Full text of "Civics for Americans in the making"

See other formats

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2007 with funding from

IVIicrosoft Corporation

http://www.archive.org/details/civicsforamericaOOplasrich

Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor

CIVICS FOR AMERICANS
IN THE MAKING

ANNA A. PLASS

TEACHER OF ENGLISH TO FOREIGNERS IN DAY
AND EVENING SCHOOLS, ROCHESTER, N.Y.

Men will always fight for their government
according to their sense of its value. To value
it aright they must understand it.

Francis Marion

D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS
BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO

2 2t^-.^:. .'-: * '

PREFACE

The beginning of the immigrant's life in America is usually
full of difiBculties. He suddenly finds himself in the midst of
new scenes, new customs, and usually a new language, which
together make him an easy prey for unscrupulous men of all
races, who are ready to cheat him under the pretense of friend-
ship and help.

If he violates some custom or ordinance that he does not
understand, and finds himself arrested as a lawbreaker, his
experience may lead him to hate the seemingly unjust laws of
his new country and to set himself against them. If some in-
terpreter or court attendant takes advantage of the immi-
grant's ignorance and terror and extorts a large part of his
little capital as the alleged price of a judicial decision, he natu-
rally considers all American courts venal and corrupt. Thus
he may be started, through pure ignorance, toward the attitude
of a defiant law-breaker.

As this has its dangers for the country as well as for the
immigrant, the welfare of both demands that these newcomers
(to whom this nation owes much for the new blood, energ}^
industry, and wealth which have enriched its life) be made
acquainted immediately with the language, customs, and laws
of their new homeland.

To meet this demand, evening classes for foreigners have
been established in many communities. These classes are at-

iii

tended for the most part by men who have worked hard all day
in the ditch, on the road, or in the factory.

It is not possible to hold the attention of learners of this
kind to exercises which, through the use of a great variety of
words and expressions, are difficult of comprehension, nor do
they like the subject matter of books which deal with topics
such as the " black cat of my old aunt " ; they are eager for
knowledge that will be of practical use to them.

The lessons contained in this book seek not only to teach the
English suited to the immediate needs of the immigrant, but
also to acquaint him with some of the simple customs and laws
of the United States, and the reasons for the same, and also to
present the fundamental laws which govern our republic.

The writer of this brief preface believes that Civics for
Americans in the Making is a real contribution to those who
seek to turn the crowds of incoming aliens into groups of loyal

American citizens.

JOSEPH T. ALLING,

Member of the New York-New Jersey Committee of the North

American Civic League for Immigrants.

INTRODUCTION BY THE AUTHOR

The fact that there is a general appeal on the part of the
foreigner in this country for knowledge concerning the princi-
ples of our government, is widely recognized by teachers of
foreign classes both in evening and in day schools. In the
former the teacher has to meet directly this demand made by
the adult pupil for information which will enable him to qualify
for naturalization.

This interest in the subject of our government may be re-
garded as a hopeful sign ; for, in a republic where the people
establish their own constitutions and choose their own rulers,
good government is hardly to be looked for, if those from whom
it is to proceed have no knowledge of the things that are nec-
essary to create and maintain it. With this thought in mind,
the following simple lessons in civics have been prepared.
A very limited vocabulary has been used in presenting the
subject. Technical words have been introduced slowly and
have been developed in the gradual progress of the work. By
the general arrangement of one-line sentences throughout the
book, the learner is easily led to the acquisition of the ideas
upon which the main thought of each lesson is based.

Topics have been limited, for the most part, to a single page
in order that the complete unfolding of the main thought may
be accomplished in a concise manner in a short period, and

because of the adaptability of the book, under this plan, to
pupils whose attendance is likely to.be irregular.

At the end of the book "^fr-tJF ^eeird a vocabulary with
translations into Italian, German, Swedish, Polish, French,
Greek, and Yiddish. The vocabulary consists not merely of
the words used in the text of the book; it also includes all the
words that occur in the various blank forms used in the process
of n^uralization, for money orders, etc.

The experience of years in the use of these lessons, both by

the author and by other teachers of foreign classes, has given

the author inspiration and courage to submit them to a wider

circle of teachers and pupils, where it is hoped they may prove

' equally satisfactory.

The author takes pleasure in acknowledging indebtedness to
Miss Jessie M. Shedd, under whose supervision these lessons
were first given ; to the Reverend Dr. G. B. F. Hallock, for
help in arranging them for publication; to the Honorable
William W. Armstrong, for information which has been help-
ful in securing accuracy of statement ; and to Mr. Joseph T.
Ailing, who has written the preface.

CONTENTS

>ABT PAGE

I. Departments of City Work 1

Police Department, 4; Fire Department, 6; Health Depart-
ment, 8; Department of Public Works, 14; Taxes, 15; Pub-
lic Signs, 16.

11. City Government 17

Why it is Needed, 18; Mayor and Other City Officers, 19;
City Lawmakers, 10; Courts and- Judges, 21 ; City Charter,
23 ; Commission Form of City Government, 24.

m. State Government 25

City and State, 28; State Laws, 29; State Lawmakers, 29;
Some Laws, 33; Schools, 35; Child Labor Law, 36; The
State Constitution, 37; Governor and Other Executive
Officers, 38; Branches of State Government, 39; Judicial
Branch of State Government, 40 ; Jury and Witnesses, 41 ;
Counties, 42.

IV. America 43

Christopher Columbus, 45 ; How America was Discovered, 46 ;
How America was Named, 47 ; First Immigrants to America,
48 ; The Pilgrims, 49 ; The First Thanksgiving, 51 ; The
Thirteen Colonies, 52; The Declaration of Independence,
53; George Washington, 54; The Stars and Stripes, 56;
Rights and Duties, 58; Our Common Interests, 59; The
States United, 61 ; The United States, 62 ; The United States
Constitution, 63.

V. The National Government 65

State and National Government, 67; The National Capital City,
68 ; The National Capitol, 69 ; Both Houses of Congress, 70 ;
vii

United States Representatives, 72; The Census, 73; The
United States Senate, 74; United States Laws, 75; The
White House, 76 ; The President, 77 ; The President's Cab-
inet, 78 ; State, War, and Navy Departments, 79 ; The United
States Treasury (Duty or Tariff, Internal Revenue), 80;
The Interior Department (Public Lands), 82; Post Office
Department, 85 ; Department of Agriculture, 88 ; Depart-
ment of Commerce and Labor, 89 ; Judicial Branch of Na-
tional Government, 91 ; Summary, 92.

VI. Our Republic 93

How the People Rule, 94 ; Election Day, 95 ; Registration of
Voters, 96 ; Voting, 98 ; Elections, 99 ; Nominations of Can-
didates for Election, 102 ; Political Parties, 105 ; A Question
which Divided the Voters in 1860, 106 ; The Civil War, 107 ;
Abraham Lincoln, 108; The Right to Vote is Given as a
Trust, 109; Who May Vote, 110; Citizens of the United
States, 110; Naturalized Citizens, 111.

VII. Naturalization 113

A Petitioner for Naturalization, 114; Declaration of Intention
or "First Paper," 115; Certificate of Arrival, 117; Facts
for Petition for Naturalization, 119 ; The Witnesses, 121 ;
The Final Hearing, 122; Some Questions which may be
Asked the Petitioner, 123 ; The Petitioner Admitted as an
American Citizen, 125.
"Vocabulary 127

Vlll

CIVICS FOR FOREIGNERS
PART ONE

Men's Work

Work in the Home

DEPARTMENTS OF CITY WORK
Work is divided in the Home

The father works to buy food, clothing, and

fuel for his family.
The mother works in the home.
She cooks the food.
She keeps the house clean.
She sees that the children are kept clean.
It is her duty to send them to school on time.
The mother has many home duties.
The children go to school.
They have school duties.
They have also a few home duties.
The father has liis part of the work to do.
The mother has her part of the work to do.
The children have their part of the work to do.
We see that the work of the home is divided into

parts.
The work of the city is also divided into parts

or de-part-ments,

: t'^ i y ; Ij. j^^ . #bLlCE DEPARTMENT

IHgi^

^B^'t

A Busy City Street

Let US take a walk on this city street.
We see wagons, automobiles, etc.
These vehicles keep to their own side of the street.
We meet Mr. Brown.
We stand to talk with him.
Do we stand in the middle of the sidewalk?
No, we must not obstruct the sidewalks.
Some boys are on their way home from school.
They start to play ball, but they see a police-
man coming, and away they run.

We see that vehicles keep to their own side of

the street.
We see that the sidewalks are not obstructed.
We see that games with a ball are not to be

played in the city

streets.
What is the use of this

order in the streets?

For the safety and

comfort of people,

and also for the

safety of property.
We enjoy our walk.
We return to our homes.
We go to sleep in peace

and quiet.
We feel that our lives and

property are protected.
The city helps to protect

lives and property.
Every city has a Police Department.

THE FIRE DEPARTMENT

Firemen and Engine

See the brave firemen! They put out fires.

They are members of the Fire Department.

They protect property and lives.

Every city has a Fire Department.

The Chief of the Fire Department directs the

men in their work.
The city helps to protect property and lives

from fire.

It is also our duty to help in this work.

PREVENTION OF FIRES

Many a bad fire has been

started through care-
lessness with matches.
We must be careful with

matches.
They should be kept out of

the reach of children.
They should be kept out of the

reach of mice and rats.
Mice and rats have started

many fires by nibbling

the ends of matches.
We must be careful with kerosene oil.
It should be kept in a safe place.
Lamps should not be filled at night.
Lamps should not be within reach of children.
Fires often start without matches or flames.
Such fires often start among dirty rags and papers.
Let us all help to protect lives and property

from fire.

A Fire Alarm Box

THE HEALTH DEPARTMENT

A Telephone Call for the Doctor

John : Please may 1 use your telephone to call the
doctor, Mr. Eoss? The baby is very sick.

Mr, Boss: Certainly, John. Do you know the
doctor's telephone number ?

John: No, I do not.

Mr. Boss: Do you know how to find his number

in the book?
John : I think so. Yes, here I find his name :

'^ Green, C. R, M.D., 37 White St.,

Union-6998-S."

Telephone Operator : Number ?

John: Union-6-9-9-8-S.

Telephone Operator: The line is busy.

(John waits, then tries again.')
Telephone Operator : Number ?

John: Union-6-9~9-8-S.

Telephone Operator : I do not understand yOU.

Mr. Boss : Speak slowly, John, and not too loudly.
John: Union-6-9-9-8-S.

Bt. Green: Dr. Green's office.

John: May I talk with Dr. Green?

Dr. Green: This is Dr. Green talking with you.

John: I am John Bruno. The baby is very

sick. Will you please come at once?
Dr, Green: What is the matter with her?
John: I do not know. She has a high fever.
Dr. Green: I will come very soon, John.
John: Thank you, Doctor. Thank you, Mr.

Ross.

Speak Slowly and not too Loudly
9

THE DOCTOR'S VISIT

1^^^^

^- ■

^k> V |^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H|

y^M

IV^H

.'^H

?^^^^^^^^B

|||||HH|^,,^^^g|||^^|g

Doctor, Nurse, and Sick Child

Your baby is very sick, Mrs. Bruno.

If you are not very careful she will die.

You must keep her out of the hot sun.

Do not bounce her up and down in that way.

Keep her very quiet.

Feed her nothing but milk.

Sometimes give her a Httle water, but not ice-

water.
Wash out that bottle every time you feed her.
Where did you buy that milk?
It is very dirty. Do not buy milk from Mr.

Blank. His stables are dirty.
I shall report him to the Health Bureau.

Everybody wants good health.
The city helps to keep us in good health.
It is the duty of the city to see that only
fresh fruit, fish, and vegetables are sold ;
that milk, water, and drugs are pure;
that diseases do not spread ;
that children under working age shall not

be employed to work;
that births, deaths, and marriages are re-
ported.
All these things are in charge of the Health
Department.

TUBERCULOSIS

Doctor's advice to Tubercular Patient

Doctor: You have tuberculosis, but you can be

cured.
Do not breathe impure air.
Stay out of doors all you can.
Sleep with your windows wide open at night.
Eat good plain food.
Boil the dishes you use. Do not wash them

with other dishes.

Do you know what a germ is?

Some germs are very dangerous.

A germ cannot be seen with the naked eye.

There are dangerous germs in that which you

raise from your lungs.
What you spit should be burned. If it is not

burned, it will dry, and the germs will get

into the air.
Then you will take them into your lungs again.
You could be well cared for at a sanitarium.
Patient: I know that what you tell me is true.
My brother died of tuberculosis two years ago.
My sister died of tuberculosis one year ago.
We were told that tuberculosis was a germ

disease — that it would spread.
We were told to be very careful.
I am sorry to say, we were very careless.
One of my friends was cured of tuberculosis at

a sanitarium.
I think it will be best for me to go to a

sanitarium.

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC V70RKS

Men Repairing a Street

We do not throw ashes, rubbish, or garbage
in our yards or streets.

We put these things in cans.

The cans are emptied into carts.

The carts carry this refuse away.

We like clean streets.

The streets, parks, bridges, etc., are the prop-
erty of the city. They are public property.

The work of many men is needed to keep
public property in order.

What city department has charge of this work ?

The Department of Public Works.

TAXES

Our city has a police department.

Our city has a fire department.

Our city has a health department.

Our city has public schools.

There is a sewer in our street.

Our street is lighted and paved.

All these things cost the city much money.

This money is raised by taxes.

Who pays the taxes in a city?

Everybody living in it.

You say, "I rent the house in which I live."

When you pay rent you help pay taxes.

Your landlord gets the bill for the taxes.

If the taxes are high, your rent will be high.

It is the duty of everybody to pay taxes, be-
cause everybody is protected in a city.

The city treasurer has charge of the city
money.

He is at the head of the Finance Department of
the city.

PUBLIC SIGNS

VisiTOES NOT Allowed.
Dangee.

Look Out for the Cars.
Street Closed.

No Fast Driving on this Bridge.
No Loitering.
No Admittance.
No Trespassing.
No Smoking.
Keep off the Grass.
Wait until the Car Stops.
Push — Pull.
Entrance — Exit. .
Hands Off.

Please do not Handle.
Information Bureau.
Ticket Office.
Do Not Feed the Animals.
Spitting on the Floor is Prohibited by
Law.

PART TWO
CITY GOVERNMENT

CITY GOVERNMENT
Why it is Needed

In every home there are rules or little laws.

Every home is a little government.

There could be no order without government.

There could be no government without laws.

Laws are needed to protect people and prop-
erty.

The laws are to help all the people.

It is the work of the city to carry out the laws
made for the protection of people and prop-
erty.

We see the policemen in our streets.

A part of their work is to keep order in the
streets.

Why do boys not play ball in the city streets?

Because they know that ball-playing in the
streets is against the law.

It is a part of the policeman's work to make

boys obey that law.

MAYOR AND OTHER CITY OFFICERS

There is a CJiief of the Fire Department.

There is a Chief of the Police Department.

There is a Chief of the Health Department.

Every department of the city work has its chief
officer.

These officers, and the officers under them, exe-
cute laws.

They are executive officers.

They belong to the Executive Branch of the city
government.

Has your city a Mayor? What is his name?

The mayor is the highest executive officer in
the city.

He is chosen by the people of the city.

He represents the people of the whole city.

Many laws are made for the protection of peo-
ple and property in a city.

The mayor's work is to see that these laws are
enforced.

Who make the city laws?

THE CITY LAVV^MAKERS

How are tlie city laws made ?

Are they made directly by the people ?

In many cities they are made by men chosen

by the people.
These men together are usually called the City

Council or Board of Aldermen.
Is our city divided into wards?
These wards are numbered.

What is the number of the ward in which you live ?
In what ward is your school?
In city government the aldermen usually repre-
sent the wards.
In some cities the board of aldermen is made

up of one alderman from each ward.
In some cities the board of aldermen is made

up of two aldermen from each ward.
The city council or board of aldermen are city

lawmakers.
The city lawmakers belong to the Legislative

Branch of the city government.

COURTS AND JUDGES

A Law-Breaker

Mr. White has a large

automobile.
He likes to drive it fast.
It is dangerous to life

and property to

drive at high speed

in the city streets.
There is a law against it.
All people must obey that law.
Mr. White was arrested for breaking that law.
He was obliged to appear in court.
The judge fined him twenty-five dollars.
The judge applied the law.
The judges and courts belong to the Judicial

Branch of the government.
This is the branch of government which applies

laws.
Which branch of government makes the laws?
Which branch of government executes the laws ?

Which branch of government applies the laws?

SUMMARY

We see that

govern- ^"^
ment is
like a tree.

It has branches

The three branches
are Legislative,
Executive, Ju-
dicial.

In some cities the
Legislative branch
is divided into two
parts.

There are many depart-
ments of the Exec-
utive branch:

The Pohce Department, the Fire Department,
the Health Department, and others.

The Judicial branch is made up of "courts and
judges.

Mr. Paul

house.
Has he the right to use

it as he chooses?
Not if in doing so he

takes away his

neighbor's rights.
We have many rights,

but we must not

THE CITY CHARTER

owns his

A Street Car could not run without
a Track

take away the rights of our neighbors.
The city laws must agree with the City

Charter.
The rights of a city are shown by its charter.
The city charter shows what officers the city

shall have.
It also shows what are the duties of these officers.
A street car could not run well without a

track to guide it.

The city charter is our guide in city government.

The state grants the city its charter.

COMMISSION FORM OF CITY GOVERNMENT

Commission government has been tried in

many cities.
Government under this form is in the hands of

a commission of a few men.
They are chosen by the people of the city.
One of these men is the chief officer of the

city.
Each of the others has charge of one of the

departments into which the work of the

city is divided.
In these cities lawmaking is usually done di-
rectly by the voters of the city.
A certain number of voters agree that a certain

law is needed.
The law is then written out.
It may then be voted upon by all the voters

of the city.
The first step in lawmaking of this kind is

called the initiative.
The last step is called the referendum.

'2A

PART THEEE
STATE GOVERNMENT

105° Longitude 100

9S°

Greenwich

90°

85°

iO°

75°

70°

K-

OttS?!^

^ll^

(l^^\

Topel

'CUJ
j Jefferson City

I MlSSpUR[

-44 Ozar* *t«.

-^"v

•ENNfESSB,

(MenTphis/' Ch^ttanoog^

ft *^\

'^"o

/aeksor
ij /vici^sburg / j

CA''"^

VSV

^cW"^

Z^*'

Beaurtont

STATE GOVERNMENT

City and State

In what city do you live'?

Can you find your city on the map ?

In what state is it?

Your city belongs to the state.

The state oversees much of the work that is

done in its cities.
Much of the work of the police department,

fire department, health department, etc., is

the execution of state laws.
The city is given its charter by state laws.
City laws are needed to carry out state laws.
Nearly all the laws about streets, sidewalks,

parks, etc., are made by the city.
Much money is needed to enforce state laws.
The city tells how a large part of this money

shall be spent.
We need good men to care for this public

money.

STATE LAWS

State laws are very important.
We need good men to make them.
Where are the state laws made?
At the capital city of the state.
Every state has its capital city.
What is the capital of this state ?

STATE LAW^MAKERS

There is a state house or capital in the capital city.

The state lawmakers meet there to make the
state laws.

There are two bodies of state lawmakers — the
"upper house" and the "lower house."

The upper house is called the Senate.

What is the name of the lower house in this state ?

In many states the lower house of state law-
makers is called the House of Representatives}

The two houses, together, are called the Legis-
lature?

^Called Assembly in New York state.

2 In some states called General Court. In some states called General
Assembly.

STATE LAWMAKERS

We see two rooms in a state capitol.

The state lawmakers meet here to make state

laws.
There are two bodies of state lawmakers.
Members of the Senate, or upper house, meet

in the Senate chamber.
Members of the lower house meet in the Assembly

chamber.
These lawmaking bodies are together called

the Legislature,
The legislature makes the state laws.
Each member of the legislature has his desk.
The Speaker is the presiding officer of the

lower house.
The Speaker is chosen by the members of the

house.
Find the Speaker's desk.
The Lieutenant-Governor^ is the presiding officer

of the Senate.

1 See page 38.
80

Assembly Chamber

Senate Chamber
Legislative Chambers in New York State Capitol

STATE LAWMAKERS

States are divided into districts.

Each senate district sends a member to the

Senate, or upper house of the legislature.
Each district of another kind sends a member

to the House of Representatives.^
The senate districts are larger than the repre-
sentative districts.
The lower house has the most members.
Making state laws is the work of both houses

of the legislature.^
Either house may begin the work.
A bill must pass both houses before it may

become a law.
When it has passed both houses it is sent to

the governor to be signed.
If he thinks it is best to refuse to sign it,

both houses may act upon it again.
It then becomes a law if the required number

of members of both houses vote for it.

^See note page 29.
32

SOME LAWS

Laws prohibit: — ^

Spitting on sidewalks or in other public places;

Living in overcrowded rooms ;

Carrying dangerous knives or other weapons ;

Playing games for money ;

Making bonfires in city streets or in vacant lots ;

Carrying on certain kinds of business without
a license ;

Children under working age being employed to
work.

Laws require: — ^

That fire-escapes shall not be obstructed ;

That children in good health between the ages
of 6 and 14 years shall go to school ;

That children who go to school must be vacci-
nated ;

That women working in factories shall not
work more than a certain number of hours
in a day or of days in a week.

^ In nearly all the states.

A Lesson in Wood Working

A Lesson in Cooking
The Schools Teach Useful Lessons

SCHOOLS

The state helps to protect its people.

It also wishes to put the best in life within

the reach of its people.
^*How does it try to do this?"
Through its schools.

