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THE
CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S
JOURNAL,
SCIENTIFIC AND RAILWAY GAZETTE.
VOLUME XI.
1848
LONDON:
R. GBOOMBRIDGE AND SONS, 3, PATERNOSTER ROW; J. WEALB, 59, HIGH HOLBORN; WILEY AND PUTNAM,
NEW YORK ; GALIGNANI, AND MATHIAS, PARIS.
PrIqUd ud PaUUhad bj WILLUM LAXTON, th* PraprMar, U Ko. 10, F)DilT.'r BtTNt, WUMbaH.
THE NEW YuRK
PUBLIC LIBRARY
*: : JtkTOR, LEH«X AM
*::tlCOEN FOUMMTWtU
CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL:
INDEX TO VOL. XL
»
Astoa'f psi, ciiciDc-furo«c(«,37S
AndsBT, TDjml, csbibiiian, 169, 1(U,319, 338,
M6
AetiieMa in e««I nin**. pteTt&lioa of, IZT
,, cm nUwa>a, pr«M;MIO(i of, 11
AiUJM'a bnuch p««Mi»s«i locoiaoihe
A4iB'a«isB«ltMUI»,tn
AvUl oAtiflBLton, tax
A^rtenllur*! (nific oa railvia]ii, 1S£
Airaod VBieror towc», Ur. Smith an, SII 1
Air-pamp and aUmMplif rie tnilwa; (t*v.), 30 ]
Alr-ttskt BrMaric*, it j
AbrasfaM-nilwari—AllFn's, 9U ; Baiid'a, 319; '
Bnrtl ■MlLitt]v'l,S4i Biullicr'*, SO; DulUta'i '
ID; Ho*re'B,90; M'C'oll'*, S«i M^Ull'c.Ui I
TmUet%k\l\ 191 I
Albui'* high'preMUiH *tcaiu-«tigtiie (rer.), lit
Alci*n, trull o(« in, 191
Alwx«d *ttiua propBbion in \il3, 119
AlUn'* nilna; nlarnai, 14
AMal|WHaliiMi of rail**]' conipuiin, S78
Aa»«Ti«n lAke*,3l9
ABcrkan plougb, Slmjuni'i, 31
JLmij^»of pbu*ph>ir<, Mi:t
H wivuElii-iruiD pioduccJ by rcnipnU-
fion fraiM cMt-iraU) 119
.Aatiratuulinodcnian, bjr <>. CI«stiora(rcr.),T>
book-biadinE, CudiIhII ob, £»
„ nanel, M'j-otl <ni, 156
Aac[ciilBaddbiilkrcliilrciurc.J.Fi!rjiu«MBaii,l24
Aacirat Uraek *■•««, Ur. Hutding on, (10, «1
A—iwl pollrrT, Dwjcr oil, Ul
AocBonetriul reMivcke«, by Pmf. PbUilps, 119
A*(cll'*, Mr.,rojii<rMR«n(, 18S
Aa*c*lui{ B'^*' tube*, 1ST
AoUcd'j teulogicBl lcctnr«t,9T
AoUflMBj, maauEaclurr of while paint tnun, 13S
Anliquanaa nod gcDraloiitt's coifipaDioD (re*.),
«r
AppMte* for RippI jing boilers with water, ITS
Ap^UcUioB or icnlpture to nrcbittclure, bjr H. 1).
G*flutg,901
AppUc»llMiorBtFam-po«r«rto>iilU,llutl»'*p«t.,
lis
Ank U BucklDgb*ai-p«lace, T
Arak brtdfc, Cowper'i intnted, S
Aiclwd Mibn liMlncta, Oraeo'a, 31
AnhM, M mwvMMotal bmaMt, M
Arch», Saell oa lb« M&bilit; of, l%2
AnUuitUf Kojkl Utiiiuiiiia of Briiiib, S9, 60,
80, 124, IM, ISO, S11, ISO
JkrcbitecturAl htaeTolMt tmit^SO
Architectural kaoMMiCfSomtj for publictttioa
«r. 117, S3«
Archi[««tur«, aiiciMl UttddbUt.lSI
Architecture anil painting, 163
Architccluri ur.il ihr " Art-Journal," 2in
Architeciorw, ■pplicalinn of Kulplnre lo. Sill
Arcbittclure at tbc B^^al Academy, IDS, 104,
Arcliiltitute. (•rp«k, I'eoroic on, ISO
Afrbit«<iarc, letter* on Elm«i'abittaryor,fl, G6,6&
Arcbitrctnrc, (■ridittiii uii ii'4tar*l (jatem of, 91
Archilrcliirr, pnialrd, (iiiilt on. S9
Arthltrcturr, kiiloT) of, Tuihilt (rc'.)t 3^7
Arcl),obllqut, Baibronii on, 4
Ari,ancieritanUModcrD,b>U.CIegh»m(rer.), 73
Art, occftiioRfel notra npoa, V. Lu*h, iiS
ArUHcinl furl, AtuJay't pat., S2
„ atoiia. lUDtoraa on. U 1 , 00
* ArtJounul" e. Architcctarr, 21tt
Art af Mwmcl, wicieiil and nnileni, Ifill
Aria, decorative, M'allacc'* pat., 301
Art*, LoDdoa Sacicljr of, 211, SI , IH), 1 iO
Aria mannfaclure exhibitioa, 101,840
Arli.Scuttiih Socielf or, JI,G:{,Oi, 13S, 148, 111,
IBl
Arf-VuloiiiliitributloD, IGO
A^burf'* pat. wheelt, SCO
AMU>aut.«i));iu<tr'« ntilnay Kuide (rev<), SIS
Atmoiphfric air, diUtatiuQ af, VSH
„ fttt, rcloi^ily of 1 10
„ railnay and air-pijinp (rev.), XS
„ lon-prcMurc, 249
„ DC IT, 204
„ Talves, l-'rvodt'a pot., SIS
Almoapbtric pilc-diiving siackiM, Clarke nod
Varley't.lll
AtBDspheric war«i», Birt dd, 111
AttwuMl'a pat. iruu maDutacluie, 3TI
AuHirta, iQiaml iiruduce of, 190
Autlioraliipiif " Lctltrauf Junius "(riT,), SIS
Aosiliur]: itesQi-puvtcr fur tCBseU, ISS
Asle-boxet aad juumaU, Noriuaavillc'i pat., 3M
Axic-gunrdt and buffers, De Bcrguo's pal., !tl7
Axl«», ruilwuy carrla^, Herger't pal., 4fi
Aiulay'a pat. ariificUl fuel, 91
Bacon nniJ DistJti'i pal. Bieam-coiiae, 111
Baine'a clcclre-ioaKiietic mufical iaitrutDenti, I0S
Baitd't fkilnay aluruat, S18
Baker's pat. alfuu- boiler funiacw,tlT
Baker's railnajr CDgint ering ^r»r.), 74
nakcncH's cop; ioii ticctric telritrapfa, 191, IIT
Balance bridgr, iindlci't pal., 73
Balanciog e( wbeelf , Sit
nilliKin, iroproT^tl ArchlnKdiAn, 323
Buik*'* pal. iterl Ijrvs, lb]
Baca rvaeiroir*, Ratrmai) on. IsS
Baptist (bapel, DlnomtbuTj, 129
Baibti'apat. paildle-wbrcif, IM
Itar-imu, lIuMeH'i pal , 160
Burloiv'« pat. railwaj keys, 104
Baron dt Goldaioid'* bouM, t'JO
Basbforlta oii obli(|ue areb, 4
DafUfortli OB Uiiug vui widibn of land for rmit*
wa}8, 327
Bashrorlb's cattbwork tables (rev.;, 200
H tnKcliiDC for roimiQE lectb of wbctla*
I SI
Baiamen on tbe Rnun rrfenoirs, lU
DataniBii's p«l. raltn niid plug*. IM
BattarsM. new park a', iiu
Bcami or girders, deflect>oo and atrain of, Ss8
., Fielder's pat, |g*J
Brauland'a, oa s«ltiug out railvsy JuDCtioos, 114
Beaoly, synmetrical, Huy on, 11
„ PurdieoBtbefslUcyof. lU
Beobn, De la, on geology of tioulh M'ale*. 313
D«ecbey, on ibc tides of tbe Eogliab aod Iriib
cbaanda, 147
Brnueii, en Itith Das, 81
Benaou, on rtUlive pusillon of coal in Soolb
Wales, SII
Berger'e pal. railway caitiitje axle*, 46
Uergue's pal. axle-guards and buffers, MI
Brier's cjllader-barliigaiacbiDe, i%, 16S
BirkooWad dock*, SIS
fiirkeubc'td port and duck* (rev,), 08
Rirknjre's pat. for snellrng ores, lit
Blit, «n aUBospbetic wave*, 31 1
Blackburn oaw narkM -bouse. Uti
Black's pu. atcam-bolleni, SIM
BlwkwkU gxtanslM nllwsy, >0«
BiackwaU rmllway macbiiiery, B3
Blssl furnace, accident lo, 1S9
BlasUng rocks, 'iSB
Btewilt'i pat. toaaufaclitrs of iron, 40
BItiomsbiiry baptist cbapcl, 120
BluwIog-macbiacsMiirurDBcei, l4loyd'a pBl.,l4S
Builer aod coudenier, Craddook's pal., Itlt
Boiler furnaces. Baker's Ml., S47
Boilers and enginrs, Exall's pat., 149
Baiters, apparatus for aapply of water lo, ITS
Boilers, bigb-pressure, Siuilh on, SM
Boikn, KlMm, BUck'* pU., MM
BoM^raAlac B*«i><Wi t>^
BMkbiadinR, »MicBt ud avdcrn, CvmIaII M, SO
BviM«rt, iccrtkic wwlev M, U9
Bo%«Mul<iaUag,(Ur4'*f«L, IT*
Boininiic lirdcr-bnilgn, 1, SM
Brodntk, U-td., ilnlk of, M
Bmmm, inouuiMnUl, Attfceroa, M
BniUiu wvtksatr, Afonw, SI7
Brwk uid MgiMt, Tftj lor'i i.»l., I»
BfMk, Chaplia'a {Mil., 114; llrMli'*, SOI ; llcti.
burn'*, 19; LaignM'i l(i)ilc, D3: Lbler'», SOJ
BnakwAlOT ia FlynMiik iMad (rev.), 131
BrM*'> rmilwaT practice (re*.), AT
DnK md Liulii'a nUitay comninucaiar, M
Bfmat OB orercoOTtiix bmk irf k«< ce , >«
Brick Mi lilo Intlc «ii nklwaji SIS
Bridie at StHuh. for tb« Cornwall tallmy, DA
Brldfe, baluce, 8adler'« pal., 15
Bridge, bowatriiw inbukit ItMO
Bridte-buiUiflf , URpNrenMla In, 118
Bridcc,Cli(lMi auiptHiw, SIS
Bridge, Convrar lubolar, U, !<»>, U4, 181, SIB,
SSI
Br>(lK«. Con per't iDvtft«l tnU, 8
Bridge, tifAliien't cait'iroii ikcir, 02
BridfCt HuugBrfurd siMpcatloo, S, 293
Brid{«t «*enu^ aaqmialo*, Milot'*, iS
B(Ms«(»«rltie Vjt,ltt
Bridjtc, Mspeaiion, al th« falla o( Nlajarv, IM
Bridges, Dachaaan oa atreegUi of, Hi, IS)
Bhdpi, Clark, on wIbk walU at, 4)
Bftdin, caoiinKiiaa of, UMlloa'a pal., IS
Bridgea, oa tha nwt eaodowl c al fonnt of to*-
BnUol, tenftge and drah»|a ef,fiO
BfiUin. alicnitoB of mtllae of ooost, IH
Bntlfl) ■rchlircis, rojol UmUntlon of, S, M^ »,
„ atar»c)alk>n, piM««diagi of, tUi MS
BfitMk itlM, li^'lciJX"')'''" ">*P ^1 '1^
Brittcm't pal., hraiini, Itghliai, and vMmatiBg,
STO
BcittOD, on " Uil«ra of Junia*" (rvT.), »1S
Kttmi mad narrow ea«ECi Biiaftt on tnrilhic, H
Bra«d gavBe, lUigatioa od, 06
BrockodiBB'* ftL ladiA-fiilihar ieiab, S9V
Bmacitiit metal enrfics*, SalMdas pat., 169
BRMuing of natala bj eleclrldly, IS7
Blown, on Irtah want* and i«mMiMCr«v.),SI4
BrawD'a ImpnTOiian tn onmpaa, 3BI
Bnicc'aaBtii|iiarli& and goonkitffra CMn|»Bkin
Briuitoa'* pal. for drMalag ore*, S14
BiasMte Uee, It
Biyeoa'i InbricBfll for aiBchlDery, lUS
Bndianao. m aimirib at lOBiciial*, 1 U, 13S
BntAaBaa'a Marine lijUrvaidcr, 91
BBckisikain- palace, T. 3$, 3JT
BB«kle, on lh« faa bUtI, 18
,. on boae^cruthlDg nacUu, sn
Bntltlfatfi apchttecture, rerfCnaaoD oa, IM
BulTcr, tie Hcrgna'a pat., S4T
„ GbaabWa Mfetj, 1&4
Buffen, eObcU of, l«7, SM
Boild«rft' fennoB, hutttatiaii of.WI
BuUdiDg traffic ob rsUwaja, >S4
BuUdlau In Iswh, r»c«1alton nf (m.), TT, u
BoDOMi a p«l. w aret imp, 2S
Bw|tM, on tbwiroa of anoiejit Robc, tn
Cain, ita quarries tad baildia^BV
Cbm stone, DonaldMn od, 1I4
Canbriaa eogUie, 180
CuidldDi, on the rivsl palace*, 30
Candldot'a aotc-book, S, 41, Of, VT,l>0,iaa,ltn,
t»,3«7,S00,a»,Wd
Carb('iiic-aci*l'fa« encioe, ITS
OBftoeniaing wood lij li[fk-pr«nare stetm, SXO
Cat^ioD'Clab dsatgtia, tTI
Camagci, rallwar, coDUfcM of, 197.»l
„ Dudd's p«l, IB*
Ctrrtace traflk on railways, SG7
IKDIX
C«nla«fr«hecla, ndwaj, Erani'* pal., taO
CMTyiag alKk, Loadoa aad Nonli-H>«teni Bail-
Caterla, pmlace at, T, M
CMka or wia, BiM-eaeic fee, Ifli
Cbm mad wraaght-lfw briliM, BoAaasn «■,
Its. HI
CBating wn^l-lreo, Bockc'apat,* fid
Cslbedral al Flenaoe, tO
„ of LlBBddr, Vjnaioa, 111
„ St. Gvorge'i, MO
CVtt* traffic «B railwajf, -JIS
Cnneni, experinieiiti ua, 201
CeiDCBt, Denlr diacoiered, 319
Ceoml nllwajr lUlioa, NewcAMle-apoB-TjM,
S4S
Ceatre.rcal reartioo water-wkf*!, HOi I'l
Centrifegal force, ftfr<t ol, 901
Cbance'* p«L revefb^rulor} fortiBCe,10l
Cbaiinel, Ec^itli. OuatiDtt tuanel acroaa.llB
CbanoeU, Knglbk aixl Itiali, on Ike Udca of, tlT
Chape)*, new. U»
Cliaplta'a tmU raSwajr braaL, 114
Cfaapiaaa, on goUiic wiBdoor at Boppart, ISP
CliBt bmu, drainage of, 115
Cfeeniieal and electriril forces. Faradaj oa, f 19
Cticuiical cbancter of •tnl, 314
Cbeoiical principtea of geoiogj, DaubeaT oo, U0
Cfacmistry of tlie aea, 100
Cbeachirv's vafelv-ballw, IM
CfalDrofwin, ■ ■alaUtat* for fteata. lUl
„ aahcQt power of, 1HH
Cbttne** pet. flrecocL, IfiT
Cburcti, aew, fieuUi Hackney. US
Circular aawlag. BIS
Ci>tem), (Uipeock fee, 18S
CivJ enjtioeera' college, I'olaoy, 109, SSO
Civil eaglBeem' fnaUuilioa, CI, 00, m, 155, IBS,
»1, 383
M Bt the Hacse, IIT
M lrl*b,as
Civ a aad milltanr awttTon, 198, »S
Ctaaipa, ioialw, &iailiakir's piL, 9TS
CUrke awl Tartey'e |dto^i1iiag aucLine, 341
Clai ke'a nilvaj *uil)slk», Sll, SOH, W. S«e
Clark, oncn>u.«eclionaof^nU)wa]rB,QT, IIT
„ DO cnbaakaienlii fcir teaervolrs, Itn
„ 00 iMtnelrical prrvpcctirr, SV4
„ 00 ktel of dtftonl objecU, U«, SAl
ua wiug-viall* o( bridftcl, 43
Clegg'* pat. gaa ineien, 3t>H
Cteebo
igbom'f ancient and moders art (rr*.), '3
Clinoo tutpension bridge, 318
Clock rcj^itering latcblae, Sharp'*, AS
Cuud'* pi, for cauibuiliioo ot foel, 'JIG
CwlbediinSvulU If ales, SIS
Cbal bedoB arc, vio
Cool dropa ul Middlcfiliro' dock*, 104
OoBl formetimi, fuuil foolmarkt id, M
Coal gta, lluUuiBU on rompuulioii Ot, 133
Coal Blua, pntwUua of accUenla in, 1ST
Oool, mort of «»crUo«ol* en, STS
Ctaal tfdte «a nifwM*, Hie
Cbaal lavals, ^mOomc ob. SI4
Oraat of Gr«al BrtWn, altenillao of outline, IIM
Calkcpat. Wnlter*! paL, 115
Cofferdam, portiiblc, Slcieoioa'*, C3, S81
ColDBge, obecrvalJMu ob,31B
Coke ei^ena, Hicfcaut's psL, 218
Coke traSc on Rnttn-ajs, STO
Cole's pKt liittliprrviuri! ■teain-i'nElQe, Ml
ColrrainF, rmmiHtiif BraiUaI,IM
C'ullvt;^ fur cok'occti at PdUW), IM, X3I)
CiilliMot] uf Uaini, 104,103
Colaaial railMajs, 00
Colonial Burteylng, WUieheBdon (rev,\ 140
ColouriagBiid|ireaer«liigwood,ReBiLrd*apa!L,lU
Cotandadao « aewers, 8S, 3<J
Compaai, BrewaS inproieaieiiL in, 381
Cviii|M]tll« ellipae. Hay oo. 165
CompoUtUB ol Go&l ^1, HoBnana on, 1ST
CempMBd bwii or gbitan, FMdce'a pal., 180
CeDdeoMr nitaUv.GnMMk's IBS
Condea*er,4rTt Price's S84
Condeaser, ScUch'i pat., 1 U
CoBtlnKiieB «r !
Or
I r'laiesikl
OooMalBg tmOiB, lC7BApot,11s
OoBlribrttoas to laHwair flaUallci^ *41, agi> ai^
OBBisTMitaaa, Mr. AaceU'a, IM : Hr. PMIk.
SSI
CanrBelabglarbrtdce,BC 116, 144, in.Ilf
C oop Br** glMa-kiowlag apparslui, 09
CoMcr eiea, B)*o('i tnelUaf pioema, MT
Copttr ahaalklDi, tS6
CmarnelUM fonaec, oliBHte of cast, M
„ laNonrv.kW .
Ce|ifMr tiafic w railways, tn
Copying eledrie tolempk, 101, SIT
OoDncU of health of Paris, >45
COvpIiog-irooi, PraM's pat. Hi
Cbacens, Hf.,cha(geof extortiiaa agBlBM, Stl
Cowper's ioTerted aich kridie, 8
On, OB sbsdy of flMckaaks, MS
Cox. OB SHpeastoa-tiridtce, 2
Cob'* Botes oa englaeeriag. 2, 100, t38,nt
Cnddeck's boiler aad madrtwar. IBS
Craddoek.od trotUageipa8NTast«ai'vaJ«M,lll
Cnoiplon's pal. tocoBnlito-engioe. 48
Ovoes taaprorenMOl la rmilways, 31
Creej^ eridcace beforo saniury coamiiucaM,
»o,ei,ii8
Cnadidl, on baek-Undtof. tO
Cutler^ pBl. imo^bc*. 848
Cjlioder-boTtng naidilnr, Bern's,e8, lOS
Daccisaaom-ecuiciu, plale-keldcr for, la
;; ^beuofji(k(oa,»18
Danbeney, oa gaeiogkBl cGsiiirti7, 188
DaeidMT* elevalor nod Ore «BCBf8.M
Davie*'* pat. rotary sWaB-eafiae. »T0
Uoooiapoaiag pvnerof walcc 161
Occorailrc artt, WMt^Qc « paL, 80S .
Dcooralioa, toclures on, m sch«.l4d dnlp.M
Decot»ti«ffl, polygonar, Ul
Dee liaducl, SIT
DeOeetioa or •Uwabon gai*C«. 1
Uenne's i'«t. lubftcaUng cowfoeitioB, MB
Ue*li[n* ("f fufllon club huace, 117
„ Hboi)baiid»choolliona*a{i«v-),lT
Deslga. foremaieat m*m1 cf, 08
Uiamagnetk eoadilioci af dsaie bikI paaa, 1ST
Ui«i"<ind. cHFitereioD uf, Intncoke, OCT
Diajthrngm ilfubin ecirer, MeCui'apaL.(8n
DiaUng TOle tiuOutl, by A. S. J«. 8*
DiMortalinn on torrcnl*, by Gagbelaiw, SO
Diiideudi, railway, (N>
Divioioi rwl, I'etioy oa,W
Dock* ami port of Birkeobead (ie».),OB
D«<k*, ll,.kenh«d, 818; GriMBby, 818; MJd-
dle*bfoMOo; nyrooolb.Slfli boadertaaJ.IIB
Dock*, oa the eatiBBoe* le, by J. Bodnua, 181
Dug traffic oa raaways, 8«T
Doaaldeon. rruf.,oo eaea slooe, 91
Dulliiig elxliic teUcrapfe, 856
Douobr'a unL apf^atioo of bent, 103
Itaull, OB railway* and railway UigislatMiB
Doror rtfago hatbonr, tr(T
Drainage nod stnasc of UritfoJ, J. Ureea e
Ucahiagc gf narl of cbat-nKi*(, S15
„ N WB»r» ri^r, 1*"
„ niarsli;" by ilpaia, »0l
Draio. tiles, new inotbe* for, 3*0
Dry ooodeawr, Price'*, ItU
Dablio tenBlBB*. /aU of roof, £8
Daadonald, Ear) of, pat. sleaos-boiler, we
Dnaa's pat. railway -wbaals and jacks, iAi>
Dattoa'* raUway oommaoicBior, 10
DutjDD limber, 100
Dwjcr, on sacieBt peMery, 91
Dyer. Charlm, dealh of, W
Dyer's tindona, on A* ealtivation of, 31
Earthwwu: tabus. Baker's free.), 11
llBsUiirthS int.). MO
;; Col's, l»0
" SiUeyaadRolkwfctdVi
IT
•Eaoaowbiar fvel, U ctt-<rork», US
BUMidly, defect of, M>
^^iMbriMt Mil ebcnlo>1 bnM.Fsmlfty on, »•
■ElMtiieltr, lichtlac by, Still*** puL, W
^K^ of klMral leiBf. ISB
^^bairic listiL. Le Moll'*. 2T9
^ . :rr»0-l*«
EIrctric Itlesnipb camputiy. EHj
Ajttlny, m
„ eBplojvJ tiy piiblicsa*. IXT
„ Holmpt'i iiDprnTMBcaU iBflH
M llydrHulic. I2T
Elcclro- bnnaing or uetaU, 127
Eleralot for raiting buiUlJBg aiBlMtola, DKviik
*M1'*, 93
ElevUat, nllxa;, FolherKUS't, 3H0
Elme*. Hkricy.dmh of. CI, 04
Blaws'* hittoo ar«rckil(cture,lcllcrtDn,8,a«,M
EMbaaktBMl r<arm«noin of »atcrwMk>,m
„ widlta of, B««kr»rUt oa U)iag-a«(,
S27
EauB*t| ait of andnl tad nodrrD, UU
EnciiM uid bmkr, Ta;Ior'» ^t., 76 .
builen, Eull'i phI.,14S
P„ uurkgei, Tkiflot'* piJ.i iS
„ „ PmrtuD'* p«t., 167
„ propeller*, M*ud>U j'« pftt., sa&
„ inlu, SwMa»l'«, St3
EapM, B«oa siul Diuw's pat.. Ill
„ oMal«r, Richmond'*, (>l
„ Craapwo'i pal. lo<om«(ivir, W
Es|)ii* CariMCM, blul of, AUod's f*t,, Vtt
XO*eni«TM, f&S
UvftkfMoa'i vibmtory pbioa-KHl,31
Ufb-prcMar*. Attaa (n*.), 31 1
kidnralic prraBBr*. GljK'a, 314
Kropetled bjr tarbouic-KUI-gu> 17b
Intofl't pill., 160
ttiichi«'» PHi., JOfl
roUry, UlUcits of, SSI
„ Wlliotl'f Mt..-J8S
Mnai, RftBult^ llicory, SSG, ^fi», 3Se
,. SInncD't pAt. 249
Wickt(cfd'«, l»l
c'», chil C«IU(«, PuiMj, 105. <4«
lit»Ut«tioBur,DI, 00, 1S2, u&,
IKS. 221
Ihihln«ilatloner,63
LnsillniioD at tb« llagne. 132
„ of tncdiuiiatl, 87, ttt,
8SI,2»
railway gwldc, Harkvli (»*.), 313
KSKlltiHfiBg, M((« OS, tio, VIII., 9 ; IX., ID9 ;
X.,3Cfl-, XI^MW
„ of tht KUae and H«MUe, tS5
„ nt\yn.j, B«li»r on fn*.). 74
£ii|lMi aad IrUh Gbuasls, oa tkc Mm of, 147
„ pa(tola,saw,IiatBaf,Sa,GI,M,12S, 160,
103,224,2^, »8,33D,3M,3S2
CattaacM (a dockj, BediMU on, m
£rieMni, «a M)>pl; of watvt to stMM.CDfiM
boikn. 179
Etakiti'a cock* for cUtenM aad ca*kR, IM
Etuy OB tbc air-panp aod almoipliciic railnaj
CrtT.),W. ToniboU,a<I
£tW, a lubttilute for draw, IQl
Ktk!u*i paL nilwa]) corrLago Kbsri*, 169
EtapoTattdo, BUck*t pal. 6ur, Ui
EiaU'a pat. •tmn-boilct* nod ddiiUim, S4S
Etblbilioo, Rofal Acadtmr, Ibj, IM.SIS, X3S,
3M
„ &)cl«tjor Aril, 1«1
iEspAouve aad higb-prt*»ut« stc«»-«D(i»«, Col«'»
pal. Ml
„ rattfrftcws.ciiglM.WUcoir'apaL.SSl
„ ■t«a»mtM,isipfovMlaKidco(irack-
!■•. UI
„ wonung of uttua, US
Esperinnt* os ooal*, 9TS
„ CBBaott, 3»4
BxploaioBi of Meani'boUen, Wilder (nr.), IT*
IKDEX.
ExpIoriHU is HMM^CHglaM, pnTcaikw of, 161
Export and iMport of swIaU. IM
KaprrM, ftleam-AMl, laundb of, 310
Esttadon of ■outb'Waatcra nilwaj, li-t
EMlngulililog Brett M mo, mode of, SItl
Estractlun ofallivrffon iii ora. Perry «»,»4i
BiirKiIoD of goU. &e« method, 381
FaU or BAlx, HonwnbaB oo, 449
Pan-Uaiit, Buckle uo, 10
Faradaj, oa cb«mica) *bi1 eUelriul lonm, SI9
f, dlaiiMgiMUo coaditHMi of iamo ud
gasa. 1&7
Fenwlck'a rilintkio or drficcitoa gaagc, 1
FereoMOKiOa aocint UutUIbiit ardutcctnrv, 1S4
Fiflder'f ^1. b««fa« m ginien, UV
Fltld'f, (Mr.) «oa««rs»lan<, xai
FlOdlejr, OD UghllMMM*, 01
Firea at tea, node of iatiugut«huig, 318
Plro-cixL, Chrimo'it pat. IQT
Pir«, CBriooa pbMMUMB* of, 137
FiM-WMM attil okvaior, DaTidKw't, 93
FlTO-pfMf baildiiijn,l37
Fln-pnfg wood, Pajoo't paL 287
FUbea. HInIs of nelgM or wMcr «paii, 1641
Pith tnSo OB lailvraia, in
Flamo aod guea,dluMgBetic awdUIaa of, IST
Flax (Irish) B»iin«U, on tbc gronlli of, SI
Platmao'i tiorki»,06
FtoleboK* pat. far BilnriBg spoeuluM, ||$
Fktailag bo<li«i, oo Um XaibUilr of, U7
FloallBg luDocl Bcroa* lh« chaoofl, SIH
Plortfico calfaednd, 39
Fluids (olaatic) dtlatatioa of, 3U
" nainaaco ■<> bodici in, 140
FoatkloMMKm'a pat. iiib«(, am
Fomll foMiMulu la Um eoal tDnkaUoa, $t
Foreland llgbUionaca, Sl»
Fothergill'i jacqaard perbniing'MHUBe, 88, 1£S
Fothcr^U't ratlnajr tkraior, 380
Foi'* (Dr.), Grc-prvot bviMlags,
Fraocr, tteaoa-powcr uf, 353
FrMoh tailwaja aoU Vreudi revololicm, l|i>
Friciloo-baRruor, Joom'*, I3ti
Froada's paL aloioqitatrle nilirayTalies, 248
Fact, AEulay'f pal., artifldat, i3
Fuel, cuiiitiUHliuu of, 2tfl
Foel, ecoDoat} of, DoacLe'a pal., 343
Fuel io gu-norka, K«wp, omnHtnoiuiMng, liS
Furaocei and blowbig-aachliMa, Llojil'a pat., 343
appUmtkio of beaWd caon frea, tM
n retflrtMndor;, Cfaaace* pat.,3M
„ MMa>boiUf, Bakor*! p«L, Mr
Fjfe, oa taloe of gaaca, 184
Cailiiv, Natimal, 97,31>I
Uard'a pat. bor boring and alakiBff, 170
Oariiog, on t]i« appUcaiim o< aeulpiant to okU*
tectnre, '101
Gas apparaiai, Vatooa'a pal. sdf-acting, S4S
Gas and fla»c, oa Ihe dianagacUc coadilioo of,
187
GajM, deasity of, X&S
Gaaca, Fjfo, oa iha ralne of, IM
(iaM*. tiral«d, application of, SM
Gat fdim water, ^3
Gas improTc mania, Paltner't pat.,as
„ mctcri, Clefg't pot., 393
Oa* mciite-powcr, ISS
Gas, pnrHjflag wiik (uipfaaU of troD, 128
Oas-stota, Brackedoo't pa!., Ul
Oas,Tajlor, on ilie purily of, n\>
Gaa tbcmooelcr*, Itc-gniiitll on, 3)9
OBs*«orfcs, econniDitiiiig (ad io, 133
Gaa-norka, Klurc*, ii9
Gaa>work«, far«t)r praatoic-gaage, saa
Gang*, broad and oarrow, Bryant's plan tar
Di)3dBg,S0
OlMBB ftv •ImB'MIhs, NewtOD'a pat., OS
Oaoga fMMlMi ooavmaUc of, 333
Oangv qaHtloo, litt^atloo oa, M
Oeoealogisl aad astiqaatiaa'* ooBpaoioe, hif W,
ftrotc (mv.), i7
Geological th«ai*ti7, Prof. Daabeay oa, 14S
il
Geological OiKwerj, 333
Gcidagfaial loularas, bj Prof. ADiUd.St
CMbgr of Sotttk Walaa, 313
OMMetr; toe &m akillioo, Tate 'a (re?.), IM
Geometrieal lines and «pli«al eorrtcUoa* of Ue
Grrrk arcbUccta, Ijo
Georges (Si.) catbadnU, V»
C abcrt'a pot. nck.bolder, 1 1 1
Girders or beana, defleclioa aod ttralo of, W
Girdera or beantt, Fialdet's pal., 199
Girders, vrooghl-lron boMsirios, 1, 390
GtadaUnM'a Inia lovar bridge, 3ts0
Glaaa-blowlog apparaliH. Cuop«r'*, n
Glaai, Cbance'a pat. improreiMBts, SM
Glaaa painliaR, by M. do Boa, 30
GlaaaptcfaaiUBg, Lockbeod's pal., SUT
Glaaa, plaia, HartUy** pal., 141
Olaw, pJale', trade, 3IS
Oloaatnbn, od anoeaUog, 117
Giro, on draiaiog luanhes bj stean, 301
Gljo, oa h;draaUc-pretaare eagioes,3t4
GoldHsid's (Baroa <te) boaw, IM
Gold, aev nothod of cstractiag. 991
Gooek, 00 reibtaoea to ratlMay trains, 1S3, IM
Good's traffic on railways, S0G
Gotbic Window al Boppart. on the Rhiae, I3«
Goreraors , iUam-eDgifle, 23n
GrtiDgar'a casl-iraa shew-bndge, lit
Gruja Irafic oa rail«a;s,iM
GraDarid, oir-tigfal, 43
GranJi. on Ihe motloB of water, 81
Granile. extraordinary block of, SSI
Grrnl if rifiiin tieainer, »al« of, SM
Great- IT esKro dock*, PlynMutt, 318
Gcvek arckHcctnre, PeanMCi on Ibe pecaliari-
tiea of, IM
Greek vase*, Dr. itardlag oa, 00, 91
Green's arched Unber eiadncu, IS
Greea, oa tba aewage aad drainage of Brialol, M
Greru aautl formation, pboophalM io, 191
Gresorj't naUieiaalKa (r«r.>, X09, 349
Greihatn professortblp, SS4
Griffilbs, oa Hie naloral system of arokKMlart,
01
Griiiiibj dock*, Si!)
GuaiM, cuineral, 38i
Guglieluini am torrenia, ID
Guide to the rcgaUlioa of buildinga io lotna
(rer.), r, Si
Can neial, teiUng of, 381
OuitaftMa's vlbiMJBg pMaa-«td taglae, 34
GuUa poKba baali, 119
Gwilt, on pointed orobitecture, 30
iintmMf sodanled, 388
Hjickset, (aonlbj choreh, 355
Hague, ioitiiation of ciitl cngliiKn at Ibe, 13T
H.-U^Ii'ii f Bl. for ineaauriDj naler, 3T1
HaiDDiiir. JouFa'i friclinu. 1X9
Hanioier, aleaic, Nasmjth'e pal., SM
Haan'* tbeoRlicaJ and practical loBcbaiuos (rrr,),
373
Harbour, Dover, 887
Harbour* of rafuge, Esrl LoTdace on, 9S9
Haibouf 1, on tboal* at itio entraaoea of, IH
Harding, on greek va.t(s oi^ar Haxamlli, 90,91
Hardias, un progrcu of the railway systan, 3H
Harlow's atmoipkerlc railway, 'M4
Hannonk ralles, Purdlo oa the fallacy of Uay'a
ihoory, 148
HarcDuoy of fora, Hay on, isa, 186
HairiauD. oa ibacoaat of Urtat Brttaia, IM
HurriBuu'a wraagbt-iraa tobalar bow-brtdgc, 1
UarUe;'* patant plaila ghn, 144
Haakotr* atsislaal roginaar's railway gnida
(ror.j,113
UasUe's pal., appUcatMaof staam-powar (a Biflla,
lU
Hay, 00 lymmetricai beaaly. St
Ha)'« ilicor> irf ajiuiiKtrtcal beanty, Puidie, «a
tbe fallaoy of, I4S
Hay, oa tha hMM» «f fens, ISO, I8S
Heallb of towna bW, IM
Heollb of lowas cemiaisaloa, SB
It
H«altk flf totnij, rr. $iniTti M, 3lT
HMlth ef loKDB, Ui« pii«rara«Bt a*il tke pro-
r«MtoB,ir
H«itl>'* p«'- railn*y-break, SOI
HMting, lixbtiDS, and lenllUliag, Brjllmi'* pal.,
STO
H<«l<>u'* pal. loc«al«Iit^^ug>ne*, ISj)
Heigltl wr w»»p»,Oiipl«iii Sl«ol«y on, S|p
H«it<iroo(l'< pat. (or ileerlug v«sirl(, 47
H4pbon, on ihe prcvcfllicn of ueiilFoU on nil-
w«y>, SI
Hrpboni'K railirar-brrjik. )2
lltjiprllt (*■> TcaUlttuce to bodirs in dulJj, 100
Uiitlt-prfuurc liuilrn, Smith "O, 'i^3
Htgb-pre**iiK «Kain tor ttrbaiutiag wnnil, )Si>
,, groeratar. Lran'*, S60
Hi|[li-preHure and expwniive eoRiiteii, Cule'a pat,
313
Ilinti to pUaicn, ni
HiMory of nrcbilccluiVi [ellcra «n Mr* CIoMt'N,
Hoare'* ratlwaf irlrgraph and alarum, 90
Hoflinau. an llie cum poii lion of toal gai, IS7
H()lniP«'> tlri'Iric [rlp;:nipb, 331
Holyhcnd s:riini iJHckt-i, LUtftil^n, IQO
Homertltum, ou ibr full uf rsiD.349
HocD«r>liain, on mipptyof nalct Iq Manclmtcri
A:o , (rev.), IT7
Morii! imlliB OD raUwayt.MT
Huvhipt'a guid» ift (tin rc|uUti»n of building* Ed
(unci (rev. J. 'iT, 85
IIiMtl de Villr, I'arl* ((Cr.).M
Hinii«« of pariiwucDt, HI, 178, W
HouMS af |>Arliaiii«Dr, *ip«nwi nt, V2, !9S
Howard, on plait-glaas trade, SIA
Hlimpbrei'i pui. tcr«wpra|irller« and puropa, 247
HnngerKird fii*|«DiioR tindgt, 3, £02, 1414
Ruot'e pni. gavbiirnFrt, 111
Huut, oil llir flcciii(it> uf mineral Tcloa, ISO
Hjrdraulic lilliiig ji»ck, Thoniimi',, 8T, «17
Hydnalte|ir»)itur«ctij(lu>B, 314
Hydraullo «ianiiif> appuralut, 183
Hjdraulic l«I«^cni|ili 1^
Hydraulic or M'Hiii-vtlice), Sioiii't, 311
Hf drogrpphic uitp \il ibc Briiiib ltl«i, SIB
Hfdr»j;tfi ttii H* u malivF pou^r, s;u
Hydronwkr, mannr, ltuthanan~«, Ot
l'«itK»,oa muril pnlnliiiES in LiDj^tield eburrli^lB
I'aninD. on bnildlna Mvittf. 'it
]». C«n)pnrnli<( value »f,3A^
Iltuminaliou «f lighlhoutc*, 173, 309
lllumliuitioz pOPPcr of gna, niuJq cf otinMlinc,
Iftl
lapcrial iaiur<iii<«-<ifflci>. Old IIroad-str<tl, 1 93
Iraparl and ripmt at ini-iiil», 1<J8
ImprntenicDIf lU Lrldge buiUiiig. SIS
Impro'i^ioeDU of inlaod nai iKatit>u, 4S
InprotemcDt of »(«iini navigaliou, Sit
iDdiaa iiiitwayi (rev.^, |03
Indla-rnlitirr lubo-corki, Jrnnlnp'a pat., 144
Indta-rntilicr juinlt. Rrockcdoa'spai., Itil)
loilian Mnlirrfdl, 3tU
loduialcd B)piuiD, :tS8
Inland aaTtguiion, by \. P. Prrctval, 9S
InUyiii^ in«tul«, Muta}'* pal.. 'il7
luiiiiuie ul llriiiUi areliitreto, W, H, SO, IIU,
M», ISU, :f£l.:fH3, 3H)
InsliluLioii uf biiihtrn fort mm, 90,
inililulion of civil cD^inrcra, HI, 90, 132, JM,
195.8!(l,iM
latlilallon of ciril rtigiii»*n of Ireland, CS
IntlilutiOTi tif caj;iDr«ir) at the Haga«, 1*7
Initiluliun, Iliiyal FuIjI«vIidIii, 06, 13D
TuiiiluliuD of mechanic*! pnE>ne«n, t)7, 183, 322,
»>,580
loTcnlion »! lobular Uidgiri diipulcd, St8
lnT«H«d areh brldg«, Cuwim'a, 8
Invitlbla nutician*, 1113
Trich and Engtith clianoeli, on the tidn of, lit
.Irifh wants and remedlM(r«T.}. 214
Iibh daiii Bi^nnett od. 3t
IrcUad, iDHituliao of civil cBRincera of, 03
Ireland, raiUaj* in (rrv.), 314
Ir«a, nanufaelura of, AliH«od*a pal., 171
INDEX,
Iroa, M'annfaclarc of, nicnitt'* pat,, 40; New-
ton'*, I TO ; RitutU'f , iA6 ; \ ick«n>, 47
Iran brid<««, Itocbanaa an, \1S, 141
Iron letrr bridgr, (ilidtlooe'a, ISit
Iron, Nurtoa'* macbioc for rollioz, 191
Iron ore in Alfiera, I'JI
Iron produce of rennijltania, SSI
Iron, Kocko'i pal. fur ciilLoi, 310
Iron, laJpliaii! of, for purifjin; gaa, 191)
Iron alivw bridge, Crainfrrr'a, 81
Iron, lli« cfTrct* of xtoc ou, )tl7
Iron tube*, Cuilrr'i paL, X4H
Iron labuUrbowEiring bridEc*, 1,300
Iron lial?>D do riii!tr«}r, 270
Iron liUBS railnav bridge, Ilider'*, SO
Iron veiMli, euuii ruction of,!!!!)
!uini«lficBl perap»li>e, 210, :t04
Jack, Tharntoo's hydraulic, 87, 317
Jackaan OBCDgioeetiagofihc Dhioeand Motellr,
ISO
Jatbioo'i hydraulic alarlins nppnnin*. Ids
Jac^oard perforalirif: tnicbine, 88, Vii
Jce'a Uintioc Vak- liaduct. 33
Jrnalng') pal. imlin-mbljpr tutwcocka, 141
Jwuci't frielion bniiini«r, l£8
Johnton't p:il. ftir rrfiniri)- »ilirr and lead, 143
Juniiit'a IMtert, aii'l«ir*hip of (r**.), 91S
Kar. Mr.,druhor,<II
Knnp. 00 rconiMnising furl in i;m»>worki, ISS
Krailali'a dnfgna fur achoolii and scboul house*,
b^
Kryi, railway, Batlon'i pat., 901
Kiln, porNlain, Nairloo'd l>al,14S
Ktnibtrlry'i pat. Ji>hillni; rUnip, 371
KinlRian'i pal. roltrj^n;iu», 310
Kyan'a pat. furcoiisumiug stnoke, 113
Lacg, Rruttrlt, 3S
l*iir* of America. 3IU
I^nllinrn, new mlaing, 356
Lap and Jrad of Ibc allite-vatve, tl, 37
LauDcli of lii» Et-p'-fu, 3)9: AVv Slar, 310;
Ll<nttly<\, 193; TVimnN, 100
Lan'i in*lh«ni«licf for |>r4tcl>«al nien (re*.), 200,
210
Liiaril'* rpnintlit on Niiirrrh, OO
Lrid uciil filler, Johnniii'i )'«<. fur reSniiig, 14B
LrmttcrhaoKinKF, rujiiirr on, 01
LifClure, I'layfnii'a liilru*luclury. STO
Lrcturn on iieolugy, l>j I'fflf. \u(ted, S7
l.«<:lurc« on f itil tngimx-riiig.W. KHDgeT(rt*.),378
Lpon*i lii|[li-pje*i;u(c s1i;nin geoeralor, SOO
Lcltrra of Juniui, anlhoirahlp of (rev.), 213
Liflins-Jnck, Tliomlon'* hjilraulic, St. 217
Lighl, rlfecla of, in pbolotrai'hy, YH4
,. enginea and iraio), 233
Ligbtboude oe (he SkrrryToro rock (rtv.), 173,
303
LighttiuuiM at ihe Soath Forrland, 319
„ t-'indluy 011,61
Liiililing, litatiug, nod trnlilBiia/. Uritlcrn's pat,,
370
LigMiag by tl«otrieity, Slailc'a pat, 40
Lime, IfHllic on rttUifuy], STO
LlriKfit^ldcliurcb, uiutal puiiiiiitKt iu, 'ill
IiiftU uf new palciil*. 33. 04, Oli, I'M, 100, 193,
334, 3SG, Ssa, 320, UZ, H»Z
Lltttr'» radnraj brraks, 304
Liltio and Drell'i railway ctininiuDicnlor, SO
I.lverpD«l, fnpply of watc-r from Dm c«w red
iaodslone, 188
„ *urT«y, 278
„ natertrorka, 137
Luckheatl'a pat. for pccfutaiing slaw, 807
LoconxtUve curiage apparalua, Vt'rigbton'a pat.,
S46
„ «hc«li, EranK'apat.jHO
Loconotirc^nginn and brMfcR, Tnylor'a pat., 7S
„ tarrlagea, Taylur'a pat.,
93; Pennon'*, tOI
Li.ConiDllve-eniiiur*, (Vantploa'a p«t., 48; Hcn-
too"«, 160; ItilcUi***, 3U6
LocomoUn propelled by maaitaj labour, lOj
LocoiiKrIirta, bnneh pujeager, SSS
London and Nortli-U'eatero railway cftrryii
aloet, 107
London, ordnanco anrvey. 06. 198, 355
aocitly of arti. 2V,01. 00, 150
LotcUcr, Karl, on baibouriuf refuse, 333
Ifowe'i pal,, naauufaciure of otca, 314
Low-prcainrc atnoiplierie railway, SM
Lubricant, now, for mnchinrry, 155
Lubricating contpou'lnn, Donna's pat., ICO
LuUr* nolp* iipnn iirt, 3iifl
Lyell.on fottii footmark* In tli* roal forratlion, U' J
Llaadaircullirdral. Vyatl on, 141
LkittUS" •tvam-packrt, |00
Lloyd'* pat. furnace and blowing- mach las, &|S
U'Cott.'* tsilwKy alarum, 32
M'Connell.on balancing of nheeU, 233
Maohinc for rolling iron, Norhto'*, lUt
„ fvr quarrying, 140
niachioery, HUckwaU niilw«y, 81
„ nen lut»r>cant for, its
Madder, colonring prupnty of, 381
Mailconvrytinceun railiray*, 338
Malleable Iron railway chair, ttobb'a, 11
Malleable Iron lever bridge, GladflaDe'n, 380
.MAiiimulh <ii4cbinr, Jt)3
Manch(>Bt[<r,&c., supply of wbWt lofrtY.), 177
„ and SlieiKelil rBlIteay, goodj (raflte oa .
367
Kunual ponrr lototnolii'c, 192
Muiurc iraflic on raitHa\«. 336
Map, li) Jrugrapliic, of Ui« Briliih ialta, 313
Mapa nf iba ordnanw lurvay, 3S7
Uarblaarohat Buckln^lwtn pnlaoo,?
Marine engi oca and propeller*, MaudUey'a psL,
803
„ hydrunivlcr, DuGhaDao'i, 01
i. elcain-tKJiltra, DundoDald'a pat., 3S0
Marhat-liaute at Hlackbuni, W,
Marthes, draloago of, by ftlram, 301
MaUieaiBlic«forprsciic>il mrii, (irrgiirj'afrer,)
300, 34'i
Moudtlcy'it i>al. engine* and propellera, 80S
M ta*urcoiciit of Iciapcrnlurea, 339
Mechanical cogioeer*, inaTiiution of,S7, ISS, StS*
Maclianlcf, study of, 333
„ iheorriicnl anil practical, Hai]n'a(rar.)f
315
UcclinDlam, new rlcmcotof, SIS
Mcdul* of It. 1. It. A., nuunl of, 194, 133
MfMiiry, drntity of, 7A7
Molatfc brnnxed by elpclrkily. IS7
„ iinpntl and etport of, lOH
„ Mntny'* pat. for inluying, 217
„ pncenafut uuiitng, 187
,1 SalDcdc'a pal, ffir bronsing, 109
MeiropoKtan aaniiarjr tammlifton, IT
„ t(wersac(,3BT
Miclinut'a pal. tor maniifaclure of coke, 340
Muldleibru' docks and coal drupi. 103
Mill, remiitikl uf, ni-ar Cultraiue, 03
MiUer, uiL nualy»ta uf urvugbt-iron,
MiII*,appli(nlion uf ((«Bni-]>6teer, Hnatic'a p«t~
lU
Miliiury turteyot* and civil inrveyura, 108, 33S
MiLnc'* oTcrarcli tuipFDSion bridge, 33
Mineral [uann, 383
„ produce of Auilriu, 100
„ traffic on railway*, 334
„ veins, olcclririly uf, 189
Mincf , vtuiil4iiua uf, H iltock'i pal., 32
Mining niiparaliis, I'uia'a pat, 24S
„ Innlliorn, nun, 3&5
MiDts, ubseiiDiiuna on, by Mr. Smith, SIC
MiacellancDus goods (rallic on radwnyf, SOS
Mitchell'* aaftly-wliocl riiig-r^'vwNcr, OS
„ arrvwiiile and Enonrmga, VIS
Mode of eiltnguKblDg Or«i at tea. 318
Moffat's railway alarum, S3
„ pal., iniirroTeinent* in acwera, 3Tg
Munuineiilal Lraaaca, Arcbrr un, Stf
AIuHclle and Uic Rhioc, coginveiiug of, tU
Molay'a pal. for inlaying in*!ala,ll7
I
MoUm of Natpr, t^ Gaido Grmndi, gl
Hou*« pMTcr obtRiaed bj pi*, ISB
MmHdo'i |ML fur cntlnctioa of brUli n, U
Mnnl pttLalinc* ■■ Uok<IM cbar«4i, r«»Mn,SD
MmIhI ImUvbtuU plajed k; dMlro-nagstbin,
IW
ICuaTT(l,aB tlitcnical cbarader of •l«el. Ill
o» ilie f !Tcet» of eIk oa in», 161
]iJMnylb'« pat- atram-tiamiDeri MS
„ Hrain pilc-d'i'ft'.aSB
Nfttural g«inorkf, 9M
„ tjUtm ol archil'clarr, bj W.GrillMu,Sl
NulniMB, iaUBd, Prrcrtal on, aa
„ itcim, Soit KuimII an, >1 1
Nfttjr, BlF«ini TiS
No* b*p<i*> chftpfl, Bloowwbar?, 129
NcirMMlr-Miioii-Tytie ceotrml rallvraj iiaUon, 3H
Newc«anl.3l9 , „ „ ^
:^>w cleiMOiaf iKrcbuWin.br R. Robcrla, 315
Nt« «I«Uic liglii, Le >!*»'», JTO
S«w h««Ma«f |«rl.-.«iMil,9-J.31IS,WS,S7B
titm lubricant tat mKbincry, IS^
N«3« wArkii b<MM' Bi RlKkbufD, W
N«w HrTlhixlof cultiaiE irf DdiM fordraki>Uln, )tl
Net* iMilind of iriAUnt Ibo ore of pl&tiauK, IS9
Nc« Nfttiotial G&lltr>, M, Ml
Ne« oAltceirf WntJuiaiter, i-IS. ITS, 303
„ eipfBwi af, <a, MS
N,« paiMiU.l>ili of Eueloh.IZ, U. M. 129, 100.
1 W. •131. SiO. i^S. SIO. «2, WZ
Ne« piirnt t. rf giMcr of, T2, 43, 7», 1 11 , 1 43, 167,
114, S4r>. -iai. SOI, 311, 3C3
Nor red Muiil*l«a«i supptj of water (ron, IH,S91
New ride baml.lUZ
IJ^Vv Stf^ (ifutlxHii, 319
Kctr ■l«»iB ur b)(lrmu1ic-w1i««l, UI
Btcw •tnm-tbtp bailo, fontOMiilb, 191
>«« ihc«ir« Bi ibt PoijlccliDk lBiitiulto(i,M,
NtwUad,M iurt«y of LiT*r|Mol, S1H
KtMlMl'* p«t., nMBaCielure of ir«ti, 170
t^ miflurBdur* of plfinrDU, 2IS
„ purceltui kiln. 144
^ raiUa) •"'■»'% ■>!
„ vtatcr-saiier, S'J
]BC>ra riT«-. »uJJc3 tlf«.nni(! of, 191
^ CKapeotl^ liUJge. I'JI, i*H
liWTtb, rvmkrks OD. by >lr. Lajattl, SO
arowittita'. pil. B\Ir>t»tr» and juurull, SOU
N<w1»s'* matliioe for iyllio( i(on, lat
NoU-book. C«adHlu>'». t'sxicolas LXWII, (;
LXXXIIl.. 41; LXXIX, 65; LXXX., 97;
L\XM..UO; LXXXII..16l(; LXXXIII.,
\n i LXXXIV„ •>•** ■ < -vvvv *iT .
UXXXVI . *90;
LXXXVIII..3»1
No'co of the BOotb, IS. 01, m, 160, 193, 23S,
»3.»7.3i:.30l.3iSI
Soln oa enctiKciiiiK, Nff. Mil.,B; IX.,199;
X.,14S; Xr„S02
(Mn Mfon ut, by K L«i«6, >jO
iBlTiuar; Hatvsj L. EtoiM, 01, CI ; Wf. Kay.
ai;Cbait«iI>)'r. 90: lltory llrinilritb, Tl.K.,
90 ; Gtttft Mepbeniua, XVT, H9, 161
>UlqHc Birfat BuUbMh uu, I
~ c«rmc« vfraiMuliun) la lb« r^i)(f]r •[■g, 319
ft roUry tDnin*, SM
iac« m>p>, :t&7
., larTcy of LaBilan,0<), 196, 339
t,<«pptr, KorwtKiao mode uf laieliiu;, StO
„ Bi*m'i ptocHi for vmrltiog, 317
t ef platinum, neir ncibod of trcatiog, 118
Watl'* ptit'fvr irpiift,ttag irDfi from, 144
rn, Bitkmi'v'a p>(. f'lr Riii«llill{, 21S
Branion'* [ibI. fur (trvffiaji, V14
BAOitFBCttir* of, Low'i put .1114
rad 00 llraiDBgr of Cbal-mopn. 31 !>
tnrA Miipeti*ioi).brM{c, Mllae't, U
Oti(l<aof Bioc, Rvtbaa't pal., Ul
Sift; LXXXV., ill;
LXXXVJl., 331 i
ITfDBX
P«i>ua-i(Hcet&, Birbrr'i pat., 1C8
Paini BualMiiirMl from •siioMBjr, 1S$
PaiBtiaxMrf aKkH«ctur«, l«lUr* an, IfiJ
PatDllnca In LiasSeld obaicb, I'Amou, 19
„ M glau, bj >l, de ItoB, 30
Palaoa u Caaerta, 7, BO
„ BiickUKhan,7.SQ,SS7
„ of M>*tmiBatcr,X4fi,378.S03
,. n ex|>cocc« of, n, ttS
Paln>er'e pklcnl em ivproTeoaenli, S3
Papvr-haiitiagt cvloared wilh nitral* «f tllrtr ICO
I'arrtU traffic on riiilway», 3Sfi
fans, council uf hetlih of, S4S
,. HMdda Ville(rek.). gg
Park at BallenrB, ncn-, S30
Parker OD (be value it y of atnotpberic jd«, 110
Parkfr'areaclioD waler-wbMU, UO, IT I
PariinmeBi bouwi, neir In*.}, IDS
., ,. lit, «9B, 945. »8, 9U
Poaieoger* BMl r«t« oiirMli«ray»,t41
Pa*raa|;tr h)ciiiPolive3, 382
PaitnU, CaKJiUi, list* at, 33, 64, (M, IXS, ICO,
IM, 331. SH, 380, StO, 313, 382
„ rp^ltlcr of new, Si, li, 7S, 111, 141,
167, 314, Sie, 3aS, SOX, SIX, 363
AlaMptuda nUnr nlnM. nvada^ i*i
A«lv bnn Bad loanala, HonsmUlr, MS
AH* fUaMa and boAm^ IX BMHK U7
B*luiM Mdaa, ImIIv, ,'4
Bm ma, llu«a*ll. »<*
Bcwai or alnlv*, FliUv, \iO
Botag ■nd liBlrlBf , bMrt. tlO
BrMKc . IwliiK*. l4iU V. 7*
UiUc*. rwHUoclMn of, UMhaa, 3S
Ibtu-Bf iBdil lorftm. s>li«I«, IW
Ci>kr« mni, Uiibaiii, 7M
Cot^cadat utam, Sthlilr, IH
UHpllBt liuai, FnU. r^
IXmimItc aria. trallBce, aa
B«*VldlT, t(th:laf by, BMIMl O
KotlnM. niiaiT, Kia«ii«n, IK
Tin CDtk. CIiiiiiM*, is;
fM, inldilal, Aaolaf and BoloBaoa, li
„ (omtctUoa of, tiMd, 1W
patnw** (Bit hlowlu aMehlnn, Uvri, M
F'urmn», blait uf, Abloo, K::
Gu uppantiH. adf-Mllaf. WOmb, :H3
Ut txiiDTrt, Kaat, lit
Qu, ImpnurvniraU In. Falmtr, Ji
Ou BMwn, ciMj, an
Qaa ilim, Itndwdon. Itf
Onifa fai HftMi .IsAtn, Xxaton, 13
OliM gMnafactiuc, CBarxr. M4
Olaai. parllMMlav. totbtiMd. Mi;
Iwn, BMaalaclaracr. j>twaad,gliBlr«M|<ti Knrton,
170, VIrtHi.*.''
Ii«i, oiuoibt, caMlai of, ltaclM,SU
JolntlBi tamiM, KloUrlrj.S,']
l.o(oawtir* nrritfa vbaab, Rumaa, iM
iMtomoan aattaia. Cnatpuo, Wi Haaloi^laii ait>
tat,iM
LKOnoDr* tuflata •adbrM^,T«l«, 74
LMwaoUr* rDilDaaaadtanUiM, IVUMo, IC, Taytor.
Lnbrkaltai compoaitlOB, Drnn*. 140
M«cal4. UibilDi awl toUln^ KMaf, Sir
Mllli. ap pJicalten of aMM pO*f r to, Rattt*. I U
MlBlni apparMai, PaU, Ml
On»,dR*alD(,aru(itaa.2l4i I.nr, 11«
Om, aarlllar. Blrtnin, ZU
Otai, Huaralliu tnu liua>. Wall, Ut
r-uhtla sbMl*. boWi, t**
PlfiMnla, mas afktlan «f, Mairtaii, 2\i
ruutltm, Hailln, I**
pMonallp tfiiot. rMl*, 4t
rvmltlakflu, HavMn, IM
PioptUva, Uaudalijr, X«
rreptmna bltduk Bi«", IM
lUla, iBfliig down or. Gantoo, 370
Xallvay ajipantiii, Wrl)ititSD,"4>I
flatiwaTbananil ihain. niiaw. 170
Kailvif brrah. ( IU)<Tiu. 114 ; Uuta.Slti UaUr, Wt
Itsltny <;ama(t ula, Btifr, Ml
JUIIaiyn-ilaiFi. Uc Bwruci ItlTi Udob, IISI
lUllui) llrft, llaflliK, 9M
Jktiiinc Ulrai uul lead, Jahuan, lU
IUu<7tnfllDn.Klmnan,3lfi Wlb«ii, Kl > Dariaa,),*!)
H«klialil*i,OUl>trl.lIl
Snav pra^lkia and huif*, Bnaetirayi. 117
Snwr, flli^fancBi WMai*ctl«fi afoflau, ST^
MwariNp, BaDMn,31
StltertaiE apaculuaa, FItubaf, Hi
HDUlra eDonmlDf, Kyub 113
SiMBbolbn. Black, M4( Battof DM4M*ld,M()
Meim bollir* and •n«liMa. Eiall, Ml
HlMii liblirr liiiaam, lUktm, tO
Sleua roKhin, BaCDu indl IMioa, III i Slcnta.KB
SlaaBCailnca. ld(b-pr«Mur*, €«*•• 843
I ttRncaf, f<oaBmT B< fuai iB> l>iMb«) aM
tMm bamnar, KaoDTlh asd Caife«II.M>
Tube*. IwnnWoI, Cattar. :Mtf
Tubca, BtaaActarf at, yoatilfOWa. 3I(
TNAolar tan, r«tl. MV
TMn-tabtta, lioRM, 3U
ValvN aad pliua. BaWmBH. V»
Valrt^ rtf-acUM. Walantrr. a: I
VMttUUmi and I&kll>>|. BKUam, Vu
VflMMaIha «f BlB*a.^tll<«c%. H
nteaiini ptMoorad M<>la*, OoaiaMaaa, 34
WaUt BatiE*. KaKloo, Si
WaUT, BMaaurfnnl of, tUta. 1171
Woad. pmanlBi and lOlmrlut, B*Bafd, 14S
WhMla. nuBaftourr «f, AahbWT. *»
Xlac. oaiet or. Bacbal, MC.SU
pBTinc of tlrrvlB, !m
I'aicoifDt, vraod,BclloDforiarrlDg«M«Blof palenl.
Pay DC** pat. tl reproof wood, 3S7
Pcanon'a pat lucoraotin MKioe* aod carriaB«i,18r
Peck Bad PardM'a pal. lew rk«. 373
P«ciiliarilt<« in (bo ooMl/BCliua of Grcok actlil-
iFCtorr, by F. PoltroM, ISO
Prnny, on lb* dMalog rod, 334
FmroM. on tb» fcoiDrirlul liarit and optical cor*
rrclMBa of tbe Gmk aicbllMl*. 134
PransylianU. Iron produce of, Wl
Pcn:«tal, onigUnd Oktl^too.St
frtcf, DO «Btr«c|ioa of tiliYr from it* oroa, S|S
Parforating ilasa, Lackhaad'a pal., 307
„ macblnv, Jacc(uar<I, 88, 939
PciiDiiKnt.way deUiiorilioa of, 381
Per»ptciivr. le'imelrltal. SSO, 204
Pcttrniaa'a liydtopapbic map of Ibe Oritiab Um^
sia
Pbcai>fn*aA of liro, IS7
Phillipt'g pruf. ancmanfltrical rcMKrcbof, SIO
Ptiotphairi IB Ilia ZTtvo tand formalion, 101
Aoalytu of, VXt
FlioloKraphj, rITrctof lltbl in, 364
PiKoieota, raaBofadnre of, Nci*toa'a pal., 316
Pile dfJTBr, (iMiB, NaanyUi'B, aso
„ driving Kachine, Clark nod Varley**, 341
I'lpra foi Mivagn, 'JO
I'iwon, OB tbc inllueticfl of the rapid molkia of, til
„ rad cnRinc, GunUfuno'ii libraliag, 34
Pillcr'a otrliinicdian bnlluoa. 2SS
PJao-prieiiog ioatruntrni, KTU
PiiBtMa,binUlo, OS
Piaatt, nil a p<ri*ua lu. lia
Plaie>glaw, Hanlri'apnt.. 144
„ trade, Howodl on, 310
Platc-boliler for Ibe dss(icrre«(ype c«aMra, lU
Platinum, aeor metbod of trraling Ihe on* of, ISS
Playrair'* inlmductery l«clure, S'S
Plough, AaiericAD, Slocum'a, 31
Plymoulbdock*, 318
„ Muod, breaVvialcr ia (re*,), 131
Poeuin&lio aprioxi I'inIc'* pat., 49
Poialtd arctiilcctuiT. Owitl'* femaika on, S3
I'ule'a traDalnti'On, Albaa'a bigli preuure ateam-
mgin*, riev.},3ll
I'tf'.Je'i |jai. poeumaL< ipriug, 45
I'oljgoitar decorftlions, 91
PoIylecboicioatiluliooaOO, ISO
Porcelaio kilo, Newtou'a pbU, 145
I'ort BBd decki of Btrbenbead (ivt.), «
Portable MAcrdau, Slevenf on'*, 63, 131
ForllcDM of ancleai Komt, 333
PoTlluud cciiieat,ZM
PofUock, OD ooaat loreb, 314
PortaoHHitti, acw aUaai-aUp lMtiaal,l9l
Poll'a pat. tttbolar flaaa, 36t)
Potin;, aaettal, Dwyer on
Poyntor, on l«BUm banginpR, fil
PrBll'a pal. ooapliDs iron*. 373
PfMBBtiWMoii rBitnays, llBriiinc'j, 33
PrMortBtion of wood for deeper*, 334
Preserving and coloiirio); wood, Reoard't pal., 143
Preaiure eojiact, bydraolie, 314
Pr««aiir«^use for (a».work«, Stu
PrevcnUoil of^accldeota m coal mioen
PrewoUoa of nplailma in alcani.enjpDef, S&l
Prict'a dty condcaier, iM
Priiwipk* Bod pracliee of baildii>8 tewett, I'asiOB
oa,3U
Prlooiplw tiT ceomctrr, &e., T. Talc (rev.), I W
ProM«dta(< of ■ciratilic aDckQea,!* ^, 9T, lit,
IBX, 231 , KM, »«
i*rodactioa of lit beautiful, Pardlo oa. 14)
Pragrcu of tbe railway if^lrm, M'. Hardiaf^MS
Pro^lcN and eaglaM. MaiHtslaj'tpat., 9M
„ pump), Munphrej'i pat^ M7
PropvUi^l bUtlri. Mi>n'» pal.. 2Mt
,, bj lutaci of jtai, Ittt
^ratiiiMi iraiHk on railnays, US
Publicntiua of arcltitccttital luwirlvdic, wciHv
for.ni
*dU'« pftt. Biniog apparatm, SIS
pulley, a mw appUcuiioo of, 9f
Panpaaisd icrevr propellcra, Utrnphny't paL,
M7
pDDcbiBS Diacbiiie, Jacquanl, 8», 2ii
Piiidir «■ th« f«1la<j of Haj • tbrafj- of t y t
Ukalb^anljr, 148
Putdkr "" 1^' prodoctioa of Uie beandfhl, MM
QUJktiKAKi. Becext'*, rcMoral of, 891
QMXTjfiDj inactiiae, IM
RAltwiV Co«PAKtu,an>ntgaaiaUoo of, ST>
t'SaUiray aUrun, ^llfn'a, W ; Balnfri, SIS ; tinci
•Dd Lhlle'a, SO : Urailicn'i, >•; Uuiloa'a, SO;
U*Con*a, M; MoiTar*, si; Taltereal'a, 191
Bkanays ud nilmy loEiakiioii, DmU (rer,),71
SailwBjraad atCMn aavijalioa defcaec»t49
„ aiipkniliii, WHckUin'* pat.,94S
„ attnijo rata and tailMKS oa, SSS
„ tan aad chain, Stlun'j pal., log
„ bnak.Cliapllii'ipal., Ill: H«ath'>,3N;
Ueiibuni'fl, SI ; Lalgnct'a Ulplr, IH ; Uilrr'a
paL,»l
Iwtj biidgv. Iron tnaa, Blder**! M
„ bn»d and aanon gaago, B/iaat'a pUo
Ikir aBhiBK, 90
„ bafftn. D* BcrjM't piaL, 24T
„ ciirriftjjc >il«t, Berger'* pat., dA
„ ca/nagca atid loeotuotlTe ragiiKi, Tay-
„ caTri»go-«lt4«l», E'BQf't pal., 189
„ H«ilM''*jHU., IW; Newton'*, pat, 111
., thalr, frallMble tow, ll
Btilwajrt, Craao'a liBpniveBwata, SS
C«loai4l.9G
BailwBj dividend*. W
„ (Dgid^i, Healon'i pal., 199
„ and bmki, TajW* pat., Tfi
„ aad carriHtiM, Taylor'*, 93
■jr «lnator, TotberjiU't 384
'Bailvajcagiac-rias, Baker's (lev.), 74
Badwaj'*, famiula! tor laytox <iDt widtlu of, S27
„ to calculate area of tiw* aaaHoa on, 1ST
Batlorar sWdrra, deflrctlos and riniB of, ISA
„ gaide foraMlflaM en{tiiw«fa (Mr.), til
„ Uontoa'i pnl. inpmvemenl*, STft
., gotrranieui ijnirn ia Irplsnd ;rFT.),Sll
Bailwap, Heptmra un tbe prevrntkin of accidents,
11
Bailnav juuctioos, on (olUof out, hj A. Bcaa-
Und. lU
kejt, BtrloH't pat., lot
aoKkitterf, Blaebwall, »3
lilnayj*! o«xoli*tion of drrrctor* of, 33Z
„ new atmeapberic, 984, SM
„ of Isdia (rev.), 103
„ opened, 933, »4, 88«, HI, Hi
„ piHeDger* and hrca, S4I
„ JiraciicCf Bne*(re».V S7
^ (xecaatjant on. hy II . Hardiog, 32
■( progmai South' l-!attrrn, IIS
Bailway rescue (revOi ^6
,. aectMoi io ridotoag grooad, ST) 97
„ •igoal*, Baifd'i pat.^ 118
„ •lMpen,prt««mtloa«f weodfaTtSM
,. ftUtJoo, N<wcislle-Dpoa<Tviw, accvnnl
of, Ki
Saitwajg, Suilli on i^TeTnmeDt loaa to, ttT
BailmT-Sovth-Wcatera, eitenttoaoCSM
„ sUii«iiM, by H . a»rt(*, HT,3CT. >J>,
IHDBX.
Ruilvrajr tiMliHiu. W. HaJiliog, 3t>8
^ anitcbei, ?i icoU'i, S3
„ lelefTSpk ami alanua, Horn's, 10
„ dnwaigoab. Stit
„ - traioa, coIllMoa of, IM
„ Goo<b,oa tbemlsUDM to, l£S, 18C,S«S
„ erbe«l» and Jtttlu, Dunn'* pal., Ili0
„ wbedi, A«ibaiT'apat.,36(l
BaiDgmoB*, oadMcooMrucitanofCrci.), 177
„ Honenbaai, oa the Call of, 940
„ tka canto of, 101
B«MnT,oii >abamg«nc«of land in n'«ln,ll4
Baadall, oo lalt, a poiMM to planU, 3 13
Bannr'i Ircturei od civil enilDoeriiig Crer.}, ST8
lUBkine.OD the coniirncUoii of aea-walu, 1X1
BaoMiDP, on artificial stooe, 61, 04
Bare ihol, 137
fieac(iaanmln--wlic«I«, Puker'a, 110, 171
BmI uadalOBC, M<tr, ispply of water fmia, IS9
Be<liMB,OD ealrtMet to dock*, 113
BeliDery, elag, eeenrraoce of Vantdtum io, si9
BefBlBK lihtr aod lead, Johaaoo'i pal., 148
Besfrtit** qvadrant, removal of, m
BegWcTof ne<T pateoU, 23,45, 75. Ill, US, ISr,
«M,>4e, 9»i, sot, S43. S69
Resi»t(ring nuhiae, Sharp*!, 6S
Heguauli'a ibeoryof tleiun>«nsiDe*, aid,3H,S9B
Kesululioe of buildins* in towH (rev.), 17, li
Renard's pat. for colonrini and pteaeTTing nood,
143
Reoaic,oa breakwater io PljttnooU) 3o«nd (rev.)*
191
neportioti eoslNfar tbe (tenia navy, ITS
Rrport (>□ mpply of waler to Haaelieatcr, ko.
tie».).lJT
„ alciini'EUglue boileri^ 179
„ sarte) of Liverpool, 979
neMrvoif«Al lUon. Ireland, ISS
lleservnire, emluiikinealifor, 197
Br*»tance to buUiui in llnld*. IM
„ railway tralu* at diffneol telocKies,
IM, lS<l,S*t
Kcrcrbratory famace*, L'baace'* pal., S04
Kcriowi, 36, ii, 6S, 130, 139, 178, MS, XK
Keviiws:—
All puDp will xaotBtKrlc nUwtj, TuraOoll, S4
AotfauirtBo and ifDMliifW'tMnpniMk Svae*. IT
Aittiriniuf*, faldarr or.TulblLI, Si'
Art. ■Dtlml ami aodMo, CMhora, 7S
Shlnnhnd part ud doclta, W«l>iMr, fit
Hmkwaier In PlytaouHi Sound. Xndit, ■•!
Baltdlnp la ta«n«, (eld* la ili* pMp«« rffiitiflOD e(,
Uoiklai.xr, H
Raithwuk UbiN, Bakir. 74 1 Balli Artli, IM ^ Wtbty aad
Halbtnbn). V
Rneiftntat. •rllatHli at IfrloiM 09. TUflferi 37R
Gtomtiry, prloctplct of, Tftto, IIH
Orrto'j't maihwnaiiri for |iracdcal mirit. La*. TO, ZV
Haul i» rilla, rarfi. Ci]:i it. >n
IsOao Rtfirerf. Q''< ['hIUr PMUnMWr, I0»
IrfA mall and prsriiul nmMllM. Bnitnv, ii t
JuRliM'*l«ii«(. uuuttocitilp oCBrltlsQ, tU
Lecioia u Cai1*M oT CWl KaiMeiu, PlayWr, 17<t
LlfttibouH gs latnTfroiw nxk, Btrraiuni, ITS, Mi
I,ir*;)ini>l. Htiiit* of, Nairland, W
U<i;1iAiiics, ihc<iT«nnIaedBiaai(al.BaBa,>TK
Slttitt, dtiMfTdtou on, anftk. SIS
PlyiiKium b)iiri<]. bmlmUT In. Kenali. Ut
PalkitJt We^inilmiM, •"•JM
Balluav en^tlnterlnf. Bikir, 74
Fallaky ^Idt.feiiltUiil <DataMi'«, :t> .
lUlliriT vrullcc, ttltn'i. it
lUUwiy* and iallH-*T 'flOIAIlaa. tMuQ.n
nollwar mine, ■ ■ •, m;
tkbaoU ind icboeltuiuaei, dnlfrnAt. X«ediU,]l7
Suaai.t>«ll*r (iplatlon*, lauwa at, Wlldfr, l'<t
B«aoi.ni(li». AllMol li^.prMraf«. PaU.111
!>t(*<ll-t>pIlM', ,tBdlM cf, TVopltoss, 3M
bblp-tnilldlet. IWory (ed piaeltce of, WUIc, Ut
Sktrrf^ott ll|til^ciu*r. >ro»«>t ol. Sl(«an*«o, \TS, 3H
SunerlDf ■ tftatlif vi, caleolal, VTIuwlHod^ 14B
Talfgripit. (iKlid. V'l
WiHT, iupplr or u M aatkHHr, Ik.. BBWtnJaw, £7
Toaof i w viifor^ piworvtnr, ScU. VO
Rbine aad Mooelle, onfiaceriag of, IM
Rlchurd*'* leUar oa Cntrper** inverted arcb
bridge, H
RichcnoDd'a eogioc counter, 0)
Rider'a ir«n traa* railway brid^, SO
RiScbaml, Laacaeter'a pat., tn
Biuhi^'t pat. loeomolive eaglaee, IM
, Bival palace*, by Outdida*, M
Rivert and karboiint oa tboalt al Iba «Utue««
of, 1H6
Boberte'e new element of mtrbaniim, 31S
„ Jacoaa r d perforalios audUae, 333
BobefUon o« Blackwall railway macbtawj, SB
Bobb't nalleable iron railway chair, 31
„ 8(op<aek for cortudive Q uid*
Bochaa's pat. for oUainiog oxide of ■incIOJ,!
BoclL».hlattiiiKa(^388
fiocLe'f pat. lor cattiac wraagbl iron, tift
Bulliug itoo, iiia<bta« for, 101
B«4ne, aocienl iheatreo and poeiiooea of, SSb
Boof of Ibe 1-' iblia termioni, fall of, 6S
Bope . compiarii - ive itre ng tb of wire aad hevp, 1
BotHT} eogicr?, cip^oaiie, Wilaoa'a paL^MS
„ Daiieo'e pal., 3711
„ faOacy of, 384
„ Kinaman'* pat., SIC
Betary heeU, 108
Ba^ Academy esktbtiioB, IttS, tOS, tit, i
Boyal iuUlate uF Briliab aicliilccU, 2V, 60, $»,
134, 1», 186,a31,:)30
„ IsilitutioD uf eoginccr* al tbe llafBC,
„ I'olyteclj&ic louituUoo, 96, I&9
„ Scotiiih aodety of aru, 11, «S, 01, IJ
14&,lM,l»l
Raaaeir* pat. bar iroa, XM
„ oaiupnitriufaia iudeani Davisation.SlLj
RnlberfonI aud irtbley'a carlliviork laUct (ror,),!
SACx.iiotm, Gtlberl'i pot.. Ill
%dler'i pat. balance bridge, 79
Safety lamp, hialorj ot, 33»
„ vain*, Wtboo'f, i»i
,, wberl ring- re vol ver, CI
Sakta poiton to plasta, MS
SaJloali bridic! fut (be Cornwatl rdilway, 06
Salt «priag at Uroilnieb, SI 9
Saludc's put. fur broiunag mctaJa, 100
Samuel'i ligbt ongiaoc and IraJna, SXS
S>4idal0M, ac w red, lupply of water from , I
Sand frame oa railway*, S)l
Saaibvy oonaieeiooera, Cieiy't erideace
SU,ai.ll^. IT
„ tBprevaaienle in the tewagc, 2S3
,, lawt, at home and abroad, 312
8a>h-liae, NetiaU> pat., ton
Sawf, circular, SlS
iichooli aad scbo^faoaeci, dwigD* foe (rev.),
Scbieic'* paL coadenecr, 114
Scottitb lociely of art*, SI, OS, 01, lU, lU,
1«4
Screw cutiiag aachiae, 3IK
„ pile and iiU)ortB(i,HitoheU'f, 133
„ propeUen aadpvmpe, Uumphrey'i ,
Saa^vralla, SaskiM «a lb« cowtmctioa of, I
Self-Mtin^ gae Mparaloe, Wataoa'a paL, SIS
Separating iron fremore, U'aH'* pal., 141
SaltiDg nut railway Juncttoos, Beaulaod oa, 114
Sewage ajid dtalnaga of ntlalol, 93
„ Urerpool, tn
r. pipee, 06
„ «anitaT; iiuprorrmeota iB,7A
Sewers, commiaaioo of, 39
„ diaphragm double, Mofalt'e pat.,
„ CnetrDpaUteD) act, 381
„ On the pdnclplei and practice of buDdtab
by E. I'Auaoa, 3»
Sewer trap, Bunnelt's pel.,U
Sharp** latler ita BucLiogbJani paJaee, 7
,. rt^glitcrlDg uiachiae, fil
Skawi pat. railway bar* and ckalra, 170
Sbeatliiuii; for iblpa, UG
ship-buiiiling, theory aod practice of (rev.),
Shipa, Hcawood'i pal. foratecriag, 47
Sbipe wUiiout keel*, Zerntan'e, S7S
Shrewtbary aadCJiesttr railway, opeaing of, Stl
engine, S83
fiibtey and Itulhfrford'iearUiHurk tablet (rev.), ST
Sklelung gruuoU, a tbeoreni to calculate the area
of a croae *ecttun, 07, 197
„ Cox'a laUee for cakulatlag
etrthvrork* io, 199
.CT
aa, 114
'diob
ptmait, rtllw*y weUut im, CUfk^, Iff
I** pat. itnn-fa^emi, tM
ttotl taU*. AdlM, as
thafw an hjrdnaUc vhael, isl
fihir ud tM4, J«iiMa*« pkL for veioi^ 1-U
^ tiff
^B I, idUmU o^ wlanri&g paper- hugljifi «itb,
■ 100
^nibliiar •prcnlum*, FtMCber'i pal.. lU
^R SfcMTTTorc ligbiliuoic, account oT, ITS, MS
■Skor bridir, (irtioiTfr*!, Bt
blaj:, pccHiTciKc ul toasUiaoi ta, tlV
SlUa tnOc oo railways, »>
I Mt t pit t , |Hr«Mr«auoo (rf wood for, tU
I Site valnna Ike lap and Lnd, U. S7
■ Sloran'a AnaHcai ploiwh. SI
^ SadtJns CDpiper otvi, Blrinirn'f poL, SIS
^U „ fimacie, coM i^ S W
^H „ Norwegian nwOiml, Mt
V „ Ritol niid HliilUpi'* proeaw,
r '"
I taMi St., on air awl walcr of town*, SI 1
obKrrainns DD mlats, 315
ca xanraiMiit loaas to niltraja, 1^7
OB bish-^cCMurc bolIcra.SM
a MBanming, Kfas'* pti.. IIS
SmO, Ml •ubilily of arches, ISU
SMBpten>,9U
■_6oeMy af Am, LomIod. 20, «l, 99, IM, MO
K M ckhUKtlea. 101
H „ $(«tt>«h, XI, 63, 91, m. 148,
^ ISX, IRl
SocKtjr Fof 111* publicalkM of, Arc hi (ect oral linow.
Udp. UT
ia*a ptL aniiicUl fnel, 31
^werof clilunifum, ISH
.Si?
Soawd B«de *uiU«, I2S
SmUi-Ca«tani nilnay, SIV
SoaUk-Cmlawl UsMhoHMa, XI0
8palB( apaBinc af Snl raiwaf in, 132
SpariM'a p to lt ho l d ir for the JafoetrotTpc cs>
«i«a,US
SpacalMM, riclcWf ikA. f^r tilverinK, 1 If
lph«ftiJal rtate of water, applkalion of to iloaio.
Wgtimt, Poola's paL pamiNHiie, ii
aUbOUr or arcbea, bj U. Soril, 1S2
StobiUtr tit SoaitDs tiodica, Sai
teller, Captaia, on bei(bl of warn. Sift
Sialic'* pal. lighliDg by clcctricitjr, 49
Starting appftriitu*, Jukioa'i h^tdraoliic, IKS
aiatiatica of railwajf*, 211, xen, ass, ISO
XlMB-ballara ao-J eujinca, Exoll't pal., 112
itlocli'* pU. 301
fanacec, Babcr'a pnL, ]i4T
boucUe'* pal., SOS
tabei, CotUf't pni.,24il
nuiriof, DuatlaiiBliI'i paL, SSli
ooHUiun a(. luJ, IWi
eoBdeaeer, Scbwle'i pn., ill
dndaase of nafifiet b/, sol
'ftlwai iminii 111' iiinl DUoa'ipaL, 111
„ botlcri, •upptjr «f water l«, 1T9
„ caaw* of Mii^oiba* ia (wv,), 178
„ Cole's pit. higb pr»iarf, 143
„ imreniora, m
>• hJEb pmsore, Albao (rvr.), ill
„ Desaaall'* Ibeot;, 33C, WU, 3SB
f, n*mrj, Daiiee'e pat.,
STil
rotary, Wiltoa'*, 3H
Samac)'*, 333
Sicinea'* paL, 249
^ alsdira of, TempUlOD (rev.), 390
„ Ireatitnoti, ITS
„ Wirk.tecd'i', IM
Bnai tot <uhaBMiaf( wood, 32a
B Mocnior.bijli preHure, Lcoe'n, SAO
lUMawr, Nataiyth'ii, 'ttifit
„ nanitalioa <lefcDcet, IS
H ScuU uudl on, ait
u*y, 7J[
M
rssx.
St«aB-«iigiU, apfUcBtiOD of traisr In lyfaavMal
*late, SHI
Bteau Of fcidfl i cw h e ai . Sin*'*, 2il
Steam |iile-(lrhrer, Clarke and VaHejr's S41 ;
Niuwylb'i, 9W
Steam- povoT, ■aiUiary, IM
R4«aai-pow«r of Fraooc. Sll
^ttainpnirM lo anilli. Haati*'* pal., IIS
StviiD pmpnUioa ia Ibe jrar li4S, SlU
Steam-iliip Afnn, SIT ; Ejipnu, its ;
UaetO^n, IWi iVrifSftfr.aitf; Taman, SCO
Steam-tblp, Criat BrUaim, lal* uf. IW
St*ani''*l*o';cipaa*i*e,iiDprui'«d auxlo of wgrk*
log, 141
Staan Horkinji eipauiicl;, ISS
Sted, cbeaiicu cliaractcr of, ill
SimI lyrti, Itaaka'i pal., 1&4
Sttrring ««mIs HcBiraod'i pal., 17
St. ncorp'e cauedrel. 2M
S(eph<ti*o«, GcoTfr, lifc of, S9T. t». SGI
Si<*»mob'b aecoanl of the 8kerrr*ara tlglinnnii
frev.;, |jl,a»i
SlereneaD'a porlabie GOBerdun, 03. SSI
Stone, artifictel, Buaome on, 01, !in
Stone, racQ, I'ruf. I>ofiald»an oo, IM
Stone drilUeg maclitne, ICO
Stone traffic on railway*, 371
Stranglh of Haagerford- bridge, oa tii^, 3fil
Sinngth of inatMiala, Buthaaan on, 133, lil
Slrare't lo w-preaaiue AJmoaplmic railway, 2M
Sindy of aiechaak, tSS
Slowc, SS8
Slow'* pat. propelling-blade, 28C
Sobanarlao feaadaUoM, Milek«U en, lit
Siiddea draining of tlie Niagara river. IDI
Salpliata of iron for puriTying gaa, 188
Saadeiknl dodu.]M9
ftorpljr •faraUr Ama mevrrd Mndftonc, im,Mt
a f ra ytag, fttrMliw an, by A. UhileUcad (rev.). :
1i» '
Snrrajon, eivi) and ailitary, m, Ifti, 3l£B <
8 ar v»yow precvptor, by J. neid (m.), IM
Suney of Loodoo, Ordniace, 'JO, IM.SSS
Surrey of Liverpool. 2Ttt
Satpaaalen fcrUga, OHflao, S1&; HaaKcrford, 3,
SM, tU ; aav Uw fall* of Niagara, 191, S86 ;
ovcrarob, UllM'a, S2
SaapHuhn brtdgna, on tbak moat MODOoiIca]
fonB,S ,
Smtchci. Nicolfa impnivci], 3:1 I
Symaalrlcal beauty. Hay on, St \
„ Pardio OB the fkUicy af, I4d
Ti,Jtts.!tKCii at ltn*\, )U
Tables for calcuUtJOB«f Mrtbwark*, Coi'i, |[H>
Haliw'a Cw!«.), 74
TabJea fur eutlitvoik*, SIbky aod Roiberford'i
(rot.), 27
TaU'a princiftica «f geanetry (»*■)• 1**^
Ta[lerMUl'« ntilivay cnaiaiUDlealor, lot
Taylor, aa ttie dyer's ttootoria, SI
Taylor's paL eoglan aod bc«akt, Tfi
„ rallwaj carrUges, 13
Tertli af «hccU, uiacliinc tar foriDtaRi IDS
Triegrapli aoJ alaruio for railnay*, SO
„ Jvlling «]«ctric, 9M
„ iJretric, V, 317
„ electric, compisy, 90
„ copylni. 101,117
„ emplopid by pablicans, 13T
(rev.), 176
„ proQ<*,SM
T*iop«f>lar*a, K«goflult on tnoa«nrein«nt of, 138
TcaplatOB'* siudlea of ilia ticaia-eogine (rev.),
ma
Tettiog gun roelal.SSll
Tbealre* aad poHkuei of Ancieai Rome, 233
Theatre, nctv, Soyat Poljlaubaic lostitntioo, 96,
IS9
Tbennotneler, gai, Itegnault oa, SSa
Ttieorani lo Sod toe area of crou teeliian of rail-
way OEi aideloag gruUDtl, IS7
Tlienmiical snil practical meohaoici, Haan'l
(fCT.),aJ3
Theory and praedoa of fUp bviUiag, (r*v,), no
T1iM>ry of iieai>«agiaA, 8*gaaiilt'a, tt€, Hi,
ase
Tborntoa's hydraalk lifliac-Jaok, ST, ZIT
Thon>Id'* pat. larolabUa, SOS
ndaaaf llwEi«}Miaad^lri*b<fcaaacl«, I IT
Tile and brlek traffic oa raUways, SSS
Ttli:limaii,onUi(decompa«tngpowerafwaiM,l8|
TimWciluUn, 160
Timber iraAc M rsUwiy*. 270
Timbcc viadKt*, fcy J. ud B. Greao, IS
Tiai* awwtbfSM
Tin irane on rallfraja, S70
Torfaola, dlMWtaUoa on, by (iaglielm^ai, yt
Torrap's time signal*, MO
Towaa, air aod water of, by Dr. Soilh, 31 1
„ bill of hcallli, ISO
„ bealUi of, 17, t9
„ ragnlatioo of batldinga id (fev.],Sir, n
„ TanillalUin of, ItW
TniM,eolMMi of, IM, ZK
Treallae on pracUcal turveyiBg, by A. WloliiMid
(rCT.), 140
Treatiiea on tbo stcaru.eugiiie, 172
Trciicliti foe drain til«t, whitc'i pat., 320
Tiigouoinctrical fatmulK, 230
IXpIe riil*a}--brcak. 19S
Ttibe-cocki, in ilU' rubber, Jenningt'i pai^ lit
Tbbci, lap-weliletl, Cotlei'* pal.. H%
„ manufiClure of fontainmareau's pal., 218
Tubtilu boniinnE Uidici, 1,300
„ bridsc Bt Conwtj, 9S, 12fi, 1S4, 101, SSI
„ btidgta, (Uiputad iaTsnifan of, 218
„ Hum, Celt'* pal., 368
Tunae) aerost tbe «lianDel, 318
TvnbuU'a cuiy on air.pump and aitoatpbarie rtO.
Tiuabnll nn MxlJIribio' dockt, 10)
Tura4aUc. Ttiurold't pU., 303; nnitri. I«i
Tnthill'sliiiUiry of arcbitertate (rc«.]iS77
Tjrci, ttccl. Baala't paU 181
Union and diiiiioR of nwuM w*t«n, by B. Z<
dritii,LU
UaitiBg uelali (ad BetalUo altoyt, nroetaiat far,
18?
Varra, slide on tbe Up and lead, 14, 37
Vdaia and plan. BatGuao's pat., 386
ValTCa, Btmo4ibarlc ftoude'e paL. S48
Valtcsi espaotivT, inprored nvde of itetkiBft'
141, 2U
„ aeiracting ufetv, Walnulay'* pti., 371
Vanadium in Ibe rellaery ilig of. ^lalTitrdibire, 319
Vatet, anEleut gieel, Ur. Hiuding ua, 90, 91
Vegetable «ai, 352
VclodtT of Blmo»pberii: j«is, 110
Velocily of wivci, by CapU Stanley, 310
VentiUtioB. %btiD|, and boaiin|> Briltera's pM„
3T0
VcQlilaiton of mioM, ^Vtlcocl^V pat., 22
Vcnliistlon of lowni.186
Venlilomsicr, the, 127
VUiIucii, ucbed timtwr. by J. and D. Gfeeu. U
Vitiluct*, Dinting talc, by A. S. Jee, 3&
ViaducU acroM lliu !>», 317
VibtitiDg piatOD-r&d cngiBC, Cntta/sion'i, 24
Mhratloo oi dcfleotion givgt.
V{ce, Peck and I>anlM*i pat. lerer, 373
Vkktr*'* pat, mtnofMluTC of iron, 47
Wali*, Sontb, geology of. 313
„ „ qnalitleiaf coll in, 313
„ tuljniergCDce. soil ro-appcarance of aocieat
land in, 114
Wallacs** iniproveiDcnU in decarstian, 303
Wallec'spat. colTec-pol, 113
Will* ftnd ombankmciiti for witerworks, 197
Wall't pal. for «epaiating iron from ore, 141
Wain iley'i pal. ielf.a(;tin; sBfety.valTe, 371
War iteamer AfmK, 317
Water and air of loKne, Df. SiQith on. 11
„ ciitcmi, itop cock for, 183
Vitor, deeonpodiiK pover of, 181
Titer&U in India, S19
Vat«r, flow of, hj Zendrini, 115
» nose, NewtOB'i pit., 68
j LutjiimeBt (or iNcrtainiBg the comporatiTe
MltneM of, 91
„ meuorinK of, Haigh'i pat., 371
„ motion of, by Gnmo Qrandi, 81
„ prestimof, npon flibn, 160
„ Snppljr of, to iteam-ODfine boilen, 179
„ „ from tha new r«d landitone, 188,
381
„ Supply of, to Haachetter, Ste., report on,
(rer.). 1'?
Tatorioo-bridge, esteniioa of Sontb-Weatern
r^way to, 234
'Vtter>wbaeli, Parker'i reaction, 110, 171
Vatorwoiki, 96
„ at Lirerpool, 127
„ embankmentt for leMrroIn, 197
Wataon'i pat. (elf.aeting gai apparatu, 3i2
Tax, vesetabla, 352
IITDEX.
Warn, attnoapherio, by Mr, Birf, 311
„ Telod^ and beif bt of, by Capt. Stanley, 310
Webiter, on port and docka of Birkenbead (rev.),
68
Welding iron and iteel, 256
Wettern ga> company, 82
Weatnin>t«r, expeniei of new palace at, 92, 228
„ reriew, No. XCVU., 245
„ new pdace, 345, 27B, 295
Wbeeli, balancing of, 222
„ machine for firming tbe teeth of, 182
„ railway, Enma'i pat., 180; Newton'a, 114
White lead, manohctnte of, 192
„ paint from antimony, 128
White*! new trencbei for draining tilei, 320
White** theory and pncUoe of ihip-buUdlng 120
Whitehead, on practical rarrcyivg (re?.), 140
Wbiihaw'i telegraph inTentioni, 217
mcktteed'i engine, 104
WilUaou, on tbe cbemiatry of the tea, 160
Wilion'i pat. rotary itean-engine, 235
Wind, iutmment for indicating tbe direction and
force of, 127
\(1ndow, gethic, at Boppart, on the Rhiae, 129
Wndow-tax, 1, 96
Wing walli of bridgei, Clark on. 43
Wire and hemp rope, compan^Te itreogth of, 332
Wood and atone piTcment, 272
„ carbonized by Ugh-pretiare iteam, 320
„ for ileepera, preterration of, 224
„ Payne*! pat. flre>proof, 287
„ pafemeot, action for infringement of pat,
256
„ Benard'i pat. for colouring and preaening*
143
Wrighton'i pat. apparatu for railwayi, 246
Wroaght-iron, analyiii of, 315
„ Roche*t pat. for caiting, 216
„ tubular bomtring-hridgei, 1, 300
Wyatt, on the art of enamel, 156
Wyatt, on Llaadaff Cathedral, 141
Wye, wooden bridge over, 127
YoBMo's atmoipbeiio railway, 224
Young torreyor'* preceptor, by J. Rnd (rev.), 122
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Arcbc*, ebUquc, 1 cut, 4
*nhm, rtibbllT t^, 13 cBti, lia
A>la.bo*ei mud Jounuli, 1 ent, 369
Bofiot ind ilnMiig, 2 caU, 170
BtldflM, ton ilTu e tl oa of, 7 cut*, 3, 23
BMpa, Sadler*! pit. twlwiGt, 7 cnU, 7i
Bii^r>!, wins wi^ ot, 3 cut*, 43
Ba«B|I>im p!lM!>, 1 cat, 7
Cenmt, txHriBcnli M, 3 cat!, 3M
Coakrdun, 2 caU, 3S3
Cofl»».pot, WiUfT*!, 1 cnt. Hi
Coodcd!*r n>r utun -miginc!, 2 rati, 114
CoapUng Irmu, 1 cat, 373
Deaielloa or irlbrUlon n«n, 3 cnti, I
Dock!, HMdleibonmih, 1 ml, 10&
Earthvorln, 3 cnt!, US
Iltcbldtr, Ufhtlni by, 1 <!tita,4B
SnIwntaMnli mdrattliiii, 4 cut!, 327
nnblut,lcal, IS
Fire cock, 1 rati, 1S8
Flnhli, roliluic* to bodln la, 1 enl, t07
FanucM, biHl ot, 1 cat, 373
Qm apiwrUai, mIT-kHi^, 1 rat, 343
Ah faomr*, 3 coti, 114
Om mctcn, 2 cati, AOS
Olidcrm tor bridgn, I cat, SOO
Gothic irtadov, 1 cut, 129
STdnnUc Ufllar Jicic, 1 cnl, 317
lodlt-rabbcr tube co^n, 3 cntt, lU
Itoa, BMnnbctare of, 1 cat, 171
Itomctileal petipcctln, 4 cat*, 330, 2M
JolnllDg cUmp, 1 cat, V3
LIghtbmun, 3 cut*, 307
LocomoUn etnitgt wheolt, 1 cut, 189
LocomotlTt !D|liia aod brnlu, 4 cut*, 76
I«coincitlTi eoila!! tod nrrlaaei, 4 cut!,
48, i«7. 307
HlDlsf lunhoni, 1 cat, 2Si
Piddl* irhMl!, I cut, 1«8
Pwrtag, t cot, 373
PatSmtlDi nucbliM, I cut, 88
Plt!-drlTfaa loubliic, 2 cola, 341
PUD.prlcldag loitnoeot, 1 cnt, 373
Pnnua!llc iprlni, 2 cut*, 46
Froptllfn, 6 c^t*, 3GS
lUlIny b«r! uid cbaln, 2 cut*, 170
lUUwir buflcTB, I cnt, 24S
lUUwir cvriig* tiitt, i cnt*, 46
HaUwmy ■rcUani In ildtloog ground, 8
cut*. 67. 117
Bmllnj wb«j!, 1 cat, 114
Hcwrmin, cmbiDkmmt* of, 4 cut*, 197
Boun itaua-«a*lD(, 1 cut, tSi
Swk-boldor, 1 cnt. III
Scwcn and diidn!, !& cut*, 41, 379, 373
Soim trap!, 3 cat!, 2i, 373
SUdt Tilrei, 31 cull, 14, 37
Stnok* conuimlng, 2 cut*, 113
Steara-bollcr dn-bin, 1 cut, 304
St«un.boU*r famace*, 1 cn^ 347
SttOB-cBilon, i euu. 111
Ht*uo Bcoerator, 4 cut*, 360
atum mm, 33 cnti, 14, 37, 141
Stcerioi Tcai*!*, 1 cat. 47
SupheoHn (Geo.), portnlt of, 329
VlbntlDg pIMOD-rod iDfinc, 1 cut, S4
Via, 1 cat, 373
Wtler, flow of, ScaU, 81, IIS
Water gauge, 2 cmta, 62
WaWr-iriieel!, 3 cula, 110, 17!
Wb*«Ia, 3 cut), 369
Window, Oolhlc. 1 ea^ 139
Wood, prcMrrlni and ctrionring, 1 cuts
Zinc on*, fl cull, 343
DIRECTIONS TO BINDER.
Plate I.
n
II.
n
IIL
„
IV.
„
V.
«
Vli
Wrougbt-lron Tubular Bow Bridge'
Falmn*! ImproTciimti lu Gai ..
WIUlDBtiin aod Ouw Bum Viaduct
DlDliag Vale Viaduct
Sanltarr ImpniTtinmti, Plan of Drdnagt
Coal8laltb,]llddJnborough.oa.Tcei ..
oppoille page
3i
38
3t
80
IW
put* VI 1. BapUit Cbapcl, BloomibuTT
„ VIII. ConwarTubolar Biidn
„ IX. Imperil! Iniuranca OScc
„ X. XI. Jacqnard Perforating Hichlug
„ XII. HaimfthandCo.'aSleaniPllc-DrlTa
„ XIII. Ballway Blatlen, Ntwcaitle-on-T]ine, Plan of
opporite piga 13^
161
IBt
2»
3U
e
THE
CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S
JOURNAL.
WROUGHT-IRON TUBULAR BOW BRIDGE.
(With an Engraving, Plate I.J
In consequence of the tubular form becoming a favourite mode
of coDstructing bridges of wrought-iron for railway purposes, we
are indaced to give an engraving of a wrought-iron tubular bow
cuspeniion bridM for crowing the Ouie river in Norfolk, designed
br Mr. W. C. Harriaon, who has had conriderable experience in
the oonatmction of some large timber bow suBpenaion bridges on
■ome of the Norfolk railways.
Mr. Harrison observes, — '* The facility with which a bow bridge
of this coustmetlon, with boiler-plate, cuuld be put together, ap-
peared so evident, that he felt convinced of its practicability and
neefulnees for railway purposes, in crossin); rivers and valleys, to
almoet any extent. A bridge of this kind could be easily put
together, by the same kind of workmanship as in steam boilers, in
a manuiactory in any part of the country, and in certain conve-
nient lengths of 10, 15, or SO feet each, for the purpose of trana-
porting to its destination, so that there will be but a few joints to
rirat np when put in its place. The bow being hollow, and also
the tie-beam, or string as it may be termed, gives the opportunity
for a roan to set inside to hold up the rivets for the vrorunen out-
rida to rivet the parts together.
"The bow and string are to be made of plate-iron, of such a
tUcfawsi as is most suitable to the sise of the bridge intended to
be eonstructed, and joined at the ansles with angle-iron; and it
will be perceived from the engraving how perfectly well connected
the extreme enda of the tie-beam and bow will be by the manner
liiown, which is a plate extending over the tie and bow, firmly
rivetted to each, thereby answering the purpose of an abutment to
the bow, and ^ving perfect security in a vital part.
" The elevation of the bridge shows both the suspending and
dOSB-bracfl bars, being all of plate-iron, from the facility of getting
ban in this shape so easily made, and requiring so little workman-
ship — namely, Uie rivet holes made in their ends.
'^Tbe design is for a span of 170 feet and two lines of rails ;
eonaeonently, ^ere are three bows. Fig. I is the elevation of one-
half tne span, with the suspending barsa a and 66; dd,the abut-
ment plates, a« they may be called; c, the cross-beams, which mav
be of iron or timber, rig. S, a view on the top of the bows, with
someoftiie cross-beams, c, extending outside (as also seen at fig- 3,
the end elevation), to receive the lower ends of the struts going up
to the top of the outside of the bows, to give steadiness to the
whole; but these can be used or not. Fig. 3 shows the distance-
|ri0ce* and crosa-frames between the bows. Pig. 1 is a section of
the ^^MW-heams or Kirders, which may aUo be msde of wrought-
iroa plate and angle-iron, or wood, to carry the timber sleepers of
the rwL Fig. 5 is an enlarged section of the bow and string, and
the distance-|rieee between the suspending bars."
Hr. Harrison jpropoaea for a bridge of the ap*n shown in the
tHgnr\f*g, that the bow should be constructed of half-inch plate-
Ho. lU— Vol. XI.— jAK^Aar, 1B48.
iron, 4 feet deep by 3 feet wide ; and the tie-beam or stringer
8 ft. 8 in. deeo by 3 feet wide.
Next montn we will endeavour to offer some remarks on the
construction of bridges of the tubular form, as to their applica-
bility for railway purposes.
A DEFLECTION OR VIBRATION GAUGE.
By Gbobob HowAao Fknwick, C.E.
The accompanving engraving, fig. I
(drawn to one-tnird the full sise), is f
gauge for registering the vibration or
deflection of railway girders. A is a
piece of wood or metal, made to slide in
another pieces B, which is held in po<u-
tion by a slight pressure of two sprmgs,
G and P. aa shown on plan fig. 2 (drawn
full size). On the face A are two ar-
rows at C, which can be moved to any
uf the holes at D for adjustment. It is
supposed to be set at zero, and as h re-
ceives the oressure from the girder E it
is pressed down, thereby registering the
deflection of the girder on a decimal or
mechanical divided scale on B. This
gauge may be applied by being sup-
ported by a frame let into the side* of
the walls which the girders span, and so
made to travel to any particular plaee,
such as the centre or springings; or
may be placed upon a staff for conveni-
ence, similar to a levelling staff.
G. H. P.
[This umple and ingenious contriv-
ance might, perhaps, be improved by
fixing a vernier on the slide D, divided
BO as to indicate the hundredth parta of
an inch; the side scales being divided
into inches and tenths.} — Eniron.
n|. I. tliTirtiaD.
vif. a, Piu.
TliE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AKCHITKCrSJOURNAt.
f Jawaxt.
I
I
NOTES «IN KNGINKERlNC.w-No.Vni.
Uy lIuHEBHUAM Cm, D.A.
On rt# moaf Knmamiml Formt </" Strnpeiuim BrMgn.
Of nil Linilii of bridge* niapeiiaioa bridgva mre Mpkhlc i>f Winf;
«uni>tnictc<l w itli the irmit«8t apan. Notwtthrtftadmfr thiti lulvaii-
titye and tfir fnrilitv "f runvlnirltiin, tin- ime cif tlionc riructuri'*
hns born rewtricteil dy tlieir ilesiliitiiy anil tendciit^ t" umlulntf.
'ITicyliiiTi' fallen inui lUsri'imte lii the modern pi»rtic6»f enpitf^^-
ittg, on nifnuit vf tin- diffirulty (ffcnenUly dwmed inaupcniMo) of
innkiait thciD stiffidrnlly rlfpH for llie |mrpo«« of lie*i7 trnmc,
■urli ni thiit uimii nUwavH, Anotlicr, thtiunh le>" obvious, objcp-
titiri i» that the iWinnry rocthodi i>f taloiilntiiiic tl»e jirop^r ft>rm
nml riimcnNiuiii of nui)>rniiiua liridnfs, iind tin- difft-M-nt »tr«in* to
whklt tliCV lire 6ubjc<-tfii. a« cxcccdinicly cviitplifMM, ITip i(i-
tricjicy iif Ibe iiircrtijptinns Iwiv<>k n (lvicr«e nf onwrtninty unil
HiMniet »s to the uctunl tlrrn^'tli which tli« wveml putt of k »«»-
liMuiau lifid^ nwy Ih> kMiimpJ to powg w .
Tho ulijcct of the jireiwiit lutper Is t« examine fcow fw tbtwe
(liiliniltir* mny be rmiovei]. niiiI ta f^ow wlml nietlMd of urutitrinif
Ibr liilTi-fvtit itNrt^ of tbv Mmcturr m-curi'!! the gieateat Bmouiit of
atfcn)^h for the wlKiIe.
Susjieiniitn liridgpK nin/ Iw <lt)(liiign imbed ^vnerall^ into two
i-JawM: 1st,, Ihoto of llio artVinnry form, that of » mmn rhmwi or
anvtinty, with the ratulwHy Biuiiieritli-d from it hv vcrtirHl mda ;
Inii., th'oor in whirb tbp niadn-uy i» «ti«|H-riitml ilirectlv frtun the
iiliiitnicnt* hv Mmik'bt mil*. lIiV cjit*fiiir>' or curve ch»i» brtne
•Mnifrther di«]icii«c(l wilt. It will be siiwwii, vn ■triri iAM\t»l
pHnripleiL Ibnt the fir§t methi>d iniolvn « iirrnat waxie cif ninti-rtnl.
aud l)i8t, by a |iri>|ier arranin-inpiit of tlntight rndt, ■ gHwa BRioiuit
'•r atri'nf^th mny beiwcured <rUb a smnller qunntity of iron, or «
irniatiT aniiiunt of stren^h »illi a i(i»'en <|imnlity «i Iron, tbini hy
tJie UHC of a main riitviiar^'. Of rourw. itielhodij of usiiu: MmifHit
riMis may be entployed which involve Rrewtcr uarte »if iiinli'riiil
tlifln even the rmployirrnt of Ibe curvt-d rbiiin. Tbr iimat econu-
iTiifJil (urantifmeDt tif HtmiKlit roil* ■■ n»t a merely iirbitrniy mat-
rcr. but depend*, like every otJier brandi of enfrinccriiig, on nnund
ilc^lut-tiono fnim tlie laws of mccbnnicti.
Jtvfi^iv proceeding uttb Lite inve«lit;ntioti it may be aji well to
rVRiind thr n>aiU>r thiil the object of these N'otoi (in EnKineerine
ialoaimpliry the praciieal nupltrationh of theory, and to explain
tlicm, as far as potilble, iu fainilim, ume^hnicHl laiigiii^n-. Th!a
linporluit rule chmild he constantly remembered by nil »lio teach
MM all who ctiidy tlie niatheiitiilieEiit' <M)^iiiu>>tiiu;— rA^t lonf; Jhr-
nmltr orr nmn' f/iit into ifriietk'^. In praclice, simple g*rieriil prin-
f:iple* ure fur more KKefnt, beu-auEe c^n.ihle of brinj; applied with
far more certainty niid fmility, than tiie itiom elalioniU' irsult* ot
Mcivntil^i; research.
M'e no«p protwjJ lo citablliJi the foHnwing important general
PnopOMTiun. — /n a tMpeiubn bridge the materlat rn^ired to *ti»-
lam u ^fiMN iM4 wiH be the ttaet wms tatA poiiU of ntpporl to the
roaJwjr it diroHlg amueebtii u/ith a point ^ tuepmtiott in th< nearest
tibvtvKHt bji «i»e todefvndeTtt eInttjfM rwt.
Ta l)e|nn with the Kimp1e«t «i«i*. it will be ftmt of all Kiipponed
that nnly two points nf support In the madway are connected with
the point of suspensivn. Suppose that B (%. I ) is tlie point of
■iiKprntioD ; A and D the two points of snpport in the borixontal
pUtfivm A C Then it will be sliown thnt to KiiKtiiin a given load,
the most ecoomnical arrantfement uf tbo suKpenKion bars consiHtnin
cotinccting B with A D independently and diredly by two rectill-
iiKu rnds, A It and 1> B. If, however, as in li^. U, tb'e connection
he iniUrirtty mado by luspenKion riKlx nipeiiiiy at an itilennediate
point £, more tDitvIal will be required for a given amount of
•trenicth.
In order to prore this prnposltion, wliidi liaa so importAnt a rela-
tion IU the uto-t iiauat metbmlN of UMUtructiiiff !tii'>j>en<ili)n brldireN
il is nen-wuiry tii a*r«rtain the quantities of mnlcrinl in ihu roa
AB*ndBI>(Jiv'. I), andlherods AF. PE...ndIlK(fiK.a).aud
to compare the .itrinvfrnte nmoimt of material iined Iu both casrSi
It is. of rimmr, prrMipiHued that the strength of the rods i« pn»»
port ill II itl to the strain utjon them. In iwrt-rtnitiinic ike tbickuraa
to be jpvcn to the rod» or a Mixprnninn liridtie, the first point to be
settled is the nmiiunt of xtrsla which the mutcrial mUI bear on cacli
sqiiMT indi of the set'tional arm. For the piirnone of mere «ms-
parltim, it is indifferent what nminint he annumea: it may iherofiHro
he ^ppoN-d thnt thi' nidn are to be calculated to bear a rtnin Ot
teniinii (if I lb. uer miuBro in<b of tbdr FvctioniU urea. Oonse-
ituently. multiplying the >«cti<M)ttl aim of any rod by /, we tare
tlic whole Ktrain to irhith il i» subjected. I'urtlicr. for Diirpove* of
i-iiinjiansoii it if inditft-rent what be the Inad »n the l<rid|.-e, »o that
in iKith cn^c* the wcib'ht* nt correypundin;; puiiils of tlie plalfonn
he tsuppUN-d the oame : let it therefore be amninied that both in
fiff. 1 and %. S the point A hii» In tturtnin h vertical weichl v, imd
aiuo (for the aukc of Kimplirlty) that the point I' >u both ligurM
lia» 1(1 KU>lutii till! Mime «vi(.'bt ir.
It will (at Aritt] l>c taken for gronted that the platform contri-
butes nothing by its rigidity to auKtain the load ; Ibnt the whole
weiiclit is borne by the simpension rodi^ nhieh are kept in their
oblique poaitiun by the oonneetion of the pl»tf<irm. The amount
of mat4>rial rC4]iu>ile to support v at the point A will first be enn-
sidored,
Commfineitig with the rate of lip. 1, we hare, since the md A B
Buctain* the weight le at A, the vertifal component of the tension
of A R e<|ual to u>. Siippo^in^ the let-tioTint area of this rod to bo
k eqiinre inclicf, itH tentiii>n, by what hns been already aald, will
beAf.
.■.«=Ai,inBAC = **.«^; "^f-S-C-
C«n«e<)uentiy, the mAs« of the rod s its scetional area multipUcd
by Ita length = ^ — (I).
Proceeding new to the rase of fip V, and etill rimfiiLing attention
to the suspension of the point A, by reasnning exactly the Mme as
A IT t
thai for fig. 1, the mass of the tod AE = - -=— , (Eebeing
f Jb •
drawn verticaL)
it is clear tfaot the connection betwtsn the point B and the point
E maybe suppuM^d to be eirtabliiifaBd, Doi by a sioiple l«»r, bnt by ■
ttompnund bar of two or more parallel lenpths. In fact, this
iiieliiod is that u«uallr adopted in actual practice, the wevenl lioka
of tho chnin comnioiily conMstiiig of vcveral bars or iron plain
Inid aide by wde, Biid connected at their exlreniiliU". Tbtir relative
thicknCM IS m niHtlci of inditTerenre, provhlrd that the tutal thick-
itOs* be iiullicicnt t« midiiiii the xtrnio. In f<|c. V tlie rixl it K, pro-
vided it ]>!>«« the tliiihrens neee«(<n>-y to «utaain the united effects
«f tlie two weitfht* nt A and 1), may bo minponed to be nade up of
any number of parallel bars of any relative thickness whatever.
Now, euppneiog H K to be a compound bar, let k 1>» the sectional
area or tliiekneKa of mctnl due to Lbe effect of tho weight nt A.
Jb" the thickness due to the weight at D; f^ + W will be the total
thickness of B>»
Taking the thirknc»)> k' to be that requinte to mist-iin v at A,
and k't llie coii»e(|uent amount of tension of that part of the com-
pound bar, we hai e the vertical c(im|ioiient of k't (= vertical coni-
ponoiit of tension along A £) ^: le. Jience, if E/ be drawn huci-
KB' ••'^ - t Iif ■
Mtiliiplying tliis ((uantiLy by Uil- length E B, and ndiling the masa
of the rud ascertained above, we have the total niiiM of metal r^
AE' KB' I
Re + B/ ; "•
Hence eubtractina the exjircuwon (I) from the ex|)rej<iion (2), it
will be easily fnundlty some timple aimlyAis, whieb i<i here omitie^l
for the sake of brevity, that the mnM required for the indirect ooo-
iiection A E B, fig. s,' exceeds the mass required for tha direct n
rectilinear coanoction, A B tig. I, by a quantity
(BC.E/- AC. Be) ' w
BC.B/./C ■ t '
which w poejtive in all cases. Henoe, more material la always r^
quired fur the indirect than for tho direct connection of A and B,
The aaine nwdo of naaoning apjiliet to the wrigh t mapended at D.
uHiul, u»=A'tsiiiBE/ = ;^f
quired to connect A and B ^ ~ i -^-^ 4-
(S)
I
I
I
IMS.]
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL.
The form of the uulyvis ia such tb>t it applies to this case u
wdl as the loit, and leads to a similar eon cluaion — that theiadirect
or bent connection, DE B, requires more material than the direct
or TectiHnesr connection, D B. Now it is evident, that what ia
tnw of the several parte of the system individually, ia true of the
whole collectively— 4hBt if less material be required for each of the
^rect connections than for each correaponding indirect connection,
the total material required for all the former will be less than the
total Dwterial required for the whole of the latter. In other words,
the nttem of nupetuion in fig. 1 (« tAe mo»t economicaJ.
The same result might have been obtained by supposing B E a
sUnpIe, undivided bar, and the amount of material given by that
hypothesia would be the same as that on the hypothesis here
uopted. But the method of investigation given abuie leads more
easily to the general results for which we are seeking, it htis the
adrantage of admitting immediately, and without any more mathe-
matical analysis, the foUuwiug important
CoBOU^BV. — The method qf»ti»peiuu)n (fig. I) t< more ecottomicai
tkoH the mtthod (fig. 9), for asm number of poinlt o/mpporl ia the
pliMurm.
For the reasoning given above is not afTei-ted by supposing the
rod B E to divaricate at E into three or more radiiU bars proceed-
ing to as many points of support in the roadway. Whatever might
be the number of indirect connections bv this method, each uf
them would require more material than the corresponding direct
connection of tig. 1 : and therefore tlie total quantity of metal
required by the former method exceeds the total quantity required
by the latter method.
We have hitherto considered, in the second or indirect methnd,
nnly one point of divarication, £ : the inquiry will be completed
by considering several other such points to esist— as at B, B', B',
B",&C, fig.S.
Fig. 3.
The connection of A and D with B, hy bars meeting at E, has
been already considered. Less material would have been required
to nipport the weight at A and D, if, instead of the method shown
in fig. 3, there had been separate straight rods Trom A and D tu B.
Id this latter case, B' (the next point of eu!>|iension) would be
connected with the three points A, U, 6, by three straight rods,
divaricatiag from the end fi of a common rod B B'.
The " C«rollary" given above shows that this triple divarication
involves a waste of material. Had there been in tne place of it,
three straight rods from A, U, and b, to B', less material would
have been required to support the corresponding weight. But this
triple divarication itself requires less material than the method
■hown in fig. 3. Hence, a fortiori, the direct connection with B'
would require still less material than the metliod shown in the figure.
And so, by continuing the same mode of reasoning for the other
points, B , B", &C., we come at last to the general conclusion
that, if all the puinta of support had been directly and indepen-
dently connected with K (the ultimate point of suspension), less
material would have been required to sustain given loads than by
the method shown in fig. 3,
This conclusion is independent of the inclination of the rods
ED, BA, B6', B'b", &c., and remains true when they are vertical.
Hence, in the common suspension brid^x, such as those at Charing-
eroaa, Hammersmith, &c., with a main chain or catenary hanging
between the abutments, and connected with the platform by verti-
cil rods, there is a waste of material. The same conclusion applies
to aU auspenaion bridges having radial bars radiating from any
ptrint except the points of ultimate suspension at the aoutments —
and, therefore, hold with respect to the bridges on Dredge's prin-
ciple, some uf which are erected in the RegentVpartc, and of which
oae recently gave way and was destroyed near Calcutta.
The amount of saving effected by connecting all the points in the
platfinrn with the abutments bv independent straight rod^majr be
beat ahown by an example. The Hungerford bridge, at Channg-
croM^ may be taken as a familiar example — and we will, therefore,
proceed to compare the material required for that bridge by the
method actually adopted, and the quantity which would be required
by the method here advocated.
The quantity of material required for suspending the bridge by
a catenary and vertical rods wiJi first be considered. The position
of the centre of gravity uf the half-span depends on the form and
weight of the chain, and the manner in which the load is distri-
buted along the platform. When the load is small compared witii
the weight of the chain, the centre of gravity of half the bridge
and load will he nearer the abutment than the centre of the bridgec
for the curvature of the chain, its increase of thickness near the
point of suspension, and the increased length of the vertical rods,
all tend tu make the weight preponderate towards the abutmenL
But when the bridge is supposed to be loaded with a breaking
weight greatly exceeding the weight of the chain, and uniformly
distributed along the platform, it may be assumed, without sensible
error that the horizontal distribution of the weight of the tehole
system is uniform. In this case, the centre of gravity of the half-
span will be midway between the abutment and centre of the
bridge.
At this latter point the tension of the catenary is horizontal.
Let moments be taken abont the point of suspension for the equi-
librium of the half-span : then, since the horizontal tension in
question acts below the point of suspension, at a vertical distance
equal tu the deflection oi the chain, and since the weight acts at a
horisontal distance from the same point equal to the quarter-span,
the products of each uf these forces into the corresponding distance
will, by the Principles of Moments, be equaL ilence, calli^ W
the total weight of the half-span (including the half-chain), T the
horizontal tension, d the deflection, a the quarter-span, — it tollows
that
H-a = Td; or T = W ^ (l).
That is, the horizontai teiuion =■ the uteiyht of the haff-tpan multiplied
by the ratio of the quarter-tpan to the drjtectioti ; a simple rule, from
which the horizouiiil tension of the ciiaiii of any suspension bridge
loaded with its breaking weight may generally be calculated with
Hudicieut accuracy.
it has been assumed that the load is uniformly distributed, or
that any portion of the weight is proportional to the length of the
corresponding portion uf the platform. It follows, that if any
distance, .r, be measured along the platform from the lowest pmnt
of the chain, the weight correnpoDding to that distance is W^ •
Also, if y be the vertical ordinate of the chain at the same dis-
tance, a known principle which applies to catenaries of every form
gives
•'y - W ' ^ T _ ^^ (8j
"* — W " _:. T — ,
dr " 8a ■ T8a
By another known principle which also applies to all kinds uf
catenaries, the tension at the point {x, y) is equal to
^•(■ + 2)*-
dx
And since the sectional area of the chain at any p<rint is supposed
pruportioual to the strain at tlie same point, we have, if K and k
be sectional area at point (t, g), and the lowest point of the chain
respectively
' (■ + Br-
The mass of each small portion of the length of the chain is the
product of that element of length, and the corresponding sectional
area ; hence it will be easily seen that the
mass of the half-chain = */' " (i -\- -^\dx.
And this quantity hy substitution from (2) will be found equal tu
/ W- \
Soft ll + o~T^)- ^■■I'^ly) if the tenaioB per square inch be /,
and consequently T =z kt, and if a be put =170 feet, and d = 50,
it will be readily ascertained that the
maas of the half-chain = x 1189-3.
(which are almost exactly the values of those quantities in tlie
Hungerford Bridge.)
To obtain the whole quantity of material required for the pur-
poses of suspension, we must add to the quantity laat obtained, iim
2'
THE CIVIL EN6INEEB AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL.
[JAHVAar,
nmaa of the nupeiuion rods. The length of them inereuM from
the centre to the abutment, and is eqnftl to that of the vertical
eo-ordioates of the catenary.
The integratioa of equation (2) gives the relation of y to »,
which will be found such that the pr^iortion batwten any two vertieal
»-Drdinate» u equal to the gquare of the proportion between the eorre-
aponding horizontal eo-ordinatet — a very smple rule for determining
tne form which the chain will nearly assume when subject to its
breaking weight.
It followg &om this rule, that when
« is i^th of the half-«pan, y is ^th of the deflection
X Atha „ y ^tha „
X Aths „ y (fotha „
X ^ths „ y ^ths „
&c. „ &c.
Now, if we suppose the half-«latfonn attached to the half-chain
at every SDth af^the length of the former, we shall, by adding up
all the jft in the above scheme, get the total length of alt the ver-
tical rods together, whicli, ther^ore, is equal to
^ (1 ^.S«-|-3> + 4" + + 19') X deflection;
and this by actual calculation is equal to the deflection X 6'ITS.
Therefore, since the deflection is &0 feet, the total length of all
vertical rods is 308-75 feet. This supposes that the platform meets
the chain at the centre, the value of y at that point beinr zero.
Each rod sustains one-twentieth of the weight of the naif-span,
and therefore has a tension = ^w- Therefore, if, as before, the
the tension per square inch of the sectiuDal area, that area, by
prindplea already laid down = «k r- 1'he mass of all tiie roda equals
this quantity X the length 306-75 feet, juat obtained = . 15-4.
Adding this to the mass of the half-chain, we have finally
the mass of the half-chain and its rods = - X 1904-7 (A).
Next, let it be ascertained what is the quantity of material re-
quired when the load is supported
by straight rods exclusively. It
has been shown that if ^tc oe sus-
tained at A by a straight rod A B, the
- . . 1 « AB'
mass of that rod = on ' 7 ' ' iTp '
This expression (since A B C is a
right angled trian^e, and therefore
AB" = AC' + BCJ,) is equivalent
Flf.4.
1 w ,AC»
" io t (bc
+ BC), When
AC is Jjth of the half-span, AC=:dj(So)»
AC Aths „ AC* ^(So)'
AC Atts „ AC A(Sa)'
&c. &<:■
Adding up all the values of AC^, we get for the total mass of
the rods
^-^{(l+«' + 3»+ »''')4^C+"«^} =
^^{,,„(4?V + „Bc}=^m-3 (B).
Comparing the expression (B) with (A), we aee that the material
required in one case is about A ^^^ "^ "*>■* " required in the other
case. In other words, i/a mtpension bridge, of tiie Simmtkme qfthe
Hungerjbrd bridge^ were nutained by ind^tendent Mique rtrfiftnea/
nxb, inttead qf a main chain and vertical rode, a tavii^ qf neorfy hat/
the material would be ^ected.
It will he hereafter shown, that great as is this advantage with
respect to the power of the bridge to sustain a statical load oni-
formly distributed, still greater advantages belong to the method
of suspension here advocated, when the efi^ect of moveable loads is
tdcen into consideration.
THE OBLIQUE ARCH.
On the Focue to whiA the Joint* on the Faee oonverye.
Suppose a right-angled plane triangle formed of any flexible
material, having its two sides respectively equal to L, the axial
length, and vr, the semicircle obtained by taking a section of
the bridge perpf ndicular to the axis. If the side L be placed along
the top of the abutment of an oblique brid^, and the trian^e
wrapped over the laggings, the bypothenuse will form a spiral line,
which is the intersection of the coursing joints and soffit If a
straight line move along the axis of the cylinder, so as always to
intersect it at right angles, and pass through the hypothenuae of
the above triangle, it will ^nerate the twisted surface proper tor
the beds of the stones. Mr. Buck was the first to show tnat the
joints that appear on the face of the arch, pass through a point O,
below the centre C, when the " section on the square,' or section
perpendicular to the axis, is a circle. A similar expression for the
length of the line C O may be obtained when the sections of the
intntdos and extradoa, made by a plane perpendicular to the axis,
are similar ellipses.
Let the figure represent the elevation of an oblique bridge, cir-
cular or elliptic " on the square" — if it be segmental, the ellipses
must be supposed completed. Take the axis of the cylinder for
the axis of y, and let the plane xy be horizontal. A, B ; a, ft, are
the semi-axes, major and minor, of the extrados and intrados re-
^ectively. A x £, a x E. the lengths of these semi-elliiwes.
S = arc A' P, where CN = A cose; and e = arca'p, where Cx =
arc a'p. L = axial length, a = acute angle between the directions
A E
of the roads. • =: angle of extrados : and, therefore, tan « =
The equations to the extradosal and intradosal spiral are, respec-
tively,
= a cos 0-
X = A cose
--^^
Z = Baine
J « = 6 sin '
(S)
and the equation to the face of the arch is y = « cot O -{- d, (S)
Let X' Y' Z' x'y' a^,be the co-ordinates of the points in which
the corresponding extradosal and intradosal spirals meet the face
of the arch. Then X' Y' Z', x'y'a^, are co-ordinates of a point in
the face of the arch, and must satisfy equation (3).
/. Y' = X'cota + rf; andy" = ycotn + d;
.-. X' -«■ = (¥'- y-jtanO = ^ (|_?) tannr:
tan * \A a/
In order to determine the length of CO, it wUI be sufficient to
confine our attention to theprojection on the plane xx, of a straU^t
line passing through X'Y'2?, i^*'. The equation to this projec-
^-M.-X');
yX' _
tion IS
- Z' =
X'-*-
Mdif * =0, * = co, •■-co= --^,~
TUB CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCIIlTECrS JOURNAL.
I
Bain BO cast — buatAtatO
" 3nv^
AWl- «*»tBta-*)
tui«\A d/
I tana
lia (a- fl)
— fcootntan* ^S I. <= - A oot o Cmn « neul)', since the
•Ufference nf 9 uid is alirayt very muD.
IIen<v, whcthwthe "wctiwi on tlicwjuare-lwcirfruliirorellipUt
at the point b mak« the >jtf;l«/AC =90 - a; *nA »l the pointy,
where ft/meet* C o. make tkt anfrl« CVO = ♦, llie anwie of the
eartnulM ; the piinl t> where /O meeUbC produced in Uie fnnw
t» which the joints ou the elevation converge. C O = C'/tun * =
CB tan (OM-n) Ian* ^Arutnttui^
If the neclion perpendicuUir tv the axis hu circular./ will Uf the
focue of the eUipte o'frii. and muy he readily fvuii'I hy (Ip*i-ribtnjt
iraro the centre fc, with radtua Cn, an are of a circle vWirh will <'«it
t^«i in /". the f<Kii» of the ellipse a'ba. If we had conjidered thi*
ca«e Rlvnc, the precedi'iif ciilculationa would have )>e«ii nmcb aim-
plificd. fur then A = B^K;«=t=f-; AB^-R; aEoe;
ftsRe; 9^r$i and CO = - rent o tan*- ,-; •- -. -■
Tli0 line/O RMT be readily anil acruriitelv drawn hy aettinfc off
wttfa anjr acale of eqnal paria /k — nxUl 1cn»!th, anil rreetinic a
peritendicular AA equal the eemiiirrtf or x? mi-ell ipae in which •
plane perpendicular to the oxiit cut« the «xtrado«.
F. Basufokth.
CANDIDUSS NOTE-BOOK.
FASCICULUS LXXVU.
tnibat, <■ larc' ■ ctiinrt i-iht ■iii'lii
Tu Uom on «fe«u I pirur."
I
1. I must confeaa In beinfr roTiipIetely ^iiianpninted hy Hay's
ImmIc on the '^Luw^ of ilarnioniuug Colniirinp; nor at all the lc«8
■o for ito having rrarhed ii rixlh edititm. whrn had ri'viewera re-
p<rrtetl of it coiiirientiuuiJy at fint, itn rulilitv for iu\y |>urpoM of
real ioalructinn would have been pionounrrd lon^; a^. It t» not
Id be denied that it contain* evmc uxrful iuformatitiii in r«(canl to
tfce n>Iiiur>t — that i.t the uipnent!!, etnjili'ied in house- paint ing ;
which mav hare caused a semand for the hook nniun)! the tipcro-
tivn in tlwt fatimlite branch of art. But as to aii^r direct iiudpht
whiib it affitrds inti^ the theory and principles of arti«tic colouring,
m one main auxiliary to architectural design ond cScct, it i« alto-
gether nail. Or, at the very bent, it merely affurdii a faint glini-
merinfC here and there of sometbing like aupToxii nation to tlie
nhjcet pr<>roiBC<l by the title-page. Pontihly, Mr. liny la fully
capnhle of cleaHv explnininir W nthern the linctnue which, it may
ht nre*>i>neil, he )uu Miti^fniTtoritv estahliahiNl fur hltiiaelr. Kever-
th^caa, he haa thmirn very little, if any. light ii)ii>n the matter.
To say the tr\ith, hit book Rhowa no diRpdoitiun to conimuuicAte
more than h« can poasiblr help ; in which rcKpi-rt, linwover. he in
bjr no BWUH flfaDfular, there bein|r mnny nthor hookit of a aimilnr
dsrrlption, in which the inforniHtioii \% Htudinuhly concealed, —
father evmled, or else w-ntppMl tip in nranilnr hn^vity, ur in rcr-
blage nverduuded hy nturi! than uriicubir ubMruritv. Msd Mr. Hay,
iiwtewil at theorizing eo much, itu Mane, as th« Gemi»nx ^^ny, cun-
itaaoendcd to exemplify hnrmoiir of colouring in ilccuriitinn liy a
few poaitlve intAanccw— both *ucn aa were tUilinguiiihed for the
obaerraoce. and otiierv which proved its vnlue hy tihowin^ the
errors arinnff fVoMi necleetinc it — he woulil hiive aupiilied hin
KMlen with aome really uielul lenimnH; Mherea-H now lie leaies
them entirely to tltemnelvec tu take their chnncv fur making out
what he, ii> thi-ir pnil'eiwed iiiKtrurtur, should have carefully ex-
eioed Uep by rtep Where be ou^tit tu have been uiosl of all
I and explicit, 1m is more t-ague and brief than eliuiwhere. On
Ifae other hand, ha ia aamewhiit Iixiunricruily prolix in regard tci the
work dono by him at Ahhotsford, notwithKlHridinii that it iJueit not
in the slightest degree serve tn illiiitrnte thr Liiu m of llarmDitinui
CuJuuring, the (Minting hctiiig (here confined to the mere iniituciuti
at oak nnd wainscotting. In short, the book is n mther humbug-
logaAiir, for (he light which Mr. Hay ba* thmigbt iiri>|»er to alTord
aaonmuiita to no more than "darkn«« visible, and tlieie be leaves
us to grope about
II. The fresco scheme for the drconrtion of the Palace of West-
miniilcr doe* not. it nccroii, answer expectation, — at Icaet so doM
not what hi» hern done in the House of Peers, where the exj>eri-
mmX haa been 5r8t of all made, instead of the artint acquiring
priiticiettcy in that m»)de of jiniiiting. by Iwini; ■.■miiloyed in lew
importnnt parte nf the buildiiiK hefore touching that which ought
til display, mil the elforta of "'prentice hnndH," hut the martcrv'
acuuired liy matured pro5cicncy. Among other defect" and over-
Btglils complained of, it is now dixcuvered that, partly owing to the
prwaiioa i>f gilding and vivid colours of the other decorntiona, the
IVcaooes do not pruducc the anticipslcd ciTcct. they being in a great
measure orcrpuwered and eclip»e<l by what ia iDtXK emhellwhmenl.
Thus they are in a manner converted from iiriucipsl ohjeeta na
werkii of art, into quite secondary ones us reonras the ireneral
eiwrmfc, — a serious defect, that vQl be further incrnued when all
the iiinilo"* tiLall have been filled with fitained glass, whone bril-
liant hiieh « ill inevitably Cause the frescoe* to appear, hy eontrsKt.
feeble luid faded, more especially as the windows occupy so very
bu-cv a propurtioft of anrfsce. The only remedy which {» now left,
ii to luodf-rate the scheme of colouring for the windows, by exe-
cuting them nearly entirelv in chiaro-aeuro, with only a few tonehM
of positive colour here and there. Yet even thi.t would be unealls-
factnry in another ranieiit, beesiiKe eiicJi Kparing npplicatton of
colour in the glass would be out of keeping with the ubt-wioess in
regard to colour of much of the ornamental work. The fart \*.
the decorations of the " Hemim' have been studied only pieecmeiJ.
and those employed upon tbeco have considered no more than their
own particular diare, without at all cslculating the general e?eci.
At Jar as the flFase<w>' are cnneerned, it would surelp have been
aaay anongh to aacenuiJi their effect beforehand, hy tilling tn all
the Ax cumpaitnient« with the cartoons fur the respective subjects.
Yet, i.ihviiiiiK uikI viiiipli- hk eueh mode of prepaistorr trial wea. it
■aams, wnnehuw or other — perlinni! owing to the fatality whitJi
kudgt over all uur public nndertiikinga In art — to have been ov«r>
looked. Buld a* it may lie thouuhi to say m, a determined system
of blundering wems to be establthhed for ihem. Certnitily iiiit the
alighleift pains are taken to preient blunder, hy proper experiment
previous to the work being actually commenced. On the cuntrarv,
the clitef precsiutloii taken i* to keep matters entirely in the dnrfc,
until some irrepamble mischief has been cnmmitted ;' and the only
ntiHfaetiuii left us t* to amiuia ounelres by wuiulvriiig that they
ahouki liave been inanaged ao perversely.
III. Of iu»-eidled rell^ous snbjiwts in painting, some are auda-
ciously profane, others the mofll trivial in matter, nnd one and all
equally fsbutouH ; giving us nnly the fHncie<i of artirts for the re-
presentation* of Iibrtorical cvetila. Kriigion may huve been the
patnm of art, but bK has been but a leri- (pie«tiAnulile, if not posi-
ttvely Ireachoruutt, ally to n-ligiun. It served Popery during the
midiUc ages, fur the iiri|iodtureit of the one were in keeping with
the Impostures of the other. But for pure Chriiitiunity, art can
do just AH much and no more than II can for the advancement of
|)ure mathemalics. There is a gn'Ut iIchI of very jiHljiablc and
maudlin cant nflont in regard to religious art. Hardly were any of
the great niasten impireil ; on the contrary, many of them were
anytliiuff but exemplary In their lives, nnd exercii^ed their pencils
on tlie lewd trnditiutm of pagan niytbotug^' with ijuile as aiucli
gusto an they did un the Iraditiiins of the Ohurch. Medieval art
hiiM, beudes, conlrihuled not a little to ihnt fundamental nipersU-
tion of popm-, Moiiolatry, a^amrt whicli wurship of the pretended
"(^ifcn of lleavrn,"the Salic taw ought tu be enforced antongst
CatliolicH.
IV. Notwithstanding their piddling nnd minikin pednn try. ar-
chitectural writers are ajit to be exret'dingty enn>lnai in their lan-
guage, fkw^uently emploiing expressions and terms after a truly
nonsraical fashion. They will wpeak, fur intttani'v. uf so nrder at
being "uf culussal^inipor/'ene''/ the propnrtiunK bi'iiigall the while
prerinely tlidse which are generally followed for the ]>articular
order ^1 /Iti^iwIinTl i if r^miT^t* 1 hai«' 1111.11 II ** jtitvidneiiinD" nf ** twalA'"*
in que^tioiu Ot course, they invjiii "dimeosionn" or *' wale ~
therefore, to use the other term, hetrayn strange cunfusiou of idea*
and the meaiiiiig of wurdK. Nothing, atfain, is more common than
the truly barbarous solecism— 4iiie fur which » sfhmdboy would be
com'i-tcd as a dunce— of employing the tenu " lutercutiimiuiition,
not ill tlH OM u jinipcr seniie, hut in that of " Intercolumn ;" which
Is nolhing less than uiiu-rlug teclitiicJil language, and doing away
with thine dtslinctiiint in it which are essential to its ncctiracy.
If there he anythJiiK that can excune such a truly vulgar blunder,
it is the authority it receives fri>in our arehitectiirnl-diitionary-
mnkers, some uf whoDi among theix other qualilicatioiui itecin to
have been totally ignorant of the languages from which most of
the lernis of the art have been borrowed ftur our own. The con-
founding together the tcnnii '^Intercolunuiiation" and "Inter-
I
TUB CIVIL BNGINRBH AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL
I
I
I
colwoa"— or nthsr th« rej»clioii ol tlic Utter ultoiretlicr, nalwith-
•buidii^ th«]' arc quit« dutinct in msuniiitc — U pi-v^jliar tu Eiiitlish
writ^ra, thu^ of otbor countries pr(>[>erly obitervijQjt tlie ilHtinctioo
li«twoPi'i tlirni, Juirt a* w«ll niifftil wc ii»e ''Columniiiticiir ia (tie
Miue of "Column," And s(>Mik of » portic>> u eatuiiwin^ of mt
many cuIaniDriitiorii, a> call '* liit^ri-otumriri" '* liit«rc>lumniations"
— tlio Utt^T tfrm fi^cnifyinf;, iint %ht actiinl tpaii^ hcttreiia tJie
columiu, liut the mtjjo or t-jMcin^ jutupted fi>r tbe fli>lumi)«. Ttie
inoccuhu'j' of Uni;iiat{i> here cvrre^tt-'d niny be thouifht n fault of
110 con!.eqiii'iiiri> ; yet, »s it ia just m eftay, it i* «iirely jiwt ii* well
to eniplor term* iM>rr<-.-tly m nut ; anil tlie (■urrectn«Hi tbu* reeum-
nteaddd u-wrely nl«o far Im* finicAl tliao tliat |fuerik aATiKttulian of
antifluAt^duFthognphy. vhjch insi^lA upon a linal k iii thv word
"Gotiiir," noil- inviirUMy Mritton "(Jotlnrlc" by thoae who pique
tbemwlved upon llielr ortUodoity ; the k aervlni; us abiul^e of it —
perbnpi^ like other bMLjva, u n «ul>«titut« f»r it.
V. If Bunoinff'it itaMgn for ikt nvw dual Kichan^ be nut wick-
edly carirstured in n wood-cut of it tlint has been published. It
muat be ■ morljlly qnwr one, ttill more (|iie«r tlinn the (rirttiic
exhibited by him in lb<! Citv uf l^niliifi Si-IukiI, Ihv tiute diiplutrcd
ill wliich iMo bo aeeouutM for only liy iiu|i]iofin|; that UuJdnaU
diffuses an arcbiu^olnml malarin ttirou^H'Ut tb« whulo vf that
nvIchlHiurbood — ii mjitiiMitioii rat&cr coatinned tban contradicted
bf Uie tiuecirueii of ItHJum at the eoroer of King-iitreet. — To keep
to the Coal Kxchntige, it Keffmn thv desiKii nf Mime iirrhiterLuriU
coal^lieaver. I wi)' " ■eeniK," for thuuxb it U iDAite to ap|ieaT lu^li,
it nay prove the contrary ; and ihal it all the more likely bet-ause,
uhaa been *h»wn, a j^uod deal in it in utterli' iinintvllioitdo. Tlierv
UnKim, therefore, fur ■iiMpectuif tlul it baniMenffreuitly iniiunder*
atood and uiUrejireicntMl. At-i-urdia^ to what, it la to lie hoped,
U a nry itr—w i-jim*jtiiire. Mr. Buiinin);'»di<4iri i« abaoJutely arcbi-
tWture run muil — in.-iitdcr tluui any uf Burromlnr* frcaka. In
abort. It l> iin|)a««iMe to bvlivve tliiit »ui'ti vxtravapmt uncuutlinew
and uiimruniii^nr«i uf furniH an moihi-n! rAhiliitrd, will Ih- nilunlly
parpitralcd ; Iberefure juil),'meiit oujclit to I« itu9|»eud<Nl until the
work atinll hnvf Wen exccutnl. Still, it U difficult to OMMMinj bow
auctiadeyrn: of nii>rc|in-»riilatiuii could b.ire ocrurreil. Sureljr
tlu: wufid-cui iu i|ueHt:<iii must either liiive been taken frum an ex-
ceediug)}' rough and randum skctoli iudeiHl, or have been tliu work
ufsomc nrritiit bungler.
VI. A ntiiry 'la told »f a leicturer wko waa cut tKort la a lunir-
winded mniblinfi [trcnmblc, ruoabtiag of truisma and connnonplnce
drewed up in hii:Ii-Hiiirn plmeeolo^, by una of his auditory
ffettin^ niit u»ly imp-iliiMit, but al»a grtting up aiid nayiair : *' Vuu
will ejiruHe the iiilcrru(>tiun. Sir, but I mwA bnaeecti yirii to bear iu
■niod that <re hiivc nut I'oino provided with DLightcaps!" Tlii« colly
waa succeeded by nudi » ttniiid i'liurun of lauglitiT, that befuro it
had subsided the uufurtuiiule lecturer bud Cliou4(lit jirupcr to raniab.
Like many «tl>er 9(»-ml]ed auecd^tM, the abuve may be pure in-
veution, it lMiiiK>[>erliHpn, t«u fi(uud to be exa<rtly true, lis morai,
buweicr, ie a tolerably li^nilic.iut oue, and dvsorvi.-* to be atteuded
to. If it be not an Hibc^r.iisiiivm to I'^ill tbnt utrnnge whicti ■« ho
({encrally practie«d, it iiii|;ht well be called atrange tltat »o roucli
mere sr boo! -.buy ntufF khuiilil be evricd over and over again in l<ic-
turaaood written e*My*; iKimetiitie* to the exclusion of anything
bOiidea ituch frothy matter, it Wiii){ poured in m> urHjiarioKly, (but
there i* actually no ruoin for what would bo Kcib-ituntial and nutn-
tioftn. N'ow, people may be excojicd for not knuoin^ more tliuu
what Is alrvady familiar to oi-i>ryone ot all a«ia«iot«d with the
wjlije^t pn>fou(*dty trcit^d of; but there i»no oceaHitin for tliem |ii
betray to otliern that Nui-b tt tmUy tliL< ciae. ft v^ not rery luii^
^1 iliM cont'i^rsinf^ with an arquninliiiice who lind been to hoar
some lecturv upon arebiiecture, he tuld me that liUle nji hu hiin>irif
knew of the 4iilije--'L, be knew eoou^b to be Able to engage tu pni-
duce couiethiiif^ inAnitely more to the purpose tbun what he bad
beanl, it l>riMy utterly utide, and barren of tho leant frmb iiifiirinii'
tinii ; mui'li of il rooifiainj; of aujre metaphyaieal moonahine:, belter
flaloulated to my*tify than to enlii^teti the auditory.
VII. It may fairly hoijucL-tiiiniHl whether aculpture for the podi-
BMOtDf tbe Hrltiah Mtiaeuni ini^'ht nut JuM an iiell be Kparivl, iu-
■amueb a« nueh portiid dei-oration wilt otUy serve lu render the
absence of ornament iu the rent uf tint aructure idl Ibe more pain-
fully Mriking. Even wUhiiut tiicU addiltou tu tbe main buJtdiu|f,
iharalsBDHMt unartJHtit; want ot keeping bt^tween that and the
wings, — B defrct whiirh it in now «n iittvrly heyuiid the power uf
any mere onw mentation 10 remedy, that it ia more likely tu be iu-
rrMMOd hy attempting it. At present it is nut «u np|»arent aa it
will be wWn the old Imildin^K, ubidi wrv« iu w>in« dt^jfree a« a foil
tu the n«w onex, abatl linve boeo (.'uniplL>lely cleared waar, and tbe
*ntinF line of Ibe latter become fully vvp(i«cd to vit'w. tV'hat tOrt
ol'a Uml eomuiUe may eaaily vuuujfb bv jfueswd, viuce it nuy eT^^
now be plaiiiiy foreieen. If there be aiiv doubt at all in regard to
it, it i* unly becaiue It itill remains to lie wen how It U tuieoded
tu incloae tbe court fruin the atroet. Sbuold it b« done by any
tuuhaortof paliaadiiig aa that before tbe Poat-olfiie, ibe wffcet
will be mean and taate U— in the eitreme. Whatever it i> to b«^
tbal and tbe Hentry-^KMna were jintbaldT not included in the model,
which, it miffht reaMonaUy be funcied, (lid nut even mi much as ex-
hibit the Wilton. othertriM their iiiL-on(,'ruouane«ii with the central
Mructure could bardly have failed Ittlie noticed and u'jjected tu by
tfauae to whom tbe model waa aubmilted— ^t any rate, if they were
at all qualified fur exercising anyjud|fmcnc in tlie matter. t>aa
queatiun not wholly undex-niiix delilK-rate c*(iiaidcratiun there la
which doei not wem to have i>c<:urred tu iiny one, tmniidy, whether
It wotdil uut have been muro advisable, inxtead of adberiiic to tfae
arraoKurnvnt uf the original edifioe, to advance the new fa.ade up
to the Ktreet or nearly ao, tliereby extending the pl.in, by taklujf
In tlio court-yard. Tbal would have pruvidej the uci-vinntudntioa
that will in a few years be rc<iiiired,Rliuiild the culiectiuus continue
to iniTCawii »a they hitherto have dune Aluirli .-iviiilablo spMoe Jua
abo been tlirvwii uway etacohere, ainoe wttlii»ut entirely tilting ap
tho inner court, it wa* vbrivnaly practicable eoough tu oecapy m
portiun uf that t(uadia»f(l<! (317 and 238 feet) by one or more
ground floi^rf^NlUrics within it, lighted frum alio ve, and not ao high
lia to Dbstrucl thu windows towards tbe court, which arc bt^idcii at
a cunviderjblu beight from the grouniL Or the apartmcnlft liiens
formed iiiif(hl Itufe been tMt a >i<>uiewhnl lirwer level tbiin the cuurt
itself. It will, perbape^ b« said 1b«t should it be found t«qiji>ite|
thif may still I>e done, but certainly tivi no ncU aa it might hare
been, bad It been planned nt lir«t,Bi)icre ilwuuld cull fur some alter-
ation* ill whiit is JtlriNidy built ; boaides which, bod it been tjiou^t
of at liral, tbe cvst uf tlio inner facades of the quadruiiffle miglit
huve been spared, Kiiico pluin brick wuIIm— quite aJiut uut uf view,
OS thoy wuiild have be«n — would tuive been just an well in such »
aituntion m the preaent ones faced with Rtooe. Kvgh bud the court
been pnrtly built ii|>on Itelow, the upper part of it — that is, as mach
of it« (ides i>« could be *een from within through tbe wiadowa*
mig'ht still hate been linijilied tu at present, with the omisiiiua bow-
ever uf the cuhimns and antw, so taat its general appearanee as §«
viewed wuuUI have been (juitd a* satisftictory as it is i»ow ; nor need
budditif^ within the (juiidran^le hikvc beea at all visible frxim any
of the TiurroiiridiTi^' j^iUIeri^s or other apUtmeBta.
VIII. 'f'lu^ pliin of tliu Xatiuniil (Cillery was In a great moaaon;
sacrificed 10 the unlucky and obstiu:*ti-ly-|iennMted>ia whim of letting
St. Alanin's ehureh be seen fruai I'uJI-.VIall £ast. Since it baa
been thrown open hy thd rvmuval uf the Mews, that building, aaid
the wtieucres, muni on itu aceount bu shut out of sight agwu oa H
wiL> befute ; m if &ueti would really have been thv easa wtnt it not
vifiblo from I'lill-.Mall Kast, when it would have ahown itself aa
well, or perhupn wen bolter — nwrv pictoreaqnely than it doeanow,
from Cuckypur-ttreel and Tr;ifulg-4r-ai]uart. But for that stupid
whim, which prevented the architect from bringing hi<i ]>ortioo at
all (urwariler tbiin bv did, and also cumfiellcl ktni to u-i hiK-k iLe
extrenittiee of bin facade lerr cunnidenkbly, the buildup might
hnve been nearly twic« us much in depth aa It nuw ia, and tn M>ina
pnrtneien more than that. It niunt be admitted that uolwitiMtand-
iiig tbe dihud vaatagea forced upon him, Wilkins might hava w
mngcd it min-h better, there being at present a grvat deal of Maea
tliruun uwny, thnt niigtit by :i lilliecoiitrivanco lukve been turned to
good account. An to the duiiie, 1 ha^a not u wurd to any in exeuM
of it, it being so deddedly bud. Eiciue for U'ilkimi, upun the
whole, there is much, for never, perhaps, uui arcliiteel n^ire worried
aud thwarted than he was iu Uint uiiiortunale building.
JX. "Eniinent" uuct be an epithet of rxeeedingly doubtful
meaning when we find it appIL-d to an ludividunl recently deei-aaed,
w ho, an an iirchitet't, was ol no i>ot« wlmtever. However eminent
Mr. * • • ms)' liaie been ia the profrNnon, he waa iwrlsinly not
iit iill cmiiteni vut vi it, his name being totally uiikiinwn to th«
publii:. Knttit^r wam he i-miiieutly obacure, aluce »> far from bring
quoted in evidence uf liis laleut, nut a single buildiuu Iiy him has
ever ubUiinctl notice at alL As a man, he may have' liiwn h very
Worthy churacler; m> be might, bad fie been an "emineui ciheOHO-
moDgcr," in whleh raise eininenee and obscurity might have been
allowed to go band-in-luuid ti^elber. Truly grievouft it it (hat
Iiurinlvss uultodivs shuuld be so vildy daubed over aa suoii u« they
arc dead. It looks too much like Utniikiiig them tor gi>tng out of
the wurld and Juaiiug ilieir suuj; places and appiuninmita for
others. The professional life of ibe eminent arrjaiteet alluded Iu,
wguld, I faocy, form a mure curiuus tliaii ioU-mting cuohiMitioa
to the biugiapliy of artisl*.
I
1
IB CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCIIITECrS JOIRNAL.
BUCKINOIIAM PALACE AND THE MAltBLK ARCH.
But one o|iu)lon has l>een cxumvdl of thi* anfartunato PalM«,
I for if it fimU rnvour nl ull with niiy. thoy have jiot the courntw t«
(titter M> piurh UK a •.vIliiMtr in il*f*nri; of it. MV niiiv arcoriliQ^y
leatirM'lvci fiirtlier rfTiPirc of »li»t i« ftMimllr '{"no. our pre-
ip«rp<iw I'ciiip t» ti«liit «ut what niijtlil Imve liwn diuM-, itn>]
htltiw wuulil havi- befii, biiil aujjht lik* due i>r rfecent C(>(i«ider-
ktion beea enren to (he miittcr. thf i<lc« hrr* mhmiltorl Hou)^ ^u
rWT oIivi..n- A one thai it if tliffltult |o conwire bo* it c»iiiM linvp
by aj Hy Swn (ii-erluvhwl. f'r if it was imt ev«ltiokcd,
but I rirjeile^. it lircomM d*Biri>lilo t« kiKiw nn wluit
grcnmil* il "u* wt •■iiclc, siiH-* the rcwanw mum hmve he»B more
Uian tirdinxnly e<«pnt ant^ to lesil to it« rejwlion.
Lovkiii); »1 ibtf Pah«-e ■» it ett>*>d before tlip nlleMtion wm f«in-
mrnrod, nil ono would h«vfi ever imaffinfil thai the hhirkiiig-jt up
hy ■• ■ ' ''lintTi mcrrly in nrilor t» i)l>tAiii iidditiunnl room*,
[«m1 '.iriviiif; all the nritr>ni>l i>ortii>n of tlio building of
• ...li.i.i-'i of it>tiistii>n nnd prv.Bpfrt which in mm* il(ttrM
to itt ixvujiim for itH krehitivlttral dcliHvnvlM, wuuM hav*
J rewTlfd to wilhonl all ol tiff rxpedieiif^ Iwinp ftiW tried. The
pCMervin^ thf saniif lipw b" Ix'fort' iiil" thv Pnrk ihoitlil hnrw been
maie a «'i»- ftm ncw> ,■ iiwrtmJ of wbirli Mr. Blure ueetnn to hnvu hail
• Mrfo blanflif to (in jiirt as he jOoiuocil, and he urau in hnvo ktiidtfd
nntfcinff mtirr than moTvly nmviiliiif! the pilrn arrnnimvrUtion re-
■ qnirM, in na ailditional biiildififr merely tiu-kert on In thu first one.
T-* *ay that h<f at all i-nnaidered the rircuinrtanceii of the taw — the
I Of portnnff.y which il held nnt f"r iin-hitednral imprtivrment, would
bv ta ari-ti«f him of diiirnrijflil inraparity. The muKt jimdent ex-
I CUV for hiinia that hRwiwralle<l wimriui «uddenly to prr|^a^nlraw-
l in^ for th« pvrpose, tbal h« had ii» time t» cillect Ilia thou^ht^
mnrh l*«a asriilpB*, thow which he mijrht ri*v hiive had hfing nut
to flifiht liv the exjU'ditioiunen impoMxl upon him. ^Vhrrr.-m had
he been annved to apply himself to the tH«k leiiurely and iiuii'llv,
b* wimld bav«> Aov'ava mme iDKait* of prpMTvin(( the Marble Arck,
■nd out uuly mnininf^ it, but ^Tins it increaaffil valuH and im-
pOTtanfP, M the focu» jiuint of a new facade.
Genrral, vninie «iitnrefltiuitB of tbtt kind, it will perhaps be aa!d,
arc Tcry Nwy mmlo, but we hen* offer aoincwhiit more than a
man vapileM, uneiabodled idea, by dbowiDg in th^ annexed cut
.«•»
.^=
tta
^L^RT the Afi-b rniiid have hi-on retained ami coiinwt*d with the
^■^tanr*^ line nf new build iiiKS. \Vi- w..ul.l lihvr tiintinucd th*
^^iWeliate and order of the Anb bv l»u nwecpinK double colonnftde*
(■Badrant in nliin ). Thif *"iild not only bjiv.- tri^en ifrciiter privacy
toihv p.iiirt-«ard. the «tylobnto Iwinic mifliciently hi«h to prevent
it* Ulntr loi.k'ed into, but would alu) have given it srfutcr appnront
flHc« than l.i-fi.r*, when that .pace was «o imU!.linetly tl<:'lifici'»y
th7palisa,Un«. that aa «een from the PaUioe the Arrh appeared to
Aatwl at iiuite n dintiiict and inimlalwi object ia the PurK. Ao-
ODHiiur to thP plan here nh-iwii. It would, on the tontrory. »" «"^-
aieHan with the cnlonniMle* attached tu it, have forTOcd a htgWy
nrale piMe of architecture, full of play of light uid rfiade ■»« pf »■-
rllTO effurt, and admittinjf a view of the Uudacape s.-enery In
Park in the Iwckifrowiid. Ai no embellishment to the oiurt
tbCM mi^t have been partcrrw in the ijuadrniit jiortioM O' '*)
with a fountain In the i-entre of each <|iiAilrant. To opectfy dJirr
multem of dercratioii not indimtcil in ihv pl«n — ntataeaand caa-
delabm fur |pi»-l>unier> pUr^ allern>iti-ly in the intcrcoliannaof the
rolonnadeK, and a coIimmiI Fitting Af.'urc of Britiinniii ou the tiunmit
of the Arrh, giving to the latter uluit il ha» all alouy wanledi a
pyramidiil leiiniiiuliou to iti> uiiim, would iutve produced a BMN
than iirdiiuu'ily ntrikiikp architect iirulnictui-r. wbelhrr viewed from
till- I'alacr or the I'iirlt. A* seen from tin- l.ilter. il would lw«ii
been a fiiHiricnlly eSiertual ucroejito Uie buildiii|[v within the cwurt,
aiul ufler the nun bad poBacd off from the oa»t elde of the Palace,
would have b«cn cvntinuolly Ii^t«d up by it» myo striking up|un
HnDevfthe cvlumiia duriuK the wliwlv day. In cwmbiitutioii nilh
additawml buJldinif* carritsl out to Die ritflit and left in ex-
leaaion of the uriKtual win^'n, luth h cvlonnndeil rautrc miiilit have
been tnedeto prviuce a fit^aJe not at all jnfi-ri^ir to, pi-(h»i» even
more picture!»iu«, than thnt of any (.iher royal palaw in i^urope ;
wbereau iivw—tmt vt i^aii hardly spu^k with deicrnt piitience
of the mievriihle nnd truly citnt e in p tilde nlHirtion whten Itiorfl^
IlM pCTfict rated. Inilb lobia ou'n dttwrnt^e, and Die di>«Ki'"''*> of IbunAI
w1h> einpluytd bim. Ilud huch a fleni^ fitr itulaiviii^ ihe I'idac
lieeu H;iiiction<>d by U'illiain IV., though unr rourtifii^iition woul
have been ihe aauie, our aitrpriHe oould have been i'>Hi»iili;r«My
lens, till txHte Riul feeliniir i«r nrt ni^vi<r eatendeii lx-vi>iiil the
fi)^ire-bead of a aliip. That it should have iM-cn rM-qietriili-d iiiider
the (iii>ipii;«!< — at iMat under Uie very noiie of u Prince whw nff«4:ts
the eharacter of n coiinuiwwur and nniroii of art, tills o-i not only
with AAtonithment, but dbnnay. At e rnvount for it only by sup-
niKing that lie was ewmiiaf in the matter, he licing no tiiure than
Wince Consort.
To shiiw, as we have, what miirhl bare been done, when the op-
jMutuuily for doiuff it haf paued away, may tieem uii)^rioub. I)ur
reply it, it ia no fiiult of our* that the opportunity waa n»l afforded
U6, and not ourwlTc* abnie. but ulliero uL«i perhnpM far more able,
of makiiitc Mi^cKei-tiuna at a tiuie whi'u ndvantage niitcht have been
taken of tlieui. At any rote, we hope that Buckinf:bam I'aNoe will
now prove an cfficacievt leaaun fvr the future; and it i:i rIm> eorae
cootolatiua to find Ibal it in not uitly pvur, but iv dLnircratcly bad,
that there ta very little danger of its corruptiufT public taat'e, l>e-
cau«e it will be dob* niore mwked, and mure nn object of (leaeral
derivivn than ever. Admiration it will excite none whaterer. tliat's
certain; but then it in ctgually rertiiin thiit il wiUcxctte a vactdeal
ol astoniobment. It will completely asttmiah the aativea, and uU
forcittncm into lli« Iwirgain.
At the Marble Arch — ahich iniKht have been m rii>ilv relniacd.
and not only retained but greatly iinpnived, nnd niiole tlie iiudeua
itf an extended jiicce ofdecuriition in thefurr^irround of an cxtcitdn)
line «f fafade — 1» to be taken dimn, ibe quvxtion now in, i» it lobe
drutrvved, ur re-crc«tcd on some other s^iol ? Ni>bi»!y except lho«e
actually in the cecrct, knuwe; though why it ahould be made a
secret ut all nobody (.-an tell. uiJeas it be bei^nuoc the inti-ntiim in
regard to it is ho prejxiptcrous that were it diviilictil it wmild e.M-ite
wlronr opposition. Our idea it that the street front of the Horse
(luards would be a very nuitablc ailualion for it. It would there
fill up what i" now too uiui'h iif n fcap, and the t»'u smuller arrJie*
would nerve admirnbte a* the recesses for the sentinels on burw-
hack. It hit*, indeed, been rumoured that both Ihe Hone Guardt
nnd .Admiralty are to nnder|[o archilecturul tnuiafornation b]- Mr.
linrry, Jliit inctead of that intrrpotiing any obstacle, it would
rather faciljlutc Mich application of the arcn, >4ncc liarrv would
only have tu brii>if it into lii» <le«iK:n, and treat the rest of the com-
position in BCCuroaiice with rnich feature.
BUCKINGHAM PALACE.
Sib — It seeniK not a little aiuicular that none nf the critjcn whi
lire ilinminMl tu animadvert in taiUL-h severe termN un the now rrani
(if Bui'linf.'bam I'alncr, nut even your lyii.i-eyed '* (.'undldus' hira-
self, sJiould have disco'cred thnt it is only a reduced oopv (about
(wvAfthx in leiiKtli) of the l'wlui:e utf'asertJij no that the fault*
or niehtti, be thcv which they may, are nut Mr. Ulore'th but VaJivi-
tetli's. In proof of which, I beg your acceptance of Iraciiigsof
the perspective view of the iroiit and of the pliui. after Viuti.
It ia to be feared that the imitation will he confined to the part
of Vanvitetti'i deniini u]M>n which he npiu'ari l» have bentoweil the
Icuwl pairia. that !• the outude, and tliat tlieie are but faint hope*
of an equal imitation of the i>|>lendid staircnac and vestihnle.
Vnal alates the length of the nortli and ooulh fivnt> of CaMrta
to be VIM palms (Neapolitan, 1 premmo), which, nt lu^ inehci^
TlIE CIVIL KNfilNEER AITO AtlCniTECrS JOCRSAU
[Janvamt,
wmild (livp H73 ft. HI in. for th* lenirtK of tli* front. TIi» vnsl «inl
wot fmiitit. hy th«- lame reckoning, vould he SIBft. lOtn. ; anil,
M tb« leoctli of ItiickinjfhRni Pnlncc n itmted in tht J»ntnHit nl
iSO feet, the prnpurtion w ctiM-Uy twi»-tifth*. The keifcht of
OaMttA it l«o feat ; of BuokinKbam Vtdiu^e, TT fwt.
I visUM C'ascrU thirt]r venra »^o. in cnnipitnv with Mr. Woods
and M. Suiss, the omitieuC Bel^nn BrdiiK^ct, «n<l the iiiile* nf ibst
day lu-e no* befure bi&
^' The centra] vuaiuce or vestibule Iritdine fritm the cntritncr is
21 fcrt wide, ami ti feet hijth tn the •itiriiiirinir «f the neniiriirular
vault. The Nt«pit of tlie midfUe fli<lit of the rtain are 33 feet
loiw, Mul thftlwo return Hiffhta each lifeet lonif (lMatc|Mm«]l),
ana are of white >tid re<idi!>h varieKiited oiarble : there nre «tatue*i
trwphieN, tec The vestihule abuve U ItamJ^ume, but (in my eyes
■t that time) in hnd style- The chnpcl (v-hivh i» oppimte ti the
■tairc«M| hu cvujiled cidumrw, uf SiciUaii mkrble. The lower
pnrtof tne chupei ii lined with slab^ cut frvni the (Hallu .\ntlc<>
raluntDft, lemofed from Pmruoli," &c. Stv.
