feet  in  height,  though  in  ravines 
where  it  is  well  sheltered,  and  has  a  suitable  soil  it  attains  twice  that  altitude. 
Its  age  in  these  high  latitudes  exceeds  400  years  before  it  shows  signs  of  decay." 
Similar  observations  were  made  by  Mr.  Frits  Johansen,  who  has  published  an 
interesting  arcticle  on  "The  Forest's  Losing  Fight  in  Arctic  Canada,"'  in  which 
the  author  calls  attent.on  to  the  scarcity  of  very  young  spruce  trees  in  this 
northern  limit  of  their  growth.  Mr.  Johansen  attributes  this  to  the  intense  cold 
and  the  sweeping  winds  in  the  winter  killing  off  most  of  the  small  seedlings  which 
may  have  developed  during  the  summer.  This  explanation  seems  well  founded 
by  the  fact  that  even  the  small  and  stunted  trees  were  found  to  be  about 
half  a  century  old,  while  the  largest  trees  would  reach  an  age  of  almost 
500  years.  Furthermore,  Mr.  Johansen  made  the  interesting  ob.servation  that 
forest  insects  are  principally  responsible  for  the  killing  of  the  trees  or  tree  parts 
in  the  lower  Coppermine  river,  a  fact  which  has,  so  far,  escaped  the  attention  of 
the  various  explorers  who  have  visited  the  region  from  time  to  time.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  the  very  isolation  and  exposure  of  the  individual  trees  here  makes  them 
an  ea.sy  mark  for  attacks  by  forest  insects,  which  by  living  under  the  bark  are 
less  influenced  by  the  shortness  of  the  summer  season. 

As  to  the  occurrence  of  spruce  on  the  arctic  side  of  the  mountains  west  of 
the  Mackenzie  delta.  Dr.  II.  M.  Anderson  writes:  "Information  which  I  have 
obtained  from  natives  and  reliable  white  hunters  and  prospectors  agrees  that 
west  of  the  Mackenzie  delta  there  are  spruce  trees  ,ii  Babbage  river  (back  of 
Kay  point,  Y.T.),  and  on  Firth  river  (thf-  so-called  'Herschel  Island  river,'  on 
both  sides  of  the  International  Boundary),  but  none  on  rivers  west  of  these. 


'  Canadian  I"ore-ty  .tournsl     Ottawa,  -Inly,  1919,  p.  "M. 


Ardir  I'lautx:  Geographical  Distribution 


87  B 

Some  ('..Ivillo  river  E.kiinos  tol.l  us  that  fhoro  are  a  few  .pruro  o„  tho  n..rfi.  side 
o     ho  .nounta.ns  noar  th.  iioa.l  „f  th.  Itkiliik  river,  a  larir^  .ril,„t.-nv  e 

l:li^^:::r:z:^-z::--''-  ^^>  -'-  -ers  on  „. .„.  s,.„ ,•  ,,„.,i..H 


^"^ '  Feb!  m^ltr^PhVS  br^^rha±''o■  '"'"'^  '°  '''"""""'"^  "^-"^  "«'°-  ^-"""-  -P"!' 


'  *■  'isfhTQlTtp^oto  bTf'j'olfan^'r'''  '^  ^^■"'"'"'''^  ''-'•  "«'-•  S-dsto„e rapids.    February 


^^i 


88  B 


Canadian  Arctic  Exptdition,  I9I3-1S 


Ilg.  3.  Grove  of  white  spruce  iPimt  ranudintis)  southeast  of  Sandstone  rapid.  Coppermine  river.  The 
most  northern  dense  (sruvo  in  this  region,  a  thick  stand  being  found  nnly  where  protected  from 
sweeping  winds  and  with  good  exposure  to  the  sun.   February  15,1915.  (Photo  by  R.  M.  Andern.) 

With  respect  to  the  general  distribution  of  Picea  canadensis,  Sargent  ' 
gives  this  as  follows:  "The  White  Spruce  inhabits  the  banks  of  streams  and  lakes 
and  the  borders  of  swamps,  in  rich  moist  alluvial  soil,  ocean  cliffs,  and  less 
commonly  at  the  north  rocky  slopes  of  low  hills;  it  ranges  from  the  shores  of 
Ungava  bay  in  Labrador  westward  to  those  of  Hudson  bav,  and  from  the  mouth 
of  Seal  river  not  far  to  the  north  of  Cape  Churchill,  it  "is  scattered  along  the 
northern  frontier  of  the  forest  nearly  to  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Sea,  and,  crossing 
the  continental  divide,  reaches  Bering  Strait  in  m°  44'  north  latitude.  South- 
ward It  extends  down  the  Atlantic  coast  to  southern  Maine,  growing  often  close 
to  the  shore,  and  to  northern  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  New  York,  Northern 
Michigan  and  Minnesota  and  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  and  through  the 
interior  of  Alaska  and  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  northern  Montana." 

The  accompanying  photographs  were  taken  by  Dr.  Anderson  and  Mr. 
Johansen  and  give  an  excellent  idea  of  the  growth  of  the  spruce  in  the  far  north. 

Among  the  20  species  of  Gramineae,  enumerated  on  the  geographical 
table  (Table  1),  ten  are  circumpolar:  Hicrochloe  alpinu,  Alopecurus  Arclagrosti.s, 
Trisetum,  Catabrosa,  Poa  arctica,  Dupontia,  Festiica  ovina  and  F.  rnbra.  and 
finally  Arctophila.  With  the  exception  of  Dupontia,  Arctophila,  and  Catabrosa,  all 
the  others  have  also  been  reported  from  the  Altai  mountains;  Trisetum,  Poa  arctica, 
and  the  two  species  of  Fesluca  are  known  also  from  the  Himalayas.  With  regard 
to  their  occurrence  in  the  Alps  and  Pyrenees,  only  Trisetum  and  the  two  species 
ot  Festuca  have  been  reported  from  these  mountains.  In  the  Rocky  mountains 
south  of  the  arctic  region  we  have  only  four  of  these  represented,  namely, 
Trisetum,  f  '  hrosa,  Poa,  and  Festuca  ovina;  this  seems  .somewhat  peculiar 
•since  they  ave  been  found  on  the  American  coast  of  Bering  strait,  and  with 

the  only  exception  of  Dupontia  and  Alopecurus,  thev  have  also  been  reported 
from  the  Asiatic  coast.  However,  Dupontia,  Arctophila,  and  Arctagrostis  are 
almost  exclusively  confined  to  the  arctic  regions,  and  the  presence  of  Arcta- 
grostis in  the  Altai  mountains  may  indicate  that  the  genus  reached  these 
mountains  during  the  glacial  epoch  and  remained  there.  Besides  these  circum- 
polar species,  all  of  which  undoubtedly  originated  in  the  arctic  regions,  the  fol- 
lowing may  also  have  had  their  centre  located  in  the  north,  viz. :  Hierochloe  pauci- 
flora,  Calamagrostis,  Elymus,  Poa  glauca,  P.  abbreiiata,  and  the  species  ofGlyceria. 

•  The  Silva  of  North  America,  Vol.  XII.    Boston.  ISBS,  • 


S 


I 


••■      '^'o'ltx:  Geographical  Dislribulion  S'»  b 

Amoiii  these,  imlic  Ciaiiiiiio.ic  lwi>  »p<.,.i,.«  ,.„.  „f  ,„.,.i,,|  |,„,„,„.,.   ,. 

A.»me.„  „„„„  „,„  ,„,„„,,  i,j„|,„  ,,„|,^.,|  n  i,,i';,j  "  '■':■',    ■■  ■« 

s  very  strange,  masniudi  as  wo  arc  entitled  to  holiove  thi    tho  fl,  -.     f  u  ^ 

egions  of  America^  Greenland,  Scandinavia,  Kussia,  ar.d  Si^'er  a    far/)    r  so  ,t 

c-onnnont  assoeiated,  to  son>e  extent,  ;ith"Se;/a^' "S«  Wi  hi  "Ivl^  i;: 

ine  ninialajat,      Of  the  29  species  known  of  these  two  genera    the  27  mo  nv 
•  lusively  Asiatic,  and  principally  natives  of  the  Himalayas  ^" 

£/2/«a  is  thus  the  only  one  of  these  which  niav  he  looked  upon  a.  in  ■irctic 
circumrolar  type,  and  it  would  seem  very  strange  if  the  .X'es  h'  r  •  v 
originated  from  one  single  centre  of  distribution.  No  dou  ,t  the  A  ai  onn  -Wn  ■ 
were  an  important  centre  for  its  distribution  in  Asia,  an,  i  m  gh  ha^  e"  C 
the  Eu  opean  mountains  by  the  way  f  Turkestan  and  Cau«s  h  Hut  '^  l' 
ogard  to  the  occurrence  on  this  continent,  and  especiallv  i  the  Rockv  moun 
tains,  a  second  centre  may  have  been  located  there,  frc-m  where  it  turns' bee  u.^' 
disributed  farther  north  during  the  glacial  epoch.  Moreo  er  1^  J,,  i'  "' 
stated  above  on  this  continent  accompanied  by  Cobrema  car^Tm  and  beside, 
this,  a  second  spec.es,  C.c/«c%carpa  Fernald,  has  been  detected  rkaTne  This 
species,  however,  is  by  Kukenthal  referred  to  the  genus  («'er  for  nV.  Jhn. 
reason  than  "Area  geographies  Cobresiae  spec.emldudee  Sur"  "  X     er 

Sfe^i:  M^ar  ^t^  "^^^  '^^'^"''  '  ''''''""""  ^"  '''  "'"'"'^'^^ 

f-om^^t^SiSrS^i^Set^S^ 

n>curva,  nevertheless.  I  am  most  inclined  to  consider  these  circun  polar  species 
as  having  originated  in  the  north,  in  the  polar  regions:  a  siinilar  northern  Ten  r^ 
may  also  beattributed  to  the  non-circumpolar,  but  exclusively  arctc("S« 
<  .  stans,  and  C.  compacta.  •*  ""-'"  "^  •  reaucta, 


scirpoidea  does  al; 


so  occur  in  Greenland, 


no  B 


Cnnndian  Arctic  Expedition,  1913-18 


Iceland,  and  Norway,  sopiiis  to  support  tlic  theory,  proposed  l)y  Natliorst,  tliiil 
the  American  eh-nieiit  in  the  Eiiropeiin  nioinitains  may  have  reached  these  l)y 
way  of  (Ireeniand  durinj;  the  glacial  epoch. 

V.  ni/imtris,  not  iicin){  circiinipolur,  t)iit  represented  on  oiu'  northern  coast, 
in  Greenland,  SpitzherRen.  Scandinavia,  Nova  Zenihla,  Iceland,  the  Alps  and 
Pyienees,  Caucasus,  Altai,  hesides  i  e  Rocky  mountains,  as  far  south  as  (Colorado, 
eannot  t)ossil)ly  have  ac()uired  such  wide,  hut  more  or  less  disconnected  ran^e, 
from  one  single  centre,  located  in  the  south,  or  in  the  north  either. 

Carex  raginata  is  in  the  table  marked  clown  for:  islands  of  the  arctic  Ameri- 
can archipelago,  arctic  Scandinavia,  ••irclic  Rus.sia,  Iceland,  Alps  and  Pyrenees, 
and  both  coasts  of  Bering  strait.  The  species  is,  moreover,  widelv  distributee! 
in  the  mountains  of  Central  lOurope;  it  occurs  also  in  West  and  East  Siberia,  in 
the  Amur  district,  and  in  northern  Japan.  Several  varieties  h.ave  been  describe.  1. 
viz.:  distracta  Norman  from  Finmark,  pnuciflora  (W'ahlenb.)  Ands.  from  East 
Siberia,  "Lena,"  f,>Mt7/m  Aschs.  et  Oraeb.  from  the  Baltic  provinces,  Pctemii 
from  Kamtchatka,  altocaulis  Dew.  from  Labrador  to  British  Columbia,  the 
northern  Atlantic  States,  and  al.so  Michigan  .-nd  Minnesota.  It  would  thus 
appear  as  if  the  centre  of  distribution  of  this  species  may  l)e  located  south  of 
the  arctic  region;  the  occurrence  of  certain  varieties  in  the  south  speaks  also  in 
favour  of  this  supposition. 

Furthermore,  Carcx  vaginala  is  a  member  of  the  Grex  Cenchrocurpae,^  the 
species  of  which  are  indeed  southern  types;  onlv  a  verv  few  have  reached  the 
polar  regions,  viz.:  C.  bicolor  All.,  C.  livida  Will'd.,  and'C.  vmjinuta.  However, 
the  distribution  with-n  the  arctic  region  of  these  species  is  very  limited. 

According  to  these  data,  the  arctic  Gramineae  and  Cypcraceae  do  exhibit 
a  much  wider  distribution  in  the  north  than  in  the  south,  with  only  a  very  few 
exceptions,  i\a.mdy:  Festiica  altiiica,  Elynn,  Carex  mginata,  C.  rupestris,  a'nd  C. 
scirpoidea.  And,  furthermore,  there  are  several  members  of  these  families  which, 
according  to  our  present  knowledge,  are  endemic  to  the  arctic  regions,  viz.: 
Hierochloe  pauciflora,  Poa  abbreviata,  Arctophila,  Dupontia,  Glyceria,  Elijmu.s, 
Carex  stans,C.  subspathacea,  C.  reducta,  and  C.  compacta;  in  all  12  species  (Gli/ceriu 
with  3),  which  are  confined  to  these  regions  and  must  naturally  have  developed 
there.  Arctophila  and  Dupontia  are  both  well  marked,  and  indeed,  quite  char- 
acteristic genera,  and  none  of  their  species  are  known  except  from  the  arctic 
regions.  Furthermore,  Hierochloe  pauciflora  and  Poa  abbreviata  are  both  excellent 
species,  and  may  well  be  looked  upon  as  genuine  arctic  tvpes,  i.e.  "types"  with 
regard  to  their  morphological  structure  and  geographicaf  distribution. 

The  species  of  Glyceria  are  al.so  interesting  from  this  point  of  view;  their 
habit  IS  very  characteristic,  when  compared  with  that  of  most  of  the  other 
species  of  the  genus  and,  as  has  been  shown  in  the  chapter  dealing  with  the  mor- 
phological structure  of  the  arctic  plants,  G.  vilfoidea  shows  a  very  singular 
structure  of  the  stolons,  which  is  almost  unique.  But  with  regard  to  the  Cyper- 
aceae,  even  if  Eriophvnim,  at  least  some  of  the  si)ecies,  may  have  originated  in 
the  arctic,  the  singular  structure  of  the  fruit  constitutes  no  character  which  t'K 
genus  does  not  share  with  its  southern  representatives.  And  among  the  ('aricet^ 
there  seems  to  be  no  type  especially  characteristic  of  the  arctic  regions;  the 
genuine  arctic  species,  not  only  those  as  are  circumpolar,  but  also  tlio.se  a.s  arc 
confined  to  the  polar  regions,  resemble  their  .southern  allies,  alpine  as  well  as 
lowland  types. 

The  te.nperate  regions  of  both  Worlds  are  the  principal  '  )n.e  of  Juncus 
and  Luzitla:  chey  have  developed  there  and  acquired  a  hal  and  structure 
which  marks  them  wherever  they  occur.  However,  there  i:  also  an  arctic 
element  of  both  genera  which  seemingly  originated  in  the  far  nortl.  and  of  which 
several  types  have  entered  the  alpine  regions  in  the  south  during  the  glacial 
epoch;  some,,  but  only  a  few,  species  arc  endemic  to  the  arctic  regions. 

'  Holm,  Thoo.    Grogci  Caricum.    .\ui.  Jouru.  ot  Sc,  Vol.  16.    New  Haven,  1903,  p.  45s. 


Airtir  I'lants:  Gfogmithical  Distribution 


the 


..-3 


ni  B 

The  Imvliiml    w,.  mislit  porliaps  say  Iho  "marilinir'  .,n(l  "M.lu.lin..  "  t,..l.if 

;r:rar«i '.'Ssr' '"'•"■  "■"  ""••■■■-  -- '"'>■  <"--  -i'' i  ."ki.:.;;.;'!..'™, 

lldluVIlK   was   I'O Cclcd    'IS   f'll-    liiiitl.    .!<   V)0   •>-'     r  I  y  JIDKIIS 

pamjlom  at  72°  20'  •■'  '  ''"'"'"  '"''■""'"  ="  '^^     ^"''  ""<'  J- 

And   from  the    north   coast   of  Silipriu  «\\nv    Vnr.lL-n^f     i.-  .  i-i 

Kj.lhnan  has  report...!:  J.u...  /../.J/rLLll'  i.^J  '  ' a!     rX  l. '  "7' 

./««c/,s  oigiumi.'.,  /(,    ,   ,    .y  y.  tnijbimis,  J.  casta ncii.%  and  ./.  oMinis  7()°-  .,„'.] 

In  tho  Alps  of  Swaziland  Heor  (I.,-.)  n...o..ls  tl.o  followinL'n,;' eV  J»  ,.». 

hno,  and  never  above  ahout  10,300  feet  "'V""-«  -loove  inc  tinibei- 

Finally  may  be  mentioned  that  four'of  the  speeies  eollected  by  the  exDe.li 
tion  have  been  recorded  fron.  the  Altai  moim.ains.  and  of  these  y/;„/rSv 
and  Luzula  s/ncata  have  even  reached  the  Himalavas.  wlu-re  they  have  be^^^^ 
obsemul  at  elevations  ran^rin^  f^om  twelve  to  «ft<.en  thousan.i     'e( 

The    prevalent    arctic-alpine   distribution    of    these   Juncaceae    n.av  thus 

nd  cate  either  an  au-t.c  or  an  alpine  centre.     However,  the  species       pe-ir  to 

hrive  be«t  ir.  the  far  north,  on  the  tundra  and  seashore  (J-/;,rM    in  th    n  ou 
tains  (Luzula)      And  it  is  a  notable  fact  that  such  types  of  ./A,  "an    /Z 
as  are  alf^ne,  but  not  arctic,  are  of  a  habit  quite  disiinct  fmm  the  r  uctf;  mn 
geners.     This  may  be  reu.lily  seen  when  we  consider,  for  instance        e   dZ" 
species  of  Jnncv.:  J   x>phiauks.  J.  Drunnnondii,  and  }.  l'arT,,i7v2       ■  1   fck  • 
mountains.     And  with  reference  io  Luzula,  the  alpine  eleine nt        S  v    z  Xul 
contains  such  characteristic  types  as/..  nlbida,L.  nL,,L.  ForstcrLpiolaT, 
In  other  words,  the  tw^  sections  Pterode,  and  Anlhelaia  of  Au^u/.  n'.pn.s'.^t  thV. 
a  pine  element,  while  Gymmdes  is  mainly  arctic.    And  I  believe  such'  ist  net  on 
in  habit  in  connection  with  a  circumpolar  .listribution  might  indica  e    hat  thes 
species  belong  to  the  arctic  flora  rather  than  being  of  southern,  alpine  or  g 

According  to  Mentha,,,  and  Hooker,  the  genus  rofichUa  contains  H  speciVs 

^o  of  which  arc  natives  of  the  Andes,  while  the  others  are  widely  distr  luted  in 
the  boreal  and  temperate  zones  of  the  northern  hemisj.hen.  "'"'"""t'll  '" 

Ihree  of  the  spwies  are  of  interest  to  us  from  a  geograiihical  point  of  view 
7-.  palmtns  Huds.    7.  cocanca  Kichards.,  and  7'.  calyadata  Wahlenb     Ila vi ig 
been  co  lecled  by  the  expedition,  T.  palustris  is  enumerated  on  Table  1,  and    he 
Kcugraphica    distribution  covers  part  of  the  polar  regions,  except  Nov    Zeml  li 
and  we  might  say  also  Siberia,  since  Ledebour  credits  the  spec  e;  on- 1o  IV  i 

tuprccht)  and  Obdorsk  (8ujcf).    Farther  south  it  occurs  in  fhe  Alps  and  I'y le 
ices,  but  IS  absent  from  Caucasus,  the  Altai  mountains  and  the  II  mdavLs 

totiJ-s":Lit.:^y;:£a^-'t^^^^^^ 

gives  the  distribution  as  follows:    Barren  ground  from  lat.  W  io  theXrerof 


•12    H 


Cininilian  Ardic  Exptdilioii,  1.91. i-IS 


ll.r  Arclir  sr;.;  mIxmiI  .liisprr's  l.akr,  in  \h,-  IJi.rkv  Mountains,  an. I,  ni,  tlir  w..<t 
(•oast  north  ol  lat.  .-)S°,  to  Oiinalashka,  Kotz.'l.iic  Sound,  Chamisso  I^lan.l  an.l 
(  ape  Listmnio,  noitli-.^ast  coast  of  Aincrica.  U  lia>  also  l.con  foiiii.l  in  Cr.-cn- 
lan.l.  on  the  cast  roast  at  72°  30'  ( Dns.'n),  on  tlio  atM  coast  at  TOMIaitz)  l)iit 
It  IS  aliscnt  from  Spit zl.crKcn.  Si'aii<linavia,  an.l  IJussia.  In  Asia  it  occin's  -is 
state,  a  »)vc.  on  the  n„rtli  coast:  the  inoutli  of  the  river  I,r-na.  an.l  of  the  river 
Olenek.  I)esi<le8  in  eastern  Siberia  an.l  Kaintchatka.  Toward  tli.'  s,,„tli  it 
extends  to  the  Haikal  mountains. 

FinaHy,  with  respect  to  7'.  raliinilnla  Wahleiil...  this  species  is  more  s,„itlii'rn 
and  has  been  reported  from  South  Hussia,  the  Al|)s  an.l  the  I'vrenees,  Iral  ami 
lyimtchatka;  however,  it  occurs  als.,  in  Sweden,  but  onlv  on  the  islan.l  of 
(lOtian.l. 

Tofiel'liii  piiluslri.s  and  7'.  cocctma  thus  iidiabit  the  arctic  r.-Kion  of  this 
fontinetit,  intludiiiK  fireenland.  Hut  while  the  former  extends  e.-istwanl  thr..UKh 
urcfic  Lurope  to  (  ral,  thi-  latter  extends  westward  through  Sib.Tia  to  the  river 
Olenek  (Lonn.  120  !•:.).  With  reRar.l  to  their  southern  distribution,  T.  ,,alu.stri.s 
does  not  ext.^nd  beyond  Minnesota  on  this  continent,  while  in  KiiroiM-  it  iciehes 
the  Alps  of  Switzerland;  T.  coccincn  does  not  extend  beyond  Canada  while  in 
Asia  It  extends  to  the  Haikal  mountains.  While  thus  the  southern  distribution 
of  tliese  species  corresponds  well  with  the  northern  as  far  as  .•oncerns  Kurope 
and  Asia,  their  absence  from  the  central  Rocky  mountains  seems  stranire 
lurthermor..,  with  rcKiird  to  the  third  species,  T.  nilyculain,  its  occurrenc..  in 
South  hurope  and  Kamtehatka  is  difficult  to  combine. 

We  have  thus  in  the  genus  Toiu-hlia  two  decide.ilv  northern  species,  botii 
repre.scnted  in  (.reenland  and  on  this  continent,  and  a  southern,  7'.  e«/ww//,,^/ 
wluch  in  the  Alps  of  Switzerland  is,  to  some  extent,  accompanied  by  the  northern 
1.  yalmlnii.  Ao  doubt  the  present  distribution  points  toward  the  north  as 
beiiife'  the  KeoKraphical  centre  of  T.  pahtstris  and  T.  coccinen.  but  it  seems  imi)o.s- 
sil)le  to  decide  whether  the  centre  was  located  on  the  American  continent  or  in 
Oreenland. 

Lloydla  strotina  \\a.s  collected  on  the  arctic  coast;  it  occurs  also  in  arctic 
Kussia,  .Nova  Zembla,  and  arctic  Siberia,  from  Jalmal,  Long.  70°  30'  E  to 
Pil  ekaj,  Long.  1^3°  24'  VV.  Farther  .south  it  i.s  widely  .listributed  in  the  Alps 
and  Pyrenees,  Caucasus,  Altai  mountains,  the  Ilimalavas,  besides  in  our  l{ockv 
mountains,  nc-    ar  fouth  as  Colorado.    Being  ab.sent  from  the   arctic    American 


archipelag 
circuinixtU. 
farther  .so, 
continent, 
indicate  thi 


onland  and  Scandinavia,  WH/y^/Za  cannot  be  considered  a 
and    the    very    extensive  distribution  in  the   mountains 
licate  a. southern  location  of  its  centre,  however,  not  on  this 
.rence  of  the  plant  on  both  coasts  of  Bering  strait  seems  to 
.     .,      „     ,  '"""?"e«  from  .Siberia  to  the  north  of  America,  and  from  there 

to  the  Rocky  mountains.  The  location  of  the  original  centre  is  difficult  to 
decide,  and  it  seems  plausible  to  suppose  that  the  species  developed  from  two 
centre.s,  one  in  the  Kuropcan  Alps,  another  in  the  Himalayas 

Of  the  genus  Snlix  eleven  species  were  collected  on  the  arctic  coast  bv  the 
expedition    but  to  these  I  have  added  ,S'.  alaxemh,  which  was  found  at  King 
point  by  the  (,joa  expedition;  furthermore,  I  have  added  S.  polaris  Wahlenb 
according  to  Siinmons  (I.e.  p.  73).  who  states  that  a  specimen  collected  bv  Miert- 
sching  at  Cape  Bathurst  represents  this  species. 

S.  reticulata;  the  ab.sence  from  arctic  Russia  makes  ,S.  arctica  non-circumnolar- 
with  regard  to  .S.  ovalifolia  and  .S'.  rotundifoUa,  these  species  are  not  onlv  absent 
from  Ru.ssia,  but  also  from  Greenland  and  the  arctic  American  archipelago 

.S'.  Ihchurdsonii  and  S.  ahxensis  have  been  recorded  from  the  arctic  archi- 
«f,te  fn^^^w  "'.^^  American  coast  of  Bering  strait;  but  ,S.  phlebophylla,  S. 
pulchra,  and  .S.  mphodada  are  known  only  from  the  arctic  coa.st,  explored  bv 
the  expedition,  and    irom   the  American  coast  of  Bering  strait.     Finally,  S. 


A'ilir  rianis:  ('cographicil  Dintrilnilinn 


■{"""■'""! "-^i".  .l.'M..ilM.,|  r,,.,,,  .,„.,,t....ns  .oil,.,.!...!  .,1    |.„||,„.„.„    „ 

inoiitit.-iin.' 
While 


Vyvvnovs,    ih.     Ijo^kv    ..,ount.-,ir,s  iC„l,„,..l..);   i(    ,„•,.„.- 


tllc    llllilsdli 

'III'  -specific 

iiaincs  (o  lie 

i.v  to  the  Alp«i, 

:ils(i   in    the   Altai 


iti 


^r..-n..s  vrrv  Strang  ,,•.        ,'""•""' .'"■•::'^'"  /'"""■  ''V  "'"■  "Xp-lm.,„,  i, 

sp-Hos.  this sX'  is 's .     ';: "f7"v ■  '"'•'""•',".'-  '^  ""•  "•""•'« th.. 

arctic  Hussia,  Sil.cria  (Oh. lorsk       .  '.'"j""'    -^P'tzl-crKc,.,    S..a,„ii„avia, 

is  absent  fnun  .he  c  ast  HoiinK  s  ^  'F.^Hi"'  '"•'";•;'':!«/"  ''•'""■^'-  '""  *' 
Labrador,  .Afci.din.r  fr  ,„.  tiZ"f  ■  ^ '" V^''^  '*'""•'  -V  /"""«vy/  occurs 

Irotn  C^.n  noVc,  A  It  ^  t?  h,  S  lU  i!  r'''"''!''-'  "  ,"'"  '"^''"•'-  ''"•■'^>'  ""-"tains, 
i"  Maine  it  ha,  mh'  fo  nVl  n  t^h^^^  ^^^^  ""  '"  ''""■^''  ' '"'""''-i.''; 
Hain,.shirc  on  AIo  n  W  hi  ,1^  ,  '  C  -^'"""^  Katalulin.  and  in  NVw 
iV.-os.  a,,d .in  Asia  i  \;a;'Sc;:^d  ^"^    I ^iSZ  '""'"'  '"  ""'  -^'"^  ' 

^^ran3£  S 

of  the  SI.  ue  of  the  n?i  e  [£'h''  ""'  '""'^''^l.^p  "."'*  ■^P'^^-'<'«  ""  ■■"■oount 
it  beitiK  verv  disHncHv  fl  ,H  '  .  V.  ^'OTesponds  with  that  of  /'.  trcmuloi.ks; 
I..'i4  P    boLnt^ai-     ns    ^r.  ;.  ^^«'"K.t«.»h«  possibility  of  the  specnens 

Pcdto  M4rt:r  mounta.n  .n  lower  California.  (Sargent :  Silva.  Vol  S  Boston   18%) 


m 


\ 


^■«-o*-,.  Th  cket  of  Bnnal  popiars,  Po;.t,/«s  Ir.mulmd,,  M.chi.,  bordered  by  a  coitimoi.  arctic  willow 
Stthi  arcUai.  1-oothillB  of  l.ndicott  mountains,  on  Hulahula  river,  Ala,l<a.  One  of  the  very  few 
BtragghnK  bunches  of  p<)plar  on  the  arctic  slope  west  of  the  MacKen«ie.  April  2,  1914.  Dead  leave 
are  still  fcarfiing  on  the  wUlows,  the  no<,k  being  well  sheltered  from  winds.    (Photo  by   R.  M. 

'  The  Silva  of  North  America.    Vol.  9.  p.  167.    Boston,  1896. 


.\rrHr  PI,,,, I..;   diogniphictl  Dixlrihuli,,,, 


thouuli 
allv 


-;^':'::;.M^:/;:.ri::;:;:!;':';;;\£;:;;"-;:::;  ^i^/ """-■ ..  ---..^  fZ 

<ir..,.r,l,u,.|,   u|„.r..  ih,.   vinViv  r?,      1///,'        //  <''"':'"'""'  "  <<""«"  f'-n.  M.urli 

in.'  that  .t/,n/.v  ,il,u,Uli,ln  (\'\J  \u     \        '    I  •  "■  \'i'l'''>""  ha-        .„■, I 

"f  .-l.ni...  i„  th,'  \  .  Sn/ii         .  '  "•':/'"""'  '"••"'^-  "lil-  north  m   ,,„•  H.n., 

which  l.y  Kj,.||,nan  is  rr, ,,  n/i  fr;       ,  i,     ;V       "  ■""'"'•^  V""" '"'/"  "'^^  ^^'""'^'^j-". 

N.:  with  r.s,„...t  ,„  its    ali^i,^::'' '',"''  ",'"'"""  '••''.^-  *""  '"■  -"'.I  <17= 

^pais..Kivos,h,.iir;  K'^  j^r::;;'aTwHii-  ''■■'■"'•  ^'"';-  •■"•  "■ 

•Mackonzi,.  north  to  P,.,.)  river  ^"^  '•  '"*  "'■•"'"■'•"iK  "Iodr  th.- 

lork  of  th,.  C'han.lalar  u  ,   tho  '^fc,  k  "  t  '  '  "^  ''T';"  '•'■''.'"'••'^•^'  '"  ""■  •■••'^' 
used  hvthoinhin.l  \hsU,  FkL  ,        ■•'      .  ^       'niu-r  hark  of  this  aidor  is  ,„„..h 

.'  •«■<-  iiii..ij(i  .\j,isKaii  i'>kiiiios  t.ir  staiiiiiiLf  (hr-  ''..^ti  ^win  ..( .1..         1       ■ 
mo  and  orcasioiially  .arihou  sk  ins.     Th..  .. .  Ir  |.    'r  If  ^^  ''"■'"''   "  "'^•■'■- 

innor  hark  roniovo  I    rut  into  .  ,  ,11  1  i  •       •       '>f ''^rk  is  scrap..,!  ..11.  t\w 

the  skins,  th,.  ro.s,S.^r  00  ,r      i  i    "•;„'""";••"""''  "■•  ■  wa.,.r  a,.,-  apphV,|  to 
skins  of  t..o  Silurian  f    .IZ  '■'"?,;* ^V '.^^^j;  ^^^f  ^"  'h,.  ...hre-stain...! 