Education teaches people better ways of living.
The state gives its people the right to an

education.
Every state has its free schools.
It has kindergarten classes.
It has primary and grammar schools.
It has high schools and colleges.
It has vacation schools.
It has evening schools.
It has trade schools.

It has schools of all kinds and for all purposes.
We see little children in our schools.
We see men more than fifty years old in our

schools.
This country is called *' The Land of Schools."

CHILD LABOR LAW

Every child has the right to grow strong and

become a useful man or woman.
There are parents who would sell the rights of

their children.
There are people who, to become richer, would

buy the rights of children.
The state has laws to protect children.
A child who is employed at hard work a certain

number of hours each day cannot grow strong.
It is a law^ that no child under working age

shall be employed to work.
The employer of such a child may be arrested

and fined.
The most useful people in the world are those

who have been educated.
The best in life is not within the reach of

people who have not been educated.
A law of the state requires parents to see that

their children go to school.

^ In nearly all the states.

Parents who disobey this law may be arrested

and fined.
What may be done with the child who cannot

be governed in the home?
The court has the right to take such a child

away from his home.

THE STATE CONSTITUTION

Do you belong to a society?

Your society has rules or laws.

Who made those laws ?

Your society made those laws.

Is there an Italian society in your city?

Only Italians belong to it. Why?

Because that is one of the laws of the society.

It is one of the fundamental laws.

In state government there are fundamental laws.

These fundamental laws are, together, called the
State Constitution,

All state laws must agree with the State Con-
stitution.

GOVERNOR AND OTHER EXECUTIVE
OFFICERS

Many laws are needed for the protection of
people and property in a state.

Many officers are needed to enforce these laws.

The Secretary of State takes care of the state
papers.

The Treasurer takes care of the state money.

The Comptroller is the bookkeeper of the state.

The Superintendent of Schools has charge of the
schools of the state.

There are many other officers.

The chief officer of the state is the Governor.

Who is the governor of this state ?

The people of the state choose the governor.

When a governor is chosen, a lieutenant-gov-
ernor is also chosen.

En the absence of the governor his place is
taken by the lieutenant-governor.

Laws are executed or enforced by the executive
branch of government.

BRANCHES OF STATE GOVERNMENT

Let this tree

stand

for sta

government.
We see the three

main branches;

Legislative, Ex

eeutive, Judicial.
The Legislative branch

is divided into two

parts.
The Executive branch is

also divided.
In the Executive branch

we see the following

officers : Governor, Treasurer, Comptroller,

Superintendent of Schools, There are also

many others.
The Judicial branch is made up of courts and

judges.

A Court House

JUDICIAL. BRANCH OF STATE GOVERN-
MENT

Courts and Judges

States are divided into

counties.
In what county do

you live?
There is a court

house in your

county.
People in your county

who break state laws are tried there.
Each county has a court, called the County

Court.
Each state has a supreme court.
The highest court of a state is its supreme

court. ^
A police court is lower than a state or county

court.
On page 21 we read about a police court case.

* The highest court in New York state is called Court of Appeals.

In a police court the judge usually decides

the case.
Sometimes a case decided in one court is heard

aocain in a hicrher court.
Then we say the case is appealed.
Government has its judicial branch.
This branch explains and applies laws.

JURY AND ^WT:TNESSES

Cases tried in a countv or a state court are

usually decided by a jury.
A jury is a body of twelve men whose names

have been chosen "by lot."
Almost any citizen may be called upon to act

on a jury.
People are often called upon to tell in court

what they know about a case on trial.
They are called icitnesses.
A witness in court takes an ,oath to tell " the

truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the

truth:'

When a witness under oath tells what is not
true, he may be arrested and sent to
prison.

COUNTIES

As each state has its capital city, so each

county has its county seat.
The court house is at the county seat.
We find important papers of the people at the

court house; such as deeds, wills, etc.
Lawmaking in a county is done by a County

Board}
This board also helps to carry out, or execute

laws.
The chief executive officer of a county is the

sheriff.
The sheriff has charge of the jail and prisoners.
Other county officers are the county clerk, the

county treasurer, the county superintendent,

the state or district attorney.

^ In many counties called the Board of Supervisors,

PART FOUR
AMERICA

Ni 0

A T L A N T I C

LABRADOR

"^ ' ^ \^^i \ ^^'^OT — 1-49-7 t::^-r/^

, ^^-"l^oj CA RTI Er" ~ ~°' Te's 5~ -"-^^^o"^" ~^' "^^ j.^^ . ^

v J

^ *^^ — -— '" COLUMBUS 1492

P A C I F I C\\

OCEAN

^-^0^12

'.'il!? if' /tS»

Strait of MagellarT^^^-^ Cape Horti

Map Showing Routes of Early Explorers
44

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

This little boat is nearing a new land.
It has been on its journey many weeks.
You know the name of its brave commander.
All the world knows of Christopher Columbus.
All the world knows of his great discovery of
America, October 12, 1492.

HOW AMERICA Vs7"AS DISCOVERED

Everybody likes stories.

Many stories are told by maps.

We can read maps as we read books.

Look on the map on page 44 and find the line
marked '' Voyage of Columbus."

We see that Cohunbus sailed from Spain.

He landed on an island.

Now find the line marked " Voyage of John Cabot."

John Cabot was born in Italy, but in 1497 he
was living in England.

He sailed from England to America in that year.

The next year Cabot's son sailed to America.

He landed on an island his father had dis-
covered.

He also went on to the mainland.

There he planted the English flag.

Later that land was held by the French.

It was ruled again by the English after many
wars with the French.

To-day, England rules all of Canada*

HO^AT AMERICA

WAS NAMED

We have seen how

America was dis-

covered.

Let us see how it

was named!

I^^sl^ ^^WSw

Amerigo Vespucci, in

1499, sailed to
this country.

Amerigo Vespucci

He landed on the mainland of South America.

He made two other voyages to the New World.

When he went back to Europe he wrote about
what he had seen.

This account was printed and many people read it.

The New World had no name until 1507.

In that year a writer, wishing a name for it,
said, **The New World having been dis-
covered by Amerigo or Americus, we T\all
call it America^

So we see the word America on two large con-
tinents. North America and South America.

FIRST IMMIGRANTS TO AMERICA

The Spaniards discovered America.

Then people of other nations came.

Many of them fomid that America was a good place

for homes. Many of them settled in America.
They settled in colonies.
There were Spanish colonies.
There were French colonies.
There were Dutch colonies.
There were English colonies.
There were also colonies of other nations.
Most of the first settlers in this country were

English.
That is why the language of this country is

English,
The first immigrants to America had a hara time.
Many of them were poor.
Often they had not enough to eat.
At first they had no houses.
Their lives were often in danger from wild

animals and wild Indians.

THE PILGRIMS

/ Photographic Co.

This boat is the Mayflower.

It brought the Pilgrims to America.

The Pilgrims came from England.

They were among the first immigrants to

America.
They found no white people in America.
They found no houses in America.
They found Indians and wigwams.
The Pilgrims were brave men and women.
Brave men and women built up this beautiful

country. They honored America.

If we honor America, we honor our native

country.
When we sing " America " we sing

" Land of the Pilgrims' pride."
The Pilgrims were proud of America.
America has always been proud of the Pilgrims.

My country, 'tis of thee.
Sweet land of liberty.

Of thee I sing ;
Land where my fathers died.
Land of the Pilgrims' pride ;
From every mountain side,

Let freedom ring.

My native country, thee,

Land of the noble free.

Thy name I love.

I love thy rocks and rills,

Thy woods and templed hills;

My heart with rapture thrills,

Like that above.
60

THE FIRST THANKSGIVING

1 — ~

BF""

t #• ft

■3;;.:^ J.

M...JL.

»»

E5S^

.3L

**»

^*iy

Jfc

j^^m^^sm

r ^-;^#^

^ f

r;:^^

%H%/

^^ *! 1

■

p,l*^

r-3

^W-JM-^

/
k

IS^

^^^^H^^Hk^t ^ -^

5^.

^^^^H

■•i^«

^^JBr ^^Sft"^ Jmi^^^

The Pilgrims' Thanksgiving

The Pilgrims cut down trees and built houses.
They planted corn and vegetables.
The next winter they had enough to eat.
They said, '' God has been good to us.
We will thank Him for His goodness."
They had a day of thanksgiving.
They asked some Indians to unite with them.
That was the first Thanksgiving Day.
Now, the American people have
Thanksgiving Day every year.

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES

A Colonial Kitchen

There were thirteen colonies along the coast
from Maine to Florida.

At first these colonies were under the rule of
the country from which they came.

Later, England ruled over them all.

The colonists were asked to pay taxes to Eng-
land.

At last these taxes became very heavy.

The colonists said, "We will not pay them.''

Then the King of England sent soldiers to force

the colonists to pay.

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

Eing! Eing the Liberty Bell!

There are crowds of people in the streets.

They hear the bell and they rejoice.

What does it tell?

It tells the people they are free.

Soon the story is heard over

all the land.
The colonies no longer belong

to England.
They are independent of England.
The Declaration of Independence

is signed.

It was signed by the colonists themselves.
It was signed at Philadelphia, July 4, 1776.
The Fourth of July marks the birthday of our

independence as a nation.

The Liberty Bell

In Independence Hall, Phila-
delphia

"It rang for liberty —
To tell the world that hberty means love,
And love of man for man makes nations free."

GEORGE WASHINGTON

The trouble between England and the colonies

lasted ten years.
It was ended by the war of the American

Revolution.
In this war George Washington was a great leader.
He was the Commander-in-Chief of the American

army.
All nations see in him a wise, great, and good man.
The country became free from England.
A new government was to be made.
Some of the officers under George Washington

wished to make him a ruler.
They offered him a crown.
He said, '' I have fought to make this country

free from crowned rulers."
He refused their offer of power.
George Washington is called ''The Father of

his Country."
He was bom in Virginia, February 22, 1732.

He died December 14, 1799

George Washington

THE STARS AND STRIPES

Every nation has its flag.

Every flag has its story — its history.

We see stars and stripes in our flag.

We count forty-eight stars in our flag.

We count forty-eight states in our country.

The Declaration of Independence had made

each colony a state.
There were thirteen original states.^
Our first flag had thirteen stars.
Let us count the stripes! Thirteen — never

more nor less.
The number of stripes m our flag tells us the

number of original states in our country.
The number of stars tells us the number of

states in our country to-day.
The stripes tell us of the past.
The stars tell us of the present.
The flag stands for the nation.
To honor the flag is to honor the nation.

1 See note, page 61.
0%

'' 'Tis the star-spangled banner ;
Oh, long may it wave
O'er the land of the free

And the home of the brave."

RIGHTS AND DUTIES

"I won't," said John.

"You will," said Mary.

" These are my tools. I have the right to use
them as I please."

" You have no right to make so much noise,"
said Mary. " I have the right to read my
book in peace."

And so they quarreled.

When Mrs. White came in she found the chil-
dren very unhappy.

*'I know you are interested in your book,
Mary. I know you are interested in your
work, John," said the mother.

"You are both interested also in your home.

"Your home is a common interest. It is the
duty of you both to make it a happy
home. That is your common duty.

"It is true, you have many rights.

"Where there are rights there are also duties.

^^ Common duty is the foundation of freedom.^^

A Post-Rider

OUR COMMON CONVENIENCE
A Common Interest

How slowly that horse

jogs along!
" What has the rider

in that bag ? "
That is a mail bag.
It is on the road

from New York

to Boston.
This will be a seven days' journey.
Letters were carried in this way in George

Washington's time.
There were no conveniences for carrying mail in

those days.
To-day we find everything very convenient for

sending and receiving letters.
Everybody likes to receive letters.
We enjoy a common convenience in om- postal

service.

It is one of the common interests of the nation.

OUR COMMON PROTECTION

A Common Interest

What steamship brought you to America?

At what port did you arrive?

Were you in danger while going into port ?

"No, there was no danger."

Were there not dangerous rocks along the coast?

" Yes, but there are lighthouses to show

people where these dangerous rocks are."

Sailors will keep away from these dangerous rocks.

Lighthouses also direct the sailors on their way.

The United States has a long

coast line.

There are many dangerous

rocks on the coast.

People from all the states

travel by water.

The rocks are a common

danger.

Lighthouses are a common protection.

Our common protection is a common interest.

THE STATES UNITED
History tells us how the thirteen^ new states

learned a lesson.
Each state had the right to govern itself, as it

has to-day.
But the states formed a central government for

protection and convenience.
Each state thought only of its own protection.
Each state thought only of its own convenience.
It thought only of its own interests.
It thought only of its own rights.
The states would give no rights to the central

government.
Therefore the central government was very

weak.
Soon the states began to quarrel with each other.
The central government could not help them.
Then the states saw that they were not really

united.

^The thirteen original states were New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela-
ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

THE UNITED STATES

The states said, " Our common protection is a

common interest.
Our common convenience is a common interest.
We have many common interests.
Let us unite for the common good of alir
That is what we mean by the word Nation: —

United for the Common Good of All.
The people had learned that common duty was

the foundation of freedom.
People of the states met in convention.
They made a set of laws called the United

States Constitution.
The states gave to the central government the

right to care for the common interests of

the nation.
Each state kept all other rights of government

for itself.
The purpose of our national government is shown

in the Pre-amble of the United States

Constitution,

UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION

The Pre-amble

" We, the people of the United States, in order
L To form a more perfect Union ;^^ —

to he united:

2. '^To establish Justice;'' —

equal rights to all:

3. " To insure domestic Tranquillity ; " —

peace among ourselves:

4. ''To provide for the Common Defense;'' —

protection against unfriendly nations :

5. " To promote the general Welfare ; " —

the common good of all:

6. '' To secure the blessings of Liberty ; do

ordain and establish this Constitution for

the United States of America."
So was founded the United States.
So has it become one of the great nations of

the world.

PAET FIVE
THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

OUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

The government of our nation is called our

*' national" or "federal" government.

STATE AND NATIONAL. GOVERNMENT

The states used their general plan of state govern-
ment as a pattern for the national government

On page 39 we see the general plan of state
government.

Let us compare it with the plan of our national
government.

Each has three main branches: —
Legislative, Executive, Judicial.

The legislative branch in state government is
called the Legislature, in national govern-
ment, Congress.

The legislative branch in each is divided into
two parts.

What are our state legislative bodies called ?

In national government they are called the
Senate and the House of Bepresentatives.

Members of the House of Eepresentatives are
called Representatives or Congressmen.

Members of both houses of Congress are our

national lawmakers.

THE NATIONAL CAPITAL CITY

We are on our way to visit a capital city.

In what state is it ?

It is not in any of the states.

It is in the District of Columbia.

The District of Columbia was at one time a

part of the state of Maryland.
It was cut out of Maryland when the city

of Washington was made the national

capital.
Washington is only a few hours' ride from New

York.
From the northwest corner of our country to

our nation's capital is a long journey.
Did you ask how long 1 More than 3000 miles.
Think of it! Nearly as far as some of you

traveled in coming to America.
We see what a large country this is.
It is nearly as large as all Europe.
Officers of our national government from every

state in the Union meet at Washington,

THE NATIONAL CAPITOL

This is our first day in Washington.

There are many government buildings to see.

Where shall we begin?

See that beautiful white dome against the blue

sky ! That is the dome of the capitol.
It is not far away, let us go there first!
We are told that it is the most beautiful building

of its kind in the world.
Here we are at the capitol!
We enter! We are within the building where

laws are made to govern our nation,

BOTH HOUSES OF CONGRESS

Hall of the House of Representatives

We shall not stop to count all of those desks.
We know there must be more than four hun-
dred.
Every representative has his desk.
The chair with the flag is the Speaker's chair.
The Speaker is the presiding officer,

^^^

nffi^uipi

■ -^ w '

^ 1

The Senate Chamber

There are not so many desks in the senate

chamber.
The senate numbers ninety-six members.
Two members from each state make up our

United States Senate.
The Vice President of the United States is the

presiding officer of the Senate.

UNITED STATES REPRESENTATIVES

How are the representatives chosen?

They are chosen by the people m the different
states for a term of two years.

How many are sent from each state?

That depends upon the population of the state.

When the national Constitution was made, the
population of our country was divided
into groups of about 30,000 each.

These divisions of the country were called
congressional districts.

The size of the congressional districts has changed
much since the first division.

Our population now numbers nearly one hun-
dred millions.

The congressional districts of our country now
number more than four hundred.

Each of these districts sends its own representa-
tive, or congressman, to Washington.

Each United States representative must repre-
sent about the same number of people.

THE CENSUS

That man is going from house to house.
He has a large book.
We wonder what that

book contains.
He will not tell us.
Neither will he tell our

neighbors.
He will call upon us.
He will ask us many

questions.
We may safely answer them.
He has the right to ask them.
He is an officer of the United States government.
He is a census taker.

If you doubt it, ask him to show you his badge.
The United States census is taken every ten years.
Once in ten years the people of the United

States are counted.
When the whole number of people is known, it is

easy to group them for congressional districts.

Census Taker

THE UNITED STATES SENATE^

Two senators from each state make up our

United States Senate.
Little Ehode Island sends as many senators to

Washington as the large state of Texas.
The states have equal power in the United

States Senate.
United States Senators are chosen by the legis-
latures of the different states.
United States Senators are chosen for six years.
One-third go out of office every two years.
The Senate of the United States represents the

states.
How does it represent the people?
The people choose the members of the state

legislature.
The members of the state legislature choose

the United States Senators.
All roads in our government can be traced to

the people.

*This lesson can be taught best by use of map. See pages 26 and 27.

TO DECIDE TOO QUICKLY MAY BE TO
DECIDE UNW^ISELY

"Mother, may I go to the park to-morrow?"

"I cannot decide now. I shall talk the matter
over with your father."

" That is what you always say, and father says,
'I shall talk the matter over with your
mother.' "

" Yes, we think it best not to decide too quickly.

" To decide too quickly may be to decide unwisely.''^

That was also the thought of the makers of
our Constitution.

For this reason we have two houses of Congress.

A majority^ vote of both houses is necessary
before a bill may become a law.

The bill is then sent to the President to be signed.

If he does not sign it can it not become a law ?

Yes, it may pass both houses again.

A bill then becomes a law if it receives a two-
thirds vote of both houses.

* More than one-half.
75

THE W^HITE HOUSE

The White House is the home of the President
of our nation.

The White House has been the home of the
President and his family since the year
1801.

It was the first pubhc building in Washington.

George Washington, who was the first Presi-
dent, never lived there.

The White House is sometimes called the
Executive Mansion.

THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF THE
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

The President

Who is the President?

What is his name ?

I am sure everybody knows the name of the

President.
The office of President is one of great honor.
The President is the first citizen of the United

States.
Now let us see what his duties are!
The Constitution says, " He shall take care that

the laws are faithfully executed.^^
Think of it ! The laws of this great nation !
Surely, the President has work enough to do.
Our Presidents have been hard-working men.
We have read that Congress makQS the laws.
The President's work is to see that they are

executed.
The President is the chief executive officer of

our nation.

THE PRESIDENT'S CABINET

Congress tells what work shall be done.

The duty of the President is to see that the

work is done.
He executes our national laws.
The work of executing our nation's laws is

divided into departments.
Each department has its chief officer.
The President has power to appoint these chief

officers : they are

Secretary of the State Department ;

Secretary of the Treasury Department ;

Secretary of the Interior Department ;

Secretary of the War Department ;

Secretary of the Navy Department ;

Secretary of the Agricultural Department;

The Attorney-General;

The Postmaster-General;

The Secretary of Commerce and Labor.
These chief officers are together called the
.President's Cabinet

STATE, WAR, AND NAVY DEPARTMENTS

Long ago one nation was the enemy of the

other.
To-day this is not so.

To-day business is going on between the govern-
ments of all the great nations of the world.
Therefore all great nations have their ministers

and consuls in other countries.
This country sends its ministers and consuls to

other countries.
Our State Department at Washington has

charge of this work.
Passports are given by the State Department.
There are War and Navy Departments in our

national government.
Both the army and the navy have a school for

the training of officers.
Officers for the army are trained at West

Point, New York.
Officers for the navy are trained at Annapolis,

Maryland.

THE UNITED STATES TREASURY

Nothing can go on without money.

How is the nation's money collected ?

By taxes on foreign goods, called duty or tariff,

and by taxes on goods made in this country,

called internal revenue.

DUTY OR TARIFF

" What is the cost of this cloth ? "

'' That is two dollars a yard."

" That is very expensive."

**Yes, that cloth is imported. Here is some at

one dollar a yard. It is just as good, but

it was made in this country."

" Why are imported goods so expensive ? "

" Because goods sent into this country to sell

are usually taxed.
This tax is called duty or tariff J^

INTERNAL REVENUE

Do you see the blue stamp on that box of

cigars ?
Stamps like this are also to be found on such

goods as beer, whisky, etc.
They are called internal revenue stamps.
Internal revenue is a tax on goods made in

our own country.
Money collected as internal revenue is sent to

the United States Treasury.
Money collected for postage stamps is sent to

the United States Treasury.
Money collected as duty or tariff is also sent

to the United States Treasurv.

«/

The United States Treasury is the great purse
of the nation.

THE INTERIOR DEPARTMENT

What is the work of the Interior Department?
We might call this the " Home Department,"

because it takes care of the business of

our own land.
It takes care of the public lands, copyrights,

patents, etc.
We see the word patented on many things.
We find the word copyright in the front of this

book and other books.
Patents and copyrights are granted by the

Interior Department.

