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MONIiOKIN<; STTTBY
FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT
Technical Report
No. 10
mOMTAMA OEPARTMEMT OF NATURAL RESOURCES « CONSERVATION
ENERGY DIVISION SEPTEMBER 1982
DNRC
MONTANA STATE LIBRARY
S 333 95 E29cwa 1 979- 1 982 c. 1
Circle west wildlife monitoring study an
3 0864 00043233 9
CIRCLE WEST WILDLIFE MONITORING STUDY
Fourth Annual Report
For the Period March 1, 1981 - May 31, 1982
Circle West Technical Report No. 10
Prepared by
Larry S. Thompson
Biological Sciences Coordinator
and Pat Nichols
Energy Division
Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation
32 South Ewing
Helena, Montana 59620
September 1982
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ii
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF APPENDICES vi
INTRODUCTION 1
Study Areas and Objectives 1
METHODS. - 2
General Aerial and Ground Surveys 2
Waterfowl Survey and Census 2
Monitoring of Raptor Nests and Grouse Leks 2
Roadside Wildlife Survey 2
Small Mammal Trapping 3
Lagomorph Survey 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4
Wildlife Species Parameters 4
Tabular Summary 4
Narrative Accounts for Selected Species 23
Bird Community Parameters 33
Waterfowl Communities 33
Roadside Wildlife Survey 33
Small Mammal Community Parameters 44
LITERATURE CITED 48
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 49
APPENDICES 50
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Year-to-year changes in June sample abundance
of ring-necked pheasant along five roadside
wildlife survey routes, Circle West area 27
Figure 2. Year-to-year changes in lagomorph density
indices, Circle West study area 27
Figure 3. Year-to-year changes in mule deer production
ratios. Circle West study areas (based on
September-October ground and aerial survey
data) 30
Figure 4. Year-to-year changes in the mule deer winter
density index for the Circle West study areas
(based on the month of the largest census
obtained for the Mine Study Area during the
winter season) 30
Figure 5. Year-to-year changes in pronghorn production
ratios, Circle West study areas (based on July-
October ground and aerial survey data) 35
Figure 6. Year-to-year changes in pronghorn summer and
winter density indices for the Circle West study
areas (based on the largest aerial censuses
obtained for the Mine Study Area during July-
October and December-February respectively). . ..35
Figure 7. Percent species composition of all recorded
1981 waterfowl observations, Circle West study
area (1977-1981 changes also shown) 38
Figure 8. Year-to-year changes in waterfowl production,
Circle West study areas 38
Figure 9. Year-to-year changes in numbers of species and
numbers of registrations of water birds recorded
on June runs of five roadside wildlife survey
routes. Circle West study area 41
Figure 10. Year-to-year changes in June breeding bird
species richness for five roadside wildlife
survey routes. Circle West study area 41
il
Figure 11. Year-to-year changes in June breeding bird
community sigma for five roadside wildlife
survey routes, Circle West study area 45
Figure 12. Year-to-year changes in June breeding bird
species number (exclusive of summer visitors
and water birds) for five roadside wildlife
survey routes, Circle West study area 45
Figure 13. Year-to-year changes in small mammal biomass
for six habitats sampled in the Circle West
study area (control and experimental data are
averaged for combined spring-fall data for
each habitat) 47
Figure 14. Year-to-year changes in spring-fall small
mammal biomass change for six habitats sampled
in the Circle West study area (control and
experimental data are averaged for each
habitat) 47
HI
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Summary of inventory data for bird species observed in
the Circle West study area, June 1976 - May 1982 5
Table 2. Summary of inventory data for amphibian, reptile, and
mammal species observed in the Circle West study area,
June 1976 - May 1982 19
Table 3. Summary of cumulative numbers of species observed in the
Circle West study areas through May 1982 24
Table 4. Results of 1981 lagomorph survey. Circle West study area. .28
Table 5. Classification summary for mule deer observed in the
Circle West area, March 1981 - May 1982 29
Table 6. Deer and pronghorn aerial census data. Circle West area,
March 1981 - January 1982 31
Table 7. Classification summary for white-tailed deer observed in
the Circle West area, March 1981 - May 1982 32
Table 8. Classification summary for pronghorn observed in
the Circle West area, March 1981 - May 1982 34
Table 9. Summary of July 1981 pronghorn aerial census.
Hunting District 650 36
Table 10. Species composition of all recorded waterfowl and large
water bird observations in the 113-section Mine Study Area
during the breeding season, May-July 1980-1982, and
during May 1982 37
Table 11. Summary of waterfowl breeding season census data for
stockponds in the Circle West Mine Study Area, 1981. ... 39
Table 12. Summary of 1981 waterfowl production data. Circle West
study area 40
Table 13. Average sizes of waterfowl broods recorded in the
Mine Study Area during 1981 40
IV
Table 14. Summary of cumulative numbers of species observed during
May through July roadside counts, Circle West
study area 42
Table 15. Summary of 1980-81 changes in May-July sample abundances
of selected species sampled by five roadside survey
routes, Circle West study area 43
Table 16. Summary of small mammal trapping data, Circle West
study area, May-October 1981 46
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A. Schedule of March 1981 - May 1982 field work.
,50
Appendix B. Wildlife habitat categories, Circle West Baseline
Wildlife Study 51
Appendix C. Summary of bird community parameters for five
roadside survey routes 52
Appendix D. Density indices for mule deer and pronghorn
antelope by section 56
VI
INTRODUCTION
This report describes results of the fourth and final year of the
Circle West wildlife monitoring study, coordinated by the Montana Depart-
ment of Natural Resources and Conservation (DNRC), as described in the
Circle West Wildlife Baseline Study Final Report (DNRC 1978) and the
first, second, and third wildlife monitoring reports (DNRC 1979, 1980,
1981). The report period extended from March 1, 1981, through May 31,
1982. The monitoring studies were terminated by Meridian Land and
Minerals Co. in May 1982.
STUDY AREAS AND OBJECTIVES
Study efforts during this period were primarily limited to the
113-section Mine Study Area, as described in the second monitoring report
(DNRC 1980). Within this area, the most intensive study occurred in the
31.5-section Permit Area, defined on January 23, 1980. This Permit Area
includes the original 11.5-section Proposed Mining Area, plus additional
areas to the northeast and southwest that are being considered for coal
strip mining or associated development (see Figure 1 in DNRC 1980). Some
work was conducted in the Reconnaissance Study Area (see Map 1 in DNRC
1978), which includes most of McCone County. Results of the concurrent
vegetation monitoring study have been presented by Prodgers (1982).
In order to provide data on big game distribution in the area
surrounding the Mine Study Area, the area to be covered by the aerial
surveys was expanded in 1982 to include roughly the southern half of
McCone County.
-1-
METHODS
Field techniques and analytical methods for this fourth year of monitoring
followed those described in the wildlife baseline study final report (DNRC
1978). A brief summary of methods employed for individual study segments
follows:
GENERAL AERIAL AND GROUND SURVEYS
With the exception of November and December 1981, monthly aerial surveys
were made of the Mine Study Area from March 1981 through January 1982. Ground
surveys were conducted in all months except November and December 1981 and
March 1982. All observations (both ground and aerial) of large mammals,
upland game birds, and raptors were recorded on the type of data sheets and
maps used during the original baseline study (DNRC 1978). Locations of all
recorded observations within the Mine Study Area were plotted on maps at a
scale of 1:24,000. All data (including data sheets and field maps) are on
file with DNRC.