Lot Mr. BWd 2ivc to the PabM:e a atnirctve at all reeemktinic
tfaU, and the wvrld will fiKKire him the fault* of hie front ; many
of whii'li have, no doubtf bittt forced iip«n him, na upon hi« Kreat
pnidfioeMor, by the neocMity of pruridin^ itecotnniodiitian for m>
many ]>«ople.
I have r«ad Mr. RlmW* Bpitoino of the Live* <•( Kn^litdi .\rch!-
t«ct4 with ^«Mt nittlifiietiun, and beff to cxpptt* my hope that lie
will carry eut hU " present intention" withotit delny, I would take
tlic further libf^rtv of c>i|nte«tin|( to him that the illuitiKtiona he
pr^imice* «uf[ht toVon«iiit mainly at unedited tpefimenM, or at lean
of tboie of whirh the en^avLnx» are least aocoanble. or the works
contaifiinjc them Ipast known. A lint, rAfwring- to the btMiku in
which the moat meritoriou* of each arehitcetV produetluiu are t«
he f<tunil, would \» very valuable.
it should be remombered that iiiu ia not thA critarion of merit.
Haw many of an eounlrv nrehitecta are ferried to take the eounael
of our excellent friend, l^ertner, and tn despair of exe«atmg large
viirks, tn beetow greater care npon leaser ones ?
I asi, 6tt„
YartL, Dee. IS, IM7. Hobebt Saxnr, Architect.
COtVPER'S INVERTED ARCH BRIDGE.
Sm— In rclle^tinij on the coniitruction of Mr. Ci)wper'e bridpe, I
think it is interofitin^ t'> n»ti(ri> that the luiili^r ptatea ari> rivBttid
lofflhfr, au that tlu> pri^mro uri the plcn and aliutinentf initftt now
be wrlitaJ instead ttt (Mu/uir, as in the common luapendon bridge.
Hence, then, in principle it miiy be Mid to eoineiile witli tlio
ordiuary girder bridge, but iti alteration in /itrm sug^ta an im-.
nortant m vantage, which it pns«i>iviee; for. in the girder bridge
^and Dspedally when dealing vritb louic bearinioi), there ntiiiit
always be thU objeotlon, v\i^ that by reiisnn of the i^avity of the
material itself, independently of any ndditional influence of a Wd
plaood upon it, it in ronntantly tcndiuK t» anumea curved furiii,
and mch curved form not heini; the natural poaitlan of ita particlea,
It ia eoofltantly tending (o rupture; but in the "inverted arch
bridge" the material i< Ihroirn into that furrn (or nearly ao) which
it wovU lake if pi^rfectly Jtrj-ititr, and (Aen li made perfectly rigid.
So that, aa re^rard* ita own ip-avjly, thrre is no further alteration
of form, of any practirul imjinrtaciir, m In" aiiiireh ended.
With rpipird to the nlterntion of fonn whfeii mii;ht result from a
load heinit put upon it. Mr. Cowprr hm nlrcady pointed out the
preventivie meaiarc, vix., tb« giving to the vertical dimen.ilim of
the plate auch a mwHiitude m to bring the line of strain vnihin
}\ui plate*.
I think the namcmirlit have been moreaiitlyrhiiaen: "Inverted
arrit" ia (iiggrvtive luily of ynrm, and nnl of oriiu:ipb\, and niltrht
(it aeema to me) with eiiual propriety be applied to the ordinary
luapension bridge. 1 iul^ &c.,
<>. W. RicHABn.
*,* It i» not riear that It would he practicable to make the
'^inverted an-li hrid|;e" so ri^nd as to exert only vertical preasurea
on the iibutmentH. jind to act «• a curveil frirder.
duppukc itt opnn iW) feet and deplli 4 feet, and thnt a wei^bt of
SO toon (en|[int> nad tender) rotta iit it> crntrr. Then, by the
nrdiiiary prinripleaafstaticn whinh apply ^<' Kinder*, we may eaxily
lliid the horiMintnl Ktraiiia of teimiou and compression which thin
weight at»ne pritdui'Ui at the centre. Confidrring tliv hnlfnitructurD
M a Heparate statical tyxtvm, Uk force* actiuK upuu it have cuual
mumcDts about the ptunt of nujiport in the abutment: or half
lliv weight X the ludf-flpan — the monient of the couple of t«nnva
and earapmiion rreated at the centre of tbe bridftf. The length of
theannef Goonle i^ indeterminate, hut (ni nee the tt>tal dei>th b(
i feet) it is a fnvuurable auppuaition to take it at 3 feet. Hcoce.
calling the heriiontal strain P, wc have
P X 3 = U X 100, or P - 500 tonal
The nwtal mu*t be tolerably thick to reairt jfw AuMtetrf ftM*
preature on the u|>p<^r, ami teniiion on the lover, tide of the bridge
at ita eentret Tbi^ ditflcully is formidnhle enough when the struc-
ture is cenudered aa all one piece, but )tiWM>raeii intuperablo when
the eSeet of jeinia bi taken Into account. It i« not to l>e overconu
by any Rysten of rivettlag and dove-tailing, however intricate.
Thi>u|rh it be oaaj to calculate tbe lunouot of the huritontal
ttrainit Ht thecentre(kflheeurvedbeam,itlanotMaytiiiH(liuuite the
aeetianal or transverae dimensionaneoaMary tureaist thoae Btralna;
for our ktiuwledgo or the tranaverae atreugth of wratwht-iroii ia
muL-h leaa than of eaat-iron. Some idea may, however, w obtained
from analogy. The ^inverted arch,' if it suatainii itaelf hy ita
ri^dityHSB^rder, mar, furall pur|i<weaor<ialcuUling the ntrengtb
at ila Mtitre, bu eunNtJereil lu a huriiental beam WO fe«t long and
4 feet deep, with an effective width of t foot to I foot 6 incJivu at
the utmost Now, the propoMd Menai tubular brid^ will be ISO
foot long, but iuduptbwill he tkirtjf ftet, and widtli ^em /eof :
alao ita upper aa<l lower aldea will be oompoied of lever^ thick-
neaflea of metal, aa the former will conaiit of two, and tbe latler of
one, Nerii-M of c«UuUr oomiwrtmeata. The aoalngy between tha
Menai bridge and tbe inverted arch i« complete in aeveral rvepeets ;
Imth are tubular, both are to be compo«ed of rivetted wrouf{bt-in>n
plntex. and iwtli are designed fur railway trutlic. The wettonal
dimeniionH of tbe Meuni hridtfe are auKxcMed by actual experi-
ment, and are never tx>UHidered too great, la tl not, therefure,
ahniidantly evident thnt a t»eam ofgth* the tpan of tbe .Menai tube,
but with only >u> eighth nr twelfth itn depth and widtli, would not
bo rigid enouffb to Miatain itielf ait a beam ?
If Hus|»ended from, inatead of restinit upon, tbe abutment*, it
niijcht uerhapN be nrevented from actually fallinir. but it would
certainty bend. If the point of enqwnsion be arippoited to be at
the upper edjTR of the end of the beam, the trantverie dtralnii of
dcdi'i^liini will be numrwhat rediir«'il hy the curviiture nf the beam;
but il wiiiild he dilllculi U> shuw that ttiii advnntime would nut be
fiir mure iUnu compi;nsatcd for by the increaae of leniftii, and ibere-
ftire of mnterial, which the cuniiture rcndera nercswry.
It ia impiirtiint lu n-iniirk, that if the wJtf n^uinite for iwcority
were that the depth of the chain Khoulil "^ include any alteration in
the curie of the Htrnin,'' that depth Khiiuld not be uniformly 4 feet.
It should be italhing at the centre of the npan and the point of aos-
Ceaaion, and Kradually incresee up to ooine inlerraediate part. The
ieheat and lowest point* of a catenary may be alwaya cboaen
arnitmrily.
The arjfument thai the chain would not l>e diHtorted becaaM it
is *'of Bucli flepth aa to include any alteration In the carret" ta
va^iu and in<»tii:liuivc. It certainly oaanot atand ^rround n^r^nat
deductiuna from the fundamental equatioiuuf ntatical ei|uilibrium.
The rm^oning ipvcn nbore U « simple, ordinary applieatiun of tlie
elcmontary principles of mocluoicw ; thcae arc not to be opposed
by a mere )iypothe.iiB, '"hich in ttni aublle to be made the subject of
rigid inve»tigiition. jVII Lhnt can be nld of this hypothecia ia, tbat
it ia not necMtfuriVr/ true. A number of independent chains mifcht
be liuii^from the ubutment*, and to each might bu^veii that form
which it would, if perfectly free, aMwme of itself when the load
at eome particular stage of ita tramit hong from that chain idone.
Then it is clear that, while uu connection existed among tlie se-
veral chai»«, tlio load acting on eacli in aucccaiion vruuld not lend
to distort liny of them, i. e. would not produce tramtverae strains.
Bui it do«w not follow that this would b« the case when all the
chains were bound up toi^ther in one connected mues.
The " invcrtt'l arch bridge" do*" nnl •etm tv Ire an advantagwus
compromiw between the unneiple of the girder iuid the suapen-
•ion cliain. An intermediate condition muHwa the adrant^ea of
b»th tlioM structures : for if the inverted arch be tmly parttaUy
rigid it is itul>)ect to nivdleiai and prejudicial traosverm! straiiia;—
if it be as ri^id ao a girder, wliy uuneeeacarily increane it» Length
br curving it f The idea of our ourreii|i«nilent that tbo curvature
abviatea it* tendency to dctlfct by it4 own oeiiiht, seema to us un-
founded; fur however much the niructure waa bent when Aral
put up, it wu4ild tend to beui Mill more when it* eud« mef«ly
rcstM upon th« abutment*. We cannot ]>oaitively undertake to
aiiaert thai tbe Mapaui»n ^a eW'QM'tMm has no peculiar adran-
tsges ; hut they have not yet been pointed out, and we are unable
to diseem tliem. — Euiroa.
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lui.]
THE CIVIL EKGINEER
ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS.
It !■ utrMnliiiArj tliat «r aliuiiM tiivr lutit to wait m) loop for
the ialnidiM-tion «f» iip4rni i>f I'li-i-lric tl■l■■4nn|<l<^. ^oriiiir t«iit n
_c*uiturv a^T' it **' kituwti llinl tlie electric Itutil l'ouUI be mrnt
uujfli a cuil of wire two milc^ lun).'. bs ww tlrar In Uw exprrl-
uia kl IliuiifnrtriKl. irhile n coil had iUjK> bran carricil arrora tlie
buncn, Piipin, tnci, in llie lieiriiiniiiir of the ln!>t I'cnturj', hnil
•atiKht It mrau^i of rominunifatiiiic pD«er aud luutioa tL< a dt!>tiuic«.
n - r, ^u^h n mi'iiri* tif ri'niainnii'Btivii ns (hat br ihr elc<:>
t r li l>crn ailr-iiie^l, it wiruld hare ]anii:tii>heii in the Iheti
Uatc t'l (iiL- ninil.-, iiiiJ thf then state of Mxriety, for it wobIiI nut
hkvc answered cvDiDieiriiilly. and it* failure raiftlit huvc bera CBott
prejudicial. It ha> bc«fi rcM-rvvil Tot nur Any tu Upplv thia iuven-
tmi, and U> ifivs one lu the mnny (t<nni<Merutics «bicb make it
■n i-r.i oriirusnM, Uo#ide the locLimtilite. the «tCKtnalup, &nd the
d' I I-, the clertric tekpnipb may tnke il> [^ilare ; orid the
d - Mt vpry diMiint, when mir fiiiiheBt mUnd* will by
tV l.( Milder our imnipdinte rule,
. the hrtt in the lield. and haWng hy the
Sluucli Uiiv ^ttn i-tl '.)><■ (>n«r1im)iiltty vf the nvitem, we hnve ullowed
tb« Americitn* to icM tiiAdvitnce nl uo, for ihej* hnil in if^Ki Mittevn
bnikdred mitv* in )>rai-tiriJ fomtiiorcUl w«rkin)i:, w liile we i-jin hardly
be «»id, even at jire-ent, tf> have any ereat e>t«nt of lelejfraph in
OM, (iIlh«U)Hi ^^e hMVtf a Rrent lenfftn laid ili>wn. Next yeur will
rfd<»Bn un. friim this rharj^e, fur we tihall have two thouuind five
biodivd mile*, but it will nM eii'iil^ale the |:<is<»rnmcat f»r bftiin^
M Innf; nM;lerted thi» adrairahle invention. It u uime eentfort
thkl ar are ahend of Frnnre utid all the Europejiii fcinfrdnmK In
the WHnI ftf machinery for eiti'ndiiijr eliwlrii- tele>.Tai>h« we have lo
rPfT*^ the ne^leet of the frovemrueiit In wiiLholdinp: the introdiic-
linn of railway* in Indin, where the teleprajih would be inviiliiiiMe
fn gorifratnf 'territoHe* an ratt, and where the numht-r of English
fiinrtiniiari^ii Ib unhappily limited.
W* iinve iiiiw MTivM at an irra in the telef^ph, for at the date
nf tbi' iiubliciitiun, the metnijxiliii hmt hrt-n hrim^ht into iitiDiP-
diate c«ni munieution with Lit'crjM)"!, Mhiii-be«ter, and many nf
ihe preat reiilree vf tnde nnd tnnriiifarlures. The Eleetric
Telrintipb C'oiniiany have hr<>ii|;)it their t>|iemli<.in>> to thul >-1af^
tluit thin can cunvey Iuteltitn-n<'' to fi^ly ur^m Iowiik, uiid tbix
•CMBi an niipm|irijite time fur layinj^ «<>nie iiconiint nf their prt^
eM«lin|tH iM-fore Ihc trnhlir. the more h> an the full elferl of this nd-
mirahle ini-eiitton doe« not weem tu be m> well ajiiireeiated ai it
■ni|iht he in eonipariBon with its vast capahilitJen, and the influence
which it «ill exen-iiie n|>(iii ever}' cluas of the cvmmunil}', bath
tnnrally and idiyxicxlty.
The ii|i«r3iiunii m*v be ennkidered n» harinK becuD *'th iVtr.
Cmike Bnd [•nifesmr VVhi'iil-tfirie, who. after labciiinnf wtiply for
K)tne time, in itCt* lunk nut their firit iiatent. It U underMond
thatPrefe«MirlVhe.iliCiirie :i|.)i)i>-dh)n»elrmore to llic purer jihUo-
caphiral eT]ieritneul«. and thut Mr. t'ooke hn* tnken rhnrfre of the
martiral detail, and at la>t hnxitflit the inveniii>n tu it* preM^it
bearinff. ^Ve i>ay nothlii|r of utiier pHrliea «h(> Imve lahuured on
ihH aiibjert, for nur baainesa in nuw with the Electrir TeleerJiph
(Tnmpany. Simn after ktwvr*. Oix'ke and M'brst'tone touK out
ihrir patent, ihey laid down a line nineteen niileo biitionlhe Cireat
Weflcrn railwny, between London iind Slouph, the wnrkinj; of
which Wim mint auccmc^l. althotiifh tif <imr»e it did nut Hiiliofy
ihtrae who ibaiii;l>t the afilein tniKht fail if rilrudeil to Liverpool or
York, tt took many years to urge the fiVHteni forwunl. nnd it wan
not till IS4« thiit a coinpuny w»a imorporntrd, cnlU-d the EWlric
Telrjcraph Conipuny, for rarryintc it out un a larye aeale. Con-
tnrtabM however Iwcn made. nnd works carried on, ao thnt before
the ad of inc"r|npm(ion the roinimiiT wan alreadv in wtivitv, nnd
b»d by the end i>f IHlii laid down loiii} miles of lelesrapb. .'\t the
■ime diitc TiofeMior Morwe. in Antenctt. had laid di-un IdOO miles.
The fyMem ban been chiefly wirried out in connection with mil-
waj-H, lirriuttir the value of the lelefn'a|>h to the niilwny ciinipaniea
haiiii>dnr«d thebtier to adopt it. and to make MlvantB);eoiM ar-
nin^einvnta for Inyin)^ it down. The ycnnt IftW and 1847 have
thnrefnre been rhielly emphtyed in Uyiiv down thf wim>, and tbeir
wurktne on n tnrcc scale liaa heen retoriled until now by the nen-
complelion of the wire between London nnd Kiuihy, on tlic North
M'nrtcTn railway. Ou the 13th November thi> link uaactimpleled,
•nd the Looduii pricca were at onee conveyed lo Manchet-
ler. 'I*he i>ew mctrnpolitali ctatioo haa likewine been Mrtinlly
immcd, nod by the new ycsr the wbvle plan will be in full opern-
tiou. l>iirinif the preacnt yenr the me<ro|>»lit:>n Hliitivii ban t>een
in the Strand, and ibe wvrkins ha* been chieliy for (^veninivnt
purptMva al«D$ the South U e«tcm liu« to Gwport, altbowgh
I
latterly much jfeneral biinineu hu been tmnueted. The arfEani-
■alion'of a new tysiein haa mlled fur the exereihe orninrh lalwur
nnd in(cenuily in the engineerintc and the KifEnul* ilepiirtmenlv, the
iirineipal o(Be«-»i of aliirb are Mr. Ilalrher. recentiv of KtnK'i>Cal-
lej^e, and Mr. ^Vhiabiiw. author of the " Railways uf Greiit Britain.*
nnd the inventor of the hydraulir teleitrspb. in the Hlandnnl work
on the " Ratlnayn of (ireal Ilrilaiii," Mr. U'hiidiaw pniponed trni-
fiimiity of railany lime, nnd n mode of communicaliun between
ininnl nnd driver, whirh willi mjmy <ither practlral ini|rpeKtion» are
now rurried out. At a (liven time every moniinK u uk'nal will
be made from ibc (.vntral Htution, anil the needle will be broufbl
tu the vertical i»diratin|[ Oreenwich nte^n time, by which all the
ti'letrntph docki will be i>et. Ah ihi* arranjKmiriit, mint im-
IMirtant to travellerx will noar lie rarrleil out over the country, we
may ob*cTTc thnt luml clocks and watehes can be made with a
double niiuiile-bainl, tto aa t4> akow hnal time and mean lime. Al-
ihotHth much eonlmveny lu» lieen raiiwd ul>Mit mean liine^ and
many eminent men bare oppoacd it, il haa rereived the Minction
of the ualnitiiimer-niyat. who haa pmpuwd the adoption of it for the
lirent clock at ibe palnee of MVatmiiirter. whifh in to W ^et br
electric telr);r»pb fivm Grernvtich. The spriem ofrixlea adopted
by the h*k'<-lrii- TelegrBph Company, has been, we believe, entirely
constnictrd and urraniicd by theHme gretitleman. t>n iierounl of
the extent of the operations of the company n irreat mnny meihanica
have becii employed in mukiiik'' the various apjkaratu^ aitd in InyinK
d«wn Ihe wirt^ aitd luaii} uorkx uf ^reat nicety in their ciecutivn
have been c-arried out.
The eompaiiy i* not restricted to Metiflr«. <rooke and ^l-'knt-
atunv;) untenlN but b»t) |H>uer to avail itself of all iuientiona ia
which electric |>ow'er is uHed. They have therefore piirrhnM^ many
pfltcntK and inveiitionr, among tbecbicfuf which maybe muilioned
Buin'o elet'tnrnl cluck, an invention, the full vnlue of which is fttr
from heiiii; kiioMo, Al llie offices in the Mrand is n DM>del'room,
which eotitaiui^ a Ur^c <:ollei'ti<>i) of teleKraph* «f ruriim« couiitruc-
tion, and of cliH-h». Thi* inod«l-rc»oni doe* i(retit credit tu the com-
pany, and in a nullum of KrenI value to the practical man. It
will b« recollected ihut at Sir John Heniiie'v convenaxiomni ui tl»e
vprinc, anonic the many novelties which the learned prnddent
brouffhl before hinfEuetitti, w» n collection of tclegrapli apparatn*.
Tbih was c«ntriluted by the Electric Tele^apb Company, nM
fiirmed not the learf intere«ling contributiou lo Uie temporary mu-
seum in Whitehall Place.
Id the mod(l-r»om in the t^trand, the coUedi^a is which will,
we presume, he remored to the city, there in everj- thinit nec*»-
Kftry lo ilJuBtrale the siibiect. though of course it dt-et not contain
every teleimiihie inventh>n. Several apparatun shoir the improv**
mentJ* <^hich have been frruduallv made in the needle inKtrumenl,
so aa lu m«ke it rnpable of working. Tho in^'eniuux telepraphA
eommuuicate by «nind. t)ne of Iheite. Ihe invention of I>r>ifcM<ir
U*hi>Kt<to»e, ilrikei. two bcllH of diiiaimilar ioimd. the eumbinatioa
of the tuo producing the letter*, aa in the double T>ei>-|]r telettiaph.
.\nothFr. the discovery uf » workman, give* a humming iw>i»e from
a wire. The elTeet ia ainftutur. and was a chanre di^eovery. At
preheat it is of nu munient, but the pr«!>ervation of a model by the
company sprree to encouriige Ihe Kptrit of diecoverr. while what ia
BOW merely trivial may be<-i)iiu> the germ of a valtiuble applieation.
It is dcaen'iiif: of note thut Mln>nily Ihe officer- nnd workmen en-
pl«yedun trleitrophe liiiiv been the niennN of mnkinfr many useful
KUgirtNlionH, and ve may antiripiite Ibe best revtilto. from an energetic
hiidy of eiiiijloyeei, if the company nn' lihernl. Xntwithitandinft
all th:it litm been mid about raiTwii^ im)ir(ivenii>ntt, it Ik well known
to prnclical men that \ery fml unprovementH huve been efectod
by nulaii) olhcers. uid that a larjre amount of talent ii cyiiutaiilly
ai)d energetically directed tu tl>e perfection of Ihe 8y*«tem. The
nanies of (irorge and Kotirrt Stephenson, Bmnel, Braithwattv.
Hoolh. Uuurh. tfray, Edmouiion, ure only a few as a specimen nf
thuke wbu have cunrribuled to the jirnetieid impmiMneDt of rall-
waya. In a few jenm the Electric Telegraph uffieere wiU, »e
hope, haie given eijuttl priHifii of real and ingenuity.
The printing leleemphfi in tJie model-room are i II uri ruled by
aaveral apparnttu of varitHiu fimna, «ome for printing hv letter*,
and DtherB by «igii«. The ciom|>Hny mitka nee at their Kl'iitiMM of
the needle teh-|<r»pb, but rk the working of this is doubtful, and
other tetegtupbii move (^nicker, it in i)uileopen to them to Hinnge h
their InatrumeDtA, ui Uwjr bnve the wire* laid down, and the wirea H
are uaed under whatever syntenn. While adverting t<> printing ,
tele^ni|ib>, which print their mmtrngv in black, we may id^Mrve
that il tt. perfectly cunipetent to make a telect»ph which khall u«e
different culoiir*, nnd indeed a mode oftdutding waa king ago *us-
^•Hted by Mr. Hyde Clarke.
Tk« businesa uf the company in electrie eloekii Hill ou d»ubt btt
I
I
I
wtrj \xtgt In the enil, nn thi>>- ailmit nf tiiirh uapful npplicJitMin in
public luid privnte e>luMis)ii)ieiit». In tlMi> oixirvf of it iiliiirt tlnie
nn niiblir oilier will W wiltioiit a cIocIc dial in every iltruartmriil,
siul when llie exmnplr iin» Wvxx int widr ciHiii^h there will he few
nrlvflte (kidm-a vithuiit n ilial in yt'<<r>- rwim. It i« >i Mnall lliinjr,
utit it \* Dn mrnii thin:: to incre«»e habits of [luitrtuHlitv in n popu-
lati»i), Tho.if whii have nntired in forei^ii cuuninir* the disre^MvI
nf the vaIud of time amonu iinnilerpriMfiK iiiipiil.ttiinis, know tlia
worth of «iir greater luxury in tinie-pie^m. The Electric Tele-
^j*\i\% ('<wn|Miiiy, however, will he <ati^liril with the |>«'niniary
reault, without oeekiiiK furtlit^r im tu the public litnelit they m&y
effect. The price nrnrWk ia nt present nf course rnther hl^
iHmcty, aixteen ifuinutu, mill of rompnnion clocks. \cn ffuinvo*
««ch. A icreac objcelittii t« electrie clitrk* ut priMM-nl i*, that dtt-
pendiair vn the electric currentB »f the earth or un « battery, iJieir
rcffuUrity eitniwt be (lc|ien(letl upon.
The tnetn>p<>lilan »tati<fn, de-igneilhy Mr. Hiiiit, is very well
Bitunted. It ocrupic^ wliat waj lutely Fi>uniler»* lluU and the ad-
JMcnt premiie*. having entrance* in Luthbur)- from l''QHnder«' Hiill-
cvurt, anil in ^ItHirpate-dreet. Tlie ilonnrny in Fuundera H»ll-
CXiiirl ia hnnduiniely enrved in Htone. and Ui<nmli vouill inake^a )[ooi)
ra;>idv. The eentml hull «t cxninlinK hoiutc is one of the biind-
■ume-il unrkii lately executed, Thif iiti>1i<in i< within •few miiiutei'
<ir«lk of the Diink, S|<M:k ICxchiMi)(e, Ruyal Etebnn^e, Lloyd'ti,
th« iuint Mock and private banka, Ruaiiranee ofRi'O*, in tlie heVrt of
b«»in«Hs, and not ffir from the (orn E«<'hn(itre. <'ommercinI Koams,
i_'-ati\ Rxchanece, And the ^eat of the MnncbiMter u-arelibune^ Hnil
MiluuiAl produrft wnK'tioiiiu^i. Thft new§uAper nlfir«< arc further
removed, but in the end meani' will be Found of neiMmmoiIatin^
tits clii«, Thp pfnvemment office^ li«<i«ei 4f parlUmMt, eourta
of law. nnd nlaces nf weiit^nd hti^ineto are nlin flt a d>«tnnAe. hut
the city i« the di<trifl whi(<h will ]Miy beot, nnd it it imponMbttf to
provide fur nil «t unee. So (at lu the eitv uflice iii euiu-erned, the
jU^OBMnt of the tmum^ert has heon well iihown in its seleetion.
The pel nei pie nfC-ooke and Wheatstone'- tele^aph in fonnded
on the diwi.viTy iif l*ri.fe^*or (Er«ted in 1819, thnt a ma^etLaed
nuedle hii>. a ti-iideney t« pUco itself.it riu^lit au~leBt« a wife alonjE
which a current of elei'tneity i« panjiinfj, Ky the moiuincntu nf
Moch u nwdiv on n dial an alpKab«t in formed, whieh «crveii iw the
mnuM nf csumtiiuRicatiiiK mMsiiffea.
In the other ftmna oftelewiKph a Avk is mitde to mtnte. hcm^iiff
on it letters or sign^ and IhU i« elTeeted in virtue of the pmiHTiy
matl iron hiui nf hn-nmiiifi teinpurarih- mufnettxeil he an ele<:liic
current belni; ^aaaed aloiiit a wire ciiiled in n spind around it. The
mme prini'ii>le la adopted in all tho appArntnc for rin^n^ the
alanini iji i.rder to pivo notice that Ihf tel«|rnL|ih iu in aetinii. It
la In he uh*erve>il that thr lele^iLphs in the United Stntea, France,
xnd Fmuiia. are on the ili»c iVi^ti-ni ; in Hnflen Hiffhtonu lelcirmii}!
ha« hiM-ti iiKed. Moct >if the tVli';rraph« tn EnffUnJore ni'edle tele-
graphii, tlint 1111 the S^utlt IVvmi ihadiRC telegraph, and that in
the Uux Tunnel on Nott and (>iUiible'K iiltu).
The di»r telefCTHph* are worked either by the voltaic battery
or the niatrnetii-eWtrii' niar.liini.', p»wer beinir derived from a
iwrmunrnt niacnet. U'illi lhe»e telefrraphK, two u-irex imly are
n«c«>KWiry, one fur the telegraph and one fur the uhinim ; but th'e
neetlle lelricmpti-s for cinnniereiHl purpose*, require three wires,
two neeJle-uireft for the ti-lc^mph and one wirv for the nlnruin.
Alt now laid by the Electric Tele;tni]ih t.'onipany, on their lient
syvtem, two wirex arc employed for cuch principal Htatioii. the
wires uted beintc uf iron, of No. H ^ce, unil one-aixtli of an ineh
diitmeter. These are ct'lvaniAcd, anil cniiie rert' ch<!:i|i. Thu
weight ii nhiiiit .JHlb. to the hundred rards »r WCilh, per mitn.
The wire is welded loifether in lirijtrtfu of nbiiut a quarter of a
mile eiirh. Thc*e «ires ari- lixeii lo Muiidardo, nt dl^itatices vjiry-
iiiiC fnini U to !kli yarda apart, nnd at each <|uurter uf it wile ia a
iAron);er otmidardj where a trimnection is made. The wires are
kept tnut by n Himple arranKKinrnt, whidt it in iiniiere^snry to
dertorihc* In cnnM;ipienc,v of thi« mode of suipendinic the wire* on
■tuidarilis wliidi wiu tirst mhipted in lt>t^ a )rreat eeonomy is
nflccteil, and the fly.itein udniil!) uf \ more exttmidre npplicniiun, as
How it may be laid anywhere wheri:icr the *tiiricl,iwl> lan lie pnt
up i anil iM the jiiipiiUtion ^-t ucruKtonied to thi-i invention, il am
he pui up an safely in Ihu liireeln, or in the roAiIn. ns iri4»-liimps are
now left; thouj^h of course il i^ preiiintiire to aniieip.ite aiich m1-
vaiwement at iirescnt. L'ndur Itrctt and Little's ayMem it con, we
believe, he laid much i^httupi-r thn.n now.
Tho uriMiual nicthud of layiu^ the wiren wan tn corn* tliem
with silk <ir cotton tlirrail, and then with pitoh, rosin, caoutriioiir-,
or voine utbur nun-cunducttn); sub:itnDce, enulu»cd in enrlhctiware
titb«a, in wuvd truuk^ or ia iron ptues. At that timi% there were
ser«ral iiir«iitii»aa fvr laying tbv t«]eK"*ph wirej in upholt. The
(Creat expense of the Fyetem was nne nf the nlmtructions to its
extension at an earlier periial. Our renders will riN-oIli«t that
pipe-1 were used on the Great UVnteni nnd Blarkwall Itailuava.
Une puriiosn in the pipes was (o prevent any intrrferenrc n ith t))e
tclegrapn wire*; but this precnutinn is now considered unneceo-
wuy. The counectintc uires between Nine Kims nnd the Strand
stations, nnd between Eii<lon'e<:|iiHrennd the nit'trupnlitui stations^
arc laid in pipcK (3lr. Frcenun IWe bein^ the contractor) ; bat,
»H wu haie already obnerved. they will in tlie end be, in most
taiVA, laid on standards in the streets. At the prc<e.nt raumeot,
■jur main utreet* arc filled with cart-irim pipes for k**i for wat«r,
and fur eleclrii.' tclet^raphs. Litfuid manure is iiUo to lie liid on,
nnd we believe I*nife»«or \t'heMt>iloii« couleuiplited n aound tolc-
jk-rnph, which should play muxic. The professor coiiti-iniilitteil ibir
euiiduction of «ouiid ; but wiiitiii|( till tiuit ■• accomplistied, it is
tjuite eii-y to play inosic at a distance by the preieut resources of
science, tfita a MufK.i'.icnt nuinber of wires, n f(n«nil piano miicfat
he played in Londuu und Liveqiool at the iQnie time ; and nothing
would he eftsier than for one orttanNt to piny in two cathcdmls, or
to play n aet of chime* in St. ('aul's and in York .^[tnBtlfr aimiij-
taneotuly. Professor irheatstone's bell telei^ph, in the iiKnlel-
rooin of tho Kle^fftric Telf^j^niph Company, Kive^ the cletncnta of
sueh an appa.ratiis. In FlaIldl^^ll, everv town hfla its sel t>{ tttrithns
or ehimesi, playinj^ elaborate tunen, aiu^ havinj^ its cnrilloueur, who
plays un i^unduys. In time, the whole of these may be worked
lOKCthtv, or pcrlmpti the towii<i of Knglnnd sapplied with the
luxury of eunlfo/w. Profeiitur Wheatrtone, however, pn^MMM t»
f^ beyond this, and to eonvey noniicsl sounds to n dirtance.
A ^reat eciiniimy hiw nln-iidy buen elfeeted in the number of
wirea used. In the eartieit Sliiiii;h innlrument, tire needlei wero
used, and double wires for each. The apiilication of thi> principle
that the uiirtb c.unlit be made to servu fts half of Die nn^uit, and
its ndnptlon hy Mr. (.'ooke in hW p.itent nf tHt9, nt oiu'e ulMiiihed
half the wires, and by succeitsive iiniirot'emeiits, the number of
needles was hroiii^ht down to four, tu ttiree. and tu two, niuL, for
Home piirpiikiivi, oven one. Thun, where twelve wire* were nef)c^ary
in l!it2forune titation, two are now sufHcienl, while the cost la
decreased in a very mur.h i^enter ratio by the wires bein^;
triilvHiiined iii<il(!iid uf wtiund in eiilton or Kilk, and bv their
heinit KUMiended lu the air Instead of heinft laid in pijies. ^erhspi,
in the end, a liirhtor wire will he used, and the tyilem will b« u^
detinitely extended. It ia imjiiuwible to consider the sywtem an
beiit^ othiTwise than in its earlieHt infnney, and we mny expect, aa
in railway*, to see very jureat mod ideations. The h]eiinn>tiv«, after
being increM«ed in «iie to iNeinHgniLudeof the "Great U'i>«tum,'ts
now tikaly to be brought down tti tlie |impnrtiuns of a stentn-
caniage. Nutblui^ is so dangerous In new invontions us to prs-
judue-
The iM»tnimenl« used are ('cmke and H'heatstone's, and are
either aiiiule or double needle inntrumentsi. The latter is pre-
ferred. They are both on the same principle, exeupt that the
Istter is double the former. An am'n from the outside, the double
nuedle trietcmph show* two ne«d1i>s insiiended like cEoek-hands on
H dial. Hiich of tlie«e needles is the duplicate of ainither within
the iiistrumetit, ami behind the dial, and which tutter ia the rral
needle. Thi* uet^dle is sinipeuded in a li|[hl hollow fr^une of wofid
or mi^tal, round which are wound two sets of line copper wire, coated
or insuialcd wit)i silk or rotlon. About VVi) yards of wire, T^th
of nn ini'h diameter, in ii»ed for these purposes This coil is con-
neeced with an elect To-(;nlvaniL- battery. .\ grreat didirutly of
the needle t«le:iroph is to stijp llu- osc.iUatioti.« or vihrntiuiui of the
ne«dlc when act in motion, Thi* is atlrmutcd by living o greater
entenaion and weight tu the loner lirnh of the tn-rnle.
On the inxtrunic^nl, below the ditd. Is u hiindit-, which ia an
furnicd as to turn on or break aS the connection uf the battery
with the rnndiictiuic wirea, and an lo tniiiJimil motion to the nrntlln,
wbidi, aciMirdirw lo the way in which the current in itaasedi, may
be dellecied tu the rit:ht or left.
In the double- need It) instriinient, tho alphabet ii< formed hy the
prudiietiun or repetUioti of three cum bi nations. The needle* being
Iilaced parallel, the ri^'ht-hnnd needle may bo workeit or the luft-
land needle, tlie two toxethcr, ur the two altcrnnteiy ; accurdioKly
as thia in don« nnre, twice, thrice, or four tiincTi, a larife number of
alphnbetic-al or other chiiractcrn is oht»incd. The double neeiUc
liiu thi* ndditionnl uconuniy over the finale needle, that in many
cvmlnnatioiia the. two handles are worked li>)tpther ; in utbor Lele-
f^rajihs of a niavpler cooatritotton llteBSvintc would be ntill trroater.
The needle bein^ itself tt nuifcnet, is subject to disturbancie fruin
tho free cleulricity of the atmosphere in particular states uf
ther, w> that its working ia very ancertnin ; and although
nudifiuatioiLs aiul improvomcnts aro made, Ibid d«ea not obriale
IfUfiLl
THE CmL ESGIKEETl ANI> ARCniTErTS JOCRNAl.
\hm (iIij«i<tiiinH. To pMvint the needle from trxvvnunf li«o far. It
1% eanBaei by pitw on elOm ridv. On « r«c«nt itocWoii all lhi>
tuleimjilis (hrou^chuut EntfUiKt were dtflecled for ao loog a pcriuil
that liutui^M WBK wholly ntuyped. ■
II i« b* b« m>ttr«(l. th«t th» rmnmnnicAtion in carried tlirouf^h
th« in4trum«n1, wh'irh is « part nr the chain oi ronnectiitn. At
rjt«h (tutiain iiard, mimt be an instrument; liiil where th« »trre-
•poiKtcnce is 'mail, itevervl inetrumenlK may If. used with the «ame
irir«« ; but of cotme two Ktationii runnot Im.' worked to|^ther. —
AIM only CAD use the trle^rnph at n time. ^Vhere tti«r« is lar^r
«Mrre«pan<l«(nc«, ceparate wiret anil in«tnimentaar« lUMd for ea^h
•latMin. An objection nt preaetit in thiit noe iiutnimBnt Mng dia-
«f4«red, whi«h i» nat unmquently the case, the wh<4e set iiiRcr.
mierc WTentl instruments are nut on <ine »et of wirw. there is
an adv-aiitai;e in Eenilinir a itimultiutevui in««MK*'. Tliu^ tn tlt«
C3ur of the Q'lrru'n «pcech and )^>rurvKuli>i; Parliament next year,
it nuiT b« •itnultanciiiisly i-<niimunicatcil to eiitf rtjitioiw l>y nno
clerkin Luthhury ; and we mny comrcive the periml when » puMir
functionary may «iimiiltiuieviii<1y cvnvry iiisl«iitaue<>M» in^trurlinna
to a thoucand vuhuidiiinte'v thus iiurpaMiin)[ all tliMt \ht! pnnting-
prca* haw ever yet acciini]'li»!itrd. Alrciidy, the Kupvriiitendetiti) of
railways, icatcd in their Limdou oJfire*, t-an (five Reneral instruc-
tion* every tn<>rnijnr tw ibeir »tiili«ii-iiin»1ers attending in the
tcleifraph'rvjii:^. Ki'r nw-t '•( tlm purji«iie« «f thi' tmlnscribtr* -
riH*iiii, (he whole »y»t<-m of t^ktrriipn* put iti romniunication will
allvw of vaa minninc or \iA of piiireH or <|ui>tfttinn« b#in){ uoed f'lr
all, which a a ffreat e^oiiomr. Thus the price of Bharc* at Mun-
c^e!>ler, ttf rctton at Livi*rpM>l. of tu^ar in MincliW'tatie, or of
corn nt WakchcM, will be dimultaneously annovnoed all orar the
country.
Tfa« t>«ll, or ntanim, may be eon<ider««l nt prewnt an eaaentini
part of the telejrriiph nystem. Hy -tettinp the alarum in ac-tinn,
nMicc ia eiren to the telep-iph rlerk thnt n nipa>N(o> >" g'»"iC I"
he ^nt. *Ve iiue^tiiin, hi>wi>ver, whether the hell will in the future
lie ne«*iiary nt Urgo ti»!i'(rriiph xtaiion^. where elerk-i are on duty
(lay nod tiight, and the instruments, perhnp', in ron<itaiit nte. At
prewnt, the alarum mav he «et in netinn fnim the lelei^raph wir«,
or a sepjtrate wire may h'« umh). The defect uf the former plan It,
that if the clerk, on finishing hiti meaxafre. d»«B not leare hia
alarum in the rirruit, the alamni mnnot be »vt in nrtion. anil the
only way to attract hio attention in tlte chitner> of hi* nwlog the
nMdlM wurkin);. A< thU euntmjreney virtually neutraliies the
tut of the alarum. H i^ considered pr«fi>rable to have n wpHmlit
bell fur the JiUnim. Th« uhirum U n piece of cloek-work, to he
Mt in aelton hy tho connection or dlaeonnection tif two pieceK of
■oft iron, formed Into a horuc^Hhiie miumet, and oovi'rrd with n
eoil uf lino rujtper wire inxulnteil with idlk nr eiitton. When thin
Txiwa ihoM is magiicli'^d. it 9ittrurt« an annnture of mft iron,
wUeb move* on an arbor, and let>i Ioomi a catch, which ai^tit the
rloctt-vork in motiiui. Fitnnerly, the niaitnet wiut raailc lu act
dirvetly on the hammer of the hell. Ltitely, great impforemeuta
luv« boen miKic in aUriima by other inventors.
The NitgU nrcdl* tcleirruph ia tomelimea used for railvay pur-
pwc^ where n limited nuinlier of Mi:n:ilpi in rctjiiiTed ; hut for all
ulhcrs the douhle neodle ix used, and the ditference in price in not
■ufictent to jurtify thi^ ustt of a le** effective instrument. A«,
however, in the cJiae of the double needle instrument, accident
may happen to twie »r the wiiru, the clerks nr«' tauftht the iij* of
the single needle cicala, «o that cum muni cat iunx may ilill be
EMTiMl on. ThiR is the more necessary frnm the liability to
diaorder. We may obscrrp, thnt in chkc of injury In a particu-
lar line of wircu, mt that on the uld M'lncheuer inid Bir-
nlngkam Railwav fur inntance, (be comimmicati'in wilh Man-
ehvetcr could vtilf he cnrrivd on by forming a circuit with ^heilteld,
L«mI«, LiverpiKil, or iiny other of the places reinMinin}; in connec-
tira with it and the metrupolL». Unless nil the wirvs round a toMn
b9 ditHurhed, tho cvminiinicntioii raiinol ho xtiippiMl, kh ri'ndlly
ema a line «f cnrre«pondciioe he formed ; and it h at present con-
aidered of little importance to send n message rnun<f by any dis-
tance, M iwi [lerccplihlc difference) in speed or efficiency ii found
Iwtwecn « ilire<?t or a cinniitoun nmte In the truniiniiMion of elec-
irlc meaaages. llilhertti. all correspondence with Muir.he«ter biu
Iwen *ei>t circuitously by Rnghy, and over tho Midland Rniliiiiy.
In a pul>iic:d, tuid even in a comroercial point of vieu>, thiii fact i«
of auuiv importance, ai it ^aranlees the stahility of this mode of
communication. It i* to be noted, however, Ihiit the Elcrlric
Tel^irapli Compnay have hitherto worked their mcMiOii^ by rclavii.
and tbia b the cnae on the South Eastern, which ar^in tumc de-
f^iM, Th« nKnpany'n tclcfT*I>l> ■* a fmlure on tlie South IK'voii
line, and In the Summit Tunnel on the Sheffield bjuI MnnduMer
railway. Nott and <iamhle'> telegmph hoi also fallnl in th« Bo*
Tunnel.
Tho mode of transmitting moMagea by triegnph hai already
been Huhjeeled to revulutiuoa. When the idr.i was put forward of
spelliuf.' u-ord4, of cutirso it was soggMted thnt comlriiiatioini might
be fiinncd of ingnalK standing for words. Thi« wiix not, however,
then found to work well, aiwl the cyunpeteni nitthor of the article
on electric telefj^raphs, writing In '' Weale's I'ocket Book." in the
end of the year ih4is, sHy»— "Thn method has been fully tried,
and Imu bei^'n rnlimjuishod only upna a eunviution of the gTcat«p
certainly and eventuid ijuicknoia of the literal coouuunimlloa."
At the present moment, the company are Bgiiin workiuit by «Ig-
nals or worils, and with greut succwa, iii>on .Mr. >l'hishnv'i
Hftem. It will strike every one who luia (riren hit atteiilton in
tne aubject, that each «uhie<-t relating to sliippin);. to tho «ti>ck
exrhangr, to prodiic« markets — will hnvv its own technical
language, in the cognate hitcincM uf short-hand writing, called
"arbitrariea," and fur which «if;ni may he used bm they are in
■hiirt-hatid. The merit of Mr, tl'liishaw's sytrtem roiwiiitii in
itM Hpecial apidication, while the failure of the pravious aU
tenipte wa« in their geoenillxutiun. All mcceacfnl cwIm of nig.
nuls, or telf^raph comma ni cat ions, have been special: and the
uni« may be «aid of Khorl-hanit arhitrarie«. A law (Jion. hand-
writer will find constantly rerurriii{C—''plHiutiff, defendant, affi-
davitis ulrn," and a number of other temui, which it wuuJd he a
work orHU|)errrugAti(>n1o write in full ; and so in each de)Hininent;
but this has been left tu HystcniMtiicatiini by the individmd rather
that! made a work of science. Sea sif^ala have been rendered very
simple hy their .ipplication tu nnnticAl puqraaea, though the at-
teoipid t(i npply tlieni tu more extended ooninunicatioos bars
failed.
In Mr. H'hishaw's ay.tem for the Electric Telegraph Cnmpany.a
cudcofh-ignnls iu Applied toeachclitM of communications. Thus there
la a code for aliipping intelligence, a code for nicing, Acodefor bImuv
lista, a code for cum>market prices, and *a forth. On the measfwe
beinjg romnt«nc«d, a signal is made what code is used^ to that tho
clerK who roct>ivei< the nx-iunfte is prcpHre<) for tho natitre of the
signala. As the number of iiif;Tuds which can be mado in a pven
time is limited, it is evidently of frreat importance to cconomtar
lime by the ndo]>ttoii of nrbitrarics, instead of spelling every word,
letter for letter. Indeed, if an expedient of thin kind were not
adopted, it wuuJd he irapossihie tu carry on the oorrunpnnd enc«
between the great towns. As it b. it may Ik> rvnsonnhly expeciod
that busine«« will mi far increiL«e on the erganixntion uf the sys-
tum, an til require the udiiptiotj of more than one lino of telegrnphs
between the metro|Milis and such towns an Manchester and CJus-
Kow. n'e may note here, that it will be curious to obserec
whether the number of telegranb memigea will benr any corre-
lUioiiOence with the nuinbar of port letters sent to eiicli town.
There can be uo doubt, however, that to gi*e ticcomniodiition to
the putdic new companies will lie formed, as in other branches of
enterprise.
On a niMUge being delivonMl tn writing at tlie telen^ph office,
it is "translated" into tvlrgraiili laiiiniai^, Inuismittcd by a tele-
graph clerk, received by a telegraph clerk at the ulher end, re-
tranalatod there, and written out and fciven to a m«»»engcr fbr
delivery. Bach meMSKc i« accompanied by preliminary ci(;iiiil*, to
cnll tho iiltcntion of the clerk to be addrMsed, and to signify to
htm the nature of the mcuAge, and the code to be used. It may
readily he conceived that it is uf great luiiiitance to the clerk to
know the class of measage he is going to receive, ■> ho ia Ihsrehy
better orejiarttfl to tindcrvtand its imjuirt. It is like » reporter in
the gallery of tlie House of Cotnmonn underst finding the speaker
whom he is fnllowiuif, and which enables him inure fullr to catch
and oKureM his mraninic, tbnu if thu subject were tinfiiniiliar tu
him. In time, no doubt, the telegraph clerks will divide among
themselves tlie labour of IroiiBinitting the sevenil clauses ofintellf
gence, and this will hnvo a lomlvncy to unsure greater acciiraey
and rapidily. In order tu obtain mure aocuratt* delivery- of a
meswige. Uif company ofTer, on the payment uf au advanced
price, to have it repented, m> that there mny be a security for
its beintf fully understood ; and Uiis is nci-esMiry, as errors must be
ex|iei'lcd to creep in from fre<|uent imperfection in Ibe Instru-
nietits, fnmi uu intent innnl error on t)ie part of the Mender, and
from misinlerpretiitiuii uii tite uart of the receiver. Tl»ese
kinds of inesaagea will be peculiarly open to (hute " »i|uiviK|ueB,'
now known ati *'»rr«rs of tlie press" in printing, where the
insertion of one wroof^ letter altcis the whole nK>aning of a
woril or nentetice. U'e may be prepared, therefore, for letter*
oddreased tu Lite great censor of the age, beaded^ "Shamefbl Mi»-
3'
n
Tire CIVIL EXr.IVEER AVD ARCtTITErrs JOCRyAt.
[JjiswAbV,
I
I
DiKiMfrnwni «f the Electric Tcleiir''pt» Cutiyiwiv," "Phnmeful
(Jppres!iinn," " Sliaioefiil Ni-eliKi-iicf,' '^ Shmaetvl Alt>QO[ittly." uid
•u htrlh, in vhich thu rcdl ur lirtitiaus corresimndAilts declare the
dn-adfiil Miffcriiiihr* to m hUh tlicy h*i-e Imwd ax)MMed hj the erroni
bhiI ilrUy* of the telcimph cli-rkit — hn"' " o*l" were i>nlereil_ fur
■liiiiier, iiiHtciid vf " fciww," — " |>ii;M>u " fur ** widitwu." •*■ vciil " tvr
"(«■!." "caiVt" foi "»li*l<a," •'swiiiea" f<w ■'«u^lc^" wid itiwiy
windry |pH«v«nceK which c«uld m>t kv cvinpUirmd iilfuiit kitliiTla,
M there were no telegraph ofiic«K tn be heluUuureil liy the quvrulvuis
dMnlisfird, nnd wiransiderate. The tvUicrivIt |tn»vHiic« will be a
KTMtanfeLy'iidve U> tlii? raUwkyH, fur the ftiniier will m occupy th»
TbtM and I'uneA^ h» to lenve no mum f<>r the Iwt en** of DWleet
by Mr. llii'lM>n, wr ihf hut iiwUiiL-e uf bciwt five minute* hehind
time on ihi- t^aflteril Cuuntic<i. Mlicii ttl^nraiili)- com* lo be
nbused as well as ^llilHi^y^ it «ill In; » wicii thut thej- hnre done
mme wrvicc, uid hat« merited well uf tl>i< poldic.
The luwcal diHTk'e fir the delivery of a ttwtmipt »t prvAent is
luJf-n-cruvi n, fur which thirty wwril« iire «ent thirty tailec— thotuh
it i» lu be hoprd for the |>ul>lii: nccvmcniMUtion that the price* viU
be reduced. The c)uiri:<« im-rcKM"*, nf courM, in the double ratio
uf the iiunibrr of word>i itnd nu»il>fr of miles. In tnnny t'ves *'"■'
ehnrfn: will not be ureiilly uhnve th»t which whs mmie n f***- year*
ago tW iiL-neral post letters for mernantilc ]>ur|Mm«*i ; iind, indewl,
menrhniitq wtU tare been relieved from the chftnre of post>iE«.
t« givf. them a revenue for toleernph piiriitiseu. If Ihi-rw ««• any
who duuht thiit the nr>err:tnt>le eliuwe* vill he ready to avail them-
selieH iif the Klrgrnfih, iht^y ahould be put iii min<l uf the lurife
Mima formerly dii>bur>ed fur poctafK, *nd, indowl, uf the inrgti suiiiit
■tiU dii>tiikr«ed for Indian nnd furoign Jtowli^re.
I'he t:ic>-tri<i Tf^le^nph (^mMny, a* a matter of necewity, (pvc
noticv, that they do not hold thenseivea mpoaribl* for tht? «|M>ed
with whicih the mMMfKH arc trarmnitted, DOT fbr delsjr euuKcd by
the state of thu wl^athDr or ftpj>arHtn«. At present, the filtile of
tho wf)uther often affect* the rate of working of the machine-;,
and «oi»etitneii to a BeHuun eit«nt.
The rnte at which mpimg«ii eui be tranmnitted i« rather lower
than inii(ht be aiiticipaieil. and thi« nrlaea froai using the needle
telepnph. It in fotind thut nhout aIt words a mtniitu in uk much
H can be pravticjilly t(!<k-grHphf4l »t preMnt, thn vordii hfiiifc
spoiled litvndij'. The luEt Quvpu'k Speech waa aent wven wonl^
M-minute. By u&in^ the coae«. longer mMKii^M can of coimo he
■enl. The number of words which c.in hf nrittcii hy Hhnrt-bxnd
ID a minuto w twvonty ; thu iinmbt^r uf woriU which can be read
rapidly in one minute ta 280. The nuDiber ofcharacteni |iii«.«ed by
Profesanr Morse is 1 1 7 ns a m.ivimiiin, DIP as an iivvra^e. tV> niMV
be prepuri'd for the much greater rapidity of the vlm'tric teleiiTapii
in olIuT lirtiidn. Mr. Bain prnoii'^ii, in the coune of time, I.OltO
duimoteri : but the t>ri-<H>nt mte of speed is nmple for all pnpoi-nt
piirpofie«, Ihuuirl) we Iiare that fiiith in the extemiion of telegraph
bnnnew. th.il we helieve it niunt be shortly lni:-reai«ed. By uiiing
«ell-tmined clerli* 9t the chief >littioti», and hy fre<)iipntly reliev-
ing them, the iitmoat lue Mill hv mnile of the teltvraiikH ; and they
aro likely to be worked rii);ht and day. For many uaaaeii of cor-
reapnndenre, all the wordn must he spelled, and no arbitraricH or
oorieH ran he lilted : hut alill n InrRC mns of corrrxpondciice Mill
admit of pniftlahle abridgment. ProTeiMor Morse, and many tel^
jtrapbera, undertake to do a much irreatcr numlier of word'4 titan
thoae aaaiirned by on it* Ihu pmi-nt r.ttc in EhfcUtid ; liiit whrx one
indicidiial c»n do in an iM>Iat«d ca>e, ix very dilTereiit from the
workinicnf a miscellaneous com'upondencc, thruiiirh a public olBcp.
That the uxdcrtnkin^ will turn out iiriidurtivc, v>-c hnve no
manner of douht, hecantte, in mtiny caae^, the rmtijiNiiy hnve not
the pniperty of the lines, which belong to thi> rnilwiiy!«, but work
ihcnt at a toll, while the rrveniio to he rcceivnl mii»t ho very
i:Tvot. A line between two princijial ntatioti-t will yield five thou-
MUid a-ycar; and mn the outsuinpt arc chiefly in clcrka, it will he
seen thai there miixt he a brae siirpliti to poy tho wcir .init tear
of inotrumenlis the cokI uf ni.inimemeiit nnd nupi'rintendeiicc ) and
sAer yielding; a toll to the railway coninanies, nlford a very hojid-
MUnc return to the Electric Tdc^rnph Company fur all the capital
they may be culled upon lo eoi|>loy. They enjoy, too, the advaii-
tage of a ready-money businct«, A thou»iitnd a-year would, hov.
av«r, yivld a airidcnd. At prevent the conipiiny h.ivc not wire*
enouicn for thv public husiues*, ai>d Kresl cvniplainta are mado of
tli« deUy.
The Icn^h of line laid down hy the Eloctric Telegraph Company,
at in proffrev^i i" »ow, we believe, about 9,000 inile«; nnd thi} fol-
h>wiiij{ in a list of tclcKraphu, with thi'dnto whi-n luid down, and
|li« I«a0h of line, t)i»iit^h l\n< niAteriaU from »htch we have com-
piled it arc imperfwt. It will, however, in ^nie degree, terve to
ttww the progr«u of the »yct«m : —
1639 Great Wwitem
I8W itlm-Jtwatl
IS** Vatntouth and Norwich
16U &outli-U't!8tera
„ Eaateni Uountica
Sou til- Eastern ...
IBM
18*7 „
]8iS Norfolk Railway
3847
1846 JIIldUnj^CountiM
n •••
York nnd North-Midland
Hull and Selbf
York and NawDaslla ...
London to Slouch
... Limdon to Stnittianip-
toil
... Colcherter line
... Carahridgv du.
... Hertford hmnch do.
... Ely and Peterboruuick
... Thiinic^ Junction
... Lundun to Dover
... KamiiK"lv liive
... .^lll^■Illte do.
... MiiidvUtno do.
... Tunbridi^ and Tun-
brid«e \t'clh.
... Brick layers' Anns line
... IJe»l do.
... Norwivli aiidflrundon
... IxiweMtoft line
... Derehnin do,
... Rttftby and Derby
... Birminghnm & Derby
... Derbjf to Nontmoton
... Nottinj^ham and Lin-
coln
... Sbcffi.ild line
... Vorb & ScArboroH^h
l>urham line
Sunderland do.
Bhicldri ilo.
Itichmond do.
Summit Tnnnvl
IHU Shefli«td and Manchcoter
[fttB Sooth I»evon
IHiS Liiiidon, Uriifhton, nnd South . , j « i
t'oAvt London and Croydon
.,. FreKton & Fleetwood
Coast
18t« IVwtow and Wyre
„ Ea;<lern Union...
„ London and Nortb-Weiit«rii...
TiVolvprton«ndl*«er-
buruu^h
Syaton and Peterboro'
il
&
sa
13
40
M
9
&
s
a
3
ao
90
IT
Hull and Burlington
67
40
IS
SI
ar
60
4
sol
18*7 Midland
„ LeedH and Bradford ...
„ Manchexter and Leedi
,. York and .North-Midland
„ N'ewciwtle nnd Ilcruirk
„ South Devon Kiten«ion
„ London and North-Western... London and Rii^y
« .* ... Rugby to Newton
„ ft ... Liverjiiiol and Man-
cheiitvr
n « •■■ Crewe to Checter
„ SouthnrnptonandPorclieater...
„ Midland BriitoUS; Krmingham
„ EdinhiirKli and (ihwLniw
The length of line laid uuwn previously to 18*5. waa not more
than 4J ; in thiit year, o.bout >iOO niilei ; in IHtti, fiUli miteo ; and in
lfl*7, 1,100 mileti. The total done and in hand in above S^
milc».
The lown.i t<» which communication will be mnHa arc ahor*
aixty. ini.-ludin^j' Loiidon, Manoholcr. Clasfjon-, Ltverpmil, FaMi^
bureh, Lredi, Sheffield, Birrninxliiini, HrisKd, Ncwca*llc Hull,
Wolwrhamptim, Wokclicld, Deihy. Leicester, Norwich. Notting-
ham, Portmnimth, North.-imnton, itradfonl. Coventry, Dover,
tVitcrbury. lUtifas. Kochdale, M^iiNlonc, Su'ilh.inipton, Glou*
cester, Cheltenham, Yarmonlh. rjiniliritlKC, Colche'tcr. Ipswlcl),
York, Darllo^'tori, Mar^te. Stafford, Biiritnley. Hertford, lUma-
icatv, Diul, Fi'IkoHtone, |{vtherhnn^ Tunhridpc, Winchester,
Dorehe*tcr, Peterborough. Huntiiwdoii, Chcttcrlicld. M'inhciich,
LuweotolT, Chelnisford, Beroriek, ScarburuuKh, Hurliiii;tiiii, gtam*
ford, and St. Kw, With Bri«tol, the coniRiunicMlJun is circuituua
round by birmint[ham ami Gloucc*ter. an the Gri*»l-Wertern,
although fir^t in tlie field »rith the Stoufh line, have neglected lo
apply tho t«]effrnph lhrouf(hoot, whidi accnu to arise from di»-
Mitiifaction with the nce<l1e teleKrapli, fur they have alh-wcd par-
tial >ipplication)> of two other trotcmx. Every town in the country
hftving al>ovo one bundrMl thouMind people, u brought into com-
nunicatUm with the metropolis; and the only ^rcat towtu still
TllE Cr\'lL ENftiN'EER ASO ARCHITECT^ JODRNaL.
U
I
k
lOpliod u* riymaulh, CliBtlmiu, rrNlna, Evetn-. B.itli,
Sriglitiiu, ftnd Oifurd. Tlie namlrer nf tLhire towns brought into
anuwtiuu is near liiirty ; nil th« (■hi«>r f^api^rtn atiil (itnU uf
naBHlnrturps niid M^verTil «'ateriiiK'<|>l»('e>.
niMJi II UiL' ptiu'e^ already eDumernii^d. tiiunv «>Daiileral>)p Uiwiifl
era be Aervptl, brin^ alresily plui'ml uii thv Vine uf I«lvirTApli. ns
Wuri:«nl(>r. Suii<lfrLuit], ;St(M'l(|Hirt, Kin^niL, Lichliold, Tiiiilirulitn
H>ll« I'lmle, l-royJuii, H'lilt'onU Maltlim. Ihoitwkh, TiietfotiL,
UeV4.-riry, Dralntree. A^hf<l^J. Nrwark. jMiiuk'k. Diinluir, Luiiph-
(loruut^li. Civve, \('()lv«rtiiii, l.fiictilon Itiitxiird, l>nffii-l(l, Rriu!it<%
Hanfiird, B4>liti|» Suirifurd. Tliink, Nurtlnillprtiiti. Murket Wei^h-
loo, &C. In Cwt. williin m very rfiort jieriMl, Uk' ««mpuny will be
«bw to fiiipply Ihi* pric<» at nhuw h hundrtKl Buu-k«t toitnii, if
«ir«« t.'iii>ti«li :>rp Inid duirti.
In Oil! LVittfd Stat**. New York, PLUaJclphU, Bit»ton, Balti-
nwre. Wanl)tnirt"n, iVibittiy. Nrwbavrn. knd lliirtford. fiovr ihi-
iDcaiu uf intfrrcomniiiiiicatioii, atid m line lif « thuti»ati(l niili** 1<r)j[
raiu lo Qiiehrc.
VTitli reicnrd to suhrnariitL- U>legnipli«thpir prnrtioibility i« inili>-
p«t«l>k'. The i^rnil <*--«*y will br the line tirt«t'rn DiiTrr niiiK'aluU,
when ihf. twu KTtht L'UiM of w«^l«rn Kiit<i|i« will have initant
ptrlcy. Alrritily tlie money markets of tlie twu (i)inpatlii-ic. tde
capitaltntK ol' ihv twu ritic* i>rc bniind tip Kith eiu'li oilier, aiii] it iit
(a K hupeil theae ties will tic drairn cluiter, aitil llie pence uf tlie
tvo KreRt nstlotis bo niniiilaineil. A nmtiniioufi line between
tendon Aod Vietinii i« tntki-il »({ an in pni^cwi ; nt Any mtf, we
^linll MHin hnve, by a tt!k')rrapiii<-' <^iTiiiiiiiii<*uLi<in with MnrMrille!! i>r
TneMtf. the incnnf «f iibrid^infi; tnir Ksnt Indian turreNpotideiirc.
Th* value of *ucli C(irrr«ut>ti<lviicc tit t)ic L<ind<>n h»uM-< entriitred
is BmI India liiiainiais uoa expecting rcniittntu'oi would h^ie been
tery crvM during the Ute almM.
It tbe rteunbval threJitena u> with xrcster linHrtl ufinriwion
durinfc luiy future war, the telcfn'ai'li ciiincK in jitHid time t<; coun-
teract any unrttvuurnble influence, iiv Kivint; an inntatit iiitcUifCCiiee
of Koy ilaniter iv our cooatf^ hxhI allow in^i uf iminediiitc. nnd us it
mny w* called, perauiutl cumniunicntion W-lween tbe ftnteamea of
Bn^tand and France, nu ns tw alluw neirociatiunii fur peace tv lie
csmcd ou with more rauidity Ihaji by mcin «f envoys.
Tw Itic Aiimirally lliv electric ti.*l(>'r<iph ulTcr« the nivaiio of
■iiperic*li»i: thv (.'uinbr>>uH neiimphore, uikI i>t rajiid intercourse with
the uaval ttwttuUK. H'r c«iiHider the Ailniiriilty |[reiitly MitiniMble
ia out having tMner availed thom^lve<' vf the ^vstcm, nfter the
MCCttW of the Sloujc'' ex peri men I. Ai it i>, tliey have un)y ii line
li» 43Mport. Thetw i* nof»e tn llymouth, Omtlmni, Sheenio^,
or Milinrd. We d» nut ■» why a fuhm urine telef.'rnph KlKiiild n«t
h* CAirled out to the anrhomjcc at S^iithvud, *a m to allow of
tOldifT currMpondence «ith th^ Mlmirul ur tiffii-erx admit. It Id
OS iMtimuny in favour of ^pivf-rnmcnl mHna^-ntpnt in En^i^liind and
PUuiM that the eliimiy M-mitphori!*, utelow i>t ni^ht and in a fu^f,
•ml uMable only f'lr * fifth of the vear, should hsvo bceo m lonf^
penMt«d in ; but wo ontertain nn doubt Ihnt •» ttonn at the oloctrie
|«|tf^irN]ih ■y-'rt^m I* fully applied fur piiblii? «erviee, thi> pirern-
neoti will Iree^nne candidntod for tiikiiif; it* i'<>nir«l into thoir own
hand*, or fur inti-rferinir with it«« tlicy Imve with the rnilwavH,
A mhnarine teleio^ph which viiji hi<'<irir'eiit use will he lietwei'n
Ellwand and Ireliind, and nothinf^ hut tbe want nf enerpiy of the
gimmmmt prevents (hem from applying it in the pi-oxent eritdit,
mhwB it will W a iiietuu uf i«i)iiiiniimii(; muni'y, iind tniikt protijibly
uf ^v|i)/ human life. !Sueh a (eti>t:nLph in pmpeelv ii ffovernment
■Epn-imnit. and nut* coonnpn-ia] experiment; sni for Ihnt reJuKui
it» nut likely to b«diinii until it emiiiot ho put ulf uny longer, and
«li«n done tn bo hndiy dune.
ItUlo be rvmotohornl that the telefrniphic e«tHMi<hm4'rjt will
be a new pucl-ofKftA, nperatiiitf almi>«t inht^nlAui-uiniiy. hiuI wilh
tkia advantiitfe — that inntead of the whole hutuness lit-in^ rettrieted
Co vne fiveil time, or to twu fixed times, coramiinicntinn vili he
made at thi' iniiTneiit desired hy diiy nr n'lrht. The nay in which
Mch an ettahlisJinienl mu-it operate on >4j<ii>Iv must be mo«t lieiie-
ftdal. All those itUi-re«led in mnrketo. whether l>eli>nKiii|/ l<> the
yiciiltiir.il interevt or the inercanlile iiili-ri^t, will, ineverv part
the kiiucitom, whi-reter they may be, know the slate uf all the
nark dtj open within a few minules urupprAti'iiia beinc efletted,
«hil« they will Imve the menus of making inin'liases or oales hiin-
drirds uf mile* nlT. whereby triiiii«oti»iis will be ntiirh miirkened,
ukI a GCet^rral and uiiifuMn rale of price* vill hci-Tttohllrhed thruiiiHi'
out the couulry. The charge for oiihsrription is only two nfuioefti
yvnrly, and the aiibscriher, wherever he may be, baa adraisqan
to the Buhfrriptiun riHun^ in vhirh are |MMted the Nhippiiii;
thtt, tbe *)uire liitH livin ihe Ijondiin and pruvinrial Hh^re et-
thNnjrc*. the prices currvnt, the prices of corn, Uie stork, and pro-
doce, and cvd'y erciit uf public or iiHErciuitilc intcmt. No uim: «uo-
ceraed in may biuliMMM can well avoid this pavtncat, tor it will In
the end berome de /aeto a tax, for no one will dure tu be placed
under a diKitdvanta^ tc hla neighbour. It will be as riMnnMa aa
to read the newsiMpciw.
It will readily be seoii that oven the man of pleasure nxuvil
esiMpe conlributinjc to the revenues of the tele;{ratih ciimpan)', liir
polittckl inteJliueni-e and spurting intellirvnce will ho reeordMl,
and wherever he uiny wniider he will alwayx have acceai to in-
furmalion. t)n puinif into Uie lele^ii{(h station he will see Ihe state
of betsatTatterMllVnnd reEnilnlehisown proceedintr«arcordiii)i1y,
or lenrn who is the winner at F.pHiin or Newmnritel. Ihirinjc the
late icenrrnl dection, hud the nystein been in full work, iiiteili^iwe
would have been rietit uf the nUile of the iioll from si.vty Uirunjeb*
am) thirty plartit of county elections, wtiich are nuw trlcwrnph
aiatioiiK. A parliamentnry divisimi will be known within a few
Riiuuten all over the country, and the fnction ithich triumphs or
which falhi at St. Stephen's will witliioahnef peritMl Ixi l>n>u|dit
under the comment of thounandit nf itn mpjiorter* or i>]>|iuiieiits.
Now the divisions are teleijraphed to Llrerpool and Mancbevter,
and MMted in the mtMns,
The acndiufc of pri<at« mesaa^rvs must be mnst rarious In Ita in-
fluenro. and the etTecl of tiujc mid eijierience only can enable Ila
lieariu^ to Ik fully nj>preciate<L Sew modes of doini:busine«s will
sprite up, new br««rhc» of business wjll be crraled, ^jme pcrhap*
M sapanedad, but tbsl tbe mult will be benefieiul i>ri the whiue
tw reaiMiiinK man c-aii doubt. Whoever has a «ii'k relative iit a
dUtance, in the hourly wcril of death, with life <|uiverinK "n a
breath, in uU the Hfnuiy of hope and (ear, will kuoM the vjjue of at)
est all hah HI en t which can pile lam frequent and immcdinte uitelli-
|{ence of the niate of nnu whom he huldsdear. After thi* entimple
it if of little nioiueut to picture the many wnyn in which penvtttl
interest Hill «rck (fratificAtion in n rorrespuiidcnre which citeuis
the power of wndth and eiitcrpriiv, nnd widens their >]ihere of uo-
tioa. A lluthscliiM, a Coldomid, ur n Rarinic, may niie hy aicenlB
in London, in Pari», in Madrid, and in LislioiL at once ; but hi-iic*-
fortb their most distant nfairs will ho under their v«n guidance,
and tlieir per«oBal inll>ienc« will be made to act in cities the; ha>e
never entered, and with men they liave never seeu. The confiden-
tial ti^nt or the junior partner will be a scro, and the miMtM of
safely conductinfc au avuihihlc '>|icration will no loufier he limited
hy the ncceiwity of inlrustinif it to a subordinate. ItiilecJ it I* ini^
possible to oontemgrlute, h it hout cxcilcnient, the new world w hidt
i> Ol* it were cipeniii^ before us, and to which the effects of milway
and st«ami(hip inlercoun«, preut as the); art^ are aa nothing.
To the pre-* the electric lelejtraph will he a new arm of i>ower :
the money which is no ^^ spent in hor»c« and cupreaaes wUlbea^
propriated in a lai^ nniportion to keeping up a i^ater number of
nfcenta and corrMpondence. It may appenr at firvt li^ht that tlu)
tetefiraph rooou by affording so much intelligence will he eitrtaillnf;
tbe sphere of the newspaper*, but they will only be interferinft
with them in Home drpHrliuentH to (Tive them )^nt«r facilities in
others. The Etectric Tele^Taph Compnnv mav aniuiunce that the
mail steamer haa bruuffht t» Livernnol the Amerinn president's
Hpeeeh, and its purport, bnt the >tiiociHl editinn of the Tm^t miMl
give its words sent up by teleffranh. t'ountry meeting of \b^
Eortanee will be sent up hy ieleifr«[th, nnd it is nnt impostiible that
eforw long sueb arraiifetnent« may be made n-i to idluw of the re-
porte/s Dotea befiw uaed for tclvgmphie iraiMmiiwion. The differ-
ence in the number of si^^tia between lonj^-liand and «ltart>hand
(discarding most of thearhitraries), U as 915 to I7<), nr iwnriy aa i
to 3; thiairiveHa wiring in fa^-our irfKhun-hand of tHtMhlrds, and
allowi five hours' work tu he done in throe, for it i!^ to he observed
in tele^aphic ennimniiirnlion, the great object is to ecniKiniiw tli*
time used at the teleuraph. The slnirt-haiul •.ystem was triod ou
tlie South-U'ectem and louiiil ti> niiKwer.
It seems by nu me3n« imiirxth.ible that an inftuenro will ho en-
ertiM on the junsprudence imtl pidii-e of the country by the telw-
frraph system. Perhaps ue oiiuht to say that it has already done
Ml. The nrrcut of Tjivell, the ijinker, for murder, and the wrert
of so many other crimiusk hn» itivpii a Kre;iti*r eilii-iency In the
law : the respite and aAerwnrds execution of the c<iiii'ii't at .Xliud-
■tone, show the ready means of communicition wilh the rentrnt
anthurilies. But thotijtli a teh'^nnhic ntesMiite may Im* a >iii fKcieiit
authority to arrest for felony, it will be necvsisHry to provide some
new proccM to make this CHtahlishment ninjlable In rsAOS ofnihs-
demeaiiuiir, and in the end it is likely to he BppliesI in civil cases,
in which nt ready it is rnlculnied to i|uii'keii many staf^eti of pro>
ceeding. It may hereafter not he uncommon to have .1 iritno-^ at
l^dinbuTKh eKamtned hy loleirraph during' a trial at Wentniin^er
Hall, ana other evidence he Mniitht for Ave hundred miles olT. It
may cease to be necessary to bring up a prisoner tu the superior
I
f«urt« OR ordinaiT- applicatiaiM, irbeii b MTTWpondror* raAf bo
made willi bini at any diiitancc.
Am m mean! (if railway ailmiiiUt ration the e)M:tric telec^ph ha»
pruvMl its plVracy, and it !■ ioipo«ul>k to conilu4.'t lin^lc linpn pr^
pfrly wiihout it. Alreadr llie runvoni^ncp to jwuweniwni hiw been
very tO^il. "nd that to the ivimpniitr* rHiimit tie undervnlue«l. It
extends the iuperi'i^uii uf the (Central ■uUmriticN, and alluw* th«
mwl effective nction to take pinre on every cmiTgvnt-y. whiMlier of
■euldent or o4henrMe. Lately, 9i>inv Wf-ddxen icriitlemeii were on
lluilKa bC a mlDor irtalitm im tht! E&stern f 'i>u»iieH Mac, and beinir
ilMnrous of proceedin^c etarly to Cambriilgv. they made npplimtivii
to itaii tlic next train, vhirh would othcrwiM have pawie<l the ata-
tJon. The inijMafre wo* naiiwd to the snperiMta-nilrnl nt Shurcditdi,
lr»Te gTsnted, and wiUimhalf an hnurthv Kcniloinen were on their
wav to ('nmbridgv, where It wb<i of i^'etit tmpurtiiitir thry HhmiM
BmvD cuirly. A leMCr mar, whii-h hnupenfil nil the Aiiith Eii0t«rii
a tnonth or two tfpx, imy lie worth imtiu>. An oM woman proreed-
iiVC fn>in Minster to Tiinbndicp, or aome internicilinte utiilioti, nArr
pajrini; her MMnnd-cWa fare, in her hurry left her nmney on llio
counter, On iirriviiitf at ('nnterlmr)' ^)^ fmind oat her lues and
wlahvd te return la Minttcr, but the sui>crintcndenl perwuidrd hrr
to gtt on, ill the hope that obe mieht lie atdr to Imrn xnniethinK »f
it Ht A&hford. f>n licr arrivAl tfiere alio irio tiild that the money
lud been found nn the eounter at .Minster to tlie aiuonnt she de-
scribed, and at tliD next alatlDn the eum wa; handed to her ; but
thooKh ffUd to re<«tire the money, ahe could not reiirenA her fean
that tli« nilway officers to whom die was Indebted had detdinin
willi the powers of evil. In the United Statea it i> aaid that a
rnafTtai^ wa« contracted by railway between lwt> partieabundreda
of Biilei apart, L'lider the law of Sciitlund a leleirrapk marriatre
tnight, we beliere, )c)iBUy tnke place. Telcm'aph clerks are aome-
UiBm faewerer able to help themi-clve*, and » case lately occurred
oft m(ierialendcnt, haviu|j- to convey to n brunch )>tink notice of
"^PP*^* drawing out hia own liaJaui'e buioro he delivered the no-
liee.
In the profcrau (>f anrh an int-enlinn, and in ita RNater ecxmomy,
ita anpliration mutt be very eKteii«lve. In the lajt Ksslou a lelc-
grapli wHM worked brtveen tbe Moum of (.'oinmonn and the eom-
mlttee rooraii, and it in eridcnt tbat it I'Jin be iioeftilly i-iiiplo>'ed in
laifv offieea wad factorieii, wliere in lime the telegraph wire will be
a* exietided as the boUwiro. The Kreaterthecxleution l1ii< i^rrater
tlM prospect of improvpmriiit atid ei'onomy to tbi' publir, and we
nni only wish, thoujcli we McartH'ly hiijie. ihiil a vy^teni ^i vatunble
will be received in a favourable itpLnt on the part of the pulilir,
and me«i with n greater de^pve of cucoura^racat than ii uauiitly
afforded to new inventioiia.
%). ei)iiaU ibnt of the fleam portN ; the lap being nay additioiM)
width wheroliy thuwr port* are overlapped.
I
ON THE LAP AND LEAD OF THE SLIDE VALVE.
The nlide vain; it that part of a nteam enrino winch causes the
notion of the piston tu be recinrocatin);. li la nude to elide upon
a mwotb aurfaoc, called tb« cylinder face, in whicb there are three
mtoiag* to a* many pipn or paaMfTW: two for the adiiii»ioii
of* etenm to the eviinder, iibove and below the piaton, nlternalely ;
while the use of the third is to convey away tbe waate vieain. The
lint two .in.', thiTcforv, termed the induction or tteam port4, and
the remainiiiK one the eduction or exhaiihlion port.
The iliile Lt irni'loM-d in a ateaiii-tiKlit cane, called The dliilfi-
jacliet ; and mutton ia communicated to it by ouans uf a rod work-
lair ihronf^h a atufllnp-box.
The slenm from the liuiier Unt enters the jacket, and thence
pasae* into the cvliiider, throuKli eillier Htenm port, arcordin^ to
the poailitm of tne nUde, wliiiih in co concrived that steiLia cannot
paaa from the jacket to the cylinder tliioufffa both steam ports at
thtaaraa time, or tbrougli the ediicUou port at any time.
Cam 1.— Wosy a Seine nu nevtber Lean on Lap.
Fig. 1 reprc«onta the cylinder faee for a " Murrav aUde' without
Isp ; a and b bein^ tbo induction porta, and e the eauction.
Piga. e, 3, and 4, nre cimilar M»etion< of tliC noide, ohowinji; the
alide 111 ita central and |wo eKlreme p<)ait>on<a, It occupied the
mill -jioflit ion, fi(t. 2. whpn tho piuton im nt ritht'r fxlremtty at it*
atrokc ; the extremtt jHMition, li^. 3, when the pi*l(in ii at. half-
atroke in it* deacent ; and that ahown in li^, t, when the pinion ia
at half-«ti«h« in il« a«cent.
When a dido haa no lap, tha width of ita faein^, «t/and g (fip.
■ Wht
" !
J
1 -
e
1 *
~\
Til. \. Fts- 7. »(. 3. ni. «.
That the waiAe steam mar hare unotiatrnrted effcew, the exhana-
tion port emiuA be madeor no le** width than the Hewm Mrta;
and, for tbe wime w-iwon, the bar* it aitd c «hould corrtinKUM with
the slide faee at f nnd g. The tbrw jiorls t")cetber u ilfi l)ie hw«
between anil beyond them, are then-fore ilrawti of eiiuiU width ;
tbe total leneth of the slide beinir eijual tu tbe diittaHce between
the Moan iddew of the atewn nona.
The dtictani-e throujih which the slid* moves^ in MSKin(; from ott»
pitrt-md pi)«iti(in to the other, 1* cjdlcd itefratW/ whieh, in thia
cam*. eipiuN twW* Ihr fitrt
When tbe motion uf u iJiJe in produced by meAoa of nn oeoen-
trie, keyed to the crank ahafl and NroKinit with it, the relkliv«
pcmitiona uf the piston and slide depend upon the relative |M»ittona
of the crank and Kutatrkv
Datvnttration.
Dbfnu I.
Let hA, diii^rram I, rcpreaent the
crank ; then b bftiiir the rraiik-
^n, and a the centre of niution,
the l^WT cirrJe re|ire*«ntB the
orbit of the crank, ami it* diame-
ter be the stroke of tbe piston.
Ku]ijtiit!n^ the cylinder to be «0
inirit;hl one, baritiff tbe crank-
■£aft intnieiltately above ur below
it, tbe connection between tlie
plfitOB-rod nnd crank briiini merely
a connect ini;- roil, withuut tlie in-
Irrvrntion of u beam, it Is erident
that when the position of the crank
la « 5, the platon will be at the top of the ryliuder. iind nt the U»t-
toni when its position ia u c. The relative pcihilioiiN of the crank
.nnd piHton. at iiny iiuint of the »tri>ke between the two extremes,
depend upon the lenpth of the connwliiip-md : for the present,
however, let us *iiijii.iiw«i th^ connect! nir-rnrl to he of infinite It'iisth.
anil tbcrrfore alwiiy* acting u[Hin the crank in parallel line% au
thitt when the cranlt is at il,r will be the nppnrcnt position of tho
pintiin. nnd / the «ime when ibe crank i* at jj ; the pioUni being'
mpnwenled by the sine of the are deacrilied by tfac crunk from
either of iho pointi A and c. in the direction of tbe amiw.
The diiuneter h i. of the inner circle of the diaernm. rcprewnta
tbe travel of the aliile., and iti radiun the recent rici I y vf the eccen-
tric; or, regardinir the ccccntrir aa a vrwnk, the radium may be nid
to rei>re»[Tit that rrank, aa « ft reprcucMn the main crank. The
travel of a aJtde, without Inp. bcintc Cfpiiil to twice lli« port, th^t
two steam port" arc rcprcneiited '>y the fiiiuceB ah and mi. but
traiiHpoMMl, a ■ bcini; tbe pasugc to the top of tbe cylinder, and a h
tlmt to thelHittoni.
Huppoiinif the tilalon to be at t (the tup of the cylinder), the
pofiilioii nf the iliile will he thnt shovn in &9. 9, lite direction of
il4 inotiiin heiiiff downward, w that tlic i>ort a (hime liKurr), or a f
ill the diaf^am. may be Knulimlly otiened for the admi»iouof atewin
iibovc the pivtou, iiiitil the uidnn hiM arriced at lift)r->>tr»ke, when
it will be fully open, ai vliown in fip. 3. The direction of the
glide's motion is itien reversed, i^o that when the ptaton has com-
pleted ita dotfceat, the port 6, fiifis 1 to 4. or ti A lo the diaifnun,
will beKin to open fur the Bdmi»«ion of ntenni beneuth it, and ax-
aauat ion will commence from above it through the port <t, i>r itf.
and exhauiilion jhort <% the alido beiiif; ngniii brought into ila central
poailion, lig. 2.
Now the slide beinff at balf-atroke, when the piston is at either
extremity of ita atroke. if we make ah the jMMition of tbe crank,
a k «ill be that of the ece«ntric ; aiKl tk* aria of the crank being
t
4
^^^le-]
THE CIVIL ElTOfX
fe
kk«Tue ihal of t)i9 ec(Wnlrl<?, tbey miMl nervKirily revolw in
ratwl titnr*. an<] ■!*»)'« at th^ ti.ini« di*tjtnr« a|iurt ; lltMvfun^
whra Ihcvniiik hiw roMhnl Liu- point </ (•iiippo«in|! it to move in
tl>r dirrrtinn of the itrnii*) ili« vi-centrii- Mill hnve iKlrunr*^ to /,
■Dd rd and Im rpprewnt the pmitioiu uf the pint^iu *iiil allde rw-
ipectivfly ; iihnwinfC, that wlirn the pirtun hni dMcended to e, the
■nuun ptirt a i in lltr diaarvnu iir a &f^ 1 In 4. will be a)M»i to tlia
Bxtrnt a m. Ae»n, — when lliv mni U at n. and the piMOB tnw»-
•juenily at hulf-Htrokr. a i will br thr {itwition of th« eccentric, tke
ptirt It i WitiK fully <)|h-ti. aitil (hr iitidtf iwi'iipyiiitr Die tutvtnr ]ioiii>
lion aliiiwn in t'lu- 3- The dirivllun uf the Klkle's ntuLiuii ijt now
rtventd. bihI thr port i« iiiiuin KTfldiially mrnvd by tlie aiide fnce
UDtil the {Mir<iti<iitH uf (hit I'rniik wnd l^c>'*■llt^i^ nrv ac and a a, wbrn
%hn pirtnn will hnte rnnifilrted its dotcent. and ttie port n i will bv
aMDplctt-lr ci>»i-d, ibc "tidr being agmin brotmiht into its centntl
fKMitioti, tifT' "i. The opptmilt! Hteam piirt n ft now brKin* to o|M>n
«r tiiL- aJlllli»^ion of steanij and tbe direction of tin; piitnu's molinn
i> nrv«riMr<l ; thr port rontimm to open until the rriuik and ec>'«ii.
trie nniii tlie (KiintH p «nd A, when the piMoti will n^in lie at half-
(troke, ud the alide ia itu eitn-ine pusition, fi(r. i. Mtwnwhilr,
axbMuatiun from above the piston ha»l)t«ii lakini; place, tu the aanie
exIeaU ihroufdi thp port ai. Finally. — the fiislon hanng con-
plctf^ lit n!iovtit. the ;>lide aicniii oocupteit tt« urt<iui-il iHtnition, &g.iy
and, it* counr bt-ini,' doMnwaril, steam b wain admitted Into tJie
Cj-Uuder. tbruuich the port a; the ^ioton then begins to descend,
Uid, At the snaie iii-<t(i(it, eKliauntKiii rcaitet frum above, aud oum-
menrvfi fmni below it, throti^th the port b.
It i* numctimc* urjred «ir'in^ tlie nee of theeccentrir.asanieans
of iM^lufiliiuc the slide, (hat iUc fivtaa port* nrc u|>ciivd and oloHod
too slowly ; but it iiiu.it be reiiieitiWred thai Llie pistim doe* not
Biure at n unifvnn vrlority, mr the croiik does ; for exaRi|ile, while
the cmnk dcncribeo the arc 6 d, the pi«lon dc»cendi> onlv from b to
«, the vcnM^ fiue of that arc ; »nd its veWily ii tfraduaTly incTMed
■4 tt approachec the tniddJe of its strvke, where it is gnuta^
b«iii([ eifual ti> that uf the rrank. Affnin, — B*the piston oppronchc*
tl)e end nf ilv stroke, its velocitvit diminished in the Kime ntlio lu
that in which it hntl previuuF^ly iiiereased, uiitil the eutiiolelion vl
it* iLruke. where it rem«in» flntionar^ during th« amoll »paec of
time in whii'h the dirrction of it* molivii H rervfwed.
Nov, it must >>■> obvious that lew steam b reiiuinnl to impet the
pirtoa at a»]nwr*te ihnnat ■ rapid oue ; nnd a fjilance nt dia«;min I
■bows that the «tewn admitted into the (cylinder, when the idide ia
aetuMfld h^an eccenlrii-, i« at nil lime* pniportioiu-d lt> the rel>>city
of tha pifiton. the port hcin)^ least open when the niatnn ia n«ar the
end of ita Mroke, and fully open when it l« nt hidr-Ktr»k«.
When an eccentric, iiutcad of being cet, aa in the precediD); ease,
mt that the -tejim port ahall only iiegm to <^en wlien the piaton
amaatne** itn >lmke, in Mt pUecd that the part <hnU l>e open to
•ume e.ttent prior to the conunencement of the stroke, the widUi
uf ihAt upsnjng ii temwd
Tbk Lead.
The Don-aae of lend in dimdvantageou*, ditelly becanae at the
nomineiieement of rvrry »ln'ke, the ateaiD haato conlead irlth the
whole fcTf* of that whieli had imi>elled ths piston durinir ita pre-
ricrai stn»ke. But, beside* obiiiitiiif; that ilisadvantaKc, tht- lead
ia of eawntial nrrvitre in luoouiotive entfines, '' where it is fuuod
oecaaTarvitti let the atesaa on lu the app■'l^ito sidD uf the piston
bcfoirc tlie end of its stroke, in order to brittii it un KTsdualTy to a
•top, and diminish thr rintftit jerk that ie t'auaea hy its nwtion
lielnc chantfitl «> vvr}- rapidly as five times in a se«ond. The rtcam
let into Ibr end of a rylinder before the pi»ti>ri arrive* at it, act*
as a fprins eiiiUtion to nnivt in chnnKiUk' >t« motion ; and if it wvre
tidt applied, the pi»toii rould nut he kept ti«:ht upon the pislon-
ri»d.' — f Jeseripf am of Strphentot't l.veon«tCiw A'njrw, " Tr«JgM~
Cxnt fl. — U'liKK A Si-tDB itAS Lkar wn-itoi'T hxr.
lH«Mn T. 1^1 a h, iltairmni 2, reui-eteiit the
■truke of the ui-don ; e d the trav«l iif
the Klide ; am) r/the tmid ; tlieii, «up-
pininit the piKtini to he at the top of
the cylintler. r a is the poMtimi of the
rrnnti. and rg that of ihe eoeiitric.
Kolh'winft the rurinxt nf the crank, in
the dtreetinn uf the arrow, we ^nd
the port rd fiiUv open, not, aa in the
foi'mer raM>. when the pijitoti is at
half-alnike, but when it hs* de?M'ended
tu the point A. — the iirr a i, drwrihed
bj'Cbeeraiik,iieiiiit<'>|iiMl to thearcj/d,
deacribed by tJie eccentric, Aifain, —
we find the port re-rlo«ed when the
pUcon haa de^ceiided to T, at which point vxhimhttun cunmencet
from oboYo the piston IhrouKh e tf, and •team enters beJaw it thnragli
er, for the return ctroke, at the roRimeneement of whtdi tlte port
er i« open t« the estent ol (e<ii»a| to e/) for the iMtmlMioii uf
il«aiii, while erf is open to tbe same extent for e.\tau*tioii.
It In to he romarlted, that the amount of had is aecexMirilr very
limited in pnaeliivt, ita tendency being to arreri Out progrrm of the
platan before the conipletiun of ita atrwke. The frrewteat poniUe
amount of lead equaU half the travel of the slide. 'I'jie ecceiitrMi
would in that ca<e lie net diamrtricnlly oppuaite tv ita first position,
which would have the effect of rerersinj^ the direction of the pis-
ton's motion.
In the eaae of a ulidv havinr lead without lap, the diatance of a
jiiHton from the end of ita atnww, vb»n the lead produce? its «iect,
IK proportional to the lead aa the vcmed ajne of an arn ia to ita
HiQ«, aujijiwng the radii of the crank uid eccentric to be e^aid.
DoMMittraliaii.
o^f^^ Let a^ diaiminiS, represent both the
travel of the sliile and ihc pinou't
■troke; then en nnd cb represent the
steam port*. And lei cd represent the
lead; then ra and cc rcpretcnt tlie
crank and eccentric, the piitoa being at
the top uf the cylinder. Now, nteani
will enter the cyhnder. helow the piatoii,
when the eccentric isal^ anil the crank
at j: for the arcs « cy, and cfc/ are
equal. AKain, — tJicaxi;y6 is etixal tu
k* ; therefore, ry is equal to Ar, and lA
toirfc. Now, ilritiatke line of tbe arc Ac, and^A (equal loi4) i»
ita versed sine ; hence
Ri-LE I. — T«fiiil th« dittnite* tif th» pMmt frtm ikt m4 uf iXt
»<TT^, whrn ihe had prodtur* ilt (jfi^ : —
Divide tbe lead by the width of the vteam port, holh in iuehM,
and coll the ipiotivnt nine ; ninlliply its eiirn*t|K>ndiii|; verHcd nine,
foand in the table, by half the stroke, and the pnidtict aill l>« the
diBtniieo nf th0 piston from the end nf its stroke,- when ateam ia
admitted for the return Ktroke, and eibauatiuD t-'ommeneea. Or,
Rihy. 1 1. — Ttjind fJir Uad, Uie ditiawx of the ptettm fmm Ute end
of itt #f rufae beiitg glmi : —
Divide the distance in Inches by half the etruke in loehe*. aud
call the (luotient vened sine; nmlliply ita cornMnonding sine by
the width of Kicam port, and the product will he tbe IcmI.
Examttif 1. — The xtmke of u piatsa ia ia ineltn; width of ctean
port 'J\ inches ; and lead j inch : mjuired the distance of tlio pis-
tAn from the end of its stroke, a-hen ri)i«ii<itioii eummencea.
Here, •& -i- '>f& = t ~ "ine ; and ver»ed wnu of nnu -S = •090?.
Then, 'oaiW X l« = 'WW iiiehea.
Bxnmpie 9, — Tbe stroke of a niston ia t»< inche* ; width of *t«<aBi
port S'J inches^ nnd diMance <« pintoii from the end of its strvke,
when exhaustion commence*, 'ViW inches: re<|iiired the lead.
Here, ■4St» -^ 2i =. "(WOB = vcned sine;
and xintt uf versed uo« -O^OV =: -S.
Then, -« y S'S = -4 = lead.
M'ben the lead of a slide i> M|iial to the width of steata port
multiplied by nny imniher in the hrst column af the fallowin^f
table, tli«- distance of the pL^ton from the end of ita stroke, when
t-team is admitted on the eiliminit-aide, will be cijual to half the
Ktrtdce mult'|>lied hy the currcflionding number of the eeconil
column. Or, if the diriance of^the piMon from the cod of its
iitrokc, when Kteam is admitted on the exhaust ~>«ide, be e^^ual to
half the Umke nniHipliiMl hv anv number in the second eotuflin,
the uidth nf vtcam port muftipli'ed by the correiipu tiding number
«f the 6rct cnliunii equals tbe lead.
•f rua
tt4^
r P019
-i
fl93;3
* i - *
■O04t
* s
•125
-:=i
•mix
1^
■icii
4ls|
■0176
■£tl*75
E.» - „
-«H!
2i
iiii J
-0317
•WHS
■W«
^e "
-SIU
"S - s u
* b " a
■MKl
•MST4
■MMH
-37S
■tUG23
■«rsa
•1)1(62
•IMS
H.
■VxMi
-11 U6
L-i
CiMZ£
>.1U*
i
19
THE CIVIL ENUINEiiR AND AHCMlTECrS JODRNAL
Thk LAt>.
A tl)d<> \* Mil] to havr faip uriien tlic width of its fiice i* creator
IbaiiTlulaf ttie «t<.'iini |ii>rta, the i^rfts Wing tb«ret>; uveruippetl,
M ill li^. 7.
It i« to be n-innrkcil tb« ulldesahould haroBomt <lcfrc« of Inp
(Ml iKtlh lite ^onm ami extututluD sidM «jf the i>n««aKe. because.
■llbm^li in throry itti apprtiire nrn^ !•« »ui«l t» be completely cImviI
irfcrn covered l>v a Ur vt irimiUr widlli, yd, in tb* <:«niilruni«n of
imlide without' ln|\ we cuuiot ttmire nich nccuracy »f fit ■■ Iv
piwludf th« jHfwibility gf cl«aiD vHteriiijK or ]«»ving both ».l*»m
tiort« at the B&ai« time.
L«p on tlic irt*Bin wile h*t the effwit of euttinn off the «mbi
(wm th* cvlindcr. by clo«iii{[ the part hefor* the completion of the
•troke, Ih.-' ruiiiiaiidiTflf the .trylto heirtu effected by th« «i[MMMU)n
nf the ateam ulrrjuly itJimttcd.
OmKnufmfion,
Cacb 3. — Wai» A SuiiR mas L*p om the Si««m unR,
WITHOUT I^r.An.
L<t aft and Af, diaKrnm K repreBent the Up at tiotb ends of the
■liilr ; and \et a^ and cr rrjirvHtrnt the tvir ntcatn port*; then rfe
will TMirew^nt the tmvcl of the ulidc, vhidu in thi» ca»e, et|Ui>lx
twice tm- Btpani jiort. plus twice the lap.
X
\
\^/
7
HiippoKinicrff nW tn rojirrwcnt ihe Mroke of the piiton, and that
llie )>iiitiin iM on the top t>troke. then b if nni) A./* nre the rir<|><-cliv<>
pxiiiunt of the crank and eccentric ; for the slide, insteiail of otcu-
pyiiiX its central puoition. uheti the i>i«ton n nt the end of itn
tinike (m* in Case 1), Hiimt be set in Advance of tlint punitioi) to
the extent of the lap. that atmn may etit«r the ryliiidex when the
piston lieioii' ti> iniive. (i^ee f!i;* ^-l
C^
J1
nt.t.
WliRD the eccentric han advnneeil from /to e, the erank will
liave readied the point jr; the pirtrni i* lherefiir« ot « when the
tKnt et IB fuUr (>|>«!n, the slidu hein^ Llieu in the pvcitioa lig. 6.
Ainiin, — "hen the wcentrir has reiw'hed the point A, the port ««
will be rr-cloee(l (ti^. •!), and < >'ili b« the pniiitinii ut' the pifton ;
tberetiTC, the dnluice uf the pivton frion the end of it* irtrokc,
nbrn the «teni» is vut off, ia iir^jxTtiunird tw the whvie Mruke, •«
it i* to itr.
Vi'hea the eoi-cnlrie orrirm at ft, the slide will oecnpy its c«atr*l
pawitinn (Hf:. 7), Hnd the pitton will 1m.* at m, where exhwustion
i-iiiiiim-n('i:« friim above it ; but itteHiii in not aitmittrd Ih-Ihw it. for
the reltirii ntnike. until the errentrio Ium renrhed the |Miiiit m,
where the port ail \teginf to open, the jMniiiion at the slide at tli*t
niiKneiit hein^ ihnl iJiown tii fitf. *«.
When the ereentric arriTe* at nf. the port will he fully open, the
■tlide beinir tlien tii itit exlreni*- pmition. Kit. ii ; anil it wilt he re-
rlined when the eixentric arrive* at g. and the pixton at ;>, where
the •rteam iacut off, thepimition of the Hiide heins H^rain that ahovn
ill fig. S. AtfBin,— wht-n the eireiitric reaches the point r. eibmu-
tion reavea fnnn above the piitun, which la then nt », and einn-
Rientet from beluw it. the slide heinc then in iti; eenlnu pcwltinn,
fijr. 7, iind moving downwanl. Finally. — the rrank hiivinf; arrired
at if, am) thii eccentric at /, the uUlon ail) have rnmpleted its
naceot, mid the slide hiU occupy (he position fi^. 5, as al starting.
Thp cteiun WH* ihdwn t'l he cut nlf when the piiiton hnd de-
sccnde<l from <f to (. the eriink hnvini; deiirribml the iirv d g u, and
the eceontrie the aiv/ri. Now, di in the verted nine of rfyu, ami
er is iho veraed «in« of h«If/«A; and dj/u mti/th are eiiual
arcs. Henee
RtXE 111,— TVjCnd (If Khat part vf tht wirekt itmm itilt be tui ^
with a jfirit amoKHl <if lap : —
IMvidv the width uf steam port, by itntlf, pluo the lap, and ciiU
the ijuotieat vcnwd »inc. Find it* correipunding an: iu dcgreea
and minutes, and Cttll it arc the firrd. If arc the finrt be lest tlun
U dcgreea, multiply the rvr!<ed sine of twico that arc b^ half the
stroke io im-hes, and the prudiivt will W the dihlniiev of^tlie pistoit
from tlie cvmnmi<rtnfnl vf it* ntroke, wlion tlie uleiim i» lut vfF.
If sri- (he first exceed W dcerws. multipl)' tlic versed *lne nf
the dilTereiire between iloublo that arr and ImI dexrei'^ by half the
■truke. anil the produrt will be the dJHluiice of the piMleii frain tba
end of itH (Inike when die >iteam ia cut uff.
Ri'iK IV.— 7>J>ffHi Ihffimovnl <^' iup ntfMMrg la cut trf tie tttam
at anil yirew purl <tf th« etrv/i^ -■ —
If it l>e renuircd U> out off the steam Iiefore hnlf'«tn>ke, divide
the diKtance the nist'in tntive« before steam U mi off, by half the
stroke, and cull the quotient verFcd siite. Kind the arc of that
versed sine, and iiUii the vi-rvd sine "f hjilf th.it arc. Divide the
differencr Iwlwcrn llie verseil nine lusl fnund and unity, hy the
venwd sine, and iiJullTjdy the width of steam port by the i|u<>livnl -
the product will he the lap.
If it be n>i|uired to rut off the fl«am al a point be^Aud hnlf-
stmke, divide the dtstanee of the piNtoii from the end of its stroke,
when steam is eiit olT, by liulf (he ]i'ii|fth "f >.tn>ke ; eatl the quo-
tient lewed sine ; find itt correipondiiig .irc, and fcubtrs:et it iron
IBO deipves. Kind the ver«rd itine of half the remainder, sod sub-
tract it from iiiiilv. Divide the remainder by the v^tsihI cine, nnd
multiply the width of the steam port hy tlie 4uotLeul; the produei
will be the In p.
E-iatnplf 3, — The vtrokc of a piat<in is 36 inches; width ofstwn
port 1^ inch ; and Up 6 inches : rcijuirod tli« point uf the atn>|(«
at which Bteam will be cut off.
Here 1-A -f 6 = 7-5 ; and 1-4 -r- T'A = -9 = versed sine ;
are- of vemed sine -2 = ati° W fan' the (irri) :
and XS=- AS' X *% = 73" fi' = arc of versed sine, -;i98.
Then -719^ X ■)« = i^'^'> inches ~ distancvcif the piston frvm
the cum me nee II lent of it* stroke when the stemn is cut off.
Eftmpte 4. — The stroke nf a pii^ton is 3I> inches ; width of steam
port 1^ inch; and extent of lap 1^ inch : reiiuircd tLt.- point of tlm
stroke at which ■tewni is cot off.
Here |-5-t- l-MJ = S'7i; and IJ -^2-:4='iM4= versed sine
oF arc Ofi° iB' <arc the fint).
I'b«ice*;(8-X 8 = 145=66*; Mid IM" - 135' 56' = «»> 4' = wt:
of versed sine, *ti:il : 'tlSl X l** = ^'*^ in<-he«i = dintancc vl
the piston from the end uf its stroke when th<; cteam is <?ut off.
/i.ram/i/r .). — The stroke nf a piitnn i.i .lit inclirs; width ofsHwn
port I 'A inches; and dii<taitce of the piston fnun the comnHHM*.
me-ut of its stroke, when the steam is cut off, t8-&<Jiu^es: requirad
th« lap.
Here IS-M .^ 18 = -TISS = versed sinenf arc 73" 44";
IS" H' ~- t ~ Sf MT tz MTV of versed sine -a.
Then I - -9 = -8; and -8 -j- B r= 4 ; l'3x 4=6iai!he« = h^
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IS IN.]
TlIB CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURN^O.
K^amplt G. — The stroke of s piston ieSOinchn; width of •tenn
pMt l-s inchH ; »aA iivtttan of pisUm from tbe end of iU rtroke,
wb«B M«ua 11 to be tut off, 7-13 inclkM: rtHjuired tlte Uj'.
Hnr 1-i3 -T- l« = •♦131 = tmtwiI vine of jirc. 54" i'.
Tfceo ISO' - Sf^ V = lii" M' ; and IW 4«- -j- S = «8° as' =
uv of venieil sine '<5M4.
1 - •&^A^ = -uw ; mtiA -Mie -~ -a»« = -saa* ;
EsluiMlitin wa« «Iiowd to ornnmcncc when the }iiitoD inm »t m ia
H* 4eHfut, and at 4 in its lUcent ; / sad I l>ctn)r the correfpondinx
pOsitionH tif ih<^ CTkiik nt thmp tin>««. Now J niul f were the re-
imM^lrp Einrtin); |knint« of the crunk Bod Kcentric; KDd tht nrc
« J /, di«*-TiVd tiv the iTsnk, t- <^(|ii«] t» Uie «re/eA, dMCrihed by
Uir er^'pinrii'. ThurpfiiM, r/nndrf ar« e4{ua] arei, Hence,
Til litiil the di-lnnce of the |>i>rton from the end of it* atn-ke
when eihauilioo ditnmnM'efi. But>tr»et are the first (found hv Kule
III.) fmm W) ifirrvt*, nnd miiltiplv th* ver«#d «ine of tie re-
nwlnilrr hy h*U the Mroke. The [ifodDet trill b« tb* dutuice tv-
quired.
Emmpk f .— An: the finrt (K^ifrle 3) = Sff" W ; Mid W -
W" Ml* = 43' 8* ^ arc of vcrwd «ine ■•
Tlien ■! X Itl =L '-S incite*, the distnnee rcijuired.
F4wmpfca— Arc tJie flr*l (EsamiiJe 4) = 02° M' ; uul SO- -
«• W - »r» 8* Tz ttr<: of vcrwd cine -I09«.
Tlirn 'low X 18 = 1-964(1 inch«, the dirtwic* re<iuired.
Prom the r»re(;viii|t example*. It b ohviom thil nhnterer nuiy
he tli« relutive prw)>urtiofM of thi: lenfctJi of rtri'kc and width of
st«un port, thif Lip mui^the MB>e niuTtiple at the port, that the
«t««(n nmy l»e cut off at any giveo point of the stroke.
The annoitd I-ilde exhibit* « (criet "f multiplicra for detcnain-
irar the uucuiit of lap necciMry to rut off th« rteun at taj part
vf the Mroke from i th t« ) ttu, vAen the tKOe btu m kai,
-(Ih .. ..
» .. ..
Ponioa of the rtrokc
u b« pcrfonncd b^
Ihepittoa Mora the
(U:«B U cut oGT.
LI
1C48
6-4 G
a-77
2-41
lU
I'M
•5t
ft •hall next inoath proceed to exaarin* the oonditiona of the
slid* valre with bntli " lead and lap."
B.B.C.
UBALTH OF TOWNS— THE GOVERNMENT .tND
THE PROFESSION.
Now tluit lh« Miiiitnry niOTenivut ■* likulj- to be«r fruit, it will
l»e well for our pnirrnMonal roMjem to turn their iittcHtivii to the
^tar* wtiifh they are to have in tlii; mtnrds. after liHvinfc horoe
their jiart of the Uhoiir. U'liile enK>iieer^ artliiti-rtjs nnd mr-
rayore have been workiDp hnrd in enrrvicm nut esnilary reform,
in impritrinfC the dminajie. in redueioff Ilic voxt of trHem, in miti-
iptln)( the Kfnolte nuiwaiu-o, in wnrminff, in venlilatinfr, in the
eoaatruclion uf dweltin(;a, iu the applMiation uf »ewnKe niniiiire%
knd in raxny other wbj-*l — medical mea Mnd memberfl of parliament
batre heen niiikiiif; uneeehea, nnd «laimin|t the honotiK of the cam-
|>ai|ni, «« it fleems they rUini the cmnlutncnta. With (•hatjiiHtire
ruerakvni i>( t)it> i^iiulrurlive jirufeasiona can be kept out ol ti«ht,
we do not know ; but llnTe Ik a determined wt on the part of the
tnedir^tl mm t« keep them out, nnd to tnonopolin iha merit and
thit [iaLruna)[e. Of the five Metropulitau Sanitary CommiiadonerH,
t*u are medical men. vii^ Dr. Sixilhwiitul Smith and Profeaaor
(twrn ; and not one i« eiigioeer. Bn-hitecl, or mn i-}iir. The com-
cniMiDueni, at [uin* Al of their Fint Iteport. tipeiik aa follow* .-—
'^ It han >|ipcai«d to he onr duty to etate. that we have baal pre-
neotcd to tin icrwuad »>f exrrption arainst one clas<t of ejipnint-
aienle to thnoeammtaainiit, namely, that of nurvtryiint, of arcliitertn
in practice, of buildcn^ tradrr*. ai^cntK, nud prufeaslonal iienuina
Mnnected nith liuildinif vperativu> in tlii-ir ropvctivc di*tn<:tE.'
Wv think the hiaa of this paaaa^ is readily to he iteen, thoimh
it diHM nut impiifin the n|i{iointinent of enjiineera, nnhil^ds, or
uirveyoTK, aa paid minmiioiiiinerK, niirh oflircrH not practiMiof.
There ia no reaion given why an nrehitect nnd an enffiiwiT should
Dot b« appointed nn lfa« Afetrnpulituti Sanitary Commi«cion in
■ddttioB to the phyiiciaii and «urgeoD, ur natunilict. We will
ahow nftvrwarda what reason there ia why the two former thoiild
he appointed.
Too fullowinir paragnipb of the Report contains an tnainuat'wn,
well worthy of notice, for it has its object : —
"The morn the iovrsti^tion Mlvnnrec, tbc more ia it appartnt
that ibe pnif(iei«i*e improrement and proper execution of this
rJast of public works, to|;etber wilt the siipliandes of hydraulic
eninnrerin^. cannot b«> rcwsniuhly eip(>(*te(l to h« dndl with inci-
dentally, or collntenilty tu ordiniiry on-upiilionT or etva to nm-^
nmted profecMonnI pur<uit4. tmt re'quire a dejcree of special itudy
which nn| only pinre them hryund the «phere nf the ni'cimion of
popular adniintxtrative hudie*. hut Ix-vund thnt of ordinary pmfea-
itinnaj enirineerin^ and nnliitecttirnl practice. In juttilicatinn of
IhiM ctinciiinon. nnd to Oiow the ei il of the jwn'erted iipplimtiona
flit at' "
of the ni«»t defective uorks ahicb dare rcci
sjinrti'in."
of nnme* of hish jreneral jin"fe«ion™l iitillmrity, we miuht adduce
riAmplc* uf the mot.1 defective works ah icb hare received their
The aim of thja is, tknt the nhuse ahall h« an nrfnimaat ^ainat
the uie: b(-«niw ">me architocts have Injd down oxpcnHive sewcni,
enKiueer*. Krchilei-tv, and Mincvurx xlibll he excltiiled; becaa««
Prnfeaaor Itanaldson and Mr. Joseph tiwilt iippnive of the old
svntem, those who hnve foilered nnd eieented the new ■ysl«tn
shall not be employwi. Thi* in whut the commiM<ioners mean,
thoiifili they do not say it fully ; and ae put it to the public
whether it )< fair to pnifemons. ahich hy their lali^iit and their
intelliireuce have ao much contributed to the reputntloo of the
country.
It may Im^ taken an ii mutter of rnume thnt C'niwn <.'»mRii»ioneni
recommend the em uW went of thi; ptverniiient Caleb Quotem,
*' Ihe Corp* of RuyHl En;:ineent," to eiecute ii survey of the metro-
politan dirtrictii, This we conceive to he the fini<diin)i toach to
the wntnpi and iiwult* whirli tht* Siuiiliiry t'oininlssi oners have in
thi* Iteport. and in their pniceedin^ heaped upon hijfhly howwr-
able urufeasioDS.
If It be aeedful to tliow thai enKiiieert, an-hitecta. and aurreyora
can be of some use, we shill spjiol tn the Report of the Sanitary
(Tnmmi«ioncr«, the reciiTiimeiitlalitin* in wliith an- tiivwd on the
eiidi-nce of Mr. Rim-, the Snrvrynr of the llulborii and Fiiishnri"
I)i*lrict, Mr. rijillips. the Surieyor of the VVpstniinslcr Distrirt,
iind other able othcrr*. In truth, as imr imi^c* would Jiow, Sir.
Koe haK, hy his indrfatit;n)ilr cxi-rtiniis, already cJirried nut much
of the plans n<iw advucAtcd by the Sanitary Commissi oners, and
hiu only been prrvcnto! by tin- Commiwioner* of Sewers from
doin^r more. Surely ihene officers are to be balanced aifalnsl those
who have adhered to a practice which baa Mlly rcrciitiy becu
vpponnl and ooudemned. What dn the cogBmlMmnere tvll iis?
"All the improvements ahich the public hare yet olitaiavd !■
this branfh of public work>s have beon the re<ult of the apeeial
and undivided practical iittentions of well-4)uaiilied paid omcera,
and il ii|i|ic«n. In ii« that further improvement mact be i^Uftht by
the >iiime meanii, imd that iiiu> uf the chief nhjects of future ad-
mini^tntive arrsnevments miiift l>e to secure, protect, and encoii-
riitfe the tealous, undividoti attention nnd efficient labour uf sueh
officer*."
If cnirincers and surverors bara already effected '^nll the im-
pru\t-uicnt« which the piiblic hate yet iihtainol in thi> branch of
piihlic wiirks ;" and if to them, as scientiliL- oUicers, tJie pablic have
to Iifok for future iiupnivements, we can see no rcasoa for the star
cast on them by their exclunion from the pre*eot coramimion, by
the niinoiinred eicclueiou from future commmiona, and by the vm-
ploynieiit of the f 'urp> of Rovat KnfftiMftPS, of whom — with all r«-
soei-t he it said — the re|iutation in not Eiiroj>ean. We cannot hold
the appointment of Mr. Aixtin to the wecreiarj'i'hip of the com-
mianon, nor tlie compliment paid to the eKc^'ulivv vSrcrt nf the
CommiMioners of Sewers ns any alleviation of the intended alight.
We hope Mr. Kdwin Chnilnick, ns commivkioner, and Mr. .Austin,
as secretarj', both of whom h.-vic done well in the cauae of winitary
reform, have had no part in the eiclusive |M>licy of Ibe com-
raiasiun.
We have the hij^heftt re^rd fnr the mnlical pnifearion; wii hare
the stronnwt feeling of the good it hn-c done in promoting* sanitary
reform ; hut we ranniit stand still ahile medical men armgate to
ihemselvea the merits, the huniium, nnd tho rewards of Huiiilary
reform. Their Mutilation has done good, we admit ; their datin-
tcre«led adiocacy of tho raii>^ claims the highest praise; their
evidence has ^iven a hudv and strength to the movemmit ; but it
is our profesKionn which (lave worked ahile theirs have talked,—
which have improved the form* of tho «ewer«, and rc<inred the price
—a hich have cleansed tbeiii by jIuKhing, aod which by a maw of
iudividaal labour huvc perfected and carried out plans of improve-
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TDK CJVlt EXGIN*EER AN'» ARCniTE<:rs JOfRNAt.
[/AHCxmv,
I
ment ia ertrj linuicli uf c»iii>trD<ll»n, minict^rinx to the pabUo
oomfart, heMltlt, and life. Our pn^n )i«v-e lud ibrlr share in tlicM
diacuniona, and «re have ou-opmted «ith our profetaonul mutm
In carryinic nut a meiwurp of Trfnrm, whtdi m alrviul;- |;rt-at. In
tlie llu]bi>rn Hnd FInitbury and MViitiniiiHtcr divlatutu< of licwm
■tunr, a refumi bus burn vffiTtcrl, nuch im hm (icrt yet been swn in
these mattrn ; lunl wt^ ure ienortnt uf ihv sliare itu- medical pro-
fcMion Kave taki^ti in carrvin^ them out.
Within a pcriud uut vltjt dintant, ihr new SAnilur^ {'ninmia-
ttuncn, or Ciitnmtwiioiier* o( Sewera, will lity dun-n •rorlt.i tu tli«
amuuiit uf hnir a niilliun, prrhn|ie a niillii>n ri«rlin^, upon tlw ad-
vice, it i« truv, uf cumpctvtit prufL-nvitmal ufRcco, Ihuujfb under
what cwni])eteitl eunerviiUtiii on the parL of thr cununiwtiuu, m«- nn
unawarv. When Mr, Rwi prupoi«ea his plan fur auciKiiiiff a <[uarter
of B tnilltpn in f^ttioK a new outfall, wbii'h uf tlic cotniniMiuovra
will cuiisidtrr it biti fi>ci'i<il d^{»irtinent tw i-XHiiiiiie tlitf V!itim»lvs,
and thnrc in tll1^ir re#port»iliiLty ? It "ill nut bi- Lord Hubert
OrMrenor — it will niit b« .Mr. Edwin Cbniloii-k, jrrviit .-u if Ki*
caparity a« an adniini«trHt<tr — it •fill nut l>e Mr. Kiclmrd Liimlicrt
JuiM^ tbutixh he ia Chainnitn of tbi' Briilf;« Cominittrv in th«
Oty — It wiU not be Dr. Sonlbwood Smith i-r I'ri.r«**or Ow*n.
The two latter will, wp appr^bond, bv oT little iii»« in mutt«ri ]ik«
ttiMff and will t'ike ha piirt in them. Thui^ a member of {laHia-
numt, a natiirnliKt, s tuirriiter. nn aiirti4>nei'r, nnd a pbyiii'iAn, arA
to «iin4>rint«n(l lhi> diobnri^iniont of biindrmlii of thouunrtH nf
pMiniw in publid workit, and to appoint "wnll.iiualifiMl p.tid nffi-
cm" in ibt en^nwrinir and «urvevintf depnrtmeiili ; who 3ir« tu
harp *• a deftvv of Hpwtal study whinh [ nhall ] not nnlv plare ihem
beyiind tlie sphere of the diMCimiun uf pupular iiiiminiielrktii'f>
hfldin, but bej'und that of ordinary profiMsional en^neering and
arehitectural prartiiv."
Tbv (^vomment bav-« not tltonvht it nweanry to giv* a fair
representation t» tht* nntfcNiiinn in the n«w ConunisNlon nf Sewerw,
thouffh thv iwinm of Mr. Hubert Stfpbrntun, RI.l'., Mr. Lorkf,
M.r., Mr. t^rMDji' lU'nnle, Mr. Culiitt, and olbera, are well enuufb
knoun nt Wbitchiill.
Tbv ronnlitutiiin uf Uie MetmpotitaH Sanitary Comnituiun t$, in
reference to tbe •ipheri? nf it* Aituro duliea, mure iDututniu* tb.in
that uf the ILiilway C'tiniiniuion. where three parties, wlio know
iinthing uf railwii)'*-— a nieitibrr of piirliiiment, an Kntt Iiiiliii jiidt^,
and an oflSeer in tbe nrmy — nre eiiirualed \u uieildle with railuiiy
works nni] .-idmini^tr.-ittnni. M'r hare »0 many of these abaurd
•p]Kiintnie:it* uf liitt-, ihat we haw a Mrong impreKiiun that onfit-
aeM U iidupteilaa tbe irovernment rule fur uflice, and bate urimii
expretntinri uf so-'inic Monnieiir Jullien prime niinlaler. Wliv the
eajrinerriuic priifpsaiuii lilimild W ei|i<Hed tti the mntamdy Hiid
neglect from nhicb it wiffer^ at ibe hand* uf the jruvrrnmeril. w«
donntknow; but the cnuuicmtlun «f thv Itnilwuy CommiMion,
the Tidal Harbour f'ommiH'Uori, and the Metrupiditiin Sanitary
Canmiwiun, i* n *ii£r!vnt pruof that a dct.i'oc uf unfairneiM in dit-
playr«l, which dtMoaiuU immrdiitU* and etfi:«'tiTe iiii|>wiitinn. Al-
thuneh the reputnti"ii uf Kufjiisli eiijrineeni i> well knuwn l« th<^
wwld — nlthuu^ their profcmional ikill ]abuu4;ht in every cutinlry
-^t may l>v tliat tlicy are thuught bv the kvmu Kwernmcnt a btidy
tuo incoiuiderabte and coutemjitible tu wtlb»taiid up|>re>iuun ur
demand fair play.
Tbe mivcuuduot of the pxt^mment wn Ibis head luua reached that
height, that the pnifei^-iiiii'., if lb«y wish tu maintain tlietr public
<Jianct«r, cannut do otfaerwiKc than take iuitHnt Blepii to obtain
justice. They liave nu M!«:urily at pn-aent for the u]>puiatnienl of
«innpet«nt fumminsionent, nr efficient oiBccra, or fur tbu eninlvy-
meut of profe^ionul men at nil ; thcr« i« no aacwritv tbnl um<.'ers
of the Itoyal Kn^nneers, and oth«r branches of the army, will not
b« appointed tutvpyar* nf the Mowers and crtber puMir wurk«, the
uiaaent utfirer« Itcinx super^'ded. We think it iu thp duly of the
Institutions of Arehit^i'iji nnd Cieil En^neer* to cull meetings uf
their Riemhcri^ tt< nivniuriidiuf the guveimment, and send depuls-
lions to WbitehiiU, nnd take every other nttcesaary step tu vindi-
eale tlie lijrbts of their niembersi. Af^regate nie«tin(ti « en^neera^
arrhiUviK, and viirireyor*, sboiitd beheld in the melrapolii, and in
pmvim-Oii petitiuns sent tu parliumvnt, iind rni'moriiilK t« the Trea-
fnuf. The members of parruunerit iiitere«leil in the welfare of the
profMnuHf, tJiould be rctpieicteil to lake KteiM in {lariiamenl fur
obtaining explanatlonM frum the niinistert. Air. Kiibcrt Htephon-
son, Mr. I^r.ke, nnd Mr. L'uliitt, wunid no doubt, uu applicuiiun,
give Ibeir cordial support tu any nei-eoMry meaRun'.
While we ur^re tlie*e Ntrun)i remarks* on the injustire done t»
en^nvers by the Mi-trupulitun Sanitary ('ummi Mi oners, it inukt
not be tliuuicbt that hu undervalue their Itepurt on thr practical
Kinis to whioh they apply ihemwives. We are giatl tu ackuuw-
lg« it •• a step lorward iu tlie rij(bt way.
TilE FAN BLAST.
Serirt «/ ErpcrtmenU rrlative le iKe fan Bbu(, pmenrnf ty Mr.
Gvcxt^o/lhe Sitlut Worhi, la thr ntrrHuj/ tfthr liutitute itfitrdtani-
tni Engiater*t Birmingknm, May 17, tind (ktobrr Uf', 1M7.
(Paraa Nu. I,}
The subject of this iMincr has reference tu a thirlinn of a aerlcaof
exuerimeiU" on ibe Kan lllai>t, — it subject whirn many members of
thw Iiotitiitiiin aie cunieniant with ; but it is hoped that hints
here thruwn uut maybe serviceable la lendinKtu such constructiona
uf the fiin as »h.-«l) insure the createst udaful effect with the loact
expenditure ufpuwcr. The fail haa Iwcome an indiKneitsable ma-
chine in smithien nnd foundrien, it ahridtfes time nnd labour, and la
ulberwine a Kruat iuipruvemeut uver the old syHtrm of beHows,
I'lie iinlfurm stream of the fnrmer admits nf no cumparnwn, by the
EulTy bUiMts pf the latter. By meatu uf the f»a the sTnith can h«Bt
is wurk with precision ; lie can lury at diacreiiuu the aixe nf his
noaile Iweyvre.wilhuut deteriorating the deiwtv of hb hlitit. Ue
can eonvcnicntly heat one piece of nurk nhilc nnupinji another.
In a well-reKuliited aniitby, the nisin pipe fruni tlie fan is fur-
oittlied with nn air diet and with nuixie pipet, varying from unc
to three incbn diameter. The prewure uf the blast ta nad« tu
raufrc frum fuor to five ouncw per square iucb, A innale pipn of
Ijl iRcb diameter is found a auitnbU sIm for geaend tngine
forcings.
The poMtiun of the fan in its client, or the one preferred nnd
icenerany made uve of, ia an oecentnc position. Tbe continual Jn-
eroannif winding passsf(e between the tip* of the vane* and the
chest, wvmt to re««ii-e the air from e>-ery point of its circumfer-
ence, and formv as it were, a grmeridaiN^timtilHtinif utresm uf lur to
tbe exit pipe. Tbe nurticteii of air Imving paueil thniulet opening,
and entering on the Iteel uf the blade, would retain the sante cirru-
lar path irere it not fur the ccnlrifuffal force of the .lir due to its
weight and vulucity. impellin)f them forward tou-nrdi tire lips uf
the runes; anil tbi^ cuiilinued setiun is gaiag on, particle foltuM'int;
particle, til! they iin> iiitinmtely thrown aeainst the fan ch<->t, nnd
are impelled furwaril to tbe etit pipe. It is by thia rentrifupj
actiun thnt the air becomes impelled nnd aceumuUicd into one
genernl tilrvam. Bui. as will lie presently shown, there iaa certain
veludly ol' the tips uf tbe fan which host suiti thin nitiun.
Au ordinary ecceritrie placed fan, i feet dinnieter— the bladea ID
inches wide and 14 inches king— mihI making 810 revolutions per
minute, will supply air at a density uf t oiiiicm per Kquare Ineli, tn
to tueyerws, eiu^i beiuf^ l| inches diameter, withunl any falling off
in ilL'nsity. The experiments herein detailed were msde with a fan
.1 feet iva inches dinnicter, the width of the eaneii beinp luj and
the leiiglh li inL-hen; the eccentricity of the fun I^^ inehesi, with
reference tu the fan raoe, the number uf vanes beiti^ 6, and placed
at an angle of U ' tu the pUne uf the diameter : the inlet openiiipi
on tlie side uf tbe fan ctiest 11^ inches diameter, tbe millet u{H>niaff
li inches siiuarw ; tbe space belwi-en the tips of the bludes mid the
chwt increasiuK from ^ inch on the eiit pipe to .1^ at the buttura,
in a line perpendicular with lite centre. I'd the hlaxt pipe leading
tu the tweycrrH a slide valve was attached, by meaits uf which tlie
area uf the discliarife voB accurately Mdjiifted to suH the required
density.
Tbe giingr to indicate the density uf tbe air, was u fflass gra-
diiateil tulie. primed wtth wnter, it being mure scaiitive nnd having
a gres'-cr i'iiii).-e ihsii the mercurial one.
These experiments wore made with a riew to Ascertain what
density of nir outdd l>e ubtained, with the luncs muiing nt given
relocitics, tbe outlet pipe beiii^; cIumiI, aint nlsn nt t.'><'en velucllica
wilh theuutlel upeii ; but its nren varied at dtscretiun. .And further,
to ascertain tbe bursc-puser rei|uire<i tu drive the fan under the
varied cuoditiun.
The horse-power wait aacortniacd by nn indicator, the frictioa of
engine und KeariiiK being deducted in each rxperimeni. M'lth re-
ference to tbe term Ttieuretical Velnirity, ns iiw-d in tlie tfllito, It
may bo neceeinry tu observe, that ibercby Is meant the velocity
wliidi a budy would acquire in f.illiiii: thr height of a homogcueoiu
column uf air eqnivaleut tu the rei^nirt-d demtity. Ilarin;; giren
the necev^try prclimiuiu'y cxpUmitiun- of the InUEi alruvi- tluit of
the ati(iu»phcrv, ne come to the esperimcnta a* recurdcd in the
table, Nu. 1 a.
T>« liot (viooin it ilie (luinlicr of cipriimenls.
Th« tscouJ is ibe nunilior of r* lolationi of tlie fsn prr ri>lnult.
Tbs ibini 11 lbs velocity of the il|>* ofllu vanst m fwi jier mcsikL
Ths fiMinh IS Ibe d«BUiy o( Hie sit In ouncet ftt tquare iacb, at iudieated
by I lis (Sttgc.
The Ulh n the aits or the diichsr^e pipe in inches.
The liilti ii lbs indicslcd hn(>c power,
i
I
IfttS.^
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AllCniTECrS JOURNAL.
*
>
*
^jr UiU {ikpcr It is inr^tKlcid to ti« nliAwn thai th»rp (ir« <r,<^ain
dtiu villi w)ii<')i (t>(^ 1i(M of tbe <*ntir* i-ru fim >-liii<iI<] nwive
urdinx to tli# tviiuired deiicity of wr, lun) that thw* »ri' ir^rliiiii
taivii wliich KovMn titMD vp|(i<'iti<>ii.
^i><r.— Watt-r U t«T tim«<i hi-uviM- than air; iii4>Kury ia IS'S
hMvirr thirn nAter: oonse<iiieni ly, mHvury i« IIISI hrsTiiT 1li«ii
■ir. A roliimii of mcmijy, tmeinrh in heirht, wonld tli«r«fi>rft
ludutcA a column of nir IIIKI inehpc. nr U^ifH fr«t in hcif^ht. Let
A b« B nilumn of merfury njual in h«t|flit to hiij- privcn iM^^ity,
wtd let It iTpresent awS. snd V «»' ; then \' {A X BX r)ti V or
(In vrloi-ity Unit 11 ti-wly wiiiilil «i-«|iiir« in falliiif; the height of*
coliiinn of air e<fu)i nlent to llie densitv.
St*V)nil. — The renlrlfiiipil fonrv i>f tur minnden uitb the mvlts
nl>biiiird by thr luws of fiilUiig ImmIivil flint is ulien the velix-itj' 1b
the «uii« » llie vfjifoity vliich abadjr «ill a«-i)t]irein fnllin^f Ih4<
ba^cbt iif a homofjeneiiuK column nf air equivalent to aov given
dmrilv. To ubtiiin iho ri-iitiifitgal furcr or denuty of air apply
th« fullnwinK K^"^'''! ^''■
flavin); Kiien the telixity of tJie air, and tke diameter of thr
fan, tn aKrvrtjiin ttir rt-titrlfa^ farre,—
ftt Lt:. — [>iu<lv tite vetiirity liy 4'0I, ami a^in divide the aqiinre
of th« i)uoti«nl hy the diiinieter of the fail. Thin ]■><-* i|ii)>tirnt
aicltiplit^l by th« w«i^ht of a cubic foot t>f nir. nt S0° Fahronheil,
ki ^uitl tu (h« torca in oiiucra \»n iH|nnrp fimt, u-hirh, dii ided hy
I ifc, II njua] to tbe density of air per Ki|u>re iiicli. (Ir, xii list itu ting
the following fumiiitn, we have
I) = N V X oowai
where D la the denaitv of the air in (lUurMi per wjuare iikrlt, and
N tbe nnniber of revoiiitionx of fan per minute, and V the leloctiy
of the ti|iii »r tht! fan in feet |»er atN^und.
Let UB itav compute the reiiulla of the furetPdnfr lalJe. Tu do
tbif, we irill Ant take the veWity of the tip* of vanea per second,
vid tho powpr necnwar)* tti drivti ih*- fiin. We "ill fimt take Now,
I, 2, 3, 4. i, and S, and we aball tinri liy ttnpe«liDfC the tahle that
tlie corre^pondingrdocitleatotheHntmibeninreiHe-H, «0-8, SOS-l,
I8i-V, ITIM. and 1 W'l. and Dit) oorre*pondin|r drnsitie* of air per
•({twrc irtrli atf 9-i, 7'9, it-S, ^'6, A'i, and S-^i uniM-es. The fan. it
■nvAt be underiiuud, ia ditchaTirlni! nn wr ; tlie velocity of the fan
is nerrh- krcpiiijE^tliBair at ari-rtnin den-iity or presmrc |HT»<itiare
inch. LitdiT ihrae omiin«taticn, it miitirrn n certain velurily of
tlie tip* nf the fan to maintain a cert«in tleiiiuty ol air, but uat lO a
direct riitio.
The Uw which (pivenw tliii velocity of the tip* of the fim nth-
|tear^ fninn tliese ex]ieriment« to W ft »'f iHe vrliicity a body wtiald
■canirc In fftllini; the height of a homogeneous column of iiir e(|ui-
vaient to the density. Thi« wc hiivc r.iHiil the throreticn] velo-
rity, and tiy nMnpariiiK Nim, 1, 3, S, i, i, and i es|ieriments aa
sbtivp. thitt u, bjr comparinif the >elodty of the tips of the fan per
aeoond »ith A of the theoretical veloi-ity, trc fhuU find them to
agree Wlerubly near. ThiiK. if the vrlocity of the tipH I'f the fnii
per MnNMt be rcprewnted by 1, then f^, of the theoretical velocity
will be re|>rc»cflted by
l-OOt in So. I txpvriiiitai,
i-ooe 3 „
•wo 4
■9W a
flnt ne xliitll not only find ihal the .^ of theoretical velocity iro-
(reroa the fan wlii^n it is not dlachareiag uir, but that the throrcti-
ciU velocity (.fitcm* it itlao when ifie outlet pipe ir open; thai i«,
that the inH.iiiniim effect of the fan ia when the vnnen move front
the tbeureticiil veltMrity tn -fg of lliat velocity due to the dezuily of
the air, that the ffrealeal iiuonlilv of air i» di«cbar|[eil by the fan
nndcrtlieoe conditions with tlie least expenditure of puwer. To
Ulnatrale llii-< nnrre fully, let uh refer tu llie table of eapcriioentH,
ood for uur example kc «>U t4ike No*. 9. In, itud 11 ; here the des-
•ily in each >» tix ouncef>. In Nn. it) the telucity of the titm of
liw vaneji i» 1^13'SS fi-rt |>er oecntid, while (he theoretical veiudty
ta Sll feet per acnnul, bcioK nearly the tiinie. 7*he ijiinatity of air
4ischarKed u 77*9 cubic feel per accund, aiiil the poner iinpluyed
io thin OMC amuuiita to l^'^S horiieit.
M'e take now No, 1 1 espenment. Here the velocity of tlic tipit
of the fan ii 108 fret per second, and -f- of the theoretical velocity
IM feet per wc^nd. Now tbe*etwo rx{ierinienti< are in timpurtion
ti> each iithrr m-iirly, vii., in No. 11 the quantity of air iliai^nr)(vd
ainouatd to 3&'t I'ubic feet per eccx>nd, and tnkes $'4 hor>e pover,
vUle Nu. 10 diflCbargea 17-9 cubic fed per aecond, and takea 18-J
• Tb#«iiH» BliVh • fHTlttUni bait will pui ilir>ii«li in ant BNonillt life's '^'t i
tan br ilM pttaHp^r "I *e.-r ■•■ili'it f^riTi. |K> TilediyDF ■ hi1llii( bodj Id mj finn
ttm^W f^imlla ink* Uir ■i.mrr iti'wtl) triiiih il l>u jiutMl Id UibI nnr, ur itHnlactiy
li nlMi»ltmmiiant9tit*4i^t uuiubtr uUalnnI lij lauMpliiitt >■* L]rtl>t>i<l|lit lufni.
Tbe Bean 1-008
Tlrt*TI 1«1
DeniilTiif Alt
U,*»l Pu,
Quanait at Alt
n«n>>
V>to«tlT.
|.rt*l. b..
fo^tvr.
it ox.
-wie
I-
1
5
i-oor
tu
I-9»
i
i-iw
2 67
3-1 «
4
000
I
1
4
I 023
2-4
5-42
4
1 133
302
y anttj
4
1-233
3-30
4
4
I -2(10
212
4*27
«
-913
I-
1
fi
1009
2-18
2 aeiriy
s
1 OSQ
I'U
2-M
8
l-IGO
2-
3-H
8
1338
H7
34ff
1-038
1>
1
1-
I-
■no
•851
1
■•S03
i-ta
•869
■714
1
VM
t'Ofl
■;-7
-511
1
1-40
III
horac-power. Thus the dJadiarge of air t* DCarlr S to I, and the
h'.i roe- power employed in the Mune proportion.
In thn f«llt>wiitg oxamplea we shall call the theoretical velocity
per tecond unili/, b<-ginninir with So. IJ. In (his cxomplo we
aliall Hlwimll tbe quantity of air diachar^d in cubic feet per tecond
unity, and nlao the hor«e^puwer.
No 19
14
12
20
19
18
17
16
II
10
23
32
21
7
9
12
16
T» ffive a further illustration of this piirt of our sabjecl, we will
take No*. 7. B. i;;, nnd 10 eineriment*. Here the velocity of the
tipH of tbe f^n in the KAine, which we idiHll denote unilv. The mr-
rpjiiinndinp deimitien are 7, 6, S, and 4 ounces ; we uia31 call the
hiKliext unity, alto the cubic feet di>cliarged per fecond, and tbe
horse- power.
Nearly all the precedlnjT examplea justify our conclution, that
the icrrateat results are obtiilned when the theorelicBl velocity aad
the tips of the vanes are nearly equal. It carrieti it» own convic-
tion that If we increase the velocity of tlie lijw of the vsiies. and
only double the cubic quantity of air delivered, that it must take
more thnn doiihle the expenditure of power, the density of air ce-
nuiiijinf.' the »aaie.
Wc «liall now give examples of tbe rfn/o dictated by oiir table of
esperiment". And firrt, havinpKiven the denfily of air per square
ineh to determine the velocity of the lipa of the vanes per second;
also the horse power requisite to drive llie fan under thew cirrnm-
■tances, thr fan not ditchnrginfc nir, but its velocity merely keepiiiff
the air at a certnio dciiMt^.
Let D denote the density of tbe air In onncea per aquare ioch,
and A a culumn nfmerciirj- equivalent in height to that density,
Then by the lawn of folliiij: b.«lie»V(AX MO-S X Bt) = V the re-
Wtty acquired by a body fallioif tbrDU)(h a column of air uf the
correspond iiw density.
:s P the numlwr of pounds acting on the vuiea,
Then'
16
■Dd ' • ^g nnfl — '- = H. P, or horse-power required.
The constant number 3S Is obtained by the foUowInjt formtila.
in* X SSOOO _
Then
PXI6
=za8
Bsample. — Let D = »■+ ox. per square In^ and A = M74 in. of
mercury, to determine the velocity of the tijis of the rsnea per
aecond, and alio Die hunw-power.
Then V (930'3 x 84 X 1173) = SM-4, the theoretical vetocitj,
A W*" which is = S37-96 ^ V, or velocity of tiiw of vanes per sec.
Now — . ■ — = 91*39 = P, ur pounds acting; on the ranM of fan.
16
SST-96 X 60 X «-S9
=f 9'it the liorse-power required.
'^«" .130.I0
flavinfc 9.\\tn the velocity nf the air in feet per Kcrotid (or as it
has been termed the theorettcjil velocity') to determine the desitty
of the air In accordance uiib the laws of centrifn^ foree.
Let the velority be S&4'4 feet per tec., and the dlaneter of the
fan S-9 feet. Then by former rules wo have
--- =*6-*and-^^. = I1169 = «,d— ^-^ =
9* cnincet density, the unawer rciiuired-
Or by the tecond rule, lalie the velocity of the fan In feet per
woud, multiplied by the number of revvlutiun* nf the fan per
minute, the product multiplied by -Odiiust ^ tbe density required.
Here we must remark, that according to our table of experi-
meuts, ihM «hea the tipo of tbe laueH are to move at ^g ol the
theoretical velncilv, that not ia<>re than 'iWUlh.'of siraredischar^d
pec minute ; but ttis is without any atteiiDatioa in the density.
O^
I
1
I
TIIF OIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCniTECTS JOURNAL.
[jAMVAaV.
To detennine the korw-puwer iweMwiry to <lri*e the ftn wlien
diwharffinii; »ir, thi> velorily of the lip* uf tlie votwa nirt U» e»<^e«d
-ft of th* thearrti(!al v»lwilj', having given \h« denjiity of nir
requirod. itlui th« cable f«ct,
yirtt find the horse-imvsr, H dtr«ct«d In former exwnplea, when
th« full tx not dii-chiir^iig air.
TIten mulliiilv ^ part of th« wvight of air U> be dlaebMgtA by
the fan per tninutP in poimd« I>y A of lh« theoreticul vpWity, and
(fntnfir by 33000. The qiiutieiil will pive the horM'-iiinrt'r necessary
to diMcliUge tbia (juiuitky of tiir, which <ultl to the lionc-p«<iv rr
aeotaauy to drive ths fan when not itvn-karyiiig air, for the answer
rtquired.
£.Kiwf/p.— Let P be the dendly of »ir required sr io«. A, «
column of mercury equal to the denrity = '« and W = thu weijrlil
of mir to be di*ch»Ti(«d = «» lb. per minute, mnd V ,^ the velocity
of fut in feet per nuoute.
3tJ X 4
— = 9-i = P = tbe pounds acting on the vute.
10
Then by former rule, V=-?^1^A^ = 1M7 horM.]io«-er
oecessary to irire the fan without ciHux.
Now k cubit foot of oomnioii air at SO* Fatrenheil weigh* I-aoO
OS., therefore a cubic foot of the ipvea density rill be eijual ta
I'ill oi,and — -wj^— = 9330 f»« = the cubic quantity of nir
dltcharged per minute.
C30 3fl6 X nii-o
And ' =
= l-O honw-
60 S3000
power necessary to diMharse the g)t-en weif^ht of air, and
1-0 + 2-«T = 3-67 = the total horw-power required.
When the velocity of the tip^ of trie raneo It to move equal to
the theiirrtiral velocity, tlien ve proceed Mt id the liut eaamjile*,
only we lake VV inkleiul of J^ (aa In former ejutmj>le<) i>f the
weieht of air diK^hiirijed. which ndded ti> the horse-power requisite
to drive the fan when no efflux taken place.
Vft aliimid hi-re a)|pia remark, that when the fan i> nioviofi iit
ihfm vdocity, that it la capable of diwharging iHU lb, of air per
minute withjiut nny fallinK off in rlrtmitv.
In a rereut <u>t of ex pen men tx, i\ie Inlet openinKS in the aide* uf
the fan chest were coiilracied from IT^, the original diameter, lo
IV and tf ut, diameter, when w« obtained the followint: reoults.
Pint, that the puwpr einenditd with the openini; conlrairird to
IS In. diameter, wxm im 2j to I ooinpared niih the npenin^ iif
irj in. dixmeter ; the veloi'ity of the f*ii being nearly the lanie. as
aim) Uie iiuacilily and denaity of air ilclivrml.
docond, th.1t (he power expended with the openinii; omtmcted
to 6 in. diameter, waa aa "^^ to 1 cinnpnrcd with the opening of
irl in. diiirauter ; the veWity of the fan IteinK nearly the mime,
niia alM the area of the emux pipe, but the deo^ty of the air
dacrwaeid one-fourth.
The»e experimenta show that the inlet openiii;r> muxt he made
of iiiiflidcnt n'ne, tliat the air may hare a free and uninterrupted
MCtioo in it* passage to the bludes of the fan, for if wo impede thU
■Ctiun we du to at the expense of power.
(CAeER No. a.)
fn resumiDfT the subject of the fan bln«t, I ^Kall endeavour, u
far aa 1 ctmvenientlv can, to avoid deiiiiled sLatemeuli of the pneu-
matic Inw* inrulveil in it* cimsidcrniKin, as they would occupy
nore time than would be coDHintcnt with the prescni ocriuion : and
ahatl proceed to remark on the most iiniuirl.inl points niiim-i-tcd
with tlie conaCriiction of the fan, viz. : the Hdo[itii>n of such forma
and propurtiorH. ax nhall insure the grcntc^t results with the leiist
etpcndituTe of power; end effeit n dimlniitiim oftht^ inttderablc
ncnae thtit icmcr.-il Iv uriaen from the worbirt); of the f^a. Aad al-
though 1 have iioE iieen able lo carry out such IcHdine prinviples
to the fullest e»tont, I tni«t that 1 havu fiiriiinlied nmterinU thnt
will be found of value to thivxe mcnibera whose K^eater leinure may
enable thenk to du &o.
From a GODtemplntiTe view of the action and apparent effect of
that very uacfiil nopnrntuN, a fan blii-il, it would appear that the
air in ihe fan caie is impelled by the vanca along the tnm»it pipe,
or channel, to the chest pruviilcd fur the blast ; and that tlie con-
tinuum rapid motion of thu raue«, Dumpressev air in the pipe and
oh«»t, to a decree that may be shown and aeouratclj' mcoaurcd, by
a water, or mercurial ftaffv, attached to the hltwt ch«st.
In my first communication, the priucipal investigation rested on
a theoretical quwtiun, vis. : whether the tip* of the blade shoul. I
partake uf Uie aame velocity ns a body fullintt freely a certain
Might, such height being governed by the density of atr required,
Ae^nt experiment* (the reovitis of whi<ib accompany this p«per)
jnsti^ the cundualona thcu made, aa will be seen on examioiBg
Uiblcn Ntie. 3 o, 3 n, and 4 a.
Having *nti*fied myself with revpeet to the velocity a fan oucbt
to hare, when a certain dcmtity of nir is required, 1 purpose in (hU
paper to examine the fan uudi-r other vriricil ciuiditirtn^ ths nhject
beuig to nrtablit^ the best proportion* of Inlet o|iemiup< in the
aidci of the fan ehevt, and the aaltable correspondiivr leni^h of
vaneik For this purpose, I cnu»ed the upeninow in the aide* of Ibt
fan chc=t to b« made of a lar({e diameter, and 1 wan enabled to vary
thone opvniiiffN by fitting in riii|^ of wood ; and 1 varied the fan
by attaching '" '*• iniia, rane* of cornMjwndin^ length*. The
exjM-rimitntu are cluaed in the following tablea : —
lalfld Avi I a. liuoumt tlic ftrti mi xr vKpMI'iitoiU.
„ i o, Bxporimrnu made Willi an inlet epei'iiig 30 Incbei diuaater ;
the length of tane lieiiig retlureU tu H inches.
,. 1 a. With ao lalct npening a{ ZlJ inclics diaairler, and the length
of (lie isn« 11 Inches.
., 1 da With an inlel upcain^ c( 2P| Inches disiscter, and the length
of the *»a« I'H in«hw.
„ 1 b. Show* the effect ptnilu<-e'< hy nirrswing the bladss ta 6
inctiM, the length bring 10 inciiM. wllh QuiM 10 inastt
pljip 4 inrhc* deei).
„ 2 A, 3 A. 4 i. «ie ptp«rinicnti *bawiDf Ihe cITeci produced by
ConlrsL'tiii); the nulirt opening. I'hc inlet opening, and the
length o( vant:, being the tame u tli* (able anilcr wbkb il
Is claued.
In the roncludiu£ pirt o( the firrt paper it ««» stated that, by
impediiiK the free admiNnou of air into the vnne, it fiti done at the
espense of poicr. Tlius, by contracting tlic inlet opening to la
inchee diameter, wo expended more than twice the power. Thii*
led tu an extension ef the opeuinicH, tlie results of which inll b«
seen on eompahng the former state of the fait, in table No. t «,
with the present tables Nc*. S a, 3 o, und i a.
In the firat live opcrimentis no elHux of air takea place ; and IT,
in tlicae cxperiinent*, we take the moan of the deitxity of tho air
and the huntf-power, and enll them luu'ty, their propoftiuni with
the cor responding cicperimenta represeDted in tabled ^ 3, and 4,
will stand thu«:
Tabu No. 1 1' Deotlty ef air. I' llone-foacr.
'i -69 „ 1-21
3 a „ ■«
4 1- .. l-lfl
Here the results are in favour of the fan in Ita orlipnal abape, nnd
•imilar results Mpt>^ar when the fan la dischari;ing air.
I will now proceed to examine the inlet opening, and the be«t
lenuth ol vane,
I'rom the experiment* enumerated in the talilcft it aill be seen
that the loniicr vane posseaaes a ureponderating power ovrr the
nhorter one, in condensing air of tho greatest deiurity, with the
least proportion uf |>»wer. Thnn, with a vaite H inches loiig, thi:
tips of which revolve at the rate of iSSB feet per woond, nir m
cuudenaed to Oi ounces per square inch ahuvo the preMUre of the
atmosphere, with a puwer uf l)-li hun>e9 ; but a vane S inches Ionic,
the diameter at the tips beiui; the annie, and having, therefore, (lie
■nine velocity, cnndcnses air tu <i ounces per square inch uiiiy, nnd
takes I'i horse -power.
Thus, the ileii.-<ity of the latter is little better than A of the
funner, while the puncr absurbed it nearly l-Qi to I. Although
tho veiocilj- of tho tips of tho vanna is the Miine iu each msc, the
velucity of tlie heels t<{ the respective bladee are very diderent ; for
whilut the tips of the blades in cnch case move at the rate of ^SVM
feet ]>or iiecond, the htxli; of the II inch bUdea move at Ihe rate uf
&0'6 fcL^t pur •ccoud; and the heels of the li inch move at the rale
of IJI-Ti feet per sec^ond; or, tho velocity of the heel of tho I*
inch, niovee iu the ratio of I to I'l^T, roinpared with the heel of the
6 inch blade. The lontcer bhide appTuachin^; nearer the centre,
strikes the air with Ie<a velocitv, nnd hHou* it to outer on tlie blade
with greater freedom, nnd with cnnHdcrablv less force than the
shorter one. The ini'rrence ii^ tliat the aliort blade must take-
mure power at the same time that it accumulates a less quantity of
air.
These experiments lead me to conclude that the len^h of the
vnno demaoda an great a eoiiuderatioii oji tb^ proper diiimeter of
the inlet opening. If there were no other object in view, it would
be useless nmki ug the vanOit of tlie fan of a greater width than the
inlet opening can freely sunply.* i>n the pruportion of the length
xnd width of the vane, nnu the diameter i>f the inlot opening, rext
the three most imnortant points, vix. : funnjUy, and dmtUf of air,
nnd expenditure at powtr.
* Th* prapccUaii ■ mriUiii pfpv Ikbti In * |>unip. U *a ■n*f&luii* vmatu tat^ ITi**
ertrt ilw boelnl ai ■ anaiM ntucli)' ituii ihttwtioD pipe will lupplf II wlili mwr.
lb* esnsf^Bne* will as, laal wt •ball not Un lo ouich wtlcr, at tht sun* tlo* Uial w«
abwrt am pawwi
I
ISW.]
TUB CIVIL BNOINEER AND AHCHlTECrS JOORNAL.
TABUS OP EXPERlUgMn.
I
I
Ka.t.ft^Wlik IdIm*^"^>*1''>-A«"-<
No. I, a.-Wllh InM tf^mm >* >^
Ne.),
*.— Wlik UM oiiM'nc 3I| Id.
No. 4. L- Wtlh tBt*l ODMlU fM la.
*ia. r*i.e»|iii.laat.bil4|*ilc.
1
■MtYMMHta-lnHC^ IHtn -Mr.
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1948
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Hoi
4.— Wnb ibc OalM oiwoliw
Kg. 4. b.— WHh Ihc OmiIM »ynli
•<l M 4 la. dM*. wrf 7 Id *Ue
nnuuKil la* Ip. iltvp.
nalrwuil u> J| In litrp.
nmnnwl u 4 in. dfwp.
|>ltt*rntBI i>ID.ill«n(irr.
Via. IC lu. C«c. bf > N. «ldi.
No en II I.
So ESui.
Ku Kfl-iL
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With £fliu.
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SW IU.-7 1 4 141 1 rW
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4W 1 tM7 1 4 |W7 1 >A
'
In thw l-l io'^h blade. Ihe tip hns a ixiocity i>f 2-6 (trcwtcT tliaii
the IirtI; ur, by the Iii«» of rentrifiiiritl force, the nir will Imre S-fl
linuM ihe (leiinity nt llic tip of tlic bUdo tliat it haa at the hwl.
The air rjiiimit enter uii clio licci "itli more than atnio«]ilicnc dcii*
■Ity. liut ill its {laflaaice al<in)r the vattnu it l)ei->iiiiea compreMieil in
pnit><irtiuu t« its frntrifiiK:il furctf. Th? theater th« Iciuctb vf
vanr. the ^■ater 11 til be iLe liiffcrnici; of tltc tvtitrifufml fi<r<.-e be*
tMfcn th« heel and the tip «l tin- bkdv ; ctfime'iiiently, llie K^'ntor
the deiultv of the nir.
RcaMiiiiiif. theuj ttoia these experimenU, 1 rcwmmcnd for e^y
rtttrenct, the fulfoning )>n>pi>rti4iia fwr the coriHlructioii of Uio
f^l ; — Lm (ho width of Uk tunett l« oue-fotirth of thr ilmnirtiT of
the vaues. — Wt tha duuncter »f thn inlet opening in Die tido<i of
tke fiui rbent lie ODt-hoIf the diameter «f IW fMi. --And, let the
|«DKtb of llic vnaea be oite-luurth of the dinmetcr (if the fan.
Id adoutiiii; lliiu mudv orcowtlniclipn, the uren of tho inlet open-
ieC* Id thv t>iile-< uf the fan eJiert, will be the ennie u the t-irv-iini-
(Weuce ttf the heel uf the hiade, muitiplied \\<r iU witlth ; or thn
■anie atwa a* the «pnt-e deaeribed hy the heel of the blade.
The ftill"«tiij( tablc« g»*«* the msea <if fana varying from S to S
Stti iliiuncter : —
Tabls
1.
OUa'WI
uidibot
L«a|ltiat
EMueivtof
M ttm.
Vonr.
v....
loM*
^■Icf.
ft. ID.
n.
i«.
n.
In.
R.
In.
i
B
U
9
1
6
3 ft
l«l
ft
11)1
I
9
4 u
I
2
4 «
1
4
It
2
3
i
1
3
3
Z
«
«
1
G
Tabic
2.
fi
a
>
7
1
4
n
31
1
8
4 «
ifli
*k
1
9
& •
1
fr
fi
2
«
1 *
1
'1
10
3
4
I teoonneiKl the pruportions In tahia 1, Am- donKiLiea ran^nf
fr»m 3 to (J vuDcea per f^uare ini-h, and for higher densities, vii. :
(yeoi (I to S, or tuvrc uuiicea, tho aiiea given in table <.
rtie diniensluna of the abore table* ar« not laid du<rn aa |irv-
ocribeil limita, but m nppruximatioiu obtaioeil from the bcwt reanlta
in iirdinioe.
Ill ai>iiio ciiaea, tvo fans fixed nn ime Hpindle >rniild be fouiid pre-
fcrnhlc t" oiie iride one, aa h)' eucb arranKement, fviir tlie area of
iiilel (>|>eHinic in ofalained. ox n pared with a tin){le wlilvfan; anil
tlicy may W so cniiatrurted, where oreAatunnUy only half the quan-
tity of air i* required, that one of them tnav lie diacngiiecd by h
i:lutcb, and thuH « auvin)r «f power cffcctca. In a Mingle Am af
Ifreiit widtli, tlie Inlet (ipiminic niunt eilhirr ho made too Mnall in
Sirojiorlion to the width uf the vane, or if it !>«• made hirge enoii)clt
iir the w-jdth uf the vune, the Iciifith uf the tunc beromeM wi short
u to he quite iiii.-it|iithlr uf priiduinnK air of the required deni>itv.
[I hii» been atatcd thut the uir from the f«ii rlu-Ht in impelled b^
the vuiiea alcit^ thi; triimiit pipe, to the blust clieat, Ike. : I bci; at*
lealioii l<> Iht: reDiiitit ofaii «xiieriment very recently made by tne,
witli retereiirv to the mlmitnion of air into the trnnalt pil"*, and
whieh, I think, may lend to »a iniportaiit improvement in the fan.
The experiment alluded tu, waa made to eoablo rao to aacertaiii the
fAiiilt of varying the area uf adiniiHiiun to the tmnoit pipe, in pro-
portion to the (faantity of bliu.t rvijuired for utx; and I effected
thi* hy adapting a aeiciiieiiUl allde to the ciroalar chcBt of the fan,
aa ahown in the aneompAnyin^ a«<rlion, by mcann of which, I vary
the a-idlh of the ivpemnit into the trmt^it pipe, from 12 to i tnchu.
'I'he ohJeiTt of thii arran|;ement in, to dlminitJi the trnnait pip*
openiiio; ut plMi«iire, in proportion to the quautitv of air rM|uired,
and thereby to iMaen the pewnr iieceiwiiry to work the fan. The
rvMiiltri wilt he seen by experimenta itiKertnl in table« I ft, -j 6, 3 ft,
and t 6. The inlet openitiff to the tranut itipc hiiviii^ been c«ii-
traeli>il from IS inehea to 1 inebm depp. w that tho tip of the vane
and the bottom of the outlet npetiing were nonrlv in a dirin't hori-
xoiital line, nearly the eaine quantity of nir wan'imiielled, tu with
the orifniinl openinK; the iioiHe produeed hy the fan had, kowevur,
nearly teased. It therefore Hrppeunt, that the lew thla openinf; ia
madii — provided we prodnee tiuSicient blaitt — the Ie«a nviae will
proceetl from the fan ; ami hy inukiu)^ llie top ot thla opening level
with the tipi of the vane, the column of «r haa litUB or no r«-
action on tlie ranee.
^1'ith reKpeet to tlift ilcffree of eresnlrieity which tha fan Ahoul4
have, <rllh reference to the fan cheat, ^ uf the diameter of the faa
I
a«
TJIE CIVIL KNUINEEK AND ARCHITECrs JOURNAL.
[Jakvabv,
kM li«ea fowiil in practice to luwwcr wrU ; tb«t ia, tlie aftaoe !>»•
Iwi-rn the fun uid Ifav diFAt iliouli) iiicrt-mv, rnnn^ of an ioch at
tlie U-ji of ilic inlet lu tlie triiifit fn]n; to ,', of the diameter of tho
fwi St the t*olt<>iu ufn line pervendiruliir with the centre. The
tunnel. i>r main ijipe, ffom tb« fan cheat iimy fwrtJiort disCAnceH,
/ —
/■^>
X.
\
<T"'
varyittB from 50 to 100 fwt in length, lie maile iw>t I«b than 1^
time* tlie area vf the trHimit [hi|ie in thi- fun chest ; miicI in diouni-eii
w.rj-in« (r..i,i loo lo 5iOO feet In lenclli, I J times the »ren of the
transit pj|)e. The length nt n tunnel ninj- he umtniued ^^ Sim «r
more feet, [irovifli;!] \i be mnde I'f nuHiiTirnt dimeiiHiuuii to nilow ihe
iiir to jiiiM freely aluun it. The eatiiexiinetit* neo<.ni|«iijitic this
iwper were mn.U- «ith » tuii/ieJ Ift inches liii.iiieier imd 160 feet in
UB^i, an<) no digorcni-e vuiilii bo dfterteil in the densiiv of tli«
air. when the |f«({e »ii.i nppliod M »»)■ purt of the tunnel
Having iuveatifinted the leadiiia cli&raeleri».tica of the fan, it may
not h« out of place to fivt u fcw hinte respectinii iu mechanical
const ruction.
/■tr*(,— It i« one of Die greatcrt easeutuila, that all uiirt* main-
lain njUBt and proper balance.
Sfmitd.—That tU wnw of the fan bir a« lifrht im is fronalRtent
wilbsafetjr; rocind armgarcdccidedly olyectionnWe ; Ihiiveknown
iniUDOCs when their wntrifupil force has turn them from the cen-
tr« bon. I prefer the twiUnpriiW arm. nbout the proportion of sX
Umea the width, for the depth .t the centre, with Buffident taper
lownrds the tips. '
TAtrrf.—The besrine«nnd journals of tho fan mindic should he
made of « le.i^th not leviathan four tink«a the dinmeter of the neck*
of the f^pindle.
f inufly-— The Amlng pnlleya should bo made aa Urce as drciim-
stuicea will admit of. au that the alrap may Iibtc aufficient lurface
to Drvvent Hlijipiuf^.
The fan from whd-h my experimenU irere wHcrted, waa made
•ilh the*e proportionii. It haa been at v,„rk nine year, without
any perceptible wear.
The application of tho (an faa« hitherto heen ehicfly applied to
umithieB and fouodriea; and in but few instanceB boa it been an.
plied to Ihe unehina of iron ore. I am awnr* that difference* of
opinion esift as to the applieability of the fan to thnt purpose. The
prmeipal reuon urpd nffaiiKt it bein^r the limited density to which
M» M»M cma thereby be couipreased, compared with tin blut Biip-
plinl by the rylinder. It remains, however, to be prored vh«th«r
auch hiith deniitiim iireabMiliili'ly necewar}- for the amelttng of
iron ore; whether we may not iinidure mk goiid iron by a diffused
soft hIiHt, KH by the Htrontc, anJ cenerally applied, i-unei*iit rated
bliist. I hope it will nut he thoii)riit preciimptuoua on my part. En
thui dotihtinK Ion;; vstahliidied yrrxMxaen. The old maxim of
" there's no way like the old way, \f, not alwaya baMHl on unerring
priHciploK.
A» 1 have 1>efarc stated, the deuHily of liliiKt afforded by the fan,
in limiti-d to the force nrUDng from the centrifufnl motion of the
air, in pa-inin^ along thn vaiu-N oftiic fun ; the quantity not ex-
cecdiuK whtit i»du« to ita velccily and iiin^nltuite. But mny not
thia denslybe Increased byiiaji^ a suceesiiun of fana, m> run-
atructcd and arranged, that the air mny be pnHed »u«:esai%'ely
throujch each; the air fnmi the (irst fun hein;i mnde to enter the
m»nd , the air from tho second to enter the third \ and the htaat
finally emitted of adetjuate denwty >
[ t'utiiiol here enter itit^ia further inr estimation of thin important
fulijei't ; neither ure the Itmila and chnmeler of this paper cuited
to the minuliip connected with the principh-fi and pmctice of a
amelliii^ furunre; but I In.'jir th'it tlie oW'ri'ntiona which I have
mude, and the pnucipli-B I bnve endeavoured to enunciate, will be
the meaiiA of instltutint; further inquiry ; and, oa tlia expense of
const ructiiiK^ u fuu ciin he no barrier, I trust that a fair trial will
be nitide, where cunrenience in iwiled to ila application for amelt'
ing purpoeef .
RSoxsTEB or Himr paixhti:
VENTILATION OF MINES.
JoNK Wit^W'K, (cent I email, in the county of Vorlt. for "«Br-
faJn Jmpriirrmrnl* in the tvntUaticn lif nian." — Granted Juno 1% ;
Enrolled Dec, 13, 1847. [fteportcd in the Fatmt jMintal.'}
1'hc (lutentee, in tlii.-^ «pecllic&tion, Ktntce hit invention to be for
the purpf>8c of impnivin^. and more effertually 9ecurin>r. the better
ventilation of minc^ and coosiats of eluuiratinK tlie upraet shaft of
tbe mine, liy the adilition of otscks, towers, or other similar build-
intfa, creL'ted above, or iu connection with wich upriintsluift, by
whirh the upper orilii:c of the upcast i-baft iw elevated verj- cons-
deraWy above the upper orifiie of the downc-ii*t khnft pi'4>portion-
ably to rariouH i-irtuinBtancea — «« the relative depthx of the two
ahaJPts, the rcloclly of the current of air thr<>Ti|j;hth« mine, tbe
nature of the gnani, &tr. Tlie veutilation of mine- is elFerted by
the puB»iuf( of a Btreaui, or current, of Mtmoupberic air Chrouf(D
the various ram ilikat ions of the mine, earryiii« »ilb il, in it*
cyur»o, tho voriyu» nuniuun j;ii»e»^«B e^irburelled hydroeen, car-
bonic M'id, and also tbe vitinted air, in it* course, ann escapes
through the tipc^Rt utinft into tbe otmoiqihere. Thi* current it, in
iiiorf ciuwa, cnuavd — or the vel'-clty of it in increaeed^-by the ap-
plicittion of heat to the upcast *Jisift, either at the bottom thereof,
or at the oriS<^ at the surfuce. The patentee projiotes, by his in-
vention, to iftr-renM; the velocity i>f the eurrentM throui^h tbe np-
caat (hnJft, by erecting a Ptack, tower, or other >4imilar building,
above, or in connection with, the iipcnst shaft, which farmx a con-
tinuation of the flhaft, and thmuph which iiIjm eontlnaei to il»w
the current of air. The heifrht to which, in most cawe, it will be
saflicient to raiKethe eloni^ated portion of tho xhaft, the patentee
KljilM to be Irufn 60 feet to HID feet, though thin will he governed
muck by circunutancec, varying in different mines. The patentee
givea several drtiw!iig«, deMi^riptive of hi« invention, n» applied to
several desctiptiona of mine ehufts; an, tinct, t4> in applicjition to
mine4 luivinj; only <'»« ohaft ; in this oaae, it ia cualomnry to make
nartitionc down ttioKhnfl, thus forming downcast and upcast ahafla.