PUBLIC LANDS

Some people have gone to the west and taken

up public lands.
These lands can be bought at a very low rate.
Many people do not know of the public lands.
Information about them can be obtained by

writing to the Land Office, Washington,

D.C.

TnoMfb /II-, Igfd.

(uLdA^^ydL^i/yia It? Jf ^ it mxiy 6^& at iJvb
htad J0dtb\y ^jfUt.

iJubOfb. Vcyio Q^dj; ^^ Jt va^ dacu/yust^ iJi^ tdv> to-
(y/o^Tb atfizv pt(yphJQ^ tett&v^/' Z/&^/ vt lo., {yiot
tA& ddcOita^Q^Q^ o-Tb tfuto^ itttzv^ w~&v& ^u> fiaattaf
wutttmy, tfib paotmui/yb mulct not lytdcL Uitofo.
htaxi t&tt^i^ dUy ^tmt (hu^ to- iJvb
mut&v, If j(ioa/QM>lb. ^ayyi^lTyi&Q. t/i& ^nxim^ of
tkb w-vlttv uun/yiot h-b TyidcU oiot. (^uypl&
^/ym^ti/jn^Q. taxb "yyiyowty dTuL t&tt&va^ i/yi tfbi/9^
wdj, d^ '^Tyib of tJht^^ ttttbWy m/ybtdi/yu ^yyboybtof.

cu {>la/yi^ Jn^tbvmxitixyybciL THanby ^uLuv. <^/b&v&
cbvb dt^jy da^yrut^tm "ynoTi^y aui&uh. TTiaru^y-
auUwy Q.'d'yh ^m/bioiUf (yt (}~(yiAyakt at alL (^vtm

SmtltlcL'yicL, Tncidlaoi^

POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT

DIVISION OF MONEY ORDERS

Payable in.

UNITED STATES MONEY

Amount^ %

FOKEIGN MONET

(Spaces above this line to be filled in by the Postmaster.)
(Spaces below this line to be filled in with pen and ink by the applicant.)

Application for International Money Order

For the sum of

anci

Payable to

(Name of person who is to receive the money.)

Town (or City) of.
No

Street

Address of
person to whom \
the money is to
be paid.

County, Canton, \
Kreis, or Department f ■

Province,.
. Country,..

Sent by

Address of

person by whom

the money is

sent.

f No

Town or City,.
State of

Street

01^ ta ^umeA/v-& yow'u tett&u Jt w-a^ jm/w-cuuiui

to- my^ JAx>7yv hj>'}n^. J M/m^ /i&u^ tAb d/Lj cupttv
ycxvu 'U}tn^ ta W-cu^k^Tudt/yyu. J myvu. AyUbt ta

ma'b£ln(^ a fi/Uyvt joA^ofu ^^ a^yu o^lva/bmy!' W-a^A-
im^c^ i/yi t/b& mu.'ntvy w-iLt ^& ryun&h. 6-&tt&^
f(yo 'nvy A^mttk thydm 'u>a\Alrba hv t/b& m/)w-ded
i^Ctj. fS^MAzQy; it mdt/3iy 'Q.a th/iusA ta tlv-t l^yo th^b

jah/yu a/yuL AyC^ fcuryiltj a/vb wdZ a/ncl
kdppAf, S^Ayty civ& tlv-i/}^(^ an ci jdvuny in th^t
lA}-&^t. /fub (^Ayltdve.'yi dtt aa ta 'dt.i.lbaat, Init
tA&y kd/jQy d tlttlb wltfb tkb fdiTTu wov£. /it
wtit&Qy t'/bdt tA&y dvb tivlrua w-M d^iuC dt/a/>
^^v-i/yua d titttb "manm,

cut "oubif to24} uut^/Qy. l?la/n/ij of tAemv au^ aoocC

2ih& vmJud to ^yyu>w- dlxmt ^t/ym^ oAdru-
cUyyuycL joA^ofusy. W-b wu>t& ta tA^ €<ifwtaL^ af tA&
^ate/Qy i/ro w-hyl&fb tA&a^& foAAWOy cii& tamtid f<yb
i/nyfcn/yyuituyyb dlnyut tAt^yro. 3^/ud htjiicublym^'ybt

(ZavLrndX/UyUy i/yu iJi^ atcut^^y k/i^ o^hMAxit of

J myoAy J wulakt lyb w-vtfu ofoiA^ o'yu yoiuo
v^l^t to tA^ (ZavimALtwbcJL ht^'utmu/yut at
W'ciQyh.l^yudtyyu. J amv qaov& J ^A/yuLcL fi/yuci
iJucut vtvy i/yitubb'atA/yuc^.

J Ax>pb to ktd^j f^bo'yw ap^ cuocuLtu {y&fau^
yaio ut^AAy^yu koofub.

W-vtfu fiirud ^yb(pi/bd/3y,

iMyiuwy tAyulnf,

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Agricultural Building

Shall we enter this building ?

Yes, we can here learn what kinds of plants and
fruits are raised in this country.

We can also learn in what parts each kind can
best be raised.

Our country has many agricultural interests.

The Department of Agriculture at Washington
has much work to do.

Among other things, it sends seeds and also in-
formation, free of charge, to farmers all over
this country.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR

Immigrants Landing in America

We shall never forget our arrival in America.

There were many people at our port of ar-
rival.

We saw many officers of the government there.

Did you see one of them write the letters
" S. I." on the coat of any new-comer?

This new-comer was kept for Special Inquiry,

Perhaps you saw that man on your boat.

You thought any country might be glad to be
rid of him.

The doors of this country are closed to all who
might be a burden to the nation.

Every country has the right to make laws for
its protection.

We have many immigration laws.

They protect the country and also protect the
immigrant.

A million immigrants every year have been arriv-
ing in America.

This large number of new-comers causes many
changes in matters of commerce and labor in
this country.

Our government has a Department at Wash-
ington to look after these interests of the
nation.

The Department of Commerce and Labor also
carries out our immigration laws.

It takes care of the United States census.^

It provides for lighthouses.^

It has also a Division of Naturalization.^

1 See page 73. 2 gge page 60. « See pages 116, 118, 119.

JUDICIAL BRANCH OF NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT

United States Supreme Court Room

The United States Supreme Court consists of

nine judges called Justices.
This is the highest court in the land.
The lowest national courts are called district

courts.
There are many district courts, each having its

judge.

There are also circuit courts of appeals.

SUMMARY

We leave Washington to-day.

We have visited both houses of Congress, where

our nation's laws are made.
We have also visited departments where we

saw the execution of these laws.
We found that our nation's laws are not executed

by the men who make them.
We visited the Supreme Court room.
The judges are not given a part in the making

or in the execution of laws.
The power of each of the three branches of our

government must be kept separate.
Some countries have the power of the three

branches of government held by one person.
Such a government is called an " absolute mon-
archy."
Russia is an absolute monarchy.
The United States is not a monarchy.
It is a republic.
In a republic the people rule.

PAET SIX
OUR REPUBLIC

OUR REPUBLIC

How the People Rule

We read on page 61 how the new states learned

a lesson.
Perhaps they said as some people say to-day,

^' What is the use of government ? "
The states found that they needed a government

for convenience and also for protection.
Then the people united.
They said, ''The people of this land shall be

free; they shall choose their rulers."
They shall govern through their rulers.
They shall govern by written law.
Our United States Constitution^ is a written law.
It is the highest law of the land.
By this law United States government officers

must be chosen by the people.
They may be chosen from any class of people.
How are they chosen?

1 See page 63.
94

ELECTION DAY

This is Tuesday after the first Monday in No-
vember.

On this day men go to the polls to vote.

What are the
polls ?

What is the ^^
meaning of
the word
vote ?

To vote means
to choose.

The polls are An Election Booth

the voting places.
At the polls we see how the people rule.
After the polls close, the votes or ballots are counted.
More than one half of all the votes cast is a

majority.
Sometimes no one candidate has a majority.
Then the candidate having the most votes for

any office has a plurality.

The candidate having the most votes for an

office is elected.
He is elected to do the work of our government.
If the voters are good and wise men, they will

vote for good men to do the work of our

government.
In a republic the government is like the people.

REGISTRATION OF VOTERS

On election day we see many polling places in

a city.
Why are there so many polling places?
For the convenience of voters.
Can a man vote at more than one of these

polling places on election day?
No, he cannot.
He cannot vote outside of the election district

in which he lives.
How may it be known that a man votes but

once on election day?

Let us see!

Some time before election day, you may have
seen signs like this : —

VoTEKS Register Here
These signs were in different parts of the

city.
One of these signs was to be found in every

election district.
Voters registered their names at these places.
There were election officers at these places.
It was the work of these officers to see that no

one registered his name who had not the

right to do so.
These officers require a man to answer certain

questions before he may register his name.
A voter registers his name in the election dis-
trict in which he lives.
A man cannot vote unless his name has been

registered.^
When a man votes his name is marked, and he

cannot vote again on that election day.

^ This is the law in nearly all cities.

VOTING

The voting is done in booths.
Only one voter at a time is allowed in the booth.
In most cities voting is done by use of a paper

ballot.
A form of paper ballot is

shown on page 100.
Paper ballots are not used

in all cities.
In some cities a voting ma-
chine is used.
When a machine is used,
voting is done by pull-
ing a lever.
A Voting Machine rpj^^^ rcgistcrs the vote.

A man should know for which candidates he
will vote before he enters the booth on
election day.

He should also know how to vote for these
candidates before he enters the booth on

election day.

ELECTIONS

Elections are usually held in October or No-
vember.
City officers are elected by voters of the city.
County officers are elected by voters of the county.
State officers are elected by voters of the state.
A presidential election is held every four years.
The President is not elected directly by the

people.
He is elected by a number of men called

"electors."
These electors are chosen by the people.
A Vice President is elected at the same time

and in the same way as the President.
Each state has as many electors as it has

senators and representatives in Congress.
These electors elect the President.
The President and Vice President must oe

native citizens of this country.
They must have reached the age of thirty-five

years.

To vote a straight ticket, stamp a cross (X) within the circle under the
of your party ticket and a cross (X) after each candidate not on your party ti(
ALL MARKS EXCEPT THE CROSS (X) ARE FORBIDDEN.
ALL DISTINGUISHING MARKS AND ERASURES ARE FORBIDDEN

REPUBLICAN

To vote a straight ticket

stamp a cross (X) within

the circle.

DEMOCRATIC
0

To vote a straight ticket

stamp a cross (X) within

the circle.

INDEPEN. LEAGUE

To vote a straight ticket

stamp a cross (X) within

the circle.

To vote
stamp a

For Governor,
HIRAM JOHNSON.

For Governor,
THEODORE BELL.

For Rep. to Congress,
WILLIAM STEPHENS

ForC
J. s.

For Lieut. Governor,
ALBERT WALLACE.

For Lieut. Governor,
T. SPELLACY.

For County Clerk,
C. G. KEYES.

For Lieu
F. C. V

For Secretary of State,
FRANK JORDAN.

For Secretary of State,
S. S. BAYLEY.

For County Superin-
tendent of Schools,
MARK KEPPEL.

For Score
E. A. C

For Treasurer,
W. R. WILLIAMS.

For Treasurer,
T. S. MALONE.

Fori
A. E.

For State Senator,

36th Senatorial District,

C. W. BELL.

For State Senator,

36th Senatorial District,

D. HAMMACK.

For Sta

36th Senat

W. J.

For County Clerk,
H. J. LELANDE.

For County Clerk,
LOYD MATEE.

For Coi
G. B. I

For Sheriff,
W. A. HAMMEL.

For Sheriff,
W. T. HARRIS.

—

For
F. H

For District Attorney,
J. D. FREDERICKS.

For District Attorney,
T. L. WOOLWINE.

For Distr
J. H. R

For Auditor,
WALTER A. LEWIS.

For Auditor,
FRED L. DWYER.

For
A. F.

For Assessor,
ED W. HOPKINS.

For Assessor,
W. H. TRUITT.

Fori

The above is a part

100

heading. To vote a split ticket, stamp a cross (X) in th^pitfiit, PjtA^ t«9ad'

or whom you wish to vote.

) MAKE

THE BALLOT VOID.

1ST
1

ght ticket
X) within
e.

PROHIBITION

To vote a straight ticket

stamp a cross (X) within

the circle.

INDEPENDENT
NOMINATIONS

Blank Column

The elector may write
in the column below,
the name of any per-
son whose name is
not printed on this
ballot for whom he
desires to vote.

►N.

For Governor,
SIMEON MEADS.

For Judge of Superior

Court,

PAUL McCORMICK.

For Governor,

mor,
ER.

For Lieut. Governor,
M. W. ATWOOD.

GOOD GOVT
ORGANIZATION

To vote a straight ticket

stamp a cross (X) within

the circle.

For Lieut. Governor,

State,

r.LL.

For Secretary of State,
LUCIUS DALE.

For Associate Justice of
the Supreme Court,

;s.

For Treasurer,
W. P. FASSETT.

For State Senator,
36th Senatorial District,

tor,

strict.

For State Senator,

36th Senatorial District,

A. R. GRAHAM.

For County Clerk,

:rk,
LL.

For District Attorney,
FRANK HUTTON.

For Judge of the Superior

Court,

F. FINLAYSON.

For County Superin-
tendent of Schools,

For Sheriff,
J. De La MONTE.

For Tax Collector,
W. DESMOND.

For Tax Collector,

mey,

AN.

For District Attorney,
FRANK S. HUTTON.

For District Attorney,
T. L. WOOLWINE

For Recorder,

For Auditor,
WALTER A. LEWIS.

For Coroner,
A. C. PRATT.

For Coroner,

Ir.

For Assessor,
E. W. HOPKINS.

For Surveyor,

a ballot. November, 1910.

101

^^ ^^ " '-irGMIlSrA1:iGN OF CANDIDATES FOR

ELECTION

On a ballot we see the names of candidates for
election.

Who named these candidates for election?

They were named or *^ nominated" before elec-
tion day by different gatherings of people.

These gatherings were called caucuses, pri-
maries, and conventions.

The primary or ward meeting is the lowest
convention.

It is also the most important convention.

Much depends upon the work done by the
primaries.

At the primaries, nominations are made directly
by the people.

The work of county, state, or national conven-
tions is usually done by representatives of
the people, or delegates.'^

1 Some states have what is called a " Du'ect Primary" system. In
these states all voters may have a part in naming those who are to go
on the state' ballot. This is done at open primary meetings.

102

The ward people send delegates to the county

convention.
The county convention sends delegates to the

state convention.
The state convention sends delegates to the

national convention.
Each political party has its caucuses, primaries,

and conventions.
These conventions appoint delegates, and also

name candidates for election.
The ward candidates are usually named at the

primaries.
The county candidates are usually named by

the county convention.
The state candidates are usually named by the

state convention.
The national convention nominates the candi-
dates for President and Vice President of the

United States.
The national convention is made up of national

delegates.

103

Let us say Mr. X was a candidate for Presi-
dent.

Who nominated him? Delegates to the na-
tional convention of his political party.

Who were these delegates? They were men
appointed by the delegates to the state
conventions.

Who appointed the state delegates? The
county delegates.

Who appointed the county delegates ? The
people who met together in the towns and
wards of cities.

Each convention meets when called together by
its committee.

Each political party has its committee.

One of the duties of these committees is to
bring before the people the questions be-
tween the parties.

This is done through the newspapers and by
public meetings.

The committees have duties of different kinds.

104

POLITICAL PARTIES

Your ballot ^ shows that there are several political
parties.

There were political parties in this country as
early as the year 1776.

They were called '* Whigs" and "Tories."

The Tories did not wish independence from
England.^ The people who wished their
independence were called ** Whigs."

Since that time many questions have come up
to divide the voters.

One of these questions has been, *^ Shall we
have free trade or shall we have a tariff V^^

The wish of the people is shown by the vote.

We will uphold the wish of the greatest num-
ber of people.

A good citizen not only obeys laws which he likes ;
he also obeys laws which he does not like.

Our form of government is a good one. We will
uphold it even if our candidate is not elected.

1 See page 100. " See page 52. « See page 80.
105

A QUESTION W^HICH DIVIDED THE
VOTERS IN 1860

The question of slavery at one time divided

the voters in this country.
A slave is a person who is not free.
He can be bought and sold hke a horse.
The black or colored people in this country are

called negroes.
The first negroes in America were brought here

as slaves in the early days of the colonies.
At one time most of the people of the South

thought slavery was right.
Most of the people of the North thought

slavery was wrong.
The question had not been settled in 1860.
It became time to elect another President.
One political party named Abraham Lincoln for

President.
Abraham Lincoln thought slavery did no one

any good.
The question of slavery divided the voters.

106

THE CIVIL "WAR

'' We will leave the Union," said some of the

Southern states.
The question now became, " Shall the Union

of States be saved or shall it be divided?"
This question caused a Civil War.
During the war President Lincoln set millions

of slaves free.
The war lasted four years.

Then peace was made and the Union was saved.
The North and South became friends once more.
To-day we are all one Great Nation.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

Abraham Lincoln was

born February 12,

1809, in a log cabin

in Kentucky.
When he was a boy,

he worked as a

1 1 p House in which Abraham Lincoln

laborer on a larm. was bom

107

Night was the only time he had for study.
By hard and patient work he rose higher and

higher. He became a great man.
He was the leader in saving the Union.
In America, the son of the poorest man may

become the greatest in the land.

108

THE RIGHT TO VOTE IS GIVEN AS A TRUST

A man's family is given to him as a trust.

It is his duty to protect his family.

It is his duty to work for the good of his

family.
The right to vote is given as a trust.
This right is given for the public good.
It should be used for the public good.
A man should not vote for his own interests

alone.
He should vote for the common good of all.
We see that a vote is not a thing to be bought

or sold.
The man who buys or sells a vote is guilty of

a great crime.
The voter has it in his power to make our gov-
ernment good or bad.
The best government in the world will go

down if it is in the hands of bad men.
As men wish to live under a good government, a

man in this country wiU wish to be a voter.

109

WHO MAT VOTE

Who are the voters ?

In all the states men are allowed to vote.

In many states women vote only for officers of

schools.
In a few states women may vote on a state

ballot.
We see that the right to vote is given by state

laws.
It is not given by national laws.
A man might have the right to vote in one

state who would not have that right in

another.
In nearly all the states two things must be

true of the man who votes : —
He must have reached the age of twenty-one.
He must be a citizen of the United States.

CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES

There are two classes of people in America: —
native and foreign born,

110

Native-born people are those who were born in

this country.
Foreign-born people are those who were born

in some other country.
All of the native-bom people are citizens of this

country.^
In both classes are men, women, and children.
We see that men, women, and children may be

citizens of this country.
Any child whose father is a native citizen is a

citizen of this country.
A foreign woman may become an American

citizen if she marries an American citizen.
An American woman loses her citizenship if

she marries a man who has not given up

his citizenship to a foreign country.
Citizens who have been guilty of high crimes

may sometimes lose their citizenship.
Foreign-born people may become American

citizens.

^ A child born to foreign parents who are merely on a visit to this country
is not an American citizen.

Ill

NATURALIZED CITIZENS

There are two classes of citizens in America : —
native and foreign born.

Both classes have equal rights.

A foreign-born citizen has all the rights that
belong to the native-born citizen.

He has the same right to protection.

He has the same right to take part in the elec-
tion of officers of our government.

He has the same right to hold office ^ under our
government.

The poor and down-trodden of other countries
may in this country become the greatest
among men.

We read in the National Constitution: —

'^ All persons born or naturalized in the
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United States, ^^

Foreign-born citizens are called naturalized
citizens.

^Except that of President and Vice President of the United States.

112

PART SEVEN
NATURALIZATION

One flag, one land, one heart, one hand,
One nation, evermore. — Holmes.

NATURALIZATION

A Petitioner for Naturalization ^

Mr. Poland is a native of Eussia.

He came to America to earn his living.

He has chosen America for his home.

Mr. Poland wishes to become an American citizen.

He will ask a court of the state in which he

lives to make him an American citizen.
He will go before the court with two witnesses.
A petitioner for naturalization and his witnesses

are asked to prove: —

1. That the petitioner is a good man;

2. That he has lived in this country at least Jive

years, continuously — that is, year after year ;

3. That he has lived at least one year in the

state ;

4. That he has reached the age of twenty-one ;

5. That it is at least two years since he obtained

his Declaration of Intention.

* The cost to the petitioner for filing his petition for naturalization
in court is four dollars.

114

DECLARATION OF INTENTION OR
"FIRST PAPER"

A foreigner who has not been naturalized is

called an alien.
An alien in this country may obtain his "First

Paper " at any time after he has reached the

age of eighteen years.
By going before a court of the state in which

he lives, he may obtain a blank called "Facts

for Declaration of Intention."^
This blank, filled out, will be returned to the

clerk of the court, who will use it in mak-
ing out his " Declaration of Intention."
A man may be asked to sign his name in

English to his declaration.
When he petitions for naturalization he will

need his declaration.
He will need to remember the date of it.
He cannot use it within two years nor after

seven years from that date.

^ See next page.
115

FACTS FOR DECLARATION OF INTENTION
department of Commerce ant ILabor

NATURALIZATION SERVICE .
Name in full Age years

(Age at last birthday.;

Occupation: Color : Complexion:

Height : feet. inches. Weight : .jjounds.

Color of hair : Color of eyes :

Other visible distinctive marks :

Where horn : ,

(City or town.) (Country.)

Date of birth: , ,

(xMonth.) (Day.) (Year.)

Present residence: , ,

(Number and street.) (City or town.) (State.)

Emigrated from : , Vessel

^ '' (Port.) (Country.)

Last place of foreign residence: ,

^ -^ ^ ^ (City or town.) (Country.)