Cov,-nnK  the  iin-     ,iso  ar«i  .■.,  thf  ' 

he  aL..,)mpan.vinjj  t      .,■  (Tabl,>  I  .  wo  h  . 
t"->  goiMuno  arotio  typos  of  riroinnpnl,. 


."^il>oria  th(.y  hoth  w,.ro  oolloc(,.(l  '  > 

■i    J4    U.;  Oj7/r,,;  was  ov.r,  nmonfr  tl 
t  10  northorniiiost  j)oint  of    \  ia  •  f  ,, 

r  '"  '!,?o°"f:/l'*'  P'^''^^  K'-""i"K  i'c:irost  Ii 
-at.  82    2,    .\.(IIart);   in  the  ni.^undun 
tion  of  from  9,.1()0  to  lO.OOO  fo<.|  in  th.    \i,, 
mountains,  Colorado,  th,>v  both  occur  at  1  i 
oven  roach  rn  eloi-ation  of  from  10,00()  to  1 
Oryria  is  m,)notypic;  P.  vinparum  is  ot' 
!urfhcrmoro,  P.BiMorfn  was  colloctod  hv  t).,. 
IS  1  .  bistortmdcs  Pursh,  a  native  of  the  Ro. 
alpine  region  a.s  far  south  a.s  Colorado      h 


■  r  nn'l  southern  zones,  a.s  jrivcn  in 
n  I'm  „ionvvi  vivijmrum  an.l  Oiiirin 
inl)Ution.     On  th..  north  coast  .if 
■in.  Oxijn'ii  l)otw,.cn   l.onjr    ti,s°  V 
'wocn  J...,L'    SO"  .-,8' K.  an.l  Loim! 
whui,  111,.,  .iiithor  coll(.ct,.<l  .   1 
ill,   I.at.   77'  :{ti'.     'J-Jipy  arc 
h  having  i.cf  n  recorded  from 
■iiih  th.  y  asctiij  t,i  an  elova 
■  Mizcrlan.i  ill(.er),-  I'n  the  P.)cky 
'  f.^ot,  and  in  the  IIiin:d;ivas  th<.v 
'^  foiT  (Ilookf.i). 
nail  ^f>ction  Hlfiinrln,  of  which, 
--:,      -^tion,  a  near  ally  of  the  latter 
V  'tan.-,    tnd  fr' r,ue„f  ;„  ,(„. 

t  ^  rifH     ,er  .-i    cies  of  this 


'  N      27.  U.S. 


(HI   B 


Ciimiliiin  .\rrhc  Hfpxlitiim,  l!H,i-IS 


\ 


^.Tlion  whi.h  IS  nimh  iii„.i.  ,|omIv  r.liit..|  i.,  /'.  liiiimnim.  iiml  wliiili  ..Ik.hh 
Mir  Maiiii"  iMMiiliar  I run>lnr. nation  ..f  llir  tluw.is  int..  I,ii||,|,.|,,  /'.  Mmounn 
.Small.  I  Ins  intfrrsrinij  s|H(ics  was  ililntci  l.v  Jaiiicx  M.  Macoiin  on  St  I'liil 
i^iIuikI,  Mi'i'iiiK  y<wi. 

(hiimi  and  l'i,l,,fi,„nim  liiiimnim  cvidciitlv  niiBiiialr.l  m  ihr  |M>lar  r«'Ki«.iis' 
ililiiliK  till-  KJacial  .tH.ch  tlicv  lii'i-ain  .listnlMiir.l  ImiiIht  soiiiIi.  vvIi.-iv  tlicv  an- 
Mill  III  .■.Mst,.i„..>,  rs|),Tiall.v  ill  thr  al|>inr  rcKi.Mis.     /'.  h,Hl„rl,i.  on  til.-  otiirf  IimimI, 

may  Im'  ir^aKlcil  as  a  soiitlinn  t,v|»',  as  on.-  of  tliosr  wliich  a •mpani.'.l  tli- 

imtir  (lora  on  its  iviivat  to  tli..  noiih.  Tlir  fa.-t  that  /'.  nnimnm  ami  its  niwir 
ally  /.  Miirouiin,  Im-si.|.s  /'.  Hisl„rl„.  ami  /'.  h,sl„rl„i,l,»,  at  ill  imiiKnioiis  to 
tills  rontiiicnt  srrms  to  imjiial.-  that  I  lie  .sr.tioii //,.s7,.,7,(  must  ..avraii  iin|.oitaiit 
iTiitrr  ol  iJiHtiihiition  III  thr  noithnnmost  pari  of  Am.Tica,  rstiiTiallv  in  the 
iiorthwis|,.|t,  coinn  . 

Koinliiiit  isl.iiiilini  I,,  was  not  roll.ct.d  l.v  the  cxtM-ililioii,  ami  in  \ortli 
.Vim-rma  it  is  known  only  from  somr  of  ihr  isjamis  of  tli<<  arctic  arrhiii.'laBo, 
li-om   I  tialaska,  ami.  acconlinir  to  Macoim,  from  "Moist   moiinlaiiis  north  of 

.•Miioky  lliv.T,  Lat.  :,r  (l)nimniomli    ■     It  is  , of  thr  v.tv  frw  arctir  |ilanl>' 

which  arc  annual,  and  its  ncomraphic.d  distril.iition  mav  l.c  of  interest  to  students 
III  arctic  iK.tany.  The  species  is  almost  -irciimpolar.  since  it  has  l.een  iccordc. 
from  (.recniand,  ,Spitzl.erjjen,  arctic  Sc-        navia,  arctic  IJussia,  Novii  Z.  ml.la. 

"'"'•,'"'. ""one!  aliove,  from  some  ol  , he  islamis  of  the  arctic  arcliip<'laKo. 

Mill  It  IS  not  amont'  the  plants  which  Kjellman  has  leconh'.l  from  the  north 
coast  ol  Mheri.,  and  I.ed.'l.our  cites  no  stations  from  arctic  Sil.eria  either: 
farther  south  koiitHjui  i.tninhni  is  known  from  Altai  and  Hail.al  On  tl  ■  east 
coast  ol  Creenland  it  reaches  as  far  north  as  l.at.  74°  :«»'  (Dusc^ii),  and  it  is  not 
uncommon  on  tlie  west  coast  l.etween  I,at.  (i()°  ami  1 2°  -iy. 

K'Miufiiii  is  not  moiiotypic,  a  -econd  sjiocics  heinn  indiKcnous,  or  let  us  say. 
endemic  to  the  Himalayas,  and  this  second  species  is  also  an  annual.  We  li.ave 
thus  III  'he  Remis  Kmiiiijin  two  species.  exhil>itin({  such  extrcmelv  ditrereiit 
distnl.ution  as  almost  circum|wliir  ( A'.  i.slnn<liai),  and  emlemic  to  tho'lliiiialavas 
I  A.  nipalrn.iis  Don). 

...  "T  <''"".v(>phyllaceae  are  woil  reprp.scntod  in  the  arctic  re»{ion.  .-ind  'f  the 
M  species  known  from  the  north  coas-.  si.x  are  circumpolar;  according  1-  an 
(I.e.  p.  10),  some  of  these  plants  arc  amonj?  those  reported  from  the  fi  est 
north,  tor  instance,  Crra.ili)im  tilpinum  Lat.  s:>°  .-)()';  Alxinc  n-rm  ;ind  St  -in 
lonyiprx  l.at.  .H2°  27';  Li/rhnix  nprfnh  Lat.  81°  ,^)2';  L.  affini.'^  I  at.  M°  :<■''■  Slip,,,' 
nca,(l,.s  Lat.  ,S1°  |()';  Shilnria  hiimifum  Lat.  7H°  IS';  Ahine  a  'icn  Lat.  72= 
20.  etc.  In  the  Alps  of  Switzerland  .SV/c;/r  (jrai/V/.s  a.scends  to  an  a"  ';,:de  (if  9  ,"»(M) 
teet,  and  Cvmstium  alpiniim  to  H.'M)  feet.  accordinR  mj  ,Ieer  (l.c),  m  the  Hockv 
mountains  of  Colorado  I  collected  these  two  plants  •  ,.  elevation  of  hetweeii 
l.'..)(M)  and  i;{,(MM)  feet.  While  none  of  these  arctic  .s|)ecics  have  heeii  found  in 
the  Himalayas.  Hooker  (l.c.)  mentions  that  the  liiKh-northern  Uemstium  iniii/iniin 
does  occur  in  West  Himalaya  at  an  elevatirm  raiiKinn  from  11,000  to  17,000  feet. 
W  ith  the  exception  of  the  monotvpie  Mcrckia,  the  other  jjenera  are  widelv 
di.strii.uted  farther  .south,  and  while  these:  Silcnr,  Li/clinif,  Stellaria,  Cerastinm 
and  Ms,„e,  are  mostly  lowland  plants  in  the  Old  World,  Europe  and  .Vsia 
especially,  th(>y  .'iro  in  Xorth  America  represented  hv  species  which  arc  princi- 
pally mountain  plants.  For  instance,  of  t lie  12  spi'cies  o( Siline  credited  to  North 
.America  aecordinK  t«>  llu'  Synoptical  Flora,  12  species  inhabit  the  Coast  ranee 
((  ahfonjia),  (i  the  Cascade  mountains,  10  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  4  tin 
Appalachian  mount iiins. 

()f  I  he  J2  species  of  Li/chnis,  ."i  species  inhabit  the  Rocky  irountains,  and 
one  the  Appalachian  mountains;  of  Cnastium,  17  species  are  k  .own  from  thi- 
contment,  and  .".  (if  these  it.hahit  thr-  Ruckv  mouidains,  ami  2  the  Appaladiiai. 
mountains;  furthermore,  with  regard  to  Siellaria.  23  species  are  recorded  from 


Arrtir  n,„h:  Grvgrophical  IH.lni  ,lion 


1  the 
an 

•  C.xl 

.•ill 
Silent 


-^_ 



4 

f> 

1 

3 

3 

1 

. 

—      . 

.1 

O 

4 

H 

6 

■J 

a 

4 

U 

And  as  may  ho  sorn  from  (ho  same  tahlo  n'ni.h.  •!>    .k 
Pountam.s  to  ,ho  arctic  Flora  is  vcrv  "rm.ll    s,  M ''  *  .    ' .    '  '•'»"""«"'»  "f  "'-«« 
the  Caryophyllaroao  are  quite  fr.MHicnth     ,',.,;',;         ''.        '^  ""■""oned  al.ove, 
of  these  collecte.1  l.y  the  oxpe.h  i^a  e  ,■  v  '"  '"  '"''■"^"  '"«'"".  "'"^  ^ix 

"'•rth.     It    would    thus  apnear  •  '  ^f  f  1,^, '  '••rcumpnlar  and  extend  vnv  f  J 

l"",i,>rs  originated  in  thoKi!.  1^  o,h  whc'e'^r"  l""  T^'  '"-''- ''^'^'/'"-^ 
anywhere  else  far.her  south.  Howeve  ' H^ili  :  ,  T  '"''  ^''  '•.'•'"'■^'■'d.'d  than 
must  not  he  inelu.led,  since  it  is  ,  Ioui.,.,I.U  *  •..'''■'''''''  '""'«  ^'ircumpohir 
x.uth:  the  migration  of  , hi'  plant  t?Ahe1ir  .'''■'•'''*'''''*^'  "'"'  '""'^'"'■^  ^''"'"^r 
'aken  place  at  the  san.e  time^TL  ..-  nv  of  H.e'T/r'  '""1  "'"'""'""<">'  have 
pan,ed  the  arctic  on  their  retreat  to  the  nor  1  '""""■'"  ■^P^''"'"^'-^  '^'"'^"'n- 

.WtrcAv^J  W//»,V,;,/,,V  is  undoill>tn/IN •    " 

(;-  i»  Al«,k»/Kfch,A;,],";'L™'      ^\?,?™'l;';7'''i:vpc  k„„..„  only,  „ , 
.  tlra,  and  noMlioa.lom  Sii,r,ia.  K  n  ■  n,  ll     !„  ","     '"."■""'•  ^<:"-l'<:mU 

^fciw  ar«,™  an,l  .1.  «Kr,,™  pa     i  "wr^  „  ,T',"''  "'  l''"  'i'",'  i^olyma. 

™a,^Sr„;^nriKr;5i,?i™^^^^^ 


!IS  B 


('(uiiidian  A  relic  KsixiUtiott,  l013-tS 


By  foiisitlcririK  'Jk'  liil'Ic  fTalilc  W).  it  a|)|)cais  a.s  if  Caucasus  and  the  Altai 
mountains  constitute  a  most  important  centre  for  the  tlevelopment  and  dis- 
Irilmtion  of  tlie  ("aryophyllaeeae,  especially  the  Renera  Silciir,  Alsinr,  and 
Ccruxtiuni;  howevei-,  only  so  far  as  concerns  the  mountainous  species,  for  the 
majority  of  the  memiiers  of  tlie  family  are  lowland  species  indigenous  to  the 
temperate  zones  of  luuope  and  Asia. 

AmoiiK  the  l{anunculaceae,  Ctillhii  j)(ilii!:lris  is  in  the  arctic  regions  nearly 
always  represented  l)y  the  variety  ntillnins  tVr.)  Hn.,  and  is  eireumpolar.  heiiig 
al)sent  only  from  ("ireenlaiid  and  Spitzliernen;  it  is  nctt  l.y  l^edelioui'  credited  to 
arctic  Silieria.  luit  Kjellman  collected  the  i)lant  at  Irkajpi.  I.orin.  17(1°  2.")'  \V., 
on  Preoliraseheni  island.  Lonj;.  Ii;i°  10'  K..  and  at  Dickson's  harhour.  I.onn.  S(i° 
5S'  Iv  Heiiin  hy  far  more  .'iliund.'int  and  typically  dev»>loped  in  the  temperate 
reuions  of  hoth  Worlds,  and  especially  in  the  lowlands,  the  Keo(£raphical  centre 
must  he  sou(iht  in  these  regions,  in  llurope  or  Asia. 


) 


Atliintic 
(i(H))fr!iptiir:il   ilistiiiiution   nf    tlu'  Ktnu>   Anemone   in   Nurlh  .VnuTica.      slop*' 


Sei'tio:  rulsatilla— 

.!.  hir/^utissimu  il'urslii  MiicM. 

Soctio;  I'reonanthuM 

A.  iiniiU  tilatis  Wats. 


Scclio:  Ant'inonHiitht'ii   - 
A  .  imntjinru  M  uhx. 


A.  Drummimdti  Wat.-^.i. 
A.  iltTitjHtiihi  Ani. 
A.  s/thi  nitiihylht  Vocpp. 
A.  citroiiTiiana  Walt. 
A.il.ltw,ha  llonk.        . 
A.  Huhanlsnnn  H.u.k. 

A.  f/uinqwfoiiii  I< 

A.  orcynna  <_ir. 

A.  Luallti  Hritt , 

.-1.  /n/o/ui  I 


Korky 
inttis. 


I'aci'ic 
slope 


Sectio:  Anemonosperinos- 
-1.  mxUhjtda  I'oir 


.1 .  UUtnm.sia  Tirl. 
A  .  rylindnca  <  i  r.  . 

A  .  virfjiniatia  1 

.1.  ntnatii  fifis  ]..  . . 


Set'liti:  Omiilocarpus - 
A.  narnxmjlura  I.. 


The  gemis  Anemone  is  in  the  polar  renion.s  represented  by  the  sections: 
Pulmlilla,  I'rronanUnis.  Anemonanlhra,  AnetnonoKpermos,  ancj  Omnloearpns; 
no  other  .sections  are  represented  on  this  continent.  However,  the  distributioii 
is  so  pxtreinely  scattered  in  the  arctic  region?  that  if  .«peni?  necessary  briefly  tr. 
di.seuss  the  distribution  of  the  genus  farther  south  before  outlining  the Occurrenci 


Arctic  /'In, Us:  Geographical  IhstrilnXion 


!l!)  B 


'  H^.i  v.-K.,ab.l..  „y„,o,„a  naturae.    \„|.  ,.  ,.„,;,,  „„,  ,    „, 


100  B 


Canadian  Arctic  Expedition,  191S-18 


\ 


30  ,  Dus6n),  but  which  has  not  been  found,  so  far,  on  the  North  American  coast 
With  regard  to  the  arctic  Siberian  element,  KjeUman  (I.e.)  has  recorded  nine 
species  from  the  north  coast,  principally  collected  bv  himself  on  the  Vega 
expedition.  These  species  are:  R.  Chamis.wnis  Schl.,  li'  Pallasii,  R.  sulphureus. 
H.  nivalis,  R.pygmacus,  R.  hyperboreus,  R.  affinis,  R.  acria,  and  R.  lappontcus. 
Concerning  the  arctic  American  element,  this  consists  of  six  species  namelv 
R.  Purshii  Richards.,  R.  Cymhdaria  Pursh,  R.  Sahinii  U.  Br.,  R.  occidental^ 
Nutt.,  R.  lapponicus  L.,  and  to  some  extent,  R.  affinis  R.  Rr. 

Ranunciilus  occidentalis  Nutt.,  a  near  ally  of  R.  recunatus  Poir.,  is  a  native 
of  open  woods  and  low  ground  in  the  northern  Rocky  mountains,  from  where  it 
extends  to  the  Alaskan  coast  and  islands,  and  south  to  the  borders  of  California 
The  variety  robustus  Gray  has  been  collected  on  the  Alaskan  islands,  and  on  the 
north  coast. 

With  regard  to  the  representation  of  the  genus  throughout  the  northern 
hemisphere,  the  Old  World  element  is  quite  distinct  from  the  North  American 
On  this  continent  'iS  species  are  enumerated  in  the  Synoptical  Flora,  not  includ- 
ing 6  introduced  species,  and  not  either  the  genera  Kumlienia,  Arcteranthis, 
Lyrtorhyncha,  and  Batrachium.  And  among  these  species  of  Ranunculus  some 
certain  groups  are  much  better  represented  on  this  continent  than  in  Europe 
and  Asia.  For  instance,  the  section  comprising  R.  ambigens  Wats.,  which 
corresponds  to  the  Eurasian  R.  Flammula  alliance;  furthermore,  the  sections  of 
R.  adoneus  Gr.,  and  of  R.  abortivm  L.,  which  do  n-*  seem  to  have  any  analogous 
representations  in  the  Old  World.  On  the  other  hand,  the  section  comprising 
R.  AispidMS  Michx.  IS  well  exeniDlified  in  the  Old  World,  and  more  extensively 
so  than  on  this  continent.  The  circumpolar  species :  R.  hyperboreus,  R.  pygmaeus, 
R.  nivalis,  and  R.  lapponicus,  besides  R.  Pallasii,  R.  sulphureus,  R.  Sabinii,  and 
R.  affinis  are,  as  may  be  seen  from  Table  1,  much  more  widely  distributed  in 
the  polar  regions  than  farther  south;  some  few  have  extended  as  far  south  as 
the  Altai  mountains,  and  some  even  to  the  Himalayas.  But  their  principal 
range  lies  within  the  arctic  region  where  they  undoubtedly  originated.  R 
Cymbalana  does  not  properly  belong  to  the  arctic  region,  even  though  it  has 
reached  the  west  coast  of  Greenland  at  a  very  few  stations  onlv;  the  distribution 
of  this  species  is  mainly  "sea-shore  and  margins  of  salt-ponds  in  the  prairie 
region  of  this  continent;  however,  it  has  also  been  recorded  from  several  stations 
jn  the  Hudson  bay  region,  and  even  farther  north. 

While  thus  the  arctic  species,  with  the  only  exception  of  R.  Sabinii,  have 
also  been  recorded  from  the  Old  World,  it  seems  somewhat  strange  that  the 
American  alpine  element  of  the  genus  is  not  represented;  and  the  same  is  the 
case  of  the  Eurasian  alpine  element,  for  the  few  species  enumerated  above  as 
having  found  their  way  to  the  arctic  region,  R.  auricomus,  R.  repens  etc 
are  lovyland  types,  and  the  extension  of  their  southern  range  northward  is 
evidently  of  a  relatively  recent  date. 

The  circumpolar  Papaver  nudicaule  is  a  genuine  arctic  type  which  during 
the  glacial  epoch  became  widely  distributed  in  the  higher  mountains  farthtT 
south;  and  although  still  in  existence  in  the  Altai  mountains,  Dovre  mountain 
in  Norway,  and  in  the  Rocky  mountains  as  far  south  as  Colorado,  there  is  no 
trace  of  the  species  in  the  Alps  or  Pyrenees.  It  is  one  of  the  three  plants  which 
have  been  found  north  of  Lat.  83",  Sax^fraga  oppositifolia  and  Alopecurus  alpinus 
being  the  two  others;  it  may  also  be  mentioned  that  Papaver  nudicaule  occurs  in 
western  Thibet  at  an  elevation  of  16-17,000  feet. 

Among  the  Cruciferae  we  meet  with  types  of  very  distinct  geographical 
distribution:  °    =>    f 

I.  Circumpolar:  Draba  alpina,  D.  nivalis,  D.  flainizensis,  and  D.  hirta- 
Eutrema,  una  Cardamine  pratensis.  ' 

II.  Arctic,  but  not  circumpolar:  Lesquerella,  Cochleana,  Draba  corymbosa 
Braya,  Hesperis,  Cardamine  digitata,  and  Parrya. 


Arctic  Plants:  Geographical  Distribution 


101    B 


III.  Southern,  alphw:  Erysimum,  Thlaspi. 
J-.  A  weed:  Si.v/mbriiim. 

«-;i!„^„\'S.";;;™'*;;i''  Zr£\^'"r'  -r »*-  -"■ " '^■ 

and  fron,  ,hc  terHtory^ox,  lorcci  bv  ho  oil  n  •  ™"'  l^'  ","'^''""  '^'^i"  region 
genus  ,.s  ,,„i,o  rich  in  specie  annual  or  Lni^^^^^'^  ,,""'  ^'^'■^^^'-  ^^""fl'  the 
these  extend  as  far  souUi  as  Cap"  of  ConH  Hnn '  fr  ""'  "=?  P^^^nnial  So,„e  of 
ofncam  I..),  and  Tierra  dH  IWo  "f^>r?  S^n^^^^ 

with  respect  to  T.  profe«s/v     his  «nL„i    f  ""■*;     ^<^-  !/'«"«/'s  DC).     And 

ta.ns  of  Europe  a.fd  I  (  f/.  .a'PT'  .^''^f,  ^■"^''  ''  •;'tril.ution  in  the  n.oun- 
tains;  ,t  i.s,  however,  al,sent    rr^he  IWv  ^^^  •"^'*''";  '""'  ^"'kal  n,oun- 

spec.es  is  that  it  son  etin,,.s  ,ioos  not  dev  I  n  '""""♦'""''•,  A  pecuharity  of  this 
Kurope,  but  that  repro.hn.n'  n  muv  tskn  7  'f ""'  '"'^'•^'  ""^  ''^■*^"  in  0.,trai 
upon  the  leaves.  iV.  ,  £  "i.'S','  "''"''>:  ""'='"«  «!'  ''"■•'lots  developed 
roach  the  floweriuK  state  s  r  oin  c  r^ ,  ,  T  l*^".?  ■'""">» ""f-^  <l<'<'.s  not  even 
borgen  and  this  peculbdK  t '  h'u  ui  f)'  ^'''""^'i  ^"''  '"■^"^"'•''  *"  •^I'i'^'- 
c"Zi/.9  Pallasii,  and  /,•.  ^ivwrWr^Vov  ,(.'''''"'.''''  '''l"-^''<-^J'-wi,la,  Rain,- 
distributed  in  SpitzbergeTan/l  Vuirm.  i  'i ''''\^^^^  ^''"'"'^  •■"'^^  ^uite  widelv 
to  represent  remnants^f '^n  earll  >  ,ori  u/  wh"!^!'  ^^>',«^"^i'''"'inp  the  plants 
warm  to  enable  them  to  develon  f  ,, if  nn  l  1  ?  *'"  '',""''"'  "««  sufficiently 
from  the  wide  KeoKraDhicsl  S;i  an^'  mature  seeds.     However,  judgine 

the  genus  in  theSh,  it  seem™  '''T''r  ■•'■P>--'^"ta'tio'?  of 

southern  origin,  but  that  it  nartook  i  "!""''''''  ^^"^  ^f"''''<^«  ^^  »'^inK  of 

arctic  flora  retreated.  '^  ""  ""S^^t'O"  towards  north  when  the 

cent^^'JfStS;^;^  l^^^itS;';  ^;.'r[*^-'>-  ll^^  ^•'<"-  of  tl.  original 
species  is  most  abundant  S  a«<ocii'eu  h"""  '"  ?'"*''?'  ^^"''"P^  where  the 
also  with  several  of  the  closely  a  iiedt  n  .  //  .f  """'';"''  1^  f'''^  ^^P^^'^«'  '^"^ 
species  is  not  so  common  and  mS  res  r  cte  r.i;'-  v  "  V"  ^  ',"'.' ^  ^^^^'^^  ^^"^ 
on  the  other  hand,  there  are  snmrnli;  7  •  *^'  ,'''*'  Northern  Atlantic  States' 

North  An,o,i„,  in,~^Zt  T,Zt    «''  *"'°P"''  '"■'■'■•  '»i"B  ""J"  iV  to 

several   have  in  A,n„i"°f^^,„,\i'TJ'i  n  at  'voT  ?'"'""  "\  ''""'  "■»"•!« 
»l«'aes.  for  installer,  Wrata  with  20  .nerilli        ■*    .   'J'  "•""l>''-"'i'tid™,ic 

i-r  (he  circumpolar  must  be  left  out  nf^An'^i      .^"-^  ^"'T'' '''^' Po''^'' ''^^K'ons; 
-PI.  aretie  ,Eecie„onV;Vttr4.°;SJ^*SrW*Sint5^^^^ 


102  B 


Cnnailinn  Arctic  Expedition,  1913-18 


\ 


Kfiioially  (hsfnhut.Ml  soiith  of  tlio  arctic  rcKioii;  moreover,  tlu-  nuiiihcr  of  species 
I  lilt  occur  in  (.reeiilHiid  and  on  this  contin.nt  only  is  oxtremelv  smM:  Lesmier- 
elln,  Drabn  aurea,  Ursperix.  Arnbis  HolhoeUli,  ami  A.  Ilookeri.' 

liy  coniparinR  the  KeoRraphical  distrihiition  of  the  neims  Saxifraga,  we  have 
seen  hat  not  less  than  7  out  of  the  1.5  species  collected  are  circumpolar;  and 
witti  the  only  exception  of  S.  rivularis,  they  are,  furthermore,  widelv  distributed 
farther  south.  KiiRler,'  who  has  arranKe.l  the  species  in  very  natural  .sections, 
attributed  the  followiriK  K<'ographical  tlistriliution  to  those  of  the  species  which 
occur  Within  our  rexion.  i.e.,  the  one  explored  hv  the  expedition. 

.\ephrophyllum:  Of  the  19  species,  representing  this  section,  10  occur  in 
t he  mountains  of  Spain,  south  of  the  Pyrenees,  and  0  of  these  are  endemic  to 
these  mountains;  timonR  the  others  some  few  are  known  from  the  Alps 
t  aucasus,  the  Himalayas,  eastern  Siberia,  the  Rockv  mountains,  and  Alaska     ' 

Ihe  section  Hirculn.s  contains  11  species,  10  of  which  ar(>  endemic  to  the 
liimalayas;  the  eleventh  species,  .S.  Hirculnx,  shows,  .-is  mav  he  .seen  from  the 
tahle  an  extraordinarily  wide  distribution  throughout  the  northern  hemisphere. 

lioraphila  with  2;{  species  is  mainly  Siberian,  about  16  species  being  charac- 
teristic of  the  districts  between  Altai  and  Kamtchatka,  beddes  western  North 
America;  some  other  species  are  more  widely  distributed  on  this  continent, 
and  J  of  these  are  endemic;  sev(>ral  species  are  also  known  from  the  Himalayas 
among  which  ;j  en(leiiii<>.  The  section  is,  furthermore,  widelv  distributed  in'thc 
arctic  region. 

While  :Ui  siM'cies  are  attributed  to  the  s(>ctioii  Diicti/loiiles,  most  of  these  are 
Irom  hpaiii.  Atlas,  and  the  Canary  islands;  some  few  are  known  from  the  Car- 
pathian mountains  and  the  South  American  Cordilleras;  a  verv  few  species 
occur  in  the  Asiatic  mountains,  but  none  in  the  Himalayas. 

VVith  regard  to  the  section  Tmchyphi/llum.  most  of  the  species  are 
Himalayan,  and  only  a  very  few  have  been  reported  from  Altai,  Kamtchatka 
western  ^orth  America,  and  Central  Europe. 

Of  the  four  species  represent'  ,4  the  .section  Porphi/rion,  three  are  confined 
to  the  mountains  of  Central  and  South  Europ<-,  whil.-  the  fourth  one,  S.  oppositi- 
folKi  shows  an  enormous  distribution  through  the  northern  hemisphere  and  is 
besides,  circumpolar. 

The  data  regarding  the  distribution  of  the  sections,  of  which  species  were 
collected  by  (lie  expedition,  thus  indicate  the  difficult v  in  locating  the  actual 
centres  of  their  distribution,  whether  the  species  originated  in  the  north,  notably 
the  arctic  region,  or  in  the  .south.  However,  with  reference  to  S.  miliata  Small 
(.*«.  vxtb)i  Steph.),  the  very  limited  distribution  points  towards  the  centre  having 
been  located  in  northeasfprn  Siberia,  wh(>re  it  is  accompanied  bv  a  near  allv 
S.  sibirica.  '  '  ' 

S.  reflexa  Hook.,  being  exclusively  arctic  and  confined  to  the  coast  between 
the  Mackenzie  and  Copix-rmine  rivers,  must  have  originated  there.  .S'.  aestivalis 
grows  on  the  north  coast  of  Siberia,  but  is  .seeminglv  rare  there;  from  there  it 
extends  to  Altai  and  Haikal,  and  eastward  to  Kamtchatka,  the  coast  of  Man- 
churia, and  St.  Lawrence  island.  On  this  continent  the  sp(>cies  has  been  reported 
from  Alaska,  together  with  the  very  local  S.  Xelaoniana,  as  well  as  from  the 
Kocky  mountains,  as  far  south  as  Colorado,  and  the  Cascade  mountains.  JJeing 
apparently  very  rare  in  the  arctic  region  as  conipared  with  its  distribution 
farther  south,  and  esp(>cially  in  eastern  Asia,  I  presume  the  centre  of  both  S. 
aesliraliK  and  S.  Xelxoiriana  must  have  been  in  northeastern  Asia. 

With  respctt  to  S.  broncfndlis.  the  very  wide  distribution  of  this  species  in 
the  arctic  region  of  Hii.ssia  and  Sil)eria,  and  being  so  very  rare  on  this  continent, 
absent  from  Greenland  and  the  arctic  American  archipelago,  seems  to  indicate 
that  its  geographical  centre  may  have  been  located  in  Siberia,  but  not  ncccssarilx 
within  the  arctic  reffinn  since  ttsc  species  seems  to  he  <iMite  vvell  distributed 


'  Mono;|rii 


regini!   since 
Icr  (lattung  Saxitragii. 