The iMitentee proposes leaving these arrangetnent^ aa usoaJ, but
erecting over, or in eonDectiou with, the pnrt of the ahaft, a slack,
tower, or otiier building, na a contfnuntion of the upcast ahnft.
Seeondty, to a mine in which the upcant ahaft is also the working
one ; in lh!« en*v, (lie minernla and workmen piuaa out of the lower
part of the 9t»cl<, or lower, bv an aperture in tho wall of it ; and,
thirdly, to amine in which ttte upcast ahiift is only employed for
that pur]tOM!; in thi* caae. ii plum ftnck. or tover. i-i employed.
In all caaea, (he patentee itntoa, it i: nii-euanry thnt the sectional
area of the stack, or tower, Khoulil he, iit leunt, ei|UKl to the ue-
tional nroa of the upcart nhaft ; nnd th»t, when it ifl ncceaaary to
have Kiiy openings into the lower part of tho stack, or tower, the
ncctionaJ area oftho wppot part of the stack, or lowej', above the
I
I
I
I
i
[iM«0
TUB flVIL ENOINEEH AND AKCIMTECrS JOLRNAL.
«9
nwal l<« inci«aa«)t hy tl)» tizo Of ike s]>«rture«, fur
of not inlf'rfmn^ vith th* unward current frum |h«
opeait uiaft. Tht ]i.itt>iiti.-i-, u^irr d<'«criliiit)( hio int-^ution, cliiiina
IM modp, ormode^ of elunifatinf! l)ip U|w-it4t ith&fT« of mincii, for
thf hett«r ventilation of «iich tnJnfuv, oh deecritml in tlif f-prci~
Acatlau.
L
^^^^■kn, for *' loiprvrmtvtiU in iltc ourulrnrlian i^ bridgtt. — Griiiited
m^Hl 8; Ennillrd Ort. S, IMT.
Th« imiiroT^inFnli art fur coiulrtictioelirideM in tlie manner
■hown iu thvaniiexMi «DgrBtitig». Vif. I M«sid«vi«w of a brid^
CONSTHntTION OV BRIDGES.
KN MucLTu.-t, of Ntirfiilk-Hirect, Strand, Middlctiex, (jen-
J
>e«Mtract«d accurdinjT to th« inventinn. Fiji. 9 ahowft ln-o trsns-
nil B,
din^o-
*twa0cti«aB tlieriM>f, by which it nill )■« hocii that the top mil B,
' ml "
ud tliO bottom rail A, ftr^ (-••mhined t^igetlier hv a seriw i
Bkl liars l\ rio tlint tfi9 bottom rail A^ i«
suHppndi'd from the upjit^r rail B, hj-
BlMUHof 8urh dufioiial bare 1 1 ; nnd the
milit, A >ii<I K, an- krtit npnrt by mvan*
of tb« upritrhtK (', wlidi uiiriijrhti are
twt fixed to ifiP up|>«r or luwer nU«
B, A, hut Kimply mmff in b«twr«n them
ai 8U{i[M>rU ti) rotaiti Ihe pnrts A, B, at
th« eorriM-t dt>4ancei B]uirl ; ami in ilie
fvrat iif thr I'hiuii bpiriii furm<'il tn act
tiii«'t]uallv' (III any of the diaifonal bart
D. by dnviuK inw^d^m, a« wown at E,
(i([. I, tlii> <rn(d(i muBt be rnrrrctly ail-
jukImI. The diafonal har* U, proceed
in ii|ipn>>it« (liri^^tionti, and crum entrli
other, »3t ia *h<iwi), but tlii^y are nut fixtid
to eai'h other, they beiii); simply ftx«d
SI their eiidti by meant uf pini piuMing
1hmiit;h thrm ; and thr top and liottiun
rail, U, A, Ac. 1, <liowa purl uf ihc Hide
Auming of the liridgo.
Fl|[. 3 >>hri«ii the diiMTonal b«ni D,
with the Ntren pins and nuts, hy vhicli
they arf atlarheil to the railH A. B. Thr upper mil may bit furuiod
of Iwu aii(;le-ironK. a« ■howii it lit;- 2, iir in one double ani;te-iriin,
Mdiiivn at ^f. 3. the diaitonal liar« 1) pitMinfr belvren the pnr(4
HB. and Rticli part* «ill be held toirrther by llie pinnaiiiintitH J,
am shotrii. The loner mil is ntinpuaed nf two
' *} ^ > bars. A, A, iJiown in 6^. 2, and the cnde of llie
I ban D are placed betHren them, and held by the
screir pitia nnd uiit« J, as ihown. K. the htjains
for reeeieinK tbv flour of the hridKr. F, the cap*
which i>>vcr the upper rd|;«B uf tne two lur* »f
which the hottom rail A, ia composed. At the
endii of a bridge it i* preferred to orc additional
bars ])*. U*. » fthoH-n at fi^. 1, and nlso holdine-
bars G. «itli adjuKtiiiK screwa ami nula, a« at II;
but tlieac may be dkfpcnied »Itb. There are
f F^.S ffUCh npriKhta C.
It vtll be fdund by examininr tht> peculiar nrranjcement of the
|urt» that great stNtij^ with ligfatneBd ure obtaiued by cona^ruct-
opi-ning throuich the upri)flit* (', for th« paaaiife
of tJie diai{«nal t)itr>i l>, but th*M) liam 1) «)iould
Vt frM and not confined in the openiuj^ through
init hrid^ea in the maaner dracribed, for it will be evident that an
tha Mil* A, U, arekepl Keparatvd by the iipriuht* (*, which act aa
atretcherw, they u-ill b« rendered tliff and Mtoare from flexure by
the diagooal bwa P.
LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES AND RAILWAY C ARRIAUE?.
Gntwi: Taylor, uf [loDwck, near Lembt, fiir " ImprtnfniMiU iu
locomotive nqtfuM and raUuvj/ mrriiiger.'—Gt unlnl June X; Eu-
riillnl Dei:. 8, 1M7. tKeporteil in the MtrAankv Moga^jHf.}
The (>atciit«e i>ta|«v lliat hie invention cunaiitn: Firstly — In
certain improved aiTau|Cenu:nt.-< nf the rtenni cylinders wf liicunHt-
tive etiKi'ie*, and the parts ahtch cunimunicote the rc^-iprocatiiiic
mutinii tif tire pinloii!! of the rylindcr:! to the nxir or aafea of the
driviii^-wheclit, uhioh arransf nieut* hove for their object to con-
centrate (he driving po»cr of the actuated pistona. so as tn c«itii>_
municate an even rotating (notion to the driviuK-wIifel*. or to H^\
tribute the moring power (before coDcrntruliiiK- it), in an even
and uniform inaniiiT to one, two, wr miTc pair* of wbeeK The
advanta^e^ "hicb the patentee atatea he ln-licvc* (o result frtun
this part of bia invention arc, diminished wcfir ami teur i.f the en-
fin«. and the attaininMit, «itb aafcly. of a ([jcMer ile^rer. i.f
nie*«L ill con»ei)uenc« of the deereaM-d amount of owitUtHio of
the lueomntiTe*. The c«fi(tructioQ U a^^ follons; — Above the
boiler, and near the ainoke.bo:^. hcb placed, hurizoatallr, anil in
Juxtii-jKitution, two (team cylinder* of e<iual cupnfity, each having:
itiipii>ti>n fumiched vith cn»« hearfo iJidiug in fniidea aupportcdby
the frame of the en^nno. The piotoiix are connected hy rodit to
two crank*, which are nttaehed ou either *idc to » wheel havliii;
eagt or jmlenUtimM on Ita peripherj-, and nhich getn into another
wheel Aurtened on the eentre of the aslc of tli« dri« in^-wLed*
The axle is placed above the boiler, and allowa of the cnipbiyiaent .
of dfiviii{f.u'heel>« of tar|^ diameter (nay from 10 to 1 J feel),
with eieo a diminiiJa-d amount uf oMrillntion, In consequeuce of
the weiplii of the en^ne heinp brought near the lino of ri.ih.. All
the whetdK may be made to drive hy hein^ coupled in the ordina/r
manner. In order that the eug.wheelii may wi.rlc iiroperly, and
the bearing-sorini:* of the engine act freely, the ipiidc*, in whi<h
are «upportea[ thejoDraab or axlii-lKixeaof the dnvin^-aheeliL, are
made ahiutiiiir. Two modilicalions of the modi' of conne^lini; the
pl«Uin-rods of the atmni (Cylinders with the aile>! of the driving-
wheclji are "jiecified by the patentee. The liret cuuilBt* in forming
a obit in Ihe centre of each of the pl^iton-nHlo, in »hich works a
short viliraltng link, cuiinecteil to a vertical frame on eilht'r nide
of the enjirine, which ia made fast uiiilerm-iith the boiler by mean*
of u pill, on whidi it ribratea — and in connvetin^ each of these
vilirntinfi: vertical frame* I A- rods m is usual with the buwie* of Ihe
(Irivin^-Mltrel*. or iu attach inc on« end of a connecting-rod to the
«ui>ide end of the crmis head of the pintoa-rod, and the other to
the bo« of the drivfnif. wheel. Secondly— Thk Invention luia r»-
ft-rcnro to llie construction uf an apnu-atua applicsble tu the t»C^^
motive, tender, and cnrriages, whiia serve* to retard Ihe prumai '
of the train when neceaury, anil to support. In the caoe tiTihe
breakage of an axle, the wetfrht of the rurriafre. To elfe«'t thia,
two levent are mode fn«L to the bottom of the carriage in Mich
manner im to allow of their Mrlini; freely, and have each at the
outer end a flanged nkid placed ilirectly over the line of rail.
Thcitu skids have on the under surfaces SliKki of hard wm.il with
the grain placed rerticully. and arc moreover eoniiei;ted by a
strung spring. From the Mntre of thin aprintr rises a vertical
shaft, eonNrtInK of two pieces joined by a tlircjided connection,
whereby it out be kMlheniil or ^llorU■nea. as retjuired. The top
■•f tliis ulinft ie forlsti, and hit* between the prougs at top nnd but-
torn two nnti-friction roller*; lietween iheiw roller* ia n cam, fiwt-
ened (o u borixonlal rod, which in niudv to rotate by apjMratus
brought under the n>ntrul of the tlrivcr or icu.-irils alter nny ordi-
iiary and well-known means, ^Vhen the loii^e^t ntdiu.H uf the cam
is bruuftbl t» hear ujioit the lower luiti -frit-lion roller by means of
the routing' of the horiaontal shalt, it follous that the vertical'
shaft is forced downwards ajid the flanged nkiis thereby drpmwfd'j
on to the lino of rail which they bite, nnd thux retard the progre»i
of the train. The flanges serve to retoin the carriages ou the liiM
of ratia, and the skid* to Hupputt the cueringe tn Uie ca»e of the
br«id(Nge of an «»lr; but, In order thot the vertical ahafX may be
relieved from the weight of the carriage, rtops are inserlcd in the
lower part themif nt the muit cmivenicnt point, agaiimt which ihe
akida enleh. Thirdly — The patentee propose* to divide the imder
horizonially into two partK, uxing the upper or open pi>rtion fvr
cunlfl, and the lower tu contain (he water, and to pass the asle of
the wheels through the water or above tt, in order that the weight
■21
THE CiVrL ES'CrKKER AVD ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
[J«1tUAllT.
of the teadrr. u in the. ciur uf th« l<iron)ollv« Wfvre deorribed.
may b«.' bruui^t neurer the rails. Fourtlily — To rnipluv mips tor
railws)- cnrriofn uomouvod of IwD piccvx, one mA'iA orii) l)u' otlifr
tubuUr, to aliue »rer it ; ano of > pair of whcelii WinK utUcheil to
Moli piece, ao tlmt tlicy m*y revolve indepeuileutly itf eairh other.
VIBRATINT, PISTON-ROD ENT.ISE.
G. V. Gt-srAraMv. of is. M'illljim-fiir^t-t, Ke|i»ntV[iiurk, late en-
(^□•er, K.N. *' ImprwrmmU ia fV Wmra riijfia*~
The im proven) c II ta reUte, fint, to '' the mmle »f <<unnrctiiu[ a ptit-
tnii-riKl to A ptHton lir mpan!) uf n buII'mid'Hrcket Joinl." The ad'
vmnbMCD i>f lhi» plun vwr tlic old one ("here Uir j>irt"n-ro<l i* cnn-
iiectinl to Ihe pintoi) br iiiimiib uf titrapN atiil keya likr iht craiik
mid <.-utuio.'tiii^<i\>tI) Till easily be pecv«ivetl ; ■ ^lyf bearinK sur-
lier, its fiinlityf»r adaiitiri,tr itnelf in the centre vftlic pirton, Wing
Ixircd himI turned nl the ttame timr, and iJmi the converiience for
huldiae it Ittbricutin^ Eubetance:, such aa oil or tnlluw. and Ihtnhy
trtwniu); tin* friction, itnd raviiiiffa Ick* wenrof theliullnnd Hirkirt,
Secondly, "The manner uf keepiiit: the piston liiiht «it!iiii the
L-yliniler ov the ennibinvd nirrhnuiral fvrees of ittjim and mrtiiltie
i>[iriii|c».'' Tlie ftdvantn^re of t)iiii krranftement »Ul ft!** be p^rr oiv-ed
■willKMit difficulty: t)i« pkelelvii of the pinton U TtyrmM likv a
(wheel ; l)i« niiv« n>(«tv(>& the nnd nf the jii<l"n-riid, fnim which
' inweedii the arm*, to the extreme endaof whitli n rin^- n ntljii-hed,
and tn which ritii; in holleil thv ton and bottom rov^rof tiip piotoK,
which fi>r lightncM tJioiilil be made of wroiitrbl-iron ; within thpm
cover*, and at the outer perlpherj', are fitted two metallic Hon of
li^ht coiiatnirtion, and kept in tlieir pUrt^A hy means of spiral and
hariionliil tipriiitr^. but iint neeenwrily stoiiin.ti|rht, xa thnt trill be
effected hy admitting itenm into tlie chnmlter, nhirh incltMe* the
faeklng'Tiaf^ by tneuns of n double artinir vnlre; tliix uill raiiM
■ more uni^nit pranrt on thr pai'kititr*riti^ thiiti i^uiild he I'ttV^-ted
by spring alone ; it aUo re<|utjres very little lilting and ^rindinfr,
■ inly the ^id*- 'if the rinft nvau-Kt thi> rovpr: it has also nnntber,
th<ni(,'h pertiiipti nut very ifri'iit !uli'antii{:i>. nf oiu'tinlly paUhiy, iii-
Htead of entirely ptittiing the )>iiiti>D. SuppiMe tlie pititon in nidi iiig
opwnrdis n piirtiiin i>f the pretauro (nun under it will he rpmuved
III the iipprr cuver, which in oiiiiidenihli' hIkivk the ceiilri- of (h«
i;l<>t>e ; tlitnce the pullin)! nroperty. whicn in nurh case is preferable
to fiuiOiin^: the wime. nf cwunte. take* plaoeun the dnwn slruk*.
fiitnce the pullin)! nroperty. whicn in nurh case is preferable
same, nf cwunte. take* nlaoeun the dnwn slruk*.
Thirdly, "The cuiiBtrurtion ofn moveable uppnrittiii to !ti*ailiipled
to the tup or cover of the cylinder tlirauitli which the pi>>ton-riid is
til alide. and at the iiHmi' time rihrnte." The advantatre of Lhia
aplMirHluii uver the old klide-reat ihapi'd one in, lint. Iieinit niriYil
n# In present nearly ii rectangiiiar base to the dilferenl ponitiima of
the iiistiiti-nid. nhi-reby llic friction i* rpn^idcmhly ilimiiiinhcd ;
iiecondiv, liavin); a rial beaiinfr >urfar« to act »ir:iiii«t, iriMriiil oft he
dovetailed eAgc6 in the old plan ; thirdly, and loot, il» f^eility o(
kcepinir in tiiiitarl witli the tieiuHiijc aiirfacr. whii:h is efTocted in
condeii^iii); engines by connectinjt the ivirru* <1jiiniliiT, brtweeii
the two ilidea, with thr rondcnsor, wkeretiv the slides nre kept in
tbtiir place* by the priwure ufiitttum mid the atnwwphcrp : in iion-
OOndennnK en^ineH this chamber shuuld lie to ciimmnni cation with
the atnoa]rhere, which may be ciTcctrd by cftiiMiia the uuper nlide
to lie-nr in th« middle u>i/y. alluwinu a pawui^e to tm^ rhtimlier under
it, which will ako lessen lite friction of the uiiper ^ide; it will hv
vivcd that the »lide> are portiorui of r.irclcs, and cun^eiiueatly
„, of construction. And fuurlbly, "jVii airjiucatuK (or Mdf-act-
ill); damper) for ru^'ulatin^ tliC druuifht uf tlic f1iic» and fiimacev,
mid thcrchy ti'injicriiiu t1i<' pn-raiirv of nteaiii in the b<-ilcr, luidalfln
(.'ivinxBu^'li due uutice -if tlic state of preBaurc in the iiuiler im may
prei'vnt nrcidrntnl expliiuiim. Thix (•(■iiix a distinct apparatuv,
may be vioed with vt tvithout the other impruvementa, autl » appli-
i»Me buth for land and marine engine''.
Tha inventor Htatec that, "a plan, Eomcwbat Bitnltnr in principle,
thuugh differing in detalU, was triwl many yaara ago, Imt in r«n-
seijiience nf the ill-adaptntion of the it 1 idea— come what like the
itliHf'rnit of m turninjr-li'thtf — to the m»tion of the piialon-rod, hfuiic
Im flffht an^l-es to the latter ori/y at the dead point* of the ehf^in',
tVr t«]i-«nd-biittiini Ktroke, it was a very (i;rent defivl,"
\ The three lirvt iuipruvemQnt* are shown in th<> aiincxml enjirav-
Iti^ of a vertical Etfction of the iiteam cylinder, a. the cylinder ;
A, the Kkel*toti uf tbv piKton, fiirnied liken whtH'l f»r tb>> purpose
«r rondoring It of lislit i;un>trticti>in ; r, a hullou.- cani-iron gliihe.
fitted to the end of tlie piston-rod and secured to it by ii plti^ d, or
il may lie mot «in to the end of the pinKm-md ; in thu centre of
the piKtoti i* a hemispherical socket, into which tlic f^lobe c i^i fitted
and secur»d to it ly meana of a cap e 6niily iKilted tn tlie heni-
aphcrii'al ncket; Uio arms kme ulrengtheninft fihtiffif* on their
luider »'<lv*, and to the outer rint;, at the extremity of the arms, ia
tnillcd the lu|t und bottom I'overn jf jr, which, for li^hinei>«, may !•«
nado of wrwU)fht-iron. To rander the piston steMn-tiKliI, 'iwv
"^A
'"^'— .1 ,,_ i
melallir. rinp- are placed in the anijular chamb«r between the
covers j)^. and held in their plnce-i by mennx of vertical and hori-
tontal •prini.ns but nut nece^snrily xtenm-tifrht, as thnt wiU be
effected by ailniittinii htonm intn tlii^^ annular ciunnber of the pi»tou
by mean' of a dowhle-aetinfr valve, hy which a more uniform prea-
Hure onlhepacking-rinir' iHohtnined than could posxiMv be elTivted
by kprini!s alune : • in tlie cylinder cover, which ia made spherical,
with M-i;ninii1iil pieces^ to complet-v the arc nf a circle i t i* a uetr-
meiit ilijfhtly holldweil in thi- ratddli' and 1inlte«l to the cjlinder-
crjver ; ' »re •liden attached to tin* cii|j* ro n. To kei-ji the riuliui
dideii i I eonstontly in contiict with their hearinir !<uriiiee, the hol-
low w\ntee o skoold hv in ci>mniiiniciitiiui <* ith the condenser, which
K effected by <iiinj|t a small tube in any oonienient pliu-c : in aon-
ecindoiixinp enfpnen this >i|>nce shnuld be in enmmunleutivD with tite i
htm onp here.
It will bo tteen that as the pi-^ton ascends anil rfew-eridit, ll>e
pi<it»it-rr>d will be enaMeil, hy the lateral motiuii nf [he rtdiiii^
filiden, to vibratv. and thnrehy a<'t directly on the cmnk ; in coiuio-
ipienceuf the Hiitfular position of the piston-rod the wistr of the
cylinder would he (creater iin one lodi" than the other, but Uiiii may
bw avoided by iiiviU|t to the latter an iiirlincil piwition. It will In*
perceiied that this peculiarity of the jiistun 1« of utent advanti^te,
especiiilly for h«rixotilal eiiKinew. n* the trrigfit of the pittnn wutild
he KUjipitrlrd hy the pressure, and Min^queiitly prevent on un-
ei|ii»luini> wear of the cylinder and iiistnn, which in ciimmon hoh-
ztintnl engine* caimol lie a void ml ; hence the vibriitinff piatiiii-rod
i^ particularly adapted for the Brrew-proiieller and locnmotive en-
itines. To prevtrut an iinnece«Mri' wnHte of steam, the vpaee
between the pioMii and the cylinder cover, trhere the fonner h on
tiie tup fitroke, M hhowD liv ino dutted lines, may be HUed up with
hard wood and Iwlted to tfic cylinder cover.
PALMERS mrROVCMeNTS IN OAS .
THE CIVIL ENOINEGR AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
M.
BUNNETT'S SEtt'KR TRAP.
Mr. Bunn^t. of the firm of Hiitinett and Cvrpf. of Loinbnrd'
ctrvi^t. Ii;i& invpntiKl ii very Kim}ite and clieaji '' .'M/'-(u4iuy ^puvia
7>ap," vhidi iittr* tnim nil previous contnruii?e«. The ThuIi itf
the olA invcnUon <nu tlmt xhvy were «i* iirraiigvd tlint a very Hmoll
qniuitity of w«t«r cauMMl tUf p^n of tti« (rip to fall, and come,
^uently dutinff b xluiwer of titiii^ ur water InllhiK upon it, the
action iniB intermitleat, eontinual])- opvning a rnmiiiiiiiicitiim with
Uw Mw«r^ mill Itntile to lie held auen pt^rmmiently by iiiiy li^lil
■laUor being cau^it by thv riitiiiK <>r the piin. lo Mr. Dunnett'a
Improved trap thiK ik itvuidml by iulroducinir tt pMuliiir rnecbanicol
iirningemeut of the le-
verage rannectml with
tlie form of the miivo-
altlt'pan, and applica-
tion of the weiijiil,
which wdmitx, under
ordinnry dmiitiKtiiii-
rrt, i.f a rnn&tant flow
!■' ■■'•T through the
^•n>t.;t^ tiilo the pan
of tiie trap ami over
the edg« of the «aine
into tlieMwer or drain,
the lower part of the
trap being iinmrr«<'d
into the water, *o iiu
to form a most effec-
tual w Iter M-xIeil jnint,
of Mufflrient deplb to
withsUnd the effecU
of pvRftriratioD from
long ilroaghL, and thonld n niojipa^ he i*auiti>d by u depcnit of nilt
or Othw matter, the water will rise in the hody of the trajt. until
U iaabont twn-thirdu full, at which point it rube* tlie balaace-
weiffil. and rtl)taiai conaiderabli' Irveniire by the peculiar formation
pf Uie ni<ivL\:ilile pan, inHurinv a ra|nil dixcharjite of a large body of
nier, irhich by it« fori^e moat clfect<Lftl1>' cleaiues the trap, and
fliiHhes the fWwer or druin. and inttjintly recover* iU po«tion, witJi
Mullirieiit water to form the jiiinl »i:ain. rMumintt its former lurtion
tlU ajiolhef tloppa^ occun ; tlie furni nf the iriip »Im Insureii nti
the rommminment of a thaw the rmdv ejectian of any ice thnt
may bMve fortned therein. The iunioncd fiif^iire is a wiaio nal %'tc<r
of a street gratintc and Riilly hole with tlie tritp, ntiich U repre-
aented in ita unlinury po^iiion, the water Rowing from tho gratinif
iato the bodjr of it. and over t!ie cd^s »f the murouble part into
tlie sewer or drain. The lower part of tlie bndy of the traj) w
hnmcr-M-d in the wiiier wliioU it. retoined In ihe moveable part liy
iW couiiterbiiliiiK'!* n eiiflit, therrbr fnmiinK a pcrfuctly seiilcd joint
aod effectually prevenlijur iiny wnirll from rising.
Another ndvantaizv »lte:iiUi)K thii4 tnip in that it van eanilr he
fixed to any icuUy bole, oad the price isverv moderate, bemg auout
ill each.
GAS IMPROVEMENTS.
CaTilh Eiutrtvlnjf, Pl«t« W.J
Ororik IliiLwuHTnv pAi.«i:ii, of W'entboume- viUiw, llarrow-
rosd, Middle-OK, civil eojiiiieer, for "an imyror/yt mtthodtfr mode of
yraJMciag iM/iriaimaUf m>r> /^ gmtt'''- fiiirilu atid higttrr Uluntiaalwj/
pMoir, j,-e."— Granted .\pril 17 ; Enrolled October 17, 1S47.
The firtt part of thta invvutinn relates lo an itnprorerf mode of
■ettliif; and arranirini; tlie ret4>rti in ronjiinL-tion with lulditional
v(««el<( mlled "' rearenerator^." so as to inmre th^ir beir;^ Lerited
uniformly to the reijuinsl teoiperatiire (n« ihowii in ti^'«. I to S). by
which method not oidy an iiicreane of volume, but alwi an inireaite
in the illuminstini; power of the^aa is obtained. The heating Hur-
tatr of the reitenenttitrt may be 5irther tncreawd by the introduc-
tion of nieiallic i:hi(>piiijir<i, or by sheet iron partition*.
By this ■rranKemeni. the ira« itaiMea direct fronv Die retortu into
I tbs r^vneintors. where it receives a second done of caloric, and
Itlwn aow» Id the uKual manner thnnigh the seahnl ptpei in the hy-
dranDc main, and then into the merhaniral prrcipitfltor, to be uvxt
nplainnl. The patentee recxiiuTiiendH the retortx to be hent nt a
irnj>ht I'lierry-reo host, and the re^noratora at a dull-red heat,
visible by duvli)iht.
The Hcciuii] impruvemeni relatt^t In an apparstun called a "me-
dnnical pmipttator." combiue<l with n refrigerator (ai slioira In
figs. 7 Bnd8},fartliepiiiyo«6i>fabatMietin|;the vapours of tar ud
nij^thn. aa well ax the frsMon) ammonia and it« vompouiulB.
The third improvement relates to s[^U«tai called '■' umnaiuacal
filterinK toners," thmugh whiWi the f{w panes from tbe prccipila>
tor, betnif washed in Ita eourae by Uouid sauuonia, deeocndiuK like
rnin Ihrnu^h one ur mare MrfontM platca, u shown in Ng«. l, 9,
and li, in fi^. 9. 10, iind 11. Bjp Ibis pnMCM a further poKton of
ammiiniu, eoutaitied in the gaa, m absorbed without mibjectiui^ the
ps to an liicreaaed prOMure, and the liquid ammoniH i» Lncrvn«ed
in Btrenelh.
The fourth imnroTMHCDt relates to an apparatus consi^tiu^; of a
■erieii nf xtiuun eliambent and eondensen, ^oa. i,A, and (i, jikiJimwu
In fipi. and 10, throu^ wlilcb tbe gm passes from tbe filKtriitw
tower; eacb of these ebambera U to be rlinrged with a volume of
jiurv Hteam piiutil to the volume of gae. The crude ga*. witl> a vo-
lame of aUnin, ptfse« first into Xo. I Ateam chamber, and th«n into
its condensing chamber, where the atciun will be condensed into
water, which in its descent will cajT|r with It a great portion of the
reinninin(t fptaouus ammonia and its vnrloiu eompoundt ; nfier
which, tbe permanent gaaea flow from No. I eundenser into No. 3
steam chamber, ulien the gm iiill be again Kuturnted with «tenni,
nud will :i^nin Hiiw into ite proper refrigerator, to do{Hn-il the steam
uharj^ed with aniith<-r purtimi of the iinidiict in ali<jiiid form. The
van will then pans into Xo. 3 chiunher a>^ before, nnd thence into
So. 3 condenser, where U depo«ited llie remaining .inimimiii anil ita
com|Kiii udd. together with a |Kirtioti of mlpliurettod hydr^>(ien. All
tbeM tiiiuid priHlmct* are to be inidi:! t<> How. an f;mt a« they are
deposited in the condenaer, tJiIo a «tiiit.ible r(>t:i'ivt'r, Kpaled by an
hydraulic joint to prevent the gateous vapouni and gaa from return-
ing into the riindeniwr. Pruni thio lact apparatus tne gas will pass,
freed from impurities, into the "lime machine*" or puriHers,
charged with dry lime, where it is divested of the remainm^r dele-
lerioiiH gHMTi^riiv, tmlphiiretted hydrogen and carbonic And, uiid
proceeds thence to the m^ holder, and taxtly to the matiht.
The gas now piirilied goea Into the wa*-! "'filer, aod, in itx traimit
to tlir mainit, mny be iiiiphthaliHed if required ; for this pur]H>ae,
apparatiiii may be einpioyed niniiUr to tlint deembed n* the "am-
moniacAl filtering towers^'
The Itfth improvement is for avoiding the inconveniences which
nriae on opentiig the pur! lien and removing the rcfuM- lime from
the sieves |irep»rat<i'ry t4i rerharKiiifC them with lime, mid which is
tobeelTectcd by causing ntmospberic air, healed or otherwiiie, to
tie blown thmugh the miiterinl employed for purifving the gna, and
discharged tiirouirli the furnnce-lmrH or chininry-nhnlV, by inraiis of
a "' centrifugnl bellows" or other eiiitabte pneumatic apparatus, the
bkst-pipe b«ing conaectcd lo the exit pipe of the piiritier; thos
bltxiiiig out the cunlninin tiled uir, &c., tiin-iigh the pipe by which
tho gae enters the purifying vea<«I. an e^t^a (ilpe and volve beiug
uttnrhcd to tbe outntncc ntitl exit pipes for thia purpose.
Refertnef to the Engraving*.
Figit. 1 to 6 (how tbe mode of Mtting and heMtog the retorts and
reii;enerntnrw; fig. I,««ectiitnnl elevation, and fig. 9, afrimtrlevatian
— o.iich liuj-Eire shuwii nne-half of a iet of retorts; lig.3.a longituditul
section ; t\a. -t, a plan of one of the retorts, showing the opening
tJiroufj^i wnirh tho Raniu riven ; fig, £, ueetional ptuii nf the li)p re-
tort ; and fig. «, seetioiinl plan of the regenerators. — Similar letters
refer lo simtlBr parts :— ^t, ft, c, relortit ; d.e.f, regen era tori, ehow-
■Hg the plates k to inttrcttHo the hvutiug medium, over wliti'h the gna
Bows from the returts; y,y, the funuu-en; *, i, llue* through which
the Rnme rises from the furnaces, and, an indicated by the ;irrow«
iietwevn and over the retort> and reguiicraUirs, to t>ic diafi, and f,
the blow-holes. There is one regenerat- r to each retort, of the
Lmpaeity of about tno-tbirdt the latter.
rig. 7 is a vertieiil neulion of the " meclumical precipitator," and
fig. 8, plan of the name ; n, n, perfurateil revoh ing faii», to it^Ituie
tlie gao in the chamber ft, J^,— the ihaft is stepped into the lower
chamlwr and pniHed through nn inclineil pTiiiie, rf, d, under which
the gaK blowit through the t;ir paiiqjig fnim the pipex ; mid adjoin-
ing is a chamber,^, contnining a convoluted worm, or refrigerat-
itig pipe, g, lo coot the gas afHer eHCuping from the chamber 6,
throutcli the curvisl pipe/. To jirevent the gim blow iiig through
the aperture in the inclinett plane where the shaft pia8i*e»s the »liaft
is inserted in a pipe t. bolted to the inclined plane, being of an
altitude Kufficirnt to overcome the premure of tlii- giw; and instead
of the n»ual ntufting-box for the shaft, an hydraulic seal f, is uM^d.
The ]'i]ie ia kept cool by a supply of water passinr throu^i the
chamber r. I>y the pipe A. entering at the too and oisrliarging bjr
tho pijiey. The pipes ft andj, tojretlier with tne cliamber c, form n
syphou; the leg* or pipcf, A ami /. arc foniinbed with rocknp, to
admit or cut off tbe supply of water. An air-pump in used to_ re-
move Ibc small 4Uiintity of air thnt nuiy be in the sj-pbon; tt is
TSB CIVIL £NG1XB£U AXD ABCilXTSCrS JOURNAU
LJ^
^ M well u Uie noitaliaff Of pufltug^ by the Jmomt at waMr
io«in|c finim tlie laag Leic «>f tlw nrpban. wlildi liva laation to ■
■UmU wata>«lt««l iu cuiuiHtian i*iUi the berel wueel, KHNrikiF, and
^Wb*1 ; or lliey mny 1« wnrkwl h? s tteun engine vr otfaar pmrar.
All tiw cundrn«a1il() prtxlucta oillsripil in ti>u itNttftting OMinlMr
aad r«fri(ioriitiii|f piijo y. How UironKh Uii' pifM Ik Inln tlifi ohunbar
f!^ MMi thrnuKli the vpeaingr.at tht levol ul' tie duned Una, Into a
Fi|[. a t« a iilao. anil fic. 1(1 n MctioaBk alention. uf the ^ iui>-
■ooiacjil liheriit); tnwert," steam cliAintwni, and fOfuleiiMn, coin-
Inad la one appnrntuii. Tlie ns takaa tbe oonnc indiaUed bjr tlii>
Ivrowa in tl>e tuwera 1. 2, uni 3l aDbwillg taab at th« Imttom and
[4BI ai the Mpt and Uienra into IM ilaain Aaaibcra 4, A, ti. undcr-
rtbe itnuiiinB anJ eimd«aaiii|r befiwe axylalnri; a, «. staanr
^ «lth«Mikaturefft>lati*tlM«t(tam; Jh, dm entzwiMataaiit |d|N
tbo huilffr ; c 0. c wpamte oondaiuftra, witli the enSmice and
uit |>iiH-«: < iIm> tank fur tha aimwiiiaoal l)iiri<T. ininiMd Dp
tlirwuKli tiio ptjie e ; liiti tuik kai tvo dirktunaL pUtut^ /, n»d to
"^ - tup nnil adess and dasoeBdlnn: to within a tew inchas of tlia
Mm of tha tank, imd \m fealad at tile Iwel of th* dotted line by
tlia liijiiiii ■lumaaia,
Tk iuMire tke gait flowinir fnmi one tmrer ta tha (itliur, vnch ha»
a pipe, ff, nonnactei vith cha lank and ritlnff in It to tlie hitiKht of
thi) dntU'd line, iil whii-li Icrd the mmnonin flows Uirouf^h the pipe
g. Into ita particular tnwM-.
llMtdiMl of tho nrTHOKonent nf the filterin^r t^tirers, Mrernl pno
ftntcd iliviMiinnl phitoa, ii, aa aliomi in 6^- "• niay be adnpCed,
the gn* l^"" '"!■' '^"'■n tliQ tnwor into tho cluBiber throngh tbe pipe
m. in order AiiiUly tu encape at the pi{>tty.
Aa Etnff on itta Air-pump oHd AtMnwpitaHo Railvajfs e»nlaMi\ji
lAmmittB auit riiUa far talrtitatmg thi< rsriaa* ^uanlititm i»nlmnml i»
nir.B. StajAwum'* n-jurl vu tamatplMic propuUUn, Jar lAf tMtte-
'»n of Ihr Ctmti-r tmd Uoij/luaS SaUwag Oimpanjr. tiy Wiisjam
TrB.<dBLi.i.. authiir u( « tnatita "Uo tbe Siraofth uf Caet-lrun,"
&r, Lundoo: H'tlUAin*. 1847. I2fn<>. pp. B6.
Th* object nfthi* eicrllont little trealW in a ffenvml exwiritton
of Ibe thiwrelicn) prtniriplr» iif ntmnHfrfiLTtf railirttv*. Thitt the
laali«|re »f thi- nimti tubmi of lli«!w milirayi iiiroIvM a Idm of
|io«r«r. in ■>1>*ii>ii>i t<i cverj- onv in llie Ji>:htr<nl Aeim* awjuiihited
with the tubject ; hut it rtHjuires much nuirc iJian MiiirrtiriH] know-
radfce to etdiniNta the |ircci»e untuont of Iiiw roTTes)i«iitiliii)r u> a
given rule of le«ka^. Mr. Tnrnbull h«» addrewd Iiiniwlf Terj-
•Uffi>»fiitly t.» (he t'uJk uf Bulwtitutinjc exact pritiri)ilr<i fur Kencnl
qotiontf res{)««tiiiK tha oieduuiicij defecte of ainMiniihrnc pra-
pulMon.
The first part of this work cirnipriBM « hifilorr uf lh« air>putnp,
and d<>nic>iiKtriiti«ii« of »aveml known formuls by iiliirh il« etfeou
awMtinntcd. In th« ••cood port, th«H tommlie .irc applied in
dataa to the ease of the luug«t«wn and U«lk.-> lUilwoy. N'ou
wilhrtandin([ the imparfeet masnt of tbe matluHl uf Buhstitittind
stationary- ftir-pumpH fvr locomotive «n|rine&, thf »uhj(!rl in ouc of
MRniincDt intcrcM to the Atiffinuer. ou arvouot of tlio numlM^r of
heuitiful facientitir nud mechmiir.J pioMems nhirh it prMcnti to
hifi nttentitm. 4 uneidorvd merely a« iui iostructive exerciso, the
tlntory of kUnoBphetic propulaioD deserves to he lliorBU|;hl)r maa-
lerctl liy even- student of pruticid acienee. It is lhi» oonudeniian
whii^li indiii-M iiB lo ffiva n brief nkctdi of Mr. Tuiabull** motbod
of irivi'stlirnlion.
M'hi'n II tr^in on the atniOMiliOrii; rutlwav ba* attoinod Ila uni-
form VPi<M-tly. it ig »liii-io<id that, if tjiore 'were im loaka^e, the
piUDp-jpi^oii Biid tlia tritin-pidon nitmt Wtb ilsMirihu the umc
tv|>M«v 111 * )fik-«ii time— that i«, the void oimIu by tbe one iii n Hi>'en
lime muKt hv tillnl up by the other. For axanipU, if tW refalive
diunetera uf ttie main tube and pump wer* such, that ton foot of
tta leuotli of ike former liud tha same ouhie capacity a* unu foot
of tJui length of tho lattar. tho trAJn-ptstoii wotud tr«vel ten feel
while the pump-plstHn twivelJed onn, Otherwiu. if tbe puinp-
piirton trai'ttlliNt ut u trreutor relative vd««itv, tJie depxra of
-raeuiun would bo riii>»d, and tito train ncceloratcd ; if the pump-
piston travelled at a smaller relative velocitv. Ihn ileitTwo of
TacuDJi) would Iw direiniBhed, and the Lrnin reuinl«<l : and eitlier
cue ts cuiitrnrj to the hyp«itlH.>^s of uniform velodty of thr train.
^The enacx relation, ho«evitr, between the uniform veluoiticfe uf
two piitnns only obuins on th» H\-}iotbeii> that Lhsre is bb
leaknire. The principal pnihlam Is ut ucertninlhe modilintld
due to ihiit i!i*li-i:t or Hie npparnliis. The rfqiti'iitf data for '
iureBtisatian are oitouiod bs the followini; eji)>erimeal; — AfUr*
tfas tvue baa been esfaaiirteil to a rertnin i-\tent. tbe i*bato Mfh-
Mtrotiia i» suffered to remain (|iui*M:eiit, no train heinK lUapoIcliedL
The leakafie will tIten.Ko on till the equilibrium uf tbe air ijuiit«
aad otttaidn tube be rostored. Dy ohserrinfr the nte at wlildi tka
Incumcter-gnaco falU dunnn tlir iirtervaL we ^'— not Uie rata of
leaka^BB h nt data from which ihnt rate may lie onlcolated.
The deiuitv of air ia pnmnrtiimal to the weight, and thamfoa^^l
haif^tt^ of tbe «dumn of nwrcnry. Take 30 inehea at tli^|
heiicbt of Diorcucy cunvspaoding to tbe ntraospheric ivewur*-,-
ihen, if the lier a Ma M r.ymige of thi* eKhiiiiirteil tube «bnw. for the
pramure bi II, a beiiHit eqnitaleiit to 10 intrbra i>' v (for
MBilipbs), thi- demity in tht tube nYruld be to tb»i -rnal
air as in : 30, or would be i|rd the ordinary deiiiui y ••! .nr. U^
aAer the Inaki^ kaa tdine on Mime tinto. the tmnunutei^^vagc
riuiw B heigfat eouiralent to w iticlieit for tliv preanira to tbe tu^
tkiidaiuitT will be ^ or !jidft tiut of oommon air. Thad^fffremee
betnueo the deruitioii in the tidn- at the two respective periods it
frdii — ^rd (=^nl) that af rommnn nir. C'<iiue<|iiently. if tbe
quantity of nir which fana entered the lube in thr iiitervnl, be
iHipipoBad to hji\-e dtlFa»e<) itself equably tJiraugbout the tube:, that
^BMitity i>i viiuivAlent Ik the luhe full of nir at a demuty 'trd tlut
oC omnaiMii air, or, whli-h it obriuuAly tbe mme thing, uo^third
tha tulrc full <if conunun air. Tbk ransoninK applies genernllr.
and iciveslhiftiiiniplenilp— that die flubic quantity uf airadmiltea
by Ivaknge dtiiine anv iiitAn'al, ia M|nal tn tlie aibin capaelty of
loa tube multipued by the fVaetian expcesainic tfae differ en i-e of
ilinritiwi during tfanb intend. [The Wnmeter-«UBga Is sugre-
laalid^tbat fivrtfan words, ^''friKtuD oTprnminit the aiffarasce of
itmUita' ill tin aWre rule, we may aubstit^e, "difBoaoaaf
ganfte-haigfata dlrided.bv 30.")
It this quantilv of atr wore dit-idod by the number of nuDutaa
of tbe interval, the nuiiilt would Iw the rate of inAux por minuti^
BUppoetag tluit rote niuronn. Xhin nielJiod uf inventigfttioD.i%^|
howovur, Uublu to ui ubjectidiit whiok our uutlior wall states a» Jiat^|
I©w».-— ^
** We hsve micutated for ib« ntteme indie«ti«it« af the noanm gaam
•fld iri«td«d by tlie nnaiber of minotni Ihal rltpnd ilnRn{[ tlia nb—i 1 sHse,
for Uie atetspi Icekagn per niihTHo. ^owihli method uuotd W perl^ady^
juit, an tbe (ai^nMUos itjsi ilie ijuaniiiy uf Italiafe iaooaUanii or oE the
*emo amouul in equal timn ; but ihc Htm uf a coiiitnnbatnouiit of lukasB
ik slloiwiber inwnpuditc witli what we know la take ptsca, nhen air at
atBMspbmo dentity b ■llowcil to Sow into a v«»t«l coaluniog air of a leas
dMMly. lieia it U otmati* tlial ths air in iho imm) it ooaliniialty a^
praanhing to a >talc at «quilibnum with tlut witlrsut, and cdoieqwnilr the
velocity of intlox 11 MollnukUy dlnunliliing uutil the tqitilibrium ohtAim."
Ill- Ihi-n proceeds to *how, that In those eaperiniBRtx on tha
nonnn^ting pipe of the Dftlkry line, tu which the haighta of the
gauge were laken every mintitv, tliough the suo cgaeiv e ditferennea
of those hrli;lit4 for suceea^re minutes were nearly eqnnl. they do
not imUcn.t« a iinifbrm imp of Whage, but lead to ilia diraetlr
opponite i-niidiiKiofi, tlint the li-akage wan far more rapiil at the
bfginning uf tin- cipertment than at IIk ronclu«iun : and he then
maki't the folluwing important remark in refiTenre to Mr. Ste>
pliennuii'n rvptirt : — '* W'c nrv mmciBhat apprrAeNHrf that, bg attumiag ■
a cmulant eimniaf (/ trnMagn Jbr Me anmeeti i ig pipe, muk verg «r^ .^
roneiMi* dedaetbnu mutt han batn matted
•• Rut with rsgard (0 l)>c rtin tu1>e the csM is TCfv difTereat ; for il U^
oaty to eORMiTs that, i« the longitadlnsl tt«1 or apefl'iire b covered wttfa a
UexihlB »ulman«e, tbii lulisianee nilt rradily secoininntltlB itvflf lo ihe
pfenat« at the cxbamtion goei on. rikI Uj cIiui Jluinttbing the lira of the
apRiturr a* llw velocity of tnliwn inrrestM. a eonttanl aiuount of leakage,
orncsriy *o, moy liappea to be uiauiujnea: U til eveiili. it it ni>t incon.
■latent niili tlia wauiue of accurate idencc, lo admit thai luch uiay ba tha
caie, and it aciuaUy appaarv from uptfiinent ibu ilic iut>iiotiiiuB i) not far
ftoin Ihe truth."
If it be vonooded that tbe leakage of tlie caiiaecting pipe iai
(ivflidalde evil, and muy Iherefoni be assumed to be wholly reme
diird, we have very nimple nieaita uf oalculating the ufTect whicki
thf le.-ikiigc of tlie main tubo baa on tlie 1 ehK^ity of the truin. Aa
tbe ftiuuniption of unifum laukago in this tube ia Munen but dan-
gerous, lei the leakagtt eorreK|H>ndtiig tu nny ]iropaeed wedung
vncuimi he iifioerlaiued by n neparitte vxpvtiinent with the faeniiiie>
ter-gauge. M'n haw expbunod bow to ralriilMte, from the IUI ef
the ipiugCL tbe cjuantity of uxternal air which enter* the Lube ncr
minute. It mny be calculated by very simple arithmetic what,
length of tube this quantity of air winitil by if*r//'urGuuy. if dilated.'
to tbe suppoeed working deniilv. And tliet leuglli of tubw is the
nwamn of th« km uf speed oi tbe tniu during tlm uiunte ; fin^
far
-4
licki ■
THB ClVa ENGINEER AND AHCHiTEtTS JOURNAL.
Iflleiv had liew Dfl IwkaftP, Ibe train-plsbm hduU h«ve »dv«iioed
ttat Itmrth frinher iluiinir tbe mlnnto.
Tti r Bail tmpBrfVrt alcrtt-h uf Mr. Tiinilroirn nytlCTn.
ip. h<>wfvcr. that the rrsultHwiU tijirif rmly a)>-
1 nulirr . Tte funilamenlal fiyiMTilliMii. of
. . n, i« iH>t LumliJFClIannblt^ : it U true that
:iil,i!iiin ^^^ i-mii'in of locnrnotiw engine'), thr hypothrns
to re«iilta of snorifir vnluc ; hut. nft atmiwiihcric r«Uw«)f«,
. pfrfumMTtt witli arcclenietl ur rctarilril ^jireil muA
ii pn>|>(irtioii tu tlioee perfarmei) with uulfiirui njiccd,
__ _i1ier rail faudlv be coDfidcrcil the utimuil coiulitlun.
ax9 tnlier lessooii lur cundudiiij; tlmt ailculMioiw of Uie
jaotiua of Ij-aiiw oa atmosiibi-nc riiilHuyH laaDOt h« exact. How-
Bdrer. tlir [urliiU jinuliCMliuu of Munj tlworetkiil priucinlea Ui
^bncllrwl ■nhjet'lft, or whicJt a perfecl thwir)' ia uBitttalnnhlv. t* a
^K«> important advantafl*. The >kilful rcaeanib exhibited in Mr.
I^pambva* tnutisa, b the mure wcIcobw £u- betnp appUed to a
"Mtbfnrt Mhich ba*, toR pre^oilnent dagrea^mftred the loartpnluiii
■f jorlianwiitary aiul aairspapcr philoaaplqr.
P rtfur JlefMiatiott of SuiUinga ia T^unui at a
. md Smvriiig the UraUK CoHi/ort. taid Safotg
u, Br Wk. Hoiuu.so, Archilact and C.£. Lao-
Thki vnrk <if Mr. llirakios ««-idvDtly wntains w much practical
and insftil matter iLot *>*.- dv ii»t lik« to diwnisa it ^h • paMUk^
aollcr, but vo iolvud tvdeivie a littlo tiiiK' tv it« voaiddantioil.
llna<*fiilr. whatever opinion wr inay ciitvrtaiti u-itfa re^'t^ to
tana nf itt> rccoanamdatiofw, we have wen i]uiU- vnough of tt to
MJnstlflcd in recununeodinfr it to our yroCeaaional readm.
Kartkmirk Tahia, By C. K. Suuxv aud W. RL'TUCKfoati.
Th« anlben have publiahed an a]t{>«>ndix to tfaeae rery luefial
tablei. allowing; tu-n' Ibv lablaa may be applied to itidt-ipitig tintund,
for which Ihry ifit'elhi! foU^winij rule .■— '•.\*c«nAiii the ratio of
tbv aiwa nf croai aeations of the attle-Iyiiu; grourtd to ttie aroas uf
itnUar <vom aaciiutH. tliat » vith mna baifilK on raiure line, of
b*et4ytiif gvound. and multiply by that rurto the complete quaii>
litjr ftiraialied by the tablet."
n« Antiquarian and GmeahgUd CmnfoniM. By Wiuaam
Ddvkpic Bai;cu, £«]., F.ILS.L.&E.
Thia la a novelty fur tti« aiitii(uariiiD atudent^ wliidi will be very
tmnmbXy rereivvd ai ih« preMnt «eason, ax it nnttaiiw niBDy
ana«« inenif>niu<la and an archsologicnl calvndar for the year.
The work i« ainaU— which may. pi?rhap«, be ud additional rccwm-
mndatloD.
LEt;TURj;s ON GEOLOGY
Oy frofciNr AM«ni>. THlivend at Kins'i College, Loadoa.
Oa Ii* Jpohettlion 9/ C*«iofy to Enfiiutring mtd JreMlMlurt, and tAt
St^fy pf Water to Tmfh and CUm.
rmftaini Ajmcn conmcnwd bb ftflh lecturp, by coniidtriac the qnea-
tina of dninige. cure [lailiculwly with nfcieace ta fcneial cotintcfiai,
•bich depcndctl, ia (oaii)' can, «ar7 diattaotly «a tbt gcolnf leal ktiiicturc
dtbaracb. -Kad it did m naturally, at. Tgr iaitaaM. fa an «rdi>itry road,
fivptitr mtie. wheie tite drainage waotd tdtimauly have raffrtace 10 the
Mnctare of ih* material and ti> Ihe rotkt ia the neigh boachoad. VTitL re<
jird 10 p^riopral ttrociuTe, It mi{hi happen that (he bcili wbUh came bl«te
la ibn turfaea *aald tiatc a tlioiig Inclinuion ; and. in tlul cut, wbete the
Ml m*n pernaabk. the toad would lie dralaed Miitralty, and. ahere one
|M1 lay 00 an intperwaahle bod* and the olbar on a itiatatial whieh isAred
Ac water lo pcicolalo thtnngt) it, an atteolion (<■ geological ttrueliifc vroold
nabla ihaai to carry (rff tli ibc Kai(t vet; lainfBcinrilv. Tliit nould illut-
btte ibe appHoalnhl* a(g«i>li>(>ul kaouledgr, cvia to «omni&n roid nuh-
bgi but till knoolaOBe wai mil Bore diraetly avwlalile in the ea«e ol rail-
im4i, wbidi, tunniai throagb a long BX(*ni of ooantiy, involved the nraaa-
Wt af lrf«pimt and deei> eutiini;i. in tlie Mf<'utlon of wlilcl) diaiaa^a, aa
lOaDaetad aiih iiracinrc ariJ gculogiual coiuideraiious. niuu almyi coiae
la. Sapnae. thca, itier were lo take a Itanstertn sccliun of a laflway cut-
tilgt itaular lo out of the dta(iT«iiu cihiUt«d— if the b^dti witc horitonlal,
tte two aidaa waiitd lie ailaatail ia aainulai nasuei oith raf^trd 10 acoidaala
•Msf frotu unHfoal paianra i tiot if that ««n not Ibc <aae, aad the baitk
«ai comiNiBed of awd, day, uad, at any dippery aanh. ia bcdi IneUnad a
Iha boviaeii. aamc |iart4 of the laprnncambent maw woald ba aore apt
»lip down tban otben. Soi&c ilrata wonld <an7 water, ud otfam irantll
allow it to drain tlnciiigb ; tud if ilic road did laot go dtractty on the ttxiha^ 1
inwkieli eaaaihn* w«« m uM^iaaiioa at teai tkeporpou* of the nalj
WHO eoac«ni«d, ihate woald be ■ grealor Uadeaey to xal^oa thai
aide tkta oa (be otiier. Sappeaina the vpfcraoat b«da were u i uy aaid
aomehaaiy maleiulmtinf apoosMdof aasd, thama, indtainiog thnia^l
ibe aand, aaotd waih it awiy padnally, and, a ponlon of the a>i|>pan bdq]
reiBoaedt the nppat aaias woaM aalofally bavc atcndeacy ta illde dowmj
apoB the lowar put. If oaoa it bagaa to alidc, no tnaiter bow tlowl)^-|C]
the narraieat were oaty oa iaoh pn day. or an inch per Moatb— «ny
vantive aeaaiVH were lo« talc, aad tfaeie fioidd be a dip aaaacr or lataf^]
nd eapedally in hMfjr niaa, ar lahu oambiMd witb froa^ Bat bafore 1 ~
BupariBeaaibaDl tnaaa wen aei ia mothni, U by aay naasi the water eotddl
prtaented ftan ptnlag Ibtao^ the tiad. it ■ighi b« preveoiMl. That <
beat doaeby cuniag a drain oa tbe other aide, by which aU ibe water whitki]
came oa tbe aurfue adgbl be carried off before It readied tbe taod. Thavl
woald then tie •adScictit tabeiion to prcient the upper part tram being act la
BKtloa.
A LaowMge of geological •tncture, in aiaking tbaao euUiap, wise^
eaadbigiT aaebt, aoi only in prereniinj; tJipt, but ha laAHtaiB tbe coet
work. F»r inataaet, when the dip wai ia a eettala dkecliaB. a al^
Tiiaalfallly impiMtiliie. end in that cue the alape of the bank nigfat be **<T1
mueh aieeper. and (be rxixnu: of its rvmoral M«ed, Cu the caotltieirt, ttj
wBi not uiui*ual Id cutlia|a to make the bauka in a •uecaHtni af 1
Ihii, ia thia ooiulry, that plaa, tboagfa eaeeedlngl] uaefnl, wit na roriy 1
adapted, U wat, howerei, being partially tried at New Crota, a plaoewba
Moeb wia o h ief had lieco done by alipt, aud he bebeved with a pro«p«el
aoocoM. That wat, bowevar, a pUs wbieh eould not be carried oat wilheil^
a re J a wM BC to geologieal aeinMie.
Od tiia aubfMt M t mUmttmtmf* the aame prlaeiplea of drainage were ap-
pUoable, Ihoi^ another aleiMin of eoaalraethw wee breugbl iato aeUoi.
Ua large naia of naterial wcra beapcd ia a parlimlar way. M might bepw^
foclly ufe, and anawr* the [ior]>o«c intended rery wtll ; while if it wnS|
placed in a difhrcnt way, niiichief miiitd arno. Tbe rttu<tnrc of ei
aieata ought aha lo be mgulalcd by the nature of tbe rocki on which ll
reatod, «* well •* thaia of wbidi lb«y were forved ; ahd altboagb, a* ;
few aceidtnia had ariam, enginaert might Ond 11 worth while lo pay atUB-'i
lion to ibia aofajcet. Again, if aa aaibuilmeiit «« placed en a tdfl aide,
there ought to be panteattr adaplalian to tbe way in whieh Hie bedi lay.
If a beary prtaurc were pitt i^ioa bed* 10 iltuatcd, wfaich had already Mi
taadeocy tn sbp, that leaikncy would be lacretaed, and, nalcaa atteotlnh]
were paid lo iIk drainage, aerioua acddenU would hterilably oecor.
Uad « dnioieg reqnirad waa maoh of the obarader ol Unl aeeeaaiy J
•tdlaaiy roada— i anialy, by cottinc off apringa wluoli had a tendency to («■'*
between baadi of lrap«tneal))« totk.
The >id>>eci ofMMh^ and the way in whirh Ihey were affected, intradtieed
another element, in making oanala, the pngiDeer would ooaatantly hate to
cnt Bcron ipiingi, and throogb aoaieotratawtiidi allowed watar to percolate,
and ibrwigh otben nhlcb actually produced water. In going acrota a dli
tiia where there wat .much kak*|e, it waa neeesiaty to baro e perfa
Icaowledgo af the natuM of tlioae recka irhich yitldtd wattr and abmia
io ipciavii and of Iboie Mrata and aubttanon which xrrc inpcrmeabie.
(uota eireainitantea depended many snat practical (liffiMittiM ia tbe t
atrocMon af canala. it wai a renaiLabit fact, ihit Mr. \Vil1iani Snilfc, vb
dotulthad about a centary ago, anil who wu calleil Hie father of Bnglfa
geoli^y, waa blotielf a nining anginter.aad Drat obierved tbe geologlotl
atrocture uf the country, u ii aSkcfed iba fiimiation of canala. Ilia life,
lately pabliahcd by Profeauir PhllUpa, hli (the leclvrer'e) predeceeMM i»
Kbig*B Colkge, would be foand eery uaeful lad loierradng, aaitrag
the ptaeiioal appliealion of ao nuHi of geological aeienee ai wai known
that day. lo Ihe life of Sosiib would be foond aoac a«eennt ef tbo oaB>^
tlroollon of canala ta hu day, then oa inporiant aa ttilwap were new. Tliaf *
would ate iimi tit hraugU hie knawtedge ta bcnr upon the proUeiM at laiw,
and in thai way ibey Bight thaoiMhw ham how to apply a great deal of
that kaoaladge of geology wtiicli ihcy mlgbl poeMea.
Supply of fFottr, — ^The Profeeaor nnt treated of tbe supply of water aa
an cagbeerlng aabject, apart flroni the supply oblained from tand-apriap.oi
inall Arteaiao well*, comidated hithntt) on a coniparaliTel; rmall acale, and
rather nilh nlotioD to igrimllural purpotct tban engineering. The tnhjeet
of drainage aad tvater uipply wa*. prrhapt, eonneded at nach wtlh arcfal-
tenure ai engiuscring ; hot. wliati he bad diirutied it* relation* la (be one,
it would icnrnly be oacsMiry to touch upon Ihe olber.
With reipeci to the eupply of water, the Prafeuor thoaght be could not
do baiter tliaa glre them a ihort oullme of what bed been done lately nlUi
regard lo (he Urge and iuoi( imporiaTit town of Urerpool. which had baoa
noted, (or loaie time, aa a place which waa badly lupplicd with water, aafl
had been mere rematkablc ikan aiiy other (own in B»tand. for the pro*
relaaee of ferert, the wore than aTtrag* illnCH of lit tnnaliitint*, and ibe
■boet duration of lift la the majai port of it. Tbe membcra of lee eorpota*
tioo appeared rtry anHoui lo do all hi their power lo remedy Ibit which
wat certainly one Maree of tbote etil^natnely, Ihe defidenoy in ttie nj^-
of wain. Aecoidingly, Ihey reiolnd to oliioin an Act of ^arllaawai. 1
powering tliem to adopt lome meaanre, which ihould giie the town a I
^umtlly of that impartaal dauieat. Tbe town waa iHuated on tbe new
«
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AXD ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
iJunt
, ud bid kHhuta ban Mpptitd from wtUi ink iato ihit (intiiai,
«Ucb antuUd of • rad usd rixk, Martlmcs rarjr *oAi wmMinM ttitier
bird. IMenMted with occutootlbuiliixf mul.verjBiHh fulUd triib large
■nd oonlinuotu nini. ofUa KM, cp «Hh €lmf. ind muijtt tbem ooinpletctj
InpMDcable. The new red tandttone reued upvn coal i*eMar<i, aad r«r-
Uinl^r conuiacil ■ gretl deal of water, vtilch wu (btorbed frotn tlie Imme-
diate tntface, or drained int« it from the bill* In ptctly largt qiuntiiie*, o[
Kkich tbc acliul Ijiail* *«t« a*<«rlaiiiatt1«, iin>:« lbr]r knew h«w ntoeh fell
frnm lli«el»Ddi, and how much vai «iiporaied ; and ih«]p eouUI ctle«late
bow mveh Wm I»i( hj drainage into tbe rinrs. Tbe uipplj llini al>l«B»<t
wai found lo t>e very inioSdeat (or tb« nrccuitiei of ih« town, and it wat
luplMmed Ibat the quantitj^ could not Iw matrnally incrnied rtoeu tkii
a«nrce. Thiipotni, linwrrrr, had lo he decided upon l>f rererrooe to tbe
•trociure of the ilitiriel, and b^ calculattag whether they got all the amlabte
waiei of the dlttiict. »r onl) a pad, and tt taraed nst that lh« latttf wat Ike
tact. Th» miKle in which thn w»l*r w»» obtaioed wm by wcUt. with bori-
uatal gaUeriei al thfir hottomi, to alSow Ibe adnlmtan of * Urge ^itanlilv
of Wkirr, «liifli wat (Urn pumpei) In th« (iirbot. Tfce water obtained from
tbe Dew ml landtione cooiained oitds of troa and iomc ulli of bioe and
nagneiia, wkicb inado ll riMcdinglT bard.aBd ill adapted eeonanieallr for
Baa; awful pnrpoica mnntcied with Ike naMifaeturea of that nngtil>oni -
bood, aed la alloperaliotia in which Map waa raqiijred, 11 waa vcrj- good lo
^iok, bul unlit far olker domatic iiunhoHa. Tbe qneatioa wa*. wlietlicr a
•triBdant tupplj, even of tliti water, C4u)d bo oblalaed Iroio tbe dialriot?
Tb« proprieton of Ibc well* aUempt^d to «bon thai an iacreaied quaalilf
mild Dot be obtained. It waa lo lh«ir intriett Ibal that tboutd be the eaac,
and they ret; natarall; balincd that it wai lu— eoaaequently. Ibcj oppoMd
■11 Dxaaurn. the oh]ec( of wliieb nai to obuin water from anjr other ««uret.
Tb« corforalloa galtiercd all the inrcnnalion thai could he obuined locallr,
and the D called upon icTrial icicntiflcmca for their opiaion ; and ii ii a Eact
of great intcteil, w illniiraiii^ tba peaMot practical pueiiion ofgeologjt,
Ibat it waa Ihpuglit niccMny lu bare tb« upiniun of pcnona, mart noted
for their geotosical koowltitfc* than for Mmplj ■ practical acquainUnce »ith
CM^eriing. I'refMMr i'h>lli]>* wai Gnt inTiicd to give bii tiictitiuii tu the
atdijett, but «at pie\ented fioni doing to tj kta «Bga|BflDaet* wiib ib« Co.
Tcriinicni. He (I'rdfeiwr Anied) waa then applied U. and after elate tx-
aminaLion md full conaidetatlon, h« cania to the eondurion that a atilHdeM
iMiiplf cobU not bt oliialoed from tbe new red lamlKone fotmalian, he
[ bnag of opinion that, 1 bough a Mitnewlul brger quaniii; might be had of
r^B «ater whidi fell on lb* ilUtricl, j-et that would not be nearly enough for
I (be reqaireiii*iil4 preaenl and proi|wcli>« of a town like Liver |>ooj. Wlaat waa
Beit la be done i Then nna ia thai admisture of tngincrTing with geolo.
■teal Mteace, uow aeteaMiy indeed lo eteiy engineer, who whhed lo do hii
work latiifactorilj, and with the eonieinuinett that, wlintever Ike reauli,
iTwy neaa* had been adopled wLicli the eircvMaUDoca of lbs caae wonld
allow. The cDgiuecn Inoked ebmit the aeighhourbood far and near, tbrir
L4bject bring lo ditcotcr "here the neceatarj iU|iplr na« lo be found. One
Iteheme, wlucti mti oitli (oniideraMe fafvur at tint, wis lo take ibe water
DIB the Bala Lale, in North WJm, tm\ convey it to Li<erpvol, a ditlaiice
reO oiilea. by closed ranali. fir»«l natural obiitiel», ln>»«*»r, iniervcDcd,
Dd ll waa found that thU plan inioliHl an enormoTit exp^nte, wiiu tha
baoca of fncumug Mill grrit'^r oottay in otcrroming letenl uf itioie nalnral
batadca, which could noi he well ertiniatcd tialit tbe wntk «ai aiti^mpted.
hit achcme, after eidting luudi ditcutaion. wai at knglh ahindnned, and
. -■• engineer* bciau lo look nearer home. Aftrr afain contiilciing the tupplj
iram the vflli, md tgiin convincing ibcBuclrca of ila utter incflivicncy. ihcy
fbilnd Ihej' miJit rfiuit to oth« mcaoi, and lliot originated tbo tomewbat
eelcfaraied R)iingt«a I'ike tehenc The ILivington Pike di(tri«t preieated a
billf ttnface of 17 iquare tnilea. adcaimblj adapted by nature for aneh a
prnject. Tbe plan purmad In Ibli caae wu to like llie diitrici a>id mtaaure
■ta area of drainage, ibeo to eiiiniate thx quantity of «si*r lint could be ob-
tained from it, and. Anally, to cuniidn how the water niif lit tie bc*t accuiuu-
Ul«d. Tbu waa a btaultfull)- icicmific problem, petfecily practical lnJe«d ;
but one which bad rarely, if trer bcfoie, be«n tried to tbe extent u>/« pro-
poned. Pirtt of all, thty had to Me whether tbe <iuantiiy uf waler would bt
•nflcienli and tkia wu effodad by aecurateljr uarkiug the xater ilied, ob-
eendng nbcre all tbe rllla and M ream eouU be eaiijhl conveniBiitly, and,
wbn cau^bt, conaideiing whetlwr Ibej could lie cnmliietrd into io:n« lound
Md mflldent reaerToir. TIif uiuitel up the table, which "aa an accuiale re-
piceentiun of the dlttrici, wuuld ilinw iliol all tboie poinu were readily au
Uiaable. Tbe drginigt tu, regulated bj the ibapo of the cuuntn, and It
ttiglil hi »<-en either bj Ibc (Jrdniace Hep, u contour map, or a model. Is
tills rise. Uf. waa able lo aththit a idikIcI, whieti waa tbe bnl i but lb«
Ordiunce Map wai the goidn originally uaed. Matins then fa>ind ibc area,
thG<)urition whether it would yield a lulBcient quantity ufwtter to lupply
Ibc lawn of Liverpool waa next tu be decided. Thn ealciilaiinn imolved a
eojwWerable anounl of knowledge of geological uriidurp. It waa taiy to
leil bo* many incbei of rain desceikdtd from ibe tky on a certain ipace and
In a giren time ) aed tbey bad ouly to multiply tlui by lh< wbole area in-
Undcd to be dniaed, and they would ha*o tbe exart qoenlity which fell
npoa Ibe whale. That wai tioiplo enough ) but they had then 1^ atccilaio
what wi« the lutuie of Ihn lurface on nhicb Ibe waltr alifhteit : Sot if it
were peiiueable. at aand, for tuitiDce, it waa obtioui that a large proportion
WOdW be absorbed and loti ; or, if there were many hollow*, Hi- water
would lie in them nod CTapotate. TbcM and other gMlugicalconiideralioiM
bad all to be well eonaidered t but geological stience tliewcd that tbe dit^
iriet, being eompoaad ef tbe bed of hard anwdiliwit, eallnd «inel«M gril,
partially eonerd oter with ib^y beda belongieg to thn end ■oaaBr**. tba
whole of it might, for prtetkal porpoana, bt Ngarded u iopemcable. Tbe
laodiiMie rode, oflenUnaen ear eoft. waa here eery banl, ■ good drii faulted
bnl not open-~oothat it weutn alloir almoat tbe frbale of tbe water to ren
olT tbe anrface. Tbe conarqnenoe wai, thM aInuM all tbe rain that fell ran
into tbe ilteama, which a fvrlbrr eaiminalMn abewcd nilgbt be readily ooU
lecled into two principal reacrvMfi on tbe 4d« of the diatrirt n«aieat to
Literpool, wbicb would tie 'it nileadMaaU Tbe naloral ratltyi, In whkk
it nu inlrnded to place ihete reaervoln, had, tto donbi, held water b«An^
H the bnitnnit <rerr cnToreil with freili water tilt- There were alto bndatf
atliKial clay— an idiliiiviiat indicatton that a Gonkidcrable quantity of ftwii
water bad at tome pcnod breii tlicrt. By fncsna of two or three enbuk*
mema, tliete lowor dtilrictk would tliua accunrabie IbaL water, wblcb lb*
almcture of the upper diitiicla allowed to nn off. The whole of iha raia
which fall) upon an area of 17 aqoare mile* wvuld thus be collected, iKcdnN
ing a lupply of :20,0IHI^D gallona per day, luflietenl for the town of Urer-
pool were li twi<a iha tilt, and alao fer th« (apply of a nore naeful aal
eeoaomical artinle t« the nllli, bloacb-worka, and other worlca In tb« nei^>
bourhood. Here advaMafc mi taken of Ibe pecuUaT natural eircuiMtaneea
of the dittrict, in make the aetaiaMna ^onntily of turfaee produce the naji^
iHKaa amount of water ; hut which couild neeer hate been accomphahed, Uil
for a (lliiliict geological knowledge of the atracliire of the diairiet. Had il
not been for a practical application of geologicol aciciiee.that on a certain
derctption of atone the whole of Die water would run off, the Mieciiira of
(be I'ieinglon Pike ditlHet woald nmer have been made, aud Ibe probability
waa, (hit Liverpool would bare remained fur a much longer perkid aulfering
from the want of a auffieieney of ao vital a lluid. Thii waa a remarkable in.
ttance. in which a knowlrdgc of atniclure had hiicn applied to luperflcial ab>
Jecti of I Ilia kind.
Tlie Profeiwr iliamiaied Ihe lubjeci of draining by csplalnlng the nature
of the operation of a newly. ioieiited draining pipe (VVataoo't draiaiDg pipe),
which waa itrnirhably rSvcti^t. It wat eylindricnl, with ■ great number M
longiluiiinal tlita, wtiieh were wider intide than oaltiilr. and thua HDnln>
acted any tendency lo elof. I'hrie jiipci were moit oMiul lo inaert in beda
of clay, and, even after a mmtdrrshle l*n|[lh of dry weather, nigbl be anaa
giving 001 water very plentifully. Thii efficient draiumg canned tba bed* !•
cenlraci and creek, and, by ibut making opeoin|:i for the water, tcDdcfod
tbe draining |ierfect. To Ihe proiter uie of Ihcie pipe* a knowledge vl ibi
dip of Ibe bed I wai indiipeniahle.
The next lubJecl wa> connected «itli ntfferiaJ^ ae rtftdrtd /or fvriaiu
niffiiir*rinff optrotnmt, and uiuf /or d xaif numbtr i^ ttiammifal /Miryxuee.
Theic be would dlride in Ibe lamo manner a« he had dirided the variout
roeki, and heaboulil commefiee with Ihe clnyi.
Oey wai either mixed with linieitotieor nilbaaod, in vaiioill ptoporliooi,
and waaa rtry impojianl malrrial. All clayi tcnlained alumina, but a con-
■idenble number ej ntterialt cxi»t«<l, lamt known by the name of clayi,
and otbera, tbongh belonging to tbe data, not recogniacd by the general ip-
ptUalioD. Of clay, properly mi called, there warn *evcral dUtinel kind*.
Uiie *a> tbe clay fuutid in tbe thape of rabioil, chiefly oatd for agrienlloml
parpoiea. In thii cam it coniuied, not only of tillcate of alnniini, the btie
of all day*, but of limeilonr, magneua. pottih, iron, &^.. and wai none Ihe
worie for a liitle phoipborui; while it contained aUo a qiunliiy of carbon.
Tim admiitute na* imlttprntable for regelaiton : but for " nulcriali'' day*
were belter nitbout ihne foreign tnliaiaiicet. The rootl comvon clay coa*
lidcrcd aa a reatcnal wa* known by lb« name of brick eltrff ; il wat a liltcato
of iIiiTiiina, with n certain nomuBt of free aaiid in very lariaM* tjuaaliliea,
which might, howder, be <«i(ly determined by oatbing, A good hnek ctay
ihuuld cenaiit lolily of Iheae materiala, without lime or potaib, and if tbe
(rni^ aand wai not in itilHcienl quatitiliei, It nmtl br niteil with it t« ntke
it work; and, generally ipeaking, the pitrett, in ih« roDimon irnie of Ibe
word, wat tbe bric tor rnaking bticki. Tbe clay dctived irnm ibo deconi-
piisitiun of Millie of the old rocba wai particularly valuable, and that deriicd
from tbe decora potation of alate wa* generally uiual pure, and waa naeful. In
certain diilricti, in the a)anufa''tuie of jSre-fricJU. Tbe beil kindi were lb«
purcil, and coatained neither alkaiif* nur talla, either of which make il run,
in the great heal lo which it waa aul^jrcird in the fuiuaeci. The jjreHnec
of *uch uiiittancat belped lb* action of thn Are, and iho inrface of tbe beicfc
would be turned to glaai. i'ure day and itnd oaa thua Ibe lirti for flrx-
briek*. and it wu obuined. ai he had obterved. from ilate. Tbe l.ondon
rlay, one of Ihe tertiary aeriet, wai for Ihe mutt part lol-rably well arlifiteil
for hneki — inilnrd, all London waa built of il i but ii wai not well auiied for
(ha luaktDg o( nrc-brlckt, though it poaatoieii mony acparate p«ft«ot» Ibat
were tn. The niitcbievoui ingiedieat* iniglil indoed be ieparatie<l, b«t ge»e-
rally it wat not Morih Ibe iiouble and expcuae, na tbete wat no gnat diOi-
eiilty ill olrtaining clay fur Are bricki.
fipe.rlaf at folitn' ehf, another of tbi* cIm*, wat died In the aaanufac.
lore of the rougher kindi of raiibenwnre. Tbia wat a moat inetid mateiin),
and did not loiuire In be in rarefully tclected ai that uaed (br fine polieiy
and porcclaJD. ll coniaincd a contidctablc qoantity of walei, and it waa
uiictiou* end loapy lo iho feel. It wat nteviiary for the Jporpoaca of ibc
potter thai ittkoutd contain at«uid«rable ijuanlily of water, wliich uaiially
amounted lo 18 per cent. It did not contain kand; but it utually kadaboHl
1 per cent, ef oiide of iron, and a imall quantity of lime. The chemical
compeailion of naieriala of tbit hind, however, waa not very accurately na>
ceiuiocd, aa thny were for tbe moat pert accidcnial laiilam, and were apt
]»*J
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL.
39
. to WT b Mfartai looliiic*. Fipfrdir «u •bUoad 60s bdb rittaUd !■
' ^ OHM of vtbsr cla;i, Bail thtj tpptmi M farm ■ bud 0/ Sdm naferU
MMdfeltd Willi the coAnCT cUts. iliere «n ■ gtt«l deal of lii!) cUj found
U P»f(», when it «u »llnl aryifeptefifiw. The iomer twdt of l>.e LoihIdii
*T w«fc ako dMchbed u plutie dby ,- bat tb«y coaiiiltd, far lli« mo»t
Eirf gntsl or peUla fci^, («r «h»cb thtt <tu uot U all * proper QUne.
MOM «( tkm coolaliMd thta natftlal.
"*» « ' t^nA wsa another u4 a finw kinil of dif , uted ia lb* fulllnf o(
will. 00 occonntanu power of alnorbinggreaic ttadQjtnm wooUeiii. It
tnialaad wi aDunualljr large qaaallljrodllica,*! compared with the ordintry
jif*-<i*S, the praporUon ti tbe latur being 13 per cent, of lUici, and :V3 of
^nilMi vUle tliat oriha fetnet na*— ttlicj, Ii3 : aliuniita, 10; the other
lira boing atode up of Iron {about 9} per ceat.), negneaia (1 per cent.),
md wsrer (M per cenl.). foUcn* eartb «a* dcrited froa tbe Weald da;
It Nuiteld, t« Uie neigbboarbaad of lUigile, and rroai tlia lower part or the
(oBt« rocka in Wilt«hif«L In tacli taa* (here waa a eoniMerabIa vwriation
is tbe roloor, octaiioaad br tbe condition of ibe oildeoflran; bwi the
Icitare WH tbe taae. and tbe ooloui wat 1 mailer of very lillle CDaM>
*Ba«e.
Fwv/mbi dey wna aaoihtr Importaal material. Tbb wu derif ed from
lecoiBtioaod febpar. oblaiatd fcncrally from gnriu. or gtaaite. It w»* tbe
(■Kat of all (be elajr rock*, b«tii|[ ■ pure liliualc «f alumtiu, cDniUling of 00
tar eeiH. ofaOiea.aad'IOof atuuioe. A large <iuinli<y i^.OOO tDatasnaally)
tt tbe toer kinda waa obtaiaicd la Corawall br artilldA] waiUaa. Deal^et
Uda. apvarda of £5,000 torn at Uie eoancr kinds wat obtalaad frem b«di
■nwd b7 tbe aatdtal waahing of ibe rtfw. Tlie deoonapoeod feUpar wm
waod wttb WKttr in tbe artificial procaaa. and moved alsn^ at a ecrUta ¥elo-
^1 "fco lb« whole irai ftadoallir deftoalied Id tbe thope of porcelain dir.
I** aMeatr parte wtto denaaltod flrtt. when Ibe mats moved mott raptdlfi
un. Um Sner pan*, u l*a aoaai Bared alower ; and, laatly, lbs Caat of
Aaee Mora olber ctaT* waetln' of nolioei aii for inatanee. tbe ocApm, red
nd ftltow, Ibe coloar being decided W the condition of Ibn oxide of iron,
«hlah wM pretest in thfin in conalitorable quantitle*. Theie, baworer,
•naaot hnportant n maicriatt.
Fpmd tmne clayi, the tub»uncc called olwm wat derived : but that, like
^atacbrtt, wu doi ui Important nateiiil, |[eoto|lcjlly tpcaliing. altboiich
MuaUng from the chcaiinl proccn bj whitli ii wat oblaincil. Ibe taltntcd
■nam coocladcd by brMj deicribias th« predCM.
FBOCEEDXlfOS OF SOZENTZFIO 800ISTZES.
IIUVAL INSTITCTE OF BRITISH AKCIUTECTS.
y*r. 29.— A. FoiMraa, £1^., V.P., in tit Chur.
Iha Seceetaff read ibe Bepott of the Commilloe appmatcd to etimine
tladeM^n tubmillril by iha Carallei Nieolo Matta for ifaeoompleiian ol
Itcwaura fiODt of the Cathedral at norcnce. Tbo report cipreiMd in
ftaml laim* an appron] ai tbe dnitn 1 and itaud Ihil the architect bai
■bawn jwdtn^al iaadoptiof the »iile of Ibe other part* of Ihorstcriot —
tin arekinR to complcle the ootile edi£oa In one coagtuoua diaraclDr. la
bamtofir *'"■ **'^ Campanile and iha Baplialcir- Bj llii* unity of Mnli-
M»t, Ihe daaign for the iretiern fionl appear* a conairient arid integral
fMjtef I he atraelnie.
A paper wa« read by J. Gwilt. Eiq.. eniiilrd, ■■ Some ditmrtf* Rtmarii
te PmitHt Arrkitffturt. tn rtimlion la ili Symmttiy mud SlabUilg."
The e«M)r wai of cooiiitenble leogtli. and iiaced in a sentral way the
•ilKiB of Gothic arcbitcfturc. Mr. Gvilt itaud that of a great number of
wtilBa PD thai anbjcci wboa he kad coniulinl, he found that twenty were
of opinion Ibal ii oripnated In Gcrii^iiy, fauiiccn thai II wai of Hutcm or
Sw«opnie origin, <is that it aroiv (rum tl"; liint tu^gcttril )iy Ihc iat<f*cc-
tUn of N«r«iin ardie*, lour ilial it nn ■)>« iuv«aiiot) of tb«Gwha,and
-.Li'- ISat II irotein Italy. Ur. Cwilt iru of opinioB, wilb M. Hldiolet
' K^iitiire <k riasce'j, that when the fa<att of the Church diminfabed
about tbe year 1100 under loaocent III. Ibe aria, particularly nrchtteciiire.
f«U Inio lay haadi to a cowuderablc citcnl : thai the impctni thai givrn
dMnnd Ua character t and that in the hand) of tbo loilgci of Frtctnaaoiw
wUui Ihcit aroae Gothic architecture and all iti deielDpnienl* were origl-
aafed nad taagbl. Uy the aid of diagxanii and drawing) the gradual
|r«*elb of Ihe Rne form of f■a(ll>c^ arcbileelore were defdapMl and tta
pftaeiploa nplaincd ; tbe leading fad (eeBiinj to be that the nutntwr of
■Mm ui the pely|onal apildaa of Iha cathedral* wu tbe goraniing aamher
Ihr til the |iana of the plaa bmI ereu the detaila of the arcfcitecttire.
ttttif ciiriou* imiancei of tbeae analopea were given. All. tiwlll com*
batted the " Veiica Piacit" iheorr, a* wtU aa ihe ngarict, a* lie called
then, of the aymbotlalt.
A con«tinlcaiiaa«u read (raoa B. I'aston, relatlic to tome mural paint-
Ian iBanvred by him in the church of Lini;ArI'!, in Surrey. Hieao
■HlNogl, fie-ilmilM of which were ethibilcd bv him, reproaented drapfld
^Mta. abooi three feet in height, on a diaper groundwork, and appeared to
fcioa b««a riccDtcd in diiteiaper. Tfaef had at tooia period been cotaiod
eaor with wUMwaifa ; on which tbe CotaniiidiDenli ami acripiBral teste
U bcaa inaorflMd.
Dfv. 13.— S.ANaeLi, Emj^ V.P„ in tbeCtiair.
A paper wm read " Om tAr Princ^Ut and /Var/iec of fiuUtap Seven."
Bj E. I'ANtoii, Jan., PcBow.
The Uitcnlion of the aaihor wu lo ahow that tcwnr might be elfeeinaUf
coHtmcicdwiUiAnodBralcfall; that no one form of lection i» appUeabIa
undae all cimoMtaBOM, bot that 00 fonn ibould nateriatly depart frum that
of Ibe innioircatar inrerl ; tbit all natin acwera ahatild be of aalBcicnt a],
titode lo allow a caan to pu* ibrough ; Hut ■» inpcdinaat ahooU be offered
to tba eootiaiMiu tow b; croia itteani or aeeuaialating depeiita i aad that
aleanalng by •■ ioaWaK" t* an effideni laeana of moving tbe tilt and oibor
mallan la tbe aewen. Mr. I'anton porttoularl; alluded to tbe accaadly of
all Mwer* bdng of aoSeianl, hat not of more ihan auffieicnl, ladioaal area
to contain tbe greaMat docultyof water that may at one time havo to pau
off— or that, H in the taae of iliitricti bdow the IctcI of high nalrr. they
may bare at one tiiuo to contun. Id refercoce to ihc ides of conttructing
teweoof iniall liie and remoting the conttuU by coDlioued piiaplng. .Mr.
I'aOMn remulted. that aa the poaaping power should be at all limct equal
OM only Id diMliarM tba avarage qnaatiij of water, but >bo Ibat of the
gTHtau i)«antlty wbMi lujp at t^ Ubi ba reitiured to bt pauad off', it wm
obThiiM ihai ihera woild be an anorBUMia eoatlaoad wuu of power ai «
OoU more than coameaHiraie to Iha larlag tfPMMd by oonalrBctiog Ibe
aewen of unailet liie.
SOCIETY OF ARTS, LONDON.
A'ec. 10,^TuoHAS Wnaraa. Emj.. r.fLS., in Iha Chair.
Tba Srcretary read au iddreu on the opening of ihb the 91th Senlon of'
the Saclety.
Mr. J. CvNDALL read a paper " On Onuaan/af Jrt at ^ipBtd ta jttrimt
ami Mo4em fiooiUndny."
The auLhor commenced h; ttalinn th^t tbaoarliattrscotdaof bookbiaitiM
pm\e that the art hii hccn praciucd for nearly 2,M0 yean; previOMto
which time, book) were written on arrolls of parcbnent. Some iatraUto
geniM, bowet-cr, to wboa tha AlboaioDa eiecltd a ataiue, at leagih found
out a mtaoa of biodiog booki with glue ; Ihe roll* of vcIIudi lie., wtie cut
Into aheeta of two and four leavei. end were then atitehed aonewbat at *t
tbe pretent day. Then fame th« acc«tiitT fat a coeering, Tbe firal book-
corer* appear la liaTi< b*en made of wnad, probably merely pWa oakOBj;
boardi, which <ren> aficmnrttt iiicceedeil by laliuhle carved oak bindingil
thcie were toLlowcil by baaidi cotercid with reltum or lealhor, and apedme
of audi of great antiquity itill eiiit. The Romau carried tbe art of
binding to cunuderable pvrfectiau, and Mtae of thdr public oAcera had'
book* catltd " Uipiydii, In which Iheii act< ncre written. An old writer
•aya that ab^iiil the Chriatiui era, the b»ok> of the RomaM wore corered
with red, jrellow, green, and purpla leather, asd deanraied with ailier an4j
fold. In tbe I3ih eentory boih of tba goapdt. muaali, and olbar aerrie
ooka for the qm of Ibe Greek and RooiaB oburchee. were covered ta gob
and ilUcr; lomc were alto eniiuetled and enriched with predoua atone* anil
pearti uf great laluc. Itt the liih century, when ait wu mitcnat, aadli
men aa Albert Dorcr, Raflaelle, and Giiillo Humane, dccoralcd bookt, Tha<1
u*e of calf and morocco binding tMiut t4 have followed the iatrodnciion of '
pruiltng, end Ibero are mauy pnntod book* bound in ealf with oaken boMdi
afaooi Ihe l&ib and b^giitnlng of tba alataenth maWrlea ; ihMe are natily
■lauiped with godd aatl bbud loola; the nrHeit of tluaa loolt gpnenlly rn.
pTMeni OguTU, tuch as Climi. SI. Faul. ciula of arnw, At., aeearOing t« the
CEmtcnti of tbe book. In the reign nf Henry Vllf., about ISSii, Utatitii,
the piiotcr, ntidcrtook to priot the Great Bil>!e. for which puipotc he wenr j
to Parii, there not being fufficieiit men or lypea in England; ht had bdI|
however, iiroccedod far when be wu atopped in Itie piogtow of tbit " be*
f<tical boul',"uponwbiobberetnTBed to Bnglaml, bti aging with him prettca,
Ijpe, printert, and hookhinden, aad finlthed the work in 1539. Henry VIII.
had many buuki Imund in viUM. «ith guld hotiKa and OtnanteoU ; anil ia
hii reijjn the iiitiiping nf tooU in gold ap|icars to have been introdacetl. Ik
the rciKn of F.hKi!>eih. lome riqukiite bin<hn|t were done hy enabroidery,
the queen ticnelf workin); tbe oaten vrith gold and ailicr thread, apangleiu.]
die. Count OruU'r lociu to bare been a great piiroa of the *n on Ibo
conlincol, and all hit booka were bound in aiaooih lunrocco or oalf oro^
meated with sold. The ityle of Ihe liookt of Maioli wu very liioilar lo
that of (^mlier, or Ibote oE Diana of Poieiiera, Ihe apedmen* d'^ nc for li«r
bring among the tino^t aver prodoeed. and were no doubt dcti^nrd by Petit
Dornard- Hogor Paine wai Uia flrat Engliahiaan who producoda really good
biiiiliug. and tome of hia beat woikt, each aa Prench locnancci, wer^ pow*
dcred Willi the denr-do-lis. Hit hook* on dtitalry had sulMble oniarMnta t
on poetical workt he useda tiniple lyre, and carried tha etDblematicel tiyla
of biniting m far u cinhleau ought to be uaed. The following bill of bit
for binding ■ woib it a curioiity, and ibovia bow iaa44(at4]y lie ckai(;rd : —
" Vaneha prodium Raiticum, Pariaiit, Mooouniv.
" Bound U the very beit naanat in tbe datat gracn ibo-
loccv, ih« back lino'l with red moroeco. Hn« drawing-
paper and vtry neat morocco joinia inaide. Their wat a
few kave* itaind at the fortdge, which 1* wathed and
Eleaned •• d
'••Th* nklwt «r tlie bMk M^t •BuUnn,' I btm
lorcd to puit ih» Vim Wreith on it. I hope I tura mc
kOBdd it In loo licta ■ DUBMr for tht book. It tafcet uf a
Ct dwl of lime do tb«M Vine wresUi* ; I gosM wiUiiii
I UD Gtruin of meaauring aad wotklBg Uw dUhrent
anil viibiat touU IodIi miuiicd to fill ap the Viae frmtb,
tliat it laltat rery amr S dayt' wofi la taitluDg tb« tiro
aUw ffalf of the book — Irat 1 wwhrd (o do my bnt for tbe
«0*lti aad at Ike Mni« tint I caDnot npatt to cfaaige ■ foil
Md proper pdcc far iheworic ; ud bopo Ihtt tbe priN will
Mt onljr ba touiKl raaconaUa bnt ehaap .. 16 0"
Of the Mnden of tin pmcM (mtarj-, thn fb)lo«riiie itmrte to bo nea-
UodmI mill ntipect— vii., Mr. .Macktiuie, Mi. Clarke, Mr. Bedrord. and Mr.
Uajdij' : the bindinn by the Inter ooatiit alnoat iovariabl; of adaptatioaa
land nudUcatlaii* n ancieat esimpku. Anoos the nuD^ fplcn4kl tpcci-
Inonaor Ui vori cxUUted, that o/ ■MbeSbcriAof BlinfMbirc," in Inpa-
l-iial folio. dcMrre* tpocial ooticv, ai being tntiehcd niib the ttmorkl b««^
llngi fceautUUlj- eoleured. The Madias m of blaod<ealoared looraeco, u-
■ luidii^ an iath and a half all toaoA ibe iaaide of ibe eeter, on trtiieb ia
> alm|>ad a bold, open bonier, looted in golil.
The author, alter allodiag to Ibo tranteraua *|>cciinriit of modem Wadiaga
' «bleb bare o( late been produced to the poblir, aod rrfreiUng tbek waul «f
. driEiaality, concluded hj nrglaf Lhe oecetaity of attenpilof aonethjag oti*
'final and (diahle to the advaadag and impreiin; taiteof ibe time. Tbcn
[iTBDaj bo|iclIial etn Iodi oiiascnUl ait in bo?kltiitdiii{ will he veddedto
•ur intent perfect eitcution, aed that tbe 19lb century will be able, lik«
t tht 1 ilb, to boast of a »\ln of lu own.
Ur. U. C01.B, aailataat luvper o( ttaa PttblUi Raeordg, oxhibitcd a auniber
!'•( TCTj ciriaii and beantjflil ipiclamii of tooUinding. aiMBf wbicli iiaa
itaiamg the deed* relatkv to tlcnfy Ike Satcntli'a Chapel at Watt-
\ aiiutofi io wliich tbe aionkt utideiuke to prajr for llx wol of it« fosadat aa
longM ibemidd ia.
.Voir. IT.— W. H. iloDKiK. Etq., V.r. in Ibc Chair.
The lint (OmBBnicalian read mi bj Ur. IIriast, on bla " Pla»/or ontT'
[Jimntv Cmtfc AiiAMff."
Ur, Bkiakt ceaiaaDocd tut papei bj peiatiog out tbe diAcvLtiM wUob
I kftd aiitea framUwadoptton of tbe iwi gaugca ia thk eonniryi and the
I alijoetiani whicli have beau uiged aniatt Uic eariou plana— lii., tbe tata-
[MOBle *ite>for the wbeeli; the ahlniug of the canlagea from one gaage on
I Io that of anolbcr : laytaig down dooUe Uaet of raili : tSu. Ue Iheu pra-
f CMded to deaaibo hi* own plan, whidi ii aa follow* :-*Althe pcintof junc-
I of Ibe two gangei. a platloeiii is to be £itil in the cealre of the talla;
[Sbt oanltgae we then to be ptaeed upon wbeela, tbe two cada of the ailaa
\M nlikb ve ta b« made aa luile actawa : on the oanUa of tbe aale a piomm*
Ii to b« fitadi-aad andcr !l attacbad to tbe fnuwe ef Ibe carriage a
tlnCTf npon the npper tide ef whieb b a ndc. and at tbe lower end an anti-
\ friction nikr. Tbe nate of the wbcel> it to eitcnd uader the euriaga in
form of a Ceonle leievr, to racain the ailaa. Dy Ihii ama|aiD«til,
^Vlttletho train ii iraicllkng on the narraw gange, the wheeli upaUl be
awed iqtio the required wtdlb,tha naked teeer baogiaf loMaty uaderlbe
iok-wbecl, and llic aalc wobU tarn with the whecUi but whea the min
FflMt>i«d tbe point of jiuitiioD, Ibc lor*r would be canghl up by Ibe pbtforai
|fwhicfa t* to M 40 yard* laog), and irith it the rack. The axle would ibiH
[ H prstcnced fmtn tnralng by the pioion-vbac] and tttk, aiwl th* wba«b.
rfrom the wtight of eanijge, paa w a ga n, Jnggege, tie. pnttiag open them,
' «oald UnoiediatelT befia to unwind tbe icrawv, wtalich, by the lime the eu-
ilaga haa neebad the nlhar end of the platfotm, wlU bate eatendad tbe
■lie to the raqdrad width— the lerernonld drop and free tbe pinion^wbaal,
and the axle waold then tarn with the wheel* a* before. Tlie wbeala arc
Fioft in tbcir vwitigu vbeo nawound by conpUag-iad*. la haaUag the
I b^, tbe acrtw i« prcvcatcd fioai ■ctiag by Mcao* «f a *lop fiaad to tbe
I Mrriage and blocking lb« aiJe. A wAikisg model wa« exbitiiled.
Tbe •ecoad paper r«ad wai by U. J. Hqau, Etq., " 0> « Aajhaey TMe.
ifrfip^ and Jbn-tnH, /« it uitd mw a a weiM ^ CvwumuMthy Atlmtt* l/tt
GmrJ and Dfi»tr ^ lUuhMy Ueni^e*."
The plan propewd i> that a Wfiei of radi *h«uld be paued ihtougli lhe
Ifliniaga* of a train, and uniud at their oitremitics by a tcleieepe- joint, ao
Lm IS allow of nimcioa and coatnotioa: the rod* being made with a unf-
, Ktea] Joint, admit of ■ rotary motlooir— (be only motion which a railway
train hai not. At lhe end of the rod on tbe gaard'i carriaga it a crank,
wldcih, when the rod ie lamed, cotnca in coataet with a hannwr, and oamce
It Io rtrika a btU. A aigul i> tbcn to ho ratted, indicating the carriage fhim
[-Whlcb the eignal i* mad* i the guani will than intratdialelyaaoertaiD whether
la a e eai uf y th*t ibe train ehould be Mopped, aod If to, by twniog the
[lod in the rtrma dIfMllon to what the penon alganUtag had done, will
[ling amtber bell at tbatlrinr'aendof the train, or tound tbe wbiitle of the
(.—Mr. Hotte ttated thtl it it ioDmatarial what ilm cuno of the rall-
' may be, a* the niHterMl >oint adoiila of Ibe rod varying from a right
It would atari an In aaae a caniage gal«ff tbe liact ax ercn on Io the
bnflten of. lhe carriage proecdlng it.
.Vh. 34.— T. WanwrsR. Bti{., P.R.8,, V.P., In )h« Chair.
Tha flnt coramunication read wnt on Mr. Uirrro!''B *■ Kailway fmiimnii
color."
VT.TiuiTos propoiei thai a «aall nttal pipa iboold be fiMd Id foaH
coDveniaat part ef M«fa tallway Mrrtaye, and ooaaecud tl lla cxirrmiii
with lhe carrtige prMtdtng and foUowuig it by B*e*iit af a afavrt length
a u k aii i a e d ivba-^tthbec tnMBgand a kind of bayinei faatealng; M the end
of tha tnba, near IoUm gaard'a teat, a wUatle It to h*Bzed,«fctc!i wU! be
oapahiB of being aouMlcd by the pa t aeog ai a on thetr btowlng Into a
brmach l«h^ to be fiAcd in each caniagt in coaaectMn with the maUt
A model na* cxbibited.
Tlu aacond catamnaieaiioii wai b* Mr. F. BnonraiM, >• On Air, aJanjAr
>hmitaa a OiMMittiranon krw«n rAe f m ein u en, Onenir, ooif Drtitn 9' <
tellipey TVofa."
Hr. BBOTninii prapaiea, by aeaat of a fly.whMl,1o be work*d by thi
rapid mrreet of air patting through It, lu let la motloB a mnlliptjring power
which ihall work a amall air-pump, and comprut air icto a chamber In cob>
netlon with which two whiule* thiU be died: oae of thew the puatagHl
arc to be oapidite of Mtmdhig, by alhwinc the floapraued air to cteapb
The lecoad wfaiittc li to he of a dilhnol Sxe and lottnU, awl entirely sailer
tbt control of Uia guard, and oely to be nied when It ii neceiaary to ttap
the traia.
The tliiid paper wat by Mr. E. B. Au,kh, oa bU ncaw of cBbdiiic a timi-
lar ceoiaMuikaUon.
Mi. iLi-um ptopottt to make ate of dcatricity aa a OMaat of louai
ioff the tlMm whiatle. Galianited w Irca arc to be carried ahmg ea«b
caniaga* of a train, and the cleelriic dreaU it to he caa^tetcd by Uia
galianiMd catipUag chaiai, wliick, to long ta the euonit ii coaplci
natka* a pleee of aoft iron and hold* a detent attaehad to the •'
bat whaaover tlu cimit la broken, tha iron ia daaugnalited, and tha
allowed to go free, opoo whiiii the ttaan aacapea, and the whlatla thetaty
eonndod.
The ionrth p4per read wai by Ueaut. Bam and Little, on their methad
of foming a tunilar ooBnunicalioD. — In tliii pUn, ai in -Ur. AUcn'ii Hit
peopoaed to mo an elaettie cnrrcnt, the circuit ef which ia to be oonidDlad
by we*M«f wire* and cbaini, bat b to aa only when tha citaak it
plete, when a bell b raag.
Ot«. l^r— W. Wton, £tq„ E..^., in tbe Chair.
Km *p««in>ena ef " J'^aafu^ an GUtt," by U. Da Rom, of Uoni
A
ware eihibiied. — Tbe Seeretaiy ttated that tha eolourt uiad by U. Do
are pecnUar, and the laetlied of prapariag thcni known only to htatalf.
which colour* are gltitci of diilcrent desiee* of lurdiie**, care being ukeo
in u*iog ibcra iierer lo put a Uirderopon a tofter metal. He ilao ate* both
tide* of the glait, which onabla* htm to obtain clcarncai and decliion of
colour.
Mr. lUU' offered lomc (cmirkt on tbe hittory of Mained glaai, and es-
bibiUd teeeral tpacinunt of raodaiB MtrafiMtlM.
Ur. S. MoLxrak eibibitcd a model of an ** trtn Tntu ttmUway Dridje,"
Ibeinnntionof Mr.JttMn, of New ^otk.^Ihcipof hawtlaa af thia bridge
are it* timplieity, liclitne**, and ttrengih. Tbe director* df the New Tork
and Hirleai nilrood ban areeied a bridge oa tbi* priaeiptt, the ipen being
70 teat, and haitag a doobJs track or roadway up*n 11 ; lhe entire weight of
metal aied Ln iia couttructioo war 13 toni, white Ua ooM wai uoiler £iW.
A paper waa read by Mr. AncHin, "an B>g mt » j tilA r^rr^Het fu
JfennaHttM Jframt* and yaeiteef J»ViM*e."
The aathoe camaMDc*d by referring to the *eiy ettly period at which iki
art of engrating appeaia to hate bean known and ptaeiited by the Upidaqr
and goldtraith, and tbe pratiahility thai iboae to whom the art wat tuMWa
wera auhjeet to a prceiae code of lawa and comaeted with tbe pMeatly oAea^
iheae law* hating llieclToct of re|iilittng the prodoclioM aceaidiug to a
^ven atandard eat up by the bead* «( tb«ir order ; thu* giring a aii^idar
uniformity to the nniweroua eiaui)>let of antiqiK art, whether in patnilng,
(cnlptmre, or cngrating. After alluding to lhe Egyptian, Birwean, Gteeki
and Sonrto tpccio'cu* »f eiigrai ii>g. and thor uinilaiily a»d eatuson otigla,
he proeewlnl in po^ut ont the leriout porpo*** to whidi tlie art of eagaa*-
iag on brail wa*empUiytd,*uehaa the reptaaenlntion of geogetpUal dia-
grami. In the line of " 'T-rr rilttth inlp'-lirrrrTTnli TTTrri rmaatintat
iBicrltied on brtaa taUleit, a Mrilimg inatance of wliUb occura in tha prcanw
ration down to tbe preeent tinte of ihr will anil acta of the ampera Augaa-
tu*. ftafing tooched upon aomc few in*t*uc«i uf the aacieni praattca of
Ibe oaleographlc art, the author pnicuedcit to detail tume particalaro of thM
prooOM m il appeared at the general toival of art durbg the Siiddla ngci.
In tbo eih contuiy, by a law of liuneih, lujig of Scotlaad. it'Wm c^Joiaed
ibU a (Toai (bouJd be put on aiery granaten*— •'.•.coOiklid i asd tUa
appeara to hava bean doae in three wayt :— Itt. By the naoof inciaed linaa
drawn aronnd tbe ofajoeL Sadly. By ptaducvng tl»e focm in low refial.
3rdly. By a wholly earlead llgnn^The ute of lepulchral braaata appnara ta
hare originated witb the general rerival of art in ibc 13th eantary, aoe of
Ibe^athaat mdanen* being that of Sir Itngcr dc Trompington, who dtad ia
12Sf*. Tha braaiGi of the l4th and L&ih ceiiiurica ooniain, betide* the afr
gico ef warrior*, cburelisico, l*di«t, and cinlian*, mtaj eannple* ai boa-
tifal de«0«at)ao, deiitril ftuiu ilic arcltltc^tunl practice of the tin*e. OiM^
reat eombinatkant of the letten I.II.S., eoatpotin; tbe (acred nMnograia,
appaer in iharhtatacB of lhe ISth uid hegianing ol the lOtb ea n li Ua. Ia
tbe 10th cealnry. ai the time of the Kefaimalloii. thaee aacred moeMBiaiiflB
appeal to luiit become abnaaloot. and wura accoidiogly twepl oat af tht
dkHMbn wiib an oatpaiug band— few (coDparaiinlyj htnagntcaped da-
THB CIVIL £NaiNE£BiAND ARCaiTfCrs JOUBNAL.
31
«t MMM of ih^ie, bowMcr, tba lutbor prndnoed rnliliiiif* ; uid,
traced tiM hiatotr Antm lo \\» ISttt e«Mtirr, vid ncfcrTed In lta«
tWi p«ri«tl (pfiai to tliow jitoilimit under hb own ilittMliauf , be
' to lugc ilu JeeinbloaeM at pouewin^ at « D«ii<u k coiapkM
vf 1J)« ruhbingt of (be bnwct of Ihu ceantrj, at Ulurtnllrc of
I— t •«] Kbtorr of livjtoat linn, Bml Ibe |>r«[>iiMF o{ Mieli t Mb
kting depMilvH in ibo llntiult Mutruin. Tbc aMliw Ui«a CMrlaiUd
«r b]r oallnif tiuntioa 10 tbc Mrttton* of unni moaimMU rMntljr
■fcuied b^ himttir, 'j]r a ww proeaMaoC wortiag on brua, aad wbldi ba
pamktmk to easnminietn Ut the SoejMr at an carij pariad.
Dte, 8. — T. KoaLTx, Eiq., ia ibe Cliair.
Mr. U. CobC Bads loma reaiarki ia retcreiin la Mi. rVfcbor'i piper on
■I^Adiral braaan and iactaed atoaei, read at tlielut nutting, lie obicrved
flat ahmt ten fcan alnec the ^uaAy of branca re-cDnuriMcd id tbii couii-
Kr* I>u^ ihai period. h«Kenr, alnvtl all thai 1* Laowa Kapactias the
Waa iaa ba* hM* ssbaattcd. and aeveral workt hare boaa writle« «a Ui« aub>
Jacii lA tlval tta<re i> scueeif uj^tbing to fivd «ai, valCH Ibe biaaut bafjkn
to lay aBdAr pe««or in parU oftbe ebutdiea-iriiicbatpfcatnlancoaaHle^,
Ha naat naMtfc^ria bam baan mibUahad bj the Canbridfa Caiadan S«>
(inr, aad oa tba valli ai« ubUUa «ii|niTtiifi bnm a book of inat eieel*
kBOT by Waller : oiban bm aba paid attealion lo tba nl^ect. Tba oidi-
aarrtaaoatiof obtaininviaWaBBaiaaa&illawa:— ^iheet of paper ia laid
^aa tba bri.aad kcfit la !>• {Mtrittea \rf vdrht* i it it tbcn nibbed otei
viib a Mropaeltioa knowa at bnl-ball. By tbii mtaat, Ike nhole of tba
MarvHwratbe bnue under it ■• not oat avair beeama* bUckcni-d, f bile tbc
■aotad hact renaia ibe ealoor at tbe paper. In Mne Meet, t kind of
braaae eanfaaiiian it need apoa a black pip**, and by ibit neaat as naarijp
ta p aea iMa a GteaMilaetftha bnwt it obtained. Tbe i>n«t important biaaiaa
to ba faand la LamloB are In Wettmiatts Abbejr, St. Iltteo'a, BUhapipBa.
AlUuUawt. and St. Andrew') Uodenhan. fauiog oni of Loodon. tba
aewaM dmrcbee nbcre naj reotarkabk bri%»«> ate to be founJ an, \Titlea-
dca, Uarrow. Sooth Uinaa, 9t. Alban'e, Srosbonrnc, Chnhnnl, Rax>*«ad,
AlfweUt Wiodior, Slole-Popt. Taplov^, Wntcrbam, Pcnthant, and Cob-
haia.
Mr. lULr.BMdt'eaaiereniMki reliliM to (he hietoty of 00pp«c-fliu «a.
^ranng. nod the prohabtlttj: tliat il grew out of Ibe art at angmiag aionn-
■aaiarhraiaar.
Ur. Sromi exbibitod two plough*, a aertbc and cradle for reapiof coTBi
a gn at t^be, Ihrce tpiiog icoiperednaDnie ud bar foiLa, acaal-etnJhuid
hor, aid an Aiartirjin iif. He itated (ha peculiarity of Ibote inqilanianta
to nattat ta tkeu llf Maeta, ctieapneH. and duralvillly, thtii eniMlag tbe
igrieiiliml labourer to aeeoiBpfith a largtr amouni ai iliil; work al a Icia
cott. Tbe hnpleinenlt he oihibiled wen tacli u irr commoaiy nted ia tba
United 8tt* e a. A letter aat retil from Mr. Lotc, of Manor llouae, Natelij,
la wMcli he itata that the plought were uieil un a tlajr aoil, la raiher a dry
atatc, agalaat Adsni**> Nonfattnpton ploagh> and one of Ilavard'i Chaaajuaa
plaa^Hi Uoward'a, wbea woiking Sva incbea deep b; clcren inchca wide,
had a dranghl of .11 ilono ; ldJ Aianii'i ploughi ^ *'>> •■me <*idlh and
depth,a driugki »f 30 (lone; nliiU llie Atnprinn plough, tl lir« ia«liea
dnf and (tarteen wide, dm* only 2S ttone. " Id jnitice lo tba Anwrlean
ptaaglM, I noU n.j." ofaaerrei Hr. Lore, " thai they eut op and deaaed
ihaif Atrmr qinie u ttell at tba other ploii^ht, and alio larned tha aattb,
oawbtttj braafcing it, and patUng tbe lodl in capital potilkia foe drUHag
DrduUlBgi they arciheaoit limplc, ilron;. lishl. and elTcciiTe ploogha It
la peatMa to caoMiTe : olbcr capcriaieatt nctc atta made, and the draoKbt
lotted by tbe dyaaMMoetor,"— The con of the plougha Ml. Slaeuin ilateil
lalW«3«Wb.
A eaauiMiakaiiaa wat read from Hr. W. Tatloh, P.L.S., fti;, " aw fJkt
CUfieaMea «^ iKe PoJ^yoaHia Timctvriiam, er D)^t TWfon'o."
'■'nfapIaat.''obter«ea Mr. Tkylor, "iaa aatireof Chiua, and wai intra*
dacad iaio tUa coaalrT in 1776. by John Blake. It ia uted in China and
Jigaa fbr the parpaao of dying a blue timllar to that of tbe flaeti tndlga.
Tbt«ol*iiriaobladB«d from theJcamof the plant, which »cdHed,panod«d.
nd aad« lata eakat. 'With lh«Mi oekn.' lluaberger tayi, 'they dye
Ian. tltk, and cotton/ Vben the cekei Are boiled, tbry edd ukoi; md
lh« ationgw tbe daeoctian it aiad<^, the daiker it tbe eoloor. Tlie plant
|i(iaa haet in titii eooolty oa (oIIe of t mrdiiiTn miart. wfaitti mnd aleo be
win onaared before the teed i) town, whtrh ii best town In rowt aibaat the
aUdla of Aprtl. Tao poundi of leed to tiie acre ia luSiiieat. bat the planU
WKf Iw toasted ani in mri froa tbc liot Itcil, ai tba rale af about IS.OM lo
tbe aorr > and nnlest they are biooght forward and planted out, they will
aot prodaoe tacd in Bniland. Tbe plant can he prapared for the narkal in
Ihrae 'I'^jt, *■<• — lit, ii nty be out la a green tiate and tolil to tbc dyer, ia
wWch eaie tn a«T« woold prodaM fire lent of Icavet and ttilki, worth abiMt
tW U — and, if cnl and ptaced in iiti, so at to pret^ipiUIe ibe feenit, or in-
Ago, the am wunld p ro d ac* 3 vmi. of enlaiir, wbjrii, jit It. per lb., would
ha worth £16 lOf. — 3rd, tha ptaott may be etil up, dried, and packed ia
hantleai Ibo arte votfd Ibea yktd lUrec loot of dyetng matter, tud be
wact& ahani £21. The ootoaring matter may be extracted aitber by fer-
■aaAaUoa er ttkldinE." SpeeincM of the plant and colour were cililMt^,
Tbe hut oomnxntieation toad wai by Mr. W. Bafntarr, " oa ame Mafpto
y ni«'pnm u fnUaH ■■ 1S17."
S j we jmeui of tha (tax were eihlbited. and Mr. BenneU ttited they were
fianoad aitd« erwy diaadnatage poetible, and ia one of tbe noil tenol*
and detiitule oatnen of the wboU Ulaad, ris., Uie baioay of Earit. Moaiy
of Uajo, on the vreat«n caul, and under the tupeiinlendeooe of Ur. G. S.
Bouina. tbo peaaanlry being wholly nnacqutiatcd with iu mode nf callun
and pioparalioa. The das it nf good loality, aad wotlb froai b, to 6e. pec
tteae. The tntrodaelloa of iU cultiue hai aleo afbtdnl emptojncnt lo a
Urge DUDilicr of poor wuneii ia tpinning. Tbc ptaaaairy ait sjao heii^
aiapliyMl to raanuractnre tinea ftora Ioovm erected ialbe ■Uklctofadetgj-
tati, in another moit di>lr**ied locality, tpecltnent of which irere cxbiliud.
ROVAL SCOTTISH S(»(;IFTY OF ARTS.
iVer.S.lM;.— David M*cLAOAX,U.D..P,Il^,£.rrtaidBM. in tbe Oialr.
Tlia fallowing eatamunioaiioae were raade ;—
I. On tAt/tnt |iWa«^to qf Sjrmmelrhal Beamg, at dtefh/ml in fV Ct».
Mte/rfe iftmutt ^ tki llumam Iltmd mi Cvmtmme*. By D. R. Hat,
Bis-
Hr. Hay comBenoMi hli paper v|th a qnatathiD fmiD Dr. lUtd'a " InteU
ledual Poweii of Mm." ibowing that !i waa tbe oetaien of that mat pliilo*
■OpKcj, that, at taite night be true ot falte acoording aa il wat founded on
true or ftlic jadgmeal, it nioet haie fint prineiplea. He ih«n ohtetTcd,
thai by troth being properly iarcetigaled ia the nttartl tdeacei, natnrel
pfallomh* had avrhwa at tti nreamt advaaeed itaU, aad Iti apnlloation in
tba liwi em lad m aw^e w aly piodncad'iha bajiyteel letelia. Botibai in
oor aearcfa after tnitb in the adeaea of aaHiattca, a nry dMhicat cauiaa
hadheen Mlowed. aad that oar id— ef beaaly were chitbd la Myetery, and
eur atlcnpta to produce tbe fbratw In tbe varioea breDchea af ut, depead
is a gnat mtaaere apea claoee, ThU be attnhultd to tiw piaclioe of ler.
nk eepyiag ia ear teboeli of art, instead of tlodyiag the lint prinoplet or
teaehable law* of beauty ; in ihott, Ibat w« ttady and inilate rtawta witbont
lavtatinting ceatee. Ha naecrled ihei there ditt preeiae taatbaiaatieal
princiiiTM of a practical aatarv, by which the euernal farm of tba hntDee
head and eouoteaaaee mer be detbaeated, and by wfaicb tha prepeitioea aad
relative poaitioni of-the firatutei miy be amngad upon the facial eui&ee^o
at ta piMoce a primary ipcdca of symmetrical batuiy ; and that ibeae ptfai*
ciplca were idraltcal with thote which prodeee beauty in ardiiteotafe and
onamentel daiigo, TUt he demDattraled \tj coabfaaag in a diafiam tbe
Ptttonio triangKe and tbe enrnilneal flguret that beloag to them, ihowtng,
U tbe tame iim«, lUt thote trianglei were tha root of all ajwat tri aal
beauty and bartnony in grornetry. He ihowed tbtt thi* diagraea eemapaedfd
ia all ill ptrU to ihc anatomy of the bnniaa head, aad that tba eoeataaaaei
thereby prQiliiced poiseitedllie lean tdeaJ beauty ef the tiMflt GrceiaBtcalp*
(urea. Mr. Hay tiaicil that be bcJieeed the prlndplea ha etptaioed irot
known to the aadent Greeka, and tnre jatredueed by Pythagorai. and tao^
by Plato is oonnection with matbematica, and by Painphilut at connected
wilh art. The drawiogi by which Mr. Hay eicispli£ed hit |)rineipla war*
larger than life, and reiy nunteroni, aod we ondertiand it it lUi inlentiofl to
pobliih ihem on a emaU leale.
2. Tbe Keeoit of the Priw Committee, awwdtng the Prnei for Saarita
lUB-7, wat read.
Nv9. ZZ.— G. nccHJixut, Bai^Pieiideet, la tbe Chair.
The follninng eemmunicaiiona were tnadei—
1. SufttHiom Jhr ifrnrtiiitf -■ftriifcaf* en JMipap*. By J. artwur
Hbfuvam, Ktq., of Colquhtlcie. Theae taggMtiona have refaieaoc to tha
iqJDdleiow praeiloe of mixing light wHb bieir* earriage* in dUknat (arta of
the train, and to the i^jndieioui appaMUamof the bieak, and the eniar in wMcb
it it apfriJed ; and piopoae tba daaMcaiioo of the light and heary cantaMOi
and the working of tha brc^ fton the rear to the front of the train, 'nqy
btie alto refcrtmre to the permanent wotit of moit railwaji at origbalw
conalrocled, bring too light and tnauffident for tbe hcaner lotdi tad hiM
Tclociliei wblob are now wed : and propoee to ate iacreaMd ttaUHty to lot
rail by a well laid parcntent of heavy blockt of ttone, along tbe ootaid* of
each rail. They have alto refetcnee to whil ti called ■'Jumping,** wUcta h
often tha eaeia'of carrttget ronning off lh« iiii* — lo oM^aal inbtidenea of
tbe roadway, and propoiet Telford* pUn for forming Ibe em baakeaeaia )■
concave liyert, or tbat the eailliworkt ttioutd be allowed ample tinin to laV
ildf of ihrmtclrrt before Ihr rail b uted. Mr. Ilrpbom alto propetee loogt-
tudlnal luppoiu uedri ibe iolningi of the tailt, wfaidi ha c*aaid«n the'
weaken part. The augKeatiom bafo alto rcfercnoe to Ibe eatangleeoeet <
tlie buffcn, and " lidinf on each oilier ; and propote to eoUrga vertical^
llie lurfacc of Ibe buffer, by biriag in iti pite* three elliptic tprlngf 00 tl
lower fruoe of the otrriege, and two on, Uie upper part, each act connoole
with a borizonUl bar of wood, and the whole eoeered with boarding. Mr.
H. holda that thU arrBi^ement would prevent the carriage from ininiag up
anil rolling over each other when a ooUlsioa tafcaa placr.
2. Amer^tea (/ a Jtfedrf f/ a AfnUraAJb Inn Hailway Chair. By Mr,
Boaa, baddlngtotu Thr adrantaget ate ttated to be gictMr tueogtb, and
that pting additional aecuiity in petaing abaip curret : the laiU w^uU At
mnch better from tbc chiiit bcins all cui true to tbe pattern, Ibut tecnruig
a uniform beviog lo Ihc l>cad of lb* laili : the aopertoe manner in whien
tbe wooden keyt wUl fit, and with leu rigidity. .Mr. Bobh tbinkt Ihey eoaM
be made cheaper than eait-iron ehaira, aad thai Ibey would be alronger. el-
tboagh «n*.half llgbUr, wberehr a aaTi^[ la OoA of cattllga WMW be
ejected to an extant of BO par eaaU
9S
THK CIVIL EN0n>7BER AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL.
3. Dmtriptian q^ a fnvMtd Imprtntmnl i» JUihtmg Smicitt. Br Mr.
KicoLL, Atbtoaih. Tbow iKilcha arc pUccd OB Iron cbtln M coutrocMd
u lo taoit *lang nkb tbe iwUcb. wbercbj the nolion of the milch b net
ncnicd tif iu gtttinc jwniaed with du»t or ruhbbh : ind (he chtin, front
heir pccvliir tarn, pub aride Ihe dual and cleu * n*; for tbc iwitch. Mr.
t'lGcoll *liO sItO 1 ilMCTipttan of thr tppMBiui for op<iiiii.g anil (loiiing Ibc
[n>itchi w U (O prrrent tccidcaU by tbe DOtion of lh«ia lij unnlhonMd
Rill.
4. •< Sathfay Jlarvm Ctrnmunifafor. Bjr Mr. Mar r at. Tbc object ii
•eoompliibed hi- n mbe itnk in Ihe roof of oich cnrrii|[t, and lo connect
ibeM are tub«i of Jjidia rubber wiib leictx. laiide tlit tube It k vlre, and
taiudiol to ii initcle of tadi compatlicrnt of liir cartiise lie bell-pultt ot
tnohs. At each gaaiil'* test are belli and knocker*, and the Mine at llie
dritn'ff Bicd near the cngint. A ptuongcr nlabiBf to glrc a ugtul. j^ulli
tbe knob, by which Deui the wbvtc belle are tung. The lub« can olio act
a* • BiKaiiDg-tiunapet, ntoolb-pjecei being iutcrted in each eon part mint,
u>d the line tn thi^ |;iiBrdi and driven — to that a puaengtr having mag
Ihe hell, eouimiuiictlci to Ihe guard and driter, dec, hit reaioo for tu duing.
3. nrttrriplUm end Dratriits qfoK Atcntm Rri» fitr Saiimaj) Ttaaa. Bj
Ut. M'CoLL. Tb« rein i« attached to a nliklle *alTe on theengmf, and ei-
lend* along ibc whole Iraia on the locked aide : lo ibit any pcitoo, by
palltog the lein, opcni the whittle, and iofonni the dtittr that eonitthiog it
irrong.
Dte. 13.— G. BccRAMAv, Eii^., F.EL8.E., [Vuidcnt, is the Chair.
The fallowing oonimuQinillons nerr made . —
1. lifK^nfitwH o/ tkt OrvrorcA SHtptntbn Bridge. By Mr. Mii.xc
Thii bridge it ao roDittuct«l thai Ihe roadoaT runt under the arch, and It
MBnecled to it by auipending roda, wbicb are to di>poeed thai a lar|C poi-
liaa of tbe itch lottaim a imttl portion of the roadwajr, thui enabling the
Vidge (» bear a coDCcntraiiira of Kclghl at any point. Tbe iniin roili of
Uie arcb Uaa ajtiiiui cacli othcf al tho oenlte (wbne the key-itane of a
itone briiijd i* litntlod). giting mutual support, which ii eoatlnued toward*
each end of the areli by drcolar eitonden, enlarging ai they approieh Iho
plon. Tbe preatare of tbe main reiU againit each olber it tl>ut turned to
the ulmoit adrantage. and gina the Brtatat liability poMible; and from
thia coasKuciion the 1i-r-»id« mil retiat a gale of wind «iib the full po)rer
sf tbe arch. The iddiIcI it Iwtniy incbei in Irugib, on ib< tcale of ten feel
to aa inch. Tho tatiic wfighl of iiun ia ais oniieca. and ll tafdy btan •
iMd of I»Clb. — aearl* UQ timet it* own weigbt.
2. Si^Um**lary Erplanalioni <(/ an iinfiTeetJ Railusif ttrtak. By J .
SrawAkT Hai-HuaN, Eiq. Thit it aa inprotenieot of break tubmliled by
the inientor to the Society laal tetsinn. It coniiited at a nibliei block of
mod attached to lailwa* carriagM b; a nioTeable fiaine-woik ; and apflied,
■at to the wheel, like the comniou bieali, but lo ibc rail, by a graJual prct-
HI* eapaUc of bting inoitaaeil la audi a degree, on an emergency of danger,
U to lUH lbs bind irliecli from the 'ul.
5. fmpr^rtmmU in Kailuayt. Oy ]Jr. JoiN Ckakb. Tlie Rril improTC-
aent It for loeomoliie engines to atcriid or detccDd *te«i> irielii>rt. It con-
tiati in laying along Ibc incline a lonthed rail, oiiiaiite oi the cornrson rail,
keying on additional wherh vlih teeth on tli« thafi or the drWiog
irbeela of the engine. ouCatde of Ihe bearing vibe«li, and working iu ihe
toothed niila, and the Iccih of nhtch aie to work in the leeili of tbe rail ;
thtti pnltlng on Ibr train. — Tbe second iinprovoBirnt cnniiiiB in making the
whaeU with double tanget, one gn the ouuidt of the cailt, at well ei the
UtutI »ne within Iben. Tbn* tbe wheeU wnuld bv let* lia))1e to go off tbe
mil. — The third improrement conaitt* i» laying the raiU un longitudinal
ileeperi. connected logeiher by croi* alMpera. and farming a teriet of tirong
aqoare framea.— The foniih improteiiient it for a break. Imteaduf pr«.
ling Rgaioit tbe wheeli. and thereby trtar-iliitg them hy friction, anil eventu-
ally locking Ibern. thr break falh down at once helvten ilir wIimI and the
raU, intertiag itielf lir.lwrrn ihcni Like a weJgr, and llicicliy loclu the
wbecta, aod, at the lanic llnic, rulia U|ir>n llir rail, t'uiir wciign are rriiulrcd
for ordinary etrringei, onn pair a; eitli end i each pair of wedge* it coit-
neclcd hy a htr of wrought-iTon, in Ihe cr»t(* of which « chain it fattened,
which can be rliMd by tbe guard, and failencd by ptttii^g one of the Hnki
oter a hook. NVheu the chain U detached from ihp hook or button, the
break, by itt own weight, and guided hy a rod attaohad to the' carriage, falli
under the wbccli and ptCTrnlt them revolving. Tlie guiding rod to hive itt
centre of mctiDn r-crcntiic to thai of tbc wtieel, HtuI ihat ccnlrr to he a pin
Bied on the axle fraiue of Ihe carriage, a little aboTc il, to that the wcdgct
when raittd may bo cleat of the whccla.
NOTES OF THK MONTH.
Knibray rrccirulimr.— Mr. Uyndhnm tlardiog, ID t letter U» the In>
atitutiuu uf Mcclianicnl F.ug incurs, rccoDiBiends, aa the dioM eicople and
bttt iHclhud of fvtniiuR a (ommuuicalioo between the guarda and cngiae-
drivers, *' Thalihe guard* should biivc tbe ni(<»ai uf riwdlly gvllitig along
erery Iraia, whether a paaaenger or a goudt train, lu lh« ragioeniaD.
Thia (be ob»er*e«l waa Iba original idea In Darrow-gituge Imina, for the
inf«DN are aRbrdMl of getting frain OOP carriage to auuiher. but ihe idea
baa been imprrrcdly canird out, ioasmoth at a hnrae'boxor ■ luKgagc
ru Aifurd Du facilitlcfl for geUiug put iheui. NoihiBg is eaaicr than tu
galeai^
b(oa4H
• Mr.TI
rdDedy Ihit by botdhela awl a narrow fooUudd. Ia the oasa of lat tniekf
loaded with >iioh good* aa ctrtton, opfighta at the foar ooraen, aad a rape
from ooe upright lo tbe otbcf) mrald aBbrd a bold for Um niud, aH
would ■]#<>, at tbe luao Unge, tend lo ateady the load, lo Ibe rebktet
which travel in paiacag*! train* «>mi tuch an addition at Ihii wcmld not
be nce*MMry. On tb* broad-gauge linei counected with the CifMl
Wetlern Railway, Ihnrn it gcotrDlly bo facility aHbrdcd for Kntliag
the train, bat aach fHClDllet cao with equal raac be aCfgnle'd in
gauge trains aa on Barrow by Irifling additlnot to tbc vchiclr*,'
f iardlog cBoaod additions with thia object to be mndo to the broad tcaage
carriaget on Ihe Itriatol oad Oloocctler ilailway when be bad the coatroL
cif that lino.
f'sirmtiHieai «f Sfvtra. — Tho old cnromitsiont fi>r WeaUainatar,
bom and Flaabory, Tower lUmlstt, and fir the Kcot aod Sorray
Iricta, wore all la ooc week aupcrtnkd, nnil a new rnmmlaaloa,
of the folliining, were ooinioaled for iiR ilie dlMrinla, oo ihc Clb nil. ;
Lurd r.bririglou, Lord Aihley, Dr. nnckinod, Mr. llamc, M.t',- Ugn.
HyxR, Dr. ArnMI, Ur. S. Smilli, Mr. it. A. lilaney, M.f., Sir J. (lark,
Uev. W. Stone, Profeaenr Owen, 8tr K. De La Becha, Mr. J. BidwalL
Mr. J. Dullar, Mr. W. J, Itraderip, Mr. R. L. Jones, Mr. J. t.e*li«, ao4
Mr. ¥.. Chad wick .—Mr. L. C. llrrialrt, a«rk of Ibe WoUBiaeM-
aioD, and Mr. Stipica, Clerk of the Ilotbom and Pinsbary dlrioioai
appointed cleik* of ihote diatricta proittioaally ; and Meten. PhiUip*
Hoe were appointed Burveyort provuiuoally, and Mr- Auatiu cooialliOi
surveyor.
Jirmttili L«ci. — yi. Blanchel gave ao account of Ibc ^er)04■a comO'
quC'Ocei rcaitttinf fn>ni the proees* of whitening IlruMclt Uee ta the
penona irmploipd in i(. In thii pioonw the earbonaie of lead ta nted;
and a (argu iiurtian uf i( ia tarried iaiu Uie atiuoaphere, where it ta ia>
lulcd, and Uiua pruducet a seriaun aireotion of Ihe ioleatinea. Il t*
very liyarioDs to the lighl aad to the heariug.
m
laa^H
tlio«if
■mj
U8T OF NEW FATEHTS.
tiKAKTia IK BKCLANO rnou NoviMnsn SO. to IJiieRHUiin 32, )$4T.
Sk* JVenfAf allotrtdjbr EtrolmaU, unktt vthtntitt «arm«t<f.
tnillaoi BetUandGc^rite^PtlUta Jusib, afWhirf-rvail, Clty-nwd.fuT "hoprv
In the ntnurtriureof ctpaulet, ud lu the ipplkitlonctcwrtaLadMcrtpUeiiarrfi
— »Hl<il}la<..10.
Wllllun JIat>>n.ofCainbenrell,enc1iKer, rvflmiHOVeinnitt In mtcUnerr fOr I
COlCoo or olhti BDnxu tuhitiinre*."— ttec. t.
UkuiATui JCoinclE, al Weillui iQa-itreri. tStntnd, tv.LL., far "iitritta Inproi-eoie
I'liiciri .nrl ilhir-linipen."'— riM, 1.
Tix'nitBChvndlerfor ^lAckUv, Vp'lltabjrc, f,r '- Inprorenitiitf to oaclikorry fvr 4pc
inr lli]Ulcl matiurv "— J>«. I.
Vrnl»it.k William UsiibrtTi of Lttnatir, pipar dtalM, fiM " IwprotaoieaU la ■•-
chtncrj (or itir mtunliitarv oMnuiiFcl (Blirlit,"— IJec. 1.
.timuel Newtnetan, n! FranC. Sushi. U.1>.. (nr " InpToTcmtnla la 4ltiMlBC ar asetas
•Mda."— -Htaltd I'm. 7.
Juhn ScaOtni, of Vvv" Rulluuir. M.H.. foi " InpiiireiiivaU In Ihe naaurattnrt aod
rvt^titnif rifiiufu-"— Dire. /-
Johti Brltlni, ur Hliml n]|hini. marhlulal. fii< "i-vtutii InpToitaimK In apiiantnt fw
oookl^if .prpjiArlnp. and (qntdiilef hmnaii t.ntA «nd drink*. *ad In apvDjia|r and clo«l>i|
urfn duutt, |i*rtt of ulhk'h latiiru¥rniriili ttT* tiipUtalile l« oLasr tlaaltac parpovci."-'
Dec. ;. '
J*iii» bailili TviiQf , «r E<liubur|b( Mv*»tytt prvprlclor, (ee " Inprond
tot (lui> ■luiiiia."— I>cc. r.
tt'lllMiii I'aiilu, <4 I, S\. Paul'* Churctt-jud, Bn- " liDprvneMDU la dMolog i
v»hLri( ioITh. In ibe appiniui aod miclilEiery lo lie used duidn. uO ilto In llw I
i4t>i( (ur i,»Viii( Inrutlant and decorllifni ufiniret." (CMBBOakatlm.}— live. 7-
Jimra aHeeimaD Km, Kaq., Dl ^, Idnbacd-amtl, QlTi Ar " lEifira**nriila In I
ninurtciute M atironumteal tii(t othf r riarki. clirannni mr ^ and watelia*."— D*e. 7.
John UuJnti, sf LdmMr, ht " InpcvreneuW lu the aiaeufarlui* of pill.tntab"— "
llec. ".
Dnvld WtllUm Wirt, of V, it- KwtthlnVUnr, T.^udon, fendeman, ror " an liif)irv<vd
tniiintaclurr or randlta and olbei like nrtliln uted lot altordlnn liittiia." [AcoDinsn' ~
tlon.. — lift. II.
Hmirr Winter, ol Webn^sf-cardino, Kuli'iilicr. Baimaler, ItlUdletta. lor
prfrtrniaiiia tn U)* manufkctiire of R)|>e. runi, hue, tjid fwioc," c^ coeiaiaQteaitMi J
C>K-(S* AmlirOlH HWIiant, u( EplKlt, Friiii*. (lul now or Mew Bend-tUvet, 1
^enllffnvKQ, tar " ImjircvtmenLa in lb« prudisctLofi mnt\ a|pplkailoa of Lcat, i
mviiiirjiriure uf ri)hr."-*Drc. Ii.
HMlinin Ualtbr, nf Trtdecthtquare, Ulla-end. ifenllemiin, uiil Tliijinu Wehk, i
Uare-ttrnl. Hiekutr, froUtniau, (Or " certain linprovdnenD tn the manuTKUiM i
aptrlti from f rain or atbar tawbirlnt oittun. aRil In the aiiiitnlii* U be uaed ll«n
— Pe<. ].i.
Wmiuiii W**lbf«jl(»SqulfM,or.l, Hue ChtvlMU hi Omi1», Pari*. Jil.ll.. fera i
niDElvwuf pruUm-irifr ■**i'uiiii^. ifllik'ti inudf ur iiiuiIa iniv Iw apijlled (c pneuuiBlle^ ^g
ra^iliiv *i>il tiiilfi»i4lLi' ■|.|ianim, anil lu miclilnei)- Rir idiuinlcig nwUic uoiaef.'
t>*t. IH.
nicbanl Wdnbtcn, vr Lawri BrooKtuett. tin>tvrnur.ii|iiarei MlilillMei, tor '
prnreiaMiU in appinlua la be applied loralliniT nrrUt** and enpnt*."— nee- 13.
Ctiuln Jtudre Ftii* Ituiliu, bf Paiti, ror '*cegieliL tmpcuvaoiaDM Iji Iteallaf ilac i
ted tn EnAiJulaciiirlnii oaldeor i[nc."-*Iiec, Z'J.
Plarra Auf u*lua fulv, jcrjil^vaieii, tti ^'Ib, i(iT * lilt pro veiB'al* tiB appteatiia ^le I
and Inmtlne keiiy Iwuld lu gnloet." IConiniuiilciilun.WVer. Ti.
tiaury P.llikTr.ol llotun. L'oIImI Stale* at Ainerin, Fdi •>■ certain new and i
ItDpidTeinenl !u •wani-Ixillir lurnacei."— i>(G. Ti.
Bltbatd lUlrd.oCDunilef. ttralland. (or" A new or Improreri nelhod at aeainiaa
tloa lietwetii ibe guaidt, eui|iuF-<!'l^n, md uihe' aerveuli la diarft Bt Iraiia « <.
lUse* and wagooai on nilwayi. and al» tvimrn the pataent* n anil tunliw illlieia, I
vtlier vervaoi* In tfhtfft* ofauc^ tfklnii.**— t>ec, i'2.
Hobtn Siaaip,(itCbettra. Ulddleirt. hiller, for '* Impraeciiii'niatn tlw Baanl
ei r^brtci to be ute<l 'ur «vtr(n| Niti. tipi. sad banneia, •rhlck Ikbrin aaij W i
oihet utlilei of vtortnc apparel.*' — Oet. '£t,
L'hule* U'llllannement.atUBnriieii'r, eB(ln(«i, (Or •■ lujimwenianta In eb
tienutkEtl LraiooiaaBilaibetllBldt.''— Dti^.Xt.
ARCHED TUIBEB. TIAimCTfi .
rune
WILUNCTOH i. OUSE BURN VIADUCTS - .ItWCASTLE. X. N~ SHIELDS RAI[.Wf!.Y.
^
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IClLt •• F'SS I k J
ut
j'ltf J
i^ c.
/«[«/■ ^^ «<%
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^
^ ARCH ED TIMBRR VIADUCTa.
flFHX EngmvUigt, PMet 111. and IK J
am p«p«rs rcwl at the Inrtitutinn of Civil EnfrinMn.)
nKed 7%n&rr Viaduclii on thr AWyvWt oad NvHh ShifUa
, <r«rf«rf ly Mtmrt. Jmtri and Benjahik Ghkkk, q/'AV
■wrti ufm TfH».
I
la til e fomiBtian of thpnumerona railways whirh hnre be^RCom-
pl«t»d m ilhin the Ivt fev rnm, prrtiNp* thai nhirh han dpininilfd
th« KreatrDt c«rrtion ^f iU<ilt, JtiflgiTM'nt, ami varied ingenuity, i«
tba conKtruction of the hrid^x and \-iadueta, whether or ttune,
brick, irftiL, or tinih«r. The exravation of a nuanlity of earth, or
rattlnf thriiiigh a hill to fill up nn ndjaopnt holltiw U> thv rptjuirfit
levd, it in m»«t <■&««« a work of little mnre than manunl labour,
adCMaoRie unfori>«MB extraordinnry diffiriiltiefi occur in ihc strata,
wUeh may re<|uir« erimry ai>d promptitude^ in adnptinp ciich nva-
•nrea ax will ovcrromo thrm in th«> in««t effeftuiil and li^aiil arpm-
alve nannvr. Hat irhen riM-T* are to he xuanned and ravin«B to b«
crvsKtfd, u'Iier« there eslel uncertain and variHblv bmls. and, in
many inxt.tncn, in the vicinity of tnwnn nnd populnuit dirtricta,
where hoaaaa, nanaGictori**, and oDtrr bulldin)^ ore on the imme-
diate apot, the epAra repaired fur tilling un such ravines nith a
mnntid, (the base extending far on euoh xiiip, hpyond what is re-
quirvd for the width of thf railway) would, by the mnM^qtieiit d»-
Ktructlon of pr-iiNTty, often involve (uch riiinou* enpt'nitai, aa ti>
rvnder the adoptii'ii of that method impTartir-ablcf. Rei-niirue mutt
\hm ha had to other and more acieattnc mpan*, in lh« erertion of
brMgM or viaduets, with pi)-r« occupying a aoudl niperficiiit area,
baUt up ta «>m' the necewtar)- mipenrtmrture, wad MSpted to thn
JBtmHtr in which (hey are placed. Varioim cwnaideention* are in-
voItm in fiaiiigon nrprtain plan ; yet tbi' ciH-'t i« that of the vtmost
Importance, and invariahh- jireu'rili; ititelf first in nil fp-eat works »f
th« kind. It will not be denied, therefore, that the icreat devidera-
tnm r»r the piipinerr, if the aduution of Kuch nmnn as will fully
umrer the purpiHpa and th(> entiD at which he aimi, and to effect
tUa without a waste of any kind uf material ; fur every thin^ that
U OM fairly And usefully employed in adding to the stability .ind
iMrcacth of an erection, cnn unit- \>f cmKidereH rh mprHluons and
lafurioua matter; and litneHK una n KktUiil diftputdtion of purtx, com-
btned with correctneaa of detiga, may be aaid to furm the ^reat
merit of alt structurea.
The coat of the t-onntruetioo of vladucU and brid^rea for railwnrs
gHicrally forms w) im^Tortitnt an item in the a;rfmn nmount of tde
eoal of a raitwny. tliat the fnfpneor in led to aeriae nt'w nwins of
Mnplcting bin wurkH in (uch a niitnner, aa to poMesi Htuhility and
dvrwility, without plunj^inf; hia employers into iinnee«iisary ex-
pfoma.
Stone baa been f^nerally applied aa the bL>rt material for bridfrea ;
Inmilljp CMCa, however, it cannot be used throufrhout,aQd inlargre
uAm, where the bei^ihto are too low for the opRns, cast-iron ia
frMucntlv iidnptM, and morr narlicolarly in formint; trtint«« of
varCouB klndA, when the (itider «de at well aa the upper aidn of the
platform is reijuired to be horizontal, or nearly so, as in the en*e of
a railway and turnpike-ro»d rroatinf^ each nlher, and only leaving
vfUBB enoajch between thtt mrface of eiiih to allow of theVrM- pna-
aBOf ouriagea; but the <m*X and wei^^it of thei<e brid^en i» f[tne-
y ei|aa] to that of stone. A vood f>-iipprHtriK'tim>, however,
•ffecta much in thi* rewpect ; provided a durable nioile ofrooMtruc-
tluD b adapted ; for the cheapneM and strenmb of tlie muli^rial
ilaelf beioif so great, in proportion to it><hij]k and neifflit, the piera
of a brid^ or viaduct can bo ainoidcralily Iight4>ncd, and much lew
m«t«rial be uaed !■ their furmntlun tlian when tha tuperntructura
b to be of stone or Iron.
Abnoct nil the wooden bridgrs that have heretofore been exe-
cuted in this country are constructed with fttraih'ht timl>ery,trui««d
and franted like the ordinary forma of roofinV' On account of the
ahrittkln^, friira the number of jofi^lca, and the weifht of the work
Hatlt, th« roiidwoy vink*, and the framiuif generally becomes bent
or crippled, ofien to an alamiiiiK extent ; beaidea, such ■ tyitvm
could aertr be carried beyond a certain extent, aa the spans uf >uch
framing murt be limited to what ia uaually practiaed in roofing.
A new system of buildinii timber hridxe«. rompuwd of layeni of
dcala 3 inche* in tbickneiH, turned over a centre:, into the form of
arched rfta, has hren introduced and applied rxtcnsiTcly, in North-
asnberUnl and ]>arhani. and in Scotlnml, by Mcmrs. John and
BeniainiB Green, of Newcaatle-u|i«n-Tvne.
Tm toode of coDitructing the laminated deal arch suggeated
itaelf to Mrdreen in ]ft?T>fl,when fae wu engn^ In dral|rnin|c the
hridtfe for croiAini; the river Tym-, at ScotHWood ; where the dpj>th
of water, its rapidity dnrinic Ifuuila, and the unccrtninty of thff
fonndationa, would have rendered tlie conntructlon of a nnmher of
pierx, t» the eurreni, a very expcnsire operation, and Mr. Green
was therefore inducted to reconitncnd to the company the chala
brid^ which i» now thrown acroHS the Tyrie at that plaj'e.aa bein{[
the cheapest durable ntrurturr^ and po6ae«aing advantiiKCS orer
every other kind in such n situation.
Tlie Kuhjevt of wooden arches continued to en^rafFe Mr. Green'*
attention, and for hi« own satisfaction, lie had anuidel made of ui
arch 141) fert upan, at a xcale of ODe-twelftb of the real aiie, wliid
•(I aatiafied bini aa to the adrantafea and safety of that mode at
conatruction, that in ItUi, when the Newcnatle and Carliale ltalL<
way Company ulferetl a prMninm for the beat plan uf a railway
bridite, for rruaaioK the riier Tyne. above Scntawood, Mr. tirem
aubniitted hia model and dcti^i in competition, when they were
approved of and aelerted by the director*, and obtained the prv
niuffl.
This bridf^ was to conaiiit of live uefrnwutal wood arehea, eacfa
havinfr two ribx of 190 feet span, whirh were to be erected upMi
timber pietw of pile* and framintr*, with stone abutments. The line
of railway could not allow II ffrealer elevation than 31 fret abnre
hufa-water level, and the platform waa in conaeijuence sunpeodtd
with iron rode between the sprinffinjf of (he wood arch and the
rfown; the roadway was therefore partly sutpended from and partly
support 111 by the ribc
In 1833 Meaara, Green were concerned in prftj««tiii|r a railway
from Newcastle to North Shield- ; and alterwarda bein(( employed
by the Com]>any for the bridge* on that line, where, from the m»f'
nitude of two of them and the number that occur, the cost was a
very important conntderatioii. thry were induced to reoommond
thio plan of the laminntcd timber arch. ITaviDf; made detl|[tnaand
carefully Kludird the dvtuitii, theae bridges were commenced In
IB3T ; one at the Oune Burn in tl>e eaotern Dubiirb of Newcjiatle,
and the oUier at Willio|fton, about four milca further on the rail-
way.
Th« OusE Busk VuniaT ia DIB feet in letigtb, and 108 feet In
height fnim llic iM-d of the burn; it haa live timber arches of three
ribu each ; three of the arches are lid feet tpan, bikI two 1 li feet
span: there are luo stone archem of 40 feet apau at both enda of
the tiricliri'. which were introduced to pve len^^th to the abutmenta,
Ml aa to prevent the mound* endangerinK them, by mniinfC tiKirloa*
upon the steep bank* of Ibe ravine. There arii Hie pier* built uf
drafted and bnuirlird ashlar iiiRiionry, from the founilntiiinx lo the
full height, with ii|iarei> in the middle, leaving anavirrage ihirkneei
uf 5 feet of anhlir work : all the apucra are filled in »ith rubble
masonry, niado Knlid by grouting. On the side« of each pier are
buttreuea pnijertiui; 'i ieet II inches, aiid dimiriiahtng with olT-sotS
up to the rufulway.
The greateflt thickne«« of the piers at the springing is I J fuet ;
that uf the highest pier at the foimdiition ia 20 feel 'S inches, and
at the top, immediately underneath the plalfoim, itia6 feet 6 iuchea
thick; its width, including the buttresnee, is 33 feel- 10 ini-hea
above the footioga, und SK feet scrvu the laiit or highest ofT-Mt
underneath the roadway.
The spntiiring for the ardied ribe is 40 feet down the piere,
where largo off-BCla are rurmed with the inner splay a or uupce,
rMliHting from the centre. On the»c i^iringtof; stones CArt-iron
Hanged plates or «ockvtH, each weighing IS cut. for each rih, are
bedded with unkuin, iuto xpucea which nre cut 2 invbea deep in the
rnammry, and secured lith wrought-iron bolu run with lead, fa»-
tened do» n « ith nutu and wrcwa on the outer surface ; the bolt*
are I) inck diameter, and I fool 9 inches long. The enda of the
rjlia are inserted into theee iron ewckets m a apringing and are well
caulked.
The two middle piers are built upon pile* driven into the clny,
to an average depth of 3A feet below the aurfaoe, and the faund»>
tiun« generally required great attention, for it was found that
considcmhle excavationa of old pit workings had been made around
and immediately under the line of the bridge. From the cstreme
eaalern pier, a roal aeam had been worked out, extending beyond
the east abutment ; and In digging for the west pirr, a pit ahuft wi>
diacovered in tlie c«ntrc of the area of the louudatiuo. It win
fortunate that it wnsnot fu n-car an to endanger the Btal>ility oi the
pier, and thai the connlrucliun had nut proceeded without it« being
obsrrvnl. ThiH nhaft had been worked to a dcjith of TO feet, and
in order to render Che rtructuro necuce, both it and the weam 00
the other aide of the ravine were built up with well grouted rubUe
maaonry. All the limber used in the oirpentry was of the beet
S
a
i*
TBB CIVIL EKOINEER AND AROniTKCTS JOURNAL.
[FuMVAKr,.
•giitlitf from th» IfaJtir, and the whole of it wu anlijected to ihe
pniceiw of KyairH pnt«iit.
Th« anhoil HIm Km thowri in PIntn [II., 6^. 1 aad S: Md in
drtnil. li)cu. :t lu 12. TIm> splint of 116 f^ct. hnve a vened ria« of
3S fM, tli« rntUiia hein^ 4h fi>et. Th» rili'i nre Mmilrurtnl i>r
IHntzU? d«rk deals, II inrhcK w'tAo by !t iiiohi-M thick, dntuit^ and
cut to If n^hu uf ffiim -iO Thm U> (« Tee). The Snt courw of the
rib U lw» dMil« ill wiilih, hent over Ihe centre, nnd tlM nent in «>n«
whiile «nd two tiAlf ilenix, Hiid w on nlternulrly until the wliolo rib
U furnMMl ; ncli rili itMUurtN of fonrieni ilt^ida in tliii^knc-aii., exchi-
uireutthe trevtheriofi or capping on Die tup; tiw eoiU of the ilwnla
Uiniuuliiiut ar« butted a^nst e«rh utber, sad arruiged au tbitc nu
two of the rtiliatini; joinla may come U>fr«tliw- A liiyer of rtnmjr
brown f»f4iT di[>|>Hil in lH>itiiij( lar, it put between nil the jaintd to
bed them and tu exclude the wet. The wliitle of tliedeklaare ivtil
fixed toifelher with the be^tt it inrli oitit Irenaibi oWed 4 feet
apart, and each trenail i* of a iiullieieiit length to in> inronsti three
tftiokne«i«a of the denU. The endaof the deaU ore nil iruerteal
into the cMt-irnn platra nlruidjr doMTibed, beddod in jtatcnl fell
and tar, atul w«U L-aulk«d.
Uinpinal fide braeeo 6} inehm bv ^\ inchm, (ahiiwn in Ag. i,
Plale III.), nro fix»d betwM-n the nbi with «r(>u>;ht-ir(in bam l|
indi ttinmeter, at intervals uf about UB feet npHrt, to bind and con-
iiect till' whole tofrether. Fnmi the ribv, ■ sorien of radiutinft and
iii>rii!(tnlnl Htriitx, Mre carried nji in the nimiuer ahown in llio en-
i;rakiiiii;« ; thn eodii of all th« itruta are double tenoned into proMr
iiiorttce« out to receive tbeni, in Uie timlMra and rib*. A aiwiMril
baam 13^ inctaei BqiiAre, (fi^"- 3, 4, A, and 9, Plntv III..) in placed
aboBt th« middle of tbe upandril, incUnlnf{ upwardo to the vniwn
of the ereh, and buttioff a^^nat a horisontal piece of the ume
dinien<lond at tbe top. The atrota heloir thi« beam radiate to thv
eentre, and thoM above are nerpeoilicubir in the ruudwiiy. One uf
the nidiatinfT irtrut* in eaen Kuaodril, called in the drawinj^ Uie
spandrtl strut., {>- ^ and 6, Plate 1 1 1.,) iti continiivd on from the
rib up to the Kin(ritudiiiiit beiimK, and ik firmly mnneeiuil bv iron
«tnij>4 ami hiiltH to tlieni Hiiil (heiqtiiudril beiimti, and the (ornier
are then uevuretl duMn to the niuiionry with iron bxllv, vrhicli run H
feet into the aithlar work. In cniwidering tlii-i ^suitiitrii'iil nrriLn^pa-
mi'nt of Etrutting in the KpHndiili>,it will be evident how miicli
Ti(pdity is prudnced : a weiJht eCHDUig upon one hnunch of the arch
i« revifted on the opptiite naan^, by the tpHndril slrutlin^, and
eepei'ially by the main stmt, conm-ctwl »« it i» with Ilie weigtit of
Riuaunry laid hold uf by thv liult«, from llie main lon^tudluul
beiini.
The lonjfitudinal licamt, 13^ iiidiea Muere, are fixed and laid the
fuUk-itKthuf the ntruL-turt-, to the mdieot of the railway, above
whkh (Tic jviitta, 13.) indii-s by Sf itiobrK, ere laid I feet a{Kirt from
ccnlru to wutrc, and >piked down u\nii\ them, Tho end* of all
the j<mt9 are ri>uuded< and pruject ubuut 'i fcvt 9 incheii over tlie
lonKiludiuij beeras, ng. 10, and the whole are theci covered with
planking, II incbw by 3 iiiche>, laid lunKiludiiiully, nml properly
»pikc<l down and caulked; thii plutforiii i* then covereil with u
Conipusitioii of builiuit lar ami liiiir, inliceid with ji;rnvel whilirt it is
being laid on; tliu* foiniin^ ii orntiti^ completely imperviouK to
(be wet. At Ibe meetii>K of the lun^itudiiul hoam and the rrntrn
piece, nil iron atrup ■« bi>iitiil over them and Ihv Innj^tudtnal beam,
and it id then ruti thruu^'b iho rib. and acrewcd up undernefith it.
Anoliii^ rtriip in put round the nb and the apnndril beam, ahoiit
11 frvt furllier down on e«eh tide, and aimthor at eadi of the
Mpaiidril Atrutti. An open railing, S feet hish, it fiaed ainngvide
each bide of the bridge, the upright standardu nre « ft«<«t ajiart,
fixed to every alternate juist. and live horixontal raiU, hiUved and
iipike<l to then, run the full length.
The Kilid width of the Uuw Burn Viaduct, meaaiirint; witliia the
mllinif, i* W) feet, from which a funlpnth in taken, J feet wjdr,
separated from the ralluny by a liiitt of rdlliug on the Month nidu,
asdHmn in dg. i.
lacon*tructin|{l>otb the masonry and timber work of thi« via-
duct, the »c«ffoldinK and tbl^ centering iitwd were verjr light and
•iiuple. F.>r the furnier, n temporary railway, 3i feel high, raised
upun upright beiirt:r», strul*, fte., wa* laid the full length, oti nacli
ndr ufthe intended rtrui-torc ; and waa ufterwawU raiM-d, iu the
baildiug proc«^.lMl,t*> witUiu a few feet of the height uf the tiiiinhed
platfonn. On thin railway temporanr cnmew were placed, spanning
tnna uiie rail I" the otiier, connected at Uie Inp with bdiunii ol' tim-
ber, and htted up with proper » inchesj bliwlw, ehaina, fljf. &:«■. ;
IJiiwe crane* were generally uorked by tour mew. The centering
for turning; the rilM and building all the limber uurk was ex«i-it-
utniy light ; it waa comjKued merely of three ribo, weighing about
1« cwt, each, or 4 tone Ji cwt. fureach rib, A wliwle evutre eould
be removed in n day fmm one arcli, and fixed In it* place for
auother arch, by about twenty men, employing the tntveUing
craues.
The WiujxoTOff ViaDucT i« pred*ely the mat in conelructiun
and design »■ that at theOuae Bum ; but diSrm in it* dinteuaiwtu,
and altiiongh it 14 not to high, it ta loneer, anil Iihk two more tiuj-
licr arcbe* of grealer itpan. The total loii|(tb in 11)50 feet, and Ijte
height U 83 feet. There are aeven timber uri^hra and aiz atotiv
pierK, with two «(oiM> nbutmentB ; five of the ari'hv* are IW fc«t
Bpan eaeh, and two Hi feet span each ; the width between the
miling on each mde ia ai feet, betn^Juict imltident fur the double
line of railway, as there i^ no footp.ith upon thiii vitdtiot. Two
of the pieni are built upon pilw SS feet long, at a depth of about
^U fret below the Mrfnte, nu there i* a great extent of alluvinl d»-
tudt tmmediatety on the nite, whi<^i i« freeuently covered, during
igh tide« or iooia, by tbe river Tyne flowing up at tiie xmali
burn.
Both these viadueta apen over numeroua houae* and manntM'
toriea.
The iDvthod of building the viaduct at ^tlllington wm soinevhat
different fVuni that aduptc^I at the Oune Burn, anil perhaps not eo
uni<)ue ; iiiaanuch a« there were no travelling crHuex or Irmporary
railway, and the retiMval of the cenlreit <«ai attended with greater
labour, for white at the OnM' Bum the rcmovnl of a centre ueeu-
pied tHt-nly men, with the cranes, amlv (itm- day, the name work
emploved taeiity men for ten days at tV'illington. The rmi*onry
of eiicti pier ani. oet with a lixcd or jib crane, of a tulficieni height
to )ioi»l all the ktuneit, huving the uuuJ counterbalance at tlu!
opposite end uf the boriiunl.il beam.
Id till* Myvteni of tiuibcr bridge building, tlie atraiKbt IrunMngin
the main principle v( ■utipurt, in ilirpcn^cd with, Ivt the nirandril
frtuiiing bbould ui>l be Iwikeil upvu a> partnkiitg itf thnC rhuraclcr;
it in nien-ly a i^jiilinuatiiin of the wmid-work, to convey the weight
Coming upun the nwdway, on to the simple curved rib, and all
tinibere in « alate uftenuun are avoided, fur when a weight coine.-*
upon tlie roadwny, the whole of the atrui'ture undergoe* compres-
sion.
It is not meant to ndvomte limtier bridgm on tliiaur any prin-
ciple in preferenrc to etone, or other more durable matrriHl ; bat
it will not he detiiod, that the great Miviog uf capital in the firat
innlant-^ is a very im]N>rtnnt argument iu favour of their adwp-
tion.
The actual roNt of tbe Uin^ Burn VindncI, including all contin-
g(>m'iej> nnd evtniii, wad :— lirr Ihe iiBM>s(inn-, l7,V3Si.; for tbe car-
pentry, 7,V«Jf. ; making together, ?t, 300/. '
The tfttal cunt of the WillingtonVimluct, ww;.— mnsonry, l3,IA3f.;
carpentry, 10,StW. ; ttjgeiher, «3,iOS/.
The pie™, Wr. (Jreen oliwrvi-*, are rtrungpr than neceeaa^ for
the weight of the nuperitructure, fi»r the directont of the New-
C4^tle and North ^hienU Kail way not only being nvptical an to Ihe
■Hfety "f thi» noiel mode "f ciinrtruclion, hut having n dehire to
linikh all the hriil(,'eH un the line wuh «i<ini< arcliet, uliihed Ihe tua-
tonry to bv made uf »uch Milidity and bulk a> to beiir ntnue archea
if required, and the iiiem and abutmenU were, Ihen-Ibre, built
accordingly. The additional riM fur building •'tone archeK, how-
ever, on a fair calculation, naa found to annnint to SJJOOl, fvr thm
Ouno Burn Viaduct, which would hate made a total v(3S,S0(U.
The centcrintf would have rci«t nt least :j,i>iHi/. for each viednct, mi
that ut a nioderiite colculutittn the actual Mvingof capital U up-
wards of 10,rr00i!l
Mcwrs^ tjreen have just completed a large rladucl, on prerieely
the mune principle aH lho»c of the Ooiie Burn nnd Xli'lltiniclon Dean.
for his grace the Duke of Binrcleiirh, arruiqi the }^<int)i h^k at Dal-
keitli. in connrxion with the Edinburgh and Dalkeith Itailway, and
for the tniiiiiit of i-inl fmm the collit-rics of hih grace in that neigh-
huuHioud; it havoidy a KiJiglc line of railway and u footpath. The
total length of thiti work b HSU feet, the heifcht ia Hi feet to the
platform, and the width acrust tielween the railing U Ifc feet. It
baa aeten arclie^ five of 1-^) feet, and two of I W feet span each,
with a Ter«cd sine of 3U feet. There are onlv two ritra, it feet 4
inchea apart, in each arch, and of a deal and a /iulf(I fiart 4 incJie«)
in width, and ten dealx (K fcrt T inche*} Lii depth. The longitudi-
nal beMnii are half balka of timlwr, lll^ inches by 6? inchea. There
ant two BtMio abulmrnte, each 40 feet long, and hve rt one pier*.
The largest pier i« dl fcrt high from the fouiMlation, which in i fv*t
below the aurfaoe. All the piem arc lo fn-t thick at the aprioging,
12 feet 10 inches wide, nnd S feel i inchen thick nt tlic top, under-
»cath tbe mod way. fhc total cxnt was : — inanunry, S,iil7A ; car-
penkrr, 3,.1ig/. ; ti^ether, G,9T^, which ia m Tcr)' small amount for
• work ol Bucli tiiaguitudc.
.ARdniD TDffnKR. VIADITCTS
PUTtW,
DINTING- VALE VIADUCT .
1
[l /A
h
II ^s
irr
1848;!
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITBCrS JOURNAL.
ss
The great height and length of this hrid^ and the extreme
licfatness of its conatnictioc, render it an impoBinK objei^t, Bpanniiijf
■ beautiful and thickly wooded ravine near Dalkeith Palace, with
the river Esk streaming through it, and nppearinff hs a mere line
of water in passing under the centre arch, which is the largest and
Th^ aystem of arching with planks, may he carried to almost any
extent, and in Messrs. Green's design for the proposed hndge
acron the Tyne, to connect the towns of Newcastle and Gateshead,
at a hif^ level, the largest arch over the middle part of the river
waa intended to hare Seen 280 feet span, with a vcrwd sme of 70
feet, the total length of the bridge as deuigned was 1,«20 feet, and
the li«ght 110 leet.
FlK.1.
The annexed wcwd engravings show an oblique bridge on the
Newcastle and North Shields Railway, crossing the Shields road,
at Walker. The angle of the skew is 35% and the span is 71 feet.
Fig. 1 is an external elevation of one of the nbs and the piers, and
_,^c2^
Fig. J.
fig. 2, a plan of the joisting and piers. The joists of the platform
re«t upon the longitudinal beams, which are suspended by queen
porta and iron straps, from two arched ribs, one on each side of
the railway, and stiffened by struts and braces. The ribs are formed
of deale 11 inches by 3 inches, dressed one deal and a half for the
width of the rib, and nine deals in depth, as shown in figs. 3 and 4.
^=EI
iJ-h
tij'IJ
fjyff
13 , a
n«.».
the railway on the bridge is SI feet fi inches. In the centre, at in-
tervuln of abfiut 7 feet, the platform is utrengthened by
trussec, which are marked 6 fc, fig. 8, and constructed in
the manner sbiiwn in fig. 4, with wrnught-iron bars keyed
at the ends of the beama, and coming underneath, hav-
ing three iron hearers in the fiill length. The cost of
this bridge was about 1,300/.
They fipring from cast-iron sockets, bolted to the enda of the longi-
tadiual beams, on which they abut. An iron strapis also keyed
over each foot of the ribs, fur additional security. The width for
Flp.4.
The PiNTiNo Vai.e YiAnvcr, on the line of thf ShfffirM and Man-
chester Rttilvay. By Ai.fbkd Stanistbeet Jee, M. Inst. C.E
(With an Engraving, Plate IV.)
This vindiirt consists of sixteen arches, five of which ar* of tim-
ber and eleven of brick, faced with stone quoins. The whole of
the large pie^^ wings, outside spandrils and parapets, are of ashlar
stone, of excellent quality, from the quarries in the neighbour-
hood. The fmindations of some of the piers are laid upon the hard
shale, and of others upon a bed of wet sand of considerable depth ;
in the latter cases masses of concrete were formed to receive the
masonry. Several of the smaller piers are founded upon the marl ;
also with beds of concrete beneath them. The piers for the large
nrcbes are built solid, up to the surface of tlie ground, and above
that level they are hollow, nearly up to the impost; the hoUow
portion having an inverted arch at the bottom, and being also
arclied over at the ton. The portion above the impost in the
large piers is solid to the top, (see fig. 3.) The smaller piers are
cased with ashlar on the outside, and are filled in solid with good
flat-bedded rubble, well grouted, and with through stones at inter-
vals of 6 feet horizontallv in each course.
The smaller semicircular arches of brick, at each end of the
viaduct, are SO feet in the span and 3 feet in thickness,
with stone quoins, and are built in a curve of 40 chains radius.
The face of each pier is parallel to that of the next, the
piers themselves being wedge-shaped, on account of the curve.
The abutments between the large and the small arches are hollow
and are arched over in the interior, to carry the roadway. The
abutments and wings at each end of the viaduct, are also hollow,
being composed of longitudinal and cross walls, flagged over on
the top. They are surrounded on the outside by the slope of the
embankment, the material of which being clay, is kept out by a
wall at the ends.
The five large arches are each 12fi feet span and 2i feet versed
sine, of the best Memel timber, the wfaole of which has been im-
mersed in a solution of the sulphate of capper, according to Dr.