I am now a subject of and intend to renounce allegiance to ,

(Name.) (Title.)

Date of arrival in the United States: , ,

(Month.) (Day.) (Year.)

Port of arrival: ,

(City or town.) (State.)

Note.— A copy of this form should be furnished by the clerk of the court to each
applicant for a declaration of intention, so that he can at his leisure fill out
the answers to the questions. After being filled out the form is to be re-
turned to the clerk, to be used by him in properly filling out the Declaration
of Intention. If the applicant landed on or after June 29, 1906, his decla-
ration should not be filed until the name of the vessel is definitely given (or
the name of the railroad or border port in the United States through which
the alien entered) as well as the date of arrival.

To THE Applicant. — The fee of one dollar must be paid to the clerk of the
court before he commences to fill out the declaration of intention. No fee
is chargeable for this blank.

116

CERTIFICATE OF ARRIVAL

The court finds that Mr. Poland arrived m

America after June 29, 1906.
The court therefore requires his Certificate of

Arrival.
How is this to be obtained?
The letter form on the next page will show you

how to obtain it.
Mr. Poland is given one of these letter forms.
He is also given a blank form like the one on

page 119, Facts for Petition for Naturalization.
He will fill out these two blanks and forward

them to the following address : —

Chief, Division of Natuealization,

Depaktmext of Commerce and Laboe,
Washington, D. C.

A man's Certificate of Arrival cannot be made
out if mistakes are made in fiUing out his
Bequest for Certificate of Arrival or Facts
for Petition for Naturalization.

117

REQUEST FOR CERTIFICATE OF ARRIVAL

FOR USE OF ALIENS ARRIVING AFTER JUNE 29, 1906

29epartmmt of Commerce antJ ilabor

NATURALIZATION SERVICE

Chief, Division of Naturalization,

Department of Commerce and Labor,
Washington, D. C.

Sir : I came to this country after June 29, 1906. Please obtain a
certificate showing my arrival in the United States and forward it
to the Clerk of the._

(Give title of court and city and county and state
where court is located in which petition will be filed.)

for filing as the law requires, with the petition for naturalization,
which I intend to file in that court.

In the accompanying statement ^ I have given the date I landed
and the place of my arrival and shown the facts which will go in
my petition for naturalization when it is filed.

Eespectfully,

(Name in full.)

(Address.)
* " Facts for Petition for Naturalization." See next page.

118

FACTS FOR PETITION FOR NATURALIZATION

department of Commerce antj 3Labor

NATURALIZATION SERVICE

(Give here name used in Declaration of Intention.)

1. My place of residence is^ ^ - - - -.-.» 7^-. 1 - - -*-r -^-

^ ^ (No. and name of street.) (City, county, state.)

2. My present occupation is

3. I was born on the___day of , 18.__, at___

•' (City.) (Country.)

and my last foreign residence was -, --

•^ ^^ (City.) (Country.)l

4. I emigrated to the United States from ____,

(Port of embarkation.) (Coimtry.)

on or about day of , 19.__., and I arrived at

the port of ., , on the

(Port of arrival.) (State.)

day of , 19 , on the vessel

by first cabin , second cabin , steerage

at which time my height was feet inches;

complexion, ; color of hair, ; color of eyes, ;

occupation, : destined to , ,

^ ' (City.) (State.) '

and accompanied by

5. I declared my intention to become a citizen of the United States
on the day of ., 19___, at

(Location of Court.)

in the .court of.

119

« T • J -nr wife's was

6. lam married. My j^^g^^^^,^ name . ^

He _„„ , ^^„ . „„/! IS now deceased

oi. was born in , and • -, .

one (Citv or town.) rcountrv.) now lesicles at

(City or town.) (Country.)

I have .child.

whose name, date and place of birth, and place of residence are
as follows :

., born .day of ., 1___, at ; resides at

., bom day of , 1___, at ; resides at

., born day of , 1___, at ; resides at

7. I now owe allegiance to__.

(Name.) (Title.)

8. I am able to speak the English language.

9. I have resided continuously in the United States since the

__». day of ., 19 , and in the

state of since the day of , 19___

10. Have heretofore made petition for United States citizen-
ship. •
I previously petitioned for citizenship to the

court, at. ., on the

(City or town.) (State.)

day of , 19__., which was denied for the following

reason: ._

The cause of such denial has since been cured or removed.

(Sign name in full.)

120

THE W^ITNESSES

The witnesses for the petitioner must be citi-
zens of the United States.
If they are naturalized citizens, they may be

asked to show their certificates of naturaU-

zation in court.
The witnesses are obliged to prove : —
That they know the petitioner to be a good

man ;
That he has been living in this country five

years, continuously — that is, year after year ;
That he has lived one year in the state.
The petitioner has the same witnesses at the

last hearing that he had at the first hearing.
If for some good reason, a witness in the first

case cannot appear at the last hearing, what

then is to be done ?
Another witness may take his place.
When such a substitute is to appear, the fact

should be made known to the court before

the time set for the last or "final hearing."

121

THE FINAL HEARING

Mr. Poland's Declaration of Intention, Certificate

of Arrival, and Petition for Naturalization

have been filed in court ninety days.
He now appears in open court.
There are many petitioners in the court room.
The judge enters! Three taps are sounded!
All in the court room stand up.
Another three taps ! All are seated.
Mr. Poland's name is called.
The petitioners who are obliged to wait will not

lose patience.
Disorder in court is Contempt of Court, for

which a man may be arrested and fined.
Mr. Poland and his witnesses step forward.
They raise their right hands when the clerk

reads the oath.
They must be ready to answer many questions

in open court.
When they mean to answer " yes " or '' no "

they will not nod or shake their heads.

122

SOME QUESTIONS WHICH MAY BE ASKED
THE PETITIONER

The petitioner is often asked questions like the

following : —
What is the name of this country ?
Why is it called United States? Because it is

made up of many states united.
How many states are there ? Forty-eight.
How are they united? Under one government.
Who is the President of the United States ?
What is his work ? To execute the laws of the

nation.
Who makes these laws? Congress.
Where are they made ? At Washington, our

National capital.
What are the two divisions of Congress?

The Senate and the House of Representatives.
How many senators are sent to Washington

from each state ? Two.
How many representatives are there in Con-
gress ? 435.

123

What is the highest court in the land? The

United States Supreme Court.
What is the United States Constitution'? The

fundamental law of the nation.
In what state do you hve?
Who is the chief executive officer of a state?

The governor.
What is the name of the governor of this

state ?
Who makes the state laws ? The state legislature.^
Where are the state laws made ? At the state

capital.
In what city do you live ?

Who is the chief executive officer of your city ?
What is his work ? To execute laws.
Who make your city laws?
Name the three branches of government.
Which branch makes laws? The Legislative.
Which branch executes laws? The Executive,
Which branch applies laws? The Judicial.

1 See note, page 29.
124

MR. POLAND IS ADMITTED AS AN

AMERICAN CITIZEN

A Naturalization Court

The court decides that Mr. Poland would be a
good American citizen.

Poland, with right hand raised, takes the
Oath of Allegiance, which is read by the clerk :

"It is my intention to become a citizen of the United States
and to renounce absolutely and forever all allegiance and fidelity
to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty, and partic-
ularly Nicholas II, Czar of Russia, of which I am now a subject,
and it is my intention to reside permanently in the United States."

125

Mr. Poland receives his Certificate of Naturali-
zation.

He is now an American citizen. Also his wife,
and children under twenty-one years of age,
are, by this act, American citizens.

They have chosen this country for their home.

They will now love two countries.

They will love the land of their birth.

They will also love the land of their happiness.

They have chosen America above all other lands.

They ought to honor it above all other lands.

America has opened its doors to people of
nearly all the nations of the world.

Let us prove to the world that all nations may
hve together as one nation. Let us all
be Americans!

America was made great by the united people
of many lands : they were Americans,

If we choose America as our home, obey
America's laws, and make our hves useful
in America, we are Americans.

126

VOCABULARY

TRANSLATED IXTO

ITALIAN BY Ferdinaxdo Cuniberti
GERMAN BY Hermann Pfaefflix
SWEDISH BY Emile Gilbert Benzon
FEENCH BY Charles Carron
POLISH BY MiEczYsiiAW Kowalski

GREEK BY CONSTANTINE VaXN AND
EUSTRATIUS MyTARELLIS

YIDDISH BY Oscar Caplan

127

English

Italian

German

Swedish

uno, una

tin, cine, eiti

en, ett

abandoned

abbandonato

aufgegeben

kvarlamna

able

capace

tmftanbe, fat)ig

skicklig

about

circa, intorno

ungcfo^r, tm S3e=
griff (fein)

omkring

above

sopra

liber, obcr^alb

ofvan

absence

assenza

?lbrt)efen^eit

franvaro

absolutely

assolutamente

abfotut, unbebingt

ovillkorligt

accompanying

accompagnante

begleitetib

medfoljde

account

relazione

^onto

beskrifning

act

agire

§anbIuTtg, ^anbctn

handling

address

indirizzo

Stbrcffe

adress

admit

ammettere

^utaffcn

antaga

after

dopo

nad}

efter

again

anc6ra

trteber

igen

against

contro

gegen

emot

age

eta

mtev

alder

ago

fa, tempo fa

bor

langesedan

agree

convenire

iibercinfontmcn

ofverensstamma

agriculture

agricoltura

9Icferbau

akerbruk

air

aria

?uft

luft

alien

straniero

StuStatibcr

utlandning

all

tutto

allt, alia

allegiance

fedelta

^ulbtgung, ®c^or=
fam

trohet

allow

permettere

erlaiiben, gcjlatten

tillata

almost

quasi

faft, bcitta^e

nastan

alone

solo

aUein

ensam

along

lungo

mit, cnttang

langsmed

also

anche

aud^

ocksa

amendment

ammenda

SSerbefferung,
3ufa^

forbattring

among

fra

unter
128

ibland

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

un, une

jakis

€ls

abandonn^

opuszczony

KaTaXT)(t>Oc(s

pK^-irB

capable

potrafic

iKavos

rnuB

environ, au sujet

okolo

ucpC

pm\

de, de

au dessus

ponad

VTTCpdvM

•nra-K

absence

nieobecnosc

dirov<r(a

i3'"n3imrnsK

absolument

stanowczo

diroXvTws

D"117-I2K tt^3

accompagnant

towarzyszac

trvvoSfvoficvos

lUD^^bjrn

r^cit

zdanie, sprawy

a4>^7Tl<ris

3r3I7Din

acte, agir

dziaJac

CV€p7«

tsKnta piTTTJ

adresse

adres

SicuOvvcris

uccirnK

admettre

wpuscic, przyznac irapaS^xonat

|I77Kb:^X

aprfes

potem

p^rd

DUnSKJ

encore

znowu

irdXiv

bKlSK 1K3

contre

przeciw

cvavrCov

|i?:i7J

age

wiek

T|XiK£a

D-'^'^tDbK

Hya

temu

,rp6

pms

s'accorder avec,

zgodzia

irapa8€xop.ai

pa"'t2tt?r''K

couvenir

agriculture

rolnictwo

^ewpTfta

ts^nnK"nr

air

powietrze

d^p

issnb

e'tranger

cudzoziemiec

l^vos

nnsubD^K

tout, tous

wszystko

iras

17bbK

fid^lit^, ob^is-

wieraosc

ircieopxCa

13'^rr'^tD

sance

permettre

pozwolic

lirirp^o)

psibnu

presque

prawie

<rx€86v

}3T\V(,T^

seul

sam

jjmSvos

r'rK

le long de

wzdiusz

Kard (ifiKOS

I»aKn2£ ,tD^a

aussi

takze

«rC<rns

T1K

amendement

poprawka

4iri8i.6p6(D<ri.s

J3'l'TrDI73"irB

parml, entre

mi^zy

129

irtsr.is

English

Italian

German

Swedish

uno, una

ein

and

e,ed

iinb

och

animal

animale

2:ier

djur

another

un altro

ein 5lnberer, ein*
anber

en annan

answer

risposta

Slntluort, antlx)or=
ten

svar

any

qualunque

irgenb (ein)

nagon

appeal

appellare

appellieren

anhallan

appear

comparire

crfc^einen

uppenbara si<

applicant

applicante, rivol-

2lp|)Ufont, 33ett)er=

ansokare

gersi

ber, S3ittfteller

apply

applicare

ontnenben

gora bruk af

appoint

nominare

crnennen

tillsatta

army

armata

SIrmee, §eer

arm6

around

intorno

urn

omkring

arrest

arrestare "

arretieren, toerl^af*
ten

arrest

arrive

arrivare

anfommen

anlanda

ashes

cenere

aska

ask

domandare

fragen, bitten

Mga

automobile

StutomobU

automobil

away

via

tDcg, fort

bort

baby

bambino

^inbc^en

bam

bad

cattivo

bofe, fd)Hmm

dalig

badge

distintivo

2lb3eid)en

orden

bag

borsa

®ocf

sack

baggage

bagaglio

®e|)ocf

baggage

ball

palla

SBaU

boll

ballot

scheda

(Stimmgettet,
©timrne

valsedel

essere

fetn
130

vara

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

un, une

jakis

els

KaC

*131K

animal

zwierze

twov

!n^'^ts

un autre, une

inny

€T€pOS

i?"ii?i:k3K

autre

repondre, r^ponse

odpowledziec

dirdvTt]<ris

"ll?Bt23iy

quelque

ktos

oiroios

nSWTK

appel, appeler

appelowac

dvaKoXw

pTbrsK

comparaitre

pokazac si§

dva4>aivQ|i,ai

irr-'uny

qui fait une de-

zgfaszajacy si^

alTr]TTJs

tSKTn^Np

mande

f aire une demand

zgfosic si^,

(jLcraxcLpitojiai, ai-

|i?rrfui2i:ii:K

appliquer

uzywa6

re*

nommer

mianowac

Siopito)

jUia-'DtsTn

arm^e

wojsko, armia

o-Tpards

prsKi^ND ytt^K

autour de

naokoJo

^^pi|

DnK

arrestation, arre-

aresztowac

<rv\Xa|JLpdv<o

P"1*1217"IK

ter

arriver

przybyc

d<|>€Kvov|iat

piDp3K

cendres

popio^

Te(|>pa

DrrK

demander

pytac si^

Cp€T(G

|I7t2!72

automobile

samochod

aVTOKlVTlTOV

b'-nKiaKtiK

loin

precz

(laKpdv

punx

b^b6

dzieci^

Pp,'«j,OS

^Tpr^\>

mauvais, m^chant

niedobry

KaKOS

taairbt:?

insigne

oznak

irapdo-tjiov

]'Q'y^:i

sac

worek

craKKOS

pKT

bagage

pakunki

diroo-KCvaC

enxJKn

balle, pelote

pilka do gry

<r4)aipa

up^^^s

ballottage, scrutin

gJos

^|/fi«t>os

cpbxj

gtre

by6

ctvai

131

English

Italian

German

Swedish

beautiful

bello

Won

skon

because

perch^

tveit

emedan

become

divenire

tt)erben

blifva

been

stato

gettjefeix

varit

beer

birra

Stcr

bir

before

avanti, innanzi

t)or

innan

begin

cominciare

beginnen, anfangen

borja

belong

appartenere

ge^oren

tillhora

besides

oltre

au^er

dessutom

better

meglio

beffer

battre

between

fra

gttJtjd^en

emellan

bill

progetto di legge

9ie(^nung, SSorlage

sedel, lagforslag

birth

nascita

©eburt

fodelse

black

nero

jc^tt)ar5

svart

blank

modulo, carta

btanf

oskrifvet

blessing

benedizione

®cgen, @cgnung

valsignelse

boat

battello

53oot

bat

body

corpo

Mh, torpcr

samling

boil

bollire

fteben

koka

bonfire

fal6

greubenfeucr

lusteld

book

libro

^nd)

bok

book-keeper

ragioniere

33ud)f)alter

bokhallare

born

nato

geboren

fodd

both

ambo

beibe, beibeg

bada

bottle

bottiglia

?5Iafd)e

flaska

bounce

saltare

losfpringen

att hoppa

boy

ragazzo

^nobe, 3unge

gosse

branch

ramo

3tt)eig

gren, slaktled

brave

valoroso

tapfcr, brat)

tapper

break

rompere

brecfjen

bryta, krossa

breathe

respirare

atntcn, jc^naufen
132

andas

French,

I-olish

Greek

Yiddish

beau

sliczny

upaios

wnutt?

k. cause, parce que

gdyz

IvfiS^

b^n

devenir

stac si^

YCvofUii

pnUTI K1X

^t^

byf

junw pa

bi^re

piwo

t«eos

nirs

avant, auparavant

przed

irpCv

-^'OTT'^t

commencer

zaczac

dpxtt«

Iw:kb3k

appartenir

naleze6

dvTiKW

I17-|I?ni7J K13C

en outre,

oprocz

irp6s-T0VT0is

"ITD-'IK

d'ailleurs

mieux, meilleur

lepszy

KoXX^TCpOV

"lUDiya

entre

mi^dzy

|icTa|v

frrm kix

projet de loi

projekt do prawa

vo|io(rx4Siov

tspirK-iB7i7Tr:

naissance

urodzenie

•ye'vvTio-is

nta-nsi73

noir

czarny

jutvpos

pKnc?

module, formule

blankiet

<rx^8tov (k6v6s \St-

pos)

^TT-h

benediction

bJogosfawieristwo

cv\o-y»v

a31\rtS3I7S

bateau

?6dz

irXoiov

p^nr

corps

ciato

(rw|i,a

irBTTp

bouillir

gotowac

Ppdta,

II73KP

feu de joie

polny ogied

Xap(KS(ruva inipd

•TO^-B-17-l^-nB

livre

ksiazka

pipXCov

teneur de livres

buchalter

Xo-yio-T-fls

irobKn-3in

urodzony

i^€v^eii

ir-iKsi?:

tons les deux

obadwa

d}JL<i)6T€pOl

17-i'^n

bouteille

butelka

<t,tdXT,

^vh^

sauter

podrzucac

iraTttYw

pjrner

garQon

chfopiec

irais

bi7:rK

branche

gBX^t

KXdSos

:36^^^tt2K

brave

odwazny

dv8p€tOS

trnbrn

casser, (law) en-

tamac

dpavci)

I17317-Q

freindre la loi

respirer

oddycha6

dvairv^tf

parnttK

183

English

Italian

German

Swedish

bridge

ponte

S&xMt

brygga, bro

bring

portare

bringen

hamta

brother

fratello

33rubcr

broder

build

fabbricare

bauen

bygga

burden

carico

iBiirbe, $?oft

borda

bureau

ufficio

S3ureau, ^an^rel

byra

burn

bruciare

brennen

branna

business

affari

gung

affar

busy-

occupato

bcf(f)dftigt

bradtom

but

aber

men

buy

comprare

!oufcn

kopa

da, per

mit, burdi

vid, forbi

cabin

cabin a

^ajiitc, ^Qbittc

kajuta, hytta

call

chiamare

rufen, nennen

besoka, kalla

candidate

candidato

^'onbibat, «eh)er»
ber

tjanstsokande

cannon

cannone

^anonc

kanon

cans

barattoli

toTinctt, S3u(})fcn

kannor

capital

capitale

tapitat, §au^t«
ftabt

kapital

car

tram

etfenbalittitjagcn

vagn

careful

cauto

forgfoltig

aktsam

careless

negligente

nac^toffig

vardslos

carry

portare

tragen, fa^ren

bara

cart

carretta

tarrc

karra

case

caso

^aE

infor ratten

cause

causare

Urjad)c

orsak

census

censo

denjug, 3S¥w"9

folkrakning

central

centrale

central

cert,ain

certo

getri^, ftd)cr

sakert

certainly

certamente

fid^erlid), gettJi^

sakerligen

134

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

pont

most

^^<|)vpa

pna

apporter

przyniesc

<Hp«

pj:^n

fr^re

brat

d8€X<t>6s

nrmnn

batir, construire

budowac

KTCt»

p-ib-n

fardeau, charge

ci^zar

^oprLov

ISDKb

bureau, commode

biuro

'ypa({>eiov

IKtSiXp

brCiler

pali6

Kai<a

p2i7'n2

affaires

przedsi^biorstwo

ipy atrial

t9&I?UI7Jl

occup6

zaj^ty

amitrxoXriiUvos

nS&ITUm

mais

lecz

d\XA

nr2K

acheter

kupowac

d^opdtw

irarp

par

obok, przy

iiro, irapd

ta:i?nK: nrnK ir^n

cabine, cabane

buda, kajuta

koXvPt]

ctsi-Kp

appeler, visiter

nazwac, wizyta

KoXw

pen

candidal

kandydat

viro»|/TJ<|)ios

tSKTXXp

canon

kanon

•irvpoP6Xov

ik:kp

boite ^ conserves

blaszany kubef

fierdXXivov KirrCov

|Kp

capitals

stolica

irpwT€vov<ra

l3*lKtDtZrj3S*in

tramway

tramwaj

d|xd|iov

pKS-nKp

soigneux, attentif

uwazny

irpOO-CKTlKOS

rtsDTnKS

negligent

niedbafy

dirp6o-£KTOs

jinKbi7:nx

porter

niesc

4>€'P«

p:s-iifl

chariot, charrier

w6z

Kdppov

"ma

cas

sprawa

vir60€<ris

DrSK-lB-DttS^UJ

cause

bye przyczyna

irpolevw alrCa

rbKmK

recensement

spis

diro'ypa<|)i^

^si'^nr^rcpSKS

central

Srodkowy

KCVTplKOS

ptsD^ra-a

certain

pewny

P^Paios

PtS&'^tS^I?^

certainement

bez watpienia

P€pa£a>s

D^IIW

135

English

Italian

German

Sioedish

certificate

certificato

53cf(^einigung,
@d)ein

attest

chance (by)

casualmente

BufaU

tillfaligtvis

change

cambiare

anbcrn, toeranbcrn

ombyte

charge

aver cura

forbern, belaften,
tocrlangen

uppdrag

chargeable

tassabile

belaftbar

anklagansvardt

charter

privilegio

^reibrief

previlegationsbref

check (off)

cancellare

tttarfieren

utstryka

chief

capo

§aupt, Sfycf

ofverste

child

fanciullo

tinb

barn

children

fanciulli

^inber

bam-flera

choice

scelta

2lugtt)a^r, 3Bat)I

urval

choose

scegliere

ttjci^len

utvald

cigar

sigaro

©tgarrc

cigarr

citizen

cittadino

S3urger

medborgare

city

citta

@tabt

stad

civil

civile

biirgerlic^

borgerlig

class

classe

Piaffe

klass

clean

pulire

rein

ren

clerk

scrivano

^omntis

handelsbetjant

chiudere

bi(i)t, nal^c

nara

cloth

stoffa

Xnd)

tyg, klade

clothing

vestiario

tteibung

kladesvaror

coast

costa

^iifte

kust

coat

giacca

9lo(f

rock

collect

esigere

fammetn, einjie^en

kollektera

college

coUegio

^oflegium, §od)=
fd)nte

gymnasium

colony

colonia

Colonic

koloni

color

colore

^arbe

farg

eome

venire

fommen

kom

comfort

comodit^

S3cquemlid^feit
136

bekvamdhet

French

Polish

Greek

YiddUn

certificat

Swiadectwo

iriorTOiroii]TtK6v

trzr'i

par hasard

przypadkiem

Kard TvxTjv

b^tys.