WATERFOWL SURVEY AND CENSUS
All waterfowl observations were recorded on waterfowl data sheets similar
to those used in the baseline study. In addition, censuses were taken of
bodies of water in the Mine Study Area three or more times during the study
period, using methods described in the first monitoring report (DNRC 1979).
MONITORING OF RAPTOR NESTS AND GROUSE LEKS
Raptor nests located in the Mine Study Area were visited in May, June,
and July to determine if eggs or young were present. Also, leks in the Mine
Study Area were visited in March and April to determine the number of grouse
present.
ROADSIDE WILDLIFE SURVEY
Each of the five roadside wildlife survey routes was run in May and June
of 1981, using methods outlined in the baseline study. A new route, the
Waller Route (DNRC 1981:56), was established and run in June and July 1981.
The Dreyer Ranch route was also run in July 1981. Surveys were run on dates
which corresponded closely with the 1977 survey dates. A number of diversity
measures and other community parameters were determined for these routes. The
average sample abundance of each indicator species, as well as various
community parameters, were plotted to graphically portray the nature and
magnitude of year-to-year fluctuations.
-2-
SMALL MAMMAL TRAPPING
The 12 small mammal traplines sampled in 1979 (numbers 15, 17, 18,
20, 33, 34, 35, 44, and 46-49) were snap-trapped for three consecutive nights
in May 1981 and again for three consecutive nights in October 1981. Methods
followed those outlined in the baseline study.
LAGOMORPH SURVEY
The two lagomorph survey routes were run consecutively on each of three
mornings (November 10-12, 1981) beginning with the mining area route at
0400.
-3-
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
WILDLIFE SPECIES PARAMETERS
Tabular Summary
Two-hundred and eleven species of vertebrates have been observed in
the study areas since the studies began in 1976 (5 amphibians, 7
reptiles, 169 birds, and 30 mammals). Data on these vertebrates are
summarized in Tables 1 and 2. The types of data included and the abbrevia-
tions used in these tables are as follows:
Habitat in Which Observed. Abbreviations correspond to habitat
categories defined in Appendix B. The major habitats in which animals
were observed during this study are listed in approximate order of
decreasing use or indicated preference. Habitats merely crossed by birds
in flight or transient mammals are not listed. "Various" indicates use
of many different habitats without a clear preference.
Distribution. Numbers correspond to the three study areas described
in the text: 1 indicates the Permit Area; 2, the Mine Study Area (ex-
cluding the Permit Area); and 3, the Reconnaissance Study Area (excluding
the Mine Study Area). A number in this column indicates a sighting in
the corresponding study area.
Classification. In its 1973 Red Book, the U.S. D.I. Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife identified certain species of animals as endangered
(E), threatened (T), or status-undetermined (U). Although the classifica-
tions reported in the Red Book have been supplanted by the Endangered
Species Act of 1973, they still provide a good index of vulnerability to
extinction and are listed here. In addition, the Montana Department of
Fish and Game (1977), now the Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
(DFWP), has classified wildlife species as game species (G), nongame
species (N), furbearers (F), and migratory game birds (M) , and the
National Audubon Society has listed in its "Blue List" (Tate 1981)
certain species of birds that are experiencing regionwide or continentwide
noncyclic population declines (B). Classifications under each system are
indicated by the appropriate letter abbreviations.
Evidence. Acceptable evidence for including a species in this
table, in order of decreasing reliability, is as follows: S indicates
specimen(s) taken (number of specimens, or "P" if partial specimen, is
given in parentheses); P, photograph taken; V, visual (sight) record; A,
auditory (sound) record; B, reported by biologist(s) other than those
directly involved in this study; R, reported by local residents. Only the
most reliable evidence is listed in the table.
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-22-
Guild (Birds Only). Breeding-season guilds (or nonbreeding-season
guilds for winter residents and migrants) are indicated by a four-digit
code. The first digit indicates major food source or feeding habits: 1
indicates seeds and vegetation (73% of diet); 2, invertebrates; 3,
omnivorous (25-757o plant material); 4, vertebrates; 5, carrion. The
second digit indicates foraging stratum: 1 indicates bark or bole; 2,
ground, grass, and low shrubs; 3, tall shrubs or low forest canopy; 4,
mid-to-high forest canopy or tall trees; 5, air; 6, water. The third
digit indicates foraging strategy: 1 indicates bark or bole drilling; 2,
bark or bole gleaning; 3, ground and brush foraging; 4, tree foliage
foraging; 5, sallying; 6, raptorial; 7, dabbling or stalking in water; 8,
diving in water; 9, mud probing; 0, soaring or swooping. The fourth
digit indicates preferred nest site: 1 indicates cattails or bulrush; 2,
shore, marsh, or water; 3, cliffs, caves, rims, badlands, buildings; 4,
ground, grassland; 5, low shrub (less than 1 m or 3 ft); &, tall shrub (1
m - 3 m or 3 ft-10 ft); 7, tree branch (greater than 3 m or 10 ft); 8,
tree cavity; 9, underground burrow; 0, nonbreeding in study area.
Status (Birds Only). First letter denotes indicated status in the
study area: M indicates spring and fall migrant only; R, permanent
resident; S, summer resident; V, summer visitor (nonbreeding); W, winter
resident. For permanent and summer residents, evidence for breeding is
given in parentheses using a modification of Binford's (1973) categories
which are, in order of decreasing conclusiveness; PJ indicates prejuvenal
young observed; NY, nest with young; NE, nest with eggs; AN, active nest
completed, contents unknown; NC, active nest completed but empty; UC,
nest under construction; UN, active nest, condition unknown; AF, adult
carrying food; AC, adult carrying nest material; CO, copulation observed;
D, courtship display observed; TO, territoriality observed; RH, range,
habitat, an>d dates; SS, observed in area outside breeding season (for
sedentary or permanent resident species only). Only the most conclusive
evidence obtained during this study is listed in the table.
1
Ilonthly Occurrence. The letter "B" indicates observations made
during the baseline study period (DNRC 1978); the letter "T" indicates
observations made during other years.
Table 3 summarizes the cumulative numbers of species observed in the
study areas during the baseline study and through the first, second,
third, and fourth monitoring periods. This table shows that two new
vertebrate species were added to the species list as a result of the
fourth year's monitoring; these are the bushy-tailed woodrat and house
mouse .
Narrative Accounts for Selected Species
Data in addition to that in Tables 1 and 2 were obtained for certain
key species, and are summarized in the following species accounts.
Information presented here, limited for the most part to nesting raptors,
upland game birds, and ungulates, primarily assesses changes that have
occurred in the Mine Study Area since the baseline study. Additional
data on all species are on file with DNRC.
-23-
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-24-
Red-tailed Hawk. Only two red-tailed hawk nests were known to be active
in the Mine Study Area in 1981. The nest located 2.5 mi WSW of the Dreyer
ranch house again fledged two young; the nest near stock pond MClO (3.5 mi WNW
of the Dreyer ranch house) contained at least two young. In May 1982 a pair
were observed at the nest near MClO and another pair were observed at the nest
at NC31.
Swainson's Hawk. Only one Swainson's hawk nest was known to be active in
1981. This was a new nest located about 1 mi NE of the Waller ranch house.
It fledged two young. A Swainson's hawk was observed in the area in Mav 1982.
A pair were observed on the nest near lek #7 on Nelson Creek in May 1982.