Margarv's patent, for the prevention of decay. There are four
main rtos in each arch, composed of planking 3 inches thick, laid
longitudinally, with a layer of brown paper and tar between the
planks, which are fastened together with oak trennik at intervals
of 4 feet. These ribs are 4 fert 6 inches deep, and 18 inches wide,
and are firmly stayed by diagonal and crosa braces, screwed up
tight, by means of wrought-iron rods, S inches in diameter, passing
through and secured by nuts on the outside. The uprights and
diagonals in the spandrils are also stayed by iron rods, and are
morticed into the longitudinal beams which carry the cross joist-
ing. These longitudinal beams are fastened down upon the piem
by iron bolts, let I? feet into the solid stonework, to resist any
tendency of the arch to rise in the haunches, when the weight of a
train comes upon the centre. The cross joists are placed i feet
apart, from centre to centre, and are bolted to the longitudinal
beams underneath. Upon them is placed longitudinally ahalf balk
of timber, to which the rails and chairs are fastened, and also a
guard rail to prevent the carriages getting off the road. The whole
IS covered over with planking 3 inches thick, and is coated with a
mixture of lime, ashes, and sharp sand, which has set hard and
does not crack.
The centering used for turning of the arches is of iroo, of light
construction, and is shown in fia. 1.
The total length of the vi^uct ts 484 yarda, and i^s greatest
w
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
l^FcaBVAaT.
bei|[)it tnm thn hroutc-omirw to tha rait«. In almut 12^ fret. The
nsdwKy is ltv«] tlirut4.'li(>ul. It wiu roDim«iic^ ritrly in ItitS,
and wn utwned for trHffic on t)ie Hth nr Aii^cuat, IM*, MrMn.
Biuton »na Clnrki-, of ^iticffit^M, wirre tbe <.-antrartorA, otul nrreat
credit Is due to ttiem Tur lh« very exceUeat inaiiaer in whicji they
liavr <^iinpli-led ihe "ork,
TIte areii uf llic ««cliiin of the valley eraiMed, between the level
of the rails nnd tlie (cmund, is 13,04i)4 <u)uarc yard*, whiith (nven an
•avcra^rr ctnrt of aboat H. 14*. per superficial y-Hrit, and aa the viaduct
ia 8 vanU wide, the roxl per nibic rnrd to 6t. U.
Tee following is a detailed acMtunt uf the cost of coMtruotlon of
the Dintiof- Vale Viaduct, an the line of the Shefield and Maa-
cbMtM Rafliray.
£ t. 4.
7.fi81 cable jifdi, Hcatsting foundatlaaa 7i. 329 17 3
Z.OOO ., con«n« „ 3*. W. 3S0
842,1» euhi« rt#t ef aabiH in U)« abatmeau
fen<t)>i«» .. It. U. lS.a31 7 11
44.024 cubic feet orioolvd aihlar .. U. M. 3.761 ID
829 „ oornir* ,. la. Atf. 62 3 C
8.212 „ partprt villi .. li. lif. 444 Ifl 4
6,Bri „ Hazj^irii; utrr tpinJiih lOd. SM 9 2
3,!i7i cobk ytril* of csBned tubbl«i ia
the nnall picrt ., .. 10*. Ijm
Puddling Ihe imatl «r«be* 37 13
1,641 eubie ysids of bricfcwark la lb«
■relit* .. lAa. 1.9W) 13
40.4r('>) niblcrMt of Memel Umber 3«. 6,071 9 6
\e.iAi luperltctal Tri of plaDkiag in Ibe
iMdwsy .. 91. <0) 11 8
CenleriDK .. .... MO
Tbm. C««. Qrk
U 4 I >rDacbt.lron „ £21 «7d 5 3
3) 2 casi-irao .. .. £» U2
73,260 Mipcrdciii ftei of brown paper and
isr Id. 152 4
iflSl *u|>crfirik1 jmrdi ofooacrtta oa tba
rotriway .. .. U. id. 152 6
PaMnlfclI 3 IS
lading lh( p«nn«D«flt road .. .. 408 6 6
l>i««TtiD| tlie oiif] ito'ti .. .. 110 16 8
lateretl and isaiulenaaec tot 12
nontht ., ,, 240 19 B
Total coti
£35,254 6 &
THE RIVAL PALACES,
OB, Biitma'a ak» Vanviti!I.m's.
By Cakdipvi,
Neither Mr. AIiRrp faimMir nor any nru> eliw will be at all enr-
priatd at mjr taking iHime Ti'jtif4> a[ the ovenrif^ht imputed by him
to thoae vho hftie kuuLcii of ItucltLngham Pnluce, fur not diMWrer-
iac that it is "onljr a reducird copy of tlip PulHce at Ciisertii.*'
WlUiaKBa 1 am to ac«»pt the nHri|ilitnrnl "f " !yii»-*'yed," 1 thiiik
that in thia Instance it nrther beloriffv to him, iViu);!'! at Ihe sHine
lime I hucy his aiWirp-iJifliteHne^H has overshot the ninrk, and
aude that kind uf discovery which iu ealli-d fimiing out n niHre'^
neet. AVIial aitpenna tn Mr. Sharp t« be «icb iierfecl niiiiliirily uf
ile«irn between th« two buiUlinga, tliat elJ the faults or nseriln of
Mr, Blore'n fairly belonir tu Vanritelli, oompletefy vaiiithen upon a
critical exaDkinatioii und etlim.iieuf tliem, nothini; remaining but
that geucfal or generic nrsrmblHnce of furnia and fentnre* which
ther poaaem in common with ninny uther buildings in the name
style. Thoae who talk merely at ranrlnm might perbapK liken
BBckiOKham Palace to that at Caxerla, fur nnidi aliaii^r rexeiti-
Ueiiiwe narn been fancied enMiuw— one traveller hntinn likened
tlie palace of Charles V. in lh«. AHmmbri, to Jones's Whitehall;
Mid another, the ncreat tcmjile at BalbHc tn St, Pinil'ii, Coveiit-
gardea! But that nn nrchil^^l should be nore struck by the
reaemUaace, such ns It ia, than by the prudli^ioua difTerance be-
tween the twti buildinsa in question, in quite astoniithinK.
Let ua tni|uire tu what the resemblxnce animinlir: — tu nothinj;
more than the general ili.ijifisitioR of part«, btilh vertically and
horiwRtaUy. which surely is not sufficient to conslilnte mich iimi-
Ufity of dMign or character as to JuHify our railing the omi a
eopy at all, much less "«nt>-" n reduced copy of the other. If It
doas, we should be warranted in xrttin^ down all the purtlcoei ever
erected aa only «o many rerbHtiui trtuiKcriptii uf one ori^nal ; ur
ire mifrht caQ — aa periutpt Mr. Shan do«e — the two terrace* at
Carlton -gardens a copy of the Garde-meuhU in tbc Place de la
Concurde. In fact, it reqntres Fluellen'it ingenuity in ar;^u)g to
convict Mr. Blure of being, I will nut Miy Vanvitelli'a aue, but hia
Urvnkiu. "There is n river in Muordon,' my* the Welahman,
"and there is nlso m-jreovcr * river at Mvnmouth ;— ^nd there i«
•almoo* in both." Even were Mr. Blori^'h elevation a mere re*
duced draught of the other, aa far a* what actual rtMemhlanee
there in hctwet^n them exl«nda, aa a copy it could b« received Ottljr
B«an exceedingly raNimed and imiterfecl one, some of the moat
striking parta of the ori^nnl being altngetber omitted. One ex-
ceedingly important necompAaiment to the ediAee at (aaerta, and
which give* It an air of c-impleteneaa and eoaaiatentlv-kept-up
stateJiiieM in rpgnrd tu rmplat^numt., greatly anrpBaaing t^at uf any
other roynl palace in Europe, is the flpaeioua oval plwna in front
of it on tta Muth (idc, where it fomu an expanding amphlllieatri-
cal area, somewhat after the manner of the piaxxa before St.
Peter's at Koni«. Many iither riiyal re«denceit, on the coulrary,
are an diimdvitntageouiilv located, as to have an air of meannen
ahout them in Hpite of their nwn grandenr.
One point, then, of the r<««mblance contended for ia utterly
wanting, mnce Mr. Blore's building liaa no art-hitectural urecJnct
or properly defined enclu«uro before it, but if made to stand Imntt
diately ill the Park, and niureovcr atoiids out very awkwardly and
abruptly frun> Nnnb'ii buUdiag behind, from which it anpean autte
dintinot, encejil that it is tacked t4> it; so that imrteatf of waliiilg
the entire maa* lovk liirncr than before, it ctiiioew it to have a •iagU'
larly confused and huddled-up apfnearance. Even taking the mere
clevRtion of the front alone, there in a priKligiouH difl^ereuM ae to
outline, the angle* of the building at CuMrrta being earried up
much liitlier than the general niaait, by the Hddition of a aecoad
order, com ^riling two Hlorie>(,nnd making the entire height there net
lea* thnn ene hundred aid tiinetg Engluih feet. My calculation ie
from the scale given in the large work containing plans, Sec, of
the palace, entitled " Dtcbiarar.oiie dei DiHegiii dolReAle Palaxao
di CaM-rtn, A'c," and vhieli, strBiige to any, ic nut mentioned by
eith« Milizla or Quatremerc de tfuiaef. In the " Conver^tiona*
Lexiron Tiir tiildende Kuiist," which prufesaes to give acoonnt of
individual hiiildinga of niite, the PaTace et Cn«erta obtatna only
three line« !— one of which ia to tell ua thnt there ia a picture bj
MengB in thechspel. — With regard tu Mr. Shaqi'H statement as
tu tfai) length, there soemM tu be siiroe miicalculatiun ur else mia-
priot, Hiuee 918 palms (tuking tlie palm at 10^ inches) ^ve amly
7Bo feet.
Nuw thnt en much fault haa been funnd with bis building, nnd no
merit whatever diacenied in it, Mr. Blore may pocaibly be dispowrd
to acquiesce in the cJi&rge of plagiarism bruugnt Mrainst him, In
urder to transfer all blame from nimwJf tu Vaiiviteflt. If be has
copied ur borrowed, he has at leant, it may be «ai<L, gune to a nnble
model — orie which is especially sln^'led out by Itlr. Gwill, In hia
" Eiirycluptedin of Architecture," ne the miMt complete eianiple of
u niyal pniliice. So far, huH'Vver, frum recoaoliiig uk to Mr.
Bjore's wurh, by what may he thought to afTurd snfflcient precedent
fur one or two objertionahte points. Caserta — any comparison with
or even mention of it*— i> likely tu put uh more uut nf conceit with
it than ever. By diminishing the scale hO very greatly, Mr. Bloe«
has exaggerated the dcfe(.*t< and entirely missed all the merits of
his xrjjiptfKed original, triumniutiiig grandimity into insignificance
and triviality. In the mere deotgn uf Ca»erla, there is little to
excite particular admiratiun : it it one of those thinga of which a
" reduced copy," however accurate, cnn no more c^nivey the aclanl
iiiipri^Hstun it make* than a Ufe-tixed ci>py of it can that uf Ml
enormous caloaaal Agura.
CiMerta is especially diatinguiahed by a union uf qualitiee thnt
rarely meet t^igrther in utbrr edifice* uf the winic clsie— 'nntnely,
emphatic vaktnesauf mass und uniformity uf design thruughoat.
Its miis's is such, that were the several ranges of building which
rampiine itM ei^terior, txigether with those that snjiarstr tbe Inner
courts, placed be«ide each utlier onasLngleliiie, umitar to tbe plan
of the I'liilteries, thcv would form a facade full three times the
leiigtli uf thnt of the Inst-mcntioned palnce, or considerably noe*
than three ihouBAiid fitui in nlrnt, ^v liat enhanoes aatoniiDintiit,
slthouj^h it adds nothing to the merit of the ittrncture, i> the ex-
traurdinnrv energy with which the works were carried on, the
whole of the vant pile beiiip completed in about hslf-a-doirn ytMn ;
whereas many othcra, of far less magnituite, hare either grown up
Eiiecemcat, ur hare occapted « long aeries uf years; so as not to
lavo been begun and tenninnted by the same architect.
From the way in which Mr. Sharp hiu exprewed himwlf. It
seems to he hia opinion that — the similarity of dexlgn u-hich hv
intiau upon beiiif; admitted, — Blore's fsfsde so fairly represents
^1
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
VmvUcIH's (t K ntM ef thfRt), u to exhibit >ll iu nciita, not-
«Hhst«B4lnff that it exlitbitii i^uulilied pr««i)ielr th^ rererM. Vrt,
■imty ItUlfRPw Mild ainfrnitude nr« vpry ditfrrpnl in vffprl ; or
rinll we Biy, that if he )>e HimiUrly shiijH'd niiil ]iri>|>iirti»iii^, u
ilvwf cut |ri>'« u« a v«ry Mitl»fuvt<)ry itien of n i^uit ? TIium- uliu
koM andi doctrine, unxhl t« sfaotr their ronsHtpncy by Inking r
■liptiee a* a rprr iiiiti«raj:t(iry re p rtw H tntwlivc of, nnit niuivfilrnt
t«. a •lulling. Hiu^ly can I hrin^ tnyaelf to believe Diat Mr.
BdMv hail my idea of ]Milmlii)r upon un n Tdri Thumli Cuierta,
berauiv, lemvin^ plaginrium nut iif the i|iie<>timi — ami in nrrhlteR-
tnre plaf^urimi bn* eeuMi in tin aii] ilenterit or dUKrace — he aiuM
have lin*n j>erfectly uirare that he muHt fall so {creHtly ■hart of
VaniilvIU'ii stiiiidiird. that HkeoeM in other miiwtH w«alit, if
detected, untv (inwlum ridicula. Ni>, what kind of likpneM there
U bMweeo ttie two dnlfrni U nierelv a mincidenre, uid Tor Hr.
Rlor* rather an unfortunate one. Had It been inientionul arid
"vilh mulire prcrpmMt," — had Mr. ttliirn rfAlly fuirinl that lie
OMild reproduce Cnwrta, he would du doulit have aiawed the
iMitatiuit. have nude it a merit, and li»ve crusht^ rritlriinn hi the
bod, bv Iintclaiminx thAt he wan ntioiit tii tdci* Kiirkiii^tiMm Palace
• bfue "after" that uf the nublejit myal rciiileu^e in Europe.*—
Ib aoch csaeK. be it observed, the after i^nerally menn^ a long <r»jr
tdb twrf the pnrtutyp«: and the rvllowing cnniparimn »f the reipec-
live neanjreiBcuLii of aonie af the )iarti of the two buililiiitTB will
■huw that Vanrttelll'a afforded no prefedent for the meMuiiwrie nf
Mr. BioreV
Caarria.
ft.
BuMnent or frwind fliKir, meiianine, 47
GaltfirajN thnnigh ditto 16
Prlncl|uil floor tvituloirt fi
CohuQUM 49
la. ft. la.
4h4rli
« wide ; 36 S hl|[h
IU wide; 14 hiffh
tiit(h
Bfuidn^Mm Pdaoe,
.. SS hlrh
Gatowaye: centraone, 13 6 wide; 91 high
leiMTonea, IU Owide; 18 n hiich
rnnri|Ml fioor vindows 4 6 wide; U Oht^h
PUaatart 34 high
^ After all, hikd Ita elevation le«n ever nn mnrh hetter, Mr. Blure'a
baiiiUng would ttill hare been open to aome of the Htron);»ct ob-
jeditiM brought a^is«t tt n««, vii^ Ihjit it «eemi* to aDcroach
VpOD the Part in auch a very nwkwnrd manm>r, an to appear a mnre
Innpiah mae* than it nthorwibe might do., and that Mocking up all
th* net of that aide of the Palace, to far from improvinK thi> main
•difi«a,itbaa frvitruted that opportunity for itnpmt-enient which
previovely existed, and which, xiiire alteralloo to audi extent was
determined upon, ought to have been made the ntoct of. As a
range of bntlmng the new f»,-ude in acnrt-elv more effective than the
neifrhbouring barracks in the Hirdi-age ^("iilk, to which it may in
bet ba likened quit^t an corrertly as to Caserta ; nor wuiild that
eetnpuiaon be, thou^rb le<a flattering, quite •» injuriou* aa the
other, Inaomueh aa it mu4t then Uv admitted that, initead of there
Mnf any falling off. the nuclei hud been refined tipon.
One defect in rwgard to poaition, now renden^ very prominent
S' tke building being brought %o much fiirxarder into the I'ark, ia
at the Palace ianut in the axiu of the I'ark it«elf. hut only of
tka Hall ; vhereag, were Mr. Btxrit'a »ructur« jilantfil at the other
extremity of the enclowire, on the rale uf the Hurae Guarda, it
woald there uhow infinitely belter in every reajiect, and. with wme
djgbt correct ton*, might ptua for a handaume oiiwe uf urdiitecture.
Aa il ia. it aa altogether out uf place, out of character, and the re-
reraeafaatiafacton-in effwt ; nor can 1 agree with Mr. Sliarn that
were Mr. Bliire " tn gii'o the Palace a slairean rWNnthiing tliut nt
Caserta, the world would f<ir);i>e him all the ftulta of hi;) front ;"
lieCMilW while tbi>>e fanlU would be jiOHt aa evident iia uvcr, the
MlUbi would have no opportunity of admiring the staircjiae. Be-
mUa whieh, it would ret{ulre the architect to be the Botlle^'onjuror
logVteiwA aetairease into Ifitrkingham Pnliice ; and even could It
Iw effected. It teoald reduce all the reit of the interior to utter bi-
rignificanre.— t>i»e other reniitrlc, and I hnvc done : fi>r »bat will
perhajta be considered Icngthinraa and loquacity 1 liavc no pre-
cedent in what Mr Sharp'a companion, Wooda,aayfl in hiK "Lottcn"
of Caaarta, fur he dianu»e* it with little more than a hnn meolton
of it,— with a degree uf chilling imlifferenoe ttiat doea doC say mudi
for him either aa an architect ur a critic
" Cat ylai ^giad* coon |.uaa 4* pal^
' «aamaier« 4* Q>iiwy Mr* t Ownai
^Ma fatal ta Ear«p«."
ON THE LAP AND LEAD OF THE SLIDE VALVB.
(Cm wU id td fiwm foge 17. J
TtiR I<Kan aND Lap.
ilavine wparatply Invcjitignled the two caaea of a alide having
Li^ikI withiiiit I.iip, ami Lap without Lead, we now proceed to eoit-
aider the effect ol Iratii iu combination, t«sether with that of lap
on the exhauation side.
Cabs ti— Wmbm a Sudm dan Laa ox both tub Sncaai am
ExHAUflfiox aiiuea, TaoBTSKa WTrn Laab.
Let a ft, and ac,diagram 5, repreaent thd double lap on the MCBin
aide; af, and ajr* the aante on the eihauiliun aide; ta, aad erf.
Dhfraiw
x:
■«v
■V.
^
\
— "ti
rt
tl'*'
the ateam purta ; and the line a d both the travel of the »lidr antl
etroke of the platun. Thi^ aupposing cA to repreoent the leiwl
uf the alide, a) will be (he poaition of the eecentric when that gf
the crank ia o e ; the riide occupying the pouition ahowa in fig. lu,
and the piston being at the tOfKMT ita dovnnrard atrake.
r\t- \*.
nc. li.
Flg'IS-
flfr 14.
Hf. 14.
M^len the eccentric reaches the point fc. the pert ri will be fully
cloacd (aa ahnnn in fig. II), and the pistim will have deacended lt»
/. the arc c in being e<iual to the arc ik. Agnin, — when the ecceu-
trir. arrivcH lit n, the nllde being then brought inlt> the poiitioit
fig. 12. eabauation commences Trnm nbure the pirtun, which hua
dcK«-n(lcd to o ; the arti enf being equal to the ar« ikit. Whco
M
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECrs JOURNAL.
I Febbuabt.
the eccentric arrives at g, the port be begins to open for the ad-
miMion of steam beneath the piston (see fig. 13), which has then
descended to r ; the arc e n> « being equal to the arc t k q. When
the eccentric has reached the point ■', oppoBite to i, the port 6 e
vill be open to the extent of the lead 6a', equal to eh, and the
piston will have completed its descent.
Steam continues to enter the port be during the ascent of the
piston, until the eccentric reaches the point k', when the port b e
will be reclosed (fig. 13), the direction of the slide's motion being
downward, and the piston having ascended to /'. Exhaustion
cease* from above the piston when the eccentric reaches the point
A the piston being then at u, and the slide again in the position
tig. 12. When the eccentric reaches the point n', opposite to n,
exhaustion commences below the piston, the slide being then in
the position fig. 14, and the piston at o'. Finally, — when the ec-
centric reaches the point q', and the crank the point *\ opposite to
«, steam begins to enter the port cd for the return stroke, at the
eommencement of which the port cd will be open to the extent of
the lead ck; the crank and eccentric occupying their original po-
sitions, aeand ai.
It is here shown that four distinct circumstances result from the
use of a slide having lap on both sides of the port, with lead,
during a single stroke of the piston. These are —
Firtt : The cutting off the steam, for the purpose of expansion.
Second : The cessation of exhaustion on the exhaustion side.
Third: The commencement of exhaustion on the steam side.
Fourth : The re-admission of steam for the return stroke.
With regard to the first of these result^ we found the steam
port erf closed, when the crank and eccentric had described the
equal arcs em, and idk. Now, cd, the steam port, iit the versed
sine of dk; and hd, the steam port mtniu the lead, is the versed
sine o{ id. Hence,
Rui.& V. — To find the point of the Hroke at which tteam will be cut
qff-:-
Divide the width of the steam port, and also thiit width minus
the lead, by half the slide's travel, and call the quotients versed
sines. Find their corresponding arcs, and call them arc the first,
and arc the second, respectivelv. Then, if the sum of those arcs
be less than 90 degrees, multiply the versed sine of their sum by
half the stroke, in inches, and the product will be the distance of
the piston from the commejtcement of its stroke, when the steam is
out off.
If the sum of arcs the first and second exceed 90 degrees, sub-
tract it from 180 degrees; and the versed sine of the difference,
multiplied by half the stroke, equals the distance of the piston
from the end of its stroke, when the steam is cut off.
Example 8. — The stroke of a pietnu is 60 inches ; the width of
steam port 3 inches ; lap on the steam side 2^ inches ; lap on the
exhaust side j^th inch ; and lead ^ inch : required the point of the
stroke at which steam will be cut off.
q
Here ^.-r r^r- , =■ '-S+i* =■ versed sine of 6S° 58' (arc the first) ;
and
3-l-S-A
3- -4
= ■454A = versed sine of 56° 57' (arc the second).
3-i-S-5
Then ea* 58' + 56= 57':= 119= W; and 180° - 119''55' ^ 60=5' =
arc of versed sine, -5012. -5012 x 30 =i 15'036 inches = distance
of the piston from the end of its stroke when the steam is cut off.
Exhaustion was shown to cease, during the ascent of the piston,
when the eccentric had reached the point t, and the crank the
Sointx; the crank having described tne arc dkx, equal to i'et
eicribed by the eccentric.
No# t' e is equal to are the lecond (Rule V.) ; and e t is equal to
90 Amees minus tC, or the arc of versed sine e/; and e/is half
the Blide'e travel minus the lap on the exhaust side. Hence,
To find the point of the ttroke at which exhavation ceaiet : —
Divide half the slide's travel, minus the exhauation lap, by half
the travel, call the quotient versed sine, and add its corresponding
arc, calling it arc the third, to arc the second. The versea sine of
the difference between their sum and 180 degrees, multiplied by
half the stroke, equals the distance of the piston from the end of
its stroke when exhaustion ceases.
Exampk 9, — The several proportions being as in the preceding
example.
Here Z+^-& — 5-5 = half the slide's travel ;
and ^^-''— — -9778 = versed sine of arc 88" 48'= (arc
jhe third),.
Then 88= t? + 56= 57' {arc the second) = 1«=3»' ; and 180" -
145= 39' =: 34° SI' =: arc of versed sine, ■1743. -1743 X 30 = 5-929
inches = the distance of the piston fiom the end of its stroke
when exhaustion ceases.
Exhaustion was shown to commence from above the piaton when
the crank and eccentric had described the equal o.rc»ekp, and
idn.
Now t rf n is equal to ISO degrees minus n t" ; n i' is equal to n' * ;
and n'd is equal to arc the third. Hence,
To find the distance qf the pinton from the end q/" ita Hroke when
ejehauHion oommeneei :—
Subtract arc the second from arc the third, and multiply the
versed sine of their difference by half the stroke. The product
will be the distance required.
Example 10. — The proportions being aa in the two preceding
examples.
Here 88° 42' - 56= 57' = 31= 45' =■ arc of versed wne, '1496;
and -1496 X 30 = 4*488 inches, the distance required.
Steam was found to be re-admltted, for the return stroke, when
the piston had reached the point r in its descent, the crank and
eccentric having described the equal arcsefc**, and idq.
Nuw,trff is equal to 180 degrees minus 91'; i' being diametri-
cally opposed to i. And q i' is equal to ■ ^, the difference between
arcs the first and second. Hence,
To find the distance of the pieton from the end of ite ttroke vken
tteam it re-admitted for the return ttroke : —
Multiply the versed sine of the difference between arcs the fir«t
and second by half the stroke, and the product will be the distance
required.
Example 1 1 . — The proportions being as before.
Here 62= 58' - 56° 57' = 6° 1' = arc of versed sine -0055.
Then -0055 x SO = -165 inches = the distance required.
Rule VI. — 7h find the proportiont of the tteam lap and lead ; the
points of the ttroke where tteam it cut q^, artd re-admitted for the
return ttroke, being known : —
When the steam is cut off before half-stroke, divide the portion
of the stroke performed by the piston, by half the stroke, and call
the quotient versed sine. Likewise, divide the distance of the
piston from the end of its stroke when steam is re-admitted for
the return stroke, by half the stroke, and call that quotient versed
sine. Find their respective arcs, and also the versed sines of half
their sum and half their difference. The width of the steam port
in inches, divided by the versed sine of half their sum, equals ludf
the travel of the slide ; and half the travel, minus the width of
port, equals the lap. The difference of the two versed uues last
found, multiplied by half the travel of the slide, equals the lead.
When the steam is to be cut off after half-stroke, divide the
distance of the piston from the end of its stroke by half the strtike ;
call the quotient versed sine, and subtract its corresponding arc
from 180 degrees. Divide the distance the piston has to move
when the steam is admitted for the return stroke, by half the
stroke ; call the quotient versed sine, and find its corresponding
arc. 'Then proceed with the two arcs thus found, as in the former
case.
Example 18. — The stroke of a piston is 60 inches ; the width of
steam port 3 inches; distance ot the piston from the end of ita
stroke when steam is cut off 15-036 inches; and when steam ia
admitted for the return stroke '165 inches ; required the lap and
lead. '^
Here 15-036 -r- 30 = -5018 = versed sine of arc 60° S' ;
and 180°— 60° 5'= 119" 55'.
Then -165 -r 30 = -0055 =r versed sine of 6° I'.
119=55'-!- 6° 1' = 123° 56'; 119" 55'- 6=1'= 113° 54'.
185=56'
— - — = 68= 58' = arc of versed sine -5454 ;
113=54'
3 -T- '5454 = 5-5 inches = half the slide's travel ;
and 5-5 - 3 = 8-5 z= lap.
■5454 - -4545 = -0909 ; and -0909 X 5-5 = -5 inches = lead.
Tofiad the Lap and Lead by Conttruction.
The stroke of the piston ; width of steam port; and distance*
of the piston from the end of its stroke when the steam is cut off,
and when it is re-admitted for the return stroke, being known :
— -— =: 56= ST ^ arc of versed sine -4545.
\m.i
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
sr
lilt tlte circle (diagram 6) rflpresent thfl crank'a orbit, uiii its
iimi/UT m b Uie itroM of the piston, to some known scale. Make
ir«i]usl to tlie part of ttie stroke performed before the steam is
nit off; and bij equal to the distance of the )iiBton from the end of
jtfgtroke when steam is re-adniitted for the return stroke. Draw
it and e_f at right ang;)ee to a b, and mark the point g at the dis-
tince be frmnj'. Bisect the arc a a, and from the point of binec-
tion, A, draw the diameter Ai. Make ik equal to be ; draw t m and
tj St riffht angles toa&; and draw ■/ and 1 6 indefinitely. From
the point m, set off tn n equal to the width of steam port, full size ;
from n draw Ro parallel to tm, and meeting ((, and also op pa-
nllel to a ft, and meeting A i : then will «p equal the Up, and *r
die lead.
In all the foregoing cases, we have taken the versed sine of the
ire described by the crank, from either extremity of the stroke, as
tke portion of the stroke performed by the piston ; but, as has
been already observed, the relative positions of the piston and
Rank depend upon the length of the connect ing-rod, which will
In seen by reference to diagram 7, where A B represents the stroke
«f the piston, C D the connecting-rod, and D O the crank Now,
DIagniB 7.
b^ispposingafj tobe the arc described by the crank when the
piston has i^rfonned one-fouith of its stroke, and from the length
of that arc, calculating the amount of lap required to cut off the
•team at that part of the stroke, we appear to be in error — for,
from the oblique action of the connecting-rod, the piston would
hare descended only to the point e. But the engine being double-
acting, we have to take into consideration the position of the crank
■ben the piston has performed one-fourth of its stroke in the
t^poaite direction from the point B : and here we find, that by
(apposing the crank to have described the arc be (equal to nd),
instead of the true arc 6E, we cause the steam to be cut off when
the pwton has reached the point /; and the distance B/ being
|HCcuelf aa much more than B F as Ac is less than AC, the seem-
11^ error is self-corrective.
A TiOk qf MuUipliere to find the Lap and Lead, vken the Steam it
to be cut qlf at ^ to It&e q/* the Stroke.
The Lap mutt lie equal to itie widih o( the (team port tnaliiplied hf Col. I.
The Lead mail be eqaal (o the width of the ttesm port multiplied bf Cel. 3.
. 1
rin-Elghlha
Three- Funn hi
Bemi-BlfbUi
tiu'-ativ«v>
of Ihr Slrolw.
Df tbe
SlnilE*.
at the SU< ka.
1
■i
1
U
.1
2
1
i
Lap
Lnd
Up
Lnrt
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Example of Ha applicatim. — Stroke 36 inches ; width of port S
inches ; steam to be cut off at half-stroke ; distance of the piston
from the end of its stroke when steam is re-admitted for the
return stroke, 1'^ inches.
\l = ''^-
Find that number, or the one nearest to it, in
the rigbt-liand or last column, and take out the multipliers on the
same une under the head Half-stroke.
Then 2 x I-^l = ^'*^ inches ::= the lap.
And 2 X '638 = 1-276 inches = the lead.
R.B.C.
HEALTH OF TOWNS COMMISSION.
We may seem to be rather late in noticing the first report of
the Metropolitan Sanitary Commissioners, but the first number of
our new volume was so filled with other matter, that we were unable
to do more than to call attention to the unfair way in which the
profession has been treated by the commissioners and the govern-
ment. Since then we are sofry to find that the design of employ-
ing military engineers in making the survey of London is persisted
in, and that at a time when numbers of experienced and well
qualified surveyors in the metropolis are without employment.
The first part of the Report is devoted to a consideration of the
means necessary to resint the cholera. After a careful investiga-
tion, they come to the conclusion, which appears to us to be well
founded, that cholera is nut contagious, and that the great means
of lessening its rsvatfes are to be found in improved sanitary
arrangements, particiuarly in connexion with the sewage.
To improve the sewage is their first step, and they have recom-
mended and obtained the revocation of the old commissions of
sewerx. This is a measure to which we have already given our
strongest advocacy, but we do not think that the commissioners
have gone far enough. The Regent-street and Regent's-park dis-
trict remains a narrow slip, running up from the Thames across
the drainage of the Westminster and Holburn districts, and having
a grand and deep sewer of nearly the capacity of the Fleet, which
being employed as an outfall, would as we have before pointed out
be immediately available in improving the drainage of a very large
district. It is true that this is under the virtual jurisdiction of
the Commissioners ot Woods and Forests, but the commission
ought to be at once revoked, and the jurisdiction transferred to
the new metropolitan commissioners. The maintenance of this
commission by the government is a reason which will be used for
the maintenance ofthe City of London Commission, which is like-
wise left untouched, because, as the commissioners say, they have
not had time to took into the case, but because, as we presume, Mr.
Lambert Jones prevented it, and because the commissioners did
THE Civa ENOnCBER AND ARCHITECTTS iOFRNAL.
LPsBKPJlST,
M( doi-M to itti tlicmwivea iav«lr«d in • oontMt *iUi tb* eor-
The CHy (.'uRiinwwoB of S««m ha* etrUtnl^r bMB unaofr th«
liMt m«ni^«<l, And thia, |i«rhfeu<, for Uic reaaon tiut thejr hare
■Itray* hftd » le^liu- curp* uf officer* ; hot ft*]) Ui«re h no reuun
why tlte ehf ■Itould not dcrir* the k»n«llt of «n lunalgMBatiAii with
th* r«rt of th« nHropotu. L«t the coruuration cbooM a ooBuniiu
•iMwr, and thejr will cet a litAn of th« influence, eoBtrol, aad
palruni4(«, m ir^U aa orth* economjr att#ndM>t -a the new eM»-
miMivn. If thcv do not aectd* at onre th^v will not b« ablo to
Mcuro the few luiinm which tlicf receive, while tiity will lose the
power and piitroDa|[«. At preaent the rtreet aewm of the rityxre
iSlMrfact anil untlaibeil, tlia rralinca and vvlly-boira tiotrNp-
pM, the euurtu and aU«y« unoraineo, the loutwaya and foot-
(uvementa not cleansed, the konu draini and cawpooli in a dnn-
MTOiu Modttion, while tlie aewer* canity rainBrna into no«l of the
MMuna. The (tatiwtin uf the eil^ iu the Utter reaped are nMwt
Wifcvonrtbte. and show a fearful induenre on the publk: health.
The flomimaaionen hare priven Hiirh evjdenrv an to Ihr nw iwity
nf criniMilidatinft the diatrieta, that iin the Ktn-ti^b uf tlml t^viilenre
we f-nll upon tben to complete their oieaiure of amalgamation.
The\- say —
"iTakinfc the worki of clewninj^ aa tliey now are, the prerentive
niMaure tu nhich tlime vmrk* naf be iumediatelv applied with
the gt¥ate«t advantage in that of Hushing. Uii! Ui trie general and
nffoetual apiilicHtion of this mort irnpnrtanl npemtion, (he vlate
and eeparation uf the teverttl di>.trii-tx uiuli-r (he dUlrirt c-ommis-
auHw, presents Itself as an JnHupernMe otntncle ; and. in fart, the
iiperntKiii nfrJeanin^ out the sewen by flushing them with water
ia in jn-Kienuitie uan in ujily one (jfthe opjier dlKtrictn, the Hulborn
and Finaliury dlvtrkt.
"One district may flush jta sewera, but the operation will he at
mmny points inity a removal nf a portion at leaot uf the refuse into
the wwers of the adjacent distrirt*, unleaa the oporalion be cun-
tioued through the Ulleiniedlate dlttricu to the outfall. The luaer
41Miicta cuniplain of being enoiuabered by the Auiihing opi'ratiuna
la the upper dUtrlcCa.
•' III the lower diatn<-ta, which are flat, there are generally aevti-
mulatioti* of refuae, and if in nn upper dirtrict. which is under a
aeuftrate juriiidiclion. a |uirt of tlie line of oewer !■ llusha-d to keej)
it free from deposit, the effect upon the lower dislrict in which the
ftnah exhaurtu itwelf, i» Co disengage more cupiuu»ly the olTeufiive
emuietioUK, for a time, by diKtiirhmg anil adding to iho deposit
there, without remuvinr it. Whilst the wwcra of one diiitrii'i are
left iinllnsfacd, or uncleansed, the emanations are driven by the
wind into other dintricta, pnrtinilarly from the deposit* at the
■•■th of icwen in the lower to an uiiper diatrict. When the
erweni in the Hulhom and Fin»bury diiision have been dean
flushed, it in Htuted that tlie inhabitanta of thiit dittrict, even up
to the Xcw KiTcr Head, have been anneyed liy tlic cirrcnts of
olfenNtve gwH.-> up the nvwrt from the aecumoWlona In the lower
districts, wliefC tlte aaui« cleauMing ofienitionn have not been car-
ried on, For ebrioiu maone, adiTttiuiial aiipplienof wiiter would
reijuirc to be proTided in the uopcr district!, and regultiteil, for
appliiatitin thruughuut the whole lines to the outfalls, nitliuut
staving fur aepartilc and intenonliKte co^op^rativu."
(hto ^nt evil uf the present ajstetn, and a cause of fearful ex-
p«n««, u till divprvpvrtioii between the area of the sairsge sent
through aewerti uud the are» <if the sewers themi^IveK.
** Works to effect luwn drainage iiiuat be coiiatruvted for the re-
mornl of aurpluN or wmIo wntcr from twosourcea; the natural
r«iu-f«ll on the town ureu, tugvthcr with water from tho springs
derived from sources beyund the area which may ofteii reijuirB
teparutc arriiDgcmeiit* ; and the pipc-uatcr, brought into the tuwn,
and all)- refuKc mutter which it may liuve received iji aiiapension or
chemical cuuibiiiHtion. Setting aside fur the preaeul the cotuidcr-
atiuii of the huune drainage, and taking In tne iint in»Uuice, the
»e<^«ndaTy BowerH, »e give the following cro« Mction, fig. I, of a
sewer draining two or three stniets vomprehendiug bvlwecu one
and two hundred houne*. The depths of the urdioaryrtui vfoewer-
water when there is no rain i* only about three Inch**, and the
depth of the increased run of wateron the uocaeiona ofthe grcaleet
•toriiiH, juiit covered the invert.
" Tho Kjxmt u-ction, 6g. SL i» a eecLion of a main line of «ewer in
the WeatmiiiKter district, araining about 90 acrea of town Mea,
The ordinary run of *e»-er-wat«r doe* not cover the invert, and
on the ocea^on of tlie grealent thunder storm of which there U
any hi«torie4d rc<^ord in the metropolin, namely, tluit un the tsl of
Au^«t, 18lti, the How of water wai ouly 'i ft. ^in. deep.
" lu general the How wf water in the oolUteral sewerv of bnincli
line^ of street, even where all the houses drain into thtst, are mer«
dribhleni, and rwreir rise abnre the invert ef the wide bottaiiMKl
sewer* a* at preoeot OAnatruetcd, even in iilreet^ where nil the
hnuae* drain into the Aewers. The foUowtngarB the cuiMxiuencef
which tAke place in rarioBS A t g r tmi in nearly all the collateral
sewem of every farta of contfiuetMUi, thoofh the beat iathe egg-
ahape form.
"The flow of water. Wing impeded, by the extent to which it b
epKftd, is retarded, and a dejHHit is created ; thu depuKjt Ueeami*
indurated to a degree whien presents ita betnff removed by the
flow of water oeeurrinff In ordinary rvinfalt)^ and ia not ulten Ma-
aidetablr affected by any other than tlie extraordinary Ktenoe
which occur in interrala of atvaral years.
"The KccumuUUuu* continue, and during the proceaa, the de-
posit fron the houae druns spreads uu the ^dea, and deoompoeitioa
enaaea.
" The necu mil latin HE in the aewera, as well u in the large house
drain* which cummunicate with them, are etjKMrd lu the action of
nneh air, omally at auch atemperatura aa greatly to facilitate
deeoeaporition.
"The neeumnlatiena jiicieanr until the house drains are entirely
•topped up, when tlie depoalt in the tewera in ntually reuioved by
the offenMve proeeoa of iiat>d tsbmir and cartage^ leaving the de-
posit in the house drains anteuehed.'
It ifl well observed that vwry small currents luffire in keep sewers
clear of depotdt, if the inclination be good, and the Dow W concen-
trated and kept refiilar, for which it Is ooasidered that additions
nfton-ill quantilien <if water would bemAiMBt at partirular inter-
vaU and veiuums. The comraisateners therefore recommend the
use an far an poMitde of gUxed earthenware tubes. These wera
long ^ince tried hy Mr. Roe in the Hulburn nnd Pinsbory divisuo.
and Hftervnrds by Mr. rhitlips in the W>«tmin>ter divbiun, nnd
found to dlKcharge the wuier more quickly and to keep clear of
deposit. They ^fio prevent the passage of rats from the sewers
into houses., hvenune they alTurd no hold, and dn not, like the oonk-
Riun brick dntina, allow them to make bitrniwv
-Mr. Roe and Mr. Phillips sIho made olnervalionB on the Bow of
water fn>m the main and side sewent and drains, which the former
lievmn m> longnK Ave years aco.
Ill .Mr. Roo'xeipenraents he ascertained the rate of flow of water,
through the ctinimon brick drain* for buu^ea, oa weU as through
eiarthenwaradniiiiaof the ■nine capacity, and with the aame run of
water. Aa a general result it may be stated that the rates of dia-
charge throui^ earthenware pipes are very much increased, some*
times as much as one-third. In the application of water Air lluab-
ing, this in an important aHiaide ration^ as by the luie of the im-
proved ilrHinn, a great aaving of water will be effected.
The house druina receive the water from bbuU 'li-lnch lead
pipes firom the kitchen iiinka, and yet they are often made as much
ajtllUtime« the capacity of the pipe* in the »maller housea. In
tlie*e, KiiLiiire brick dram* are put in. coating from M. to 1 Id. per
foot run, exclusive of digging, while in the larger houiies brick
bMrrrI drains of 9 or Iff inclie* diameter arc put in, nmtitix l«. M.
or Ijt. Tef. per fuut run. A« the bottom jninU nre jiat in without
mortar or cement, the sewer water iH-rcolateH through the drain,
and infiltrates into the hoiiw^ while the solid matter, uiiw»died
by any rtreani uf water, fcntem at the bottom, and actu an a retort
for supplying nauseous gaiiieH to the hituxea. It ia true that tba
object in leaving the bottom of the wiwem "dry," or without mor-
Ur, is to let in the land drainage, but the effect iit what we have
atated, while il bi rare to find a house drain free from depotdt.
The rata, too, hy hurrowjng in the drainri, pat theui out of order, bo
n* to require their more frequent rejuiir, and the whole wurking of
the drains is a> nnrarournhlt? an can be conceived, and as far as
pDSiible fhrn the de^iRiiH of the builders. A cunimon kesse dralii
cannot be considered iilhcrni«c than an a miiaance.
A twclre-indi drain in nn eipeiinive nui^nce, while an tartlieQ-
wnre pipe of four iiK^he* diameter (or. )iruporti»iial to the house,
of from three to nix inches diameter,) tceps perfectly dear, aad a
thrce-iiir.h pipe is found quite hirice enough to carry avay the
refuse fniin middle- nixeil bouHea. In conitetiuence of the nduptioo
of thi* improvement, the ouet of drains {rvm hvunen to »ewers in
the WestminxUT diviMon, which used tu he from illO to J^95.
kaa Iieen brought down t« a charge of from Xi !£«• to J^i lOr,, and
even this ia considered too ttwh.
Nothing shows the error or the old system more struturly than a
case eiven hr Mr. PtiiUi^is uf dnuuu in Langley-couit, LoD|^.SCTr>
An old small sewer, IH in. wide by i (i. high, baring a goA fall,
was nearly clean, while a new sewer, ift. Sin, high by 3 ft. widc^
contained an ilvcrugc depth of three feel of twil, and the cmaoa-
tions from il )»nsed the death of a poor man, and led to ao !■•
quest.
4
i
1846.]
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS .TOURNAL.
41
We think Mr. PbOlips fully justified in stating [p. 30]. tliat the
sewen are b»d in construction, hut the houite drHtne nrc wurse.
He Stttteii that in gotnf alon^ the sewern, he hua often tried
whether the currents of air vere flnwiii^ into tlie twwers, or nut of
them into the houses. By iilnrinir tlie li^ht which he liml in his
hand by the side of the hnuse drains, lie almost invariably found
the Same carried into the muiitlis of the drains— ii]iotiju|r that
there must have been direct currents fnmi the Hewers throufcli tlie
house drains into the houses. Many of the ipilly drains Khowed
an outirard current into the streets, thuu(;h Home huvc a downward
draught.
Vif I.
Fiir. 2.
_"^ J'
Mr. Phillips gives his support tn the stntement that si>me neish- ,
bourhoods are at times afflictpd with more noxious effliivia from
the sewers, than if there were no sewers whatever. He thinks the ]
^eat remedies are to keep a constant supply of water in the [
sewers, and to circulate it through them ; and to cjirry nil the '
outlets <inder the side beds of the river, to discharge into the main |
stream under low-water level. Mr. I'hillips has found that tlio
atmosphere of districts near the outlets of the sewers is liable to
be affected with effluvia, when the wind liappens to blow up the
•ewers. By (tarrying the outlets into the stream, he expect.-', niore-
over, to get rid of the filthy mud-Iianks, and the niyrinds of worniii
nreltering upon them.
The Report notices the extended use of the efrir-sbaoed siewer in
the Holbom and Finsburyand WestminKter divisiomv nut remarks
that the new sewers constructed arc generallv of the same internal
capacity as the old forms, and therefore dis] import ioned to tiie
extent of the drainage. A further great savin;; will ci»nsc<|uently
be made in the new operations by reducing the size of the sewers.
The commissionersobserve, with justice, that the mere view of the
ordinary run of sewer water in the se«-ers, or of tlie run of water
■>n the oc-cBsion of heavy storms, might have led to some amend-
ment in the construction of sewers without any giiirina;, had n view
been taken of the flow in the lateral, as well (is in the main lines
of sewer; but the sizes of nil claw^es of sewers have been ninin-
tained on the view of the main lines nlune. Mr. Ilertslet, the clerk
to the U'estminster commission, well observes that he has been
perfectly at a loss to conceive in traversing the sewers, why sucrb
immense snwers should be built to carry off such mere threads of
drainage. He has seen sewers a ft. 6 in. hi^rh by 3 feet wirle, built
where, even during heavy rain, n 3 or l-ini-h pipe wtmld liaie car-
ried off nil tlie water.
Mr. Phillips makes some curious remarks with reference to the
size of current which wuulil suffice to keep an ordinary sewer
clean. In passing throneh the branch sewers, he lias noticed that
the currents of water are mere drihliles, and being spread over n
Hat surface are not strong enough to remove tlie soil. Looking at
the currents, and comparing them with the extraordin.irv sizes of
the sewers, it was easy to decide thiit the currents mi^rht be passed
through pi[)es of from 3 to B inches diameter. Indei'd, in a large
number of the sewers, the currents have Vut narrow and deep
channels for themselves, leaving the bulk of the deposit untonchetl,
but showing, as Mr. Phillips says, that nature was trying to remedy
the faults of art. Sometimes it i< necessary tu cut such channels
through the deposit, to alhiw of the flow of water. Acting upon
thi* view, Mr, Phillips proposes to imiirove the flat-bottomed
sewers, by bedding channel tiles along their bottom^, and filling
them in behind with wmcrete. In the middle he would plntre a
chamiel tile of say 1 foot diameter, having other fiat tiles sloping
down to it on each side. By this means, the currents would be
concentrated on smaller sised channels, kept regularly in action,
and therefore dean.
Mr. Roe proposes to reduce the expense of sewage for one side
of a sewer fur a house of 17 feet mintsge, which lately with
upright-sided sewers was £o He. 3r/., and now is with e^qr-sbapeid
sewers JiH On. &d., — this he proposes to reduce to £s 19«. 6d. for
first-class houses, and JCl 14*. for sixth-class houses. In these
latter charges is included the sup]ily of water. The bottom por-
tions of the larger seweAj Mr. Koc proiioses should be of well-
]irepared clay, moulded in blocks two feet long, and well burnt ;
tlie upper portions to be formed of radiated bricks, laid in blue
lias mortar. I'he smaller sewers are to be likewise eger-shaTied,
but to be made entirely of brown stone-ware glazed. Mr. Hoe's
ti^^t-class largest sewer is 3 ft. 9 in. by 2 ft. .") in., with nn area of
£'<; feet, and costing 7*. per foot run ; bis seventh -class, or smallest
scwcr. is lo ill. by 9 in., with an area of 9 inchca, and costing St.
per fiiot run.
The greater part of the duties of the ofScera, Mr. Roe states, is
taken up bv attending to complaints of the stoupage of drains and
sewers, anil in su]>er intending the removal of the soil ; when, with
a iiroper system of sewerage and house drainage, nearly the whole
of the duties in that resjiect may cease. We agree with him that
it is far better that a staff of officers should be constantly enga^^d
ill making examinations, in order to prevent filth fnim depositing
and accumulating, than in waiting for it to collect and annoy the
imblic with its noxious emanations, perhaps for weeks and montlis
efore complaint is made and steps are taken to remove the evih
^\'e thintc a great deal may he done by Mr. Guthrie's phtn, men-
tioned ill the Hnillh >•/ Tovi'ik Magashir.. In this he jiroposes to
separate the house drainage from the surface drainage. Tne bouse
drainage being c<mveved in tubes, as stated 1>y Mr. Roe, would,
under the jiressure of water, be carried to the outfall, without
gully holes or other communications with the external atmosphere.
The surface ilrainage in the secondary streets could be conveyed
l)y the kennels, and in the main streets be received by the large
sewers.
The commissioners come to no decision, at present, as to the
use of cliinmey shafts, with currents of air created by heat, fur
ventilating the sewers and carr>'ing off the noxious emanations,
though they expre>s their ajtproval of the j>rinciple.
In conclusion, we must again urge upon the commissioners the
nticessity of coming to s«ime immediate decision respecting the use
by the public of all sewers which liavc been built at the expense of
the comniissinns, and at once abandon the extortionate demand of
I0». per foot run on the frontage of a house, which, if it happen to
lie a corner house, may amount to the sum of jL'Hi, besides .£^ more
for making the drain, for a fourth-rate building that cost only
A'atKi, Every facility and enciniragement ought tr> be given to the
owners of house property to niake drains into the public sewers,
and so to abandon the i)est of cesspools.
C .V N 1> I D i; S • S N O T E - U () O K
F.lSCiCCLlS LXXVIII
" I muit tlave lihtrly
Wllhal, H iK^r u rharler a* tli«^ rirlaHit
Ti> IjIo t on whi>[u I plifUK."
I, Some have ac(iuired n reputation for having a style of their
own, merely because tliov have repeated the very same ideas over
and over again, on occasions the mntit dissimilar ; and, so far from
improving ujion them, that their latest applications have been less
appropriate and judicious than tiieir earlier ones. Such decided
mannerism ought rather to be taken not so much for consistency
of style as for sterility and inactivity of mind. He who at all de-
serves the nunie of artist — and arcljitects claim it b)' courtesy, at
least — is always enlarging the stock of bis ideas, and is always
studying, throughout tlie whole of his career. AVithout copying
others he profits by what they hn\'e done, both by shunning the
faults they have committed, arid into wliich he himself might have
fallen but for such evidence of them, and by borrowing from tbeni
hints and motifn, — after a very ditferent manner, be it observed,
from the mere plagiarist. There is nu merit in not availing our-
selves of ideas thrown out bv others, more es|iecially if it has been
done BO ver>' imperfectly aiiA at random, that very much more than
was at first thought of remains to he made of them. ''' He," savs
Reynolds, "who resolves to ransack no mind but his own, will
TlIB CIVIL £NtiIN£ER AND ARCQITKCrs JOLRNAU
•oon be pmlurM, ffwm mtn liiirrentie^i. t« iK* tieccMity of cwpyltig
bimvelf." — L'liviirii^d uiitl'»rmity of 'lAtnt 'n itot »o miicli a hikw uf
MoaHtviiri* Its oriimitiHl power' of <'i>ti<!eptu>n «rul i'-«nr<>iMii>n, nml,
niiircciv«r. (iricniiions not only ««iiri.<auni« repctitiunbiit tneoiinrtiMiLy
liki^wiiii', tho ume nuMletif tr(*iitnipiit Vini; nwort<!<l Cu a|>uii occs-
stfHiu and for suhjeeU totally rlUtimil^r from ciu-h oth^r.
II, "Hinr ntnny of ua cwiiiitry iir<.-Lil<>t-tK." «ayi Mr. Sharp, "tro
\%tartetl t« tiikv th«! roiiii:^-! uf our cviSf lleiit frie'iKl, I'orcier, and in
■ deapnir ufpxe^utinf^lir^e works to lictnv irrfali>roiirp iiiioii l^mtor
mea?* Well nbs it that the renwirk wii* |mt tntfrroiptntflj' in-
f' BtMtd ufiiflirmiiti V4^ty, fur in thn InlUrr c**e it out^lit tu have bt-en, im^
"* Ho» nuiay," but " Iluur feir.*" IVuri* I'^rflicr's 4<i[<!c]l<>nl HiKire t^)
be fallowed by ruuntrr an^hUeds — atid fur tliu iiixttiT nf tbut, by
town onee nUo, — ilid lliey mvuriuMy strive tn make tbe iitmMt uf
tbe ueeiu4va ulfL-red tlieiti, litiweinr iiii-4iii>j)i)prHl)lit it mny be iti it-
■elf. tJtere would be f&r less of ilovraly or aim dowuri^thtlnimpery
' Aeugo tbjui tber* unfortunately now la. Th« ^ maklni; the mo«t
^Of tne oaiaudan munt not bo rnixintpriireted : it is ii>it tii hv under-
'-tUwi aa Teeuiiiniendini; or eondnt tnu in uiiibiliiiiiH tiim ami jirvlpn-
timutnrM of desi(![L and in miinicktiiL.' Iiir^i>rtlunfr«, lu x* fre(|uei>tly
irery alxurdly imtv nun-, hut on the conlnry, Jn attoinutlog nu
mure IhHti van tie tbtirtm^hly itrc<>mpliitli«d, miiI wi well aeeaai-
plMliM tkat fur iniriniiic merit of ile«l{ri> <u)d captivating elfivt the
wnrbnwyDotoiilyvie irilh.I>ut8urimHnuiiyutbenofffresterttoLeiu
urdtiiar}' eiiti motion — chiefly, |irrhB|M^ becausetheir iiite nloni? rvn-
den tbem nnifjiininii* and impiMinit itMecta. U'«tr« thix tu be duly
aUDMdered and acted ujion, we Htioiilit liave letw of vulor urehilM.--
tunl neaggeriufi, and Ifir more of renl study of deaigo, ttiaii ve
Htid now. It i« |ircci«dy becauxi tlMre it M> little of IhR latter,
Aiid li«rati>« iiri-liitect* do not know how to impiul t« small or rom-
paratiiely siii.ill hiiildinj.'!) tacb diaracter >■ siiall be botii ftrikiit;
and appr<>|)riHtc. Ihiit we hat-* so much random copyiiiar. uid inju-
diriuu<i imitutioii, whidi twrreM only to remind um o( mt^ritN lielung-
iiijc lo tlie urit'inul thnt htc alt>i^elher miMiiig in the copy.— Tliere
li niuch more nxun for fenrin^ and al«a for a>-tn0 tliat. taken in
ireneral.our Hmaller ptuviiicial liiiililiiiic* oliuw, if not i^nuraiire of
dejiitrii, very K>^eat neffliueuce of it — !iutnetune« to a deicree almost
Incrcdibtf. if ho may Wlicve wlint profcas to be poUnitfl of them,
llie MoMiiiic Ilatl at (Jow^s, and the new IpKwicb Miia^iim, are »»
.tar from beariiitf out wlutt Mr. Sharp ta<r*, nit rattier to prove thut
i mrdiitsctuml taste must be at the rery loweat ebb in those pUceM,
iriiutinitnyotherpitrUof tliccxtuntry. Sucli doin|:iiin the prurincea
ar«, it miMt lie confi'saed, kept iu oouiitcnnnco by niniilitr Pei^k-
Miifllaa achievements bcrc in town, one of the ni»«t efrreuioua
i'uf them being the OoUej^e of Agricultural Chemistry in Oxford-
itreel. which, imall im it i^ ii any thiii)c l>iit nu an-liitvclunil rninia-
itirr, for it liati neither the deliujtcy iior rt'fineiiiL'nt of one, btil in
III] better thnn a I'ulj^ur nnd ouarse nrchitecturAl dnub. Ei(«ptioR«
iherw are; and forofir nf ihein, we may iioiiit to the elc^nt screen
fn;ailii of Pirrer House ; or, to take n ((uite reiieni one, there is
Mr. IIiid;.'kinKon% newiy-erectcil liitunc in Park-lnne, wlilch afford*
(trikiiijr rviiU'iiee of nlinl mny be dune within a verv limitrd iiiMce
— liow m\ic\i Waiiiy nf mm posit ion and i!li;puii» of detail may W
dbplayeil in a narrow fronta^^.
III. Mu«ic lifi<i, pertiapa, lu-cn far more fortunate than Arcltitcc-
Itire, havinttiMi'^ipcil from thexiirveilianceand trainmeJnof arclinni-
]oi;ical pedantry, in nin.ieitiitiure of no raimiail componitioiM of
the nncirrita remiiinin;,'. So doubt ihcy were ultoecther diBoreiit
in Ktylc from anything in mixlcni Kurojican mitnk; thervfuiT, hail
tbey tH^ui) pre.-ti-ri'nl ami fulloMCt'd its Hrhuleniimt'/rriioednUjt, would
liu>'e chi'cked rather tliau »l all advaiicvil the prof^iMu uf the art
in liiUr lime*. To soy thnt h.iil tlic Hrt^hiteetiire of the Greeks
will Romaun perished as woll a^ their music, it would liavu keen all
Um belter now for the former art, wuuld incur for me Ike cpiUiel
of nhra-reprobate, and would, heaidca, be doing violence lo my
«wn reoltimts. Vut it insincerely to Ire wi:>he<l th«t itx esampln were
ktodied more, mid upe<i lc>s, — studied rationally mid leatbetically ;
and tbsa it wouhl he perceired thut admirable an Ihcy are in 1hem~
•dvM, Hud with reference to the purpi>»ei> for whivh they were
erected, they are eitlier ill-ad«pl«d lo, or furnish but very little
brwarda, sucli an eularffed and complex arcliiteclttriil Hv^toin ns wc
DO V require. For actual practice, they afford us little more than
« fem vanetieif of eohimn iini! eiit.-ihliiture, arche*, peiliineiitti, and
auch features, iu rcpuil lo nhich we piijue ournehes upon wnipu-
irlMlr MdheriRK to the tiuthoritv of mirig oiU' partiniilar antii^tie
Eajcun'fde, allbouch the rtructure to which they are applies! i» in iU
[Mmposition and uhysioxiiomy the very reveriie of ti[ili(|iie. A« 1
'Aave said, 1 believe, more than once before, modern architects
haT« eonvtirt«d the orders into mere paturru, trom trbleh tbey have
tmly to eboote, without heiiijt put to the trouble of tihnpinif out a
wn^le idea of tbeir own. So tbat a< far as the urdef« are ouaeeroed,
they neither are net arc railed upon to net u arti«t« at all ; ani
9M to the merit of truthful i'i>pyin|r, (hat betonxv ratbcr to th|
operative Monemniion thnii In theniseiveji. There are many aiiricn
examplet that might tw mmlilii-'d to ((renter or lc«»«r extent, and il
a variety of wars, without |i»inir *i|.^it i>f the chariictcr of the type'
an followeil. Nay, ibmie mi;(tit be f'on'idersKlv tmi>riifcd u]>i>n, and
more itotuiiitently (iniihiil up than thev app<-ar to hftve tieeu, unleai
they have been irreiilly mutilated. Take, for imtan^i^, the tuuii
order of the Kreehtheum,— surely "mch an exceedingly iiimple an '
severe oorni^ aeeardi very ill inde^I u-ith each Uixurinnlly rtchi
capilnls, which aeeni lo demand a enrre^iKinding florid chnr,t>-ter in
what in the Porreopondinfr divialon ot the entablnture, nud the
croii-ninf( to the entire onler. Toother with w.int of keeping aa
to charaeler, there ih a fji]liii(f off of effeet where it o»irht, if any^
ihin^. ti> l>e iiicNiHpd rather than at all diminished. Obviou* aaV
this appear* to uiys -If, nut oni' of thine who Iihtp taken that ei- '
amjile have ventured tu depart from the exact letter of it, hy hus.
ptyinit «K-h » rornice »* would complete and perfeet it. t>f the
two. even au eioirireratfid roniiee it a nuire piirdonatile fault than
a atarveling one. The repruauh of heaviiiei-s in prd'erable to thatj
of porerty and meouuiesa.
AIR-TIGHT GRANARIES.
Three conditions are eMenti.il tu the pr(>ce<M of piitrefae.tioa of
IfTiLin, viz.: heM, moisture, nml atill nir. With witiil, ini'istorc i«
carried off; with c^Id, tlie liecvmiioMiifi; |ir«re'><) it rheckcd, us uiuy
be Men by the carea^eisof animala that he through the winter in
■iiowy mountaini^ and dry up to (flue. Withimt air, everything i»
locked uu mid remninu in ttidu nun ; a« reptile* have beeit buried
for a^s In blocks of stone or nncieiit trcex, and then resumed tlielr
vital fiiiirtions, onchnnfied by time. In direct on|io3itton to Iheaa
principle]) are the granaries of Oreat liritiiin and other ouuntrie*
constructed. Tlieiraite ui i^nerully the hunk of a river, or Ifaf
«ea side. They are built of muny tlooro. at a vaat expense. Men
are continually employed tu turn the grain over, to ventilate it,l
and eleur out the vermin ; and the weevil is natumliKed in ever
erei-ice, w* surely aa buUB in ne^leiited London beds, or cockroacht
in Wei-t Indian %Mg}a Kni{)iL It i» the adinisiion of air tluit
mild this evil, that pmmote*|cermination, thiit permiln the enit-
enco ot rats and mice. Iu tlte exclu'iion uf air is to )>e found the
ruinody. (iraiuiries might be cun.tlructeil under ifTound ns well m
above ground ; in many caaea, better. They mi^ht bo nm^ructed
of enst-iron, like ganinieter tanks ; or of brick and cement ; or of '
brick and asphulte, like umler^TouDd witter-tanki. ll is only r^fl
ouiTiol that thev Hhould he air-tijflit, and t»mHi.<(]uentIy water-tifht.'^
k KiiiK'lv nian-Iioln at the top is all the oneuing re<iuim1. with on
air-tiijbt cover. Now, if we BappuH! a ]ar^ cast-iron or hriek
cvlimV-r mink in thu earth, the bi»ttum btiog conical, and the top
diiimeil over; an »tr>punip adjtisted for exliaustiiig the air, and
an vVrchimedean scieu pimip to discbarge the j^ain, wo liavt
the whole appiiratuf complete. If we provide &t wet (iraiii, a
water-pum|) ituiy be added, ax tu » Inaky i>hip. SiippoRe, now, a
cargo of grain, partly germinating.', and contuiiiiu^f rats, mice, and
weevilft, to be tihot into thin reservoir, the cover pat on and lated,
and the air^punm at work, the gerininatiou would itiHtantty c«aa&
and the aninuil lunctions would be suspended. If il be conteitdM
that the reeervoir mxy be leaVy, we answer, so may a sliip ; and if ■
so, the nir>puinp must be sel tu work just as ■• the case with Ij
water-pump in a leaky ship. One obvious cliejipnew of this im-i
proved granary over tho»c cxinting is. that the whole cubic con>|
triilM niiiy be tilled, whe-rras. in the etiotinu; mode, not above one>
fourth of ihe cubic contents can be rendered available. Rut many
eitsting structures ml^Iit be rendered eligible. Fur example : the
nulway arches of the Kiistcrn CoiinticK, the BlackwalL and the
Greenwich. Ilewnoirs miKht be erected in farm yard*, or io-
a^mucJi a% il \s a certain tlivitg that all farra^i inti.tt ultimately
comciiiinicnte with riiilwnys, by mcaiw of cheap horse-traina, ur
Htenm siilin>rs, in order tu work to pnilit, it would \tv dciindilc that
the crunnry fhould be erected at Aome uetilml rititway otatiun,
where a Ktcam mill would do the work of exhausting the air, dia-
churging the gniin by Arrhimcdcaii Kcrew when tr<iuirc(l, and
Krinuini; it into meal. N'o lielter pnr|HMK could he finind to which
Iu apply tlic ntmaHpheric engines biid tiatiiinii uf the C'ruydon
llnilwny, with their cxivliug uir-piinips. ('ommuiiicating wita all
the southern whcal-growiu;; ctmiitien of Hn;,'la[id, and also with
the Thauiea, no s|m>i could be mere eli^ble an a centra] depAt.— j
Wettmiiuttr lievieui.
uw.-]
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
43
ON WING WALLS OF BRIDGES.
By R. G. CI.AKK, C.E.
A« the drmvtnK of winf; walls to railway bridjces nffers some
difficulty when the embank mpiits or cutting are very high, to
obviate thU is the object of the present paper, wlii<rh relates to the
investigation of some eimple formulre to determine the angles
made by the exterior lines «f wing walls with the face ()f a bridge ;
the plane of projection being taken on a level with the rails or
iMd, when the latter la level.
There are two casea to be considered. — 1st. Unien the coping of
the wins wall makes a given angle with the face of the bridpe, or
is paralJel to the abutment, aa in the nase of a tikew bridce. —
ttoly. \l'hen the coping is perpendii'ular to the face of the
Wdge.
lit. Let B H be the line of the fane of the bridge on 11 B E D,
the plane of projection as
before mentioned ; C D the
exterior ton line of wall ; C e
the given oatter, iierpendicu-
lar to BIX The ^11 CD
being given, or D C drawn
pHrHllelto BB', as in the case
of a skew bridge, draw ¥. D
parallel to B H ; nndB£,CF,
respectively, peri>endicular to
E D. For the sake of sim-
plicity, we will first determine
the / C I) B.
Let the slope of embank-
ment or cutting be as m to I,
and the batter of wing wnll
u 1 to 11 ; height of slope eqnnl A. Now, ^CDE^ ^HCD.
Let Z C D £ = B. Also, base of alope C F = m A ; and batter
C( of wing wall =^ -A.
Then, by the right-angle triangle C F D, we have
dn B : m A ; ', 1
^* = DC.
em e
n
"i^* = nat.sin ^CDB (1).
mn
Alto, by triangle C f D, right-angled at e, we have
.-. ZHBD= ZHCD or ^CDE - zCDB.
Example. Given the angle of obliquity H C D = 90% slope
ij to 1, and batter 1 in S, to determine the angle of wall H B D :
^formula
nat.sinSO' SX 'SISOS
= -04860 — nat. sin 8° S7 j';
therefore, ^ H B D = SO" - S' 37^' r= 17" sa* SIV required.
^ Sndly. When the coping ig verpcndicular to
tkefiux nf the bridge.
Then sin e = 1 ;
consequently, an / C D B ^ - — .
Hence, cos C B D = —
ran
(8).
Examplet.
When the slope is I to 1, and batter 1 in i.
Then nat. cos^ CBD = ^=-2 = nat. cos of 78027'.
When the slope is 1^ to 1, and batter I in 6.
Then ZCBD = 82°20'.
When the slope is S to 1, and batter 1 in 5.
Then ^CBD = 84" is'.
From the above it appears, that the actual height of the slope,
and the batter in feet, &c., have no occasion to be taken into con-
■idention; but only their respective ratios, as above given.
RAILWAY AND STEAM NAVIGATION DEFENCES.
The course which the Duke of Wellington has thought fit to
take, in furtherance of the measure of increasing the army under
hilt command, has given a new strength to the alHrmist party. We
say, advisedly, that the Duke's letter to Sir John Biirgoyne can
fiiily he taken as the statement of an advocate, using every means
to make out a case ; for there is evidence enough in that letter to
show the impracticability ot an invasion, if it were consistent to
suppose that a commander so experienced could countenance a
scheme, wliich the youngest staif-i.iflicer knows is in no way
feiisihle. In considering the subject, we do nut think it necessaiy
to Analyse the Duke's letter, because we do not look upon him as
a believer in the invasion scheme; but we shall take up the ques-
tion upon its own merits, which are certainly small enough, com-
pared with the clamour which has been msde by so many parties,
and of which the Commander-in-Chief has so skilfully availed
himself, to further the views of his own department.
It is one of the consequences of thirty-two years of peace, that
the present generation know little of war or of military affairs,
and it is therefore open to ignorant or restless officers to impose
upon them statements, which do not meet with the countenance of
men well informed in their own profession, and which are not con-
sistent with historic proof. With the public an officer is taken as
an authority in virtue of his epaulettes; but, nevertheless, he is as
an officer no more an authority on thin question of invasion, than
the most ignorant civilian. It is one of the misfortunes of the
English army, that there is no guarantee for the qualifications of
its officers ; and, notwithstanding the growing desire of improve-
ment among military men, it cannot be deniecfthat it is much rarer
to find a man well acquainted with his profession than otherwise,
for there is no security, and it may be said no encouragement, for
proficiency. In the navy, and in the artillery, an examination
must be passed ; but, under the system by which the army is offi-
cered, except the few college cadets, a man may be put in command
of an army, whose only qualification is that he can manceuvre a
battalion on parade. Neither is the service of the English army
calculated to qualify an officer for European warfare, for the staff
arrangements even of an Indian campaign will give no schooling
for a war in the old battle-field of Flanders. One of tiie defences
we most want is a good staff of officers, and money cannot be
better laid out than in enlarging the military colleges, and en-
couraging the studies of officers. In the meanwhile, we hope the
Eublic will not allow themselves to be frightened out of their wits
y men who know no more of the organization of an army of fifty
.thousand men than a drummer-boy does; and, at any rate, to
accept with caution any statements which have nut the support of
common sense and historical evidence.
It is very easy to start with the hypothesis of 50,000 Frenchmen
on the Sussex coast, and to talk of the capitals of France, Austria,
Russia, and Prussia having fallen into the hands of an enemy; but
it is BO difficult to conceive how a French army of 50,000 men, or
of any other force, could be brought to London, that any general
being offered the command of such an expedition, would give it up
in despair. In order that a French army may land upon the
English shore, there must he no political disorganization in France,
and there must be political dis«>rganixation in England. Our great
protection hitherto against invasion from France, has been the
jiolitical disorganization of that country by the League, the Pro-
testants, the Camisards^ the Girondists, or the Chouans. or by the
irruption of Prussians, Spaniards, or Savoyards. Napoleon never
hooed to be able to make an effectual invadon of Uiis country,
unless he could make a political diversion, by securing the neu-
tralitv of parties in opposition to the government. How futile
was tnat dependence is well known; and though some may, in the
present time of calm, believe that political factions might here-
after be brought to sympathise with an invader, yet such coalition
would become impossible when war shall break out, and the old
feelings of bitter hatred be awakened. This is a disturbing in-
fluence which cannot be readily overcome. There is nothing more
difficult than to overcome a people in their own country, with
whatever force, if united in resistance. France will give the ex-
ample. If, in 1814 and 1815^ the allies were able to make their
way to Paris in the then political disorganization of the countrVi
yet, in the early part of the war, under the Duke of Brunswick,
though France was unprepared, the invaders were driven back with
loss.
The circumstances under which an invasion of England will be
practicable are — the union of the French, High Dutch, and Rus-
sians, the destruction of the naval power of England, our political
disorganisation, and the agreement of a large part of the peopki
7»
l44
THE Civil, EVGI>rERR A>JD ARCHrXECTS JOURNAL.
[Ft:a»ir4av,
' to «»luatne the Invwlcr, Thi« oountry has mil yvx had iiti efi«my
ijn itx xlioratL and It ia noi to be Juttjired like FriiuM!, Fluidt^re,
Holland, Italy, i}i>rmimy, «nil Sjmin.
Ilrfore comiu^f tv our own p^irliiular riew of thfi (|ue»Uon, ve
hfivo » f«« ubRCrvutionti to make upon llic miliUry and qavhI part.
The hyp'HhtrsM of an inviuivn muat )><■ under those foTm* :— M an
orray i.t WWt.tHhi men, or of aa nnny vf .Ji'.tHh) ; yf au jirmy with
Mividry, iirtilli-ry, »i>nli>i>n», pr»vHi<inH, atui tntin, or >if an itnay
with llf^t mounted uriillc-ry. Cotitiiiinn <>iir».-|i v:^ tv mi army of
LiO,l)(>ll under cither iif the latter twii i>Miiliti<)tis: aurh m\ nriiiy,
Willi 10,OI'U b<>r*#i! for fiavnlry, -t<Kl or 31HI |iio<N-e M »ir1ill*ry, how**
aiid i;jiTi.t|^« for artULoty, iim munition, prnviMons, und tratii,
would roi|iiir<> ^TT«t«r stmm aiwomniodatioa, and Udce frr«ater tlrao
in Inndinif. It wnnhl, c<i»*ioi|iipntly, dvftat it»oir, bv tjivitipf r»or«
tiim^ for the tnualer of forL-*« a^aiont it. On lli* oth« hasd, a
nera iiirnndvc bj^ht fi>rc« of ^,000 men, would be 4«fe*t«d ky
Ivrant of meuw tu ovRrcomi* ih«> iigual Dlwtaclm of duW. ft would
-want cnvalr}- to drive off the awartna nf local mauat««l*akirml«hFr>^
and ti> make itK reunnnaiMaiioea ; it trould vant meatu of cni^^iti^'
riiurn; Btid nben its bri^dm b«forv eitnepntralum wptc Sron^rlii
Htn front uf a reRuUr foree In jxiidtltiti, it iri>uld wmtt heavy civiitry
~nd tirlilliTv. Il* the wuunded men were pk'ked ii|> I hey would
icumlter tha marv^li, nml if li^ft ht*litiid Ihi'V wuiild be musiweiwd
by the Iwrul «ki rnitiih#ni banging "v the rnir; m that Ihr n«ii
wmild »>taa bi<ciiine dMBoralued. Thnw day«' May in a wasted
oiuiilrv would leavtt audi an army, won if cooc^iit rated, without
Sru>iii<ins or ummuaition, with its innks ihidnml ami di<;|iint«vl by
riith and fatii(tie. If it attempteil to ftKht, erery miin wmild be
butchered. Indemt no worae fat* i^an be wi»ihed fur any man Diaii to
hAve tbe comniand of a brig^le in an nrmy uf iitrasion of En^jUnd.
PenKiDs who are i^iiuTHnt or ill-adviccd. may wy tliat we bare
nuix^Ur force and no niilitJiry Hjiirit in thr rountry ; but thofte
who tukv lh« truiiblc to r^lirolntc know tliat tilt* amniry ha.t at alt
tiTni-^ hail trroHt militiiry rt^iiim-x, and nt no time si> niurb aa at
tlie iircwnl. Turn bjick ihtt p^gts of ihf hUtory of Knglnnd. and
watch Ihi' |iro(rrr»i of prrpamtion. The restilam in Knttland are
iucriNMed by M'orea uf thoutandu at a time ; aistv Ihixtiuiiid militia
arc embodied and uacd aa reirular^ ; on army of* rnvne 14 called
out ; lociil militin arc bmu^bt into the nuihs of the rrtular army ;
Uin>« oi-foiir hiiodrvd thuuHind volunteers arc eurolkil ; and, in
IK08 tor example, seven hui>drcd Ihitiiwind men are in aroiH in lite
p^ialanda, be^dM a vaul fle«l patrolliuK' around. Since then, tJio
Ktpulalaon has donbled, and that seven hundred tboii^miid mi-n will
leeome a million and » half, with the levy cti huuk to back them.
,.Jnf;Und, witbotit allic*, can never be lo»t, if imly true to herself,
thitttirh the niiliuni of Kumpe •hould l>e uoured on her *horce, No-
I cnterpriite i-oolil be more dangerous tnan to Ininl lriHi]w in n
Ihickly-peoplfd eountry, amon^ a brave and warlike piij-ulation,
atren^hened with all thu rt^mm-H of knooledice »n<f wealth.
For what aimhl this to be attemple<l? To lake the land, but tu
fill the shore* of the Atlantic, and the wutem of the dceji, with a
fiercM {HHiple. who, ju the HolUnilera onoe Ihreiilt-iicd to do. would
take to thfir uhijusand Mek anew country^ whcontbeyouuld turn
upon their op[ir<ewiMirf.
It_ vhauld bu noted that it in an old rr^ilalion, ulwayji renewed
In lime of war, Ihot in ens* of iiivaMt>n, nil rorn, rullle, and
jieoplc, within twenty miln of tlie nJiorc, inisst b** driven up thp
country, and tliv district wasted, and eJKi-ient ineann an- provided
fur ejecting thif. England in time of war, and GitKlaod in time
of peace, are different eountrie-s and it h certainly not matter of
^ Uame that the i;»rernmeiil, in the thirty-second year of peace, do
.notbaraM the eiiuntry villi the troubleti uf war-lime. Why arc
nartello towent. jthot fiirnaci;*, and batteries to decay upon the
eokEt, bMvy artillery lo met, and men to lie taken fmni thdr shops
and bome« to the drill jn'ound, when all that is wanted in tliia way
Mn be done when the time come* ?
A» to siiddeti invinion at this momenl, it is a bupliear; Iwt ire
•re alwa>-s ready tu urm* that a consi-itenl system uf preparation
for WW shall be carrieil on : but then in our opinion the means are
simoler than those iiXLiolly put fonvanl, .itid arc not to be mmitht
ill the amiy ivtimatv^ but more immrdiately within the »eopo of
what arc ootnmonly i-alled the engineering operuti<imi of the eoun-
iry. We do not ndvocate an Increase of tlie standing iirmr; wb
have no failh in the forlifiuatioo of rort^nioiith, Plj-mouth, and
other lownH, n« strong places ; ue do not think it neo-xiary to lay
down batteries on the coast, or to mount llicm with he;ivy artil-
lery , 5lill lea* do ««■ advtK-Jitc the calliuic otit of the militia. We
ni«y flb'ervo, that the t.'ovemmeftt of this country have slwava
wiwlv iJiown an indispofittion to put arm» into the liamN of tilt'
{>ooplc in time of peace, because they arc not uadtv ttic bond uf a
feeling; of htmtilo invasion, which in time of war pmvenlfi a »!».
application of anna to interfereiuro in the elril i;overnmenl.
U'e <i>n»ider that a due attention to railway*, fteam naYi>.tition,J
and the l>'lefn'o]ih M->-t<-m, will in time of peace bti the miy\l elS>j
cient amtM* of providintr for the defence of the rowatry. W'c i
no longer in the po-iition w# oere a few year« a^v, when the widd
fcrowlh of (team natii^atioR threatened milJtar}- and naval men
with a new initniment of ii({h'n'x>inn, nc[i>in*t which they bad no
means of defenee. Then there miicht have been uccajluu for ,
alarm, had war broken out; but «inf« then, the dwclopoicnt
the railway *y«teni haa provided an adci]untc power of rv«»ta(K«j
while, more recently, the e^tnhliMhmi^nt of electric lelei:rupliB baa
thrown the M-ale of prepondorHm-e in favour of tlie d<.-fenbiv« re-
■oureea. H> ean no longer be in doubt in what direction wr are
to apply our means .ind make provixlutt. We munt .-kvnil our*eIvn
of IhiHe three ervnt branches vf national enterprli^ whii-h we hav«
alreiady named. Do not let any think us ovcr-piy»fesrti<>iut] in
tiikini; thi'r view of the matter, for thl* i* the Kide on which the
DuLpof VSVlliriirton hrnkK at it. ile take«biii owe on a nteam*
navigation invasion, on thi>i iwv development of M-ieiitifie r^
Mfurees: nnd the fair way to meet il in to iNtnuider wliat re^oureM
of »ueli kind nre aiailahle fttr the purpose* of defenre. En|Ctae«r«
and nuuinfaeturerw haw <-nuitod the meHUs of iuviuaon. und they
must provide ua, to some extent, with the meaii^ of defence.
Conaidered in reference to the defence of the nation, nothiiii^i
can be more unwise than that le^i^Utive inlcrfeteni'V which hafl]
re-rtricted railway enterpriHe. Kveti were it true that (here wna i
uudxm rompctition for rnilwuya, and that cupitid wa» diverteil lutii '
tkia branch of investment, ctill, no far jm the country iK cvnrerned,
it is deiiirable that as many railway) aa poiMblc should be made. Ii
wo ar» aaked whence the' capital cutneH for railway conairuciinm
we can have an aiuu-er which nprin^i) from the very matter now
under diacuanoo. In time of war, we ki^^'p a couple of hundred
thotiuiiMl regular* and militiameiL, (fivinj; no productive rrttim.
In time uf jicace, we can employ two hundred thou-uind RBv]vaton(,j
or, in reference In our pre^icnt m*aii<i, four hundred lbou»uud navi-|
Katorv, in miihiri^ railway vr.>rkK. At preieiit, mit of an tucoma t_
lifiy-five mitltonK, thirty niillioiu are n mere triinsfer uf capital, ia]
the wbape of liitereict on the debt ; the remainder 1* the eflectira
drain upon tho enerinee of the country; and every addition nl
twenty thouiuind Tiieii to the mjhtary force* ia a dciluction of M.
many men, and of one mlUiun yearly, of so much prodnrtii v labour
and capital rendered unproductive.* H'e can carry on fuch tCTvat
rnilwny works while other conntrie* cannot, bec«iiM Fmnce, for
inntiuuf. keeps Ibrre hinidrod tlioucnnd, or four hundred thousand,
men under arma, — tloing no j^od, but, on the contrary, wcakeaiovj
its reaouriies. J
The less interference with rnilwnv lefcislntlon and manacemttut
the better, for it rexnlt^ only in public inconvenience, liiid it uot
been for tliU inter fcreiiec, we eliould now have bad coa»t lines all
round the i-ilnnd, and been provided with lutllicienl converfring
lines from tho yrpal Bent's of population. An we itatid im)w, tlM ■,
saiitbern coast line IK incnmjilete. the line to the west roMst ia _
complete, the eastern coant i* ncirlected. and indeed the communis
catioiM nrp left in such a alate, that in time of war they
require to I* cumpleted at the national cxjienMi. If errone
vi«f¥f» of polity- had not pn'vimtcd it, we should have had at
present the following lines available for the south coast defence;
A line ulonjr the wmtli bunk of the Thanifn, to Ihiver, to HaHtinf
to Brighton, to Sborehiim. to Fnrehnm, to I'orKmoiith, and
^mthainpton. eivitiii the means lor puiirinj; down trM>]ti moct^
nipidiv; whereax, thniii^-h the fear of com]ietitiun, we are left*
with the preM'nt imidequate acommodation. If the plan of tralfi«J
estiniateH and iiive^ic'iillon* hml not been fcdlowed, and pnrlijimeiitl
had not undertaken the futile inijuiry uhetber a line would pay or.
no, wc should haie hail linro enouffh made by tb>i>:e who are 'the
beat jadjEfff how to invett their miniey. It is. however, the conse- 1
■lucnceof the meilillinif policy, that it always reacts tu pnidiiea^d
ficiious inconvenience to the couiilrv, without duinL' the bliirhte^fS
Koiid. "
Now that railway enterprise hax hftn rupprMsed and knoekcd
down, Il becomea the duty of the k'uveriiuii-nt lo aid the comuani.
In carrriniir out the necewary works. Auiomr them arc the f.ri^
orer the Thamcx to conncit the north and south railwiiy>i ;
branch of ibe llri^'hton raitway from Croydon to M'aiid^worih „
the uni»ii of th« I'ort^inouth and (!>(iNport lines; nnd the extension *
v( the Bri«hton and Unttinp. line lhrouij:h Uve to A-^bford. Lon-
itm in the aeut of a population which aill' affi.rd four hundred,
thoitMud able-bodied sofdiL-rs, between fifteen nnd sixlv, to
poured down to any point of the coiu>l between lh>relu>l.ter aiK
Ilorwidi ; and It u tlierefar* oeceasary tu provide aoi-omnHMlat
tSML;]
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL.
45
for brining this great reserve to bear upon nnj point attacked.
The tnetropolii alto is the reserve for defending the whole of the
nortbem and west coasts, in case of insufficiency of local force.
It has been recommended that the railway companies should be
encouraged to adapt their waguna so as to carry heavy artilleiy ;
but tbis ia unnecessary, though thpy should have provision fur
rarrjring light artillery. This country, yielding more than one
million and a half tons of iron yearly, can supply any niimher of
heavy carroaadee to carry 681b. hollow shot or solid red-hot shot.
In case of need, a thousand carrunades rnnild lie cast dHilv. T)ie
coaata can be lined with heavy ordnance, nnd providi'd with fnr-
nacea for heating shot, the tnins being worked hv the local fcnrihle
artillery. If the enemy effected a landing, the guns would lie
apiked and left on the spot. Guns would likewi<ic he hnni^ht up
along the line of the enemy's march, and upon the furtilied lines
and camps, and as each position was abandoned tlie eiins would be
spliced. There would be no object in lugging nbiiut heavy pieces,
and the enemy would not move spiked iron guns, if they had the
train to do it.
Every enc«uraeement should be fpven to telegrn)ih companies to
Imv down wires, for although we have got to a certain stage of
savancement, the electric telegraph system in this country is fnr
from being in a satisfactory state. It seems verv desirable that it
ahould not he left a monopoly in the hands of tlio Electric Tele-
graph Company or the government, who, by inveterate adherence
to one Bvstem, may check the course of Improvement. The use of
the neeale telegraph by the company we believe to be fraught with
great inconvenience, and indeetl, in particular cimditions of the
weather, as the needle telegraph will not wfjrk, it may become
naeless either to announce an invasion or to cninniuniciitc <irder!i.
It is to be observed that the electric telegraphs for the south const
are in a bad condition. The coast tine ix not conijileteil, and the
South Devon line is said to work imperfectly. The telegraph on
the Suuth-Eastem is worked in a complicated manner ; there is im
telegraph on the Brighton, There is a telegraph on the South-
Weaterii ; but on the Great Western, none lieyond Sloutrh. M'e
■ay nothing about militarv communications with the inland stn-
tiona, or with Chatham, ri}'mouth, and Mitfiird. All this re<juires
looking to, so that everj" encouragement be given to complete the
rem ; and in case of need, the government must themselves lay
a wires.
The steam navigation resources of the country must be culti-
vated by a prudent legislation. On this head, us im railways and
telegraphs, private enterprise is ready enough to work witbinit
requiring any great expenditure on the part of the stiite ; but, un-
happily, legislation has generally been unfavourable to private
enterprise, or so tardy, that private resources have been i-shaosted
before public aid was afforded. The Great We-^teru Steam Navi-
gation Company was allowed to drop, when slight aid from the public
would have given it an jmjiulsc, and we might had a weekly line to
the United States before now. Mr. Waghnrn is still urging upon
the government the packet line to Sydney, nnd Mr, AV'heelwrifrht
has not too much reason to congratulate himsi'lf on the ai<l afforded
to Pacific steam navigation. Irom the tardiness of the govern-
ment, the Great Western, the Cape of Good Hope, and the Bahia
Steam Navigation Companies have been ruined, the Pacific Steam
Xavigation Company has been kept in difficulties, and the Royal
Mul and Peninsular Companies lung had to struggle amid depres-
aion and neglect.
The line to Australia shoidd at once be aiitlmrised, as also one
to the Brazils. Already a steam marine baa sprung iiji in Sydney,
and it would be much extended under the impulse of a steam com-
munication with the mother country ,' while a slight encourage-
ment would fill with steamers the harbours of imr piissessioiis on
the Indian ocean, and greatly augment their defensive resources.
It is very desirable that examinations «hoiitd he established for
masters, mates, and enginemen of steamers, but acconipanied with
the distribution of such prizes for proficiency as should stimulate
the acquirement of professional knowledge, and raise the character
of the persons emiiioyed.
With a population of fifteen or sixteen millions on sixty thou-
^md square miles, and with vast material resources, nothing but
the imbecility of a government, or the treachery of a party, would
make a foreign invasion possible ; and one great source of moral
■trength and confidence is a knowledge of those resources, t^'hat
can be more desperate than the embarkation of landsmen in steam-
era and small craft, which, if the sea-force of England be annihi-
lated, must still be landed on a hostile sliore under a well-directed
fire of red-hot and hollow shot and shells from hea\-j- pieces. By
the time a landing is effected, the local fiiroe i.-i mustered, troops
pour in from all quarters, the people, cattle, and cum are driven^
the roads and bridges broken up, and the enemy would have to
advance under the fire of mounted and dismounted sharpshooters,
lurkinj; in a country full of hedges, ditches, and enclosures.
Every oridge and culvert would form an obstruction, every grove
of trees near the roads be cut down for an abattis ; barriers would
be formed at the hamlets and villages, and guns mounted in the
churchyards, mills, and on the hill-tops. In the face of such ob-
stacles the enemy would have to advance, each man carrv'ing sixty
rounds of ammunition and three days provision. Tirailleurs
would have to be thrown out around the column of the moving
bri^rade, and, after two or three miles* advance, more must be kept
in the rear, as the skirmishers would get behind, in order to
slaughter the wounded, for it is well understood in such affairs
that no quarter is given. The brigades landed nt various points
alon^ the c<iurse, uoiild have their communications interrupted by
the deep and w ide mouths of the rivers, and their progress impeded
by gorges and steep passes in the chalk range, which would admit
of H stand being made by the local forces. The brigades would
not know whether their whole army had made good its landing,
and u'ould not in many cases know the fate of the brigades on
their flanks ; while, at the points named for the concentration of
the divisions, many brigades would not he able to get up, and
miivements would be necessary in flank and rear to extricate bri-
gades which were cut off and surrounded. Every hour lost to the
invaders would be thousands of men added to the protecting force,
and if divisions could be got together for an advance, they would
then have to carry entrenched camps and fortified positions, against
a superior force well provided with cavalry nnd artillerv, and
knowing that the carrying one strong position was only shifting
the field of battle to another strung position in the rear. When
it is considered that in a broken country, swarming with skirmish-
ers, a force weak in cavalry could not keep up communications
M ithout moving such a bu<ly of men as could defend Uiemselves
nnd cut their way through, the demoralization of the invading
force within twenty-four hours would be certain, A very liard
day's work would hai'e to be dune ; nothing would be known as to
the fate of other portious of the force ; many of the men would
have become the victims of the infuriated hkinuishcrs; und a night
would come on, when a large force would liave to he detached for
piquets and outposts, of which the sentries would be picked off on
their guards, while the outposts would be driven in by night
attacks. The next morning would offer the choice of a surrender,
a retreat, or an attack from a su]terior force ; and this without
having got more than twenty miles from the coast. This is rather
a diflereiit picture from that drawn by Lord Ellcsmere, of the
guards marching out of London ; hut then it is the true one,
uhich those who have hud experience in such matters will recog-
nise.
SEaiBTER OF VBW PATENTS.
PNEUMATIC SPRING.
Moses PooLK, of the Patent Office, London, gentleman, for "/m-
pmvetiHiiU ill the court riiii ion fif jmeumatic xjiriiigs." — firanted May
32 ; Enrolled November 22, 1H47. (A comnuinication from a
foreigner.)
The iinture of this invention consists in applying the elasticity
of atmospheric air, or any permanently elastic giis by means of air
cxjiandiiig and contracting chamber or chambers, made in one, tuti,
or more parts, and connected togi'ther by menus of two or more
belts of india-rubber cloth or other itexible or impermeable material,
with alcohol or other liquid inteqxisetl, the more effectually to pre-
vent the escape of the gas or air contained in the apparatus, and
to aid in relieving the l)e\ilile conne.xion, and nreventing its rup-
ture from the action of the weight or force on tiic spring.
This mode of connecting two vessels being applicable without
the nir to other purposes, such as hydrostatic presses, &c., by
forcing the water into or between the two vessels.
And the improvement also consists in providing this apparatus
with one or more of what is denominated a respiratory chamber or
chambers, attached to one or both ends of the apparatus, and sepa-
rated from tiie main chamber of the apiiaratus by a diajihragm or
diaphragms perforated with holes, which will check the passage of
the air, and thus relieve the apparatus from the injurious effects of
sudden shocks.
The manner in which it is preferred to construct this apparatus
i6
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL.
^Febbcabt,
ii represented in the accompanying: drawings, in which 6, fig. 1,
is a metallic conical vessel, with a concave
plate or disc at bottom. The upper ed|re
of tJiis vessel is bevelled inwards around
its circumference to receive the edge of
the belts/and g, the inner edges of which
are there secured by « plate e, depressed
or sunk in the centre, which has a be^'elled
and grooved tlanch, so that when the plate
e, la drAwii towards the bottom plate by
four or more screw-bolts A, the belts are
griped and firmlyheld betweenthe grooved
edge of the vessel and the bevelled or
grooved flanch. The outer ed^s of the
belts / and g, are connected with and held by the cylindrical
vessel a. wliich surrounds the vessel 6, having space enough be-
tween the two for the working of the belts, which by the pressure
of the cimti;ined air are alternately pressed against and sustained
by the inner periphery of the conical veanel. The belts are secured
in vessel a, by making its cylindrical part in two portions. The
edges of these two parts, where they come tueether, are bevelled
or grooved to receive the outei edge of the belts, which are there
griped and firmly held by drawing the two parts a and a together
by means of screw-bolts i, that pass through the head of the vessel
a, and a flanch in the part a.
The connecting-belts/and^, are flexible hoops of india-rubber
or other flexible substance impermeHhle to air, and the edges being
firmly held, the space j between the two is nlled with alcohol or
other liquid, which not onlv prevents all possibility of air passing
through, but brings an equal pressure on all parts to prevent rup-
ture.
The connexion of the two vessels a and 6, by means of the belt,
divides the apparatus into two parts or chambers a' and b\ the plate
or diaphragm e being the division, the inner and depressed cir-
cumference of which is perforated with holes to break the passage
of the air, as the chamber a' is enlarged or contracted by toe
movement of the two vessels on each other ; this perforated plate
is, therefore, termed a respirator, as It permits the passage of the
air from one chamber to the other, and at the same time checks its
too sudden passage, and therefore avoids to a certain extent all
sudden jars in cars or other bodies having such springs inter-
posed.
The motion of the two vessels on each other is guided by a rod
k, attached to the head of the vessel a, which passes into a tube /,
which tube arises from the bottom and centre of the vessel 6, ex-
tending through the centre of the respirator or plate e ; or guide-
rods may be applied outside. The vessel 6, instead of being coni-
<»1, may be cvliudrical, but the two vessels should be so formed as
to present alternately a supporting surface to the belt, which in
coDsequeuce of the pressure of the air in the chamber a', rolls
gradually from one surface to the other, and is therefore at all
times supported by either one or the other, or both of these sur-
faces.
Instead of one respirator or perforated diaphragm two or more
may be employed, the more effectually to ease off the passage of
the air as it is compressed or expanded, and this respirator may be
of any desired form, and may be located in any part of the two
jOhambere. pig. 2.
_ri Instead of the double belt
-* above described connected
together at the edges, it is
contemjplated to place two or
more single belts separated
from eacn other, as repre-
sented at fig. 8, with the
liquid in the space t; the
holes i, being made through
the outer casing for the in-
troduction of the liquid and
closed by a screw-plug.
When this apparatus is used
as a hydrostatic press, the
water is forced into the
chambers a' and 6', by any of the known means which forces apart
the two vessels a and b, in the same manner as in the cylinder and
piston presB, except that the friction of the moving part is avoided.
Air is to be forced ijito the chambers when the apparatus is used w
n spring.
MANUFACTURE OF IRON.
Reoinald Janes Blewitt, of Llantamam Abbey, Newport,
Esq., M.P., for " Improvemenlt m the manufacture of maUeableiTon.'
— Granted May 27 ; Enrolled November 27, 1847.
The usual mode of preparing pig or cast-iron for malleable iron
is by melting such iron, or by mixing together and melting different
qualities of pig or cast-iron with coke, in furnaces called refineries,
and keening it there in a state of fusion, at a great heat, with a
strong blast ; and the produce, run into moulds, is called refined
iron, or metal plate. The patentee uses this, either alone, or
mixed with different ijualities of pig or caat-iron, in the puddling-
furnace, and subjects it to the after process of puddling, by which
it is brought into the first state of malleability. He states, he has
discovered that a better quality of refined iron, or metal, may
be obtained from an air furnace — such as is commonly used for
casting, or foundry purposes— than from the refinery, by which
there is less waste of metal, and less expense of fuel, in the manu-
facture. He lights and heats an air-furnace in the usual manner.
For each charge about four tons of pig or cast-iron is put in of audi
qualities as the manufacturer may think moat desirable to produce
the required quality of malleable iron, as has hitherto been the
prMtice m using refinery furnaces ; and the charge, when fully
melted and mingled together at the bottom of the furnace, is run
into sand, or iron moulds, of any convenient size, and then sub-
jected to the after process of puddling, which is conducted as if
using refined metal produced from ordinary refinery furnaces.
The fuel employed for heating the air-furnace is a whitewash, semi-
bituminous coal of excellent quality, to which may be added, with
good effect, 1 or 2 cwt. of charcoal to each charge.
RAILWAY CARRIAGE AXLES.
Samuel Benjamin Edwabd Beboeb, of Abchurch-lane, London
merchant, for « ImproremenU in (he consirvction of railicav cer-
"fljM. (A communication.)— Granted June 3 ; Enrolled Dec 3
1847. [Reported in Nemton't London JiMmal,']
This invention relates to a mode of connecting the axle-boxes of
railway axles with the framing of the carriage, whereby the axle«
will have a alight horizontal play, sufficient for them (when tra-
veUing over curves) to take a line parallel to the radius of the
curve over which they may be passing. This is effected by con-
necting the axles to the carriages in the manner shown in the an-
nexed engravings. For four-wheel carriages the apparatna is
FIg.S. Fig. 1.
Fig. I.
diown in figs. 1, a, S, and ♦. a, a, is one of thctwo main side-
bearoa of the framing of the carriage ; and as aide case of the car-
nage IB similarly furnished for the support of the axles, a descrip-
tion of the parts pertaining to one end only of an axle will suffice
to explain the nature of the invention.
o, a, are four arma or brackets, bohed, two on each side, to the
beam A ; and at their lower ends they are coupled together, in
pwrs, by a bolt or pin h. These pins each carry two Enks, e, c ;
and through their ends a coupling-pin is passed, and secured in ita
place by rivet-heads or otherwiae. d, d, are two rods or bara, pro-
vided at each end with eyes, for the purpose of being connected
respectively at their outer ends by the coupling-pins of the linki
e, c, and at their inner ends, of betog jointed together by the coup-
ling-pins «, e, and intervemng links / / These ooupling-pias e
lUS.l
THIS CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCItlTECrs JOURNAL
«T
which >ie WCUTmI in tlteir |)tiH'« by Krcir-oiitfi. nl>o pna throiieh
the eftavf ireiidiint-linko A, b, whirh p&i* thr»ii|{h tb^ itopor *\le-
hai It, aoil nuld it in lu-iiitriisiiiii. / it) tlie l>p)iTiii;f-«{trinir. r<iDi]ii>«ri)
i>f liivm of t-leel pUtt^*, \Mtil «n* «liov«> tlic ntlicr, anil foihriw*4
' '.e liakt &, A. itbicli, when iiprc»riMl ti|{)it to tlie jisV-l»os W th*
:iiii- (aluwn in thr ilr4vtiiv)i niiiMir the >i(>ritiiiil:il link" /to hind
tiKklly «puii tb« middltf of llir ^t^el t>lHt»i.i>n<l hAlit lk«in n^Piiri'ly
lifrtnrr. It will nuv W iin<loMii<M), tlint u)ii?n it it ile>*ir»bl4> fi^r
the axle t«> tultv a m»iti>>ii oilier thiin ii riKliI onitic vilh the urfo
oTile cjtrrimf.-. •ucli movcmi'in will b* p4'rTnitti'il bv the link* u, i*,
b^u; free tv otcilUf. In «nli>r, however, tu check ikii iindiii.'
Liiricuntal ti(i>v<-rni>(it of tb^ nxle, nru! nlloir of its iicljn<lniprit only
U % line p«r»llel with the rwliii-i nf tin' rtirve ori'r irbicli tli<> PKr-
rJMfn is pn^'iKr clu-^tic stop nr (!hri-k-]iit'oiN m, m, aro |>ri)viderf. n«
ihtvii at tiff- I : ■'id pbu-'i^*) in Ruch a ininner, an ti> nlloir of ii fri'«>
Htitm of nlM^iit a ^ to ^ inch ; wi that, whcmvvi^r the luili- nmv
Wkb Ivu'lvury to sway Uio inn«h, eitluT forwitrd or biu-kvanl,
th* link* *■. <■, "ill CHae'in «ontiM^t with the pieces m, nnd lie pre-
fMltd from movioi? further. Thin hoHxonUl miivemeiit of Hie
«1« will only oMof when t lio niilway de\i«leii fmm x emifht line ;
Mirkcin the cnrriuite iitr-un iiurstie^ n ttraifiht coiinie, the nxle
«iU r«g«4D iu pnntion at rigtit snglM tw the len^h uf tb» «ar-
Anothw miMlili«fttiAn of the Invention, nppliuble to « «x-wheol
,a{ria)ft,ll rIm diwcribed id the R[iei;iliutiun, lig. Jbeing ■ aid*
n, a.
•'(fttidii : %o alJnw thfi axles to move Inter&Uy, m well tui in B fnr-
«W*a4 bkCkwAnl dire^-tion, in order that, in n aatimfie having
lirae or four paini a( ulio'li. the hind wlic«lii inny follow the front
Ntr.iwt alwnyn in n rtnii^lit line, a« they an now olilifced tu du
(vbtrebr ■ •.'ontiiiaau* ahruion ol the RBngw ngaloil the rail* in
iwm4 when pJiMinj curves), but thut tliey inuy Uku > |H)Nti»n mt
4e r*il •lutnMe r..r <M>m|>i-ii>ii<tiux for the ditfcn-iiue in ra4liusnf
ti« two ridc^ of ihcruTVi.- of 11 niilvrny, anil pi<rniil Ilie cone {wri-
rMe* !■> work edicicntly fur lliAt purmiw. In this mndification,
Ite «me or analtt^niiB iiartx are miirki-'d with <<iiiiilHr lettcn iif re-
rvncw. Inrteiul of (lie f.Hir (>rm« », 1\S. I, f.irkfd iiriiw «, uv
made Ia emttrofe the beiim ± ; and at tbo jutii-tion of the pn*ng,
Uliae-pieoeo nre provided, and crxKa-rodu are nUo empluyed, tu
inurvthe riifidily rr<]uirrfl for the smus. The Itiwpr end* of the
«Bittnr« lluok-niiaped, aud are intended tu recdve respectively
tht ihacklei ur link* e, r, wliivh. t'lgvlhvr with the roiiplinu-limika
r*, mdaal froni the ban rf, perfunn tlw same oflicv an the liiika c.
ntf. I. Fn»m the pcculixr ronstrurtion uf tlii» roupUn).'. it will
W wen tJint a l.iienl play or niuveinent \* ullowed to lliv nkIp,
ottiwly independent of th« oarrbi|[6-fniniiii)t (no fixed point of
rlhntiMi heiiift employed, aa at 6tt. 1) ; and. i-iitiM>i|iiently, the ob-
mtdtaired. vii., i;)vln« a Ulerii) as well ana t lack ward and for-
•«r4 motion to the adc, will b« oUlaijiwL In onler to limit th«
b<«miiiul nioiiiuiiif Uienxle, the Hjiace for ocrilliitiiiii in contracted
•*i.j,(fiB. i). To untird ai^iiKt the dniuer which would result
fo»athe breakage ofeitliurof the uliackle. c. a lilwk of *«od ia
Mtuh«d beneiith the frjuniiur, uhldi, in fidlinic, will be r-nugUi by
a Mark Tt>tin^ on the cimplini;-link* of the han i, f b b
ibitU W preventiritcthu «tvu or axle-box k, frnni ^L-tling 4ifpUoeid,
in (lie event of Kurh an aixidcnl aa above nlludml to,
The puteiitee clHiin* the modeai, herein dfi<:ribcd, of connecting
lliP*IeMuraxle-boxestotbe fnnnintfof rjulrtuy riirrinicBs whert-liy
A* aiJet of Nucb carriiifCM "re enabled to aliift their poeitiuoa,
"ilt romit to the Garnet of the carriagva, fur lb« puiymea above
•rtlWtb.
MANUFACTURE OF IRON.
Willi aM Vi<:Ki:a*, of SltelBelil, for, '* fmpraivnumlji iu Ihn nHinu ~
/itriure »/ irvn' — (iriuitcd June 19 ; EurulKtl December 111, 1811.
The improi-etnents cooitift in meltiiiii pi^-irun with wranght-
iron, anil ruftninjf the mslted nnlvture (whci divided into streamii)
iiit<> wntor ; and thi'n ^ont L-rtia^ the |>r>>il>ii^t iittn malleable, W I
wnmf ht iron, in the fulluwinc nmnner: — I'iu-iron i< to be melltil
with scrnp of wr>iii);ht-iron or tiirninpfa, in *ny miilable fiarimce, (a
cnp«l» foriuire i* re^vtmniondeil); and the prapurtioniinf i>>r<Ki)itit*
iron with pi^-iron roav var}- fcrently. but that a vcrv noiidl tutditioii
of wroufht-iron to pitr-iroii. run into water, will be found to produce
n K**^'*^ improvement in the <]iia]ity of iron mnniifat-t tired t)tere>
iram. flomctltnei the followii^f proportioit* are emplovM : — 'I'o
JO tinrt* of wrouiH't-iri'ii areuddiMl 7il parts of pitf-iron, by wei|*ht ;3
una, ullliou^'h till* may nut Ik- found titanvwcr for Mime piirpu4e«r>
it ha« hiM>n found to nn«wer well. If, however, the inm ihuiild tie
Intendnl to be mude into sleel, it will be necewary to increiue thi*
proportion of wriiuftbt'iron, by mixing with the piK-iron about IU
m-r rent, of wr>iu)ibt~iniii. In the mannfiurtiirr of iron mtundeU
for i^nentl purpmie*. there may be lined, with iidvintaire, a mixinro
of 31) per cent, of ermp of wruuphl-iron. or luriiiii^, with jii^-
iron ; nnd mch mixture, when RK'lted, mav ho diviiled into Miiall
■Areaimt, and run into waiter, in unv eonvetiient tiuiniier. Fur tlii»
purpose, the jMtenlee itntes lie naa uited the folluwin)^ aTrnn(te<-
ment : — Ho takt^« » oaxt^imn triiy. |M>rfitriiled with hole>i uf half"
an-inrh in diiinieter, and tbi* \i lined uboitt hair-«]i-lueh thick,
with HHnd ur r(>m|><Nitton. Hucb aa is used for stopping cupola fur-
naoes uith; whicli inpunitiimil with holeasbont nijuarterofan inch
in dinnielL-r—cuch punrlurca bring inuaediatelv over the h>di>« io
the tray, »nd then the tray it placed Hbout \i feet adove the lei el
uf the wi)tt>r ill the tank (employed for aididifyiriF; the iron), which
i<c of wood, and about i feet deep ; and the nif lied metal pauin^
from the furnace. throu;;b the perforated truy. into the water iri tlie
said tank, will bv found therein in a diridvd »taie. This pmduct in
uoed in tlie BtannfiiiTture of wrouKhl-iron, »nd is treated the snnie
aa in the innnufacture of arou^ht-iron from pi*;, or refined iroiir
'J lie patentee add*, that he hai uied. with adv.inliiOT. in the melC^.
inijt of pi|{-irt>H with wrought- inm, Iniin 3 to A jier i^eat. uf blnrk
oxide uinianjcHueae, »bich he believer a ill be found to be adv;in-
tafieau*. Tliia niHy he iidded from time to time, by iilnc)n)t Mnol
piece* in the tuyere hole»^tbir bhiat dividing it In the furniice ai
the mixture becomes melted. The patentee does not claim the'
taeltintc of wmughl-iron with pig. urciut-ir»ii, nor thi? rnnniiiir of
raeltMl caat-irun into wnter, when aepunilt'ly ronnidereil ; ueitlier
doeahc claim the precise mode set funh, so loiii; as the jreciiliar
character of his invention he retained; hut what lie rlaiins, i« melt-
ing pig-iron with wrouglit-inm •cnji, or ttiriiiiw^ and then rnn-
iiiii)c it into water, and using the product [a Ihe ninnufucturc of
wrought, or maUe^ble iron.
STEKRINU VESSELS.
nwn/f in prapetliHa rvmttb, and ia tieeriiig ntfoeb." — liraiited
H'lUJAM HcNwooD. of PortM**, nanil arrhiUrt, for "/wj
rtitM in prapetlifjf reimtU. am,
Enrolled NovenW \. Itttr.
The hriil improvement in propelling and steering rvlntm toM-rv><-
projiellod nhip* or ve***!*, and poiir-iit:! in plitriog tbv (crew-jirti-
[lelk'r at the al't-fide of the «teropo!tt, wbirre tho rudder i» in tea-
sels generiillv', nnd ill iipplyingthr rudder on the fore-side of the
acrcH'.prifpericr, in the lower aiid ■Ftt.-rmoHt purt of tho run, nnd
below the propel ler-<di aft, the rudder being «ub>ftituted fur the
annu! part of the run of the vomoI, a* ihown in fig I. The lu<*«r
end or the iteriipoxt meeta thokeelion, or timber running uudrr
the sliiift, at about the height of the uentee of the r\iafi ; nnd the
one mny Ik> united vwrr aeeurely to the olbe^, by n ftuich ot
d«i>clie« on tlie shaft cylinder, let into and bolted to the Merupoxt
and keelsoli. This keelson, or timber, should he lar^^c in sidiiig,
because of the holethraogh it for thoruildcr-heiul to uiihc through ;
and it mutt have a mbbct tu reeeivo the bottam plank.
The propeller \* cann«cted with the McmpiMt andvcaMlrCry
firmly by a metal eoupling^box 4, which hiw; a motal-frnmc i, ai-
tiLched to it for mising and lowering the |ir<ifwlleT ; the coupling-
box nnd hoiiting-frnmo Iteing formed with tonguea, to idide in
metnJ-faced grooves in the siden of the eternpust «, nnd the coup-
iin^-hox hnvingan interior coUnr, nf theiitrouHt reipii Hi ti> strength,
lictod againitt a corn^sjKindiiig exiertor eollar round the proueller.
The vnuKi of the proneller to the sliip i< thus mude abundantly
•tron^ f«y pr«Mug tlie shaft into the pnipoller, mid "bockini^
i
4S
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
[Febbdabv,
astern." An after-bearing for the shafl may be fnrmed by the
metnl-rod e, set up with a screw to the stern ; which rod vrould
also form an additional stop for the propeller on the shaft in hack-
ing astern. Or a rod might be attached to the upper and afler-
part of the hoisting- frame, and set up with a screw to the vessel's
stern ; and a small rod may be applied at the aft -side of the hoist-
ing-frame, for inserting a forelock in the end of the shaft, to secure
the propeller in bucking astern, which forelock would revolve with
the shall on the pin at x. The surface of the rudder may be as
large as that of the immersed part of the common rudder, Bithoiigh
as the pressure of the water on such a rudder would he once and a
half ad great as on the common rudder, a much smaller surface
would be sufficient for steering, and the lower part might be re-
duced.
A large and very strongly formed nidder-band is fitted at the
upper part of the rudder, with a large hole through it, of a square,
hexagonal, or other form, into which t!ie rudder-head r is fitted
for turning the rudder ; the lower rudder-bunds might also be
termed similarly, and the bracea fitted with an internal ring, that
the rudder-head being extended downward as n substitute for tJie
rudder-pins, mny revolve in the braces, whilst it is fixed in the
rudder-bands for turning the rudder. The rudder-hend above the
upper rudder-hand is cyliudrical, and passes through a metal cylin-
der with a stufling-box. It then surrounds the propeller-shaft so
that the rudder may turn sufficiently in stceriti ; and it extends
to any convenient height to receive tho tiller. Should the rudder
be carried away a temporary rudder could be applied, by taking np
the propeller, using sails only, and having the temporary rudder
prepared with braces to slide down the sternpost grooves ; by which
It would be held securely to the ship, its lower end being secured
with guys.
The advantages to be obtained from this improvement are, the
maximum effect of the screw-propeller in propelling ; the avoidance
of risk of serious damage from a vessel's grounding, and the pre-
servation of the strength, and the form, and the displacement of
the after-part of a vessel.
The claim is for the right of applying a screw-propeller and a
rudder conjointly to a ship or vessel in the positions above-men-
tioned, and as shown in the engraving. The improvement in steer-
ing vessels consists also in applying a similar rudder tff a ship or
vessel not propelled by a screw.
Such a rudder could be either shipped or unshipped afloat, by
attaching a water-tight hoae or cylinder to the ruddor-hend cylin-
der, so that the rudder-head r, with the rudder-pin or pins attached
to it, may be drawn up in unshipping the rudder, or replaced in
■hipping it. The keel may extend under the rudder, as shown in
the engraving, to protect it in grounding.
The advantages of such a rudder are, much lass first cost, inde-
finite durability, through being always under water, being below
the impulses of waves, so that the steering would be uniformly
steady, and without hazard to the helmsman, both when a ship is
laden, and when she is light ; and it is quite below the reach of
shot.
Another improvement in propelling veneU oonsista in makitw
that part of the immersed volume, which is abaft the vertical wiS
transverse plane in which the centre of gravity of th« vessel is, of
such a form, that the longitudinal stability of the after-end of the
vessel may be practically equal to that of the fore-end : — in order
that the pitching motion, so far as it may be caused by the form of
the immersed volume^ may be prevented ; and that there may be
the least possible resistance of the water to the propelling power.
This is of especial importance in screw-propelled vessels, because
pitching raises the screw above the water s surface.
The equal stability of the fore and the after-ends of a ship, is
obtained by making the area of the load-water section abaft the
above-mentioned vertical and transverse plane, equal to the aren
uf tlie remaining part of the same water section, on the fore-aide
of the same plane ; and the moments of those areas, from the samo
vertical and transverse plane also equal; and by forming the lover
horizontal sections or water-lines in a similar manner ; or so that
the cubic contents of the immersed volumes, on e«^ side of the
same vertical and transverse plane, and the momenta of the same
immersed volumes from the same plane, shall likewise be equal,
the one respectively to the other. A vessel of remarkably beauti-
ful form may thus be produced. As the propelling power of the
wind on the sails always depresses the fore-end of a ship, when it
impels her onward, just as it depresses the lee-side, when the wind
acts obliquely, it appears contrary to the dictates of reason and of
science, that sliips should have, as they commonly have, less sta-
bility at the fore-end than at the after-end. By making the stability
equal at both ends of a ship the pitching would be reduced to the
least possible degree, the propelnng power would produce greater
speed, the decks or gun-platforms would be kept more neaiiy ia
their horizontal positions, and the dangers and discomfort and ex-
pense of " wear and tear," in rough weather, would be materially
diminished.
The claim is for making ships or vessels of the form above de-
scribed, so that the longitudinal stability of the fore-end may be
practically equal to that of the after-end.
LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES.
TuouAS Ru^ELii CaAXPToy, of Adam-street, Adelphi, engi-
neer, for " Impr-icenieiUs ia locomotive engines." — Granted June 19 ;
Enrolled Dec. 19, 18tT.
The improvements relate to the construction of the locomotive
engine.
Tlie first improvement consists in introducing two pairs of
driving-wiicels, one pair to be placed behind the tire-box, and the
other pair forward, in such manner that the weight of the boiler
anrl machinery may be borne equally by each pair of driving-
' wlieels. By tlii^ arrangement, the adhesion of the wheels upon
the rails will lie more uniform. The two pairs of driving-wheels
are to be connected on the side by rods in the usual manner, or
connected scpMrateh' to the driving cylinders, or in any other OUB-
venient manner. The mode preferred by the patentee is shown in
the seventh improvement. If it be desirable to construct the
engine with six or more wheels, the patentee proposes to place
them between the two pairs of driving-wheels, but recommends
that they should bear but little of the wei^t, by the employment
of light elastic springs.
The second improvement is in the construction of the fire-
boxes, fur the reception of the axles of the driving- wheels, the
driving-wheels of the locomotive engine being placed more forward
than the back of tho fire-box. If large wheels are to be used, a
recess is to be formed transversely in the upper part of the fire>
box for the axle ; and for smaller wheels, a recess is to be formed
in the lower part of the lirc-box : this latter arrangement divides
tlie fire-bars into two parts. By either arrangement, the heating
surface of the interior fire-box is increased, and the evsporstive
power of the boiler augmented.
The third and fourth improvements consist in such arrangement
of the various parts uf the locomotive, that the axle of the fore or
leading wheels may have outside bearings, and the axle of the
drawing or ufter-wiieels behind the fire-box, inside bearings.
The fifth improvement consists in placing the eccentrics for
working the valves on the outside of the driving-wheels, by elon-
gating the axle some distance through the boss of the driving-
wheeu ; the crank-pin, instead of being fixed to the boss of the
driving-wheel, is fixed to a separate crank fastened to the end of
the elongated part of the axle, leaving sufficient space between
TIIE Civil. BNCINBER AND ARCHITECTS JOURKAL.
4»
ikt intdc u>d the boM of th« olicel for Xht rcwption of tN «c-
!%« Mxtb impTovcmcnt U for trwHinittins; Hxf- pnwcT from
A>al«*ni cvlind«n to the ilririn^-whti-U. by mirutucin^ a vilni-
kcjditft lA th9 fentrt b«1«»pn the itri\ ii'ifr-irlieel'i, w shown in
iWnnex^ fi^re. TbeaUom eyliiulf-ra a ore lixed to tho ailtiar-
^
ijde af th» boiler, with ehnrt ronnwiinfr-mda h, whith act on
(nnka or lot'm Ik^W <ii) t" the rrntrnl thud c ; And on tb« MiJa
«f tK* littler Are two nnna or levur- -f d, whu-h, thmtif[b tbt two
tanaeetitig-roda « e, esiue the two driving- wb«eU//t«ter^re:.
UGHTINO BY KLROTRiriTV.
William Kdwaumi Staitk, of Lonili«r(l-i.trcpt, gentlMnitn, for
an4 in Ihf apftit^titt or
^ttrtam /mprMWMMM/a In ligkling,
I." — r;rutl«>d Jiilv 3, I HIT;
ra-
liiMf MRMKMtf MnmnM." — (frutUd Jiilv 3 Ihi^T; KhtoIImI Janti^
« Tbia Inrection rrJaln to a mrtLod of ligiitinic by el«clricitj', as
^L (bavn in. Ib« uincxetl ca))[T«Tiu)pi. tig. I, an external elevattoa of
tlip HjipkAntuB ; Ag- S, ■ seetionul elovatioo on the line W« (fig. S] ;
BTid fi)T. ^ a boriioiital plaii on tlii' line jf e (fig. 1 ]. The patonl«v
d<r«cribc>s hiH >)>parutiui a» fiilJuu'B : —
M, tujcl N. are two cylindrr* of (^krkon, [>r«tMf>ed m ■« nflerwurds
deMCrilied. wbich are U*ed m the etectrodeis tttat l«to Mr, Ih* cur-
rent of rkclricity t* pa*ite(l from one to lh« other aa thpy vtand
end to «od, their ^nd* iitiffi «cpnrntcd by an inttfval of from leto
thau uu«-1<*enttrth to iibout huif Mti ludi, a^conlini; to tbo power
of the fk-ctric nirrent use^l. The upper electrode, N, ja pMUcd
rerticuUv tbroutcii a hotn in th^ «nnimtt of th« mctnllic "i|>)>oH,<>r
tripod, tt.nnd fixed by binding; aercw*. The lower «-nd< of th*
l«l^ of tb« tripod are pasaed through hole* in the eireular nain-
pUt«, A, of the appamtuc, and wnirfl in tbeir pnwtionii by rallarg
and iMita, Init are corefiilly prevented from euming into mtlallie
contact w-ith Ibe plate A, by meaiia of waohen aa, of aomc dry,
hard, non-coadu^in)i wimxI. Thit Ifg* trrmiiiat^ at hottom in oet
aereval, K, whiarh oonoei-t them uith u roiiduntin^ utrr. whirh
pOMM roond through Ihe extremities <if nil the lopL nnd tt eon-
aeet«d with an« end of lliiief>iliif the re^ilHt>>r It. The other end
of this eoU if lod to a cliunp B', with n i^ w^rKu Axed at one tide
of th« Miuars wooden haaemeot It, on which the whole of the appa-
iwttt* it feollt, and whirh is mounted on fioir >hi>rt eupports, bb%b,
at ita eomers, to allow room for aoine uarU of the appaiatus which
project ImIow the baaement. The main-plate A is Omaly attaehail
tti tha basement H. by four pilbre, rcrr. C, and U. are cones
which spring from oppuMle iii<le> of the apparatDs, their cammoa
wdB u«K«itif[ at rif!ht anffleH through the centre of the maln-ptnte,
A| which la bored out for the piirpme. The npicea of tfa«w ronet
ars perlurated, to admit the perpendtruUr central «bafl, O, which
i
I
^
I
i
ba» » mcket for rcoclvinc ml kddine the lower r)<«lrod«
M. at 114 upper end ; utd tbbnckvt is rtirniHlied «itl> Kt
iKHws for wcuririK thr flwrtrorfe In an iipritrht pontiun ill
ita ceitlrv. nrn thuUfrh that electrode xh^Kild bafij>en (« )>«
nf imaller hIm limn tbcMckot. At the Ixrtlom tbe ti>i.-kec
b miwie of B ronicnl fitroL, in order to keep thr loo-rr pikI
of tbe c]o<:tnHlr nlfnAy «nd conrrntrir, m) ttuit it niay b«
properly mljUBtctl hy the »<;t wrt-ws, d J, Tlii» *hnft U hw
a tmootA ktriufcht p»rt, Ik-Lj* iU itucket. for n )<n|^h «iu«I
to ^» diatauve between the apicft t<f tkr fixed con«n, U
nnd 1^. iriiich U t^nnl to tti« ainomit of ri«e which thfl
ohaft admiu of. to cwoipen-aic for the w«»r or ■htntenli»)f
of oiu vf the flIvctrodM, whilr Iho lixhl w in Mttoti ; thia
IOMMKIi |mrt of tba oImA mitving; frmrly tlironicli th^ hnlo
la th« Kfit of the upp«r wnc. B<>|ow thia omunth ]>srt
tbe dutft M cOQtiuiMa ftir *n pqunl l^ioitth. <i.-r«wMl ; th«
tbnwUvf th« Mr»«v giviHfT nbaitt oiif-twelfth of mn inch
of rieB for •%'cr]r turn. This ktowshI |»i.rt «nrk« thruu^
m ttutf, which ia **t Imht ib tho »jws *>f the Huder eone
D, mid jiatwc* down the cpiitrft of a holluw cylinilprAr
lob* f, whith i« (lifitwl iniernilh* (na shown «// in lipi.
S and S). A little rn>w uieo* nr mrtol, Q, in ."ft tijtht <in
tbn bottum »f the diaft O, by b«)ri^ xcrowed fii«t into ill
•nd, and tl)i*cr«*u|il«o»Q (which is aftcnrardH tiM>re pu-
licnlarljr deaeribdd) fiU aeroM th* 1ubi> P, takiiur into th«
slots or firoovcH nn tub tide, w thnt it can aliil« np or
down in them. Whi<ii, therefore, the tii1>« P it nudii to
r«voli-a. It caiTies the ehnf^ (I round with it, by iimwm of
th« alldin); i;n)iw-|iin« Q. mid mikea it to ri^ ur «ink by
its screw wurkiiis in tht! fixMl nut w, %o that thi* alialt l>,
earrviii^ the electrode ,VI in its micket, hiw n ruinry muttun
eofobined with it* verttiral motion, fur the [nirpoKe of
aqoaliiing thit w^ar of the elei'triHlet on all siilr*. Th«
tube F turns on a pivot g^ whirh wnrkit in tbe hnttnm of ■
circular )hix of mmal H. uhidi ia MTt^ned into a hole of
snffident *vM in the bottom of the brasM-pUte CJ, which is
fixed to the upper vurraee of the wimden ba^emrtnt H.
The tourhing mrfsces Mt tliK pivut y uro coated with slU
ver, a* thnt metal preaeuts a surfa4W pKuliarl)r fitted for
revelring th« current of eWtricit)-. The iipiirr end of
tbe tube P receive* the outer purt of the llxed nut e, on
whii:h tJie tube tarni, and ia atcodied at on an axis. On
the upper part of the tube I*, a wonn-wbrul 9. carrying
forty lc«th, is attached, wliicb is made to revolve by a
harixontal uauble*lliread tangent-screw T, the pitch radiua
of wiilcli is one-tciitli of ao inch. To one end of tho
screw ■■ attached a crown-wheel V, carryintr forlr teeth,
which ij arluntcd by pinions V and W, on an iipriKlit apin-
dle X. The piuiuna are at a aomewhst in'enttrr dittance
apart tlinntliu diameter of the cn^wn-w-hrel lj, and ma
into it fn>m opponitu aidei, ao that when the apindle A Is
raised a little, the lower pinion V (hnring eight teeth). Is ilieared
into the lower tiUlit of the cntwn-wheel ; but when tne apindlc is
sunk, the lower pinion U thrown out of Kiwr, nod the upper )i[niun
W K^UTB into the upper aide of the crown-wheel ; and ihc »pindle
eontiouini; lu rcvuKc in Uie mme direction a:* hi-fore. impaHsa
reveraed rotation to the crown-wheel. M' hen the ajiindle is kept
at a niedioiD de(;rM of eleratlnn, neither of the pinwns la [n j^ar
with the crown-wbocl, so that it r«mnin« quiescent. Thia spindle
X IK kent in it'* |KHMtt«n by wortcin^c thr»ii|[h a huli: in the middle
pliite, I', of the niiparatufl, which plnle is attached firmly to three
of tlie pillars c. 1 ho upuer end of the spindle works throufh a
bole iu the centre of the butlom of a circular briun box I, which is
fixed ti> the aide of the under cwne I), ur to the under side of the
tnaiu-plutc A. Thehox 1 contains n cenirifuf^I regrulator V, which
oonMHta of a bit of vratcli-oprins bent into the ferm of the letter S,
curryinjc two little wcifthtii AA ut it* end.-s and fixed hurizontally
acfvwllietop of the t-pindle by the middle part of the sprina:,
whirh fits into a cicfl la the top of the apindle. and is secured by a
small nut. ^Vheii the apindiv is mnde to revolve Iw fait, the
wei#hlH lit the end of tlie iprintc fly uutwarda by their cenlrifufral
force, nnd [m^a to touch und ruh sfriunat the sidoa of tho circmar
lioK 1, which friction chcvkx tbe motion. Thia dcwcriptiwi of RO-
veriiur preacrvea the motion ni»re uniformly than tbe orditiarjr sort
of fly, which acts by the re>i»tanc« of tbe air. .Ju-^t, bolirw this
centrtfu)^ fforernor there is a croea-piecc «, inserted Jthrou^ a
lranflver*o hole in the Hjiindle X, so that when the •pindlo i- at ita
medium dc^<e of elevation, that is to ray, when its two pinioos V
and W are neither of theni in )cear wiUt the crown-wheel, the ends
of tlip cnoaa-pwoe i meet a stop k. which may project from any ixe^
part of the apparatua, such as the cone D, and to stop Om revoln-
TilB CIVIL ENGINEER AKD ARCHITBCr« iOURNAL.
(.Fsaiujai
tions of the spindle ; while, m soon ns the spindle ia raisnl orlnw -
cred, the croas<oioca < no hnifrer meet.i the stop jt, but pncaes over
or iindn- it, ama allows the apindle to commence its revolntloni
Jiitl lie/ore one of the pinions |:earH into the crown-wheeL The
Hfiinille X la iu;tiiated and kept with a constant tendency to revolvr
in one direction by a toothed whoelK, keyed on to it Ju«t below tie
middle plate F. and this whed is driven I>y a train of whet* Iwnrk
W. su|i]M>rted hetwecn the middle and bottom plates K and G,
similar to ardlnary clockwork, and which ia driven by a spring bi •
barrel/, acting on a fusee ni, drireu by u cord or chain ; ortlie
whcclwork may have any other contrivance as its prime mover. ««.
for iiwtance. a common barrel with a cord and weight. The wheel
Z'utit Huch thii'kncvi that the motion np and down, whirh the
spindle X ndmtli of, will nut ungear it from lb* next wheel ia the
driving train.
The mode in which the apindle X and its ptnionn are ruscd or
lowered, so as to vary tho motion of the t rown-whcel V, and thereby
of the electrode M, nccordinf; to the eiigenries ol the li^cht, 18 u
follows: — The button) uf the apindle .\ terminates just below tha
driving-wheel 7^ sml reals on a plate of ivory it, which is eupporteil
on a iDort uprirht etem ofbriua o, which has it< lower end icnmed
into a hole in the Urp of a solid cylinder of soft iri>n, jr. Tiiia iron
can mor« freely up nod down in the central hole of a reel f, round
which a qtinntity of in<ulat<^d eopper wire >■ wound : one end of
thi» wire is W to the bindinf; ocrew It, sa before mentioned, which
nonnerts it with tbe poattive wire of the galvanic reKeaerstora,
and tho other end to the wire whieh pasaes through the bindiait
screwH L. The reel f of the regulator la fixod firmly to the woodoa
basement K, and a enp r of ntft iron litA over it ; hot the iron of
the cap docs not exMnd quite to the centre of Did hole la it
I
I
(tirotijrli irUcli t>ie tiTAMeteniopaMM), the central part of ilie
I09 of tlie eap htiiif nf brass mldered to th(> Iron, of onc~Katf uf
the dliinirt«r of ihe inin cap Itself. Ttie iKtion »{ tb« clcctririt)'
in the rail i>f the rrtn>'"t<ir K CAiui-i the imn centre ji tt> t'im: or
(kU, accurdliifi: (n llie i]uA»tity of clretririty ^msiLn^, and in m
iomg, Uhe Bpinilte X, which revti» on it, tv ri»e or fall with it.
Tbcrv u N little eve nttai'liod t« tb« bottom uf the iron centre, to
which w fosjiendiMl n cutiriterpviM P* (wi n«*attin«At of «uch cotin-
tcf^isM htiDg kept fur u»e), of eiicn weight iv to »llvw the in>n
oeaitra tobojurt in ■.■auilibrium, «r just r^Mlv to ri^, when the
dUtOfwe betir««n the dectrudotitt Mich m to nllow theeleolric (ur-
rrnl to iliiw frcvly ^n'lueli Ut produce a dteftdy and ci^rtAtii liffht,
Tkcr« it td«> u little itigt «, annuul the lower end of the irun
centre, vo wlacli riMt« ji Jim f, of briuw, of nbout the itit« indicUMi
in Uw drawing, 6g.i; whinh («rhonthi> iron centre fnlla below Ihe
5evtr>] ]>uinl) become* <u)>f>Arted arvmnd its outer edge by a eirole
of bfua u, &nd i« l«ft hi'hmd on it, whvn thn iron rt^utro oontinnei)
lo dt>Mend, Hiui rcli»viit|c it of iln <«i'i)^ht; wfaila on the other
band, if tbt' iron cx-ntre li* iliri|io«cd to rine ubove thv neuttnl point,
il hta to lift the whole weij^ht iif the briinK diKC (. Tiiin iirraugv-
m«nt fn*es tho iron csntre a tcnilency to remain atationnry at the
iMMtrnj iM>in!, whi«h ii< that point at wtiicb the elerntiun of the
■fiaile \ enatilea the cniKii-srm ■ to rome into (wn tact with the
alop k. mid urrevt tho rotiitinti, uiid mi prevent unneceatary work-
litfc uf thii in^ithiurry, until the electric current baa ^-aried to mncli
aa to render desiruble an ndjuiilinent of the di«tuic« h«tween the
•l«ctrwde«; which the iron centre effecta, as before described, by
rbiin^or fullinf.
The neutml po<iition at which tbo inm centre p ihould rekt, bt
wben the top of the inin centre i* mi fur below the top of the regu-
lator reel tu it repre^nled in flg. S:
The bran rin^ a, which mpparta the c<iuilibriiiiii wei|g;Iit, that in
tb« bram diw t, i« wrurpd at the proper ftei^ht by being attached
to a auflSfiently itiff *trtp of brnas tc, of a ccrtniTi length, and which
la fixed by ita other end lo the other «idr <if the wooilen htMeinent
B. The brass ri ng « can ha adjiuteil lo the reqni-ile hciirht ea-
aotly, after the iipp^iratuii i« made, liy a milW-hrJiricd ncru* pn»-
inir InnMigh the wuoden biktement, and scrrwinjc down on the Duo-
porting brsM atrip (not far iVimi u), mi an to deprcsa it to the rignt
poailioa.
The UidinK crou-plece Q, before adverted to, U constructed iu
. tbe manner fteparatcly repn^H-nted in fi|;. t. A liprin^ Q (of thin
ril brnws for inrtnnn-,) ii> attached to one eiJc of tho crosa part
a nnmll ncrew, ttu that when the cio»-pi««e a placed iu the Mtfta
tlie tu)>e P, the spring alwny* nmwitw In ctoee though not fbrcH
_,.) contact Mgaiualtbv »ide« of the alota, <to m to inaure a good
D»nductiou to the electric current which hii* to tr»ver«ij the abaft,
add enter from the cro«»-piece into the »l<>ttod tu1>^.
The tnngcnt-wrcw T is made ui>l qoiie horiaontal, but inclined
at «n angle uf vue in t<rentr, becawio tl>c lownr pinion V la anmller
thaii tbe upper one ; and llicrcfurc it i« nece wary that the lower
edge of the rrovn-whcel U (huuld be tilted n^ar^r to the «xU i^f
Ike apindle X. The lower piulon i« mndo nnnllcr, in order that it
■My the belter wind down th* main thuU O, after It hns screwed
Haelf up, until thr end* of tlie electrodes come into Urm contact,
l(Nt it ili'JuM i>ticlc in that poAition.
The M-rv" N'.i. I, whifh faittena the aland 3 of the tangflnt*
Mf*wtt> thomiddl(t pinte P, pas^te« through ft hole (, eojarged aidv-
~ IT* in lht< otiind; «o that by only loosening the screw 1, tneatand
iy turn on the othcr9crew9, aaa centre, ao aa to allow of the
RBem— irew T b«ing adjuated to the riffht dirtance from Uie
eentre of tho wlieel S,'in order tliat it may «-urk properly into its
teeth, or, when reqnlred, to throw the titngent-screw out of gear
with it »]t(igpthi?r.
The thread uf the screw of the main ahaft O. aliould be of a
wture form, bo that It shall work with aa little friction aa may b«.
wlin supporting the wi'igbt of the thaft and electnide.
A oone of white ^las* or porcelain. K", in made to slip over the
impereone C of the main platt^, and la turned np at the cdgeit (lu
•feowtl in ifet. ■ and -i), tu reflrct the light better, and to catch any
dual and nab which may be thrown iiff from the electrod«e.
A glaaa elude, whirli may l>o gnuitid rmrtially or ant, a» deaired,
fte over thn rb^itrmtcH, M and N, and tne stand K, and Is screwed
down tu the inaiu-plate \, by tho braoa circle E, iiito which Its
lower edge ia cemented, whereby the electrodes are enrJiMcd en-
tirely from tlic outer «ir. As soon as they have exhausted the
oiygen which i> within the glncs ahntle, they are no longer so rapidly
GUoauRied. \rhcn the clrclmiliM, however, arc composed of vonic
inferiur wtrtti of carboiuceou^ prcparationa they gire li)cht more
Aeailily if a very snuJl ouantlty of ntmoiinheric air it continually
alhiwed to enter; lltat la toiay,juat Bumcicot to burn away the
bntton of carbon whicb sometimes forms on the end of that elec-
trode which IB not tindergoing decummiaittun by tlic electric eui^
rent. M'^hen there are no boles iu the glasa sbado to admit of S
nmiill quantity of atmonphcriv air, two li^nt vnlrea may be inserted
iu the main plate A, uue iipiiniiiK inwarila ami ihe other uulwardx,
which would provide fur the varying preuure of the air when tlie
temperalure u altered by the presence or absence of the light
within.
Tho coil of insulated wire of the regulator R, should beoompoeed
uf wire of luch thickneiu a* lo conduct Lho «lectrio carrcot i|uit«
freely. Kur nn Mpparatiiavf the niie repre»cnled in the oograna^
it may he about tlirpv^ttinlecnlbH ufaii invh in ■linntetei' i but if
eleftrf<dH ofBliir(,'i>r *iu> lu-o i!iiip]»yc<l, the wirt^ Hhoubl be pro-
tiiirtiunally increiwed in thicknes*, and the reoulntor It, made as
arn* an the dimcnuioni: of t)H> apparatua wiiladmit of, in order
that the reel >ihould t.ike a •(ullk'>•^nt number of lurua of the thick
wire; for with wireK too thin, conHiderablv heat is evolved frOBi
them whitn triinKi&iltinir the current. Two i.-irciilnr bras* weights,
an, fit one over the irfhernrikuiid the ivury top nn.vfairiicarrtcatho
pii'at (if Ihe spindle X j tlieir u»e id to enable an easier and more
iireciKtMidiuatineat (if tluj weight on the iron centre than cim be
elTivtPd by altering the Uirge weight P, wliieb U hung at llie bot-
tom of ihe iron iviilre.
U'ben it it iti(eiidi>d to it<« mnall currents of electricity, the
spindle \. and ail its n|jpurlenaiioea>. cboiild b* maili« very light,
nnri Ibo iron centre may tor ibe same oliject be made hollow with
HdvHnlxin< ; its sitiex, however, should not be leas tluin onv-twelftii
uf an Inoh in tbickueK*.
The electric current may be obtained from a galvanic apparMut
of any i>f the known til>^t^ or from any other cxHivenient soiuce ;
ami il may be used of )arit>u« inteuHtticM and qiianlities. A good
dctn'ec of iiitenMty to u^e, u such as would be afforded by otw
hundred «ell< in 11 Nerii>K of the a*iial sort employed in gHlvanic
apparatuses: and the i|iiaiitily of the current may vary fmm that
evulred by the constiniption of Ifki than nne-and-a^half graiiu of
xitic per minute in each cell, tu tbat evolved by thr coiisnmptian of
more than fifteen graiun nf line per miniiti',
Tho wire from the positive, ihitt is the line pole of the galranic
Apparatus, is cIniapcJ with the binding screw at B*. which serrea
aa the conductor throuKb tlic regulator cuil, and then up t« the
upper cicctrodu N. The wire froni the other, or n^allve |mle of
the gnlranic apparatus, it to be cinmpcd with the other binding
^tcrew at B\ which is connected by a nhp «f ituital (^^ujipcr) to the
bottom plotc (.> of the npp.iralus, so that the current pa^Atn),' from
the lower end of the up]x.-r i'!cctn»dc N to tho top 0/ ihc lower
electrode M, then traverses the ceutral tJiiift U, paviea through the
iT0«4 piece Ij, at its lower end, into the t-Iuttcd tube P, and thence
through its uivut at bottom into the mctidlic Ifox or cavity H,
which being in metallic coiiuectiun with Ihe bottom pUte G, leads
the current to that plate and tlienre by tho f<Iip of pt>ppCT to the
other clamp, from which it pn.«(e» in r«t(irn circuit thriiugh the
negative wire of the ic^lvanic nppnr,<tus. The current, when first
applied with thi' electrodes in i^onlsci, Hiiwh fref'lv, and thnt causes
the regnbtur (bcutg pruporly wttightcnl j to riiiM.> the spindle X, aod
thus put the apparntus into genr for screwiog the centre shaft O
downwiirdft, and gradually sepamting the electrodes, whereupon
the Ii(;ht bi>f.'in» lo upueur between ttain.
The piitoiitee then ilexcribL't the method of preparing Ibe carbon
for bi-) rlectriHlcs :— About iNtiinl i|unittiiie>i are taken of coal of a
medium [{u.iltty. and of the prejiarcuj coke, known as ^('bturb's
Patriit t'oke," nnd both reduced lo a <a»\e uf tine powder and inti-
mately mixed tii(p>Uii>r. Thit niiatiire io thi'ii placed in elMt
wrought-iron moulds, which may be lunde either tu give the mbl-
ture the fomiof a block, tu be jiftcmards cut into pieeas of the r»-
ijuired xhape, or to give at once lo Uic mixture tlie form uf the iiw
tended electrode. In all eaaea it preferred 10 make the moulded
mass of not more than 3 or 4 incbes in itii least diameter for when
larger it Is liable to have tiwureK and not to be of such uniform
dcuBiiy. The mixture being placed In these meald^ ia subjecled
to heat and benvy pressure until it becumn consolidated into a
very dense and linn mass. And when the mass is in a heated suite
il is plunged Into sugar, molted by heat (without the aid of any
li<|uid,| and ke])t therein for a thurt pcriixl. It is then taken out
and Allowed to bemme odd, wheu it lit iilaccd umoiipu pieces at
charcoal in a close vessel, which i^ gradiiulty heated until it attains
A full red hcitt, iiflcr which thetrmpcralurc is incrcAsed to aa in-
tense white heal ; at whicli it nhould W kept for many boun, or
even twuor llirec days, according to tho Imrdncn and compactaeai
duslred. Or the maKs may be a »ccand tiuie immersed in tlic inrlled
Hugar while hut, uid the remainder uf the pruucta be again repealed
aa before.
8«
i
t
I
5t
ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
ttf eofttln^ the !»«■ in this war uith ni«1t«d niftar, anv i>nrn>
th*t m»y b« in it (on ita nKmnl ■urrim> at l*uu>l). htc 6lltHl up
with caruoiuicMiiis mutter, and any sutmequent drrioK renilvred iio-
iii>r«>t<iai7.
The followinfr tli* [Mlenl^c «ut«^ t" 1>P t)i» hfH rlitnenuofu for
Ihp rlwtriBtr' : — The lowrr •■ItTlriwlH Jmulil lie us lonif im CAn be
GMirratentlj' manufartiiTed (H incheo for intttanrr.) whrti iincil fnr
ordinnr]' purpoiM, nnil it Hlitmlil be of a rfliiulru'al riirni, Th«
■mnlln- ihe iliainelvr i*. the l>etUr tb« li^lil ; tiut the Urgrr the
cJtwInMic is (in rroM MCtion). the lon^r it will lii.*t with a itivfii
mm-nt of clcrtricit)^. The u|ipt-r elertrmle aeed iiwt bevfanj
grvnl Idniitii ; it >> well, lion t>i'«-r. In have It abnut ooc-tiiinl wi Itiug
KH the loirer our', nnd of hnlf thr diiinietcr.
Tlie piittntec r-DDclutIrs liU opcnficiitiun nitli tJte fvUuwioK i*''
fuunt of « metbud of enipliM in^ ciirronlb of elect ricHy to ncluatc
aBparatiia fur r^n-tiiia the upecdy liKhtiug *>P ''■ul extiiirtivu vr
amciiriitivii of sipml Inuiua lu which uil, c«inip)i)u«, "r oth^r like
inflammahle fluid is the iiluminatijiff Eulifit«iicc ciiii)>l4>yt^ ; — Sup-
pOH;for oiinmrlr.Thrrr iirr three itucli liiin]>«w:th difletent cvImitmI
glasK*, wjr white. Rrevn, Hiid r<^d, whtdi ttre reuuinMl to be eome-
tinMH lighted, kid ut otinir tinioA •xtin^tohiM or tilwimr^d, tat i*
iMual on rsilwoyfi, and not nil ut vnee, but in » particular order of
Kiiuenti-, ure*di under particular cirrumstAaCM onljr, I effMt thi*
in the fi'Uowing muniM^r. Tbo tlirij« t'Oloured lignal Ininpit am
placed sVile hy «de, or they may be placed une sb«v« tbe other. A
•cetiooal ekvatioD of on* nf th'cM is given in fig. &, A' ia s bar of
S^
A
nt-K
nMUl, harinp a drop bnrB',«ttMli«i<0 U. TliMt b«rs are for the
^urpo»e (if wiirkim; Uieeft eniagiddien, one to eadi lamp. The
^trare showa one ot thet»e evtti^niiKherw us »|>]i1iod to m lamp ; th(>
•l<ilti-d liD««i in the fiuun* iiidimte tbe jMwitnin whicb it amumps
whaa niKi-il up. The dru|i bar It' ie uttaclicil la a clnckirairii
aanpement, the detent of ■bieh i»nlivrnatult' retained nnd liberated
by tne pHEwme of etMtne current, »iid j>y iti iiii'ihiinit^nl fon-e
raisei u|i the htir B', and eauteii the light, in H'hichever livinp it niuy
ht, to be put out. The three extuiKui§heni are made to niiive lu-
ttether. to uve the iiei'«wity of (such Ming pnivtded with .t iwiiarHte
•-'itiiitfuiihiiiic nivchauiKiii. lu tbe centre of the burner of eanb
lamp IS A riiiif n, of fine ulatinuni wire, nhich in ko contrived si to
tmn-b the wick of the utiip, uid the curreot of cUirtridty beiti^
nut(li> to paw thriiufch thin |i)Htin\iiii rinff, it beconiei iiitejioely
hedtod, and thereby ittnite^ the wick of tbi'liimp. I do not reutriirt
■nyaelf, hoirever, to the smployinent uf pliiiiniini wirr. lu rnrboii
for thit* i>urpo»e niiiv be iiNeti. or any other didicultljr-fiiBlbte nmUs
rial : neither do 1 limit myaelf to the employment ui'h ring of any
narticulnr form. The wick may, far inntitnce, lie aflat iriclc, and
in that caae a iitraldibt piece of wire wotild be Bailable for tbe ar-
rai^eneat.
ARTIFICIAL FLKL.
Boynv Axii.av, of RoUurbithe, Surrey, printer, and AaiiAHAif
^ii^iiioNa, of London, merchant, for " Imfirmxmfnta in thr maut-
faciure <^ eAart«al and oOtvr /iirl' — Granted June 10 ; Riirullnl
Dec. 10, iei7.
Tbia Invention relntci, first, to the mnnufiM-tore of rharnial.
to avoid aiwl* nuited by breitkiiijc it, Thi% i* effretwl by rrdui-iii:r
the wiude to powder, and then c<nnprrK<i(iK it, by an brdraulir
freiu or othrr appnrntitB, in moulds until Cne maaa ia redured to
rom onv*-fif)h to oiie-ei^htb of it* urifpnal bulk.
The M-mnd invention reUtn to niukiuic fuel of i^TDiill roal,
lireeae, coke, nnd cioderv, with or without eliarcoat. by pulveriitn^
the whole, and tlien coinpresaini; the powder into bbrcks.
The third invention rtdutov to omkin)^ a fuel for liijlituifr lirat,
by mixing rharcool powder, mnall conl, breeze, coke, and ciader*
(n\\ or niiy of Uieiii], with tar, piteli, reiin, or other aoitsbln in-
llumiiiable Hi'Monce, and compreuii'i^ the mixture in inovld* ; and
trhftn lakon fr»m the mould, tJii* blork iit dipp«d in tb( tar, tkt„
and covered «itli «aw-d>,iBt and u-rapiwd in <>'B>te paper: a block
M> prepared will r«adily ignite on tne application of a lighted
luntrb.
«'.\TEn gai:(;e.
.^LFttKD ViscEXT NKirrw,v, of 66, Chancery-hne. XIiddli>srT,
merliantcal drHUchtnnaii, for *' Impivrvi nppornluK to br applied t*
«fi«m-b(ii/rr>.~—l> ranted Aprii Id; EnrotlKt Oct. Id, lUr. (A
oommun lent ion.)
The prinripte upon wbldi the npiximtua b) cnnMnicted In that
of a peretiMui-e horieuntal actiim of n flat aurfnce upon a jKirtion
«t tlio water to he ncnuKiil. One form of apjiaratua on this prln-
eiple IK Nhuwii in the annexed entirariiijrM, tiga. 1 and if. tminit an
external view anil section, a, tbe steum-boUer ; A, a nnall cylinder
Fifr. I.
It
Flf.9.
conimunicntint^tlierewith by two tiitieji e rf, the upper on« with tba
steam, and the lower with the water ; e, a pirton, m«»inK fnwlv in
the ryiiiMler k, and oonnecU'd by a rod / to n vibratit(« Iff*w #,
encloMMl in n nuad rant -shaped diiin.her. The pivot of tbe lever t|
pnwea through a atuffunr-lMW /, made iit the oinnll end cf the nuad-
rnnl, and carries extefiialiy aiioll.er lever A. Airnished with an
iiiden for indicAtinic, on a craiiuaied wtde, the height of water in
the Iwiler, A rod i w .ii.pfiiiitfd fmni the lever A, for ennblinfc the
uttendaot to raitic the piHti>ii in the cylinder, nnd lirinirit down
with periMiMtve force on to the surface of the wnter, in order in
ascorUin itx cjsncl beijrht. It will be at oin-^ under«iood that the
iHimc pTeti^uru of steain and wnter must e\i«t iu the cylinder and
il* quadrant caee ax in the limlttr, and that the working of Ui«
apparatus cannot be affected tbereliy.
IMS.]
THE CVnt EVGLVEER ANI» .\RCniTISCT9 JOI
*
»
I
»
ON THE IMPROVEME^•T OP IKLAND NAVIGATION.
By iioK. & rkt. a. p. PE»«nrA^ ac.u,
CnArt,AI.<t Tn TIIR QvEKt.
C■l«^ml t, — On U' Compttnttim Pinsitpeetirt Vaiiu of RaiSiNiy
and Catuil*.
la tlic nM»iiUi nf De<*cmb«T, l^il. wlillc ft (MLrty ortrnveUer* and
tmdcra were wnltlnir nC tbe C'reirK StAtiim dit^ arriviil ol the u[k
Umo, kud cafivrlr diwiiaaini; nilwiiy uii>tler!i, tLat miuiiit Ifciitj;
tben nt itN lieitflit, thi-y were Fttirtk-fl (tvm llii*ir iir»prirty. bv
he«rin)[ nn itulii'idunl in ttic room adJreM lliviii tliim: ** Wvll,
fCrattcineu, 1 will luck the o«n&la •tntiut the rniUurfl ri<w; I
iiil«ad Xo* invir>t v)i'<|lv in Ibcin, and I A<lvi>o yvu nil t'> d» tti«
AaoM." If A pintiil hud been diitcbar^ed in titc midst of ttie i-otn-
)MB}', il <^i>ul<l hiirdly bai-p priMluccd a m»rc ^triKinff pfTi-ot. All
«tu«d ; knJ niii^t, l>y invvfiD^Dt or fjucuUtivn. iCHve tuVrn of
<!xtmn« atiriirM. Som^ loiiVi-t] with pity u|>iifi lliO ngicxk^r, n
clciyitnafi, nn tliO'iffh the nAyintr, •* A> nitur ubnt cnTridam," «■«»
pMi*iui; in thpir miridii, find tltcy r»iili-ni|ilntfd onf itlH>ut tA ruin
kinMlf nnd his fftmily by meddling in malton out of hie ophMV.
Beat vhen hr prrx-rHMl tn |>r«|xtunil, for the rnn'^ideration of th«
M>M{Muiy, hi* i;ri>undii for tbv i>|)iniaii whi<*h ho bftd MprccMd, none
vera found rwdj to ^liuu]' the rc««onabl«n«M of tbcoi. Tkejr
warrtbme:
L Tlwt Ihe weitr tuid t«Kr nn ramJ* in Kt iiicmitudn-ably Ino than
UD railwavK ih^t the furinrr, if )ini|>«r(ly (.-utiduricd, luunt be ublo
to uidertcU the luttcr.
II. Tlist whilr linn of rnllirny mnT be mullitili^ aJ /fUftmu
ncowiuninr uiilimitnl romprtition, himI ron*M|U4:nlh' iinlimitra
reduction of jtrufits, meU nmltiplinitioti of linn of wktt-r eon-
Tvyancv titnliniMt phyKii'ulh' impiKisulilt- : ounimiuently, tluit canab
imuC alway* rrtain « ciim|inrHlive monoputy.
III. " Kprnpnihtr. penile in en," be BHid, " that hnmnn talent and
injienuity hnve bvm tmrd tn the utna>t to brinfr all the «]i|iUiinr4ii
Ikat vivartt rau atfurd, tn promote laeomoliMi on rnilvKyn ; wliile,
M yift. iiiithiiig, ur nect to nulbinfr, of the sort has be«n atlempted
uh miial*.*'
Three renr* havo el.-ip>^<I lince these opinioni wore exprp«-«d at
Crrw« ; let (IS see what lifclit rnn be ibro^iu ufin the xiundiieu of
tli(>nL, br oomparliy;, lit. The jirisMint Mnt« uf railuiky* with ita
eonditinn ul tnnt tiiiie ; 9ndlr, T)ie rvsperlive condition iiiul pro-
tf*tM ni railiray* and rAiudA, then »nd nt the prevent titne-
I. To take three old and well-CKtnhli.ilied linn f»r illustratian ;
Thf vKlue of the tinder-mmiioned was, in IVe. '\% ; ■«, in l>rr, '47
London and UiruiinftlijaD ... „ eSH „ IJO
«n-i<e U'eKlwn , 157 „ 91)
Lundun aud Suuth-MVtteni ,, 77 ,, AO
I I. Let a* tnhe for illurtratioo the IIimunf,'bain Hailiray and the
Btrninf;hiim (.'firutl :
In Uc4:ember 1H44, the UirniJnitltara Railway fumikhed to tbe
fn)pHe)or«, imt merely in n<rt<iHl dividends, the 10 per cent, {to
wfaich it had been Miiijiht by .Art of I'/irlinnieat to rc»lrict the
profiboii railMnyeiilerpri>i<>), Imi Aili'stiUicoo in new ■liar««,&c. —
in jfenertd ertiniatioo certainly Rt>t low thnii another lU per c«tit.
We have now beion; as the Report of this nwnpanr fur ibe hnlf-
year cndinic Midmnuaer IBi; ; annDuiicini; in tbc ptaiiieKl tennii,
tlut the »ec<>iid uf tbe causes alleKed at t'rrwb an a rt-iifctti for
rqtxrdtnjc railnava aa oA^n|i: dniiblful Heiruritv fur iuvr*tinpiil,
namely, the liiibility to unlimiti-tl mm petition, DM be^in ti> telj
with fvarful effect iixuioitt the i)n)ejH'riiy uf tills moat proit]ieroii8
of imllirBy uadertakitncK, w hicfa it no ian§;er able to pay even the
legal 10 per cent, 'i'lie riiairman in ntaled to have naid : "He
hoped tbut before Parlliiment aauelioned anv fnrtber eileobJan of
tJit* i>riticiple of compvtitiuit, \tT of reduced fiiret^ ibey would Ix-ar
in uiind the ixwvitable reaultM wbirli tnud fulbw fruni puniaitm;
eucli • eoiiriie. Tbey saw it* oiTvct u)foii tbeir lecciptei nan'
C«inpetiti<iii miftbt go on in conieiftienre of rivnlry nnd eontrntinn
between ilifTcreot cunipanieo ) but « hut would lie the effect ? The
prnprietur™ would interfere himI f«rte the direrttira tu reduce the
MtahliBlimeutd of the two conipouies to the loncirt poiiTiiMc {Hiint ;
tnun* Would bo taken of, Mrijinip uunld be dindiuriccil. Uie whole
UkuhJnery of the Mxnpaniiii would be deteriorateil, and what would
bKotoe of tlic publie Mfiily } This would be the result of tho*e
d<MCrine« of competition whieli had been taken yp by the le|[i«Ia-
»ni«.' — Here, then, we have the confeeeinn of the most intellitfont
of railway ehairmen. at the head of the iniMt indiientinl of milwny
eompanieK. uvowinir in the fnev nf Knro]'e that railwayn alford «o
iaeecvre an iaventnicnt for eapitaJ, that tbey oaiiovt poesibly b«
relieil nnon, nnlvm tn their behalf the doririnfl of Free Trade, tu
whieh all mankintU Lu ajteak ^iterallj', liate Kiten in tbeir ndbe-
Hinn, be reuiultat«d; and an artlficud protection be nfforded to
them, rhieb bis been denied, not only to the inland navigation,
but Hvun to the agrit^illure of the country !
Slennw'hile, how Ins the llimiine[faaui Canal been tmriogf In
l>ereiiibeT iHtk in roiiaeqiu'nnc of the railway miuiia, it buil «D
Tnllen in public eatimation, and appreheitvive value^ that pr^^t*
for draininfT off the water, and converting the channels into nul-
wav b«ds. were wrionnly d l*rii*<u.-d.
We bare alan before u» the Re|Mirt of tbii Company for tlie half-
year eudintt MIdiiunimer 1S47: from which it appear*, that mit>
vitbctnndiiiic its oprralionn have W*en iinueded by a very qiicflion-
ablo (in (lotnt of nrudenix) alliaiKS which it haa contracted with
the Birminsbflm Itnilway, whrrehy it boa plnced itself, to a rcTlatn
extent, under the routnd of tin- Utter, no condition of rcreivinit
from it a piarantee, in per|ietiiity. of the eustoinary dividend of
J^ per ithare fa euarantee which ii is doubtful whether the railway
company uould he able lo nudce tnaul, <lii>ulcl the canal company
ever be an reduced va to deinaod lite I'ultilnieiil of it), and notwith-
standing a " eonsidernlde proKure on the meicnnlile world/ In
which in oummon with the railnay.il hi» been i>ubjecled, its affairs
are In a atate uf unexanipjeil pronfierity. " The iti-roiuit fur ike
bust lialf-ycar,' the H«|Kirt nivh, '' exhibits a cunbidcrabtc increuee
of revenue, tbe amount for tJiu six nionlhit endinir .3Uth of June
bud, inoludjQK renta, beiiiK £m,VJ^ la. Sjd. [beinic an increaHc of
4;S1,1!>8 above the corrcfpondinff half-year in Itl^Cj. Thc balance
of the account*, after pro^idinf,' for the payment of the half-yuar'a
interevt, and the uaual dii'idcnd I'f i.'V per *hare (wiiieh the com-
■uttM now r«c«mmend to be paid free from the iucontc-tAx), «bowa
a »ur|iluii of upwarda of ii9.,')'^'
I n other CAM*, where ttie canal comiiaoiee bare not ti«d 1li«ir
hands from cotnitetine vith hvaI ruilwAyb, aa the Dimiingham
Canal Company linve dune by their cumpnct with the Itirmiaghatit
Itnilway, the truth of the first of the ren«»i)s aU^yv'l nt Crewe hiM
had opportunity of hvin^ te^toil : iiml the rocult h/ts been. t<> Speak
generally, to eunfinn and evtabliBh it* truth ; and \-i>n\ Elletmcre
on hi* watera. and the Birmi»(;ham and M'orceeter Company on
their«. to niinu' no other*, can tell the world thnt they have ceafied
todre«d any evil effecta from railway eumpi-titiun. t^mu^ fear of
whicli the foraier rercivod (aecurding to report ] from X^0,000 to
Jd lOi'.OOl), by w«y of compenualton; nnd the latter unprofitably
exuended seveml thou>iand» in an Hbo^ti^e rallwny speculation.
It romairiK to !>«• Keen uhether the third of Ihe reaioni allefred at
Creue in ISM, for preferriiifr cimal^ to milwiiyii for invextment —
namely, "that ubilehiimjin injienuity has been taxed to the utrnont
l» radlilatc Inmmotiiiri on ntilnnux little or no attention haii been
bwtowed ajMii the iinprovcment uf inhuid ii:ivi^tiun,* — itt as sound
MS the others (apparently) have proved to be; in atliar vorda.
" ■niMAnr >iif4rnrf uiirigatinH in nnt rtipiMe uf eeru grvat intprotvment.
Thix nJiall lie the uubjerl of llie next chapter : before entering; upon
uhicli, let it be well -considered, by way of eneniinm^nieiit tit turn
attention to the liuhject. that n tvrji litUe improivmmt udl Miffice lu
trrin^ iipun the canals the uhnle or xlino»-i the whole of what forma
tbet^hief vouree of revenue un many milwayK — numely, hik cos-
vKYAScii or LIVE BTOCK. No grazier, or bntcbiw, it i« belteve«l,
will be found to affirm otberwiM* than that, if tlie choice were
offered lo him, he would cboow rather to convoy the vtock that he
bM to sell, or kill, by wnter tbui by rail.
CuAPTKn II. — (hi thr ImprorrmnU qf Inland IVavigatian.
\V'ben the mind baf once been directed to devise meani of rco>
dcriaK eitr lines of inland navi^tien more nvuibdile tlian at
prewnl tliey are found to be fur the comincrrv of thc country, tlie
anmll degree of attention which ha(> ai* yet been )>ei>tuwcd upon
Ihcm i* apparent at every luru. Of the mutters cuIliiiK for amend-
nieul, eome are obvious to every pwsMr-by ; olhciir re((ulre oon-
sidcralion to be noted : othere again rci^uire arKumnit and proof.
Agiiin, »onie are in the |K>wer uf thc pa^tic^ tr.idiii); ii|Hif) the
«at«(«; uthere in that of Ute proprielunt or truvtect ot the wuLen;
olhcra airain re<luire eitli«r extonaion, combination, or tb« inter-
ferenee of the legiiilntiire,
I. Let those matters in which the wnni i)f amendment ia mani-
ft-xt tu all he first i-oiinidered. Of mich let theae be named : — Isl.
Thc ttiflc aud rtiHiillion of lAe nnintaU usually empliryeil in the traf-
flc, Uenerally speaking, these are the w«r»l of their kind, di^
nblcd, low in condition, ill-groiuned, ill-fed,— a »t^iki^^l^ contrast lu
those employed in bind duriagr. — ^«ndlv. The ttete of shr Iradnnt/a.
Natural earth, miid, water, deep sand, slippery chalk, ContraM
these with the roads and waya employed in land Iraffie. Bv the
■ules of other roads care ia taken to keep the cattle From tre^'piiM'
I
I
ittg ; fcw* turthJng of llit ftOTt l« UUn^Bed. On ollipr mada, all
(t»tM, ricofpt in cum of ext»na necenaty. mmI tli*n with ■otne
pMWn to w^tch ifcem, «re eiiwfully wloded. On lli«*, ibere ii
Ufln>llf a K*t« at 1h« «nd uf ern'}''ltt'U, tbe hNlen niuiiiiiK Aamn
t0 llie oatOT : a« ir a premium bad brpn offurad fur tbe niulliplira-
tittn rtf rau««a of ehstnicUcm.— Srdly. The aOmdann at tht ittrk*.
«1iii*h rorretpond to th» ttimpikea on land rtiads. On land-
trar#l|tng' a turftpikc-booae b a DMemiry adjunct to a turnpil*!-
)rMt«, M cJoM M poadble. Diit vhpr« In vatn-trarDllin^ (l» wr
find locfc'bonaOB or, if fmiiiil, nt what •liManrc are tkey wtuatcd
fimn tk« loeka iniriMrtcd to tlii* cnre of ihi- wnipiers? — wWy. The
rmutmnion (/ ttm MHqm wa li>w duwn tu ihv wnttrr. a* to leave no
men batmen tlwin aiiil It for an ordinary lond tu (iuh.