changer

zmienic

dXXa^^

irts^'saiK

§tre charge de,

miec doz<5r

4>v\a€i$

t^^^B^^K

charge

payable

podpadajacy

iroXW|o8os

rb^BKTCDKp

charte, privilege

dokument

S(S<a irpov6|iiov

n^BKB"D^:nb"ir

effacer

wykreslic

8iaYpd<^<a

pisbKnwsx

chef

gJ6wny

dpxTiif<Ss

17190317.1

enfant

dziecko

muSCov

nrp

enfants

dzieci

iraiSCa

'Tnrp

choix

wyb(3r

U\o>fy

•^nKii

choisir

wybrac

irpoTip»

pn'-'^pwD-nK

cigars

cygar

o-i'ydpov

"iKro

citoyen

obywatel

ttoXCtt]?

nrn^a

ville

miasto

ir6Xis

l3-fKtaK7

civil

domowa

ci^cWjs

P3^7"117JT'2

classe

klasa

Td|tS

DKbp

propre, nettoyer

czysty

Ka6ap6s

employ^, commiR

clerk

{>irdXXT)Xos

*U73'^"ltt?

fermer

przymknac

kXcud

IWKanrB

drap, ^toffe

sukno

C4)ao-|Aa

Tta

vetements

ubranie

l^JLCLTLa

-w-rbp

c6te

brzeg

dK-Hj

317ns

paletot, habit

surdut

Iv8v(ia

tesKa-nrs^K

recueillir, ramas-

zebrac

<rvXX^"y»

pawB-'iK

ser
college

gimnazyum

nav<irunr^|iu>v

WTttTinvav

colonie

kolonia

diroiK(a

TSKb 17tD2£r717a

couleur

color

XpAjia

n"^Kp

venir

przyjsc

Ipxojittt

Dip

confort

wygoda, pocieszyd iraptiYopCa

tOD^ID

137

English

Italian

German

Swedish

commander

comandante

S3cfet|t§^abcr

anforare

commence

cominciare

anfangen

begynna

commerce

commercio

^anbet

handel

commission

commissione

^ommiffion

kommission

committee

comitate

Committee, 5lu8=

kommit^

common

comune

gctt)o^nIic^

allman

compare

paragonare

bcrgleirf)en

jamfora

complexion

colorito

^autfarbe

congress

congress©

^ongrc^

kongress

constitution

costituzione

SSerfaffung, toitfti*
tution

regeringsform

consul

console

^onful

konsul

contain

contenere

ent^artcit

innehalla

contempt

irriverenza

9Jli^aci)tung

forakt

continent

continente

(Srbteir

fastland

continuously

continuamente

bcftanbig, fort-
iral^rcnb

bestandigt

convenience

convenienza

Scquemli(i)fcit

laglighet

convention

convenzione

^OTtbcntion

sammankomst

cook

cuocere

!o(^en

kokerska

copy

copiare

^optc, 5Cbfd^rlft

afskrift

diritto d' autore

SSerIag«rcrf)t

forlagsrattighet

corn

granoturco

ma% ^ortt

majs

comer

angolo

(Scfc

horn

corridor

corritoio

®ang, ^orribor

korridor

cost

prezzo

foflcn

kostnad

cotton

cotone

33aumtt)oIIc

homull

council

concilio

ajat

radsforsamling

count

contare

ia\)\tn

grefve

country

paese, campagna

?anb

fadernesland

county

contea

©rafjd^aft

provins

138

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

commandant

komendant

8u>i.icr)T^s

TXKOKp

commencer

zaczaic

apxc^ai

|r::K&:x

commerce

przemysJ

l|i7r6piov

hvii:^T[

commission

polecenie

^TTiTpoir'^

JK^DD^lDKp

comity

komisya

liriTpoTT^

tDma^axp

common

zwyczajny

KOIVOV

i?3''b5nKvrj

comparer

pordwnac

onryKpCvca

n73^^b:ni7£

complexion

cera

Xpoid

irnrTD'iK

congr^s

kongres

o-v^kXtitos

DDn-ij:Kp

constitution

konstytucya

o-vwa-ypA

innts^t3D3Kp

consul

konsul

irp6|€vos

blT3Kp

contenir

zawierac

ircpUxw

ts'^Knts:!?

m^pris

pogarda

KaTa()>p<SvT)<ris

:i:its3K-irB

continent

stafy lad

ijirtipos

n3«b p*t2tr

continuellemer

stale

<rvv6x»S

-13K3K2K3

convenance

wygoda

dpfioSios

tt^pa^barnprn

convention

sejm

(TuvdOpoiois

:ii'?aKnrB

cuisinier, faire

gotowac

jidTf€ipos

nraip

cuire

copie, copier

kopia, wz6r

avrC^ypa^v

rsKp

droits d'auteur

prawo kopii

SiKttiwfia o-vY-ypa-

H?3Ka5K: [WW pr

bl6, mais

kukurydza

dpaPoo-iTOS

PKP

coin

rdg

-yttvCa

bi^ps-n

corridor

korytarz

Sid8po)i.os

:uKjr""K

prix

koszt

Tl|l^

lSD«p

coton

baweJna

^d^.^a§

builKS

.conseil

rada

<rv|iPovXiov

OKpKinK

compter

rachowac

\o'Yap'Yid^&>

[rbni?2i

pays, campagne

kraj

irarpis, l|ox^

xk'?

d^partement

hrabstwo

lirapxCa

139

ITTIK

English

Italian

German

Swedish

court

corte

@erirf)t, §of,
@ericf)tSf)of

domstol

cover

coprire

bccten, bebeden

betacka

crime

delitto

SScrbred^en

brott

crowd

folia

SD^cnge, brcingen

folkmassa

crown

corona

frone

krona

cure

curare

^cilung, tur,
tjeiten

lakedom

custom-house

dogana

3oU^ou8

tuUhus

cut

tagliare

fc^nciben

sk^ra

danger

pericolo

©efa^r

fara

date

data

S)aturn, baticren

dato

day

giorno

Sag

day

death

morte

Sob

dod

deceased

morto

tjerjiorben

afliden

decide

decidere

cntfd^eibcn

bestamma

declaration

dichiarazione,
proclamazione

@r!Iarung

forklariug

deed

atto

Sat

dad

definitely

definitivamente

beftlmmt

uttryckligen

delegate

2)ercgat

representant

denied

negato

toerttjeigcrt

nekad

department

dipartimento

2)cpartement

department

depend

dipendere

obl)angen

lita pa

desk

scrittoio

^utt

skifbord

destined

destinato

bcftimmt

ode

die

morire

ftcrben

different

differente

t)cd(^iebcn

olika

direct

diretto

bircft, gcrabe,
annjctfen

direkt

directly

direttamente

birc!t

strax

dirty

sporco

fdjmutjig
140

smutsig

French

Polish

Greek

Tiddiah

tribunal

s^d

SiKoorr^piov

WTD^ynOi

couvrir

przykry6

KaXviTTM

pums

crime

zbrodnia

l-yKXi^jia

irrinnnra

foule

scisk

5xXos

p7W2I7& I771&

couronne

korona

Kop<&va

gu^rir, cure

leczyc

larpcvu

pb^n

douane

dom celny

T€X«V€lOV

nrrSbKX

couper

cia6

KOVTM

wrD-jtrrj

danger

niebezpieczetistwo

k(v8vvos

•inKBW

date, dater

data

^juponTjvta

WSKT

jour

dzien

^F^pa

2XD

mort

smierc

Odvaros

tt-nta

d6c^d6

zmarJy

Tf\f\yrf\

rjrs'HKctmi

decider

zdecydowa6

diro<}>cwr£5»

|17T'^?rt23U

declaration

deklaracya

Si^Xoxris

anniy'^p-iy

acte, titre

akt

irpo^is

TBKB"CM^l?J

d'une mani^re

szczegdlnie

6>pia-|xevos

t2a"t:ri7n

definitive

deiegud

delegat

dirco-raXfi^vos

t2KJi:'?c-r

d^mentir, refuser

zaprzeczony

TipWiOiiv

ts3rp^bi7:nK

d^partement

wydziaf

Siap.^pi(rp,a

Mib^n-^SK

d^pendre

zalezec

c|apTwp.ak

ir:i:^"nnK

bureau

biurko

'^pa^lov

xy^'y^'W

destine

przeznaczony

irpoopitofiau

eia-^rrs

mourir

umrzec

diro9Wj<rKa>

irniKttC'

different

rdzniacy si^

8id4>opos

rninsK

direct

kierowac, prosto

8i€v6vva»

directement

wprost

c^e^is

T'ra

sale

brudny

pvira^

mottr

141

English

Italian

German

Swedish

discover

scoprire

cntbecfen

uptacka

disease

malattia

^ranf^eit

sjukdom

dish

piatto

@d)u[[el

fat

disobey

disubbidire

unge^orfam fein

vara olydig

disorder

disordine

Unorbnung

vara i olag

distance

distanza

©ntfcrnung

afstand

distinctive

dlstintivo

eigcnt^umUc^

tydlig

district

distretto

S)iftrift

domsaga

divide

dividere

teiten

dela

fare

tun

gora

doctor

medico

2)oftor

doktor

dollar

dollaro

3)ot[ar

dollar

dome

cupola

tu^pel (;Dom)

kupigt tak

domestic

domestico

l)du§Ud), ein-
l)cimif(^

inhemsk

door

porta, uscio

Zmt

dorr

doubt

dubbio

StDeifetn

tvifve!

down

git, abbasso

nteber

ned

Dr.

jy-

2)1*. (2)oftor)

dr.

drive

condurre, spingere treiben

kora

drop

lasciar cadere

2:ropfen, fatten
loffcn

slappa

drugs

droghe

Strjnci

drog

dry

secco, asciugare

trodcn

torr

during

durante

tDol^renb

under tiden

Dutch

Olandese

^oUcinbifc^

tysk

duty

dovere, tassa

^flid^t, Slbgabe

skatt, skyldighet

each

clascuno

jcber

hvarje

early

presto

frii^, seitig

tidigt

east

levante, est

Oj^ (en)
142

oster

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

ddcouvrir

odkryc

dvaKaXvirrw

prsriD-'iK

inaladie

choroba

voo-os

B^3Knp

plat

pdlmisek

irivdKiov

nrbna

d^sob^ir

nieusfucha6

dirciOA

p:bKBT3^3

d^sordre

nieporzadek

drolfa

^ili-riK-DIK

distance

odlegfosd

diroo-TOO-is

ts^pa^iT

distinctif

odznaczajacy

XapaKTripio-}!^

imriiTtssiK t2-!a

district

powiat

wapxia

nsrjp:

diviser

podzielic

Siaipw

pb""ntfl2K

faire

czynic

Kd)iv(a

jKnta

docteur, m^decin

doktor

laTp6s

iKopKn

^dollar

dolar

SoXXdpiov

nr'^Ki

ddme

kopuJa

8<S\os

irrar:! k pe mp

domestique

domowy

otKiaK^s

rKra"n

porte

drzwi

0vpa

TTTtS

douter

watpic

bT3try\i

en bas

naddt

Kdrca

PlK-lK

Dr., docteur,

Dr.

•laTp6s

"iKc:p«n

m^decin

conduire

jecha6

oSti^ci

|i72'^"ita

laisser tomber

upusciC

pilTTW

pBnKiiu:BKnK

drogues

aptekarski towar

<|>dp^aKa

pbta-'ab^n

sec

suszyc

^Ipov, ^iipaivw

\Qp^n^

pendant

podczas

8iapKovvTOs

n3»-inim

HoUandais

Holendry

oXXavSo^

ISKb^KH

devoir, t4che

obowiazek, poda-

KaOriKOv, Kadf)Kov

nriK "lu^^tac?

tek

tfia^ba

chaque, chacun

kazdy

Tkcuttos

nmr-nr

de bonne heure.

wczegnie, pierw-

4v6>p£s

ctsttnu ,nnB

premier

szych

est

wschdd

dvaroX^
143

tS^ rTTTft

English

Italian

Qemian

Swedish

easy

facile

U\6)i

latt

eat

mangiare

effcn

ata

education

istruzione

(Srjteljung

bildning

eight

otto

ac^t

atta

eighteen

diciotto

aditjc^n

aderton

either

r uno 0 r altro

jcbcr, ober, ent=
rocbcr

hvilkendera

elect

eleggere

xoabjitu

valja

emigrate

emigrare

au8tt)anbern

emigrera

employ

impiegare

anfteUcn, bcjd)ofti=
gen

lega

empty

vuoto

rcer

torn

enclose

includere

cinjdjltcgen

innesluta

end

fine

@nbc, enbcn

slut

enemy

nemico

l^einb

fiende

enforce

metter in vigore

in ^raft fc^en,
biird^fii^rcn

genomdrifva

English

inglese

englij^

engelska

enjoy

godere

genic^cn

njuta

enough

abbastanza

gcnug

nog

enter

entrare

ctntretcn, bctrcten

intrada

entrance

entrata

©ingang

ingang

equal

uguale

gtcic^

jamlike

establish

stabilire

crrid)tcn, cinfe^cn

paborja

Europe

Europa

@itropa

Europa

every

ogni

jcbcr

hvarenda

everybody

ognuno

jcbcrmann

hvarenda en

examine

esaminare

^riifcn

undersoka

execute

eseguire

augfii^rcn

utfora

executive

esecutivo

ejcfutttj

styresman

exit

uscita

Stuggang
144

utgang

French

Polish

Grreek

Yiddish

facile

fatwy

cvKoXov

ssni

manger

je6c

Tpay<a

JTDU

Education

wyksztafcenie

<nrovo«

tDBKtJ^srp^n

huit

osm

6kt«4

t23K

dix-huit

osmna^cie

ScKaOKTilS

inr2i3K

run ou I'autre,

kt<5rykolwlek

CKdrcpos

"lunx

soit, ou

^lu, ^lire

wybrac

IkX^Yo)

lubrrrnD^^K

^migrer

emigrowac

(jicTavcurTCvu

imunsxiiD^iK

employer

wynajfifi

Ip^a^ofiai

pjisBrura

Tide

wypr6zni6

KCVOS

wn^b

inclure, inclus

zafaczyC

l-yKXeCci)

jrisbKnt::!:

fin, bout

zakonczyc

T^OS

i7i:u

ennemi

nieprzyjaciel

^ep6s

ns-^-iaoiK

mettre en vigueur

zmusic

dva-yKatcD

ris^3

anglais

angielski

'A-y-yXiKol

vpbsx

se r^jouir,

uzywa6

diro\ava>

ITD^iCJ

s'amuser

assez

dosyc

dpKerd

nsuj

entrer

wejsc

cl<r^pXO|Uii

jnr3:'"-iK

entree

wch6d

cto-oSos

MKa3"^,K

6gal, ^galer

r<5wny

t<ros

T^:

^tablir

ustanowi6

ISpvco

px-nj

Europe

Europa

Eupwini

KBITT^K .BKm-

chaque

kazdy

KaOcCs

1?"1U1U''

chacun, toute le

kazdy czJowiek

8Xoi (ta^v

nursK'^K -TT-ir

monde

examiner

egzaminowa6

l|€TdS«

irainnssiK

ex^cuter

wykona6

CKT€X(&

PTTED'IK

ex^utif

wykonawczy

CKTcXcO-TlKds

sortie

wyjscie

€|o8os

145

:uK:D'nK

English

Italian

German

Swedish

expensive

dispendioso

tcuer, foftfpielig

dyrbar

eyes

occhi

3lugcti

ogon

fact

fatto

Satfad^c

faktum

factory

fabbrica

gabri!

fabrik

faithfully

fedelmente

trcutid^

troget

family

famiglia

gatnilie

familj

farm

fattoria

^arm, 53auerngut

gardsegendom

fast

veloce

fd^nett, feft

fort

father

padre

35ater

fader

federal

federale

biinbifd^

forbundsmassig

fee

tassa

®ebiit)r

afgift

feed

nutrire

fiittern

foda

feel

sentire

fiitjtcn

kanna

feet

piedi

f^iifec

fotter

fever

febbre

^iebcr

feber

few

pocbi

tDcnigc

fidelity

fedelta

trcuc

trovardighet

fifty

cinquanta

fuTifsig

femtio

file

registrare

cinreid^cn

registrera

fill

riempire

fuUen

fylla, i fylla

finance

finanza

St"ttn5

finans

find

trovare

fitiben

finna

fine

multa, bello

(Strafe, ©ctbftrafc

plikta

finish

finire

beenbigen

fullborda

fire

fuoco

^euer

eld

fire-cracker

petardo

@c^n)armcr

fyrverkeri

fire-escape

scala di salvatag
gio

- 9^ettung8tcitcr

raddningsstege

first

primo

erft
146

forst

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

Cher, couteux

kosztowny

Sa-iraviipds

rniT^nta

yeux

oczy

6<j>6aX|ioC

priK

fait

fakt

irpdits

tSpKB

usine, fabrique

fabryka

Ip^yOO-TOO-lOV

pnsxB

iid^lement

wiernie

irUTTOS

•^tsi?:

famiUe

rodzina

olKO-ycvcia

p-b-aKB

ferme

gospodarstwo rol
nicze

- dYpos

D*nKfi

vite

pr^ko

TttXVS

p6re

ojciec

ira-r^p

nUtSKS

fdd^ral

federalny

o-vjifiaxiKds

honoraires

wynadgrodzenie

dfJLOlp^

::ibnK2a73

nourrir

karmic

Tp^<j>W

pTirts^B

sentir

czuc

al<r9dvo(tai

irb^B

pieds

stopy

iroScs

D'B

fi^vre

goraczka

irup€Tds

p3"«npyn

quelques, peu

kilka, maJo

oXCyoi

rrm

fid^lit^

wiernosc

irUTTOTT]?