Broslau,  IS72. 


Arrlic  Hants:  Geographical  Dhtrihulion 


v!"''W?V**''  ^"'"  '"^'aiMc,  in  the  AJtai 


103  B 

a  very  fp„-  .stations;  fn.n,  thore  i    oSnds  s^MUh        ,'.      w"  T''"  '""  ""'>'  "^ 
Colorado.    AlthouRh  a  uoar  My  „{  StricuLT,    fn  ''"'t''  '"""""""«  >» 

of  those  d„es  n„t  roinW.I      for  tho  l.;tt7.r  i  '  '  *'"'>""«'-''Pl'i<-al  .listrihution 

islands  of  ,h,.  ar,.ti,.  a .  u  r.Van  a  '.  nXo  it  h ''""?  '">  '■"-"''""I  ••'"d  on  the 
Appalachian  nu.nr.tains  a  d  tL  II   dso7^^^^^  also    „.,.„  ,.„,or,l.Hl  fron,  tho 

Siberian  ori^i..  an.l  a  ,  th  r  eonfino,  «  r  •'  ""f*^''  'f^''''"'^'  """  "''  <l<'ci<lcdly 
tho  arotio  roKion  am  to '    «"n J  •    ''"'  '■''"<"?''"*>  •>•«   '"'th  ...•.•urrinK    n 

strait.  Tho  presVn?  ii^  i  liTo;  l"?"'"^  ''.•'';''  ""'"••  ""  "'<"  '-^sts  of  Horirg 
it  abounds  botwoon  (  ^Ln  iS  N^  T'Vr''"''''  .""*"^'-^'  '"  '■'■-"'and,  who  f 
N.L.  on  tho  o.ast  ....ast       "  do«.    Lf  it  ''  ."''^'^  '■"''"''  '""'  f--"'"  ''O"  to  Tti" 

islands,  Mmk..s.h^siesn™^^  '1""^  ^'•"<l-'n<  on  ,l,o  ar..  tc 

in  tho  north  eastern  ^..ie';^;,:;^  ^  tht! tnlt:^"  '"■""''  "'='^-  '"'  ^""«'"  "'-' 

in  E:^.,:,;:^'f;r'f;;.>tS!c'n:"oi:  (^r'  ^^  '-vr'^^'.  ^■-■■-  "-">•  «'ation. 

Pyrenees  and  the  Alp  o  I  X"  d'^iw  J/'^l"  T"'  '^?"'"""vi'')  -'uth  to  tho 
coast  sonth  to  .'-,1°  X  J    i'  the  R;»bl       /<;"'•,'•■  '"  '^""''■""^  f'-'""  "1'^  ••"■••tic 

oxec,,t  a  very  few  ^la/ions  n  X^  ^^;;;;;  l^td'l^r'^'''^  "'"•'"  ^'""^  "^^''^ 
aretio  area  eovered  bv  this  snnZ.    ,.  r"  ^  ''*'•     '^^  '^"'"  "^  oon.vrns  the 

laticudo  on  this  .'..n    m.       i  Khn^Vvl'Tr  TT'T'  '''''^'  ''"■  '••••'•.■spoM.ling 

S™;?b:;id:i';.-r£S'^^^^^^^^^ 

belie.^  that  the  spoe!ri^--l\;;:;;—^^^ 

dina;!r:!;.d'r',/~':s:;  x^in^  'r^r  — « bJiSl^u^sr 

mdoredasatruIva"-irvpnhieh^{Zw^^^^^^^^       '"?•''  '"^^•^••f»'<'lf'><s  ''»■  <'on- 
distributed  on   ihe  aret  e  eo' Vt   o      hf  ^'' ''''^•''^  *''" '"'^^^^  It  is  widolv 

known  from  Spitzbe^  anrCVio mlT  "'l^f  '"eluding  r.roenlan.l;  it  is 
Siberian  eoast.    Fart h(M- south  if      L-nl'  "".''  {';"'"  ■'^'^■•'^"'  '^'ations  on  tho 

Caucasus,  Altai  and  «S'\;;,  .u^"  ^J It  ^^""1}'^  *^'"""'^''"'' 
true  that  most  of  tho  soeeies  of  th-r  1^  .•  'r  ,  ,  ''''*-^""'-  However,  it  s 
pointed  out  by  Englor  e)  an  moroover\r'''''''^'r •''''','■'''/''"  "'"'••''•''.van,  as 
Himalayas  as.soeiatod  with  tw  \  Crs  v'  «  P*^^':"'"^'' ^il'  !'  ^""'i"^  ''^  '"  the 
Hook.  til.  et  Thon,s.,  whicl^Xb  texaetk  th,  "'"'T''.  •^^""-  '""'  ''■  /"''■"'■'^ 
filiform  stolons  abo -c  Kroundoi.r.l  I  .r'"'' ''"'''  "■*  •■^'  /%'*"' S  viz.: 
loaves,  an.l  ternnnatedl  v  T 'n     1  *^  •! 'vcloped  from  tho  a.xils  of  the  ro^etto- 

ima^ino  that  the"  m.H.i?,.in  "u  H  S.^''* 'l  n'1  ''  T"'*'  '"'  '''«^-"*  '° 
<tistribution  so  o.H.rnKjusir^Wd  ,,  th  l  '  ''"'"'"'  '"'''"'  ••"■'"••''  ''ontre  n{  a 
believe  that  ^^ywX  k^mos  ,  he''";'''  '"''";'"•  ^  ■•'"  """"  '"■•''"'"'  '" 
arctic  regions,  and  that  i  reac  ed  ho  H  7"""^'^''  '^''-'''''''  "'•iffi"ato.l  in  tho 
mountains.  The  a  eia  io,!  ' S  tt  tw,"  '-f  '  •'  '"'■'  ""^  '^'  •^'""  ="'^  B^'i^al 
a  recon-  Roographiral  Vo  •  of  h/.  ,  '\'''''''V*^"'''  ^^^''^  '''»>'  -^'"'Plv  indicate 
as  far  as  ( "aun  ins  "^  ""'^  '"torosfng  httle  group  of  spe..ies,  ox.onding 


N.   «/(•(((, 


villaining  species  of  .Sa.r//ror/r,:  .v.  ,/n,/«nv    ,S'    renin,,     <i     II        i 

an.,  of  th;s;;s^'^-;!£;i^;sx  ;:^^  A  ''p;>^4/^'a;^  ^r^S::;; 

.IK"  Hnnalayas,  and  tl^  ^cdes  ^^^1^^    ,;    SvX/wb;;r''r"?[*^  "^"^  ""^^'^^ 
ranguig  from  western  Tibet  (4  -.Of    Innn  '   '''"t'lbutod  in  these  mountains, 

layas,  !.t  the  same';dt!tS.^'(^:^;;i^S '  ^'u,;!'^  "^^^^^  l^  -sten.  Ilin.al 
containing  11  species   has  10  of  the,,,  rn,),..;.^  ^ "^^  section   Hirculus, 

to  SUPPO.ST  thai  the  I  ima  aval  ,oZ  tu      an  L'l'T  '""""tain.s,  it  is  natural 
centre,  where  the  section  bts  do  Xnf?  ^  "»f"'-tan     or  perhaps  the  onlv 


■    if 


iU4  B 


Canailiun  Arctic  Eiimlilion,  t91.i-lS 


S.  y/<rcWM.'!  originatrd  in  tlic  arctic  regions.  For  nowhcro  wliom  the  siM-cirs 
occurs  docs  It  Pxlubit  any  pronounced  tcn.icncy  to  vary,  rx.T,"  with  n.fcard  to 
tlic  fohaRe:  oblonRo-lanroolata,"  "lincaria,"  "spathulata,"  etc.  By  ><on.(. 
authors,  Lanpo,  for  instance  (Consp.  FI.  firoenl.),  the  arctic  phmt  is  considered 
as  representing  a  variety  "alphn,  Kngl."  from  the  Ilin.ahivas,  but  the  deviation 

ion.  the  type  depends  merely  m.on  a  dwarfed,  more  condensed  growth,  the 
leaves  a  little  broader,  etc.  The  arctic  plant  resembles  the  alpine;  it  is  able  to 
produce  .ower.s  and  npen  th."  s.'ed  even  as  far  north  as  Spitsbergen,  according 
to  IIess(.ln;ai.  d-e.),  alihougli  probably  not  every  vear.        '  ""     '  •* 

\\  ith  resjiect  to  N.  rii  iilnris  and  .V.  cirmw,  both  being  also  widely  distributed 
tarther  .south  especially  the  latter,  the..e  species  are  well  adapted  to  the  arctic 
(  iniale,  hy  d(.veloping  bulblets  which,  in  the  latter,  have  almost  entirely  re- 
placed tlie  lowers;  m  this  respect  .S'.  ccrniia  resembles  the  arctic  form  of  .S' 
■-irllans,  ns  described.  The  geographical  centre  has  undoubtedly  been  within 
tiie  aictn-  regions.  I  he  prevalence  in  the  north,  together  with  the  eireum- 
polar  (  nbntum.  .«eems  to  indicate  that  .S'.  uiralis  and  ,S'.  hiimcilfulia  are  also 
arctic  tyfies  and  that  they  originated  in  the  p<.'Hr  regions. 

nut  with  regard  to  S.  tlirlji'ms,  it  seems  somewhat  doubtful  whether  an 
arctic  centre  could  be  credited  to  this  species.  We  should  remember  that  the 
section  ;>/c/,vo/r/cs  ,s  decidedly  southern,  and  N.  dccipiens  is,  so  far  as  we  know. 
al)out  the  only  one  which  occurs  in  the  polar  regions  and  is  circumpolar.  It 
tias  however,  two  near  allies,  the  distribution  of  which  reaches  far  north,  namely, 
.^.  hupimidis  J  which  IS  common  in  Iceland  but  more  widely  distributed  in 
soiittnustern  Fuupe,  and  .s.  ^v7cno^/7(,roSternb.,  known  only  from  arctic  and  sub- 
arctic .North  America,  viz.:  Hudson  bay  region  and  Alaska. 

As  far  as  concerns  S.  dccipirns,  this  [)olymorphic  species  is  best  developed 
in  the  n.ountains  of  Central  Europe,  but  is  totally  absent  from  the  A.^iatic 
mountains.      Lngier  (1.  c.p.  18ti)  has  enumerated  several  varieties,  among  which 

groenlandica  is  credite.l  to  ttie  arctic  regions,  and  also  to  Norway,  Iceland,  and 
Oreat  Britain;  two  other  varieties,  "car.pitom"  and  "uniflora,"  a'rc  also  credited 
to  the  northern  regions.  Bm  the  more  evolute  forms  "vulgari^^"  and  "quinquc- 
fida  are  exclusively  southern.  It  would  thus  appear  as  if  the  species  had 
developed  m  the  .south  Central  Europe  for  instance,  where  it  is  best  represented 
and  best  developed.  \\  herever  it  is  met  with  in  the  polar  regions  it  is  always  of 
a  stunted  growth  and  few-Ho^vered,  which  might  indicate  that  it  is  a  foreigner 
in  these  regions,  but  haying  adapted  itself  remarkably  to  the  change  of  condi- 
tions and  having  acquired  .such  wide  distribution  so  as  to  become  circumpolar. 
Otherwise  with  regard  to  ;•.'.  oppositi folia.     This  species  being  circumpolar 

■  H?li.°  T    "i  "!"'''  '"  ''!''  '','■'*"  '"'''"''^<^  '"''J'>  '"  •'*P'<<'  "*■  t''*'  ''normously  wide 
distribution  tarther  s<.nth,   be  considered  as  a  truly  arctic  tvpe.     The  other 

Sn^'V  /  "'''.".7'  ^'"7,'^''""  o<'''"r  onl.v  in  the  highest  mountains  of  Central 
Europe,  but  one  of  these,  S.  hflora  All.,  has  also  become  distributed  as  far  north 
as  arctic  Kussia. 

From  a  gcograpl.' "al  iK)int  of  view  the  genus  Dnins  is  very  interesting  and 
cnluT^'TP^/'  ''"'^"  ■■•"luarkable.  I),  octopdala  ami  1).  inteqrijolia  were  both 
collected  by  the  expedition,  while  the  more  southern  species  D.  Dmmmondii 
Jtlook.  was  not  met  with. 

«I.n  ^!f /'i""-''!-".'  T'J  ^\T  ?''''^  ^'P-  ""'"P'f"^"  i^  "ot  only  circumpolar  but  is 
a  so  ^udely  distributed  farther  south,  notably  in  Iceland,  Scandinavia,  the  Alps 

snnth  r'pT''  S""^'^f  ■*,•  ^"l"  f""'  "'-likal  mountains,  the  Kockv  inountains 
south  to  Colorado,  and  the  Asiatic  coast  of  Bering  strait,  viz.:  St.  Lawrence  and 
Konyam  bay.  D  integrifolia,  on  the  other  hand,  is  in  the  arctic  region  confined 
to  the  shore  explored  by  tne  expedition,  the  American  archipelagc^;  Greenland, 

from  T«I  r  f  A^''""f-'V'"/-  J"  ^\"'>'^*^  ^^-  i'^teyrifolia  has  bc^en  recorded 
from  Island  of  Anticosti,  Labrador,  the  coasts  of  Hudson  bay.  evtendimr 
ux'stward  to  Bering  .Mnut;  its  southern  limit  in  the  Kocky  mountains  is:  Summit 
of  Moose  mountain,  Elbow  river,  at  an  elevation  of  7,500  feet 


Anlir  PI,,,,,,.  (;,„y,.,tj,j,i^,ji  UUHhutiun 


105  B 

sx":r l;;;;rv;;:;-iirt^i:;!  '^^^^  -  x'TJ^a '^'S 
'7;«V«n;!;Votr;J.r;;;,:,;;,";°;.:;,5s:.t  K'-" ' ',"■  ■""""■■'■•  «™ 

r<-  n,i,»(  cxi>l„r,-,l  I,,,    v.     ".    S""'  "'"'■'■''d  al  many  ,ii,ii„„,  „|„..„  .,,„ 

!■""  K|.,v,„ll,  £,",,;,,,.''   "•'  'MH-.!.!.,,,,;    ,ho  ,„,ormcdia,o  fo„„  .va/f,,,,!!,!  la 

m«n!irli"uTJo'fm'i,;','  '.vll,',','"''''.'','''  °-  "*»">'•"  »a»  ol„erv,.,l  l„.  KjoU 

v=.£:sr;i';rs;;;'^:!,;  ;!:;H™^'" 

Moroover,  it  occurs  i„  ,.asto  n  S    oW        I;\^'    '■■■?,',""■""''''"«'"  ^^''•'''''•'■^'•n 
\\.th  regard  to  the  Siberian  p  ant  Lc  loho  ^?F1    p  ^'''i'"  V-'T   ('^■"••'•^■•'ninou). 
the  following  staten.cnt:  ''sK.inV  fr^  iS- .'  '  {'■  ^""^  ^'  f"  "^  ^  '"'^kcs 

debeo,  ab  americanis  a  cr  HoZr  mnc    .    ^    '"'"^  >P".f>volontiao  d.  Turcz. 
lacm,.caIycinispauloar:,ust;S:etToS^^^^  "-  ^iff-'-t  nisi 

vi. :  "i;:  X^«"  ^Sr  r o;;:t^:s'i!T^  ^»^^'^^  ^'-  -»-  ones  of  the  g. ., 

alpine,  and  finally  D.^™;,,lXSh^^^  ^-  ^' ""?'•'/"''"  "I"''!!  is  arei.,.: 

furthennore  does^not  see^;::T:1:,\,;;'^fa^lle7'o:^h"'''""""^^■  '''^'•'''''  ''"•'  ^^'^^ 

beon\^^h^rhVJollfS;::^;Lf^£rH^  ^"'  ^-  '•';'^^"^'"-  --^-v  '■-- 

during  the  glacial  f-poch     Of'jh  '  e    h'  7  '"'K''^^^''  to«-ards  the  south 

m  the  mountains  of  LtMVo,l.TxcenVtITin^.T"''  "'.l'^  "/'''''^  distributed 
not  '^xtcn.l  bevond  the  niount^i'nf rT  fir  • '^''^■'■'''' ''■''''<^ '^-'- '^ 

other  hand,  -vi.lentl    l'.  Hts  cent  e    ou  h^M';,e"'"V-    ^^  ■^"■""! """"'-•  on  th2 
Rock.es  evidently,  and  inn-  ha  e  .le  o        A       '"i"*,"^  '■'''^"''"■^'  '"  "'«  ^'anadian 

rented  on  the  higher  rutai'n.Tr^^^      ^''   ^'■'"^'■'  "'''  '*'"'  *'>■"  ^^'^  '^""^^•.  rt-Pre 
-ence  in  the  arctic    egronh^w;^";;^;^^^  The  lin.ite.iocc.r- 

present  distribution  farther  somh  o    the'^n    '^'■'•^'''''  ""'^^^  «""'sponds  with  its 
above,  this  species  and  D  Dn„uul h^^^^^^  ''"^'  "'^  '"""ione,! 

direction  to  the  eastern  part  o   northern  A  sin  ^Vif"^*^^,  their  range  in  a  western 
the  wide  range  which  it  occunieo  t hr       .^^"^V.^"*  with  regard  to  D.  ocfonetala 
Worlds  is  seemingl     in  goo7rccordanc??^^  ^'•^»"''f«  of  ''oth 

tribution  in  the  polar  regbns         "'''"'^  ^'^'^  ^  ^o™^""'  "lu^Hy  extensive  dis- 

nnd^Ss.*oK;:^;S::!ttS?;t;"r^'^^^  ^-"^^  .en.. ..,...,«, 

be  appropriate  to  give  a  general  ViWn/tL.ff/Tl'-  ''''  ^'"^  «'^P«diti.m.  it  nia^ 
^^    ^'^yom,wing^peeie^^i:;r:;;^;J^jl:;i:!^:i^'- of  ;»H-f-  •;in  toto." 

^o  British  Columbia,  and  follows  \L%tk;^°ltSs%^[;;V\7S^^^^^^^ 


10«i   B 


CaiKidian  Arrlir  KtimiIi'Iioh.  lf>l3-lS 


\ 


'•  '■,"!('"("  K*""*'"  '"  '•"'  AllcKhany  mountains,  \ortli  Carolina,  and  a  varioJy 
nrkii  (iray  has  Ix-cti  rcconlcd  from  alpiiir  tops  r)f  fho  Whili"  mountains.  New 
Hampshire;  S.  Hoxxii  is  common  in  the  alpine  renion  of  the  Hoekios  in  Colorado, 
extendinK  northward  to  the  aretie  shore  and  the  arehifM'hiRo,  and  westward  to 
Ahisl<a;.S.  (ilnrialis  is  known  oidy  from  the  arctic  seashore  west  of  the  Mackenzie 
river;  S.  cullhifolin  is  known  from  the  northwest  j'oast,  Unalaska  and  Sitka. 

■^''■"''•''"K  >"  I-<'<lei)oiir,  S.  filacialin  and  S.  Hoxmi  oeeur  in  "astern  Siln-riu, 
.S.  calthifiilin  in  Kamtchatka.  JJeside  these  a  fourth  species  is  enumerated  by 
Ledelxiur  (Fh)r:i  Koss.  I.e.),  S.  niiemoiwiilcs  \{.  Mr.,  also  from  Kamtchatka. 
l-inally,  there  are  two  species  in  the  .\lps  and  l'yren<"es  .S.  montann  (L.)  SprenR., 
aijd  .S.  ni>t(itts  (L.)  Spren^.,  and  one  in  tiie  Himalavas,  .s.  ,!i:ln  Hovle  (alt.  9  0(K>- 
lo,00()  ft.). 

\\e  have  thus  before  us  a  Rcnus  of  (piite  an  extensive  Ke«>Kraphical  distribu- 
tion, l)ut  disconnected  and  .seemingly  unexplainal)le. 

None  of  the  species  are  circumpolar;  none  have  l)een  rei^rted  from  arctic 
huropo,  and  nevertheless,  two  species,  one  of  which  is  vi'ry  characteristic  by  its 
8toIoniferous  habit  (.S.  repl(iHK),  inhabit  the  .\lps  and  Pvrenees.  On  the  Sil)erian 
north  coast  from  17:}°  W.  Long,  to  iW  K.  J.onf{.  S.  glacialifi  is  the  onlv  species 
recorded  so  far  (Kjellman,  I.e.);  the  Rcnus  is  ab.sent  from  the  Altai  and  Baikal 
mountains  which  otherwise  harbour  so  many  arctic  sfn-cies;  in  the  northeastern 
corner  of  Asia,  however,  N.  liosaH.  S.  aiUhifolin,  and  S.  (itumnnoidis  j.re  indigen- 
ous liui  between  these  regions  and  the  Himalayas  no  speries  has  been  recorded 
and,  as  mentioned  above,  only  one  occurs  in  these  mountains. 

()n  this  continent,  however,  the  distribution  is  fairlv  well  connected,  tor 
even  if  .S  ulaciahx  and  N.  ralthifnlia  are  very  rare  on  the  northwest  coast,  and 
none  of  them  crossinfj  the  Mackenzie  river,  we  have  in  .S'.  Ronxii  a  species  quite 
extensively  distributed  in  the  arctic  region,  including  the  islands  of  the  archi- 
Fjelajjo,  and  extenduiK  south  to  the  alpine  summits  of  the  Rockies;  furthermore, 
.V  triflorn  which  is-  not  arctic  but  widelv  (listrii)uted  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
lacihc  slope  and  southwards  to  Colorado,  following  the  Rockv  mountains, 
tinaily,  the  AllcKhenies  and  the  White  mountains  are  the  home  "of  .S.  radiata. 
Hut  111  spite  of  this  fair  representation  of  the  genus  on  this  continent,  none  has 
l)een  discovered  in  (Ireenland. 

If  now  the  question  be  asked  where  these  species,  or  let  us  sav  the  genus, 
originated  the  answer  cannot  possil)ly  be  in  the  south,  nor  in  the  north  alone. 
Itie  .South  European  elements  did  ceriainly  not  come  from  the  north,  since 
they  are  endemic  to  these  mountains;  tliev  must  have  originated  there,  where 
.urthermore,  they  are  associated  with  two  near  allies:  f/«)*.7(  and  Dri/ax. 

\\  ith  refereiK'e  to  the  arctic  species,  N.  ghciali.s  anil  ^S.  liiKsxii.  these  must 
nave  (lev(>loped  in  the  polar  regions,  and  of  these  the  latter,  S.  l{u>i.-ii,  did  not 
altogc'.ier  leave  the  .south  when  the  arctic  flora  returned  for,  as  mentioned 
at)oye,  it  is  ttill  in  existence  on  the  :ilpine  summits  of  the  Rockies,  in  Colorado 
lor  instance.  ,S'.  tnflora  and  S.  cullhifnlin  are  evidentlv  of  vounger  origin,  both, 
tiowcver.  from  a  northern  centre  evidentlv  located  in  Canada.  Another  centre 
ot  development  must  hav(>  been  in  the  Appalachian  mountains,  so  far  as  con- 
cerns .S.  rndmto.  Finally,  with  regard  to  S.  vUttn.  m>  widelv  secludeil  from  the 
ottier  .species,  this  must  have  originated  in  the  Himalayas." 

Con.sidering  these  data  it  .seems  to  be  characteristic  of  the  southern  element 
of  the  genus  that  so  very  few  species  have  become  <leveloped,  and  that  the.se 
are  endemic  to  the  .southern  mountains:  ,S'.  elutn  to  the  Himalayas,  -S'.  repfans 
and  ^.  monlana  to  the  Alps  and  Pyrenees  and,  tinallv,  S.  radiata  to  the  Appal- 
achian mountains.  The  reason  may  be  that  the  centres  are  of  a  more  recent 
date,  and  therefore  entirely  independent  of  each  other.  And  it  is  a  point  of 
great  importance,  I  believe,  that  these  independently  developed 
the'ess  show  the  typical  habit  of  true  Sieversia;  the  only  dist 


species  never- 
nction  appears  in 


■\"tir  Plants:    Oeoymphicil  l)istril,„ti„n 


."-...l  an.l  .n  r.^nnl  ,„  assodation  with  S-.T/v p,'/    ^"'  '"  "•^"""■'  '"  '""-"'  «-l 

m<.nntain,  Watrrt.-n  lake,  l^-.i  I,"  tl.t    T  .         "*''  '^"""•"•■•y  r>.'«-s.  Sh.vp 

Xat.   H.tI..  from   Mon.,.,,.-   v       ^^'*   '  '^""'."'  "•""<■  ■'-n<'''iiii..n>  i,    ,h,.  i-    4 

AIa<-ou,Ks,.ntthosporin,ons    Xl     tU   \r       n  '",""  "':"   ^^'    •'•"'"-  M. 

South  Kuropoan  sp.vi.vs  in  th..  I^,  i^u  „   ,   ij:    ::.';'"'••""  ""'  "'■'■^"" •'  "'i^ 

with  s,„n,.  ,.o„,r..  i„  ,h,  P.v,,.,.e,.s  ■  T  /     ^ '  „  r',*!  '"  ""• '  "•••'•^'  '"•""■'•'•"I 

and  the  associat  on  with  a  h.-.l  tv..,.«  i!     I       .  ""''  '•"""""■^  ar..  alpin... 

-"/-'</.  J..  consocpH.r.Hy'l'i;^;;^;:;;,  ':;.;;''•;-  '•  '•'>". '-.  an!i  /.; 

from  two  contrfs;  „„,.  ,„  1 1  e  Pvronoos  an        s  -  ■      \  I'!'"  >«"<>'»<  onui.i/.to.l 

polar;  thr  others,  with  the  ox  ■  V,   on  o    /  '  J"""""'''  •'""   ''■  '"''"'■  '"••  ''''••■un.- 
W.th  rospoct  to  P.  pal.stris  th  i  '      ri  1  /,  •/""^'-"v"''  ("•n„.,pal)y  aroti,.  ,v,,os. 

retroat,  rathor  than  having  a,,    al      ,»•,,'• '"'^^  !!"■  arotio  on  their 

han.l.  ,s  ,.n<iouhto,iiv  of  aroti,   Sn  ow    "■  .      '•     ^  ■.'!"'"■  ""  >'"•  o  hor 

fro,,uontly  at.,n..ia..t\KT,.rr,.,  00  .T  LT,  *"  '"."%^'''>i  ""'"  «l''^"il,ution  and 
•■asus,  tho  Altai  and  Haik  d  m  ,'nt  ,  n  u  '.'''V'',  "'"  i^''"'  '"'•  '  ■^■'■'■"""■■*-  '  '''"- 
a   post-Khi.-ial   voKo.ation  1,.|V      or  n,    ,1        '  M>lain..d  as  „  f,o,n«  a  remnant  of 

'"■'•ti<-  Anu.rioan  tvp,.s,  on,  •  h  ,v  1%;  ',  V  '"""■'/'";""•  "'<■-'■  app<.ar  to  he 
Mrannofaot  that  P   ,,,lrh  II.,  "''^'"K.  <'X  «'iidod  eastward  tr,  (Jreonhind.     It  is  a 

I'c'on  interrupted.  '  '^ """    """'"  "■^""•^'v,.  (hstnl.ution  n>ay  have 

Kut.Iove^Er'l^f  m:;^:'~^T'-  7,-  '~non  in  Central  Kuropo 
IVronoes,  and  it  is  aL,      l    , '  '  t"'^    '^^    '"  '",  ^^^''-"'-"l  "•"•  '"  tl^<' 

-■.y  rare  and  has  o,dy  heen  Unu^l^L^'^K'^r^^Tr  w';';"'""'  V  ''^ 
the  ooourronoe  of  the  species  in  ( ■•.nM,/         ,   ,    \r  '  h     ^^"''  '''K'"''  »« 

=''"""''«."t  in  the  north  and     I  aV  w  Ion  f^^ 

"••nirs  ,n  oold  peat  Ih-ks:  as  far  ut  a  V  °  V  I  '  i  T""'''."  '""'^-  "  "'^'^y^ 
at  the  base  of  P,,roiinino  nm  nf        '     Vi  .         '  '^  '''^''"  ^"""''  '"  P<'"<  ''ORs 

-.ly  station  kn^^n  the  A      Wo  m  a  ^h!!::'"     ''V'*^  '''"'"'"  ''''""•'  '^  '^^ 

tl'at  in  Canada  it  is  ofion  a  ooon  an  ed  I  v  /^l;  *"''•  r'  '■;"""''<^.^t'"K  to  notice 
with  the  .Scandinavian  plant.       '"'""•*'  ''>  '^"^'"'  '"•''''^"*-  L-,  -is  ls  the  case  also 

Evidently  the  hai.itut   "peat   !,n<r  "    ^vherc  thr    n    ;        i 
'■xplains  Its  absence  from  the  sonthorn'nmntnn         f!.     '  ''"'"'''•'  '"'f  '*"  ''^st. 
tion  may  besought  in  the  p  lar  el  on"  e  r. ,  fh       V'"''    '^  '■•'"^'■''  ^^  "«  distribu- 
advanced  to  pro'duce  tnat'm'fn'.l'/r'th^^^S:.    "'''°'"  '-^'^'^^^  «"ffi^iently 


1118   B 


Ciinoiliiin  Airlif  Kjii.dilion,  lOl.i-  IS 


\ 


Of  l{.mn  avinilnrU  I.iniil.  ji  MnRlc  spciuaon,  ii  uiill  brunch  with  n  woll 
pr.-Hrv,.,l  flourr,  «u«  ,.n||,.,.tr.l  l.y  H.'v.  I.  o.  String  .  at  tho  MnrUmw  rivor 
(K'l  a;  tlir  KtwcicM  has  also  hocn  colh-ftcd  on  th.-  American  coaMt  of  Uvriua  strait 
nnci  It  18  rocordrd  by  John  Macoiin  from  Fort  Simi.^on  on  the  Mackcnzin  river' 
lort  Yukcn,  the  Ku.skokoin  vnll.-y,  an.l  St.  .MMli;.ci'«  ishm.l,  Ahinka.  the  stwci- 
mcnn  having  heen  coIhTt.,!  hy  Mr.  Wat.on.  Th.-  species  i.i  known,  furthermore 
fiom  hiheria,  viz.:  Davuriu  and  Kamtchalka. 

Of  the  J'apilionacone  fliirteen  s|)ecics  worr'  collected  liv  the  exiHuhtion 
exactly  one-third  of  the  species  known  so  far  to  have  extended  to  the  arctic 
remon  from  lahle  1  it  will  he  noticed  that  three  of  thei<e  are  circunipolar 
VIZ.:  .Ulnii/alus  ulpimix,  I'harn  (rliji.la,  and  Osiiiro,),'  ■omiie.slris.  However' 
Uieir  i|i.siril.u(i-.n  is  so  extrem.lv  Mattered  within  th<    ..die  rcKion  that  they 

nni-<lly  may  he  dehned  as  cir<umpolar,  for  inslai ,  on  the  north  coa.-l  of  Siheria. 