II. Amonft the mitt«r« in whicli the nwpwit j- "f ulwraltoo will.
priibaMr, b* admiltod im*«oii im pninlt''! mit, ««• Ih*>4o: — Irt. T%*
iMtktil'iot if arti/Sruil ht«m<itirr powr. In lliit rM]iecl, it muni ?•*
M>Kna«l»d|ce(l th'nt Kn^lnnd i* uiupwhat in >(lr»n(N« uf her neifch-
boorw, fur she S-v nttainod to hnrie-imn it mi trurkwayi; whviiwi,
ia lb* inlHRd nnvljratiim of ihp rimlinwil, wben the wind f«il», the
mennfibf lo«)inot»n««nidly had rwourw V> lire «>illier shoving
with iiinit polw; or ropM nad* fart to piwU ami drawn in by rtirrrl
hand ilniigbt; or mft) and wimii'it yukeii likp limtf Ix^nolA, «ilh
hrnad Iwlta ever thrir Iirravl*. iipon whirh (i-vpii iiii!iicn% hretist^')
tb« wpj^t of thn draiicbt »pjf«ar» tu \» Immp. — a tdsht aicJtrnitm;
Rnd revitltiiw. Ennland is in nd«nfe of thew. and for audi Krulf
lahnur lins a;ipl)i>d hriit<>ii inctead of hnitiaa brinr* ; l>ut atiH only
fwrdircrl ilmugbt : the licinff hnrw baa aa yet not bcpti npplinl to
Icrera^ in tbtfl wrvirv [aa i« uaed in Canada] : nor Imre tlnntf
dlMpcat and mod otitmua of all artilirial p»wpns tlie wnlor-
«lNi«r and thf wind-whwl, bwn m yvi applinl for n pnrpow fur
which in no many caaM xkty are ao ndntiruMy adiplrd ; ii»r >.Hi-
thinary Bteam-ewtinw. exrepl In one or two inManre^ In a few
aamm, nnddli!-vh«ela hare btrn rHllnl iI^ which, on ntJiny ll^c■)unt^
an th>< mort imdwiriiM* of all for thin psrticiilnr wrvivir.— *.dlj-.
Tkf emulruetkm oflhebargn: fir>l. a* to tlicir mA/trJi/, wlttrh. in
1^0*1 all CHM^ now i* of wood, mure e\|»cniiTc, Icm diinihlc,
kearipr. and more bulky th«n ir«n, to a very coiiMdcriiblo pn-i-vi-
Itjon : Mcondly. m> that tlie luirec mny Bout t-n the water, and in>t
[hetow it» Ifvrl. new^Mtntiiijr th« drawiuf; Ifirmgk it. \('hiil the
lerifirfrriirity of nlmt'-phenc air 'n, eocins a point not *««y of
lulinn. secin)[lh»t tiie baromctcrexhibitta p«(H-lual 6u<-liiHtlvii;
rliut tJie spccilic ffraviiy uf wati-r i» itiited on po-'d nulhntily to b*
•Hi Ih. to the cubic foot. M'heii it ia con>i«krvd thut for «v«Ty
cahir fool of barge beloT tbe "iitcr-Irvel. ^i\ lb, Kfiiiht of water
haa to be niored nl evorv in<rh, vnc would ha»e lliwii|{>il ibu alttn-
tino of ill! ctiiwerned wi'mid Ua>e bcrn d'ir<*teil to carry m mu«h
of the carRO above and as littk below n» possible. But, aomeliuw
, or another, n iliMnetricallv opp«»ite coume fc* almoet utiiver««lljr
l«dopted : aliout three incfiwol the bArge ap]H)ar« above the whter-
llnc, and all the rB»t i» *"t\V WIow — «>th»t the i;reate«t resiaUnce
which the caj«e will permit i" wrefully >e--ured. — iirdly, TV mmik
, tfnMTJnliiig wr drtcenJirngfr^in on* v/itcr-ifrtl to nn-Ahfr. Aa yel, in
rXniclanil, we bare uttaiiivd .mly t" the old lock, and that to c«n-
Mtniaed w to jttford the rhief rati«e of detention in water cuinvey-
ance. Tbe connunptton of time, the strain upon the cattle, the
wear and tear of tackle, new reqnireil in drawinjr a dee)>-lBden
barire into a lotk. are well known to all who have to do with inhiid
nnvigalioii. Vet, apparently, it requires little rontempliiliuii of a
locJt, to see htfw (oven without altering lb« iruiot ruction oflhe
barKVOa and rtill drvgjiing the gundit lArouffh the water) au iBinuiuo
aaviiuc of time and labour may be eflerted, by » «li({ht alteration ;
while the liehl for invention and eKperimwit in perpeudii-nlar iifta
anil iucliiied plane* in iw yet iilmiwt iino«i.-upied ; only our nrtjfh-
> boura in the I-'nitrd Slntt-'K of America Imvo lately' itdoptt-il uiie
«pe<Tie*nf the former, while thi>«e in Chinii ha»e of long time very
extcn«iv civ employed tbe hitter — uf which some arcount ani\ draw-
iop are to he foiinil in Lord Macnrtnejf'B Enibiu>y. — Ithly. TAn
tvpply of trettr : both in tbe Fnving it at the i-bnn^euf levels, and
> Itt 4e<^iiring ■iitiiilieii in dry weather, all muat aee liuw tnuih renmin*
I to be dune; while, few, pnibnblv, wbu apply their mindatu it, will
' flonilder any great difliirulty to lie In the way uf ifnpn>vemenl.
III. Of mnltera calling for inipruventent, wliidi It requirca ar-
cument or experiment tiiV*tiibliiih. it will suffice to Rngge«t pim, of
a meehanicM nature — which i*. fAf ffiiu< of dniuglil; Ui which, at
prevent, »» far a« appenri. no allenlion tins been paid ; bnt which.
It ia hanl to oonccive to be ii thintf iartiffcrent. But of thb t-lawL
the most important i* the jointed sy»tem of our linen of inland
nnvigatiot) — bruken into vhort piece*, under dixtlnet govenmenl*,
like the turnpike trusts ; hut uttcini'tlng HfaiiiKt one another a
ayitcra of iiyury. which the Iniatecs of tunipike mada have, appa-
rently, never oontemplated. Between London and BirminKbaoi,
for invtaoce, there are aa many a« four aneh. at leant, 1 1 in In rajQ
that one, two, or three of tncae cfincur In mceline the publisj
convmience and their own treoeral interests, by reduction of toUaj
or any other combined improveneai, aa hiim aa it in in the puxet
of the romaioiiut portion or portions to pm£t bv the reductions tl
the other*, by either maiutaininir their own toll* kt the onrcdiicedl
rate, or even raiointc them in \},e (iK-v of the redutlii'n of vthen) |
both of wliich ciuca arc found not unfrciiuentty to occur.
CHAma 111.— Oh th« Pfrtaalim* of Inbud ^tt^gatutn Ctmnyaittt
C'OIW/WNJM.
Tb« only apparent methwl of overntinliiir tlie laat-naraej diflU
culty la the way uf the improvement of inland naviifntlmi — namely,
tliat nrisinc from tlie divM<i«>n of interextn at work iijiuii all our
chief linea (apart from. direct leKitlntire interference, nhirli in thn
la«t uimI loaat-dcairnldc rcmvdy.) — i* the formation of corii cyance
conipnnim throufrbont a whole line ; olTvritig to n)) the >tifferpnt
navigation coroiMnies along the line, abami accurdinK to their mile-
age ; and to all the partira already trading on thow navigntifina.
ehara according to tbe lunvunt of capital already embarked La
thi* employment. By this nieaua it !>liould seem nut merely prae-
ticnblebut ea>y to unite, for theronuDon benefit ofall,lli<Me intereot^^
tbe couflictiun of whidi at preaent is found tu be iiijunou* to all,
The writer, who i» a rlerKymnn, and vhu Uha turned hi* atten-
tion to the impru/einent of thin department of human indu<-lry,
chiefly, or rather nolely, with the vie* i-f making it "ubjerviicnl to
the bewt interMta, peoaont ami future. of miinkind, Iimh alrendy in
dr^er^l quarter* pnvwtetv put forward suggiMi<>u« for the forma*
tion of lucti eoinpanies, which have hitherto been generally favour-
ably received ;— h« now desire* to tubmit them more extemuvely to
the considentinn of bin fLdlow.moo, baaed upon this enndition,
which he baa invariablv eihihited — nataely, That pr>-<i'i»>uH for tka
tpirilunl tnd fdufttienal ikiii/* of nU Um nm/Joif oi ifftiu-k a roM^ay,
Mfid of alt itAa are eiiU*d Ma bein^ (^ t^* fn/ovrtigi'iru^J gintn M
tttarriagi') kg its protperilg — ami alio Jar MWr btMil^ tnut*, in rieh-
n«M, antdanU, aint inperutmntiiuni — Anil form (ifirH iml a/syiuarg
iltm ^ Mieh compaujft ofniMttm to an eattnt ri«f tuamling aat-
feiifA i^Mc wAob.
Huw exleni^ively mich a principle, if gpnorally adupted by ear
gredt ciiinjMinieii, uould tend tu the ameliurntiun of Miriety, and th*
comfort and well-being of all classes, drkaing tlieni tji^ether hr
the tiirciit bund* nf ClirUtiHo faith and love, there can he nu nerd
of word* to demomtnite. The more each m:m <T<>uU'ni|iUip« it in
hia own brensl, tbe more (the vriter lielievco) it will be found t4
commend iln-lf. alike ac<-ppt.-iMe lo tlml and iippnived of men.
Taking ItinHingham B«tti«.> cent n> of Brit) sb industry, ni<h eom-
panie<< miiv obviuufly with advantage be formed, respoi;tively, on
the fnllouing main line^ omitting for the nretent the nm«id4rra-
tion oftheles-< impurtnut :— I. Kirmingham, M'orMBter,(;iouee*ter,
and Bristol ; ^. Birmingham, Cbe^ter, and Li\'er|>oul ; 3, Kirming.
ham, ^lanrbMiler, Levels, Halifax, and Hull ; t. Binninghiim and
Londtui; &. Birmingham and ChieheKter. .\g:iin. 6. Hull and
Liverpool ; '. Hull and London ; 8. London and BrlMul ; p. Lon-
don and C hi el letter.
To c«Mip)ct« tbe lino of inland navigation from Bimungbam and
tbe Dumttincturing dialrict* to tbe British Channel, there neoda but
to connect tbe (innd Jumrtion with the C'olne, a cut of one or two
uiilea, which fall* into the Thame* at Et;ham, from which the out-
let ia at ^V'eybridge ; niul m by Guiltlford and Aniad*]. Tliia at
prvacnt neglected, but surely moat important, line from LiuidMi to
the Brilipii L'bannel, either into Arundel ur ('hii-he^ter — that ia to
•ay, Lang«l<ni hflrbottr — i« ifuite complete. By it, if a projxir cora-
pniiy were formed, and the commonCHit applianoea bnnigbt in b<ar,
i[0<>d4 diachnrged in either of ttioae hanotir* oould he landod at
..on don-bridge eanlj* within twenty-four hour*, at a biithly re>
munerntlTe charge of ten oiiilllngii per tun, covering all. Tfaut, ia
time of war, all the haxard to our merehaudlae whi<-b the Puke of
M'ollington baa jtrufrnusticated from French ateamen In tb» little
French ports, tritli the nan always on their backs, would be bbvlat«<tj
and the itiealvnlabla expenditure ct^ii temp idled in the ncknow-
led^'edly-bopeleaa andertaklng uf making a Harbour of Itefugi at
l>ov»r would l>c uiperseded. Anil at all linie* i)h' riik of In^urmnea
from weather, the chief part of wh.ch from L'hiua tu Ivondun ia cal-
culated on iha pi n aayt tlirough the traits of Durer and round tb«
coaril of Kent, to SBj nothing of deby* lucalmlalile, would ba r«-
muved. The present unoccupied) harbuur of Lang*ton iaof niae ta
receive in aafety the wluile menJiaut fleet of the couuiry. Agntn,
by continuing the navigation uf tbe tl'ey beymid (iodalming in the
direction of Alreaford, and cxtcndinj; tbe n^vii^'aliiiu of tbe lirhin,
with a cut of 6ve or aiji mile* to uiute them, another line uf inland
1
I
I
»«7
THE CIVIL ENCINEER AND ARCHITECT'S /OURSAU
■nimtlon from Ijondon to t)i« OTiiinn«l would 1>« cwnplctml ; nn4
hf 4ontli)i(i»t: I he Q«i'i>rfltloii of tlie Test or Aalon l^ WMi<?|iiiroh
<tAA. nith 'I cut 'if iiir milefl U> the UiiMnKirti4(v cwml, a tkinl
hiM> •I'HiM lir ri>in|iloie<l : nad hnnp^ttin, Anindel or L4UluIi»m|>-
tMi, Kid S<>T}tli«in|'t«n bei-ome the ui>rt« i-f London.
On tliiF i.lli^r *hl^ "f the Iri*)i Chminol, ponv^ynnro porap»nie«
Wwti'n P-jliliii «uil Wiiti-rforil (hv (ho Bjtm>w miviiint ion, n«
ihrivinf? * wufor concern ah nny in the kinf^dom, anrl the reoeiiits
ID •hi^h liwrt yrur w»re )7r«>»t<>r Urnu e<*er) ; iin<] b*t*ocn Oulilin
ikI Liiiinriek (hj the Gntnd (nmtl, one ot th« finert in the kiiifi-
Am, nnil the Sliannon}, obviotitly present themaeli'H. A cut of
tlrte miles "^ llierMbmitH, r-jjiinei-tinft Ihr I'lanpywith llie Itarrow,
nald briiiir Wexfurtl nithin uiliind nut it;i«tiui) iif I>uliliii. A nit
tf about the same lenjcth from the (.iranil L'^nnl itt Balliiiadoe, into
mof tbonnJtll rivem thul run into tinloiiy Itav, would coniiert,
iltbs dwrimt Hue, the AtUntir wrilli the IrUh Siu.
It M b^eve<l by llie writer that every one of the tirelve nr fifteen
bKtirre rnumfratrtl will he admitted' by iillprMctieal m«n t4i pr*.
Mt, if protirrly rwr)itiicti-(], lu ufe u|i«iiiu^>i (or caj[Mtal and iiMliut-
\ij M ad; u the kingdom.
BEViEDra.
J Ouide (0 (V Pn^ir RryMkilUin «/ JtuiJdiayji in T^iinif, iw a
m/mu tt^ Prttmi^tting and Securing lAe Heallli, Comforl. and Saftty
if tkt jfnKa/iibtntt. By Wu. Hubkiko, Architect J<i L.E. Lotw
/mi ; Murray. !!**>'.
Mr. IfiMkin^'* Iniok iiiJiy be taken twone of the sign* of the
limet, und therefore ore ^ive our nttriitioii to it, ami n-vommrml it
ta Mir reailen. The miti ry Air unltuy refiirin mii iiu longer lie
niduHNlrd : it liai IM to u practical noavctnent, which amn ^o on.
The arirhilt-tl-;, enpnecni, and ntetliral men, who created th«
awiventem. «iiil linvc fixtered it — and ue reji>ii-e that our |nthlii'»-
tiiin ha« hern fiiunil Hinuiii: tlie earliest advuciites— may feel justly
paltfivd tliat their proeecdinjrs bavo ikt ieagtli rereivcil the coun-
' Icnanre and ro-oprrntiou of the leirialatiire. Tliuae, honevrr. vho
km held bnck, or thout^ht that the ofntHtioii had no {irACliml
■uthiirity, and w«» mcrrljr n noiiie about trifle*, mimt now hotir
iherBMilvm, or they nil] bi- leA Miind h^ tlieir more eiklitililt-ned
coniprert. Obntiimte adlierenrc lo old prcjudicef him already
. broufrht ptibrK: ridirulc on Mvvral men of (UiidiiiK; und rvpiitu-
tion* ohi^h hnvc roxt ncKm* of yearn toUitild up are at once kaocked
Linra, wht'ii it t* iuuud that the iiurticf have fur tct/res of ymr»
^Bbwaotiiiir the public mnnvy, iu tliu duipile of cwry uaruin^.
''The pnblir arc n<'"- nwakcned, aud Ibey reijoito nl tbt hnnd^ of
anhitci-ti' nr.il iiuilders it degrw of knowledge an to atructursl
arrarDieiiifiitn. »fii>:li fornicily was nc-er thouKht of. Furnllthe
brttiT irljL«> i>l' buil'lintfc it !■ iiv luuirer ei)uu|[b t" run up a ^et of
«aU«>ii<t to line i:ivni. but the biiildingo taa*l he made hnliitahlc
aOterf'tir tUnu by bcin)C mere ^hirltcni n^ninnt rain. They Biuit
fcaT« proper proviwon for lTi!hliiijr,wariniii(E, ve<itilntion,fltid sewajie;
'matter) uL«iit wbidi etoploycrii and huiidert thought very little
I »mne yeurtt kfco. The TcjMirla of the Smiitiiry CommiHioneni, the
' Uboam of Mr<'<ra. Hoe bimI Fhillipa. the work' of Mr. Ilonkinif, are
, landotariEt, wherebv profeastonal mon mny note thf! net of the rur-
at, an*! obeen-e tde di»pa«it)un of the initborilieM to carry out to
full vhnt uMid to W Uui;bed Bt as th« thMriw of Mmitury
pjornu Mr. IIiMkinj;, of coiirw, (liiclniniis nny iilliciiil rhiiriictnr
lar liiii hook; liiil liis fctftlii'O «■ one of the OlHi-ial "Referee n for Me-
ii|Hkt;t',Ti Ui.il'jinprt, will, in the eyoH of the [Miblic, f;jvi> mi otGciul
char ho->k In de-^ite of himevlf ; and mimt of irhat he
My.. Miiihlt>, that it Hill work ita «ay mith tlie le|;ijUature,
the mihlir, nod the prof<>ssiuft, all nf whom hia bi.Hik iiit«rMt>.
Af(>:''vc^ ;t t* perfeetly true that the iniprnveil ■vHtoni of «Crue-
tnr^'i <<''it« hftsaVinenmiHitty from the liibourtt of nrehiteol*
and . ;. It it hna nut bwii tottered «o generHlly amon^ the
Lprofe^^i^'Q :t^ i^ deiirvhie. Indeed, the public nt tliix moment are
rabetut of nrehitecti nnd biiildcrK — a xtiite of affnint whleli rnnnot
i;oiitiiiut> with ciinifort to the latter, Tliie ari&eiL i>« fear,
J a tciiiit uf :ip{iriv:i!Ltiiin of the value of profe«<iciRnl uteratiirfi,
therefore the want of » Iniidible spirit of inveatigation aiid
[Inform at inn. If it be remrniUTed that until our JuurMdJwaa e«ta-
no architect nral periodicial b^d been able to maintitin
til in will tJiow what tbeitUte of affaira formerly woa ; but
^ th« number of yean which thin Jottrnci/ has eiisted i>i a
Uiat <m have effected u diao^ for the better, we caanvt but
be sellable that architetti arc not 90 miicli alire ii> Ibcjr oiurht to
be ti> the cuIlivHtion of profemionnl IcaruioK. Ti> ndvrrt, a« aii
iittlauoe, to our own pablicatiod, w« fe«I well awnured Ihat by a
(.TOat nuinlier of our roaden oor cnrlier remark* on aanitary and
*lr«etural nrmngrment" were pawed over bh boinf; of n«i interetrt,
or Mil not beiiiK immeiliiilely pnuiiral, becauite the reader did not
tako tb* trxuble to iiivcHti^iitO and •eiirch out fur biiiiM'lft ho truth
or juKtice of tmr arf,'umet)ti>. The i-i:ini«<|uencc )tiul>een that many,
tuilead of lieiii({ Kmduallv led nnit preparc<l tu a practiiral ap))r*-
elation of tho iibje<'t. wnW up aa it wtrp niddenly to n conticiaua-
ae*» that they hai-c (tot tu learn a groat deal immediately and with
■one trouble, wbieh ihcy nii^^it have learned slowly nnd eaaily.
We have wmetimea met with remonstraneec lie^rauue wi^ har« given
attention to qui>>iti<>ns whtirh wttro thought the whiini of the day,
but the importance of whieli i>i now recufpii^ed by nil, thou^^li it
ahnold bo reaienihered, that a periodical like our'a in a link be-
tween the pubhe and prufuiuiional men, for Ihuiie of Ike puhUc who
feel nn interest in profsMional purautta, or eeok for infonnatiHr
naturally apply themselves la cueb a rvcofpiiKed wmrce. Ilvni
wc have bean'enabli^d on many Oceanian* to forward profeastoni
intereata, and to avraken attention amoii^ the public, •» as to in^
cure ro-ti|)9ration in carryinf^ out meiKurv- whii-Ii were diirirnbl*.
In rcfvreiiru to the prii«ent (}u(*-lion of luiiiitary reform, however,
it is particularly ini-unibeiit on iin.ifession»l men to apply them-
■elve« to it, or otherwise medieaJ men and otbent will put tbejn-
mIvn forward to seizure, if Ihey on, MOiie greater Khars tUa^,
fatrl} belong totli«nin the new urrangeinenla. _ ^
Mr. lloskin^a book ntiut be re'^d by the arrhiteirt and builder,
Uecuine it it just the kind of book which will he read by the em-
ployer. The nimDiiltev uf n club «hudeure a uiperior liiNiae, th«
gentleioaii who want* a comfortable mansion, tlic luentianl uho
requires n wife warchonee, the board of Kiiardiana who ndvertiae
for a healthy workhorioe, are likely to look into the work before
UR, ua a ffuide to the be>l luodes uf secunna the licaith, conifiirt,
and anfetv of a building. I'erhnpH Mr. HonkinK haa a IcMiiiig
favour of timber and a^ninKt iron, and in favour of brick &
agaiiut atone ; but we hardly like to say tki", for there in au muc _
candour in stating the cjue, and so much prailirjiJ knowledge di«*^
played Ihruuiibout, tliat we believe Mr. Hoaklng ifc about a» fair
^ide M we liave yet had upon strurturnl urro nice men tA. Tbci
ta very little of hta book which is new. nnd it in loirdlv likely tbn.
tijerr shoiilil be; but what there ia new, is the careful and cloHaj
consideration of what ia the best nnd mnsl practical mode of reaeh-0
itiR any i^ivrn end : and thin may be called new, for wc fear it ig]
(00 (general to run up buildiufrs without the leact convidernliou of
their fitoeaa for the poipoBca to which tlicy arc applied. It majr^'
be said shortly tkut tbe aouscs of the mctrupolia aro nuuledon-
ireroun tu life from their o(HnliUKtibiiily, and to henllh from tbeifij
want of veiitilnliun; while t)ie wwere arc w innde ae to fonit ai
elaborate machinery for potaonins the population, fur euttiiiif ol
the infant in its cradle, and tokinf; v<jar» away fn-m the life of
every inliubilant of this immenae aiwl Ibirklj-propled tity.
Ue have bni'd ihiil Mr. HoakinK is unrarwurable to th« luie of
iron under some rircumt'tniKca. ana It will be xwoful to lay before
our readen hi* reroarka upon tJie aubject. Ue saya—
" Thne ia no kind of RConoinieal tlniMute lliat rftiiti the Ktlon of ftrt Ml
ptrftcOj a* brickwork doei, and any tiruciuie wlioUy of biickt. wi in and
corabtned with proper mortar, ma; he daeniad lai ill cconnmital {nif potea a
Itre.piDof (irudurc. But llaoit and roof*, or rno) corrriiifa, cauiiut ba
formed w brickwork alone, wiiboul the HcnQce of tpscc and material*, I4 '
■0 bigr an nICBt at to render Mich a (nod* of ilntulure iiicoiMiileut with a
due icgud lo tconoiuj in thoac iojpcilant piitituUii. Wr»n» a'C to b«
louglil, ibcreroir, Ij whiih biietwori lua.v be rtndrrtd amlahla, 10 Ika
grtaiMi cxlTiit potiiblp, coniitienily wiili mai'my o( ipaee. and. ll M may
bt, of mitrrjalt alio. For Ihi* purpoie iron preaenu liarJf a« a anluianc*
wholly incombuitiUe, and capalilc. in the furm ot betnu aci) sicdei*. of
bearing otei apace horirontally, inil to aa tu leave, lor eeuiKHclcal putpaMa,
a large pro^itlon u( etwnt ju bei{ht, which biick lauUing would ahaorbi
and, rdjuirtog no »uch atiMrplioo ol tpace ai buck lauli* require for their
lalersl aliutuictits, iron, eaiplof ed ai a niian* of vertical auppoii. in colunini
or itory-poiti, wilt gUt the rtqaitji-; tticngtli to Ibtl cIFdH id fat lc*> ipacB
within an ondo»at< than UickworL icqikirft in ptri or pllUrt to give Ibe
rei)ai*ile Iwd to the »pringir>{i of vaalii, and to tarry lb« weight of brick
vaulting. But iron. allhou|b ineoiiibudililc, ii fuublc under ilie aciton of
laiinie beat, inij li, in lit more eaonomical condillon, frangil>U if tuddcaly.
cooltd wtien hut : wiiliout reheenee to IU generally biillle character, or ta
Ibe unccrliinty wlucli aiicnili il* manur^cturr, when applied in lliat coadi*. |
tion, ItciiDt, glrddD, and rQliimni or >Iot>>poiti, of wrou| lit- iron. If i*ch
thlnsacouU be produced io wfoagh^lron cconitaiically, would bend mhtm
eipoted l« a bipb 4*fftt of beat, and ki down aoy iliuiiurt iIidI bad bacB
niada dvpendenl upuo tbcmt whilit btaoii Or girder 1 al t*it.iron break
wben duhed witb water) and eolunina «( ib« aame tnbaianee arc liable lo
raiTrlNEEIt AND ARCTIITECTS JOt7RNAL.
resaaivr*
Bften Did jMi. 11 mil If ti) map i tn txthrr kiid in mj tCM. lai«lvlB| the
nId of iIm i>uiliiing«. iIib ilettniciioa of the praptnj roiifldMl (a tlira. uil
|e( to tlie liTei of Atemeci ur others within reach ef iba ruin.
So greit ii the itinjrr apprebcndd frocD tb« tieachcr* of cati-iron in
rbUiMiniti OB 6". ihat the ni'ra of ihc Uondaa f)rc-engiii« tiliMitbiaFril. who
Tfa luhnilalinjtl}, In the »tc«ullait of (h«il dutj-, inta burninf; buildjngi, >tt
prabiliitrd f'om [ling into parlt nr plant which ilrpcnti Mpoa lupporlt of
catt-trun, irhitil tlify an* alloweil lo trutl IhemvEifn to humins tiaib«r
«lin<nl at their own diacrflinn — a quililj tai alikh iht; arc nol, ioUead, M>
remarkafale a* Oief are for headlnug and gallani ditinf.
Caal-iron ia canaUntlr rKuireil lo, neverihelen, a* a meaiia of cconomla-
in| Iplce in (he formation, *ni largely alio in the lupptirl of Ihc Qoora of
iMildiaga wbich it ii ilcdted to render proof afiinil (irt ; and il i> certain
UmI 111* a** af 1>«ami, fiirJrn, and ttatj-ptnti of eaii-iron l«iidi lo thil
•JibM I that i> 10 uf, lb* liahility af ih« huildin| ta lakn llm ia laiMoed Uy
Iks nM of tion In place af wnnd. hut for the yntpa*t undar on (literal ion—
poller of miitinf die actiuii u( fiie wlmi li occ«rt lo oiaticn ttwad ia a
iMildinKi aad h fod bjr auch naUers tmleiKiiilentl; uf lli« 4tibiltn<<a«ni-
pl«}cd in the atniclurc of the building — iron rM|«r«a to bo itaalf pretacted
frofD the action of the in."
Mr. Hixkitiff froon od (o Ruincmt the monle In which iron cnn b*
•afely u«eil for ftoora atid ceiling ; but he ■dhprm to the oplnian
UiHt iritillara must be ukvH, they chould ho (»f hriek<rDrIt.
W«> immolviM hart' wit neu(«d the danser of using c«Kl-iron in
eipoaed altuatiuns in building We tvcollect. vithin the lost fotir
orlir* year*, thv tin? nt Fijiilnti'" uhnrf. [yiitidim Itridgw, whiTelhe
warehouam wrrf iiujiiKTrliil ui'on casl-irua breacummera, and irhieb,
titroujEh b«in(; hentcil tiy the fire, and th« cold w>t«rof the engine*
fdlin; u]ioii them, wrre rrarlcHl, imd in conimqugngm th« tujMr-
structure wait otiligi-d tit be lakeu duwn. In ntherallojitiomL, w*
bireseen the front* of houaea erected on timber bre<HuinnHra which
haw wilhutiiiK) th« nvaom of the lire, an pxtrrnal cyMting of Rhoot
an inch in d«i>lh <tf tha timber beiittf only injured by the dainM.
The preaervKtloa of life fron hre is ati object in which Mr.
Hoiking dmarvadltrt^ea ermt intend, atul lie has bmuKht to
bear the reMilt* of fiix reniark« on huildiii)^ at Paria, whlrh we wiidi
we cohIiI trjLimfer hI lome lpii|rili to our own pn^r(.<s. After recom-
nepdini; thiit |MrtT-B-a]lii %hM lit? rcdiirril to imc-hrirk thick, od
conditiiin of mMu-valU ur |MirtitiiiiM \mtiit htiilt thrtiuf[hout th«r
houae of oo^brii^k thick, nnd after st Ati ii|r the diingicr of the halluw
Viartcrjnc partition gL-nrralljr owd, he deicribM the vystLin he
obaef red ia Parij.
" The plan referred to ii, to fraine and briM with limlMr quart«nnt« much
in tke iDinnvr pracliied in England, eieept that thelitober nted in Pari* it
eomniMiljr imk, and it viry ; rnntall^ »riian«d brfcirc il i* applied in building
In the manner referred In; and that, a* before reinnrkrd. the carprnler'*
work, or carpr^trrti^. of the French ii not (o good at rhai of the Kigliili.
The framed tiniciure beiaf cimpleie, ttronf oak liiuen-UiNi. froTo iwu to
three IncliM wide, are nailed up [o ihe tjuartcrini;! hum<>iiUlty, at fuiir, aUi
at »»n c<|i;l>l iocliri »piit, aCTnrd>ng lo llic ahxncter o( (lie work, throogb-
nul tbe whole htigltl >)f tlit enclosure ar parlilion , and iht apaeca bftwnea
the qutiteringi. and birhind th« Jalhi. arR IiiokW bnili up wiili rnu^li tfono
rubble, which Ihe latUi, tccufria; nflcn Rnniigh for lluC purpose, bold np, or
IHCTeni from fatling out until tlie next proceu haa been elfeeted. Thii is,
In opfilr a ttroiig mariir, wlilu'h In Hart* La laaiul)' compoied of what we
know uiidtr iht aiame of ptaaler of paiit. Iial of excelleni iiuaUiy. hid on
from or upon bulb >idc> at ihe lame lime, and prewcd thraugh frum the
Ajipaiile (iile* to thai the mortar mcett and incqrpantei, imbedding llio
ilDTie r-ilit>le bjr fiUin;; up tyrtj mlcrilice, and wiili to uiucb body on Ihe
aurfaeea at to cover np and imbed aUo the tiroher anl the iaihi :— in inch
inannar, indeed, ■■ to render the cooeretioD of it one and pittm, when
thoroaghly i«t, an tiidep«nilenii haiij. and gifiug tiitngib (o, tuber thaa re-
ceiving »i]ipon from, the linibrr."
The aame pUa is apulied In Pari* to llie atftir-o, and .Mr. IldHkinji
recvmnwnde it for utluptiun licce. lie likcwiM Kivcs a dctailca
■edrunl uf the Fi«u«li mode of tDakiog ceiJiag* nod flvon.
"Hut Ihe French render (heir (loon alio 10 nearly Are-proof u to leave hot
little to detire in that rrt[HMri, and In a mannar aitainahte with aingle jnaU,
ai well, at the Initi. •< with joiiti frimrd inlo glrd^n. According to Ibcir
practice, ihc rcilirtg rntuf )>e furined fiirrore the upper aurface or flnor ii laid,
ioaaiDUt-h a* the retting ia farmed from abiirc, initetd of from below. — The
carjivBivri' ftork Ivriiig roiuplete. tlrDoi; ballen-lallit are nailed up to the
iindtr ildei et ibe j^itti, at Uibi are wiih ut i hot they are mneh thiober
anil wider than our Utha, and aie p(ac«<l to far apart, tliat nol rnore. per.
btpi. Dian one-half d( the tpaee il occupied hy the latha. The Ulht being
affixed— and they luuit ha toundly nailed, at they hare a heavy weight in
rirry— « platform, made i>f rough boirdi. it ttrutieil up from below parilld
10 Ihe plane furnted liy the lillit, inrl ataitaul Hti inrh l)cluii Ihcni. Muriar
la tboo laid in from nboreorrr thr pliatf'>rtu, and Ixtwcea and o«er the Uth),
■o • tbickiicM offioiQ ino inche) and a htif lo three inchci. and ii forced in
under the lalhi, and under Ibr joiiU and giftl«*. The miliar being g*u(;ed,
at our platteiirri (niu il,o( iallini,tn grrat pari ennijiirtcdof platter of parit.
it 1000 teU BufUfienUy to allow the plaifotn— which. It will be readily an.
dcntood, baa perfomcd the aaioe once to Ihc awrltr whieh enlarin( par.
fOraia to the paita of an arth or iiaidt — to be lenorcd onwardt to aaotbar
oompartoienl, until ihewhule ceiling of any roum or atory nf a bulldlaa la
foraied. Tbo platicr ceiling tba* forn»ed, ii, in facti a tUonf alah or laMBi
in Ihe body of *i'ich Ihe liatieii-latht which hold it op aafclii in the air are
iatorpartted, and in the hack of which the joiila, from which the maM ie
toipetiilfd. are kmliedded. By ibe proMat, Ibe under lorfaee of the plaster
lahle Itat Uken from the rnngh hoardi of tlie plilform the roughnet* re-
qiiltite to facilitate ilie adiietloii of tbe naiihiiig coat of ptaticring, wbteb ta
of courM, Uid on from below.
Whether tW vranlual •orfaoe it to be a bnanUd floor or aol, howeecr,
tbe tlooringjoitii are conred by a table nf plaiier above, aa eomptetaly u
tbci are coveted b; a platier ceding htlow. — Rouiih batteni. generally tylli
and in ihurl !cnKlti>. lr:iakin|[ like cndi uf oak palei, tloui eanngh lo bear,
when loiil from jiiil to joiit, the weight of a man wilhoat brndlng, are laid
with cnJt atiolling opan eteiy joiat, and at cloae lojetlKr at they aill be
without baling been thai or planed on llwir cdgrt, to at la joint tbeok
tipnn a rniigb InoHi flnnr thu> ferioed, mortar of nearly linilir eoatttlenee
to that Dted for ceiltngi. hut nol nrCHarilT of the tame goad quality, it
■preail lo a ihirkiieit of about ihire inttiet : and at it ia made to All is tk«
KOida at tbe rodi and tiitcioftbe flour-lalbi apon tbe joiitt the 111 bt b«.
come h<^ddr(l upon tbe jciiiia, wbilal ihey are to tome riicni alio incorpo-
rated with the pta>ter, and tbe reiult ii a Urm floor, apoa wbich, in ordiun
building*, and in tbe public and commoner apartmenu of alaotl all baillf*
isgi, patiny-lilE* are laid, bedded and joinlcd in a tenadOM mueat to fiina
the working flaor.
Il nay be added in cxplaoation of the ttateotenl, that in Parit the practice
of foriniog a table of platter oter Ihe joitli when tile* are lo be Bied aa tba
floorinf iorftee, ii employed alto when a bonded floor ii to tupereeae, —
(hat a* the anrfacea of Ihe Irae jotiia lie under the mortar or plaaier tahle,
a haae it fomed for ttie boarda o( what Englith carpnilen wnnhl call atoat
fltleu of wood about 'ii incbe* aignara, ranged at Jolttt, and ttiutied apart lo
keep ihem in ibcir placet, ovti the mortar lable, lo which tbey are tone*
timra acribcddcwn, and ihat lo tbeie dtlcia, or ftlie jaiata, Ihe Onorint
board* tie tecured by naiit; w Ihat in truth Ihe boarded flnor it aol at aU
coonected with the airuclorc of the floor, hut It forroed upo'O lit upper G«al
of pUater. The warden daor thui beconiei a nere filtiog in aa tpartni«nt,
and not nitendinf^ h<>yond the room nor o*«r the puaigea and landing to
the iiabt. the lloor in any roora ntijiht horn without comoiuaicaUng Ore to
the tiairt, which, in their turn, if Ihey could burn, could hardly eoilaofer
the imiiieditie tafciy u{ any iiiuialc uf tbe building, became of the conpleia
■eparaiion which the lilrtl and plaaicred duorof the Undiogt cSecti lielwaBii
the wooden t lain and ihc teieral apirtlnentt."
Tli(> niithnr roiiiarhit that n ainiitur fionr in u«e>d at Nottio^an,
w-liere the bou«M are aaid never to be burnt, and ara fT«e frtm
diimjt and ve-rmin.
Mr. Iltxikiiif^ itbj«oU to timber beingrlaitl hedwim in vhI)*, or
JoiMi« lit'intf let Into them, but reconmieniU that the rafter« be let
in mid properly secured n^niiNt fire.
M'e inny »1»^n'e, ii|i<iii a niitc uf Mr. Htwhiii^is as to FtenlBh
bi>ml, tlui't hi* HiivK he never taw Flemiiil) bond in Flandera, at
Rotterdam ,'ind the llu^iie, Antwerji, llniKWela, LiegH, Colofoe,
IMenl», and Frankfort. Now ihirrn is inily one uftho«« towns in
Fhuiden, and llilx in no ))mof Ihat Flemiuli bond in not to Iw found
at Ghent, J)riiire«. Courtrai, Uiitend, YpreK, Dunkirk, LUle, or
uthn'ton'na in Flnnilt-nt.
Of French carj^ifutry, .Mr. Ilnftkin^ aaya tlial it ia much bcbind
nur\ so that in Ir^miiig the floors no important bearing ia, nr in-
dc4>d m;iy be, tniHtt-d to tbe framed joint, dO|piNil«d ctimip -straps
of iron lieiiij|C alwayn bniucht in aid. Ileaaya, however, that their
ho/irded llooni arc always ton^ueil in the joints, and almoat alwaya
jinr»[iiclted. and so resi'>)ve<l into compartments nf rarioua figttrM,
und bein^ toiiiou'il and 4'dice-iiailed, tin nHit or hradheada a|>[ietir
upon the Aurtace to dul over and distig'ure the floors, which i>ein)[
f»r the miwt part of wninscot, are fur mure nghtty thaii the b«t
executed deal bnttcned flour with um.
With re^rard t» Pari*iuo mft*onry our author kt.-utci,
" [t It by lueani u( ihe girder bearing upon tbe lolidii of tlie walla, thouf h
with (mU ctipeiitrni' work, or enrfirnteriay ralhcr, that the French are ahte
to carry tip their aofl ttone rutiblo wtlli U heightt that would frtf hteo even
a London buiJdcr, aad that would ccruioly be umafe if the walla wwa
Icarucd with wooden plalex, and abakcn hy IlLjori of tingle joittt. ThS
author, being at I'arit in IH-lli, ineitured tlie thicknnii in th« grouDd-ftowr
itoryofa nenly-liiiilt C4ur*ed-ruhMs parly. wall. In tbe Kne dt la UtiM|ua
(the Ute^baiu Street of I'arit), anil found it to be eiautly IS Knglith tacbH
in that part, wbiltt the total height uf the wall wat not lait than Ul feet.
The wall ran up of that same IhicknrM through lit tloriu, a height of aol
Icti than di feci, and waa Icnninotrd hy a gable of from 12 lo Iti feet high,
of the tame kind of tlruciure; and tbert wat iMtidet a vaulted batemput
iiKif, lliraiii(lwui which the watl might hare been t*) tnehet Ibick. aa other
limilitr wallt then in pregtett to neigtii.o'iring tigilJingi prated lo t>e. And
il It by meant of tbe lolidity given to tlie tlnon byibe ^idert. and th* toliJ
braiinga whlefa the girdera obtain, that ihe Oaott are able to carry tbe dead
I
I
I
THE CIVIL ENGIN'EER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
«l
■•IghCof mwiar vlilch ntulert Ili«ni |if«Flieall:f ttft*ol. in MliliiiM lo i'i>
•(■Htf fnttlii» u Mliltti ilw fi«un uf tiuildtngt tta iweMHfil* eipotcd in
Mb."
AnoAit Mr. IIidtkioj^M ubjeMioiiit i» UmI to llii' uwe of concrct*
M k arrr fc^liim for wnllu, froa Uie Di>ti<in Hint a fffundatiim ia
lhu» rvnJerrd alrunit ty (l«|>tit ; w b «rW M ht aArorntf^ tbr uw of h
'' - I ■ •— ■' • --rTeU! uverthe whole fwuinUtivii, m> tm Ui g»ia
tiff enlvrtnjn* i» to thv woodm >kii1in|!^lM«r<t,
ni>>H<^> fitlh, JinCTMnfuii-, ■ml ilnti^r, an it i" dftcH t«« clw"^
JiS!i^. H« itl«> 0«nnid«r* tKat UvP <l««]t lM>xifi|pi fut
llitaai>ly nutkr » Iia»<i» llu»m itilliLminalilf, Uid
roller- blinda in*tiMd.
Ft da not tMnit Mr. lln-'kiiiK' <l<i'4>ll'< Im) mui-li upon tli« pre-
nmtioaa La W«r tkkrn afraini-'t Aro ; niiH if nay of mir rMulert «li>, we
rMMntncnd to lli«ni thtf fuHnuinK judilic«tiun : —
"It mppttn finiB «a nliitulp apprndeil t« a Report hjrMr.fai'tiairnanlli*
CaaMtuciion of Firvfiroof Huildiagi, wiih IntroiJiirtnTir Rrmark* br Mr.
aaaurl llaliuw, puhiithcd at Ijicrpool in IAI4, thai ilic inaiir*[Ke-uttm
ta«*ai bj Arc tn Livrijiool Utn*. in tlm Im ytv* tttdiof UtMiahcr,
•otD of 1,131.42'/. TliLs *iini AfHit not, of cuurtv, iaclwle ih«
I tfl, aiul albpT in;un(( to, l!i« poor whu lio not in«i>rp, but who arc
tl«>;i gtemi nflcr^rt iimtciof (Irei and lomc or the flrM which o«^»>ionHl
Ht lour* orre riUotioe roBflagntiani. in which liiu «cte loM in th«
UlcwpU mmle to uibdiw Lbe iiie: nor diM* it includ* a prnlMlilT larg*
aaHHnl of jiitiprrtt aol infincnllj Iniorcil U> (wver Ibo biuei.
L''(' r'lirt caUiiutin )>>' (Ic. iFtii by ihc liigli r«tc* of pTemiuni
*hi(ii I ■: v&t^ wire cviiiptllc<l to cxift 1« taalrli iliein u> lueii
tlrB*— ■, •"- ,-<»pUaf L)iicr|wol a^'plkd l-i I'lflaaxiriic al letigth. ■■t<l dI>-
I, In I>tl3. *D Art t« Min|i«l tliciuxIrM to abide b* orilain Kliolttoiur
tllani, a* il 'cganUd tUt teeuiiXy at kuiIJinga Irani rire. The effrrl <•(
I Act, 8 ft r ViM. e. IM. and th* pramiiia of a aiippl^ of wittr iTailabl*
' of Or*, ttaa br«a to rt^ncr the rain of iniutanrr- rnniiilcralil;; but
rcliit laPiMm arc c*llinal(d l« havr cott rium 200.OIK1I. lei 5D0 OOiN..
rbdnf adilcil to llie ln*>n abutc bIiii^J. oilh • infliii; aditilion fur \he
not nclMilH in tlic ntinale, «ill ilrnti aii annihiUimn of proporty in
ttvwa that, tod "litiiii ten iliort yean, to the cnornioa* aroouni of a
UllAM aail a half of moorr."
Tbv anlKiw ia not quit* rlnir iitHiii thv Kabiect of vtvniilatinn —
~* tlien it into its intani.'f : atlll faiN reninrKs w* w^ K«>rthyt>f
In cnnctiiiiinn, wt may ubnerre tlml Mr. IIiiKkin); hM rend^reil >
{fTMt servW to the jirafeaiiiun by the |>iibli<raliiiii iif lliin bunk, aa
aittfTuI vnric of rt-fcrrnrv, and'as a vindiration of the |irnrtical
[Jsiiiii fif tlie Mrcbitednnil prufiHiiiuti Ui tlieir pn>i>OT sbare In
Mnctural arriuigemeata.
aifway Prvtiicf. B>' S. C. BaErs, C.E. London: H'iliiams
\taii <\i., tH4T. 'I'lilril nn<l Poiirth iVrk-H.
Tltr*« »i^ twi» lare* vi>|uiiie« with n ptwfu-ivn of )>lnt«v'<>"»iiW
[lit* tbiril and fotirlli of the *er\fi of niijiasy [>tiii.-l h'O. Th^y arc
flnri'lBlioiK fn>m t\vt I'arlrfruUio <fa« CStinin» <lf fW, by MMara.
[FM-Uxiriri and p0lon(^Mll. liut derived from Enjiliidi mnlrrinlK. It
iCuriou* tliinfclhat ve should h» indebted t<>the f'roncli for th«
Sftiuu of iHir own rnilwny vi.rks 'md tJi.it (liorc xliifiild b« a
ffttber of entcqiriM or it^al lu |iii)iltili nn uri^innl ni-r:niiiit.
Sa it ia bnwcrpr that ire nre partimilarly di>tii-ii>iit in ui^Mtunta ^f
aargnat nigiiierniift uiirka, and Ihiit from threo mii««a: thai our
EMt en^iiMK hare nu tiin« to writ^', Hint auryuiiii^f; orifrinocra
re Du ability to write, anil Hint eiurinccri f^iiemlly do not buy
111 wiirti^ whvfl piibliMhed. Tlin>« tre are often served nt
i>n4-hanil willi ncruunta ofuur nwn wurkK by Fri'iiohnii-ii, Amvri-
(tertnanii, iir Ru^tiiiiiiH, and after the e.\)ierimont ha* b4'<>ii
it Hbniiul, ve jret ri>nfitl(>rirv (•iiimt^i to make a triui here. We
p, |ier)iu|>->, the Ri»n.> iiidi-l>it-il itndtr Kui'h rin-umKlaiinm tu thono
rho, liLe .Mr Bree*, take the trouble and the rlab of makinu tia
Itnintcd irilh inir own wi-rits. 1 11 the pre«e(il instance, we have
.Mr. BrtM^ !«>■> vulnnioi', wbirh will bv fiiiind itiTiiliialilf lu: ru-
I (if the be*>t praeiii'Hl exnmpte^ uf railivay eui[ioeerin>f. If
•» bn«-c any fjiiilt lu liii'l it U that hp hn^ nut fiutfiriently re<lu4'ed
the Freni'li infn*tirt'inptit<i, n tabinir <■ bicb if pKrri>rini<d by hlin or
I fci* naxiatanla viiuld hsTe aaved tbnt of hiu reiiderii.
Thf tbiri! nihime in drrntwl to iMrthi-orkK, permanent Tay,
^Vluckti and kIi^mt!!, raili nnd rhaira, « ith turn- tables, sidini^ and
■it<i)Cfc. The lourtii vutiiint- deMribn ttatioua, (.nrriufirs lrui-k»,
^ valor rranr*. nnd klatifm plaiit.
M'bdn wr my that tbi-re ar« inure [ilali-ii llian trxt, w* think we
ITrr a iifrr stnmi; rccuramendatioit of the work tt> tlie pmrlical
an. ThrcL- platr^ tim nrc litletl vitli drUiili', twi that nuthing it
>iu)te«l to ffivf a correct idea of evcrytliiiii; dwfrilfcd.
Atnanfi t\,v platM are ;— The forma of *r*ry kind «f rail in nae
in Kriiflafid and elMwkrre ; (nwobiner^- uoed for tnakin^ raiUi n»-
ri)tBt«Ts and platelayera' tooU; nm-'itoHea un varinni! plans by
Rsbtrt Sti>plii>nson nnd other* ; tiinitnbl«ii of tlif Lvwlun and
Nortb IV extern, .Midland nnd (.irent ^Vortmi railwarx ; liH-i>nM>tive
turntable; HeiL-h-bridiT*' ; l.'vH orxsHinp. nnd ^(c* ; double and
MMjtle Iniist britljte- ; i-ro«*ii»jt« r*r tfmt-.ra/y work* ; earth wn#roM '
uf the London and Nurlh W exieru imri [irent W'wiern ; Mr. Jrr'i
(inrtdn «tatiuu on the Mfeiii-br«ler and Sheffirld ; brid^ft^ uver tbe
Www. Clyde, and .Men*?; vbdurtB«ntbe MnnchiMcrnnd ShefflejiL
and MutrhMter and LtvAi ; i-ulverU nn the Lorrd»n und Norlli
Western. Ainoni; the Rarrin^eB are tl>o«« of th« I>iiMi<.n nnd Nortfc
Wfrteni. liinnlnffham nnd tilmter, Creat ^reiUfrti, of Kreitcb^
Ui>nnnn. anil lU-Igian ruilway*. with dftaila of tbe wht-el*, nxJm,'
frnmeK. l>utrer-«priiDr!i, and l)r«>»ks. Thew plntoe of carrtaf'^" in-
clude pRuenuf r and miiil oarrlnnM. hnrM-bosc*. tnirfca and gtioit
wajToiu. Thi. [Kirt Ik nf |)nrti«itlar value si a time when the in-
duenn! »f the carryiinj abwk nn the iwruftiir* and irnrkinu "f •
lin* it tbe point whifh muat »ll«rm the e)i]tini>er. As the plnnt in-
creaaea, atid llw nvMaaitv (nr i^nnomy in th« working Iwivimw
KtCNtin-. the altenlltiD (ri'lh* enfiineer i» well b«ctawed on a knuw.
Ied|C*<ifth#bwtconatrurtioii of nHTij.4.*ei(, and lh« ninBt pfficient
mean, of inipri>TinK them. Htthwtw verv ninrb nttj-ntion lia«
been tf'ven |<> the lominotivv. and to ■.yat4>nu of attnutpherit.- trac-
tinn. but a more iinmedtHte ntfefvnce tn tbe liuad t« l>e carried is
tbe point to whicli Ihi- engineer mill for «oirie time haro moat to
direct liimMdf. The r«lahli>)inienl of lixhter enifinea and ^nuillor
lnui» "ill call for a creal dral nf )ii)renuitv tn pnivide plant miit-
nlile fiir xarli a diferenl ayHem of irif ti<ia.'
Mr. Brt-micivm many exuBplea nf lar|r« at ntion* and their dt-
UiK Among them are tbe Sntiih Wealern at Nine Kluia. tlw
Eim»n-»pinre IcrminuB, the Birniiiichiin terminits, ilie .Vurdliahn
ntntion at VienniL. the Brunn antiun im tbe bitter line. itiiti<m» nf
\'crs»ilIc«aBd I'eiq, ihf terroiniw of the Vemailliw lirui at ParU,
thi- Dublin and Kin/^tuwn trrniinns. and tbe Leedn station. B»-
Hdenlbene leawlinir ti-nnini and stn t in nc, plana are g'*^" of (utsr-
mrdiatw atottoiits m Trioir, WatfiirrL M'ldvMhaniiitnn. N>irt..n. and
CoTrBlry, on tbt- J^Mudun nnd North M'i>>iern ; Thnnii>* I>itli>n, nn
the South We^dt-rn; Heading and Sh-u^b, on the tirest «"e»iern,
nnd namcruus placva on forciim liuen. Many of Iheae fit»tiona,
MlliuiH.'oatlii; I'aritand Kiini-n, nrr the work «f Knitlinh t>f)ciii<ii>r«,
nnd it is Kratifyinic tv perceive tliiit many delailo intrmlticMl by
tbcni hute nened us »n vxamole to their fnreiftn brethren. 'Die
Ntudy I'f tbe fi>rnfcn plunit by Euicliah cneineer* w ill eiuiMf ihpm
tu return the tunipliniont. bnnuM the ciprrienrf anil in^-enitiiy of
th« Biaiiy men <rt utiility eniployrd ubruad runtiot fail tn be pro-
ductive uf many viduaWo iaiprovtrmcnl*.
In ciMK-liiHion, ■• cun unly repeat ubat we b»\-e said In tbe be^
ginning, that .Mr, llreei'ii work will be found mtmt tmvful to the
eiigiii>-«r. it ia a rvjiertury of ei-erj" practical detail niiiiMVrt«<}
with railway irorka, and it has the adrnnLifceofprMeiitlntf ruptoua
exnmplftt under every biNid of reference. With thmie nxinls we
commit the work to the banda of our readers, betu^ fiUly Minified
that il ia wdl worthy of tb«ir auppvrt.
Drrigitt for Srho^a and Sr^Mt-HrsHtn, fiimAial and Xalionat
By H. E. Kknuall. jun^ Architsct. Lcinilun : WiDiunia and Co.,
It^tT. Folio,
Nrtt to rhnrtbea. acbnola are perhapit Ihe cinn of building
moat in reipieot. miinti to the neeenslty that ia felt for providing
eiitieation lor the [HH)n'r and humbler ranks at aoeiely. Nnmer-
nua buildinira uf the kiiul buve aurontiti^ly bee>n fnandrd nnd
erei-ti-d of taltf years yet very feu are 1^1 lutiafitr.tnry in p.iint of* I
deaiicn aa tbey mitcht h.ive 1i*^(*n n-ndered, nt the Nncne, or very
nearly the »amv ro»t, merely by tlie application of a tuti*) ttudy
nnd jndiniiualaote. l)r if it be deemed of nu minn«>nt of what
kind tliv tiiilc >boirn iu ouch clructnre^ be, it ia wrer a« well m
more eroiiomic tu attempt iiolhirit; mora than what ut iliiy abflo. .
InH-ly dcnuind*. Wo a^rrec witii .Mr. KfndalJ when he my\
"Blllumi;b some of the natiotiiit Kchnnh lately erri'K'd are very
creditable to their reKpea-tlve arcbiiM-ta. the ffeneral te.ult of tbe
trri-nt inovcmrnt appnrirnt in the btiildinjftrf chnT<-he"i, acliinik, fte,
redoiindn rniber to the hiitioiir wf rvsuaeitated xeal than to thai oPj
nrchileiTtiir.tl tnlenl, iki Krent in the tninen«sa, nnd *» ap|wr«iit
the mi'diiicrity of conrvptinn, both in nrrunKemrnt and style, in
uaay uf thetn, that w<Te it not for the fnitii tbey effni-i. ni- should
reffrrt their very eslstence." .An rfgnnU tht- utter timlt'lemniaM
frcijurntly »!iu«ii in thinKnuf the kind, blame rent* as miich wfth '
tilt employers ua with tlic employol, alocc it U tltf ifaumooft of
a
TBB CIVU. EKGINEER ASU ARCHITECTS JOITRN'AL.
[Fl!BRl,'4>V
the former — their Irutompeteiu'T to jndj^ of dariarna milimittcd to
then), tug»tber with itit-ir rhililUli deUmiiiiBtlun Ut ekemw tli«
privilfjr* of plr-uAnn tlieniwIvM without bcin^ nrcotioliiblt t« uny
«ne for wliat thev tlo — that encniiraffrH aa much pftltry dMi^ni-
The to/ Mf 'i.'frr p^uir »-ilI rml cscufte defurniity in the r\ *•*•*(
Stk«r«, whii will in turn cxercitte tlietr oirn privilcitu yf oiprcf»l"tf
ecnaure and ridicule Trhpr* tlicy «rr deiu-rmd — a cu»?iilpnili«n tiiat
ought tu be leriouily laltrn t« miiiJ by thuoe who huve the dir««t-
lu uf fur ni»re ini|»iirtaiit edtficM lh*n schixd-huukv*.
^fomflhLDff o( exUTDiil cDmeiiDeM** — wc Mipua quote frvon tli«
prcfitc^—'* should bi? nvi|[ii«lia> matter of courm, to the huml-lt^
of Rich crtrctioui ; uud, under ihi; dirwttun of gitoi Imrtw, nueful-
jktm "t |>ur|MMe and beauty of dcwiKCn nay be iiwd« mutually ta
Wifawrve to ewb othrr. even when the IntUr i« but • t«««nd*rT
cooaideration." It may bo further o1wcrr«d, tbat it ■• nut ao inuvn
pwitive baauty aa well-fn&rkcd ehnnH't<?r nnd offurtiwnMa «f
OMmlUe, tlwt oucht tu be ntudied fur UuIMiukh in which a cerlnin
4vgne vi homcliHVH* ia nu mure thau bccvuiin^. And thia hat
npou the whole; bc«ii well aoouinpUahcd by .Mr. kvnditll — tbuiigh,
aa was to lie rxpeclrd, more bajiuily in iraiiic in<tanc«« thnu In
alhcn. The caUection caiwitU of liolh «»«cuti>d and un#T»rut4>d
dcaigDs, each of whlcU ia shows in a p«r«pwtivc or piclnrinl rii-w
af it| a* vdl aa by a pl«n and e1«vnti«n ; mid lhi>r« i« nlui iMtcr-
BNWtOflack subject, cout^iiiinK reoutrk ii' woll k» mtyrtr ••v|)lana-
Uwn. The uiicx«culad deaian* mrr five tu immb^ ; the nth^n are
tboae of tli« ruUuH-in^ buiUiufa whicli have l>«(>n <>r»<itMl bv Ihi-
autker: Child«rditd» Sebool, E»»ex ; the Poor Bi>y*' SfhiM.f, llie
Poor tiirln' Si-booi, and tha Comm«rri«l Sfboiil, nil at B'lry St.
£<lmtitid'x: Dip building for th« BnttU and l.inirton Niitiuiud
Srhoiitx. ft Buttle ; Wdl#«d^n 8chwd ; nnd tlie Infant St-hiMl at
Statnnorc, which bUt in uaid in lli« ic<^>uiit fciwu t>f it to have
itv*n ent-ted in IRU, "attbeatd4> ^s]tenei> of Mi^ii Merlin, a Itidy
diiitiiiK"'*h<d duriuff h«r recidene« in that beautiful villofn' fur hvr
Woetrtdence mid evtpnd«>d charititw.'
AU tlte dc<u)inA nuy iMt dcaignatcd Old Eag^Uah In atyle, althoDfrh
it ti nM that of one and the aamc period ; nor do they id) tihon t)ie
aaine mode of eonstnicCinn, some of them bnn)C in iniitulidn of
tbe " hB]f-timli(>ri>(r bonMM, othert of n-d htick with slunc dreaa-
inff* and iiuoliu. The Kliiwbetban atyle hns been niiiilitxl very
happily in whni striken n^ an iM-in^ the be^i de<iitcii of nil — nuniply,
the schiHd hnildinjfv "C Kalllp. iu whii'h, irhiti> Ihi' rbxraricr of the
UyUi itwlf ia uul unly u«ll kc^t up but CKuriMiied with L;u«tn, the
•hanutcr of the paitleular kind ufbaUdinfr » tm»t unmintiikvnnbly
pronaaiimd. Althouirhpn'foctly re^lar, both in the uran^teinent
ttf ita matrtni ami ihe fiMliiri!9i uf ita elevatiun, the whole eompiHi-
tlott, ai shown In the p«rii|»einive view, iii plemdn^y varini and
highly pi rturesque, yet (ufltcirntiy «>livr uithal. The laxt nibject,
dwitfii Nu. S. libiiwk A rilher eiteunite iind eomtilex )fTOilp of
- kuilolnga in the Tudor ktyle, and in perviiectivo make^ a very pj«-
lwniai]iip oompiHition. Indcpmdrntly nf thtt inlarriM and mrrit of
lh« ddiinM themirlveH, the artuitio MktU displayed in the pictorial
represeuliitiun* uf them cannot f4il to evcite Mlmiratiiin. Thry
ar*" very i^iiperior prodiicljoiii' of their Itlnd. — rtiidit-)' of trei-n and
fi^reo iiM M'rII KK uf buililiu^. (twin); lo Mliich, to the Aiihject
itMli^ and to the laMeful mnnnrr in which thr work in icnt up in
•nry respect, wemny iintiripatefur it a hrichty-fnvouralih- m'l'jil inn
even amunjc thiMPM >iu liiirdlyinake any pretensiunA to aoLateurship
in arthiiecture.
HISTORY OF AI«:[IITECTl'RE.
We have received the folluwin^ riimniunicattuiu ia reference tu
Mr. Elmea'ti papery and which wu lay before our retulera :—
StM — In your Jatimal for Nureinbrr Uot, pa^e itSH, llivreiita
statement wlu<-b. I fear, may lend w>mo of your rc-iidcrH Into error.
In liiu life of StUiirt it ■» 5uid, " I'repumliuiu fur bi» wurks were
Biad« witli Huch mpidily, ihsl in UBH tliey "ver* i>re»«nt«il to the
pwblip under thi^ tith'. of ' Tho Auti(|uiti<>» uf Atheiui, &c. &c.*
+ *«U. folio. ITSS." Now, the FiriA Vulumu wiw publi«bod, im mv
Iw4 <>rif;inAl mpicit *how, by IJali«rkorii, in l7t>V, nnd nolhiii;; is
•aid in the tiLli^pMge of fvur volumac (nltbuuffh in the budy t>t tliC
work two Biore rulonuaaK r«fvm>d tu, and fvu only); it in diit.
tiitcttv marked Vol. the Fimt. Vol. II. wun publiiJied by Nicboln,
in i;H7 ; Vol. lll.ul>ca by Nichols, in 179*; iind V«l. IV'. by Tay-
lor, ia Iiil6 — that U,not till Miyeara after the time above referred
I*.
U page 3W, in the life of air Robert T»ylor» i« ost «f those
eommMiplAM and Rwwupinjf attimkaan eanattntl/ dlrerftMl aipdnat
the late ttuildiu^ Ai-l, un<t in which 1 never did. and dn mil ttow,
join. Tlinl it bad Home defei^t^. ■>< veil aK ».ime niniuiiitnc, I am
free ti own. aa well aa thnt in thi"*- rr4pi»ctx it nMjuired alt^raiion
— perhnpH in no roHpecl ra«re timn in itn provi^oii for Ihe n.iyment
of e«{ieMH->i itf party-walU l>y the owner uf the impravvo rt^nt. a
l«rm whii-'h the result pruviNl t<i bv alike uniHvlatu aitd ni^niA.
But that it WH» infinitely Itetter av a whole than it« aureei-inr, \a, 1
believe, now almiHt univcrMlly admitted, and I could wi*)i than*
who BO laviih- oondeonn the lata Act in the bulk, winild cundMcrud
tu explain mure fully tbine parlioular p«fte Wf it a|f«iD>t wliiilt
their attacki are directed, or to which they uhject.
A t'.«X«TjlWT Rc^DEai.
8ia — Theacriea of article* entit lot a '" llt^tury <»f ArHtitei-tare
in (ireat Britain," ronlnina aoRie upiniuu^ and remurki thnt ap}ie r
tu have bee» uttcrrd r»tbcr lia«tily. I buiK, thrrvi'orc. ym will
allow me tu animadvert on what uuynt nut, for thi: interest uf art,
to be •nitTcrfd to |ini«> iinonntrwlicteil.
To Wicin by forrectiuK ttome uf the mi'takea :— The deiiifrn nt'\
the [ndia-llonsc i« atlrtbiitcd lo Ja|>p, tliu Company's Durveynr,
wbu wa>t only enipltned tu e:tecule the ivvrk», the de^itfn iImU
brintc by ll»llni)d, an ih explicitly xtated in the hioitrapbicJil arlicio]
on the liitter in the ftupplcment lo the ** I'cnoy Cyclopaedia.*]
Jupp cvrtainly don not ajipeiir tu have been of nny nulc nt nil ial
bin prof CfTiion', therefore it i* not very likolv that he wan the real j
author of the cdiKcv ; or nt nnv rale, if such clnim wn- ti> l>e Kuh> I
btuitintvd for biin, that of Hi-tlaiiduii)rhl to have been not uver-
luvkrd but formnlly ict »»idtt.— la Kpcikin^ of the t\dl*;;,« uC Anr-
gvuu-i. M'- Kliiii-* dcwrriliM in the ppesent tense the iiriirin^l front,
or rather the [".■rtico a«it oripn.tlly existed j)re*Jouid_v to the frutitJ
(•ciiitf extendL-d anil re-inodelleil tiy .\lr. Biirry, wli^t, he *A\t^ adde4|
iH'u ciduinnit to ibe portico ; w«re which the ea«e, it either mnatsl
hare been at Unt only a tetrantyle, or would now be nn uet4istyle
I iinv. The fact <«, that ini^tead of addinfc. Barry merely traiiapoaed
two (>r the rolumiM, takinfi^ them fnun llio went end of the portieo,
loid pultiiif.' Iheni at the other, thereby making what bad hi-eti the
tirst iutercolumn from the eiiMt, the centre uiie, aiu] ko briojfing it
intu theivio of tlie lenxthem'd fitvude. He aim fluted the shafta of
the pidnnins and cnrvod the bed-nti>iil<liii^e uf the rornire. The
writer** optnion of the Cullei;e of Siirircuna in tlu iiri(ciiiul vtate,
appean to he infinitely more favmiriiliU' tlmn diitt:riniiiialin;r. i^
hting pteiKied to n-fer lo it u* an ''' evainple of the t'eniuv of this
taxteful arrhitect," viz. Dunce, — wherciw, ucdeKi^ned hv him, tlin
whole front whh a munt hnrhnn>u« and i ulfpir parudy of the )i\jIp
affected for it. So far from the etdumnb being "'tastefully adapted"
t» the buildini^ beliind thctn, there wa« nu aurt nf adaptaliun at
all, nor the tJi^fhteBt coherenee in rx-ipnl tu character beiweeii the
miiin buildiiui niid the portico. Miiny may lie unable to recollect
what aun uf figure the original front rut, but vit-irH of it are in
exiutence, which n>«ureilly rtroiijdy conlradici the praiie aliich
Mr. Klnn.** hiu implicitly Itesiowed upon it.
With regard to the front of Giiildhnll. by the «mr " tx^eful
nrchited," up arr told a po biuret ir.il ly thnt it " i« aiueunble to mi
Ihw"." Tbiit, iiotwithotaiidiiii: Us ;4iinin^' at Gothic or uinvetbinii
of tiothii! chuiacter, il in so f.ir from conforming with a* to violii*
its leading principles. Yet th.il tni/ht hnvr been ciciiiwd, had hut
nitioiiitenl and iirlintii: exiirPMiou of iti own Wen imparted to the
facade. Thoiip(b evidently rcrj' reluctnot to iiclmit anythinnc W
the disparagenieiit of l):inre. even Mr. Fdme- U ubiijjcil t« lahiandon
the exterior of ttiiihlhnll to unTtiiliuC'.ited reui^ureond rlilicute, nnd
remark Ihut ilM " fiiultH are mure than cumpeniuitcd for by hivwell-
pniportioiiri], urieinal. nnd rlci;:anL rhatnhcr fur the Common-
coiincil, /tc." .\dmittinir that the latter were »er\' greatly tKiiic
riur l4t «biit it Jirtiiati) i.s, it would not indemnify for llic positive
nnd btrikin}; uglitic-Ht uf the exterior, nhich of i-onite ^uinns (he
chiir.-irtrr of ific liuiMinf in Kl'neral iipiniun, and ia «t> rudicat a
defect tluit it adiiiitH of n<i cure sburt uf an rntirelv new fat-ntle ;
H'hcreas finy defect or fnlliiii^'shoii internally in :<ucii an apartment
BM lh« (*uninio»-counciWMoni might have tMCeii esiiity remedieil at
anv time.
In hia i|uality nf historian the writer hnit fnllcn intv ■ inuet
^'Inrin^c mistake when he *iiy« that .Icffrey M'y'itl rriu* xcliH-ted by
William IV., a.i hi* chief iiccbitect, to enliu-tfc and cnibelliah
Windiinr Cuutle, it beiiit; iiotortouH to every oni\ tlnit he wiu no-
ployed hyUcorKe IV., ut the time uf wliutie doceaac the worktf wers
adiiini'ln^ toMiirdn c^>inpl(-tiuu, for he had beuuD the ne<* aiiarl-
nicnU. Ci(ua]|y uotorious Is it thnt it ua» Vv*'Tgv, not WiUiaio,
who chniifced the archilcct't name to tbiit uf WyattviUe.
Wilkiua i» not tretiled very indul|icnlly by the lii-ti-riHU ; on the
coutrmy, ia apokcn of with a dc^ci: uf asperity that eoutraals
TUT. CTVIL ENXTNEER AXP ARCHITECTS JOmWAL
«t
■tnioitly willt tlie cvidrnl ili>«|iotuti»n («• tnurh m icfntly ns
»!■■ " ''■•■ •'•■liiitiui'iincb i>f niiiny otlivr vrcliitects Tbouci*
' uf tlic nliililkii im-i la«le uf M'^ilkin* mny )m
- I'M to linvo hetu dii'latnl by the tietimtiinutioii
' aynrc liim. 'I'bat he was ni<>r«r of llir tKholsr nnd Hrcli'.'o-
Ikon t'lP iircliil*rt — f»r mure nf tJi* "I'">ulii4i •ttnlfnt" linn
tfcr nrtii-l^iit iiirt. t» h* tiriiipd, Aa to Wilkius' {leilniitrv. tlint
cluif|Ef BKHiitci liim it, nil d'lotil, fuiinilpil mnitil)' ujiofi tiiti Imvinjf
rrillcn Ktid |iul>lt!>litrd tu niurli a« h« iljd ; whrrotiii, had hv never
up th« v'" "^ "'^ ^* mii^lil li«v(- Wrn «i|ually pedantic in
"'.■ i:i im-umiijr tliii rf'proai'li uf pwinntrv, Ituwnjnff
! ^ <*iiIlo>rc<) mny l>o aliiinitoiipd tn (-4.-ii<iirr. (■• r^jiiAlly
_]Id .-...i ...-:. li'« In [Miiiit "f lU'-TiTTi ; but nil fKrpi>tiiin from tM
ptirrul >>wco|>ini; cmdemniiilim miKlit noiirMlv tx Iihvc h^teo nikd*
'Hvour of llie London L'niverwty Colloj(o, Wliiih eiliibiU both
' nnd artixtii- t-hnniptpr, uid mtj vfFertire play nt nutlittc.
nialdi* tl i> that it hait, even in ilK prnient imparfwt MM*.
bMilnfd ttip me^d ■>f nlmuflt iinquiilili»l— not ta My anftgtnlta
-Bdniinitii<n fri'in U'iirhttrirli and nlhiT |iniFMsionsl men. Even
fr Klm<>a liimM-lf did »<■) alnuyH eiilrrtain mi mean an o|ilniiin of
■ ut u'irk "f WiIKins as at |>rMenl ; op if lie did, he tlKiufuhl jirn-
rr In licey it in liiniM>lf, fur epniliinfc of it aboal tlw time it was
ried. be t-^j-*: " Tho ciiiiacil ohlaiiiod dntiffnii from nrrernl ar-
t>^ I'lid after due deli bent i<»D, fliiHlly uJopted IhHt of M'il-
"'ilkitiii. y^i\. H.A.. a wlcrtiim in Hhich their own judg^nent
led uilli lliiit "( aldHMl evrry |irii|ir it-tor wtm lriK|ierte<l tlili
dcawirt"*." Thia pnea far to prove tlial, al all evi-iUiL, the i'lnii«
vas iittt R battily, inraiaiderale otic, or manfl>^ with t<U!>pirioua
raarrrci'. Neither in then- h aiiiirle remark nf the arriter's eipnw-
F*i<-e of illuntitlarlii'D with it. Vet he huw Kii^.Aa tiut a little oou-
temptunnily iif the biiildinfT, irlthoiit rondetieeiidinji to apedlir
iitlier (ibjertioiii t)iaii u'hat in mennt to be mi iiverwlH-lining aane
Lb to outMeif-h nil heaullea and nierita, namely, that " the portiro
tb. ^im It" xituation, hut of little ime'—iiny. "ii naelem applica-
I ' i '-. nil fi>r the adrniriitiiin itt* gjraxltiK rahmpn anil hiirkney-
. unilKt loiterinf" on their xiHitil." M'itli wlint M>rt of
1111 1- ilir Iiigfia at the wmtti-wevt angle of the ItJiik «> highly
~^i\ iiniDi'dintely aftirr M'ilkinii' piirtir*) lieinc de<*rii-<l ? itln'inii
ni; iT-.xri- than a piekx nf decoration which due^ not ei'eri tarry
alth it niir ^^mt'lniifv nf iii>t-fiilliew.
lit U'ilkion' Biylc it iii uiid that it wa« "tlie very mtimmy of the
I ;' yet, if it wim> lie unban ilii|[ed it H'hen he desit^ned the build-
in (luwrr-irtri'rt, fur iri-eti in iln prexeiit imperfect Htnte it
ilajH u» ordinary merit in reK»rd U' i;riiiipin|i; and the fine
CMf: pr-Mlurcd liy the central mai«. At nn exiuii|)le of n di'cnf'tyle,
Ibepiirliru i> iiiii<iac iunoii|( thmi' iu the mctropnlis^a rircMin-
ttaiire u liirh lui itnpMtiiil nnd uiiurejiidiced erilti: wiiulil at leaAt
lave uotifcd ;~.-iri(I it nci|iiire!t aadiLiunal eiipressiou and statell-
amfri'm beiiii; eJe>'atvd un a aulrstrurturv that forma fit|cbta of
ttvpa leading ti)i tii it, «liti:U iire ^vty pitlurew^uely iljapoved. Jn
Ikk latter ri-sj'eci, t«>o, the com position may be said to be uni<|u&^
fertainly ■■ very iilrikinic and artiMic. A' to the dome, it ia of
|l>v«l elrcant e"'iilviir and devisn ; aiid if it be ■.'lijected to lliat
[it i* a Irulure iiiikimwii to piire tireek ■rrhiti><*ttire, the (■bierli'in
it a pr>H>f that tbi»e f ho make «urh futile ohieetion are Mill more
Mraillsiceil and pitUnlie in their notimiH tlinn Wilkins biin'ielf.
The « slue of it in the componition i< Niieh that were it n-mored the
ivhule would bcfri^iite eom)iafiiiivelv tiime niul HiiirilleM. The ]M>r-
[ti'w in llie eiwl front "f St. (le-irge^* II<.»'pi|aI a*ird* iinother proof
hat the "mammy" wan ofcasiniiiilly iinhiiiidif^d. Tliut tijiinro-
tetrHitvle piirtukea more uf nri'h>ter:tur:il liereity tliiin
Blej*. Sljlf the ln'resy, if surh it be. i- n wel.-ome oiie,and it
PM « i-ieiimi**! tiy being ndnpteil in th* fa^-iide of llie new Law
[l'«iirt4 at LiverpiiiJ. nhrre the I'tdum flint i'>ii i* eiirrit'l on. on eaeh
■iileofihe ceuirsl portico, in Kfjiiuri- pilbm; then-fure iirtiditriitii
nuilnutt and virirty, «1 the anme time that euntiiiuity of iledgD »
kept up.
It be^inn li> bu tim* to brinir to n etnse this lonit letter, wliere-
tiirelnill be uitnewlutt bricl' in regard to what it »;aid of SiMiiie.
Ak eritici'.ni. it !< fur more iitdtiliieiit than dibcrlminating, or in some
'ntiHvl" rx I'll inlelli^ble. At any rnte. It i* HimeH-hat ptiixlln^ t»
■uke ual what it meant by hi« liiiildiii|[v nt Cheliiea Ilunpilul, luid
ibe Natii*UBl IJeht-ofliee. e.xliihilinL' "n uild exubemnce of nu-
leJiy," "ioie «i far fmrn nny thlnir like (■Miliernnei<, they exhibit
■nly very iiiii'i|iul ami ttH'til iitteniptu ^t it. Ilin bolldini; at the
Treaaurv. the Knyal entrance tt> tlie IfuiiHe uf I.ordn. tiiid "some
i/keraiil'lii* mWirr inirkw" — thuoxh tlie two jiiit mentiontil were
abntiat bin > ery liile>t — an* Mild to show " eKnlieraiiire of fanry"— «
nwr* eiunplimentJiry phraM> for hi* fancy km in reality exceed-
tfiltly limited It eieDiMnl itrdf only on one or Inn piemmpal
■ilcaa, wltirk lii-dm|0(«t inlu nil hi« di-«iKnii, witliuut iniikinj; any [
tbinir more of them at U«t than be had done at fir^t. BoaJie ba*
no canfii^tenry of rlyle. — did not evvn attend to kvepinic. but oft«tl^
jumbled toirether the mort finical onuunenta an« the pliiincst
fealiires In bin buitdin|C at the TreiMnry, the wladova vere W
ordinary, bare, and frigid in de«t(ni. at) the order wu rlob. Tbera
wntt not a Hiti)ile toiirb uf ('i)rintbiaoii>m in tbcm.
In weakinc of tlio Ltitbbnry Court at the lUnk, Mr. Ebon
attain fallit intci innc(uriM-v, dewrribinx it not ai it i*^ but m it «w
intended, for in«tead of t'heir bviiw tvo lo^ntia* there i« only oor,
what wan meant for the we«t one beinfc lel\ unlini>'hed — a mere
open sereen of c^dumns, if that enn be c-iUed a ureen whiclk «x^ i
posea to view moat unaifthtlv nnkeil briek n'alk nnd meniL, og^J
aindowH. Keen the oppoaite tiniahed side of the court is very na>|
Mti«f«ctniy. tbo intanor i>f the lojrpn, tboti^h pretty eiMMi^ if i
itnelf, by no means currewpomlinfr to the tober riehneaa and di^ty
urthenrrier As to the Boliinda, it ia raort vilely diafii^ured by
the ei^iiHlly barlwroua ami nonKemriml wavy linen anmnd the Birebe*
of th» recBMet, whieh aeem to bitvc been mwle bv a Mick upon n>fa«
Nuft nuiterial while It waa moiat. It ia admitted that the centre of
the amith frmit of the Kank " ia by nu mmmt thehappiaat ufSoaae**
de«i|(tui,' and that ia treaiiiuc it tar more tenderly than it daxrva^ 1
for It ia Mich n decided fUliira and abottion that it ou«bt to tm]
■ubjei-ted to the luimo pvocan of ri£uci«u»iittt as faisTrMauy .
building hab Iwen.
Zbbo.
niSSERTATlON OS TOBltENTS.— By GLeuBUUKt.
TrantlnM fit/ R. PaRar, Em)., tn )m iStidfnf* hf/hrtt iKt Xfelnp»-
lltaii Safiilarg Ctnnmiuhitrrs,
I cmnC now to the pntpnaitiona uf Gufclielmini, Id wkieb ho pre-
tenda that a body deveendinit an inclined plane, vill nnt DCfiuire a
vfitocity KTcater than it would h>ire art|niml by dearendiiig per-
pendituUrly the beifflit of the inclined iilmie.
Thi» ia mint trne aa rpHpe<:t<i udids. The elements of a aoltd.
beiiifc buuiid and tied lo^-tber, form a heavy inaaa, tbo part* of
whii-h prewi etu-U ntber recipn^Hlly, and the preature on tlM ^MW
on wbirh they reft it likcmiM- wnele, n* al*o i» the direction ; on*
vehirity, iiite enercy. And iineitction beiux rmnroaa to all the parta.
On the other hnnd. a fluid is a mana compoacd of leaser scilid ele-
rneni^ but free, and not Ijound t'i|rcther by any tie«, each uf whicK
ran, no to speak, move in different directions and with varyina
vclocilic*, prcM upon eoeh other and oscillate freely. Whcnfio thn
biRhert parts iirvn^ upon the lower, owHllnte, and nie easilv din-
placed nheu there in no impediment. M'heu Holidsdeacena by ■
plnne, their imlindiial cravity alone DpcrAtes ; vhicb baing Was,
tban thvir abKolute iiTavity, frcneratea, at vucb ini>l»nt, h decree of
velocity le» than that which llicir abnilutc ){nivity wunld have
Keneratrd. wherefore aolide require a lon^r time t^ deaceud by the
iiicliiieil plane tlinii by tbe perpendicular, the U-iiirtb of time nial-
tipiies the nctioti of tlie iudivtdual gravity, and cnmpenuitea for
the defect of the velocity. Wbcrefiire a twlid di-'ceridins by an
inclined pl.-ine, ha» a vel-i>city etinal to what it uoubl have, foilinji
the B«me Leiirbt dirertly. Hence the product of tho uetion of
the inclii'iduivl frravity, by the time »f the deaeent by tbe inclined
plane, beinjt euiinl to the product of the abwdiit? (Trnvily, by th*
time iif the fall nloni; a periiendiciilar. tlieir velncitiea must neceil-
narily he ei^unl. But in Duida the cane ia diHerent. Be-<ide« the
properties »hich they puwees in common with eolldis, (hey have
ani>t)ii>r, to n'it, the |ire«mrc exereiwed by tliu npjivr im tin) lower
pnri «f the fluid, the whleb beiAif addad to tbe ImiwtTt, increases
Ike motion hIm-, and hence fj^nerntea a ftreaUer eAmt than n solid
would. Neither is it abiiunl to unppoac that the |]^vity of a fluid
genentca a invsiler velocity on a plane, than when actinp per|ieii~
diciilarly, einre thia ^eneruteii in ^nter time, and with a uoriion
of {crxvity which In a nolid whtcJt fnlla reinaiiiit, iu> to aiieiiK, idle.
but. ill the en^e of u fluid, beeumeii uetive. John ItemouillL in bia
works, (.-ivp* :i prrihlcm to lind tbe velocity irenerateil by a body
Klidini: on tbe hvpolhenu>i<* of ii triangle, w)ii»n buM> i^ fiuvtiiined
by II Muoutli linri:toiilal plune, free rrmn .iiiy venaible friclinn, and
moving ill the riin'Ction of the base. He decionpiiM-il ibe force
pre»iii^' the liypullivnitue, or im-linmi plane. Into two partKona of
wbii'b i« eriiiiloyed In (living motion lo tbe triangle, loid ididiujc it
foruard : wliilrt the body deecendson tbe plane, advances the Iri-
an^b-, .-ind ciiiimiunicate* thereto a eertain rate of velocity ; the
deHcetidin^ bodv thus reiinlres a velocity equal to that which it
would haie in fullinti periwndiailarly, aiid the triaoffle has nnothiT
force generated by that wbidi preaaea it, whence it rcsuliit Uiat the
AN
I of the two mottiRw li frrvat«r than tkat irhi^h a h<idj wealil
ail* hy iu Brnple ilMfcnt. ^Vhervfurv, siriN thv ■f<>miiMl
fbrefi liy tirt-uiiifip, fp-iiomlMi valoritjr hiuI ntutioii diirtiiirt rrom tlixt
wliicli n bndy. In dMC«nd)iig, tf«nei^tei ; In like manner it U h|>-
u|iliciibk< (o u'aier prccainK an tbe Iotct lilmH, nnd by pressirift, com-
Pnuiiicutiii^ ailititional fbm tu tfatm. K^>vi<lrE, thrrv nr^ ■■Dicr
MMMM eotniiKmittTe of tliis truth, amoniir w)iii-Ji w the fiu>t, tlmt
1 )■ nvoMMiy t«i aprcad the Mmleraled velocity of wnt«r pimtin^
Aoiu ■ Imr^r to a hhtuwct (wctiuii oviy a innuii of urewiirci.
OatUeo ••/■> *' I have bem caTefidly cufwadenn^ and ^Ing
tkrangh vanottt probtems to invetti^lp the an-eleration of water
I 'kartiift tu psw throuKb a roirrairvr chaniii^l. aluu u'licilipr it hn> thr
■ame declivity in botJi." The pv»ieT number of miibuni Hulve the
point by i»rn.'i»iin)f thp height of thp watrr. ami hence tbe pre«-
mrw, Uiiia ^iie.ratii^r '■ grrcntfr vfJorily. KuntaiiV Matifmli thnN
«xpT«aaeakim«cif:— "Tbe itante water puntei thmuirh a lener an
thiongli a urmtcr Kprlion, whcrcfurr it i» forced tu pans with a
ifreatrr velorilr, preclwly M will l>ellH: riuw in a rue in which
I Uieaorface of the wiiter iiiuyW at a certain lieiKbt nbnre the Hiim-
liiit of tlic aperture." (lUiflirlmini, In the name effect;— "The
nnper piirla prt^w the Iovht. iinil ohiitre them In receive a force,
which beinK coniiielled to art, prnducen the wune di-itrceof vrhn-ity
which the de»cent would have eivcn them." M'c niif,'ht iinute
otlier anthitn, who iiccount for tlii' iiicTMwu-d relocily in iinrroner
f Mictiooa by hat inf; reriiiinu: l» llie pra»ure fCfntratei) by the hcicht
«f the upper pHTtis only they arc in doubt on Ihii i^ulijcct, vrhcllipr
to attain no ^reat i> velocity it be necraiary that the upiier ^att-r
■tiould iiicreaae in heijibt Itll it becoinett HtMlionury; not lieiny uhlc
■ifto believe that the uppex water wliicb h in the Mct of rutinin^ i*
'Capable of jirotlncin^ u new increment of velocity in tbe lower.
But espeneiice trucbca la tliat if the lirwidtli uf a section he
diminished one-half, tlie water will not rioe that hnlf, «• would
appear necessary i il the vcloetty doen not InrrcBAe, it incn-tum
at leiuft very little, either in Mcttnn or at tbe hasc. where the re-
duced fvctioDs arc of the aame brcndti), Mnc«lht' water retained
bv the iiiirrowing of the piers of a brid|;e ia but tliuhtly rainwl.
Wherefvre ii i> necewary Umt the velocity increase without havhitr
TC^rd to any new iiicliiiatiuu, which t» alway* the name, but only
by an increase of height, which cause* a presure on the lower
water wliieli i* in the act of runuinit ; whence I deduce the nr^n-
D>*flt to (itrenf^hen ray opinivu in (lie c«ie in which the velocity,
ariain^from the indiitatitiii, 14 eiju*! or i;rv«ter Ihun that which
- tnifftit hare been mnentisl by the prcMure. Lei un take txv r^aaes,
•B« which allowH the ii.'kine ineiwure of water to pass tbroiiRb one
' aection twice »* little »*. Ilic fimt, prrserviotf llie Nunc tncJiaation,
th» other in uhich the velocity invr««i>CH till it becouMa twice an
much,
Itut whoneo eomixi oMch an incrvnve of veh>rity? what Is the
priiicif>l«>, what Uic nalore .>f it ? To *«y with Ircuuete. that twice
the qunntit y of wncer doulilcii the vclority, i* nut to aJdnre » pnwif
but to Advanco n mere ii^Mertion, which either <ii{>|i<ni<r' or rci|iiire!i
it. I do not think that n true philoi^licr will percrive in the in-
crement of BO mncli water the principle itf no ^ejit nri accelernlitin.
Il behoveH 09 to etamine tbe iieiiesii of nui^h a phenonii-nmi, and
to obaerve Ihe mechaiiiKm which nature adopU therein. And,
liratly. two epoch* of time are to he di«tin(tiiitlied, one tho fir«t
perre[Jltl)k> moment in which the Mctiiin i« reduced to half. Now,
nl thin firtt inidant, the wnter must owell and ririe much above ita
firal level, in whieh riiw it (ri'ni'ratofl a pniiii irt.ional velw'fly. itut
In the very act in which utieh a velocity U tri-nerated, the wiiter
begioc to fall, wh^refiire th(.> present c«-ie holilH ^ood, thiit the sec-
tiOlB are III rei'iprucaj pnijiortiuTi with tlie velocity. The water
doM not full in tliiii niuiiuiT, when-fore it reiurnc to ilt limt levi'l,
or a little hi^hi.-r, there heiii^ ii coti^diitit principle whieh coinpen-
aalet for a portion of the vf|«cily destroyed hv ■dccewsive ohntn-
cl«t. \V'iiler in its eowmi' itieotji with eon'tiiuiat rewiMlaiice whicJi
diminidiM its force, wherefore there remaitis in the wiHur a con-
■tant principle whicli mippljes and rencwg any decrement of velo-
city which tJie roKis.taiire moy pnolm-e. Nou thi» principle in, that
whatever timall iiu'rea>o of height above tlie original level euuwck
prnuiure cnniWH alto velocity. .\rTived at which point ihe ualvr
ituiiiliiiiii the taiiie hei^Kli^ which 1 have rl>iewhere dnj^nated
eijuilihriuni nnd conti.int «ute. Obnervershuie not jiaiil attention
t> the ftml epoch in nlilili the «aler unells i* agilated. Imlanreb
itxelf, hut only lia^v coimiiiereil the uther in which it Hi-i|iiireii ei(iii-
Itlirium. ktHle, law. All ttiin tiiken plac« m) iiuti^kly that tbe Kitell.
iiiKi ■inkioj.', and equilibrating hanlly are evident to our percvp-
tiona. If, 10^ 1 hrlirve, the «>x)>«riti>enti of tientietc were true,
^'•ecurdinx to which a river doubteii or triple iin water withoat
nbiu^ its level, Iben it would be correct to tay that it wh* Iree
from any wnMble mislanci;. Tliui mi^ht be the cbm In an artifi-
rial river of Nbort lonuith, over a level bnttoin with amMith siiies,
aiwl furniNhed <»ilh riear water. But In > niitura] and torbid
ftream, where ibe TeKiHtanpe, and that ronaiderable, will never he
wanting, it it not likely Ihiit when reduced m half its oriGTinal
■ection, il preserve* Its fomwr te»el. Thin heinc deierniined, to
come to the qoertion above proposed, 1 rewilve it thuK: — EiiluT
the vehwity iM-pinii to increa»r hy the water beKinning to Hiell. or
the whole iimN» iucreaaH. If the lint take* plai-r, th^n The beieht ,
being amHll. and hence the prchsure hein^ llkeaise iniall. the velo
rily ffenerHio) will he aloo ■mall. It it not that no »niall a relodty ]
i» wloed to HI h'reat. wkich it derive* from an inrljnatiini, rotitrary
tn the aenliincnt of !*'(irnTe»Rod. If the Kecond tnke* plnrv, it
hring then the velocity which incrra*c\ i* eijiial li\ or is lewa tbau
that which restiltii fmui an iridi nation, and not havinir any other
fccncraliiif; principle than tlir prcMiiure. it ih clear that il HCtswhrD
the velocity which ite«erati-a itself it lew or cijual to thai whlrb
was before jcrjierat«d by the inclined |>lnne. Now I repeat, there-
fore, that tne water aa it striken the bottom preaacs the lunor filtna ,
which run, spread out upon it, by which the preMnrc is cominunt-
rjiteil from above donnwards. I nxree wito what Manfrcdt aaya,
that "'all the lower etrata of water mav be regarded aa no manr
bottom*, or Mtoal pltlnel^ with retru'd to the oppcr planer whira
run apon them. Heiiire tbe^ fluid plonm nre seiuiihle iif the •omu
prcwure of running water which they wuuld nuMuin if it were ma-
tionary at an ei|UAl hcisht." To me it appears an in con leviable
truth thai water whidi prexaea the bottom ahotild prnsn nil that;
portion by mbteh the preaaure is eonimuiiicnted, other wiae if iti
ao\ prcM all that which forms the middle, it <i ill never arrive «t1
the [lottoin of it. which is contrary to all cxiicrirnoe. If thU bot-
totn he of a curved form, concave tuwardii the water, the |n"C«sur« '
will have the action of a centrifugal force, the hIiicJi ransuirliijc
with llie former, will iiicmcte tlio momentum, and tbcrcb; Ita
encr^ and velocity,
PKocESOinos or soxcimrxc societies.
ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS.
Jot. 10.— CaARi.i« FoWLaa. K-^ , V.i'„ jn the Chair.
Many prwinti wcie Biinciunccd. Anioiig thcio were ilnii>ia|^ fram Ur«]
R. Periy, of ihe Tuwd Mall uf Motptih, *u|i)ro*cd io be tiy Vanbrugb,
■ wnrk nn cbuich budding by M. tie LawtuU of Coblrnlt.
Mr. Lavabb. Ih' exploicr of Niii<«eh, »■■ Iltrn inUodocrd by Hr. Tile,
•nd al l>>D m(ur<vl I'f llir luililuir, mail* aoii.n renxrk* on ihc ruiat of that
ritv. Of ilie exlifrnsl arclnledurr. or of Ihe d>l« of Ihc roina, he «v«td
hlj liltir, «> hardly i fiagmtiit lenntned to guiilL- the judgment. Ib«agb ao
iluutitof Ibcir fitni aniiijuity could'bi? cnieTtamrd. 0ns prcof lie cow4
;ive «a*. Ihii lliaugh Ibe ratlint mini wrri biirlott in lbs toil. |ra*as Iu4 1
lirra ilu; lO ilictc hy a pEuple who lived TOO years tetutt tbe coainuMi «ra*j
lie wu iaclined to Ulicve that looieof thru liuihfii>)(i might be tbm Ibuio
Ulld yMTi old. The ronnis veit rvvvncl nitli rriatbl* lUlii, MUl^ilUtsdw
tow iclief, like tKoio in the Britikli Man urn, »n<l li-t} were joiiicd lufMfer
hj double doTMiili of iron, sml tlir 'loorttap nciv fltnkrit by tall «i«pd
ligures, btghcr lliaa the siile tlalis Ibie Tijum vrtnall nisrkrd with bl««d,
<i if II hid beca tlituwa afiioii IbMii, anil left to tricLte. The wall* wbic*
liark Ibe tiabi are of suioilrinl brbcki, (nd, nhrrt Ibey tbow atsonUie
ilali). are [ilaileicd aver and (laiiilcd. Surh braiut ai rtniaia ate louad u»
lif of inuliioiy. How ilit kla^* hsvc been prtKI^Fd it a aialtcrof aiytici},
).ui a )iTiha|» to be ri[>laini;il by llicir boig uaJvf the tiuntlfkil lewainsnf J
ilic Imi'l'i, uhicli liavF relurred to etiili. Mr. Laimd noticed ihat thaf
l>uilditigt «"e provided with a lyilem ot tcwagt, a dikia roaiung fron t«ll ]
inoti> loa main irwcr. In a iniill cUiiiilirr vhirh lir hiil dtieovpred ainaa^ ,
ihn mini, he liad tee" vauUing tif bricki irgiilirij arched. Tlie data of iba
ilfstfBCIi<>n ul Mnrvtii WH ilfCh year* ac, a Ink Ilia hai-relied Iwloof to
cMJicr datcB. In many nsct the tlabi hive iicca mrd before ; one slab ttas
found wi)h Ihe iculfriured fav« turned iii ibr i>a11, and Ihe track rc-norked.
Ur. BoAOMi Dbiirftd lliat in tgijpc ■><« cikni^««tcof wood, aad Ire
■bought it rkiraoidiiiaiy llial at Nincvcli tliry fthuoM l<n of inin.
Mr. DbNA(.D*oK rdoaikcd lli>l Ibuic or ihe I'ailhcnon aere of iroa, aiel']
Itrccecdrd 1(1 tiSi-i hli IriliulR of Ihaiikt io Mr. I.iyird fur hit coramnnica*
lli>n>. He Ibouitlii ihat genttrionn ibe toott dcMituig or piaicr, ai ■oa.iu'h
of whit he had dune *)■> hy lilt own lilieui intl caprno, and ytl be bad
mecBialnliy compeud with ihs BX|>lo(Eii lent oat iiy ihc French i^Tttn-
u'cat. Mr. PaasMtati witbvd le i<0}ui<« whciket ilic eauioal laoe ol Ihe
iilo dried britk» were cove.cd villi piattv r Io ker p oul the wel.
Mr. I.AVAao bad iiotvbMrifd thii. Tiie Inictml (acr «>■ partly calou/td
tnd cii4meU<^d, mil decorstail wilh lioinaa Afuret and other orutnienli. As
10 Ihc vaulted ehtailier of which lie hiil i|ioktn. it wat cnvcrtd vriih aa
an.1i of 13 or It frel diaiueler, *ery ueajly s aend-arch. Ai to the Mwers,
the} were avt aicbed.
i
THE riVIL ENT.INEKR ANI> ARnilTECn' JOriLVAL.
U<. I'akm>m. UMmsttoBtrf atUUiDut ti ■ former awthif. mM Ikt
Ur. l'DTttT«« n-til a pip«r as " Uathtr flmnfiif," itliiitnicif hy ■ nuni'
W nf «|rcrlincnt tent hj Ur. Tmi. — Tho toibor m«niii>ii«<t exinijiW of
iMkCT r-'KtiQiNiK uiMnf >)»- Ek^H'***' ■■■^ ■■■ '^ Dii>l-lle •(€«. anJ alio a(
lt« ctlamtir* aM ■•> lb* tiitrcnlli luid t(veiit««nlh Mnlarifs, ndtr tt< rMtttl.
Tlw lMI>>«r utMt WM finp, »it «•■ tithtr anhoMtd w limply painlril. Il
wnchwiy lifini^hl iaif lkl« MKiolrv Uotn Pliiwltrt juid Frino. aiiil thrig
did IWt wetn la bt*e b«ni 10; uamiraclary ut it lipr«. Same ll»-ught Ibd
Um prvMS* lud bem A>«t rftitnl vithn *l Vtnkc or in Spain. Imi ihM It
•tSt nutrr u4 ilnnbli lboD|h at Venice cmboMrd Iriiber Iiangiafi wtn in
ftatni iwe ia tSe tnenltrnth cealarT- The AnI tlagB in the r'ootn "*>
ta }aiii Itia •kdii, and tlifn lu liUm ihr nkale tarfam. farta Id hare the
■[■ifiiaiaiii II of gold ii«f« (ainbh^il iiiih «Dlnu»i) vatniili. Aft*'' liUeiiag.
tiu Uatbtr vu MMnpcd wilh ««l biMik* undff a prni. 1 li* lionlpt* and
aoM dcJiMltr irork oerc rxci^lnl ailh mFUt tiMl*, like lliMa of bnok-
MadWt. Whal i* calln) Itie Tiuui GiilptT. ai Blenhrini. Iim p*)Mi«n on
l e a tfc M . bet ih*; tra not bj Ttliaii. Mr. I'njQIrc tihtbiud Mn>e fine r»IID-
plaa, SM bclnjc A^Uttjr aad CleopMra, fiant a irrlc* fui'nrHT lielinginf la
ilMgTMi Loril Cluenilnn. lit rccuaBuenikd aiK-U t|j«<i>acM a* nwutile fur
■HUM**! «' nteJiic'al aniiqiutl'a.
Ur. CltACi iUtfd 'lt«i p'aitcr Ma«ld> lit oMd M P>ik to anboM tbt
laath*r, *a>l Ibat moth lofk i* o«rheil up to Dmaai*i>l il>e (a«a.
1W dikimaa Unufhl la the nMite ef the o>*ei'»g the |n«» tlwgr had
awUMril in I|m> •)*«tli of loio niriblieri a( Iht profMii'-a, Mr. KaV. a Mem.
karoJ U* laiiiiiit* VI) (b* fiiit Mhom br >!>niil4 rmnie. one «hoai thrf tl)
bM« aBil !*•)■'<■''■*• ei>d 'ha hill iikfin an (rtii* p4ri in tbe ctiablNbwani.
vfthelaalilala.— Ur. lofinDaka Elhl^ vu imiI * m'ni'ipr ol tlia iMtiiulf,
bM ■ BiaM ptocnitin; urhilect. wbnae (•^rkt at Livri|>oiil idrclcil lh« frral>
cU cmtil Dpaa btm> A ibghl fall lu gptlinf •'Ql of a rafnap «ai ilie more
i^nediate came of death, hnt bt «** aufferinf frooi tliacaM «kicli would
MbarviM b«*« cairicd bin uA.
INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENCilNEEKS.
/«•■ II.— Sir J. Rt>.MI. rraidciil, in tlie Cbair.
Tba ftrti M«elia|: «f tbt leuinn «u twM tliit erFiiiitj. wtico the f4lli}wt»|
[■ffcri aere rvad :—
Mr. P»«P«»rtK RAXaoMi's ••f/reemjm-nukiij Jrlifieiat Slum*."
The WMdtai orrrtmli appnctd to be vetv iim)>'e. Bruken fitca of Ktlica
(coMaM* dint) twins mi'itctfii for a time i« tbe aciioD of cauiiic alkali,
WUa|, under preuurc, lu a elott vnirl, farmed a ttftn*pwenl lilu-alid aulu.
laM) whlHi trail trtparated lo a ip<ciRe jiratiiy sf 1-GMI (iliUitled water
Mnf I'Wn). aad wat Ih^a Inlimatpl; miitd ntib f\im pTofMirilnnt of well.
waibcd aawl, broken fruiie. or other nMieoilt.nr iliffirrentitegTMa of hard-
aaaa. Hie paatc Itm couttitiileil. aflrr (itinK preuni inio uitHild*. from
«haeh tbe noil Mioue InpreaaJom were rfadi!; re<«ited. were taihjcetad lo
I ml heal, tu a it»ic or kilo, bt wliJeh uprntinn the free or Bncniahlnad
tttm of Ibe raw materialt uniud with t)ie exvM of alkali eliatinfi m Ihe
m)«U90| tliui foraiiofi; a Mmi-viuroiit coiiipa)tiiiil,aad rcnderta| tbe adillcial
rtMe Jierfecttf iniolohla. Thia pruduettne n><ikt erldiinlly he arfaptaMc In
( CMRpfvtieaiiee range of ohjeeli f«r ilee«ratiee art. in<l for artliiteclural
pwrp u aei i Inula, eaae*. Mooting lile*. ite|», baluilradn, luiiHldiiip, eapitali.
tbafia, and baaet at oatamn, &c., nca grindmf iionea anil wheuioaea (Or
tejribn, bave been made i and, in (ac*. from tlie braui; and TBrfei; of Ihc
tftdmna csbibited, Iherr would appear 10 be a Tial ijrtd oprning fur loeh
t feoduetiua, Il wai atalcd to be alreadv cilcAtiirly laanofadtited a( lp»-
•Td>, ond it vu allawed to adMtt of «it«Mlrc appltctuon «ha« elaboraldr
Mfeed aiooe would be too etp«a«fv«.
Mr. RieiiMOND.af Bow, ribtblted and « plained " an Enfiat Coimltr," m»-
•alaBUwed hj bim aa an iivpiaiMl principle. Tbe cunntfri In oritmarj lue
w«ra dcacniied aa eilhe* ■nnieahal inefidcai tnichinei, b«U« to eriui, or of
U* eipamtrc MnuvnhM te be Kcnetallj rniptn}Td. ThiacouaKr ilrffered
IraiB Mbera AUtj la Ita tinipliciij anu itt accurBej, wiiUai, at Ibe aame
Uiac iti 1«« ptlca vt 71- 'Muvglil it *iihia Ihe rcieli otwwtrj dm. With
UiU aiafhiae Iha aumberof iti'iliM nia>le tiy t!« engine or other ruachioe
mmU be read Affat one tien <riil>niit ealmlatHn. The leading t>t unit band
warfeaed tbe entire cirmnrerenee ot tbe large dial, and tfaote of tbe Ikren
rafttl fUala T«io)«ed m the ainte diicL-tion. The Aral moiioa »aa deacttbad
aabitnf yitrn hj » iliding birani Aieil tpring, iaatead of bjri doahla |«1lat,
M Ihai the Art I wheel oniild nut be liirovn more than aactaMib bj one
tin^t of Ui« angi»e. Til handi wcie all moKd bj' a traia i>f trhceli and
pixi^oa, witbool tliip-wtMel*, a<> that the nioliun «•« regular Bad progrea-
Mac. Tbe*e *rre adinilted in be aduania^ei, anil in (be diiciunoo npoo the
aiaehliie Ua merii* appeand to b« ihown ^e^^ deciiSedlj.
Ja^. 18.— Sir J. Raxnta, Ptcaldeat, in tic Cliair.
T%e innatl genteal mretmg of the lRitttuii«>n wai held tVU evening, when
lU fnllowiBg geoikuieB were elected tu luroi (lie council for ibe envuing
jMr;—
fiffiJt^~io*\u* Field.
Ttea /'■vM^ru/f—W. Cabiti, J. U. Keadel, t. Stoipua.aad R. SUpbee-
tua,MJ>.
Hfmitn—l. r. BaU'-'ae, G, P. Didder. I. K. Bninel, J. Cirtilti. t. Locke.
M.P.. J. M>n*e. U . C. Mtlna.T. Sopwith, J. IL l|-Cteaa,aMl C. Uiy.
,(M*ria'M ^('eaaeiJ— J. Clniton, aad T. II. Wyatc
The repott of ilie e»onctl malioata lu be eery eaeonraglng. and thaa*
that the progTMi irf Lh« •ociet)' ia ateaddy gnod.
Telford aiedala «ere pieacnied to Mrura. Jicfcaim., Richarlaon, Mvrni7>
Cirnn. and fiwdiban, aad to the two foeincr ge«ilra>rii coiiDcll preaDlxwia
of btK/in w<n added. TcUard pacmluntt of booba were ataa awarded (a
tir-t>i. Ellintt, He|ip«), Stieai*. and Hulera. fur tfaa Mtonnwicatioaa iMd<
during the ptil teuioa.
Memotni were |leen of ibe deeeated Bemben and ataociatei. Meatre.
Thna. Oilei. Liphliil, Muibet, Krenuldi. lIoUHtHTrl. Eiant. Waiklnt. and
BalL Tlie taitet uf leie/al of Iheae gmllenieR bul been to *>iied, and pu»*
teaied toeh pointi of iBtrr>*t. that the caeoaoir* wrrr itrnatanlj rilrnded
beyond tticle utual trntili. Tbe report iMikcd tbt iimeaaeil aitrndanca of
meintiert and fnilui* aa ciidence of lit adtandltg caiter. aiad of il<e iateteal
fell fm Ibe tcienee of avil engineering, A preaaing appeal wa* made to mem-
ber* of all ctaiaea lo Matrtbute p«|ien, 10 induee aainialed diaiuMiona, whteb
■ee Ihe diitiflflit« featare af iKenaerliagi of the toeict^. lliepiineipaleteiatt
of Ibe peat mbiwii were toachnl upon, and teenal prinle malteti tetaliee
to the InUratl manigenieni of the Inillintion were full* diieuated, Tba
codBdl tben explained the changed form of the hallnalnit pajoi, necrwitatcd
iy (he new byc.lawa, and Ibc rclneoienl o< Sit John Keanie trnio Ibe pDat
»f pctaidenl, wbirh be bad filed witb aui'li credit (a himielf and <>encit l»
Ihe wciet)' fur tbe lait three yean. In nratclaiion, tbe rrpntl aaid, " Let
the elud engineer* reoieaober (bat ■ union It (Inagth ■' and that, if they are
(me to **eh Mber. and ne Iha Initiluiioo a* the common ceatte and butd
of ueltjr, Ihey ma* Wt a1 noofbl all elTarla to dialodge tbo riid engineer* of
Kagland Iran Ihe provd eminence whete iheii taleoU, Iheir ixactical akitl.
aad Iheir prohilT hare placed Ihem."
BeXoie ieaaing ihr rbair. Sir }. KaKMin. preaideal, addteaant the meeting
on the aeledioii iif the preaidrnl, and Iniprraaed upon then the claima oif
Mr. Pleld ; not only a> nnc of Ibc foaader* of the Inatilutioa, ar>il who had
Atlffd for many jicaii a<I puaitioni in Ibe aoitrly, nar brraiiw hr waa uniTer-
laliy raapeeted aad eatMmrd ai an upright, honirar^le, klnd-hraned tnan.
but cbleBjr on aeeuunt of Ml acknowledged eel«>'rii; aa a iiMrhanica] cn||.
near, pariicularl; la that eioit iaipuriaiii drparlnieot— aieam nitlgalloni
and. beceiaie hii elmien aotild anile moie fiiml; tbe two bnnchri of Ibe
pratcaaioB. which, to emaure geaotat ptoapcriiy. mtat ceei go baod aa ImmIi
u they had hitbcrta done in the Initiiniien, in tpllc of an attcoiptata aiaka
iiBppca/ othtrwbe. He then tceicwcd tbe poeitivaof thalnttiiniioa dDria^
hia prtsidentthip, oifeiiiig ki* bMt Ihankt to ibe aice*pr«alilenla and ika
memhert of M>unell, and la ihe aeceelatr, (or (be tuppott and aaalilaaea
afforded hlin : and then rxanined. nilh much eandour, Ihe reltljie poeittooa
of Ihe eltil engineeei. and uf (he goreinmeni boardi and MiniinltiruM, wbleti
hid appeared la clath moie Umii vaa driirable. Thi* lie allowed not U Hao
frimi anT nf Ihe acta «f IheciTfl eti^neett, wbn had ttrr been radj to aAird
their beai laaiaianee to iba goferameni in inj cipadiy : and fiuiher, that It
would bo (he in(trc*l «f Ihe go>eranienl tff (aki advantage ol the lilea^
rnrrgr, and |«arlieat altdl of the eini tntiaprn, by wtioiu Ibnv lud ever beMj
well aeitetl, rather ihaa laeur Ihe baaard aed the expeaia of iotmte| a 1
that would reqaire mme lime fur edacitiBf than could be afforded !■ I
acliie liniei. when eian beaiiatian waa perdition.
Thti aildrrta wat leapondod to rery warmlr bjt the mor ting ; and 1 vote of
Ihauba to Mr Jubn Rennie wai rcctieed nilh cheria. Thanki weie alae
Toled lo ibe council aad the aecrttary at the Inatitution fai ilMir aeriien.
SOCIETY OK ARTS, LONDON.
Dtc. IS. — r. La Nktk Poena. Ba^., ia the Cliair.
The Secreuiy read a paper, h; Mt. A. G. Pindlay. U.B.G.8,, " Oa 1
ttrwtioa, eaif t/U auiluM ^ Ulammalion enyfeyed fArreta."
Ml. ftnot-KX commenced hia paper by alluding lo the tatt imporlMice I
* maritime nation like England ol having a ilurahtv aad effldeiit mode «|]
consliueting and illuminating light lioiiaet, tight-eetaela. &«., and praer«d<
to potnl out the general usee of lightlioutn. The olile>t tiruelure upOB '
record ia Ibe celebrated rharnaof Ateiandna, which iPivrd aa a gmda M
ancient marineri during a ^riod of nrailjr 1,600 jrart. Pliny aayi, •■ U
waa aqiaate, of nhlte atone, and coniltling u( luaoy alunca, anil iliniiniabed ,
upwaida till it ailained Hie Iteigbi uf HI fete." Tlie moat ancient tiructi
knvwu lu eaiit in Ihii counlry ii Ihe Komao pbtio* at Daitr caatle. end
Ibiawotitd ttill ■!»•«( ill inKiiiled purpoaa, aflti a UpM of Iti ceoturiea.
The eelebeucd Cordouaa Tower, ia the Ba; of Biieaj, ii another ieiliMa
of alaUlily. hiving be<n buili in 161). Tbe Eddyatone Itghthnue bMI
ailraeied more u( tbr atienlion of the public than parba^ any utbet. TiM
dral «f theac ediltor* waa of wood, and baill by Mr. \t InilaulTy in the yrara
)C9G-S ; hut, owing tu the tea weabiag oiar tlie lanicrn, it nv aulterquenlly
rabed lo a height of 120 feet. In Notamtwr, 170%, the eattre aiructara
waa waiiied away, aod in ITM aanoiion waa obtained lor ill beins re'rt)il>«J
wbirh Ua* accoidiogly done bjr Rodycid, hat which waa dcatroyed by fiaft]
in my Tbe pmeni tower, one of the artificial Kondei 1 al Liuland, ao4.|
bmlt iiy Smeaton. II 100 feet biah. and ha* pecn (ood proof aflia cap*>'
bibly of reaWtiiig the forca of the «at«. The Dell Bock llghtboiaM u a
THE CIVIL BNGINBBR AND ARCHITECT'S JOUBKAI-.
{TamtBAVr, ,
■iaibr ttrartive <a |lw J!44jit»mei it wn Wll br Stcmwa tt k Mat o(
4!M;D0(^ Tlte mott rf<4«t crcctioi: ol thii lUKrlpiion ii on tl>« Sl(«rr]nar«
tMk, KiaA ttM £90,700.
Tb« tiiDinr n*«t Alluded to the dtffl<DUf of mnitnietfnf p«rn»*nMI liglit-
hCDtn In pipovil illuiliiuii, inil thf ailTints^m nf ihrin ntrr BoMlni Ufhl*.
U xU ■« (li« roiirh «niil]«r innokl upAuiliiur* rrqiiii«r1 lu luiinltm an cIS-
cient lifbr. Tlic fiol ItoatinF Ugl't •••• <l>f vll linova Nuic li|t>UitH«l,
■MRdinti34. In arder tn insure iu'>ililf in ■ lifhlbnuie, Ur.TindltJ
MlWd tiM il i* ntctMMj (hat tbe ilruclurc tliiivM b« capable of •ffurdinc
IWiaUncc to a prpMnrE »f nvi [rn lt<M ^004 \K !« cnct *it«i«n fo«l nf
aiwI^M MfMed lu lb* atiiiiB «t nana, ThI* mmm U«n wa« fewntlnl an
npartnMiti nailc bj Mr. Al*« Siaiaaian, «lia air«rulM>d and rfgbttnd
(tt0 fort* of Uia win* it tttm S\anjttn rork. oa Uaivti 2i\h. IM3, ilnring
a weiictl)' ftiF, nhcD ii wm r«iind to ba (083 lb, per ujiuti fnM ; ibia, Ihc
ftealMi fnice hiihrria legiatnril. wu died mth imnf oiben. He neit
prrocMdnl III paini oat iJie iupplicitiilltr itl iron W the rDiwtnirlion of
ahtbMm irbcic tti« mctil ^u iaiin«rK4 in the (ta nUr. vlitch hat th<
B«t at i«i4«etit( il ta a hiid; iimiUi ia iu chenKat |ir9|t<(liR> l« blaek-
|**d ; and iniUik'cd lh« aflaeti pt«ila£i*d on a canniwbaU Ukm fniM tb<
Mary Jtff, aftar bttiiif baati wiolt off SpMhud (or a period of 130 jMr* ;
the Iron iHot apan bcln| upoied to tiie ak graduatlf bMane red hot, and
tl>en Ml Uia a led povder rraenUiRg buinl cUj'.— Tbe aotlMt nexl dc
acrib«d llic metbod* vkich have been taftcUrd for orrrniaiInK the diffiealtf
fljf eipauni large nirboee la ibe noibon of the feres of lh« ware*, aad alM
for abtauiii^ a Ara« fooodMioa oii a tand. wn) uptciaDj Mr. Alixantlet
UilCbeH'i (crcw ptic liglithouee rreclod «« Ike llaplln SasJ, and Dr, I'^^u't
matbad af drlrnis pilei b« aintaipherie peiaaie, *i ajipltMl tt the Snaib
CJlBlptr bMMK aa the Goodvla mmI*, In 1847. tad to other iMuniu ua
ewtna ibosli at the maath of tbe Tbamei, aa on tha tHyiU aaait. and oo
Iha iMa^m ta the PrioM'a cbanoel. Anotbte plan for the errctkm of
li^Ubouas hat bern r4nied lata ttlen ai the Point of Afr hj i\t. Walker i
It CMtiM ia ranttiurtiuf kollei* cyliadert. wbich are Ailed >itb cancrrie
and then sunk, anil fTom iWw l)ic piica riie. Capt. 8u f . Broirn ha« aUo
prapMcd a jAtt, (oi the rrecti«a of li|;btbouM) in dcrp witcr u]>o« bioiiea
altadwda, and a mndidraiMn f>( hit plaa orai tdopted hy Ciplain Bulterk.
Tka ■uthar forther alluded to Mr. Unah'a U|ht of all Nation*, and la Mr. A.
Omden'i Iran lightbonwa at Januicaaad ihn Rerffludai, ia which tbe ratea
are Cited oitb a ttlil mtu of concrete : and *liuikd (■> ih« fMt ifiai Hrnnie
had propAied iron for thii porpntc a* catty aa ibo tear I HO) fur the tVtil
Bock.
Ila'lag thai *bo«n (be difltrent netbode rmplojcd ia lh« con*traclkn
■■d ■reeuan of Itghlhouw*, Ur. Pindlay pivceod* m t«aark oa ib« varioitn
[alaai of UlaRtlnaUoB vhich have bttn imyiayeii : of tli«M) Ibe tatlieal wat
I wa Mil Are and ibe Cordewan hilled of oak. In 1 7M ibe Snaiti Fnrtliad
F'Bgbtboair, previumly illominatrd .<iih an open toal ftte, na« coTtrnl «ilh ■
I Wntern with large lath wlndowi, and lh« are wBikepl bK|bt bj mrina nf
l^gfl IkUdvii the laniern waa »ubKi|ucBlljr retuorerf, aad afieioarda, al t)i<
'soaneneenKntaf the pieacnt cealurj, urian large hnaoa wiib icfiarat*
lamp* Bor ylacrd in iu In 1790, lh< on); eircption to the coal flre wat
tha EdiUitao' lighibciuic, which bad a ckaadetier with 2t wax candio, and
tke Liier|in«1 liihibnoi^i with oil lanipt and )ud» parabiilif rtflectura. Aa
ialNeiliug tiiturinl fact vt% then Benlliinad — m.. that pariholvc reAcclort
were u»d *I iht Liirtiioni ligbihouaat (halli in ti6S). ms Mr. V. Ilntchin-
•on, in bti " Pia^ical SfemaiMfalji.' puldlilied that yttr, dewYlbe* llie eppt-
nlua titcn in um— tbe larger teOcciur* of oood lined wiib stnall plrtea of
'iMikieg-glaie, th^ iiualkr ot pnli«faed tin : tliii nu the iii4ie rurioui, aa it
luA beoB eUirntd t>y the Prtn<li for U. Teulere in 1 783, and Ant aied in
S«ot1aad in I7H6. The p«rabolie rcHeclori, of nWli *ome ^aniifid ipett-
' Kcna were ihown lo tbe oircliiig, ate nnw c«n>lrurl«d opoa Ibe fortuula of
the eelebraltd Captain liuddari. Ilaring explained the rato[>trlc at reflnct.
ing principlr of illumintttofi, which teoeited lo great an impiuee'Dent In Itia
kOTcnllon al Ihe Argtitit linij) in 1780 or B5, leveral other li|ihlB wet* ex*
hihilcd and rlracribcd— vix., the Druinmnnd ligbl, the rolla'ri.' Ilghl. inJ Ibe
anaa of ibrir inapplicahtlilf. The pfrient mode of lighting ii from lamp*
«Oiiii[iK'io>I on a nodificiiinn of the Argaiid (wiaciplt. A flrat-otdo- pneu-
malie lamp with fuur cmicmlric wi.-ki, ihowiog a aiott pOMerful lighl. waa
axbibiled. The dinpiiij- pnneiple, in nlnrh Iberayi of light emanile from
Ltkeentral lintp. and nrr MoWolled and directed liv a leriet of t«»w« plared
bafore and aiouiid il. next oMupird aitrniioB. The anthiM claim tbe
prtorltj of iia ttiggFiiion im m opIioUn in l>indnn. at mentioned hjr Smea-
fie, who prupoicd, in 17^9. lo crind I he paneaof ilix Sddjratnnc ligtiibnute
lain a tpbere of l.V feel •liimctrr. Tlie pretcnt form nt leai. geiirrall)-
kaawi' ■• PtHwI'i, i>ai lint luggtited bj the celebiBled ButTon. lo whnm it
ia probable Ihc cai»)>trk tyaieni «wta it* ortgin. Sir l>and Br««><ep, tn
1811, ahtrwH tha pra^-ittaniliiy d caokiriKtit^ a lea* of wparate pteee*.
and Ibia MM tnt nted in Fnnee br Fro»n<-l, and baa etnee heeniae onlierttl
in frrorh ligbthowet. A eompira'tne itew of the ntopiiic aad diupiric
iTtirmi tt alTordril hj ihe tliPd liitiiti of Ibe Suuih Forrlind, tht higlxr
lieing from the diiipliicpnodplc and liie lower fiotn Ihiddail'a rrftritcri,
which to a diilaut vbterver appear rq^atljr br>|bt--tbe'»nly teat of Ihcir
efSnrDrj. 7he eala-dmptrii; ptinciph; wa* lllutliatcd br a beeitlirul fourtl--
erdrr apparatni. Imt bp Meain. Wdhin*. in whitb, ibarv and Ixta* li.e
light, a tftlem nf tnlilly relleeling prttaiatic so»r« i* ■itanged. Ibe wpj--
tion of Ur. A. St*Tenion. Mr. Alexander Gvrdon't rali-dinpirie afilrn , a
uolMiof the refledor arol refractur. Via alio deicrlbMl. — Some |«iiieiilii>
fMfaoting the pawet of light la penMraitng mita were abo b/ooght forwdi il.
Darinf fen Ihc altcndanli of light-rctieb Mund a hell ■! inlcr^ala, nr, at '
now iited Fly Ihe Trindy K«t>d, ■ Cbinea* gvag- liml'id of lliu, Ltrul, I
Sheringban, R.K., propoaeri, in i>tl3, ta ate a whittle wutkfd by bel^wt, I
and Mr. Oordan prnpnied to piaee tbe whiatte in tke (orui r-f a paraUilittj
reAeetor. lo direct Ibe innad. Mr. nndlay condoded bia papri fay au
tngtbeuaeof Mowbmy'a cbcenkal trbiitle, «bicb waa eilubitcd and
en (bed.
ROYAL fJCOTTISn SOCIETY OF ARTS.
Ji^ 10.— GaoBCB Hi.-cii*HAi', Sw|., P.ILS.B., Pre*i<k-nl, ia the CMr.
Ttie followinf cifmmiMicattom wue made : —
1. AMer^fiaa yi/h Dr*mttff$i^M P«rfaiU C»fir4mm. mA^tt i
/^ fh* Mn ff Hartvar mud olJUr Jiarim HVite la ej)H-*rtf rif itdileaa.
Trovxb SrarsMaad, Btii., C.E.
Tblt coflVrdam waa utcd at Ityniab badiotir work*, Art ytl alii re, for eua-
valiaK Todi whicb wa> aetdom Ufl dry by tbe tide, and wii oortied with
two feet of und. Il waa found impoiiible lo (am a <<iRin>oD coAtdaen,
owing ta the ihallownMi af the aand. whieli could not alTiird »nj aupport i«
pilei. and to the eiutence of Ibe aea, which wnuld in n liagle tide aHber
wholly Ixeak it up or reader it leiky. The eolTiinleiD adipied Wing porta*
hie. wai mm-ed from an« conipariaHnl of the ciui las, whan Itildwd. ta
aniitlier. Il eonililed of two d>able fraraea of linilMr, eadi ooaiplcte ia
■lielf, being bnund lagethee with iron rods, formiog a dam abont 1* feet k*
14, and 3 feet high. One ot thcao doatde fraraei (^viBg voaicwhat leu tbaa
lb« other) wu placed innde of the Larger, lo at to adiait Ivo pdet btiDg
driven between thtm. la ibk waj^ the pilra could, from the depth nf IW
framn, be driren perferlly alraighi, and were alio ^iiiir indrpendeniDTaai**^
porl frotn tha aand. AaeJchoomparlaientof Ihe rii<«ral>'Hi wm ooinplktedr
and before Ihe dam wu rrnioved, one row of pile* wu driven down to Htc]
botlumef the pit and Int ttanding, au u to be a guide far again aupar-
impoeing the franei over Uuai, and ia tliia way it «m Impwaible for an;
tha rock to eaoape being reiDotcd. The peculiar advantatei are iti porta-1
bilily — ilt ready adaptation to a tloping or to aa irregular hslloni — the nt»« 1
and eerttintj with which the parlilloi» between eaeh icctinn of Ibe rack''
were rvnioeed. and tlit donhle.frantnd wallngi ihit mpporierf and directed
tbe during of the pllee. Whentter eicatatioiia reqtjtie tu be taidc in ■
rocky tjcaeh oa*ereil by a ttratimi of und. Iiowerrr llitn, tbii loriu nf data
■uay lie uird, a> ibeie is no Liud iif lateral support) aacb u ikore wanted,
the eirvciute cantainiag within ititif the tleoieiiia nenuary Air Iti iiatiiltljr.
H paoM'Mea, tnderd, the propcrtiei of a <-tiiiiin, with tbe additional adran-
Uge of 001*0 ra mod all I ig it^lf In au irrfgnlar bottom.
'.>. [tntTifili<m «/ a (iuZ-rrae Skne Bri^. of fim arc tea- n /" 100 JM
epuB eorA -tiav fieinjr rrrrierf /o carry file ^.cmfr, £le*t>itiirj', and UvukrAtt
Jtailway, ovfr the Rirrr CcUer al Jiafnumhai/^. aror OttMdtiry. Ily
Thomas UnAi.NaaR, Ciq., C.E.
Thii bridge ia a tkew at on ansle of S6 de|r., and eaneiete of Iwa areb*t nf
100 feet epan. with a pier about the centre of iha river; each trvh li fi*r<i>*d
with att cact-iran Mgmenial nhi, banng a rlw of 1Z feet. — tarh rib ti re»t
In nre pieces, hBTlag llan|[ci or lugi at Ihc Joinliigi. iiid iiotted togrihrr
with 2-ioch boltii ; tbe seclioa nf tho riba U Ilie alinimenU ii 3 feet deep.
Ihe we'i 2( inch;i ibick, tba top and bollom iDuolding or flangct d inehe*
by S inohre, prr<cnliiig an area of IS3 inobe* ; Ihe Motion at ibc rri>wn ii
X ft. 9 in. deep, and oiberwiie Ihc Mme aa at Ibe abntinrnli, and jimnt* en
area ol I IS^ inL-hee. Tbe tpandnl* are eait ilnng with the libt — the J'>inla
being foiRted al I he apright* inttoad of at Iha inievmwllite apaiwi. a* ah^wn
on the mndei. The libe hire dorreUlleft aockelirau itponilieni lo rccvite
the caal'irva brace* whicb art keyod tnUt them ; iheic brace*, 10 in tximber,
atrttrbaorMaiba bridgeu right eagle* to the rill* : there arc alwHnrMiKhl-
iren lia-roih, 3 Inehe* diameter, pUevd ptralhl lo the Rae of the ai'UlncBtt,
to connect th* wh.>le iimcture toKelli«r. The rib) abut itii'i*! aiid m
keyed Into mtaiiite iron lutl-platea lonk into the ttimo-woil nf the abut*
nienta. The roadway i* inpportad by tranaverae ilnther beam* 12 in<h<« by
9 inebM, bolted lathe top nl the ipandnU *i intrrvni* of 3 fed fioan centre
1(1 centre ; the planking it 3 iiidin tbii-k, and it laid diagonally amn* Inet*
lieanu, and ipiked to thciu wiih 6-iiicii apikei; and oicr liic |danbiii| a
coaling of atphalta u to be laid. TIk nuttido rihi are (uraotinted by a
cmat-iroti ooroice to conc*p»ad with (he Tnatonry, and having a caaMrw
railing oa tbe top. Tbe caiiniated weight tt lli« cui-irvn iu Ifao briilg* ii
G03 tOM • cwt., and the rifiente ol Ailing up the irvn and timber work haa
bean coalraclad foi at HfiWI.
i. Oitvrralioiu on lit n*r«M ^ji tcAtcA Ttmr ntop t* evmammieated ty
Signal Balla/nm oar Stadom t» mtuither, U; Job.s Adis, E*q., f.R.S.h:.
Th* author of ihli jiaper leiuarked, that the d»unL« o( tbe Selaon lloou.
itioni Irom LetUi, and I'ture lO from Uitit Ruad*, would allow a tiiae-ball
placed an tbe Munaiecni to lie riistinctly teea only in rery clear wcathcr<
which i* tvaSiied lo a linii'cd nunbrr of dajl, rendering it of little uao ta
Ihe thipping in the Frilh of Forth. He neat deaniijcd a melbod by which
the ball OB the Monument, and one at l.ritli, might be drop|>e>l at tbe lamo
lecand of liiue, by a penon in .harge *i Ihe Koyat Ohsrnatary, (;«lton IIUL
Tbia be propoaed to do by iiiilnig uae uf ibe great furoe indu.e«l oa artificial
lro« aaagneli, tbe wire* luituuiidine thne magneli being brought iotu con.
tect altb tbe pule* of agaltauic Uattery placed in the Ubeeivatory, sad eid-
TUB CIVIL BNOINBEB AND AUtniTECrs JOURNAL
9%
, iWt (otrr lo in* I'liHi or rilcLr* tn free tt-r M\% ■nil tl|pw IhfW
Htnfl : • iiq"i'i!i af miturU i" CO«iBi«nic»ItO(i mil dtTrtftp ititif f"rcr» »l
»l ■■■li'rni Bl Ihr t*iiK niomrat, tad »tlu" ^Itt •> t«t«rtl lUliain U)
4. Araf^fioi 0/ SVWy.H'*«/ Atan-ffnolrrr. />» j^rftrmt JFlrtit q.'
rBiifcfu/inni.iTjitig <^/Af '/fJ>». By Ket. Ghauam IImcucli., \.U.
TIm ahj"f1 <>f (kit invaiiina li lii tifrirnl (liiailrx. Iif rrtiihiiint it in*
pMiUc fit •iij vhirl flyini nif the ult, *li(tli(T fiuni tctr mil artr.nr can-
■ ■■■inw iMlrpcMilriiil; nl all fotmrt conitirini-F» iif kcutiIt for kNiMB
li/«. tlwn ii btre uiprraiMnI a l<raM or iron rins ittachnl tn tt>c- <th«t) be-
^■d ilw bmh, which aiwl icvoIk^ >too|t «UI< the Uricc iikccl ifalf round
IV***""** f''"' ' «'t>*T^l ever Ijiog «ir. ahaUvir ba Iba vtUidl; af ictolu-
llM.
IiNsrmrioN of civil enoineers of Ireland.
0X-. 14.— Cul. II. D. JuNH. Fmidrnt, in ih« Clwir,
*- Drtcrifl'V af « CUek tr^lK * fte^utrrinff HariiHr alltrkr^." Hy Mr.
■Amr. — A» orimarj cl-rb »ai rthiNitri, with Ibr td'tiii'in nf a nttain
BifeWr af |ir<>)riiiiig pini o* ihr tliaJ ; Ihr inlricnl Iwiirrrn et'ty ivo piai
.|BtMn' ■ (Trtiiii |H>r(>iiti iif Wnr. t«ib|| tli*t wlmh rtnptril aliile thr hour
inri •< lh> linrk, in Ha otdiaaiy mutinn, paMCil TriMi onr |>)a 10 iiimtier ;
K lr*n va* attirhM tn ihc liari of Ihc ili<l, bj niniiB irf wbicti ittr hem
.BHiliI b* |MthcH in al vy tunc «mii<*t Ibe face of the dial, and, hj
in r<'iiv*ri dlth <>nc of Ihc pr»ji^,-lin|[ fiina inin «>l>iitplv ■nder it*
IB atxi, mil tb« pin M pttihed ■■ wmild r«gitt«t. nithia hut a (aw
, Ibe ri»'-l litn* Iha Ii>im1 wai briuighl in coitUi't wilh lh» ilial. Mr.
up esfil^Brd hour. b< m«atii nf t lufflciri't iiiintlirr at |iirii im ihp (till.
iMall iBterval* uf iinte iniglil lie regi((«iril Tbii umntiiin Iw con.
(ird eovlil Im lued tiit all in« purjiMrt 0/ a iMcluair, and ntgbi, b;
It e/ a* adilittoul Kiri'hinlctl toniriTantt. hr nuilt u> rngitur the
t«ica af ibc *nl*al lad ikpviure nf tbe irtina, hj ncao* of ibc iraint
Li ilMwxIna lU iJm uip1aiir<l how ihr uioiatncnl "f (be dvck "a« not In
^bft< laMt t«)«r*(l by Ibit adilition, awl ih«l Ihii iitruil uf rtfi>l«fliig migbl
^BKr al>» affUJ'tl 111 rlnrki alrriili «i>nt1r«t(^d.
^ " J tkort *ct*t<Mt of Ikt fall. Jwin^ « pivlmt tlorm, t/ ytirt <ff a /lo«f
<• fti f f f tM Iff *nclion trrr Ikt Dublin irr-HiiitiH s/ Ikt ,\tiJJaitd Grtal
Wulffn Kaiftr^f." By Ur. IIiuinb ^TTii^ tnlal length af the tx-ol ol OiU
tcililiaif la (T^ t«<l, and IIib viriih 120 Tret, diiided iBto lira ipant nf liO
|Ht rM^h, Ihe mof rHt>a|E on irilli ii nthrr liil*. atiil on c<ilntnii» in the
nnmr. Tite rtnlir toianiu trr Ci2 (t. fim. a|>«tl. ami arecoiinrclfd Iiy Qal
mtwtMd inttcr.fJalea. Tlie •bole Mruclure. nith Die urciiliaa oif the
("Ihmna, iiiitcr-iilalrt, (i(>wB»ber«, and tnckcit, u eaiapoaed of r«ll«l iran,
IW piinciiTil, vliicli arr the vnly laricrLnn 3tj in number to racU balf-roef,
ib4 ara 12 ft. G ir. apart. Tkt} are funncil «( nbat *r« rtl)c>l "deck
(>•«•, " Thr eiiti of the ranf ii u( cortiif^tu^ Kal(ftn>>nil iroB, and con-
•aeud b]F bollt and rivrU almiltrlT faUimitd. and. provuloli is Bildii for
iifiiiaa aad raniraciion. Twenty.five ol ihe prlmilpaU wen Mwcted on
Etch riili. and the nliolc centre tine of columut aail arch«*<oaip1elc, when
ila atorm, the eanw of ibe acCidEnl, befan. The jirinciiMli not hring ri>a-
witrd lugclbn by Wnifiiiarj diaRHnal brtou (none woulil lie in|iiiTri) witen
IW corrii|al«i rtive(iii| nai llinlj. wric ci^acil to thn p««crful action of
UagaU in Ibt dtrti.'doo in nihicb no I«ni|Kitatj provi*Ja« had baeti made to
Bithtifnd Uier-I |irriture 1 and the eonar^Denoa «u, h might natnralt; he
n^tcixl, ihkl Ibe greater portion of them were b1«wii da<tn one oter the
niber, lib* a pack of ruda; aiitl Iba whole of iben had ipapped ibcir
ladiftt.
S«nnl lormlicneiprciacil Ihclr ulitfaction at Mr. lUmaiii baring placed
aateoord thii failure through inaiiention 10 the necciurr precaution* in ibe
(MPiitM*! wbkb itDDld pruTc an uicful leaiou.
'da <Ooa«n/ tif IjU rtmotalo/t ytiti at tit Cuiti, xenr Cotrraint." Qj
OtI. U. D> Jomaa. Ptetiileul. — Ibe papier was accompanitd by ecrrral dr«w.
i^linplMaMr; of tbe *ol>jci:l, and detailed the mode adapted for the rc-
mnti of a lar^e niUi tbe briglit of wbivh, to ibt eam, wm Ci Fnt, and
■kc nU* w»e of peoMrtionalc ihieknei*, being thrca fert «l the l«n;l nf
■It* gronnd atory. The cxe^^iion of lh« worha 111 <»nneclli>n wiih the
IraiBip nf Lnugb Neagh, rendeml lbs rcmutal of thii mill necMtar^r, and
ib« nic o< gunp«oikr wt» Mntiilei«it lh« nmt ecocioiuial nieini uf eOect.
tag thb object ; hot Ibe coniiguii; uf Ibe mill to aeicrtl houae* by ilie
'Udttde readcretl it ocoeiMrj lo (iiard agaimt acridenl, by tlniltftgllie
ekim ti poodfr, A detailed account oai given of ibe quioiily qf powder
•MdTtbe mode uf applying tbe cbatgci, and tilt ciTcci produced, and *ery
MMlUetoiiiy ptivnl Ihfi Monoiuj ol iba meatur*. Tbiiwork wai conducted
h4w the KipfiiniendeMe of Mr. C. S. Oiiley, the dittritt engineer for
tMigb Nt^fh lire inigs-— Tbe PretidenC auii-d ibai be had lucd gunpnwder
•nh laneb athtantagt, balb aa rrgaided effect and Kwnamy, in the rfloiaTal
of Urfe baUdlngf. but aapeaally In tb« remoral of a larjB alonhouaa aC
tlMhaa*.
Ur. M'Vamoh ttated the %ttU aJrinlagt a/ idopliag Uie plan whkh
bad be«n ao aucccWvUy ined in the prcKni iniiani«.
llf.Ct.A«ajcpoMdc«cribed the Bfrdc tiy which lUe hiah dock wall !>ai
b«ta reiDUicd al tb« ait* of Ihe Doblin and Drogbeda nilw*)' terminiu u
A"<ie"t-tlf*'t, whirfi li*d )'*i^ rffrcled apnt1llAn«ly *»4 ecMmJcallr, and
Ailbiibt Ihi* IMP <W r^np^mil^r-
Ur. Dkav eal>"l th» titrniion of the InitkulliMU lhafai*fl>-i*Rt»talc of
the aenengn of Duhtin.
MINTS TO PLXKTEBS.
A cnrreiiHMidenl of the 0»nUum' Cirvniclt Myi, " In rambling ihroeiah
th» Net" P"r*t», I haic lieen an»rh •inirk by*b*er>ing how routb ibe h«*aty
nf natural womIii depriidi upoti the ••^n ifladei, or inlmala baie uf lr«i*,
whirb Ihrre to frr4|ftHilly norur. aiiH hart nflen nimdcred nby lh« laail-
ti'ar* ganlener vn trldoni iaikiate* iituir* Lii Ihit rtt|ieci- In th* diipoailioR
nf ihe ntien ■■■■ 'be miiHtrd apiiti, il ibay be ohaernd (bat nainrv coiiinMMt;
mil *p Ihe r^lleyi with wimtI. and leatn mnit of Ihe browt and euiiiipircd
h*rr, and in an unihilatinf cvninlfy, nnlhiwK i* mofc plroinii ii) th* 'jrtban
tkut In KY the wood* riceping an tbe hAlto*! and fradmlly (t-aihrtiiig vff,
aad dnt^ptarint a« ibcy ipprnach the iurnni)ta of ih< hill*, wl'lcli riie l<«ir*
ftf lf»n afiiiif IbeiD. Tb« Und*eit|ie ftudinee alin^il mvaiiahty doe* lh«
tt^ttit. }[« MiTiBinnly pllnli *ll th* rmlnen^wi ((irr>b«1i1y from 1)1* Bulina
of miltng a more (.iiritpicauut nhow al ■ diilaiirr j, leaimt hit vai'iat *pac»«
in Ihe tailryi and loner ground!. Uy tint rarjn* 4p<>lti«K tpvei'aao* <■*! .
or tl>e ijunlinn) lie »iiltj(et> hit treca to llie dnu>>le diiadiaiitage of ■ mvrt 1
cipiitc'l iltnttinn, and a ilitUnwcr aoil ; nmteifurntly hit iim trow tmvBa
paratily iluwei tlian ili'y wonld da lit ihe deeper aoil and mura »l>eltertd
tilaati'iit nf the loi'tr irrvundi. Tr^ra didWr to muck in th> Mill and iit ta-
tieo niilthtfl In lb* diirnrnt hiadt, thai it ia of iha Mmott cimv^uirice 10
the planter ihii Ibe one iboald ba adaftol u th* other : aiid if plKiirre
could bs imlund to look after lbn« thine* iheniaetvet. in»tta>) of 'iilrotliag
tiirm to thi> nuntry nail, one would noi ■> often tee pUntatiotit Ailei) with
■Itch wnrlhleai trtea aa beccb and lyimiuuir. wlierc more laluahlr sort*, lutli
aa elm, atb.and ehctnui, would flourialt cqiiaUj well. With tbi« tiew, I
katie thrown togtibar a few «li«arvatj'>n* un iIm aorta of tiect comnMnty
plaiiled. The larch tiuutd, nu d«ub(, U tlip n»tl oalnalile Uce that can be
planted, were ii not unfortunately Mihjei-i t-> that pecwhar dbeate, nlled tlia
beait-rdt, whieh. I believe, ia not known 10 alleei any other kind of trer.
After growing vigarauily for iwealy nr mnie yeart, tbe heart of the tree np
to a coniidetable height twniiiica tnliiely rotten, wilbout any tppafCnlcK*
lernal drcny. Tlie rauie of tl<li itngnlar tliteaac la a* yet unbniiwn. I am
ojKlf inclined ta believe thai ii uiually arnra fmiu ion RreU dryneu la the
■ni). In SwitserUikd lite naiiie habitat cf Hie larch It in aitualioai aboard*
Ing in maiilu'r, "ii., ihe tiilea cf alaty tod granitic inAunlaint; and IM
pUnlatiiim in iiiliii.-l), in ihii kiiit^dom, il •cernn lo Aoutith tietl, are in aintlar j
ailuali<>n( in Si'Oilnnd and Wales. In Rngtand il hu girincipatty been planted [
on dry landy heatht — a tiiuiiun wbiub affuida the grraltat contraat to
naiite liahiiai. and nhlch ihe pravalcnn of tha heaicrot ihow* la )« uncon* '1
grnial In iu nalure. In point of beamy llttlr can be laiil in favour of tbr {
larch ; it neret fcirmt a handaoaie maM of fi'liage i and ilia tplky oiiihat
even of the ohleai troodi alwa}t hu a pou', unpleaaing ellbci. It raiuv
liowcw, ba arknowledited that n tingle tree of larch often baa an etefaagj
appearance. The Si.-«tch lir it nf an Laiily a natuic that il will lloiifilS II
alnin»: any toil or liliialian. It t« In lery tied repute it a linihcr Iree wli«B^
grown in England, which ia a tery lingular fact, aa it \* tiell k noun that th
■ame tpccita of pine, when prown in ttoe ntirih uf Europe aud Itie hi|hlandk'
ol Scotland piodiicn Itut rmllent limlwi known a> the red deal. Different
cauiei are aMiitixd fni ililt tilranrdlnary difference in the limber grown ia
KiTglaiid and giuwn abroad. Suaie penuna iiippoae that the home and
foreign (lown fir an different vanetttt ftf the laise apeciea, one of wblch 1
alwayt proilucei bard and Ibe other toft wond: «om« tuppoan that theeoldaVil
cLiniile and alowcr nrawtli of the flallic timber ii the entiM of it* inpcriorllyt I
and any one who will take ihi liouhle of ccunling ihe number at aaniial
'Inp ia Baltic limber mutt ten that ita growth it in genetal esceitirely
tlawi oibert cunttder Ihat ac« alone 1* iianlius to render the timber go«dt
and that if we neie to alluw Entlitb giuwn Ar to ntiain iheaie t4<mt or .
two centuries, aa ia the cubi! with ihe Elaliic grown, our innber would bvj
equally rahialile. That Ungliih fit tiMtxr doei impro*e ai ibe licea grvil
older, b a fact well known to lirahcr ni«'rcbanW | and 1 run instance ihe tM
of ihe bout* in which I am n«w writing, which wa* framed of tnglith Ar, of
T^ry large (nailing, ahniU forty y ran ago, and wblcb ta all apiieiiauce ia
now aa lound aa ihe day it wsi pat up. It mult alaa be nlitetved iliat tba
I^ngliih fir il oumniunly »t down of amalt dimentiont, aud full of aip wood,
while matt of Ihe tap noud ia tut away iTuru tbe tialitc balk* btrfofe we get
ihtm. Dul there ia ittll ono pntnl, whicli 1 hate neier aecn noticed, whittle 1
ptthap*. Bay go (ar to account for ilie difference of quality, I mean Iht]
tcaaon in ttbieli Ibe timber b felled. It baa neter yet been Hcerlaikvd Ihakj
reiisotu irrei ovghl to ha fallad in winter, at ia Ibn luiirenal practice tN'
England, aitrl it 11 not iittllkely that Iba re*lDout)alcM Willi whlab Bnabonad''
in luntmcr uia^ lenil tti increate the durotiitity of the timber felled En that
teaaon. I would luungly imprraa 00 thoae who have the up port on ily, bow
draiia>>le II wnuld be to iiuiiinte eipcriraenta on tkti poini. It it aiatci), oa
what apitcan to b* good authority, that both la Nnrway and tlie rrti of tba
nurtli of Euinpo Ur treeaara alwaya felled In aumiuci. In 5wii»<riand. aain
England, the (inber of the Scotch &r i« reckoned uf^try liiilo lalue. Aaaa]
ornBQicntal tree Ihe Scotch fir iagone much out of fa(bi»n,yet whts allowed
i« attain a wffident age ilarouaded top aitd red.coloured bark aad coateited
THE CIVIL EN'OINEER AND ABCUITECTfi JOUllNAL
CPi
itiBhi pmJicc a grind mhI pldnmqvc rffket In dw Undarape whbh wamlr
UMy kind of tree no tartMM. The tprvM At deli|hw in • li|hc toil tad ■
~W* hmM ilUilian. Id Mch liliMliotit, whH IMI cr««dwl b; vllMf Irtia,
•o w to b4(c ple>it7 of light, il fortni a btaotifn) nun of ihith fuliice,
lawmng to t grui hrighl. Il a quiif uttl*M la plant il In very drv. ihil-
' *, or ro«kf Mil*. I htn icea jaung tpiace fin flnarithinf ia MifcUj,
mgh 1 belir** ultimald; inch aoila da not «tiit il. K oftca iImmvm the
Blanlfr liv cmwmf vtnorouitf for 13 at 20 st*n. ■■d aficMtftril* beroraitig
niualdl. rihlbliini noihiaR tint ■ few rs^rd leaiei on the rnitt of the
[lltMcbr*, bciiif Ihvn onff of llie moil uniigMlf al<|KI* ia naliirr. Il ii ttn-
1 |iit(f thai a nati>r of Nomy ibould ■rrm in OBr dimaia nut paiim of
^-init or froit. It •fTif'l* a »»H wooJ, ti«ffat for HMnjr putpimpi, liul ■(•aft
*My full of knott, nnin* it faai cither brtii %TVtt«\j prunNi, or gitxril In
ttteh «tot« wAodt ai U ItttciU »id* hnnebe* hv ntlural pmra* of deeaj f roiD
wtnt of light. Tha alNnr 6r DoutUlUM In itilT «M day*, and Ihrowt up iU
tail hf*il q»lte prrpfndicalarlj. «<aii ia tbe idmi «i^Md iltuatloii*, appa-
renlly uainiaiad bj ibe mnaii fu>r of the wiad. It i* a Utt «liicb the
liBMcapa painl* ncrcr tUakt of iiUrodudag in * pidiirt -, jti ii a aoi *lih-
0Mt ■ pwviiar beaatf of it» awn, and oft«n pr«ilarr> a Rrtnd effect. eiUier io
the ttUTfonaal aiceu«, or wbcn tcrii lD«trin|t a*-ov« oilier tree*. Ita lin-
bar it nuch l>k« Ihal of tha iptace Rr. bul o< rilW boiler ^ualUj."
OBirVABV.
MR. IIARYEV LUKSD.4.LE BtJdKS.
Il it tcarctly Hirprinnf that ibe dettb of Ur. Ilirvejr Ixtaidale Elinn
•tiould hare prodncttil iiKh • ttroof feeling of rejiret. >i bai been manifctleit
i ■! Liietp«<)1 bj ta man} of ita Ifadiog men, f.<r the diath r>f • maa of gciiiin
bn ttie earl; prime nf life ia well t«leuU<*il !« ««4ken tinitHttlif, aDifinoit
bi a Iowa adornnl hv naU\» innimiiKntt of hit taiie. In hit dt^rolinn lo
irkMi ba haxmed llin pro^rm nl dlieaae ami death. Our read trt "III
think that iurii in aitiu deteivca at our bandt a iDore Iptijlbened mitice
than he lia) y<1 reMiin), tar ihett it ala'ajri i tenliineiil of perviail inierFtI,
rhkli allaclies to the cateei of one ia ravnf in life, and an rlrh in riidow-
1 menti. IWtcf L/inxliIe Elmo wai born in ldl3, wc Inline ia Laniton,
AnA «ai the ion of Jifuo Blmo, En\., Iht lurrtyor nf Ihr I'litl iif l.nnihip,
and hiTnirtf diilinfiiiiiibri m » lartn eonlnhi>tor tn aiyhnertiiril 1it*T»lar<.
H'lih hiiti hi wai hraiifbl up, tn4 iha aalural akililiei he early ihoire*! were
foitarMt by latoelattoa with the mtnjr men nf geniu* wilh nliom hit ftlher
wai jailmate, or in conaeiion. Voung Mr. F.imri'i taUr.ti vrte drriilRilljr
of an artitlio lendenci. hiil ehttSy dirrritd lovtrilt irchitrriiiic and HiiidiC,
■nil be ahoKcd • prmlitr deliracy of mliid, atiniulaied perhapi bjr delicacy
of phj'itrtl i>rfiantutivn. Hit teal xas ardenl. and hii po*en of applleailwn
(real, vb>l» tut la>4 •>( fjm« gave btm Ihr iliniul.ui for icreal etcition. VTith
tnch <tutb1i<»iiotj* Mr. Klmet be^an under liii fathtr'i cvt bia atcbittetural
fttldiaa, «hkb he iftersardi punued under Mr. Elger of Rrriford, and Mr.
H. E. Onmlridge uf Btt'i. lie uai likewiae emphiyrd liy Mr. John KIgcr, a
buMer ia Lnndon. until be icquired the ''harf r of nnrki of hit nvn. — In
1044 nr ItlSi, whrn Mr. ISImra kb9 in hii IwrtiM-FoiKlh jear, Ibe Llvarpool
ComnillttT adienixd for deii^a for St. Cvuijce'! Hall, which vaa then in-
ICiided 10 be a trptrile buildin)^. Tlio ndtctliaemFnt iru put into Mr.
Klmm't baTiJt by i frtrmt, at hnng Korlhy ol hli notice, and ht took it to
Ihe late llaydon, one of lh« earliiwt friendi of hii youib. In atk bit advice
whether be ihould mrnpele. aa Haydon knew many paririn* at Li'trpsol.
baring rrrnvad cotnmiuinnt for ptrlural from Ihe itllnd Schnol and other
iniiiiniraiti. " By til meant, my d«ar hoy," laiil ilaydon : " ihey are noMa
fclluws tl Liverpool. Send in a itiisi^n. and mind, let il comUue grindeur
pith iimplkil;. Nutie of your htokcn-up and fn tiered abort! nns, hat aonie-
Ibing grand." FoUoiiiDj ibit ciboriaiioo M(< Elni>ct ict to work, and when
h« tmi made bit firti •ketch, look it to a fricnd'i houte, where ■ liiflinj[
metdetit gavA him the tuga'y of meceat, far a lillU hur looking nl (ha draw-
log «»ry grarely, threw It down, laying erophailcaj'ly, " Very gond, Ttiy
^'fOOd. tedNd; It'* worlh Ate hundred iioundt." When the de*i;a wia tanl
iii,tl iraa luecetsful iftBJnil eighly.fice eoni^wtilun, and Mr. ElTnet tecrived
Ibe prvmiuiu of five hundfeil puumli. Aftrrnardi hn rtrrird olTin oiber
compethlinit the premimni for ihr Asiifc Coiini b< Livcrpml, and f»r the
'Coiletlate IntlllaliDn Ihere. lie wu likeniM tltc winner in a coinpetilion
. fat Iha Auixe Court* and St. tiaoige'i Hall cvBi'iincil. Thew MTertt vir.
lOrira gave Mr. BIme* Ihe pretlige i-F a repulatinn, whiL-h hit Own altain-
nentt were caletilated ta tupport. Kniered upon a new earete, he now de.
voted himaetf teal null* to rtrry out in detail tlie leveral deaignt on wIiIl-U
^^wat engageit. and hit pioletMontl bniinMi gmilt inrreaied. tie ub.
rtalaed Ihe pnae for Iht County l.jiintiic Aijlum, at WriE Dorhy. in l.tn-
f^MaUie, and wai emploiril in ernnlint mantiniia (ur Mr, Oenige Halt '••«-
rraoe, lata Utyni of Livcrpuol, fur Mr. Iltidman Eatle, aud Mr. llugb
Uoriihy.
Tbtae labour*, boma by a weak frame, ai length broaghl Ibeir own end.
In the early part of lait ininrDer Mr. Klniea ahowed auch tlrang tyaiptnma
of cuniumplion thai chtnje nf elimjle becnmo nr4<r*ury. He wlthad In go
to Italy Io itudy tbe monumeni* ol htt ait In that cciuntry, but hit health
naa lO mncli thakcn tlul I>r. diaoihen urged hiiu lo go ■ mined ■airly lu tl c
Vftn indiea, and travel from iUaad to iiland. Uefore be left he niailc
rnageiMUd with Mr. Corkeretl lo •nparinUnd iha archllcMoral detail at^
St Ocarge'a Ilall, lor whiuh he bad flMilitd Iba wbolo uf the plani.
In ISll Mr. eiiset Itad married the dMghite of C. II. VH. Ttry, Ba»..
and tecorapinfed liy thai lad; ba »et oul oo that jniiraey from wbirli In wa*
»evpr to relora. for he died al Spaniih Town. Jamaica, na tb* 36lit *f N'.-
tembrr lati. aged .14, Iraring on* child,
Thiit he wa* eul olTla Ihe |ittina of hit life, aaid when naly hrgioning to
eaj'i)r the bniioim and reatiila dae lo t»t emtinni. When I'tiMW Al'ieit
limed Literpiiol, be nai m drhghted win &v Ornr^r'a llaM thai he Mat a
gold niodil to Mt. El'iin, and liar architcit uiily aataiii^ the eiiinpletinn of
hia work to receli« plaiidila nn ertry bind. Al ii it, Ibiiac faxnoori niii'l bat
patd lohii lun^i and indeed Ibr Town Ciiviieil nl Lieoipool nn Ibe inaimocc-
ment of hli death, (tare a pahlie mipreMion of llietr tlrnag (cding* of rrgiat
for what Ibey felt to be a beity laaa.
LIST OF MC\7 PATEHTS.
OBAttrto IN ENQLAno riu»i DucKUaaa 30, to JAXCAar 20. I84S.
5ij- MoutJk* aiiot^/ar itrvlitmt, inJett of Aerwitr i if iftiarf.
1hMnn*BaooMk,sf9iiik( trdrloeiaa, KMdltttcaad IUubrBpntnipa,oritlliifiM.
HUiliean, cheinl*!. tt " IwpmmKnu tatbr inatlna or waiHilbMart«r(«IUL pin fci.
■r ■■)• nT the TwttM* ofrtflinrlniiiir."— »r»lnl lltnmbErM.
V*IU EawatrU PntU, of Vrttton P,il1*rtr>. Muff,ird. mnktitinn BUalWctiam, fte
" l»r'u<**ii>nit* lu manutaclunne wllcia mapoxd ul nnhinwarc or elilna."— Die ,
Harrirtihlaa, of Alton, U'anHrk.wtdiK*. Un " Impmnnwau in the Tttitfttlnra <
f\a*. Iioa1(«, «f4«, »iif! olhrr fvaa'aluga." — l)t«. 11.
Kdwd ndtnpbijn. of n-IUwI-atnal, §am-r, *<if!mai, ftir " ittiln Iwprorea _
luelranieii|tloct,aMlloeatlot>orapptrali» I'lrnltlaj.Tatiauiiios. and f0*eu« lifoUt**
— Januairf (.
Wllllan PModa. of DtrUattos, Davan. rtrll oirinMr. fiii " 1iii|iiiiiimiiiIi la Uka
T«^vf* (i>«^ In clr«tnf Ihv ml4* vl atniot^haric rkiinnytr" — Juvarf A.
Ittft^ |]0Uil47, oi UibldcnfleUI, Eiianufacruricf ehniii*l.fut " luipiweAeaa* la laiBM^*
— ianiian 9.
OtaMii* D* X>na«*,arArihiir>ufvi ■*•(, c|iy, MRlpen, l«> "lapraiaaaiotalnear-
riafe* oaed on rallwaT*."— Jtiwarry
Alraui'lrr llabetlaun Anull, iDiiiifrr iif Ihe (Jnhm.plate <11b» Warta, Si. Hdaaa,
L>iicut*r. tat " lmiirar>DwiiU in miti iiru(iiilD| mbsm tall."— Jaaaary fr.
Ch»n«* Lamban. or T^n-lilttf mil, *<. Vmtpf^ near llilai*!, ptn-aaaliar.^ "tm-
kalfi }inprv*vrn#ni* In ma^lilnrij' 'or i„iiiiLii^ nmif *' — iimnmrj ft.
J'tUh r—m^ irnnUf, il ('.Tfit nioUllf.ilrrM, nitciirrt(rt>r*ad, fai'lBprv^v.
mroialn coiki er lap* for cltairiiit all llqiiiila ■I'lI paci."— Janoary S.
Ceurit Dell, of ibe cliT of Uublln, tnrntiani. Tor " nrlaln IniprvTeneaW la the or*
ranftmfr.l ol vbrpi* an4 Hale* fnr attflni antl ot^rr c«rr!«tiae. lafalcb AHIIIaa* tr^etlU^
oo Ti«iiw«T* >ihi <o'i>ri,<,n rovlf, piri* .>f 4hl?b L »(i |r rwt (itiEfiu ar« Ap^HcalHo to OlJhtr toa.
ctiriwrT."-*>JaiiurT 7
Jacnrt MDOlHinrtx. »f ^IIal>H]r-iirrel. Mlildlean, lor "certtlo IafaO<*Maota la
plkAoniftr* and olhiralmilar eat«t,k*rail iDttnunaDia." {Oelaf a *«uwHdcitU«i )—
January II,
Alfrtll AgifidlUfldv ftffliJBl'l &<lri or Vb- I \, C-aniivn^rao, lt'«4ifil naffr, and Ju^iib
RmiJiTll Sorlon. orsalnl klDry.Ic-niioiiil.pldi, Kciil-nwd. Hiirr,;. wliie. nrrelMDl. lo*
" ctfrUIn InBitninfmrnla In T".llln w «*«»«'iB t'tr tr>nlBljiiEi|f iJAnlda, and In t^ l^ai^ «f
ami mtcblnrirT or aiipRraini (ui n Una anil naypSuf Vtt umr. - Juinaii 1 1 .
Oardti*! Slav, late «f KlDc-aiTel, ClK*|«kle. kal tiuv ol Naw Vsek, ■•wUtown, toa
I* ]iiii>rurtfl)*iita Id lupara'ui In' |iro|ialllii( tinpi anil ulUer vaMela,"— iauuary II.
WJllani Tha-roldi ol Konrlcb, vnclnnr, tor " Imprwrniema la lam-llblaa'"^^teavr
l».
Kiitiarl WlUani. M.A . (irwiiork, Aii " Imtinmnif iila In errtaln Mnda •( rMatarT».
film ^^orlvd hy Br^aRi or oihvr tWiUr Bii-<la. n^it u( ivblcb irbfrrarvmrnto arr a|r|idtnt4e
H rutalwir •Xfliin wiiit*! I>> naler, ur by ilia wlail, alaagan Im proraintiii la taMv-
*atT«a fat avaam Udllen." — Juiiur) 13.
Bf&BUf Kdwarla Ifarar. oFAnfiion place. Oray'a Inn-mtil. Tor *■ ImimrtaMnta in ib
naavlieeurvorpldrv^mr «iirr«m lit iirirrlkng uf rrit)gHliift,*'-.-JoiuiarY 13
Hcnjamla Ullrhrll, nriliindncitanahl a. hrtDtr. lor ** ImjiroHairul* 1> 'ht mMiafM- .
tuia irr inaniirT."— Jaouirr iS,
BvlvaTt Rffsib.nf RpAibfi*lil, UuicH«al*r, ftnllfniaq, far ''e^lalri liii|iii n |i r B t »ti 'fl
ilir tnalliiHl III iiigilgiliie au'l arniliiriB Mrtloii btnata l4i eoflnaa awt tarrtMe" «— d ^W '
i*ilw*i*-"—imnarf Is.
Jt)^> Cuilar. of Mpafk flrocik, Itlrmlnftiam. dvil enjitnaar. t^r " ontala taipinneiaeaia i
lo wcM«l Ireii pipe* "> tutvi )a be uidlaaihr flui* oralran tiollTn.* — Jasawy to.
J4hn Olimor*. I.l*..(«n4ikl In Ihr Pnjst NtT; , for " r^rtatn Impfnreiaawla Ik VEoUlal*']
Ui( atilpaBa<luU)ei n«>(l*."--~JaiiBan 1'-
'Tharlni CfMtr, ur fUr.ifunl, f?*«ei, ini4iuraeLurht0<hat(ilii. «f"l Jbi>^ TIi emaa JaUtaa,
eritir taiDi iilacr. aiia'tilial rbamlal, for " lni|inw<nin<U rii i)it nianuiaclarv o terUM
aild* and .alia, aoil ■ new ■ppitalua appllcsbl* a» tka uld lin[irmnTiriili " fan«aa-[ li,
F«nir muDtha.
ftainurl Cnnl Iflf I.liur, tl Mannlnchain Uall, In 'lieiMrlthor Bnd(*nl,n^,,iir "Ib-
pRifainnita <n aiDi'i^inil ni:«ytrjiiia and Mbei nrrlafva, anil (toerallf arbwe a llnHf
pcvvror pr«4Amr i> ifi^nlr.il ''^-Jai-uarf la
Joha Hickman, j-f Ki'mlnahi.in. lor " InfrDraanniU In t>i> maan* of M)ailnotla(an4
tvuBr^tlnf par u 'if bnJalcailt. cviicapa.«uitT4U*r arUcUa vf rumitar' *• otrKli ancb Iv.
Iiiomunta luy t«a^|iikahlr. aiM alau In tn« nutua v f altathlof kaobt or kandlaa M
dlWvrv, d4ur«, and clliar liarti «l fMrti^lor*,"— Jafmary t B.
U'llUam Neaton.ofOI. Uhanrvrf-lana. MIditlrax. rlrll towlnrrr. for "Iniiminiaaiil*
la taeinanaCaclnreortaatifranih* tanr" iHtiof aiouimanl.allau.l -January IK.
Jobn Fradarlc Baavmian, of U4iHh0rl*r, lor '■ cfrtaln ImjirnTenaeola In valmof plagt
lU-IOepanaceurwaacr oroUiet llulil*."~Jaouar|> bl,
Thomaa Bokrn Srmll, of CarrlnRWn. In ili« parbb •( BaafBrd, HolUafhaas, cbanM,
ftir •■ Ioi|i>Det(nn)U In pivpartng fliur."— Januiiry 18.
Joatpli ('ilnton llotieriann. Of lOt, FleH. atiert. Londim. rit\\ antlnrai. fat "rartrtn
Intin-winianu In lhrinanii4>elar*of leiUlalaMira,tiulft. and I.aaua^ and atctftaio new
prodiacu abtatnari t>rtbr aid ol audi lDipn>riiinrnU." lA iainii>unk«Uon-l— January In,
Jnhn Dianfan, of BrrTilvavd, Raaat, tanllcuan., for '*0artalD Ivprvneieala In taaolaa
ul blilM."- January 3U
rilR CIVIL EN'r.rXEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
05
I
CAKDIDUS'S NOTE. BOOK
FASCICl'LUS LXXIX.
■•I MM* l«*t ntHflT
mtlial, ■* utfv ■ rbwlM ■• lb> ■ici'tt.