rs^rrna

cinquante

pi^dziesiat

ircvTVJKOVTa

ri'B^B

classer, mettre au

skJadad doku-

KaTaYpd<}><i>

pK isbrtstrw

dossier

menta

::i3r-r.K

remplir

wypeJnic

7€|l(t«

irb'b-'BSK

finance

finanse

0tK0V0|JLlKd

p:KrB pB P2K7

trouver

znaleic

€Vpi<rKCi)

prfiuji

amende, beau

kara

irpdirTifiov, wpaios

\rra^ ,»]KTi3i27

finir

ukoficzy6

TcXcidvU

]m3i7

feu

ogiefi

-irvp

niTB

petard

fajerwerka

iropoTCxWJH'*'^*

-cpi7 pa |rbp^is-iK
jinxba

escalier de sauve-

schody od ognia

KXC|ia| irvpKaXds

C''317t217Tnir"'B

tage

premier

pierwszy

irpwTOs

jjts^jnr

•

147

English

Italian

German

Sioedish

fish

pesce

^x\6), fifc^en

fisk

five

cinque

fiittf

fem

flag

bandiera

glaggc

flagga

flame

fiamma

glamme

flamma

float

sventolare, galleg-

jc^tDimmen,

flyta, svaja

giare

jd^tDebcn

following

seguente

folgenb

foljande

food

cibo, viveri

g^a^rung, epcife

mat

for

per

fiir, feit

for

force

forzare

®t);tia\i

styrka

foreign

straniero

frctnb, auSlanbifd)

utlandsk

forever

per sempre

fiir immer

alltid, for evigt

forget

dimenticare

bergeffen

glomma

form

forma

gorm, Oeftort

form

forty

quaranta

bicqig

fyratio

forward

avanti

borttjartg, bcforb*

framat

foundation

fondamento

ern
©runbtagc

grundval

four

quattro

bier

fyra

fourth

quarto

bicrt

fjarde

free

libero

fret

fri

freedom

liberty

gret^cit

frihet

French

francese

frangoftfcfi

franskt

fresh

fresco

frifrf)

frisk

friends

amici

^rcunbe

vanner

from

bon

fran

front

fronte

35orberfeitc

front

fruit

frutto

%n\6)i, Obft

frukt

fuel

combustibile

^euerung^matcriot

bransle

full

pieno

bott

full

fundamental

fondamentale

funbontctttat

vasendtlig

furnished

fomito

gctiefcrt, mbblicrt

inredt

148

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

poisson

ryba

IxQis

ttTB

cinq

pi^

ir^vTC

Pp^B

drapeau

chor^iew

(rr|(i.aCa

pKB

flamme

pJomiefi

4»\6a

DK^B

radeau, flotter

unosic

firiirX^tt

pirtsKbB

nast^pujacy

dKoXovOa

Dl?-i:i7jbKB

aliment

pokarm

Tpo<|>^

nKn:i?Du

pour

dla, za

8id

'Tt

force, forcer

przymusifi

ia-xis

psr:

stranger

cudzoziemczy

i^os

ttr-iarbDnx

pour toujours

na zawsze

Sid irdvTOTC

•rxa r^K tb

outlier

zapomniec

Xl]O-(i0VU

jUDUJ-IKB

forme

forma

\u>p¥i

labKtauw

quarante

czterdzie^ci

Tco-o-apdKOvra

rsnrB

en avant

naprz6d, przesfac

irp6<r(i>

D^IK-lXB

fondation

fundament

Gc^uXCoxris

^^lain:

quatre

cztery

T6o-<raptt

nirs

quatrifeme

czwarty

T^apros

"irianuB

libre

wolny

IXevOcpos

K"^"1B

liberty

wolnosc

IXevdcpCa

iD^*rr-iB

fran9ais

francuski

rdxxos

macK-iB

frais

Swie^y

v<i)ir6s

jj^jrns

amis

przyjaciele

<i>CXoi

i?nr"nB

od,z

dir6

fagade, devant

prz<3d

irp6<r0iov

ts^nuiKB

fruit

owoce

Kapirds

tSSI-lB

combustible

materyat na opat

Kav(ri)ios vXt]

b»r-iL't3Kia7^n

plein, rempli

peJny

irX^pTis

bbiB

fondamental

fundamentalny

<r€(i€Xi«8iis

-p'?"i:i-T: tsrb dkit

meubl^, foumi

dostarczony

-irpoiATiecvOeCs, «ri-
irXofUvos

tDrTxnpB

149

English

Italian

German

Swedish

game

giuoco

®piet

spel

garbage

immondizie

Sttbfair

afskrade

gathering

raccolta

^nfamtnlung

samling

general

generale

aEgcmcin

general

germ

germe

tctm

bacille

get

procurarf!, ottenere

befomtnen, tt)crben

mottaga

give

dare

geben

gifva

andare

gc^cn

God

Dio

®ott

Gud

good

huono

gut

god

government

goverro

fRegierung

regering

governor

goveriiatore

©utjerncur

guvemor

gown

gonna, toga

^tcib

kapa

grammar

grammatica

©ratttntati!

grammatika

grant

concedere

benjlEigcn

tillata

grass

erba

@ra8

gras

great

grande

groB

stor

group

gruppo

©ru^pc

grupp

grow

crescere

tDQc^fcn

vaxa

guide

guida

fiil^rcn

vagvisare

guilty

colpevole

lifiulbig

skyldig

hair

capelli

^aar

har

hand

mano

§anb

hand

handle

manico, maneggi-
are

be'^anbcln

vidrora, handtera

happy

felice

gludad)

lycklig

hard

grave, duro

I)art, fd^njcr

hardt, sv^r

have

avere

l^abcn

hafva

egli, esso

han

head

testa, capo

.to^f, §aupt

hufvud

health

salute

®ejunbl)cit

halsa

hear

sentire, udire

l^bren

hora

150

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

jeu

zabawa

irai-yvCSiov

brscr

rdsidus de manage

odpadki kuchenne

o-KvBaXa

KC^D

recolte, assemblage

zgromadzenie

<rvX\e"Y«

\)3y^bp \mvtm.

g^n^ral

powszechny

o-Tpanryos

r3^b»2Knw

germe

zarodek

(TTT^Pfia

binsrnupiraio

avoir, obtenir

dostac

diroKTw

iwnp

donner

dac

8£8a>

jrar:

aller

isc, p(5j§6

irryaCvca

K^^J

Dieu

B6g

0€6s

tsK:

bon

dobry

KOXOS

tsu

gouvemement

rzad

KTlp€'pVTl<riS

anr'jr"!

gouvemeur

gubemator

KTlPcpWJTTlS

n»-irjr"i

robe

szata

lo-e^s

n-bp

grammaire

gramatyka

•ypapL(iaTiK'#j

pnsKaKnj

concession, accor-

udzielic

irapax«p<&

jrrb^nrn

der

berbe

trawa

xX6t

Tkna

grand

wielki

jU^as

rD-'inj

groupe

grupowac, grupa

o-vvd0poMris

rein:

croitre, grandir

r6§e

jxcYaXovo

iropXTi

guide

przewodnik

65i]76s

coupable

winny

2voxos

cheveux

wJosy

k6|it,

nxn

main

r^ka

x«fp

xxn

toucher, manier

ruszac, raczka

XapCs, &irTO|iai

pb>-i:«n

heureux

szcz^sliwy

CVTVX^S

Tbp-b:

dur

twardy, trudny

<rKXTip<Ss

r-iO-iKn

avoir

mie6

«X"

pnxn

il, lui

avrds

ni7

tete

gJowa

K€<i>aX^

SKp

sant^

zdrowie

v-yeCa

iD^\n-i3in7J

entendre

stysze6

OLKOVtt

151

piun

English

Italian

German

Swedish

heart

cuore

§er5

hjarta

heavy

pesante

fd^ttjcr

tungt

height

altezza

hojd

help

aiuto

^iilfc, ^clfcn

hjalp

here

qui

^Icr

har

heretofore

finora

bt8l)cr

hitintills

high

alto

hog

hills

alture, coUine

§ugct

kullar

history-

storia

@cfrf)id^tc

historia

hold

tenere

fatten

faste, halla

home

casa

l^cim, §ctmat

hem

honor

onore

e^re

ara

hope

sperare, speranza

^offnung, ^offcn

hoppas

horse

cavallo

^ferb

hast

hot

caldo

¥i^

hett

hour

ora

©tunbc

timma

house

casa

§au8

hus

how

come

n)ic

huru

hundred

cento

l^unbert

hundra

hurry

fretta

(Site, eitcn

skynda

husband

marito

(S^cmann

man, make

id|

ttjenn

ora

immigrant

immigrante

©inttjanbcrer

invandrare

important

importante

trtd^tig

viktigt

imported

importato

importiert

importeradt

impure

impuro

unrein

osundt

in, dentro

inch

misura di centime-
tri, 2, 53, pollice

3oIl

tum

independent

independente

unabl^angtg

sjalfstandig

Indian

indiano

3nbianer

Indian

152

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

coeur

serce

KapSia

y^v^n

lourd

ci^zki

Papiis

u^untj?

hauteur

wysoko§6

^0^

ID'^ptOS'll

secours, aide

pomoc

po^0«

pjTn

ici

tutaj

I8»

autrefois, jadis

dotad

irp^Tcpov

"lurrna

haut

wysoki

i4rt,\6s

Tin

collines

g<5ry

X6<)k>i

nua

histoire

historya

lo-TopCa

UtS3''tt?UJ

tenir

trzymad

KparA

irabxri

Chez soi, maison

dom

otKOS

D^nK

honneur

honor

Tl|l^

inni?

espoir

mie6 nadziej^

IXvts

pexn

cheval

kofi

tiriros

■nuB

chaud

goracy

S€<rT6s

17D''^'^

heure

godzina

Spa

»n3iiattr

maison

dom

oUcCa

comment

jak

irAs

K^T

cent

sto

CKardv

isii?*i3in

press6, gtre press^

spieszyC

Pta

pb^n

mari

maz, matzonek

crvtvyos

|Ka -i»ntfiK-i^\Tii?B

1^(4

jezeli

anK

immigrant

imigrant

jtCTavdo-TTis

nin»i3K'nmK

important

wazny

o-irovSaiov

urts""!:

imports

sprowadzony z
innego kraju

clo-d'ycTai

»tDp''tt^r3mK

impur

nieczysty

vo0«vn^vos

pn-DiK

en, dans

4vt6s

pouce

cal

SdKTvXos

trtsi-'K

independent

niezalezny

dv«|dpTTiTOS

r3:i7nn«3iK

Indien

Indyan

IvSidvos

153

-ll?3Kn3^K

English

Italian

O&rman

Swedish

information

informazione

S3etel^rung

underrattelse

initiative

iniziativa

3nltiatti)c

inledningsvis

inquiry

indagine

forage, 5«ad^frfigc

forfragning

inside

internamente

inner^atb

pa insidan

intention

intenzione

2tbft(^t

afsigt

interest

interesse

3nterc[fc

intresse

internal

interno

inner, intanbifrf)

invartes

international

internazionale

international

internationell

into

in, verso, dentro

in, ^inetn

in uti

island

isola

3nfer

il, la, lo, egli, esso, c8

det

ci6, ecc.

Italian

Italiano

3taUener

italienare

itself

esso stesso

eg felbft, ftd^

det sjalf

jail

prigione

©efangnig

fangelse

jog

trotterellare

fto^en

stot-vis

journey

viaggio

9teifc

resa

judge

giudice

m6)itx

d cm are

judicial

giudiziale

geri(i)tUrf|, rid^ter^^

rattankande

June

giugno

3uni

juni

jurisdiction

giurisdizione

3uri8biftion,
ayfacfitgebut

utslag i ratten

jury

giuria

3urt), ©efd^ttjoren^
engerid^t

edsvurenratt

keep

tenere

fallen

behalla

kerosene

petrolio

^ctroteunt

fotogen

kind

gentile, specie

%xi

sort

king

^onig

konung, kung

knives

coltelli

3«effer
154

knifvar

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

renseignement,

uwiadomienie

irXT]po(f>op£a

lDDn2K3

information

initiative

inicyatywa

irpwrr] PaO^iCs

"limrrarK

recherche, enqugte

pytanie

€p€vva

jsiDinutsrK

dedaDS

wewnatrz

€vt6s

irtsDrsuiirrx

intention

zamiar

o-KOirds

IfiSISK

int^ret

interesowac

4v8i.a4>^po)i,ai

tsDunnsrx

int^rieur

wewn^trzny

l<rci)T€piK6s

"I^bnrrK

international

mi^zynarodowy

SiceWjs

"irpbrB-jinm::

en, dans, dedans

H^a

lie

wyspa

vi\frQii

f?m3-K

il, le, la, cela

ono, to

a*T6

Italien

Wfoch

'iTciXds

•nrsirbKtD^K

liii-m§me, elle-

si^

(tOVOV TOV

teDa'rm or

meme

prison

wi^zienie

(|>vXaK^

170-nts

trottiner

wlec si<j

o"u po)iai

pjimrn VKL

voyage

podr6z

TolctSiov

rr^"i

juge

s^zia

SlKOO-T^S

-irtsan

judiciaire

sadowy

SiKao-TiK^s

f'rtDD^i?:

juin

Czerwiec

'lovvios

-31-

juridiction

wJadza

8iKaio8o<rCa

tSSKtt r2^b2R7!r3

jury

sad przysi^fych

IvopKOi

jinririD-Dtssnr:

garder, tenir

trzyma6

<f>vXdTTa>

pnob'Kn

k^rosine

nafta

ircTpA.au>v

17TK3

aimable. gentil

dobry, gatunek

€l8os

"nyoii .|ns"iKD

roi

kr61

PcuriXcvs

r:i?p

couteaux

noie

jtaxaCpoi

D-ircra

155

English

Italian

German

Swedish

know

conoscere

fennen, iriffen

veta

labor

lavoro

%xlt\i

arbeta, arbete

lamp

lampada

$?om)3e

la.mpa

land

sbarcare, terra,

?anb

landstiga, hem-

paese

land

landlord

padrone di casa

§au8eigcntumcr

husvard

language

lingua

©^radie

sprak

large

largo

groB

stor

last

ultimo, durare

le^t, bouern

vara

later

piu tardi, dopo

fpatcr

sednare

law

legge

®tn

lag

leader

capo

giilircr

ledare

learn

imparare

tcrncn

lara

least (at)

almeno

h)e nig [tens

atminstone

leave

lasciare

bcrtaffen

lamna

legislative

legislativo

^t\t%%thtx\\6)

lagstiftande

leisure

agio

mw^t, ^xditxX

maklighet

less

meno

njenigcr

mindre

let

permettere

taffen

latom

letter

lettera

SBricf, 53uc!^ftabc

bref, bokstaf

lever

leva

§cbcl

hafstang

liberty

^rci^eit

frihet

license

licenza

Hgcns

laga ratt

lieutenant

luogotenente

Seutnant, ®teIlDer^
treter

lojtnant

life

vita

Seben

lif

light

luce, accendere

?ic^t, teic^t

Ijus, lysa

lighthouse

faro

I'cud^ttnrm

fyrbak

come, piacere

ttJic, mogen

tycka om, lika-
dant

line

linea

IHnie
156

linje

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

savoir, connaitre

znac, wiedziec

YvwpC^o)

jTD'm

travail

pracowac

ipyaua-La

ts^n-iK

lampe

lampa

Xd(iira

BaKb

pays, terre

lad, wyladowa6

Xwpa, diroPi.pdto-
ftai

^:Kb

propri^taire

wtasciciel

'YaioKT'^)i<ay

langue

mowa, j^zyk

SidXcKTOs

lK-lBtt^

grand

wielki, duiy

tvpvs

1?DTU

dernier, durer

ostatni

TeXevTttios

v^^vh

plus tard, ensuite

p64niej

dp'Y6Tepov

^I7tS17fitl7

loi

prawo

vdfios

P»W3

conducteur, chef

w6dz

dpxTi7<5s

-ir-i.TB

apprendre

uczyc si^

ftavOdvu

JT-lub

au moins

przynajmniej

oXCymttov

DDl?t5Dr31?n DT3t

quitter

opuscic

4"yKaTeiX€£iro>

Iffivh-^t

legislature

prawodawczy

vojioOcTiKdv

:i:i2Ka7rTr:

loisir

wolny czas

dp^ta

ts^x y^ne

moins

mniej

oXi-ywTcpov

-irrr-n

laisser

niech

d<|>Cv«

irTKb

lettre

list

lirio-ToX^, YWI**

PjlTTS

levier

lewar

\iox>^6s

^irn^nB^iK

liberty

wolnoSc

iXivQtpia

D^\T''nB ,D'32^ibni?

licence, patente

pozwolenie

dScia

csn'nbni?

lieutenant

pomcznik

TOirOTI] puT^s

lUDU'lkSUB'^rttir

vie

zycie

tcoifj

p3177

lumi^re

lekki, jasny, oswie- «})«s, <^wt£5»
ci6

mi ,sn^'b

phare

latamia morska

<|>dpos

n»m ::'its5^b»»n

comme, aimer

lubic, jak, tak

op.ou>s, 6.yair&

im K^ITK

ligne

linia

157

mir

English

Italian

German

Swedish

Uttle

piccolo, poco

Helit, roentg

lite-t

live

vivere, abitare

teben, too^nen

lefva

locate

situare

^lagiercn

bosatta

log

ceppo

^ro^

stock

loiter

vagabondare

tungern

sla dank

long

lungo

kng

lang

lose

perdere [gorte

oertieren

tappa, forlora

lot, (by-)

apprezzamento, a

S3aufteEe, burd) ^ooi

) tomt, val

love

amare

licbcn

karlek

low

basso

niebrig

lag, dalig

lung

polmone

lounge

lunga

mail

posta

^oft

post

main

principale

§au^t

hufvudsaklig

mainland

terraferma

^efttanb

fastlandet

majority

maggioranza

9}?ajoritat, 9}JeI)r^eti

; majoritet

make

fare

mad)en

gora

man

uomo

mann, mm\6)

man

mansion

ricca dimora

Sofin^aug

fint residensliu

many

molti

biele

manga

map

mappa

Sanbfartc

karta

marks

segni

SSlaxhxi, ^ennjeirfieti

; marken

marriage

matrimonio

^eirat

broUop

marry

sposare, maritare

I)eiraten

gifta sig

match

fiamraifero

©treic^^olj

tandsticka

matter

materia, sostanza

Stngetegen^eit,

sak

may

potere

mag, fann

kanhanda

mayor

sindaco

iBiirgermeifter

borgmastare

mean

significare

meinen

betyda

meat

carne

%\n\6)

kott

158

French
petit, un peu
vivre, habiter, de-

meurer
placer, situer
buche

trainer, flaner
long
perdre
lot, au sort
aimer
bas
poumon

Polish

mafy

zyc, mieszkac

Greek

poste, courrier

principal

continent

majority

faire

homme

demeure somptu-

euse
plusieurs
carte g^ographique mapa

lezec, ulokowac Toiro0€T»

kloc

waf ^sac si^

dtugi

zgubic

lota, losami

kochac

niski

pJuca

poczta

gJ6wny

staJy lad

wi^kszosc

robi6

m^zczyzna

pi^kne mieszkanie

wiele

Kop(i6s

SiarpCPtt

fiaKpos

xdvo)

KTTi)jia, KXf)pos (8id)

d^airu

Xa}iT,X<Ss

irvevp.(dv

raxvSpofutov

K€VTplK6s

■qircipos
ir\ciov<Srqs

Kd|lV(i>

dvOpcoiros
He-yaXoirpciWIs ot-

KOS
TTOXXOI

Yiddish

p2Virf\xra
n3Kb"rt3Di:a

CtS-lKp-l3K^

marques
mariage
marier, ^pouser
allumette
mati^re

znaki

zwiazek maf zenski

ozenic

zapaJka

rzecz

•ydjtos

viravSpevofiai
irvpcia
virdOccris

n3inn

pouvolr mog^, moze

maire burmistrz

vouloir dire, moyen podty znaczy6
viande mi^o

8if|jiapxos

(n](iaCv€i

Kp^as

159

English

Italian

German

Swedish

meet

incontrare

trcffcn, begegncn

mota

member

membro

©lieb, aRitgiieb

medlem

mice

sorci

Wdu\t

moss

middle

mezzo

3Kittc, 2«tttcl

midt

mile

miglio

mcilt

mil

milk

latte

mnd)

mjolk

million

milione

3«iUton

million

minister

ministro

2«intfter

minister

mistake

sbaglio

3rrtum, 5et)tcr

misstag

monarchy

monarchia

Wtonaxd)it

monarki

Monday

lunedi

TtontaQ

mandag

money

denaro

®clb

penningar

month

mese

monat

manad

piti

mt^v

mer

mother

madre

aWuttcr

moder

mountain

montagna

S3erg

berg

Mr.