Ferruginous Hawk. Three ferruginous hawk nests were known to be active
in 1981. One, located near the 1979 nest site about 2 mi NNW of the Dreyer
ranch house, fledged two young in 1981. Another, located near the 1977 nest
site about 2 mi NW of the Waller ranch house, fledged one young bird. A third
nest, newly occupied in 1981, was located about 2 mi SW of the Dreyer ranch
house and fledged one young bird. A nest about 4 mi WSW of the Dreyer ranch
house, which was active in 1979, was again unoccupied in 1981.
Golden Eagle. Neither of the two known golden eagle nest sites were
active in 1981, although adults were seen near the 1977 nest site.
Marsh Hawk. Although territorial pairs were observed in many places
within the Mine Study Area, only one nest is known to have fledged young in
1981. This nest site' was located about 2.5 mi N of the Waller ranch house,
and fledged at least one young bird.
Prairie Falcon. The 1977 nest site contained three young on June 20,
1981. At least one young bird was fledged.
American Kestrel. No active Kestrel nests were found in 1981.
Sharp-tailed Grouse. Spring 1981 counts of sharp-tailed grouse at known
leks within the Mine Study Area were as follows: lek No. 6, six birds on
March 25; No. 7, three birds on April 15; No. 13, 14 birds on March 25; No.
14, seven birds on March 25; and No. 15, seven birds on March 25. A new lek.
No. 16, was discovered in the southeastern corner of Sll, T20N, R45E; four
birds were counted there on April 15, 1981.
April-May 1982 counts of sharp-tailed grouse were as follows: lek No. 5,
eight males and two females; lek No. 6, 15 males; lek No. 7, seven males, two
females; lek No. 14, eight males; lek No. 15, six unidentified birds; lek No.
16, 16 unidentified birds. No count was made at lek No. 17 (T20N, R45E, S34,
SWt;) in 1982. Four new leks were discovered in 1982. These are: lek No. 18,
T20N, R45E, S20, SE^, eight males; lek No. 19, T20N, R45E, S7, NE^, eight
males; lek No. 20, T20N , R45E, S7, SW^, five males; lek No. 21, T21N, R45E,
S31, northcentral portion, five males. Birds were seen from the air in T19N,
R45E, S24, but no count was made.
-25-
Sage Grouse. On April 15, 1981, 11 males were observed displaying
at lek No. 4 (DNRC 1978). Five males were seen there in 1982, and 25 displaying
males were also seen at lek No. 6, about 1 mile west-northwest of lek No.
4.
Ring-necked Pheasant. Figure 1 shows year-to-year changes in June
sample abundances of ring-necked pheasants as sampled in five roadside wildlife
surveys. Sample abundances did not differ significantly (t-test, p > .20)
between 1980 and 1981.
Great Horned Owl. None of the previously used nest sites were known
to be active in 1981.
Desert Cottontail. Results of the 1981 lagomorph survey are presented
in Table 4 (see also Figure 2).
White-tailed Jackrabbit. The number of jackrabbits observed during
the 1980 lagomorph survey (Table 4) does not differ significantly from the
number observed in 1979 (t-test, p>.20) (Figure 2).
Mule Deer. A summary of mule deer observations during the study period
is presented in Table 5. Production ratios obtained during the period 1977-1980
are shown in Figure 3. These were based on September-October data since
summer foliage limits pre-September observations of fawns and since hunting
mortality directly influences age structure in November populations.
Aerial census data are presented in Table 6. It should be emphasized
that the low numbers of deer observed during the summer reflect decreased
observability at this season and do not necessarily indicate a corresponding
decrease in abundance. Since observability is highest in winter, both density
and distribution estimates are based on the winter aerial census. Figure
4 shows winter density indices obtained since 1976. Since the census data
in Table 6 represent the minimum number known to be present, the density
indices shown in Figure 4 may be somewhat lower than true densities.
Monthly mule deer winter density indices obtained during aerial censuses
were averaged for each of the 114 sections in the Mine Study Area for the
winter of 1981-1982 and for all winters since 1976. These data were not
used to create density index isopleths, as was done in previous years, but
are presented in tabular form in Appendix D.
White-tailed Deer. A summary of white-tailed deer observations made
during the study period is presented in Table 7.
-26-
250-1
200
— Total
• —
— Circle
♦•■•
••• Flowing Well
A-
— Missouri River
o—
— Proirie Elk
• —
■— Dreyer Ranch
o
UJ
oc
O
tc
UJ
m
s
150-
100
Figure 1. Year-to-year changes in June Sample abundance of ring-necked
pheasant along five roadside wildlife survey routes, Circle
West area.
CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL
ROUTE ROUTE
• ■ WHITE-TAILED JACKRABBIT
o o DESERT COTTONTAIL
12
10
9-
^«
to
7-
UJ
cc
0. 6
o
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UJ 5
01
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1 1
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1977
1978
1979 1980 1981
Figure 2. Year-to-year clianges in lagomorpli density indices,
Circle 'West studv area.
-27-
Table 4. Results of 1981 lagomorph survey,
Circle West study area.
Date
Desert
Control
Route
Cottontail
Experimental
Route
T'Jhite-
Contrc
Route
■tails
.1
2d Jackrabbit
Experimental
Route
November
10,
1981
0
2
4
4
November
11,
1981
0
0
0
2
November
12,
1981
0
1
3
3
Mean
0.0
1.0
2.3
3.0
-28-
u
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-29-
MINE STUDY AREA
HUNTING DISTRICT 650
150-1
gioo
o
o
o
50
1977
1978
1979
1980
1
1981
Figure 3. Year-to-year changes in mule deer production ratios,
Circle West study areas (based on September-October
ground and aerial survey data).
-MINE STUDY AREA
(INCL. PERMIT AREA)
PERMIT AREA
100 -I
90-
o
o
80
^
<n
z
70
o
t-
<
>
60
lij
en
03
o
50
X
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40
>-
H
v>
^o
z
bl
O
IE
?0
111
» 10-
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
Figure 4. Year-to-year changes in the mule deer winter density
index for the Circle West study areas (based on the month
of the largest census obtained for the Mine Study Area
during the winter season).
-30-
o
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-32-
Pronghorn. A summary of pronghorn observations made during the study
period is presented in Table 8. Production ratios for the Mine Study Area
from 1977-1980 (based on all July through October observations of fully
classified groups) are shown in Figure 5. Results of the July 1981 pronghorn
aerial census of Hunting District 650 are presented in Table 9. Aerial census
data for the Mine Study Area are presented in Table 6. Winter density indices
(as described under Mule Deer, above) and summer-fall density indices (based
on the largest aerial census figures obtained during a single flight in the
period from July-October) are shown in Figure 6 for 1977-1981.
Monthly pronghorn summer and winter density indices obtained during
aerial censuses were averaged for each section in the Mine Study Area for the
report period as well as for all years since 1976 combined. These data were
not used to create density index isopleths, as was done in previous years, but
are presented in tabular form in Appendix D.
BIRD COMMUNITY PARAMETERS
Waterfowl Communities
Breeding season species composition of all waterfowl and other large
water birds observed in the Mine Study Area is presented in Table 10. Year-to-
year changes in waterfowl species composition are portrayed graphically in
Figure 7. Species composition was remarkably similar to that noted in 1979,
with the mallard again being the predominant breeding waterfowl species.
Waterfowl breeding season census data for stockponds in the study area
are summarized in Table 11. These data are converted to production and
density estimates in Table 12. Production is shown graphically in Figure 8.