Aslrn(inlns  has  onl-  been  reported  from  Dickson  harbour  (80°  .J8'  E.  Luuu) 
hoc,  ,my  from  Pivobrascheni  island  (113»  10'  K.  LonR.).  and  Oiylropis  oniv 
troni  Dickson  harbour.  And  the  other  species  known  from  the  Siberian  coast 
T'  ^T,l  ''".''^T.^J'^r  instanc..:  <>x„lrojm  Mertenmam'  only  at  the  mouth  of  the 
/  y/io  ,.  .'"■'^  ^{^^  \';  J'0''K),  0.  nHjnscens  only  at  the  mouth  of  th.-  river  Kolvma 
( H)l  h.  I  o.iK.),  besides  Pitlekaj  ( 1 7W'  24'  VV.  Long.) ;  finally,  Hedysunuu  ohscurum 
L.  has  only  b..en  repr.rted  from  Pitlekjij,  and  Phaca  alpiua  Wnlf.  (non  Ledebour) 
was  discovered  by  Siijef  on  the  shore  of  the  Kara  sea. 

To  empha.size  fully  the  arctic  (hstribution  of  these  Papilionaceae,  Table  ;,, 
snowing  the  di8tribulu,n  ,■(  all  the  .species  of  this  faiui'-  within  the  ■retic  region 
IS  inserte<l.  It  will  be  seen  from  this  table  that,  so  far,  onlv  M  .species  have  beeil 
collected  ir,  this  region.  They  represent  12  genera,  with  la  species  be'onging  to 
urytropis,  7  to  Astragalus,  4  to  VUa,  3  to  hcdjsarum;  the  other  genera  contain 
only  one  or  two  species. 


Tabli  j. 

C;or.((nipluiul   <li>itrihutinn   at  rapilionarcae 

in  tlic  antic  n-KJoiis  <,l  .\ im.ricn, 

i;uro|)e,  and  .\»iu. 

1 
c 
•J 
1 

■r  c 

0 

1  5 

B    C 

93 

1 

.3 

= 
1 

< 

1 

t 
< 

_3 

1 

N 
0 

.d 

1 

to 

"o 

n 

t 

!- 

X 
0 

•A 

1 
II 

< 

Anlhylli.i  lu/n,  ni/vi  I 

« 

Aslraoalus  ahortutnurun-  Ilirlmrda 

• 

* 
• 

■  - 

— - 

-~ 

• 

—  ^ 



• 

• 
« 

A,  olpinus  1 

TT 

* 

A.  arcticus  Itungu 

• 

— 



A .  ehurincnsis  Bunjci* 

« 
* 

• 
* 

« 

• 
• 



— - 

A .  hypoglotti.t  I..  /     

A,  orul}oijfs  Horncni , 

* 

. 

"-- 

• 

A.  jwtaris  Jtontli 

Ertum  hirsulum  I.. 

i_i^ 

._ 

• 

lIcdysttTum  alpinum  I 

— 

H.  Machmii  Ricliards 

— 

* 

• 

— _ 

H.  obscurum  L 

Lathyrua  mrri'unut  (L.)  Bigel 

j 

— - 

_  _    L 

* 

* 

• 

....  1        1 

'  1 



-^U 

Arrh-c  I'lau,:  Geographical  Distribulion 


109  B 


Taili  3. 


In  tl.o  arrtlc  ri.Ki„n-.  „f    uJricT 
'  urnpe,  «nd  A»ii». 


/..  prur<n,is  I.. 

/.'/pinPM  iir.vi.ii,  Wats  . 

/  .  >lno(J'.i/i  t)in  Diiim 

Mrdicnu,!  lupulinn  I, 

fhtibui  writ w  I)C 

<>tytropi»arclica  R,  Itr. 

O.  nrrhilda  Uro. 

".  W.;/,i  (Britt.. 

O.  fampM/ri,  DC, 

O.  foliuhitt  Hook 

^.  Maydelliana  'I'mut  v 

O.  MerUnaiana  'I'uroi 

O.  M idjenjorjfii  Trout  v 

O.  lappoitica  Gaml 

O.  Hicrr«cfni,  (I'ull.)  Fisoh 

O.  Kimhli  0,tf 

Oiylro/ns  SckmiJiii  Mcinaii 

'>.  ilrofjilacea  Hunfto 

I'haca  ill i>inn  U'ulf.  (noii  I.r.lob.) 

P.Jrigida  I 

Tnjulium  jiralinnc  I, 

7*.  repenit  I 

Villa  Cracra  I, 

V.  gigantca  Hook 

V.  tejnum  }, 

''.  iylra<    a  \.. 


t 

% 

«,' 

i 

4 

•7 

a 

I 

a 

N 

c 

■  i 

a 

s 

1 

< 

>; 

>», 

• 

How 


only  indigenous  membe?  of  X  faS  ■''''!! '  ^l^!,,^?^'^^-  "^«"'-'-    '-^  the 
01  the  familv  m  tho  o..«»; •  •*•. 


w 

Astragalus 


fe-^  .6....,  Ox:..op.  lapponi^  an/!'",".^^  oSoXtetn'/^'^^- 

Je  Pyrenees,  and  it  is  interesting  to  noS 
he  a.  t. c  reg,o^    f  ^  and  A.ia?OxSroptV, 

arctic  in  Scandinavia  and  Russia  aloS- 


sarum  obo^arum,  Oxytroms  Lapvonica    -ind       irn.  P  ^'^^•.  tpgether  with  Hedy- 

that  have  reached  the  Alps  andX  Pyrenees  IXt  iZ'^^'i-''  *^'^  ""^^  °«es 
while  Hedysarum  does  occur  in  the  ai  tic  region  .f  p  '"^^^^^^ting  to  notice  that 
/appomca  and  Astragalus  oro6oj./arc  arctkTsl?r„^„^!!l^^-'  ^x.^f 


no  H 


((iniiiliini  ArrHr  Kxitf>liti<m.  lOl.i-lt 


fiirtlM.rin..r..  . h„i  .\.tr„,,„lu.s  .,l,,„n,.  ainl  fh.,,;,  fr,.,»h,  l,„v.-  mI«o  r.-n,  I„.,|  tho 
Altai,  Mil-  Hinkal.  ami  .vm  (!,<•  IlJttmiaxM  ..i.Muitain^:  l.iit  ..u  tliJM  .■.,i,tii„.rit 
tl.."H<.  tw..  «,M.,irs  .1..  n.,t  „.  .•..i„,,,ut.v  .•a.l,  ..ilirr  for  l'h,m,  M..|.«  al  tli.-  ant.,- 
rirrl..  \sh\\v    \,,ir„f,nh,s  „l,„,o,.  .xfrMl-  a-  far  ^..iitli  a-  llir  IJn.kv  nxMintaihs  m 

, '■'"'"     "•^'/'"'/"«  """/"-'"■'.  "II  ll il.rr  han.l.  wl.ilr  .|i-tril.iil..|  tlir..iml,.Mii 

(  ana.la  .rom  l,al.ra.l..r  i„  Koi/.l.u..  ,„|.  AJa-ka,  .!.«.>  ,,..1  f.,||„w  il„.  Ho.kv 

mountains  farihrr  .outh.  h  «.,i.M  il,,,.  a,.,K.ar  a«  if  .\.,nu,.,h,.  „l,,n,„s.  I'hn,,, 
in,/, .1,1.  Ox,,  rnj,,.,  ,am,.,slns.  an.l  H,;h,„„„,„  „h.  ,■„,■„,„  nriifirial.Ml  in  ili,.  iM.hir 
..•Uion..  an.l  that  th,.  Ho.k.v  mountain.,  iUv  Al|,».  ll...  I'vi.n.-.s.  il...  Altai  an.l 
Haikal  m..uiuaii>.  wImt..  !!,.•  >,,,.,„..  an-  .till  in  .AiM.n.v,  wr-  iracli,.,!  .jmina 
th.|  Kla.ial  .■iMH'li,  III,,  arcli..  .liMril.uii.m  of  n,,l,/s„ru,„  „hM,„r,„„  .■orn-nun.U 
W..II  with  It.  ...•.•uri.n.r  furilur  -oiith,  viz.:  ll...  i;uro|M  an  Al,..,  Iral  inoiii'iain. 
Aitai  an.l  Haikal  moiiiilain.,  ami  i.a.tcrii  SiliiTia  U.|\v...n  Al.laii  an.l  Okhoi.k. 

AiimiiK  tl...  ot|„.r  .,H...i...  arc  ...m..  if..nuin,.  Am..n.;in  iv.m-,  vi/.  /.,<»„,„, 
.Ut,„,,„hts  ,,.,l„nK  A.  „h„nf,i,mn,m.  f!,,h,s,„„,„  „h„,„t,„,  //  \l„rl,„,,,' 
O^yln.i,'.  ,n;l„h„,.  <,.  „,,l„,,,  <,  n,>h\n.  f„li„l„.„.  ().  /^„./,/,.  ami  |h/„  „„/„./,„' 
mxw  of  which  ar..  i'oiihn...|  i..  ih,.  mmij..  n.^ion  of  tl.i.  ,..niir...nt.  Willi  r,.ir.,r,i 
toOx!ilr,,,,,snn,r,.-,,.,ru\ll.- 1, .,-.,,,  U-,  •',>.,:,/,  I,  .inir  iittiv...  of  |h  .  n.irth  ..ast 
of  ihi.  ..on.iiM.nt  H.  w;..||  a.  of  Siln.ria,  tl......  may  In.  I.,.,k...|  upon  a.  ..vi.|..ntlv 

i..r.r.-..-i.f.nK  former  .iiiiimiM.hu  «|,..,j,.s  with  a  .li.tril.iition  .•oii.i.loral.iv  r.  .| i| 

.liiriiiK  till.  Klacial  cixirh. 

A    Sihcrian    ''l«;m..nt    i.   n.,,r.....nt...l    l.y   Aslnifiahi^   ,-h„rinensis.   (tx^/lm,,,, 

\\  th  tl...  only  ..x.-i'lition  ol  <t  slr„hil,„;„.  whi..||  ha.  al.o  1.,...,,  ,..,il,.,.|,.,l  j,,  ,|„: 
\l<a  inoiintain.,  ..,uthw...t  .M..iiKolia.  an.l  w..sl..rn  China,  th.-  otii.r.  arc  ...m- 
h....,  f.  the  arcti  ...Ki.in  of  Sil-iria,  iM'tw..,.,,  (ir  an.l  7ti"  \.  Lai.,  fn.m  tl...  X-iatic 
(•OH..t  o'^      'iiiiK  .trait  to  th..  riv<.rJ..ni...i. 

Then  with  r.-Kar.l  to  Kuro,H..  it.  c.ntii.K.nt  f.,  tl...  ar.ti..  tU,iti  i.  r..|ativ..|v 
.mall,  ami  A.l,„,,„l,,.s  „rci„-us  i.  th..  only  .,M...i,..  r,..iri.l...|  t..  th.-  ar,.|i,.  ■„„„.■ 

(rac,     an.l  1  .  s!,l,„l,,;,    all  ol  wlii,.|.  ar..  iiiu,.|,  l,c,i..r  r..„r..s,.nt..H  •f,.rth..r  soul  i' 
with  tl...  ..xc..pli.,i.  .,f  A.l,:,'j„h,s  an.l  Ox,,tr„,,l.  )|„.y  an-  all  lov  lan.l  |,laiil..         ' 

, ,i?;£.7'V''''''''''V'^',  ,'j''^""'"!''''  "•^"  ^••a>l'.,i..  pl.iMl  lliroiiKhoui  IMC  nortlicrn 

hcii.i.ph..,.,  has  r..ach...l  il...  aivtic  r,.^        in  n.anv  pla.....  ami  is.  a.  M...|iiion..,' 
alK.v...    the   .„ily   m..nil,..r   of   the   Papih.  .,„....a..   th.'.t    ha>   i-..a.h...l   Civ.  •  I     , 
A(...or.  iiiK  to  ,1.  hal.i.at,   ,.ii.!   l„.inK  ,..t   pr,..,.ni    mu,.h   ii.or..  ahumiant   i,      le 
roKions    ""  '"       '  '""     '  "  "  "''■""•'  "  ""•'*»-«'"""'  i"f".l.i<-tio..  in  ,1...  .•    .'tie 

are  ,^f  Jileci-ll' in;ci''";""v""l""  ""^  ""i  ^'r"'"""-"""  -^^'ro.jnlus  ai.,1  Ox,,t,:,,,U 
im    of   .special  inl..r..st.      V...  I.hv..  in   the  for.:i..r  two  s.-ci...  eml.>mi.-  to  this 
eomim.nt.    i.ai,...|y:   .1.    „h.,ri.,; „.„■„,„    an.l    .1.    ,,„U„;s:   .^n.h.mi.-   1,,    Isn     . 
clwn,„„s„,   an.l   ...m.mon   to  .SiheHa    an.l    Hussia   i.   .1.    „MI,;,s.     Ai...",i.k   tl..: 


c.)i.tin..|it. 


liirteen     ar-'tie     .p,.eies    .,f    ()x„h„,n.    fiv,.    an-    en.|..|,.i,.    !.,     tl. 
VIZ..   O.    ,,rct,cn,  O    „r,-l..h„:    o.   H.ll/i,    (,.  f„U.,l„s„,    an.l  0.    li.,„l,li ;     en.l..,i; 
to     MiM.ria     ar,.    O      M„,„l,U,„„a.     ().     Merh,^si„„„,     (,.    SchmhUi       •  O 

M,cn,.  wh.le  O.  ,u,n.a.ns  is  eomn.on  t.,  Sil„.ria  an.i  this  Vo  ine,  t' 
MiLw  m"'''  "'"•^'■'/^-  •^•"•^"'/"'■"'  is  wid.ly  .listrihule.1  farther  so,  h  in 
Siberia,  MonKol,a...t....  and  .1.  „h„ri.,„u„u,n  i.  verv  frequent  on  this 
contment  ,n  the  C.-jna.l.ai.  west,  an.l  northern  Tnit...!  State."  he  .-..irie 
region  for  instane,...  In  oth..r  wor.ls,  the  arctic  iv^ions  of  Siberia  an.  V.^i,, 
represent  .s.,n,o  quite  ....portant  ,,,,,„,,  „f  ,|i.,ril,u,io„  of  thoJ^  Ken,;,  •  tu 
P.spocially  of  ()x,nr„p,s.  The  .«peci..H.  ,n.,=t  have  original ci  in  thL'  n.i  .^ 
and  their  pronen  very  .seattercl  ,listrihution  may  in-iii-ate  that  th,.v  hav,?*l  ee n 
partly  exterminated,  the  l„,.alit.,.s  having  l,c,.oii.e  .li.s..o,.,.,.ct,.d  .luring  t  Ic  il    -la 


A)  I  In-  t'hinln 


<!'iH,    iihical  l>i»tnl,„iim 


111  ■ 


lnf.,l,um  „.,„„,„  T..rr..  T  'l„.u,.hullu,n  T   i;  /."""\';i"  ,"'ll.v -I  ll...  AiiirnV,!,, 

^;ir  i^^,"!r;r  ^,„r;;i  'kBz  ';?';='  '^  ■^"™' :■» S;:: 

■«: ;:  ^);!:r;:r,i-,i::;if ::;;-,  »;^'"'i-  -'"i;'-::  ^"^S:: 
only ':;::::[:;;:i/:r;;:;'  n- 1^--  -,k...i  ..„  „...  ,...,„,,.„,,..,^., ,,,,,,,. , 

wi.lH.v  .li.s,nl,„„.,|  fart    ',•;•, f;?'''''''  "i''"'""  '"^  "'"^  •"'•"..,„,, 
lnu,l,-. „„r,nn.  'x...,,,!.' .I'^ar ^  ■        .'j^^^'^^'V' I    'T  "u  T'  T""^'  "'•  '^-•'  ' 

and  also  with  fruits  (Z,  tl:  ^   ■        rSr';    rr''^'''^'  'l ' ^  ^-^!'''' 

An.l;.r.s.s,.n  m.mI   II,.ss,.|„.  „    '    •  .,;",,'"  "'"  '"""''  '""•'  "^  ■'"'>•  '-.v  (Jmrn  n^ 

tn<'  Itraiic  ics.  «•(-,•,.  uitl„.ir.,l  ,..,  i  ■  "   •^'•"    >'<'vioii.s,  st      alinl,..,/  . 

"•a.  .1...  plan,  i-!  s^l^l;: 'i^'s i:!!  i:'''*' (^ ^-^  '•-  •'"•  a,.,h."';::.!;;.i . ;: 

«ln.la  on  this  islan.l,  it  s,.,.  1,    , ,  '  m'""'  "r"'" /••'"'  '"  'I-''  .Mvtil„s 

<l<'IH-t,..n  of  ,h,.  sai.l  strata  nnl":;    h^^  S,.  ^  Sv^^'ti''  "'""""  ^""•"  "" 
he   two  snrcii.w  „f  y,   i  i  ,,    '  "  '  ""  ■*'"  "Ht>  "f  the  species. 

;;;.ih.,-....i  on  .i™i;sh^^'t:';:;,h  onj^r'^;'"'''' '■-  -•'  ^-  '"'^/>'//-.  ^ 

/;.  /;,»/,„„„/  \iii..  ,„„,  J,  /iv;,    /,;       '  1        ■■^"••* '""/'"'"""  "<r/o.;  ,\vo  others' 
'=""'■  ""■  '<"■"'..•  also  of  ,1  /'  re,.  ;•/'.'■'■  "•'""•■^  •"'  ""■  -^'l'^  in  Su    J,  ' ' 

H.  Nvnles,   .hstr.lM.tion  farthor  so„,|      tl    v     o.l  '">"""•  '^"-  ''"'ner  shows 

Ilinialayas,  the  Altai    and    Mnik-.l  '  ''•   '"'^^''^'-r.   have  r.'arhed  the 

fa.-  -uth  as  Colorado;";:;/,  ut'u:^::"'^!:::''  i'"'.'^';^.v--n„:i;L't 

folnun  i><  v,,y  eon.nion  i„  h.u   K.-.,um  "in,  |to  I  ''''''' T'"''"  ^ 

from  the  Atlantic  to  the  i'-.eifie    i       •  'i<'aiinKs  and  newly  l„irned  h.nds 

{ho  I'ae.fie  and  Alaska:^u.;r  1  ,;  ''t  /  ;:^''!:;,;'.;-l;';''>  '-")  i-l-rador  we"'!:; 
Initc.l  ><tM|es  .onfined  to  the  J{,  ek-v  ,  ,  .  ''"'":■/■■  l"''J»lii>m  is  in  (ho 
Canada  it  ,s  very  widely  dii;  l^f  ,  '  "  i'r  w'"  ^^  '^  "■'•«<"".  while  ?;, 
islan^  ..f  the  Aretie  sea  in  every  ^l^J^^Zl^Xui:    '  """"'""  "'"  ^'""•'"^  ""'' 

i:.K.ike fjord.  K.  o,J,l:,-::t  ;'^,;r, ;::;;;  -•'.'•.  -«••■•■^^^°  -><'  xT 


th 

30' \.  L.     But  ehar..,..., 

observed,  especially  on  tl 


,'  Tl  '-"'r'  '•r^"'"'^"  "»°.ancl'72o  X.L..  on  ,, 


her  hand,  is  h'.ss  fri 


(iii'iit,  occurring 


on 


•acteristieof  hot  hist  h..  fad  that 


east  coast  hetween  W)°  ...tid  «;j 


Considering  the  lact  that  th 


>e  west  coast,  howevi 


several  varieties  hav(>  1 


H'on 


tion  hy  the  wind,  it 


o  "('cls  are  reinarkahl 


widely,     liut 


seems  natural  tli.-ti  i  he  spec ie.,  j.av  e  t 


ly  well  fitted  ford 


It   s«>rms  impossihle  to  decide  the  1 


-tre..  They  both  ai^i^l^-fa..:, 
Imve  originated  m  the  north,  in  the  -lar 


locat 


ix'i'ome  distributed 


issemin.a- 


so  very 


ion  of  their  geographical 


as  far  as  concerns  A'.  Intifot. „ 

'  regions,  or  dose  to  them.     Oth, 


""".  it  may 
rwise 


112   B 


Canadian  Arctic  Expcdilion,  1013-18 


with  rcspoot  to  the  oll.or  species  of  whieh  the  habitat,  as  mentioned  above, 
speaks  in  favour  of  a  centre  farther  .south.  Moreover,  the  fact  that  it  is  as.socil 
atea  with  two  closely  aiiied  .species  in  soiKhcrn  Europe,  seems  to  indicate  a 
Tmerr"  '"^  "^  ""^  '^''"*''"  °^  (lis<ril.ulion,  in  Europe  rather  than  in  Asia  or 

In  oiitlining  the  ncoKraphical  chslribiition  of   Htppuris  (see  Table  1)     I 
might  just  as  well    quote   from   Hentham   and   H()oi<cr's  great  work   "Gener'i 
plant.arum,  '   m    which   it    is    Riven   .is   follows:    ".Species    I    vel.    2    anuarum 
emperatanim   et   friKidnrum    luiidp.ie,   Asiae   mediae  et  boralis,  et    Americae 
boreahs  et  Anfnrct.cae  iiicolae."     And  to  these  data  mav  be  added  that  it 'is 
circumpolar.    Hippuris  w-as  found  by  Kjellman  at  I'itlekaj  on  the  north  coast 
of  Liberia,  E.at.  U,°  .>';  in  Grecnh.nd  the  typical  plant  is  rare  and  confined  to  the 
.southernmost  part  at  .'d.out  (iO°  \.  I,.;  the  varietv  warifimn  Hartm     on  the 
other  hand,  is  known  from  t  he  west  coast  of  Greenland  between  tiO°  and  70°  X  ] 
and  on  the  east  .wist  it  has  been  reported  by  Dusdn  from  flurrv  inlet  (71"  N  'l7 
.Olid  l)y  llartz  from  Scoresby  sound,  at  the  .same  latitude.     We  liave  thus  iri 
HippuriH  an  excellent  illustration  of  the  remarkablv  wide  ranee  exhibited'  bv 
many  freshwater  and  even  marsh  species.     Severaf  other  examples  might  be 
recorded    nit  I  sh.all  confin,-  myself  to  mention  a  few,  for  instance-   Ilydrilla 
of  which  the  only  species,  a  freshwater  plant,  is  known  from  tropical  Asia  and 
A  istraha;  P  allisnena,  common  to  tlie  tempr-rate  and  warmer  regions  of  both 
Worlds;  Hydrochans,  commcm  to  Knropv  and  Asia:  luihalus,  from  the  .seashore 
ot  Ceylon  to  the  .seashore  of  Austr.ilia;  Rammciihi.^  nutans  C.  A.  Mev    from 
Colorado  (Twin  Lakes   near   Eeadville ),   known   also   from   .Siberia  (Ahai   and 
Baikal);  hnally,  Caltha  natan.  Pall.,  from  easfrn  Siberia.   Haikal  mountains 
Jemsei,    furthermore    on    this  continent:    Minnesota,    and,    in    the  Northwes 
Territory:  Peace  river  tributaries  near  Fort  St.  ,Iohn,  Methy  portage,  at  about 
n/    x\.  1..     How  these  and  many  other  aquatic  plants  were  dispersed  so  as  to 
acquire  such  enormous  distribution  has  been  explained  bv  Darwin  (Oricin  of 
bpecies),  the  means  of  dispersal  being  notablv  wading  birds.     However   as  has 
been  mentioned  in  tlie  preceding  pages,  migratory  birds  mav  well  be  capable 
of  dispersing  seeds  or  shoots  of  aquatic  plants  from  one  point  to  another,  thus 
covering  areas  of  no  smal   extent  even  during  a  single  .season,  but  from  what  we 
have  learned  about  thes,-  birds,  when  migrating,  in  the  stricter  sense  of  the  word 
dispersal,  from  one  coniinent  to  another,  does  not  seem  probable 

Ihipleurum  amcnvanum  C.  et  H.  is  credited  to  the  American  coast  of  Bering 
strait  where  It  was  hrst  found  by  Chamisso  and  Eschscholtz  ".ad  promontoriuni 
Espenberg,  furthermore,  to  Alberta,  Montana,  Idaho,  an.l  Wvoming;  accord- 
ing to  Macoun's  (  ataloguc  (I.e.)  it  has  been  collected  .at  Eort". Selkirk  Yukon 
river,  at  the  foo  hill«  of  the  Rocky  mountains  (Eat.  49°).  and  cast  of  the  Mac- 
kenzie river  (Richardson).  E<"debour  (Elor.,  Hossi,.,)  considered  the  specie.s  Jo'be 
Bor"  Am  )  European  B.  rammculoides  E.,  and  so  did  Hooker  (Fl. 

^hin^\m"^.'"''■.  '"^  ^/""••\".=^  plant  has  been  d.-scribed  as/,',  purpurmm  Blankin- 
ship,  but  the  chiiracterization  of  this  as  well  as  of /i.  amrncanum  is  not  verv 

Mdls'^l  '■""'P'"''''^  "■'*•'  ""^'  °f  **'^  ^^d  ^^^"••'''  •''P«-<''<'S  '""  ''von  withyy.  ranuncu- 

The  genus  contains  about  60  well  marked  species  but  90  have  been  des- 
cribed, according  to  Bentham  and  Hooker.  There  are  about  8  perennial  species 
among  which  i/.  ranunculoides  inhabits  the  Alps  of  Switzerland,  about  16  the 
Pyrenees;  and  several  are  also  reported  from  temperate  Asia  and  the  tropical 

B.  ranuficuloidcs  has  not,  so  far,  been  recorded  from  northern  Asia  while 
Ledebour  enumerates  .several  others  from  Altai.  Baikal,  and  D.-^vurJa  It'would 
seem  rather  singular  d B.  ranur>cvlo,des  really  occurred  on  this  continent,  since 
It  IS  absent  from  Asia.    And  it  would  seem  just  as  strange  if  the  genus  had 


Amir  Plant.:  acograpfdcnl  Dixlrihnlinn 
•i"<l  in   <li..  .no.infain-  uiH, 


wmmmmm 

as  LM.  ,h   on  tho  west  roast  ■mrl  In/   ".o         , '"''  "'"''''  '*  f-xtciuls  ns  f.ir  nor.  , 
cion  J>.va,„,„,,*,,„  „„v„,„„     •         »"»<",  '.  .«>■««,/<,,  Mo„e„,  „,if.,r„   mi 


n>  raro  s,H.,,e.s.  as  f,,,-  instaiuv  A»r.,e  ,'•'■■''''■'"•"""' ••n.oris 
J  to  ropresont  ono  of  ,(,o  vo  f,.u.  n:^•'''^'^"''•'''''  ^^-  "''•'  f-nnorlv 
L^'l  tho  yoar  J89S  that  i.  «■  .V  i, '!    '"  7!''^"1"=  "'  t''<^  Pohir  roKion- 


'f  Altai  mountains. 


Ch<ma,,h,U,  umhrlhia 
I'-J  Nuit 


ChimnjihilAi  umh.ltiii,, 

<  hininiihUa  iimhrllain 

<'li>maiiHI„  umhUatd 
V.  mctlriiriii  I)( 

<  himaiihila  umhrlhita 
V.  a.K/u  Hiake 


(htmnjMa  umbdlaUi 

y.Mmu-m  (R.Br) 

i'prK    I 


^--.'SiS^'SS-SS.,,,^:;;;;;, 


Ill  orient.-iliiiji 


24G57— 8 


("111  (-',8(10  in 


inter  (I.  1  )shum.'»hi  ,.t  Ak-koU 


114    B 


Canadian  Arctic  E.rpnlition,  I91S-IS 


Table  li. 

Cioduriii  liiinl    distri 
>>utt()n  of  the  Pyn  • 
laiciii', principallj'  ir 
t)io  norfliern  rcBi()n> 
of  hotl,  Worlds. 

f  himiiphiln    miifiilata 
'I..I  I'ursli 

Mnntsfs  unifliirn  \\,.) 
(Jr.. 

e9 

1 
< 

% 

• 
« 

* 

• 

* 
* 

=  1 

\U 

life 

• 

1 
1 

■  1 

♦ 
* 

.3 

1 

i 

C 

1 

.3 

V. 

9 

as 

5 
< 

« 

.5 

1 

in 

e 

1 

• 
« 

i 

I 

>  ^ 

i  i 

• 

1      = 

1 
'  1 

ii 

• 
» 

• 
• 

T. 

* 
* 

1 

S 

X 

J! 

i 

» 
« 

* 

1 

•r. 

•; 

d 

* 
* 

1 

1  £ 

♦ 
• 

i 

J 

1 

• 

!i 

'II 

.  3   - 

> 
* 

i    X 

'S 

1    B 

3 

a 

1 

c 
* 

1 

2 
1  ^ 

i  i 

1  ^ 

i  1 

I'tjiitla  minur  I, 

Pyrala  titinnr  v.  hn  i-i.y 

Ui- 

*    i       * 

1 

1     • 

1 

Pii^oln  ftcumlo  I 

Pijidht    necunda   v. 

• 

• 

*      * 
! 

•1    . 

! 

a 

Ptfrtilit  sfcunda   v. 
punnln  ( "ti    ct  Sch. 

— 

--- 



'_ i 1 

•  ;  •  ;  ♦  I  .. 

1        i 

Pyroln   s'              v. 
iii!i)w»i},        \<irni. 

Pyroia  rhlarantha  Sw. 

Z 



... 

• 
.... 

• 

... 

1             ■             1             ! 

PyroUi    rhUiffinlha    \. 
Pyriilfi  illiptira  Nutt. 

— _ 

•  i  .J 

•    j       •    !       •    i 

J'yrola  mulia  Sw 

* 

* 
* 

* 

« 
* 

:_^ 

. 

* 
* 

• 

— 

« 

* 

« 

* 

~7 

» 



« 

1            !            1-  ■     ■ 

. .     1. .     1. .     1 

Pyritia  mtiitidtfttlia  L. 

Pyrola  rotundifolia  v. 
incatnata  PC 

*         « 

*     * 

1         1 

.  i  .  1 

• 

* 

Pyi-ftfa  rotnndijolia  v. 
ofioi-^jnlin  Hook.  .. . 

1 

J'ymht  rutundifidia  v. 
ultyinimt  (Ir. 

Pi/rold  rotundijidid  \ . 
firnrt'dta  (ir 

— 

1 

— 

J_ 

.     1 

* 

Pyrola  ntfundiftdin  v. 
orrnnrin  K(K.'h 

Pyrtdn  rotundijulia  v. 
j}uniila  Hornem 

♦ 

« 
* 

* 
* 
.    1 

— 

i 
•1 

« 

— 

— - 

.  .  .     1 

— 

-- 

'— 

* 

...  '.... 

Pyrola  rotvndijidia  v. 
firacffosn  y     m 

Pyndn  grundifitim 
Had 

■  ■   i 
* 

_1 

— 

-'- 

— 

... 

* 

{     « 

— 

Pyitdti    uniTidiJlurit    v. 
hiUsctns  I.po 

- — 

— 



— 

— 

Pyrola  pirta  Smith.    ! 
Pyrola  aphylln  Smith 

-  ■ ! 

■    ! 

— 

— 

— 

~. 

Pyrola  rhimnithtlitidff'\ 

CJreem* 1 

"J 

~ 

"i 

* 

:" 

" 

" 

',^^ 


-m^m-^^t^h'-i 


'■'■lie  rinnis:  iko,jra,,hia,l  DiMnhnli,,,, 


IIo    H 


words,  .hoiono  ;,'';'''''•  "•:'"  ^Pit^LoPKon  n.,,  fn  /  '    i,''",^';'  •^.'■"".''i'-vi.... 