Sigr

^crr

herr

much

molto

»iel

mycke

must

dovere

tnu^

maste

naked

nudo

ixadtt

naken

name

nome

S^amc, itcnncn

namn

nation

nazione

9^otion

nation

native

ctngcboren

infoding

naturalize

naturalizare

naturalifiercn

blifva medborgare

navy

marino

f^Iottc

flotta

near

vicino, presso

na\)t

nara

need

bisogno

braucf)cn

behof

necessary

necessario

noth)cnbig

nodvandig

neighbor

vicino

9Ja(i)bar

granne

neither

ne r uno, ne 1' altro !cincr

ingendera

never

mai

nle

aldrig

new

nuovo

ncu
160

French

rencontrer

membre

souris

milieu, moyen

mille

lait

million

miuistre

erreur, faute

monarchie

lundi

argent

mois

plus

mere

montagne

Monsieur, Mr.

beaucoup

falloir, devoir

Polish

spotkac

czfonek

myszy

§rodek

mila

mleko

million

minister

bJad

monarchia

poniedziafek

pieniadze

miesiac

wi^cej

matka

g6ra

Panie

wlele

musz^

Chreek

(TWaVTM

fUXos

irOVTlKOt

K^vrpov
XiXi6|UTpov

€KaTO|Jl}iVpiOV

'irp€<rP€VT^S

XdOos

fLOvapx^a

Acvr^pa

XP^Jtara

ircpio-o-drcpov

li^TTjp

opos

KVpiOS

iroXv
irpeirci

Yiddish

■nmnra

nom

nation

natif

naturaliser

nagie

imi§, nazwisko

nar6d

rodzinny

naturalizowa6

marine marynarka

prfes blisko
besoin, avoir besoin potrzebowac

n^cessaire potrzebny

voisin sasiad

ni I'un ni I'autre zaden, ani

jamais nigdy

nouveau, neuf nowy

ovofia
c8vos
tOa-ycWjs
iro\iTO-ypd<(Ki>

vavTiKdv

'ir\r\<riov

Xp€idto|iat

dva-yKatov

Y€Ct«v

0VT6

iroT^
v^ov

161

iTtfixbe
B^D '^Ka pp

English

Italian

German

Swedish

prossimo

nac^ft

nast

nibble

mordere, rossic-
chiare

nagcit

nafsa

night

notte

9fJa(f)t

natt

nine

nove

neun

nio

no, nessuno

nein

nej

noble

nobile

ebel, ablig

adel

noise

ramore

Hxm, ©eraufd)

oljud, ovaseri

nominate

nominare

nominieren

utnamna

north

nord, settentrione

9^orb

norr

northwest

nord-ovest

9^orbtt)eft

nordvast

not

non

nid^t

inte

nothing

niente, nulla

itic^tg

ingenting

November

Novembre

9^oDember

november

now

ora, adesso

nun, je^t

number

numero

3a^I, 9^umtner

nummer

oath

giuramento

eib

obey

ubbidire

ge^ord)en

lyda

oblige

obbligare

ijer|3flic^ten

forpliktad

obstruct

ostruire

j^inbcrtt, t)er!^tnbern

hindra

obtain

ottenere

ertangen, er^alten

erhalla

occupation

occupazione

S3ej(^aftigung

befattning

October

Ottobre

Oftober

oktober

bon

off

via, gill, lontano

ah, au«

falla af, bort

offer

offerta

bieten

bjuda-er

officer

ufficiale

SBcamtcr, ^oligift

tjansteman

often

spesso

oft

ofta

old

vecchio

aft

gammal

sopra

auf

once, (at-)

una volta, subito

eitimal, jugteid^

strax, en gang

one

uno

cin

en, ett

162

French

Polish

Greek

r2dc?is;i

prochain

nast^pny

irpo<rex^s

mscpw

ronger, mordre

gryic

ircptTfK&Y*

\am3

nuit

noc

r^i

BSKi^a

neuf

dziewi^

kvyia

non, aucuxi

nie, zaden

«Xt

noble

szlachetny

€VY€V^S

b^K ,br-rK

bruit, fracas

hafas

66pvpos

ttmi73

nommer

mianowac

bvo\i.6.l<a

paTscrrn

nord

p6inoc

Poppas

-hk:

nord-ouest

pdlnocnozachodni ^op€lo8vTlK^s

BDrn-t-1K3

ne . . . pas

nie

f^^

S3*:

rien

nic

TlirOT€

isera'TK:

Novembre

Listopad

No^jipptos

nraianiK:

maintenant

teraz, obecnie

T«pa

taxr^

nombre, nurnSro

numer, liczba

dpi6|jL6s

nroi:

sennent

przysi^ga

8pKOs

:Knx

ob6ir

stuchac

viraKovu

pjbxa

obliger

zobowiazac

viroxp€«

"iKnp:K"T

obstraer

zastapic

4)iiro8Ct»

|17SKt22ni7B

obtenir

otrzymao

TVYxAvw

jUJK-ipW

occupation

zaj^cie

^TrdyyeXfio

ts-'^s-ix

Octobre

Pazdziernik

OKTwppios

lUSKtSpK

dir6

loin

z, zdala

(laKpdv

prnx ,jiB

offrir, offre

ofiarowac

irpo(r4>€pu

ptSKSSX

officier

urz^dnik

d|iO|iaTiK6s

"l!7tS&XI72

souvent

cz^sto

iroXXdKis

nuttei?

vieux, ag^

stary

7T]pai6s

nutsbK

sur

ST^K

une fois, tout de

raz, -od razu

&ira|, dfUo-ws

irx ."!*?xs .T'*^^

suite

bKD

un, une

jeden

els, liCa, tv
163

rrx

English

Italian

German

Swedish

only

solo

nur

endast

open

aprire

iiffnen

oppen

ordain

ordinare

tocrorbncn

befalla

order

ordine

Orbitung

ordning

original

originale

urfpriingtic^

ursprunligen

other

altro

anbcr

andre

out

fuori

aug

utom

outside

estemo, fuori

au^cr^alb

ute

over

sopra, su

iiber

ofver

overcrowd

agglomerare

iiberfuffcn

ofverfylld, tranga

oversee

sorvegliare

ubcrfel)eu

hafva uppsigt of-
ver

owe

dovere, essere
debitore

jci^utben

skyldig

own

proprio, possedere

eigcn, befi^en

egen, godkanna

page

pagina

©cite

sida, blad

palace

palazzo

<PaIaft

palats

parents

genitori

eitern

foraldrar

park

parco

^arf

park

part

parte, porzione

%n\

del

particularly

particolarmente

bcfonberS

sarkskild

party

partito, partita

Cartel

parti

pass

passare

^afjiercn

stifta, ga f orbi

passport

passaporto

^aB

pass-res

past

passato

S5ergangen!^cit

forflutet

patent

patente

patent

patience

pazienza

©cbulb

talig-amod

patient

paziente, ammalato

• patient, gebulbig

patient, sjukling

pattern

modello

HJJufter

modell

pave

pavimentare

^flaftcrn

stenlagga

pay

pagare

bcja'^ten

betala

peace

pace

grieben

frid, fred

164

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

seulement

tylko

|jt6vOV

B^nra

ouvrir

otwor/y6

dvoiKT6v

iI7&K

ordonner

poswi^ic

X€iporov«

irbusrn

ordre

porzadek

Siara'y^

ju^n:\n73

original

oryginalny

irpwTOT viros

ISTTS^

autre

inny

SLXXos

l?ni7TK

hors, dehors

z zewnatrz

?|«

D^K

ext^rieur, dehors

nazewnatrz

2€«et

insDr:iniDrK

sur

nad, przez

vircpavd)

-irn-K

bonder

przepetni6

<rvvd6poi<ris Xaov

t23KOrJJrK

sorveiller

doglada6

^iPX^O)

Ii?a»raii33K

devoir

by6 winnym

XpCftXTT*

nbw n

poss4der, propre

posiadac, wJasny

18i.k6s h>ov, ^v-

tDnrnrj or ,wi7rK

o-idta>

Ta K12t

page

stronnica

o-eXCs

lOKbs

palais

pafac

dvdKTopov

P<bKB

parents

rodzice

■yoveis

[unnsbr

pare

park

8a<ros

ir:a-iKJ-ni7^:£KBer

part

czesc

|up(s

'?''\Ta

particuli^rement

szczegrthiie

ISiaiT^pws

tsenmrn^K

partie

partya

KojjLua, (tcpCs

"TX ."^^"IKB

passer

przejsc, uchwalic

lYKpiVb)

frnr: x'^snue

passeport

paszport

SiaPar-^piov

CKfi

pass6

przeszJy

irapeXOov

»31?33KJnrB

brevet, patente

patent

irpoviSfJLiov

i2:in:KS

patience

cierpliwosc

vironov^.

'iSnuj

patient, malade

chory, cierpliwy

do-GcWis, vironoviiTiK6s tS3!7''2kKB

patron, module

model, wz6r

iropdSckYF^*^

^KaiKJ ,bi:*Bur*n

paver

brukowa6

oSoiroiw

]nri:Dxb'BC*iK

payer

pfacic

irXtipo&va)

pbnKiTn

paix

zgoda, spokdj

clp^vTi

inr'iB

165

English

Italian

German

Swedish

pen

penna

^cber

penna

pencil

lapis

53Ieiftift

blyertspenna

people

popolo, gente

^oM, Seutc

folk

perhaps

forse

bictteic^t

kanske

permanently

permanentemente

permanent

forblifvande

petition

petizione

^:petition, 5Bittfd)rift

ansokan

picture

pittura, ritratto

33ilb, ©emalbe

portratt, mail

pilgrim

pellegrino

vandringsmai

place

posto

plats, stalle

plain

semplice, distinto

ebcn, einfad^

okonstlad

plan

piano

^^lan

plan

plant

piantare

pflanjen, aniegen

plantera

play

giuocare

fpielen

leka

please

per favore, piacere

bitte, gefallen

var snail

pleasure

diletto

S5ergnugen

noje

police

polizia

^onjet

polls

political

politico

potitijrf)

politisk

polls

sede elettorale

®timmptat3

valplats

poor

povero

arm

fattig

population

popolazione

SBeboIfernng

folkmangd

port

porto

§afen

haran

possible

possibile

mogUd)

mojligt

postal

postale

^oft

post-verk

post-office

ufficio postale

^ojl

postkontor

potentate

potentato

^otcntat

potentat

power

potenza

makt

present

presente

gcgenttjcirtig

narvarande

president

presidente

^raftbcnt

president

presiding

presiedente

borfi^enb

ordforande

previously

previamente

t)orI)er

forut

166

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

plume

pidro

7pa<|»Cs

nLnre-n^^"!ty

crayon

o^dwek

(jLoXvpSo k6 vSvXo V

-ir"irs"^bi

gens, monde

ludzie

Xaos

\a^:vin

peut-etre

moze

t(r<i)s, inOavus

tsa-^b'bira

d'une mani^re per-

trwale, stale

8iapKi]s

rnartatr-iKi

manente

petition

petycya

atnio-is

tasnttrra-'a

tableau, portrait

obraz

ctKWV

t2bx't:in7j

pelerin

pielgrzym

diroSriiiTiT^S,

irpOO-KUVT^T'^S

"jrnuxKi"!

placer, place

miejsce

eco-is

yvh^

plain, simple

proste

dirXovs

raxaa^-K

plan, projet

plan

<rx€Siov

Ik'^b

planter

sadzic

<j>trr€v«

jTSBKba

jouer

bawic si^

iraCt&>

|rbir£t!7

s'il vous plait

prosz^

cvxapuTTci

BU triTK B^

plaisir

przyjemno§6

€vxapC<mio-is

jrr3jnra

police

policya

d(rruvop.ia

K-'^rbxB

politique

polityczny

iroXiTiK6s

ume

miejsca gJosowania

■ KaXirq

Dl?pbK3

pauvre

biedny

TrT«x<5s

ranK

population

ludnosc

irXT]6v<rfw$s

anrpb^rErn

port

XiiiVjv

\mr\

possible

mozebne

Suvarov

Y^jua

postal

pocztowy

Taxv8po}iiK6v

bureau de posts

poczta

TaxvSpofWiov

nntsDKB

potentat

mocarz

Kvpiapxos

iiTtznun

pouvoir, puissance

moc, wfadza

Svvanis

iseK-np

present

terazniejszy

irap«v

]iyp3i7tt^

president

prezydent

IlpoeSpos

t23i?-i*7rns

prSsidant

przewodniczacy

'irpo€8p€va)v

pmKB

pr^cedemment

poprzednio

irpoTCpa(c0S

"iomti

167

English

Italian

German

Swedish

pride

superbia, orgoglio

®tol3

stolthet

primaries

primarie

5BortDa^Icn, elcmen*
tar

forberedande

prince

principe

prfl

prins

stampare

brudcn

trycka

prison

prigione

OcfdngniS

fangelse

prohibit

proibire

Dcrblctcn

forbjuda

promise

promettere

tocrj^jrcc^cn

lofva

properly

propriamente

ridt)ttg, eigentUd^

ordentligt

property-

propriety

(Sigeittum

egendom

protect

proteggere

fc^iitjcn

skydda

prove

provare

bctceifcn

bevisa

provide

prowedere

borjel^eti

forse

public

pubblico

offcittlid^

allman

puU

tirare

Sicken

draga

pure

puro

relti

ren

purpose

scopo

3n)cdf, Stbftt^t

andamal

purse

borsa

SBorfe

pung, bors

push

spingere

tio^cn

stot, skuffa

put

mettere

fetjcn, Icgcti

lagga

quarrel

altercare, lite

ftrcitcn

grala

question

domanda

frogcn

fraga

quickly

rapidamente

fci^ncll, xa\6)

skyndsamt

quiet

quieto

ru^ig

tyst

rags

cencio, straccio

happen

trasor

raise

alzare, soUevare

crl^cbcn, aufbringcn

lyfta, vaxa

rapture

estasi

55cgcijlcruiig

hanryckning

rates

proporzione

Slaten

priser

reach

raggiungere

rcidicn

racka

read

leggere

tefcti

lasa

ready

pronto

fertig, bcreit

fardig

really

realmente

tt)irfll(^

verkligen

168

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

fiertfi, §tre fier de

duma

vircpT]<t>dvcia

f'bKtDlSr

origine

pocz^itki

<rT0ixet«8Tjs

rtstni?

prince

ksiaze

»pW'«i+

p-na

imprimer

drukowa6

^opm

prison

wi^zienie

<t>vXaK-^

t7to"niD

d^fendre

zakaza6

dira-yopcvtf

ps-^bni? ts-^

promettre

obiecac

vir6(rxo|tai

IWKTX

conveuablement

nalezycie

dpfJLoSUs

rroDn

propri^t^

posiadfosc

ISiOKTqo-Ca

lDBKr:i7r"K

prot^ger

broni6

irpoo-Tarcvd)

|xj2nyi*s

prouver

udowodnic

diroSeiKvvd^

pmrn

pourvoir

dostarcza6

irpovow

irj"iKni7B

public

publiczny

8T)(i6(riov

p^bme

tirer

cisign^iC

IXkco

prrat

pur

czysty

KaOapds

but

eel

<rKO7r€V(0

rsKniK

bourse

pulares

PoXdvTiov

bin:^s-nbi?j

pousser

pcha6

a>e«

ire^vstsr

mettre

potozyc

e^TO)

jrr'^piynK

querelle

kJ6ci6 si^

lp(t«

junp

question

pytanie

6p«TTi<ris

WK-lB

vite

pr^dko

TOX^WS

1^^

tranquille

cisza

n<n&X«S

'r-'r^tt^

chiffons

Jachmany

PUKOS

nnKp

lever, produire

podniesc, zbierac

47€Cp»

jcopKii .irs^nB-iK

ravissement

uniesienie

€Ko-Ta<ris

:i:p'»D:i7

taux, prix

ceny

Ti|xaC

tSJUStK-lB

attendre

si^uac

lKav6TT]S

ps^-uni?

lire

czytac

dva'yi'yvc&o'Kd)

irwb

pret, pr§te

got6w

k'Toi^os

rtfiiKB

r^ellement

rzeczywiscie

irpa-yjiaTiKois

T'?P"i'ti

169

English

Italian

German

Swedish

reason

ragione

®runb

skal

receive

ricevere

empfangert, an=
nefjmen

mottaga

referendum

3lcfcrenbum

hanvisning

refuse

rifiutare

tjerhjctgcrn

vagra

regards

complimenti

9tu(fft(^ten

halsning

registrare

rcgiftrieren

anteckna

rejoice

rallegrare

ftc^ frcucn

gladja sig

remember

ricordare

jtd^ crtnnern

komma ihag

remove

rimuovere

cntferncn

omflytta

renounce

rinunciaje

oer^iditen

afsaga

rent

affittare

mteten

hyra

report

reportare

an^etgen

rapportera

representative

rappresentante

9ieprafentant

representant

republic

repubblica

Stc^ubrif

republik

request

richiesta

bitten, crfud^cit

begaran

require

richiedere

forbcrn

fordra

reside

resiedere

tDO^ncn

rest

restare

rut)en

hvila

return

ritornare

guriicffe'^rcn

atervanda

revenue

erario

3iitanbfteuer

statsinkomst

revolution

rivoluzione

5Rei)otution

revolution

rich

ricco

reid^

rik

rid

liberare

to«

f ri f ran

ride

cavalcare, passegi-
are

fa'^rett, reitett

rida

right

diritto, giusto

red)t

ratt, hogra

rills

rigagnoli

9?ci^cn

backar

ring

anello, suonare

tauten

ringa

170

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

raison, cause

przyczyna

alrCa

osir-'inrn^K

recevoir

otrzyma6

'rrapa\a(i,|3av(0

pcjbKn-117

r^f^rendum

odniesienie si^

dva<|)OpA

refuser

nieprzyjac odpadki

dpvovfiai

|r:Kn22i?

^gards, respects

uszanowanie

wPt

J31SI7J122K

enregisterer

rejestrowac

«YVptt4>«

ps^nrr*K

se r^jouir

radowa6 si^

d-ydX\o|jLai

pn^ns

se souvenir

pami^ta6

lv6v|iov)iai

pp3'^"1173

d^placer, 6ter

usunac

lUTaKlVW

prD^-wn

renoncer

zrzec si§

diroK-qpvTTW

|l?31?p'''''?*117B

louer, loyer

komorne

IvoiKid^a)

|i73rn

rapport

zawiadomic

dva4>^po>

toDnri«3

reprSsentant

przedstawiciel

dvTiirpoo-uiros

*117t317"ni3L''B

r^publique

rzeczpospolita

StDiOKpaTia

lSKKIDtrU"'nB

demande, deman-

prosba

atrqcis

rto-'n

der

exiger

wymagac, potrze-
bowa6

alTOV|JLai

pnUIKB

r&ider

mieszkac

8ia|iicvo>

PJUKII

se reposer

spoczywac

dvairavo|Jiai '

rm-

retoumer

wr6cic

4Trt<rTp^<}>a>

ji?aippm3t

revenu de I'Etat

docb6d z eta

irp6oSos

ra«pr^K ,'nuv2T\

revolution

rewolucya

liravdo-Tao-is

jX'^il'^KTiy-l

riche

bogaty, maj^tny

irXovo-ios

yyn

ddivTer, d^barasser pozbyc si^

diraXttTTft)

lu'^nsw

aller, h cheval, en

jechac

lirircvo)

lUTlKB

voiture

droit

prawo, sJuszny

8iKaCa)(La 8€|i6v

petits ruisseaux

strumyki

pVOKlOV

lUD'^lfi

sonner, cercle

dzwonie, pierscio-
nek

T|x», SaKTviXios

|i73rbp -wn

171

English

Italian

German

Swedish

rise

levarsi

aufftc^cn

stiga upp

road

strada

(Strafe

vag

rob

rubare

beraubcn

stjala

rocks

roccie

gelfcn

stenar

room

stanza, spazio

3immcr

rum

rubbish

rottami

^elirid^t

skrap

ruler

dittatore

^Regent

regent

rules

regole

SJegeIn

regler

run

correre

laufcn

springa

safety-

sicurezza

©id^er^cit

sakerhet

sail

salpare

segla

sale

vendita

SSerfauf

salu

same

uguale, medesimo

fctb

samma

sanitarium

sanatorio

©anatortum

sanatorium

save

salvare

retten, fparcn

radda, fralsa

scene

scena

©SCitc

seen

school

scuola

©d^ute

skola

seated

seduto

gefe^t

sitta-ned

secret

segreto

®c^cimni8

hemlighet

secretary-

segretario

©efrctar

sekreterare

secure

assicurare

fic^cr

f orsakra om

see

vedere

fct)cn

seed

semenza

©atncii

fro

seen

veduto

gcfc^cn

sedd

self

stesso

®ctbfl

sjalf

sell

vendere

tjcrfaufcn

salja

send

spedire, mandare

fd^icfen

sanda

separate

separare

trenitcn

afskilja

172

French

PoUah

ChreeH

Yiddish

se lever

wsta6

{-ycCpojiai

parns^iK

route, chemin

droga

686s

arn

voler, piller

rabowac

Xtjoptcvw

pn^n

roc, rocher

skaty

Ppdxot

nur-dcr

chambre

stancya

8«)(idTiov

nriD-st

d^combres

smiecie

o-KvpokXa

tsD-'a

gouvemeur, maitre,

, rzjidca

&PX»V

■TUtsniyrr

r6gle

r6gle, r^glement

przepisy

Kavwvcs

ptsBXtnun

courir

lecie6

Tp^»

PB^6

surety

bezpieczenstwo

d(r<|>aX«s

lD^p-ll72''T

s'embarquer

popfynac

diroirX^ft)

jra^sK

vente

sprzeda^

irwXi^o-is

pB-'ip-iuB

mgme

tensam

Ofioios

17S717TK^T

sanatorium

sanatory um

OepaircvT^piov

"3K D'a^^T^3^Tl?J

^pargner, ^conomi-

zbavn6

o-cl>ta>

]»SDi;n ,ii7-i«aur''K

ser

sc6ne

scena

o-KTiWi

V3!72eD

6cole

szkoJa

o-xoXciov

mn ,rbity

assis

usadzeni

Ka8i^|icvos

tsiUTun

secret

tajemnica

JIVOTIKOS

secretaire

sekretarz

virovpYos

*TX?S^^^t(!7

garantir, mettre en

zabezpieczy6

4|a(r<}>aX£!;u

pjnp

siiret^

voir

widziec

pXeiro)

inn

semence

nasienie

o-iropos

jTia-iT

widziany

pX^ir«v

]ni7T17J

m§nie, soi-mgme

siebie

cavTos

taonbri

vendre

sprzedawa6

iroX»

|17a''1p"lI73

envoyer

posfac

o-raXw

jrp^iy

s^parer

oddzielone, roz-
dzielifi

XopiS«

\xh^^rm\i

173

English

Italian

German

Swedish

service

servizio

2)ten[t

tjanst

set

finimento, compi- 2Rei^e

saraling

lazione

settle

stahilire

begletd^en, jtcf) nic=
bertaffen

bosatta

seven

sette

fieben

sju

several

parecchi

ntel)rerc

flera

sewer

fogna

3tb3ug§fanal

dike, trumma un-
der jorden

shake

scuotere

f(f)iitteln

skaka

shares (on)

a mezzadria

Stnteil (auf)

arende

she

ella, essa

fte

hon

shore

spiaggia, lido

^iiftc

strand

show

mosLrare

geigcn

visa

sick

ammalato

!ran!

sjuk

side

lato

@eitc

sida

sidewalk

marciapiede

trottoir

sign

insegna, firmare

neu

skylt, underskrift

since

dacch6, da

jcit, ba

sedan

sing

cantare

ftngen

sjunga

sister

sorella

@(^h)efter

syster

size

dimensione

®r5Be

storlek

sky-

cielo

§imntel

sky

slave

schiavo

®!Iade

slaf

sleep

sonno, dormire

@(^Iaf

somn, sofva

slow

adagio, lento

long f am

sakta

smoking

fumare

rauc^enb

rokuing

cosl

society-

society

®efcafd)aft

societet

soldier

soldato

@oIbat

soldat

some

del, alcuni

einigc

nagot

sometimes

talvolta

matK^mal
174

nagongang

Fi-ench Polish

service siuiba

garniture, syst6me garnitur, dziaf

de — ustawi6

^tablir osiedlic, zgodzi6

Greek

Yiddish,

virr^pccta

la-'^mK

TOiro0£T«, crvo-TTjiia

m:. x:m

i'^K0A\.VT&

p»:Trn

sept

siedem

l-irrd

psm

quelques, plusieurs

kilka

8id4>opoi.