Note that breeding pair censuses are not a reliable indicator of production as
shown by Figure 8. In 1980, the number of pairs was comparable to the number
censused in 1979, but actual production dropped sharply, due to a decrease in
residual grass cover. The 1979 peak in production was probably related to the
excellent residual nesting cover following the extremely wet year of 1978.
Waterfowl data obtained during the roadside surveys are shown in Figure
9. Data on broods observed during 1981 are presented in Table 13.
Roadside Wildlife Survey
Data obtained during the 11 roadside surveys conducted in 1981 are
presented in Appendix C. The cumulative numbers of species observed during
all May-July runs (1977-1981) are presented in Table 14.
Table 15 summarizes 1980-1981 changes in May-July sample abundances of
selected species, based on data obtained during runs of five roadside survey
routes. Figure 1, which shows year-to-year changes in sample abundances of
ring-necked pheasants, exhibits the type of graphs that were prepared to
monitor individual species.
-33-
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-34-
— MINE STUDY AREA
-- HUNTING DISTRICT 650
150
o 100
a
o
o
z
I
50
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
Figure 5. Year-to-year changes in pronghorn production ratios,
Circle West study areas (based on July-October ground
and aerial survey data).
100-1
WINTER SUMMER-FALL
• • MINE STUDY AREA
(INCL. PERMIT AREA)
■ ■ PERMIT AREA
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
Figure 6. Year-to-year changes in pronghorn summer and winter
density indices for the Circle West study areas (based
on the largest aerial censuses obtained for the Mine
Study Area during July-October and December-February
respectively).
-3 5-
c
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-36-
Table 10. Species composition of all recorded waterfowl and large water
bird observations in the 113-section Mine Study Area during
the breeding season (May-July), 1980-1981, and during May
1982.
May-July
May-July
May (only)
1980
1981
1982
Ducks and Geese
Canada Goose
16(1)^
59(6)
2(1)
Mallard
722(45)
474(48)
85(32)
Gadwall
78(5)
52(5)
6(2)
Pintail
66(4)
28(3)
16(6)
Green-winged Teal
89(6)
9(1)
6(2)
Blue-winged Teal
273(17)
68(2)
61(23)
Cinnamon Teal
Ktr)
2(tr)
-
American Wigeon
222(14)
188(19)
28(10)
Northern Shoveler
57(4)
36(4)
25(9)
Redhead
2(tr)
6(1)
4(1)
Ring-necked Duck
-
Ktr)
-
Canvasback
6(tr)
29(3)
10(4)
Lesser Scaup
36(2)
28(3)
24(9)
Ruddy Duck
20(1)
6(1)
Ktr)
Total Classified
1588(100)
986(100)
268(100)
Total Unclassified
392
57
15
Grand Total 1980 1043 283
Other Large Water Birds
6
37 49
2 1
5
71 6
46 41
12 3
24
27 21
2
73 237
11 2
14 9
4 50
1
Numbers observed (percent of all waterfowl identified to species).
-37-
Common Loon
1
Horned Grebe
-
Eared Grebe
55
Western Grebe
2
Pied-billed Grebe
18
White Pelican
15
Double-crested Cormorant
37
Great Blue Heron
16
Black-crowned Night Heron
1
Sandhill Crane
-
American Coot
12
American Avocet
-
Wilson's Phalarope
184
Ring-billed Gull
12
California Gull
-
Common Tern
1
Black Tern
22
Belted Kingfisher
1
2000
M??«nTTTnTWMMiiiiiii[i[iiiirTliiiiM
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
a
ui
JULY
Figure 7. Percent species composition of all recorded 1981 waterfowl
observations, Circle West study area (1977-1981 changes
also shown).
Proposed Mining Area
■ Permit Areo
^^•••••. Mine Study Area
Proposed Mining Area
Permit Area
Mine Study Area
2.0-
1.5-
<
°- 1.0-
05-
0.0-
1977
1978
1979
1980
— 1
1981
Figure 8. Year-to-year changes in waterfowl production, Circle West
study areas.
-38-
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-39-
Table 12. Suiinnary of 1981 waterfowl production data.
Circle West study area.
PMA
PA
MSA
No. Stockponds Visited
No. Stockponds Censused
Area Censused^ „
Water Area Censused
Minimum No^ ^airs^
No. /Total Area Censused
No. /Water Area Censused^
Broods
No. /Total Area Censused
No. /Water Area Censused^
Young
No. /Total Area Censused^
No. /Water Area Censused
10
24
54
10
24
54
30(11.5)
78(31.5)
293(113)
2.0(7.5)
9.0(22.5)
26.0(64.0)
13
39
168
0.4(1.1)
0.5(1.2)
0.6(1.5)
4.3(1.7)
4.3(1.7)
6.5(2.6)
0
9
24
0
0.1(0.3)
0.1(0.2)
0
1.0(0.4)
0.9(0.4)
0
40
101
0
0.5(1.3)
0.3(0.9)
0
4.4(1.8)
3.9(1.6)
12 2
km (mi )
ha (acres)
3
including brood data
4 -2 -2
km (mi )
ha (acres )
PMA=Proposed Mining Area (11.5 sections): ^AJermit Area; MSA=Mine Study Area
(113 sections)
Table 13. Average sizes of waterfowl broods recorded in the
Mine Study Area during 1981 .
Mallard
Gadwall
American Wigeon
Lesser Scaun
3.7(1-7,0=11)
7.0(n=l)
4.5(l-7,n=6)
4.0(n=l)
-40-
Number ol
Number of
Reqistrotions
Species
50-
ALL WATER BIROS
• •
o O
ANATIDAE ONLY
A A
■ ■
45-
40-
A
35-
/ \
u>
/ \
IaJ
/ \
3 30-
/ \
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a.
<n
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/
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15-
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r250
-200
en
z
o
150 2
o
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100
o
Z
3
- 50
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
Figure 9. Year-to-year changes in numbers of species and numbers
of registrations of water birds recorded on June runs
of five roadside wildlife survey routes, Circle West
study area.
Total
Circle
— • Flowing Well
.. — Missouri River
Proirie Elk
Dreyer Ranch
10-
9-
8-
■
m
It)
Ui
o
a:
▲
6-
D
•
5-
• '
♦
•■»>..
1977
1978
— I
1979
1
1980
1981
Figure 10. Year-to-year changes in June breeding bird species
richness for five roadside wildlife survey routes,
Circle West study area.
-41-
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-42-
Table 15. Summary of 1980-81 changes in May-Julv sample abundances of
selected species sampled by five roadside survey routes.
Circle West study area.l
Species
1980-81 Change^
Sharp-tailed Grouse
Ring-necked Pheasant
Killdeer
Mourning Dove
Common Nighthawk
Eastern Kingbird
Horned Lark
Black-billed Magpie
Rock Wren
Brown Thrasher
Sprague's Pipit
Loggerhead Shrike
Yellow Warbler
Common Yellowthroat
House Sparrow
Western Meadowlark
Red-winged Blackbird
Rufous-sided Towhee
Lark Bunting
Savannah Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Baird's Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow
Brewer's Sparrow
Chestnut-collared Longspur
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
I*
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
I*
NS
NS
NS
Information for all 5 routes for May and June only; Dreyer route only for July.
2
NS=no significant change; D=significant decrease: I=significant increase
*.01<P£.05 (paired t-test)
**P<.01
-43-
Year-Lo-year changes in bird species richness, logarithmic stand-
ard deviation (sigma), and number of species (excluding visitors,
migrants, and water birds) for June runs of the five roadside survey
routes are shown in Figures 10-12. Note that the relative positions of
the routes on these graphs remain fairly constant from year to year.