Td '■ln« an akov I plnuc."
I. Tlwre t« reunt for concluding tliiit (he perijitrrol trmplM of
thr Gtrrku ir<'rc «a pUna»<l rathvr for th^ lulce of arcliitertunl
dixnitT aoA effort, than, u it irttfTAlly Bii[>|>OHetl. fur tlint of
Mn* part) IT ul.tr <v>iiri<r)ivnr« nr kdvaiitftaii*. Tliis rctln itui'lf Itcintr
■Mm>v. rxlonniul^ aloiiir ttN«lde« wrved l4i pivein^utcr iniportiinfp
tA tKf (>ililifi' ky cnlaricifiir lu entir« balk, iU vndK <ir rroiiU brin)f
iiKTciui-d fruni tt^trulyl« to lu>cn«tylp, ur fmin bvxMtjrU Ui
nrliftyle. if \hv lM<>ral niUiniuidM cun'iUtM of only ■ Riligle nmg9
itf |ii!lar': itr it' tl>i> rulumuUlion wati nf the kind caUmI diptvml,
iiMmBMCit; Uie width of thp frnntK liv four morv niliimm hmiMth
their tHH)lm«n1« : ttiqn. n <-ell>. «'>lti h ti'Iraityli* in front ot it, would
«M|t^r«' nn ocUurtvlp portico, tiy li«>'ini.'(iifil*ral cutunnadeii erectml
•1.11)2 its t.idi'k. 'rhi« laM-nieiilioiicd Tni-di- (ihvdiiiteniij rprtwnly
d'** pnivide B creator tihvitrwd-in tt\ac* an the tide* of llie
edl&fw; Mill, hardly MiOirinttL for any real um «f it u an ambula-
biry— .at l#aK(. not fur n number of persons. Such purpose was fnr
tMUrr itfcompliihwl hy the r^tidn^ipumt plan, in which the
nildiUe rtiw uf culumnii^'qr thinf Wtuern the external one* and the
wall* of th«> i*elln, irerv omittetl, ii'hert>by a clear space vas ob>
lAiiwd n|unl lo the width of two intvrolntnnx niwl iiiic column.
Yet. if niBcb <raD thereby gained in point of convenience, not a
tittle WHS lutit in feuaitl to effect and richncM of chandcr; and
the body of thn t4^ii|i]e ahou-ed as a canpRmtivelv- diminiitire
Mmetorc, Ktandinu H'ilhiii nil <>tH*n tliou|j[l) covered oilonnadcd
liM!]amin>. As tu tlie «utitle piTiiiteral. Itaculontuidca mtut hare
been more for nhoir than for real itecvice. riooe thrf vere very itl-
edeuluted for arcumnuMlutini,' a multitude uf perxinit. Even in
tiw Partheniin, the rleur *p.ice between the eilernal columns and
the Walla 'if the rella itdh not more thansii fe«t wide; con*pqurntly
a tneru [uuiMpe, rather tlmti either an anhiiUtury or a alicller for a
lartfe ■■itnmiirMC of people.
II. With regunl to the Partheimn, a most e»traordinnrj' error
oorurs in the Kiitfliih edition of OaiihflbMiid'n "Ancient and Mo-
dem ArriiUi-tiire" (second wries). it Iwinitthcre ulnted that ^ It*
laactli, itie.uurcd on the top of the *\r\n, i> 114 feet, ita width
II fefft ~ necurdioK to which, the area of the huildlnii is not nliovc
muhfiMirtk uf what hII other a4.-c«untH m>kr it. for ihcy make it
hXh I* leva* liiniriiui! to ice a« wide! Tx piuzle na iJie more, there
l«a font-fioie cnllidt' p-irtKuUr atirntioii to thoae meaaurementa,
fruni which it wnuld ><rrni that pains hivd hemi taken to insure
noft than uwal iicciinicy, ihey being there said to le upon the au-
IhifHty of a " recent' — and thcrefocc. it i« to lie presumed, a niBre
cnrret't — metuurcment by Mr. Travers. Vet. no notice is taken of
the enormous di»rrenancy between (hem and the usual] y-rvported
diuiensioni, or of the e<iual discrcimncy from the plan and lu
arale jfiven in the work itnelf. The ncale betn« in metres — to
■liicfa one in Eni;li«b feel idinuld linrc hccn lidded to the platr« in
the Ent;lisb edition — the ruiitradiclion hrtwern the text and en-
prarini; in nut m> imnicdlatelv obvious iu> it would else be ; but, uo
applyiiijc ennipaiiscH and raVulutioii, we And the length to lie
W metres and the breadth dl, wbicli conrcrtcd int» Envliab uca-
•nr*. give «9* and IDI feet re»pecti*ely. or double nliat In aUtcd
Intbvtextl Had either the Eti|tli»ii writer ur editor compared
the dMcription and plim toneLher. iheir totnl want of afcrcvmrnt
mtt have bvrndisriivrrM, which done. Mr. Travcra'araraauremeots
would perliapH hare been disc-srded a* noite untenable. Some aa
Anuijrr or even strnn^rer miiOake uerplexet «> ■ little farther on,
wfcere «e are told that the external mlumn< ore three feet in dia-
oiMer (oronly half wliat iLoyarc u»nailvirt»t«d, via., six feet and a
IhictiiMi). vrt lliirfii-/our/eelf»Hr incAe* high, which would make their
height between olcvcn and twelve diamclcr«! and bow aiich ex-
traordinary pniimrlionH c^uld have cstcaped notive wlieit the proof
aw read over 1= inromprehcnsiWe. Xeilber dooa error terminal*
thare, winrx'. besides the piilpaVle contradiction in regar^l to the
diameter nnd hd^ht awiicned to the oolumua, the latter iii^<iuri>-
■eat and that of tlie entablature (laiO'} rendcis tb« entire lieifbt
(^ tlie order U feet ; which. thouK>> ■'■ ■t'elf it may bo coreoct, is
ritoiretber irreeuncileahlo with the width of the mint being only
M n^. or little more tlmn a square in h»i|tht, — tl>0 proportions
not of an octastyle but n tetnutylo, and sach aa it i« impoeeiUe to
Bve U> the former. Here, then, we have njwatty complication of
■ndera, and Ihoae of the most seriou* kind, in a paWiealion
which uuj{)it to be scrupuloualy accurate in regard to the measuro-
Ho. 12fi-VoL. X<.— M<.acu. iSt%.
OMntfl which it ffive* of hullding*. There ii what looks like mif-
ietaM pledfTO for editorial re«ponMbiltty and carefulneoA, the title-
pe|^ aatnnng us that "the tranilationa are revised by F.
Arundale andT. L. UunuId«on, Prof. Arch., Cniv. Coll., London;"
tharefore, to thoae irent lemon may Iw left the tnnk of ar«ountin|(
for or explaininur away the ejrre^oos miitake* here point ediHit,aiul
whieh compromiite the credit aiid chnruvter of the worV to <ueh
de^M ai to demand serrection— if in no ether way, by eftncellin)t
the paffM where they occur. Nut tJio leant awkward part uf th^
matter in, a detection of the kind naturally excitea mlatruM as Oi
other artldlea, where mirtakea either of a ai'milar or diferent kind
may haveeacnped tlie Knf;li«bret<u«>p*. In that veryartirle on the
Parthenon, one parugraph that nufrhl to have been uniilttid, was
uuluckilv cnfleriMl to remain — namely, that which says: "We
give with this notice n siilendld tpecinien of polychromatic arehi-
teeiare of the Parthenon, beinir » per^pectire view of the entabl»-
tare awl eapitaliL restored with the utoMtat care by Mr. Traiefa,
from trace* which be diuMrered in the awmuneul itaelf.' Therv
M, however, no such plate in the work— 4t least, not in theKu^^lLth
edition, although it would hare been particnlnrly HCoirjttBble, and
far more valuable than all those nf audi unarehitectural RabjMli
na (.'rumlechd and ( 'eltie monuments, nut together. Of lArm, two oe
three npeeimena at the utuiont would have mfliped : still Iveltpr
would it have been had they been eKeladednllugetber from a work
which, were it to he extended to a hundred volumes, could not poa-
«blv illustrate all that Is worthy of notice in "Ancient and
MiMtern iVrchitecture.'
III. It is not only with regard to theiMHimi of Blnre'W &fade l»
the Palace being a copy of that of Cascrta, that Mr. Sharp and
niyaelf differ materially, mjropialoDof Klmess " History of Archi-
tecture in tireat Brittiln" being an very diasimilar rrotn hia, that I
think the Iwlitor haa very great roaaon to complain of Huch a eans-
leasly -executed and inar-curate performance being nHmed-ofT upon
him under the re4|M)ni>ibility of .Mr. EIiucii'h name. While there is a
great deal of mere garrulous flUing-upanecdote^(|uiteoul of place in
an hiKtorie outline, and out of lul preporttoa U> the brevity anil
rapidity uf the reconl itaelf, there are not a few oiniatiiuns, nod
aome of them tntir unnccnuntable ones. Both Keril and his
patron, the Earl or Burlington, may be aaid lo be pnaM'd over in
eilence, since they obtain no further notioothiui the oonipllnientary
nkention of their numi» as "two accompllabed arobitecto of tke
Aitglo-Paliadian school,'* without a syllable about any of their
work* — either the "llnlkham" of thit one. or the " Chlswick" of
the other. The luune uf •" Holkham," indeed — and it is tlie name
only^iccur* elsewhere, Ixit wrongly, for the credit of that palatial
mansion ib taken from Kent, and awigned to Brettingluun, wlui
merely published Uie deaigna of it, witli hi* ouii imine un the title-
IMige. It would aeem. tlien, that ''accomplished' architects aa
they were, Kent and U'lrlin^un are not entitled to (iglim at all
in a history which hriiig^ forward such a mere nolxii^ an John
Venn. Neither is unv tnvniiun made of Citrr, of York, althoogh
he waa of consJderabUi repute In bin day, and erected many la-
fortant mamnona and other atructu rex in the north era countin.
larrison, of Chester, too, is sirnilarly pasaed over wttliout brinu
Ml much aa named; and tu him may, among (ithers. be added
rordeii. tteaides omlsatans of that kind, there ie. with juat here
nnd there nu exception, the general and pvrvading tuniaaiiui akf all
air.ctnpt at satiafactory critical Mtlmato of the arcliiteeta and
ImildingK that are recorded. Su little r««l anbstanm: ia there in It,
thill Mr. Rtmcu's " Ilisturr'amuunta to very tittle more than a
dry cJilalogue of name*, what ia wnnm, it ia not t cust- worthy :
on thif contrary, i> m> full uf obvlouu mintakea as to ecoite general
miHtrusl, for nothing is tu be deuendod upon it which tho render
cannot verify for himself. The Royal Kichango at Dublin, which
"uvenrbody kiiuwH tolie by Cuuley, whuxe talent and taste are very
happily diaplnyed \ii it, is crroneoualy attributed to Chamber*.
Gandan U mlaiianKvL fur hu in cjdied iflUiam inatead of Jame%—
» miatnket perhapa, of no very irreat inument, but which, coming
along with ao Biaay Mbcra, evincca the writer's bsbituaJ carelea^
iweo. It wuuM, too, hare been n» woll tu have aUted. that a
" Life" of(jandon—<iuch nail in, was iiukliahed about a twelremonth
ngii. Connected with timidun, tiiere ia anutber mistake, ba
after lie had been «jioken of as having editad the two lust vulunn
of tho " V'iini litis RritJuinicuB" {vie, the 4th and JIh), we are told
that "Colin Cninubell pitblialied hi> useful work, the ' Vitrnrlun
firitanuicuf,' tn ,^ar tMiuacuiiva volumes, between the years ITIJ
and IfTl' — thercrore. the lost of them nliout forty ycJirs .ifler hia
donth— "to which, ^Vmdf aiulO&ndan tvtfectifeig adde<l auppli^
nieiitary vulumcB of equal skill and corrcctne».' This la ao
unibiguoualy worded, that it aeems to Miy. each of tlie two lattBr
editors ecparalety added mure tluin a volume to tho original wock,
10
M
THE CIVIL BXCINREK XSD ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
I SUuat, I
I
IiHtfiid of brloittDfr out ronjulntlr lw» other vtilrimn in m >-uiii)uin;r
ihu llinn* ihnt liiid been pulilisnrd by CainjtlM>ll. Wbrit lti> waH
tneiitiimiiitf thul iv>lli-i.-li<i:i uf iHraigns, Mr. Elines nuskt »m well
havt iiliwrvpd. tliiit it i* by n>i DiMna mo ooiiiplfto u it cinctit lu
have liirfii: for nhik- it i» made tit contain Mffrniil vvr^diill uimJud-
tintcreitiay mibjt-ctK, iithcn sreomitlnl wlii*li wi' either of oou-
itderablc L-clebrity ur merit,— wdi lu Loril Barlingtori's Lasino.
Nl Cliianitk (tiacc altered Iiy Wymlt), mud St. U«»r^'«, Bluonw^
hury.
IV. In aprnkinc of Wj-ait*« Piiithcon— of uhicL ureutly. if not
BXtrnvB^ntly, uluiirMl stnu-tun-. it i* piihhIIv mslter of «iiT[iriM
lind rcprPt lfi«t ho t^it^atiiigw were fiiven, irith^r in tSiindiin'M U«t
rulumv of ihu "V'itruviiin.'or ill tlie NibiiMiueDt work iiv [tich.-inbnn,
—Mr. BluiM sadly iMKliN-tuhio iir<>|HT duty a«iin nrrhittctural lila-
turiiiu,taKiiMlpTei7prtivitkiti),'iviilHiiit LnnardiV ba]k)utt,inst«iulof
entering into any d«H.-rij>tiiin of" ttt« rdificr tt>«ir, which bt inertly
callaa "fttie wnrk," willioiil inninilarixinf miv 4if Ita IteiiutiM
Mid merit*. 'Ilie wdr |iart uf it un which he mukvs aiiy rwiinrks.
iathot which liw^t uf iiU re(|uired tiotiee— nxitivly, thrfrimt ; it
etill rcnimiiinjc pretty ncJtrly what It woa at lir*t. He iipeiikii,
however, of tlte porticn »s h.-iviiiir hcwi of the Ionic urder ; nnd if
lu, thr Uoric one, whidi exiHted hefore Uu' hiiildintf wtw^nnvertrd
ilitii » hnsiUir. c»Dnut have been thiit which Mr. Elme* alludi-s lo,
altbtiii)[h hr diw» HUt iHty u tnuch. In what io said uf thai fniut,
Uw term " winjjii' is nut very cormtly a]i|>lti-d. the whole of it
formiitic only a sini^le f^cneral muss u illitmt xiidi milHli virion iiiU>
diittSnct oillatcrat mumes a« |ir<i|rcrl)' nriswer ti> the denoiniiiutiiiii
of "'wiiiirti," wliich Mr. Elmeis fbowhcrenpuIlM niually vapicly,
a»wliru noticinj; ihe "Trinity Hoime." otid the '"Societyirf Ar1»"iti
the Adi-iplii. Auotiicr iti.staiire of hi!< tiidi:<Anitviu,'ti!< in what
uHlllit Iw be ciidicit tcclioicAl plinaeuloKy. vt In* verj' unlechiiica)
mwde of di-xcribiitica reccned purtito ui loi^ina. caltinji: it Eome-
tlraeti an '^iiivcr^-" jiorttcu. aunieiimc* a " rt'tnx-eiiKd'' unr. or hy
mnM other more fantusttcnl than iutrlliiril'I'' rgiitliet.
V. Tlie odmirutioii professed for wlinl i^Suaiie'slmppirst piece of
UQBDp<M<ilii>ii hut Hot riileiiili'd itself hc^-ond words. W« may any
wf it laudaturrt o^, sXacf no iiii<- hiu lenliftml hin cwliniatiun of
it by borrawing an iden from it, nolwillt^iliuidliii; that uinilar
stiikinK tXnt aud picl urc^tjue exprcwioii mtirlrt be abt^ned
without ffelliiiK into dirLVt imitation. Niiy, .Mr. Elnitfs wntild
make u'tt Soane liini^Mrlf t^i hiive lieen there only an iniilator, — at
leaat, to have '''had iii his mind Uil- 6etiiinrruli(r uuiiio>« vt the
triuiHeirbi nf St. I'aulV u» if. withoul tlicm, tht- idea voiild not
bale eniauated, an no dotiht it iiiiniiiluit«ly did. frotii hiu
ttuditw ir(^ the Tiiiiijile at Tivtdi, whone onler — un ei(uuUv beatiliful
and peculiar example of tho C'oriulhiaii, tliiit h»d previoiuly twcn
icoured by all niinlrni iinliitiYU nnd nil the ^yxteinitisera of
tbc FiveUrdcrs-~wii« uduptnl by him iit llie Uiink aa n dceided
nnvdty, with unimpL-ndmble clnvMcul authority for it. Still.
tkotHth he adopteii it, e> cii Suane himBelf does not appeiu* to have
Cvtni'rfheiided il;* L-lmriK^tcr, for it W only iit that aHftle of lb«
Bank Ibot ho h«« v:()iil<ited it entire, bavins iu tb« vttll^^ jwrt« of
the t'liildiiii; enipluyeil the ndunina only, witliout the eiitnbliitnro
which Ik-Ioii^s to tliem, not (i»ly in voiifvrniity wiili tlje origiual
exAliiple. but in cvnfonuily with the Inwe uf a-tUiVtic decifcu- Bv
riuppreviinif — ua if *iich ihiincc WM of n« ntvini-iil M hU— the rich
ofntioatied friexe, uhii-h i* iil^m>|utely iiecc^ary for ke^pinj^ up
barmooiy and perfect ii);reeinent in tlie tntrmfJe of the ordve, lie
convened the entiililaturo iillojfetber into one whidi CDntniKtu
rather thnii ai nlj aicrvn o-itb tbv c<.'luinit« lliemnolres. Their
Hutcd (JiJil^i liecuinv luo rich, nnd their rnpitnl-i liw>k too heavy,
in enupariMHi with the emn«culitteil eiituhlntiire. Thn energ:}' of
expraadon, aa well aa the de^rve uf dn-oration utsumed for the
columns, «tom Khnrt with tlu'in, inolvad of btinfj carried on eon-
ciiftenllv, aiol eKtcnded to the horizontal division of the order,
wbeav, if aiiytkioK, increwMc ratlicr than diini notion of diMomtion
is requi«itL<, niiiii' otherwiite, a mo*! diwiKreMl-lc fallinp-cff takes
place: amf^.ra nrpil iiuiitui, — urxrv* <^. irdi-'M>rnti(>n into be
madernted %t nil, it «hould nt Ic'<>tt be done con>^i-tentty, and *a aa
not to throw one part out uf kcepiii|[ with another; the dot n^
which— and it ia by no meaiu unc»nini<)n — betrays either down-
right ignuranee, or wilful midmost unpurdonable diMX'ijnnl of l>oth
prKedCDt and nrinciple. Wliat is tti>t leant of all eKtrai)rdiiniry
le. that llio«e wnunre ffifted with lueh very microtropie vinion nAtobe
■(ruck by the profile of a mere moiddinfr in a eornice, or soma
e<|ually minute detail, take nonoticv ofMuOi wholesale omlaaiamt U
the eu|>Pre»on of nculnturc on a friese Amotinlii to. In soinenor-
Uenc of tim llnnk the irine Is nut, indeed, lefl entirely blank, it
h«in|r ontamenled with a Vilnirinit fret ; which, boweirer, hn>i a
tame and in»ipid look in ounipuriHOii with the boldnraa of the
c«jiit:il>i. If deriation from the original there was to Iw at all, it
niiuld not have been antlu, perhaps, to [noren»e the romire, and
iiLu) ^'ive it wmrthtng of ric^inem ; thereby r«nderinfi the entabla-
ture p<iiiivAletit in force of expreasiuri to that of the r>i]iiintH.
VI. tVith rei;»rd to that particular feature in the architecture
of the Bank wliich haa xiven rile lo the i>recedin^ reinarka, it
hat obtained more of nruHMWd admiration tor iU ririkinf effect
than of inquiry into tne caoM of that effect. For Kueh mtjitiry,
]terhnp>>, there ix no irreat need ; beeioiKe uo one who has any eye
at all I'ur the pi(TtiireM|ue in ardiitecture, mn be at a toM to deter-
mine iu what the peculiar pi<|iiaury nf that eumpooiiion conMKtv.
Still, it in necfMsary that it» merit*, in that recpect. nliould be diw-
tluctly pointed out, if only in order to force Mieb«tan>ei4 alteiition
to them as tni|ibt lead to aimilur luippy rejiulta iu f-imi|i<»ittuo.
Precisely the same cotmnu* are used in oLlier partu of Ihe build'
inra, yet nonrhere with Rnythinit at iitl opproaehinK the Kanie
effect; and why? hecauae here llie eonipiniiion im audi *m to bv
nuuHunlly prodtit-lire of those " aecittetiU" which give life and
•piril to an-hi lecture— namely. vii;;itniiit 'Mam-itmro. play uf per*
Hpective, ai>d richnrsm of coin hi nat inn. There in nut merely
lifrht and shade in a (.Teater than uidiiiur)' deuree, but variety ul
it — dcrprninjr sliadows and brilliantly-tiKicbedUehlK when the xan
l)«)pn)i to strike upon tluit anjtlc nf the hiiildinjr. Of per«p«ctire ap-
pearance, also, there i» icreat variety, ou infC to thtr iippiirciit dianjcea
of poMtion between the externid columns and the inner onea, and
alw to the nintnuted di^poiition of them, the former beini; upon a
curved line, the latter un a ptrai|;lit one. There is alM aiiotber
point of contrast between them which t!i eqnally jadidoua and
luiM'y. the outer columiH being duted and the other* plain. TlliJ^
while it addn to the variety of th« riimpOMliun. (irrvenlti confusluD ;
and fnch ie tlie value of the twQ Inner cohitoii.i, that aitlioiit
them the whole would be many degT*^ l<-'Mt udmiruble. Tbey art*,
be^iiileis both motived by nnd nerve to wurnHit the mode in which
tbe attic b earned acnm the Itwicia in a utmijrhl line. The unly
eaoept loo able thin^ b the door, or rather the apiicrunce of duor,
wLen there can be imi entrance fnnn nithoul, aud where thereforv
a window or uindow-«loor — even hail that aim been indy in ap<
pefiram-e — would hare been len.i uf an impn>priety. But u *tatne
of vonie ttort, sufficiently iinporlunt iii »\ur, would lutl only liare
been an interc«tin||( object of ilnelf. but have dune uway with all
necessity fur appearance of taceea into (lie lo;;Kin, linre Uie latter
would ill (Utb CH^c liavu hod an ostouMlile pur|XMe aa a ptcco uf
decoration.
^'ll. He net archilectural criliri»in — n« far as we do ^et nnr of
it ut all— mertrlr by a aiouthful of il at a time. What proftaees
tube such lit oclooni more thun a single conden>ied epiuion eaprraed
in the lun)p, writpneil up perhap* in n maas of cunibcraoinr verbinjre,
or cl«« enuucialcu in n toue ut oracular deriaiveaeMi. intended tw
awe inlv_ silence and frtiflc inquiry and discusaliNi. Even Horace
H'al|>ule'« vritioal venlkts, albeit tliey were m>motiuies lurnvd
fpigrainmatically enough, were both Himay and unju»t, stiallow uiid
auperfieioi. U'fiat he euyn of the campanile of St. Ge«rjKe'R.
UltiiMnBliury, amounts to a mere «i err, nnd convicts him withal
of bein^ quite obtwte to ptcturenpie effect in cempoj'ition, aial
other architcctuml merits. An to Ootliic architecture, Homoe
ditqualified lum>eir for «ClTinf( up iiftajudHC of that by hiu own
precious Strawberi-j- Hill, whioh would have nh*<dutely horrified
him had he poshcsae^l the slif^hteet feelinit whatever f'T that style.
Vet, even vile ax it is. Strawberry Hill line been dcUbentlely
praiied by another dincemin^ crilie and nritrr on nrcliitecture,
who «ayi4 thnt the coiuioianeur would there (inil ^^all that ia fua-
cinatihK in Ihe (iothick rtvlr." All that isfaH-inntin)|; with a ven-
(feance? Were it p(ia«ibl« to conceive that DallawHy «»»» there
merely jokinir, we coulil aecount lor »ueh pmiaft au Itoing coiv-
demnutory iroiiv ; but he seetin to have beeo >iuite M-ri«n^ aad
must accordingly have been cxi-eedin(;ly »tuptdalso. In what its
fiKd nut ions con^int he doeai not *»y, ulthnogh if any such inerits
there were, it behoved a critic to jKiint them out, oitd to do so in
audi maiiuer h< no Hx attention upon them. The comfort Uf we
lofW very little bv Dallaway'* confining him>H>lf to only very
hurried ntid fnijierlieial remsrkaon modern £ii»;]i>ili huihiingv aad
urcliileeti', uiuev what he does nay, indicatesi hut very mediocni
critical talent and taste. U'hat sort of an iirchiteetuial eritic
.Allan Cunningham wiih, — how well qualifted to undertake the
■■ Lives nfltritish A ri^biteels," — may bejudged from the cenaarehe
psates upon the lari{e open arehe* nnd loggias alwve them in the
river fafade of ^mertet I'laee,— the must sirikini; features, or
rather the only i>lriking uiivs, in that comiiuAitiou. In a fit of
hyi>ercriticisin, Allan affeuts to beshot^kedat thi>>-e very pictiircsqae
part» vf the structure, nt beln^ quite eootrury tu ull'architectural
principle and prui)riety, he asserting; that the euIuiniiK over the
void of the ardi produc« " un uppearancu uf insecurity that is al-
I
I
4
I
IMA.^
THE CIVIL £NGIKEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
m
togetlier intolenble ;' which i§ as much as to saj-, that instead of
su^nting the idea of strength and perfect wcurity, the arch
lodes unequal to the due support of the columnii. Nevertheless,
it ia certain that those arches are capable of Rafely bearine the
vdgfat of the columns, and can also safely hear the weight of
what is mnch heavier still — namely, Allan's own leaden criticism.
VIII. Very great pity is it that St. Martin's Church stands just
where it doesL, because it was in consequence allowed to interfere
»cry injurinnsly both with the National Gallery and Trafalgar
Square. Owing to its being obstinately insisted upon as a sine qua
mm, that the portico of tlie church should be exposed to view from
Pall-M^l-Enst, the front of the Oallery was obliKed to be set fur-
ther bach than it otherwise needed to be, and the site of the
building — at best a very cramped-uj> one in its rear— cnnsidcr-
■bly reduced in depth ; in some parts, to little more tlmn half.
Hence, the interior of the structure does not ut all realise
the promise made by its extent of fa^aile. Admitted it must be,
that the arrhitect did not economise wlmt space he had no well as
he might have done; still, that does not excuse those whose
(spricioiia whims thrust difficulties upon him where, without such
addition of them, there were many to contend with. — On the other
band, as regards the "Stiuare," its symmetry and rectaugulitrity
hare been sacrificed for the sake of keeping its east side in a line
with the portico of St. Martin's, which would still have shown
itself, even had it not been made to come actually into thiit corner
at it. After all, does the church display itself to such advantage,
as to reconcile us to the inconveniences and deformities whirli it
has been allowed to give rise to? The reply will be : " Hardly."
Thrown open to view from such a distance as it now is, that por-
tico is not so impressively striking as it formerly was. As it stood
orifpnallr, the situation seemed altogether unworthy of it, owing
to Its being much too confined, and to the meanness of the houses
huddled-up round the church — a species of contrast more pictu-
rMqae than becoming or agreeable. Nevertheless, as it was then
seen, the portico showed imposingly ; and all the more so, because
the view was confined nearlv to that — the steeple not being seen
unleM it was directly looked up to ; whereas now, as seen from a
distance, the entire structure, that is, both portico and steejile —
the latter of them anj-thing but a graceful and well-composed
object of its kind — are seen together ; owing to which, the portico
lows considerably, and the classical character that would else ntamp
it, when beheld at such a di:«tance that only its exterior or columns
are visible, is greatly interfered with, if not altogether forfeited,
g' the uncouth appendage which rises up immediately behind it.
y no means is the view of the portico from Pall -Mall- East a pre-
pnwtfliing one. — Trafalgar Square itself falls very far short of
what Iras only reasonable extiectntton for it. Strange perversity
of judgment, bungling, and aisregard of architectural dispofiition
hare teen allowed to manifest themselves in it. Although the
area itself seems to have been expressly planned for the reception
(rf the Nelson monument, the column is, after all, not placed
within it, but is pushed just out of it. The only assignable reason
for each downright preposterousness is, that had it been erected in
the centre of the area prepared for it, so lofty an object put just
there would have had an unfavourable effect upon the front of the
Gallery. Very true ; but then that consideration ought to have
been a rvUon de pliu, and an all-sufBcient reason in itself, for tiot
adopting' a column, more especiidy as there was another thing of
the same kind just by. "There were many other designs which,
bendea being sufficiently well adapted to the situation, were far
more original and artistic. It was, therefore, to be presumed that
the aeeond competition was for the purpose of enabling the com-
mittee to retrieve the error of their first choice ; when to ! to the
aouiement of eveiy one, the result was just the same as before, —
which waj only making matters worse than before. Far better —
far more honest and honourable would it have been to have abided
by their decision, than to make such show of intending to retract
it. The least they could in decency have done, would nave been to
jaitify by some show of reason for it, a choice sfi strangly persisted
io^ and M> strangely acquiesced in by those who had been trifled
*ith, The best that can be said of the humdrum Nelson monu-
aient ia that it serves to render the facade of the National Gallery
perfectly satisfactory in comparison with it.
RAILWAY SECTIONS IN SIDELONG GROUND.
On Tabiai/or Selling out the Width of Cuttings and EmbankmenU
on Sidelong Ground; and aUo Formula fur Computing the Area of
Fertiat' Section,
By R. G. Cl-vbk, C.E.
The object of this paper is to investigate some simple formulie,
and from thence to construct some tables, to enable the assistant
engineer or contractor to set out the widths of cuttings and em-
bankments on sidelong ground ; and also to calculate the solid
content of any portion of the ground. The subject may be re-
solved in the followin^r proposition: —
Given the ^ of inclination of ground, the depth (from field-
book, &c.) of ground to the centre of balance or formation level,
and the ratio of the slopes ; to determine where they will meet the
ground atsurf;u'e.
Let flAFBD (Rg. l) be a vertical section of the ground;
A 11 the fonuation line, represented by Sb; the given angle of in-
clination of ground II D with the horizon by e ; the given depth
O F from the stake (> perpendicular to centre of formation level
denoted by a.
1. We will proceed first to determine a formula for O D. Let it
be,r: draw DK perpendicular to A B produced ; O/ parallel to
A U IV Let i) B 1.1' tha given slope m base to 1 perpendicular ;
draw the vertical B C. r r .
LetD/^y; thenOc = FB = 6; ef^my; also by similar
triangles, Ce = ma. . ■ . Of- b + ma + my
Now, by triangle O/D, right-angled at/, we have
Again,
X :: sine ; y. , '.y^j.Binfl,
■T : ; COS e : b + ma + my.
.-.x.coBe— b + ma + my.
Eliminating y, then j-(costf - m sine) = 6 -|- mo;
b + ma
therefore, x =:
cos fl , - m sin e
0)
From the factor, __^--'— -„ ^f tj^e above fDrmuh^ the TaMe
I No. I. is computed from 5° to 90".
3. To find an expression for O H measured fVom O on the
descent.
Draw H M (fig. 2) peqiendicular to A B produced, Let H A lie
Fig. 3.
the given slope, ratio as before. Let II M = y' ; then will A M =
my'. Therefore, H G — N F = fi -(- my'; also Oy =^ o - y*.
By the triangle HoO we have 1 ," j' : 1 sin e ; a - y' ;
therefore, a - y = J" . sin B ; and y" =^ o — x" . sin P.
Again, 1 ^ ',: cos 8 ; b + mg^.
Eliminating y, we have x' (cos 8 + maine) = b + ma^
therefore, y = b + ma
cos e -t- m ain e ^ '
From this expression. Table No. II, is calculated by the factor
1
COB ff -f- m sin v'
IQ*
M
TUB CIVIL EN'GIXEER AKD ARCHITECT'S JUCUKAL.
LMamii,'
3. WeBbaU DOW InviMi^iMt^ nn expivMiAn Tor tho nr«* oMh«
vertiunl vecttwu ; the isrliimtioR of p-oiiiKl, <)«)>tlu lirMdIh of Tur-
iiMitiim level, aiid lea^lis r, t", and nW the rAtio of duM, bointf
■U ifii en.
A
Fi,.J.
Through ccntr* O (fiff. 3), <)r«w Pr pnralld to A B ; thpii P O
■^ b+ ma. . ■ . irea «f trH|ii'inid P A B « = (« b + m o) « ;
aMn of trinnt^lo POII = iant.^{b + ma) ;
and ami i>f tpianele VOe =z ^ ati t x {b + tna).
ie4|uently, the uhiiW urea iif lnii>e»iuio <ir v«(tlca1 Mrtlan =
arm P A It* + nnia Iriin^tie IK) # — fti-M triangle POH:=
(«fc+ ma)« + 4(6 + mo) (r - x')nn9 ^3)
Th« first column of the tnbl« ^tm the ani^le of inrlinntion of
the grtntnd, nm) the «djniniii|r n>liimn tho nnt Miti^ bi thrM plneM
••f iloriitiHl^t, ti> fiicilitate irf>rkin)f nut tb« iir<<>, ii< in equution (3).
H'o MitHll nuu' comnioiioe u itl> the falloiriiijf KuIn.
I. Ttfi«<i Ihn tira CfntplA* O » oW O H :— RvtA. Add the half-
lirautth of formaliun level 1<> the produi;! of tlio jtiope and K>vei>
dq>lJi ; th«n niultijdy IhU aitin by tho c>jrrt^uDDdiDg tabular iium-
btf, tJien will eadi pruduot bv equal to eath leagtli required.
II. To jSnd (V ami of wct\on II A BD:— Krt.K. Irtt. Add the
ftirniRliun level to the prudiict of the mti<) nrid depth, and multipty
(hU wim h\ llur dvptti. 2rnUy. Add half the fonuation level to the
lirodiict (if ratio niid depth : multiply thi» xiint by the ilitTereiirv uf
Ihf Ino lrri^)i«. and lurnin by rial ^liiio of an^le. Add LJiette itro
liruduclx, iinrl their auin will be the area.
Bxantjtlei, — f liven the lUMcle wf imjiontion of |r«>und IW"; "lope,
I to I ; depth, *S feet ; wid bre«dth of f.irmation leviil. 311 feet. To
find dioLnrii-eH of (-enlr« Stake, OTM of aeetioa, atid cubic oontont,
whon 100 feet ia length.
Ilcreft f-am=lS + U=$t>; in = l; 6^19"; iU nat sin = -309
.-. I*55TX 60 = 33'W9 z= O D. -799 X CO ^ *7JI40 = OH.
I»y ftirintiU(3) welinvc (30 + W>*A + i(U + M) (Wtft)a09
i^ rs X M + 30 X *>S'«8 X 'SOa = 4089-J area retjuircd.
Cubic cwntent =^ W9W00.
Example tf. — (liven angla of iiieliniiliirn iiC gruiind, 80' ; slope,
Ij tn 1 ; di>|)th, AO feet ; and brendtb of rorniatioQ level, 30 f«pt.
'ii> determine diiitnncea and also area.
Here a = M; b=\ii m- 1^ = } ; » — 80° ; iu nat sin — -^13
.■.fr + ara=I5-t-7i = 90.
N*ow. 9-3W X 90 = <I0i)8 =: O D. -781 X 90 = JO'S* = O II.
By ff^mula (3) for area ne have
(;in + 74)a + \{\S + :a) (liO-fi:) -aw :^ ■JI74 «rp» required.
ErampkS — Given the inclinHtioa of ipyiuiid, IB"* ; nivpe tube
9 to I ; deptii from field-book, W feet; brendtb of furmattoa level,
90 feet. To find urea mid diitlHiireiL
Here 6=lijo = SO;«=lt';M=9L .-.fr-farx^SJ.
&&. X 3-000 = l&S- =:OD. .Si. X '6*1 — 3S-SA ^O If.
By formula (3) we have
{30 + 10) SO -f i (_I5 + W) (lao-lt) 'SOB = 2S«£ area required.
Remark. — If the icifttind alioitld SHcend and de-ic^fiid, a« ia the
ndjii'iiiing diagram fiig. 1), thon Tnble No. W. la to be used to lirid
the dintnni'e-t. Tnblc N'o. I trtU (ii like manner be
ground descendinii; from uenCra, aa in fig. A.
required fur
The Tables vill likoMlne do tac einl>ankmejilM— No. I. for the
we«nt frum centre Make, and No. 1 1, for the deseent
We aball now ittocuas tbo equatioiu (1) and (f). Put them
re-tjiertively under the following ftfrms. T, T*, being Ubular num-
bers, A = A -t- m 0.
Xt= T.A; andX' = r.A.
Divide by T, T", re«p«tively ; then \^ ~ j«, A being eliminnled. I
Therefore the twu dintancei, ^ nnd jr'. are to earb itther lu their
rejipeetive tabular numbera; ooaicquenlly, ths d Maucea Cftu be
prkiied by a second operation. The rulitea migiit bars been oar-
ried up to K\ but Iheii they wihiIi) rei|uire a greater nuwlior at
placea vf deviuiaU t J iniuro griMler acuuraey.
a
M
_/
B
re. e.
In takinic tlie nnjtlc of IncliiiaLitin. the dinnni«t9r or Mmman
th«)dolitc might he ii»cd ; but if the lijiirit-level shmild be uaed
then we have only to measure fro:n O dovnwanU any ili«tanee, O r'
(&g. 9), aud then take the hei^tht iritli inrtromeut; and tfieo will
height
diatBDoe'
the ein* of anirle of inelinatioD Od» = rOd —
TA»liK Tte. I.-Farall. |
TARMt K«.n.-rarOtt.
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181
£'rraiiuit.— The diagraiiiis figs, i nod B, Id the above article, are
traaaposcd, for which u vers! cli I theprinleri areaecoontable: but
beyond suvfa tranvpositiuii the error du«:t nut extend.
Th* P<tTt and Dxk* of mrktnhiad : teith 3tap», Plant, StHwUy
and Tidat Diawmmt, and an armunt of the Afta iff I'.iHiameut r^
litijtg to fhr Menqi and Dork KittiU nf Umrjmot. Kr Tiiohah
Wkustcr, M.A.. F.II.S. London : ChajmiHn and HidL, iSiR.
Birketdiend han been a woader, and hn« bad its nine day«, and veiy i
many ore quite ready to believe that we have had enough of il. H
Tiio announceiuent of (uch a tovfu vuringing up in England was H
oaleulateil to create aa much aatoniBfimeni a* that of Aladdln'a '
|uiUce frMfa coined b^ hi« wonderful lamp. It iti not mi eiucr ki
crcMiIo great wonder* in an old aud outlled country likethi* : eitioa
of whitevsah and timber-framing, metropolitan centri-n of »lab>
houHPi niid log-hutu, we leave to the for went of the Siutea, or tbe
sandy rofrion* of Auntralia; and we should bo no more surpru«d
by tbd fluuriihiiig account of n Babylonian capital newly hatched
in California, than by the sight of tlie three last jvinU of iho ate-
Mrp«Dt'a Inil, itr the rMnidiatiun of a fre«h batch of Pennsylvauian
hondsL Towoa (jrow in the virgin aoilM of tU now world; they
are a natural produciiou — or at any rate tbey can be plmitt-d m
ewAy as cotton, or what tho Ammcfltin dignifv with the nanie of
com. We can reconcile ouritelveii to *nch creaJioni aa 1-leetwimd,
or KiDgaton-upoa-Kaiiway, Wolvenoo, or Swiudoa,--thc rfiauacit*-
!1! CIVIL ENOrVEER AND ARCniTEcrs JOrUNAL.
I
Unn if PoTkeotniie » a p\ec» nf th» l^giltnint« dratni ; liiit tb*
imblic wtTif inilv atnii-k «iih windi-r to hvar nf th« pN^inrtion
oa 111* BhiMv* iif tli« M«r«»]r of ti fi^vat lon-n, of th« most w>tKl
MHWlntfliim xnil uf llie nuMt mH^ni^reiit proportinii*, pntvu1i>d
with all the requbitM of a prrfect «knitnrv coodition, irith ita
}ab(KirTn' baumv, iu park, Hhooli, and mnfkel, — luid thli not n
mm rtty (ir »t>iiM ntd Honuni cnnent, but ]iri>vidH vith ■iirh viwt
lp]Wrattt« fur ciiniiiifri'o, tbat 1h« ntvy or thv Loiiituii mprrhmitd
watvin(ci), nnil Liierpool gXTC *>|ni> bow much ahe friirod io
pmt ji rhnl nrur hrr throne, ThiB, certninly, wm n new phi'iio-
tnennn in Entrliuiil. for llioiiirli ire can nild to L«iir1(K> in one jrtiar
a [HipwUtiiin eqnal to New York, or «iiliir);« Ltverjioo) with an ad-
itition an Mir aa Altiatiy, yvt we do not throw our strength Into
ntm ci*H' irniliorut.
Sinrr Birkenhead bunt en tiiddenlf on the public ^raie llie
TMTTTlty haa aaaard away, — oad kCUI more, from fortuitouf cirntm'
»t*nct^ ita glarin hav<> betn dimmeil, and iia ^>urili ha* hi^-ti
cx*ai|>ed ; ao that th« intereat it has excited baa much worn nfl,
■Dd we ahall b* miKperted of naradinff before our mden a stale
Mkj^^ct, xbfD iro nioiilioti HirVmhufl ; but iw wi> an) not ^in^ to
dMcribe ^toruetli UuililiiiifiK nor Cu iiivektik'ste thr atatixtit-g of the
trade uf iht Mvnfj. nor to recommend tbe Liver{toal merchaiita
bi gitf ii|> nnil Mpltlip nl Tlirkvnhcad, we may, nFrhapa, mrrt with
a litiW Hiieiition, fur Mr. HVbstvr'a \nKtk uii Birkeobead 0vt« ua
the opforttjiiitT of rxfunlning the plan aa coneeim iu hjdrauUc
Cealarpa. Tbim^ Birkfinhead may be ■ frreat town, and the
docfctaareal speculatiun, yvt there are xcientilic <-iitiHideratii>ni
iovolvM in the hnrlxnir plan, which must render It a matter of
BOiBanml interest to prof<.-«sional men. If Birkenhi'od ilHclf
wtan experiraeut, tbe walliiiji; of U'aJliiaey ia one vf not lean im-
pi»tanc«.
To mabe a dock la, in the haiida of aome enitineen, a very
aimplc oprnttion ; tbev arixip out a certain ouace on the sljorc, thry
run »'ul iiiiT« into ifie wiUer-way. or taxe in w murh of the
4nu>d, and thev aru mittalird — Ihmt^h, for anylhiuf; they know or
tare, the moutK of tbcir ilorlcM t,'e(H chokeil up whb and, or the
water at the cntrHnrr of the hnrbonr is IcKtwnrJ. and a dndc made
tut abina tlrawiiijt eiuhtn-n {vrl « ill not take in thine i>f fiAeeii.
Ther nave a great iilea of AteA^iim and ahiicing power; and
besides makinit n dork or harbour which fails in many of its «•-
aentiala. thet' Iiurthen it with u permanent eMabliahment for
Mttinc rid of the silt which they have lei In, and tbe sand-banka
uivy Itsvp cireJitcd, for it is fiiriirixing what Tcry rtupid and very
orelnv peiij>le can do wiltool kmnainit it. Mr, lt«ndel. wbeii he
•a8C4i]lrd iu to make a plan for WalUsey Tool, thou^l It his
4a^ to fluner the whole watrr-nny »f the Mej>cy, a ad to make
htnUMlf arasauited with the nt^titm of the ciirrentu nud lidm, m>
ihaL, tnlnriiiKdowuaileep-watcr duck at Birkenhead, lie niiifht nut
be akiiltiiiif the outer ^atc to acawaril— the Victoriii C'hnnnrl.
Notbutjc ia mort! c*>nunva nniotig Keafurinif mm IIihh to heiir tlicni
tnatplain, and complain with justice, thut in cou^etiuciicc of
nvw enicinecring works in pome harbour*, tbe depth of the wiitcr
in tbe channel nna bi-<'n reduced, «onie datif[«rowa ahoal eatendcd,
«ine fixed bank inude into a quickvand, or a bar which u-u*
troubleMime cnonitfa before made a ^euler stumblinjfr- block. If
tJnirv be any up-navigntion, thut 't» sure tu suffer when the point
nl diacharKc into tbe aea is injured, and the liKbtermao complaina
ihat the c/hnniu'Iit arc fWked, that the tide d<>e« not run tip fto
klflb, or that he hac lew tide to cairy him up; and Ibc ubkrliitger
iada that hia frontafre ia atopped witji aand and ahin^fle. Ttiere t*
anre barit(lin; under the Mame of hydraulic engineering than
jtirhufi in any branch of the profeaaioa. It ia the opprobrium of
•syrineerinf;. that after hundreds at thousands have own spent on
o hydj-Hulii' wnrk, it in a eomplete failaro: harbonra nre ehaked.
jKtn pushed out only to push hara or ablngle fttrtbar seaward, and
ma-walls are made wiili the moat aoHd masoniy and with the
ttry smalleat raodieum of r»ii*nm or eapaeity, an that they topple
4iiwu be-bre tbe walla arc well set. i<* little is this branch uf
acineerlnf^ appreciated bv the puhlie. Hint lai^ Iraeta of avail-
Ale land — twonewahirenin fan — are lef^ unsecured (Hiihe east and
*aA eoost* of Bnnrlnnd, when they i><i)t:ht lonj; since to have been
blanked. There is aearcely a river or water-way in the eooTitrj'
irfiieh is not kept in a atate di>i(imcvftil to tba •ngiiieeririK
•dence of Eu^and. Let any oni; leave the metroftoUa, and look
■t the hhores of tbe Thames and Mcdaay: mnnsheK tradly drained,
« ool drained at nil; river tsalU nuute so atiwplhat they are
rawlf rat Into Uf uudentiined ; and atonea put year after year to
vt WBSihed away, because they are put * here they never wtght to
kave been.
IVe do not know whether the government ougbt to take In
Aaad, aa in Uollaod, the -care of our water-wayv, for we fdace no f
c^mfidphre in what the (covemment d«e«, Tbe rnnstitntion uf thi-
Tldat IJarbour ('nmmiiEitMin is not anrh a< to inspire any frrent
hopea from governni«nt interfere nee, fur >> hile (liat cimimiw>i<>n ia
ornamented with a military enj^naer in due rourse, tlierc li not
one rii'il engineer ujMin it. The one fcnuX remedy is by tlie
exertion of the memben of the cii^neerini; proftMion to improve
the Htate of hy4)raulir eti^ineerinf-, and particularly to cxccntfi
carefully uhaiei-rr dutiea they undertake. Thia, wf think, Mr.
Kendel hatidone; and thuufih we differ from him in i>»n>e points,
we hare no doubt that he has earefully, conocinntiouBlv, and la-
biiriiiualy exerteij himsi'if in thin purvey for itirkenhaad.'
It ia toleriiMy w«ll kntiuii that Liverpool Is one of tlie worat
harbours in the country, uith lunfc :>nd lortiiinia channels, ainiMlg
danoeroua bankc, and nil tba iloubta and uncertainties of a bar>
harbour, so that ita vary cuntinuanov as a harbour ia procarioua,
and has. before thi& been endaitjcereil. M'hile Liverpool is a hail
harbaur, it is a had harlwur on a large acale ; and thone remnitve*
of aclence which are available for tbe improvement of small hne-
honn caa do very little on mile* of ae^-ehannvl and acivsof sand-
bank ; — Btill they can do a little, and it becotnes of frreat import-
ance, that in any upenititui within the estuary, idl care shall be
taken to prevent Injury to the outer diaiineU. Mr Rcndel baa
tried to inipr()ve thetn.
The fiiim of (he LiveqHxd extnnry is peculiar. It i* wide almve
and narrow l*lu», so that it has been compared to a bottle ailh
the neck »4>aiiiird. It is, hoaever, outsiile tba neck of the bottb.'
that the KCa^hanneN and hanka are stretched out. I'erliaps no
may improve uimim the biiltle simile, by calling tlu.' ewtuary >
nirved powder-flask. Liverpool lies on the neik. on the concave
ndc, aiM Rirktinbead op|>o*tle, on the roniejc oidr. Tbe vide part
slrdche* uu to Runcorn. Livrrpoul funnerly h.td aii iulel rjUtwl
the Liver Pool. This Itaa been ibunmed iin. unil built u|m>o; hy
which so much has been taken from the breal water. The whale lif
tbe ducka of LiverpiHiI have likewise been taken from the br«ak-
wat«r, being constructed upon the idrand. Thus the neek of tl^
bottle baa been narrowed very much more than it wiw oHirinatly.
Just above Ltvirr]nMil n bank and ahelf, called Pludun|:tnn
Bank and Shelf, hare Wen famied,whit;h arc not very advantageuua
to the docka iM-foro which they lie.
Tli« Birkenhead shore baa keen nntoudied. It has a tnrge
inlet running up. named IVaUasey Pool, aitd thia has shown a l^n-
drncy of late yeim to »ilt up. Indeed, coniiiderinii AVallnaey
Pool, I'luckinirton Bank, and the gene rnl evitlence, we aliuuld sny
that there n a decided action unfavourable to the good conditjou
of the harbour.
The deevnl water lies on the Birkenhead nhore. *► that it lias
a depth below the loweift dock-sill* on the Liverpool side.
It till be seen, that ultatever works are nndrrlitkca at Buken-
head, they may act upon the upper part uf the Aaak, ii)M>n the
neck and so affect Liverpool outsidi^ and an upcrnte upim
(he Victoria Bar and Cliannel. Whether ihi* arlicn iin« to be
for joodor evil verj- much depeoded upon Mr. Kendel; •viid he
mif;bt have done as others haw done— made hi» di-cka, and cared
no irii>rc about it; but be Jiaa wisely taken a "ider vicv, and trictl
to do nil that naa possible to improve the state of the harbi'iir.
This was duiie '•iwly. hecaawe the continuance of Utrkeithead ile-
p«nds upon the good ronditioo of tbe Victoria ( hanucl ; and if
veaaela cnnnitt get over the bar outside, tbey will never be able t«
pet into docks either on tlie Liverpool or Birkenhead wde. Mr.
kendcra olan, lli«ref/«e, ia not «n« merely for makiofc Hui Birken-
head docKs ,but tar improving the harbours of Liverpool,
It'allasey Foal bns a Hide mouth, and runa, narruwinfc as it gnes,
about tu'o mihu) inland, takiii); the drainage of a small diMnct.
Thin Pool 1m mostly dry at low water. The opening of thin Pool ia
perhaps a mile across.
T]ii« Pool may be taken as two pnrla, the mouth or funnel, and
tlie upper part. Mr. ReMdel'it plan is to taka advantage of a ledire
of rock which runa acroaa the oei^, and dhut olF the upper )urt by
u great dam with Joek-galM, and having a line of slutces as hcro
afler dewribed.
The upper part ooostltutea a float of 1^0 acres, kept up at high-
water mark, and on Ibit aidMof which docks, wharf^ warohoiiaM
uiid IjuilitiiiH-yarda may be funned. j\ruund this float a rlvor-wall
is to he built as frontage to the wliarfii.
1'he mouth of tbe Pool is to be embanked, exc«pt a low-water
tKikin uf 3T ncrea open lo the Meniey.
Tbe sluices in (he dam are to be so arranged ap to be nt-ur the
bottom line of tlie outer lou -water linsin, so that «• %etiig run out
tliey shall sweep the bottom of it. This they are to do during a
uart of the tide only. M aa to concentrato tb« acthui, to kvep the
basiu and ita month ine from ailt, and lo send the water down tu
70
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL.
[Mawib,
tlie \'ictorin Bar at the liest time for action on it. By the con-
Htruttion of the sluices, the water, instead of being poured down
to tear up the bottom of the basin, will he sent along in a <«heet, so
as to prevent the silt from depositing itiwlf. Tliisi sheet will be
aent below the water in tlie basin, and Mr. Rendel thinks it will
net to sweep the silt 3,000 feet.
it will be seen that by blocliirtsr up the Pool and inclosing the
((Tenter part of the strand, a considerable body of tidal water is
dls)>lacea.
Mr. Itendel expects by straightening the shore on the Birken-
head side that the access of tlie tide to the ujtper Mersey will he
improied, and that the scnnr being increased Flurkington Bank,
4II1 the Lirerpoiil side, will be reduced, a better entrance will be
made to Wallasey I'onl, and a more favourable action will be
exerted on the Victurin Bar.
The plan seems open to the objection that injury must ensue
from the tidal displacement at Birkenhead, particularly as by the
Gonntruction of new docks on the Liverpool side a further displace-
ment takes place there.
Mr. Rendel says that this is of no importance in the case of the
Mersey. If the river were of a funnel shape an obstruction below
would impede the passage of the tide up, and diminish the quan-
tity of water available for scour. He allows that injury will ensue
if an obstruction takes jdacc in the upper Mersey, because
there will be less room for the water to accumulate; and there-
fore there will be a less Imdy to scour down on its ebb. He
contends, however, that the displacement on the neck of the flask
is of less importance, as the water there is of less power for
the acour than t)ie water returning from the upper Mersey. The
tide will always have time and power to force its way up the neck
to supply the reservoir in the upper Mersey; and the state of
the channels in the neck is determined by the state of the upper
Mersey, and not of the neck. He contends on the ground of the
improving state of the Victoria Channel, and, notwithstanding the
displacement by the docks at Liverpool, that operations at the
neck cannot injure the Victoria Channel. I'luckington Bank, he
affirms, is formed by the set of the current r)n the irregutarly-
sliaped shore of Birkenhead. By strai|rhtening the Birkenhead
shore, and making it parallel with the Liverpool shore, the neck
will be made more efficient, the tidal boily [lassing up will deepen
it, and I'luckington Bank wilt be worn down, though he does not
say it will sweep it away altogether.
This is really a summary of the harbour question; and we
believe we have put it with sufficient succintness and clearness
to enable our readers to exercise their judgments upon it.
The arguments and researches of Mr. Kendel in support of hi^
case are well worthy of perusal, for they exhibit very able treat-
ment and high powers of mind. It is in the preservation of these
that the practical value of Mr, Webster's book consists; and it is
fortunate that the editorship fell into Mr. Webster's hands; for
as it is chiefly nn abstract of the evidence, a mere lawyer would
have got rid of the practical points, and the book would not have
been of the least service to engineers, — whereas it is one which
will be usefully added to the library of every member of the pro-
fession.
The formation of a harbour at Birkenhead is not new to en-
gineers, for, in 1828, Telford, Stevenson, and Nimmo were em-
ployed on a plan by Mr, Laird, sen., and Sir John Tobin, and re-
commended the formation of a canal from Wallasey Pool to the
I>ee at Hilbrec island, near its mouth, so as to get another access
to the sea. This is a resource which Birkenhead still ha^ and
which with its progress it will avail itself, but which will not
checkmate Liverpool. Liverpool has, by the plan proposed for an
out-harbour at Formby Point, a cheap means of providing more
efficiently for all that could be done by a new sea outlet to Bir-
kenhead. Formby Harbour could be made cheaply; while two
short cuts to t)ie Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and to the Liverpool
and Southport Railway, would allow of goods being carried
cheajily and (juickly into the Liverpool docks ; and for steam traffic,
Formby Harbour would beat the Hilbree Canal. Mr. Rendel'splan
may be considered as novel in Its whole arrangements and treat-
ment. Mr. Telford in looking at the Mersey is reported to have
said : " They have built Liverpool on the wrong aide of the river."
We shall now take some stray gleaningB from Mr. Webster's
book. Lient. Walker, R.N., says that Pluckington Bank is caused
by two opposing tides or eddies from Wallasey Pool meeting and
causing the silt held in suspension to deposit itself. The
straightening of the Birkenhead shore would remedy this.
Birkenhead, we may note, besides being the deep-water side,
has the advantage of being the weather-side ; while the docks on
the Liverpool tide, most exposed to the wares breaking orer the
sand-hanks, are the most liable to silt up.
The area of the float at a high tide is 908 acres, the frontage 4j
miles. In the dam, Mr. Rendel proposes a pair of tide-gates of TO
feet opening, the level of their aills being the same as that of the
Prince's dock, at Liverpool. This float would allow steam-tugs to
enter, which is not the case at Liverpool. Mr. Rendel calcuIateB
on the movement of the steamers lilcewise in keeping his channels
clear. Besides the tide-gates of the great float, Mr. Rendel pro-
poses a luck of 30 feet wide and SCO feet long, which could be
worked during ten hours out of every twelve, in a spring tide, for
vessels drawing 17 feet water.
Wo shall give in Mr. Rendel's own words his plan of sluitnng : —
" It is propoteil to ran down daily an; quantity of water brtwecn the
level of the tide of the d*y tnd thtt which mty be considered belt ai the
peroianent level of the water : lo thai, luppoiinE tbs water were retained at
a permanent level of thirteen feet above the old dod( datam, the average
high-water of iprin; tidea being IS ft. 3 in. above that level, there would
be 5 ft. 3 ill., the difference between the permanent level and the tide of the
day. The running off the water i* a very impurtant feature in the plan :
the idea ii to make iluicea, or apertures, under the great gates and the tide-
gatea, poising out near the level of the bottom of the great batin, oad eon-
tequently under the whole of the gatci. The opening! for the discharge of
the water will be between the bottom of the biiin and the level of the tUlt of
the tide-gatea and of the locki, ai low at we can cDnvL'nieatly get them ; saj
for argument sake, ten feet below the level of low water of aferagr apiiag
tides. The iluicea will be lo formed an to be five feet tqoare at the top on
the inside, and they will be gradoally widened in horizontal dimensinos, m>
a* to produce a kiod of iheet of water within two feet of the bottom of
the itreat baiio, and iaaimaefa M the leparating pien of those aperturot
wilt only be at the point of ontfall about two feet thick, the effect will be
to have one wide sheet of water of the width of the basin ; the contequenee
of that is, that we shall be aole to operate upon the boUooi of the basin, not
in the usual way of a Urge bore of water tearing up everTthing before it,
but a sheet of water which we can regulate to any degree of force wbicti
we like, by the sluices on the inside. I should also say farther, that we
have the sluices there, because they will operate molt efficiently opon the
straight part of the basin ; we propose to have the same kind of sluices bft-
tweeo the little dock which we have called the Bridge Eod Dock, and
the arm of the basin fanning up to it, operating in the tame way preciaely.
I wish it to be distinctly understood, that we do not propose to ran those
sluices in the ordinary way of iluiciog. I want to give the water, wbich ia
(0 he diicharged ool of this great basin, more (he effect of a river passing
through with a gentls current, than a great body of rushing water, and f
arrange the sluices with this view. It it also manifest that a basin of tnch
capacity as this basin, will have lying in it a nnmber of vessels, sty of from
six to ten feet draught of water ; those very vessels will be the means, with
a gentle current, of keeping the basin clear with the daily operations we
shall employ in running off this water.
If the basin were unoccupied the effect would not be so great at it will
he the basin beinn occupied. If the basin were formed st the level of low
water, or if it were not occupied, the effect of the sluicing would not be to
great as it will be from the fact that vessels are floating in the basin, whe-
ther in large quantities, or small ; if the qaantity of vessels is amall, I
would then give the water a greater current; if it ia large, I woiUd then
give it a gentler current, so that we can command that kind of current
passing under those vessels from (heir being afloat, which will keep the
bottom clear of the daily accrelioas.
Also we can run off the water at those periods that experience will dictate
to be the best. We are not bound to run it off at low water, or any par-
ticular period of the tide : that woald be regulated by a regard to all the
circumstancei of the esse.
I know from considerable experience, that many haiboon are kept open
entirely by the vessels lying in those harbours ; the river is forced to ptti
under their bottoms, and in that way the water is kept at a proper depth.
1 believe that is notorious."
There will he the power of running off 1,600,000 cubic yards
of water at spring tides, which will be available for scouring. The
most available water for scouring now passing out of Wallasey
Pool is 1,390,000 cubic yards; that is to say, the water passing on
after half-tide.
Mr. Rendel's estimate is, fur cofferdams and other temporary
works, £l5,3S3 ; excavations, £60,170 ; masonry, £l98,513 ; gates
and bridges^ £21,268 ; draining, £SS,373 ; land and contingencieo,
£53,379, total, £391,908.
The peculiarity of Mr. Rendel's plan is the damming-up of the
upper Pool, 80 as to make a float, Messrs. Mawdesley and Smith
had proposed simply to deepen and wall the Pool, whteti was sup-
ported by some of the opposition parties. Mr, Rendel affirmed
that this would do no good, but leave the Pool even more liable to fill
up, as it would receive the water at an earlier time of the tide,
wlien charged with a lareer quantity of matter.
Mr. Rendel's researdiea on the tidal actioiu of the Mersey
i«M-r
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCfllTECTS JOLTRS
mnr rrry niinutf : liat (n I* rtilly ii[ii!iT»tiKnl rciuirr tht exul*-
uittutj niAiia nni) 8*i-iltiii*»i-cotnjuin)-iiit,''^'r. WrIiKter'HiKiok. Wo
(hall. IxiMrirr, nllpFnfit to ft\t no abatract of ibir. Rendel'c
•vtJenre in tiiv Huiur of Kurilw: —
"'n«ntiiir]ror ihc Ilrr. tndlh< Muwf of thr M*n«*.and the cfcinner
of Mm l«o riitri *it ■ikifrtll; alMilr diffiFirnt— Ibeir femnt *r« ililTvrttil.
TVry (IB diffmnl ui thii mi>«f ; Ibe Dm h Tor the titute (ilrnl of il ■
• kaUpV nlutrj -, ike Mrttrri ''"tn tb« cantrartiiin «t ii> iDoiilh, h** in n-
r^r ',-,r.i. -f^rp tliaiii)rl a|>|>i>tite l^ietiinol, NHitainioK «n eannanm aiaii pf
r-.Bie>iial«ly tlial it iihltn* out In the Mine form h Ibc V<r, Il
- Id and laYcmrt ■ klikllnw nliiuj ; iWcfoin. tiipjiote tlin ttd«
lu c^sia uj>. >■ I itfuirrilie il wilh lelttmt^ to tl<« Urge rhiit, u*l pi«««al
— 4sa Ratb^ttf la uor wotkt F«a prpitm ih*l. (or Ibi^ wuikt »n ailbln Uu
ew{( — 1( fuam op is B \»rgt tiotly. innraling lo all intenti iBd fmrpattt,
tk« bcait of * t>fil||«, *n(! II ||»ilU(llT li|icti nul, lofieg lUtoNdllid COM*
... -• I — -^ II ^itjarct wf ihc ttiuirj'. Il U n>(ini/rtt iliii If vr can tnaka
ii'ln ■ BnifDdB ro'uRiD, u «• kli*U do li tliCH nuik% wc tkkll
rfflctcKj o( ihv cfuuinil after llieM nciki arc utile i th* yul
•Mud* Sc*<<"ijl'« it petfrrlU untOM4ictJ I "e ilo oMl-iag to Ikai. Tt>rn,
inard*) In at<«rtiinprei'Utlr'lk« atwiU M«n«iu]r ol thit lidtl tition in IKe
aioafj, a«d lo Htitfy mj o«n mind, and in ordrr lo giie eivdfnre h«fare
l^mt Lordililpf. I bad Udat DUaMBilniia Uhen at Fotmbj, nhirh it. in fxl.
ite kaadUail nn IK# Lanca<Mrr tliore; ol'ieiitlion* »Fie limofJiiKiul/
Hkttal Piiace't dad, wlikb la tl.c niinin |Uil uf llM^Kt""^"^ tl'Vtlton'l
. ibnaa Nnt Itrifhlnn, PWIrtlti't Prrr}', and \Vttrington UiidjiPi sn ihat I
b»t b«ea a'llr to Irm ilie rdatlTc beicbti lod Ibc iclalirc tiiaei of l)i|b
Laalcf of tbe Mine iid«t at all iboM poinU, and I litvo (iooe it ai *f*u<t
at aaap Udn. Tba ifaulla I Mill giva ftom ibB diagraiaa I hat«
Tl>e ttiilili of ib« rt»er ai Egrtmonl— the point "Mch oorrMpoda with
b« M«lli (nd of the Lit<r|)O0l dockt— at lu|h wtUf, it 4,0M tttt; tli<
al area <if tli« ehtaad M thai point at high «iter ifinng tide* it
10.449 tquaic feet. At 8fM«iBt«, nolf ifiOO Ini «itbtn that juint, iha
' I la ivdureJ to S.060 feet,uid tbp t«c1io4iBl ai«i to 1M,0'22 itH ; it ii
riUftlhn a |Eui|c al tbii [wiiiit ; it ii cC'iu|>lctcl; llic guu' <>' *''' ctiuafy,
*Ucb kia been deintil b; ili« woik* of the dock iiiuicu on llx one »<le
ind Ibe iiaiunl rntk of Sram«be on the other. At Wallauf Tool the
»tllb la C,C49. It nlll br reJocnl bj biiililint: llio «all to aialiuilata vilb
it4 ftl-t* xrliua*, oiiD()^ lo 3,3,'i0 foal. Al Wr'odiiiie |>i*r, tbo wtJili ti
i,itO f«*t, ilirrefoTo lb* inVit of tlia wall m lo iD*t.« ll.a tiiortt paralUI,
iMd eMN-i)u«iil; to Ube off ihii grttt widib vhirh Wallate; Pool oMaalana.
Tbai wall, abrn ludt. aill in n>y opinioa, improra Ibe ebaBttel and riMina
rf the n*rT; It will diirctly acconipliih ibot objtct, and una intmadiata
lenril likclj to (olluw ti tlic taking aMa; of Pliirklsttoo Bank formed by
(hi tids t>tilr>^ Into Wallaaei Pool and occaaieninf an eddy. The «icaei|iieat
lloodtlTeri will bt, that ibt qnoolilf ol water at tke leail, if not more,
■bkti now gue* ialo VtliuKj I'ool, would go ap ioto tbo eeiuar*, Bud by
[ «p IMO the atiaar; it tiiott neeeiiacilj b«of grealtx mote lalue lo Ibe
nea of Ibe niuaij ind tha uauriag paver of the riier than
J iolo Ilia pool. TKFte will be nraily 300 ItM grtatcr width oppotita
Mir vocht than it Seaconibe. Hie mlttimain aeetloo of tbo titer litlnf it
kMeOMbe, the oexi tmalUil tection it ai Wuodiide, ud ibe ntit ai
Tiannxrc. The lecliont at Reacomtw anil M'oD<l>i>ile will continue the
walleit aeetlooi aftrr the norli* are ronpleied. Jf Pluekington Uenk be
•■■(■t awit, il will make a ilifertiicc grrat)]' in faiour of the nuioniu
I''} nial at [■rrtmt ; it mil i&tkc • larger MCtion, and iioprei* lli« tttuaij
■hbit. After Tiaaoiere, the eittitry becotnea Tery wldaj after you get
iMr* the bulb Ibe bollLa coaiBicBeet.
Tliia Mdioa ia lh« profil* of the river ) it ia on an aiiggaralad icaleaa lo
bM|ht«onipai«d with lengih. Here ia the Wtoria liar, Ibcn ib« Oaiby
CUud GiII ialo that •eonnoua cavity ; Ivere we IiBtc SeacMnbc, which ia
iba narrow ait part of iha river; th* bad riiaa np afain appoiiie Gatitoo to
lAa ItMl of low water. Tha liter bii ticititcd lor lurlf within thai*
aimwi, within nbieh U haa beea cooHued. a cbt and qnitc down loihe rock
N ibU parttralat ptaer. The freatent di-iilh at BgienionL ai low mter
•piBK twea il 6J feet. The s'^tilrtt d(f<'> »> ScacumSe, nbidi la ilelec
niaed by ibc lock, fc'r i( ti icnurcd down lo llie rock, it b2 Iwt; tbe
ptatett drplb 0(>patile Wallaii} Pool it Ci feet ; oppoiiie Woodiidf the
ptattai depth i« &I ft. > in., tbti u at low waiee ipring lidei. At Traa-
nata, we gri 61 li. 1 ia. aceorrfliig lo our loandingi. It would appear tlut
OMpi IB bolUm in 'lierockt Ibe »a«d baa been lecnred do«a totberoi'k,
Mat the i:i:itrnt ptnct in arHlliefMnieinnpaiml in crHckiicj by titotc but-
>o*i or Iffctvlariltet on the iburt, there arc paita whrrr tianki litte brfun
Mitvnanilaae, and il it only iti cBflain pant thai wc can dcietl (oikt by the
MasBOt. Tba Meracy picirnli the character of a deep narroM clianncl
wpplyii^ (he etluaiy a>>0T«' : it picitntt tiia character of a naitow aitiltdal
figt tnpplyiog a aballow tvieoiire eiiutrj.
AeMtdlai tg tbo otHoraaliooa 1 have inaide Ibcte can be no doiabi ihil the
Mfplf ot water lata the eiiniry above, defiendi tiport th« in<in>entiini
(BtitMcd in ihoae narrowi. Tba bulli ti WaiUiey I'ool ilettacia Iram tha
■aBtnlwn. Tbe itriigblaeiiaf tbe wall in the minner detcribed wuuld im-
Kuntbt eeirrent and inctaaM tbe niDnwiitim, luuinitcb ai the pnetent Ir*
rrttdar ihorca maka liicfolar ciurcnti; ihoac lireiular ciiirtnit act i>|Kin
ric£ oiber and Impnii Iba general effect. If ihcy ean be luadc direct they
an Mvk awra tflSdcDl, aad coDK^imitJj ihtj "ill aeod a larger body of
water up icln the catuiry, or at all rventa they will lend that water a[> inii)
tite nlsity which now luni Inin Watlatey PnoL I )in la great aii ciiemy at
any one lo the ncacral quctttuii of abiiractlnc <iiKr Cimu cilaarlri. but
lli«re il ueciibariii in tlitt >-aic wtivli titket it out of Iba general rlaat of
cauaea Of lb* aliatraFttOD of walat from e«lntrlei.
To aieeitaln the tirength of the earrenii. 1 hatl awurale ohiaivatinM^
^wlth waicbei adjuMcd) at Kgiemoni. Srawikhr. Wallaiey, VVuoili'ide, and'j
'fiatiioere. and haiiag a Meet of tmait ai>d a itcaniar to iltend ua. wv '
dHwn RoBi*, aq far anbtnc^ tbai ihr wihiI (xiiild bare no tlTect Bpii'
tlienii in tlie tviiire of Ihc Mrrain aail on ciiticr iide> far enoui^b fraen the
tlrtirciofetl ih« itrcngib of the mi rem, and tba deati were obacrttil m
tli«7 patud lacb i>r Hm tint>t of the ■edioai al Die above placet. Tb*
diftir.i-vi oce prral tn«iigh lo gira at aocuitle 1 r«iull aa eouM b« ab-j
lai>>ed hy any experiitcoi of the kind, none of thaa bcin| Ina than 3,M#|
fpft, aud the g'enti-r |miI fruin that to 3,000. The IM«n velocity of ibu
tidr npon the fined from K^rmoni to Seacainbt waa 6-173 feet pei tecond,
fri'Cn SearDinbe lo WalUtey II wit 7 211 fret per lecond ; which cipmm
tl<^i, that ibe tkla beapi «p oa th« araward aiile al Scncaiebe Point fulcr
ibaa thai icftion caa rail it thtneigh, ao that it rum faiicr to relieve tttelf
on lh« iailde of the Seacotnbe Point tn*n it doo from Efunnenl to Scs-
coeabe. You bare that Ineroued virlocily by tbo iocieaani lirul outitda
SeaeeiBbe. Fiom that leciion to ih« i^^iion at Woodalde, ib« veb>elty iij
ividared to ^-VOI feat i^er teeond. That ariiei fron the mrrent being!
palled by paitiae tnia tbe bulb ; ii bat. in (ici, ifae elTect of ertiM cun«nU4
ami evtdie*, aa I han dcieribed. ricen WoeHltlile to Ttaniiicre Ihe vtiaciiy^
it i M feel pet second. The ehb* arc the fcry rcvciK. It will be obtcretdi^
that on Ihc flood the tide wa* tlmngeBt friMD Scacorabe lo Vfallawy I'oolj I
upvii the (l^, tlie tlruagMl cur«nt it from StMOOiba lo Bgrtnont i tberc I
llir vrtoriii ot tha ctiLi tide oil 6-703 fret per tacond ; the ttlocity •( the
ebb frohi \ttllBM-} to S44e*nib« wti C')3tf, ami Iron WoodiiJe to M'ollater
S'I9. Tbeie air uidiury ipriag Udet. Tl« vetueily of tbe ebb from Tran-
mere to WooiUide wbi S'M feel per aeoond, which pravei that the otter ie
heapail np hy itic tide at Seacooibe 1'oini fatter tlian II la tented ; anfthiag
whicb caa be done to improtc the channel of ibe citwry between lliaie
iiarrowt and Ibe vpfier narrow* nmt aeceMarity leml to vcut that <|iiintity
ol «<ler with |re«ter facility. Tbaae were tbe retaha of actual DtiteTralion,
ilie tbeorttical reaalti on a conjvriaoa of tbe aeciioai ■gtecJag wilb thcM
aa nearly at ean be citpecle<).
Tbe i}bje<t of IImm tMlal teeUona u to tbnw lioai tha tidw flawed on tba
(layi of obiarvatiiin. At the time aiated It waa high water at Formby,
which la qalle at ibe cuoutb uf tbe eaiiuiy. At ili« aaiue tiaie, if you cany
Dit your eye to tbe Prince'a dock you find that the tide ia heaping op,
•ClOilly rUtng wp, at tbe Priitoc'a duck. Then If you go on to liliemirie
fori, yon Hod thai Uie tide I* atiU riting t aUliouKh at the titiic li it iiiing
(lieie It haa fallen at taa i and to, all tha yty on to Ruiicoru aad PidJUi'i
Ferry ; and yon g*t tha profile at all tba poiota l>y the itillcreitt tiiiet IihI
down here, whieb in woedi It tliU : that Inamurh aa tbe Itde had by flowing
inlollie miliary attained a velaetty in paaiing through Ibeie narruwa ii
IJteipool, ill owti acqnired velocity or ■iMueniun carried il forward, bimI
heaped it up In the raiaaiy aecoidiiiB to all thcie lince, for it would be ixu*
lioatihto If ibii «rrc not the caic to acnxiBt for tbo fact, that ibc lid* doet
Ml rite; and it ii juat thia — I wdl loppoae Uia flald to be a aotld; if a toUd
haa at^niicd a given vclociiv, we know perfect I v well in iiMcbaotct that
nalteiaome foiec intcrpatci to ttop Ite *Elocity of the body it will bo
carried on ; and it m {.teci4ely to in thia eate, the water dowi on by th« tn-
CalH that It Lai mceivrd al (hat narrow gorge, and il titct above itt leva],
' the elevation were due to nothing taore thin ttatical prvMUir. vtUicti ta
merely the pieaiure of iho head wtthoot ibe velodly. It would wn^iiats
tta courte, for there is no law of nature to mke it go finibert Uhit
MonU be ibc itate of Ihinp in aa cituaty like the Dect wotiU be deter-
■aincd by ibc form of the abore tod olbet qneitioiia, but here yow bate ilic
peeulUiily eo ttroogly narked, that you caiiuot lolttake the caute. The
effeel Ihtie would be, that at tlie luauih of thtDee it wider than il> bead, a
would rceeive b larger wave than would be ilite lo the upper part of tbo
Die, ami. Ibeiefore, If il bad an|uiieil luHictem velooii). the water woatd
nixomulaie up tbe Dee lo a certain eitent ; but tnaaaiiicb u tbe eileiit to
whicb it would aceuniulate ti due lo tbe velocity of the itteasi, it could not
attain the aoioe hud to ihc upper part of ibe t>cc u il doe* In the Mency j
it depeuda on the vrloeiiy, 1 iLuuld lay Ihlt, that inaaiuuch m tba proSlc
rcpteacnied it Ibnl *bich 1* due to i!ie tiaiical (ircteuir (wfai<b it au-
thing more Ihan head without lorce or veleciti}| all that it abote that
ointi be due lo ioipetii* : for we a«e here in tbe Meriey what we tec in
Dveiy n*ar, md what we tee in tbe Dec : iiitleid of ihc naiiow port being
at the lop, the narrow part in the Utnty U at the tvovth ; tbirrfore, to far
at It due to tnuuieuiuui, if yon cQuId tsabe the Mcrtey and tbe Dec al ail
agree, it would follow, tbit ;ou would in tbe Uee birc anenornjuw) heaping
up cotDpared wiib what ]0u liaic in tbo Mirxy. If ybu couU by any pea-
libility givt to ih« waiei eultiiog Ibe Uec tbe tanc idocity at the watei
eniriing llir Mertej , knpiDg tba taction the lanit, it wuwld bup up here
qmie in iLa tave way a* il doei In the bcvBrni but it cannot l»vell>il
velodly, Lecaute there it not tbe aaiac came to eiclte it, naiDelyt the con.
Iraetion.
For AelemiBiog bow much the lide lui riicii up the etluary above it*
leid al Ibe goigt, 1 take tbo level ti I'lince's Itatin, which it in tde gorge.
1 « ill lake the tide on ibc HI of June, which waa a tpniia ilite. buppon
we ttait with the tide at high waicr at Prloct't dwk, lohicb it in Ibc g«i(e
THE CIVIL ENfilNEER AND ARCHITECTS XOTftNAI*
L&Umv,
Bt Uvtrjiool. ii waaldbel It. 1 in.Vi|hBrit highwatMai BtlaHnen Port, and
(irtMn minntM Iii«r<n ■riiiiiic xibm po>it; I ft. 10 in. highetal Smcom.
and wo'Dlil hf (hiiij-Ave minutct laler ihin •! Liiripaoli li wmIJ be I fl.
9 in. kichtr it FkIJIct'i Patj. onr hour iricr it wu bigh wtlcr il tiverpou) ;
it w«llM l>* 2 fl. 3 la, Mchrr >t U'l^ringluK >>r><lg«, 1 Witt ib lainutf* Bflrr
il <•» hif h watei at I.Wfrpool. Witbout going thmngh tbf A*t^]t of «a(h
titMmlion. tbe mMn of thne ^pnlt^ tide* wu 1 ft. I in. hlg)k*r at Elitimm.
I (L 10 in. •! Runrara. I fl. B in. at ftdiller'* Fcrrj.Z fLSin. *I WtrringtiKi.
On thr mr»n of tha ihrf« n*ap lirlpt, of tha )<th. 9th, and lOlh of Jtirtr,
Ihire wti )iill tn «J«*iilon, hut II wiu iwliKcd on account of thr tirrim n>>i
l>eing to iirtiiig ai the ^rgCi lo A lacbei at BtltMncre ton, 1 i iiidiei it
RuaMrn, 10 intbaa at ndJWi Fetijr, ant) onlj 9 incUaa at ^V'aiiiugtun :
thcie iliffcrencn ar« due to Ibt difTcrcncn of the n«ap and tprisi tides, or
in cAhtt wards. Ihc difFffsneft of Ih* T*li>nli« through lh« ;org« tit «•
B inehra at Ellr>fn«'f Port. 1 1 InchM «t RoaMin, 10 inek** at Tiddlrt'i
Farry, I It. A uk. at VTarrin^Inn ; aad 11 fnllotr). that aDjIKinf thai itoulil
•trMphtii ibe TeloritT throngb the gorp at nMpt. wonSd narnui'iiT lenit
10 make t1>e approxloiaiion nt*rer beiatMn tbe eieraUitn* at tboie diiTnint
pliicei al nrap tidn. ai tampaced mlh *pt)np.
The ililTc fence in ibo qaantity of vitEr nlitch pat*r> uji iheMluaiy al
iprint* an<l neapi. I hare uktn fruni Ciptatn Dcnliim'i luticy j a»4 If ]r'>a
could gH ihn itXtt at naap (i<lr« to iliml at til IboM diffxent poinla wilh
Iha latna ft>ff*r(virM aboT* the Prinm't liock la il dou at ipnngi, gran would
gft an in<r<'ai4<i qitinitiv of water [IS.UOO.OOO or SOXOO.OUO nf ;>Mt) up
ihe ettai'y : any luciean uf ilie niixnciitDni in the gorge kuuIi) icdiI to in-
cicai* the quaiititjr gniog U|>. Ttie u^Mrrations M mt lo Ihtl onduiion.
aod I roioe ID no oilier from ilie phenomrna: at all CTcnti 1 am pchctij
c«nTlt»ccil that ill Ibe vatet iliai now paiaei lals Vallair; I'onI, noutd ga
niiinto ilic oluaij. It n a mailirmaiical qiitatinn wbich I am not goiu; to
loudi. wkclbrr tnura would gn up; but |>liili>iopSen ban endoaTuured It
ahoir, thai a bulli upon a pipe (all olh^r Ihinip bting Mjual) would prevent
the ume qiiantiif of waier being diidiarged at wnuld he diieharged ta Ibe
Mmc tine if the pipe were parallel, and thi* l» a tiinUar caae, but I an nei
|OlDf Into that quniKiii.'
ffoiNAun ITinI* on RitiliMjrr an^ Rtilirvy K'yiflatian, ByAbKX-
AMtRB IJocu, C.E., A'i*i.c. liiH.CE. Londi>n; Wpalo, l»W,
Tliia lit m Utn^lr wariiiii^ «|ii>iM<t tho bill of the Rnjliray Commia-
Nlunvra, (mrtjcularly nil(lrt>Ki«>d In tli^ ctigiiiiipriiifr prnfp>wiiin. It
IK iMi rltfv tuirt )ira(*1i{MiI. tliHt we huue it will nut ut> withottt tta
firctjHir I'Kfct : nt hjiv mlv, Mr. IKxill deHiTvw tbe wsmiMt thanka
or tbitt ex|)Mure of the intMrhiitiouA muimurM of tlie oomrois-
aioners.
Altor dioviiif; the iii«oiislBteririea of the atnndinfr oritera, nn4
explnitiin^' tliL* jintm^A Mli>)itFil in |irp»Hrin)f a Una of rnilnuy for
|iarIiamL>i)t;>ry <>x ami nation, Mr. Dimll a^wn on tn unnlyw the
aniciiiled bill. TtiL> rliief anienilment is tJie loweriiifc tliv di'poiiit
by wjiv )if BiTiirily frmii £j<)<i to £wtS ; but which fwr n line of
W)0 mlie^, wouUl still lw»vt« ttiu eiionmitiK mitn of £*0,(i()il iri the
haiidii of the Raitw;!}- <_'oTnmtii§ii)ner«;, xu ho fooled aviiy it) uuch
Ruuiiivr « thry injiy thiiik lit,— Jmt whith. at all events, is a seri.
wue iinjiediinent in the ttny ut nil new linM of railwny. Mr. Dunll
Ten' nvU t>b«erves, that the cominiMionera am ijiiitH rexdy t^iiniitfli
to dn wiirk f<ir tliir nuiney. — indeed, the wav la which tbey maxe
work would (leierve credit for itx ingenuity, if il were not so ob-
jectiuiifllde from il* decidedly tiiiichiei-nuK teEideocy.
Aa is ver}' Kell kni.iwn, n prellminnry survey, nft«n extendintf
over milea in hreiidth, i« necewory to oelect the' line which ie t« he
surveyed in detail. Ni> |>riiviiiU)ii, however, sitetns l« he made for
iW*. or Ihc bill U incoiisi stent iiitli lu perform mire. Mont probn-
IJy. Coltinol Bnimlreth hiiiI !>irK(l<Tard Itvan are unaware how llie
survey of a niilHiiy ixcJirrifd out. The fttiirth clause of tbe bill
requlros that " tlic prunmten of any )in>])ii«ed ntilwny aball a|>ply
Id the ciininituiuricra for auth^irltv lo make the Hurveya nereauary
lo enable them to di-termine tlie liiit' nod level of such railway,
&C. : hilt the fifth cluuae retguireii tlmt " ten cjeur dny" at the Il-miI
Iwfore inikkintc Kuc.h iip)ilieiition, the said pruniolir^ ehall Rive
notice 11) itilvertiKeineiiti, uach iu the same word* and form, in ihc
/rfrndvit QaMvUe anil In Minic newrngMiiicr published or circTiUtinu in
endi county through which the radwny is iir(>]i»iied to piiwi, xiidi
Intended a]i|>1Icutuin siiecifyiiiN; the course of the line of such rail-
way." &c.
Of conrw this cannot he done witluml a nreliini nary anrvcy, mid
how i» this to be effected ten clear days before the en^tineer ciin
apply lo the oonuniBHlcinera for leave tn ffo over the grinind f
Agmiii, if thiit notice and thii penuiMioii W iw » protection In
tlte ocenpiern, it u difficult to conceive how a notice is to be fmiiicd
to corer the tride extent of country over which it la neceaaBry for
tbe engineer to gu, \f he is to choose the best line of n^wny.
It is evident to all prHctlcjd men tliat a very liirire expenne niii«I
be incurred for tulvertiAin^ voliiminoua nuclces (drawn up by law-
rcrs) iu the Lwdiin GatHtc and a nuiiibvr of country newspnpersL
It will he worth the irhlle of thp 9iit«rpri«iiw pwiprirtor of ibn.
.Vunry Timrt to publish it idl the year round, instewl .<{ hriintinjc
It out as iMiw far the iwrsaon of the advert isenciita of intended
appliealioos to parliament for railway bilk.. ,
Mr. DokI) thinks from the sixth clause Iliat the pennisaion ta
survey onlv extenili to the very landx throngh which tlw propcisedl^
line of railway is to pass. If ao, o larwe wim of nnoner lia» to hv
Kaid dftwn, much time baa ttf hv wasted, aod a cumbrous proccM to
e (tone throuulu for a pereniasiou which is worth very littU.
The iPnth clause, ref ulaliujr the return of any ninainin|r poitltitt
of the AaOO. provides that -'one month after the bill for ffiTimr
powcr to make the niilwny. in respect of which such ileno>«t
■H iM Jk ^ ^L _ 1 I L _ __._ _« _«._ .1.. _1._-aE . m ■• *_
made, (•hall haTe passed or been thrown out or withdrawn by bsini
of eiUier House of I'lirUanieiit, the commlsajoner* Kliall by n dnft
or ch«|ue siifned by two of the €oniniis«ii>ners order the bnl,
Rtandiiiff to their (tlte depositors^ account, in respect of m
jHMil, to be paid to the proRioters liy whom the depout waa
—Mr. Uoull oWrve*. that the franierx of the bill do not appear fa
have contemplated the return of any (lortion of tlio detKadt tn
those pr(Mnot«rs who may not advance so far aa the Ihresfcolil of
Ibe lecinUture. We roay odd, that there is an n|>«niiig for lrtis».
lion, in case of anv dixpiite nmonat the pn>mciters of a new cwn-
pany. micb ns hot happened before, and .nrh ,i. may happen ajjain.
under the auspice* of Mr. Spn,-|imnti and olbem. If Mr. SiMck-
man iibould iji»e notice to the ronimiuiimerii not to return the
remiiinirtf deposit to the cornmillee of the railway onnipany, tbs>
ct-mmiBsioncrs may be very well disposed to avi ti|tim theliint, and
wait for the direction of n court of law.
Thr thirteenth claii»it provides that " bofore tbe said prontoWrf,
or any of their ofllcers Buier upon any lands t» survey the i«nic.
or to msrk out tbe line of their pr..j«ned railway, a« hertiniifl.r
mentioned, they »UaII (rive to the ocnipjint' tpnanl tl><-r>H>r u<A Itrm
than two nor more than «*v«n davs' notice in writinr of their in-
lemlon lo enter and survey the lands." Tbe object of pving uvt
lew thnn two Any' tiolire explains itwif, hut the nsitrietiim aa t.i
not trfviiig more than «eii»n days* nnii«:L> must nf^en be mort incon-
venient to surveyors and eMifineers, for within wven day* many
circurajiancrs may occur to dejjiy the Bunev, while no inconreni-
ence con accrue to llie oo-iipying tan.inl from any len^ftb of nutitv.
Under thin clause, it mi((:)it freijuentlv become ueeewarv to serve »
frosJi notice, the linst sieveii daya' notfce having expired'
Mr, D<Hill contends, and with justice, that ILe nmnber of occn.
piers ""ho would retpiire to be noticed prcvjouejy to cuminr^ndnic
the survey or level*, would h& conaidffrsbly more than ihc nunibtrr
at present neoewMrily indinled in a railway book of refereace;, even
■iippirtiiijf the survey to extend only to the u«ual breadth of 90 or
30 clinius. It w[)iild therefore he nocotsar)- lo p;t up » lefervncv-
book before nommenciji^ the survey; and lb ii waul J be attended
with very grest expejiiw, besides the risk of Mme otcuiiier livunc
left witliout a refereace.
The fourteeutb clnufo is in kcepine with the fdt. It eoMta.
Ihnt " Ibo said promoft-nt ithnll mark nut the line of the prvpowl
railway by mgan* of stukfs fixed in tbe ^>iiiul not more thnn thirtv
yards a|>art, and in such Rttuinrr -is clearly to point out the pni-
posed line of .udi railway ; and tl.ey nhnll put up porta aloni! the
line, «o marked out nt convcuienl distance* for the purpose of
showinjc tbe level uf such line, and shall murk «m auch posts hi
lojfible character, the number of feet and inchea at which the
rail- ore proposed to be laid above or below the surface uf tbe
(TTonnd."
Our renders will afrrec with Mr. I>oull. that stukSnit out n One
of railway, and exhibiting the level* in feet and iucbes ulon>f the
line, i« a very diflicuit ami coniplex opentlion. He cstiniatca that
it would double the expense of prcparinB [farlinmentary plans and
>'ectio^l^. A higher clu** of surveyors would have lo lie employixl,
and a number of device* must be rvMrted tn and superior inatru>
menta uaed lo atake out curve* i.f given nulii with accurncv, in the
face of Ilia numerouu oliHtucIeH to be cncuuutereil. Mid of tbe
variety of eircum-'tuiiceii to be met with, on an extended surve)-.
As more dama^^ nitwt [>e done by suikiiiK out tho line than by
ikii ordinary survey, nnother charge will be imposed on tliv comp^
nies, nod farther claims for compeusMtion Ir- given to tbe l&nd-
owners and oocupiori^.
A new eet of paittea mtiat be employe*) in palntitiK the l«v«|.
posts.
What good is to be not from stating, in "incbi'*," a level wbicb
will differ whether the land be uluuKhM or iinplouftlied, whether U
be Ireoched or la grass, we oo not prufens in ace. It can only
Couse a serious expense without answering nuy useful purpose.
At present, aiakiug out is ileUyed lo thr period when it oan b^
THB CIVIL ENOINREB AND AJlCHITECrs JOVRN'AL.
Ifl
Midert»kpn fnr « jiuqMMe of pTBedcsl utUKf, ind *b«ii it cU) l>«
oaarmicnti; pcrfonned.
Hm Undo<»iiers wid occupier* cxn now rrfcr to the pUna without
lu'vnar itir line KtAkril otit. and at entORcerH cnn check the Ivvel*
^■f nvitl liue« front thuH: pluM, goinfr over the pmnnd with the
^^laiu in ilirir hmiilH, it data Htwm very hnH ujh)I) the cmnnuiin
^B|mI Ibcy •hauid incur such cjipcimfi for (kc I'fficers of nayal
^^^Bxiiteen. who arc tv be inn|il»yc4l to irotppct the line. In fact, if
^■■ucn p*rtim cannot gv ovitr the KnmnU without bavinir the lino
Atkeit nut, they niu8t hfl utterly Inniuji^tciit f<tr the dii^cbars;e uf
tli« itatnM prupi;rlT bcloaffiiur to their own pr<>fr«inn, nni] tv t)i«
|ii>rf<>nn>iiic« vf which it U iwvirnhlc they KhouM he rertrictcd- It
will be a|M-n to a fuctiituo «p)>otili((fi tu cavil nlniut every oiic nT the
|mt« ; and the militiiry mniacrn nnd th* wbal« f^tXy mtiy be ««n-
pkired in iMc«rUitiiiiK tliHt th« puvt ii wrung by two inchei aImv*
» h«](iw the line.
CUuM! ei ucDiridea th«t th« pkn* ar* |a b« depMitMt and in-
tfttt*4. The in-pc^twr. who known bh mudi about civil afTnir* as
hit Ant* atroiit civil cnijinivriTijr. i» to huld courts aloiwt the line of
(he proiKMWil rvtlwiiy '* t'»r the piirpoHi- of rec^vii^ informatiun or
Hifanrtiuiu Irotn nny |icr*tins int«ri'ste4lin ouch pniposed rHilway.
«iUi«r fM tlie promoters thereof, "t hi the owne™ and occnpiw* of
Undd on or niM»r to ituch line or otherwiit^ " A very rhr»fi way of
(tniuvin^ the companien and puttin}( them t<» i?xpeii«e, will be by
Utf CuMluwnerH and farmera altendinir the inij>ecttir'« court, and
ttxmpying llie time uf thu attB by raixinic nil kind>i of oUJpetion*.
Th« twenty-fourth cUute 1* an amhi|rvu>iia ane, giving the eum--
niflioo^rv |Miwpr lu allow the prtirouten tu amend their plans after
Te^-tion.
lati-^ VS proride< that a «e«nnd deposit in to he made; and thin
a fulluweil by another amhietiutio and ioconnivteiit clauie.
Mr. Ihnill tbinkn that (.'lause^it conteinplates a second iriKpve-
UiB of the line of railway.
It l>ehovi!i* enifineers to be on their ^lard a^aimrt this nwut
ifrannical, iniHchicroni). and %-exHtioua menRure, wblob will ptjice
ikcBi under the iiiiprcliimnf their inferiors, tbe railitary «nf[inei>r«.
in erery operation of a uirvey ; mul they iirv to ht aabjeett'd to thu
I'ldfrmt-ni of ihiMie latter, whether a level be rightly taken or «
ninr proiH'rly laid out.
It Wall be seen thai thin liill aubjei-lK railway pn>j«e1on< to tbo
f*dluwinir npw ettent of unprulitnble expenditure:—
Tb« depoMtinx of jC2(M per mile with th« ItaUway Cnrniuicaiao-
en.
Tite adiertlHini! of the Intention to mirrey.
Tlie pn-uariiift n ri>fereiK-i> liouk fur the »iirvey, and th« Berving
of tlw Dutic«Niin iho occupier*.
Staking oat the liae, itiarklng the leveU in fiwi and "iiichm,"
and iMtinjic nut the curves
Maldn^ two depoaita of the plsoa.
Prvparin^' amended ptanx.
AttenJiiix the intipectur in hit inspectiun of the lino an «tak^
nut ; and lifihtinic fur the accuracy of the line, and a^fainvt tlgi>
(Afertion* of the ]oc«l parties.
M\rT all thin haa been dune, the ohl prepnrathtns fi>r enrounter-
iBll the ordeal of (tandinp ordem have to be made ; for th« new
rc^laliuii of the Comtnons, pmvidiiiK for notices bein||[ vent
iMurh the iinst IS quite iiio)>eratl ve, aa >rrvio« haa to be proved,
nd tbe Iiitrdu n-tinirr the old mode of service.
Ow readers will u^rev ihal any syrtcm of leipalation more di»-
fraorful to n country than that by which railway «nnpanie« are
WsMcd, *a» nercr attempted or perpetrated.
oHrf Mwlem Art. Hiitorifut and Critinl. By CprwoK
ioii>. En). Rwi-iind Kditinn. lllackwood, Kdinhiii^h und
ndun. Ii^ff.
It is stated that the ohjrct tpf thia work Is to prewnt, in a popu-
lar Ii>m), a brief i^kctch uf tuiciciit and modern art ; and to avoid
Ihc faolt* uf plhrr publications, which are uf no use to the ordi-
imrf reader. By way of carrying out thieuletlKC, the two volumes
•re filled witli long psaaai^ from the Irench and Italian, and
•aatchc of Gre«k and Latin, which arc not likely to be vit)' well
iiftder^tooil by the public, which arv not needful in themselves,
— ■" irhicJi do not e>eu prove the learning of tho author, .Auto
\3fti exeeuliun of the work, without beiii>[ orifcinal, it la looae
Wd unwiti-^fnclory ; tbcrc i» n bii»h of the opiniunn of foreign
vHtivr^ on wt, and the only novelty is the criticUm of the mithor
Ml English vhtiT* und reriewert). It eKpccially faUii in ^fiviiiira
f!»»r ioba of any one wi)rk, ichool, or «tylB, and a render t^en
from th« public would acquire thu unaUcBt amount of deliiiiti; iii-
fanuiioa ftom Ita pages. || U ■ very difficult task to give &d
fehrid|t«d Tiew of an eitensire nibjcnt, s» iw to comnitmicalc
exact Ideas ; indeed, nn abridrcment reiguirea ax hiith « decree tif
ability Rsnn extensire work. It is iM>taurpriunKi therefore, if Mr.
(.'IcKhoru sbauld utterly fall In tht* attempt. An fitMn some petty
pnrviDcial feelin«, there ia more enacc dcvetcd to the WiIdinKa,
Kciilpturc, painting, nnd painten M EdlnboTKh tliaii of any other ]
iiU«e — indeed, a lariice part of the two vdumct-Hhc public whi>
huy this book on it* title, will have du mure rea»on to b« H&titJied
with the ijuantity tlian with the ouality. The work has »uck
Hiiiall mehtii. that we should not feel called upon to ootirv it, if it
were not that it in likely to be taken for a ponoUr wvrh, «» bviflir
a second edition euiaiuitin^ frvni publishera of reputation,
A popular manual of aK lifts yet to be written mid i* maek
wnnted { hut it aii»t convey deliaitv informatifm and dcscriptionsj
Auit^ to practical men, and law irrneral crilicii>i» of nitiRta and'
worka nnknown to the public end nut particuh^ii^d. .Mr, Clei^
hom'd account of the Munich H^hiwd is the hot that he hiu givea
u*. but it ii tjtiile iii:idc<|U'ite ; wbile a pr»|>er account of what 1ms '
been done nnd i« >loiii(r there is one uf the be«t incentive« to the ]
enc4>urH;;i-nient of art here.
\l'p nnnt do Mr. (le^bom the justice to «»v, that i^ f ar m hi"
nbilittcs fto, he is sinefrely desiroua of pronioliinr tbe interesla of
art. It may be luune excuse for his defect* that thi' pre>>ent work
IH the offdboot of a pamphlet in favour of the iiiiilnti>>n of the
I'arthenim nn the l^'alton Ilill iit Edinbur)»h, under the lume of a
National MiHiunient for ScntlaTii). lie ii, therefore, a pHrtJoin of
pure Greek and what he calU idealism ; he allowii of tiothie ; but i
■ei-mo il^ hanker most after llaban. If it were not for the meta-j
|diy<ticiJ Ii4-tit which effects all who are bom noHh of the Tweed,,]
and leads him into the diseaiadon>t about idealism, he would bsl
catholic in hia artt.itiu predileetiotui. Hia ide«liau is, however,
more coofused than that uf any CermHii, bectiuw be is ittaobed hi
the study of natiin* ; and while hnldinif up tbe imitation of iWCuri'i
a* the rreat end of art, he cannot mnke (xit how to reconellt
with Idealism. He has been bom in the faith of idealism,— «DdJ
Ihiiuiih bin iiint'iciiotiH are startini; ar^ntmts emutantly :
his fiiilb, and though hia praetiee is wppoaed t4> It, yet ideoltam h*^
SenuKta in maiutatain{{. IVliat it is he has not been aucecasfiil iu
eawribiag; in one place it seemn to he the geotus and imagination
of tbe artint which c<iiivtilutu idvultHm ; but tliia a^in iluiw nut
agrw with statemenln elsewhere. The late Ilaydon, althou|Cli
he tjdked very much about it. could nevermake himself uuderstoud, J
Tbe upshot ulwayu wm " Nature and the El^n marhles." Mr.]
Clif|g[liorn Is tlrenuous iti bbt abuse of what he calU Che sect of oo-
turalinlii, but without producing any arguments except to tkeir
favour.
He •leems to he mucli more succecaful in reproducinK M. Quatre-
mere d« t^uiucy'a defiultiun of imitatioD. This is a fitting intro-
doctioo Ui » tiVHtice on artistic criticism. ImitAlion in tlie fine
arts, says H. d« Quiiiiy, it> tlie production of the likenaui vf a
thinfT. hut in another thing which liecomes its imaf;e. It la not fti
repn>d notion of the thinjr, it i« not it« exact likeness, which r.iia.
only W the result uf a reprudurtion ; but it li the imiwe of a like-
ness, to be aniuiate<l bv the mind of the observer. Ilence, an at-
tempt at illusion fails liec.iuse the arti»t tid<e« on himself to per-
forin the functionn of the Hpi-ciiiior. uml leaven the latter lillle or
nothing to do. The itri^iiials of most of the figures of Rafliaelle, ^
Hiibens, or Murillo would produce much les* intrmt than the
[jainlincs ; they would oftvn excite the ^^!p^lal^h of bci:ig ugly «r^
clurrn>- wiinicti. The best illustrutiim uf this fundjunontal princi-
flic of the lini^ arts, but one uhicli Mr. ClcffliorD hiiK not adduced, ^
a that derived from tho drama. On a nnnJl stiifre, and in a «b«r
time, we nrv mnilt- to •<■» the greateat men of witi(|uily, the rerola^
tionn of yejifii, and the consummation of the most impactniit rvrnl&
^Lhe utturs being men familiar to ue even thrsu^fa the dlt<giitii£ of
costume. The mind, however, takes Itti port with the actor^ an4
stiarrs iu the realisation. W'a do not want
" a Irliitilain hir • •!«>-, |>iliiiri Ut *c\,
Theac ac^CMAried ara useleui when the audience can aopply their
iiboence. Tbe greut ilnmntic poet explaJiw the theory o(^ imita-
tion well, when he Miyi: lu hiu audience;
" T ia juuf Itiinurhia Uiil ddw miuS dKh Sut klu|l,
C«rry ibrm brriann tim; )uin|ili>( o'ar UaiNSt
lain in hour (fail.**
Aa a perfect JlluHion in not necessary, but hurtful, so therv are
bounds placeil to limit the extent uf art, and to limit the extent uf
each department of art, — buund« best observed in the greatest
height of art, and soonest orrnrtcpped in its decadence.
On the Itvitimate applioalion of imitation nil the fine arts de-
pend, and thu is theit b«nd of union ; i; hi oDly la tho vchiele
It
u
THE Cn'IL ENOIKEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURXAL.
,\UMm.
used, or tlie Mme addicMMl, tint thty OiOfr. We ate ttow tfi-
' tattf^ fgr the mihoHeity of the thrco >rtK of deniKD — painting,
pculpturc, aaA nrchitwlure ; but we ciuinot expect n paniMt <1*-
veJoitint^nt of the fine iirts, unlt^aq Iheir thn-r nthur limicb*^—
tnuBK, th«drBiait,aiiil pnpiry — Im likcwiMcultit'Ated. Thesttompt
Ui »evvr ttngh nta, wlilch liu failed, U a grounil for want of con-
ftdeiwe in any sjmlem whirh irt«pi short of c(iin()let«naM. In what
do all our CMRplaintK and nil our in<pitriw aa ta ika low slnte of
art vnd ? In a couviction uf {lie low mental conditian of the iiro-
fetmts of art. ^Vhen the tiainl«r has oni-w takrti hit hruHh in
hand, ike sculptor hi* chutrX mmI the arcliitecL hla compaaaea, he
bid* lar«wall to education and enllghteDntent, he aim liuuMlf up
Ut what he cftUa bla nrt, and namiwa and erampa lua miiMl Jitnt at
that ttni« whpn it >h(nud he fr«Mt in it« eipanalon. Precisely for
the rauon that tie artiit haa oo edacativn, the scholar hiis no
JcBOwtcilffe of art ; and art is kept hack ^oi this tUtUt of «ffunt,
and OOt nom the wnnt uf munmil cntmcily in our artlats, or of ad^
quate uieoiiraK^inent from the pulilic. There have boon opnor-
tuultici eoou|{fa Jfltelv, but tkf} briiiK: forth only Buclcinjiitiain
^Patece or Traf«I^:ar Siiiiare, art-uniitn pictum ur piictoU luon-
'strorftica. Tht) ridifMilinsHter luubeen aetitnhroad; but till our
Rrtiata are hetlcr educated men, and more on a It-vci nith tlioM at
Greece and luly, art oau baire liUls huuv. We du nut Mant
aradcmin ofart lui much aa we want aehnnls, lihcral tmniu^, und
the power of reasoning justly.
Anoiur the six fine or imitatirc arts, there ar« marked diatinc-
IJuRs. Painting: ur deiuyn, srulptiire, and urchitcctiirc are mate-
rial in tlidr |)roduciton ; poetr)-, the dxania, and muaio are
irnmaterial. and the latter two In their ]>crfoniuuic« are traniiient
VI Ai-<rtin|r. The ltir<;« Ltttvr linvr, however, the pwcr of rejirv-
diicliun iif the model work to tiuch u ili^^ee aa materially to cx-
tead their <'«inl iiiHuencv, Painting liy the mcnn* urcofrmvin^
and Hculpturv by nieuun of caNta, have ihiit poHor vf reprodactios
in a lew vr otore modified deittve, l>ut the i>r«f;raM of tciaace Pro-
miacs to give these arte greater resources; and although some look
uiifavounbty on the macliinerj' of copying niid piracv, we cnnnot
but U'lieve Unit the artist will jraiu \y being brought intu com-
munion with a cri-ater mmu of the public The Miiat and the
public murt work togvtiier, thcp' niuftt feel for each other, tbey
inu«t Join to produce the wiithed elfect. Shiik^penre wi^rking tor
the iKiblic of niji Aar^ und l>ickcnsfor the piiUlir uf tliii. ar« under
a etimuluK which the artist at tlic |ire«ciit time tuu rarely feels.
The incentive to immortality, the conwiiMitiouf) dinehnrge of a
palriuttc duty, the incpiring inAupnce of the goodvill and fellow
feeling of spplaudiDj; millioni ought to operate on the artist aa
they aa on the titate<imati, the general, or the poet, and ought to
produce grmter rmulu than the groveiUAgBelftwinoeM wliiRli yield*
up iu taak An the puyniciit of the atiated and allotted price, care-
leaaof anything but the money reward and the personal gnitifi-
eatlon.
Architocttire haa for ita pmtiiice the execution of single and
jsoUted monuments. It is not easy to reproduce ths Furtlienon
or St. I'eter'^ and the architect has ererr induf^ni^iit tu devote
himself to t)u* [iroducliori of worki* the merit uf >vhid] lie will not
divide with the oopyl«t, the iirinler, or llii> eiigiaver,— which lie
wants no traneUtor to make lenown to other nations, but which
are felt and uudenrtoinl bv pixiple of nil eountriec and idl age*.
Architecture baa, too, tbih-ifiKtitictioii, lluil illjiuian immediate and
tn uhvioits utilitarUn chnracter. The painter the stuljitor, nnd
the mtiBieiaii minister indirectly to the unes of •Kicicty ; (In- poet
and the dramatist nuv prupoao a mural end, Iiul it iu'ijut needful
they sliniild do bo; wliereaA there are few wnrkt uf architecture
which do not bear the stamp of usefulness. It nuiy be thoujiiit l>y
some eiiuugli u> appciHl to Hum wnse of uKfulnms, but until the
architect can satiaiy nimseirUiat Kewnteor Bedlam enaToewH the
favour bep«ton-e<d upon Westminster Aithey and St. PauVs, he will
do w«U not to be utiminiiful uf the »rtixtic relitiuiit of hi< profea-
tion. Aa the mif^hty itiimc of &t. Paul'u i* leen from so many
jioiDta towering over Lomlon, how well does it mark the wide ex-
panse of poj^iihition crowding bchivr. There i*a grMtiieaa in the
KJght which cannot pai« unacknowledged, while the statesman nnd
the iBorallst knows too ir ell the influence of great thoughts and
great as«odalioit« on the public mind to neglect tliote means by
which they can I>e awakened aud upheld. Athena, it is true, sank
with the gloriet of the Parthenon untarulsbed, hut not until the
living spirit of art hod been tiueuched.
I'he imaginative or creatire power of the artist is what in not
allowed for la Mr. Cleirliorn's theoriex. Hia idealiHui re«(>lve«
itnelf into the study of nature and llie adaptation of the fine
part of one indiviiltial to the line part of another to runslitiitc an
ide»l ur perfect whole. He 4)iiarrel« with Ilaztitt for aHirmiiig
8 the preference of ihat whkli la fine In nature tio
as so : but he ripe* not «ei up in iu place ouylhiiqt
that the ideaJ
that which UI . , . „
which is clearer. Perhaps there la no dilferenae. ^he naturalist^
M reprrM.-iiU-d hr Mr. Hailitt, say, i* There la nuthius which is
fine Ln art> but what is taken immediately, and as it were io the
masss from natore." Mr. Cleghorn, iur the moderate idealttts,
doea not traverse this, but says, that " Ideul an is finer than
nature:' lhuu|^h from what we can make out, ideal art b
selected nature.
As to the iiiiCKtion whether it is better to represent lndi\ Idu.
ture witJi iiidividuiil defects, Mccideiitn, and pcctdiari(icf>.ortoi
sent Juiiitcr with some of the features of the liun, and H^rcuU^ with
the nccK of n bull, to tay nothing of fauna, aatyrs, and ciriitaurs,—
tkia iieeina to us a ijuestioo which, if •ulred in favour uf the latter
aide, does not girc any valid support to the tdealistx. Indeed,
there is nothiiu which hne ever yet been brought forward which
•hows that the Oreeks owed their cxcellcocu tu anything but the
atudy of nature, or that there ia any other mode ta attaining ei-
celience iii art. Wt arc therefore the more hopeful of the futurvi
of Eugliali art, ae at any rate <vc hare the groundwork uf a stud
of nature ; and this, supported by a prudent reference tu the
matter*, as conlinnator)' of the course uf study^ will, with a ibm^
tiI>erMt education and a more catholic feeling vl art, give (U artists
of whose works we shall not be oaliomod.
flfli/iTfljF Kn/jineering ; oontaMng a Gtrttral 2TtUc/w fAe Calntla-
ikm of Kari/tworla. ByT. BaKi»,C.E. l.«udon: Lnngmai), IMS. ,
Bvo. pp. 64.
Vi't regret to perceive that Mr. P. Barlow has permitted i
book to be dedicated to biin, for we ore sure that he wa« ignor
of Lhu dubious character of tiie honour conferrc-<l on liini by .
uascrupiilaua author. There need not be the aligbtest delloicy i
iiealtatton in affirming that tho M-hoIe iwrformnnve is a caUectk
of gross pWiarismo, The formula f^jr the »uper-«]erai«un of the
outer roil ofa railway curve is taken from De Pnmbour. Method*
which have long been uubllahed fur setting out curves, the author
claims as his own, on tne plea llint they were pritateig communi-
cated to hU pu^pils, und that some ^oore ago lie sent ts> the ^ Ceot
tleman'a Diary n paoer on the nubieot, vhieh tent ratded.
The "Geuoral Tablo for the Cofeulation of Earthwoik oo ,
ways, &c." i* a direct copy from the "General Table for faciUtatic^
the Calculation of Earthworks for Railways, Conids. &c.' by U?
Boshforth. There is tiot even a eoluumhle variation Irooi tba
original in the copy, — 1( U aa anwt trj'rint, Imt/vr lirte a>t4 JIgmn
far fisvrti; with a few additions, but wft a tinf^ eiwiMt4>i. Evei^
one of Mr llaahforthV titbiilar ntiml>ers re-appear« tu Mr. fiakera
tablo. We had intended, in order to render tho plagieriaiD pal-
pable, to print n ealumn &om one table by the side uf the cocr^
Mponding ono in the other table; but after getting halfway thrffagft
the labour of copying the figtirea, wc found ihnt there wo* ixit a
aiuKle alteration or omiiaion, und therefore abandoned the task ae
iKwleM.
A general reader, nut familiiirwith the chnriicter of earthwork
tables iitii,'hl deem the liimilarity accidental or inevitable — Juot M
if two persous publitihoil dilferent tables of eomraoa lugarilbiae
ur Hipinre roota, the tabular (igiirea must cwncide where liotb ar*
corrtwt. The aUgbtett conaidenition, however, will show that tW
present is tiut an annlogous ease. A great number of earth woili
tiihlev hitu 1>«en pu)tli«hod, but none uxciei)t Mr. Itakcr** hM tha
aanie l^gurea as Mr. Baabfortli'a ; and for thin plain reason — that
other tables, such as Mr. llldder'a or Sir Julin Mucnvili't, are
appliixi by methudx, and for piirpoies, entirely different. Sir John
Maciieill's, fur Instance, oro not generiLl, but have the result* for
f/articular slopes and bases, worked out rojidy to the engineer's
hand. Mr. Bidder's table, uu the contrary, u ^noral, and eon-
siden the prismnid in throe separate portions. Mr. Ba
in aUo ||,'eneral, but consldera the prismofd in two portions ; 0|
which IUr ho real cxixtenee, bat being merelv aa&uiiied for :
of c:iIcul;ition, i* ultinuitely subtnicted. S'ow considering
iierfect indenendencc of these metliixU, it in clear that the tabi
bunded on tlieni, though entirely dlfferejil from eaoh other, may
lead to identical reKultH. But the only person who luu adopted
Air. Biuliforth's very origitml plan of ronsidt<ring the slopes to he
hvpotheti colly conHwted till they meet in on apex, is Mr. Baker,
lie therefore u the only permm who touhi use the same ligures.
We huve too niur.li eonSth-nee in the right feelings of eugiseen,
to HuppoHe for an instant that thiH .ittempi to uke the fruit of higb
tnleiitf and unwcared toil from the lawful ouner will prove sue-
cewfui. lu our upprehetwiou, the literary offence la mudi aggiM
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AnCHITBCTS JOURNAL.
M^i' !nn|>t tntdr in th« vork tini](ir r«view to tlirov
dwi < • r>{ the reader. W abuainir the nulhor whone t«hlea
aarmioi'd. The altiurk* romnictice in thr nrcfarc, nod nre tnn-
1 bn:te<l ■! tntervalB to ihp end uf the l"Hik, with all thr iMnpliJwis
K Mliirh iTalim :i(id rapilalit can rire them. For exnmide, M)>«ak]R|r
^^f Rimtlly of ottirr prcvinua toblei^ oiir niilhor nllovs tbM ''DDne of
^^^ctn nrc ■rnimpiniietl with ilirciiii'ns fur finiliiiK tlic mntenta
^■fritm ihi' •MM-tiiiiiiil arena, nltirh 1f< the moftl imnortant imrt of Hucb
m umaim^ ." Now. the aoertion, which we hiive p^'en in t!»e «o-
tbiir'a own italic!^ is nut only untrue, but it would not be un-
dai^Utble to asacrt thjit it i>= put forth to di^:uMe the real rclntioD
</ Ui own ncthud to Mr. BiukfuTtir». The nappcwed emn- rcfen
b) tbe calratallon for slde-Ionf grmind for mttini^ or embuik'
oeuts on th« nd« of m hill, h here the height of the alvpta ta uii-
■qoal). ftiiH Mcstsbliti)iL-d by tiikiiiK a {nTverx: and prcjioittcnmi
» example — iKal of two Becticnis, 4 chitins npart, of the aresu 10,3S(
feel asd too feet, rc^pfctivrtv. M if in a lensth of 4 cb^ns, ao
intrrRiT<liat« fcrti'nis would h« taken where Uie first wction wn
B(jrc t)i;iii ttrv'Jy-Jir€ Unit* the Ifttt !
KrltiiiK luudc the cxtra^-aniit nature of tlio cane «uupo»ed, Mr,
Ba^hforth* awthod, ^y^a if wv apulied, in iurt m likely to ifive «
Inie rrvult «s that which Mr. [Ulcer «-oiif<l ■nbstitute. M'e are
li>M, tlxtt by negWtin^ the »j«ii of the lri>in)cl«, the former
■nethud giveii a result iX per eent. t«o«ni\I): but it in just m»
likely tliAt the euhstituted method giiee the reenlt us tnueb too
CTMt ; for th* gnmnd mity iindulntc m> marh, thM tlie error may
be cithn- in «>«eu or diminution. In a coae like the prexent,
where the ground fallw so much in the direction of length, that
the ]ieif;hia of one i>i)d-iieeti»u are only ono-lifth thi<»6 of the
Hh«r end-Koirtloa, great irre^larilies of surf ace tunjrt be tuppmied to
Mcrvene. For instance^ BiipjKwe n ritlley or dfvp hollow occurred
anmewhere in Ibit Itmgth of four chains of cuttitig, Mr. Baker
•onlil tell the eontractor Ihnl be h&d to renov* all tho oealanta
of tht vitUej, whirh, la reality, nature had al ready excaratnt for blm.
There Is do guarAilw SgwtKt nurfa emirK, oiropi by the jirrcautiun
■tikh averr rewMnulc onifiaeer udoptu vherc the vround varies
oonfidertibfy— which. In tie prewnt esse, would be practicjilly
tae^-itab1t^— and which Mr. Hash fort h '0 aiethod suppiwea, — that of
lakinft/rrfNiwf Mctioni.
Our worthy author has not borrowed hU predeccsaor'a ubla of
Proportkinal' Part^ — ^which, as wo explnintid in n fointer review,
tit printed on card, with a moveable index of wiwd sliding in a
UTonrr. It is e«tim»ied that hy this insenioua coutrinuiec, tlie
table U made Ui r<int»iti nil ibm calnbttooa which, e-vtended,
vmdd ocrnpy » xurfano tZMOjOOO time* ita presont arm. To
have ailupted ihi« table alao, would have been tuo piilpalile a
pb^ariim : Mr. Unkvr, therefore, conteals hiinwlf with copying,
J^arm Jitrfymv. i'" first tneiity-ooeliiiM of it, »hich ruustituta
U«(t) ** Table No. 3 ;" and the reader la liifunnetl (p. is), that iu
eaan which this '* l^ble Nu. ^ does not include, he must work out
Ibe eaJculiitions for hinuelf.
It i« not to l)e exjiccted tlint every praMirul peroon who ralru-
bte* ouiiRlilie* for cuntrat'tors, tJiould undenlMud llie matbe-
mtlraJ prinriplea on which Uie particular tnbles ubldi he uses
■rr haMtl. But it i* within the »tiiiiih-«t coiniirebennioii, thiit the
t«» mt'lhiwU undrr coiiijiarlaoii— and the]' id une— proceed oa Uie
Mvumptlou Ihal the ^tiipva arQ bypotheticnlly continued lu their
lairrMrrtion. It ih iilwi not a matter of n-iMDiiingt nt ull, hut
o»r of meic eyealirht. ilmt Mr, B«kcr has re-priiilcd Mr. RiMit-
lerth's i-alrttlntiona idenlicjilly. The oiJv diiTerrnceH nrr tbii>4>~
Mi. liaki-r'* table i* pniilcd in n Im ulatlnct mnnuer; to Mr.
llMifonb'vtnbleofiU hd|;blii(ri-Drinled witliout a Hlai;Ie omitfiun)
Krea niure heif ht« are iiddeil : lastly, of the tiiMc of I'roportiuiiul
Parti, the first tw<nly-onf liiic" niv rfpritttcd , nnd an bt tlie i2
milliiiri'' nnd odd remniniii^ t':il€uhiti(i(;is uhifh the T^lidini; index
iurmiouvly eOiecta^in by, the reader jii icit to cJilcuLitc thvtn for
hlmcdi/.
»
rv Stfmm yapjr. — Mr. Ednstd Whitley Baker hu hcen appointed by the
taent 10 go Mil liiih J«nc* Draokc, the Ba]tb of Siiiwak. Mf>
er i* albrhr^ m cnfineer to the Meander tiifti*. sod i> to ha<« chsige
'nf a tteim laoocb, to be sied in g^t<in{( up tht smnll riTcn tnrl crtek* for
mttf% and io Mareh of pirstu, md ii (0 be at tbe itnin of the Rajsh in
Sarawak sitil J^baan u ncefaanieal rnpnret. \Vc are giad lo m« from Ikis
appoiniiDeni thsi the Admltaltj *re reall; deiiroa* to ImproTC tht engineer.
tat MTTlee of tbq akxj, by euiplujlug eflldeni pnctlcal men Uka Mr.
SUBOISTCR OP BTBIV PATENTS
BALANCE BRIDGE.
Jaas HatiVKT SiDun, of Holhcck, I^ccds, iron merobaat, forj
" /mprvttmtni0 in emMnutam brit^a, nqueducUf iiiul rimUar ttmt
tuntr—Gnntti JulyT, ISiT; Enrolled JaouAry 7, l»t8.
This invention relates to th« construction of cast-iron girdc
for eonlinuouii lirid)reB,i-iNdueta, oraijuailaeta, andothnii^r
menifl relntin^r to railwa\-a. f\g. I, is a aide rlew nHute ftoeov
to this invention of cast-iron fj^irden c, sti«ti)tly iointed and bolt
toother at 17, Htaniliiij; upon pirro nf stone or lirirk b A h,
pinler e, beln^ cast from one and the same pattern, or where
very gr«at leh^h is required, two parts e tf, may be e»t tM
piece ; lit either case from the prants d, will conctitule otie girder,'
which is from centre to centre of two arches^ and the two parts on
■=^
s
flr.J.
c\t
l>L_,ai \i^a
m
TT
fto-4.
jQ
'rz^si
Kg. 4,
■net.
1^
either ride of a l<ar ft, will lialancr each other, conwqttenlly. there
1« no weight or nmy romparativr-lv j^ienkinp in the centre of each
fcr^-h. It «iU (ie w.vn thnt ciirh prdcr is Icnm and nt Jilfcrty at lb|]
centre of esch arch (/ rf. and thnuirh Mmntly Jointed t'lpelher by ■
means of jil.itc* on each tide, they will jjlow for any contraction
or expansion required by rhnn«c of the iitmonphere ; and fig. tt, i»
a trntiaTcme section of thi* j^'int, »diowiu« how the toollied-]iUte«n
lit into limilar teeth nt the end« of each xirdcT where they meet atl
the centre, Fig. 3, i« a pliin of the cast-iron ftoorinp for bridges,]
Arc, coneiEtingnf plAte« of cntit-iron. Fig. 4, tJiowc thtMt plaUCl
upon an enlnrged scale, the underside uppermoct and not closed
togcrther, the better to e^iplnin bow otrength may be piven to
these plntco to l-enr the railB and any weight required to poiw over
them ; tiiid tijir. S, !« a tmnaverse section, nhowii^ how thetie idates
aril fftfltcnod tt^ther, and halted to the girder* by the brackets
a. The cnvprinfr or Hoorinp-plntes e and A, are wawB to be U
fuol in width, and of the lon^h from girtler to girder oonespond-
ing to the width required for the railway.
Ti
THE CTVlt ENOrXCEK AXD AnCirmc-TB JOtlRNAl.
LM-.—?
Th« plnt^ wan whidi th* ehnini an «Mnr«l)r InltMl U fte«n
Ia have tbivc nlM ar flimrhn emi unon tfae undprdde In order ti)
fflve Ui9 requisite strength, and nim hiilta cant IhrcHigh it fat IkiU-
iim snd mwumJjt fiziiift Ine chaini* Tur holding; the ruiLi. Ttier«
arc riitdii alxmt ui fnrh s<]unre niA upon thv cldM at eiM'h plat«,
[•DdMirfi ivlate hiw holp'i «!*■! tif » riw ««etly l" fit and n-rt-iv*
thfliM ituils, (vM JL if. i, wliidi i« a «l(le view of lliew |>ljit««.^ It
will tittntm eulljr H Wiclerstuod that if tbew platen virre xliiit
«r eJond toftetli«r, then Ktvdn wmild •ut4tr into the hide* c*at in
•ndi fur lliat iHir{iniie. rlurly iliuwlng: that the wlnde i-oiering nr
Aourlnc will Iw lo united and wciirel]r futltitrtl, m Mt to funa on«
gvoaraJ nam of ra)»port to tli« nib mud tbH uvlttlit |>Mdqg aw
thfot.
LOCOMOTIVE RNO.INES AND BREAKS.
OwonK Tavws, of II»ll>««k, near Leeds, VurkUiire, meelianir,
for " ImftrvrtmfJtts in /*« rviuttruclion of fngtnM aad iMrriagtv Id **
vtffi on raUtttjf*," — Granted June 3 ; Knmllrd I>Atemhi>r %, IftiT.
Thti tQvention rvlatra. lintly, to innrovcd arraneements ot Hm
nrUndam of Itxwniutive enf^neB,.aRd tJiB part* irhidi canuntuikat*
the reciprocatiiir motion to the driTins-wbcds, kr the pnrpnae of
c>mc«ntrntinc; the driviim iwver of lEe actiurted plMona, so m la
connniinimtt! nn even rutatini; motion tn tbo wtUn of lb* drinng-
wlieela, and al»o to dUtributt- tliii moving puwtr (vitkont fint con-
(«ntmtiikg; it) to one, two, or more \uun of drivioK-wlievId iu a
uniftnni manner. Secondly, tlii* itiveotivn refer* \v an impri"ed
brvak, for stojiping the pro^T*:iu of cmtiakvh uluaf; tfae line of rail-
•w»y ; each afipnraliis l>citiir aW suitakle for Hu»t&>nin|i|; iU cnrrtfifro
on the nuts, in viuse uf the breftklimt of an nxle. Thirdly, thin in-
reotion relnten to iin ini{it»vvd arraiijcemeat uf lender. Fuiirtlilj,
to ctTtnin iuniryvenieuta in ntountiuf; the vbocU of railnray <ar-
riagea.
The improved arranpenwni* are shown in the annexed encrav-
ing*. Fi^. I i« a aide elevation, oihI Ag. 9 a plan, in whifli the
Pif.i
motive power, communicated to the piMona of the workini; eylln-
dan, is erniccntraled in a line drawrn longitudinally thriiiif.'h the
rentTB of the pUne uf the eofine. a, n, tre a [mir of eylinder^
placed over the end of the boiler b, noi>re«t to the smokivhox ;
r, are tho pixtun-nidA, with erxtM-hi'iidn, whieh *\'u\v in iniideu Hxed
to the cmtiade eA«iiiff of the hoUer ; <t, d, are rod« fur connertiitur
the jiiston-nids to the crankti a, vhivh craiike ar4< uttarli^ »iio tu
vttheroide of II D^ntnit whwly^ Tlii' puriuheiy of tUiK u-)ieel in
provided with ctte*. for ireunnfc into or drivlntf a wheel j/, keyed to
< the axle of the driving'WheeU A. In order to iniiiirv the propi'r
kfmriiiii tti^lher of the wIii'vIk/' luid fi, and iillou- of tlie play of
tlte boariiifr^Rprinit, the ftuideu. in wliich the asle-lmxea or journNlx
of the dri vine- wheels A "ilide, are made iit an iiriule, an nhiiun M ■,
liK- I. Bv re^errini; to Ihn t\piTf%, it will I>k Keen thit tlie axles
are placed above tlie boiler, and. therefore, wheeU of targe diame-
ter fsay from lo lo li feet) mny, if reiniiri-d, he I'mployrd with
safety ; tlie oM-illiition o( Uiv eri^ciiie heiiiu, iu (rreat [lart, avitldetl,
hr the rentral jind uniform drivia^' of the axle of the whieels k, and
the weiitht of the engine beinu near the K'oiitid. When it in dc-
hired to make all tlje wheeU drivlnu-wlieeU, Ihoir MhaftJi ni»y be
connected together hy rods aJid craiik^piafs as now gifuerally em-
ployed.
The spedlicatiun devcrihat two other arnui^ementu of niecliao-
Uri, for eommunieatlnfT the rMiproeatlng: motion of ibe piatam la
the Bxleii of the drivjac-whoela.
»ie-*
ftr*
The improved apparntn* or hrenk for rrtardini; niiil «t»piunf t
tniii ia alii'wii at n(i. -t, a nidv elrvation of a tender, with the apf
ratus attached thereto ; and fin, t beintr an end rieration. a ianna
of two levers, att.-M'hi;il to the hottom of the rHrria^'e, and intended
to vibrate alliifatly upon eentre-pinn b. At their outer endft Itms
levers are cnnne^^cd tnjrclher by a cros*-rod r. and are thereby
lauwed lo nove aimultwmiuilv' whvn any mtrtion iHconiinunicatca
to then, dl d, are flanged tikidii. aitarheil to tlic onti-r end of the
lerersn ; and tbejr are proWdcd. at ifceir under nurfnie, with a hluc&
of wood, the )rra:n of which i* vertSral. Thene skid* arc iiilcndad
to lie dcprMMrd on to the rail.'L, when the Hpeed of the train ia to W
akccked ; and the Jlan^i-<, whirh arc formed on the inner nide of
the akidK, will art an jcuidec and kee^i the i-arrimtea on the line of ^
raila. In caae of the hreakaKe of an axle, c ie a dronit aprinfi
Ktretcbifiy arrun fnim one akid to the other, and takini; into alct
or vpeuinK* formed in the upper part of the dkids. This aprinff
crnti raced, at the middle of it» leimth, hy a hoop/ which 1« joint
to a rerticnl fhiift jf, t^mpotied «i two ti«rt«, and r;i|M<lde of be'
adjusted, in its length, by a threaded coonectinp-piwe A.
up|>er end of the -huft g U forked, and hptwM'o iU prooff* twol
nntifrirtion mller* i. i, arc mounted. In the sidw of tlif^./ pmnj^f
and betueen the cetitrr^ of the rollent i, ionfptudinal alnts are cut,
for the purume of rc<^iiiij{ the axle t, of a cam i, which In In
contMAt with the pcripliericB uf the kntifrietlon rollers The axle
ft ie mounted In bearing* affixed lo the end of the tender, and (n
its outer end a won»i-«hwl hi i« keveil. Thin whe*i Rear* Iwta a
worm », noiinted on one end nf n eKaft a which tumn In kmrlil^
at the aide of the tender ; and at it^ other end a hund-whoel p m
keyed, for the piirpo«e of givinK it a rotai^- motion, l^t it Bow
bo nippiiMd thtit the «kid< are reqnired to be let down on to Um
rail,— tlie liand-vheel p ht turned, in order, hy mennii of Uie worn
n, to move round the wheel m .ind it4 axle, which rarriislheenni /;
the larger nidiiiis of lhi<: cam bcini; now l>rutifcht into contact with
tlie lower autifhction roller, it will deprew th« vertical afaaft jp, ami
comninnirale, lhroti);h thv HpriTii; c. an el«sti<! preMure to the akiila,
wherehy they will be nude to hite tlie rail*, and retard the pmgwM
uf the train.
Thci third impTnvrm(>nt ronxiirtti in earryins' the axle* of tcndtrc
ihr»ii)^h or abiive the water-tunk, whi'cphy the wel^rht is bronulM
near the mils, tn a manner bimilur to that of the en^pneK. Ry thia
arran([cmeiit larjfcr wheels than usux) may be employed with
aafety ; the weight of the limd uhii-li II le' tender carrleit briofl
broiig^bt much nearer the railii, ubereby the oscillation is in fTWt
I»art prevented.
The fourth purl of the invention reliitrH to Improvcmenta tn
mouulintc the wbecU of railway i-arriiitte<i. — the railway axle being
ciimtiiiHorl of two parts, one bcinK Kolid and ihc other tiibalar. The
Mdiif a.xlt^ is made to <-iirr>' one of ii pair of whecht, and the tnbalar
aile, which in slldden oter the aidid a.ile, or otherwise pUi'cd over
it, rereiics thcother wlicei. The adviintnfc uf mminiiiu; wlieeb
ill thill manner in, that they will he allowed to turn iiHlependently i
of each other. In applylciK the improiement to nxIc. ak now mn-j
Btmcti-d, i:me Ikim is turned down, and a collar inrrcly la left ; tbaj
axle U then coaled with " Tarin white," or otlifr aultable aitbMano*,^
and iifterwnrda heated in a fumiice tn a dull red heal. When In
this state a tuW^ or hollo"" axle in CJwt around It, — the end.i of the
hollow Lube IteiuK' inL-Iomil hi-twei'it the hiK« niiil the collar of ibe
inner axle. On the contraction uf tbo nietid», the inner and outer
njc\fn will, by rcacon of the intermediate lillinj; Mih«t«iMre, be to-
ableil tt) revidt-e independeully of cacb other, but will be In no
dan^fcr of teparatiiiff, dm the collar keeps them securely toftether.
When, therefore, the wheuU arc rc»pectivcly accured in their
pWex by Llie ordinarv- niemnH, they will be free to rei-ulve iodr-
pendenlly, aud be as Uttlc liable lo derangement as if moiintnt on
oae aulid uxle.
tULI
THR CIVIL RXniNSKR MiP ARCIIirfiCTS JU'JRNAL.
",
manr
ML-
nai
ftANlTART IMPBOVEJIKXTS IN THE SBWAGE.
CU'itk Kagravinsf, i'talf r.J
Tl* i»r>OTtani-(> *>f llif KjiiiittVT^ur«1io[) inrrvamcs tvtry Any,
and thv Wkc vit«tit iifvurki whidi will rvidriill)- l>r rarriril iiiit
t« vLtaJJi « i-rrfn-l ■yttrni of sewBirv Dialir it uf great ruii»ct)urtice
In cncinrm to br«rll itifominl ofthi-inuft Appniv«l ntidn of
rtnttriictinri. K<>r Ihia rt-«M>ii we )iiiie Kivci) caniow cxtntrU
fKm thr cviilvDrp of Mr, .Vm^Iiu Bfi<l Mr. riiilU|MS oefon tho M»-
t>^>]M>]it*ri Sitni1«ry ( ii-ii.iiii«-i..n, iitiil lu "hir)! >»« beg l««T4 W
difttft th« iMtrtirtiUr nttviitiun uf the iir<rfe«iion. >
II. Ai'niN, Ksq,, C.E., at the m|iimt nf t}i« rotnininjikinerti
■adv N Hirv€)' of Llie t^uriT) and Krnt diiirlrt uf wwrn, antl inre
llff fuUriM ibfc r^ dli'iK'r rrUtivc to tin- fl.ii distrirt •<( Lumbctli, the
Sarooffli, and Itmliirrhtthr, naihown in thr |il.ifi, li|r. I, PUte V.
"Tlt^re i* little A-ahl tlmt murh imjiriiveinriit niiubt be elTwtwl
in if-- • * ''vitriii nf KTun^f, hut U cnuld imly m> rarripd eut
Ml ' ; kud to ^iii-iid ihiM «yt>t«in u\(?rl)ie wliuliy dlilrirt,
m M3 :.. : . :j ., 1 it irenenl and conipletp, ev^n UTidpr curb imprurnt
maucvmeutii. kumUI ntit oiil)* lin ruiiuitii in nuL, bnt ibr jm-at
aAer ail vuTild only be IcMeneil. not remuved. U'itli n diB-
#o sltuHtFtl, ncarl}' f!iit. and for tbe nxwt pRit wrend frpt under
.■«at«T tnirli, nil attrniptK at praviding an adiNiitaht tuliirnl
lUftc. dirert iiitu tbe riicr, niu»t end lu failurt', Vu what ynu
■ill. it iiiti't be B c«Hpou) oyvtrm stilt. .^ «ni4ill ndditiona] cnrrent
t( t<m or tbm- fert tnar f I'rtainly he ohiainnl in Mini« caMH by
iamttiap: the viUfMn la low-water mark, but the advaiitnirc of thiM,
■crtfcl tiier a dirtuiee of two miln vr more, would (rnirirlv be
iy|tfeciab)p, nnil rotild W (arrird out unlr nl imnii-iiM- rxiii'iiM*. It
ifftmru la be abadute that th'it artificial utiite of tbiii|o< iJiould be
ItoUmI artifKudlf, and met-liiinica] appliances brouebt to bear to
Iifiaadiliachar^ the ivfuKC corwlamly ih it ix iinidiK-ed. Inter-
niiucut drRioai^ in antnewbut iiiun! imrbimiiin than inlirniiltetit
*atef ■ufipl)'. It don seem ex iraordiaar}', that w it)i the nteani-
«4tiiK< «{>|died in ninimt ever}- um^uI n-latiitii nf life, it» adaplatiix]
IS tiiia Kreat purpoM- for tlie rrlirf i>f flat diitricU of tov iih of iti
iWnae M>d oater alwtuld never littve been attempted. It watt rery
■Uta factory to me to find, on propoainfc the !>r>ltin to Mr. Chnd-
•dcli, tliat the idea of ilii tintclinihility liad already been fanpreaeed
im hi* iitiu miiiiL friini oli«ervat inn na ti> the rfEriimcjr utdniAll
■tfetiae oT i _. fur tlie puriioM of ■p'iculturol draiiia^. M'c
ba*e ami'. >r an to the JacOitj-vilh wUidi refuse may be
laiBiped, ti> .1- .i,')ilif4itiuii. in aerenl inaliiDten, tu agrkultural
pwruiats. Jt only remains a qm^tion as to the b<Mt amagnncot
td Utr driunage tu rcaliac tbc object in tlic moat efficient am) eoo-
Muucal mminef .
Tlie Utilrict to be drained ihuuld lie apportioned lJiti» cen*eni«nt
adioDc ur divisione, the draiuaf:e of whicl) wnutd be ttitally inde-
penilent and di'tinrt, cuiiverKing t» Uic uenLre of t'nc)i diviviun
eitfa any derlrud current, *nd fmu t)ie»e centrn tlio li«iuid would
ti< raiaeil hy •teum-enfiineA, placed *t any con'rnirnt point in cin-
Bcrtiiiii "ith tbcH by pijfeo. Tlir fkclvt.m plan (fi|t. I, I'Ute V,)
rf tiie puptilvuM part of tke Surrey iii)d Kent iii»triil will he*l cx-
&tiiy incjuiiiift, it beiii)^ uudentlvod tliat Uio dii'i'ion* of tlie
ct tbere repre«.'ntv<l, the po«ition of the centre pi>int(i or
**lli, and tb« aitiiMtion "f the eiiK>ne power, are only ntNMmnd fiir
dM MtrpOM of itluBtritlioit, witltuul at nil prco tuning tliitt they
^^ wiMiM I— il— miHrt de'iruMc t'l uddpC. The»e are matter^, the cor-
^Kfrel < 'inn of which would demand tnnclie<>niiidrrntion n.nd
^KmuiI I ' irruroet«nce« tiiid krrKngefnent. Beyond the enn-
H)aii|rr«ti»ii ut theiw circunmtnneeA, the extent i>f eneb diviiiion
Ht«i>uld Im- limited only by tlie aniounl of fall thnC it wtiild he nc-
HtaMa4ry (•■ pre>erve toalluw of u <ertiiin niniimiim tiea of drain,
^ MUl lliv depth of dtfricinfr that mi^bt he tbiiii);ht deairahle.
Tlie nxMT important coiiuderntion appean> tt> be the eite and
smteriid <>f the dnina, and I have fnunded my rHtriibtiiitio on the
Iwaa that llie maximum tixe of the main outrill drnlnx tihnnld not
■nra<l a dimeudun thai would be conveniently munu fuel u red in
jittery clay, so aa to allnw of the e^tubliOiment^ fAnwyAonf. o/'«
tattflrtf lyttem "/ j'ipt drainagt rathr lAnn nf hrirk urirem. I tliere-
luiv 6x (lie limit of the larjiMt drain nt S fet-t diameter, thnt beiii^
a pr»rtic*h)e tixe to manufaeture. Tukiug then a p^irfertly flat
n^aa— « birb u the wHirst rasi* for enlruUtinti — iBHiimirif; a tntal fall
^ l\ feel fnini the ntreme pointu to tlie centre, upon an xrea of
fcalf nf a Manure mile or 390 acres, thi<i will ^ve a nirrenl nf 1 in
»JU« aa H minironm, and n tj-feet drain, with llmt lull, will he more
llun •uiffii-irnt to diM-hirLf tht* whole refuae of the ileiisett jiopu-
lattiiR upon lliNt extent uf Mirfare, with iiii improved constant mip-
ply of wuterof IdO ^iiHonti per dav jicr hiniM-. With mirh arrunge-
ancnta, thnr viMild have to be diacharged from eidi division of
lialf a «)uare mile nnrljr one ailllloin pJlona per day ; hut
far tlie larpmt ouatitity m uteri iii the boxy time, fmn nine to un
nVliKk, 1 calmlHle a raparity wiflicicnt to diNdmr^ tlie wlioL
quantity Id that time.
It would be eswnttal thnt thew* draina should be eapabfe of -r*-
moeiii^ abift the « hols evtemat refute of the utreeta and botuie*.
1 awutne, therefore, thai the ^y-lem bhuuld l>« riioHhle of «(.*cuin>
nodalin^ a fall i>f ruin t'i\\v.iX to nn inch and a-faalf in I'i hnum, :
ffood aoiikiiiff iiuaiilily tbnl would wMin eleaii>e the whole nurfa
of the streets and hiHtaeK. and ronvpy away the refuse.
amount heinti added tu ibe liuuce muyU of water, the tnlal u,
tily |iroduceu at snob ttmea in each divuiuii would he 800,0001
feet per hour.
The only ^ue«t)on for cnnHideratinn aii to full. wvmM b« to fix a
Kafc limit fiv tKt< liilbl incliiintion of Ihooe rentinnoini linen itf tfa«
(Iriiina^ that would have lo conrer the w»ier from tlie extreme
points tu the centre. Having decided upon that, the rate nf in-
elinntion ^oahl be gradunted friini ime end to the ■•Iber ; liecauMi
the necelemted velocity of the ntreiiiii, u« it would iipproacti tbi '
eentre outfall, would admit of con^derabty letii inclinHtlon of tha '
drainafre thnn al the com men re men I \ vn, on the oihcr hand, wonld
admit of a ^ent reduction in lite >Ih! of the pipeM. All the col-
lateral or tulermediiile brkncb-draiiiti. it will be teen, umild hitve
XI eanfidemble an amount of full, an to hffurd the oppurtunity of
puttitijr thcni all in of u \ery aniidl Nixe.
The en^ince nuiy be ti>ed in auy «pot ntort eontvnient and ad-
viKflhte, and there need be only one pumpini; e»t*hliiihmeut fur tbe
whole dtAtriel (m sliown in Uic t^heleton plan, f>^, I), tu wbkli
main jiipea would lead from the leveral centre wellA, nn-cikclv a«
would be practi*ed in raiaijigiio mucli whter fmm a well kt a d)t>-
lAnce. l-rum the eni^ine*, one or more dii^h»r)fe-pipe\ to cm^'ey
the whole refuiie, would lead to the nuMt convenient outlet in tlie
rivor, aii «hown l>v the double dotted line. The Hmm^^ement been i
submitted voulil offer IhiH fcreiit fulvantdL'e. that the pollution of]
the whoU uiiithern hank of the river would at nnce he avoided, aff
the liquid refuse oould. with wiumI fiieility, be dlteharped at any
spot lower down the river, where no inconvenience would arhte
from it. Hy-anil-l>ye, when the piddle mind \* hrouu-ht to aiipre*
data the value of thi* material, and to apply it tu n* le^timnte
piirpoae, insteud of thruwin^ it away, there would he nuthin); more
required than to lay <U»wn the distributinfr-pi|>i-« from the enjcine*
in thi-direetion of 'ihedMiiMiul. The diM-barfce pijte would then
•erve ilit proper purpoae of a wnste-pipe into the river, wbeti ihi-
•uppiv of the liquid exceeded the dvimnd fur it, or it wmiIU lead
intn tlcpoEiting rcMreolnL
I cwlculute that it w<iuld be Meeasary to provide fonr tlmeji tlie
amount of iteiim pow-t-r for the removal of the n-fu«c duriu),' "vt
weather that would he nveewiary' on dry dapi, aiid tbii in Ibe vi^ry
amount that wonlil proliatily be necewary to rnioe the refuM* the
additional heiitbt required for ita nnnlicatiuri to afirteidtufe.
Thus in wet weather, when there would be no deuiand for the
itewnce nmntire, the whole power of the enK'nea would he ein-
ployed in miiiitifc Ike ftreater quantity of li^itiid >utlii'ii-(itly hifcn
oidy for it* dinoJiarjfe from the district ; and in dry weather the
fwll power would be eoKSf^ in miung tlie smaller quantity the
additionnl li«i|^ht DOMiMary for its intended applieation tu aitrinil-
turc. 'I'he iiyiitem would w work tof^tlier very BatiHfaclorily as a
per feet whole.
The rniit of thii imprured oyrtem of draina|n> will nut aniuiuit
to mure titan one- foil rih uf tlie »yntem now pui-Hited ia the Surrey
and Kent ditlrict. Tbia comnila&ion hns recently pvcn notice of
the intended exei-utiun of week's iiivolvinjr an oulluy of Al W,OiM.
to he rtpetxled in a few main line* of dr.iiiuiKe, whivb. for the i&A
and im]>i>rtunt iiurjHieeii of i«wers)ci — the removiJ of the h(|uid
refuHc troni the houM»~will be i>f no earthly iK-iielit to the iiih^t-
hitnnts, but will serve only to uhfttuvt future impr">enient ;
whereas tlie outlay of thia amount un tiie plitn piopoM-d wuuld
actually nilHre for the conatructinn of the entire itreet drainime,
includinj; c<«ry court and allc)', of more tliaii oo6 hal/of the mii-t
populous part of the district vompriaed within an areu of four
•^uare miles im«M-diatelv m'tith ■>!' thr riier. The perfect drain-
age of the moft crvwdcd diatrict on tlii* njKtem would cost on U>e
ai'erikKe i.^9 per house, with an annuM eltiiTKe of ^- per hnii<e, for
annual expense ot engine power. To repay in 30 yearn, with in-
tevflat, thi; whole eoit ■>( the public or ttreet drainafce, tn|CBtker
with complete private or bou«« dnuiia)^ with stone-ware water-
clit*et l>i<»io, and inrludiiiK t)i« above annual charfp> for en^ne
power, would invulve a rute of T*. per annum, or about a third of
llie annual euM of emptying a eeaspoul, where al all decently
kept."
i
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
I Mtact
Air. Piiii.upo, r.E.,irav<> the f<illoirin7 cvidf jicq us to thetywten
«f teva^re ailopieit liy him :—
■' Siilirfitf «f exeruttwn in conttmctinn, Monniny of m«tflrial« and
labour, comblncil villi Ktren^h to tienr tltc Inteml hiid vertirnl
JirMsaresnf tlic ^^ound, mnd vffiriencTtn affonlinglheheAlrhHtiiitl
br iiuirilf fwmi'jinp nw^y lh» spwn|tV, nrp Itii- «-«n'Mti«l n-ijiiuiteft
for a sewer. The circle afford* thr> titii<it rH|iDCJuui) nrea of nil
plane Hsnrm bar inf; the Hime pircumrer«nre, hiiiI conrcnelj: itw
oir(!itmlo«'ni;i' in I^^b thnn nny othw Rgate tif thr euriu cujiurily.
It. tliprer»rf, kuiiplicx ih» |[r«M«M cafMrity for receiving the
wntPF, with the HitulWt frirllonni furfnce, anil the lenat comump-
timi »f miitvrinlK. A>i rvunrd^ drviigth : uhen th^ tirMnin ftom
the ground atnuiid h lirrix it the xntnr. it ■■ e>iii;ilty dbctrlbuUd
tbmiAliout tlie entire thick neiei c(ini|H'»dn(; thearrh; for.ns the
«xtnia«Ml lentil in prenter than the intrkdoul Icn^h. the arch
iii neoHsuHly niailtf nit iif a ■rrii>« itf woilgT* all |K)intinfc U> the
oentrc of the circle ; lienc« the circuLv furni prerentit the earth
mitride of it frnm forcins tl in. nnd from dicturbin^ it, provi<le(l
the |)re«Htire be m|tiiil, while ii|in|i:ht trnlh in xhe Mine cirrunt-
■lancei would munt jmitisbly lie uicUile lu wilhaland the prewire.
The removal of Hrnntfe nnd prni'rntinn af ilrpi)>it of mutter in
■eirera are entirifly di'jx'mtent un the ijuaiitity and velocity of
the water running (hroii)^ them. In order tliprVfiirela k^fji them
wvll iTn>:heil out attii rloanwerf, the titmi'Jt <:iMtirinfr furi-e should be
im|>Brlcd to the *tre«mii. A si'iniriri-ulur, or sclill nirrouer and
deeper-curved ehannel of a leini-eUiptira] or rntennriui form.
roiifenlrates the Hom- »n x imuill urea of rnotiun. heajix it uii. and
<Hi increwe* ita veltirity, nnd mitkoii it tnorn ponerful in lUting,
holding in •jiLtjtenkiiin, nnd cnrryintr nwav all niHtterc which niny
tiiKl their wny into the Kewem, th»n a uriile and flat ehnnnel. A
M'ver. lliervfiire, having an arched crown, curved cide uall^ and a
narrow and devply-^nrved bottani, whieh, combined toeether, glre
the t^f* o/ an e^ ipilh fAe tturiJi end jJaftd dotmaards, il, in my
opinion, the bfl«t iind niiutt eflirieiit form fur nil branch wwera. It
would upbear buni'ver (nfni whal lui> bean Mated, that the circle,
from having a more cnpneiouf area and leas ivbbina furfiico than
any utber (iinire. is the best shape fur a//»»wer*. But this is nut
llie caae ; fur nllbouir^i the surlaee of Miiilact of tlia egg>aliaped
KVer is somewhat greater than a circle of the saine area, yet by
ronlrartiuic the cbaniiel and m rniRing the height of the HLream.
the ratio »f v\>liii'ity and cuiixeiiuent fnerr to Jiamr is increaite<l
theTel>y,aB wilt be evident oiie:s|ierinieni1teingnti3de. It is the pie-
nifnitive af the e^-shaped aewer. therefore, tu combine in its
ftinn, mpiurity, wonomy, mren^rth, and elKciency.
Kur the short colliiternl hruiicliM of Uie towers in street, courts,
&r., the vmallrr they arc, (pruvidod thfj be lar^ enmi^ to
receive and Mrry offMorm walemt in addition to Oie ordinary run),
the lew« chance will there he for them to choke up. In the cwirse
tif my expt-ricnne I huve t'NNmined litiiidrcdjt of dniini), and I haro
sIwnyH found i-ninll drains and iiewera which had a niudsrate full,
and anything like .1 piod HUpjdy of unter. ijiiite clean nnd perfect
in thai rmpect. I Nntti-iimtc, utderd I cfiifnlently entertain an
flftinlon, that with avoiiibnuition of the water siiiiply and a tubular
Kj'rtem f)f eewernf^ and houw-dininnge, the whule of the annoy-
ance now rxjiCTteitced by the public mmi dofce1tvi> draiiiH and
■ewers may be nmde t/i cewe.
If constant ciirrentii <'f water be cnrrinl through the drninn and
sever*, tliou^ the ctirrentK may he Miialt, yet provided they be
confilMnl and convent rnteil on very narruw and xnioutli bott-jniH,
they vf ill keep the sewetK clean, u'hcte ide xupply i« intermittent,
tbe ninttiT iliMhnrged fnim the hoa«e-dtain>t, ineetin^r with no
current, aceumnlatec. In order to prevent dennsit in draini and
ti^^fn, there must be a certain dejOfree of velocity and force ^iven
t» each eurrpnt, so ms to jirodiice agitation c^unl to, or rather
fTreaterthnn the pU iitivdVc, or weight, mass, figure, and supcrficiM,
<>f the sand. nilL, mud, nnd uthcr duhatanoe*, to be lifted, and kept
alway* moving, or united lutd incorporated with the rnnning
wnter. added to the friction of the biAlom and aides of the channel.
The chance of any aewer keepinj; itself cl can in dependent on
four thinifs, — namely, its capacity, its form, its full, and tliu
i|u.intity and f<>rc<> of tlte water nmiiifii; thmiich it. It in only from
"bircrvatioiL aikd c]i]ierience, and the upplicMion of rules deduced
therefrom, to the pronortiuaing the capacity, the fomi, and the
full, un oliM tlie (juantity and fvroe uf water re<|iiiailc to prevent
de|n>»It, that wo can hope tu arrive at perfection in so^veritKe.
Kruin vlHwn'ation and cjLperinieui. 1 6nd that it require* a con-
stant velocity of ciirrcut to be rtidnin^ throutch the sewcn equal
to alioiit 'ti feet par iwcond, or 1} mile per hour, tO preveal tlie
mAI from depositing within tiieia.
Th«re ia less water ruuoiiig in the Mvcrs mi Suadays than on
other days of the week ; and most on Snturdays. Tlie height
the flow cvcr>- day goes on increasing from an early hcur in _ _
morning iinlil about nM>n, when it is highcKt; it then irradually
nibaldea to Ita Wwest level. The perioii of the grektr«t flow every
day is between 11 a. m. and 1 p. m.
The fall «f sewem should I»o prupcntJoned to the quantity 1
water that lb to pass thnniKl) them. For, with tlie same fall, thfl^
greater th* body of watv the creater will be the velocity and
icour : anl conversely, the less tlic ImxIv uf u-ater the Imt will be
the velocity snd acour. Ag^n. a lar^ wdy of water » ill, w ith a
little fall, run with the samo r^ocitr as a sowU quantity will with
a great tall. Hence the recipient of nuny brauch neweniuay hare
lc«<> fall than the braaches theruitelvcik A fall of a quaiter of an
inch in 10 feet has been considered the leaft fnll that should be
given to branrh and «umiiiit-lcvcl »cvcri>; but this fall is nOt
enongh to keep the t«wert> cleun. No ; auch eewer« should, in lUy
opinion, ha^-e notl»w fall than half an inch in 10 feet. In Mime dt^-
triolii it i» found impossible to get even so much fall »> a quarter
of an inch la It) feet. In dixtrict* where proper fall ceonot be
obt<iine<l, it )s neeewnry to rewiri to Aushing to keep the sewers
froc of deposit and clean.
When a main *lream receive* a branch stresm, the united
body of w-ftter e-mises the height of the main strenm to inerease,
eonseuuently the surface n»ea Mmewhnt higher than the <urfa«c of
(h« divided' streams; henea the water dows back, prodiictn^ A»-
Sositf of heayy substances about the junctions, uihich depcnita
raw hack and impede the flow of tho two streams. N'oor, bt
order to remedy thi* evil, the bottom of the main sewer, immedl-
ntelv below the junctions should be made eome inchex deeper than
the miltomti above the juncttonit. Uy thin mixlo of fiirminir the
bottoms, the surfaceof the main and 'hmncb Rreams will have a
unirorm i n i? I i nation, and the acceleration of this fall will prevent
regurgitation and ric|Hisit, and the united stronms will flow ftn-
ward> nith iiicreii»eil i<)«>cd.
Inurderto determine the depth below the junctionn it is ne>
ceRsnjy til calculnte what Iwi^t the liody of water falling Iron
the branches will inrreasa the stream in the main. The capaclCj'
of the united stream is very much Ie&« than the sum of ffa
CApscities of the divided i^treains, and the volitcity in tho formsr I
couKiclenilily greater than either tif the Utier. The niio uf
inrrease of vdocity followa the mtio of decrewe of capacity. It
follows, therefore,' triat » gradually accelerating velocity ' takes
pluce immedintely below the eunftui>iic# of ttie sciwerK thmuirhunt
the ramified system from tlieir suurcea to their uutfaU«. and such
I hare found to he the case.
E^fg.Khaped sewern, var}'itig in capacity aocording to the ana,
the nuriilier of liouftes to be drained, niul the quantity of water to
be disrhnrged, from 9 inches wide by I ft. S in. high, to I ft. fi to.
wide by 2 ft. A in. high, woulil KuRii'c fur Keucnt on nuntmit levels
and ftUu for branch or eullateral newer* which had to nveive tha
ilniin.ige of from one to twelve or more ordlnarj-^sized streetJk '
Of cimme the nt^ondarv main* «hich would Imve tu c,-irr\- off the
water from these liraiich or eullateral sewent, as uell an llie pril^
ci pal main lines Into which the becondary ones would dischai^
Iheinselves, ntuxt be Inrger ill proportion; but under a proper ar-
rangenietit, fewer priiiri|ial lines would be required.
Instead of dischfiiigitig a large body of water iiseles^ly, as to
any power of iiireep. I wuuM. under the system of constant and
concentrated niipplten and imiaJIer iiewer.i, ernmnniM' tlic water bji
tiHiii,' It to scour several small sewers innteud of (uie large oneal
Kur this reason 1 would pn-fer linvine more outl eta, oral Iwst^
nuifc catc)j-waler eewen, tnsteAil of di^trhar^-iiitc all tJic drainag*
by ono large tnaln sever thrauglumt, tJibinigti at or iimr tne
outlet. I mtght probably he obliged to lead ttie whole of the water
into <iHU main line ; but I should nut like tu part with it Into a
main Uno until I had made it !<ervireHhle in sweeping as many
sevrera as possible. As the keeping of all sewers titoruughly
wiwheil out is necessarily dependent upon on abuntlant sauply of
water, the principle which I have thoutrht it best to follow tor that
parponcis lo tie and cuRiiectall tbciiewerHitigellier upon aunifnnn
system uf level* so as to utc the water ininiiing nlung tewers 09
high levrtn for wni>hing out thoiw on low lcvclt>. For thif^ purptMBi
B« nill be Men by the plans, (I'late V., iig». S, S, and 4), I w<mw
cunnei't tbc heads of adjoining sewcr« below tiitli the Hiiiertor
sewers aliuvc them, and arrange the cuiincitiuns so that, as the
currenta of naier running along tho lullcr Beut^n> nrrivc opponKe
the connections, they may divide and subdivide theiiiifclveK liy tbe
rid^>9 or gmyiiCK formed by the meeting of the inverts Uy thie
n)c«»a the water wuuld traverse from one newer to another, and ao
Itcep up a pcoictunl flow througtiout the entire hyateni. There
can be no ooubt that with mucli stnalltr aewers than those now
^Bdmv wifl a more re^Ur noi. aliundant mipply of vater, ibe sfwcn
^^tmihi, by thin *}'ct«in of vnn^ng them nnd economiBin^ Uio
^'nmwiu. kwp thenuelves t^uronghJ}- cJeAn.
All hciul ««wen, fiwn want of bark«-ator, have a tendvncy let
cMte Dp, and tbeir rcntilitiog ie at»g vory Iwid, con««i}iietit]y tbera
tboiuJd be M ftvr of thctn iw poociMe.
The general Mirfare of Ihe melropalia, ira the noith aide nf tliu
TStimiM. Is moat adiiiirBhly situated fur bwna efficiently (Inuiieil,
« tlie KTOikiiJ ovRtinura to rfv witli nu May Hcclivlty from Ote rh er
W Uie nUn Mne milea Iv llie tiortJiward. 'i'h« lurfaca w divided
Into sevOTfll natural areas, racb of vhich hu ita main oulfoll »«<• er
fmuuiiic UissuKh tke lo<rv«t level vf tbe vuiltfy, and diHclntr^inic
Mv tbc Thama, and irit» thwe main or vallvy tvivcn iho wln^lu
of llw Mwen on the aides af the dcclivitiva di*cbnricc thvin»«|vet>.
Th'a node of dniinoAC m a very ubjvd i«ii»)<Ie uue, and sliout'l
oerer be rsaHrted tu if it be pvowiblo iv avvid it, I1>e dcclivitiea
nf aill tuituf»l areae are ic^iienUly in too ilircotianL namely, truta-
vwvely tonarda the valley lint!, and lonfcttudiiiJly tOHanla Ihe
«at£alt Now, ifattentii^ti be paid (<> the levela, and thp Mwera
m the ildea wf the declivities M judici*>u«ly arrangcil, a p^rpetiuil
drciibvlt'ii) of wiitfr inay l>« kept flowitifr tliruu^iliout the whole of
Ihent fmm th« si-wer on the aunuuit at the bead of the naturoi
araa t<> the uutfull in the river ; tfaat is te aay, a ayaUm of eol-
lat«nl ur cnwenlric Mw«rs tluMild riiie one above anether from
tb* rallcv line tti the ridge or watcr-alie*! Un« of the district; each
OoQatcrtu oeaer nkirtinx the entire aren, and iliKrlmiying itself
into ibe riier by a separate entlot, or in themniinor previotwly re-
lerred to. It will be *eea tknt, when the aewera running trans-
tenidy are cunnceted at their upper and lower end^ on the «ame
leeela vltb tboUTonnini; lont^tiidinnliy, a farility i* iitTorded for
the dr*ina(^ tA cireulnte fnrm the hifh'<r^ aewer to tlie unft imme-
diately below, ^m Ihia to the one uuxt loweiit, and doun through-
(»t,
Mr. Iliillipe propoMS fonrteen graduated furmn of branch ae-
(oadary and principal m^ii lines of aewers of tlte e^-Bhape for
the deslnafre ef a diatriet in wfiirli llie eetren and the water eupply
■rcoDdereoeand the same nnth'irity. Fig. l:i, Plato V., Hhewatlie
fona uf en* at tlie aewent together with the radii of the several
nrrtt.
THE CIVIL £NOji<£ER A2<D ARCUlTECrs JOURNAL.
7S,
Ka.
H<l|bl.
Widtk.
1
l)«.
Uillbk
Width.
ft. Is.
n. In.
n. In.
n. IB.
6 3
4
8
3 9
2 9
6 3
3 9 1
9
3 *
2
& 10
3 e 1
10
i II
1 9
» &
3 3
11
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1 6
5
3
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1 3
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2 9
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1 8
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4 K
2 A
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9
Unehcaiition is roqtiired in the butlding uf Mwent in a clayey
nil ; <ithemii«>, fri'iii the Irena-hertiiia cburacler of UiIh Kraund—
Its liability t<i expand aad slip,— the lewers may be forred in.
The thicknen of ■ srirnr eIhiiiM be iir(i|>ortiuiied to the niiture of
the STonnd and the prMRire it baa tu liear ; but ita alahility in ven*
aud depemlent on the Koodneaa uf the workmanahip. A hnlt-
beick aefrer, under ordtnan' circumatanras, will, if executed well
■ad suuimIIv. the jointx miule tJiiii. and the aewer wurked true to
Oie rarre. be nuiie Mruox enough, and would be found to answer
evrrj re<|uired purpose. The thickiicsaea dcnend u|>an the ma-
terial and »tnita. The equilibration iimv be altii^th(.-r ilestrayed
by a want of unif<n-mily in the vnirkiiicoflhe curve. TheEreatest
pmaure of the ground acts IntcnOly frtrm the »iitea downwanl*.
Uttcli of this preamrc may lie pn-vcnti-d hy Iruviii^ in thi; trench
6egn the aurfaee downward!* Khiirl len^'tlin nf eiirlli, »y of ll> to
a) fret, and about 50 to BO feec npart, to be tuaiicUed through lor
the aewor to pass. TheaGhcnchineN, ih th<?y arc termed, wilTkeei)
the aides of the trench fnim !>iiikiiiR and alipplng, and ao from
prCSung agsiiut the aidea of the sew er.