♦'or  this  rPil;   /  ".'"'■''  ""«'"  '"'  "■-''  -il  t..    I      ;  .  ■ ;        ;":'".''  ""•'^■'  ^  l';«v.. 

lias,  so  f.,r    I ,'      '  P"""Pill.v  III  til,.  n„rtho;ti  rveWm^   ,,•      V       '  '  ',"''''■  "^  ■■^liouiiiir 

"'••  ""'-th^n    s;:";''  •''•""  "'•' -.<'i.'r;/;s^^;  :'"';^;" '-  X",^p.'.i.^ 

and  n.i,|,||o,         ';'";'/  "''♦'•'1 1'^U'op,..  Asia  i,    1         f ,  '"""'  ""■  "I'-iK'tvpi.. 
beiiitr  iii-h'mI,-  .,         .  •  -"f^'i^'i'Kii  nro  ,.<)nfinf.,l  *->  ,i  ■  r,Kai,l  (,)  r  /(,»,,,. 

H-^;^  moun!:.,:::  ^"  ^-'  <  ■  '""M''»o  is  kn...,.  fi-..m  m!;,;;:,,!;;;:;:'':;^;;::'-;;- 

in.li,,' :''/;.'  (  "'"'•a.l„.     TlH.  ,„.,.„,..,  ,-^  ;  ;;"^  '""  '-^  "<•?  alpn-.  and  ... 

til,;:: ,  S:«-'"™-":»^t;;:  ;^^^^ 

'■'..urn.  B.ManvIlVp-;;,;     '  "'^";".  H"' 
24657-8}"  '-"ndon.  ,9,4. 


Ill/I '(-(i 


116  B 


Canadian  Arctic  Expedition,  191S-18 


distributed  farther  north,  but  the  genus,  nevertheless,  has  reaehed  the  eastern 
part  of  Siberia  and  Manchuria  from  where  it  extends  to  Alaska,  until  it  reaches 
the  northern  and  middle  regions  of  this  continent  where,  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific,  the  genus  exhibits  its  widest  distribution. 

It  woiild  seem  quite  natural  to  consider  the  wooded  belts  of  the  middle 
parts  of  this  continent  to  represent  a  geographical  centre  of  Monescs;  possibly 
the  genus  migrated  from  there  to  eastern  Siberia,  Manchuria,  and  the  Altai 
mountains,  rather  than  vice  versa. 

Absent  from  arctic  Siberia  but  recorded  from  all  the  other  districts  enumer- 
ated on  the  table  (Table  6),  Pyrola  minor  thus  shows  the  widest  distribution  of 
all  the  members  of  Pyrolaceae.  On  this  continent  the  habitat  is  given  as  "cold 
woods,  Labrador,  Wliite  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  Rocky  Mountains  from 
New  Mexico  and  northward  to  the  Barren  country  from  Lat.  G4°  to  the  Arctic 
IMands."  Nowhere  is  it  alpine,  however,  and  in  the  temperate  parts  of  both 
Worlds  it  is  associated  with  the  same  species  of  I'yrola,  and,  not  infrequentlj', 
also  with  Moneses. 

It  seems  barely  possible  to  suppose  that  the  species  was  formerly  repre- 
sented in  arctic  Siberia,  thus  having  been  a  member  of  the  circumpolar  flora, 
even  if  it  is  known  to  occur  very  near  Lat.  70°  on  the  west  coast  of  (ireenland 
(Hartz),  and  on  Melville  peninsula  (Parry).  It  is,  however,  a  rare  plant  in  the 
arctic  region  and,  being  flecidedly  a  sylvan  type,  the  geographical  centre  must 
have  been  located  south  of  the  polnr  regions,  in  the  wooded  belts  of  the  Old 
World,  nresumably,  since  it  is  much  more  abundant  there  than  on  this  continent, 
and  mt.,  evenly  distributed  from  north  to  south.  Like  Monrncs  it  is  very 
constant  in  habit,  only  one  variety  having  been  recorded,  var.  braiti  Lge.  from 
Greenlaiid. 

An  almost  corresponding  distribution  is  shown  by  P.  .si'ciindn,  with  exception 
of  its  absence  from  arctic  America  and  Kan^tchatka;  in  Greenland  the  typical 
plant  does  not  occur,  but  is  replaced  by  the  variety  /ibtusata  Turcz.;  this  variety 
is  also  recorded  from  Terra  Tschuktchorum,  from  Canada,  the  Atlantic  and 
Central  United  States.  Like  the  preceding  species,  P.  secunda  is  a  woodland  type 
and  is  not  known  to  be  alpine.  Besides  the  variety  obtusata,  two  others  have 
been  described,  viz.:  pumila  Cham,  et  Schl.,  and  dispersiflora  Norm.;  of  these  the 
former  is  distributed  from  Labrador  to  Alaska;  it  follows  the  Kockies  south  to 
Colorado,  and  has  been  recorded  from  eastern  Siberia  and  Altai.  The  var. 
dispersiflora  Norm,  is  known  only  from  arctic  Scandinavia.  Considering  the 
relatively  wide  distribution  of  the  typical  plant  on  this  continent  in  the  north 
as  well  as  in  the  south,  extending  to  California,  Colorado,  and  Maryland,  and 
in  view  of  the  development  of  two  characteristic  varieties,  it  appe:ii>  as  if  some 
important  centr(>  must  have  existed  on  this  continent,  presumably  in  the 
wooded  belts  of  the  northern  part.  With  regard  to  the  Siberian  distribution  of 
P.  secunda.  we  have  seen  that  this  extends  from  Terra  Tschuktchorum,  eastern 
Siberia  to  Altai,  and,  fu-thermore,  Maximowicz  has  recorded  it  from  Ea.st  Man- 
churia. But  the  absence  of  the  species  from  the  boreal  regions  of  Siberia,  exce,)t 
in  the  northeastern  corner,  makes  me  believe  that  the  Asiatic  element  of  the 
species  has  really  originated  on  the  American  continent. 

Two  important  centres  of  distribution  must  undoubtedly  be  attributed  to 
P.  chlurantha,  as  shown  on  the  accompanying  table  (Table  6). "  On  this  continent 
the  distribution  extends  from  Newfoundland,  Labrador,  and  the  Maritii  .e  Pro- 
vinces westward  to  northern  British  Columbia  and  Alaska,  south  to  California, 
Colorado,  and  Maryland.  In  Europe  P.  chloranthn  ''as  reached  the  arctic  zone 
in  Finmark;  it  is  quite  generally  distributed  through  the  European  continent, 
going  as  far  south  as  the  Alps,  the  Pyrenees,  and  Ka.san  in  Russia.  But  so  far, 
the  species  has  not  been  ob.served  in  Asia,  and  it  is  thus  the  more  interesting  to 
notice  that  an  analogous  spc-  'oes  exist  in  eastern  Manchuria,  namelv  )'. 
renifolia  Maxim.     It  would  cult  to  combine  the  European  distribution 


•^'W'^'-' 


^im-m. 


ArcUc  Plants :  Geograpnical  Distribution 


f  <•".  the  fact  that  the  sponos  is  ahso nt  f    "  f    s  l""nark:  ...,,,1  j,„  png 

coast  of  our  co,,tinentj>eklos  from  Sfun'^       »      iV  '"      '""'  "'"  '■""'■'■  ■■'^''t^ 
a  <lual  oriRin,  from  one  r/ntrH^  Frnn      *     T'*' '''''"''■ -'^ 

The  wkIpv  distrihiitPil    />       /  *"  IV,""  '"f' <'as<crn  coast  ,,f  a^;., 

tion  aRrecH  rcmarkai.lv  wdl  «i     7l,n;     <•  /?    "  i'''h"l<lchoru,„.      The  .h.tril  . 
the  table  (Talilc  n)    P      V,     //',"''?'  "'^  ^-  «cu/(,/a  l.ul,  as  ,„,,-  |,„    '  ,        "" 
i^jHcvariot^oshllvJihoc.    ;::&.;;;<"'/••  ^  varial.le  plan.  ";:..,'  ,  !;7 

ally  wel  e.tahli.hed  in  v  o  ,.' p.  i  '  ^',  i»PP^f[«  ««  if  the  .species  is  ex:  !  io  ,1 
the  southern.  It  is  totally  ibsen  fi^  ."."^  northern  countries,  rather  th.n  n 
American  continent  buu"^£r  en  .n.'/?"^?''  ""^^  ^^e  arctic  coa^t  o"  .' 
by  several  authors  has  been  consk  e'  e  n/  ""  ""■'■'  '^'-  !?'-"'"''y'"'-",  wh  ch 
It  cloe.s  not  seem  improbable  tha?y'\nL/,/  T*"  T^"^^-''  ^'^  ^'-  rotuuuS 
folia  in  the  arctic  environment   Imf  ■(.".''''•^"'•''has  developed  from  P.  JJa^^ 

American  origin  as  state.l  above   eve  .f   '^u-^^  ^°'"^^'- '«  "nques.iona    v  „f 
corner  of  Asia  and  the  Altd  moltalns"""^''  '*  ^^'  '«^^hed  th'e  nortl,;" £;;' 

vvitn  respect  to  the  tvnicMl  p  ,  <  "'    -r  ,■ 
since  it  may  thrive  iust  a^  well  in  l"ll'l"'f^^'\'^^  habitat  is  somewhat  n.vuliar 
coniferous.    The  ,„,,'",  f  P^^-'Knum  bogs  as  in  shady  wood       „      L 

continent,  besides  ..  t,u      mTand  in;!'"*"!  *P"''*">'  developed  on  CvZl'^ll 
however,  it  is  accomS^.d  b^four      aHe,'/^'"!?"^'-'"  ^^''^  Ameri     "Xre 

indicate  an^/S^an  'e'n  rf  ^TdlSutLi'^f  ;h"^"*'''^-  ^^'i>^^' ^ 
the  gradual  di.sappearance  of  the  fvnl      1         •/*'*'  ''P*'"'^^  ""''  »'  the  same  time 
rcnce  of  the  spedes  in  arctk  Norwa^v'  jf  """'Jl"'  '"^*' '''  exhibited  bv  tc  occur 
and  hractepsa  have  been  obsened  an^d  ofYh'  '^T  """"''f'''''--  ^rcnan',    punila 
collected  in  eastern  Siberia      In 'o'^ervorr '*'"  .^""^^  ^''''''''' ^''''■^a'^o  S 
alliance  a  series  of  types   some  hpfm,  %,    ^f'  f  <'.  ^ave  in  the  P.  rotundifdia 
the  American  continent  souTh  ^^'7^;^«'-«9<'-^"stic  of  arctic  Europe,  oherl  of 
especially  characteristic  of  arctic  i  J       '^''''t'c  c.rde,  and  one,   P    grZTilorn 
est  Dg  to  notice  tha    of  these  tyneTth?  ^"f.^",';^'"!^"^-    And  it  is  S^e  fc 
distributed  to  Terra  T.schuktcho'rSm    Sd  Alta?  ^  '  ''"'"'^'"'  ''''  "'' °  become 

,  The  remaining  sDecies-  P   ^;/o, ,         ,. 
and  />.  apfnjlla,  are 'Jnost  y  o>  a  Cm'!:^^;;"^^^^^^^  ^'-  ^'">"«/'/'^/«W.. 

1  he  distribution  of  P.  elUvtica  comnr,        xr  ''^  lestncted  occuirence.     However' 
through  the  northern  XurstlCs'toS^^^^^  Tolumb  i.S 

species  thus  represents  one  of    iVn^f      i         niountains  of  New  Mexico      ''    o 

genus;  although  absent  from  ^Lm,r7o"r'  '^'""'  "'^  ^^"'"'^■'»"  centre  of  Ue 
theless,  ha.s  extended  to  Japan    T  W  J  i"  """"^  "^  -V:'-  *''^  -'P^'ie-S  n  vc  !  ' 
has  re^iched  the  arctic  region' of  Xorwatsi!;:  f^^J^^  /^"'T^"  ^yPei  whi^h 
and   Z'    srf««,/„,-  toward  the  south  ih.r'n  '  *?^'^^'''^'' ^"*''  ^'-  """^r 

bwitzerland  and  Caucasus  P  ,  w  /  '"""'e  distributed  to  the  AIns  ,,f 
nminly  western  t^^..^';\J!Z.::^V'-"Pf'^i^"'  on  the  oth^r  hand'  are 
so  far  only  from  British  ('riumbia  '"''  '^"''"-^■'  ^-  '^"rnavhUoides  is  known 

--vespreced^^l^,=c--:^-U^ 


rr.'3?j 


UK  n 


Ciiiiiiilidn  Arctic  h^xiinlilioii.  l!Jl,i-lS 


an  i.iHr,rc.s..onc,.  l,|,i  „.,  kiv.-i.  L-avrs.    I.Y,„„  a  pap.-r  whiVI,  I  l.av,.  pul.lisho.l  si.m.. 


IM'  seen  Hial  this  .-.imm-ics  is  (die  of  tlii'  very  few  plants  that 

"    -ilicl  at    the  saliic  time  is  stohdiifcioiis.      IJoot-shdots,  how- 

oiiicof  thcothcll'vnihiccac  viz.:  Miinc.sc.-iDiiJInni.  j'l/nilii 

added    /'.    iiictd,   Cliiiiiiiphihi 


years  a^o.'  it  w 
produce  root-shoots 

ever,  are  known  from 

^criinila,   and    /'.   chloniiithiir   to   winch 


lunhflhitd,  and  ('.  niaciilnlii. 

Anions    the    Krica.vae,   /.,,/„,„.    Rhi,.h,lc,„ln,„.   I.uisclcuria.   Casslnnr     and 

.\rcU,sta,,l,,,los  show  ahnost  exactly  the  same  .hstril.ution  in  the  poh.r  regions 

with   the   exception   of   l{h<,,lwlc,i,ln„i    heinif  absent    from    arctic   Sil.eria     •nid' 

<,.<.,.,,,,.   |„,,„^,  ,,   „„,,„i„,,  „,■  ,,,„    ,1,,,.^  „f    Spitzhw-Ken.      Kulmia.  on  the  other 

haiKl,  IS  cotdined  to  the  AmericMii  continent.     We  h:iv..  thus  four  cireiimpohir 

s.ulh^ve'"''";'''''''-r-M'''r  '>=""','^-  ,^^'"'  '■•"'""■'  "•  ""•'■•  '•i^'-il.n.ion  fa'rther 
south,  we  .see  Ironi  lal.Ie  1  that  Lnsrlcxno  and  Arcl„xt,t,,h,,ln..  are  the  onlv  ones 
M  extend  as  tar  soiitii  as  the  .\lps  atid  the  Pyrenees!  and  that  i'V.lI'is  The 
only  one  which  oc.Mirs  m  the  .Vhai  mountains:  n.me  have  I.een  ivcorded  from 
lli^'KockJ""'  """"."■•""  ""■  "in.alayas.     With  regard  to  their  occii,re;,;e 

onnd  in  the  noriii,.rn  laMKc  of  these  mountains  wiiil,-   Kalmln  ..xleiids  down  to 
(  <ilorado,  an.l  ,lown  the  Sierra  X.-vada  to  ( 'alifornia 

Hirlliermore  may  I...  niioned  that  Arclnstai,ln,lo.s  „l,,in,t  is  in  (iivenland 

Mnl  7-'     n  ^  "«'"/"■  Mmjona  exfixls  to  J.at.   7!)°  ,m   the  west   .-oasl, 

;.'',.;•    '""  '■•'^V"='^'.  I-"I<-.  as  stat..d  al,ove.  that  it  occurs  al.so  in  Spit/I 

r    /,  I       I      1  'i'  ''"'■'  ■'""  '■'"•'"'  ^"'""^''  '"""'  '•"'"  !'"♦•  <il°  <•"  ""'  '-ast  coast 
..f  (.  een  and  while  on  the  west  coast  it  exfrnls  to  Lai.  74°  IS':  J{hodo,lc,,/ro, 
'•>.  the  other  hand,  rea.hes  ,he  74th  latilii.le  on  l.o-h  coasts:  th,.  varie  ! 

li  iSmi"     ^'■''""'. /'"''-"■'■  '■••-■..■s  J,at.   74°  in  (ireeniand.    This  1^^    -  o  ,C 
st,     ution   may    indicate    that   ^^v  have  some  trulv  arctic  tvpcvs  repiese     e 

oiiuinated  undoul)te<ilv  in  these  r(>jrions  ^ 

dist,!i*',lr''r'"'  i"/'  .f"'"""  /'"''■'■"''"  <-^'-  !/'"'"■"  Ait.)  which  is  more  widelv 
.stiil.iite(lnm,.ht,arther. south,  to  Pennsylvania,  etc..  and  of  wlnVh  the  oma 
nur,,,,h!,l„     ,s  the  only  one  repre.sent.'d  in  the  alpin,.  an,l  arctic    .J  ..         Thus 

spe:..?,.;  the';;;;;;,"""    ^^'"""  "   "  "■""  •"•  '•■^^^  '''^''•"•'''^"•'   -"•    -veral'other 
\Vhil<>  thu.s  the  arctic,  circumpolar  members  of  the  Kricaceae  occur  with 

an     wi  h  v;.,l  i">"  ■■''■''"■"'  ""'>■  "^  """■''  '■•■''•"•'■''  '"••'"'^  "'•  'l"a.tVd  stature 

v!  .      7       '""  '"■;"■'''•  '■'»"s«'«l>i<'ntly  thev  mav  not   be  reKard.'d  as  arc    c 

t>p.s  but  only  as  memb,.rs  of  the  southern  fl.na  which  accoin,^  i  ,  t  e  ace 
on  the  retreat  to  the  north.  V.  ca..ni,osu„>  is  also  a  d.-cidedl^  i  .i,  "pe  a  d 
J.iostly  an  alpine  one,  endemic  to  tins  continent.  '     '"""""  ^>P*  -""^ 

A  ver.v  scatt.'ie.l  distribution  is  ..xhil.ited  bv  the  Primulaceae      Mthouuh  a 

Asa.      Jena  J  s<  huKtchorum.     but  only  the    species /nV;,>/((w,  which  bv  several 

With  respect  to  /V^„n</„,  /'.  horcaU,  is  a  native  of  arctic  America  but  has 
m';,\  ?  ''"■  ^''^""'  '•""^',<"«''nng  strait;  F.  slrkta  is  ,,ui,e  ex  e'l  velv 
d.st,  butod  toward  .-ast.ia.nely:  (ireenland,  Scan.linavia,  Kussia  a,  1  Nov  i 
Z.mbla  but  t.s  absent  iron,  the  southern  mountains.  1-Vnallv  />  InVris 
kmnvn  also  from  Immark,  arctic  Siberia,  and  Altai.  ' 

'Pyrolaa,,hulia      \\o\.U:i?A-u,;\o\.  XXV.     ChifaKo   1S9S 
S55.  '"^^'''  '  ''■    »'-"-'^""«-  -'■"  -"«"  flunz.,.  dcr  deutsct.en  Flora.    FlurH.  Vol.  38.  Regcnsl.urg. 


1S55,  p.  B28. 


immmmj^m 


'I'lii'  fact   that   ,|„, 


Arrlir  I'lnvh:  (kofimphival  l>,s,r,h„,l„„ 


II!)  B 


(.,■(•1,.. 
aiiil 


S|)it/- 
"I  Vv  mark 
'i.'ivc  also  lii'i'ii 
^'•■•'i.  aiiil  (nirti 


''"•"'"■  '""I  Asia,  s,.,.n,s  ,..  in.li,    t/  ,  ,,    V  '"""  '"«'""  "''  "■"-|.rr.t.. 

'crK-M,  an.l  ( Ircrnlan,!:  witi     ^       ,    '    "'"«/''''<•:'"  '"'ly  Iron,  Finn.Mrk 

'l'<'»rcnns,.|,In,inai,..  \  jt|,  .l.'irt,., ,     ■      ■       \  -^'f"*  "'^  '"^"itzcilan,],  li.,w,.v, 

Ml-na,  fiv,.  from  Tral,  ,.„•  w, '  I     i  '"O""!.;..,..,  ,,kIu  iY„n,  ,.as„.,n 

"-"',  an.  a  I  n.pr..s..nt,.,|  in  ,1,,  Alps'' I       .hMi,/;'/  ''''T  •'''"''' -'''•'  //"/'/'"- 
,       \Vilii  iCKar.l  lotliP,l,.volo.)ni..nf  ,f  .1  '  '"^^'■^•■'■.  'loin  cashM-n  Sil,,.,i., 

«'W-nK  to  ,h,.  la,Kor  nmnlnT  of       ,!.{„:  j'    '■;;;:"'  ^J  "",-'  "npor.anf  ,.,.n,n. 
Ho.'ky   n.onnfa.ns   nn.st,   m-vrTth,.  ,!Js    .'..l,,,      '*~  '"  I''-'''  '■'"''■•"i'-.   H.rn   ,1... 

th<.  nxmotypi,.  Anila,  an  allv  s,,  ,'    s,     |  .      "  '^  ••"■'•'""(••'•"•■•I  '-.v  -i  Wos,.  aljv 

will,    our  .sp,.,.i,.s,  winH,  is  als-.d/.s  iV    i  I   ,  '     ,      ,'  ':""""•'"  ••'"  •'"y.  />'n<„l„.,„ 

'''■'"='' ("■'"•''"•" "f  ^'"- »«■<  t^i'.on  on  ;r.n;i;'''' ''"'''■'■•  '"."•'"•••  ^^••"•<'^. ti..: 

J'ni.ailac.ao  hav,-  also  1^,1  .,.■..(■.■    1      ','""""'"'  .^''''"'^  '"  m.lical,.  ihat  tli,. 
^'■''^f''-'^  ^-''01..^^^^^  An,,,,.,,!: 

In  othrr  wonls,  th,.s..  two  K.-n..       Wn^^^^^^^^  ^"■'"''  -^^'ashor,.. 

••■'ns  a  truly  ar-tic  tvp,.,  a„       1  /,/i  '  ,    r/1      '  ''"""'''r":"'-  /^""f//"-.,   ,,..,»•„ 

-^/^  r«/..,..«/,.  an,,  .1.  (;J„,,,,:   '    ,;,    :'X;  i,,..;;;;- '"'""■'  a.,.o,npani.Hi    In-   .1. 
<-on  re  located  in  the  polar  roRions-  n  oi'v  v^r  u  T  '"'■'•''  '"^'""'^^  ^  '•"""''■ 

IS  almost  circ-umpolar.  '  '»°'^'"^''''  «<'  nMnenii.er  that  A.  Chnmarjasme 

Alf'"  .->"'     "aika,   nuHHUains    n      'ui  H  ;^^^^^ 

Kurope  those  same  sperios  niicrte  I  Vw  V  i     ™""'  ';"'"    tl'c    north.      In 

Caueasus.   w,,ere   the  •  a  e  "  H         e  '    ,!     .r"'!;i  ''^  ^"   "'!'  -^'l-  '""i  -'von  ,0 
distni.ution  of  ,1.  Chamnrin^,,,    i       '^■^'■^" '.'"'•     .^i"' approximatelv  (•ire,imMo|.,r 
Dou.lasia  nrctica  tht  S~,    hnsir:;:  r  m"  ' ''"  7'''"-'oly  arct.e  oLe  o 
loeate,,int,.earefi<.regionsytl„u^,,i     .:.'''  "^  ='  ""f^''^  ''""f^  ''f^ins 
amr.Iy  represented  fa.^?e;'s„;.  r^  e      n  Z      i  ;". '^"''!'""  '^•"'^  =^^  '"•'■•^'^"t  "'"re 
A1F3S.  the  Altai,  and  the  I^.ck^"nt;nM"iir'    Lt  ^i    ~"';  ^  "--'-'o  as  the 
ol  A,Hiro,ace.  these  must  have  oridnaM.l  in    1  e  i.    H^^fh'   '•'  tl'o  other  species 
mountains,  since  none  of  these  sfHovovlenl     ^    he  A,ps  an,,  the  Altai 
north,  at  least  not  in  the  po,ar  regions      '  "'  °^  *''''^'"'«  ^^'^'"l    farther 


mmm- 


^^'*  ^  Canadian  Arctic  Erpfililion,  19tS-18 

dentiann  anluphiln  Clrisrh.  ami  C'.  ,„„i,i„qua  Richards,  arc  (ho  onlv 


a?  .    r?  fr  '^rH'.hl.o,.  of  th,.  K,.,.us;r/.  y/a»m  Pall,  wa.s  fourul   hy  Kj,.  l,„an 

at  J  o  t  (  larrnc-  Ala.ka.  It  s,..-,ns  ,,ui...  roinarkahle  that  th.-  two  fortntr  o,.o" 
tm\o  hrcn  found  in  tin-  arcti.-  r.won.  hmc-  thry  are  annual  for,  a.s  we  know 
annual  pia..ts  aro  oxtrnnrly  rare  in  ,1,..  polar  r-Ki.-.s;  K..,ni„in  i.s  Kcnoair; 
ciU'd  a.«  he  only  annual  plant  in  tli.-  .nnir;  with  resport  to  the  third  ^p.-rion  V/ 
ytouca,  hi.s  i.s  p<'r.>nnial  accordinK  to  ( irisri.ach  in  I^cdeLour's  Flora  (1  <■ )  Howl 
evor,  when  eoniparinK  tho  rcpn-s..nl;i(i.m  uf  (;,>iliarm  in  the  polar  r.-Kions  alto- 
KotlHT  wr  notu...  that  of  Ih..  ..ix  spr.irs  .rcditcd  to  an'tir  Uu.sia  live  are  a  so 
annual  or  sotn..tun..s  Im-nnial;  and  thr  same  is  tl...  cms,,  of  those  recorded  from 
arelie  N.andinavi.'i  as  wll  as  Iron.  ( ;re..nlai>,l.  The  aceotupanvinR  tal.le  (Tal.lo 
(  )  wril  show  the  srM-eies  represented  in  ihe  aretie  zone  and  their  general  dis- 

tnhut.on.  thus  we  n.ay  ol„ain  „er  view  of  the  representation  of  the  t,  ,  >< 

lit  these  hiKh-northern  latitudes  ,.-  wll  as  in  the  mountains  farth.'r  south  It 
may  he  staled,  at  the  sarnc  time,  that  <;.  IrnHh,  extemls  as  far  north  as  Lat"  71° 
on  the  east  eoast  ..1  ( ;n...nlar,d  (I)usen)  and  that  the  six  species  enumerated  as 
arctic  (Scandinavum  have  heen  reported  from  Lat.  70°  to  71°  10'  in  Finm-irk 


TiBir.  7. 

fleonrupliiiiil     (listrilmtiiin     m| 
ari'lic  Gentiunae. 


fi.  A  tnnrrlla  T 

(j.  rampislris  I 

O.linrllu  I 

O.  prupinqua  Hichurils 

f!.  arctophiU  tirisfl).. ,    . 

G.  aurt'a  I. 

'/.  sirnUii  Ciunn. 
'/.  niidii.^  1.. 
(t.  vcrnn  I;.   , 
(i.  ijhtufii  I 'nil. 


eKions 

'i 

^ 

s 

x 

■K 

.s 

.3 

X 

.2 

k 

1 

1} 

3 

2 

s 
0 

4 

^ 

J 

5 

c 

9 

C 

ij 

93 

a 

s 

>* 

T" 

T 

t 

a 

3 

99 

z 

^ 

s 

3 

"■_ 

mJ 

•^ 

*«^ 

X 

« 

* 

* 

• 

♦ 

* 

* 

* 

♦ 

* 

• 

• 

---'-'- 

• 

• 

• 

* 

. 

—    '-- 



^.— . 



__ 



* 

« 

* 

* 

:.... 

* 

« 

in  the  mounlHins'  ,t*''  '''''P';''*  ^'>.  *'">  '^"titudes  n-ached  hy  some  of  the«e  species 
11  tlu  mountams,  the  Scaiuhiiavian  speeus,  except  G.  serrata.  ascend  to  an 
altitude  of  between  3,0()()  and  4,.100  f..,.t  according  to  Blytt  (Norges  F Ion)-  Xn 
r^;;,f^,!ol''^'tzerhuul  Heer  (I.e.)  has  recorded  C.  ca,lpesiris  !nd  G  M 
fr  in  8,.,00  eet,  G  nivnis  from  9,000  f.^et,  and  G.  verna  from  10,000  fe.f  in  the 
Altai  moun  ams  G.  tendla  and  G.  v,n,a  ascend  to  O.oOO  feet,  and  fina  ly 'in  th' 

.        However   several  of  th.'Se  are  more  typionjlv  lowland  plant.",  occurrin-  for 
aia.""'  ""       ■  "^"'^'"■'''  "°^''^'>-  ^-  «'"•'•«'«'  «■  fawpc.^m,  G'.  Amarella,  ami  G. 


-;r.'l^ 


^?»i!^' 


In  "thor  wor.lH,  H.,n„.  ,,f  (ho. 


Antir  /•/,„,/.;  aeographical  Dislnb.l.n 


121    B 

iliipsliiEpas 


tio    yp,,,,    pi,,,,,  „;,„„,^., 


"-  ■■•"iiiiiuui  ranges. 

abse^t^;^^.'Ji;:-(!i;^«.f^;^;;J^     native,  of  the  Kurop-an  Alp«  ..t  ,  i 


'lilt  it  i.s 
Huikal, 

speaks  in  favour  of  it.s  actual  coutrohZrLi  ^i''  ''"'''  'l'-*' nbution  in  t J,,,  south 
impossible  to  decide  whpfhnr  ^     l^  having  been  located  there  hut  it  ;«  „f 

Anierica  evidentT;tp?nd  '"n  ts'^r.Kiin  f'"'-  .J'^  -'-en^e  'S 
of  Alaska,  rather  than  suggestiii  an  hu£n  ,  ^IT  ^.'■"'^^'•hatka  to  the  i  la,'d ' 
this  continent  where  it  is^as  Ks  wt  knmv  '^""^  <  evelopn.ent  of  the  sp.  ,;""ot 
only  by  .specimens  of  di.ninutrv^^^ira'nTt'r;^^^^^?^^  ""'  ''^^^^^ 

JJel:s3Hli££x^^^^ 

(;^«6  two  species  which"are  aiaLn  i  f"*" .  ^\'  'l^^^^  "'"^  '"  ""^  Renuf/S™^ 
an  area  of  enormous  extent  throui.l. '''"'''  \'^'  <lis.ril,u.ion  extends  aero"" 
P.carinthiaca  has  reacheS  a  'S  ."ni^in" r'"'"  ''-"'•^P'"'-,  but  of  Sch 
Caucasus.     It  seems  strange  that  the  (Vn?    ^""''^^',  v'^-"  to  the  Alps  "nd 

outside  the  pohir  reeionrffKn        .    {"/<■'"""""«   /'"aa/c   is    circunnf  .,,•  . 

thus  absent^r^mX  Ko  k';  mtint  Tn"  'T1  '"/''^  '''''  ^^&'  ifis 
-mportant  centre  of  the  genui  l7Sd%o'  "'''  """"'•  ^"■'^"^'"e  «"c-h  «'„ 
"f  a  more  southern  origin  sin-e  at  n  , T  '■"■■;  '"'•'"'^^  '*'  <'"''^  ■''pecies  wre 
'■t'B'on.  and  especiallv  because.s  s^  o'  '',  "  ''  "''""-^^  '■^^'■«"f<l  to  (he  a  Ac 
mountains.  And  wifh  rm'  to%h"":'i  ^•''"'■'^'  '^  ''^  '•^^-''"t  from  H  [  ]  S' 
nW«  IS  almost  circumpS  u^.i  o  u;;  Ivoiifir?  "/>^S"'"s,  the  v4nety 
the  south,  in  Euroj)c,  Siberi-    nn     1  fh;P'    ?•  ^^''"^  '"  ^"^'•"'^-  'listributed   n 

considering  the  gedg^aphiS'd-  i;!^;;;!:::'^"^!^"^..!;:  ^^S  ^'^^'^^^   ^" 

F"i'u.,  as  It  tlie  genus  has 


Ciitiiiiliun  Arctic  Kf/irililion,  t)IS-IS 


oriKiiiiiIrd  froiri  morr  tiitiii 


one  I'cnirc,  vri  jji^''"  ••«'  '<'  w[MM'i('.s  no  cIowIv  ri'lal<'<l 


lis  the  two  III  <|Ufxli<tti;  /',  ramiliiim  .iimI  /'.  humilr.     The  qilcMtiitii  ax  to  tlirir 
orJKiiml  I'ciitrc  seems  juxi  ax  complicatiil  a-  that  it(  Snnr.^ni. 