SMALL MAMMAL COMMUNITY PARAMETERS
Small mammal capture data for 1981 are summarized in Table 16.
Figure 13 shows year-to-year changes in small mammal biomass for six
habitats (biomass estimates obtained for control and experimental sites
were averaged for combined spring and fall data). It should be noted
that 1977 data are not strictly comparable, since a spring-fall trapping
regime was not used that year.
Figure 14 shows year-to-year changes in the spring-fall small mammal
biomass increase (which is related to production) for the same four
habitats.
-44-
36 n
3.4
3.2-
3 0-
<
o 28-
2.6-
2 4
2.2
2.0
-■ Total
- • Circle
• <► Flowing Well
-▲ Missouri River
-o Proirie Elk
-» Oreyer Ronch
• \
■ T' S^".^ -v \
/
oV °
\
\
\
^A-_
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
Figure 11. Year-to-year changes in June breeding bird community
Sigma for five roadside wildlife survey routes,
Circle West study area.
70-
60-
«
u
o 50
UJ
a.
0)
11.
o
oc
llJ
CO 40
3
30-
20
— Total
— Circle
• ••Flowing Well
— Missouri River
— Prairie Elk
— Oreyer Ranch
A
° o o-
•^" ••••*•
♦ <►•""
.(o)
••♦••
1977
— 1
1978
1979
1980
1981
Figure 12. Year-to-year changes in June breeding bird species number
(exclusive of summer visitors and water birds) for five
•roadside wildlife survey routes, Circle West study area.
-45-
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-46-
400
300
A Toll Coulee Shrub
• Silver Sagebrush
•— Scirpus Marsh
A* •• •• Grosslond
O Coulee Trunk
O- Scorio
o
o
— 200-
<
S
o
100-
1977
1978 1979
_|J Fall tropping only
1981
Figure 13. Year-to-year changes in small inaminal biomass for six
habitats sampled in the Circle West study area (control
and experimental data are averaged for combined spring-
fall data for each habitat).
400-1
300-
o
o
t. 200-
4
z
o
m
100-
X
u
0-
-100
A Toll Coulee Shrub
#— — — Silver Sogebrush
W—-— Scirpus Marsh
^"^ -A
A' Grosslond
O Coulee Trunk
D— Scoria
1978
— I
1979
1980
1981
Figure 14. Year-to-year changes in spring-fall small mammal biomass
change for six habitats sampled in the Circle West study
area (control and experimental data are averaged for
each habitat).
-47-
LITERATURE CITED
Binford, L.C. 1973. A short tnethod for treating avian breeding data
in regional accounts. U'ilson Bull. 85:244-246.
Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation. 1978. Circle
West wildlife baseline study. Final report. Circle West Tech.
Report No. 2, Helena, MT.
. 1979. Circle VJest wildlife monitoring study. First annual
report. Circle West Tech. Report No. 4, Helena, HT.
. 1980. Circle West wildlife monitoring study. Second annual
report. Circle West Tech. Report No. 6, Helena, MT.
. 1981. Circle West wildlife monitoring study. Third annual
report. Circle West Tech. Report No. 7, Helena, MT.
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1977. Montana Fish
and Game Laws, 1977. Helena, MT.
Prodgers, R. 1982. Circle West vegetation monitoring study: third
annual report. Circle West Tech. Report No. 8. Mont. Dept. Nat.
Res. Cons., Helena, MT.
Tate, J., Jr. 1981. The Blue List for 1981. Amer. Birds 35:3-10.
-48-
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
During the 1980-81 monitoring period, data were gathered by: John Bevins
of OEA Research (small mammal trapping, waterfowl census, and general ground
survey); Ron Stoneberg, MDFWP (aerial big game census, upland game bird lek
counts); Larry Thompson, DNRC (project coordination, roadside wildlife surveys,
waterfowl census, and general ground surveys); and Pat Nichols, DNRC (ground
surveys and waterfowl censuses). George Cawlfield, Chris Raver, Pat Nichols,
and Larry Thompson of DNRC performed the data analysis. Joanne Brown typed
the manuscript, and June Virag and Dan Nelson produced the graphics. Don
Howard of DNRC's Cartography Bureau prepared the front cover illustration.
This report was prepared by Larry Thompson and Pat Nichols of DNRC and was
funded by Meridian Land and Minerals Co. The report was edited by William
Phippen, DNRC. Special thanks are extended to the Mike McKeever family for
help in the field.
-49-
APPENDIX A. Schedule of March 1981-May 1982 field work (exclusive of aerial surveys),
Circle West Wildlife Monitoring Study (NOTE: See Table 6 for schedule
of aerial surveys).
Date Observer(s) Type of Field Work Approximate
No. Person-
Days
March 24-27 JB Ground surveys, lek counts 5
April 14-16 JB,LT(1 day) Ground surveys, lek counts 5
May 21-26 LT(6 days) Ground surveys, waterfowl census
raptor nest census, roadside wildlife
survey, lek counts 6
May 14-20 JB Ground surveys, waterfowl census,
raptor nest census, small mammal
trapping 8
June 25-30 LT Ground surveys, waterfowl census,
raptor nest census, roadside
wildlife survey 6
June 18-22 JB Waterfowl census 6
July 20-23 LT,JB Ground surveys, waterfowl census,
raptor nest census, roadside
wildlife survey 8
August 25-27 JB Ground surveys, waterfowl census,
raptor nest census, roadside
wildlife survey 4
Sept 27-Oct 2 JB Ground surveys, small mammal
trapping 7
Ground surveys, lagomorph survey 4
Ground surveys, coulee transects,
coulee snow depths 10
Ground surveys, coulee transects 4
Ground surveys, coulee transects,
waterfowl census 4
TOTAL 77
JB=John Sevens, LT=Larry Thompson, PN=Pat Nichols
-50-
Nov 10-12
JB
Jan 29-Feb 2
LT,PN
Apr 6-8
PN
May 22-24
PN
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U Q w
3 -U
I- i/1
01
tvjl
(njI
o
— 3
•O -I
1/1 wi 01
w^ >
—I
■D
>a <u
t. —
■"- o
(U VI
1- J3
73 3 u .—
>. Q.
O —
•- 01
-^ Z 11
01
T3
o o;
*-» >
*-» o
O O •
ss
g 9
— I(NJ I
-51-
APPENDIX C. Summary of bird community parameters for five roadside survey
routes.
NOTE: Results are given for each of the five routes (indicated by the first letter
of the route name as follows: C=Circle, F=Flowing Well, P=Prairie Elk,
M=Missouri River, D=Dreyer Ranch, W=Waller Ranch), and for all five routes
combined (including the Dreyer Ranch Route). Numbers indicate sample abundance
and frequency for each species (e.g. 12/7 indicates that twelve birds were
recorded at seven stops).
-52-
iv^A-^ y'^?!
(65)
(69)
(72)
(75)
(78)
(81)
(84)
(88)
Spccici
AOU
RootE
TOT«L
IWCi..