The amiKitlier the Ktirfai-o the Wm uill hu the fricUfln, nml «on-
Mapifntlv the ifreater will ba the velocity and diacharge ; and the
bietioa in a glazed pine must be cuiisidernbly less than in a brick
drain, as oommunly Vuilt. I ain not prepnri'd tu aay that the
Erietiun would be dlmtninbed w> niueh aa une-tblrd ; I tLlnk not in
omch. Tbe smootheat glass pipes tlirow off traaavetae niotions
wkitdi grantly impede the Huw. Tbere is a difference in the flow
of pun doan water and of tiewage water ; the latter move* more
Hag^tlblf. Tbia 1> csuMd by Its bein^ ffttcArn- and more viscid,
Tram havlnjc matter chemically oombiaed and mMhanicnlly «»-
pendcd in it.
As tliu velucity increMOi, to does the traiurerse Mction of tha
arm ueoupied by the Ktrcam de«rtwc. Tliia is a natural law nb
strvableiii all mwint; atrtfsnia, fgr we avc thut in a moviiu ma
of water tlte diacbarge is the saaie. whatever /urm and sue thfil
channel loay iHsurao, the velocity beiufi; greater where tbe channel
is narrow mul deep, »»d leas where it ia widir. Hut, and irre^^uW;
but the exact ratio of decrease of area, from decreaw! uf i'rictioa
aud increaae of dow, can only be determined by actual exireriiuent
and by takinz into aoo»unt all tli« »ttcndniit circumatuaaed which
influence audKuvero the motion of the stream.
Have you At all cncsridered the raperitiea of sewers neceaaorv for^
draininii different areas of xruund ?— Yen, 1 have (tiven the *uliiect
much attention. If the ooufidceatiou of (be sixen of newcrK wsa
conftned solely to the c-arrjiiitc off the water supplied by the aerenlj
water eumMnH'S, then I aptirehend thill pipn Mmicwhat Innrer i
aize than tne supply-pipes tnemselvcK would luSice; but inviiaa
baa to be made for rei:eivin^ und oonveylne away the watera ■._
heavy niin!i. In Loudon coiitinuuua heavy fnlla of rain are not oi
lontr duration, lasting srldoni more than fnan one to four hourt.]
About uiie-lifVh uf the i|uaiitity that falla ia absorbed partly by th^
drynes* of tlic surfiiie of the roofii, the paving, ond the f:ruund,
and partly by tbe porosity of the ground itiielf. A farther prupor-
tlun Is oUo prevented from lluwiu^ tu the drjiins and sewera nt * ~
by hollows in tbe surface, and ngnin retMcen<l» into the almoaphc
as vmjwur. There la also a sowU ifuantity tbiit enter* into it
eompesilion of nnimai and vegetaUe bodies. Then there is th*J
rcatstsnce the flow experteneca from the friction of the entire auij
fiwe, being nccelenited or detninod in proportion a* the suifhee il
mure or lri« inclincil. To provide fur the discharge of n foil of riuo '
of two incbc» in •Itfpth bus been ccuHiderv'l by Mr. llBwluley,C£..,
the extreme datum upon which to proportivn Uiu capiiv'itics uf
town sewers generally. Now I 1>clievc thai, practic^dlj', the sizce
in his table, although they may appear theortticully ourrcvt, aru
iexceplinK for the Mnallert al«os) loo large for sewers in London,
t ia extremely viok-nt ruinn ahme tlmt produce a depth of two
inehe* uvr hour, and such rains occur only once in tour or Avai
yean, if :<o much. 1 nra of opinion tltat it i< luineccsatary to pn
portion tli<> «ise* of the sower* to meet an sxtrsonlinary occurreBti
that may probably hap|>en only onoe in w> many years. My maan^
for not fearing any Mtriuus dvouigv &oca an excesa of rain at reoHfte
intervals Ut<>ing provided foe in surface channels, excepting, pt>r-
bnpii, in ait'iationa peculiarly liable ta innndatkHi (fer inrtnnce, nt
the font of n long or ittecp ileulivity, or where the water* may^l
from liny cause, be auddenlj' congra^ted at one fueus) ia, thiil I
have observed, that in towns entirdy destitute of under^ouni)
drains, no such incunvoniviiee is felt oc would justify tbe fonnatiin
of enurniuuidy largR sewera, nr the expenditure uf large aumi ofi
money to provide against it. In August ISW, a idobI oxtraordinnryl
fall of rain oceuirud in London. The storm lasted nearly twQl
hours, and A-om tbe bwt informatioa I bavv tiocii able tu ubt^nj
the depth nfriUn amounted to about four liicheii. Miichdama^u
resulted therefrom^ by the water in tbe principid main lint* titiuitaj
in the volli^ flowing up the drains unit licancb Ki-wera, and inurwl
dating tbe rooma and cellars below ita level bv tbe influence of itaj
pressure. The inundation nf Initdi and the Jamsging nf propartyl
m thi* valle}** could not hapnan if there were {Mindlel catch.watMj
lines of xewen on thesldesof the declivities to convey the drajnaj^
into the river by iiepnrntv nutleta. The average udl uf rain in
London is tiliont 22 inchen in a yenr, i)r about SI lucfaea in dejith
per thoiiaoni! hours. Now oiler observing and calnilating the
depths of different fnlls of rain in London, it appears to mo that if
the H'wers were of «iillicieiit rapacity to receive and discharge, aa
fast oa it falla, a fuenttfjr of ualer e^tiiU to Ihr prwluet <ifu/di tf
rain qfone tnrA in drplli per himr, they would be found larjie enough,
and that more particularly if lliey were built on tlic iiilerceplinij
or catrli-wati^r principle, and sous to cummutitiHle with each other,
and all be filled with ninniiig wntcr at the same time. 1'he steps
to be taken to pnrjiortioii the cnpncitie* of sewers to recrlie iind
convey anny Lite waters uf heavy raind sliuuld, 1 think, be as fol-
low, aitliough I fully admit our present knowledge of the subject
to be very cicmcntiiry: —
To ascertain the number ofsuperficial yards or acres to be drained
bv each sewer ^epiirately ; progressing in n unifunn grndutiim from
the entire nnturiil iirea tu lie Urainetl by the tar^eit outfall sewer,
tu tbe small tract of land to be diainea by tJiolniKt wruer on the
summit. Taking the hourly fall of rain, therefore, upun one sere
at uae inch in dnith, we muot provide for the riiscbiirge of a <iuaiw
llty of water (M#J)= 3630 cubic feet per hour, or uue cubic foot
oearly per acre per aecoud. Then taking Into account the low
THE CIVIL ENUINEEH AND ARCHITBCTS JOOBNAU
CUakI
fram Bhsorption, the detention from frirtion, and <itherwi»p, ibat
■(uanlity misht br rrdiiciNl to fnur-fifkha of « cubic fiMit. but as the
nuryiiiic oS the iriMl« wiitrr nf the entire nt Ijontlon mii-rt bt! pro-
vided for at tbe ume time, one culAti fmM may, I tblnk, be e»n-
•idcrrA ns the tUtnm upon wliirli to calculnto thersp«dticH uf
M'vcrn nuffirirnt for oi>nvcyiti(c iioiiy thiit quantity "f water prr
tNV^oitd iMiilLi|>lied by the niiiiilier i-f arrea to be ilrained. Tlic
quHntity of rniii-nHtrr drHiniriL'' from nn nrro of protiiid in oiic
Mcnnd »f time may bv dirt«rmini>d by firft aNr«rtMiiiinf[ the euicl
area ofsurfHre dmtiMd by aume UrKe mHin s«wer; ana, Mcondl)',
daring the time of tkvrtarm. th« quantity of wntcrpaMinic through
the aewvr in one sT-cond; then tbv nuinlHT uf rubic feet vf witler
diadioTfivd, divided bj the number "f acre* dmined. will ([*''* t***
aumber of cubic test of raJii draiiiiog from the surfi^e ot oadi ncre
per i^m:o(m].
'ITie »ire» of Hurface thai a »ewer *iill dmin, and the quantity of
water that it will diiu-hnr^e in a given lime, will b? f[rAat«r or leiH
in prupiTtiun a* the rluuinel if inclined fnnn n birrixontnl ti> a ver-
ticJu poititioi). The onlinuM' »r e»nim«ii run of water in encli
aewcr, due fmm hounp drainnyo Mnne, and irrtH|trirtive (if ruin,
uliuuld h.ive nufliciont »eliK.-ity to prevent the u*mil matter ilin-
■.■jiArfted into tbe newer fnim dep"Hil inic. F't tbia (nirpiAe it is
nereiiflarj', a< 1 have iirevii^tiijy nbneneri, that there <ihnti)r1 he in
ei««h «ew*r a axwtant velocity ttf etirreiit eqiml t<» 3^ feet per
SAT'ind. or 1| mile per hour. The inelination§ of all rii'ulels,
bnvikii, dtreamo, and Hvera ffmduidly anit propitrtldnnlly diroiiiixh
m» they profrrew frotn their ourcea' to their uulfotla. In propor-
tion at tne inclinHtiono dimiiii-ih »u dopa the quantity of water ia-
cmuw. rf tbe inci I nations were the same througliniit, the v(>li>eity
■if the united Ktri>am at eaeb mtiifluenee would im-rease in nearly
tbe same ratio h4 itti quantity, ur equal ti> tlie fcnm of the previous
nIovitieN iif the reripienl iiml the Iveder, and tliiia wmtld llie rolo-
city ultimately hemume no lery tm|ii>ltinuit a^ to tear up ami flueep
awar the materiaU of it« bed, and raiiKe devtmction nlojif^ it>i banks.
If tnv fiiree nf the watert of the river Klione were not iih>i»r)u'd by
the iipcratiiin of aome eonntant retiirdalion in lt« cuurae, the stream
wmild have shot into the Bay of ^larseillev with the tremendous
lekirity of '2Ui feat in a aawntl, or tfii miW every hour ; aiiil even
if tbe river Thamea met with no avnem of impediments in its
cnurse. tbe stream would have rushed into the oen with a velocity
of MO ti>et per wrond, (ir Hi miles in nn hiiur. The n-HuIt, how-
ever, of the ojiernlion* of nature la a ciim|ien!iation for the increased
bcidy uf water by a diminution of the inclination of the hed, nnd so
an enmnmiaiiif <if the fitrre of tbe graduidly acirumulittiiiK current.
ThK Inrlinntioiik of the Hewem of a natural district uhould bo made
to diminish from tlieir heitds to their outfalls in a rorrenpondin)!;
ratio of projiiTrasion, so that an the V"ly of water !■ inirreiistd nt
earh oniiduence, <ine and the aanie velocity and force nf currcot
lunr be kept up through out the whole oftbirm.
In some siluiitionii I would build iiide entmnrm to ii tubular tyn-
Ipni of aeu'ttni; hut I believe ilieir uae. In some deitree, might ho
Hupersedeil. Means of access to the sewers^ >o as to be abki t» get
at and remove accidental (thotniclion*. would readily Mij:ic«'''t thuni-
•elres. A aliafl, hiivinK » ilniiiK moveable ic>'Olii'K >*" toj), could be
built over the sewer, with ladder-irons built in the nni^Ies, to admit
a man to go down nnd up, with a reeew nt the biittimi on one aide
tn ipYe niom. Thi.i shnh mny he alau mudu to serve as u ventila-
tor. (See figa. 5 and £. I'lale V.)
Oftdy Drutiu, — I have constructed gully drains with terru-tne-
tatlio and ^aied stone-ware pipes of fiincliea and inches dismeler,
■a shown in fi^ T. 6, 9, and 10. 1 was led to reci.>mmeNd the
■dofrtJon of this mode of construct iun Irom the fullowlnf; <:«ii9cs: —
In passing thr»UKh the sewen* I found lying oppokitc the vents nf
■ lari^ nnmbifr of the gully drains heaps vf «toiirs, nnd nil kiudouf
streets refuse, w hich it was utterly Imponiihle for the water to re-
move. The dum» thus formed caused tho sewage to ftCciiniulate
behiiwl (hem, and the noxious eflhivia evolved from the decompoiu.
iiig matter escaped into the ftreeta by the pdlte*, and occnwoned
much of the annoyance felt by paMengers. The beat remedy frir
thu evil appeared to me to he to prevent the atones and street re-
fuse frxitu passing intft the uwer*, t build the drains mi that tliey
would not chvko up, and to prevent the eminnLou of foul air from
the itewei-H into the street" bv the piUien. He have accomplished
these things most pcrfeiHly, by reducing the width of the Himees lo
9 inch between the ban of trie gully grnleii, by conxtruetinK the
dnin* of the form shown hy the aeetiori rr»m the gully to the
sower, nnd by iiaing at the Tent nn sir-tight cait-iron vulve or flaji,
huna »ith shackle*, as tthown in fie«. II and IS. A grating of
lreUi«-tr6rk or cullender ia pliieed umler the top jirriitin^, at the
bnttom of the box, for the purpOkC of catching small stones and
nibbislt that may pass between the bars of tbe ^ate above, and so
tn prevent them fmm fallinjf totn and choklnj ap the sewers,
have not, ns yet, made use of the lower gritin^, out pralinbly,
sliuuld he induced to At <tj in otnncction with a tuhulir system <
scwem, aa it U imnurtaai to keep large nnd heavy Hul>?>tancea snd
refuse out of the draliM and sewers. I may state that as a proof c '
tlie eSiency of the fore^iin^ mode vf oonatroctin]^ the rully-dratB
with the improved grate, tlia laliour and exponMof tJeaniiig, not'
only of the giilly-dralna, but of the sewers am well, is now, com-
paratively upeaking, nothing roin pared to what they unrd f> br,
and I ci'iifideiitly enler-lain an opituoa that the labour and expcoae
will hv iitill less and letM."
JUr. l*hillips ha.i jiut produced his report on the improvement of
the drainaice of WestniiiiBter, and which has been printed. This
document is of great unportancn, snd we arc pleased to aee thai
mcwt uf our suirgestions on this subject hum been adopted, pnrti-
ctilarly with reference lo turning part of the drainage into tbe
Hegent Street Oomminsioncru* Sowers. Mr. Phillipfl proposes to
div«rt the liigh level *treamii to a station at tbe east end of Ihin-
cjtn non-street in the Strand, to bring the Westminster drainage lu
the uime station, and tn siiplv the natural power thus to be ob-
tained to work twd tv^ter-wlieel* of the mort approved eonitrue-
tion^trith revolving buckets anil pliinger-pum|i*attactMd, to lift the
drainage from the well or reni^ivini; rcervoir belnw, and itisebarfCe
the same Into ehaniiela communicating with the upper <tr«am on a
level with high water, bejrond tbe tail of the wheels. The sewage
will then Imi mrried ailderthe aide-hed of thu river into low-water
stream.
Below we give a summary of Mr. Phillips' eatJraatee, which mala*
atotnlof £9»,»Ti Uff.
Sitaimerji ^ tkt Ettimalm,
F«ntiwi.
CInt
fsHnlil
BwUansI
Pries
Itssla 1
No.
UlamftH.
An*.
|i*r Wool
In. lo.
Irrt
»- d.
^
- iL
K,I1S
I
50 a i9
»-I9
14
&,8iMe
1} •
4iU
a
40 a U
1»»
Ifl
3,Zfi2
2M6
3
30 a 18
S-61
e
6»
Jt-tM
4
SO X 12
1-31
« D
2.1b*
iH.;o»
5
i;ia I0|
1-
4
3.;ii
IV ■
&3.381
«
i:v a s
0-73
» 3
BM8
7,6!H>
7
12 w 7|
0-&6
X i
Hi
0,7t3
B
9 K G
0S9
2 »
«4
n3.;Gi
<-
4r. ad. p«r root
ran, nevi
.».)
£25.06;
BtliniBte for building a Cei.i.r Dnaik, seersge length SO Ft«4.
Sii cubic yaril) Dinging. &a., tt Is. fid
TwRntjr ftet mn of 4 in. Ptitr. ai 84''
Giitl; Gntn (sboat H c«i.) including bedding and
fixing .. .. .. .. .. ..
D IS D
Total .. .. £1 19 -i
Alinul too Gull]' Disini will be nqultcil, which ai. sly 2', each, ankouoli
to £1^00
Eitimats fo> hulMlni a Stwica slonit Pall-MiH-EssI, Trif)ilgsr.*i|ua'e, Qua-
risnon-iireci. Slrsiitl, and Vilhcibttrrei. (or itlvrrilng ihr Wmicrn sa4
Ktiicm liiDriclici uf tbe llatisliom-lane Main sewei, — hrinn a Itiifib ul
2,230 feci, St ISi. p«t fool. XS.OO;
BilinisiA for Two Watik U'liRKts, with eomjilaia Ul^iaf XIachlatry
uiac lied, and iaoliitllog all uecessir; work.
£ s. d.
Brichnrork— tay 40 roJ> st }DL «. 400
Two WsUr WhorOs, at 200^ 400
Ufttng Uschinery—say 800
TeUl
£1.000
RSFKKRNCE TO ENfiUVING), rUtTC V.
Hf. 6.— SkUdd ornMftM a a.
Ftt- S,— FUn at Sbafl.
Flif. ?.~ittei\ont<IOal\flinlti tram GraUni m Snrfr.
rif. B.— riin irf Gullf uhI (lniilii|.
rif. J— T>»nt»«»rantlBOof Ooiiy •oatinUnjno* B.
Tig. 10.— Idn^t<H<lli»I ilidlon ol Gull^ uid Urallot) oii C D.
Fig. II,— SccKriFi nt Ifrtlii mi FU|i si Vict.
Flf. ir — Vrnnl Tliw of Fla|>.
rif . a — Uixh ul SIrllUiil tbe Currt*.
^ts.z
THE CIVIL EKGIN
JOUIUs*At.
81
ON THE MOTION OF WATKR.— Bf Gwoo Caxvou
^^ fihtii Sattilnrjf CtifirnUrwrnm.
^K OurnuUior hne Uk^n e«>naid«>rAhte pains tn Miwtmct n parnknlle
^■l^C, sjven in hi« wnrk ( Rm>k ■f, cap. £) ; hy » rcfeivuce to which
^^^^■b Ul>uur will b« Mreii tiv ihixe wbo desre to inak^ utnilu* in*
" Tbia talile b divided intu three coltimni. Th« Snt contkimnK
t MUariU Mrift of numt>cra Trom 1 to ItvOO, rcpr«*vntin|| ciiii>l
mtW. arinchrnorutJHmcu'urs*. Thnw nutnb«ng«r« Uie li«it(ht«
n mm «btch the watf r ftillii. The twcund wluuin cuninint thif roots
jH oj iho uppMitv numbtrs in the Rr-t, mmI exprcsw* tliu velocity of
^H the vnlcr, ewrrtMfrundiiiK lu the lii'itrht in the lirtt culumn, in int«-
^1 am sad denmnle: itheii t)ie n>(>t in »viaewbat irr«nt«' than tho
^B truth, the Kiirn -l- i* prelixed, dnd when It-v^ - . The third c«luinn
" «i>i' ' r.-diirl of the fir»t nnd nv'T'iniL, and iiiuKt he read oS
a> r - rHDinK Hhort of the truth, a<;cunlii)f( U thtt llign +
df — i» |i;<-i.ii*ii t'" it* ocviniH fkrt'ir.
It I* cli^r that if the niimW-Tii at the firnt wdumn tfxpeees the
hetvhif'ra purHholx, the iiuni)>er* in the neiraind will he ita nrdi-
luilaa when itK Utm r<<-tuirt, nr jiHraraeter. ia 1 ; or Bt leoxt, they
n will be nruporti'Mial to the ordinntek io mibdupUehte rutin of uuity
^^ Ut 11m iatut ftetttm uf » p^ren parabola, and Xhf nntnheni in tho
^1 tLtrd odumn will U> Oie reetaimlcst drcuinnerihing the jtanboU
^B vkich haa unity fur it* latia rer/tnit, and will he moreover propur-
jB ttaiiil l<i t)ie aren uf the pnrsbula. wbleii it alwRya jrds (>f tb« cir-
>i etimtmhiag rvdanclp.
If the narahnln haa «} fgr Ibi latua r*ttum in t»nns«f the lint
eolttinn, all iii urdinalef are to the nrdinHteit of the pnruhiitn uf
the aune hri^'ht, having I for itn lattui ru-tum, in atibduplivnte
ratlnof 9j to 1, that la, as I { to 1, or ai the eireumscrihea reet-
fOgle l<i the |i»>niht>lit. it it rlear that the narnboln wliMe latu*
fffftm ill S! will bo equal to the rpRtanitle whirh eircunwcrlhea tbu
|«nhi>(a wnone taltu rtttum it unity ; hut aiicli » rei'luncle i« e<inal
tn ike prndiirt i>f lh« bmw by tlie heijiht. which ia the number
opaeatlv in the tUlnl rolumn, thereliire ibe nmnbera Id the third
J oeuimn expren the area of a pnrahola uhote laltu rtrtum i< 'i\, and
H k prtip»ft>onAl thmreto when the lattu rtttum U any nther (|uantitr.
B Mnrmvwr, atnce tbe nuinben in tlie ftr^t culuuiu exprew tiio
t belKbl uf water atandini; in a veaaeL, or the diMonce vt each par-
ticle of nitiiiinK water ulitive jIk Imm;, and the numttent in tlie
Mmnd column nM>re«fnlini: the vHodly cauwd by bucIi a heiBht.
tlMl numbers in tin- third column espreai the qnnntily iif water
whkb will iaaue tbniiiiih mirh a widlfi in a iciven time, thrtiiit;b a
bolcM' MrtLon wlitnc beticlit Kuuld he ujual to tbo whole diKtunco
Awn the surr»cc uf thi- water or uriKin of the river, and the Immc
ti «ueh a MN'tion aM the niitnber in the f\nt culumn.
The difference <^ numliera of the third Dulumn wiU be the
ftantUy of wnt«-r wliii-h eacapes in an equal time tliruafch a bole
or Kciion «f equal breadlli, and of a heittbt equal to tb« dlfTorcnce
of the correspnndinif numhen) of the lin't column.
By adding two or mure numbers ti<)rether of the third column
■euiall have the mm of th« quantity of wati>T carried in a (riven
tine Ihrouith aeverai canals uf the lame width, wh*"« oect iuti» ci.rri;-
tpund to the nnmbeni of the firat wiliimn ; attil in the agj^egut*
I of aiicb number*, or the nearest then^tii, in the third eolumn will
' tormpoud l<> thai number in the Anil, whieh indicate! a hei£ht
capalile of compriKin^ the i-)iitiiiivlii tmitod, an will be better unoer-
iteod kr the fullDwiKj; exsmpUii: —
I til. Oiven tw.» stMNinw, the hre.idth of the firrt of which i« L r=
TKfeet. The ttslfwiiy of the surfiico B K eorreapU'ndinf to the
lUl A B of 1 foot (which, ac«orditi|f to Guglielmlnf t table is eqiiiva-
Tl M
II l>
lent to ^IS feet a inche* per minuto, that h. Si feet in a Mcond,
or «; miJ« per hour), the hwghl of the .i.rface » C = SO fcet.
wfcme A C 31 feel ; then th« whole parabola A E U t, according
to the third column of our uh\v nppnaite .11 feet. wUI be found
Tir&'88, from whit'h xuhtmnin^ the piirnlxda A E It, wbicb ii
found in uur third column to be ^VA'Z. the parabolic Irapeuum
K E D C will be 7ISt-:{ii. and thin will be the scale of the velocitjr
of the aertion B C, irhirh multiplUd by the brendth L givea m
qaantity uf water =: AVi2\ ISUO. "^
The oerond «lream havins a width M = 139 feet, ita aupcHicta]
velocity will he G K, dciH-iMlin^ on tbe hcifcht PC, b iiicbca
(which (tirev by (JuKlielmini's table, n refcicity of ITd feet tu a
minute, rather less than ;1 feet in a ■erimd, mid 2 mile? JO percbcn
In an hourV The hriRbt uf itti nurfuce U II i-i II (t-et. imd con-
»eqiirntlv F H 11 feel J* tnrhea, corrwpondinje iu our third culuma
to tlie value of liiJti-iA^ foi tho parabola F K I H, from which aub-
Iractintr the poirahnU F K U, which our table Ki*«« opjMnW'
» inches aa «»-6*. there remains the tmpetium G K 1 H laSS-ifl,
whiL-fa is tbe MyJo of tbe velocity of the *ee«ud »tr«am, which,
multiplied by the width M, rivea the qumitity of water paaain^ In
a given time throuirlt tbia river ^ 8270St8l ; iihe«i.-e tho two
SuMnt)(« carried by both the rii-en will he 5(>t9l7H'U. Sunpotinff
iey flow toKCther, without im-re»»e of velocity, U E = O B ; and
let thehcitfbt U I', at which the united witter ruiiR. be the unknown
qiinntUv. then since ON — BA through U, and with tho axia
N I", rtc%cril»e the parabola N H Q P. the truncated tiarabola
O K<i P will he the scale of the veWity of the united riven,
which multiplied by L — the num of the two i]iinntittM =
«HSlT«-t4, which divided by L fiives a quotient 7t.'{3'l3T= the pa-
rabolic tmueiium U R y l'*, and adding the pflruhola N K U =
♦l'i«, wesUll have the juirahola X HQP — TtTfWft, the near e. I
numhcr to whieh in the table is !t«l"A», corrpa ponding' to a heiftbt
of 31 feel 10 inehe*. This number H>ii(^bt heinp rather more than
the tubular value, it will lie found liv proportional |>arU thit ^
muct be added. Therefore N P = 31 ft-el lOj^ inches and O 1' :^
ao feet l'>.\ incboi; therefore ilio union uf the ctreama rai*e« tbe
level BriwA incl'i'*-
Uiit if, at iJie onfliin of the rivers, the velocity B E aupiient*,
becoming; O K, ra that tbe hcijilit N () depending on it eKcreda
A U br I inch, the iiarabola N O R, correspondinfi to a heisht of
IS ineben. will equid tti-Kt, which, addml to liie tnipeziutu R O PQ.
found (ireviously to be TiSS'lS, we fchaU have the total paraUda
N R (^ P = HaO'CW, the nearest number to whirb, 7«t-2rt, eom»-
ttpondin^ to 31 feet lOincbea; but Kinre lhiai> mtlierioo titllts we
iniwl add J for the proportional part of the dlfferenf e, whence S P
= Ml feet li>i ineJien ; from wliiih N O = 1 fool 1 iiuh being »ub-
tnicled. there rnnaina O i' = 3W feel sj inches, niidiing the total
iucren^e in tbix ctuM 9^ inehea.
Hut if we auppOH with GuKlielmini, and which la not Impro-
bable according to actunl ob»ervatii«i, that the scale of a vehn-itv in
a (fiven section i* an entire parabola nnd not a truncated one, the
vdocity, aa in the ciue of veMcU dependinj; only on preaaure,
wheoioo the aurfsce alone arquires velucUv when it i» communicated
by the lower water which lr«ns|M>rt« it, the calculation will then be
more quickly effected. Wherefore A G = 30 feel, the hciyht of
the firtit river, and F H = 11 feet, heitcht of the serond. The
piirnliolii A B D C = aiW9-«0, in our table, which, multipli<Nt by
the width L 760 feet, pivcw for the quantity of writer iianiWlMi,
and the parahola F 1 II — 15I6Kt>. which mulliidied l.y the width
M — I.M feet = 8106IU-59, whence the sum = 5«)10IO-i9, which,
dividwl by the width L. cives, when the voh.rity of the surface ia
not incrcaaed, the parabola N (^ P = 7IOC-.i9, corrpspoinliiitf to a
height of 30 feet li>inchM,correi>|Mndini^intbetkMe to the number
TllS-80, which ia rather more than the preceding; wherefore
the rise will be to inchee.
Then if the velocity of the two tivew incroJiaes at their con-
fluence, the hciglit will be reduced in the reeiprocal ratiu of that
vclodlv ; « that if the velocity be inewased t^, the height wifl
be reduced to 301 f^t, thut a, the increiue wiJl only be about
6 inebea; if the velacity increiueo -,*,, the height will be 29 feet
g inches; ao that the htight, in place of ini' ri-aoiinc, will actually
be reduced about i inchea by the union of the two »tream« ; ao
likevise the height 30 feet, will lenuiin precisely the Mune when
the vidvdty is incruaed by ^, since 37 : 36 ; ; 30 feet 10 Indiea :
SO feet. ....
Examjjt a.— The influent C B D R in a ffivcn point of Its bed
has the heifcht O H, huving a free inAuK into the recipient R M,
when it ia low, and ita luperlicial velocity in H Is wbnt would
correspond to a height A II of * feet. I'hen, nusinfc the level N S
of the retijiienl, re«urgitation folluwn tbn>u|th the level of the
influent. It is renuired to tiiid tbe increase in the hcixbt (> U = 7
feet? Suppose it to iturease os far ii»Q. draw the purnboU .\ KR,
witli iU onlinate* II V, tj K ; let <) S, cm off by tbe proloii«tiOQ
of the level of the recipient, := 3 feet ; the whole height A O will
12
88
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
LHauw,
be 11 feet, nnd hf the tftble the parabola A R — 151669 ; the
other, A H Y. 4 feet high, will be 332-64 ; whence the trapesium
H Y R O will be the scale of the velocity, and the quantity of
water passing in a given time through the section H O ^= llSl-04.
If the para^Ia S P O be 3 feet high, its value in the table =
8I6'00 ; then the parabolic trapezium Q K Y H, being euual to the
aforesaid parabola SPO, will be SI 6-00, which substituted from the
total value of A H Y, there remains the parabolaA Q K z= 116*64.
This Dumber not being precisely to be found in our table, find the
next highest, = 117-60, which corresponds to a height of 2 feet;
whence we arrive at the conclusion that the regurgitation at the
point U has raised the water S feet more than the first, supposed
f o be 4 feet."
To facilitate the practical application of the principles con-
tMned in Grandi's proposition, the following rules will be found
convenient : —
The height and width of the section of both the influent and
the recipient being given in each case and their velocttv being equal.
1. when the velocity of the united streams is tne same with
that of each separately, to find the increased height of the united
section.
Find in the table the parabolic value in the third column corre-
sponding to the given height of the recipient in the first. Multiply
this value by the given width. Perform the same operation for
the influent, we snail then have obtained the quantity of water
brought down by each. Add these two quautities together. Divide
their sum by the width'' of their united section, which may be
either that of the influent, or of the recipient, or greater or less
than either. Find the quotient obtained by such division in the
third column of the table, opposite to it in the first will be found
the height of the united sections.
S. When the velocity of the united streams is increased, to find
the height of their united section.
Divide the height found b^ the preceding rule by the number of
times by which the velocity is increased, the quotient is the height
of the united sections.
3. WLen the velocity of the united streams is diminished, to
find the height of their united section.
Multiply the height found by our first rule by the number of
times by which the velocity is diminished, the product gives the
required height.
4. When the height of the united streams remains the same, to
find their increased velocity.
Divide the height as found by the first rule by the original
h^ht, the quotient will give the increased velocity.
5. When the height of the united streams is increased, to find
their velocity.
Divide the height found by the first rule by the Increaaed height,
the quotient gives the diminished velocity.
6. When the height of the united streams is diminiahed, to find
their increased velocity.
Divide the height found by the first rule by the diminiahed
height, the quotient will l>e the increased velocity.
To exemplify these rules a small table is subjoined, constructed
iirom Grandi's data, that is, supposing a stream 760 feet wide and 30
ffeet high to receive successively 1, 9, 3, 4^ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 18,
similar influents. The first column contains the number of influ-
ents ; the second, the height caused by the addition of these suc-
cessive streams as calculated by our first rule, that is, BUppoamg
the velocity to remain the same ; the third column shows the in-
creased height found by Oennet^, the original height, 80 feet, being
here iucreraed by the addition of ^ ^ jb) ^^- The fifth column
shows the increased velocity requisite to produce the height shown
in the third ; thus supposing a stream 760 feet wide and 30 feet
high to recwve two other aimilsr ttreama, the increased height,
according to Gennet^ will be 30 feet 7*6 inches, and to produce
such a height the required velocity will be 1-97233. Either of
these numbers is deduclble from the other by one of the preceding
rules ; thus, supposing the height 30 feet 7'S inches to be given,
and the velocity to be required, bv Rule A, dividing 63 feet 4*6
inches by SO feet 7-6 inches we obtun a quotient of 1'97S33.
Supposing, on the other hand, the velocity 1-97933 to be given, we
obtain the height by Rule 2, since 63 feet 4-6 inches -7- 1-078SS
= 30 feet 7-6 inches. The fourth column shows the increaeed
velocity required to muntun a constant height of 30 feet, and ia
found by Rule 4.
No of
Incnufd Hdght
BelghtuglTen
Velodtf to
?
VdoeliT to pro.
Simoia.
lor ■ CoDdtai
>>r
mmlalAlai Cm.
due* Q(oi«t4*i
VclodiT,
Grauctf.
>unt Helgbt.
HHsbt.
FL Id. '
Ft. la. '
1
30
30
■ •
• •
2
47 7 6
30 3 9
1-584 7S
1-34203
3
62 4 6
30 7 6
2-07916
1-97233
4
75 a
31 3
2-52222
2-42133
b
B7 8
31 10 6
2-92222
2-75032
6
99 1
32 6
3-30277
3-U4897
7
109 10
33 1 6
3-66111
3-31578
8
l^fO
33 9
400000
3-5555S
9
139
34 4 6
4-3250O
3-77454
10
139 2
35
4-636SS
3 97618
11
148 5
S5 7 6
4-94722
4-66081
12
157 3
36 3
5 23333
4-33793
It is found that the several increments of either height or velo-
city are as the ordinates of a parabola whose axis is divided into
the same number of parts as there are required velocities. Hence
an elegant method of finding the intermediate heights or velocities
when the two extremes are given. Suppose, tor example, we
require to find the several heights indicated in our first colomo.
Find the height required for twelve streams by our Rule 1. Draw
A B, and from a scale of equal parts set off 137 feet 3 inches from
A to C, at A erect a perpendicular A D to A R, and set off twelve
equal parts thereon, and draw through the points 1, 2, ^ &c^
lines parallel to A B, on the parallel I E, set off the first heiglit
30 feet from the same scale as A C, Then by Rule I find the
hei^t of any one of the intermediate streams, as 6, and set it off
from 6 to F, then through the points E, P, C, describe a parabolm,
the portion cut off on each ordinate by the curve will be the
several numbers given in the table as measured by the scale from
which I £, F, and A C were taken; the abscissa 1, S, 3, &c.,
may be set off by any scale, providing they are equidistant, and
according as they are wider or narrower, will the paralKtla in-
crease or diminish its curvature. It is evident that in the case of
100 additional streams the labour of calculation will be materially
shortened, as no more than three values need ever he found arith-
metically.
In like manner either of the other values shown in our table
may be represented parabolically. Column 3, for example, hf
setting off 1-34303 on I £, 4-33793 on A B, 3*04897 on 6 F, and
describing a parabola through those points.
THR CIVIL ESOINKER AXD ARCHITBCra JOURNAL.
M
BLACKWALL RAILWAY MACHINERY.
' ffc» JTarAmrry rnr^lfd by Mfturt. JtfmuMiy, Sa/u,
» Jfmorm Ma/K<n,/»r ^■orking Ihe Latdon ana Blaek-
Bv AxDiKw J<HH RoBumoK. — (Ratd *t the
of Ciiil En^nMns).
Tbe Luiiiliqi and Ubf kwnll Rollwar b nlmut S| ntlM In length.
■Oil ta aorki^il Iry Mt>i i-niary cuieiiiM uf thr estimated font of
MH II. r. Mill "fM II. r.,* at tlif Londiin miil Htnckir»U t^raiiiii r«-
ipectlvely : llie curriutfes bein;: bltai-hitl by crips lii a roiie, which
b tauad off and vn Ut large druma Mtualrd at rnch rxtninity of
tbo linn. Thif )[r«i>tcr |Mwer i« rpiiiiirrd at tbe Loiidim atntuin, in
(mw^UEoce uf Uuti' Uritki; a tutal ruo in tlie riulway, in tliia direo-
livn. uf L«twrrn W and lo fcrt (arcrucL- lih feet) ; the stCrpCBt Is-
dioatiiiit liciiii; 1 ill 1*M1. Tlien" an; arvi-n inlmni-diale Mattoni on
diia Itittf; ilte Poplar, W'eat IimIIu Uotk-t, Linieliaufle, S(«yn«f,
~' ^Jtadwi-II »tflti<>iiN, cnmniuiiKnt4- witli t)ii> Fcni'liiirrWtn«t
inu^ ; wbilut UiiiM- <if till- Minnrir^ (!nimr>»-stTeiTt, ti'hudwvll,
rSlvi'tiry, L-utmiHiiiicdtc oilli (he Bl.iL-k itull terminus. This
wmafxfUfHl i» cflccU-d Uj appniprUtiiiK ■ KpuatD ciurtn^ v from
tiielcnniui hr eaclt intcmnUatc KtatiwR, cXMntnunicatiiiK nilh the
thwc luv ddochrd wlultit the traiiia urc miiviii|;, and by
I uf braidu they arc slu|i|>4-d nt their rM|>rctive drttiiiutiviiv ;
m MNm, huHcver, aa tlic terminal train arrivnt ut either etid uf the
line, Wid the rupe i-emicv itx iii»tiuii, ttieMe ioteniKdiale c«rriiii,'eB
■re att»cbcd tu the rv|it', w hilut it i* In a state of mt ; M tlial
«heu llie engine* are Fi^-nin started, the earringes arc auo limul-
taUDualy Mt in niuliijii, aiid arrive luccentively at the termini. In
llie (itdcr iumI at iiiter>:il« c«iTes|>i>ndii>)f with the poMliwi of the
aboei frutn wfaidi tiicy atartcd ; an they arrive they- arc relcMcd
Inai thtt rope thov^h in tnotioii. hy the midden u-iDnlrawal uf the
pip tri*u, luid tlieu their muitieiitum e«rrie« them firrward tti their
fcoiMir {■!*(«*• in the vtattoa. It will l>e p^rcetveil, that tli<t inter-
stuintc traflic in by tliia ineana |>n>vided for, without caitsiiifc woy
deleutxxi to the tbrowih tntdr.
T)tL- |'v<.->ili^r niMe uf vorkiiifc the line, and the eircaiii*taoc« 9f
•vmanj* < "inf: ittUched to the rofie nt differ«nt |ilaeei«,
nadcre>l y nroewnry to provide wrmc iiuick and certain
^«t«tn of Tn^iiiij- i>«tween the termini mid the iittermcfliale
AatintM. These uhje«ta beinc deemed iitliiiuitilc by meaiie of the
dlpetrie leli'^^rnph, limt ayiteTn niM Hili>|itfil, ulthuu^h it wna of
Hrenlor eMi'tit thun any wtii-'h hnd been |>revit)u>lr tried, and it
waa eacctitvii by Mr. CuoLe, itk* of tlie jutenleei*. 'Ilie telegraphic
wire* are incl<>>>ed, for •ecuritv. within w^'liled in>n piiie*, with
acrewcd }'>int' liko pit |ii]M^i liicre i% » duplicnle iteloiitueh nireii
and f'iii^, in cbj** of one set beinjt accidentally fractured. One
piiK^ruii- id»n)f each aide of t)i« rattwnv Uiri>uehniit its lenirth.
Tite Ri'whiiier)' at the IxMidnn end, for irorkin;; the railvay, ii
lfttiiate<l at tlie >Iin<>rJe« station. The carriaftM in e«inin>f toirardfl
liond^v are disconnected frmn the rope, h little l-cfore they arrive
«t the Miiiorircs and they pcTfiimi the rest of the juiinicy to the
lemibio. Ill Feiirlitir<'h->-tTe«t hy ihuir mumeHtHtn. The upward
tncJinalion of (he raiU itt tLi> place i« 1 in l.W.
When llii' d'lirn-irnin leiive- the temiiniiB iti Frnrhiirch-ittreet,
it deMViid- tht incline (» thn MinoHnt by i(u ifnivitr, where it to
ttan^cti by the break-^ to idbiit uf the j>j.-Mcn;;era kein^ received at
thn atatiixi, mid ti> nennit the attachment uf the rape ; there the
tvain rvaiaiju fi>r ii>Ii<>r( time, until liiKiiiib^liiitelierareeiiire'lhy the
olectrk tekvriiph, fntni eiaeh uf the iiitennediato itatiunH. that the
eunaffe» are rrjidy for -taftinf?, niid are nrnperly aituched to the
rapeu ill the iiiniiikcr alreiidy di-ttcrib<.'d. It tiring thiw known at
tke Miiiorif* ihm idt is nsidy, the vifiiud fi>r Ktartinf.' U kcni fitiin
thence t*j itiackwalt; tbc enjTineA there are thou put in motion
wid hcpu to draii thv n>)Hi with alJ the carriagvH tuiTardo lllacJc-
wall.
At the annie time (hat the down-tndn leavoa the Minurin, the
inklrain lenTOs Bbtcknidt, tliv armhffementfi beinj; dtail.ir to
Um>«P iiIhivi' ile<K-ritieil. Ilie train ruiwbi ffrHvity fn>ii> tlie lll»i-k'
wall fclallun to beyoiid the ent:!ne4iouM>, where li is fct4ippe«l hy the
bn*ha, in onler to attikcli it to (be rofe, and aa wioii aw lignalu
bave li«(in recciied at iilu«kw:ill, from i.iarb uf the intern iniiate
rtatioiit, ihui jII it ready, the iu|riiJiI fur hlnrtin^ i> xent fnmi
BLi<-kwall til the MinnrieM. niid the e^(fine^ there are put in iiiitlimi,
and bofiiu tti Ann the ri'pc mid .ill Ihe cnrri;igv>t tonanli, London.
Th* niarliiuery ;it tlie 1)1 ink wall end in wtiiated a litllu way aliinj^
the line fruin the terminal atalioii ; the di<^tiutce frum thtmeo to
the place t. here the cnrriageH gfoiiig to filnckn all are diKODoected
* itm nnmlaal pnmr or Itina nglMt li. .Zi bant futnt tui Mch pair ■■ Uii
«■<■» Bt **Hin(ikia,Dahlii||44f boia^ipaan uib* UiudiIu, mi] jsohatrpomttu
(rou the rope htiaa (omewhnt fartbcr from the flifttion than the
enirinc hou«e, and the curriaeCfi run that dtstaoce by moment um,
in the name manner ma al (he London end ; the ri*e toward* th«
BUckviill *tnti»n hein^ there nUu 1 in l&O. Durinjftbe winta>
the railway i* worked from liiilf-paat eight oV1iH-h in the meminK
until nine at niglit ; nod in the snmmer, from ctf;ht o'clock in the
morning until ten nt ni^ht. A train leaven euch end every qaartct
of an hnnr (giving in winter 5) Iraiiii, and during the enuilMV
S7 traiiiM per day}. The wbnie time occupied in pawing betwom
the termini is tliirtcen miniiteu ; but the enginea are at worl: only
from eight to nine minuteit. The engine^wuso nt the Minurlee is
•iluated beocatli the railway. It ia M feet long by T« fi-ei wide,
and the extreme length, mlo the reeeaa in front uf tlie dniink is
69 feet. The rail* are i-JLtrieil over the machtoery on cast-irou
girdeni, which are rapiiorled at two iiitennediato puinti bv eiut-
iron pillars. The flooring over lh« engini»-ltuu«e U carried \a like
manner upon gird em.
Beneath each lino of railway there i» a large drum for the rope,
nnd OD the axes of each dnini u a mortice sjiur-wheel, which
iM driven by another iron spur- wheel of larger diameter, on a pro-
longation of the usia of the cranki of the Ktcam engine* ; the pro-
loiiication fomiine b line of fhnftiog which extends idl »rro^ the
engine-n"rtD, with a pair of viigineH »l eneh of its ertrcmitie*.
Only one pair of engine* 'a worked «t a time, the other pair being
di!tcvii»ccted (tt the crnnka. Undiv ordiuHiy circa iitBtanoes, one
pair it norkwt for iibirtit silt week*, nnd then iho other pair for ■
ximilar jaeriod ; the ubjec't being to heriirc tbetmffic from llltCTTUp-
tioii, by having n diiplicate juir of engine* always rciidy to be con-
nected at idl emcrgctM-ieiii «nd in com of any nccidcnt happening t«
the other pair, a> well aa to give lime for the ordinary eleiudfig
and repairing of that pair of engineo uhirh i* not at the lime In
use, H'hen one pair of engines I* connected to the axla uf the
two larjcer ipur-wlieelt^ Ihe other part miiHt he diucoruiectMl from
it. ThiB IB dome by removintr the pin of the erauk on the extre-
mity of the Mtid axia. nnd akn removing; the drag-liid<, by which
that pin in roiutected with the |)iii of the enirine-iTaiik, on ahirh
tatter pin the connecting-rod w jointeil. The wi|>« on one line
must be wound up round its drum, whilwt that uu the other lino
U allowed to unwind from of itd drum, oo (hnt Ihe two dnini« will
revolve In contrary directions. The traina Irarel idtenutely
backward* and forwards on the «ime line of rails, Instead of one
lineof riuh hpiiw nlwiiyii Invflkd over in one direrliuii and the
other line In the ouutrkrr direction, an in the cuae on other
rsUways. For iiwlatice. if the firvl (rain in the morning goes
down from London In Blackwall tUuiig the north line, the f«cvod
train down in the «.ime direction will mi nlong the ttouth line, and
the third tmin down ubmi: the north line, mid tw on. One end of
each rope ta wound Hnmiul one uf tho drumH at the Minorie^ nnd
Ihe other end of the Mime rvpe ayound a riirre*iH.iiiling drum iit
llliicknnll ; nnd whenever one of thoae drum» tn lurtied nHuid by
iU engines lor winding up that eml uf the rope, the drum nl t\m
other end of tlie same n»jie inu«l be diwoniieclnl, ami left free I"
turn niuiiil a» the rope is nulled off it. Thi* reiinires Mine ready
Dieons of dbentn^ng oilhor uf the drumit from the eitgiiieB,
which i^ dune by withdnmiiig the pair of npnr-ubccU from each
other oiilil their teeth become <liseng:igi.-d. The pi uinitu-r- blocks,
in which the two eiidfi of (be axn of each of the druni-« revolve,
are nmuntedoii mllens and jirewipulileof Ifcinprnoiol hnritonlnlly
by MTeiia, until the Bpiir-wheclB are out of gnir. 'Ilie (wo -crews
fur Ihe iiliiiiiiticr-hlock* of the name drum, are moved aiinnltA-
oeouslyliy •,'eBring, worked by a handle on the plalform in the
rerrm in rmiil of Uie driiinrt; no thiil n imm by turuint: that
haiiille, either connecta or diK^niierta ihe jfcuiiiivf, oa may he re-
quired.
1'he main nxb np«n wMcb the Vm Inrge s|Nir-vhceb are
niciunted, may bo comildiTcil m a oingle axtn, hut is. In fnet, two
It-ngtlm of alia^ iiiniHTtcd tngi-(her by cmnke and dniiT-liuks nt
the intd-leiiifth of tlie prolonged uxcrt, irhirb tno length* c«u he
diMMiiiM'riei) at pleasure, by rewovirig the dmg-liiiks awl crank-
piuN, Hence there are two set* of uiiii'li Uicry exat-tly ajmilar, and
i-npahle of lieing connected and di^-oiiiicetcd in audi oionticr, ae to
admit of either of the tno druniii bcini: workril hv either of the
two puiniof L-ui;ii!Ci>,wliLlMl the other drum in nholiy diacuonectld;
endi tine can lhtt« he worked by cither pair of cngiiicii, indepen-
dently of ihp oilier line or pair of enpncs, Tlie enitines aliavn
revolte in the >«iiie dirwliou, cnuMng tho dnuNH to niud ap the
ropes anoind thcni ; but when Uiu druum toru round in a twntriirj'
dirertiuu for unwinding the ropes, they arc diacooueeted from
the eiiginca. A wheel Is allachnl to rach drum for the purpose
of being acted upon by a break, nut only for etopping the sivtioa
gf the druiD, after the arrival and stoppngc of the dwa-tniii al
12'
i
64
THE CIVIL ENGLNEER AND ARCHITECTS JOIHNAU
LM*«R,
[ Blnrkwall «n<I of the line, but hIm for maintaiaitii: a suitAbl^
ee of lenstuD on the part of the ro|>e bdiiml tlie train, wbtUt
is in motion. The objvrt i>f kovpi-'uc lh« leiwiuo on tlie rope Lb
t« present it fttm Wiag utinDUudrnrm uff llio'lruni fuller thi»n tho
lnuuprace«dii.aniltcisei'vrcllie rDiWBKalml thcrt*'k»t'l>ri-«kiwtMi>
which it «ruiild be lisbk. if it wrrc allowiil tu liccuni« clark nnd
then to be (udilrn)}- tiifhteiiMl, by tbe itKeleNtton wbicb t«ke«
Slave in tli« mvtioti of tlio train. h(Ivt it hn^ ci>nim«t)ccd the
cKent or II ittciicr ^•dicnt tlinn thitt (ru whicb it vm fttvioaaly
trurclliDK-
Th« «<n|onM bnnjr only worked for oimht or aina miniifaw out
of ft V fry ^iiiirl<>r of an hmir, the I'lfuumin tbe ottndeiVMr Biifrbt
durinK lb« remainine »ii or •fven Rii]iut«s btfcom* impCTfoct fmm
leaki^e, i>r Imoi hit coittiiittexl in tS* injwnifln uM*r ; in which
c*AC (be rr^t«rti(ijt <*( ibi* i>n)rin<« wouH he difficult, *.T«pt by pre.
riouttly blowing »t«juti tbrouj;h the; mid^nMr, to dmptacettieair, —
for the gr«al««t pon'«r in r«iiiiir<>d nt «tnrtiiiir, wh^n tlip ninrhincry,
ht dmni*, the r<^, and the train, har« all to be «>t in mtttton
from n Hate of mt, and theie mitn be a ffood varunin in lht> cuii-
d«n*rr to enable the pn|rinM to stnrt ntomptly. For this object aii
Niffine of I'i hi>r-ip-|u>w«r is pM>vidi^il, ana eonatantlv wt)rii« two
■iiiiliniv nir-pumjk*, whii-h maintain the ruuun in lie oondenserB
of the liir)^ enfpnea, independently of the MttoQ uf their own
air-piimp>.
In tlio nrrhra upon which thf rnilway ta carried to p«M aver the
ei4tiu«-bou>ie. eii/lit tiyiirr-tnak* ute placed, all conoected together
bv pipM- The oversow of wAt(t« wat«r mjtn the hot ristemM of
tM ra^nea, in miidm^lwl rrom thv tisiinl »vi'rlliiw-|iipc into the
mtiHt rliiUiinl of the eifibt tMnkw. Fnun Ihjit tauk the water paaa o i
into the iie«t. and then tu the next, and to on t« the last of the
eitfht tankH, in vhich it ta miied with fnA void water, and Wtv
nin|ilcd water I* then eiinveyeil into the eogine-roora, fur aupjily-
inf; the iiijertlori cocks of the eiiffineu. The surface of the water
in Die ci/)it tniikii ii^ e\poi>ed to the atin<>«pb»Te, and thv Imt khIo
thti* beciiiiit-'H eoulni in yiataiif thrtiuffh ttitun. At flmt there were
only three tankEt, in wluch, a* they exposed a lar^e 6urf;ice to the
air, it WHS eine^tcd the roolin^ of ihu wntrr w»uM pruivcd with
cnffioient rapidity tii r«iid«r it At for iitjection upon arriving nt (li|i
third tank, and beinp tliere mixed with frech cold water ; but, aa
it wtu fuuiut that there wa* not a sufficient cooling effect, hie more
tank* were ailded, xikI the eixht tAnko nov in uh> an> xcnrcely Buf-
licientfiircoulinK (be water liitht* extent requireit. The supply of
cold n'ater, for mixini:; with the wiiter in the t.tnka, ta puaiped by
tk* IV hone-pnwrr eriiKine from a well in the adjoinioe part of the
buIUlii|(, and, in iiddiiiun ti> Vh'x* uippty, a nnnll j<ipt! >■ biid on
from tho main of Ibe New Hiver CunipAtiy. The teuipemtiire of
the ii^jection water in summer is alniiit «0% and often hiiiher, and
the vaxTtium then nhtainnl ii about '2i iurhr* of nieri^iiry ; in winter
there in no dilBctilty aa to the tempemliire of the irHler, and the
merrun' otaii^N nt rnim ti incliiit tu ifH inchrs. EarJi of the tanki
iiiftijreet «i|uure and 6 fert iteep, mi that the rapacity i» S,(IOO
cubic feet, and the surface of water exposed b QOO square feet in
aadt tank.
The MeMm-iiine from the IxMlent panes throuKh the wall, and i»
canied IraUle the enipne-nKini tu the riiclit atid left to eurh pair of
raginn, with a valre-box, from which two branches proceed to
Mipply Moh enfcinc The vnlrc in the box is oarncd ati<[ idiut by n
acrew, worked fmin lieluw h)' a haiKlle, by wliicli the en^nenijiti
ttaralatoe tho t>pcGd of the cn^incfi.
The gQvernur is placed beyond the outer frame of the pair of
eafinea, and tlie ntimlrer of it* rerohilion.i in to the iiumbt-r tif
■trokva made by the eii|:inea as 3 to 8. It ia worked (mm the
crank of the engines by a pair of bovii vhcela on a small nxis
fwing throogh the outer fmme. TFie ^orcrntir urXn upiin a
throUUs-ralve pLacud in the steam-pipe, immciUately heyuud the
diBt-off valve The rcei^tance tlie anginM bavo to ovrrcomo
nirica lo much, thai the i^vemnr was fouad 9»X to be capable by
itself of reirulAtine the speed, and therefore it wa* aMuittrtl by the
auui etmiiK tho inut-u& valvo by ita acrew handle ; hut latterly
the governor ha« been disconnected, nnd is not now ui>oil.
Tu avoid Miuitcbiii^' the rvpc, by uhich it Rilt;ht be broken, great
care i» taken lo 6tart the cosines >■ t^aduallv tu pueaiblc, in order
that all Ibe riack of the ropo may bo jfathcvcd up nrmmd the draai,
and then the Imin be atartcd slowly, nnd gradtially accelerated to
the full apeed. The valve ia tbvt-efure only partially opeued at
£nt, and ia anernanU opened fully by deforces ; aa the criginea
a«^uin> »iN'ed, the vulve is clvccd ngitin gradually, to reatrairi tho
ipeed, as tlie carriu^ea arrive one after another, and the reaietaace
dtaiaiabea,
TAe .SMin-*.— Tho hoilcr-houM m beneath the railway, Ch« firo
^Otlere being placed under the arches on which the oontbuation o(
the railway is earrietl Wyond the en^ea. Two at thnn ars
*t|iiHr« mBfiiut-boilcrK, w-itb the ordinary iiitenuil furnaces and
rectangular A aea; tbe utber thn-e boilers arc roimtriictml on tha
Comisn HyBtem, b«i[ii; circular, u iili two init-niid tulimt throv^h
their entire len((tli, and the furunceii in the front endi. The tvn
miirin^-koilcrH, which iirv e<|ual in power to the three Corniik
huilera, are c.u|ut)ile <if Ma|iplring utmrn for out- pair of engine*.
The two marini! Imilen, or the three Cor(n>h UMlent, are worked
tufrethor a« n m>i, the two sets b«in^ used alu>riiately in lh« eaiita
maimer as the enirineii, but fur about three loDnths at a timet
The chitnney in situated between the two aeU of hoUent. TI10
flue from eaeb lepkmte boiler, unteirs into a main flue, wliich ex-
temltt alonfi the back of «•»■ aei to the baae of tlin chimney;
earfa is proi-iiUsl with a wparate damoer. and there is another
dain|ier at the eud of each main Aue, where it jotm to the ha^ i>f
the chimney.
On Ibe lup of the vteam-chest of each holler Is a ahut-nflT valv*
I WIS, joined by a branch to the main steiun-pipe. which lead* \a tha
euKlnes. By tliefc vulvc*. any IhmIct may lii.' iJnti utf from tbe rett,
in case it is rei|Hired tu he cleaned whilat the otlient are at wurk.
At Uie mid-leofrth of the bteam-pipe are two safety-ralre boxes,
euich havinff an Mp<.'rture of \t inchcM diamoter; they com-
municate with each other, and from one uf them a din^inr|!v-pip«
|)roreedH into the chimney; one of them: sHrety-valve* in aut ot
the control uf tliu men, but the cither may lir lined by means uf a
lever worked fntin below, in order tu diM-'hurgi! the Mvun at the
end uf the day's work.
The fecdiof of the boilent is effvcteJ from a taok situated aborw
the archen, at the side of the chimney, at nuch a heijtrbt as lo iciTe
the column of water enlcrio)' the boiler u i:reater iirr-uurt^ than
that of the steam. This feeding -tank is In feet in dinnieier, bv
feet hiph, and is nipaMo uf holdinfr 411 cubic itxi uf water. The
water ta rai.-^l into this tank by the puiup> uf the eti|nnc«. and
fced-piiivti proceed from the tank tu the feud-cock^ in tlic pipes,
at the iront of thcacTvral boilem. Uuriu,c the time the rnjcioes
are at work, no water ia admitted tu the builent, but a* svon aa
they are stuppeil, tho feod-iwck* arc opened, and the water ■■ al-
lowed to flow iti until the proper level is rettured. At tha aiuae
time a fre^h supply of cuaU is thrown un the tirm, to niise the
nteiun for vtarLiog. This is so maoo^^od as tu waite very liule
uteam by blouing away ut the Kifety-vidre.
Tlie cAimiiry In 6 foci Bc|uare inside, at the bane, and 4 ft. 3 ia.
diameter at the tup, anil Itt4 fMt h\^ from the foundation. The
dniight is exccrilin|[ly itood. The i>]iaccM uppusile to the row uf
furnace* of the five iMilcrs aro stores fur ooal. Banealh Iho centre
of the passage, in frunt uf the row of furnaces, la the drain for'
carrving off tM waste water.
Th« ((ecint-enjffmw uf 11% horse-power (nominal power) are on
the marine couatruction. with side levers, the aame as Mesara,
MaiidsUy, Stm*. nnd Field made fur st»un-vcs«cls u few years afo^
That curutrucliun was adopted, as it was requisite that the cvnire
of the idiaft should be elevated. The diameter uf the cylinden
is M inches; the length of stnike is A feet; an*] the av
number of ntruken U |)cr minute. The motion of the piitoa
therefore "ibt feet ocr minute. The plunder feed-pump
inches dianicter, and 4 ft. is. lAroke ; only one pump Is «
at it time. Tlio cranks are all of caat-lron, with axes of wroa,
inm. IW Inches diameter in tha bearings.
The ^rs^ spwr-uftoe/ on the main axis is 17 feet in diameter nl
the pitch Une, with ISO teeth ; tlie pitch uf the tc«th is Jj tiicltM,
and their breadth is %3 iiichea. 'rbe centre bum uf Ibis wheel
consists of two circular piece* bolted lo(;clhcr eater iiiilly, inclndiu);
bctwc«n them, and closui){ over the rui'ta of the amw, wliicli arc
eiicht in number, cant separately, and bult<^d lu une unuther, and
to tho boss. 1'he rim is ui iright acjjments, each liaving 1 J teeth,
and tliu Juoctium of the svkinvuts arc made at the eada«f liba
Anns. The wei^'hl uf the w)ic«;l is IS^ tons ; that of iho lin W
itjielf beinif 8 tuns 13 cwt. The limtu ia S3 fret in diameter ont>
side, and Iti.J feet in diameter at the buttuta uf |the V-altaped
frroot e, y. herein the rojte is coiled. The width of tliis part, at the
liuttotn, is 1 ft, (• in., and at tb« 1i>p 3 ft, tf in.; wlien nil the
rope is wound on it, llio diaiuctcr of the uutbiile coil vf the rape
is 80 feat.
The ^noV-wheJ at the side of the drum is I i feet in dlamBter,
and 1 foot broad,
The mwtie* 4r^r-tetmL on th4 axis of the drum, and at t)(« earaa
side as the break, is 1 1 f<7et ill diaoiet(>r at tha pitch line : il hu'
71I cOffs, which are also VU inches broad.
Although tho drum, (he hreak-Hbvcl, and the murtice-wheeL
have hitherto been mwtivDad aa scparittc, tlivy are in fact aD
framed together so as to funa one couibiostioa. The total weight
i«r|
THK CIVIL EyGINKER AKD ARCHlTKcrS JOUnVAL.
li. the Mii of the Jrum it of wrnu(^ht-ipoo, 19 InchM
if> tl>o 1i«iir(u^. The «og« of the morlicp-whcBl »re
ffia<l< of hnriil>mii<.
Tb* br^fc i* fwmcd of tw« atrnpa of wronjthl-irnii, tiilo by dde,
nch 5 ini'hra wids, tn wliirh are rivrttt^l plotca of cappOT in
Vnjrths wf S f*el tnrh, l« imhi-* wide iikI J inch thick ; the ropjier
iiiplics to the Inner holf i>f th« citftimTfT<n\f* of (hi- breaik-whMl.
iW of the exlr«nutlMof lh# hrpifc U --ii>i«'mlcd by rod is fnwn
[ tiv Kirilvr xbuie, tind tho <>thrr end U cimnertifd tn th« hoop
I tmund Mil cci-t'ntrie-whM], the nxU of which in tiimiriK'd iii a frame
ixe4 to the pird«r. On thp aiis of this i*rc4'iilric-whe«l i* « »piir-
wliNl, into whifth a piiiioti irnrk-'. mnil <iR the axis of tht> [>iiiion
its ntiJiri-uhrvl, to Iw workiJd liy a levur-hiindlB wid click, by m
■aa (t«ndin{|( on the platform ovrr thu (Tiij^iif-rounij the hatiiDr
mi uf the lever paming up tfamtififa the ptatforrn. 'I ho lrii|.-th of
lU« l«v«r-buidU> i> 6 frat; the diHrnelrr uf th« jiiiiioii i* ll)
incbn, BtKl thut of the uhwl K Ifi iiuht-H; the ecoentrieity uf the
Mttdtrir-whepj la if titcbOfl. Ik'Ufe the fori:e of thp iiiitn'* arm
i^mt at tho up|ier eod of the lever-hanillf i» mulUplicd about
«tim« ( - - — -— -- = 36*,) whciuhe le»er»K«» b the leart—
\*"*5 yc 11** '
auiely, wlwn the en-pntrir-whe el hoa mnde a qimrter of a rei-o-
loiiiMi ; but for obta!iiiii{; > frrmtcr |K>wcr on tKe break, a pist»n
if itted into an «ir-rjli rider 10 inehw in diBinet«r, which im fixed
iM4er the uinler ; oni- rnd uf the cjIinJtT U open to the at-
llli»fh«r«, and the cither in cloBcd. hut c*iminuiiicji1e*i I.y a pip*
»itb tlic condctwcr of ihe »team-c(i^-iae below. In thi* pip« i« a
tork, "hich can bv oncnrd by the breakatnan wln-n i:.e*ei«ary; a
rUtt conuected lu tlie rod uf the piaton of the air-i-ylinder, is
(•fried rounil the «pur-*hc«l and faBttued toil. If tho brraka-
nan up«tt* the cuck to r»tiil)li»ti a coiHniiiniratiou with the eon-
diiwacr. thv air is exitauited fmin thr «ir-(!yliiider, lutd the prettoure
of the atnuMpherc on the area of the pUton acta hy the rhain on
" ^«rr«mlertnce vf the wheel. Sti [.pimiiift tho vncuiim to ho 31
I wt miTi'iiry, ihia premture ii l.tMulb., equivalent to about
b. applied to the upper end of the lever-handle.
Eoch of the movitijc p/umwiCT'-Mx'**, in wiiiiih th» dnini-ahMrt
require*, m mwuiiled on wx rollt>re ; three on Mch side. Beneath
Ithepliimmer-hhM'kfl and iittachod tnit, lu the xpare betwHon the
'roller*, U » long nut in which a »erew S inches in dij^mitvr uorku;
the pitch of tbta aerew b auch m to move the nut and the
phiinuer-block S inelMM hy wren retrolntlons. The mu of the
urew t» prolonged by a iihaft to reach thv plutfunn, und this pnt-
laopitiuQ bM on it* cod a hevil-whe«l i feiit in dinnicler, into
which works a bevil-pinion 6 inchen iu dlainet«r; the enwa axia uf
this pininn rxK'fidt nrroM the hnradlli of the druoi, parallel tu ita
uia, and currie*! auothemueh hevil-piiiiun of iadin diameter.
•hich *eta in another hevil-vbeel «f 8 feet diameter, on the pro-
loncation uf tho axii of another aorew beneaUi the plunimer-
lluck, fur the other end of the axis of the drum. By thia con-
nection Iwtfa screws tare turued round tJniuliaiieouKly and act on
jbotb plammer-block<; alike, (tn the eruia axes of tho two bevU
fpituuna it a ei>^-<ihoel S feet lu diameter, into Mbich work* a
pinion 10 iuchn diameter, on the axi« of which '» a uinch-huiiille,
so tliBt tu prixluTRone rewliitiun of the screw, tlie winch-handle
miMt mtike mi revuliitioii*. The thread of tho screw making seven
1um& in 3 Incheii, and the winch being 10 io<'.h#H Ionic, tlie preacure
applied to it i» rnultiplimt ki>h iinieo. The ainch in wurked by one
man. and Uie linivoccujiictl ill diM-unnectiii)^ one drum nndcoii-
Bertlog the uther, t« liitle uiure ihiin a ounute.
The rollvnon which each pluinnier-block moves, are made of
wTOUifkt'iron, CH>e harileiii-*!, ^ iticbea in diameter, njid V^ iM<rhes
' 'hrvtM. At lirNt, till* niUiTw uuriied against the nut-iroii *iirfat:e»
i of the frame and of the plummer-bluik ; hut urter haiiti); hoen at
wwk t>ru ur three years. Ihe pn-iuture had c«u>ed »o mui'h intlen-
, Imtjoo iiit« the Iwu aurlacva of ca»t-lrou, an to render il diOinilt
'luraman to connect and disconnect the Urge apur-wheela. To
remedy thia defect, a strap uf itccl wast k>t into the frame and
another into the uodenide of Uut pliunmer-block for the rolien
tu act a^iwt, and no inconrenlMice baa b«en since fimtid. The
«rci|;ht upon each of the ruUen it about .1 loiw. The wci|thi of
the drum, break'wlieel, nnd nwrlice-wUeel beinjt 30 toDs, and of the
axe* S ton» 7 cwt., the topn reinainlnff on the drum whcTi unwound
I tJtn, and the additional wei(;hi of rope whfn Ibo whole b wound
on, ICt-tO tana, makea a total weight uf •li'lT, or AS tons, to be
SMIained on the twelve r(>Uera beneath the two plummcr-hhicka;
and, tbereforr^ ■uppwing eacb eat to hear the *anw weight, eacJi
njler hat to carry nearly i tons; e^icb end of the axis uf the
Anm being I'i inches diameter iu iu heaTii% tJic breaks muai
sustaiu at or 60 tona.
PmMr, — When all the train is in motion, the en^nee mailing
S3 htrokei f>er minute, thv prc^Mire uf the ■taam on entering the
c}'lii)dcr hitinK 3j Ih. above that of the atmofipbere, and the mean
prmure 9'9i3 lb. per square inch, the power lor the cnginos rvpej
am) irain, is ft2S-74 bone-poirex.
^Vbrn the rope, without aur carTia^ee attached to it, it drawn
by the e»i;inc» making S4 rrvolutionk per minute, the prcwure uf
the alram bviu^ ti lb. above the ■Imor-pherv, and the mean prewure
7 Ih. ]>crBt|uare tncli,4he puwcr expended on the rope aud ma-
chiiiur)' ife 'i.iO'iti hursc-poo'cr.
M'hcii the drum i* di»cuunected from the eof^ioe*, nnd tl>ey are
allowed to uiake -H ilrukew, the pre«xjre being 13^ lb, ah»re the
atm<M|thcrc, a»d the mean pn.->i»uro ttlb. per sauaro inch, lb*
tower ex)-vu<led on tlte friction of the engines uoluaded, i» !M'09
(ir»«-|)«i*«r.
Since the power expended on the engines, rope, and train, la
3a3'7i hoTM-power, and on the enginei &nd rope, QJO-IS horae-
poocr; the difference, nomcly, TVSH ur ID horve-power is due to
the tr^in uloite.
The number of revolutions made by the engine-«hnft per niintite
hem^ ■^i. the number made by thi? 'Irum in the aame time is SS'&t.
The circumference of the drum aihen the rope t« off, iit S2 i<^l
when all the rope la vennd on, it ia K3 feet , the velofity of the
rope will therefore vary from I,7(i« feel per minute, to U,\»i feet,
that is, from 90 mitoA to Vt mtlee per hour.
ZV/fo^K. — ^t'heutbe railway waa &rat opened, the roneinnployeil
waa of hcuip, &{ inches in circumference, or Ij iuohc*< in dtatneter.
After it had been in use fur a icry short time it broke, and con-
tinued tu dv au freuiieutly; in con»e<iueuce of vrhicb, a wire rope
was Dutmtitutcd. This rope 3^ inches in circainierence, or 1^ inch
diameter, is lurnied of six utrand*, each composed of aix wires, ur
thirty-ux wires in the rype. It is covered over with small hemMa
rope or larri'd jam. Tho hrei(kfige» of ikus rope are much wee
I'ri^ucDt than with Ihe hempen rope, but ntili they do occur occ*-]
Nonally. In order to make tlie rope wind evenlj- on the dram, ifil
i« guided by two lever* mounted on one centre pin, and cruBBUlfJ
ftnemtvther in the form of u iiair of i^i«MirH, the lever* ha<'inf^
roller* on their inner side. The^ levers are worked by a mad,
rianding oi the plntfom) bcloH, and he guides the rope by prevMii^
them alternately agnintft cither «ida as liis ere directs, so »s to
wind the rope evenly around the drum. The weight of the
hempen rope was H lb. per yiird, that of the u ire r<tpe io (>j Ih. per
yard ; therefore, the weight ot (hn rope lying on the railway wnfi
in the former cu^e, 19^ touv, and in the latter, lii^ ton«L. Swivels
are introduced at inturrals in the length uf Ihe rope, to aliaw it to
twist aod untH'ixt ibielf in aorking. 1'he weight of the rope ia
mstained br bearing -Uiearea, disponed at intertala along the line.
In the middle of the mace botweeu the rails ; some of them being
laid at afigles to sail tlM curves of the road. '
Thv atijUiarji mgim. — ITie cylinder of tbo IS borw-powwj
eiupne ia ^i inches io diameter, tbo pistun uinkes a etroke
3 ftct, and 3t stroke* per minute, 'ilie two air-pumps which arii
worked by it are 13 indies iu dianieicr^ with a etroko of \0q\
inches, mid are placed one on eavh side of thv centre of the maia
lever.
The air-pumiur of the large engine are 31 LncheB ia diainaler,
with a length vf stroke of « ft. « in. ; so that the capacity of
stroke of each pump i> IJ-l cubic fwjt, or ^(i-i cubic feet for iJial
puntps of a pair of engines ; therefore, the capacity per minute^
1* Vti-il X ^ alrokes =^ ^7li'l cubic feet. In Uk« maaocr, the ca-
pacity uf the small pumpK, per minute, is ii cubic fcvt, or iiMily
■fy)th that of the large pump* in the same time.
The tctil from which cold wuier is obtained is 10 feet dismMer
inalde, und is etciucd partly with brick and partly with iron. In
this iireU ore l«u nets uf tlirce-lar relied pumps, but only one set ia
worked at a time. Tho barreht are earh 7 inclies in dianieler. the
stroke is 18 inches, and tbey make twenty atrukes per minute ; m
that the ouantity uf water nu«ed hy one eel, per minute, i* liO
gallons. These pampa are worked constantly throughout the dny.
The mmrinL'-boilers are lo ft. S iiu wide, 10 ft. 8 in. high, anil
eifuet luag; the wteam-cheett are 5 feet in diameter aiia 4 ft.
10 in. high j each builur has three lire« within it.
Tlie circular builors are each 7 ft. 6 in. in diameter, by 84 feet
long; the two circular fluc«, througli tbeir wholo length are 3 ft.
6 in. diameter. The Kteani cheHtnnrvS ft. 9 in. diameter, and 4 feet,
i feet, and 8 feet high reepectively. The average uinaumpLiun uf
fuel, i.s, per day, for the two marine-boil era togoUicr, ij tons, and
fur the threo eirculur-b oilers together, 6 tons, in these quaotitka
is included what is rei|uired fur getting up the steaia in Uio mum*
iug.
ARCHTTECrS JO^^AL.
Itaat,
Tlw time of working, ean-««poadinr to ifats rr«n^ U IS koara.
The wei^bt on the Miety-valve i« 4j ft. jt«r t^unre Inch.
Til* MigiuM uid ni)iefainpi7 ntBUckwnll are Hlmil.irtr KrTaii|[;e(L
but on M naaller tcnie. Thu nituny therv jvimiCK hj-'ihe n'ldrnT
th« flnirinp-lxiuw oa the ground, aitd th»r<>riiri< the rupw u«
ethereil on lit the lowett paxt of tbe cin-umfeTcnce of tlie drum*,
rtmil of at the hiirhm part, u at thD MinoriM, wh«rr Iho
ralltrajrjuuaei over the ent^e-houw. The wn^iiirK, runitriii-te^l
by Mr. Biu-i)r«, nre of the mnrine vMe-lerer furni, of the numiniLl
fun-t^fl of TO hun<-|M)wfr emh, tlio piotons ir* Uk inches diameter,
with 1 fc«t stroke. And their nvcrntfe *|«nl i* f.lKlrokeo jipr
minute. The hargv itpur-whtrcls arc 17 fert diameter tii the pitch
line, with I20 teeth. ^^ inrhr* iiitch, .-■n<l II inrhrs brond. workiiiff
into mortice spur-wfaeek on the lue* of the drama, lu ft. 10 in,
dinmctcr, with tw wood tiogs. The drums nre 16^ feet diameter
when tmiity, iind £2 fret iHitmeter uiitHide. The small •mm-
ai£ino fiir virkiae the air-tximpH, i% A hune-powrr ; it wiu coii-
fltnictcd hy McsHTs. Miller and RaveohUl.
AiM«rJb MMb al Iki MMtit^ ^trr l^r rfoJi»f q^ lit aiov* Paptr.
Mr. Paut Uated thai Ihr wire rope cnuiiteil of lix iU«biIi, eacb of til
wire*, cvilcd rasod k herapm corn, aad tlic whale of the tlracda Vffc aUo
laid rouDil goe centre core of beiep. WlKniver the wires wcr« in aclosl
MdUM with iho cora, cornuioit ippnupd to l*k« (>U<«, wbidi «f cviino
< ninvstml the npiditf of the doitra^tion of ih« ropa. It wu, hnw^^r,
I aow merely i quMtloii o( oipense. as. (inco the adoptloa of ibc win rope,
hreaka^e ielitum oeeurred. He thought Ihsl the old hempen rope bail Tre-
qaenttj liMri litakcn by the undo* strain which was suddanlr bnaghi upon
it|br Its lUppiagon iha iliom. Me iina|lncd that a aoiitlcaiion of the
nKtbod BMd la cotton ipinninf br refalsiiB; iht coiliai; of the fiUmentt.
J night be adeplcd ■ilh adnntage. in»l«Md of as al prueat Milieg it bj
rliand.
Mr. BiDBBR said ho had nottetd Ik* pecoliar tendency of the bemp rope
Itotwist, which esntcd iu fnqneot frsciure. Tht Atst rapt wss b) inchasio
Ivbenafmoi*. wiiha Isf of 4)tncli<aithlswastoaadi«[iibbed to 3 Inches,
I'Hid It broke coutiiiull;. It wm replaced by a rope hom which the isr had
hcen eipelled bf pnaaarc ; that ws* soon worn onl, and the nkie spptared
i-fOHpletety dcitiojred. Wire ropci ol Tariooi kindi were Ibeo tried ; and at
[lau, hf Ibc laUodactlon of Bwi>«ti, anil leoeottj bf an improTcd comlroc-
' Itsn of then, the bad elFeeU ef the twutinf were obviated, althoufk il iiill
' took place. In iptto of the rapid dcftiacti«n of (h« hemp rope, be wit of
> opinion, that ta a mere ijneaiion of coal, il would be found cheaper iksn
' wire rope, at, when partiallT deitrnjed, iba (onner bad ttill a eeriain value,
' h«t the latter wa* comparatlieljr ealneleM.
Mr. R. STsf RSKsoN Haled ilni be wu ugialile to accoont tititfaciohly
for the twilling of tbe tape. Hp imaginKiI (hat it niishi tie caused, in tome
itgnr, hj it* bfing foiled over the drum at tbr Minorieiend, and under the
drum at the Rlackwall end of Hie rsilnsy. The Istcral action of the |toovc
of the inclined guide pulley* might ilw> infioence il, psMicuIiity on thn
sharpnl CBrm, Hopes compoKd of lentttb*, wl^ a riglii-lia^id am! ■ Ivft-
Land la* tttemitely, had been tried, hut intffcctuill; ; the tmitinf iiill con-
timed, and the had effect* ware eolf eonnteiactMl by the twirtlt. It ratgKt
hare been imagined that the rope would hava unlwiateil, anil tlin* bsie Icngih-
•adi bol, oa the contrary, it became more tightly twiaud, it* diaraater
dUnhiiihGd, and ttill its length increased, apparenily (ram Ibe pull of the
engines upon \U It wa* evident from ib« appearance of (be fraciurc, when
oaa occDsred, that tbe material was wmicOcd aiunder hy a twuiiing action.
The brtakagei occurred, bowmer, very taldou at present i not oficorr t^an
one* or twice in a month, daring widch lime nearly Ihrt* Ibouuind jikuruc)*
mn made, and Iken tbcy araM ceoMally from the canlelinCH of the
kntkamen, mho, ii mufi he rmiaesbeiFd, received iheir Inatrnel ions from a
dMaMe of ibiee mil«i, by ibe eteelri« tflr^raph. Tlic were aix iwltela In
the ropr, ono at erery bsH-mile. Th« deftruetir* elTecl* uf llie Iwiding
would probably be ilJtDintbnl by a lirger nnaihcr of iwivrli. but thry were
Tnyiiliirclionahic, in prCTenting the refuW laying of the rope upon the
dtnin. On the inclined pkoet in Ibe nntthof Bu^nd. where rapei bad
been tued for many jcati, lliia twitting wh not ob»«(*ed i hqi there ihe
•■llnM were al owe end only ; wlnKai, on the Blackwall railwiy, the en-
itaiu at both enda working timutlaneniidy, might probably bsie a imdeney
to etuw tbe twitting. Twtaiy year* ago ho bad trii-d. in the North, ma-
clitni!i7 limilst to Ibal tugjeited by Ur. farey, lor laying the TofM on Ibe
dram ; bot ia contr<iuFncc uf Iha gtneral diminDtloii of diameter of the lopo
fraiB the iiroicliing , and Die inequalities oocnsloncd by the tplieo). lbs ma-
difaieTy naa conitantly put out of order, and waa evcnluitly dnlroyed. On
the Olackwal! Imp, tkc raea hsd acqnieed (oiHidcralitg ilpilrriiir m iliinctinj
(be rope with Ibc levers or ibeatt, and ha thought it would icar»ly be poi.
tible to improve that part of the lytt^m. — Some difficulty bad been appre-
htudrtl (loiD tk« me of condeniiftg eugioei, on aocoimt of the tine rrqutred
ftir forming the vacuum; it bad. buwevrr. Iiees net by having a tmall eniine
OOMtantly woikJng to keep up the vacuum and to pump waicr. High-
pTOWure engine* were generally iitcd with rope traction, in unlcr tr> atoid
tfab difficulty. Uc, howtrer, prcferieil tho wc of coodeniing eiiRinci, with
a nnill tuppTcmcutary oogiac, and believed them, al the Mmc time, 'o be
more ecottamical.
Mr. A-WioiiTifaN iiated that the wire ropo era* ■mofsdared by HeiMS.
Newall. of tiateitaesd, Tbe wire wat nnanoealed, and the weight of iba
rop« was 10 lb. per fathom, except two length* of tiair a mile rsrli, wlitdA
wei|li«d 131b. per btbooti tbcie lengthi ware m placed, that Uic main
liaiiii lo or from itlacinaU, were alwayi altaciied up'>D iheoi. Tlio twiveis
were at fint rivciinl ialo Ihe rope, bnl it wai round U.il it IratI Kro.lUrd*
of llie fraclnrts of the rope neeurred where Ihe tint rirel wu laierted. Ig
order to prevsnl this, the iwtvel* were iplieed into Ibe rope -, tlm waa dons
by unursnding ahoui a yard and a naif of the rope, paating the ntnndt
through an eye in tbe ewivcl, and than ipHcing then bark into Ihe rope.
Swiitlt Ihu* inaerwd would last three monlht vrlikont lenenini.aBd the Lay
of tbe tope bad been prcacned by thera. DreakaKt*, bowevtr, iiill iiccurred,
hot (eterpt from carekatneM), Ihej rsrclj, if etcr, look pUce In a "'pt less
than a year old ; after that tine the rope began to lose it« tUengih, fros
the ottdation that took place, wherever the tirsnd* c«ne in contart with
the heoip cere, sod allboogb a rope mi|hl appear sound after it had bctto
in asc fut a year and a half, ytt on openlnf ii, a conmlerable pxient of oil.
dslion would be ditoevered. The rogicmaken in iIm riorih attributed this,
in a great mcaiurc, to Iho terving of tbe rope with epuo yam. whieli bad
been adopted on the niickoill railway, cliicHy In prevent the nniae oaea>
lioned hy Ilia rojw puiing a<« tbe ihcavci. Eiperltoeata were in prvgms,
with a view to doing awty aiih Ike aciiini) of Ine lope, by covering Iba
thnvei with hard l«4tber, which, if >iicc«iil'ul, wiiiiM tio the meant oftaTiog
ihecaiupany a large eipenae in keeping np the serving, ltd would take a
weight of about 12 ton* off Ihe logltm, and reducing also Ihe eott of foeL
With n;][ard to hempen ropea, both taircd and white rope* had beeti tiled,
b»t ihcy had toially failed, lorae of them not lasting innre than too niooiht,
Theio rupta hsd a great undcncy to twist, and from their both il was very
dilhoult to TOunterset il by tiK intcriiun of iwivcU. The wire ropci wars,
cantei)0f hlly, Ihe ebeapeil ) for allhoiigh thrre waa B dilTeriiire ta lUe ori*
giiul eoit, a* alia on the rpiurn for the old lOpe*. yet Ihe duration of tbe
wire rope wat •« mueh greater, ttist it nore than compeotaied fee tbl ia-
crestt In price.
Tbe chirget for the motive power, for the rear 184&, amoantad lo
£11,303 If, M.i during Ihal erne there were run 105 trains [«r day,
M tnilei each, or 3^,i12i trains per annum, at an average coat of !>a. IO|<t.
per Irniri, or It. f-)<f. per oiijc.
AliboiHb tbe |ir*t«nt c«ii ©f walking Ihe hne by tbe rope system was
hlgti, ypt hy no other tytilem bid tlicy tteii able latiifoctorily lo elFeel (he
sccomtnodatlot] of slopping st tbe variou* staiioQ*, wiihoet iaterferiag wtik
the *■ throogb inflle-"
FOSSIL FOOTMARKS IN THE CO-AL PORMaTIOX.
I
Mr. LvsLL delivered a lecture at the Boyal Instiiulioa. oa Fcl»iiary Ilk,
'• tM titt FiUtil FoaluMTti uf a fiigrf ifa in /i« Cm/ ArwatUna nftkuMlf'
kamif Mouittatm.
Mr. LvBLL hegsn by obierving that, not witbt tend isg the mraceoM to-
miina of land plaota in the etrboDiferont tlnla anil the ovidewcc l>iei aUhvd
of the esUienee of large trscia of dry land (the etsct putitioa of whtoh si
nfien indicated by seuni of cosl and buried Foreslt), no moouioenia of aay
air-brcaihiiiii cresiute* bad been delected in tocka of uieti high aoiiqwUf
until ht. Kiiif, In IHJI, publiibed hla accauoi uf tbp fooi-prinu i>f a rfpiUt
occuiriiif iu aandstonc in Penniylvania (sec SttUmiai't J^uraal, vol. 48. pagt
3(3). These fotoil tracks were found in a stone quarry dvc niilin iniilh tmI
ef Urecniburg, and about twenty iiiiltt east of ?ivl*Iiurgb, appearing wm Ihs
unilee iiirracei of alaht of trgilUceoii* taudttone eatrscied for patiog. They
prnjncl in trliirf, h<ing rsti* of imprtlsiDDa fonoed in \ lubjactnt layer el
fine unduoui clay, and they are aocompsnied b^ numer^ui ruu of crack* «l
tatiouattMS, evidently produced by tbe iliying and ihrinking of Ihe clajej
mud. These cracks occaiionally trsTtrae the faoi'i'nnci. tkowitig that Um
>hrink*ge took place after the animal had walked uitr the soft mud. and
before il had begun lo dry and ctadu Mr. Lyell emibitcd a slab which ha
had bruuglit from the qaanles, hating viiitcd theio with Dr. K>v>x; and
than piDcerdrd to point out llie difference* between tliw fo*t-,iii(iit ai*i
tboae of Ibe European cheirolhermm (oand in Saxony and in tViiui(kiJi|ni
and Cheihire, alway* in Ibe upper part of the new red tandaione or uj^
In the Kurttpean band-abapcd foot-iEstkt. from Ihe forre uf which the ail-
mal was called by KanpiCheirothertura. both ih« hind and fute feel teaa
cscb Ave lees, and tbe aiie of Ihe hind foot it abum Lit limes a* Isrca M
the fare foot. In the American fo*ail ihc potterior fnoi-piint i* not twica
a» latg* aa the anterior, smI Ihc number o( lot* i« iinci|ual, being lite ia Uh
binder and four in the aaietior foot ; U in Ihc Suropcan cbMralbakim tha
fifth ii^e ttarili out nearly at a right angle w>lh Ihe IodI, and temawtel
resemble* ilig human ihiimb. On tbe eiternal aide of all Ihe PeaaiylTOBto*
Irackt, tmth Iho larger and smaller, there ii a ptotiiheranca lik« Uia niU
meat of iiiotliei toe. Ibe svernge length of the hind fani is H Inthai, ftad
of the fure fuut 4^. The fote and bind feet bcinn id paii* follow each atbtt
very olotety, ihrtc being «n interval of about one inch oulf between Utoau
Detween each pair the disisoco is ail to eight iuvbes, and beiwren the tv*
parallel line* of track* then ia about tbe sime diilance. In Uie cate of tlw
Rngljih and Qermsn cheirolkeriuin, tbe hind and fore feet occur oUo in
pain, bat they form only one row, in contequcoee o( tbe uimsl kaviai put
mS CIVIL ENGIXEER AND ARCHITBCTS JOURXAL.
tibn u ih« cnMRd iic«rlr anicr Ihc mUdli of iu bodv, tad ibe ibiunk*
lk> l«e« «rc wen ta turn lo Ibc tl|tt)t ud to Ibe Irfl la Itie ^tcrnalc pkin ;
•bale 'rn At AncHraa trtcLi, which foin two ptrtllrl nvn, all the lliuinU-
Uk* tot% in OBI wt turn In ihr right, kiKl ia the otber Mt to tli« left. Mr.
Iftll tmlan, ihMefote, ibu the Antrlrtn ch'iiolfaenuiB beleagi lo k mw
■nM o< nptilian qwilnip(4t, wkoll; diibnet from that whidi duruUritM
ttAliioMlc (tiaU u/ Kiira^i iitd Rich ■ pntrie Aiitnhy, he Btwrntt,
■■itit hairc beea cipncUd to rrptilUn fnttlli of loch dlffrrenl igte. Ttii
IMlOfirs) pfMltoD n( Ibc UoilUAoe of (irttnt'iurg ii txrfecllr cImt, bclug
rilMtol la Um mldtl of Iba A|>|itl*chi>ii (y>«l-&(1il. biiin| Itie Duio ind of
omI. soiled tlio Pitlaburg ouoi, « bondred fm kboic it weiked iatbeMgli*
hiwboMli Ukd icTeral oilier (euu* o( coal ai lfl*cr Iti<I>^ The inferiiiooo
tt l«fli«l«li4T0«, ■■ Kill ana, ■ligmaria, lail oiUrt tmrhoaifttuAi* ptaaU, U<
faMd ball) abore ona bolow the levil of th« rF|>tiIi» fooutepo. Mr. Ljcll
tea odrMt*!) to nna ipariooi fowll fonl.prinu of dop, hoalU i|iMdni.
pite bird*, and ortbn cmiam utn on th* *u'(tct of ledpt of a oofi
gavmw lamUMn* In the neiilibouihoml of Gmraitniff . which had ^ma
(Dofaaaded wiib ibeAwtQ ooes. lie poinled out Ihe iiroofe that thcoe liad
teca Ckmd lij tbc onciFiit inhoUtiati nf Anifrica, wheoe ftarei ore Men
10 tha viciaUf ; and th*t tht Indiui hunlcrv h^d iculiilarcd liniilir bird-
Dado, togctlMr with hofioa foot-piinti, in wiliil liineitonc of Ibe Slate of
MJMoari, — tht MM ortfia ot which wu itrt cxpliincd bj Mr. D. D. 0««a,
of laitiant.
To Ulutlratc the enoile of ialorprMinji fouil foot-{irinU io gMlo^y, Mr.
tfttl iBva a tlittoh of t)>« dkMOMrr of tltrot il;(Uflirl tp«ciH OJ chPicoihe-
no<n io Kurop*, — and exptaio«d how, aCter il bad boon coiijHiur«rf b; Link
that tbry might bcliini: lu giguilic lialracltUni, Ur. Uwcn fuuod, b)r EXt-
Ointog (lie Icvtti and boaei of irpliln of iiiauic age. tli«l lliirc iliSi-rtnt
tptciu at air-hicalhini tcfitilci Of lb* Imtracliiao utdcr, referable tu a ocw
(taaa. UhjriaibDclon, bad eiitled, both in Gatutaj and Eoilaiid, at lliat
ptnnd ; Ihrir fu4>il )>dn(a ladicatiag Ikal tbey were air-breathan, and Uure
bting a* gnat a ilia[>arll7 ia wit* bawtea the bone* of Ibaic aaterior aad
pautnar ntrtBktiM a* belwMH ihp fort and hind foot-pnatt of tho inwtl
(MtaUtatla. To acocxini tor (be ihirpaeio of iba caUa of phairotbtrlum
a* lb* BDiler lurfacet of alibi of uuditoiK, Mr. Ljell atliert«<l to t)i« torn.
atrtD wtaich be bad aicn, oo the lea-heach, nau Saianaih in Georgia, a
daad of Una aand dnftcd hj the wind dlbng up the faoi-printi of nc^ooi
•ad o^OMHiM, whkb.afcwboBra before, bad pawed along ibc ibore oiler
Ik* nibwat o( tb( lide, Allotioa waa a1u> made to Iba teceet fiiol-piriitU of
hrd> csIM Mad|Mpe(i (Ti-niya minuta), which Mr. I.jall u« nioniDg, in
lSt3, oTef Ihe red ainil thrown down t«e«y tide along tbe boeilera of eatoa-
rki ronoected with tie Uaf at Fand;, in Noia Scotia. Tbeae cenaiat tradi
of laipteiiiont on the upper inifaaa and of caata in rrtitf on tbc (iniler iMa
of Micecatiee lajm of rtd mod (we Ljell'i *' Traveli in North America,"
qi IL p. 166),---ol wlii<li ho bai prearntcd a tpecimen to Ihc Britiih Ma-
Moak Tha aocienl fo«t-prinli of marc tban tbirtv ipcciei of birdi foond
ftwil ia Ibe new red aaadtlone or Intt of t).r valley of Ihe CaiLiiMlicut
niw, ia UaaiaefaDMlli. wero Itttedto bpanaingoEi* to tbeae moriem bird.
inAa; aad (be licf of tbe largNt, altboagh ihcf lndkai« a biped more
ht|o tban the cMltich, it eioeeded In magniioile by the gigaotio debnamli of
9m Zealand— of which nearly Ihe entire ikeletoo hai jiut been found fottll
bf Ur. Walirr ManU-It. The ibirncrc hilherlo of (be bouea of birda io iho
■ilwil American (Kala of tbe tnoMic pcriixi appoati is Mr. l.j'cll qoile
iMtligitilei for tbc circwnftaaca wUch comhioe lo cause fuot-prinu of
■adftpcr* tn Iba recent mad of lb* Baf of Poodf , rtjMated throughout
■Mf aoperinpotad laren, hate no tendency lo ptcarreo anf bnoei of tha
RM birda, — and Boae bate jrcl b«eu evtr oboenad lo oulting irencbea
Itraof II thu red mud, where it bu been laid drjr by artiflci^ embaokmenta
Ml dxalnrd.
to all tbaeaaaa ol (ooCprinU, bolb foaitl and recant, and whethtr mtda
t>! qaadiapada or biped*, Ibe kciurer inaiued on the noccatity of •Miimlng
ttii Ibe L-trataret were air-hieatbtn, (or Ibcir wcisbi iroiild mi bsve been
nAtteal under walac lo bate made iinproiioDi u dri?p bqiI dialincl. Tbo
iMia coocliuion It boiae out by tbc cTidcnce deriTcil from tbe catt* of
cncka i-<u>liic«l ia lh« tame alrata, bjr thriokage, and >o gCDcrallj' aecoro-
fMaiik)! iha inprataioni of frel ; and it «aa remarked that limilar efloett of
IdtaucaiMio are obtervabia ia tha recent nd mud of Nora Scotia, wheta
[thoBunda of aerea irc dried by Ihe tun lo aaiuier, between the tpnng and
I lidei. Tha lippla laark alao ao commua in tliau of CTcrr age, aad
aiaoag oihen io ibe ooal ncatiirc), aad ocw red anoditunc of Gcimto;,
Bagtaail, and Anniica. excmplille* the accnnkte pracriilion u( luperlSi-ial
■^Unp af alrata. ofWo Itat pfOmincDt Ihao thoic cau»cd br lb< Ircad of
nptSlM or large b^di. At ibe diacoverf o( throe apecio of cIi«irolberia
«»> MOB followed b; tbe reeogiuiion of at mtny ipecin of labyiiniliodoti,
an Ihc anoMiineenieBl by Ur. King, In 1IH4, of reptilian fool^priaia in tbe
nataintaot Pen nt; I van it. hat been followed 1^ lbs newt lately received
fratn Ccmaar, (hat in tlie tncieiit teal meaMirci of Saarbnieki aoar Trcen*.
■ke aaitfutr of wbUh it toudied for bjr Voo Decbea, Prof, tialdfaaa bai
iamd liut akelHon of a true aaonaii. Ur. Palntotr, after a cunDi> rxa-
■ilaalinn nf ihi iiii|iinl irrriinnn, bu ttalcJ hi* a]>ioian id ftTour of lii
■■ptltbtn cbaraclar, and tilb>>iigli ihe eiidenee bu not yet been riiourouil;
iMled bf tbe nWHt enlncol comiiaraiiT* oiicologiati of Europe, Mr. Ljell
MJatvt lliai tbc opioion of Prof, (ioldfua) and Dr. Ftlcooer will be ooo-
AnMd. Sash £tct) tbonld titve to pul lu oa on/ guard agaiait premaiwe
(eBinUuttou founded on mere MgitiTC eiidecce, ud cttitlon ui not to
attame ib« picatot Hniti of our knowledge of tbe tiiat of Ibe tnt appear-
ance of anj^ cltit of belagi In a lotail itaic to be idcouctl vltb Uio date of
Ibc bit cicBUoD of lutii bdnga.
PROCEEDin OS or 8CIEHTIPIC SOCIETISS.
INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS,
/aw. Z6.— J. B. M'CoKNKLL, Ei^'t V.P., in Ihc Chair.
ThefirtI annual gcneitl moelitiKDr Iha roemhRtaof Ibia Iniliiiilioii lonfe
plaro U Itldningtiain, ia Ihc tlirilic of Ibc Ptiiloiopblctl Inalamton, (of Ibd
pu'poae of iMTtTing Ihe Baport of the CouncU aod for ilit general tiaiu-
«lio« of boMBcit. There were prottnl timrljr 100 membcrt.
Mr, M'CoifMaL^aaid thai a* (hi* «a« Ihe aaaiTcrtar^ of the ealaWiah.
mem ol ibc laaiituiioa, he would eoDlent bimtetf wiih rererring io ili*
llepMi about (n be (Bad ror Ibe euaHnaaiion, be might ta;, of tha more
tban realised hope* of Ibe moat taagoina pruowten o( tint Iniliiniiun. tie
wat graiiried to ace to targe B nMcting, and regruiad Ihc unetptcud ohicnoa
nf ilic I'rcaidcni.
Tlie tlepeii of (he Cooneil waa tlion road. It conlatntil a brief ontlitw of
tbt prorccdtngt of the Imtilulaon for Uw put jrear : — I be deliiablaoesi ami
tmiMiiuDt of ItiiindiDg a ancietjr tuob a* Uiia «u kaown lo baia been toog
anil eileniivelj fcl( Lj tbe engineeriag and mechanical profualon iu all porta
of Ibe kingdom, and K it aot too much to Tenturc to lay, that tbe lietl
rxpectaiioni of the aciive and leidoti* protnolcfa of tbe Inatitiitiuu btTB
been rulljr ri(8li>«d, and a great tniouni ol •cieoiiti: and valuable infanoulen
bu been bciMAcially and mviuall)r inirrchaotcd and dllTaacd amoogit iba
member*, [a reviewing ibc luatler and iDbjccia broughl under the nellot
Bad dbciMtioa of tbe mambera, aa rororded and detaildl In the minolc* Bod
pro<«edinga of tbe loatitotiaa, Ibc Council fell il tbtii dulj to aoknowtadga
atd particularitfr the following calatble aid t— Ihe iwo pnpcra on thB"Fka.
Blut." hj Blr. Buckle* on a •■ !UU-Aeiing Brenh." by (be Pretideai; on an
"Inrtrtcd Arcb ilrldgn," bjt Ur. Cowper; on •■ l..Aeoniaii*e Engine*," bj
Mr. Ilrycr: oa a " Turn'Ta'ilc Lathe," by Mr, A Slate; on " Jona'i Cat
Babawtlcr." ti; Mr. Clift ; on a " Direct Aclion SHam Helve m Hammer,"
b; Mr, \i. Sroitli.
The (ullomiing recommcndaiioD of tbe Council waa theo read : —
" The Council, having hoil under Ibeir coDiideialion Ibc ^luaiion of tba
number of tbe eiemhcrt of tbc CoiifiHl, bare r«to1*«d lo recommrnd to tha
membcn of the Inttiiution in tuihnrian tbc Council for ll>e pretcnt year to
add to th^r aunber, ao t* lo plaoe one momlier of Council, or mure, a* may
be ooniUofcd dctirablt. Id each diiiilci where luch may be admiiageuui lo
Ihe ialemla of Uio Inttiiuiion."
A molutiea lo Ibo above cffoi-l baiitig bten propoted, wai carried nuani-
moiitly.
Tbr officen fat Ihe earning y#tr were thrn ro-clMled, *ix : — Mr. G. Sla.
pbvnion, Preaiilcnt ; Mr, C. Uejer, J. E, M'ConnBll, and J. Miller, Vloa-
PreiiilftiCt : Meaati. W. Buckle, E. A. Cowper. B. Poibeigin. E. Huuiphreyi,
and A. Slair, Council ; Ur. C. Goocfa, Tieaiunrr; Mr. A. Kinliea, SecreUry.
After the conuluaion i>f the buainett cooaeeled wilb Ibe annual (tnstl
meeting, tb* fullawjng paperi were read t—
liTDRAl'LlC LirriNQ JtCK.
" Zl*icri!|vf ion <tf a iVew Ifyiramtit Lfflitig Jwk." By Ur. Kim. Tmobn.
TOW.
Tbe prioclple of Ihia jadi ia tb* tti»4 aa that of tbe hydraulic prttt. III
net baring been before applied lo a lifting jaok, II u thought ibat the prea«a|
appIiL'uiion of il will br. uieful for a iari«ly of purpotea. lu ailtant
ate, Ihe eaie and iteadiiiea* wllh which a j;rctl n«igh( ran be raited bf i
pcnun i the facility wlib which the lowering of (lie tioighl can b« icfBUuC^
wittxiut Ittionr, and from iheri: being nocircDlar motion of ihc haudic, then
can be no tendency io the Jack to ■•'ill from tba poailion in which il It
placed i alto by tlie uae of alron^ wrougbUircn tuliei for Ihe eyliitdcr and
ram, ibc weight of Ihe jack li Inu ilitn othcn now known. Thit Jack csB
b« vaed is all caaci wb^re othen are Biailable, and in aome wlicre uiheif '
are not w, for the molion of the lever being voitical initcad of lalrial, ig]
can be uaed uhcieter Ihrie ■> luOidcni widih to place II. Withajark*
tbe lice tbowii ouc man can lift fiuin 15 lo 20 tuni wcighi. Mr. Thorntoaj
taid alihough ibc jack irti ngt new iu principle, sac of itt great adfaiilaglt
waa to be lound ia Ihe tddiiional power wliicb it gave to on* man (o rUM
to ft"at a weighL
The CMAinMAw taid be pretiitntd they til undentood tb« deaorlpUo
given by Mt. Thornton. The J ark diiplajFd ilarlf by ilt own appcaranflSJ
and tbe drawlog. So far at tlie trial bn had bad vrith it went, be had eicncJ
rcaaon. lo ba MMlcd. li vraa vet y simple, acted rcry nicely, aad be thougw]
it waa a yvj togeoiaut improTcmciii.
Mr. CtUNrrOH wirhed lo koow ii it bad etcr lumMod down .'
Ur. MiooLBTON taid all pcnont acquainud with luch tbingi mail ba
folly aware that tliey eoold not get a jack boi<d up. Until, howetiir. bd
alteration could be mado in the handle, il could nol be oooildared a good
thing practically,
Mr. Slati obiorred thai though a jack mixht not he ptaciically good
wbcB placed in atembting potilioii, it migbl be good in otbtT ctte*. A jack
THE CIVIL ENGINEBU -VP AUOHITECTS JOKIWAL.
IMa\
Kkc the ou mw before Ibrra aif'bi W uufiil In WtiBg a (mit wdghl, wbere
Ibe ordiMrj ana would not W teO^nt.
Ur. (Ivcxu tboogbt Dial tl>r jack «t« an e(c«*<I>D$1y M«fu1 initrnneat.
' Jin oidinuf }Mk KAuM h* oiucfa mor* liBh)« to ba pal out af ordrr Ihin
' tbe «tM bt/ore then ; beiiilei, it pr((«iklcd greiier r«el1itin far lowfrin^
'vdihti.
Mr. MiiKtK wu at oTHRJnn that ai it wm it ooulil not lie gtatnUr
QMful. ir II vu Hirann tram a trndcr to Ibe sroitnd It wontil be dealrartdt
and ilitir emlorair* tliould Im lo privtai li, if pottiblc. rrom captixiat-
Tilt CnAtEMAK Hid Mr. Thofnluci't object in uiiroiluciiig U wa* to hare
tbe b«nF6l o( lh<it BKpeiitntv.
^fr. PaACOcK aaid, that for looanoHve purpotM It vai not Mioal to
n^a^t ja«lc ; itill, if in othurr r«|>««t* il ponaiaed mlTaaiagci o«er ti, ilia^
oatbl nnt of coorm tn rondrmn it.
In aniwer lo other i|nmioni In* lariniii mernhen, Ur. Tbotntoa laid il
wouM Itn 20 taat i il weifknl alioui ii lb. ; ami it* price wai M gvineai.
Anoliief iveiabrr aiid bo tfaoald pit the jtrifBicncc to Heeler'* jack.
Li/ting jidta wb«a ttid wide, lik« lit«-a<tginc* in a eoHitlry tmna, not brinn
(cnenllf i«i|DtrDil, g«l out »f ordpr, and lie wa* afraid that th> 04i« befnra
, tbam would b« siocb mor« liable to injiiriM of that bind Ibaa th« ordinary
jaek.
Th« CaaiauiNtsiil. Uappeartd that it "tt nbjpcled againn ibe jick.
tbit 11 wat liable to ftt ool of oidar, and that it bad not l!ic aiiiutagra of
Ueelry'a Jack in lifting fiom btlow, but from the top ; al Ibc aatna ttne it
irooM be admltlcd ibat it oa* tteaif in action, and iW in loweriaf odg^l
11 wai necctaa>7 la bate power and comnaad, »a ai to do it alowljr and
eaiilr- There wm one imp^dant point in nhicli it had aol the adranti^,
•ad that wbi in price, lo aiiidet of that bind, lae price «u a eoaii<lera>
ItkM.
Mr. HBNDamoK tboitxht tbit tbe jack pMtwed adnntagta where there
waa a great wai|li( to hri, and only oar man to work II. Another adtaotafc
wai the iiradineu of It* action, Tlio frcai objeetioo *);aintl U wai Ita
Gability to |;ei not of order. If they vaalcd a jack to ralM 20 ton*, he waa
■frt aware that thtj cvald gel an* oibcr li> do it with tbe tanaa ikfrae of
ateadioea).
CTLINDRR. HOPING MACdlSK.
■* 0» H» FUiinff-up ^ Cj/iindf^ far Ltmrnoltft Et,sim*f, and « tinrrip-
liatqf a Matktne/^ Smrng thtm," Hy Mr. C. Bar«ft.
Tbe detlrablencH of barinf all Ibc cylinder* of every claai of locomotire
exftn^a pei f«ct1y alike, ao that Ihey Riaj, at any liRi«, be fbaDgef] in ctae nf
aeCKlrat, or be repUtinl by (pare once, it it primmed will he admitted by all ;
the dlAftilly of aecompliablnji; ibia wiib lbs tool* hiittrrto employed, witl be
Kknoieu to njoal wbo lie eegtf ed in thii branch of Ihe buiineAt. Tb«ie eon-
ilrteraliana. and ibe defect of cjlindcn. tbe author, from lirnr to limr, found
■eerjaary lo bafo reclifird hrfnrc paiiini them In he nied, indiiced iiim, in
Ift43, to direct hia attention to tbe barlnf-wacblnc.
The eonditiooa which a itoad ejtinder bori or ■machine ibould fulfil, may
be atalod at foHow*; — I. Tliat it abauld make the eylindnr perfoctly round
In tta dlanMter, and paralUI in the direelnn of Ita aiit. 2. Tbai the bared
inatde ihoald b< perfectly eonceniire or parallel with the nuiaide of tbe
barrel. 9. Tliat the projedlont hryond Ibe llaache*, tf there be any, tbouM
be true with the internal bore. 4. ThHi etery alrain or prcuure upon ihe
hanrel of Ibe cylinder whibt huring ahould be aroidcd. The borinij- machine
1 iarMfier to be detcribed h» been found , during aeieral year** praciioe, to
'bare an>«rered tbeae conditicfia.
Ma«lr*. Sl-^arp, Orolhera tc Co. eaat tbrir etlinden ffon wood pattfrni in
green land, and comrticnee the pneaai orfieting-up by lieaerihing or pugxng
otf a circle upnn each and of the cylinder, conceatiet to the berrti, and
baring formed tldi circle the ciiili are bcwllcd inwarda by chipping to an
tsglc eorrcMoadinK to that of the platu of tlia eooi mandrill. The cylin-
Am bciag laatened lo the mudiiU b pot into « two-foot ilide lathe, with
Adog matioa, and haa ita end* faced to a gauge, a»d it* projertions lurncd
l4 a gauge, and cut to a length lo gaujie. There are further two noiehea eut
Oiit of two eone diact, to u to allow of applying an inlrroal gaoge for the
Bui-asd-nul length of the cylinder, Thut prrpan^ by turning, it it retnoved
to the boiinx- mac bine, inaerted between l«o pliier. th« Ucvm of which are
planed, and Ihe hole* for rccridng tbem bored froia the borinf;-bar in their
placet ; il ii at once perfectly eonceniiie with aetiing, and needa nothing but
clamping to Ihe platea by hoaJtd bolli or olanipt by ilt flanobea to be ready
for cvmmroTiog huring. For plai'ing Ihe top* of the tleam-clieati and lalra
facinEa llie turned endt are again madr uae of for telting. by placing upon
the planing, mac bine lablv bmcketa placed on their facet and bored out lo
the atine gauge: the cylinder i> turned lo. in order to iniure the pLraUelitm
of UwM parte with Ihe axii, aa fnr limilar irunna tbe Inaide of tbe cybnder
conLd noi be Dtherrriae than cinctniive with the nu.ialde of tho bartrl. Tbe
latbot preftrt aaking a acpjiale ttt of gaugra, lackliDg,&e. for each aize of
31indeta rathe* tkao ecouomiie by iiuLiiig Dm do for nianr, and tiik (he
un of tnialafce* ; and he bnlierre ilui ilia plan here deieribe'1. to work
alwtya from tlie tame point, ia molt likely to tn*ar* aeeoraey. at the favH*
made hy neglect of tbe workmen ere m( niolliplied by autMe^ueut opera-
lion*.
The boring- machine Itorea by two cytindera at tbe aame tine, and ia ar-
ranged to bore eyiioden of 2' V attoke* and from 10 to 2U incbet diaoie-
l«r. Tbe bed le Ibai nf a eoamonalidn laib*, auffl-ienUy looglo eairy ■
double net of dnring gear, aad arftnlt* of a inlbcieBt ua*er«e of the boHag.
earriage. Ibe bariiag-har \t aupporied hy three beariiiga. die former of
whieb it aiailonary and llrmly failMed to the bed lo reiiil the <«4 i*<
preuareof the cub when boring) the Uiter are Bied upon Ilia cartiaga
and tratel with It along the borlng-har. and acne for aceuriNg tbe cylladm
during boring, at vdl be tbuwn bercaflrr. To cautc tbe bortng -carnage l«
more endwaya, a train of nheelt dtaceoilaal Ibe bark of the machine lo fyn
notion to the abaft. ao,l ia ttanafrrred t>y maana of a feaibered worm to iba
worm-wheel and pinion, both of whirii mora looie abofe the fiat itad of
tbeeairiafe. Tbit aame tiud aerie* aa a fulenaiD fur the )e*er. eariTlag open
aiipoNte projeciiont Ihe intcrmcdiaie piniont, wbieh gear ieio the Mad
piiiioai, h will be clear, therefore, that by icitini; the Icrer in tueb a pn^
tioa *» 10 brlag one iiinioa loio gear with OMither pinion faai on the racfc-
pintoo abaft, cuotieo will be gitcn to tbe boring caxiage in one dlicclioa )fl
and la an oppoaite or c«nlt*iy dirr^ioa by nixing Ibe lemr a-) aa to brin^^B
tbe piniona to gear with each other \ and Ibi* «arria;e will be ataiieeary ae ^
independent of the driiing gear altagether, by ke«piag the l««er In ita
middle peaitlon. Tbe rack pinion tha/t ia extended towatda the (lonl of
the machine, to work tbe cariiije b) band iihcn putting in or tnbiag OM
thecytiader, A prorition ii alto made in tlie train of whetU for latjiag
Ibc traverae of the cairi^e by chan|:inf ihe pinien.
To bold (ha ryliniler while boring, the top of the carriage ia foraied into
t kind of t4|uare frame, by meant of two pUla, planed on tbe loaldc aad
baienod to iho tide* of tbe beaHni* or auodarda and two eraia aireatlieta.
Theie latter are alio placed opon Ib-cir inner favn and am aacwiad le tba
tidH and top of th« bonng-tarrlage, and baT< hniei bored in Ihfm when
aeeured in Iheir placea. by meana ol Ihe boKng htad upon the bar eorre<
tpondiog ia diaeietrr to tbe turned pri^eCling eudi uf the cylinder lo ba
tiiored. Il will be teen, therofore. that if the figure of tbe cjtinder lo be
bored ho mmed to Ihe tacnc gaugea at Ihe holea arc bared to. ii necda only
Lnseriing and damping faat by ike T bolla lo be reedy for boring wiihoal
rettoiiing any aettiug ]u itt pan vliatover. One of tbe Croat al'clcbera >» a
fillure. whilgl the olhrr ia rcmuvcd trny time a new cyhnder t« lo be Aaed.
The boring head it a flature upon tbe bar, aod bat only one plau aqotn
lire for boring, ground lo col either way. Tl>ii tool dta into a planed raoMi
made ilightly dnveiailed. and ia held (ut by a tet tcrcw, and eaiily adjuita-
bl« to any dianifter by anotber of thete machiaex. Wc tniploy tbrcaaf
ilieae marhlnea— two douhte once and a aingle one. and one man atiendi to
lline anil the lathe for facing and turning tiie cndi of iba tou^h cattliip of
ibecylinder*. The cylindria are cait at bard aa we are aUe to cut ibtn
with tbe belt rotting louli we can make, and we find il naora adritable M
eompleiB the boring in three eutai the tU«t la often ai miuh aa | iach ta
depth. Ihe iccund we leure about j| incb, and ihe third enn hirdly be enlM
fitting, bul it merely clearing up or fimibinf. The advance, or Ira*artc^ w«
rarely ditnge, and it act to \ of an inch for each rerolatioo of tbe boring*
bar ; or It. for qtilckcit apeed of ilie bar, 3 rcvoluiloDt per minnie ; In tbe
aeoond, I'S rotoliition per minutei in tbe third, ur Ivweai tprcd. 12 re*olu>
tion per minute. Cor baring I& inch eybndera — for roughing out. 1'9 rerw- J
Iniion ppr minute, or cut at 7 foot per minute ; for bonitg, 3 'evoiutioce pre I
mi note, or cot at 1 1-78 feel per miiiuiei and forSniahmg, 1-3 revoluttoo pee ^
minuir, or cut al 5'6& feei per minute.
Mr. CnAMPToy laid tbcy ahould be doing eery great injuallee to the ver;
valuable paper tbey bad heard read were they to diicntt it at (hat Ula hiwr,
ami he thnulil propirie ibat Ihe furllier onniidEracion of it ahoald bn ad>
journnd till the next meeting. Tbe luggniioa trai adopted and the meetiag
letuttiualed.
JACQOAllD PBRFORATItJG MACIIINB. ^
" Dtteriplitit «/* a Pir/omlivg Uaekiite," made for Mr. Ktani, tbe ooa>
tmeiar for iha iron tubular bridge whieh ia lo carry the Cheater and II«I«-
baad lUltway over ihe rirer Conway, by Mr. Fotuckoilc.
Tbit machine it employed to perforate the plalel for Ibe a^i~r named
bridge, and i> ai pre»nt adapted to punch tneh pitebaa only aa that wvrk
requires, rii , 3 inehei and 4 inehet from ctnlrc to eenira of rtvei hilee. with
tatitudo for departing coniidrrahly from tboin (oieneral) pilebea io the laieeal
rowi of the holr^. Thli macblne I* conatructeil to perforate, at eacb itroke,
a raw of hr>le» arrntt a plate 3 ft. & io. biuad ; hut, by eniplojing a eeriae of
card platua (miuilar lo the card* uted in ilie Jacqunrd luom), any number af
puacbet may bo put out of action al pleasure, and by meatu of a bteak
card at the end of the lerie*, the tnarhine is put out of action at a poJal
where no obaticle it preiented to the taking out of tbe peKoraled plate and
pulling a blank plate in ilt (lead. The nperalioa of changing plaleoi
weighing lit or tereo bundredweight each, it perrormcd l<y half a doua
men in lett Ihan one minute, and whilil one |itale la Ving punched, Ibeaa
men get another ready to pul into tlie iiiacbinc. At ilicie machioai t^a
oloveu to iwobe ilrakei per minute. It falluwa that (with a Llncti piteh) •
12 fc«l plate may he punched in lt«) Mian four mloolct. and conaaqonatly
thai (allowing one nunole tnr elianging) it may perforate Iwein iwcb pblao
per hour. Many ol the plalei in ibe bridge aio 12 feel long, 2 It. 81a,
broad, and ) incii thick, and ate punelied for riiett I incb In diameter. Aa
there am bul few eng tnernng cimceena whera inch i peiforttiug maekiaa •■
Ibal at Conway couUl N; rmployeii more tban an hour or two pet day, It
•ppeari t« ba rciy deairalile tut Iromoatlcta alioulU bare them, lad
THK CmL EN'GLXEER AST> ARCHITECrs JOURNAL.
9$
to abkoU itoo tarn nnUoa lor ctiii|^itaiiif tnd bemSn^ vUM; by
rtMi "wiint TtifT -n-fmin hi emliM lo mflf their cdMomMiwMiplMM iR
S'll me «>r belni ritHWd tBfVlhH. Were iMi inien bnragU IbIo ]»>•
flf nglMnt woiilil Ion ifaeit ittmtiMi to adipt tbeir work to tha cay*-
BiiA— of tiM prrforatins macfaim, mdtliiif fntt perfeetloa, i Ha pa W h. and
Iffftf u iiy of mntroction wmAA be the mull. A ilraninf npmmnl a
llBlTiTiii (timllar ia arinAple to that alrtady dtscrttierl) adaptrJ lu [icrfum-
te (SIKr aod tbin AmI mtal, lucb ai (kT«t and wiadon-bUnib are made
nfla ulilcb ftein perfarafiwi*, arrangcJ in M|aare«, mf be nade by a »\ag\t
mw of pHtiAt* i and perfitaiioiw. airiogtd lyriawmadly, nay alao b* made
In I ^i|ile roM of |.imrt>M. by giTiof to lb« ptate • latertl aHemUtlaf
■gtioiiTliiti ■ doulilf mw of piini.4i«, amnced iMennedinely lo (acta other,
bac^tnbla. Eaeb □rtbenimnpitHnuadiniltflra great vaiiel* of rmnr
wnt nqr be proihieei] bv puacbei of rariouk farai aiut slifi, nt-kh ihall he
m B io up tJ lagMher aa to (tn <o tWc noik a colnmnai dTeci -, sad ibe range
tf ibli dMO mv t>e cneMBtd l^ ffiTioK '^^ P^o^ * i>|-ias «r waved tMotion.
lid itin fonlwr cxieaded bf eonbiMini tl wilb the Jaeqnard. Aoolhsr «laM
d paltcrai uay be pt^duccd by ecnplojrtng two dlitinet >«tt of pmcbM of
Utetal I'M or form, arid wflh narh let t Jie>iuard. to bring piititbea «f Ibe
M or olbrt *et into irtton at rr>|tiintl. «nd ih'i* be made lu produee tepre-
HDlatiAM o( fifnra. badatapea. &r.. at pleanire. A furttier varioty of gut-
Una nMit be produced hj tbe iAroducttoti at iiiterritt of ptincbn conlala-
)M tct paltenia, locti aa tprip, ft:i«oi, Stc, >nit perforating tlie pomd
3b imin pandKt.
Tbe fonfoini ii bat a brief dMcription of the cmpafainitci of tbe Jacqoard
Pofiinting llachiac. wbicfa in goud band* would bn foand tn bn nraH; co-
oteltrB with Iboee of tbe J trciua'd loon. Anotbcr (trawiii; r^r«oenl«d a
Hartlt orttni machine for ahrarinR fat the one •i<l«}an[l pun«hinf (on the
Htlin), *' th0 umetiiae, plelet of iron | iiieh in thick ntat with holet 1^ ia.
b fiauelcr, and lo pulona both pioeenet to the extent of IS Inche* tracn
the fdgo of tbe ptale.
Tbe Cn * iaM\3i lald H wai i maelune rcpreae a ted a* pcmliarlj adapted
btHTfontiiig ptate* aied in ihip ftoem-bollorN tftdcra, Ax. Etitt,froin
IW daacripttan. It appeared lo Mm to b* a very umTiiI ntaohloe tot tleain-
ilCttl scnnall). Socliig Ibe gTai occurarv with irbich ih« punch n made,
t «miU be ratbat iineralioj to foltow out the appllcatiilitjof Ibe nu-
diw.
lb. Aid. THomxTOK ukrd If Ibe maehine pnnriied in any oiber than ■
((rti§bt direetioa I — Mr. roTitaaeiu. taidll dU, and It would puneb Iwelra
Wo aKmco.
Hr. Bbtcu Ihonght it wm a rpr; noelbitt pnnchinit iRtchino. and ft
KcU be a))|)lied lo a grrat rxteal. and to alt ordlMr;>tlz«'l hnllcrs.
la aniwvr to qoettloiit fiy Tiriaus (neniber*,1lr. Vaihrr{{il1 »ud, all tlie
pnodici acted npou the plate at tbe tame thne.
la vdtT to |iie an idea of tbe natarfl of tbe wort lo be performed hjr
tiw nacUae. ne rabfoiu the anaciad.41a|raai and dcacnption, tiico tnm
Ur ifnrAnter OnarMm .—
"TlKdiaK"*" lOpra^aU a portico of a wroi>|bi-itun plate, which wo will
MBoe to be, wbea enlirt, 12 feet long bj 2 lect muie, and j iiiili in thick-
mm, mA n^ulnag to bt per(»ral«>l. aloog cacb tide* and eoda, bj a row of
Um tveffy four ineho) auinder from centre lo ecolte. ajid each aa iacb
kAtveicfi aiwellaa bxecrtaia inieniMdiale holn of (ha Mtu ai», tbe
dlnilwi of wbicb wiQ be beat iiadaralood from the diijraiiii.
■"Oa toeblogc to tbe leA taaadof lhsdl>|Tanirrpretenting the enliieenJ of
Ue plate, n mil bo aaaa Uiat Iben ii nriiullr a raw af kith dau. rcjirc-
mltn> aeico perforaliooa or riTri-holc*. Tlmn perfurailoni the maclilne
iHkM at one moment, hj bringing down wiih iioinenie force arrea pundiet
if tempned »t«l( npon ihat part of the pt>iv which at the time retl*
ofoa tha uioc nutnhcr of dU«, alto of irii)p«T«<l atcd. Tlieic perforaiioiit
Wag Kuulc, Ibe puacliri arc lifted tlt*t of the plaU, which i* then moved
fioiaidKpagitndniallt, tutly foariMliea; and then the tinklng paeutiariiy
tl (he aueUne eoetet iM'i |>lnr.
•> H wW ba leoo on lauhinf carefully at the di»)[Tiim. that the arcond rair
imHt^Dj of porfbratum, couniiij; from left lo rtjtht. inttcad nf Kvea oon-
tdn only two, one at ihr upper and Ihi? vthtT at the lower iBBrgbi.
art tanaig a part of tbe iwn ride row* of riveubotrt. Theoe two bolci
flNiRMidiltn perioratn aim at one blow j bat a* there an ftn^n punchm,
anl naly two ate nqiirrd, the fi»« imwiB'r'diati: onM ate ihrown out of lue
W g cootHrancf riactly (riuiUr in tirinriple (4 thai Of Iht Jae<inard loom,
by wfald -ftgarei ite producod in iilk* and other fatirtM. The tUrd verttell
raw «f hole*, olilt eontinmng froni the left, eoneitt* of foot, the fourlb
^■fai of two. tbe Kflh of three, and ao o«. the nntnher Tmrring thrcMgb the
«tals leagth of the plate ; and. in eath caac, ihr eaaehbe Itt^lf, wiihoui the
^ditcit iaterferenee of the workman, tnuves the pUie on to the rtqdlnd
OMaiim, tAtm tbe prepet uowber aad rigbt ailuation of the paaobca, mebM
tbe re^ilte imAar af porfontrOH, and Arowt Itulf est of actioa vkcb
the plate b cantplatad. Tbooe who are awate of tha fMoe BtCMMrr to peP-]
foraieaniraa platA of nederatBtbickoeii.cven with a un|be paad of aoiall
•iao, ai^r form aane Jadgmenl of ib« enorBonc power mtoind to \mftf
MvcB poacbet. each aa incb in diameter, tbrougb plalee tbraMioanera of h
iaob ibick ; and it ia a littla aiognLBt to aee tkia tnorntoaa power regulated
ia it* operaiioo by the Idcaikal IMWH employed tn produonf figure* ia ibe
MM daiicalo fabtica. The maelilBe ia calcaUed H> nuke, wban nccaaaarji,
hMWaorforatioaa by one tUoke, and to prodace aay n^inutc eomUiMttoa '
of twalve or any (iMlbr ountber of punobei, at ibtaneea of three ur lam •
inebea from oacb otlier. 1 Ur tft*i with which tka worii ii perfotmed nuf I
be nndenUud from Ibe fact, that 11 regnlitly ooeapiatai tbe jwrforatian oT '
one pltle of the aiie above deacribed,— namely. 12 feet long and 3 It. 4 Ut
viilt, — in lour miautoa; and if the pkloa were to quickli tupplied aa to
preKBt any loea of tioM. which might tatily be done, it wduIiI cotapleie ,
theai ttgnUfly at ttet rate. Aa it i*, Uiy have bera compioied hi fear i
hour*. Hiu tbe faealiir and du^cfa reanlting from iba uae of ilic oMtlila*]
ore not, pnhajn, in jjrcalcal mcula. m far at leoat aa tbt coaibiKtioa sEl
tnbalar hndgca and tfcaiut aro cooMcned. In tooh emt*, the tirenfth cJFl
tbe Ckbrie dapoadi io a gnat dagroo upon tbi whole of the riveta eanifdeielf T
flUiog tba perfomtkiat, retainiag a regalar eykadrical fom, rootinuing pef- 1
flietly atraight, and bciny, tbroughnat Ibait lengib. euctly ai right aaglw 1
wUh tbe facea of tbe piatet. A> earti af tfce perifMationa re|ir«eeiiicd in th«
diagram ia iniandad ta coenapond with a aimilar perforaliira. citbec iai
aostkar pUie. or in aa ai^ or T iron, ii aiuat be obviom tbat detiaiioae tal
oppoaile dirociioDa of a aaatcenih af an iaeh tu each, would pievaal tev|
fttling «acb other by an elgblh of aa inEb altogether i and, «b»eter miglife]
be d4n« by (nUrging ooe or holli of the hole*, to bring Ibem a bitle Ofttnf
each other, the firmnvM and •Irrngtii of titr woik matt be impured hy be
dimsKKi of the rivot being rendered la tome degree obli^ur, initm] of beliig
tiaelly at right angle* wiik tlie pUle i nbtbi, in the work peefoincd bv tlMjj
uaAine. the peifaraitoni are »«t out with luch accurat; that they ama
correapond predtety, and ibo i^tett leiaio tbaii proper foim and direction.
TAe Dimitr. — In ib« evening the mambort and ftiaadi, amounting tal
abonl 100, dined tagriber at tbe Queen'a tlolel— Mr. M*Conne11 prmidtng. '
ROYAL JNSrnTTE OF BRITISH AR<;HITEtT8.
Jm. 24.— Mr. CnAiiLx* Fowi^aa, V.P.. in the Chair.
The donaiioM incladtd a numlier of wnrhtbrtheetlebiated ticliSiihigut,
M. lie CaumODt, of Cam, a oorrctpoadiag memlifr of ikc Intiitute. IIt.
Wallaa aeai a potlioa af the motaic pavement foond nio" fed below Um pcf ,
aent laid, wUla digging Ibe fuundaiioaa Cot Ibe »«* werehoiitc* -f Htnr«. \
Morhy, at the eonwr of UrcAham -al'oel and Wood-itroei. U>. Wallaa'
tlMUgbl a (Ionian temple foniMily alood oo the ipnt.
Preffuor Dov^^lummt read a paper on ■■ Coea. it* Qumrrir* ouf SmiUhf,
ttirha/htttor^aitjrm." Thia paper wa have given ia full in aaoihBj
part uf tbe /MwaaL \
Some eery Irigb oomplJmewte weic paid to Ur, Donaldion an tbia ealuabk
paper.
FH. 7.— )rr. Anoklu V.P..)nthe Cbair.
Among tite dana.ioiia ■eporl«d were Caniaa'a work on Etrutia. unit ja i
■ame of abe Queen of Tuicany ; Mr. Sbariw't " Arehitectanl ParalMt ;" i
devon volumoi of tbe " Dan £ritaag." iht ucbjltrcliinl jmimal of Vienna,
edited l>y Ur. Poraler; and pane of BUliogi' -* Aatiqui(ie« of SvptUad."
Ur. Wright ecnt a art of diawinga lUuitrativc ml iho eciting at Carpenter^]
UaII. London -wall.
Mr. G. L. T»Tfco« rr«d a paper In rcfteenec lo the New WrtMm Ota4
Company, entitled " Somr ^hitrmti^mavt Canrtrit.aitd tke ifrfofff ^ fjbj
Jiamifliiturr qf Cat ; vitb the rinr ij/ aAw-Jay fAo* U '• «i»wWr if i
f igmfrmf » Fvrr n to ir rn/rW»cffrf ^wtfieitOji thr^a^hoitt {/•nrttt, Afami^]
Ur. Bcms obiMiad that formerly be rtaldcJ at Edioburgb ( ttial be ha<1
tnict ■» many Lurntrt aa be now hn in London, arid paid at a muth tii^ltr
rale, bdag 9». per l.ODO cuKic feel. The gro., rli*rg;i- n Edin'^iiigb m|»I
lio«rv«r only one-half of Ihe London jerou nhirjie, arxing from ilie iup«n4~
illumiiiatinp 4]uulJlie« of Ihf Kdinlwirfli gt>. tl li tmt, tlie lalter it ma '
from Cannel mal : bnt there ■ an unfortunate lemplatkin to gaa oenp**^
ni(« lo drtrriotaie Ibe (jualiii of gat, m aouae<taienc« af tbe rtiarte botf
Made on iha qoanlity. lie fiirlhr^ Dbarned. Uiai lliougb the Eitmbiiigh gat
ia autierior lo illuminilni pjarr. it ia aol froe fiom impuritiea : in pens/ of
wbicb ha aaid all the bonk^bLndiui aiul laailicr fnmkiwe of a new dnb-hoofe
U Edinbargb bad been doaUoycd by Id* gaa, at tlie bcok-biudiag of the
AlbeiiKum club-bouae, in l«ndi>a, W lil(e<*Mc liMn injntrd.
llr. pAwian dwell upon lb* luipoitauce of ihe punficatioa of gai. anil
taid tlutl Ihf new plan ihoatd itt praciieabiliiy.
Th« Weueen ta* L'wupaii; \i*m tbur workt In i baildiag at Ken*^-
groco. 16G feel ia dumtUir. They prupoae to uee Caoael coal, and aoi
gaa 11 fie. per Uwoienid iaol, whicb tbej aay » u rbcap at common gaa at '
per theewand.
Ii
to
THE CIVIL ENGLNEER AND ARCHITECT'S J^HSJLL.
rUuor
IXSTlTfTION OF CIVIL EMf.lN'EERS.
Pti. I. — JoAHrA FfSLD, tUq., pMsident, la the Chiir.
The r«K9iffc»Ti la Ukisfc '^ Clwit for the Iral ljm< tinco bit tkction,
ilraMCil Ibe iDeiiilwn M eontidortlilg Itngtb, dBclUng chitllv on tti« inlj-
BiU c«nn«cUaB belwMD (he cifil u^A uMbanlcAl mgineen, llicir dcprnd-
I npor each ollinr, and the impocUnM of fDilnUiklag tbu aiiioa bctiTMn
itbe two bnnehn nf Ihn profr^ion tlitt lud *w b«*n one of Ui« miin
)i«tiJK>« of the Iniliiullon. lie iliawed, ibit orlsinall; ngtiiMTlnj: trts oob-
[Uneil to Ih* ranttrudiT« or tiKcbaainl brtnctie*; niiiDg heavy woigbtt.
llmiliiiBg null*. drBiftincminet, vaA all the pritnithre wuti of nunliinil ;
ytj degree*, u ciTilliUtDn txtcndcd, the exifcndet of the norld bftCkme
> fiCBtcT 1 luxnrici were rt^itirtd, thil could oalj be lupplled hj f roaler <x-
■rdiC of lalcnc tnd »kiUi maaar*C(9nr) ««re inuUi|j1ie'I, m-tnual Ubouc
COlttd no longer (bISm, lh« >t«ua-»ngine vai g«netal)y employeJ, and th4
■rBOMcqueiKC of Ibit iaCT^MC of prodoclion *tt, that like tmJi rei|air«d to
I meMdMl, riverii and canili to be cut, for (■•rrting titii Bbimiilinrii of nur-
handiM aitd piuengen, vbUit dodki and barbom rt^annd ejnending, for
I ttoc^tiMi of ib« iliippini for the iacrcaaiag aport trade. Thau vula
Hed Into lieiug anotbtT elaia of mea, ftlo, with iieal mechanical akjll,
|nmbined more tliia onliBBrr tbtcmeilcal knowtedfc and bwilotaa habila, (o
vnable Ihcm lo contbine aitd tue tbe powen of all otber ctitw). TImm man
irerc Icriurd civil cngtu^n. ia eoalradiaUnction lo mililsry onsineen. wliute
«duGa(>ou iDil cupciitnirc filled tbeio to1«ly for tbe art of war ; and bj iIimc
ikea, GiYll Britain hud bt«n placed BrtI in Ibe litt of lh« eiviliif ri of ntan-
~ktad. tXr. Field, » tbe 6r«i preiident elected from among ilie ni'ehaniu'al
['nginHn. dilated, at leoglb, upon the inrncnie alridei made wilbia the liU
iMBtnr; in the produclloo of the oiecbunii: atii and in giuMic warki, under
! conbloeil eflbrli of Die two claaaea alludd) lo. lie then rntfred faair.
BJovtely upon tb« tiibjctl of aleam natigalion. lo whicb he \\tA ptincipallj'
vDied hli pcraonal altcnlion, and gats inoai intrreaiiog deiailt of llie sub-
, cndLng by apologlalrg foi occupying to nueh of the tirac of the meet-
Bg hj >a;ing, thai h« niuit be pcmilled lo feel more than ordinary pride in
'bein); elected the pre>iil<nt, when h« looked around blin, and aaw that tbe
4t*oeiatian of lU yoatvg en^seen. who, in ltil!t, net uMajionally to chat
Vw OMebaaicat ttifafecli, had eiicnded, ia the eourae of Iwenljr-aine jcari,
~IU itodctf cODliating of upward! of 800 toembera, and oomprWng wilbii)
lit aliiMal alt iba engineer! of eminence in Great Biliain, — Tbe addreia via
|«cbeDMBlly appltaded, and the prefident was rtquealed to alloir it to be
btcd In tbe mlnulea of proiredinga.
Tbe diMiia!ion araa lh«n renewed upon Mr. RAxaoMR's piper, " On the
' JVoPHj/hWHre (/ Artf/tdat Siotu."
Tbe Dean of Weatminilef , Sir Heaiy De la Beebe, Mr. John Phillipi,
Dr. Garrod, Mr. Barry, and olhei vieiton, look [lari in tbe diieunron with
,lhc principa! mcmbera of the Initilntion. The remarla turned rhiflly upnn
[tbe chemical and [ihytical propcriiei of the niatanal, and ih* coat of ita
lunlon in tlie moulded forui at cuuipatcd lo tint at cAtvcd none. In
I cbtntical prnpcrtica it wai ihuwn to l>e at trail C4|ual in purity to the
duellon of Nature; for, on Ifac ililcnKUli of the eminent chemiiU wbii
[ ivlijccted it lo acvcte tetta, it «»• proved to hv totally in»ol>ib1e in boiling
Water, ba1tt.v^r lonii imnierted. and alio to be eapabli* of retitting tbe action
of mineral acida. In tbii lespert itdifftrrd from glati, wliich alwaya yirlded
a portioB of it* alkali to tlie ai^iion of waier. It wk furtlier ilutrd, that it
kad perfectly retiited the aciiun uf froit, viiea DUeil wiib water bating been
C[>«-aicdIj friK'n niihoDt their iiistaining any injury. Siliifictory italc-
cnia were adduced aa lo !i) rirrngth and other phyiical propcrLea, and
rerjr iatcreating remarka were naado oa the aulijccl, com|iBring ibe
iobitaace prodooed artiAcially vitb cerlaiu Mudatonei fuuud in Ihia coaotry,
which, by the action of coupiciiion and bMl, bad a^tiined a de|;'ec of haiil-
ncsa ecjaii ta quirti>. Th« expftrlmeuta of lUU and Watt an the prodiieiinn
uf aMiAdal itonea were alao alluded to u hiring upon the qncition. tx-
perinieiita uiado on ibe itrengibof thearilQclattlotie proved jt to he aupentir
to ilioae natural itonei Willi wliifh ii had been tested— lii.: Caen, Bath,
York, nr ToitUnd tinnr. Nnmeroui ■pedmcni mere Filiibited lo Ihr meet-
ing, allowing it) uiiivrraal applicability to coitatructiie and decorative pur>
IpOKti fractured piccee wore abnwn uf every variety of lenture, from tho
Lporuaa aanilitune to tbe moil compaot granite. Thu print of tlie material
I wai ataleil lo b« iu<h ai lo reader it available for all uMful and otoaniental
< purpOici.
fW. il.^Joi^HUA TiKi.r., Eaq., Pretident. in the Chair.
Tbe paper read wai " ^it aeeouat ^ Iht rrenl Joipreanjuiili m lt»
Di-omapi' and Sfvagu uf RrUlol." By Mr. ikuto Crkkh.
From tliit aeeonnt it ttipear«, that for many yeara paat, great reformatioD
liad been re^ntaite in the aewage of aeveral parla of the city of Brittol, and
'more eapedally in tbe lonlitiea adjacent lo the eourae of the Hirer Froome.
'^hoie channel had become a larji; criipool. tpreadlng tniatma and diaeate
•n around. Thii riier formerly emptied ii!elf into the ItWcr Aion, in the
|dty;aiid then alt that inai hrouglit down by the atriMiii nai carried away
I V the tide i but, when to farm ibe floating hartiour, the uld coiirM of the
lATOBWBBdaniinedncraia by lock-Katct, and anew cui waa made for carrying
fvff (be eontent* of the acwcra ciupt;ing tficaiaelTc* into the FroojDo, a tjuli-
^aca of the moat »rrioua character wii created, and Ibe bed of the river
bentne perroanenlty aflVeted. llr. Mjlne, aome yean linee, tonstmcted a
lateral culvert from the miAaui^Anre of thi! Froome, dihoui:ltmij In tbe nnw
cut : thia did partial good ; bat atill th« gtneni alato of the nver remained
Qnlmproved ; and, in AeUltnae to tie uaiTeraal denisnd (br maiUTT
tbe wilhotiltea of Briatol 4npkiyeri Mr. Green to dcrtie Bad csecoln
for the inprovtidcnl of the aewago of tbe part of Ibe city nott deiaan<
il. lie laid out couiprehen»ive plana, but the oitloiaie of Ihrir coat cu
Uie fund* it ibc iliapoial of the coDocil i ao he KOdifled then), and tte
had proved rnont tucMitful. Tlie proeeedingi were to bring the daiBMl
the river lolo aa gnifonn vridlb, by building lide wall*, with gutien in ~
npper alouet, eonvcying the lewage into tbe alream. obHteraiing tbe
and daaning np the bed, Ihua bringing il to an uniforni Inclination ; r
Ing the nbilractioni uuifd by the pier of ibo Caiilo Uill-aireet^iridgt
lowering tbe height, and csUodinK ihe length of tbe VTcv at the caai'
moat, wilb new floDd-gatea, &c ; dcopening Ibe bed of the upper part of
itleam, and Ibui miking convenient amngeiaeDta for cleaning oat ni>d ti
iag the cli*.nnrl. ind paiiitii; oir the pic^Iucti through UjIm'b calverl irt
the new cut, wlicncn it woi conveyed nMuy by tbe tide. The Doofc BMi,
pany't cutTeit waa alao deanaed anil repaired at the taxie lioie, ud brvo^'
again inio uperalioa. ManydKUculiiei aitmded theae pronedings, iMtthiy
wore akil/ully eombateil, and the rcauVt hti been moat complete luooen ; oil
it la to he hoped, that the further anieliorutiuna of which Ibe general acwua
of Lbe city la luicepilbic, may he e>)ii«lly aucceiiful under the coulrol of >u.
Greea, nbo baa lu ably conducted tlicm upon a modiiinl >cale. for, 8> tlie
actual eapendilure woe not more tlian £4,^7. aa aUted io lbe paper, and
•udi beuefieiil tffeeU have been obtained, tlwre can be no rcMon why toj
propee laeaiure of aanltai; reform abould not be carried into efface.
[d the diicitaaion wlucb mined, aevrral very able men took part, bearing
iMtimnnj to the aatiaraotoiy nature of Ibe imptovencnU made by Mr.
(irren at Driitol. The cant«riition then turned npoo lbe cnptoyncnt of
thcconicnti of aencia for ngrimtinral puipaata. Tbe ayitem proimed Vy
tbe vaiWni cumpaniei were detaikit and canvaaaed. The Uada which bad
been rcnoered fettile by the apjilicaiion of ttfiud manure, dcw l^iaborgb,
and new Maaifield, were •jvute<i as oxiuple* of the rJliciey of Ibr ijaleui
bul, oti the other haml, it wu ihown thai tlifie were net fair cumplM, B
the loealitiM were peculiar : I he coil of the etUblLibing waa mneh larger
than coold nmally he bnrne ; and that, in general, if ihe dittribuiion Of the
conleoli of tbe lewera wu to lie made by pipca and pumping, the relum
would never repay the oatlay.
Frk. 1 J.^Th* dbcunion upon &fr. Green's paiier, wu renewed, anil oon-
tinned throughout the evening, lo the ciduaiiin of all other biuineaa. Tht
main ohject of the paper appeared, unfortunately, to bo loat light of ly the
apcakera, in thdr anaiuly to luring forward, or to defend, the poittioai oi-
lumed by varioua companie*. vthich hi<l beei\ formtd at diSiireni period* far
aaiog tbeprodneia of the lewer* forogrieultaral pnrpoaet, bnt vtbi^k, in the
fomar i>aiiof thf dUcinUon.bad beeniDraevctiat impugned upon conaaienial
ground!. The iialeinents made at Ihia moating were only repelitioiia of
what hu been repeatedly printed in repotli, and in evidence Itcfore Ihe
lanilary comniiaainiia; and the whole evening may bate been Mid 10 havt
been viaalcd. in »piU; of the altcmpta of aotne of lbs raenben to bring the
iliicukiinn to Lbe real (jnaiioD of Iho boit nodei of layiog out a syiicta of
icwige for large lowua, tbe form! of the aawera. Bated upon the Uwt go-
Teraing Ibe coiivcrance of Suids— which. It had bMn italtd in aen* of tbe
" blue bookt," were nnt und«riload by civil engineer!, a itatroHBt wbicb
woi aliown by aooie of the tpeakcra lo be not eonaunint wilb facit ; fortbil,
if Ihe aeleeted, rather than col I ecled, evidence given befrirc Ike llealibof
Towna Ctinimiaaion were analyied, it would he aeen thai ih< eiploded
dajciniii of Dip older wrileri on hyiliiulin bad been icccived and adopted!,
rather than the formula! of modern nrilera, or the aciual )iractice of civ2
cnglnecia of ctnincncc, wliube experience on tucb lubjoctt ^la Decotsrily
great. It wav iruq, that bilbcrtui in comeiiuciicc of tlie ahaoiliinj; loptc of
railwaya, emineBt engineen hud not detoted Itienmr-We* to Ibe lubject
lewage to the extent they might have done i but, nhpn Ibe tine arrived
thrir doing i>a adviniageonily, or the enerci*!! uf Ibeit aklll waa deauad«d
Ihe governinent, or by priiiteentorprliie, they would be found qnitc pi
10 detoic ibernadve* to llie woik.
SOCIETY OF ABTS, LONIXJ.V.
Jim. ]9.^Wti,T.i«M fvrn«H.(>ii.L Cook*, Ksq., in tbe ChBtr
The Sccrclarr read a paper by Hr. llAiirtiNo, " On namt OMimt Gntk
^'<un, tarmalid iu f^^ /rom Tomia near Ihiiatili, U fAe Itlkau» ^f■,
Crinth."
" In the autumn of IR40, having obtained by piivalc influtnce. an «i
from the piimc niiniatcr, priniiitting nic to cicaiilc for anliqaitica, I foo*
ceeded (obtervca Dr. Harding) to Corinth, and bcming that lbe peuBsW
freijucntly found ancient t'imba, ccnloiiiing vatet, uiidei the villiun of
Iletamili, I proceeded thither with t paity of lalionrera. Iluunlu Ubb
between Connih and iu aneient port of thinere. iritbin three mltea it
Ihe t pot where the Ivihmian gam^a ticrn celeliratf^il. The ground abont
tbiamili ii, for llie mott part, rudely cultivated, and growa good cropa tS
wheal ; ancient qnarrlea uliu abixmil. The plan adopted la acarching lot
tombt il Out of boring the groiind with augen. levcn feel long, till Om In*
atrument rocrta vitU aoina obtlacte to ila further progreia, when it ia »itli>
drawn, and iht ground it again pierced in other diccctioM, lo aacataia Ibt
■iM and aiiiirt of lbe obatiuction i tbii ia alio teitcil by liie aoand of Iba
InRrnineDl alriklng againtt il. When a tomb it diicovered, and tbia {■
generally al a depth of aboot four feel, the earth it excavated is llie oraal
THE CIVIL ElfGHfEER AND ARCniTECTa /OUBXAL.
in vhleli gnrta an dug in EnfUnd ; ud u toon u iaI1!dent of
|en«nBf of ibc tomb b eipcMnl, a nan liU down with a beiTj htmnier
iM b nsed bjr mnoa*). and nitb tliii a We ii mute iu llie Ud oi
WKiij( ta iIm tenb. A haad h llica Oiefultj inierUd, aad hnman booei,
«Hi, &c.i U« geaeralljr eitrtctcd. Tbe gnilevt nanli«i of tim* I fouod in
■BTUAlMab wa« («utlMi), and ekildnn'* tonbt li*d proporlionallj imall
^ma. Haring ia l)ir«a dafi <»11t«l«d enough to load onv »f Ibo tmall
Mntt of ibc ceuttnr, I got ihem to Corinth, whenu ihtj mtte icnl lo
Atttu, and aAcrwara b; Ka, ina HUlia, le Londan."
Hr. Braoti, of the BriUsh Ummb. wm in attendiBM.iD') ilalrd Ihal tit
«M noablo to |iva any accoont of the chtmlnl can>litci«ijit of llie vun,
« the partitslu manner of Ihdr fUiricuion; Mill he ihould Ik glwl lu
oftr a few remarks ia ttttitan to iho tpKinicns ethibited. It l> on);
of Me jean (be obMtred) ib*t ibe conciutioo had been conic lo that
tMj^ Bunfaciorici of luca csiittd in Greece i <bcj had aliraft boea taf-
pOMd la bo of Etiuican prodD<«. The Acliln art h>d tieta luppoced la ^
raafllifd almoet Otiuiircl;' to [tal;, altbongh numtrom ticavkiiont b»d
tan enada at Athesi. aad a few al Corinth, vrtich h«d proda^rd ipe-
I nnibee to Iboae ciblbilfd, and whil^)) h« divided uiia cla*t«s. The
■Bdaiit naei (aod wkidi are dlilingsiabad ttom all otberi by the
nMtrU of «hjcb Ibr; arc compoied) iir« of a liglil jtUow claf. and bate
dpuea and aaitnaU poiated «o thtia in a maroaa colour. Their date ii aup-
(Ned to be abawtSIC <reara btforc Chriit. Aboot thia period Ibe ItcUlc
■t la rtpmitd lo hi'c Im<q introduced among Ihc Blmtcaat b)' the Oreeka.
Aeaceend dau of vawi are of a pale red da;, and Ihc liguic*, iotlead of
bciiig of a maiooa coienr, are traced ia black, in ord«r<o khow the deiaib
BOra fitlineUf. Tbit eijle appeari to date from the flfth lo the middle of
Qm hmth ctBtury before Chriil. The third ctut ii on« in which the
laid on br mcani of a reed. Dul pcrhtpi the higheti iijle, md
I b Mcubar 10 the lawi fuuod at Athena, b that in wbicfa the uuiltne,
and in while peint, or a lart of carbonate of Hoic. The rate*
he tbougbt ptculiarlr inicrc»tinf, «a deciding that the ta«e« of
_'■•; bo couidcrcd lo bo the naaufacluro of Crccki actlkd In Jtalyi
fsot imported (roin Ct*t<t into Ibal oountiv.
'Dr. ftAJioiMo aialed tliat tbe tenbi at tluaniili aetro to b«ve been
■tttand in irrqnlar palcbeai tel the eemtter; ^netTi to have been reiy
KlaMl««t loeaanriegBeiTlf halfaiDilein rach dirocUoo. No tnacrlptionaor
■arka whalnei are vitltile on tbe itooei of the touba, nor la Ibere anf
qltKc appareot dilTetcncc exitiaallj' than that of aixe. The boRM in thctn
VCK tolerablj (Krferti and tbe iknlla aearlj entire, lie found bnt onr piece
of nctal, ajT^ienilv part ofa br^c broou needle or bodkin. Gcnotallj, llic
BOaMnt) of iht lonitn were in a wonderful itate of pttacTralion, conaidcrtog
Ihal Uwy were, in all pfohahdii;ri >t Icatt 2,QUU jcaci old.
/•N. 2d. — Gsohgt; Mooaa, Kiq.. P.R.S., In the Chair.
TW S«crtta/7 read a kticr from Mr. DwvaR. in which he Hate*, ai the
Soctet; ia lo n»cel for Iha ptirpo** of iiiTtiti|tli»g the fermt of Aneimt
Puiwty, be begged to preaent for [it acceptanee a urics of aketcliet, btlicT.
il^ that th«j might prove of some utiliif in aisliting i'.s rctcnrehet. He
laji (hat hatlnf obMTTed tfatt anctenl art ^rnprally niiginalct Ihroiigb the
lBttatk» of natnral objecta, he wa« led to infer ai hlghl] piobalile Itut the
betniifnl ootUDca of tbe Urtdaa vaaea emanated from liiutlir lourcet; and
■rec ud cd to point onl ifce exquisite formt of leaves and fniite, toigeattog
Sm protkable nMinet io which Ibc; had been used lo |We cbaracicr and
^aaiilj of outlioc to Iboto man u fact urci.
Tha taeoml conmonicattaii was from Mr. W.T. CiurrirHit, end accom-
faaicd k copjr of bii wock " On lAt yatural Syttem nf .irehittxlutt."
7Wom»Boicaiiea alluded lo the norV 01 iioinliaK out the goomeliJcal
mfortian of tbe temple* of Greece, \aA cillin^ lUcniion lo (he apptiea-
Mmj vt gootattrteal design to domoilic nrchitectiirt, and tt alio alTardinj a
mSj mvauk of obtaining besoiirLd pattern) for oi) rlott*. nrpeii, ttv. The
■alhar Iben proceeded to |ioinl out (be improbahdii}' of the ancient Ureek
nns haing eorutruetcd on an^ oiher Iban pure geonelrlcal principlet, as b
leotad by aaaliiit : and conclnded bj alluding to the mistaken but terjr
■matejtt oolion thit to produce a hcjnttfiil building, it it nccniarj lo over.
Hadbwitli nacrctrlclDut ociituicui, — instead of fccllni ibst tbe more tini<
|1b b often the moro b(«aliful ilcsifn.
Mr. Vadlit made some rciDarkt in reference to Mr. Myyei't comniuai-
MlaOo, and itaicd that althftngh we hare manf artists of bighlj'-eitltivsted
iHle, still the]' bafc not iht ncerisar} knowledge to tnsble lliem to prodncc
geedarl. In referenoe lo a leaf hsving glicn Hae to (ho forma of the Greek
tMea, be otonld obier ic Ihsl a leaf Iti iLitlf li a peiidniiC body, and ai such
b larj bcauiiful : but no >i(i;Ie leaf would itaDd ujjriijbt. Wc might laLc
Mac pendaal frulla, lach as the spplc.— which might be said lo hsti^ a
iam, aad amnc lase* E>i|ht be compared t'» it ; but he did nut think Ihsl
llaj gare rite to the foras of ihc Greek isiei, although be luuil adaiil l>iRt
Kiliuc was the firit leacbet uf tieiyiliing tl>«t it beautiful. Ther* ure rn-
Itia rales, Hi, Vsttey uid, which fitlure suggeiti. snd which we Und the
GVaaka otcd ; and be protei'dtd to point oal the following methiid which
Bsglit be iiaed for predacinj agrooable formt. such aa the bodies of the vases
ethSnted— vti., bj taking one-qoarler of sn bjperbola, parabols. or ellipse,
MGording to the oathae de«red ; snd h; mCaling it on its atia at auj' given
ngkf b wt»ld be made to produce tbe figuTo dutired. Similar siniite
Vatlmlt fot oblaiaiag tbe necks and iiandi for vucs wtic sUodetciibtd.
TIm EacasTAKT Bsdc some icmaikt on the forms of \aser, and stated
that if Vtautf tooiistcd in the imitation ef Nature, at ttiggetted b; Mr,
Dwrer, a man would !i«m noihing to do bnt to take Hit firal Ittf of a tree
as aoosi aa be came lo [t; iaftaad ef which, dueoiilealed with the ftnt flfty
bavea, he goes on aetUngud leeUng, lUlat last he lindt one which pleaseo
bin. becaato it comet ip to (lie idcaa in hb own mind, and which be had
pcccooc«ii(d as tbe elandard of bcavl;.
Mr. Wtkdiiam Hikaoiiie considered ibil Ibc cGTccl of rates and other
domestic utensils, at well as the srchileciure of everjdaf life, sbonM pro.
due* on Itie ty* an effint eqaallj pbaiing «ith nuiie on tbe eat < aisd thai,
as In order to obtain haiiMti;r la anosic il it necessary (hat the cords or
wirei should each ilbrtle a propoTtioaate nttmber of liases, to ahenld Ik*
proportions of one part of a vise beir a given relallon to those of •notbv.
In tclaiion In architect i ire, tctcral peraoas hate eoniiderttl that certain an*
nericsl simple proportions can be traced as esitliiis in the tnriuiis tnemherv
of aocirot Ureek temples, and Mt. Ponildson had staled that he bsi rcviTcd
the means of detennining the precise proportion of TSrious parts of all
Golbie buildings : and lh«te geoniriric and bamtenie retstiont nutt hav«
been known to the Creeks In tbe fomallon of their works.
Hr. Shith stated that be did not eoniider ihtt geometry via used b; the
ancients to the extent wbteh b gonerall; attributed to them, but rtilier that
Ihrir vntki were tbe rtsutl of a practised tjn and band, guided b; a highly*
coliiTStcd taste.
m. 9.— Babom GoLD^KiD, V.P., In the Cbsir.
Tbe Secretary iotrnduced the business of tbe ereaing by some rcnuitkj on
"Ptit/gvtttf /Jecora/foNj," as follows.
The ditcussinn on the conslnietion of tncbat Creek vases, which had
lately occupied the meetings of tbe Society, had OGcaalooad leveral (raiUaet
to be wiiiiea and a great amount of alteolion lo be paid to the subject. It
is continually sll^geil ss a fault of the art In nut day, thai insicad of boldly
crraliag farms and Uuslin.g to onr own minds, and carrying out those feeU
logs accoiding to what wo caniidet the enliglitcned principlca which we havs
itnicli out for our»ci>ts, no aeo contmted lo lake for grsuted that the aa-
cieiiits were artists truly unspproaobabtO) and such wo can ne>er Itope lo
e^ual, much leu to excel ; and, ibeterore, the best thing that we e an do is
to abandon allogeiher originality, and give oiirscliet up to the study anil
copying of the antique forms. Tbe Secrttary then pointed oat the elTect of
a design upon the tuiad and senaet in the case of polygooar art, and called
attention tu tbe effect of such a combination of cotoiua and ferns a* abatl
produce upon tbe mind the elTccC of a dcaign ttaodtng out from the wall at
paiemeat, but which. If felt by the hsnil or foot, b perfectly fist. He nut
preoeeded to poiol out Ihc ferrot of the icsseia; and gtonictric ti^urcs which
bad hitherto been used in combinttian to i>roduce design, anil painted out
Ihe beaat;r and variety of design wbi<h might be obtained by the combtna*
tioo of a form of tessera, which, a1lhoi>gh not new, bad not up to thia time
beaa used •* Ibc base of a pattern. The ignre which wss pointed oat aa
moat appiSeable lo mosaic decorations was Ibe Itbngle of riato, any autu*
her of which might be arranged round a point and made to cove t an entire
inrface. fonning bands riihcr horizontally, diagonally, or any vatioiy of dia<
mood Qguic*, at the ridta of ibc triangle bear a peculiar ratio, namely, 39,
SO, and OOdefteci; whereas, when figures of inbatmonions ratioi are nMd|
tbe same rarielv cannot be obtained.
Uaving thus pointed out the applicsbility of geoBietric aguret lo tbe ptO>
duction of besulifal fornsi, tbe Seereisry gsve several exiracts from a paper
OR Ihe " Oeau idasl Head," by Sfr. D. It. Hay ; from Mr. BlaahOeld's paper
on tlie " Conitrnctloa of Fictile ^'s»el ;" Dr. Wampon's communicalion oa
tbe "Geometrical Proporiioni of the Human ngurci" and Mr. tKgbj
Wyatt's paper on" Ancient Tesscrv ■" sba a letter from Ur.J.Jopliag, aa ta
Ibe improbability of ancbnt vsics bating been contlnwted on any other
than purely gcoindrical prioclplct.
Dr. lUnnina made tome remarli as to Ihe tiset lo which the ttrtOBi
cupi and lasri eitavated by him hsd been applied, and gare the foUoartM
quotation from an anclenl Greek pisy, ai liluitraling tlio purjiotc to wblcC
Ihe Lecyilie had been applied. The play b one In which a young mu it
repieaeiiled aa jeering aa abandoned old woman, and b saying—
" Aut rvi old mietch, I ar«MlT •In^l TOur luTti."
•■ W ho •"
" Whf, Ibat SnI at Bllati."
"Whnklhat^'
•' itr Hlia tat ini a*n jfiitU Ihr LmtHv' "
Anoiher quotatianas pointing oiil the osc of ibcac vessels, it as follows ^—
•■ ITou Itit »• tike a curfae laid auli otilr unira«-u«d*u't "!lh no Li<t<1i*« on ««."
Aftct aUudlog to the ptobablc porpoact to which tbe semsl Qltier ti>«cin>eos
of vaaet were applied, Mr. Harding sUUd tlist nbat bad been laid by Mr.
I^ircb St a former meeling [as to the manufscture of vasrs having been bi'
troduced into Italy by Encheir and Kugrammut, arlUtt who had ded froia
Greece), was a myth, and could nut be received, (^tinib, be obserrod, tai
been celebrated al all iliue*, according to Stralio, for its poKticiana and tvt
the proiualiDu of the uaeful aits, b«(li graphic and plastic, and for every
ipeciei uf useful application of ilicin ; alio fur souse bcsutlful. bnt not au-
lucrous, ipccimtat of objects coimecleit with sepulchral ritea.
ROYAL SCOTTISH SOCIETY OF ARTS,
/en. 2-1. — GaoaOB OvcnawaN, Eaq^ T.R.S.E., rrcttdent. in the Chair.
The fallowing communications were made !—
1, Jhtrriplitm Iff a Meri<t Uyiromtttwr, aJajiIrd far aictrlainmf /*#
c»i>ijH>P«/ti<« Salfnen and /WrAneas ^ Sttt and Jtivtr Wattrt. By GBOaoB
OvcitaXAM, Eaq., Preaident.
TflE CIVIL KNOIXBER ANi> ARCHITECTS ^C^«*VAL.
nit ft w uiaraiMnt wkich Ur. 8uclimu tUMd li« had fMind ounmelf
nMtal t» i»qniriw MtuMcUd wllh the pfenlwco af wt ud tinr naut in
dlflfMBt iWiilflfa. ud thanCora b« Ibosfht t tkait notieaof it niight not ba
luiHilaialiim Id tbc Society. In tbp |rut qotvlion cansectad wiUi tiia
utBlOM Daberki in teftiA to Die ret|Mcti<e limiu ol Uit rii«[ aud Uta taa.
Um pmalaaaa of ttmit or uit mior h^d beu cOMwlerad ao impgrlant tle-
< ncnt; ImI AoAnfl tits uual matbaila «f tnaatuhag iha iiwoiflc frairltjr bj
wof Idiv iha wataia ia a ddlcaM balanca. nat verr appUcaUa nhan aana-
raw apwrimtrrt vera tequifad (4 lia triad on iha apat, il occanfid tp bun
that (sawUiinc on tba (KwoipU of tbe bf droueiar otight ba uaed. ami lli>«
■taa tba ioatruMBnt mhWk wax axliibiltd, conuttieg of the hiilb «f a (pint
hydromeitf, loulad m u jail to linL Ibt bulb in ult walar, and batiug a
IfiAf ticni aliaebeil, wliiduia frub watar, baoomat almoat wboUy liBMeraad.
Sama dUHenli; «aa (aund ai Brat in adapting ih« acale, m it luiMt mm only
ba Ihia bat light. MAanriN it len& to naerbalanca ibe iaitniaiciit. A itip
' ti wbaletaiM w Irair aawianaaAciaNtljr wall, aad aavtral ioicraaBrMa tram
■hawn of ihii docrlpliaa. and «M anitrair of braaa. Tba ma ol th« IntUu-
ataat ina dieady eihUiHad in aa**ral «x|ii!run<nl> with baak wa tari aad
villi lha watara of Ihc Fclli]^ iMaa (rata Granloa Plor, laiae tnm QMaaa-
farry, and «oma £raiD AUaa. From tinaton I'ler the waiet, even at law
lide, hai ■ vtrr little IntikTrgnatton of frnb, u comiiunl Willi tho Cattaan
Oeeaa.wbicli he bad (uunil, aloofi tl« oulvrn ahoro* o( Scalland. wldaai
to vxctcd tlia tpcdric grxit; of ll)'i!5. (ittU «ai(r hrias lUOO. At Granion
Plat Iha amagi of bifh aril low «iiia was found 10£4A. or about lyne part
jkltaah in alitcm aalt. Ai Qurr ai;'crrj it waa tomA IIK3, or aliatit ana pan
fteah in aiabt tali. At Ail»i the naten at low tide ate almoat quite fmb ;
aai! at high water llx ipcdftc travlly wat found acarij lOri, or aaarl^ balf
fnih. Uit tail. A <oBaid(nh» dtOfemicc )i fmrad bMwecn the nirfaee and
bbitoni vttitii. The ipedfie gnvitiea of dimrait teat wttt then atatad.