A  xiinilar  difficultv  al■i^M•x  wlun  we  ei  lidr-r  I'hiox  Hirhnrtlxnnii.  a 
liieinlier  of  a  jteiiux  xo  exceediimly  well  .  xeinpiihi  d  in  tjie  Rocky  inountaiiix,  and 
vet  this  x|M'cie.s  is  known,  xo  far,  only  from  a  very  few  xtationx  on  tlie  aretie 
Aitierieaii  eoaxl.  \o  other  expianatioii  xeemx  plaiixilile  tliaii  tlie  eonsideriiiK  of 
the  x|K'eies  a.x  a  remnant  of  tin-  (ilneial  tliira,  and  .'is  the  xole  remnant  of  the 
demi.x,  formerly  dixlriinited  miieh  farther  north  luit  evterminaied  with  lull  thix 
exception  at  tlie  lii|{li-iiorthern  latitude*. 

\iTy  few  MiiraKinaceae  have  lieen  found  in  the  arctic  renittn.  Leo  uoiir. 
f«ir  instance,  niciitions  only  I  species  of  Mniiiisin.  t  species  of  .U//<».ii)/;,v,  |  species 
ol  h.ntnrhntiii.  and  '2  species  of  h'.rlii iinsjn  riiiiiiii  as  oci'urrinir  in  arctic  Uussia, 
and  only  I  species  of  Miinsiili.t,  and  I  i>(  Hrilrirhiiiiii  as  iiilial>iliiuj  arctic  Siheria'; 
no  additional  species  are  recoided  liy  Kjellmaii  from  the  north  coast  of  SilHTia. 
( )t  these  Miinsdtis  silrdlirii  was  found  on  the  north  coast,  hut  only  the  typical 
plant;  in  the  .arctic  region  the  v.ariety  <»//».<//■/.<  Koch  is  more  coriiiiion  aiid,  as 
descrilied  liy  Ledelioiir  as  l>eiii(j  "hiiniilior.  racemis  Itreviorilnis  densiiis  incum- 
henti-pilosis,  pf>dicellix  crassioriliiis.  <'!dycil.us  iiiaioriln;s  "  it  is  (piiie  disijnet 
from  the  type.  .\ccordinK  ;o  I.edel.our  the  tyi  cal  plant  has  heeii  found  in 
arctic  Uiissin  |,ut  nowhere  in  .sil.eri,i,  except  in  the  Altai  mountains  and  Diviiria. 
\\hile    Mviitiixiii   imiiiviiliiln    has    heeii    re|)orted    from    nianv   stations   in 

Canada  and  the  Tnited  States,    M.  I)nimmi,),<lil  has  never  I n  found  outside 

the  north  coast  where,  moreover,  it  seems  to  ite  extremelv  r.are.  These  two 
species  heloiiK  to  the  section  Hii)nirtt».iia  which  is  (|u'te  "well  represented  in 
the  Rocky  mountains  es|)ecially,  and  the  occurrence  of  M.  Ihiimmomlii  solely 
on  the  north  coast  may  he  explained  in  the  same  manner  as  that  of  Phli,x  liirii. 
(iril^nii,.  Mut  with  respect  to  M.  mnrlUnm.  this  is  a  seashore  pl.anf  and,  altho'iKh 
wholly  ahseiit  from  the  Siherian  coast,  it  is  not  infre(pient  on  the  arctic  coast  of 
this  continent,  as  well  ;is  in  (Ireenland  and  arctic  Hunipe,  Meinj{  a  seashore  plant 
and  at  present  so  widely  distributed  in  Kurope  and  on  this  continent,  the  species 
evident. y  helonns  to  the  category  of  plants  liich  originated  in  the  .south  hut 
gained  s.  more  extended  distrihution  toward  north  wIumi  the  ici'  recedeil  like 
Ilalianlhas. 

The  larjie  family  of  Scrophulariaceae  is  in  the  arctic  rcRion  well  exemplified 
hy  the  Ki-nus  J'oliciilnris  hut  the  other  jfucra  are  vorv  poorlv  reiH-esented- 
for  instiince,  accordiiiK  to  Ledi-bour:  Llmoxrlh,  Vemiura,  Cnsiildja  /h,rhia' 
ttii>hr,isHi,  RhuKnithii.^,  iuu\  Mihimi„,rum  are  the  onlv  ones,  besides  Pfdicnlnris 
known  Irom  arctic  Russia ;  i 'cronici.  ( '(tstilhja,  and  I'niirularis  are  the  onlv  Kciier'i 
known  from  .arctic  .xiihena.  Hut  among  these  arctic  Kurasian  genera  is  oiie  which 
more  jHoperly  belongs  to  the  North  American  Hora,  viz.:  VuMilh-ja  Of  thi.s 
genus  (  .  palluUi  and  the  variety  s,'i,knlnonnlis  Crav.  so  widelv  distributed  in 
{  .anada  and  m  the  mount.ains  of  the  Tnited  States,  viz. :  the  alpine  summits  of  the 
VNhite  mountains  and  Creen  mountains  of  New  Knglan.i.  and  throughout  the 
Rocky  mountains,  occur,  fiirth.'rmore,  in  arctic  I{ussia  and  Siberia,  in  Tral 
Altai  and  Haika  ,  in  Oavuria  and  in  Kamtchatka.  besides  in  Alaska,  and  in' 
bouth  Greenland.  i  he  geographical  centre  seems  naturallv  located  in  the 
l{ocky  mountains  where  the  species  is  associated  with  sevei'al  closelv  related 
congeners  and  from  where  it  became  distributed  to  the  north,  extomiinK  wi.st- 
ward  to  the  American  archipelago  and  (ireenland.  westwartl  across  Berine 
strait  to  Siberia  and  arctic  Russia. 

With  respect  to  Pedicuhris.  the  accompanying  table  (Table  8)  shows  the 
species  which  have  been  recorded  from  the  polar  regions.  This  table  conipri.ses 
onlv  H.  species,  a  "mall  number,  iiuiccd,  when  wc  boar  in  luin.l  not  onlv  that  120 
species  are  recognized  as  "valid  species"  by  Bent  ham  and  Hooker  but  also  and 
quite  especially,  that  the  arctic  element  represents  sections  so  exceedingly  well 


I 


f&M^^i^i*  •c:m^^fimmBitmmmm^(M[mm:iwmm 


Aah,    ri„„i.:  a,;yrn,,h„;,l  l)istrih„f!nn 


I2.{    H 


Ta»i.,:  s. 


♦-.«r:.p.„..„l   ,||.„, „     ,^„ .£ 

JeiluuUri-.  '      * 


/'.  '■■>-:ll„i„  I, 

/'      ■ll,„„,„l       \,|;,„,, 
''■'"/'/ ../      I. 

/'    ■lr:.„l,„„l,„    1,       , 

/'.   :»h,..l,,.   \.. 

I'    ■'if>.ui-,„„l,.  S|,.|,h. 

/■   -"././„„  \V,||,|. 

/'".;„„  11,  If 

/•   l'i',„l.,\\,\j,\,     . 

/'.  /.,,-„/„  I.. 

/*   Jf-ininii  n   I 

/'   I ).,!,,.  \:M. 

I'    itiintuiii  .\.||l|||». 

''.  ■>■■  l'lii,m-,nr„tiniim   I,, 

/'.  ..//...„  L..,!..!, 


3 


s 


!     3 

I    J 

T. 

.i. 


.3 
I 


i  5' 

1     I      ; 


<-v<'iii|)lific(|  farther  -nnili  ■'•.  .i.  '        ' — — 


-!»  -p-.i,..-  arc  rcronio,!  froi  ,   Alt.,;    ,   7'  ""."  ^<•"h  Ammticu  IS  an.  (.ndeinic"- 
t  aiica.siK.  not  I.W..  ,1 ;    A'    •  \'  •  '.'    ''•"I<'iiiic;  ol  (J„.   i()  s,„.,.i,..  .,.""' 


fWIL.  ~<:^J^rm^i^^^r 


)J»  n 


Canadian  Arclic  k'jrpflitum,  Ijl3-t8 


rvcn  if  ili(.  Sciindiiiftvian  inlnnd  ice  forcr.!  the  pliiritfi  to  iiiiRrntp  tit  tin-  ^oiith 
tlicri-  iMJKlit,  rii'VprlholcftM,  liuv*-  lu-i-n  time  and  conditionn  lator  on  fo  givp  riw 
to  Hoiiit'  ctidi'iiiic  clciiicnt  pvfti  tlioiiuli  tl"'  tfonriipliic  iMiNJiion  of  tlit-  coiinlry  i^* 
rath.T  northern.  For,  as  |M(iril«'d  out  t.v  Nathorst,  llu>  Alps  in  npitr  of  ilioir 
relatively  voimn  ane,  poxM-^s  many  alpine  iiKTies  uhout  two-thirds  of  whiih  arc 
eiideinic  to  tlie.«e  niotintainM. 

Il  now  the  (|iiestion  lie  asked  where  the  arctic  American  species  oriKinated, 
we  mJKht  siinKcst  that  the  circnnipolar  s|H'cies  came  from  the  arctic  regions. 
Hut  the  olijection  naturally  will  !«•  made  that  theve,  viz.:  /'.  Inpfmiiiin,  i'. 
Iiirsiilii,n\u\  p.  siiilitini  are  at  present  hetter  representeil  in  Silwria  where,  more- 
over, they  urn  associateil  with  allied  j-peeies.  Ami  the  Silierian  alliance  of 
I'nliciiliirtH  corresponds  Ix-ller  with  the  circumpolar  than  d<M's  reallv  tin-  North 
American. 

'I'he  nenus  IS  w.ll  repre.-enled  in  the  Himalayas,  since  Hooker  ( Flor.i  of  Mr. 
Ind.  I.e.)  has  creilited  Xt  sp<eies  to  these  mountains;  of  these  2  occur  al^o  in 
Altai.  2  in  Haikal,  while  /'.  lerlii-illala  and  /'.  (kderi  are,  as  we  know,  widely 
distrihiited  farther  north,  east, and  west;  the  rpmaininR  29  species  are  endemic 
to  the  lliinuluyas. 

Several  of  the  arctic  sitecies  reach  a  oon.siderabiy  hi^h  latitude,  for  instance 
those  recorded  from  SpitzlterRen;  with  regard  to  the  Greenland  sjiecies  P 
hirmita  oxtend.s  to  l.at.  81°  7'  on  the  west  coast,  and  to  Lat.  74"  40'  on  the  east 
coast  (DufK'-n);  fuithermore,  /'.  Inpponirn,  P.  lanaia,  and  /'.  capilcla  arc  reported 
froiii  resp.  Lat.  78^  18',  l.at.  79°,  and  J.at.  78°  18'  on  the  west  coast;  P.flammea 
reaches  l.at.  74°  on  both  coast.s.  And  with  regard  to  the  altitude  which  the 
8r>ecios  att'un  in  the  mountains,  P.  sdvntica,  P.  Inppoiiica,  and  P.  Ocderi  ascend 
to  about  3,t)00  feet  in  Norway;  in  the  Alps  of  Switzerland  /'.  vcrticillala  has  lj«>en 
recorded  from  9,000  feet  (Heer,  I.e.),  and  in  the  Himalavas  most  of  the  endemic 
species  are  alpine  and  several  reach  an  elevation  as  high  as  14-lti,00()  feet;  P. 
rnlictlldtu  and  /'.  Otderi  are  in  these  mountains  reported  from  resp.  1^,000  and 
lOjOCMI  lf'(*t. 

Witii  regard  to  di.stribution,  P.  vcrticillnta  exhibits  the  widest  distribution 
esiwcLilIy  southward,  extendinfj  to  the  Alp.s  of  Switzerland,  .Altai,  and  the  Hima- 
layas; in  the  north  it  is  ab.sont  from  the  arctic  American  MrLliipclafro,  (iroenland 
Spitzbergen,  and  Scandinavia;  thus  it  cannot  be  considered  circumpolar.  The 
present  distribution  of  the  species  in  the  north,  and  at  the  .same  time  its  occur- 
rence in  the  Alf)s  s ns  to  indicate  the  probabilitv  of  it  iiaving  had  a  former 

more  extensive  distribution  northward  during  the  glacial  epoch.  /'.  flamnwa 
absent  ficm  Siberia  but  present  in  the  arcti<-  American  archipelago,  in  (ireen- 
land,  Srandinavia.  Hiissia,  and  even  in  Iceland  and  the  Alps,  evidentlv  originated 
111  the  north  and  i.resumably  in  the  arctic  regions  of  this  continent  and  of  western 
Europe.  On  tlie  other  hand,  P.  ihdin,  totallv  absent  from  North  America  and 
Cireenland  but  extending  from  Kamtchatka  thro-rh  Siberia  and  Hus.sia  to 
Scandinavia  and  present  in  Altai  and  tlie  Himalavas,  may  have  had  the  centre 
located  ill  the  north  of  the  Eurasian  continent  since  it  is  not  at  present  a  .southern 
species  either  in  hurope  or  in  Asia.  P.  mphnmoidcs  is  a  genuine  American 
type  with  .•several  close  allies  in  the  Kocky  mountains,  and  the  Asiatic  element 
of  this  species  came  undoubtedly  from  this  continent  where  it  is  widely  di.s- 
tributed  south  of  the  arctic  region,  from  Labra.lor  throughout  the  continent  to 
Bering  strait.  While  P.  urdu-a  is  known  onlv  from  .'irctic  America  Siberia 
and  Kamtchatka,  P.  lanata  occurs  also  in  Greeiilami,  Spitzbergcn,  .■m'd  Nova 
Zembla.  but  they  both  evidently  originated  from  the  polar  regions  of  these  two 
continents,  .Vmerica  or  Siberia;  the  .same  mav  be  th  .         -   - 


Th 
affir 


ry   lui-ai    /'.    Kami  replaces   /■ 


iC  CISC  also  of  P.  canitnln. 
rctica  in  tireenland;  /'.  villom  "nulli 


im  consocianda,"  as  stated  by  I.edebour  (I.e.),  is  a  Siberian  ti . 

hyncolophae,  this  is  contiiled  to  the 


respt  ct  to  P.  grocidandica  of  the  .section  Pk 


type.     With 


A  It  Hi-  I 'hints:  (, 


'e"liiaf>hi(,il  liinlnl. 


iiliiif, 


I2:>  B 


""•  vl^i::; '.flii::::;;  il;:;;:::^^:;;;!:;.:;,;^-;:"""; -  i^  -,....„,.,  ,,v 

"""'""■<'  '"  -'.1.  u  small  .... '   ,     ,.    Thov  ,ln  ;  "*      ''  ,'**"'"""-  'l"v.l,.p..V|.„t 

f;;:;?"'^'''";';/''-  i^.;n."i;.";!;::.r""  -"• """  -->  ••. 

"•'itharn  and  Hooker,  rinlit  Mr«M„.-  «.       i  "^    '"■    •■•.inprH.s,    acconjini,    („ 

;;i...i.  .:x..n,i  ,o  ,i.,.  .IrCi'  r^io      I   voh';.'';':'""  ^^'"/^"'  •^^'"-  -"-  '-f 

u'  vara.ty  .S7r//o„  (rf,„„..  ,.,  S.l  1)  i     ,-.;i       r)/"':  ''''1 ''•  f''*"""  '="<"r'"    ^vifh 

S(.  I.avvr,.n,,.  hay  (Kjrlln.n,,)    o  Inl       in,,  .  '"  '"  '"''"''  •'^''"•'■'''-  f*-""' 

Narnoj,.don,,„  vor.us  caounu-r,  n  o  ^  So  f,  '';  ^'"■'■''''>'  '""-  '"  «">'-*'•■':  "Torru 
'H.,pr....|,l),"  an.i  it  in  al.senf  f  ,  S,.',;  '  '"  '":','""  l!'-"""""..'ii  Mikulkin 
Amenca..  an.i.ipolaKo.     The  .onS';;!.,::;';:::     ".liia.^'^iS:"''  "'"'   "'"   ■''''"' 

Konu«  whid,  have  been  fou  id  h  ,  ,0  aSie  r ''■  ''"  ""c  V'"  ""'>'  "'"''•"'^■^  "f  «»"-• 
Krow  .n  A,nori.a  except  as  an   '. '   p^fr  mT^''/''''  ''^""''  '*"■  ''*'♦"  '"'^"^  »°t 

gcmTaliv  m  tlK.  mountains  an.lon  , rent  i.'^^      cool  woods  an.i  by  brooks, 
and  with  r..Kard  to  Siberia  Kiel    anti^n,  ,   n       ^''V'  '•'  '"'"  '"  "^'•'"^  «"-«''•» 
Bay,  St.   Lawrence  Bay,  Term  T  .hukN'l.    ?  '''•^'':'';""""«  "«  f-H-ws:  Konvan 
ILverOlenek  ami  LenaVTai,,  vr  I  i     r  '     1'     '"'  ^"1'"','    i'^er,  n.or.th  of"  ,he 
occurs  also  i„  Caueasu,   Altai   an,         ik.'.  '""""'  "^  *'"'  ^'''■'  ■'""'^''i:  't 

i.Hola.e,l  position  in  Kussia  and  S  I,    7   in,:!\r'?''''« '*  °'^,^"''''- '^  ^<''--«-l.at. 
southern  regions,  notablv  Caucasus  '"^'"■'^■*'*  ""'"  '"-e  natives  of 

two  ^'il^i'CvX^^  "•  "'<;  ..or.hern  Rocky  n.. tains 

't  wo.ild  thus  a,,pear  as  if  th,    Renu     h'  !  'T  ''?  '■""■'^'.•''■••••<'  a-''  '■L.se  allies; 

ment  on  this  ,„ntiMent  lo.'ated  in  the  norlh er  Jl"  "  ^-"nl-ulion  and  .l.-velo,,- 
Horld.  Caucasus  with  its  tuncVpeci  s  n.r  nf  \^"'^-'  •""""•«'"■«•  I"  <1k'  <>d 
""••  ••'"""'•■'■  •■'■ntre,  an.i  the  fac  X    f  ?  <         '''  '"'"  "'"''•"••*'•.  >"ust  ....nsti- 

to  these  ni..untains  nn^rl.t  indicate  thai  'fZ  "  ''.•"",""«  "'"  ^l"'-'"^  it,.li«,.nous 
•■'■rtau.ly  woul.l  b,.  ,|iffi,ult  .0  c.  nb  „".  these  ^0'''  ^l''  ''"'.■''  ''"^''  •"■'«'";  ^^ 
"Mly  on  a.Tount  of  the  gr.-at  .listance    b      f.?  '"'"■"'  ''"*'  "'"•''  '"'"•••.  "Ot 

element  .levelopcd  in  these  n'ountaills  ""  '"''"""^  "^  ^'"^  ^'''•.V  distinct 

''per'l!;.,II;spS",rtr;d/t;^'':Sr''*''''^  '^""'f-"  <»"''   "ooker 

onentali  n.piosissinme/'  so  „e    L   h^  •  '";•"«'""«  -Moditerranea  imprimis 

♦heso  C.,m;.«„u/a  t/m7?.,ra  isrem^,,!','  ''"?''•  '",  ^^"^  ''^^''tic  rcKions;  amone 
SpitzberKe,.(Eaton):7•2°7'ontheul,/''''^^'''*"t''  ""'  ^^^  ""^^h  us  79=  "n 
and  74°  40'  .,n  the  ea  coast  (Du^n  H  "^ ^='"7'«"d.  Cape  York  (Xathorst^ 
species  have  been  tecorded  fromlh e  nr  'f'"''""'  "'*'  ^'''^  ^'^''♦'  '^^  f"--.  '^"'v  four 
consider  the  distribution  of  ffle  sTr  F.- r'Z""'  '2""'  ^^"rprisit.K  when  we 
Europe  and  Caucasus  espeeiallv  ^1'^.'  iTn'f/t'"  *^«."JO""tainsof  Antral 
and  (.ieriiiany  not  less  thir  91  =V>  "  ■"  '/'^;™""'^'ns  01  Switzerland,  Austria 
and  with  regard  to  Caucasris  9ft  '^  T  '"f'^^no"**,  several  of  whi.h  area  nine' 


I2t;  r. 


Arrlii-  K.ri)filitiiiii.  IDI.i-IS 


I  lie  species  (i 


r  ii 


lis  i;eniis 


\y< 


iiiiiii.t 


loiiliiiiis   llie  most   iiiiiMirlniit    centres  of 

<|n<.te   fi„i„    I)eCan.l(.lle-s   excellent    nionoitlMlih  '    the   .l;il;i    :,s   follow:   Sp.-.nisli 
leninsiila:  IS  species,  (i  eiKJeniic.     Italy  aiitl    Daliiiatia:   :{(i  species,  I  I  endeniic 
(.recce  and  Asia  Minor:  :{(1  si)ecies,  21  einleniic.     France,  Corsica  and  Sardinia' 
1.5  s|)ecies,  none  endeniic. 

■With  regard  to  Siberia,  11  species  are  known  from  Iral,  10  from  Altai,  and 
(from  Haikal.  Neverllieless,  the  iiiiinlter  of  arctic  species  is  extremely  small. 
VIZ.:  r.  luiifliini  1,.,  r.  Insliicdriiii  ])('.,  <\  riitiimlif  '.-  L.,  xnr.  itrclicti  l.'jre,,  and 
('.  Orncniaiiilini  Herlin:'-'  and  straiinc  to  say,  C.  •  ,.,'..■ ;-  f,i,...„t  from  Hiis~ia  and 
Siberia  with  the  only  exception  of  Koiiyam  l..-  uliere  Kie;;i,,  i  found  it,  .Xova 
/(■inl>la,  and  Arakamtscheischene  island  (('.  \     'fj  i  . 

Still  the  s[)ecies  occurs  in  Scandinavia,  S-'it,  ..criie:!,  liri  ■iiland,  the  north 
coast  of  this  continent,  .nclii. linn  the  archipehiKo,.';,;-.  '•in  ',;il)rador  to  \la-ka 
and  .«()iith  to  the  Colorado  J{()cky  mountains. 

Hy  the  struct UfP  of  the  flower  and  the  capsule,  besides  bv  t  he  habit .  ( '.  iniillnrii 
appears  to  be  an  ally  of  C.  ainxlii  I..,  a  native  of  the  alpiiie  refrions  of  the  .Mps. 
Hut  It  shows  no  iniriiediate  affinity  with  ('.  Insiuair/tn  Cliani.  except  •capsiila 
laterahter  versus  a|)icem  dehisc.-ntc"  DeCandolle  regards  C.  bisiocarjui  as  an 
ally  (.1  s.mie  Siberian  sp(-cies,  not  iblyT.  Athiwi  Mieb.  and  C.  diisijiiiiiha  Hieb., 
but  11  (  iffersfrom  these,  however,  by  t he  sinuses  of  t he  calyx  beinfr  onlv  minutelv 
;ippendiciilat.';r.  lasionir/iii  is  n  native  of  the  al|)ine  summits  of  tlie  hifrh-norther'n 
Kocky  mountains  and  of  the  northwest  coast  and  islands;  C.  it„.-<,in,itht,  ic. 
I'llost,  Pall.)  inhabits  Alaska  and  the  Aleutian  islands,  Kamtchatka  ami  eastern 
Siberia:  ('.  Ailtinil.  on  tli 


\V( 


lie  (It tier  hand,  is  a  native  of  Caucasus, 
have   thus   in    these   species   of  ('(ii)ipiniiilii.    represented    in    the   arctic 


rcRions  a  coniimnjrliiifi-  of  types  amoiin  which  (  .  ,iiiijli,ni  occupies  a  soniewli;it 
ISO  ated  position:  consideriiifr  the  wide  distribution  on  this  continent  where  it  is 
cither  arctic  or  alpine,  it  seems  probable  that  C.  uiiitl-ini  is  a  mi'inber  of  the  old 
Kliicial  vegetation,  and  that  the  centre  of  its  distribution  was  located  in  the 
arctic  regions  ot  this  continent.  'I'he  occurrence  of  this  s|)oeie.s  in  Scandinavia 
IS  one  ol  the  .several  cases  which  Xathor.st  has  mentioned  as  demonstiatinjc  the 
prob:il,|e  road  ol  migration  of  the  American  element  across  ( Ireenland  to  Ic.'land 
and  Scandinavia.  With  '-(.jj,.,,-,!  to  CamiMiiulu  roliimlifolio.  this  is  not  an  arctic; 
!.vi)c.  JudKinn  from  its  predomin.ant  distribution  southward,  but  the  species 
is  evidently  one  of  tho.se  that  acc(mipaiiied  the  arctic  flora  on  its  retreat  to  the 
nortli  Hut  in  the  arctic  refrioiis  C.  n,tiniillf„lin  has  developed  a  tvpe.  'T. 
firinnlandia,  Herl.,"  which  tofrether  with  the  varietv  „M>cn  l.tre.  thus  represents 
the  sj)eci.'s  m  the  far  north 

As  regards  C.  Ii,sii>air/Mi  on  the  northwest  coast,  this  is  undoiibi.Mllv  of 
Siberian  origin,  as  indicated  by  DeCandoHe,  and  the  same  is  the  case  of  C. 
an.si/inil/H,.  Ihe  analogy  in  floral  structure,  through  which  these  ap|)ear  to  be 
related  to  the  (  aucasian  (  .  Adann'.  is  one  of  the  manv  instances  of  analogous 
structures  beuiK  posses.se.l  by  plants  at  ^tation.s  ever  so  remoto  and  resulting, 
sonietunes  I  believe,  in  the  development  of  identically  the  s;ime  .sp(>cies. 

If  we  finally  consider  llie  Conipositae,  a  .score  of  species  is  all  that  the  expedi- 
tion Imiujrlit  home  from  the  north  coast,  and  nowhere  in  the  arctic  is  this  familv 
much  m  evidence  in  proportion  to  its  size,  son 
described.     Fr 


")0s 
(I 


om  ar( 


(lin.MVia 


Hart 


proportion   to  its  size,  some   12.()()()  species  havinp;  been 
ti(   l^iissia  and  arctic  Siberia  we  have  only  record  of  about 

irea  of  arctic  Scan- 


pecies  accordinn  to  l.edebour  (I.e.),  while  from  the  small 


man  (I.e.)  has  eiiiin.i  rati  d  about  ,"0  .-pecies.  \s  of  which  are  Hiciaci 


in  (;r( cnlard  the  family  is  r( !))( s<  nt<  il  1  v  al  cuit  30  s 


"i' 


ducct 


\\n(\i<.  jirincipally  at  the  colony  Ivigtut. 


1  ccie; 


1(1  of  which  are  intro- 


\ll)li(ins<'  DcCiindoilc:  .MoncKiapliii- cics  ( 


'  K.irl 


vuxtcr,  iriwui 


lado 


:irii|):i'uilim'MM.    I'ivri<.  ls:10. 


liT  ikri  Svi'iisli;!  l-ApoililiDni'ii  (ill  (iriiiilaml  l«:i.  \.c.  p.  M. 


.1  irlir  I'ldiit.- 


( 


fixjrd/ihmil  D 


Ht'iui^  rcpn 


oiiccriirnji  t 


nstrioiilion 


iiixoiii  Alask 


•prcM'mfvl:  ii 


I"'  matciKil  .•ollcct,.,!,    1 


and  M 


a  \vi 


itli  adj 


IN  not 


A7( 


■onnncd  to  tl 
I I     I      'I 


'    .^ii/i;  ((•«.•>•  IS   I 


loniatni;  it  is  lu.i 


"■'•nt  islands,  hosid 


'■    aunc  coast,   I 

ii,    f  I.,.    14..  .  t 


'<iiikal,atidl) 
•ollcctcd  in  tl 


a  villi  a 


•iKllc  in  .sil)(.i|.|    |,„| 


'Sin  tlir'Kocl 


I     I     ..      I  I 


.1  .v/, 


the  f 


inoiH 


loiliicr  ocelli's  ;i 


'"   ;"<■'!(•  rcjrioiis  of  tl 

/•iii'o   .. I  .. .    ; .     .1        ■ , 


iniix  I. 


ami  .1 


1      


1^/    B 

of  tho 

OCClll'.'', 

...I-  .11   M  \()iiiint{ 

Ixilir  iVorii    VIimi' 


n(>  oiiiv  iiii'inh 
I 


iiini 


l".l<l"'<ii  !(■■<   1. 111(11     1 
I    !>■   i.'l,,',.l.    ,1        I    . 


...11        I 


I..     . 


.Ill 


I'  aiKi    I 


Haikal,and  J)avi 
i.y  tl 


lint 


so    Ml    I 

iicriiKii- 


•  IJocj. 


'"•-  coiiiiiicnt  to  wliicli  ii 
\'  till tiifi  t  ,1 1 1...  .1 ,       I 


•'"•    "Olll     I1C(>II 
III-    1^    >t>  .l.<: I  . 


',>    iiioiiiil; 


If  Variety  nrcll 
In  A 


Ilia.    Asf, 


Tli.  I- 


iM(iit,'eiioiis    to    (  ,.,| 
'.•/. ,„/;.. ...   I        . 


IIM-^      WIIU    11       I   ( 


.tl  I.I    i.>   roilIIIICd 
I  .><      loo  (  i\ 


/"'/"////  J..  Kinws  ill  luiiiiail 


"<"  i.ai.  I!)    (I) 
■1     (".,,,,... . 


Illll     IJIIssi,!.    (".•iiie;isils,    ,\|(,., 


IllOStI 


y  le|)rcselitpd 


in   til 


rif/cmn  we  Imv  tl 
onth,    l'le(|iieiitiv 
c<mp„s,his,  (,n  the  otlier  1 
wlicic  tliev  evidi 


"'  '•''■'"".'r"'l.''>- /:.   ><>uJlon,s,  also   widelv  „|. 


i;ino,  ;iie  Letter  i-( 


tl 


on] 


"'V  are  in  speeies  of  tl 


ciitiy  develop,.,!.     \ 


'|)ioscnted  ill  III,.  |{,„.|^ 


y  seven  speci,.s  I 


and  till 
Th 


fijlin 


lave 


lie  Kcniis,  const  it  lit 


I  inalter  of  f;„.t  tl 


.f  tlie 


ic..<e  lllollnlain^ 


lisliiiiilted 
.ilid  A'. 
.^■  nioiiniain.s 


"■•■n  reported  from  Caueiisiis 


nio.st  iiiiport.Miit  c( 


llcll    M.S 


ni;iv  als 


<'llcllliipo|;ir   .[),l,;in„i 


"  '«'  appii,.,!  t„  _\|,. 


two  of  vvlii.li  :u 


litres 
■e  ciideinic 


J'.'iicniai  typ,.s  fr,,,,,  „liicl 


intcrestinfr,„,|„ii,.,,,|„..,|,„,|,| 


I  I  lie  .V 


'''((    lll/limi    |||;iv 


irlh  .Vnieric.iii 


well 


iiisidere,! 


tlii 


with  ti 
.1. 


continent, 


•■veil    Ihoil^rji    ,|||,|,| 


llceofsp,.cies„f  th 


!<'iiicnt  has  develop,.,],     j 


Slcdzidni,  'I 
(I< 


ic  rcpreseht,ition    of  1 1,. 
yxit/nr,,  U.   Hr.,  .1.    ,/„,„,,  ( 


I  loo  iiiain-  h 


■Kcniis  whici 


ii.s  one  „f  (I 


t    1,- 


IVe   l),.,.n  prop,,sei| 


iaieri'|)res,.iiie,|,,,| 


K.;.n.sin    theOld    \V„|.M;    a'.   nl/.,'na  (J 


icreiii. 