0 .
c
F
V
^'^
D
PI£D- BILLED GR£BE. . 006
OBL-CR. CORMORANT 120
GREAT BLUE HERON . 194
BLK-CR. NIGHT HERON 202
AM. BITTERN 190
MALLARD 132
Yi
»A
5-/?
iVi
^^h
GADWALL 135
V^
r*
PINTAIL 143
Vi
V/
GREEN-WINGED TEAL 139
Vt
^/y
BLUE-WINGEUTEAL . 140
'A
V|
V/
•"A
AM. WIGEON .... 137
V\
"A
/V/v
N. SHOVELER 142
Vi
^/,
WOOD DUCK 144
REDHEAD 146
CANVASBACK .... 147
LESSER SCAUP .... 149
RUDDY DUCK .... 167
RED-TAILED HAWK . 337
SWAINSON'S HAWK . 342
V\
!/i
•//
V?
FERRUGINOUS HAWK . 348
y\
'//
MARSH HAWK .... 331
yi.
'/l
V?
M
'/'
V-^
Vr
SHARP-TAIL. GROUSE 308
^A
v^
'//
Vv
BOBWHITE 289
RING -NECK PHEASANT 3091
'M-*
Vrr
W/v
V?
"7/75
GRAY PARTRIDGE. . . 2881
SORA 214
V/
^H
AM. COOT 221
Vi
V'
KILLDEER 273
Vj
%
*y^
'•/^
'Vit
«P^Z
COMMON SNIPE ... 230
LONG- BILLED CURLEW 264
'/'
L/l
UPLAND SANDPIPER . 261
>r
Vy
Vf
SPOTTED SANDPIPER. 263
WILLET 258
V\
'/i
MARBLED CODWIT . . 249
AM. AVOCET .... 225
WILSON'S I'HALAROPE 224
M
'V>
XD/j,
RING-BILLED GULL. . 054
FRANKUN'S GULL . . 059
BLACK TERN 077
ROCK DOVE 3131
V\
'A
MOURNING DOVE. . . 316
if^lf-
»«-/<;
^At?
V^«
^'T'l^
<^%\
YELLOW-BIL. CUCKOO 387
BLACK-BILL CUCKOO 368
GREAT HORNED OWL 375
Vx
kf
Vi
HURROWING OWL. . . 378
SHORT -EARED OWL . 367
COMMON NIGHTHAWK 420
CHIMNEY SWIIT ... 423
BELTED KINGFISHER . 390
COiM(\^.j rUCKER . 412
v»
Vi
/o//e
RED-HD. WOODPECKER 406
'/»
*//
HAIRY WOODPECKER 393
DOWNY WOODPECKER 394
E. KINGBIRD 444
V?
V2.
•/7
*"/r
lo/fe
2»/27
W. KINGBIRD 447
V?
V\
Vi
'A
GT. CREST PLYCATCHR 452
E. PHOEBE 456
Vi
Vl
/,
'M^
WILLOW FLYCATCHER 4664
LEAST FLYCATCHER . 467
E. WOOD PEWEE ... 461
W. WOOD reWEE . . 462
HORr>(ED LARK .... 474
i^/i
^/il
^"M
'Vf
"ff^i
S'^/^t
TREE SWALLOW ... 614
BANK SWALLOW ... 616
UOUGH-WG. SWALLOW 617
"-/t
Uf.
V-»
(65) (69) (72) (75) (78) (SI) (84) (8S)
Speclei
AOO
P-ootE 1
c
(^
p
tA
fl
BARN SWALLOW ... 613
>/\
"'A.
Vs
V,
Vs
i
i/,0
CUFF SWALLOW ... 612
<,1/f
5*^A
>r
V</
'
i^{
PURPLE MARTIN ... 611
BLUE JAY 477
BLK-BILLED MAGPIE . 475
^
^'/(f
^;//f
COMMON CROW ... 488
"/1
'71
BLK-CA P. CHICKADEE 735
WHITE-BR. NUTHATCH 727
HOUSE WREN 721
•iM
•Vn
'Vfi
LONG-BIL MARSH WREN 725
SHORT-B. MARSH WREN 724
_ _^
ROCK WREN 715
*v>^
'A
'/i
VV
^i^
GRAY CATBIRD. ... 704
BROWN THRASHER . . 705
Vi
lA
V/v
^lAi
SAGE THRASHER ... 702
AM, ROBIN 761
Vr
Vt
V?
•^/i?
VEERY
756
766
E. BLUEBIRD
MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD 768
SPRAGUE'S PIPIT ... 700
^/f
Vv
^'/n
^Ak
CEDAR WAXWING . . 619
LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. 622
'A
■■'■
'//
Vi
STARUNG 493
Vi
iSfy
8/^
•f/n
RED- EYED VIREO ... 624
WARBUNG VIREO. . . 627
i/i
ii
YELLOW WARBLER . . 662
V/
Vi
5-/1?
'/i
///.
COM. YELLOWTHROAT 681
Yi
V?
^A
Vf
/v5|
YELLOW-BR. CHAT. . 683
V3
fc/y
1^7
AM. REDSTART. ... 687
HOUSE SPARROW . . . 6882
^Vfi
Vi
V(
y?
'A
W
BOBOUNK 494
W. MEADOWLARK . . 5011
'^i«
"'^
«^^
1^^
'H^o
'^i
i
YEL-HD. BLACKBIRD. 497
*^
^A
fO/l,
RED-WG. BLACKBIRD. 498
*-v^
C/V
^Vn
Ht/(i
'Vf>
ri^
ORCHARD ORIOLE . . 506
MOr.THtHlJ ORIOLE . 507
3/a.
Vi.
BREWER'S BLACKBIRD. 510
5/z
3A
'/'
'Vi
1^.''
COMMON CRACKLE . 611
vy
-/A
it>h
'V%
BROWN-HD. COWBIRD 495
n/f,
^</r/
'V(*
V7
^Vii
"W
ROSE-BR. GROSBEAK . 595
BLACK-HD. GROSBEAK 596
BLUE GROSBEAK . . . 597
INDIGO BUNTING . . 598
LAZUU BUNTING . . 599
DICKCISSEL 604
AM. GOLDHNCH. . . 529
v?.
"/?
'/l
'.yjf
RUFOUS -SIDE TOWHEE 587
s-/r
"/<?
V?
<y\\
LARK BUNTING. ... 605
'"/xt
V<r
is//i
V^
5/x.
^^^
SAVANNAH SPARROW 542
'A
GRASSHOPPER SPARROW 546
2-A.
■//z
»/ft
^^
't^
BAIRD'S SPARROW. . . 545
Vz
Vy
H
<•/«'
ijf^
VESPER SPARROW ... 540
Vs-
"^'/i?
'/*'
io/,.
/o/i
"H'j
LARK SPARROW .... 552
'/l
Vc
y>
"/I
■2A
!^
CHIPPING SPARROW. . 560
CLAY-COL. SPARROW 561
'//
'Vl
'Vf.
BREWER'S SPARROW. . 562
"/fi
vv
U/t.
•H,
FIELD SPARROW. ... 563
Vi
Vf
/^,r
'f/f
SWAMP SPARROW. . . 584
SONG SPARROW. ... 58]
'/(
'A
MCCOWN'S LONGSPUR 539
»/y
Vi
CH-COL. LONGSPUR . 538
'^ff
'%
•ii/tt
11^
C,HJ*M &OOSE
dfifiuf '. G>k'tak '.
^/:
'/}
J'/s
Vi
Vi
)
Yi
>/\
Vi
'A
etMC,'m</(£i>hutK
'A
'A
-53-
7u^L nn
(65)
(692
(12)
(75)
(78)
(91
(84)
(88)
Species
AOl
Kt-jtE.