r3''bi3iy

^gout

sciek, kanaf

6x€t6s

33irP2DK'ni7DKn

secouer

trza^

TivdtM

pbo^nta

sur part, en parti-

na akcye

|«pts

*?^\nta ,pbn

cipation

elle

ona

OVT^

rivage, bord

brzeg

dK-Hj

:i?nn

montrer

okazac

SciKVVCi)

pr-n

malade

chory

d<r0€Wjs

p^)r^';?

c6t^

strona

irXcvpd

ts-n

trottoir

chodnik

irc^o8p6)j.iov

lan "ii?n jiB J3Ki

signer, enseigne

podpisac, szyld

viro'ypa(|>Ti, €irt-

"^S ,jW3'^X"ll?ia31K

^pa4)^

lub

depuis, depuis que

od czasu

d<j> OTOV

DrT

chanter

spiewac

d8<i>

|i73n

soeur

siostra

d8€\4>^

mesure, taille

wielkosc

pi-yeOcs

DK&

ciel

niebiosa

ovpavos

bi?aM

esclave

niewolnik

SovXos

tDSrsp

dormir, sommeil

sen, spa6

KOip,c[)p,ai

pBK7t£?

lent

powolny

dpYos

DKTa:Kb

fumer, fumant

palenie

Kdirvio-fia

]1HU3''T1

ainsi

tak, wi^c

ovr«s

K'-ITK

soci6t6

towarzystwo

KOivcovCa

tsBKC^'^urra

soldat

zoi'nierz

crTpaTiwTTjs

tSKlb'KD

quelque

troch^, jakis

(lepiKoC

ra^bisi?

quelquefois

czasami

CVCOTC

175

^JKarsiKD

English

Italian

German

Swedish

soon

presto

U\\i

snart

sorry

dolente

leib

ledsen

sound

risuonare

erf (fallen

Ijuda

south

mezzo-giorno, sud

®iib (-en)

soder

sovereignty-

sovranit^

@ut)eranttat

regentskap

Spanish

spagnolo

jpanift^

spansk

speak

parlare

fprcd^cn

tala

special

speciale

jpegiell, befonber

speciel

speed

velocity

®efd)tt)inbtgfeit

spon-strack

spend

spendere

au§geben

frikostig-vara

spitting

sputare

fpuden

spottning

spread

propagare

auSbreitcn

sprida

stable

stalla

®taU

stall

stamp (postage)

francobollo

maxU

frimarke

stand

stare in piedi

jtc^cn

sta

star

Stella

©tern

stjarna

start

incominciare

aufbredjen

paborja

state

stato

Otaat

Stat

statement

esposizione

3lngabc

anforande

stay

rimanere

biciben

kvarstanna

steamship

piroscafo

2)ampfcr

angbat

stop

fermare

an^alten

stanna

story

racconto

©cfc^id^tc

bragd, historia,
saga

street

strada

©tra^e

gata

stripe

striscia

©trclfcn

rand, rander

strong

forte

ftarf

stark

study

studiare

ftubteren

studera

subject

soggetto, suddito

amne, tillhorig

substitute

sostituto

©telloertretcr

i an nans stalle

such

tale

folc^

sadan

sun

sole

(Sonne

solen

superintendent

soprintendente

2tuffel|er

superintendent

176

French
tot, bientot
f§x;h6, pein^
son, sonner
sud, midi
souverainet6
espagnol
parler
special
Vitesse
d^penser
crachement
r^pandre, propager
Stable

timbre-poste
etre, se tenir
^toile

commencer
^tat

expose, relev^
s^jour, rester
bateau k vapeur
arret, s'arreter
conte, histoire

Polish
wkrdtce
zai'oje
rozlegac sic^
po^udnie
zwierzchnosc
Hiszpanski
mdwic
szczeg61ny
pr^dkosc
wydac
plucie

rozszerzac, zas^'ac
stajnia
marka
stac

gwiazda
zaczac
Stan

zeznanie
pobyt, zostac
statek parowy
zatrzymac
powiesc, historya

Greek
IvwpCs
irepiXviros

VOTOS

tcupiapx^a
'I<rirov6s

iSiaCrcpos
pCa

irTVWv

CKTClvOfLak

(TTavXos
-Ypap.)iaT6(n]fiov

do-T'^p

apxofiai

iroXiTcia

8iap.^va)
drp.6irXoiov

O-TttjiaTW

Yiddish

rp-1Ka ,Bai7'L2D

rue

bande, raie
fort, vigoureux
^tude, ^tudier
sujet

substituer
tel, telle
soleil
surveiilant

ulica

smuga, pas
silny
uczyc si^
przedmiot, pcd-

leg^y
zast^pca
taki
sfoiice
dozorca

oSos

o-cipai

lo-xvpos

o-irovSd^(i)

vir-^KOOS

d vTi KaTa<rTdTT]9

TOIOVTOS
T]XlOS

lirio-rdTTis

|i?p:n2K3
-irnrTB-iK

177

English

Italian

German

Swedish

supreme

suprema

oberft

den hogste

sure

sicuro

fid)er

saker pa

take

prendere

ne^men

taga

talk

parlare

reben

samtala

tap

colpetto

anaapfen

sakta knackning

tariff

tariffa

tariff

tulltaxa

tax

tassa

@teuer

taxa

teach

insegnare

te^ren

lara

tell

dire

jagen

omtala

templed

sacro

nitt Siempeln

med tempel

ten

dieci

gc^n

tio

term

termine, limite

S3ebingung

termin

than

che, di

a(8

thank

ringraziare

2)an!

tack

that

quello, ci6

ba^, jener

det

the

11, lo, la, i, gli, le

ber, bie, ba§

den

thee

bid)

their

loro

i^r

deras

then

allora, poi

benn, a(8

there

li, Ik, vi, ecc

ba, bort

dar

therefore

perci6

ba^cr

darfor

they

coloro, essi

fie

thing

cosa

2)ing, @ad^e

ting

think

pensare

bcn!en

tanka

thirteen

tredici

breigel^n

tretton

thirty

trenta

brci^ig

trettio

this

questo

bicjcr, bieje, btefeS

denna, detta

though

pure

bod)

thought

pensiero

©ebanfe

tanke

thrills

commuovere

©d^auer

tjusar

through

attraverso, per
mezzo di

bur(^

genon

178

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

supreme

najwyzszy

dvwTaros

I7l3D!3l7n

sfir, certain

pewny

Pc'paios

D^nw

prendre

bra6

X«kPAvc«

n?ai73

parler, causer

mdwic

<ruvo|xiXu

pnn

tape, taper

uderzenie

Kpovtris

JTEKbp

tarif

taryfa

8a<r)i.o\6'yiov

cinxD

taxe, imp6t

podatek

(fxipos

cpKa

enseigner

uczye

SiSdo-KO)

ii7:ni?b

dire, raconter

powiedziec

SiTi-yovfiai

PJIKI

sacr^

ze swiatyniami

o-ePcwTTds

Dbi?Bai7tt t:*ia

dix

dziesi^6

8^Ka

|ni72C

terme

termin

irpoOc(r^(a

ts"^ ,ran»t3

que, de

nizeli

irapd

nuT'K

remercier

dzi^kowa6

€vxapi<rTw

pp:xi

ce, cet, oette, qui,

tamten, kt6ry

Ik€IVOS

"Tin ,Din

que

le, la, les

ten, ta, to

6, T], t6, 01, at, Td

toi, te

ci?, ci

iri

leur

ich

cavTwv

nr^

alors, ensuite

wtenczas

{ircira

ai?"T2K:

l^,y

tarn, oto

IkcC

|yisn«n

c'est pourquoi

przeto

SOcv

-lunnK-r

ils, elles

oni, one

avToC

K^l

chose

rzecz

vp&Yiia

1«7

penser, croire

myslec

(rK^irTop.ai

PttiKID

treize

trzynascie

ScKarpCa

jnrsm

trente

trzydzie^ci

rpidKOvra

rD'''n'i

ce, cet, cette, ceci

ten, ta, to

TOVTO

i?r*i

quoique

chociarz

KaCroi

Tr^

pens^e

mysl

O-KC^lS

is2K"it3W ^p^vnai

tressailhr

drga

<{>piKi.do-ei.s

linuTitr

h. travels, par

przez

Sid p.e<rov

l-in

179

English

Italian

German

Swedish

ticket

biglietto

^arte, ga^rfarte

biljett

time

tempo

3eit

tid

title

titolo

SSefiljtitel

titel

a, verso

iu, m^

till

tobacco

tabacco

Xahat

tobak

to-day

oggi

Ijfute

idag

together

assieme

gufammcn

tillsammans

too

anche, troppo

ocksa

tools

utensili

SSerfjeugc

verktyg

town

citt^

@tabt

liten stad

trace

tracciare

auffpiiren

spara

track

binario

©eletfc

jarnbana

trade

commercio, mes-
tiere

handel, yrke

train

treno, istruire

3ug, crgtc^en

tag, uppfostra

travel

viaggiare

rcifen

resa

treasurer

tesoriere

©d^aljmcij^cr

kassor

tree

albero

33aum

trad

trespass

trasgredire, trapas-
sare

bctrctcn, ubcrtrctcn

forbrytelse

trial

processo

35erl)or, ^rojc^

laga forhor

tried

processato

t)erfud)t, projcfftcrt

forhord

trodden

calpestato

betreten

nedtrampad

trouble

disturbo, fastidio

<S(i)rt)ierigfcit

bryderi

true

vero

rt)Ql)r

loyal

trust

fiducia

tjertrauen

betro

truth

verity

®a^rl)eit

sanning

tuberculosis

tubercolosi

SubertuTofc

lungsiktig

Tuesday

martedi

2)icnftag

tisdag

twelve

dodici

gnjblf

tolf

twenty

venti

jhjan^ig

tjugo

two

due

gttjci

tva

180

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

billet

bilet

cUrriT^ptov

tacb's

temps, fois, heure

czas, raz

Kttipds

t2^

titre

tytui'

titXos

bits't:

do, ku

irpds

K^:^

tabac

tytun

Kairvos

pK2KU

aujourd'hui

dzis

o-^)i€pov

tsrn

ensemble

razem

Katv

jraKTKi::

trop

za, takze

lir£<n]s, iroXv

T'K

outils, instruments

narz^zia

cpYCiXcia

r»::

ville

miasteczko

iroXis

raiKcr -^xsrhp

tracer

sledzic

dvaKaXvTTTw

IU3^

rail, suivre k la piste

1 szyny, slad

Tpoxid

juDbin

commerce, metier

handel, rzemiosio

T^vTj, k^tro^ov

teBCTTJ ,bi?XKn

train, instruire

cwiczyc, pociag

dp.a|o<rTOix(a

irnrb ,pK3

voyager

podr6zowac

Ta|€l8cV6>

p-inKEttix

tresorier

skarbnik

6vo-avpo<)>vXa^

ni7i:bKmbuj

arbre

drzewo

ScvSpov

D^2

transgresser

wkroczyc

KaTaxpwfiai

essai, ^preuve, pro-

sprawa

8(icii

K&t7&

cfes

essay^, poursuivi

sadzony

ISiKdo-GTi

jun^n^-B

foul^, dcrase

podeptany

Karairarw

|i7t:tnt:w

peine, embarras

kfopot

rapax^

nr^ ,|rj«bB

vrai

prawdziwy

dXT]0Tis

3^2n

confiance, se fier k

(po)wierzyc

€|jLiri<rTO<ruvTj

jrr.-jjr:

v^rit^

prawda

dX^Gcia

i3^^p^i:Dn

tuberculosa

tuberkulosys

<|)9i<ris

::nnrir'iK

mardi

Wtorek

Tp^TT,

:K*k:c:o^

douze

dwanascie

SwScKa

pibyiisc

vingt

dwadziescia

e^KOo-i

rs3K^.i:f

deux

dwa

8vo

iTTiat

181

English

Italian

German

Swedish

under

sotto

unter

under

understand

comprendere

toerftel)en

forsta

unhappy-

infelice

ungtucfUd)

olycklig

unite

unito

tjcreinigcn

forena

until

finch6

bi8

tilldess

unwisely

non saviamente

uuttugcrtt)eifc

ovisligt

su, alto

auf

upp

uphold

sorreggere, soste-
nere

aufred^tcr^atten

understoda

upon

sopra

auf

use

usare

anvanda

useful

utile

itu^Ud)

brukbar

usually

ordinariamente

gch)bt)nltc^

vanligtvis

vacant

vuoto

leer, t)Q!ant

vakant, torn

vacation

vacanza

^crien

ferier

vaccinated

vaccinato

gcimpft

vaccinerad

vegetables

ortaggi

SPcgetabilicn, ®c«
miije

gronsaker

vehicle

veicolo

gu^rttjcr!

akdon

very

molto

mycke

vessel

battello

^a^qcug

fartyg

visible

vlsibile

ftd)tbar

uppenbar, synlig

visit

visita

befud^cn

besok

vote

votare

rosta

voyage

viaggio

gal^rt, fRcifc

resa

v^agon

vagone, furgone

Sagen

vagii

wait

aspettare

hjarten

vanta

walk

camminare

gel)en, SScg

want

volere

SBiinfd)cn, 3WangeI

vilja ha

war

guerra

^ricg

krig

182

French

Polish

Greek

riWis/i

sous

pod

VirOKOLTO)

-Tins:'iK

comprendre

rozumiec

€VVOW

|rni7katjrii7B

malheureux

nieszcz^sliwy

8v<rTvx^S

unir

zjednoczyc

Ivovca

piriKi]:

jusqu'k

(az) dopdki

J^XPi

imprudemment

niemadrze

d4>p6v(tfs

7btr-iK:

haut, en haut

w g6r^, do gdry

avo)

^I'lK

Clever, soutenir

utrzymywac

tnrooT-qpiJe*

ptsbKHB-IK

sur

&va>

Pj^lK

employer, se servir

uzywac

jt€Tax€ip£to,«u

|rr3

utile

pozyteczny

XP^o-ifiOs

rnxs^r:

ordinairement

zwykle

(ruv'^9(i)S

r3^'?:nKi":i?:

vacant, vide

prdzna

Kcv6n]$

^tST-rh

vacance

wakacya

SiaKOir^

ta^^rr^'nB

vaccina

zaszczepiony

lp.Po\id^a)V

irpKB-jL-br-Lic^

Idgumes

warzywo

XaxaviKO.

nun |iB jr^KKb'B

v^hicule

(po)w6z

5xiJ|itt

■ms

tr^s

bardzo

iroXv

-ir-'T

vaisseau

okrj^t

irXoiov

Bl'TJ^

visible

wldzialne

oparos

\no\ |i7p jra ckii

visite

wizyta

eiruTKcij/o-is

{USIWD

vote, voter

gfos, gJosowac

^,,«t,Cta,, r|/fi<t,os

ra-ttty ,i7pbKJ

voyage

podrdz

TolcCSuov

i7r*n

chariot, fourgon

w6z

&)ia{a

jrjxn

attendre

czekac

dvafUvu

|i7tan«-'.i

marcher

chodzic

irepwraTw

d^irer, vouloir

chciec

OeXo)

b^i

guerre

v^ojna

iroXcfios

18B

nanba oirnp

English

Italian

German

Swedish

ward

distretto

©tobtbegtr!

stadsdel

warm

caldo

tt)arm

varm

water

acqua

2Ba[[er

vatten

way

maniera, strada

2Beg

vaga

noi

tt)tr

weak

debole

fc^ttjod)

svag

weapon

arma

SSaffe

vapen

week

settimana

SBod^c

vecka

well

bene

ttJOf)t

bra

west

ponente, ovest

SSeft (-en)

vaster

what

Che

n)a8

hvad

when

quando, allorch^

tttann

nar

where

dove

tt)0

hvar

which

quale

xot\6)tx, XotX^t,
irelc^cS

hvilket

while

mentre

ttal^reitb

medan

whiskey

©c^nappg

branvin

white

bianco

ttjci^

hvit

who

chi, il quale

ton

hvem

whole

tutto

gang

allt

why

perch6

n)arum

hvarfor

wide

ampio

breit

vid

wife

moglie

^rau

hustni

wigwam

tenda Indiana

SBigtuam

Indianskt-tallt

wild

selvaggio

ttitb

vild

wills

testamenti

Seftatncntc

testamente

winter

invemo

Sinter

vinter

wise

saggio

!Iug, ttjctfc

vis

wish

desiderio

Sunjd^

5nska

with

con

ntit
184

med

French

Polish

Greek

Yiddish

arrondissement

rozdziat

'Tr€pi<J)€'p€ia

tsnKtas? pB n:r2w

chaud

ciepfo

0€p|i6TT)S

nu-iKiT

eaii

woda

OSiop

nUDKT.

voie, mani^re

droga

8p6fios, Tpoiros

31711

nous

il|l€lS

faible

sJaby

dSvvaros

TKIIBT

arme

bron

&ir\ov

irBKH

semaine

tydzien

ipSoHids

1«n

bien

dobrze, zdrdw

Ka\»s

nsnrj ,taii

ouest

zach6d

8ti<ns

D'^a-nuD

que, quoi, ce qui,

jaki, CO

t(s,t£

Dxn

ce que

quand, lorsque

kiedy, gdy

ore

gdzie

irov?

iKnK

qui, que

ktdry

irotov

usbm

pendant, espace de

gdy, p6ki

Kaip6s

l?b''''T1^I7T

temps

eau de vie

w6dka

Ovto-KV

|JJS3Knn

blanc

biaty

XevKos

UD-ni

qui

kto, ktdry

t£s, iroios

-i»n

tout, entier

caly

oXokXtipos

»rK3

pourquoi

dlaczego

Siari

DKinKB

large

szeroki

cvpvs

iD^-nn

Spouse, femme

zona

orvSvyos

K*nB ,3"^

hutte

wigwam

o-KTiWi

sauvage

dzikie

a^pios

nb-11

volont^s

testamenta

8ia0^KTi

teT^ iw«3 >c'nKis
3Kni?B

hiver

zima

X€l(W&V

ii7tfi3'''n

sage, prudent

madry

cr»<}>p«v

3lbp

d&ir

zyczyc, zyczenie

iV\0\IM.

PSKH

avec

z, ze, przez

185

ts'a

English

Italian

German

Swedish

without

senza, f uori

ol^ne

forutan

witness

testimonio

Beuge

vittne

women

donne

grauen

frunthimmer

wonder

meraviglia

hjunbern

undra

woods

selva, bosco

SBoIb, SBcilbcr

skog

work

lavoro

Strbctt

arbete

world

mondo

Belt

verld

write

scrivere

f(i)rciben

skrifva

wrong

torto, ingiusto

unrc(f)t

oratt

yard

cortile, misura li-
neare inglese

§of, ?)orb

Matt-3 fot, gard

year

anno

3a^r

yes

jia

you

vol

@ie, i^r

du, ni

186

French

Polish

Greek

Tiddish

sans

bez

X«pts

"ll?D^1K

t^moin

swiadek

(idprvs

D-M-^ ,nn»

femmes

kobiety

YwaiKcs

prrna

^tonnement,

mer-

dziwic, dziw

Oav^dttt

]inrn:iKii

veille

bois, forets

lasy, lasek

8d<ros

I'^KIT

travail, travailler

pracowac

Ipyau-la

tD-^n-iK

monde

swiat

KOO-JJLOS

\abm

^crire

pisac

^pd<i,«

ps-^n^r

faux, erron^

krzywdzic, krzyw-

aSiKov

-an isn ,t22i?n-n-K

rts

cour, mesure

de3

podwdrze, 3 stopy

{KipSa, a{,\ii

Pl^m

.b^K ]vvrb::v

pieds

an, ann^e

rok

Itos

nn>o

oui

tak

vaC

vous

ty, wy, pan

(.JUIS

nrpK ,Kn

187

Books for Evening Schools

HARRINGTON'S FIRST BOOK FOR NON-ENG-

LISH-SPEAKING PEOPLE .... $0.25

LANGUAGE LESSONS FOR FIRST BOOK . . .25

SECOND BOOK FOR NON-ENGUSH-SPEAKING

PEOPLE 30

This series is the result of twelve years' experi-
ence in teaching English to foreigners in both
day and evening schools. It is extensively
used in all parts of this country, in day schools,
night schools, mission schools and by many
private organizations of non-English-speaking
individuals who wish to learn to write and
speak the English language. The series is
especially well adapted for use among adult
immigrants who have come to this country with
little knowledge of its language.

MOORE'S ENGLISH-ITALIAN LANGUAGE BOOK .40

This little book has been prepared especially
for the Italian working men and women who
come to America. The book is colloquial —
the language of every day Hfe — and by its use
the diligent Italian can, within three months,
acquire a good foundation of English.

FULLER'S PRIMER

Especially suited to the needs of those with
no English vocabulary, as each object word is
accompanied with a picture of the object.

DOLE'S THE YOUNG CITIZEN . . . .

Well suited to follow the study of Plass's Civics
for Foreigners.

Correspondence Invited

Boston

C. Heath & Company

New York

.25

.45

Chicago

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW

AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS

WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN
THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY
WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH
DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY
OVERDUE.

SEP 8 1934

^ I'^O

-^ \ ^^

(OitjojmmW>

'■U

MAY 25 1942

LD21-100/H-7,'33

YC 08870

-y^

270353

UNIVERSITy^OF CAUFORNIA IvIBRARY

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "Civics for Americans in the making"

See other formats