112) 
Cliri/sdnt/ii  III 


'"••'z.  (H.iikal.  I) 


coiisidercl  ill,. lit 
lun  iiiti(!rif,,l 


iviiri.-i);  I 


■"■rtii,,    .1.  nihiruiiihi    Kocli  (A 


in  coiiipaiisoi 
H.  Hr. 


>wever.  the  1 


rniciii;i),  and  .1. 


K'.'il  ^yith  L,,,nl(i/„„l 


|>^I  of  the.s,.  is  liy  Traill 


Kcniis  mdifrenoiis  to  Xorih  A 


"'"/     .-UK 


I    (■ 


'/"I'litiin  xihirictiiH. 


vetter 


•'^ca  coast  and  "'| 


'erra  'I'schnk 


""■rica:  of  the.s,.  ||,e  f 


(ircticuni  are  tin 


If  only  species  of  t| 


iJiy  to  arctic  Alaska,  K,init,.l 


tclioriim"  vvliil,.  th,.  ];,| 


ornier  is  ,.oiifin,.,|  |,)  t| 


it  1 


las  also 


111 


•  ••r    extends 


'le 
'IC  arctic 


iH'ii  found  in  I.a|)laiid 


ii.  cn.-^tcrn    Siberia  (  piii,.^,,:  j 


from  Jill, Is,, n 


ij  i-oiifi-  I7:{^1'('  W, 


While  the  genus  /■ 


,  i/irthri 

isoniyiepn.seiited  Kyasiiifrl 


.'"■■•"■  Mlly  of  r/,/7/,v,,,,//„.,„„, 


and  l{ti 


.-.^i.'i 


Al 


exemplified  hyahoiit  40 


peci,.s,  the  arctii' /»>/„„„/, 


in  this 


xiut   120  s 


I-edel)our  and  T 
lowland 


ii'om 


Can 


plants  Kill 


pecies  of  ,1//, 
••Hit  vetter,  and  a  I 


pecies,  mostly  nati 
w^^7V/  .•ire  recorded  from 


'"  Willd.,  it 


)f  .Ml 


ii"^  continent 
IN  in  .^ili(.ria 


liand  ('am 


-oiii,.  liavi 


:d)oiit  (iOfroni  tl 


I{ 


llssi;i   ail, 


ll.so  1, 


nioiiiitains(alioiit  i 
"*ome  of  the  .Vi 


easiis  (al.out    20  sp,.,.i,.s),   Altai  (al 


en  recorded  from  i| 


lis  continent;  in,,st  „f  ih, 


•■^ilieria.  hv 


se  are 


instance:  .1.    HirhnnI 
tjlohiilmia  <  '1 


specie; 
iieri,an  element  is  1 


loiit    40  s 


'e  mountains,  iiotaMv 
•ecies).    and    III,.    |{,„,|^;. 


SII//IIUIII. 


A. 


lest  r"|ires,'ni,.d  in  th 


th 


lain. 


eso  repions  may  thus  ha 


mil  .1.  hiirailis  I 


■•iiiijdriiK'nsis   M, 


'//' 


.'tlpine  speci, 
to  the  d(.vel 


irtl 


ler  .south:  so 


ve  consiitiii,.,]  a 


where 


■  arcti,.  rej;i,)ns,  f, 
'imnild    I,,., I,. 


.1. 


ley  cvKh.iitly  develop,.,!,  ami 


>iiieoth,.r  centn 


n  iiiipoit.int  centre  f, 


'i'l 


opmeiit  of  speciVs,  mav  have  I 


>r  .sever.al 


ol  the 


)e( 


""'I'erhap.s  still  „„„.,.  ,■„,,„„.,.,„, 


but  vcrv  f 


leltirge  jr,.niis.S' 


tl 


ley  are  almost 


ew  occur  i,,  t| 


''•■»cr/<,isal.so  well  n 


■n  siiiiat,.,!  in  Caucasus  and  Alt 


prescnte. 


in  I A 


circiimjjolar 


lie  Jircti,.  regi,,!,;  the.s,.  ;ii,.  maiiilv  tl 


irasi.M  and  Xorth  .A 


merica 
■aine  species  an,/ 


(JUS  11 


i"  the  only  ,„„.  j< 


"'"'  Hichards.  is  by  Ledel 


•  oast  and  islands  south  ahmKtl 


iiown  from  this  eontin,.nt,  I 


loiir  ref,'rre,I  to  the  Hf.nus  ) 


the  sj)e{.ies 
species  of  ] 
Altai,  Haika 


'iiiK  distributed  fi 


iia-- 


'<'-cii  reported  from  .Vi 


file  moiiiitiiins  to  Colorado  ami  Calif 


iiiiiKjid  and  it 
'ini  the  arctic 


""".</'"  arc  describ,.,!  by  I.,.,!,.| 


lai,   Kaikal 


and  Davur 


orn!;i;  in  .\; 


■ta 


uid  I) 


ivuria.    It  would  th. 


iiir,  one  from  Cam 


IS  ap|)ear  as  if  thi 


la.     Some  other 
asus,  and  ;j  fro,,) 


iiiKiilar  little  gen 


II.S 


128  B 


Canadian  Arctic  Expedition,  1913-18 


Ims  (Icvrlopcd  in  tho  mountains  as  far  apart  as  Caucasus  and  Altai;  the  American 
species  undoubtedly  oriRinatcd  in  AJf.ii,  and  its  occurre-ice  on  the  arctic  shore 
may  simply  indicate  the  road  it  followed  from  these  mountains  across  the  Berine 
strait.  It  IS  a  peculiar  fact  that  tli.  -pccics,  in  spite  of  this  enormous  ranire 
eastward  and  southward,  has  develoi  .1  no  varieties  on  this  continent  as  is  the 
case  with  the  plant  in  Altai,  Baikal,  and  Davuria. 


'Jll( 


■"^'■ctic  n,>U,:  Convluduuj  Hnn,„h. 


^■HAPTE,:  UL     COXCTUDIX.;  RKAIARKS. 


12!»  H 


istie  is  t  ,...''  '"•'"'  "*  "''^  ''oiitincnt      A?.  <•?!        '  ■''"'  ''""'   "'i'lorial 

»»«*»,,  testifi;;'"-  ■■■"I  "><■■' «"'"  ».<■ "...  ..i.*.,,'.,'  thf  ,s;"e/'S'';?"- 

Concurning  the  foJiao-P    fK  .  i  or   /  (cea 


ISO   11 


CiiiKiiliiJii  Aiclir  K.rpiih'tion.  Ifil.l-IH 


iKil   scciri  U>  iiiatiiff 

"(///,  h'tiijielrmii,    liiilnis.   mimI 


:api(i|)hytor 


irclic  floi'M  i> 

tlic  meal    iiiiijoiity  <  . 

'  iiiii(,iiiip  hciiiff  f  1|(.  only  Mtilillals 


i'liciT  ;\vo  aii^i   niaiiy   ty|)(>  of  inlldic-c  rice-   iciinscntcil   iu   ihcsc   icuii)i] 

hut  thf  iinihcl  is  liirc;  :■  ,1  with  n.oar<l  t(.  tlif  timal  ^tni-'i  iim'.  tlic  actiiioinorphi 

and  z\>ruiii<)i|ihic   ono^   arc    l.nih    (dininnn    an<l    ali,i(i>l    (-(luallv    rcprcicritcd 

With  nKMid  to  the  fruit,  tlic  flc>li\    ivpc  i~  laiv  and  di.cs 

cvcry  year  as  is  evidenced   in   the  (icncia   \'(i(riii 

Arclt>.^/(il)lil/los. 

("crlain  liiol«i(jical  iy|)cs  of  plants  are  totally  aliscnl  from  the  polar  regions; 

there  arc  no  dunliers  and  tio  true  |)arasitcs  of  t  he  r(,.v,„^,  or  Am  iilhnliiiim  Ivpc- 

yet   I'fihriildiis  is  a  root-para-iic  l>iii  one  havinu  a  srecn  foliajif 

seem  to  lie  ahsent  allojictlicr. 

Thus,   with  hut   a  \-cr\    feu   c\(i|)lions,  \i/.:   I'l  •licihiris.  (he 

composed   of  .illtopliytcs.   hcrhs  as   well   as  shrubs,   with 

th(>  lierli^    perennial,    Kinnif/iiiJ,'!  iiHhiki.  uml  I'h 

in  arctic  North  America,  not  inchidinf;  .a  few  aciident.ally  iiitroducid  wi'cds. 

Considering  the  general   char.ictcrist  ics  of   the  arctic   plants,   one   cannot 

liclp  hut  recall  the  picture  of  the  ;dpine  Mora  in  irenenil.     I'racticallv,  the  arctic 

flora  is  diversified  to  the  same  cNtent  .■ind  represeiued  hy  the  same  elemcnls; 

the  iamiiies,  genera,  atid  species  .iri'  either  idcntic-illy  the  same  or  i(>prescnted 

hy  analogous  types,  some  of  which  m;iy  he  endemjc  while  others  may  have 
immicr.atcd  from  other  districts.  Tlii,-  >imilarity  in  composition  cxistinsr  hetwcen 
the  .arclic  and  I  lie  alpine  floras.  a>  well  ;is  the  anaiony  in  the  morphological 
structure    of    the    plants,    is,    mviil  lieless.    a^^sociatcd    with   such    diversities   of 

•oiiditions  as  offer,  for  inst.-ince.  the  tmidrasof  the  .arctic  and  the  Jilpine  sunu-.its 
of  the  soul  h. 

CoMcerninH  the  origin  of  the  .-irclic  and  of  the  al|>inc  vegetation  :is  it 
now  cMsls.  It  may  he  nientioned  th.al  Xalhorst  is  in  favour  of  the  siiiipositioii 
that  the  arclic  \egelation.  at  least  to  some  cxteiu,  originated  in  the  lowlands  of 
the  polar  regions,  l.ut  that  the  greater  portion  w,is  originallv  alpine.  'I 
flic  line  helwceii  these  two  elenieiil 
entitled  to  consider  niosi  of  t 

north;  and  liesides.  there  are  (|Uit(>  a  tew  species  which  ;ire  not  circiimpolar  hut, 
nevertheless,  hetler  represented  in  the  north  where  they  are  more  alnindant'; 
these  nia\-  .mIm)  he  considered  remnants  of  an  arctic  vegetation. 

Witii  the  iiiorphological  sirucliire  .so  remarkahlv  unif(jrm  in  the  arctic 
and  alpine  elements,  we  must  consider  them  from  anoihcr  viewpoint,  namelv 
as  "species,"  Developed  .as  stich,  the  arctic  element  appears,  sometimes,  as 
more  or  less  i.soluIc<l  types  like  J'lniniixKjoH,  Dujiiiiitia.  Arctoiihilit,  Tofiddiii, 
Oxiiriu.  hnrnitjKi,  Mi,ii„lvf,is.  MucLia.  DomiUisin,  I'dcluijilcuniiii.  etc.  (Jr  we 
may  trace  an  arctic  origin  in  sjx'cies  of  even  largo  genera,  whether  circumi)olar 
or  simply  arctic.  For  instance.  S(t.rifra,iii  <'ontains  types  .Mime  of  which  arc  de- 
cidedly of  arctic,  others  of  al|)ine  origin,  as  demonstr.'ited  in  the  preceding  pages. 


portion  w.is  originally  alpine,      lo  draw 
seems   impossible,   even    if   we   may   feel 
circunipol.ar  sfx-cies  to  have  originated  it.  the 


RttKuiiiiiliis,  Slillariii.  I'lilinlillii.  ;iiid  several  other  genera,  not    speaking  of  tl 
CIramiiicae   and  ryperaccae,   also  illustrate  such  diversity  of  origin,   arctic  ( 


alpiiic, 


As  a  mailer  of  fact,  se\eral  of  ll 


inoty])ic  or  nearly  so;  or  in  case  of  ]arg('  genera,  t 


le  genera  characteristic  of  tlic  polar  region: 


iiifre(|ucntiy  .somewhat  isolated,  i.e.  from 


!ic  arctic  species  are  not 


epresenting  gl.acial  types  of  the  respect iv 


1  systematic  ooint  of  view,  as  if  actuuilv 


piiinnn   iimjltnii 


I' 


l'"l!IU 


(ini/d    rtiiioomr 


P 


oninii  vinpiiruni 


Eutr 


genera.     1  think  especially  of  (Jam- 


Erlu 


■<ls 


lira 


]>urpuraficen6: 


urdicu,    Rnnnnculus   ijliwinlls.    R.    Pallaxii.   Saxifraq^ 
fliKjiHiin.--,   S<ilix  polaris,  S.   retinihita,   etc.      And   judging   from   tlieir   presc ' 


■nt 


geographical  distribution  I  take  these  to  he  arctic  tvpes  having  originated  in 
these  regions  and  acquired  a  specific  structure  which  make<  them  distinct  from 
.such  of  their  coMgener.s  a.s  are  also  distributed  in  the  arctic  regions  hut  of  which 
the  original  ceiiiic  ar)peais  (o  have  been  located  farthe\  south,  and  prinr'iitallv 
in  the  higher  mountains. 


■1r,l„   /■'.."/.,     I  ■„„,,„,,„,,  „„„„,.,,, 


";•  ''-'''^  •''."ni:n;t;:;r;i;;:::' '"'  ""■  •^''"-'  '''-"^  -— .  i-.i.,.,,,,.,,  ..„ , 

.        K'  an,l  an.,i,.  Hon.s,  o,  I.,,,..,  ,    :• .  ^;:^,,^  '..       •;''''«'^''  ";  -•MP.-s.  ,l,a,   „. ! 
"""""'""'■  :"«!  ■i.,iri>   «vr.  ,„.,|    ,     ,^  '  ""''"'i.TOly  ".v,.  it,,.,,.  „,ij„,  ,„  '    ,"- 

I  l"l  ..,■  ,,.„,l,„,l  ,li.<,,„„i„„.„„        f,    ,,>";',';'""'  """■"  '"""  '""■■■  ""^r- 


I 
a. 


ISJ   1. 


Canadian  Arctic  Expedition,  WIS-IH 


Up-  .....stirun-  a  wry  natural  littlo  family;  with  tlio  cx(;option  of  I'^ndn 
ira„d,Jhra  ^uulhr  typical  P.  rotand.foUa.  th.y  ar,.-  .sylvan  typo.s  and  th.v  r>tc'n 
nf 7.  rr'"."'*'  '"!''  ""'•'  ^*^'''"  f'"'"i"K  s.nall  colonics;  reproduction  bv  n.oans 
of  .oot-shoo  s  IS  .l.aracK.ristic  of  sovoral  of  the  species.  We  have  seen  fron. 
the  jreoRrjiphical  tabl.  (Table  G)  how  P^rola  minor  extends  clear  across  the 
northern  hennspherc  reaching  the  arctic  regions  on  this  continent,  includinK 
Greenland  .n  .Scand.nay.a,  an.l  in  Russia;  a  similarily  wide  .listHbution  is 
eMMl.ited  hy  /  .  ,„tnnd,foha.  it  being  absent  only  from  our  arctic  coast,  Greenland 
an,,  Iceland.  ,.,nd  by  P  .sn;mda  which  is  absent  from  tiie  northeastern  corner-  of 
Asia:  lerra  J  schnkt Chorum  and  Kamtchatka.  Then  with  regard  to  .Unne.'ies 
his  show^s  the  same  distribution  as  P.  ,ecunda  but  is  ab.sent  from  Caucasus.' 
Jinally,  P  rhloruntha  is  alxsent  from  t.>n  of  the  eighteen  districts  enumerated 
on  t tie  table,  namely:  our  north  coast  Greenli.nd,  llus.sia,  Siberia  and 
the  p'   'eiees"  "*  '■'''"■'^'"^"^•■''  '"  ^'"'"J'*'  ""O"'  I'''">"ark  south  to  the  Alps  .and 

We  have  thus  four  species  of  a  remarkably  wide  distribution  in  both  Worlds 
Ncvertheless,  the  Pyrolac.-ae  are  be.st  re])re.se:ited  on  this  continent,  the  home  of 
thn-e  species  oi  (h,mai,hiln  besides  of  Piirolaclliptica,  P.  picta,  P.  chimaphil- 
wd,x,  and  /'.  aphjlla.  an.l  the  foliage  of  th.-  last  three  species  resembles  that  of 
(lumnplula  more  than  that  of  P,,r.>h;  in  Europ.^  there  is  a  .somewhat  isolated 
type:  /.  m,-,Un.  It  is  mten.sting  to  i.otiee  that  wliile  P.  chlorantha  is  absent 
from  .VsiaMaximowici:  '  .hs.oveied  a  near  ally  of  it,  /'.  renifolin,  in  coniferous 
woods  in  the  Amur  distri.'t  where,  moreover.  P.  secnndn,  P.  rotundifoUa,  Mon- 
i'so-1.  and  (  Inind/ifiild  uwhclliitd  were  collected. 

It  would  thus  ap[)ear  a.<  if  the  centre  of  the  Pyrola.'eae  might  have  been 
..cated  on  this  contiiMM.t,  r.ather  than  in  the  Old  World,  inasmuch  as  the  Mono- 
tropeae.  the  nearest  allied  family,  are  also  best  represented  here,  with  seven 
in'rum'Ie"""  •'"''  '^'""''''''  "''  '''''''''  ■^^'"""''"1"'  '■'  ""'  ""'y  K'^"us  occurring  also 

However,  when  we  bear  in  mind  that  P.  minor  and  tvpical  P.  rotund,fol,a 
are  mu.'Ii  more  abundant   in  Kun.pe  than  on  this  continent,  it  might  be  more 
oiiect    not    to  include  them   in   the  American  element,   I   mean  the    element 
which  i)resiimably  originated  on  this  continent. 

With  respect  to  P.  rhloruntha  it  .seems  difficult  to  combine  its  distribiii,„n 
iti  L.irop.-  with  that  on  this  continent  and,  as  st,'.ted  above,  it  is  absent  from  ill 

of  Asia.     1  he  occurrence  of  Chimaphila  uuibeUata  in  Europe  causes  al.so e 

difficulty  but  Its  distribution  m  Asia.  Altai  for  instanc.-.  mav  point  towards  a 
lormer,  much  wider  distribution,  at  present  disconnected. 

Taking  all  points  into  consideration  it  .seems  a  most  difficult  task  to  treaf 
the  distribution  of  this  singular  littl.-  family,  almost  exclusivelv  confine.l  to  the 
temperate  regions  of  M,th  Worlds,  and  being  mostlv  svlvan  types.  For  whether 
their  centre  of  aistiibiition,  or  let  us  .say  development,  be  placed  on  this  con- 
tinent or  in  Europe,  the  question  will  necessarilv  arise  how  these  little  plant- 
have  remained  so  unchiingei  on  both  continents  when,  as  stated  bv  Darwin - 
I  ^'.*J'r^f"1*^  *  "^  "?.''■  '"'"^  !)ioductions  of  the  temperate  regions  of  the  New 
and  Old  ^^orlds,  we  hnd  very  few  identical  species,  but  we  find  in  every  great 
class  many  forms,  wlmh  some  naturalists  .ank  as  geographical  races,  -.nd  others 
as  distinct  species;  and  a  host  of  closely  allied  or  representative  forms  which 
are  ranked  by  all  naturalists  as  specifically  distinct."    " 

With  respect  to  the  Pyrolaceae  some  certain  "geographical  races"  have 
become  developed,  notably  of  Chimnphila  xmbellata,  Pyrola  secunda,  and  P 
roundifoha,  but,  nevertheless,  the  typical  species  are  represented  in  both  Worlds. 
Otherwise  with  r  spect  to  the  plants  with  which  they  are  associated. 

'  Primiliai'  Fkir.  Amur.  I.e.  p.  li)0. 
'  Oriuin  of  Specify,  p.  441. 


MM 


I  IIP    follouilijr    I,„,     .      II       I 

^' I'u'oin .Ilia,;;.. o,   ,; ':t"" "^?"''^'«'=  -r .p..;, 

^J-"ylMn,|  ..uul  Vi,KiM,, 

'''i"'<i/j/Hlau»ih,l/af„      

'  .  ntiiriiliita .  

hiroh'  sivu,i,la, 

■''•  chhiniiilhii   .  .    

/'•  I'cluiiilifoi;,,     

/'•  elli/i/in, ,  .      

■]'"""(>■«/>.,  l,„nun„nsa 

\l-  inuj/nn,.  .  .  

'•""ilium  liiih,.<r,',is 

'/"■"Ilorhun  ,„h„ilnrlu:^, 

'  !i/'>'/>r,llu>„  uauilr         

(^'•'•//M-  .s/KTtnhi/i.,  

Ilnracium  v,  i,„si(,„ 

'  inn  i-(iri)li„i,ui,i        

;""lali,.l(.f.,,i„T,u;,Vlr 

^'I'lilalisamriauui....  


ij:i  B 


-    Uilli 

;inia 


"     '"'■■■"IJfi.Miiiw 

""'  in    i.'.ii<,pi_. 


1/ 

/'. 

/'. 

J'. 

/'. 


Minark. 

"■"i'lUiit,,. 

"  '  '■■<  n/Hil„rii. 

•-"    liniil. 
'iiiiithii. 


■  M.  L,.nia, 


■  <■.  ,/,,, 


"/'(. 


('"/(/. 


■..().   l/n 

■  .  .11.   Iii'irai  niii, 

.   .   I    .    Xl^lr„lu-il, 


J..  I,,,,,  all. s. 
.'J.I  iir,,/ii)^fi_ 


'■"  ''"■"■  'A'pical 
'iia\  .■irijiiir,,  ., 
■^   '"•'■III.  Ill  li,,, 


' ^  •:'',!"""  '• '^ ''''^*"i;"r";;'':'  '"'-'■■'"  '■■<•■ '' -■■:::•i;:^l":,';.t:■;' 

to  lM,,o,,e"  W      u.    '7'''   ''•■'!"  '"•'•">M|.a„ir.,i  '  1  .  Pv;      '''''  '■^''"'Iimk  far  no,'. 

=HH&S;r¥»--"-  "" 

a  single  a.-S  "'"'""'  ^'^"^  "'"  I""'-'.lKy  of  ui.^,  .',:,,';;;••.'-'«<■  c..lls  i,„. 


131    B 


Canadian  Arctic  Expnlilion,  1913-18 


And  pven  if  such  ilual  orijjin  may  luitu.illv  he.  n  r.iro  occurrence,  I  cannot 
t'xphiin  till!  distribution  of  Anemone  trifulia,  I'nfxtmr  pi,i<nnic,nm,  fAoydia,  uiid 
some  other  plants  in  any  other  way  than  that  they  havi-  originated  from  several 
I'cntros. 

In  the  preceding  pages  I  have  discussed  tho  remarkable  devi^lopmeiit  of 
the  geniw  Sirrcrsiii  at  several  points  remote  from  each  other,  and  although  the 
genus  is  both  rctic  and  alpine,  the  origin  of  thi;  gi'ri;n  may  be  interpreted  in 
the  SMine  lighi  as  I'ljrola,  Munesex,  and  ChimnphiUt. 

We  have  seen  that  iS'.  yladalin,  S.  I{oK>"i,  S.  calthifolin,  S.  radintn,  and  >S. 
trifiora  are  natives  of  this  continent,  and  that  N.  fjlacialis  and  .S.  Rosxii  occur 
also  in  eastern  Siberia,  S.  nilthifolia  in  Kamtchatka;  furthermore,  that  S. 
rrplatia  and  .s'.  monUtna  are  endemic  to  the  Alps  and  Pyrenees,  ,S.  eliita  to  the 
Himalayas;  that  »S'.  aticfiionoidcs  is  a  natixc  cf  Kamtchatka  and  Japan,  S. 
kuiatiirica  Heg.  et  Schmalli.  of  Turkestan. 

Ill  other  words,  there  must  have  been  nio'e  than  one  centre  from  where  the 
genus  developed,  two  on  this  continent,  viz.:  the  arctic  coast;  a  .second  one  in 
the  Appalachian  mountains;  a  third  one  in  the  Alps  and  Pyrenees;  and  a  fourth 
one  in  the  Himalayas.  The  arctic  element  may  well  be  connected  with  'he 
species  in  Kamtchatka  and  Japan,  but  the  oiher  species  are  so  isolated  that  no 
I'onnoction  seems  possible.  With  reference  to  the  species  themselves,  the  struc- 
ture of  the  style,  it  being  iointed,  wholly  persistent  and  straight,  is  a  constant 
charaetiT  in  the  genus.  hile  the  style  is  glabrous  in  .S'.  liossii,  it  is  pilose 

in  all  the  other  specie.s;  furmermore,  the  petals  are  erect,  not  spreading,  and  of 
a  redilish  colour  in  .V.  trijlora,  but  in  all  the  others  the  petals  are  yellow  and 
spreading.  The  memlievs  of  Sierersia  thus  slinw  the  same  sectional  structures  as 
dcum  with  regard  to  the  flowers,  viz.:  Caryophyllastrum:  petals  white,  greenish- 
yellow  to  golden-yellow,  spreading;  Caryophyllata:  petals  purplish,  erect. 

The  nearest  ally  o!  Sieversia  is  ^Vitm,  repre.senteu  on  tnis  continent  by  eight 
species,  four  of  which  are  endemic.  Among  these  (/.  macro phylluin  extends  to 
Kamtchatka.  (!.  Mriclnm  is,  on  the  other  hand,  widely  (listributed  through 
iSiberia  to  Central  Russia,  including  Caucasus  and  the  Altai  mountain.s.  G. 
rivalc,  though  not  infrequent  especially  throughout  the  northern  parts  of  this 
continent,  is  more  generally  distributed  in  IJuope  and  Siberia;  (/.  urbanum  has 
become  established  at  Cambridge,  Mass. 

In  the  Alps  and  Pyrenees  Geum  is  represented  by  (r.  rivale,  G.  urbanum,  G. 
pyrenakxim  Willd.,and  G.  ni/lvaticum  Pourr. ;  of  these  (r.  urbanum  is  the  only 
species  recorded  from  the  Himalaj^as. 

Another  near  ally  of  Sievcrsia  is  Dryas  which,  as  we  have  seen,  occupies 
much  the  same  territory  as  the  northern  species  of  Sieversia,  besides  occurring  in 
the  Alps  and  the  Pyrenees. 

Sieversia  is  thus  an  excellent  e.xample  of  a  genus  having  developed  at 
immensely  remote  stations,  giving  rise  to  species  very  do.scly  related  to  each 
other,  yet  absolutely  distinct.  The  rule  that  the  most  natural  genera,  or  those 
genera  in  which  the  species  are  most  closely  related  to  each  other,  are  generally 
confined  to  the  same  country  or,  if  they  have  a  wide  range,  ttiat  their  range  is 
continuous,'  can  not  be  applied  to  Sieversia.  And  several  corresponding  instances 
may  be  cited  from  other  families.  We  remember  the  genus  Pleuropoyun  of  which 
there  is  a  high-ncrthern  type,  P.  Sabinii,  and  two  ones  endemic  to  California, 
viz.:  P.  refractum  Benth.,  and  P.  californicum  Benth.;  furthermore,  Claylonia' 
which  is  one  of  the  most  characteristic  genera  of  North  America  is  in  Australia 
represented  by  C.  australasica  Hook,  and  in  New  Zealand  by  C.  cclycina 
Colenso. 


'  l>;irwin,  * '.    Ori^jin  of  Specios.  I.e.  p.  422. 

«  HcjliM,  Til.     Type.-!  of  Claylunia.    MiniJeskr.  for  Jupetus  Stecnstrup.     Kjybenhuvn,  1U13. 


Arctic  I'laulu:  Concluding  Rcniark* 


\:V)  n 


As  tlip  Kciicrii  Sierei-'iia.  I'lniropoqon,  and  Cliiitnnia  i,  em  tn  Ikivo  hcon 
•  lovclopotj  !it  Mich  distant  points  and  to  have  produced  species  so  closely  reiatpil. 
I  cannot  see  any  ohjection  to  the  supposition  that  the  same  species  tiiay  ulso 
arise  from  morn  than  oni'  sinule  area. 

I  have  mentioned  these  few  data  as  a  mere  su)t(j<'sli<>n  sii[)i>leniental  to  the 
explanation  f>f  the  siiiKular  distrilmtion  of  some  of  the  arctic  plants  as  demon- 
strated l)y  Darwin,  aird  so  exceedingly  well  exemplihed  hy  N,iilii>r>l. 

And  so  we  have  in  the  vegetation  of  the  "Harrun  (iroiind-"  a  pietine  of 
the  arctic  flora,  as  it  is  now,  with  its  fascinalinK  little  llomis  .idorninR  thi' 
t\indras  and  possessed  l>y  a  vitality,  for  aues  unsmpassed,  actpiired  and  pre- 
served fliroiiKJioiit  one  of  the  greatest  revolutions  in  the  history  of  the  earth, 
known  as  the  glacial  epoch. 


l.'if,  II 


Ciiiimliiiii  Anlic  hjjiiilUiov,  tOIS-tH 


<  HAITKIt  IV.     lilMMocftArilV. 

Ami  lai  a\   Via  ik   Mum wh 
""  n\  ^.,';   ('ir '\'';,'^;  'x„\i  •,;-;"'■"•'■-  "•  ""■  I»....r,v  .,f  ,1...  ^  „k„n  T,.,ri.„n      l,„ll. 

''''■VV;',n,!^;;;:;,:s;^:',rnM''''''''''  '"'""'•"•"■''   '•"'"    •■•M-ii-i'-   -   I'-n.    narrow,   Al.u.k„ 

n.«,k.,.  W    J,     II,,,  l,„r,,,ii-Mi,„iir:,„;i.     I.<.,„l„n.  Is;j:!.l.Vl.l 

M'Inmn'      "V.''  .•''■"'"'■'"",  V^-  '  ■""'.'''""   '''""'^       ^'^  .    M-n.r..:,!,    iNM-lS-K., 

C.  nirn^'^^^^^  ,;"""■"'  "I,"      '■'"•. V„k.m-AI:,-k:.  Int,  rnMl,.„.,l  H,„m,l,,rv.  !„(»,.,„ 

..,>;''(• '  \;r';V;''  '7 '','•[''''' ''v'''''\'  !'■'''•■  "-"■"•••"•'  n'w  v-rk,  km:. 

i        ';ri    •  -Vl,',"  ^''f;;/'-".  V,.  M>  l.f.-  «;n,  ,1,..  l..kiin.,.     N..W  York.  I,.l'  'n  ."  ^i.  v'" 
lM.\sn-j  .,f    1,11    Aiii-ric  Amikii  A\  AiK  iiii'Ki.Ai.o 

"''•:;:.  m,,l,.^;■^;;:;•:^^,■;;:;1^l;:'/;:T'^^  ....,,..Ar,.,i,.,-k,„ds 

llnaM,,  1.      |.„t  Ml  „|;„ils,  ,o!l,.,tr,l  (Pii  tl».  .u.iMs  „l  nMliii  Hiiv  fimn  l,,!.'  70'  IMI'  to  7(i=  1"  „n  Hi.. 
.■..M_  M.I..  a.„l  ,„  P,.>,.sM.,n  liay  .,„  ,1...  „•,.,  «i,l,..    ]„  U„>,;  X'.,y:,K-''f  I'l,..  I.!.<.'rv;ry.'i;,;',dt 

;iM  .iiiK.rMi  !hr  Mivauc  of  DiHcMTV.     I.oruldii,  isii. 
I  ,..nH...II     ,,.,    „ork.-..,f  i;ol,,il   I',r„«M,  V„l.   I      J.„n,l,.n.   Is.lH, 

Vol:  v- 1'!^;:!;:  Vi:^"-' '" ""' '"""'' ''"'"  '"""'"""• "'  "'-■"••■  •'■"""  "f  "'■•■  n-- ^<■•■■ 
""" ':J!',/i.'li,':"", "!'  •''^"■;> .;"i'""''  i-  .m.~m>  s,.i„.,.t„.,..  s„.in  „.,.i  m,,, ,  ,i,..  i,.., 

NW  Wk    1  iiV..  '"■■'"'  '"  '''■'••"l^""'-     I^i'll-  Tnm-y  H..t.  Clul,.     \  „i.    'l. 