. tvct.
(1
F
P
w\
0
\4\i
PIED-BILLED GREBE. .
006
120
194
202
190
132
135
143
139
140
137
142
144
146
147
149
167
337
342
348
331
36U
308
289
3091
288J
214
221
273
230
264
261
263
258
249
225
224
054
059
077
il31
316
387
388
375
378
367
420
423
390
412
406
393
394
444
447
452
456
457
664
467 '
461
462 "
174 r
DBL-CR. CORMORANT
■/.
V/
T/X
GREAT BLUE HERON .
'/(
'^1
BLK-CR. NIGHT HERON
AM. BITTERN
MALLARD
•/I
GADWALL
•f \
PINTAIL
= /f
V,
GREEN-WINGED TEAL
BLUE-WINGEU TEAL .
"/l
AM. WIGEON ....
N. SHOVELER
WOOD DUCK
REDHEAD
CANVASBACK ....
LESSER SCAUP ....
'/,
'/;
RUDDY DUCK ....
RED-TAILED HAWK .
V,
'U
V(
SWAINSON'S HAWK .
Vi-
'/.
'/I
'/(
■/)
<»/f
FERRUGINOUS HAWK.
V7
Vi
Vj
V<f
MARSH HAWK ....
Vi
'/)
•/'
'/,
V7
^/r
AM. KESTREL ....
Vi
3/1
'/,
^l^
"/?
SHARP-TAIL. GROUSE
BOBWHITE
RING -NECK PHEASANT
""//t
>/r
*^/7i
V.
V?f
TVro
GRAY PARTRIDGE. . .
SORA
'/)
'//
AM. COOl
KILLDEER
'Y'o
Vc
-l-/,y
'V?
'Vl9
"/+
'^^7
COMMON SNIPE . . .
LONG-BILLED CURLEW
'/,
'//
Vi
UPLAND SANDPIPER .
•^/i
V^
"//O
SPOTTED SANDPIPER.
V,
WILLET
•/,
'/'
Vi
MARBLED GODWIT . .
AM. AVOCET ....
WILSON'S I'HALAROPE
•*h
V)
''/l
RING-BILLED GULL. .
V/
V/
Va
V^
FRANKUN'S GULL . .
BLACK TERN
ROCK DOVE ;
<-/)
*7/
'Vi
MOURNING DOVE. . .
^y*7
'^V»,
^Vii
-i'Vuf
^V'»
^'/IJ
"^'Al
YELLOW-BIL. CUCKOO
BLACK- BILL CUCKOO
*/.
v
'/H
GREAT HORNED OWL
Y(
V/
llURROWINt. OWL. . .
IV*
lyi
SHORT -EAULD OWL .
COMMON NIGHT HAWK
V?
"/7
'/i
V3
V?
V*
^yj.3
CHIMNEY SWIHT . . .
BELTED KINCHSHER .
CO«\»\^,j FUCKER .
'V)f
'V,i
RED-HD. WOODPECKER
'/(
•/)
HAIRY WOODPECKER
DOWNY WOODPECKER
E. KINGBIRD
Vh
"/.
'■'■/i
Vii
'/<7
-h
^Vii
W. KINGBIRJT
f/f
f/%
y-
Vy
GT. CREST FLYCATCHR
E. PHOEBE
SAY'S PHOEBE ....
Vi
Vv
-'■i
Vi
'/i
v,„
WILLOW FLYCATCHER 4
LEAST FLYCAICHEK .
'^1
/:
V-,
E. WOOD PEWEE . . .
W. WOOD ItWEE . .
/(
'/,
HOfi.NTED LARK ....
•°/^i'
<./^•,^
h>^
"/k '
V-ii
'V^o H
■*«/r(]
TREE SWALLOW .
314
316 ~
BANK SWALLOW . . .
ROUCH-WC. SWALLOW 617 [_
Ul
/.
/.
v^ •>
/■I
-54-
(65)
(69
(72) (75
(78
(81)
(84)
(8S)
Speciei
AOU
•^--i/Tt.
Tarrt
C
F
r
'sA
o
^fJ
w
BARN SWALLOW ... 613
Vc
' /^
Vi.
V'
^J-L
"■'/Iff
CUFF SWALLOW ... 612
tryx
'A
'"/■*
'r/.
'ir/fc.
"V'1
njRPLE MARTIN ... 611
BLUE JAY 477
BLK-BILLED MAG HE . 475
•'/.
^V-¥
v/r
V^
H^Ar
COMMON CROW ... 488
Vi
Vr.
BLK-CAP.CHICKADEE 735
'^1
'/(
WHITE-BR. NUTHATCH 727
HOUSE WREN 721
'/(
-yj
'^/.o
-y;^
LONG-BIL MARSH WREN 725
SHORT-B. MARSH WREN 724
ROCK WREN 715
'V-..
V,
4/4
"t/i,
•^/vi
GRAY CATBIRD. ... 704
v<
Vi
V,
BROWN THRASHER . . 705
I/)
r'j
V9
"/-
"Vf
'V.Y
SAGE THRASHER ... 702
■/»
'/^
AM. ROBIN 761
V3
5/3
v^
Vx
'V"
VEERY
756
E. BLUEBIRD 766
MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD 768
Vi
■h
v?
V,
SPRAGUE'S PIPIT ... 700
Vl
V3
^',
'V
"/I,
'V'l
CEDAR WAXWING . . 619
LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. 622
"/3
^/r
'-/■i
">/fc
^/T
V?
'Vx3
STARUNG 493
^/^.
■1-^
V^
H/H
Vx
'^Va
RED-EYED VIREO ... 624
WARBUNG VIR£0. . . 627
Vx
'//
V;
YELLOW WARBLER . . 652
"^h
■'/u
Y/.
Vi
"/,<
COM. YELLOWTHROAT 681
y^
'"A
V'
"/n
YELLOW-BR. CHAT. . 683
'/,
(o/y
"/•r
AM. REDSTART. ... 687
HOUSE SPARROW . . . 6882
Wy
v<
V^
Vf
'/)
'V,,-
BOBOUNK 494
V(
Vi.
Vi
W. MEADOWLARK . . 5011
•"y-*?
.«/,^
■^./..
i^Vht
.iV.f
"?A<?
'l!<n
YEL-HD. BLACKBIRD. 497
V?
^/x
•Vr
RED-WG. BLACKBIRD. 498
'•i/xC
'V,
•Vt
''y/o
^f/ii
"♦/<?
'^Ky
ORCHARD ORIOLE . . 506
V'
Vi
WOr.THifiM ORIOLE . 507
•/,
'/(
'/,
BREWER'S BLACKBIRD. 510
Vj-
Vi
V^
^"Ao
•V(.
(./-/
v..
COMMON CRACKLE . 611
v^
V?
V(
y?
BROWN-HD. COWBIRD 495
Vf
ir
: /
'V?
'V'^
'V/o
7-/1,
ROSE-BR. GROSBEAK . 595
BLACK-HD. GROSBEAK 596
BLUE GROSBEAK ... 597
INDIGO BUNTING . . 598
LAZUU BUNTING . . 599
'A
Vf
DICKCISSEL 604
AM. GOLDHNCH. , . 529
V/
^■//-
"/)3
Yif
RUFOUS-SIDE TOWHEE 587
■A
/,
^^f
Vt
Vy
"A(
LARK BUNTING. ... 605
"ii/W
■V.c
'Vv
4'/-^
fcu/jto
""-/XT
''>:'.,
SAVANNAH SPARROW 542
Vz
Va
Y'f
GRASSHOPPER SPARROW 546
'^h>
■■'!
(./,-
'//
10/, 5
'V'X
"Vu
BAIRD'S SPARROW. , . 545
■-/f
'/I
Vf
'/,
l*/|i
VESPER SPARROW ... 540
'Vr
•^'•Au
i»/,i
'V?
•Vn
^Vll
-vl,
LARK SPARROW. ... 552
-''/.H
'/i
Vf
•/I
Vx
Vh
CHIPPING SPARROW. . 560
CLAY -COL. SPARROW 561
'V-0
Vr.
BREWER'S SPARROW. . 562
'■-''?
■Ji.
''/^
t/^
^Vn
FIELD SPARROW. . . . 56:!
V-
'/;,
"/»3
'"/„
SWAMP SPARROW. . . 584
SONG SPARROW. ... 581
'/(
'/-
MCCOWN'S LONGSPUR 539
^Vir
-/,-
CH-COL. LONGSPUR . 538
""/if
A
'/( •
^^A/
"•'/ifr
''^1
Vi
Vx
*,'-
A
V-.
'/•-
/',
.'^Vt, . yf-i.vit, . .
'/(
/,
_ L
1
1
JUv.-* \'^i\
(65)
(69)
(72)
(75)
(78)
(81)
(84)
(88)
Spccici
AOU
r-OUttL
D
VA/
PIED- BILLED GREBE. . 006
DBL-CR. CORMORANT 120
GREAT BLUE HERON . 194
BLK-CR. NIGHT HERON 202
AM. BITTERN 190
MALLARD 132
y^
GADWALL 135
PINTAIL 143
GREEN-WINGED TEAL 139
BLUE-WINGEU TEAL . 140
AM. WIGEON .... 137
^A
N. SHOVELER 142
WOOD DUCK 144
REDHEAD 146
CANVASBACK .... 147
LESSER SCAUP .... 149
y\
RUDDY DUCK .... 167
RED-TAILED HAWK . 337
Vi
V3
SWAINSON'S HAWK . 342
K
Vi
FERRUGINOUS HAWK . 348
H
^
MARSH HAWK .... 331
Vt.
Vi
V(
SHARP-TAIL. GROUSE 308
v:
BOBWHITE 289
RING-NECK PHEASANT 3091
GRAY PARTRIDGE. . . 2881
y\
SORA 214
AM. COOT 221
KILLDEER 273
^y^p
Yi
COMMON SNIPE ... 230
LONG-BILLED CURLEW 264
UPLAND SANDPIPER . 261
y^
SPOTTED SANDPIPER. 263
ys
y{
WILLET 258
MARBLED CODWIT . . 249
AM. AVOCET .... 225
WILSON'S PHALAROPE 224
y
RING-BILLED GULL. . 054
FRANKUN'S GULL . . 059
BLACK TERN 077
ROCK DOVE 3131
MOURNING DOVE. . . 316
''^
^V,s
YELLOW-BIL. CUCKOO 387
BLACK-BILL CUCKOO 388
GREAT HORNED OWL 375
MURROWINC. OWL. . . 378
SHOR1 -EARLD OWL . 367
COMMON NIGHTHAWK 420
'V»
H
CHIMNEY SWIFT ... 423
BELTED KINGFISHER . 390
CO»Mi\^.j FUCKER . 412
'/'
RED-HD. WOODPECK1:R 406
HAIRY WOODPECKER 393
DOWNY WOODPECKER 394
E. KINGBIRD 444
'jA
/^^
W. KINGBIRD 447
^is
"/H
GT. CREST FLYCATCHR 452
E. PHOEBE 456
SAY'S PHOEBE .... 457
/.
WILLOW FLYCATCHER 4664
LEAST FLYCATCHER . 467
E. WOOD PEWEE ... 461
W. WOOD reWEE . . 462
HORNTD LARK .... 474
«/„
i^%
TREE SWALUIW ... 614
BANK SWALLOW ... 616
KOUGH-WG. SWALLOW 617
p/i
'A
(65)
(69)
(72)
(76)
(78)
(81)
(841
Speciei
AOU
i^DTt j
1
D
y
■
BARN SWALLOW ... 613
f<i
V/
CUFF SWALLOW ... 612
H<f
Vi
PURPLE MARTIN ... 611
BLUE JAY 477
BLK-BILLED MAGPIE . 475
ii/e
y^
COMMON CROW ... 488
BLK-CAP.CHICKADEE 735
WHITE- BR. NUTHATCH 727
HOUSE WREN 721
LONG-BIL MARSH WREN 725
S HORT - B. MARS H W REN 724
ROCK WREN 715
v/v
Vt
GRAY CATBIRD. ... 704
BROWN THRASHER . . 705
5-//
SAGE THRASHER ... 702
AM. ROBIN 761
yi
V/f
VEERY
766
766
E. BLUEBIRD
MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD 768
SPRAGUE'S PIPIT ... 700
^M
"/?
CEDAR WAXWING . . 619
LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. 622
'•f/l
'»//5-
STARUNG 493
3/,
RED-EYED VIREO ... 624
WARBUNG VIREO. . . 627
YELLOW WARBLER . . 652
COM. YELLOWTHROAT 681
'■A
YELLOW-BR. CHAT. . 683
AM. REDSTART. ... 687
HOUSE SPARROW . . . 6882
?^
BOBOUNK 494
W. MEADOWLARK . . 5011
^4
'*/i»
YEL-HD. BLACKBIRD. 497
RED-WG. BUCKBIRD. 498
Vi
VA
ORCHARD ORIOUE . . 506
WOr.Tht (l;J ORIOLE . 507
'/l
BREWER'S BLACKBIRD. 510
^/fr
8/f
COMMON GRACKLE . 511
BROWN-HD. COWBIRD 495
/V'
r/^
ROSE -BR, GROSBEAK . 595
BLACK- HD. GROSBEAK 596
BLUE GROSBEAK ... 697
INDIGO BUNTING . . 598
LAZUU BUNTING . . 599
DICKCISSEL 604
AM. GOLDFINCH. . . 529
V^
RUFOUS-SIDE TOWHEE 587
//r
i/i
LARK BUNTING. ... 605
/*///
^^4p
SAVANNAH SPARROW 642
GRASSHOPPER SPARROW 546
K'/l-
Vi
BAIRD'S SPARROW. . . 545
^ ^
VESPER SPARROW. . . 540
Vi
*/s
LARK SPARROW .... 552
'/l
v^
CHIPPING SPARROW. . 560
CLAY -COL. SPARROW 561
BREWER'S SPARROW. . 562
Vv
FIELD SPARROW. ... 563
SWAMP SPARROW. . . 584
SONG SPARROW. ... 581
MCCOWN'S LONGSPUR 539
CH-COL. LONGSPUR . 538
"//;£.
"^
W.KiTt .Pei-i.cAM.
•<
16
V/
-55-
Appendix D. Density indices for mule deer and pronghorn antelope by section.
NOTE: Section numbers in the first column correspond to those on the following
map. Columns numbered 1 through 6 indicate, for each section, (1) mule deer
1981-82 winter density; (2) mule deer six-year winter density (1976-1982);
(3) pronghorn 1981-82 winter density; (4) pronghorn six-year winter density
(1976-1982); (5) pronghorn 1981 summer density; and (6) pronghorn five-year
summer density (1977-1981).
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