^'™  Mr   Vprti";,  .:''irM;'i;''"  'i^  -^'''"y  '"'•""^i. '•''"">■  '>'^"1«  l>v  Dr.  I.y.l).  Dr.  AM.l,i>.m, 
S 1,  .fol  ■    !i,      .^i  ;       ;Vr  i    n"'  •"/,",'«""■  '•M'.-lit.;..-  ,n  >..,.,nl,  „f  8ir  .lolin  l-r..,nkli.i,  mi.irr 

"""An;,.H;n  d„„V:.  ■;;:. ','';"  VT'v ''-"i" '■:,'"■■  .''■^'"^"■- '"  '■'""i^'"'' «"-'  An-.ic 

:,    is',1  "'"  '"  ^""  '■'■'""•'•^    M'liMlo.k  in  the  ya.lit  /Vr.     ibidem.     Vol. 

Hooker,  U  .  J      I  l,.ra  l.oivali-aiiKTican.-I.     I.oiiilon,  ls:i:{-l,s.l{) 

"""a:^:  unn:  s,': '  \';,rH:'"Von;i.;;;''';v.r "'  •"'"" '"'"'" '"""'  ''^  ■ ''"^"''  "^•'''"' •  ''-- 

I  ow'^'T'  Y-'  ■'i'/""'  ^"""I-    V'"  '^"^"'>  "'■*'"'"•  "•"'">■>  \"vag...    London,  l.stl 
LOW.  A.  1'.     HrnoM  on  \\u-  Doni.ioo  I  ;,„->.i-t,,,„,,,,  v^,.  .u.i  .:  .'^  ,,    ,        ,.'  , 


M 


NIands  on  l.o.Mr'.  tlic  ]).  <;.  ,^.  .v 


inion  (HivcrniiH  ni  lixjjrdiHon' 


;uonn,  .loli 


n.     (  al'docuc  of  (' 


I'Uiur.     KKCi-KlOI.     OitMwa.  HXM 


1-on  Hay  ami  (lie  Arc-lie 


IXMenfekl,  C.  }I.     i  lora  A 


.M( 


rot vied. 


iT'tica.     (■ 


inadiaii  I'iaiils,  I-\  .     .\|, 


'Iilre.'d.   I,>s.s;i-|,v«). 


O.-linfeUl,  <"."H,      \ 
Viden.^k.  Sel>k 


'■'■s  li.ive  Ill-en  piilili.^liid.) 


•IH-nhat'en.  \W2.      (inly  I'tendoiiliMu,  Cv 


nlno^|)erlllae  and 


■i>eiilar  plaiiN    .olleetefl  in  .\i.-(ie  Norlli  Ai 


Hii-liardsi 


Skr.     C'liri.-li.-inia,  l!llO 


neriea  l>y  the  Ojoa  I-ajk  dilioii. 


Uvdl 


J.    Ifoianical  Appendix,     hi  .Jolm  ]•■ 


lieri!,  P.  A.      I.istofl 


iint.-^  eolleited  on  il,e  P< 


Torreya.  \<)1.  1  l-IJ.    \ew  York,  101 


Simmons,  II.  (!.  A  ■^iirvev  of  tli 


1-1!<1L'. 


iiiklin.  Narriilive.     l.s-.';i. 

ary  Anlie  Expedition  of  I'.IOJ-ti  and  inovlHI. 


niverv.  Ar^.-kr.  Vol.'ft.     I 


10  pliyloiKi.frr.-ipliy  of  tlio   aretii-  Anierieaii  Areli 


:d.  I'l 


lipel.cBo.     I.und.-* 


Simmons,  H.  O.     Tlic  vasculiii-  pkinl.- 

VM\. 
Taylor,  J.    \otiei   ,-f    flowerini;  plant.'!  and  fi 


in  tl,e  ]-|ora  of  r;il(-.>;niereland.     \id.  Sel>k,     ( 


lirisliaiiia, 


-  -       -■ ...,..,... lit.  pi.iiii.i  .Mill  urns    eoiiceieu  ( 

HaBm  s  Bay.     1  ransact.  Hot.  Soo.    Edinburgh,  Vol.  7,  1 


lerns    tollceted  on  holh  iside.-^  of    1) 


.Mi; 


!tvi.-<   Strait  and 


Anlic  I'hinh:    Hihlifhintpliy  1.17  B 

(illKt  M  *Nn 

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PolarforNlMiriK  Iss-.'-lvvi.     Il.ilin,  IVMi  '  iiiiMr,,iii,,„,,i. 

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l:iiiilli(iiii   Is.sd  ii,  |<i'.'IK  '  "iriin- 

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lorli  ..(jr.     S|ii<kli(i|iii.  ISKl.  »K.iu, 

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.\<i.  t>.  lliini  (it  (.rcinlaiKl,  liv  .Idh.  l..iiii;c    p    Kh, 

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1  <■.■  I  ■Vliuc  <it    l.S'Mi,      Icil,  (,:,z,.||,  ,      (in.:!!.'!',    I,V,.7 

WrtlMTlMi        (.  !•;,      l.isl  of   p|:.nt>    „l,l,.„n,,'  n„  .|„    i'.nn     ,,um1l„\     ,Ap,  ,i,.  „„.  ..|    |  V.  I,      l!,ill 

< V.I--  <  liil),     IMiilariilplii.i,  ls>j:,.  ' 

SiTi  /.iii.iii.r.N 

lsn.lY\ll,,n,  un,n.l..Hl,.p..,  iMkllay,  l-.r  ,ii„l,.,  IV.N  :1,>  .«v,  i,>k;,  l',.l;,nxp,  ,hi„„,,     lt,l,    K    Sv 
\l'l,   .\k,l<l,    ll.lliil-,      \,,|.   ■_>(,,      Sl,i,kl„illii,    ItMK. 
Kk,Mi.m,  ()      M,;i|niKcz,ir  K,M,,u,i>  ,l,.r  ( ;..f,T"p(l,„,/.M  Spi,zl„,u,.„'-     Tn.n.^o  .Mii.v  ,\ar>k    tVi.s 
c.     1  1    ,    ''"i'KK  'ill>I"'l-l"'K'>'^  l'ai»i-,.»;.',i„ll,,i,',,     (.|\,.,>    K,     ,>v.    \,i      .\kM,l,    |--,,rliil'-'r 
MiM'kholm,     iMi!.,  ",'i^". 

II.Mit'lin,  M.  T,  y,.M,     H.-w  n  i,,,,.),  ,1,.,,,  N,„.|p,,h,i„„  , ,  ,„  ,|,  „  ,l.,l,r,.r,  1S7ilix7|      \,,i    ;(    „   ..,■.., 
iJIHiilischwfic,  lS7t.  I  I  .  .   .. 

""'w''l'^  ''■'"■ '■;^;;;-tV<":"i';f,\'V''' '■'""-    ''""•'"'  H„.i,s,..„.\va^i.„,t,„„.   v„i,  10. 

\\:i>l,iiim,,M.  JV.M,.     H.piliil,',!  ill  ,|.„iri,,  ,.|  H,iiaiiv,     \,,l:!(.      l.,.iii|,.M     IVHi 
.M,-,liiiKr,'ii    .\.  i.    <)lv,TMnl,-if.><p,.|^l„.rn<'n-K,i„.|,in;,M,li.„:,     oiv,.i-.  K   .<v    \,.|     \k.„l     Imliilliir 
MlKklllillil,  l.StiJ,  ,,i,ii>., 

.Maih.n.s     K.      SpiUlHTtiiscW    ,„l,.r    ( ;n„.„l:.,„li.,.l„.    i;,,,-..    li,.^,■l„■,  ,l„,„tr    y,.,l,,,,„    I,,,    .|,,|,r    |,;71 

Maiiibiiru,    Kn,). 
\nllmrst    A    (i       .\ya  Kulv.ie  (ill  k:,m„  ,l,.,r„„  ,„„  Sp,.|-l„.,ir,.Ms  k;ulvM\l,.r  ,„.l,  ,1,...  v:i\lK,-„itra- 

I  M\,   1'  ,  m  i..  (  rcnu-r,  l.iri  ,\ii-llin:  ii.miIi  Spii/li,.it,ii,     li.ilin,   Is^iJ. 

\ll,"II,'    SlAM'IN  W  1  \ 

torn-  li.l.r,     rhnstiai,!:,,     \  i,l,  Ak:,,!,     ls7.V7ii  r  k.i,i,i,i,   ,,>. 

HIvlt.    M       \  V,,,.2,..    l.l,,,.,         (  ■!:!■,,!■„,;;      ••U.l 

llarlnoi.   (•      ll;.iull.,.k  iSk:m,liii;tvi,-ii>  Kldni'     llii,  ,,!     .<t,„kli,,l„i,  ls7it 

"'"1{"'|       .       .     ;i'""''l?'"«,';'I'lii-k.'  N„tils,T  (■,,,  ,|,.i    mkli^ko   N„rn...     (Mvrr^,      Kul,  Sv     Vr( 

i\^Z!hi.^l'  '■'''.;'•'"•  •V'"'"'.^'"'^^;«'';"-  <'|'Hs,u„u \i,i  s,.uk  i,„i„iim.,  (•i„i>,i;,„i:.,  is„n. 

"  alilcnborg,  d,     llora  I.apiMinica,     H,t1iii,  ISTJ. 


W 


l.iK   II 


Canniliiin  Antir  Erprdition,  tOi'-lS 


AldlK     Hi  ««IA 
l.i<|rli..iir,  f.  I",     ricrn  li.i.^ini      .Slullu.irt,  Isll-i.'l 

IMJll'livt''     '^^"''"''"''  "''  *>'»*"r>i"''  <•'  K"«Kri|>liiiuii  iilniiliirum  Hc.-i.  :iniiii.     lMri>tM.li.i, 
!(M|>m|,i.  I'.  I      Morii  H<ir.:ili-friil.-iisis.    Ht    r,trr«hiirK,  1h:,| 
Mimmin«    U.  C.     I  Inriiii  <mIi  '.  .uriiiiim,,  r.  i  Kirurm    Vrtiii-k    c.i  li  |.r..,I,t.  fn.l.r*    i  r^ippliiiHl 

:iiiiircln.  111  ..iiii.Miv.i.ir;i  Kiiijii  nM.ir.i  Akin  |...hig.     I.utiil,  I'.iKl. 
IraiilVflli.r    i;,    R.       Uio   |illan2iiiK.t)Krii|.!ii'i  l,i u    V.-tliiilliii"<-  diii  Kiinii.iiiw  hen    Uii.-^lah.U. 

KlKii,  IHIH 

IriulVfllrr,  K.  |{.     Uii».iui'  iirclicni'  pliiiitn-  iiniiMlnm  ii  pinuiinaloriliiii.  v.irii«  in  T:irii-  liH-m 
Iccliio  .•numeravit.    A>t;i    lf..rt    !),,(.  I',ir     Void     P-trnpoli-..  ISSO 

^(|^A  /kmiii.a 
"•"'■(.*'■  ,';,  ^""  .  V'Wi  ■li..ti  ,1  Cliiii.-it  <!.■  N.>wajn-Z.-nilj!i.      Hull.  S.-.  d.-  I'A.ml,  St.  l'(.t.T>.l.. 

»'     111-        I  S.iS. 

Hlytl.  A.  Hidriiit  til  KumUkaluii  ..m  \  .  ii.  Citioncn  p:ia  Nuwi,iii-/,<.|ii|,„,  1  Mihdlitr.  Vid  SfUk 
t  nri-ti.inin.  IsT'J.  <  .  .»- 

I'.kftiini  <).  HidrtiK  till  kanniilimicn  urn  N.ivaia-.Siniliti"  fanprdnamvfBotation.  Ofvcrs.  K 
«v.  \ft.  Ak»il.     I'(iri,dlKr.    Sin.  klmliii,  1S(i4. 

Iiddrn    H.  \\,     The  H..wiiiMK  I'ImiiI.-,  i>f  .Ndvayii-Z.ml..  u  .1..      Jouni.  nf  Hoi.my.     Londim 

1  ri<'>   'I'liM,    Hin  N(iviii.i./.riiili.i>   \iK"l.iti<in      Hnt.in      N.iIi.h.     I.uiid,  1>*7;!. 

ll.iiK  in,  .M.  T,     I  Inrii  v..n  .N,,w;,jm  /,.,iiIj:i  un.I  WiiJK.itM-l,.    \W\„v  utwh  d.  N()rdiM)I:.rnic.r.    MI. 

Uniiinsrliwiiif,  1H74. 
Ildliii.  Til,     .Voviiia-ZdiiliiiV  \.Kii.,ii.,ii.  Ni.rligt  donii  I'lmn<>r..gamer.    Dijiiiplmn-ToBtcIs  i<h,|.. 

iHitan    I  dlmtc;    rdil.l.yC    I     I.uik.ii.     Kj./.hctiliavii,   1KS7. 
lliHik.T    ,1    1)^     N,,|,.v  ,>ii  ih.>    plant-.    .,.11.-,  In!  l,y  Captain  A.  11.  Markliani  in  Novaiii-Z.mlia. 

A  I  Mlar  Kc  oiinai-anif ,  1..ii,k  i|„  \  ,,yac..  cf  tl,r  l.^^hjon,  to  Novaiii-Z.inlia  in  187!i.     London, 

Kjrllinan,   Y    H  .   and   I,iin<'>ii.ii,,   A.   \.     1  amioKanirr  frSn   Novaia-Zrnilia,  Wai(j!il«'h  ocli 

hal.arowa.     \  .Ra  Kxpniii    Mt.nsk    iaktt.     Vol.1.     .Sio,  kliolin,  IKM' 
Kj.llnian,  I  .  H.     laniTo(tanilloi.ni  pA  Xovai.i-Zcmlia  o.  li  W.iiirat.M  li.    (ihidrnO. 
I.midstroii.    A    N.    Kriti-cl.f  Hcna  ikiinio  n  ihIkt  dir  \V.  id.ii  Novaia-Z.  iiiliaV  iind  ilimi  (tm.ti- 

-■Hm  II  /MN.niinrnhaiiK.     Nova  Aria  \U%.     .Sic.  Sc-.     IpMilirnsss  Sit!  111.     Vol.  fxlra  ord 

idit       I  p^ala,  IS77. 
Kuys,  1.  M,     Dr  Ncn-picidiinir  J.r  riiaii.i..i:an,.n  van  aiklisili  Kiiropa.    Kainpin    ISM 
llaiilvrttrr.  h.  1!.     roii>p,.,tiiM  florae  in-iilariiiii  .\ow..|ja-Ztnilia.     Art.  llorl.  IVlrorM.I.     \ol. 

I.      I  l•lr(l|)o|l^,  1,S71.  ' 

AllCTK    SlBHItA 

'*'"";::•  ^-  ^V::\T  «'"''-i"  Owuopis    nr.   M,-.in.  do  I'Aiad.  imp   ,1,.  St.  IV'tor-bourir.      S.t.  VII. 

lonirXMI.     St    IV.i,.r-)h.iirp,  Is7l. 
Kj.lltiiaii     K.   1{      ()„i  viivtiiulutvn   pS  Siljiriras   nordkii>t       V.-Ra  Kxpcdit.   Vl•t.■n^k.  arbptcn. 

Stoikliolr.i,  j.s^'J.     p.  X.iA. 
Kjrilnian,  V.  R.     Sihiii^kn  Nordkii>trii^  Fancrouanifloia.     ibi.l.in.  p   -VU) 
Kj.lniin,  F.  K.     I  r  I'olarvuxt.rn.is  lit,  m  A.  V..  Nordpn^kiold,  Studi.r  o.l,  for^kningai  foiaii- 

li.lda  af  niina  n-or  i  lloRa  Nordni.     Sloi  kliolin,  1,SS4,  p    4ti:i 
I.fd.  hour,  (■    1       yiorn  liow-ica  (l.r  V 
Ma.viniovic^.  C.  .1.     I'riniitiao  florae  ainunnsis.     Mi'ni    pi,^.  h  I'Arad  d    Sc-    dc  St    IVtrr-I)    ivir 

<liv.  H.1V.    \(il,  0.     Pf-tropiilis,  lS.')>.t.  '    '  '  ■ 

Miiir,  Jolm,    Th,.  Cnii.s,.  of  the  rniwin,  oditrd  hv  \V.  Y.  Hade.    Ko>ton  and  N'.vv  \>,rV,  l>tl7 
IraiilVfltcr,    1-,.  1{.  Ilora  laiinyr.ii.i-  pliaenopania  < d.r  die  aiif  der  akadeniwlien  Kxpedition 

in  da.<  nordwe.st  lelie  Silnrien  m  .lahre  1S4H  am  Tainivr  zwis.  lien  -?,V  iind  7r>''  .W  n      Tlr 

y"«  i"^.  -^  ''"■'""''''  ■*""*'  ^I"'''''"'l'"fT  Resaiiinielteii  pliaenogaini.-clien  Pllanzen.     In  Midden- 
dorfl.  Sil).  Uei-io,  IS.ili. 

Traiitvetter,  K.  H.     Planta.x  .Sil.eriae  lioreali^  al,  A.  Czekanovski  et  Y.  Mueller  .innis  |S74-1s7.-i 

leela^  emiiiieravit.     Act.  Hon.  Bot.  Piir.     \ol.  .').  1S77, 

Tr.uitvctter,  V.  H.     Flora  riparia  Kolvmenpi.'^.     ihideni  Vol.  A,  1S7S 

I  raulvrttcr,  K.  R,    Flora  terrac  Tseluiktsehnriiiii.  ihideni  Vol.  6,  1S70. 

1  rant  vet  It-r,  K    R.    Inerenientn  Florae  pliaenoganiae  Rossieae.    PotrofKilis,  1.H82-18R4. 

IrFI.ANIJ 

Fridrik.son,  M.  n,    Om  Island-  Flora.     Hot.  'rid.«.-kr      Vol.  F!.     Ki^benliavn,  1SS--1\,S,{ 
f .ronhind,  C  .    Islands  Flora.     Kj<»Keii)iavu,  is.si. 

Holm,  Th     Contributions  to  the  Flora  oflielaml.    Bot.  Tidw-kr.    Vol. 'Jl.    K,*bpnbavn     l,s<,)7 
Jons.son,  H.    Bidrag  til  Osl-I.-lands  Flora.    Hot.  Tidsskr.    Vol.20.    Kj«,benliavn    l,y>6     ' 


Arctic  Planh:  BibUonmiihy 


13'.i  B 


Miilir,  \,    K<>r»<if(  •'  in  I-liniNk  \.iliirlii«t..riiv    Kj^dn'iili.ivn,  ITmI 

lliwtriip,  I       l»i.lfiiK  111  I'laii.U  Hi.rii.    Hoi     ri<|.»kr.    \iil.  Hi     Kj^lMntmvn,  IssT 

HlB(,.nw«>ri,  Hi     Kr»   leLimls   Wxtritc    I  III.     V  id    M«M    (iiMili     lorcniiiK.      Kiol..  i,l,n  n 

Mroinftll,  II.  I'.  (1.     M.md.  kr»ih;«tOT,  l«triikt:.(l.>  fr.\ii  vii\IKii.((r.ili-.k  m  li  flnn-li-k    -si kl 

•  Hmt-      K,  .'<v    \i't.  Ak:i,|.  1  orhtllKr.     Skm  kli..|ni,  1S.^I. 

Ai.pti  AMI  i'mriNKrs 

Aini)  y  Morn,  I)  M  dil  Muni  I'aiirnJKaiiiiivi  d«  ki  iM'tiinsiila  Ilii'rini  (K«iiiift;i  \  ['.iriiiU'iM 
(iriiimdii,  |.sri-IH7.1.  '' 

''llri^t,  H.    I.ii  Horf"  df  ki  Siji»i.c  pi  w,-  orininc"     Bdlo,  18H:!. 

(iiiiidiii,  I      riuni  ll.lvitii-ii.    'I'linri,  1HJIS-1H;'>:1 

llfcr,  O.    I'lliir  dir  iiiViilc  H'.ra  dcr  Siliwcu,    Zdrich,  IHHIl 

KimIi,  \\  .  I)    .1      .■<vii  i|>-.i^  I  i..i,i>' <«Tliiriiii(iic  It   llilvctinif,     l.«ipzi)(,  lHr>7. 

\ViiK"«ri  II-  lIluKiiirti-  piiitM-lii'  Hum.  Kiiii'  Uiw  linilmtiK  ili-r  in  IViitKihkiiid  mid  di-r 
Srliwiiz  <Mnhtiiiiii«'li«n  Hlulheiiptkin/.cn  iind  (irfiiw*-'  i  vplunuinrn     StiiltKirt,  ks71 

CaI'CASIs 

Mt'jpr,  r   A.    ViTziiilirii-<s  di-r  I'lkitizrn  Cuu(n»Uf!.  St.  Pctersburt!,  lS;il. 
Asiatic  ('oast  of  Hkhim;  Stimit 

Kji'lliiiaii,  V.  H.  AsiiitUka  nirmg«undNkii.sten.s  ruhorogum(liir.'i.      \  i|{a  Kxprd.  >.'li'n.>k   iirbcdii 

SIimUioIhi,  IHH'.'. 
Sililrclitrndal,  I).  I'.  1.      Aiiiniadvir-miiif  in  lUiiunculian  Candollii.     J)i«.M.rl.  iniiug.     KitIim, 

ityiv, 

Himalaya 
IIoukiT,  .1.  I),    'llir  Horn  of  IJiilish  Indi.i.    I.ondun,  IKT.VIMtT. 

Altai  and  Haikai,  Mountai.ns 

HiinKard,  G.  K.,  ot  Meyer  C.  A.    Vericiilinias  der  im  Jnhrr  ls;i.S  mim  .**ai«anii-N(ir  miil  am  Iriv^i  li 
KtviiiTiriK'lti'n  I'H.iiizrn.    Ein  iwpiii-s  L^iipplcnifnl  aiir  I'lura  Allaua.  Mrin   dc  I' Vi'ad   d.Sc 
Niit      'riinir  |\      Si.  l'etiT>l>iirK.  IH41, 

Kurilin  el  Kiriliiw.  Knunifralio  plautoruni  anno  1S40  in  ngioiiiluis  idtiiii'i"  I't  ((nifinilmi  iiillir- 
taruin.    Hull   Sor.  Nat.    Miwcou,   1W,1-1.S12. 

I.rdcbour,  Mi  yi  r  it  Hiiinii'.     Flurri  Allaii-u.     Hcrlin,  1829. 

St.si'luKlritt,  >.     Niiviaii    iiiiploiniiit  iV  la  Flore  Alt  aiipie.     Mull.  .Si„.    Sit.     M,wmu,  is.'it 

'riireziiitinow,  N.     lima  Huiitdensi-Dahurieu.     Mowou,  ISIJ. 

RocKt  Mountai.ns 

f'oulliT,  J.  M  ,  and  Nil.-<m,  A.    Now  Manual  of  Botany  of  tlie  (Vntral   Koikv  Mounl.uiw  iVa^ieu- 

cular  plant.x).    New  York,  1909. 
liray,  A     Synopn.  , I  Klor.i  of  North  America.     Gamojietalae.    Wxsliinitlon,  l.SSti. 
tiray,  \.     riil.\|)rlalae  frmii  Uanunculaceae  to  rolygalaecae,  iiliiid  In   It.  L    Holiinion      New 

York,  IVt.VlN'tT.  "  ■     . 

I'niter,  'I'll.  ('  ,  : ml  <'oiillir,  John  M.     Synoiwis  of  the  I'lora  uf  (  ulur.idn.     \\  avlungton,   ISTt. 

American  Coast  or  UudNu  Siuait 

Bongard.    01>Mrvation.<  .inr  la  veni^tation  de  I'tle  de  Sitcha.    Mini,  dc  I'Acad.  Sc.  math     S6rie 

VI.    Tome  II.    St    IVtersbouTK,  1831. 
Covillo,  F.  V.    'I'll.'  Willuw.s  of  Alaska.    Procw'd.  Wash.  Aea<l.  Se.    Vol.  III.    Wafhinatoii     l'K)l 
Kaatwo<xl,  A.    A    diMripiive  List  of  the  Plants  I'ollKted  by  Ur.  F.  E.  Blaisdell   it  Nome  Citv 

Alnfika.    Bot.  (iaz.    Vol.  33,  p.  126.    Chicago,  1902.  " ' 

Ilolm,  Th.  The  gcnu.s  ( 'arex  in  North-VVest  America.     Bcdi.  Bot.  Centralbl.    Vol.  22.    Dri-sden 

Kjcllman,  F.  R.     Fanerogimer  frJn  \iest-Eiikiinaemas  Land,     Vega  Expedit.  vetensk  arbot 

Stockholm,  1882. 
Macoun,  J.  M.     A  Ijst  of  the  Plant ,  nf  the  Pribilo!  !»!and-!.    The  Fur  i-'eid.-.  and  Fisr  Hp:i]  I-lsr.d= 

of  the  North  I'aiilic  Oeean.    l';irt  111,  p.  .V)!t.    \Va.shtngtoii,  1899. 
Seeman.^B.    The  botany  of  the  Voyage  of  H..M.S. //cruW,  during  the  years   1S45-.')1.    I,oiidon, 

Turner,  L.  M.  Contributions  to  the  .Natural  Hiatory  of  Alaska.  Arctic  series  of  publications. 
Signal  facrvice,  U.S.  Army.    Washington,  1880,  p.  01. 


:-^       j!   Jt 


Report  of  the  Canadian  Arctic  Expedition,  1913-18. 


Part  A 
Part  B 


Part  C: 
Part  D 
Port  i:: 
Part  I': 
Parte: 
Part  If: 
Part  1: 
Part  J: 


VOLUME  VIII:  MOLLISKS.  ECOINODEBMS.  COELKNTKBATKS,  ETC 

MOLLUSKS.ia;CKNTAM)l.Li:iSTOfi:.N-K.    By  William  H.  Dall. 

CEPHALOPODA  AND  PTIOROI'ODA  ll^xued  September  2i,  liilO). 

Cephalopoda.     Hv  S.  S.  lirrry 
„„Ptcropoda.     By  W.  K.  Clapp.   ' 

i.Cm.\ODER.\IS.     I!y  Austin  H   Clark i   ■     ,"".  ;"■' ^nnKwi). 

HKVOZOA.     By  n.  (■   ,  lai.uJ."  ""' U"""^  A/ml  6,  1920). 

ROTATOHIA.     By  U.K.  Hanma ''"  l";i,.:n,l,„n). 

CHAKTOf JNATIIA.     Hv  A    (i    Iluntsinm ''"  "'■'-"■ 

mV^'w-^.^'^V".';^  ■^■"^■^  Ai'TIX.UlIA.     Hv  A.  K    Verrili ""  »"• '""■'•'""»■ 

H VDKOIDS.     By  C    Mru'in  Ert^r      ^  '""'"" (/««H  ./„«,.  M.  WiO). 

P<  )1{IEKUA.  {In  preiniration). 


VOLUME  IX:  AWEUDS.  PARASITIC  WOKM9,  PROTOZOANS.  ETC 

Part  .\:  OLKJOCHAETA. 

Lunilmculidip.  Hy  Enink  .'^mitli. 
1.  .,  ,,  /■"•■li.vtra'idip.  Hy  I'aul  S.  Wi.ldi. 
I.-''«  !!■•  !'.'JI-yCHAi;TA.     Hy  Ralph  V.  (■hamberlin 


Part  M:  lOKAAIIMEEKA.    By  J.  A.  Cushman' : : 


. .  (ls.iueJ  Seiilemher  29,  1919). 
.  .  (I  ■■'■tui  d  .Siiiiniber  US,  lUii)). 
.  .  .  .  (/.s.<«/'ii   Frlirmrij   .',,    1921). 

(Issued   June   20.    1920). 

(Issued  .1  pril  7,  UISO). 

......         iln  preparation). 

(Issued  tel.rwtry  4,    1921). 

(/»  preparation). 

(In  prrpar.itinn). 

■ ^'In  pri  paratiiin). 

...[Issued  Feliruary  6",   19:10). 


VOLUME  X:  PLANKTON,  IIYDROUR.IPIIY,  TIDES,  ETC. 

Part.\:PL.\NKTOX.     By  Alhert  .Munn. 

Port  B:  MARINE  UL\TOM.S.     Hy  L  \V   Raili'-v *'"  If^ejnralvm). 

Part  C:  TID.\L  OBSERVATIONS   VND  RlsIT  T<?   '  u„  u'  iV  li  f, , ,  ""  /"•'•(wad'in). 

PartD:HVDUOGRAl'nV..     .                     UI-SLLLS.    By  U.  Hell  Duwson   .UssucJ  Uct„l,rr  1,  1920). 
{In  preparation). 

VOLUME  XI:  GEOLOGY  AND  GEOGRAPHY      '" 

PortA:THE^OLOOVOE^TI„0^ ARCTIC  COAST   OF  CANADA,   WEST   OK   THE    KENT 
Part  B:  MAPS  AND  GEO.  1 RAPHICAL  NOTES.' '  By  Kenneth  O.  CUi^ra^  :.nd  Johi/ Ri^cJ^™'"""'- 


VOLU.ME  XII:  UFE  OF  THE  COPPER  ESKI.UOS 

THE  LIFE  OF  THE  COPPER  ESKIMOS.     Hy  D.  .lenness 


(/'i  preparation). 


{In  press). 


VOLUME  Xm:  ''"VSIC^feSSARACTE^^^^^^^^^  OI  THE 

Part  A:  THE  PHYSICAL  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE  COPPER  ESKIMOS.        By  D  Jennes, 

Part  B:  THE  OSTEOLOGVOF  THE  WESTERN  AND  CENTRAL  Eskimos;    Bi'^/Z"G^ 
Part  C:  TECHNOLOGY  OF  THE  COPPEUEskiMOS ■Jin  preparation). 

'         {'"  be  preimred). 


VOLUME  XIV:  ESiUMO  FOLK-LORE  AND  LANGUAGE 


.  {In  preparation) 
VOLUME  XV:  ESKLMO  STRING  FIGURES  AND  SONGS 

Part  A:  STRING  FIGURES  OF  THF  KSK-I\fr>«     n„  r>   i 

Part  B:  SONGSOFTlK.  C§S'SI^K°l3yKi^'Srt,and  oi^ennc^^^Sl: 

VOLUME  XVI:  ARCH.AEOLOGY 

'^^^^^^^.^^'^..^.^.'^"''^  ARCHAEOLOGY  OF  WESTERN  ARCTIC  AMERICA. 

•  {Tv  he  p-cpa-cd).