Tha Aretk oeren 102?; thn <r«t«ra nndar Iha e^nalnr inn; and tha
Mtdliemoaan, «hi(b w naatlf ibe lalmi of an* ita. 10M. Uut tfai>
beatlcii ul all waten ate tboae of the That! Sra. which arc tlronglir im-
pttguinl with aut^luiteua and bitnaitnoiu ingrcilicnti, ai well ai witli aali,
ud bate U^n fouail afeoot t%fat tioei hcaricr than tea water aa niiDpBrad
with frwbi lii^lof tbe utlTaardlaarr griTlij of 1211. Bj tba uaa i>f Ihia
UDtaJc initi 'invent, many inlcraaUng oMcrvationi ni|(it ba made by TOjragen
io itmrtnl Mtti.
t. DMfrifMiM amf Ihneimg ^ a GiimfBUmHtg Jppmntmt, Aauy a ntm
kMaftaa m tin tlkaimt i/ QU—. Uy Mr. Wu.u*m Cooraa.
nia iavaaaiaii eoaaaea la efflatiing the blawiag •( ffiam by meana atf
dnble ballam pluad nader the tmi, aeiad «a by tba faot of tiic |laaa>
bkiwar. and itie air U carried to the lilonr>iiibc bjr mean* of a flaxIbU tnlw^
I CMlla Bttocbtd aad dctMhcd tnim Uic nuutc ot tlie ordinacj iron lube.
I The adianiaRca ore Hated Eo ba. ibat larfer ariiclei oaa ba blown, tbat iIib
(Im U frac i (turn " oodile," ami that tM lunf i of tba workauM an aaradi
. lad hia mumlar enaapca not beinf m aeteKly taied, ha will be aUc to
''MBdoae a peat deal nora manufadnred (oodJi in a giw«a liiue. fba air
I itown bf Uia ballowa being at a muoh purer quality than that fiom the
I Inaaa, piBduna a belter artlcl& Tliat laifar al«B and a thicker mbatanao
I of blown plate n:B|r 1m ohiaineJ by ihii new proceia. aiul tha thaai-ylata
[^■liiitbilniii will be able to cOBipcie with Um caal [da(»|lata monopoUil.
nhit " carbo^ra" to mnlain ta-cli-s and Hxtc«n pllona have haan lucceadaUf
[tlana by Ifaia proccta. Ur. C»o|ier than lacammandad Ibat Uii> proorta
llbouM be adofTiad in Bdiiibar(ti aod Leitb, wbara coal ia ahaaixi ilian in
|9Mbrdibi[« h* 4i. per loa, anl wbeie litioK and liOucNrtnt ate about dud*
I leM ; the varkni«ii alt prefenilf Ltlth.from Ltshcaltb; ailualinn, cheap-
■^ and famil]' coaTcaleneea. Localil}', be ktat«d, it ao* leaked alt
OBOiDT in cafTJafD ia iiM^tf ■ profit to tba monutoataiv, aow that Iba
KdBlaa ire raiaaicd, aod all the Engllib maatrfutnian dtmnuisilaag their
anoMliaa.
3. DMcripNaH ff 4n SUmitvr, yW rowny Bttikthif mo/arMb or o/Sei*
iwlhf, — anrf Mftittt af Mug nt*J « n Fift-StrOfie—ttntaimng a ntv op-
•iloff/ieN tf the ftUlty. By Mr. Rousur DAViDnon, Bnpntar.
hir. Dafidion staled (liat Hat machine ur eleninr wai spjilkalile ai a fire-
)|acape. and wMI luilrd to the raiiins of tmill wtioliialo finu bei^Ui*, lurh
< in null] and factonn; or in tiit railing of icaOuldliig fur wofkmcn, *uch
painter*, uiutort^rt, maiona. Ac. tl ooiitisu of a number of slldera.
Bring nitliin catli otlirr h; mcani of a llseil puUej: allacbod to ibe top of
Ij^ftied iipriglit, wbich ii hoUow, coatataing all the other aLidurg, ntiich are
aUo« alao, exeepl tlie la»t one, niitch luiy bo (olid, the tup »i uhicb uon-
|tilai a platform eacloMd by a railing. There it a cbain or rope lutaiicd
I a book ta the bottom of Ihe lop ilmaa, paittng over a moreablo policy,
de fa^i 10 tlie top of ike tiett alide. anil paning ilowa Ihe oataide of it
1 oadfl (ill to the top of thr neit tWir. CoUoniEg, on tba top of which
I alio a mnTcal/e pullry, orcr which paiM-t a ropa or cbelii made faat to a
book la the ImKcioi of the iljdc iiunicdialelj pr reeding, the olliirendnr
which ia made fait la the top uf ihe filed hollow itpriglil, on Ihc top
** which is plaMd a fixed puUev. «hich guide* ihc chain wbtreio the
■<r i* applied i iW oso anil Wing made fait to a <rane lianci, and (be
Jier ead attached to Ihe bottov of lh« ilide next adjoining, which compeb
L liaiallanHDi motetnentof tha whole raaofcine.
NKW PJXACX or VCHSTUlNftTEa.
Rarvas (dateit Dtcrmitr 20, 1 Si 7^ <if '^ Jgsrifvte 4mamitl
ftaitl.or afrttdto i*f«id,lt QmlnKten a»d olJar Ptrtnm/in- Ikt
vf £«ai aarf //own jV /Ae *'«<itw t)f (At Ptkct ^ Wr^ltnintitr
t. The coal of Ibe Durchaac o/ tha bade aad hcretSla- £ i.
Biaat B2,0$t 19
i. The coat of lli« whatfini, Umoe, and (ouiuUtiona
for tba balldiag 139.163 7
3. Tha Mat uf Ihe eaioiaa or ahcU already uonitcd
(ncltuieeof alteratlona aa undtr) .. i&3,M8 13
t. Tha cott uf tha pindpal altantioaa nude frant.
luaoiatimo. Tbaae alteaiiont (ininlrlng cbaagcs ia
tba original plan) covialal of official raitdsaoca for tbt
Lbraiian aad deik of Ihn llouia of Commana, aacaar
aodatioa for ihc taw ooarla. altcrationa of tUe Tictaila
tower, ofloaa for tbe clerk of the crowa. aad worka con-
tia(ani noon the waiaiiog and ventilating artaoMnieoU.
&«., «bi«b Mare tarivrally rrpnrt*"] to hrr llajtaty^i Com-
mlHioiMra of Q'oodi, A:c., end uoctluued by prllaaiaat
ia Uarcli ISI3. Alio, nf an inerciae in tbe tite and
height of tha Victoria hall. aanclMned by her Uajaalj**
Corauladaaeii of Wooila.&a .. U,4G9
3. Tbe coat of iniuriar Unbklngi .. .. ^l.tSl 6
6. Tha coat of tbc litlamil dararDtiona of ilte lluaae
of liMit aitd tla a4iiLncta, aa tat a* they have bcca oon-
plttcd (including praparattont Cor lighliftg) .. .. ^1,600
'. Tha atnouDt of comaiiulon ai>il other cliargt* paid,
or to be piad. la the architect en aeeount of woika and
*ertu!Ca already ft«vutrd> .. .. ZSu3l3 3
A. Ttie amount paid to tiirt«yon. valuora, deika of
tha work*, aad all oDmu peiMni who liaie been em.
ployed, and not indiidcd in ilic atchilccl'i or builder'*
cbacge „ .. ., 10,961 S 3
TLe amount of the wliola etpaadUtuc of ovary de-
acription, under llieaa |innd|ial headt. for put-
okwa* made and work done at the i'alace of
Weatmiaitar, and ita appendanei, up to 3Ut day — ^-^-^^-^
of Oaeambv, t«t6 £S33,86B U S
EsriMAra/or /Aa SnmimUshmai ht rtft i n d te|HvybraiMA attar land*
aint JttndilomftUt ra/mtf^ fo Ae;MM4d)eri.>br fJt* eON|pierioa itflHePabu*
a»d thi jtfproaehn Ihrrtto ; q/* fte 5km rtjmired ta Jlmtk tkt Uhhm* ^
Lord* amd Cbawamu <md Ihnr AppfmitgMi oflhrSum a«W Mur y/wli^
Phtaria TWifr, <md aU olAer IFarit profiattd to 9t orcca/ad la jIMiA
Palaet.
I. Tbs rait of land* and haredltamenta latendail ta
bepurohaaed" ..
Z, Tbe coil uf the completion of Ihe Ictrace and foun-
daliana of the huililingi . . . . . . . ,
3. The co*t of iltt carcaaa or ahrll yet to he executed
I. The coil of the principal alteratiuni. Xone pro-
poacd ..
5. The co»t of llie interior liniihingt
C. The cod of the iuiemal rlecorinona of tha Havae
of Lord* and ita adjuncts (Including llghUsg and ftiral-
tore) ..
7. Amonnt of the eomtuininn to lie paid to the archl-
UlClT'..
B. Amount to be paid to aurrryon, valuen, derki of
worlia, aad olben, not included in the aicbiUct'i or
holtdfr'* charge . .
Ifl,r4?
J7fi,«8 «
20.M4 ID 9
oacettata
Brought fbrward
567,767 II
833,2$4 13
TotalCoti .. .. £1.401.036 3 8
The total coit of worlii eiecuied. and etllmattd com of tba wotki to be
execmeil Io finitb the New Ptlaor of Weitnlniter, it thu* £1,101,036 3 9 j
but which il nclotivo of atri Aniihlogi. work* of doeoralion, fittingi ia
librarici and rtfrcahnieat toouu, &c.| fixcurct, furnltuta, and apliolataiyi
I Thla aawaot ladndta (bsldn Ihs piwtkariowl nnamrrwtan to iba arcblMcl «■
•iMUDl of woiICi faicutad to the ttotai liuUitlar) Hi* rarnnlailDa apan wWn lo (ba
«*?idaa, riTtriMll. he. aud iIm .uiu i-OJ r^i a datalicd aMaaati la waoftewa wtib
(bt appntwl dMlgs.
> tl b pnpMKl, BodM Tmnirr authinltr. Iiw4 Norvaliu »lti. litKi, to Ot>1ahl Ma>
■eaMDueraniiuilyair dietmlldlaManibraDittli •!>)* s( Uililia-tMel. VTMaaitniair! tha
prMaaia imt* at Uum bullll>,||t bia r>vt btao afmUlBdi.
• StTrwMrrUnar.ilaladFlrfeiUfTU.ISUllInniB ot -^ttfitOmmdlmmitaba
fttd la ttw arcliMvGt — yra fn ai n al maiuiwMlua tor npcrtalaadlnfi dlia(tli» aa4
•aBpl*)ln( lit* BmuM at PartlaaMal la aaanumte* «!(k tb* ortaUial daUn aad hO-
nv«»>. (II 1* rlghi ID lUic Uui tb« pdaelult <€ UU* •iTaa(«m(oi faai n(m Cwn aceadad
10 liT Mr. BarrrJ. ITir rrDi snTMin u ii« arcUiart on acooanl Of Mtta not metudtA
laUaori^ial nalmat', but •lafewqvMii,, Buthvriaad, baa OM re* k»a« the lotiiaH eC ,
cMadaraiWib
1S4&)
TH£ CIVIL KNGIN'KER AXD AOCUITKCT'S JQCaXAL.
»
■OTiag. nntilHlaib tad IiaMl>Vi du^ «x»fit u £u- u nioh works ue
ifeaA* cttoitN) En CM inJified pwflam of the buildlni;; tlio. of ilie re-
■tamtan tf St. SUpbAi't ciTpt aa ■ dtipcd. if it tboald be » (JFtfrmtncil ;
(hn IbTBiftian ef tuMllB^-placo towudi (be riro, (be paving of the *e*enl
emrtt, 010^ «f tbt bniUinj, the nlttrioc of t'lfi leivb, and tbc re-pa*ia< m
w«ir at Iglitiiig of Ibe Umti in ih lotalitir, Ac. Af. T1i« cmt af *hicb
(■■R HtyeiU an tbe natoM au9 erteat of the ««rlti orderad.
la iM* uMort Ihtn » • Km of fMt.OWfia. fordai^a|Mii Um pnr-
Amv of liada md btmliinuwu. tha eon «f tha rttai «nH nd ndufc>
■Ht. Km ■■■Iih aut veMiMiag atrangeiauUa, aad tha MMtagni Hi*.
pMtf iiiaaiiailliiii mt tha Iwildiiig Itmuglioal: Uie addiUaoal midnoa
ad Mfar aaciMmototaB ordeni fram time W tine W ba iMorpaaatad in
iba haiUlBK. \kt imttwad dcptii of A« fModatiotia of tiie eslire bniUiaf.
Ib« MaiaM-mnfDr tJMdraraaM«f tltt kuildiav aiiil iUlucalil)'. tli« vahou*
M<JloaliBiM of pJan H^gMlad and reeontoiended by coaiitlttta* of ptrlis.
■«t aad oClMf aaUioritiM, aad fix aiit«aUaii«o>u worlu : all of which toriatA
an part of ibe origiaal deii|ii and attimtic. '
Maesujtuiots Expcxsmai: ttnnevM H-iV4 M« taMfin; t^ '*' AW
Mara <J^ Wftmii*l*r, turt in-tjf ^ Pw^katri mti* or IFor* dear «l /A*
> JVbwav^ l>«rr«ainM/. or tntimit^ i'm f*« JrcktlfeCr EiUmmt* /kr Ihr
w, htd A / im g ^ ma nf Grmat *altd Ay Pa^iamtmt/m that ter^ttq.
I
PrtlBmimirf JfaMarar.
KatninB and axpoaM* mnM«U4 wilb eomiMtiiion
Jni^ r die npnae of ■ loar of tntp«<tjn«i. and a( ax-
f>riiB«au nade with ra ft i w eo to the Klecttoa of tiia
l lM ll in l ir daaariiNMM of itana (o be ated in tbe build-
afi i1m pavisaBt to nglnccri for mfeTi of the bed of
tkaiinc
Si. Sfrp/uti'i C/mjteL
Tto atpaM* of malunf drawlaga in detail of the
^aftl pRvtoai (a tta hdof taken doam, and eagtann|
w HOW Av pHbUaatbn.*
C mwmitmt JTooi/ Carriity fforh, Tkamnt Bant.
Ttaa* Maaim were taketi to faciKute the pragtMs of
tbe hntflar Initbiafa of ili« new boildinp, ^ tha 0ree>
itaB tlwKlii of tamn^ nacMne*, lad the enfiio^ment of
^mn m odHT workmcii in Ow immediate p«; of tbe
IhfirtiiieM of Waodi. and ander the rapcrriiioa of to-
ITfamtota a|ipolnt«d far iMa tenica, and directwa of
the arrbiteci.
Tbe cxpenae of emtioy oidmooal btiildtng* to afford
tha Baaeaaan '-"*-""■-'**■*" '<» carrring on tbe ^otkt,
mffif of wti*t, p<*eei)iinoar7 neaiui^^ ■g;iiDit Ate,
BBt <l» Ibe otbwb;, ratia, ligbtliig, ^. «
Dm aapanaa nriawg from daroasa dona or t«<uial«ta>
aaeni mtM to ad/olnini propett^ during tbe pr»gr«fi of
**««tha
P^«anli on Kcount of friacot ..
grjianmmlmi VnUlmham, t(l. ^Dr. Ileid'n tv*t4m).
The aspeaaa of woriii. apf&rtlu, Mlarici. and %XViyw.
aattt in experinentall; orrying out In. Reid'* lyiiem of
aaiiainj. vealilalinf , and ligfaling U the preieut um-
pomy uooMi of nrlkameitt. wiib ■ ticw lu iti adoption
iKtha aew byfldLog
Ike Mcnae of ioqairy anil rafertnce *i to Uic apptl-
(•bBbT U Dr. Beid'i irtteiu of warming and tealiUling
tt Ibe new Ileine* of Parliatocst . .
inaoraaiMnMa
t. i.
M«a d td
tJU U
ii.ioL s e
1,&33 5
&38 It
a,dis 7 1
MS 13 «
g; n t
£30,239 17 8
SrATCWSSra 4^ Me -Anohi/ of taek Owoikal Cosrrnjicr.iDmf <;/* «wry
<■■ Bfii II or itn&iMM rWt/^wn. owl tkt Am«wU paid, or ft, U paU, /vt
MaA CMfraof narf ^eratfowi anJ uaOm MA«f jfrnl^onij/ inoA AUtratUmt or
Omtaliamt Aaaa itca ttetnUf made.
CvKTC^rr, ?fo. t <ia (iron). 4 » A
For tbc riicr wall, and a part of tbc foundndona of
tta riew lra« of ibe batldinf HA1A ft
AcUttieBaJ worka in tbe ri*er wall, reported to ber
M^jertr'i Cotnmuaioacn of Voodi, &«.< and laiKtioned
,, by l^ imaant t>lU ii
^V «*(i*«li loaiaMwn4i4afteytoetha*b«»*lDlUallnMedcMiirlll aitw fton tW
|^aMit<gU.anairiit^«iiB*H4tivpradaciil^W(.,on4al«>ft«aitAinWa<ik« OMia-
na»o< \km mBmt»m.mt»ti It lu* nfted lla pnami p«ipa*>.
• A mrill vM wlM oolcr iliii liead Ooa tiM aale of Ihi trabltaacliMi .
■ A* ibae pxniltH oil], lAar thn lii** ctaecd l« be UHd ia M pmani, Iw iratltUt
MrMkir naboe parvowi. mil !>■ ■AaiHeDal buldliwi will panniHtntlr eBtuoe* lb
oWaf rtw W" ■""i^tT vpoo whMi ttar ba** Cm wMMrf. lUi ncpenM la net
•h^ta teeowalcMnaai ■(harVBon account vf Itit HfW ROnia of TarlHaianl.
i:r6.i7* 13 9
(CoKflLtCT No. 2 (M Price*).
For the (vnalader of tbe Caundatloni o( the tlret front,
main icwcti, &c., eiltniued ft
Sulitequont eel>mM«> and acceants lepnned t« ber
Majuly'a Caminitaio'ntn, &C., aitil taoctlenei bj pttHa-
mmt . . . .
CoKTBACT No. 3 (in Gron).
for the arcaae of the tirer front, and ■ portion of the
noTtb ind »oalb fronts ..
Cbajigc of ttMic, tt.&OO/. i £re[iroaSnf, r,300f. i
warininiiaod tentiUKngnotk*. lO.UOf.; reported to her
MaJHtjra Conmitaionett of Woodt, atid unctioned by
parliamtnt: Total
Additional ooat of tttc-peoaf Inwia, rooA, to-,aul f«
warming and nntUatlng arrtn^n»nli eieonted luder
the Keoeitl aiatharltjr of her Mtjeaij'i Cotniniiiiraeri oC
Woods, tut. to tlie nrchilect to oonapljr with Dr. lleid'i
requitetntoti .. .. .. ,, ..
Cott of iton«<ar>inR aptiii the attaoge event aaflionaed
by bcr Hajeii;') Comiuui'>nt[<i ol Wo»dt, May IS. I&4I
Mii<»UBneoui worki aritteA by (he arH^hiteot, under
the general authority giren to him to carry out bit plana
CohtaACT No. i (el fVJ«i).
The fouDtlatian* of the central moMCS of tbe buililing
front tiorth to- lonth, including ibc Houtc* of Lorda and
Commons, aad their rripcctikc Inhhiiri, eorridora, and
conliguona ofliees and apaitmeeti, and Ihf fovndaliont of
llie Vlntoria and other (owen, eitiniuted amount
SuUc^quent ettimalei and oinovata reported to her
Majtity'i Codtniamnan of Weods, Ac aad uncUooed
lir pacllaotcnt .. ^ .. .. ••
CoMTkACr, No. S (at PrioM).
Pw Iba eweaae of the aoperrtraetuie abtm tha fcua-
Miant etuDftiaed in Cootaaei, Neu 4. eathnatad a»
I. Chaofa of atww. MMf.j trs-praoaof. MIMtLi
wanning and miiUiMBg artwignmanu. U,ilCJLi le-
parted la ber H^iy'i ""—'——-*-• of Wooda.'dHL,
and aantiioasd by parUaoHnt : Total
3. For ilatiog to data aitd roofa, aapfaaltinR walli,
lengin«nini; *ewota, &e. ; reportci] l« tlic Ofioe of Woeda
3. For ifoor p(ate> and o-ther ntructuial »T*ageciiftOta
required for rentiluion, executed under the generil an-
tbsrity gives lo the architect to comply with Dr. Keld'ti
icqulrmienti ; not yet brought to arcount and repotted
■I, FUrlnorooA and iddiiionat coil of girdrn and
arehei mdErert oeeetHiry by the waruiins and renti-
lalinK urranjieMeuU, and reported to ber NUjciljr'i Com-
Diiisioiicn of Weoda. Ac. ••
!>. Foi coat of aione rerring, nedar tli4 nrrangement
niwtioned by ber )il<jef(T'4 CoaMrfHtaNR of Wooda,
G. Par mtteellaneaut and coattlfMtWMkB ordered by
Uwardritaet nndar Ibe general authority givta to Uin
to earvy ont hie plana
7. I^or the official iriiileneet for the Ubrtlku Had be
tlie dcrV of Ibe llouae of Conimona, noeeaiMndMiMi far
law oouru, altantiona of Yiataiia tower, enlargaaMol at
\'i>ct(Nia ball, iacreaaed bejglu of Victoria baU| offioea of
the clciti of tix ciown, and «oik> coniliigt»t npon the
wwming anil ventiUtiog arrtngemcnt*, re|>4rt«d to ber
Jfajeaty t CooimiMloncrs of Wuodt, and uaciioaed by
puliaaneol
foitTRACT, Jfo. ffl (at Prtca).
file foundation* and carcue nf the tnpenlrucmrc of
9t. Stephen^ hall and lob'fy, and the puhUe approach
fhun Wcitmioiier hall and St. Margartf t-oin«l i eatl-
isnlad idil ttponed to ber Vlt^t^t ComniMienart «f
Weodi, ftft, at . .
lor ehai«»of atone, l,lMOt % and wannias md lenti'
iMing arrancenionl*. Z;lMl. ; r»porMd to ber Majealy'a
CamiBlMiaaera of Woodi, and aawnioMd by partianeiil
Tar Iraa roofa anil other wnrminc and Teolilaljnf ar-
rugemenUt aiaauled uodar tb« Bneral authsrity piM
by her Jfajealy't CommiaiioMri of Woodi tg the WOM-
teet to comply with Dr. Rtid't requirantalt .. r>
•i,my ift 4
^12,lfi2 18 I
£ t. 4.
ia;,si5
35,»0 a
15^5
33,Sa9 14
C,t}0O
i:Z!8.a(9 14
17.833 1 6
»A\t It e
*A9,\U 17 B
£ ». d.
3i9,»i9 • a
1,999 1< 8
12,1M
36^ 9
21,137 17
I&,0IM
25,4(0
£A57,«31 13 S
£ (. A
a7.«81 0'
7,274
M
THE CIVIL EKGINEEB AXD ARtUlTECrS ->iOC'n.VAL.
LMi
Oraufhi rofwsril. , . • . . G9,94S
[KToo^, &«., &Uf 13, 1B4I V90
CoKTBACT. No, 7 («t Prim).
FOT laUrior flnlihlap : Amovnt . .
CoxntACT, No. 6 (>t Prieet).
TflrtnicHot flaiihloct: B*ticuu4 uovint
A Copt op -rae Usjdikai.
BlTcr ftOBt ud Rcttini ,.
Kinit'* To«tr .. ••
Clock Tower. . ,.
Otd PilftM Yaril Frani . .
Is'ew Ftlit^e Yard Vrant
PoMic Enmnce Approache*
lloD>c o( Lonb
OUcM. Approicbut &t^^ t« Alta
Ilauteof Cocnniaiu ..
OflicMi Approacbe*! &t., toditlQ
l.ftV Court* . . ..
£73/419
., £2ijo;
6
.. *I6MJ5
ftriMATK (1S3T).
.. SI1,«I7 19
„ nM* 13
1«,I>I3 19
.. ^0,491 1
„ 36.112 12
Hfitr i
3I.U0 U
(2.»6 «
S»,»l« 9 4
48,614 IS
^1,408 i a
£707,11)1
ON CAEN STONE.
FroiH a ptptf Tw4 vt tht R"sul Iiuiitalimt <tf BritM A/vMImM,
9n(/aiiW)r34#A. By T. L. l)uNAU>iHt.-(, Esq,
U(^n^ ntiniit to cnijilm* n Inrp.* quRiitlty of Cam ttone in a u-ork
wbicli 'u on the puiiit' nf f-vmrnpn oilier. T va« anxioui to mahe
Dijrself fullv >^i|iiAinti-(1 nilh ita |in>]i(-rtii>u himI vmrioiii'4, nivd tlii*
quantity m vcll-aniwined M<vk« that niiitht he nvailnblt.' in the
I'BtarltAt. I thnvlorcdMemlaedta go to Caen ilwir. »nil viNit the
^arri«a. A fev honn carrin i>n« ovtre tn Hn\Te frtim SiMiilmin)!'
ton. and n clvnni-hniit ronvryn piwovnircri from Hiivrc in t'nrn
in four h oil re. Thfi laat himT i* occiiiJimI in mouiitiii); the Hv«
Ornc, which, in its cuurnc from thi* tealoaomv diatun(-« nbove
C-aen, has n flat country- on the iofl hiuik of t)io nv«r, liiit. on tli«
right, f(Vn«ral)]> u loft}' imnk, at timi,'>! tmiiiwlinlrly iiVfriiiiiifpcifi
the Btrcam, lit other* rM«iIititf from it, but iiR»iti J<iining it. Not
far from the moulh of the Orrip. nl a plaee cnlled RanviUp,
(]ii;Lrrii>« mu irnrkr*! in tin- fart! of this (mnk. it is a h.inler
and ciiunvT vurioty of tin' «nnii< xl'ini' its that ni'ar C'iii>n. oiiil
Lof more open lexture, with a more cryntalliB* cliaractor, hence
more Riliiptpil for hrdrniilitr wurki^ ihnn for biiildlii^s. I nm in-
tarnied hy our frieiid. Mr. H. ('. Smilli, Ihht tht^up tiinrHe vnrictifia,
wlik'Ii iIoii!illi'»« are verj' doinhli.', re.iiiiilil*' in ifeveriil |iiirtii>tibirii
tba Etone from U'eldnn. in N>>rlliiiiii)>tansliir&, of whidi the nldeil
buililinjtx III < 'nmlirrilfir are ivnistnit'ted.
The iiiaierint (renenilly kiioi«n lo u* umtprtlio n)i{>p1lnti<»i of
Caen fitune is of the oolitic fornintion. pn^^oiititijr ii i-iiwo iimJo^'y
io ita geDeml, nnd vven in Hinie of it4 minor uiviiionn, viitti tlie
nick« of a ••iniitiir kind in the H>iilh "( Kiiirlniitl. The<]VHrrie»i
wbpni-elt U ili-riveil areMlnotivlut Alletnajini', k {iHrinh nnd villa^re
on the ri^rht bank of the riier, nt the lUitmiee of nIiwui u niili* atnl
It half, or tn-ii niiW, ttlww the city. Tin' uuHrries heretofore
warkeu nrmp)' a su [turn rial iiren of About tour oijonre mile^.
Btnae are workeil by nii>nnit of kbaftu, which afford nM-r»i to the
^tinrrii^ otider gronnd, brnnchin)^ off on all stiles In lonir gallerlw.
€tr multi)died hy rhamlH'rs, which iire about l" (evt wide, and the
celliiig-I>ed i]]ilipld by mat^dt'e nidi- |iii-ni, uliiili iin> k-ft tout
Muare and is feet aiiajl, the Iieifihl lii'InK about ii or 2t> feet.
TlufM <)unrrieK, nhich are inimediatelv on the bank of the river —
b«re abrujitly riKiiiiU from the ■Htvr— have an arrese from Ihetdde
of the bank, ai:il art? iipjtrijnchcd by inrlincd roadR, leading from
Ihfl mmmil of the liniik above aikI from the wnlers mtgi- bvluw.
The o]ifiiin2<i to these dark and gloomy caverns h;ive n very pic-
tureirt|tiv etfei-t, and a continned lerios of them (irpfent Ihemselr^
one after the other. The pillerim jifnctrnte to a considerable
4i*tanc4.<. The extriietiuii ol the »tone in done hy enntrart or taik
woric, at BO iTiuch per cube, the (juarryruen removinft ih« blocks
•oddrcMin^ them, and another set of men eontracting for their
csrriage rrom the (iiiarry to the luay at Crpd.
Immediately uoaer tlie «hJ there are 6om« thin counea of hard
tf.
cxNune atone and rnbli/e, but the immedlato mlln^-Wd is calli
the tanc rinitirr. und ik aU'ut 'i ft. ft in. thirk. It la of a budi
quality, but U not ajiplicJibli.- for Wildiii^ puqiom-^. tf it c^fcLatiit
n ^cat qujintity of |ii'htiIt;M, ubich offer Rreat diflirultir* in tfe
HttwinR nnd working. There are about aix bedii of ^uud hiiililiiig
atone, the five uppomiu^t une^ cnlculnteil for outride work, tbe
loaermoM. odnptcd only for innide wurk, im it hm M<ft port
wliirh do not tiell reiiat the aliiMMphere.* Mut^h of thiitMnM
the interior ofthe new farllauivnt Ituildinf^ The a^frreiraie h
of theae abt beds is from "ti to 26 feet, it ia to he ubaert'ed t
all these beds tat not tu be found in every ijiinrry, one or other
them diMppvariiw and ^^'ap|lell^in(( in the unie maimer as In
Rn^lanil. Tlie nnmeo which I am about to elve da twt obtain In
all piirt* of the dtatrict ; and fiome of ihom have vnrioua ilenfn.
tion>' ^vcn t» thrni hy the ijiianynivn. The uppennast bed
caMnl the fiuitr paiirri, abiiul 3 teel tbirk. vhlrh u a rery
(piality of tttoiit^; hut ocm^ioiially it Iul'- !ii «ome iMTtiuna the
petibleit, previously alluded to. a* pri-vailiii): to so vreat a d
111 the banc tioMier, nnd Lben-foru it in not mi mnch cateeni'
finer huildiiin uurpoaeH an tbe lower beds, T)ie gma iiauc is t
next bed. anil iiaa an averof^e depth of A feel, hut an it i« inroaif-
nlent to work to that Inrfce aixe, it is iceDerally ftplit into l«i>, in
hei^ta of 3 feet and 'i feet ; and the iiniallcr one la ciilletl the
Imu^Hifrfl of theif/aa^iM-. Im pirrrefnuH'heWA comvit nril. about
3 feel •leep, whiirh Is of a harder iiuality, and well aiiliiptetl fur
eoriiiccR, mIU. eoptn^ and the like tx^nta posllIoiM In m hulhlin^.
Next lu this i» the hitnc de qitatn pitfit. n very fine bed. u hich I
tlie »iun« appelUtioii, and depth of 4 feet, in all the quarries
oImi the next Wd, called /<i pferrc «/e frra/n /wmm, l>ei»x .10 incli
dent, a i;iHid hnnl bed of ttone, and forming' the lowest of th
fit for wutMde poronoet and vxmmnre to the weather. The sin.,
iinrl liiwenn«»t hnil of tlic buililiuc-iloiie !n t4irme<l the fniytc bum
and luM a ti'ial depth of from t feet 6 int-hea to ,S feel, but thii
tieinff. like that of the af'/'i banCy an knc^inveiiienl depth, it it di-
viiled into a lower tliirkiiewi of 3 feet, and an upper bnuqttrrtt of
W or '2i ini'heii deep. Tbe whule of the atone of thete beds is soft
and tender in the quarries, and the bliickft are e^tmiried with iireat
co>>e. They are produced of regular !>ixe and <>qufireiie^tti. M'hra
taken ti> tbe imlniile. nnd vxpiiwa to the ntmotnliLTe, they itradualiy
part uitli nTiii:h of their humidity, amlhanlen; and, if expi
on the ijuayc durinp the winter, they are covered over U» proli
tliein from the frovt. They m'v freely vitb neomnioii pe;;-tnut1:
saw. without either iwind or water, anil arc eB»ily worked
buildinx pnr(iopeF<; and. heiiif! of a conipuirl fiim tiraiii, tliey pi
dure very Hliarp arriiwK, and receive a very snioiith aurfMC on
faec.
Hurins; the winter little work is done in the quarries In
to evtrarliiijc hlork?! of xtone; but the men oceupr themwIvCT
Htwinc awl aqunriiif; nlab^ about IS i.>r li inrht^ xpi/ire, anil t>
an indi lo an inrh iinil a half, or mure, thick, whirh are nmed
Sal inu hiiUo. irallerii'% and even *ome roonia inside their build:
lut the nii>nt extraordinary U!>e to whieh I hnvc tven thi->« m)u,
nln.b» applied, uau in the cburch of the Trinity of the Ahtiaye a
DanicH. Tu'u ^if the ojieningf l>etwoen the piern have be^-n «^hi
up, for the puqioiie of neme repniro (pMng un. I paHSMl thnnmb
d(Kir in till* partition or inchmure, both of which appeared to
of the same thieknet*. .Xly $urjir!iN« waa Kn-ut, and I rxami
the ed^e of tlkv opetiiii^, and found it of none, and diMrove
upon clo'er iiif|iectton, that the openlnic, about 10 feet wide
2i^ fet^t hik;li. »ii3 iiiidoBed \ty these nqiiare thin^hib*. about an ini
anil a hnirtlitck, placed on ed^, put to fcether with ptaister, nu
cientty liable to uUow a door to work in its aperture. I au'^
ijuently wn!> t>dd. ii]rifn inquiry, thnt tbv iii»ide partition in ruoo^'
10 fi-ct lii}(h, are furineil of the ^n^le niatrrial, and Keciirrd bv oc-
cat-toiial iiprifcht vtiidt. 10 feet apart. These pnrlitiutu are admi-
rable, for iIh-v are very liirht, occupy little ^uire, and form an
ccllent ground to rcveive the plastering on tlic ^turfaee.
The Reneral character aiveii of tlie t.'.ien mIouc i*. tliat all
bedH are of the oame iiuality, and all equally adapleil for bulML
purpose*; hut I'viilenlly. from the inforiTiRtion nhich I collewt
on the «pul. and i<ulj>ei(uenl ly in London. IV-im Mcnra. Lunrd, tl
are mod ific.-il ions in eich bed, as may be reajntnably auppowd,
as expericnre tenches u« in the qnarriei* of other ooUtlc stooi
B:ith and Portland. X'lirion* vei^ia Iravenv tbe hed^ in all
tioii", and linve a white apiiearance ; thin white nuh-taiu-*! ■» equ,
hard with the stone itself, and if a ttone he laid with ita
Caraltel with the direction oftheM' vein*, it itof little cuuseque
ut they, of course, indicate a certain uiiMiinolni'Bs or divii&ion
■ Tills I* alM Ih* eait wlUi all Ibi oalliic qiiBrrtca In Biiflwid. TIm uiip«n>aM I
an banlaai to work. Int BMi daratilt I IIm loaMbMls ar* Mlt, a»0 vlll noiaMiidl
\iU«»-\
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AKCIIITECTS JOUtlNAL.
thM pAtt ; ftnd ir th« stone 1m Ui'l with thi* v«in in N vMiicnl di-
r*<|jnn, tht ltl<wk will r^n tJiP rhnmi- of lipiiijt fntrtiiri<>l liy n
wti|d■^ "f. <f A'^Jur thi> uaj-fntv, it |ir>i)tnblv tn«): ailiiiit tlic w«t.
Thfiio vein* are not liko tlifw^ in the Itnth Anne*, which aro hard,
(cnrifctinff i^f cnMsltixcil cArlK»inti.i <-f Itnio. snA riinnitii; sI<vb)'«
in h v<>rt)ciil or tnclineil directiun, Biid not liJible In M>p«ntu>ll.
In fcnicrol it i« tnnniiicrivl that the Mookii of Vaon «b>ne owt be
(>l»rei1 ii> e'>n«iructiAQ in nnv <Iirc<-Liii», cxrOpt when the white
v^iDBfir^ |i<<ri>4>ptib]i>. It i« s'nid thul tlio mft*t oxp»ii^n»d eve
mn hnnll)- iletei-l the fliffereitt <)iiHlilii-4 of the atntie in the tilofk,
M lipfi oiii-e thrv hnvi- l>si."ii r«>i>Mvei) frwm the i|mirry, »» thn iicliun
' Hit? '|iiiim-mjin''* tool on thc^irfnee hardly oflcrHaTiy indication;
'tihffrp i>i n(t npprMiithle rlilfi>ri^tic« in ui« aitpMranM of the
BuUr forniAtion.
ThofX' ■!* in th* vicinity of C'nen, even l« n cAnsidombln din-
.tMncv, many hoimtiful v(iri«-iiea of thin formfttion. At FaIji!.*)',
JAUitil 'in mWf* Alf, faiiflicr ii[> lh« Ornv, U a tine eoTanamtone,
latiifh harder Ihiin the Aileniii^ni'. It^texttire i«he»iitifutly eijiial,
siiil firip irminod. lis price Is one-third more than tiuit of <"iu-n
•Iithf. riiid. i>f (MiirM- the lnh»iir iiptin tt is roil mi ■! end) I v imtreiMMl.
It t« w«U itdajited W expnned cifintionH, nnil ih u>»'il, 1 licUeve, in
th« i|u»VN ann tl<iclc hAtin nuw roti'triii'lin^ nt Cnen.
J wm«. €if course. »ii\iouA t" u-^ertnin whether the msffnificenl
^ and Aiieient hiiildin^ in the oitv CDiild he rolierl iipun an tir<K>r< iif
1 ihe •[iMlity I.I' III.' utonr in the All<-miu(ne qmirriiis "f whfdi there
, 14 n Imdilioiinl rejiurt. hiindod dmrnft-um ime^rneriitinti (ouriother,
[Ihnt th<n' nre e^ln^t^llcted. And. eertiiinly, the li-lty pJiiinidiH
Mill »pirei», nnd the milid iiiffh iw|tinre t»wer», which rino ii[i in
. cliiada. dfh'tiiir thp fury nf the clemonto, for many vean expoied
I In (toniu. hail. ruin. «n'ow, nnd l'rii<>l. art«^d up<t[i kv aU the altema-
'^^(ion* if hrtit nnd cold, vtt nnil dry. pre^nt a shnrpniMS of arri#
und ' - ■ nf nirfare, it« seen fmin t'eluir, thiit prnve h euii-
; lidi' -<'i> i>r hnrdiie>tn in the xtone nf whieh lliey are caq-
CteO. Lifi» reliance can he pliiced upnn the indicntioni on the
iwilliin rea«b., for evpo<<cd ui they nave been tii the Viuidnl
nt *" the revnlutinnnrjr phre'n/v iif de«triK'Li(in, and Iho
( al I »r inii>|ciitd«d reltriiniK iVt-liiiirv (here nre nrinny of
the ,■--,.. j>..i'i-i hmken away nnd nmiiidtL'rnbly worn. But the
I attenuiiti-d nnd rcfineil detailH of sninc '' fniaititance" fininU, yin-
\ iia('le«. nnd llviiiir hiittrixiws. ill the Indy-rhnpele nnd iipi'iclMl iillur-
end* nf ilje c)iiirL-liev nf S. Pierre and S. Sstivciir, ;iiii! S. Sauveur.
I le-.Marcht- of the lit^innini; of the hixleenth century, mure
minutely eiiridw-d undelitlHirutely carvwl find oiibdivided tl'iun wven
^th* iniKt ivfinrd diitniU of the fliimhiiyiint pr>rt-i near Iheiii, nre
Mh and Oiarii a<i if e«eciiti'd within tlioliu-L tiftv yenr«. Time
rrniher have not hnd, on the inoiiiinieiitii of L'jten, the ritnie
■linK hidtNni>i infloenre ii'ion the edlfi<.-e^ of t'henter, Cnvrntrj',
rir tt%rtiri. The icract-fiil spire of !*. llerre. the Mininiit nf which
i» iWn feet «hnve the iiiai-het-gilaco, and itielf more th.in lOfl feel
I lii/h. iliiev not appenr to lie Iliiekcr than in(^lie> in the lou-er part,
■lid in ntliii'ed. it it( •^itd, to t ini^hes thick nt top. The iininenKC
■ei^lil iind eipoied Kitiiittion do not Ket'iii to liave affet'tvd it in
the Intt dejiree ; and it taay he ijuonil, if not for siite. at all
rveiit* for it* itraee. daring conal ruction. Dndftlateof pre«ervjitiiin,
llier JM> year*' trial, wilh it^ hjitcr spin? of our own fSalixhury,
rrrled at the •nant^ periiid.
At the same time, I am not nrepnred to iiMcrl wtietlier the Aone
injilot i-*l wan all taken fram the Allem&i^e, or front some other in-
►fTior •inacrien ; bui ihn xiipeamnce of tW Ktone ju<itifi«« thu tra-
litttm of it! nrigin, and I know not how la i|neiitiuii it.
fOMr.AY TIRILAIl UIULXIE.
ExfierimffU oi* the OimfiklrH Structure,
■Pf' lilad to Ih- aide tii quote from a ntriiempriTiiry an ac-
iiiil of till.- cKperlmenti on the tuhidar hridjre jii^E c<im|i]t;ted,
< Kiven iiy .Mr. pMJihaini hiinwlf. in a letter tufi friend : —
' Ve^ ha*e loUeil an iaiporttni piotileni in ptaciical tcjenc« ; and, detpite
tIcaUoa u( taiue emiarnt nulbeRntr-citni, the wtiale of nif «•
tMiIlwtlllmc been more tban retltiril. On Wcdncsiliy liit,
Mi|iended upon tciajiOTarr p!cn, 4U<> feet »pan i and with io
^Khl (1.300 t«aa't, tlic deilcctiuii did aoi exceed, hut hh under.
I. With 300 loni of loaded trui'kt, llie iletlectiou mm inoreiteil Ig
H likcbei — Wing, at near >• potiiljlc, in (lie ratio of 1 inch to lOl) Igu* of
>mA, The coafated orealiin^ wtigiiC of Die tulM ia 2,20U loot eciuilly <li*-
trflluWd. cirlaiii* of iu own weight ; and, hlviaj itc perfect retention of
tana and (rni rigMliijr, I ini at oplalon ibal it would tu^uin 3,00(1 tont
l^lKfon fracvure tmk piMt."
It u]ip4ran from thin account, th&t ttie defection under a load of
'"' tons, is len tlim oue foot — an amount which Mr. Fiiirhoirti
eonaideni lo unall «n to domimstrnte tJie tuocM»ral lame of llie
undertaking in iKhlch Mr. Stephenson, with the able co-opcmtion
of himiwlf nnd Mr. EIod^'ki»«>n, i> eo^tiifcd. Certainly, when wc
iMnnider the leiiftHi of the alriiflnre. th* niultiplivily un*d complex-
ity of the (vmijtiiitent jiarfj, and the mimher of Jeiuts und nrcts—
the accuracy of iidjuEtment, nnd the ettreme nicety of Horkmnn-
Khip whieh effect the remit iitut4>d, must appear wmidcrfnl ; nnd
Um >iii|ierinUndents of thiit ffrett work, who havo conrmicd them-
itelven iu it« ininuti'it dvtailn, and therefore have the fullest acnse
of it^ diffli.-;ultie<, intist natar.tUy estimate ihi.i amouul of nacooas
more highly thnn ('oinparaCivcly uninterested pemons can do.
Hut iron, even of the hc^t quality, i« nut jxrfeclly elailic ; bolts
and riviitM. Ihun^h ever w carefully formed, -trd not iniithemiticaUy
true; and. Iherefor*-, it may renaonably bo aik<-d, if thf «trui;lure
«ink one foot now. hour much will it liiiik when t)iet>i>lt« have been
worn. Ihi- bnlt-hole^ enlariied, and the plat^^v itrained hy the ircar
and tear of nix months' railway traflic ?
It is to be rcnicinlierod. nli;>i, that the dtHiamieal effect on thtf
Klnictiire of a toad in motiun, ix mtieh more' than the «tjitical elfert
of a load nt rvn. In the cW of n jointed structure, iif whinh
the eliwticily in iinpertoct. the dynimieal rtrain and delleetioq
would he i-ertainly dnuhle the corroHpondinff «tati«al «floct.
These remarks are not itit\>iideit as forebodlnf i aa to IhC ulti-
matu KneiW8j of this mci|^ificenl ixndertakinu. All that wc winh to
do 14 to point out how much of the ptvililtim i<: cnlved, and how
much remain* ia douht. I'onsiderinp the qnettlon ahstrndedly,
wo cannot deny tlif iiuudliility of makinj^ the Atrncturc •tfonjc
eiioui;h tu bvar its load. Theoretically, h tnhiihtr liridg^e may of
ciiurM> he made hiroiijr enouffb to bear any NMi^nhh- had what-
ever—ton after Ion of metJal mii^ht be added till the rcquisitfi
strength would be ohtniiiod. For ma each t«n of meul would bo
iliNpoted luj (IK to bear sonietliinff inor* than its own vei^ht, w«
should, l>y i:ontinuintf the proceaji of iiicreiuing lh« thickness of
(he plute<i, arrive ultimately at h noint where the strength wasauf-
ficiently in exccM to aufttain any lasd oui^ned.
Itiit the (piestion 1^ not vhether the hriil^e tnnv be made atroiuf
enoujch, hut whether it be made so at the Iwuit espenxe of inateilaL
It Ik to tliiK iiiiint our douhtx refer. Mr. Kalrhami aaya, thnthia
experimcniai rewnlts i-ontrudict the rorirlu-tioni of iame l•Rlinl^nt
nialhemnticinn* ; and. exettpt for the IiiudaUirv epithet, we should
he di*pit«ed to think that he refers to invextifrations whii*h hare,
from time to time, appeared in thin JiMriiul, In which ahine, wo
believe, the maihenuticnl principles of the tubular bridifo hare
l>een discussed on nn exteiuive pinii. But leaving' the perMnal
<pie«ti(in, it i« enough to explain that we call in iiueiiliiin not tho
clfecl. but the me.itni; n4>t the oulficiency of the structure, hnt its
Cfoiiomy. It lifts been already chown (\ol. IX. for I SIB, p. .'too),
that straight tea«i«n rodit, proceeiling in riitht liuvt from high
siiapen^ion |o«*crM to neverAl joiiUs along the tube, would act wit4t
the ^reatot [tiKuible efiicieiicy. It U not even now too late t»
njiply the Htioiieuvion rud^ tu llie liriilue: only li-l it be by reotl-
Inieiil riifid ili.ieoua) lur*"- not hy ^exlhle or iiiteniiry efaoitu.
ConijMrinu eiiunl f|uiintitie<i of mi't»i dtiponed— ^rst, in lucreaNii^
the thickness of thi* inbi^— •ectmdly, in ttiagoutif dart, aciio|f
cither i» «trut<ihciieath the lube, or i» teuiion rods ahov* it. — it
han hcnn mathcmaticnllr demontitrAted thnt thd elliciency of tba
nictal may he trehleil hy the second method. Were It not Aon-
forous lo iirophesy nn a aubject wi novel and mi diliirnlt, we bIkiiiIiI
ne toclincd to predict tlial thin Hecoiid method, i a one or othi^r
«f ita form», uf diaguoa] tenaioa rods or diagonal otrnta, will Im
found neoewary after tlie structure hn» been some time In use.
NOTES OF THE MONTH.
TJi* Ta&frnacU. — AiDoni; lli« intereeting exhihitiont now Open li thai lit
(he Tabetnack of hri«l. nt 5S, Pall-Mill. Tlie Rci. R. \V, Hnriahorn, »
ckrg|iiuan af the UrnvBriiiy of Dublin, fMliftg in Inteieil at la the fonk
ami iiracioce of ibc ruliernacle, tin bid a uwdel oiade, with all the ilelailt
cUhoiately nccuicd, ai golil tad tilier caodleiticki. bran lacrillcial laatni-
uieivti, aikd eiuUrouJcreil ciirtaiiu. The modcli >te iwo ia Dumtior. and an
ciecuied in tKict confaonity wiUi ihc tcitt in ihe tiihle, whicti desciibe the
airingeiatDt of the eriginal Tabeiuoclt: of ilic Jawa. Tli« fud of ibcas
BtnilcU reprcunt* (he Jew* anHmped in tba plain of Moab, with ihe tribe oC
Leeiic* end Ihe l''al>tmaote in the centre. The tenii of Kphraim ace iboWB
In the dtitanee, and afar off the Dend Sm nnd the mountain range. Thit tl
n mott inlcreiling lalilenu. Th< uthiir nindd it itEToied tu the illuitrailott
of itie court of the Tabeinacle In greaur dciail. Hero are ahowo ihe lUtf
pillnn, tlie nhar of buiiil ulTeriag, the embroidered ciinainn, and all the t»
ntitriaa of the place cf worship. The waiei-Teueli ace copied from
ibodllei ia the llritiab Mateumithe pillara ore |ilt, iLc otadletticka i
TCiieli are of gold and lilnr, and ihc med«l ei a blgh pricot tiaadi at tba
M
THE CrVTL ENGINEER AND AUCHITECTS JOCRNAL.
ilUrt MpeiioKndlBi a uedfice' .TUi eiUbtttiw b ui atnariSwary exsm-
1 He of ihi itracUotI alBatnrtlcn of > test, «nd b liie); to exdta *n7 pat
huml, from tbe utorB of the labjwt u4 tba Bude b wUcb U (■ onied
onl.
Seuagt />«r.^J3U>cd>«raic |iipei for nrwcra htve becone » lirp Brtkk
«f nuiabclurfr ilnce Ihc 1>tn unitary agitatiDa.
JTorn- irrrk).— In the mw iiailuy bill, prathlov h n*dl te oiaUo Ae
n GOmdnioiwi* Iv xi up •riler and k« vrisrlli.
PniA.— Mr. Cb«lt* I>wr, » niembw of the Inililiita of Briliah Ar«*iU
|eeli< hu Mti of pMaljn*. His wort* arc thwOf it Bnitol g ami iiwlodn
Oie Victoria Rmbw, wttk a 1«rp CoriMhiaa pwtiM t tbx BUhap'i Call«g», ta
|fl|lBllolkneilj1e:Ctoi*tCbiuc)i, CURoKt Bxtnirxlv, Ncn CSwreb; bhiI tW
VMMla Orplian Aivfaini.
Mw nHilT».—ng bjal roTrtaclMMc InMUtiMi Imm bntt martjf iloaltled
^Ife liM bf Ifao ec«c4h» of a voir Uip thaabcoapUcaf faoliliaB a great
HilMr « fcmaa.
AMoro/iaiii.— RmbIu counea «( kdona arc Mw boiii( Bfarm it Ibc
SAool g( DMiBiM WMnd Home
AW Gaat>Tf.-~Jii otateqfitnt* of the glfi «( iht V«mon eolUefo*, the
EfmiDtni bavo obUtn»l a eainiiiitt<« of the Hdiuc of CoMraoiu lo ioquiie
4 tke aacoBUDodallOD at ib* NalMinnl OiIImt, and whd proTialoa oiifkt
to b« EnnJe foe tbe B&tioiul coUeclionL Thit will reiull ia a ii«w liolldiog.
Suildm' fbrrawn.— The [Ktiluiian ot Ihiildet*' Fareniea liai rracLetl ita
lUtd JW. It* Ant laveatnMnt of XlOO, 3} prt etdU. h«* beca nadc.
ViEadMM.— An aptaUov b bcaag earned on to ^ ri*! of Hit window lis ,
ttd u It b Buppotted on uaitu? srouukb H i* lilcly to t» lucceuful, though
[ttte gOTermncnt haTeithiaod to do mjrlhiiiglliiii *eiir.
Jtinth. — Tita MWipapen aoBOiioM the 4eath nf Lieul. Col. Henry Brand-
\vAh, ICE., ana of thn pnd tbtOwwy Comnuuianvr*. H« wm ■ Ter; •>!»■
I Uufoiibed luomber of th« Corpi to vltloh he baimged. Hn death «rai
JWiittwdb'. — ^Tho nilwar dnidmb d«cU(«d at lti« half-TVarl; ntolnifi
« baen more laMafKtar; tbaii na cxpcotod ; what a Mmpiau dcoiaJ
I bem gi^n to iha ckafge thai ditidaiMb Ime Iieos faid out lif capital.
Bttwi <3««r«^>Tha oobm of Ihigalion baa hccn Utterly in faraor of ibe
ifbnti gaofr. tad It i* c^celad the Cimi UoUm will be k(t waalan of IIm
I IHiadai^iMi and Oxford Una.
g W y<y*.— air. Wubaw ii. It it Udtetl, engaged aa aa bydRwIie lele-
Cb, of vhieb tyutm. at ii vteO bnonn, he wu th« invenlor. Ho orgamwd
■labUthuent of th« Electric Telegraph Cain)»nT.
CWwiac ' Ci>leni*l raiJwayiaw quito at a itand-ttlil : the iMmerara wax k»
araaloppied. the new JajuLca Unci given ov«r,aii(l the TtinjiUd and Bailwdoea
Companica defunct.
Arnty^-Tbo ocduacc annvyon harr ticfiin the turrcy of Loo'lon, for
I iur Uiij iIiooU bo atoppeL Ur. VjH tn^ >uiuc oirpodiion iu ilm Huuia
of ConiBOnt, but the tanreyorg hB*c hfva to »ui>in«, (>ia< ibe goiernuient
tove been able to carry aul tbeir own lyiiem.
£la«i^0w.— On the 18lhalt.,Bn*«BiBrkH-hoiit«wu opened »t BlB«l[him].
Ittehy >lf. Terenee nanagtn. C.E.. md h1l*I n.Dln. iMig. and lOtn.fitn.
'wide. The roof ii in three ipaDa. The nmer n la feet >(|nan. end riwa
I to feci high. Tbe maltiial ia Loogriilee ttane. and ihc mat £Sm.
f ' F lmua m.—A colloctioa of 150 work) of Flnnian ha* bcca prwcnied to
4lw Ualnnlty Colltgc by Hiia Daaman. hit exicuint.
SulUth Mndf* /or fit CwntBoli Ad-JiMy.— Tbt Ealimy of Ibo Hununte
tt 8al*aib E*aa*agtr, m, at hiah watei, aWul three 'qoartera of a mile
iHrida, lOiaihoatmoMor let* deep. and. fioB ili atrrewneH compared to
: ather parte, tha atreani runi Iheee triih a nxxl poweiful foret. II it detignad
f to carry over tlie riter, at tkie paatafe, a lihdge of Ihaae arthta, 9) fcM
[.ibove tbe lurtece ol tigb-teatee ipriog lidaa. To aU ia the accouinUah.
Vwonl of ibit greal object, the Coinoall Baltoay Cooipaay have purtbaaed
rtas li-guD packet brigft— tbe Pyeee and tfuperr— of 300 tuna lach, wtd
(lAvre BiODCod ibua ai tlie pataif e about ntdniy. Uy a tene* «f mooi*
inga, it bat baea aacerlaiacd Ihat tbe bed of the titer iteoeered vilb mud to
deplht tarring from 19 inehet la IS ftvl. Oa tko Cornwall «i<le, > >iB;;e
btinf noored 20 fi!«t [torn the beach ai low watir, and a 30 -bar ladder
vilh weishit otlached, let down lu real on tb? ledge of a ilrep tack, a
diTcr bad yet to deaeeod D fNl hafara the hataoin wai ohcalood. Un the
DcTOnshire able cWre li not wt tBDcb dccllrliy. Ttir ci>n>[WDy bate jiiat
['aeoaiteil from fttiatol, by Uriwal and Eaeier and South Deroa ttailway to
I and thmcc by ata. au iniBie-uc rrlLnJer, veigbmg 23 loai, ii ft.
I in. long, and £ fl. 3 in. diameter. It ia <ii:t<itned to let Ihit cylinder down
'parpendiGulatly Isetataii Ui* l<r« brigt, wlien i< viU be about 2& feel out of
Sta mler, and in tbal pMtuun 10 tiiBnr It with heap cnblaa,faalaned to foer
«V Bee aneboie, loaie of which wwgh I l«ii e«eti, puretnaad aipeaitty fram
Iter Ma)e4(y'B dockyard. An efliatt will ibea \tt nsade to pump the oyliader
f, byateao).ea|lnMiobe Axed nn bnard tbe bitge. ShauH iheei|ieri<
tltMhtbucylinrieTprovcancceaiJnl.il mil haTclafire ptacc in one of
1 fieaice magntlttde, neighing 130 lona, of the aama kngih, but ba<iag
a diunetet e( 30 feet— thoa providing an area af tnficiaeit eaten* to by
fkaadatioM fof ibt pieri of thb brwiidalib nutk. At the proaeal iMMm
, tttre wo not ototc than abool SO sen Mirplarad at Salin.h : but a far
fnaltT noiabee will ahaetly b« aaiiitayed. Thcf an under the ennirol of
tbe retideni engineer. Capt. Danee. who ii aided b} Mr. Pope. Ibt gcatlanan
«h4 to ablyaulateil In floaiiag tbe O'ree/ iM/ain tleain>paclei.
1.HT OF HEW PA'
aaaaeraa ix mMQu*yi< rwon J^fiAKt <U, ra Pumiakt ti, I
mm MmthM oBotttdJif Jhrohtn/, nJM aflkmNM ayiai^,
Bawy fcina jHl . it Blaehlinm, UncMblw^ Ibr "
I JanaarrS:.
WlOlaei Budaun. H Bnniler. l<«KadMre. maclilDe>iH*ai. aaa J*ba ItadfMu, tf
BQnil«i.a*o«CMnlr,««**lMlttt.tw "ornala Iaipea««dw«n to hn«M Ibt ■■«— 1— .*'-
January ».
BtniTltan>kl*Mr.laaee« ftdatil* wla » . d Maii L X iid. M«knea.aai nvaC
VerDalOMa. ^wwH^ aagl n a er .Jw •^eeetato IwawnMnlnwiah f in [ee i—i
nwUrt pnvTc, Hid lbrnMn(aa4 Ibrdng lubh-"— Jvibwj 31.
Tbmua To]ihBia. of BI|iW]r, Dwlifrfilr*, mamihcaniet, br " In pimiwinn la Oe
raanutfecuirt of Mnw-latiWa. "— f aaunry U,
OHrft r-<Truo>n Wllian. m nclBoM, Vunhalt. sMtlcnau. Mr •• IwinieiaiM n
U«Mtn« and wi—ft n nHne c*«taln laKyar -"j iiiallan, ii i[ la tb* am ttitwi i'
nulln and taftt&sblB."— ^eaaary U.
OaBrrHlKktan.ariaaby, maMmt al aiUiand Bdxard BI^Miw «( Rennt^hrti,
inddinn, br " le>pwie—we In atoMrlc MeanplH ■^-^lannaiTX*.
Jnaw*BarTMIKMI,M.D..«Ml Tbewa* BaM WaolrTihe, ctoedK. lar - l«pM»
tnaMa In ihe DaDaaetBetf aada, and la taeaHat paoduolaebUtaad la aaii awaaifc
MK.**— JaniMfy M.
JohnCnIllaa. ot Laailoalci.tB lh« MimtfeJHaaJaA ait*tatrt. ftir •• anMn Iw-
prwrenenubi ft — apaa. wweea, walw, nen ira.ph(a»aad In kiln* and aUinrnapwwm
for pnpanne ee^euMa and maaeantataaoi^aad the (aaaiaah-,. a^ ^ipil«aHaa ti baaL"
JeBQBTT 2i.
Thviua Ovbiuauaitif Coroiliyi ribbiiD tnuraliwlB/Wahr " toipiaawaaMa In laoaa Mr
■rcarliif rlhlimaanH alhai (kbrlta " — Janutwy 21.
WIHim Walma hHnnemi.oT MIBa. mm Oatwainl Oadnua-et
tatat, ^r '■ I M p aoea— alt la tba wawuKia^a at a*da.<'-^Ma«« V.
WllHaaiH>nryBarlDw.efl>arh]r.eMlaa|lBaer. Oe " ■■peanMann
tan of ra>lw«7 hafa-" — Immtj £.
WHlUsi BuaHtl, 9/ Linlbncik. la tlit cdudIt ft Ckr>n«lf>. Iron WMtw. be " ao lai-
6rov*BiBntIuih( iifnparattuii uf aniti Oar.lmn at bi nard In Ha inanirfai Inie tf li i lala
rnila uT md-lfsiv"— /HiuaiT It).
AHmI VliunI NaaUn. ai Chauec'r-taoi. flMhaakal
uaetuaMr (ar maaalastudaf inot awl aOiri taila." i& maimartraBnn ' Jaiian'
Janet BiaakwtH, of WlnaA>rd,b Uie tauMt BfCbnlar.anlt pee^btm. fai "
liuprcmnDnuiii nananliu^ rnniun."_ Faliriiarr 9.
Rulwt Foulfa, al Maim HliMda. Mortbitndieilanil. pHllnwan. tar "ceeMU
TBTtlB lb p«4|falllias.''^F«irtVB*y S.
JaoMa aua, af Ota Cwa> arar. Iforki. Talbw*, Oluiorflaa. aialtiWi. in
IwpmeeMiaNalapeopHlliit.'*— Kebruary B-
Oodtarr Antbany XraieB, o< Uanibetier, teum aeannrt, tat " UMtde
Is maitilnfrroraBparaiiualoriwiatniievitDnaBdaUuenoe
Rk'hanl Claike Burtrithaiif FfBihar*nDa.bnIldli>iB. HK W ew Li . ynilejMn. 1
tunTfwHib )n t w ai n (or tihtttr<it% t pi*iliichl( |%te aiul hMa, and la '
■aad Utanvltb.*'— Fttiraarr «.
Janti Uraii, «< llBDont-aqiiaN. lIMdlricK. feeucniBii. Ur " lw>»ananaaa la i
tAaOtg and et^et lelffraNit.''— Vebniary B.
MtWam Haywaad,^on>, or Sionr Brld(». Cheiler, ebealal. (or " iBpnweiaeaw ta
tbe luaiiuhclafa af all ftvat Mm tbai ."^-^ini ii y S.
VaUxn SanfUar. ar ]l*gMl-«trH«. atlddUaH, (•• "lapivaanenM la tMibeiBlto IMi
[laratcli."— Frfamani ^'
Jean Wipalaia lerowiot anettwich. Kent, captain In ibe Preoih navi.ttae ■ 1^
ftomatext In aMpa and ether e ea e a la."— r«hm«iy h.
LulM Babelt. af Kyda, Ma al ttlithl, dvll anelnetr. Km " tmprtr^ «hI
ndartag. erlDdbh and Mtug lark, avcar, aofca, aeedt, and MbH
•Mebn^h^
luitoZn^l
watyd. H
ipmiaiitif
Wllllm Peter riu*ei. of OaAml-ttiaei. atUAItan, and 1"irlim alij u
CoRiiriAaA, city, far "»rfaLn laifrovfoitnU in ikaiill,4l InMnuacrili, aap to tba
laciurr urraata lot eonUU nine intUiinjr'Ula. laudt, tr nicrttiaadlBt."— Fetmaty d.
Ifn Mart* NafnUi, vt Vlllt OiaoAe, iRhon*,: fVaorc, emna, lar *' laaprem
aiatUatrr fcr mhw. awtoaMaetat, and Ibr oaainreonlaar pMta."— Mdrriairr •.
OneHe AiloUtb Ila<:ldiala.tf >nemm.aireet,ltb«lewa. neallee^. lae •• lap
Inchl^nln^ ni4iL}TT povrtt," — t-VbratijU.
PaUi lloiitlta. niHtlianl, «f UuuHi. Kf anui, lur "oiUiti aiMsi. f>raoe**aa, a^ afpa-
ratut uxd (di tetlnea'd aupTibmUKlani-bMiln gmeral aai aaiactlmet iUitci InaL la
many aaelnl jnitpBaai " 'A ciiMaafcellaH, >— BeheoarT le.
WllUam Jauy Ownun. ti( CMabfMat^ aalleUar. to •• Isfvai^Beaia bi tba iiiiaWiaiilia
vf vaTrliUm tur lk*cvEA«)riMi<« df ■brvpaad olbar aatatal* an '■ll««fa."w.4^trruaey IL
Tha lllgtit tlsn. Thumai. K*rl cl nuii>ioniil4, Vkv-irimlF*! vf it» White HoadrpD al
liar 1U]t>I)'i> Ural. Ki>l(h[ linin,! Cnm'if ibv tloil lion. Uciio odba Bath, Mr " tn-
pptHanifntt la tnaHcie tUam bollvn atid *i-pwwi\it (uaiMela4 tharc^lh.** — Paan^y 11-
Hurillu Hurt, ar the Ufiii tQil comit} iif Nulllpgliim, lace-iaiJiar, loi ■• taiprvee-
aitn^alo *tapomii'ij.''.-F*bniia7 14.
JabB Wa'un. Dimkant. and Kdminl Can. ecntleeoan. bath o( Hull, ft **tmtnit-
in«nM lu l^t cnuaraiiarc t1 »«*."— >■! miry 14.
Jtmw* TWala>Clua», >ail Krinid Cbanf*. of lUnalaitllaan, (at " Inpievaaaaaa Ic
funawi. aail In Uir manulBcUirr or f laB."— rdirnari' 14.
VTIUIaiB ToiU*. of CpMbv-xiiun, Uanim, a^nrbaui, far " iBtananeaieata In AaBb
llaN" [A esinimuaicMieo.>— Fabmaiv 14.
Jeku \VaU)a,e<rDrl]aad'la«niNldiiifies, niaintBlH,r«( "mtifc Inipieiaaaaiiti U
DbUlnlneaailaiiiplyUif moUaeiKnnr."— ValiniiiTy IS
Jvw|ih Aulwt Huhr, at Ueetborr. rn " InipmvaianI* la laililnc rTiimnnnlmtWaa
Wl<r<«ii IW (jiuigita, aegtaHn.andiHatrwmntilnibaigc arnlHriT i aiilaail. and Ida
btiattn tlw naweataia and amb awranU. nbMb tDifevatBtrna arc antiMaCla M
irb*niva*tT*iidM*iafntaBaiual<Mlunaa(a>e^airad."— fvl-i'iaT lit.
Bitaaed Uatier. at aiMdlBion^ianM, Ulddlaaei, wMebaakrr. liir '
toa* uid uuiujtnf afiMnln."— Fvbrvary Ili.
Ediftri DaiKuDbe Uua. at rhf iHa. and &an>d Lub Pra^wnl, af Lart-t«^, CHy
f*i>(lrrn*D,(ur ■■ InpisTtiOTalils Uic ai uiuOkUii* of ralaora, atH, aa4 TunMiet.wadbl
UicBuiiMciaraerebweoa1.andaln In uiatiue iiitliliilt aiiliwaniaa be, and la ^■
Ul<>la( aUfaitln aiatiara lb«*rm« .-— Fabrawy le.
Wllltuii tivliig. of 'r>i«ot».eea(l, Kenaln|totv. aafiaNe. br " la^iviail majitntm lar
in leotditujueiand oiker ■aiei1aii.~--r(Dn>a^ la.
- lapieeenMnia b
ia«M NHaiflli Bid Halhreak OmMI,
In
Vilh af W aaihaeaar, anitai i iai far
oibtf BubetanM*."— Ftbrna^ '!i.
• Swleeilnfci
npiac.
I eaatliat
THE CIVIL ES'GINEER AND ARCHITEcrs JOURNAL.
•T
CANDinWS-8 NOTE-BOOK,
FASCICt'LUS LXXX.
- 1 ruul ha** ll»«rlr
WIIImI, •> I*nt' ■ iTiarlar •> Ikr Mlnitl,
To bla* OD wliooi I plnat."
I, G«iT»*i«I««fin|>lot<dvc'>alr»<lictVitrii»-lut'«Mrw*it,w UiIocUo
Mill Cimnthian column* Miii^ i>ri>|>i>rti<>i>wl r*-pecti* fly nfldr < Jr*-
u*ii aiHiiimiio and tiiiM«>4, fnr tKf rr^al frminino or liuly-like )iillAra
tn fkr HM'm hiillcy nnd ruliiut Uinn ei'«n Ilii> most niMruline «x-
uipJe« of tb« l>i>ric order. — to sucli de^irev, in fitct, Ibat tbify would
tt {■(nitirelv' clrimsy were tli^ij* in«c fillan, whcrtMn v^rictv nf
{<»nn >n<t plkjrof otitliiii! CDtifDly ditiii|Kite the heavlneai whirh
woaiA Klti'Dil umple ibh*m nf stone of Ihe Hanw bulk. Uf the
tSect lutd v-iilue of CarynlidvB ia iiTrJ]iti,'Cttini] L-<ini|Uj>.ili<ii) *enrevlv
ath'inir in mid hjr architMtariil (rrlten, «lt)iuii)Eti it in that whloL
4y Hraunds tbelr co&iiiderati»n nnd reninrk ; for us to the
nifriD or fir«t introduction of mcli ligun-n Ut perfurtn the office of
nhiRin^ tlut In ivnlit^ (naLLi>r!i iiui u rusli, notwitlistiiadijig It ia
«b4t (>x(.'liuirely orcupiH the aLt«iition of thota who spank of tb«n.
Therurrtnt lei.'eiid rvKpwti(i)r llic Mlnptiun of thorn iulu Groek
UTfaii«H^tur», niuv lio trii« ur nmy l>e fitUe : but at all events it U
not nffnMirj in order to acvount for pillarv being nhnpett to re-
NmbiB humBD ligurM. nich ligitro* Iwi'xng freijuent in the Kkt>'ptian
il^t*. — uf ninrw* vttli Vl^rJ vide differeiK-e* a« to taite aiid do-
tifik, the (iicidain«iital idea beiii)^ nercrlheloM one aud tbv uuuo.
F»r rniir* to the i>ur|Mwe is it to conjeidiT tin- jnitlielir effert of
uich ct3ttie-<'iduiniiit, and their value in ari'hiti>i':liir>il eom[i<niitii)ri,
Tluit U'liik* they ^^''^^tly extend the resources of the laller. there if
direct cl.tniltnl authority for them, nnd that in ati exiunnU- fraught
■itii liic niiMl 4^t(|iii'ite t»te, iiiuniUiiiable; Tiutwitlnlaimiiiffvhirb,
lbs jrra|iriety of Ihe tatite ko ili>^|iliiyi>d han Iteen rallrd in qiiestiun,
M rather liaa been percniptorily romlenined. It'i* contrnded that
ivch f^pjfi'" both Minccwt uaiiuul idea*, und parLakt^ of the tire|HW-
tcruiM. With reffsrd to the fir*l of theie objcctiima. it a difKrutt
(a ander«land whrrcfore tiUlnci prrformiiijc tlic office of piliaia
ifcould vicitt* any idea of jiain iT tiiey LheioKclre* cxpreM no Kncb
faetinK^vtiicli oir course ther (>U);ht not to da— but atand calm,
intnovcahU*. and indiralc perf'crt caoe and train) nillity. As to the
m|MiMerouMMttiof emidiryinc bumaji fiinnti for nfili^es whldi living;
urniaa belius could not poaubly perform, if there be absurdity in
ItkU, it ia of a species whic& extends it«i-lf — or I mitfht t*y, inror-
I ptntcs itself — with a rery ktcmiI deal of liotli arcliiiecttiml dccmnw
diio aud ofnamental itcrixn f^eiterally. It has been «aid that what-
<rier Is contrary to txunmon-MriiM is contrary aim to eoud tart*.
The ralidity uf tuch dictum dejiriiiln rery tauch upoo lAO laliLaile
allowed to the term '* ewmmon-aenM.' If wc are to uudet«tand by
h norcly the knovlod^ based upon actual cxpcrivnre, a vcn' |cn:at
I^mI that haa hitlirrti> bi-rn rrj^nleil an iiiiuiifmtinf; relini^l taatc,
' Boat be aet aside ultvic^^ther, luid pronounced to be in very faloe
Uate, If Caryatides arc to be coademiird »» inconsistent with
pood (aate:, becawte they reprv«ent Uie ImiOHii furm contrary to
«liat we know by eotDmon-Beaae it it capable of, the Mue nutlio-
city of conmon-MOM niut pronoiutco atNtiico eniplo>'ed na piouu-
dca aod acrotcria on pediment* or elsewhere to tie e()uallv repug-
Hotto jtood tante, they liein).- placed for n continuance wliere real
•erMDs — if they could kliind thcr^ at all — could remain for on)v a
nw minuteo, aitd that at the peril of their neck* and limb*.
A|tain, how mn wo re«oncUo with ptnin oommon-aenKe Hucti
daauoal monntroaitiea a« ar>he«<|ue« or biiman and luiiniHl
iguret t«nninatiii|;in folia^? ^'ay, is there anything of commuD-
wnR»— that in, of plain, hoaeat, mat ter-ot- fact common-aenite— in
tha cramming a crowd of flgnrea Into a pediment, where half of
Ihen arc, p^ore«, crouching down? Or what riuUl we aayto
taeh ronceits as corbcl-headM, or to atataaa fixed ia between the
BiAuldinfr* of the head of an arch, in such maoner that satnti of
them are nearly in a borisonlal position f if common-Mnne ia not
■tartled by thnn, it may Burelv excuse what »ru lean nt varinnce
with it— nanieiy, Caryatidoti, wU«h hut are st once so picturesque
and defiant in effoct, that their beinit so rarely etnptoyeil may weli
•xdte our wonder. Their bciii^ fri'i|tu>iU]y eiiipl<iyi>i] ik not tn he
loakml for, on accoont of their e.xpenHivene^s as conipan'd with
other pillnn of the Kame dinien«ioii«i ; ctiil wh:it prevL*nt>t their be-
coQiiii^ loo common hy being ^ipplied on onliniiry ijct-iikiniu, thmild
i Operate aa a atron^ieuwoa for latroducin; them u here ntn^uificenw
I b BSeeied, and exist tteoHBee a aecondar}' atrntidrrHtioii.
II. From what Mr. (iwLIt aaya on the auhjecl, in hi> EncyclopW'
dla, It would seem that Caryatid ftforea are by no meana uncoiii-
mon featuree tii architectural compoBition, for he telle ui that "ilie
^0. 12;— Vou XI.-ArajL, 1S18.
Tarieiy In guest of which the eye w always tn search* ind the |MC-
lurewi'ue cSect which may be produced bv the cmi^loymeol of Cnrya-
lidoK, luMla ojim to their nfetttirji cmploymrat. How he tvcmI'
cUee the epithet '' MeMtary" with the opinion uUered by liim just
before, vtx., that the pur^nmae of support can he net only ik» well hut
even lictler ai-ci>iii»li!>hed by uAoiall ordtr.— miut bv left to biniK'U*
tn eiplftin, which it would, perbaps pu»le hint to do ; and piiul«
himnUo it would tu jurtify the espre?ttoa •* t>/?c«," hy enumrrjitin^ j
«xain)i]eH. f>u the cuntrarr, they urc exceedingly rare iodi'cd, in
tUa country more eepecinfly, f^r I can ciill to mitid iiTily one io-
■tance of the himl in the metropolis, n.tnieiy, that afforded by tho
vliurdi of St. PancRiit. \vt, ttoutfh he eviiiently enlfrtiiin* no par-
tiality for Caij-atiden, -Ur. (iwiil appears to repird with favour
IniKo Jonet'c idea for the circular curt in the paJace of Whitehall,
wh^'h wa« intended to liave two ordene of eohw«al figure*. unnW'er-
ing to two etitir^i ftoriei* of the edifice, which enlnrgiement of ^calA^
/ar Affam of the kind \* certuinly no improvement upon the ta>t*-1
ful Athenian exioiiple.
III. It would l>e well were we to a«k onriMdrei what Is likely to
he the rewult of the present arMcai of architectaral copyian and
mere reproduction. The works bo formed and Cuhioned will, by
and hy, eome to ho looked upon, nt the beat, only na m man? clever
counterfeita and imitatioim of what were previously liviiiti ^tvles
of the art, fruut^ht with vilslity and with the actual impre>c>i ut the
ppriod when they reniectively'flonrished. Juat now, while we ar^
imitatiofT, our Imitations mny interest eurseh'es, but they will b«^
of no intereet or v^ue to those who eome after im. IHntorh^ inte-
rest they will have none, except a* teatiiying to our skill in me.
chaitieal mimicry, and our utter want of inventive and crealice
power. Vo wfast'u-ewill. iniilatiun of *omethin|r done l>i>fi>re there
always muKt he in nrcliiieetiire; yet, aa if th.it uere nut i^ii llic lent,
weaRiect and pii|ueoLir!ieU'e> upon direct and eKoreosimilatiiMi. We
most alwavt have "Himelhin); nfXvt wniehotly,' or after «oniethiuf ,
elee. Ana this of il«elf cnruHjtute* a prodijiiiitiH dilferencc bet weeai
the art at the present day and in Airmer periiKls, our own being
little better thmi a blank with rettard to orit:inal ideas. So tltat
with all our reverenro— *-eal or pretended— for precedent, we refusa^
to recogiilte the artiiiic liberty to which we are indebted Tor tho
■tylM and examples of them which wc now cry up aa pattern*
excellence.
IV. The f>ee exercUe of Inrention In desttrn Is not to be con-
founded with mere arbttmrr Innorntion. TIic Inventive iiowerfor
which such freedom ia churned must, however, he of n It'citimntc
kind, — tliat I& he directed by sound principlis of art. With thea^
and a cultivated taato for hi^ ^lidanre. lie who liaa the spirit of 1
artist in him may itafcly be trusted 10 his own Impulses and Ido
whercaa he who has no insight into nrlistic principles, who
never applic*! him«elf lu Mvthetlc ntudy, cniinut be truHted at
beyond tie litnlta of tho moat ordinary comnion-plaoe and Jo^ti
di^Jgn, for if there be a possibiUty of blundering he is euro to <
BO. No mjittor in what filylo he attempta to dis^utBe hiuiself, his
vulgarity in RCrtatn to Iretray him, and his irroprewlUe Pccksnimsn
breaks out, without being: at all eutpectcd by him, or it bciiig in
his power to ^ard aguinst it, for the simple rvusoa that it is hi*
nature, and he has no idea of uhut be ouoht to guard ofCHUUt
Daily ex|icrienoe confirms the truth of thia: bow many ntroi'iousljj
vile and vulftar oopicw— or rather piiro<liea imd caricatures, althougfl
intended for copies — do we hoo of style* ond modoa of design and
conipoutioii that happen to have h(-en brought into vo^rue — aH, for
instancr, the mrtylar " Pulaaeo" fashion iatToduc«dhy Harry, which
hoe in many case* been either ponliveir ^nilgariied, or cIm treated
in the most pKMUiic manner,— as if the intention were to prov«
what mtaerable taste nty he dliplayed in thjnj^ that nifect to con-
form to precedent mid to ho pertwitly frt'o from caprice.
V. Am Iu caprice, ihnt term ix h^qnetitly npplied very nnmean*
inply. It is very common for people to »et down at once for
caprice whatever devtntes from |n*neral rule und uuual method ;
thereby peqilexiii^ that ordinary and P^ty criticiim which lias no
other standard of^judifing than estabDahed routinier precepts, in-
terprvtin)? them, morixu'er, to the very letler. I*iioh rritiriimi ia
unalile to discriminate between what i* mere cnprice and "hat in
not, — wide as is the difference between them. The capricious ia
th:it for which no aalisfactory reaaoii ean beaaiugaed by tho aatbor
of it ; but, however contrary It may be to usiul practice, that ia
not cjiprice which is done with duibenito intention and well-
stiidieil ain^ at elTecta previoualy untried. And if to do well
merely according to precedent he meritorioua, much mure so must i
be lo Jo so and at thi> same tiniest beyond actual precedent, creating
what in Its turn will be rec4>)rniii«l as valid |irecedent and authority.
It is prupcr enough to be perfectly well acou^ted with precedent,
but to be lied down to il^tu be made u aTave to it, is ill, ThoM
14
TKK CIVIL EVfJIKEEn AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
bo wc brapablo 0/ tliinklnc for tlierefcKs, take rcfxico in i>re-
Ftedenl, anil mnku it their elrunplii>l<l. thin' it onaMi-> thciu to an-
■VRic a IvuG (if authuriLy, mid tu de«ij« do^iiuilU'«Uy «ithvat ntiy
livubte ot tliiiikinir.
\'I. Cnrcrul vbHrrinncc of rul« "■ill *n»liltf nny one !•> avcid
Mailivf fnults ; but bvt"vcr> tliiMii and |«»ilit'e nii>HlH th^re it< an
unmaaxuriiMp ditttiince — unv wliidi dtlipM cttlrulutinii. In art, it i*
vprj' (innitihlo to It* nl wiw-o fnulllr*a imd rAinelosa — wilhoiil any
•]ip<ific fault, hul «W without any iiiKTV^it i>r any fhiinn, — In n
word, to Kc*ltO|i^th»r Iiuiiiilriiin. Porli»[>» it in rnthir iinf«rta-
ntite limn not fur nri'Iiit(?clur>.% tliflt u ^jttit dciil of humdriim is
if ne«'e^itr ti»li>rati>d in it; however worthlefia or iinwurtliy 1h*)*
n»j" Iw »« I'lrfidMi-tif.ns of urchiti'diir*, biitl«lin(pi miiy nn hitil<lin>,-ii
iom|ilMi-ty^ii»wrf till' purjhui^for uliich thi'v ureersi-t^'d. Bi?$id»i
rtiiL'lt, thi>v niuit. when oiie» wected, rvmnin indeliniteh-, tn tUi*
lit o^tlie art n»d tba tforruption «f (inblit! twtn. Hniiidrum
... , b(>i->imeK ffrvineiibU W va«t«-|M|ier ; humdrum »iG[im« find
itix way into lumber-nmnia nnd puirets; 1>ut kulldin)^ iif thi<
imp ur Brim vpne qunlity nintiut bv «o sot Tid of, nr put out <if
d^hl ; titlierwis* n good munjr tbiit mijilit W niraliitued would now
Impprar.
VII. Thprei<ifi(<mething<;lJirtlinp-. prrhapa diTi>rtin{r atiin, in th*
ecidnlly <>|iiii>Kitt* »jiiniiin>i i-titiTtiiitii'd bv In-o of our HrdiHeclursl
r^vfesaoffl «ilh ro(;iitd in Vitruviu*. rtTiile ProfeHor Husking
■pfaks of him, in liii Trentini; on Arcliitecturi?. tti tbp moHt un-
qualilieil If rnw of «mt*ini>l, Profeiowr ('oi-kiTrll venwaiw bim ;—
U to 1 inilirutiii^ him, tluit it> ^tiite u different matter, and whnt
h« does not even so much na attempt, but tenren nltoifpther uii-
nolicMl the hivlily duiircHntor)' romarko thrown out afniin^t Inn
idol. Dot by IlosKinjr only, but by the atitltur of the " N'ewk-iifc
INjicour*r*," both in that puldirntion nnd cUewherc. The ignorinii
iJicm maybe prmlent emm^h, but iis'iirrdly duc-wmit nhuvi much
of either rdiirriKf or injteimom'tif m, ktviiiiie quite out of si^ht us U
doc* the fiict that Vitruiius httt* of lute years been viidriitlv im-
pufTTit^d liy iin>fc»adoniil writ«^ in thi* country, nnd his nork de-
clnred >A)iielea> to the arrhiK'rtiiriil student; — nay, not onlv
rsluclew. but In Mmede|p-ee misdUevous sIho. by lillinfr him witlt
ibiiurd nnd idle rvotion*. and iitTordinghim no inngrht nhatever into
a tax, — as urt. If Vilruvhia bos lic«u iinjiiHtly iuj»er«cd and
rililicd, it was for I'nifcbHor ('oekerell to defend him — if be could:
inrteiid of which, in hitt clt'^ni; Iciiurc thix newvii at the Koyni
bAcsdemy, he gnve hiii hi-arorn reason to >ti{iiH»t- that the chief nc-
ibuROtion l)roii4(bt a^iiLnst him hud been hy hie Gcmian vdit<ir,
tdineidcr, on the eciirc of his Lntinity. Pthncidcr. it wchim, wa» a
B*re pbiluli'tfivt, iiiid h^ricntly avowed hi« iirnoninec of the M)bjeet-
Mlt«r »f Vitro* iub's v>rilui|,T, Mliieh I lalie to hnve bt^-n ratbiT in
tvuur of hit) nuthor than the ruatr«ry, bccnuse, had he hern vn-
'table of jiid|;ln){ of the viiiue »f Ibe matter ulnu, hsntly vonM h»
ntvn entertnined a higher opinion of hiiri. 1~he name of
VitruviuB i«, undoubtedly', one of grent tradltioiml fume — oa»
Sncttlied by inveternte prejudice, (lartly or even i)rinri|mlly lio-
u»c lii.1 h'nokfl Dn ,1>vA iftWu/ii rejireitent to modern timeti all
iJiHt remainii of umllnr writing by the nneleots. That mere ne-
ffirfvnl hua conferred upon him fi'monopoly of repnliition, there
briti^ no onn to »Jinri! it with htm; nnd it biLM been too lishtly
taken for )iTAnted, that, writing in clawdcnl times, he mnst nim-
>^f bki'e b(>en a euni]ietcnt jud^i< >nd «>Kputjnd(>r of clatwieid
'litpcture, H« kIiiiw^ hiniM'lf, howmiT, to hive lieen at the
. of a very plodding turn uf mind — ovtwititanding hiipomnon*
_^ id pri^lsb proems, and to hnve be«n wbHt wonld now Iw cjOled n
'tnere "iimrtienl mAii.''niipiiiintedonIy with mjittiTs ol routine and
tlio techniciilitieu of biserafl. While tliere Isa very frrent denl in
niK work which is utterly irreleriint. it beiug only in the renmtMt
v» connected with the profen^ed unhjeiri, there it> itlfudutely
■Othln^ wb^lever that i^ives evidence of the nrtint or the iMtJiCtic
FjBritic. There Is not«u much at uity attempt to 1«t duH-ii nnd ex-
rplnin principle* of correct tiwte in im^hitecture. Tliere is neither
artniiRfntiitive criticium, nor reasoniiip, nor remark ; but every-
tJiing i* treated in the drycut manner conreivnhle, nnd fur the mot^t
x1 wry obscurely aim. ^Hiat in to lu hiit ulncurity nuiy partly
J laid to the cliarve of our own i)inomiiM»— our not beiiur oetlcr
_ iformed as to variouB mnttcni tlint were ouffieienlly well under-
stood by those to whom hi! addrttHaeil binifelf, hut which, after nil
IteiDpts to exnUiio tlictn, can now only K- >;uw»l-d at. The
uettton tliea, ts of what v.iliic i" Vitruviu^ to as, esoeoially at
Jie present diay, when by m«un» of various ancient buiJdinft* and
Mvuniilen that'nave liiieu from time to time di*covered, explored,
anil di-liriciited, we h^iva obtained a far doner iiiM|chl intu the
priiirlples and prartioe of the arcbitt^ct« of nntiijuity than can
piissibly be derived from the wrltinK^ <.f VitniviiK ? In some
laitoucva, vbacuritiea lu kia text bnve beoa exidatti«d by what fan*
I>Ci>n obwrvcd in extant mpniimentu ; yot that only proven tkst tka
Intternreinfimtelr inoroiiitclliuihle inrrtriic-ton> than Vitru rius, and
that ncciirdini;ly he may nowb«di>^i>iiwied by iis, fvr any reid adisit-
tagc to W derived from the itiidv of him. Stich iitudy will, indeed— ,
if that be any ndvantoffe — eimMe the arfbitect to tojk leMirrMKUy,!
but will nut help in the leart toward* makinc him an nrtiitt ; rath«r]
will it be apt tn render him n pedant, nnd obatruet th<- ndianca)i« '
mit'lit el*e make in hi* capacity of artist, by withdrawing^ hia al-
tfiittoii from wbtit i« hiw proper study a* cueh ; mt- ban too fn-
qnently been thecace. Many would have been far irre:^ier pmifi-
eientd in their art. if. instead of porlnp — perkapa atupifyinff tkera-
nehes nlBo — over Vitniinns, tlic'y had thrown him entirely asid^,
and exeretAod their own puwrrx fnH>Iy in I'omiHJwtiun and design.
V'lll. Tliesulijeet of the invinble — perhaps altogether inuuinaiy
— curves in the line^ of the Parthenon has men again brougftt fiw^
wiird before the InBtitnti?, IhnufFh it wno to be hoped we (ho^lil
hear no more of it. Matteni of far gireater Immediate impnrtanea
than <uch nujfif dffirH^ and relined subtilties and specnlntinns,
chum (iiir attention, ero we ndvanee f» far nt to lie able tn appiv-
ciate such exmiitdte uicetieK in »rrhiteetural optin as tfaoie attri-
buted to the Greeks. Little leM than ludicrous is it for iis to yn-
tenrt to it[tm>sl oiim>Ives with them, when we n>mpl.-ii'pnllT toliB-
rate the raiwt cruile ^nil npiritlecii seUoal-bov imitation* of rUu-ical
arch itecl tire, which chiefly «how how very ill the pretended orlci-
itala have been understood, ^1 Ioiik mi we iliut our ejrs to toe
Klarinf,' iMrturtKinx in tasl«, anil the liarah omtr:i dirt ions with r»-
^Ard to style, that are allowed to manifest themselves in copies at\
that clans, it is in vain to expect that we kIisII ever open thnii
wide enough to discover *tich philiiMiphicHlly-tiludied miiintl* aa
arethecurvatiireii in ijueitt ton. which certainlj'^were not erenso muck
ax nuspected till very recentlj', iiirtwilhttnndinK the dilisence with
which the Parthenon ha« been examineil, nut only hy nitiirt, but
by man^ others «ini:e hi* time. It ban been ascertnined beyond
contradiction, th^t PnlycTiroray wji*— tn a certain cxtrnl. at
lejint — emphi>'ed nsaneffcctivr and Uvi'''"'!'* mmie of wrcbiiectonil
en I bell i!<h Id rut, huih for the Part heoiin and other Greek struct ures;
and yet even that discovery has been nlt<i«ethrr um-less to us in
pDictice. inoMnucfa as we hare not attempted to avail vurseivedfif it
on any occasion ; and if we forego a trait ofiirecism that would b«
plainly percepiible to every one, hardly is it to be sup)H»cd that '
we s^all ever think of tnokiutrany use of rwGnemeuU in optical j
effect tb.tt would not he »en;ept)ble to one person in ten thousand.
Let lis provide the shirt uefure wc think of the rnlllc* for it : whcQ I
wc can sliow thut wc arc capiiblo uf fully eatcrtui; into Ihf charac-
ter of d.-viMCul arebitefture with itenoine artislir Benlimciit for it,
it will be time enoujfh ti> think of thoM>e*(tui»itely ttibttl'nnil delU
cnte touches which arv now imputed to the P.-irtbenon. For na, j
who show ('unelves so r>bluse aa we do to many even tolerably pak-
pahle 'pislitie* infTTeck de«i|pn, to concern ourselves with itifiMs*
imperc^ptililit working*, is nothing less thao absurd. BeddM
which, Grecian nrchitecture bus ui late fallen into dtserpdit with
us. we hnviniT »t la>t found out that, as our buUdinn are ncceswi
rily constituted, It is nearlv altogether Inapplicsblu by ns iu aetiial
practice, t'opy Greek orders nrv may, but we raniiot keep an —
except in very p.irtinilar ni^es indeed — anything like the ^'niiua
GceoK physiognoDiy ; ao that the dei^ee of reiemblance aimed it
and obtained, only serves M n-nder the ilaparture from the uritfinaJ
stylo the more evident, ]i*rtiriilnrly if the ortler be tlie Uurie,
since that ri>fuRet> to accommodute itself to any other purpose Hub
a simple colonnade.
I.\. So ve.ry far are wo from ftudiniudy caleulatinfr optloJ
effeetM with mathenrntieJi] precision, that we do not ^eem to undea-
stiind — at least, nut to be able to furiWK— that diirenmre of appear*
anre which takes place between a freometrical elevation, in which
every part abuwsltself equally distinctly to the eye, and lliebiiildiaff
expi-uted from it, in which last it is jicrhan» af^erwnnls diicoreraa I
that miidi uf the detail does not teU at all. Seldom is anr culcu-i
latlon made with reference to tlie actual locality, and the distaim
from which the stnirture it<»df will ftenerallv lie viewed. TIcnce,
when ercL-ted, it is sometimes dixovered titM a building can b*
seen only so far off that its lesser fcaturcsare acaroely dintii^rulBb*
able at all, or elic only frimi M> clofle a point of view, that aU iba
upppr piurt of ii tiecoincri so greatly foreshortened ua tobecvna
quite dii^torled, and nlto^vther n different object from what tlw
(Ceonietricnl design pronii^-'d. It in not unminmuu, again, to find
that while those parts which can be but tmperfccity scon — or at
the best seen only in their gcnctal forms— «re etalwrately decvrale^
those wklch being almoirt close to the eye skow tkemwlvea dil-
tiiictly, are compHrativelr neglected nod treated as suhunUiiate
oues ; — and m they may be with rcinird to the design as seen upon
paper, but sot as it is seea ia tk« bunding itself, la many «mo^ tlw
IM8J
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITKCTS JOUBSAL.
' rlctail flnil fiiii.i)) wi>iil4 iiDHwer tlie |iur|)i>«eiust
.■ ol tbe lai;er which innut' dccinoil tnJisitcn*-
' irts to wIik]) it if npplied min' l>coiit ni ■i^'ht,
'lire, I CBUuvt liL'l(> tiikititf tav rivei fruul vf
''iil.iv '•! tv eHitiitiMlerloWa veryicreutiuulabe, Bdita vrrv
MMtiy •■DC hI«i>. However MquUite may be it« bc«utic» of dctnil,
tiirjr oTv vaJitrlr** if, »« rcnllv i« the owv, ttcy Are iuviuUe, Kud
aMiii->t Iw Wijp>j*ed bj Wiiitf nJmirvd.
X. W). .1 .. ..f- ;. fu,% a jiiiliK'e bC^niB to be difficult to Kiy, wUiM)
'»e^ luipliwrrf'rrri.'tl t" undi-rtliit 'IcuKiintioti.inUitf
itlAr '- -liitiull urMiliiin'a Livo^ti<>l uiiiv H"rlit>ri>' [I nil,
titf lltKW GiiarilN llcrivit'^ )l>Hpit»J, ni>cl otlicr )>iiil<Jiii)c^ wlili'li dit
aataVMH tu Iwlnng At nil to tlint i-liiiU, but ulito tho MoiitimcDt OD
Fuh Strv«t Hill! We moj' thi-n-furi; con(;rMlulnte outiioKm on
Ittfiaic li^^idv thst, two mmv |u>lbC«A vhii^li v« have nnt r»cki)ned
Wore — ivuitcl;', thr Xolivin iiiid (lir V'nrk r«luo«s. A taoA tiiirtn-
■hU i,uf priM- mubt it l>« to Mr. Rnillon, Ui hivd that ht liau er«t«d
L H Mttire |>»Uce whsu tw iitt«>npt«>d only to fltkk up • slngUi
■ eabuu.
THE HOTEL DE VILLB. PARIS.
lot'X PK Li^cY, GruflJ fivliA. I'nrJs, 1M4.
Aa thi> *e*\ of the I'rDvuloDal Guveriitneiit of tlie ne<v Frt^rh
SepuliliCn, this inliri(-« liiu rK^iitly ncijuired n def^ree of tDltiretit
fwn wHIi thtiMt vlui wriiild ku nliiilly liidifTtfreut tu it b> « work uf
uehiicctare. Uf cuurue. It it as tli« lulivr akine thKtwiiiii>tic« li,
ad hiwl Xh» ump mfuiD<i uf doiii^ so heeti iifforded us, Bbould liave
ttov sa bofur*. Still, Utc n> we nrc in mir iinticc of thv splvndid
»ehlt4tctural puMicittiuu vIium title lii^adi. tliin article, ue an> not
it kll beliiiid otbera. fur w« ar«, ir» believe, the very first to nmlce
Dention of it iit tiiiit noHUtry. It may Miiind oddly tu say Ibat we
hften ta nve onr ruder* nobm account uf it ; u«v«rth«lieM such is
Ibe cftse, bccauH, anxious to speak of it withoul further <ld»y,
)ist at the niomeitt when cirnimntimcptt Eive lti« building an incl-
diatat iintKirLaim*. dinLiiict frum Lliul whirh it miiumMM ssu) ar-
dutcvturiil mbjeci, we are at present prvpitred for re|i(irttujr only
tf tlie (n''}*^cp*'^ of the work, ksvinji do time to examine the
^/Uentry one. The Utter i«, in fiu-t, •!> rxt-rrdiitKlf capious, sad
ODtaiiU uich a vaat idms uf hialorical mutter, no to requlr* very
KttJent study, more npM-iiJlv m the form iii which it is given is a
Ugiilyini»n>enieiitoiii.-fiireil)irrpeni<(iil(irrrference. Inuurupinion,
it wiMiliI hnvi* berit ^Te*i\y bettrr li> puhlidi the ^Htc« by tliem-
■Ive^ or Kith ouly •» much letter-press as was retjuialte for er-
ftaining them, nod describins the prcseol edittce anihitoctUTslly ;
ifae histury bviiiu made to fiirm a separate ortavovtdumo, either
11 a disitntt work ur nut, as misht De dvenied expedient. IImI
ikat been dune, butli the foliu vnJumc or atliu of plates, and the
octavo uftcil, would have niiHwrrivlthrirmpective purpusos much
Wtter than u rmw acMHnpliidicd. The former wuuld not have
bceit SCI iuooDvenivntly bulky : the other would have been a read-
•hie volume, nhrrv.-w nuw, howrvor n.Mdiililu tlicmntter ilwlfinay
bchsrilly CAo it be ^oid to W in u n-ndnlile :<!iiitie ; wlictii-'e ibir pn^
bshllity ill, timt lery few will encounter the tatigue uf readiiiK it
Mali. Tlif prraning the text coatonnously in ite prir^-nt sIiadc
VDuld, tu uurM-lvGN at leaat, he a (nnnldtdrfe task ■ V<^ fiirtuu;itcly.
wo are tM>t purttinilarly sulidtuus nhotit mutters uf mere hitiKirical
reenrd, — L*vi-nt< and tranNtctioiis whirh have no uthvr relation to
l^e edificL' itwlf tluui what in deriretl from tlie latter faaviiiy been
iLc lotTslily vhere they occurred.
Leaving M. Le Itoux do LincvB portion of (be work, wc shall
ognfine uunelvc* tu M. Victor Cuiliut'> ilepurtuieiit vt it, whu, we
Aould uhnerve-, hulds, or lately did hold, the office of Jiuptcleur at
llie buUdiofT, wtd who enployed five years in eacefalljr meaauring
■ad deUoeaiiiifi tbir vnrwus parts of the »1ructure, bavinic, beside^
Enm access to the de»igits el MiM. Uuilde and Leaueur, the arcLi-
Icci^ } — ,] f(„. (),„ n^w wurk. Until the recent ojnplification
■nd . vbii'h hiire re'idrriil it one of t)ie muvt importnnt
mclin..: -.'. - the t'rciich cafiitAl even in it« ureoenl nn'i'i^tlv iin-
praveil »iid emltclhiihrd aUtte, tlie Hotel de Ville waa uf little ar-
Bkiteclural note, except n« a n^uvotii" of old l*sns. The ttrU of
Itliad Wen rotvd '' CruMtTue" aud obsolete; and the actuid ilewi^n
ahoeeil macli n»<>re of the •(roleA'juo than the beautiful. Ail Uiat
W(Mid> laVB uf il ill his " Letters, when faking of the huildinm
oT Vnrvr, IS : ** Jt hit* a eertaln richness of appearance, although it
.isiwt Laa style of ardutecture capable of greut merit (?)and even
not one of ihc l>crt cumplee of the sort. It is, however, as good
ax our Gii Jdhiill," A* ffood as oar Guildhall ! ■ eg well might be
have called it at uiice intoleralily hsd.
The wri|[iiii>l iNlifice that formn Itie necleus of the preeent
gresUy exti'iidcNl mu>«, wns commenecd in tbo reign of Praivcui 1.^
viz., ill ].S:U, nfter the ilokiKniuf Duiueiiico Uocefldor^), or it<Kcnrdeij ]
otherwiiie calleil ])>^m^nlro ili CorlonA. Agisted by Maitr« JebiiB
Aaneliii, and the fa'/ade luid tlte '*r»ur d'Honueur,' nuw t)i<r middle
one of the three courld, vero completed in ISil ; uod much naa
Bii)>i^i}iieittly done friim tiute to tiioe. At the periird uf the ftrtt
Il« VII lilt ion, tltc edifice KalIer(^d greittly ; many iviilptiirf^ and em-
hell i«Iim«ii Id tliat were ubaoxium to Ihc eiilightrned pupulaoe
were destroyed ; amoi^ ather«, a series of portriiittf from the I6lh
cctiturv, and a number of large painliii}:ii liy Purbus, de Troye^
LargiUterc, MiKiiurd, ^'aaloa, and other mitKtors— or if notM^toalm
destroyed, removed, nor is it now pw*il>le to ascertain what I
beoorae of them.
I>ui4ng the Empire and the Restoration, the etlifloe underwonft
some partial alterations; but it was nut until IH.IU that it w-iu rteM
temiinml tu undurtake improvement ii]>ua k nunprelicnsive scale ;'
iiml greiit lu it wnx, thi* nchfrne hxu heen c.irriedout so sueeeas^Uf
that the Uotel de Vilie may he placed f>krem<>at atnnng the ar^
ctiiteetunil niuiiunieiitii tlmt niiirk the reitpi of Louin Philippe.
If not |tarlirular)y nrmarkable in ittretf, remnrked it may be, that
this edifice, wkieh Is, la some degree at laut, Kimihir in puppaak, ~
alM cuntemporaneous with uur own new Pnlaeu of U'olininsta
except thai It is already omnpletn), while the completion of tlL
other cannot at present be cjdcul.iteil upon. Further, being il
Uie Iteriiiinvince ttyle, it shows wliat might ha\-e been made of ou
iHir own building at Westminster, had the stipulated- for Elisi
betbau or Au^Io-ltensiioianoe style heen adhered lu, but at thai
same lime trcnted with the same frwdotn and rHliuemenl as arc^
ahown by M.M. (iixido and Lesueur, in their ri/aeriameiito and'
enlargonent of tlw Parisian Hotel dv Ville. Among the impnivtv-
ments which the structure bus ror^-ivnl from them, nut one nf
the lewd i* Ihat whereis it before showed only a single frunt--^that
toward* the Place de In ()reri^~it now forms an entirely insulated
macs {U>i feol by Vli), witli fottr regular facades, the*i>riginal or
west uiM> (now greatly extended) towardi Lbnafoimuri Plam^ thm
correspunding or euxt one towarcU the Hue Lobnu, and uf the tWOi
shorter ones. Ibat faeiiig the ihm-Ui Inn-iirds the Hue Tixvruidlt^
anil that un the south facing the Quai d« la iir^ve. Bo fur, if in
no uthcr reopert, ii has greatly the advantage over our Palace of
H'eblminsler, one side of which, lutd thnt which tircordiiie Ui the
design i* the urincipol fa^adt^ is altoKether Inacrewdblf, ■» thitt
its elaborate oecomtiun, m|uiritig as it dues the cloeekt Uispectioo,
is completely throwu away.
The former west front, or ttiAt Inwards the PlWe— wbirh waa
all of the editice tbnt then ahotncd itself ex torn ally —was nut quitfi
SOU feet, but is now extended to upwards uf twice that length, bf^
the addition of twn more lufty paiiliuni, oimibir in charncler, but
■omewbat varied in di'«i^u. f"rum the original ones. Heitre, tlie
gsoeral i^oiniioiitiou is nuw inoreued from three to seven diviw
or eompArtmenla, two of them bring the intermediate eerjie
b^limmt cwnnocijng tbe two pavtltuus (the old aiul Uie new ooe)
oa either aide of the centre, \Vv may refer our readers to twu
diferent views, which they will prubably bo able tu turn t« nb^
once, one of thcni being in Pugin's " Paria," tlie othiT in ALloni>'
" Frimce |~* fur from them tliey will unmodiately perceive boi
gi-c^it if the iniprorement aa wellaacIiiiDgD that nss taken plaM^
That fafade, however, is not the one whim best sntiNfice us, tbera
being in the original pifrtittu of it a good deal in u rather mMfvlit
taste, lu ^liivb the iircbitcclD were obliged to conform for the rest;
whereas iu the three uthcr fronlti, «nd alxn the itiocr courta, they
have, iui^ciid of allowing thcinevlveH to be lied down to prcoedenl,
given artiitticiMOpe tu Ih«tridciu>.seii4iig on the butler spirit of lh«
Htylc by uhicb they were tu be guided, and refiaLng upon it by
pre^erwug all it* really valuable choracUriatioi auiTmefi/ft, and
aviiiding lU uncouthnesMo, il* barduieMes, and ite nterc wiMPiUri-
citie*. Cuinnured with the otlier^Tinui]ia] front — tho eastern one,
facing the Rue Lubiiu — Ui« origioal one luw, in spite of all im-
■ IMSlalttDNMnMUiHior llicbiiJIdltiK Is ■»ric4F<llnsli iioir M lo be Ksctclv ISiM.
a|lbl*.«U ili*)tatiiMkMnew»FTruMr vtprawml, UiU II !• lapoulbic ta MkS <at
mm ibau ilir ocescntnl^lalitB. AI1uib*>.du ili« rouuvf.ia UsUfiUIr UscM, tad
(liiimiit much u (in benpflMI In ■jtenei*! *ltw uf the ■nol* (rant In M nMllsarfc
fntiaHi ■! I I.I >unc llnic, Ihm iu< liiuvuiBi'ta Is II trhUb sa^l la b»«b*«B (sar^ad
■Caliisl. TtiBi 10 abJe an siclilltcliiiil triUI tt Ur. Alknn M, •bouU bsv* 0rto onlr a
Ubflr ulf tlui. ■ml uoi » much uuuilBieHut vira at M IvpuHaola putitL- B-Hiuniaiilij
MaritM bit* fiNti t ptnlFiiUf InitnM to itial paraiuiir buUtlliiR, I.*l lU liav* lAfS. -
Ihai Ur. a. will r\tlt itif t'nuih ti;jlul oiii* ijicrt, 4u'l (lii ut ■ " P4ilt anc* Ule'nura
Urrulutliin.' iiiiit lir mir tbttf ilu<l iiiuit lutijaru tut tu* |>ciiill wlilcli li* Iiul nuiri
evrr; — iiuoiw ntli^n, Ihr CnukIi at i^ Vibimi di Pavtr, MtJ the EmIc ■!« llMBa
ArM, boU oT^wtaKt wvnlS fcqWfc to be Uliwuslot br man ttso tat diswrnf.
U*
nw
TIIE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AKCHITECT'S ^OUflliAU
provemont, b conftucd, crowded-ujt look, uid tttom not h few Ht-
i^tTceMe inciiiiAlJIiei of luate. lliir &«ir IWpideA, oa Ui* contrary,
Ckbibit Dot onljr ttjeatcr aiiniittcity. Imt yrmtrr riclmeav «liio.
Thcrit in infinitely more of ti(>i»i.>t-«n«ou§»««4 of charaolpr, tli«
ciur^rtcr it»«lf ff the atylc kilopt«<l U-iii$ puriftd from ili little*
nCMM of mniiaer ftnH other drfvita. The iicfcif-TU — or pi>rbau8
ve ehoiilil uy M. Goddf,* fur tli« <itli«r fi|ip«>r« lu liave be«a iwtly
liUurf/ofU/ in'tLe exetrution of th« wnrk* — mny }<*< aitid to b>ve
given □* the ide«l of lleniiimaiuv— that i«, Krencii R^saiMMic*,
tnoililieil iw> lu to b« npplimhU at the |irei)eiit dai-.
pKvioujily to itd wtBomlng ItK nreirnt itha|ie and fp'eall}- ex-
tended dinaosioiia, the Hotel de Ville had only a dinple inner
court — a Impcxiiini in cliin, vhime eitfitem side, or thnt liidiig; tlu>
luilraiice, Ueooiiiderablyttid«r th.-inthe letter. ltc»idiM thiK,wlikh
Is d«awninat«d the "Courd'HonDeur," there lire iiowtwu other mora
gpBcioiiaoiiiM, that on tbotouth side beinc the "^Conrdu Pr«f«t,*
>nd on the north the "Cour iIm Bunmiix, Ytl, in th^ letler<prea>
Mpount — deeCTii»ti(in it ran bardly he called — of the huUding, in Al-
um's " Fmnctf," iio notice is taken of thi<; i-er\- nwterial enlargi'iticii I
nf the pliui, hut we ve left to undcnrtxinl ttiitt ihitm ifliinly uitiiifrle
court, — "a spaciotis (?) fiuadraiijile, entered throuKb the lofty
art-licbiti the principal front ;" whereas those enlnnce^ lead into the
too lepViLte new cuurta. Ilio I«tter-]>ri,i« vritrr, the Her. G. N.
Wrijjlit, M.A. — don't let ua forget the M.A^ thouuh it does not
meMi Master of Anihiterture. — is one of those ready writen who
pRj more attentiuu to (ituinlity timn ijtiiilily ; for he givm the
credit of the present Btmcture tu Iklulinoii, an aichltect hIiu was
only eRipli»rM on aoiao additional couiitnictiuDs to the huildiiiic in
the time uf Napoleon, winch have Hince been eiilin'ly awejit nwny.
He liao aaaurea ua that all the additioaa hare been mnde " in the
na«t exact and complete hamioDv'' with the original fa^aAe. which,
aa far lu It nieana auylhiiig at all, means that they are little nioie
llian a mere copy of It.
Alltioujcli not very spnciouii, the inner courta are not the least
beautiful partx of the !ilructure ; it is, however, easier to jitdttn of
tbelr deuicn tliau their effect, for they are kIiowii only 9terti«itally,
whereaa alibjects of tlmt kind retjuire to be r«prf»euted portpec-
Uvely iilan. For an external favnile— more especially if it cotiaist
of Uttte more than a Hinglo (ceoeral plane of frontline, witluKit ail-
vaiicine or receding pariir— n fceemctrical eleration mny he su0t-
t-ierit ; but where vevoral facades or aide*— be they those of n room
or uf u corlile— are aern in CHimbinnlion with enrli other, tliu aid of
perFpectivfl becomea ri-4|uiMtc in order to cotivi^y an iileu uf the
M-tuui iippcarance. There uuifht, in fact, to liiivc been a perspec-
tive liuH 111 Ml of at Irast one of the fuv'adea. and it ahould have
been of that fauli^c the Biio Lobuu, it being tlic finest of them aU,
ntid iiion'orcr disttn^bhed from the otlit^rii Ijv a circiiinsUince
thnt is likely to escape notice In n iceunietriciil urnwln^, more cs-
1 pecially i>ne merely in uiitline, whj?re there are no shailowii to rx-
prSM tJic Viu-ious Jei^rees uf relief : — the distincliun tre uUuJe lo
la that in Unit fruDt. instead i>f being enKnged ones, the columns
uf both orders are Mimplntely dctudml from the wall heliind, at
IcaKt uloRd; tho whole of Ihu rentrtvl portion of it (extondinif tu
fifteen aniuled intercolumns in it.i length, and hnviiig a large and
kixbly -enriched lucarnr uvi-r ench nitcniatc intcroolunao).
From the exterior altme, a very imperfect iilen ia to be obtained
of Uic mofrnificence of tbia nulile pHe of buildtnfr, whicb may be
one reaavu for iti not hnvLng obtaltted tlie notice, or nuj-tliinglike
the notice, vhich it may jurtly claim. Truly pulntial in outward
■Ppearaiicv, it id cijiiully no within, ccmtaininK a" it duuo, beaidea
■ very fcreat number of various uflicca and other mere Luainwa
rooms, uu incouaideriLblu number of atatcapartmcRtM for munii;ipH]
fiununn and eutertainnieiita, wbioh are not only ipaciuua and
handMimc, but even truly eplendid and GUEnptuou!!, and withal
•ITord ua unueual variety of tccnic ctTvcts in architecture. Vvt,
of all of tbenigouly oiiv,i>nd that by no niiNiiiB the most remarkable of
lh«iB lU II ruoni, is pointed out by the M.A. description-" riter in
AUom'a *' Pnince ' — niimvIy,thD "'SoUc duTronp,"whichiH in tbeon-
fl^nal poMJoii ofthebtiildiiifT toward* iha PlarrA Uf the new apart-
ments, notbinK")>atev«r is mid In that pnbliuativui not ei-en tiic
" Galerie dca Pcl»«" ituflf in »<> much as inentioiied, ftllliuii|jii tliat,
and the approaches to it, constitute a group of vnried aud wcUiiom-
* Vma abal I* uld orUntln KigWS •• XuniiW.l^iliHKi," •• And thai ihtiarclilui'i
(■da ■•■ Uiuii In L'nl) iru tmi^uyri, >rn<)nf dIIkt irotfei. on llw tFiiaiatJiiui ot ilirr».
Ittmral of Jieuliu , Biid itidHtillr b»tra Inuwwut tn ibM <i« U 1.ur •nCoii 4n Via.
tmai Pulillt. Ijf miOp ptaix, rt<ntl<iDi. ■ri<l Hrtiona of fuloui <hiiNta« *( I'lilt,
■uwUSIlDii ID all W about IhnM bundiad tlta«lB|t i r*l*tM)icriAtr •■>< (•vi'Ol'Ui'ir'l
la not tl«i«h|.
t )• ti DUiittnxdclilell)' fot (t» imrpixBar liifnintut (wlhai It vu fram iht rrnt'ol
vlmloH, LauU XVI. uIlIicU'iI Uic i-O'iiI* vlib itM »|i of Lilwny mi i.it hradi auil
l.«ab niUip|ir alt.nitiTlii.Mr»Hd t'lam. wbfD LaflT*!** WU ititn, ihal m him (kaf
Whtlit ~tlit boi uf all lU|iuiiii['>:"— wiMd* ulilitbUit pntCBi lUruiutioii uii) ilic nt*
ScyuUUc «i|| pnitwbiy vanf]r moat dlMiUouilr,
Uned architectural lieaniieA. (hat taken alt«gtther baa BOl
e<|U!>l in anv roy»l pi»liice uf Kurope,*
I'o giv»-lwhnt is no eaiy nuitter — flomethinff lik» an adequa
idtsa of thi4 part of the intmor: — (nm tha lover resiibule
seen extendinK to the rif:hl and left (or north aiid south) a nj
mfieent fttaircnur, eon»iatiiijr of two wide auceessive fli^tit* of step
carried in a ^tnifflit forward direction, betu-n-n arilaii «up
on marble columns in the upper pari of it, where there are
leriea or open iMiridom alotvr itaatdet. On aseendinir tu the u;
landtuff, a hif^ily enriched dome, thou )^U one of moderaKl
aiooa, presents itself; and thmu^'li t)ii*,and three nmawefii
tMiKmeota over ilm «tain^t the etaireaae ia ligbte<l. On 1
(uiek firen that upper landing;, a moat striking srchiteclnral eon^
tTail preaenta itself,— an oxreiMtin^ly rich peT«pii:tite *iatl
throogli an open wloon (tl)C " Salle des Carlatides," over the veatU
btili) ht^low), into the other staircBae.^ It is, therefore, not with'
out Just reason th»t the itaircaM la apoken of in the text aa ■
ch^'-jfipiirrre ii{ ItK kind. Ki'en admitting that either of Ifao stain
rMBCu, In mime rM>pects, and among olhen in apacioutMaa ai tfl
width, yields the palm to the one in th* Bibliothek at Manielij
the enxeinbte pmdiired by the two greatly Ruru.«Mse« it ; for aa hen
iiiiinfigivl, il i* fiif more strtkiRf; than it would have bei'u, had tbi
entire space been thrown open from end to eJid. In one recpect,
these stoircaws hat'va decidexl advantage over chat at .'Slunldii
they bcinft li^chted from above, in the manner descrilred,— «oase<
iiuently i!u>r(>pii.'tureM|Ucly. Besides which, the Munich one )ead4
architecturally speaking, tu noltitiiK, thero tieiiijc merely a number
of pl»iii shrived liook>roonia, after all the extriuirdtnary parade of
apiiriiitch til thein.
Such highly-disappointing fidling-off, both with reoard topur>
poive and effect, ia nio*t asMuredly not experienced in tne Hot^ d<
Vill«, when on paadnx from cither staircase thruniih a nobk
ante-room, tlie "Gnlerie," with ite tliirty-two fluted C
columns, profuwdy enriched pejidentivea and plnfond, nnd othi
ImratedeconLtiiin^ expands itself ioallltsmainiiAcetice. This: ,
ment, whtcli cornea in the centre of the Ruo Lobau front, i»
feet by -IV. nnd 44) feet hiicli, with thirteen intrri>dumns on
8ide, and three at each end. The cove is divided intu arc
bieaux and lunettes ; of which Wt, the thirteen on the aide ^
the windows arc open, so aa to form a nllery or series of trilMii
for « pec tutors, who, through open ardiea, iiave a view down intd
tlio "Gjlerie" from the "■flat' or roof above the ntairca.ieM, vhidl
Kptice iflnKcd all orer.nnd having piUtirs uIoiik its sides, is thua injptnii
ously turned to mrcinuit, and made to pruilnce much novel effect,
A Mmilnr vim in tliure obtuined into the " Snile dea Cnrlnttdei,'
tliroiicli !>iinvlar o]icninif> and the ^Ucry carried urotind the uppei
part of thnt room, to which they afford ancem. The room just me
lioncd—whic-li dcrircails name from eighteen car)-ntides reali
on itn cove, m as to form the gallery in its upper pan, and sop
the iilafoRd — comos in between thu "Gmlene dcs Fi-Iea" and
"^nllcduCunr.cil Muiiici|iiJ,''as well aafaetween the two si
Mn that from l)ub point — » most happy " mimde" in tbe
o striking architectural picture prcfrntn iteclf in every direefl
wUetlicr wc lock toHords the " Stillc du Conneir with the " C
d'Himneur" beyond it, or towards the " Goleriv," or towards eiih
of the atairciiees. In fuct, this part of the plan la emint-nily
plotc with piquant oompie»ily — or »lmt teems to bo complexity
and variety of effect i and it is all thv more stiikin)[, hcc.iuso ii
unexpectedly opens n viita bnuichitiK out from one side ui
^GUNIS,' and which, therefore, breidcB up that rxceaalve
ne«* of arraogernvnt <ivhich, su dull and unnrtittic in itaell^
ao preroleob— we nught aay eo uiiil'oruly a defect ia cvntiucii
buililin||«.
ThcTO is, besidoa, n mvre than usual de^ce of variety and pi
in other parts of the plan ; for instance, in the several saloooa
connection with the "UiLlerio" at cither end of il. One of
bejirw tlie ntune of the "S4di>n Louis Philippe" — nn appelU'
tlint "ill DOW, duubtlevft, be rt/armeti ; another that of Uic "^
Napoleon," Then there ia the "Kalledes Banuuets,"
whicii, however, no information ia afforded, nor aues it »fauw
* An« (ILiuch nmluluiio'i til* pari of Ih« IMIrr-prait was |i(>h>pt Jnitletoui.l
<^iiac III ftfcrr apuhf-n vt tho*t it*fta ui iUt jnlrilor ■• Otty flr*«T«il oi bt, wvuld 1
betn ^n'lniiir Ili« n^Liil uf iialtubU uuiliiiifn att liU {iurt, la ihil ilf«crl(ifDg aoy Of <
<«lih tii> jkriiirO,aiur0 evpmLfclly u hli Ivt\m he* In lnl*rlgr «uli)rcl«.
t WrAtn tbr |k*f*|>«4-lkTf rle« of Ihv ■(ihf«r4i,*. it ft(ip»rft IhAl Xhftm rivlr-^Hnitata Ii
tlw viuliliif cf Uia n1t)B( an uoL ttadiT vb-il rrt ali^'uM call •krltjfbti, tin «t
l>aa*U Slloi In with firuiwl giati. fUhrr nlnunKl <n fl .In, !>■ th* immt c>»ih u i
ytnttt. Thu vof bi l« haK Ik*(i f >pl>lll*4 li> ■■>• Itittr-ynt. u likrnrlM cug
utbtr parllculara wttb r*«4>*vl tu iltoTdloii — toluur iMludad— wMrti arvnool
I 'niiu.ln rrfsrd la mn* k* >>■'*' dlapmlUDn nf I'lin. (hr« Malrruaau* ton*
■tiuUK ikitbuM In Kur NalUiial UallciTi but ciiitt i»Tait;lanic ilicx l> none, lai
ethvr rtiijfcu UwdlSwtMa la anulnflj ((h(, nui oml wri'] «a ahiili lUit lt«Bt Ua
SitvrHirlljUu.
THE CIVIL EN'GIN'EER A.VD ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
fai tny of (hr vrtiniii ; ami a gnnd taloon of F«eef»tion on the
(oHtli ildfl of tlie IxiililinK, vliicti frima nltoicelber a apace of M>
fett by Ml, bill is iu> liiEptMcid m to o^iimc the niipeanince af tbree
miftia t)iiuwi) opni Ui riirh other hj si^aiiH of Ibm- Inr^ arctica
oD tiro iijipo^^ile liAe* of the central uiie. This salixiti aiul the
"GaJrric" form the Bubjectfi of two most ei an isilely -elaborate
penpei'ti^'e vii'u», rejilrtf willi a nmltiiilirity iiMho richest and
ant delirnte dflallN. nil irridrrfil nitli ii |iror:iii)n truly mantell'iti*.
The nther pers|tei.'liv'i><i nro. a view of one of the new ttiiircaws Inoh-
isffroin the iifiirr landinir to»ardFi the '■ SiiNe dijsC'nrifttideis'nnd
one of the old biuircxse il'< hkuii fruiii tieluir. There i» nlwi » de-
tailed elevAti'in of one end of Ihe "Salle du Trone," ohoaine
one nf ita chimr.cj -piece* uiid the Urgo caryatid figure^ bctaccn
which 'v pitunrd the HiiAnnii* Diirriirover it. Unfurtunalely, venru
ItRtodr^deruteaiierMjivctive i>f the " Salle den Cariatide^ which
■mtld have brrn hi|fhly welcome, beraiiH\ althoiifih it comes into
t«« Mv-croJ vcctiviu, it i» on wch ii Male, that little nitire than
lUfCDeml urchituvtiiral d«i^ can be made out, ai>d the effect —
which is nf a i>c>:uliiir kind — 19 left to the tma^nation. Jinny of
lit plate* are t'eeiipicd by dctailx and onitimeut* of both tiie old
lad new ^rtivu of th« edific«, and ahow Jiow elaborately it La
fintsfaed up.
One iniMirtant nportnient and architectural Featore in the huild-
ii^ wbicli WK hiive not yet mentioned, in the *' Salle de« Electivui."
Inn 19 on the tn^fuud-8vi-r, inuuedialely beiii?iith the "tialeric
ttt Prte*," and of the same dime n^u tin, except thnt it i» wm«what
4«eter, and, a» may be cuppuM-d, contiderahly lem luftr. The
nbinna here are of the Done order, and ar« broueht fornard to a
(iMtrr di^tnit'^ frtiin the w*lls thnii in the upper "fJalcric." We
•111 now c?iinchide thi* account — .'iftcr idl, but an imperfect one — by
U))liff, thut iM>t only is tlie edific« tl»etf a matt nobl^ and taKtoful
Mnunienttil work, but M, Vjctoi Calliat** puhlioition illunimtea
i^if nut i.h<>t,'etber <m comphtely a* eould be wirficd — with ad-
■inhle dilii:eri>-e and tiiste. He have no Knpcll-h wnrk nf the
load that c^n t-i->(ii|H>t« witb ii, or with tbe similar uplendid ono by
h\y. on the "('hnmbr* de Depot t^" (1H40). ^V'e have got a Royal
Intitule of Architeetik but archilectaral publication doea not
lifive under it<^ futrtenneanapicea. And ko wretehMllylowiatb*
faaufuTniJoii nf architects in this eountn-, that even thoae who
•I iDUfit ctnpluyed cannot aifiird to riak any of ther earnings ta
adeatnurins to itromote nrehiteetural' atiiriy and taete. We can
-^r ratltcT we KiJ/unly My: KaU^da)liiuriun«a(/
ARTS MANUFAC'ITRB EXHIBITION,
AT TUK eoticrv OF ART*' BooMa, Ai>i:LPiti,
The Bxliibttion at the Rooms of the Society of Arts dcecrvei
futiculnr notice, becaofc it idiovr* that the workmen of thia
tvuatry have tn>te nud arttatic Hliili,ua well (ui Biecbanical profi-
eiencr. This in the second exhil>itii>n of the kind, and it ahowa
my Kreat proftreM, while it i» nwHrt rvniarkuble in thia very good
future — that whcrciu' bcf-jre, mauufactiireni had to be beifKed and
inuKhl to send their works, they havu thia j-ear sent Iheot freely
uidwith eood «ill. Thiu ia gotng forward in th<i rivht path, for
itabowa taat the m.inufact'ircrs now feel an earnest in the cause,
lod that Ki*e<' "^ anolher bndv of yoke'frllowa. The nrti'td and
VDrlcmen have likcwiac shown 'thi>ir feelinff, by the greater eiire and
ikill Xhe.v haTelrovtoK'ed ; which Is the more pleiuiitff, ai it is an en-
tourai^nienl toall thu«o who have come forward in behalf of iniiuu-
bcturirig; art.
W't cannot however help Ba}'in{C, that »a much ha« rot been
I oof^ht to have been done in this way, and that atill more
I behind. It ik plfaoiog to witnnt the tkill which baa been
Aovn ; hnt we an> yet far from the goti, and leai-e foreign nation*
■fcead of tu, while we have not meanti enoueh to eimhle iio tn beat
then. We are not yet even with tbe old ?^>h(i(>ls of DeM^a in
Pntnc* and the <>cwerlM!-lni.-t.iliiteii of Gerniiiuy, which we aet
«ut to follow, while of late }'ear« they have made further way.
I U'e coll the Central School of Derin a mockery ; and iia fur Ihe
OChera. they are iinlyirood ilrnwing-SMiooliL The whole ii a fuilure
■■ tu (jnulitv and extent ; and ne might just aft well think to best
the hoata of Prujisiani with the Lumber Troop, or set I'om Thumb
Blfxint t)ie Spiuituh inant, an to mocl the French, PruHiani, Bol-
tgiann, Suiwt, and Italiana with the paltry atalf we have. Drsw{n{(
~iiiiat be tnutrht in all schools to the ion« and d.mghtert of workin^-
nen ; there muni be a hifdt achool for driiwiiig in every town, and
(bere nuvt Iw good echuou of detign In the great aeuta of waan-
faclnre. The buycra at home must be taunht M wcD as the aenm;
ve muAt have our people brou§:ht up to a hnowledffe ut art, and
then we shall be able to go into the markets abroad aa a fai>
fuutinif.
This question of teaching desljfn \s one of trade more than of
nnythins cl^w; we were pincJ>ed in our poekcti before we thougrhl
of hrntirrinK oiiracheii. It wan only whcii we found out how tnurh
we were K<''<»fC to the French for silks, fliiaers, famy paper,
bmnic!^. andpnpcr-hunginKSi — to the Prustrlans for iron cantiiiKaan^l
embniidt-ry patlrrn>s — and to the Italians for objects of art, that
Me hetfan tuaet up schuoh for tcivlnc our workmen ItnowlrdKC of
desifrn. The tiuc wc pay to foreirncr» fur our lack of ktiowled)^
is*" ereat that it would hardly l<v believed ; we apend millions
yearly for fpHnin lliat we oaght to be able to make aa well : nor doee
the evil end bore, fur as w« cMUot make for ourselvea, ao peither
can we meet the foreigner in the market abioad. This loc« fnlh,
too, upon thone ubo have no need of n kuowlctl^ of dni^n.
Ue^auHe tlie French con bring out silks, Haliu-i, niu^liiM. cottima,
and »iiawls witli better patlrrnis the En^iith fpinncr and wcaveruf
plain itoud", the nwiehimst, the drj-ulti^r, and the mcrcltaiit, lose a
very Wkc share of enii>loyn»ent.
It in good that it should be fo, that there should be a tieby which nil
are iKiund to wot k, for othenriM; thi-rc would be no getting any
ehaoffo, fur many would ffiie uo help to briu^ it about. Nothiu
is ensirr th^ui to aliow that the miwhinisl, who deal-t with hara
and atiff fomifi, and who think* ttMe is oa much heyoad u
beneath his care. — notliing is eiisier than to ahow tint evca
he, working larmly for the manufacturera of this coontry, haa m
sliarc In the weliTare of art. If more ailks and cottons, faitcy und
stkined papers, carpets, ahawls, furniture, and ^lw<« c«n he sent
abroad, more machinerv niurt bo wroiijjbt for their production.
Mr. Fnirhaim and hi« brethren at AlanchcAter, the tnachinisla at
4jlasgaw, at Belfast, and in even' man u fact o ring touu. mutt ind
ou|;;ht t«i know that thev have a fellow.feelinf in the rit;ht kTonth
of the arta of deaipi. If a Schonl of IVk!^ be |too<l fur anything,
it oo^ht to be i^od for makinf; the trade of the town in which it
ta frreater: it ouaht not only to better the euodii now made, but it
ouffbt tn enable tJielowti tttaend out floods such aa we nowtaka
fruni the foreigner, or auch aa we cnnnot now t^nA abroad.
Therefore, w« wiy this baa aa much to do with the mnchiniKt ai
with liny one ; hnt we any that art baa to do with all.
Pleacedaa we uere with the Exhiliitton now npim, we cannot
but Bee that what has been done aa vet haa not carrieil art down
among the people. The works in l^e Adelplii ure either for lbs
hif^her urmiddQins ebuuie«,tlia« who lire iilready cured for — andnoM
for Ihe people. We have alwavs held, fruin tlie (Srat tim« that win
unilertiHik to write about it, ttint art muitt nut only hrinp fortlkj
l^v>d wuria, but diunp worka ; thnt it mutt ahuw lUelf in IhH
(IweLling of the worklllg*lilsn, aa well aa in the dmwing-ronm
Ihe rich. The earthenware, the (rlasa, the paper-liaii^n:^ the f
iiiture in the amalleat cot may be as well mode as Ihoeu in '
abode of a king, — white tatte t.bvwii in them will rio much
^ood. If knuwIedKe be power, it ia au in the nrta aa much aa ia|
iinvthinit etue ; anil we lauinnt have a people powerful in the art^
unleaa they be well taught. The Society of ArtK have the chanc*
of leadiiu: in this patti— indeed they have given a few priiea ; hut
we call out uftaiii, that more ought to be done. i>lany worklug'j
men and women and their children will, nu doubt, see thia Kthibi- "
tlon, hut they will go away with the thought that such lliiupi arft
n«l fur them, uiid thnt the rich only are happy in bein); »ble to
glud their eyes u-illi auch NigfaLi. Thuii, the ifrcal teaching of tha
Exhibition will be thrown away; fur ue huM that wurktng-meBJ
irill hnve a gn-uter feeling for the aita of design, aa givinif i ■
charm to llieir own dwellijijc, thau as k mere tneonaof livelihood
at I ho will of the rich.
Kelix ftiimmerly haa taken upon himself a task which i« truly
worthy In these daira ; but we want a Felix Summerly for tb«
kitchen as well as the drawing-rwim : and we hope if he ilom not
take thia further task upou him, that some one eW will. Iklr.
<.'ale, as Felix Sunuiie-rly. by chuosing thia path in art, haa made .
liimtelf a seed name, aa iMr. Hay has by chooung bouM-tiaintiDg ; i
and we wish that other men who have tnate and aklll would follnw,
and t.ike each Mune hmnch in which he can make his artistic
kfii>wled|;e useful. Sir Walter Scott apokc most widely uhen he
led Mr. Hay to follow hoiitte- painting instead of high art; for
although Mr. llay'x powers uf mind cannot be doubled, we cuuld
much better have spared a Lnndwcr or a Wilkie, than one wh«
by his works and his uritiogs haa dune good to ,-i nhitle trade, and
bas taught hundreds of wurkmeii that tliey may use tboir headii
and cyea av well na their haiida.
Id the late free-lrado specdicit in the Hotue of CummoDS, ve
IN
THE CIVIL £NOIN'EBll ANO ARCHlTECrS jOlttSAL.
WW* Timrh rtrnck Kj" what Mr. WiImd (bwI, that the only goods
Mnt oitt ill KIT, oil whicli tlier« wns nu falling' oS, but nhich were
urik in worth, iri>ri> »ilk< *«nt t« t'fdace.a lr«4lo which hl^»gr^^va
rerr much, nml uhidi nomit few yt-nr* uga would b»r<llv hava bMn
bslivvod. If «-«try wecniipuahlhe French hamp, but l)i«nweinu«t
llMftbnutit in tli<> riiiht w*r, not n»fro»-triinpl*<lly sm we bavo
lAlthertu Aon«, but boMl^ juid nkJlfiiUy. The worlcman miiEt Iw a*
^well iMUf^ht liere W he U in Frnnc^, or h» u ill An no i;in>d. U'e
BtuM not havp him kept back for f^ur he should turn out a |>«int«r,
ad «oino in the wiiy afuimei Itnjml AfjidemiriiLn hcr^Miftcr ; but w*
mutt have lUm a« well tnii^hl &j) the Kuyal Aeidemielan. Th»
igmtiadwork of art ia ona and th« aamn, whether for a |>*PMP-
I lam^r or a iraaver, a Landwtr Ar a Gibioii ; and ir« balievA that
oflen. more ta*t« in Hhawn in a g^Mm jmr or In a KMnmon ahawl,
tban in tlie many landscapw aad Art-l'niaa paintiufla whieh deck
Itkw walla i>f the Ruyiil Acjuunny. So nnrrily ban th* School of DMi|n)
[heea nunii^^ by the Board oi Trade, that we are atill uo bcUar
off than we were eii;ht ywtT>i 870 ; nay, tre believe that there was
a better mid u otroii^itr ftvliri); fur the arts of deti^ iJipn than
ODW. Since SjmenieL Uuuiio IM the ejitir of th* Sueiety fur Pro-
MMtiiijF l*racUeal Deai^ in LdeeBter-w|uare, it hat gone on but
^dowl;-, and it hna dooe itothinjz for sprNding a kaowiMg« of the
■ria of desiirn anii>ni{ the jicople.
Tll« Boanl of Education it IB mud) behind-hand. Though
■ drawing in a* iiKefnl to tlie child of a wurkiii^c-man at reiulin^
'•mti writtof:, and thiiugh Mr. Wyiie lina for yenn bnmulit thin
before thein, naatera aocl niiatreaaet lo Natiuoal and British and
Tart&m achools know next to notlung uf drawing, and do not
leKh It. The few who du, teat-Jt drawLnir only to a tmall nitrolivr
flrf the elder boy*, howerer willing tho youni^r ones or their
fntJier* .irv ibnt they aboold learn.
Little ur nothing too ha* hern done to teiach drnwinii to giria,
HI B« tu tit ttic-m to earn n livelihood in many trailer where a know,
leiikt' of il >• of u§e. When wc Itctliink ouracliritf how few trades
«re open tu wnnien, wo f««) how very nt^lful it iit that crery
■eans ebnuld he taken to enable tbom to earn their own bread ; and
^iwtliiiuc wrtnK so likely to fonrari thia, as by Kiting them a
kind of kmiwlt^ilm' which i» so much wnnted in EnKJAnd. The
trade uf flower-mukiiiK, whirJi i* a new one, and in wliicJi in 16(1
lliere wore a thuiuand women at work, lias now gniwn very much ;
liul Htill, Rum}' thou.'Miid pounds' worth of lht'>c donert, whicti are
belter made, htp UroiiKht over fnuii Fnnn'c.
It is hudlr f&ir tu uiy anvthliuc about the Exhibition wttliout
«p«iking of the Catalogue, wfiji-h will do ii» much (rtx^d ns the Ex-
ibitjuii itself. It not only If lU a* wiuit the S»i-irty of Arts did
»t year, and wlint ti iihiiwn this year, but it luya dowu a plan for
praadine wider the (rood the Society Ja nnw doinc. This nlan in
ite-folil : fir»t, to wn-i nmnil to the wintry Schixila of Deia^ tJie
b}cet* showti in Londim cacli year, and thereby to bnn;; it tu bear
ijiun the Mholars and workmen throughout the counlrv; and
ROOnd, to have a (treat nhow every tlirae or fiinr yi;ani, tu lie held
B a buiUinjt ratitml at CbarlnK-vroM. Altotceiher, there in aiich
IfttrrveMt gh->wn to uphold the urt4 of desu^n, that we feci [ruly
ttlinnkful li> the i>i>cii:ty for Ihc work they have done, and w-chojH;
tticy will have tJie help of the Board of Trade, and of the Biutrd
•f Wvrka, in carryiojf out tlie two plans. Indeed, the fornior Hoard
iiave already miidtj known their (roodwill townrda it.
f Thoro are m> uiuiiy thii^p> worthy of bein^ named, that we ore
■lrao«t kept biKk from wiyiux any thiu)|[,becMUM! we cannot speak of
elJ.
The bronie and iron caxtinir* ithow that we have made way ; hut
k ve must nirt hold till we hare Kot beyond the Frue^iinus nnd the
Trench. Tho ir^n caiitiii|r* fnitn t'nallirook iJalo, from M^-tWK.
lewart aiid Smith, and Mr. McHen^r, uru very good ; atid the
at hna sent some i^ood bronzea, 114 Mr. llntlJeld hna likewi»e dune,
MciMrii LeightoB, the book-binder*, Kuvo wnt u few de>ii(ftt8 by
Luke Limber (John Ldfhton), and ume bt.ok-Mvers iu jMpier-
leh^, which are venr ably done, and show that their trade i* not
ynd-hnnd. Indeed it is perhaps doing more than othen to a]>read
'tedte amnnir the peojilo.
The rarvii)|;r!< in iroud hv Mr. Jordmn'fl machinery are truly won-
derful. Tbey aru m Rood lu those of Grinlin^ Gibbons, or of any
of hiaaehool. There ia a freedom about them wfaielt nhows the
bend of a maater. rather than of a machine.
Mr. Drayton, it will be seen, has brought forward hi< new way
of ailveriog glaw, by whii'li he oas now silvar the iniiiflo of cuyi
and bowlo, plain or carvel.
I'he cartoon decorations by Mr. W. B. SimpMn are sure la
.atrikv the kioker-«n, for there in n power in them beyond what
'hna been hefore neen in deeorationii. The oiirtocm of "Lovalty,"
from Mr. Redfprare'a freaoo in Weitminirtcr Mall, la u gooi, t£at
it Mem> the handiwork of a <kilful painter; and w^ eaa banUy
believe that it t« not iw, for it isHO oiiJike what wc tee iu the gen*.
rail 1 7 of dCiCOrationik
We think thi> now proceai very likely to anread a knowledijaAf
art among the people. There are many pUcee where it <:iin be
uhmI, and many joint-atock undrrtJ>kinir<4 whicli will |:ive it tlielr
halp. For lirit>elaKs walting-ruom* in railway station^ fnr hoard-
rooms, for the eountiiiA-bouaea of baaka, aaauraucf i-tiii)(>aiii», and
docke, it mi^t be well apptiud. Thftae great undertakioifs would,
we are sure, wlllinfirly lav out a little money in what would pluae
the public, and do rToiIit to theni-ielved. A aet of Uk«n«3aei of
engineer* would lit a wailin^-nxiin w«ll. We would name H''«ii,
TrevitUok, the two SU'|ihuii«tu4, Hriinet, tmd l.'icke. -Vaajr
paintings benrin^ on lr»de niii;)it be itkuwn, at .Mr. Lee Anding ottS
the stoiucing loom ; (jiioen Kliiabelli irivini; a rhurler to the EaM
India Company ; Uruke tejicliing ubig^tioiliting toFrince Henry in
the Tower; the Mnriiui^of Worcevier likewisie in the Tower inultiog
n Btcnm-engine ; Kiii^ Willium Kivin^ a charter tu the Bank : the
Duke of UridpiwattiT and Britidli-y ovvHuoking the work h of the
llrid^ewnLer canul ; Arkwright and the ftpi lining jeiiiiyj H'attaad
Itr. Ki)bi«onnii>kiiiiceTperiTn>inl«oiilhe ^leain-en^lne; DanRieardA
Trevithirk ilir>*cliii^ tliv pnltirii; Lo^i^tbpr of a ateAm-«ngiae i>
Peru; Feet. lIu«ki*Min, and George Stepbenixm witnvulng the
starting of a loi'.omutive on the Lirerpool and Manchester raJway.
Some m theae have been alntiidy |>nitiieil, nnd tl>ero are inanyuChar
•ubjecta shown in ^l'eUitiiiu<ler Hall whii-h might he ciutAeti by Mr.
Simpaoi), 8> an early lviiirli«h trial by jury, Alfred manaiug "
fihina, KlntfJohn MtriiiiiK Slagna Charta.
The inlaid work from Meaam. Holland and Sono ilioivx that U '
tliis branch the French and Belgian! are not befurr us. und give
hopes that ae nhnll in time drive them out of thi* furniture trade
to America. The taking the duty uB foreiirn woud* now allowa
our eii III net-maker* to send good:! abroad. The ouly fault we find
irt nith the rentrcu of aunic of the tables, which iu Not. 3 aoJ B
are very ugly.
The copy of an antique shield (So. 10) is> a favourable apecinea
of iron mrtjnif.
NotL II uiiil 12 are a very kxmA applicntiou of papier-macb^ te
picture frames, by Mr. Bieleljeld.
The papier- tndchi; cbcval «creen by Jenncna and Tlett ridge bae
been g<>t up with tcrcjit Itihoor. It it cidli-d In the Alhiimbru atyle
and decorated with Arabic inKriplioiin, hut we neither like ibe
otylc nor th^- compomtion. ^Felhink tlie laliuur 01 imp plied. The
L-olouriuK "f the frame, gold upon a waraiish white, looks tame
without tjetnc rich,
M(ii>t of tiioencflurtic tiles by MlntonandCo. are dull in eokmr,
whirh iirixen from the attempt to apply all coIourtL instead nt
etit-kiiiK to tliooe which do bent- Mr. Minton lias bi-«ri happier In
glaxed tilc^. M'e cannot but wish that the old Fleini.ili glajted
chimney -til ca, or w*mething like them, were hrouuhl out again.
An old ciiimuey-t'iiriicr, witli itn N:t of bible ti]<» ur I'lemiab laa^
■cnpcB i» a bivvy book in itself, and pleiuiiug to old and yooDg.
Tilca for wuIIm, withdrawing^ orintcrertingobjectfl, or with mope,
would W wvluoine in (ChooU mid many other building
Mr. Copeland aeenie u worltiy fvll'>«er of iv't-iLi-uooiI, Hie J
work* in vartbeaware arc lunou^ nomc of tlie belt iit the Bxliibitioo. 1
Tho tAste nnd care nhoun in tbvm cau'iot be guiiuiid, and ibey
keep up our fame in thiu trade, whiuh ti worth m much to us. The
Englinh earthenware it now tlio I'o«l in thu wurld, ami much of it
it sent abro4id. Indevd, it is n ^c,it st>|ile, and w^rtli the ntoce te
UK MS the work and the wnru are all our own, xnly tuftae of the
eolour* being brought from abroad. By Ike varu iciv^a to tliu higher
kinds of porcelain, we nhall in linii; be able to put dowu foreiguera
in that bmuch of the trmle like<ri»e.
There are no many gund worki of Mr, Copeland'* that we sea
name very few. An earthrowarc wiub-Htiind (Nu. 37)ij» u very
good deeiga. It has a blue ground and white borders tastefully
drawn. Tlierearemanyntherjng* and bowl* well wiirtbyofpraiM.
The wa«h-Ktand No. SS we do not like m well ; its efToH would de-
pend wholly on the hangings which might be uM>d in tlic room.
The enam^ied poreelain cup^nud suocerx, Ni-a. I:J9 xiti HO, eliow
tlie reaourooe of the mtahliaiimcnt in decorntion.
The ehimney alobe ehow the progrem which ha^ been made ta
the amplication of noreebun and pajnting for thi» piir|>o(M>. Tb«
lock-rumiture and Wll-Ievcr, likewise iu porcelain (N'o. ITO)^ are
richly ornamented with gold. Foroelsin is now being muebuMd
by buildera, as is likewlte gl;iu for ornnmrintnl ]Mirp»boa.
The large collection of workn and groups In Ktatiinry porcfilatii
idiows Mr. Copeland'" poirer tn what may be et:>n»)dercd a tnore
purely nrtiJitie department. Thin nuitt^nal has been etanloyvdbj
the jirt-Uoiou for prizea, and promi#e« to b« very useful m spread
r
1SU.1
THE CnTL EN'GrsTER AVD ARCniTEOrS JOURNAL
a$ ft kwnilei]^ «f itie worka of mir liest artilptonk, for id effect it
«nm nntr mnrblt-, anil in ^hcwpncM nenr pUat«r. It takt* •
oUdle |iAv(* Wtw<^-ti tiinrlilr luiit pWur, siwt beinit! nwre lasting
Ajui tlw latter, la Ukt'ly ic li« vt-ry nurji nted by the tnMdlc gU—ei.
Ve ftM. Imwrvrr, that Jl nill ri>v n« in »rul[itiir« k •tkaol of
ilaturitt-7, la wti li^vt' ill iiaintiiiir n hcIiipoI nf ruktiirt |ilcturM, BOd
w ftir dni* avor thi- jiuMic niiii(l fniia liif;h sii. 6tM% vt vcl<^<ine
Um rtctsary |i<irrcluin nnd the I'nrinn »> a kpi^I brKuiniiKi "■•■I "t^
ma taJie Iho i-vila wlitrn tlii'y rx>nio with tlie lea* nmane. h« ncir
■nlpture 19 fur rn>Di beiiiic iu ibr mwl p«Un]r statf. Thia kind n(
npy pT«>mtw« Itkcw-bc n l>cttrr rvwiinl to tbp Artint, for in«rbl« is
k OMlcrikl <«Mly in it^rlf iiml hi>rd to witrk, and tlMfrcforv tb«
tMilptur Kfta few ord«nt fur a puud itudr, and firw wt Fond of
Msta. Ni>*>', 1 HDutll pnll^iy of (TTuiip* Cnp lif hn'l for ■ vtry small
tuD, and no one imd be B«bHincd of hi>Mii)( «>uoh work * in bi>t
4nwiB|;-fo«iD, Atnonfc Kir. ('ujivlAmt'f |>r'.>ilurti<>n'> wc uoiild nn-
I^JIh^UhP X«rciMi»», nftirr ImImh^ii (Ni>, *»'.'); Innuceiw!*, nftpr J. N.
^^^Hr(N«, Win); Paul ond VirirnM, AfttT Ciimli^Tvtnrth (^Nd. 911);
I^^^Bwum from tho^'intatf^ (S'o.VlQ); Apollo, niter ^t va(t (No.
" «i); C'«i<wl «hain«d (N<..«1«); nnd OndiiM!, »ft*r Prndiw (No.
y^lBjt), Tli« l>ii!t« do nottvU wt wHi.
Jk Th» ('»j<iil« hitldin^r n Thsim (Sn. IDS) 1* k Tcrj- good dMifti for
^■1 fluw^r-ktund. in ■taliurr |>oprHiiln.
^m Ur. C'opeUnd if vny nicMMsiu] in iht Portlnnd Ju{^ (Ke. fins),
^Bf tkfl •«mo mirtvriiil.
^^ Anathttr work i>( hli wo tlixll niin« U ib« AnnadA bottle (No.
). ICc are likewise pleoM-d with this vasoxftor CtUiul (No.
Umk
CbamtiOTliiin, of Worretit or, bare KotBomever]^ gorgeous
psralMiiM, ^It. paiiitrfi. and onampllH.
Ur. Mairnuc. of the riinliiNt S1b1i> Work*, bat sent liilalc cbintDCf-
M<a. Itkewt«i> table tuui. wbtch are worlbv of noticp l>y buildwv.
Ur. I'rMtt** Anglo-ktHMcan vMit>, in tbn Urvat Ruoin, b very
ptabNTworllij'.
Thft priE«i caiidelnltniin mtitit Ire tbe vnrk of nit aTr^titvclitral
tfndeol, B.nd hai'<^ \>prn rliii<:i>i) ftir thr> yriiv by hh itrrliitecl. It i*
■brt •un)0 architn-tn chII rbwiriil, and «bal other people call
tiae. atiff, and hnlii, Wc Ibink the prize ig thrown nitaj. Hnil we
Annld linve Wen tnucli niocu pXuaavd witb a rupy of one of tlie
<mM]>^UIira in the Rrili>di Muaeiim.
Tbr prize l«mi»a arc not uiuilj better. They inity catrh somn
•fa. brinfT in lilrRr, but nrr pwtr and nimniiin-iiliu-i*. ^Ve wiiili
D Unv liad bnen more diiuuu* fur >t)ier-pla(e. One v«ry good ta
^Uio. MM, an Mlaptatitiii of tlie trumpet lily for a de«Mrt-«taiid.
^B Tbe paplrr-mirhi; priMlucttim* la cmr nilad ahow iniiuli more
^■■plendoiir tban ta«te. They are too much to tlio gewgaw aud
^■VMiball way.
r The " Kepu*«"arm-€'tiair (No. SIS), i« very unluckily oamed, for
there if' nt> repciw in \i-^ iTiimpiniiilun, and there <«n t>v none witbin
It* arm*. Mr. J. (.'. llonluy i* tliu drKigner, but lu* vkill is •jiiite
tkruan away, fur the. rt-liefii have uo effei-t. The tenuinal li)furciH
ia whatever nistcrud tltey may t>e finished, wUl be indiitind.
Mr. Nifi)ul«ia ha« ahown » very dabvrate ahell caaieo (Nv. "i&f*),
Wt the subject it too eeioplicated, .lod therefore indistinct. &Iua
M. A. Ntrheb hac sent five iokitaliun eamcof. C'atnts) catlUiif U
vorthy i>f tare, for in I'uri* it give* worlc to man)' hunilred men.
Thefilaw warka((.la»> \ll,)«re w very good that we hope they
ttt an «umeat of our RijikinK a irr«"t trado in glaa*, and hwwilltnf
free from tbe Bohemian" and Gerntaiii.
The DK-i>r»tive Art Society ih dutnfj^ no mudi oood, that ire look
fiirwnd tif MC aome other tociety raiiwd which anall take In a lower
dan of workmen. There U room for n great den] (0 be diine, niid
ee fMl vtry RtroBg hope from whnt wo call the ainaJl cxhibitluii uf
the Sneiety of Arta — ifnuU] b^auni^ we are sure we Jiall »»ou see
mueh iMtger exhUiitioiu held uuder iu ewe.
INDIAN RAIUr.AYS.
hdliitn Ratlvapa iintt their PrtjbiMo HmvHs. vllh Sfa^ and an
4yftav conlaiaifff Slalutiot ^IiUtrnai anH ICrtrmnl Cvmmrm uf
biUa. By an Old Inuuji FbemaBrHS. Third luliLiuii. Loudun:
N««by. iKlS.
We are now in Ifllfl, and Indian railwaya rrinain where they
were, Iboui^b tbe Ea>t India Railway Ctxnpuny hiut gut a cuur.'kntec
and leave to l>l^gln. 'I'his ia a hard lewen, biit one whiui le of no
SDod ao far na tba! pre«ent ia oimeemed, nnd wUl, we f«ar, bo foand
blUe better In the future. Governmenla are not ready Bi:balBn>,
•Ten in the mutter uf revolutiona. We have alwnyt upheld the
freedom of Joint-alDt-k ondertallUlga, itt th« belt aafcfpianl agalnat
rpeCuUtioH and ihp«aut>>f it. Im Enat ludln govemmeut wera
fearful in ISU of the gambling madneHs of tbe time*. Sehem*
after k^heme naa brotif^ht before thetn, muncy wnk held out freely,
but they drew back Mgblened, and aet (heraa^Uea d<iwii in wliitt
Ibey kelil \m (>« a (|uiet aiidordertr way, to taydown rule^on wblrh
railnnyH aboutd Im> ritrried on ana aharobdlderii shnuld pny tlieir
money. Following in tlie path of the Uuurd uf Trmle brri*, lbi>y
sent lint to India a nilaay board, with Mr. .Simm* at 1(4 Iieaid. He
dill hia work aa well and carefully aa be coald, nnd Kent hnnie mmiu
loii^r blue-bnnkR, from which, however, ne are mtrry tti my, ww
hnvo learned no more than we knew liefore, sii Hint they have In
no way iini rallwava forward one inch. I^verj-tliing hiia to lie tried
atUl ; Air. i^immH baa Bivea aanoanfwcraatoeoiMnkmcnls in tin
valley of the (iangee, loog bridgee o«er the elreama, how wood wiQ
iterve for eteepara, h«w wurkH ure to be carried I'li, nor one aiiul*
point in encintering bM he settled, — nnd fnnauo fault uf hia, b^
caiiae wcpenenee la the only guide and judge. Thirefore, three
y ran bn re been lint on tbia head, and tnnteiul of Iwtcinning with
three or fiiur rrara* experience, we are aa far trehiiiil-ltaiid aa we
were Itefore. ft la during the linit three or four years that the
grealeal ctiangea nr» made, becaaae it ih the time of eaiierinienta ;
e\-er}' day ahowa auinechlng, and instead of trylnff to wttle tbe
eiuhneennir of India befere-hnnd, n wi«« mnn would watt for pmo*
tice to gutde him in fixing any lastlnK Hyuteiti.
liidiji lina need l«<aly lost so many veora of railway transit ; hy
thiM lime the traffic of theUangra would have had anme small help
from raitwny worha. t'erhapnii cuuplc of biinilred milesfifrtiilway'
wonJd have been open \ aud if only tta mnch. or even IcMt, utifl
the reaulta would have been grent, bet'uu*e each handred milrt of
railway ia the nriitg of 11 invf i" the vontai>4iiici)tiuu with the up-
land. The openinir oT a rftilwHT wouhl liavc lieeu felt by lliesteamr
Iioats, and more of them would hove been put on the rivrr, wbiln
branch ronila would have been laid duHu to tench the rdtlwny.
The makUMt of a railway h), aa is well known, only n email ii:»rt of
the good whkh i« to nriw. The railway will be tlie trunk tunnrda
whicfi itcamboaU will run, and ruada be made. The IralEc n'ill b«
nlwHyH fcruwliii,'. »(i that at Mcb step food for sew roilwaya nill
be fi-uid. The *tcambonla bare ahowa that, though iH>t h> much.
At fintt six nmall Bteumboata wore run, aumeliote ofler iii n»or«,
uud lalterty (<ix \i*r^ rieatnlKiala have l>een put on, nnd there i« n
rnii f»r more. All are paying well, ibout'b there ia more Ibaii four
timco the power that wan in the lirnt in-^Lance held needful. We
have henril of rnilwny carriagoa carrying their own ruilwaif with
tbrnt, but it mar be eaid of Indian railwsyd that they will carry
their own traffic with them.
Allien wc come to tlie money pert of tbe question, and say t^t
three years have been loat, we do not give u right idea of the evil
which baa been done. Time in the abare- innrket ciiniiot be tridcd
with, and coiutot be got b»ck again, '['lie fatal event uf Lvuia
Fliilippe'i detath or fall baa l<«en lung hjingintt ovrrufj it uaa
known that it muat happen, anil that wKeu it did the tliurr-markct
would be utterly upaet, Kercr wna it an needful to nmke b.-iy
while the aun ahone ; the atom waa hanging about, it u-n& looniing
in tight, bimI there was no lime to be loit. In tbe yeun IHU una
1M«, any money coidd have been nuaed; in the yeat* lisi7 and
DMA, n» OMOey can bo raiaed^^-ond who dunM look forward witb
liMe^
If th« ahare-ntarket were na Inw-maVcm wiah it, and aa ther
have tried to make it, it would be very well ; but unhappily it la
not Ko. It does not work eo ainoolhly aa they think ft may; it
b.iA iu eb1)A nnd its floodje; aometineeeetting in with n fuU'tide,
wbirling and t.'ddyiug routid, the vnten riaing to the ton of ih*
doml, then the atreiun ponrinff oat with a (juidi nidi ana t*av~
all bartf. People were wooder-atrickeB thut there nbould he 1^
ling in IMfl, aa if tliiuw never were before ; ami tbuutth thur wea*
fluite ready to cay (hat a heavy fall would follow, they diu iu«« '
the more widely. Time has aliown liuU while share-.gambling ia
going on, mi I way-making la going on ; and when ahare-fnmUins it
at au end, money cannot be rnised even for the moat uaeful unur^
takings, llierv i> a cloud hniigK over all, the good and the had^J
and tnouj^ ihoee who bave helped lu miike the Ktimn wur>e mny
wiiji it auerwlBe, the good feel it aa much a« Che had.
While tbe iharc-roarkel Aourlahed, and tlie Ri>»t India ^vem-
tnent were besought to give their leave fortberaUways to l>o bc^n^
thev Mopped abort, aa if they hod time in llicir own bandn, aud
could wuit aa long aa they pleaaed. They have «n oftiyn act u]»
kinga in the eaat and pat them down — they'ao often send out their
word, end n mighty kingdom apringa up ivr ta enat down, thiil ihef
thought thev bad only to apeak, aud rail ways would benuulrwhen-
ever they liked. Had they tfaeo, as they' were told, gircu tha
IH
THE CIVIL ENGINEER ANT> ABCmTECTS JOrilNAL.
linea with<hil fpinriuttM*, the mnaa)' wouM hav* b«cn rnti^d ;
wber^ait now, even <rith a fniiiriinU>«, th* undcrt&kiniiw linf^cr, aikL,
at vn- liA*e wiiti, how Iwoff tliej- may lin|rer nn <>n» knows. 'Die
chAiw-mArkot wlion i>nfp *h.tkm d<i«9 not r*w>ver nt n fined AM* ;
It is not witltiD the finw^r of kn^r on« ta knnw vrltcn it will rcMtvcr,
while the shock ii now v«r)- fr^al. Tho bnnk« tkrau|:^iit £uro|i«
m breskinr, th« ^OKrdtn|{ of (pild and of iiilv«r hn* h^iran. mun^y
will pii out ofaiffht, war nny sprind; up, tht gor^rnment inny ipve
an formerly flit or Mven ptr c^at. fur losiu, f>nil th«n the rommon
n>ttirn«i of jnint-ritook tindertkkJOfr* do not hold 'xit hniio t-nuii^h
to the chiirchflldffror lender.
By tb« Uundco^nc of the ffovemmeat hiu the welfmre of India
iMtn thrMtvned, nna It i« only by ortin^ otherwiw Uihd Uufy have
lane, that tlMty GAB atuu the evil from *]»r«adiner fortlier. India
[>ha« feh a^rrMl lonln the want of rait ways, but lriih» i% tw b« kept
without ihpm fiir yenm, the tiiUi"hief whii-h will lir domi will b»
mat. India liaa Ig 'tru^le in Ir.ute with Ani^rka and the Wi>»l
lodiw, where railwaya and ueaniboati are widely (pread : and iin-
'Im India liave the anme help, sha i-annot kxep up in trade aipunit
them. India can raiwA chcM|ily— none can beat ber ; but ao much
time nnd ao much money l« ajient in (Tarrying good* to markut, that
thry come dear mid hail, inpite^H of rhnp and KOoA.
It Hill do little Tor India that Kntiliili gold la now not likely to
^ aent abratd to Fmnre, Klandeni, flaly. and S;»ain for niiI«Mys ;
'loldera are nick uf them, and will lie nfnid 1« have any thiiiK
tto do with tlieiii. ThlH i* however nohflp, we fear, for India,
_ ' the call fur money ot home cannot be mot, aa au much haa Wen
rloat.
AmontC the undeTtikiri;n> whirli were broD),'hl into tlie market In
184J, Done hardly were more lueful than itiAt nf the Eart India
Railway CiimiwnT. for making a railway fnmi Calciilt* for fiOU
tnilea nji the v&iley of the Gangeit. Mr. Mncdonald Stephenson,
its raana^ni; director, iralhcred toitether all thnt <:ould be UamEd
In [adi&, and in hi« work* gave the head* of what Mr. Sitiimit hiut
written since. There was i|uile en^nj^t Ut sdow the likelihood of
tUir undertaking', and when it wa^ hrought forward it wat hailed
tV" the leader* of the money market aa a railway mell worthy of
f vieir help. The faeada of llie Kast India Railway Company were
KMne of the riphnrt mrrchiinta here, and there was ructi trurt girvn
U> it thai iti iJiarTs msi- rerv quickly in prir^.
Tbaoka to the IJtmrd offrade, the Coinpiany was withheld from
taking mora than live tihiUinita a share when utey eould hare had
V^ pouuda ; »o that now. iiutead of having tome btudred* of thou-
•nnda of ))oonda la baud, enoufch to nuikt u fiovi Vt^ginu'iuji, they
have li.ird vork to raife a hundred thoutand poiuida, i>hiuh is to
bif li»l|red will] the K.-jul Indin Company.
The l£n»t India Cuuipauy liaa in the end given to the Rnilwuv
Comp.iny leavii to ft" ""> And ol!cr«d n guarantee of intcmt, which
in ISl.' or IHla would hai o Hent tip the Bham lo "uch a price aa to
liave mada them among the ti«Kt in the nurkel. There were then
no abara in the market guaranteed by any of the Engliah govem-
manta, and auch was tna call for i^amntMd ahare<f that thute
?tarante«d by tha groat railwav companies wero eagerly twught.
herefore the market waa clear iar the Indiun railway ^area. and
Botliing but the utter blindneaaof the gorornment kept Indin biick
at Bueh a time. On what good ground* it could liavu been dune
Bu one enn readily ti^e, fat Indin in always in want of monev, and
when there was a hope of getting it from England it should not
have bcvn let slip.
We have atill the utmoat tract in tho Ka«t India Railway Com-
pany, fur we believe that (he line must be mad& and we hope
tlicrefure thnt everything will be done at (ince to help it on. We
Be« uu good In leaving a hundred tbounnd peiindain the hatidu of
tbe government, that i.hi>uld be dropped atones. Tlie Company
ahould ]ikewii«e luve full power to burrow money here and in Indi.-i,
in whatever a ay they can. IfUisrahe any mod of it. tlie govern-
ment of India must lend thern money to begin, w that they make
a fttart, fur there \* no time to be loat. If ther« Khould lie a war in
Europe, and the overland way to India ho atupped or liindierMl,
then it will be Mill more needful that there anould be a quick
tranail U-twern Calcutta and the nurth-w^i't.
On theae groundH we aay to the Eait India Railway Comnany
" Hold on ;" for if the gorernment do their abon, th« undertaking
will bei^ome one of the fimt in the world. Mucliof the railway can
be ivadily mdde, and aa cheaply as those of j\metica, while it baH
only to be opened to have h goiid income at uncc. We have olwaya
bdteved, and we do ■till, that when a xtart U made, a great deia]
of money will be got from India : India findit money for banks,
Hauranoe oompunieA, »teambaat«, cool niinca^ IncUgo worka. sugar
milla, and tea planlntiona. and we do not aa* whv idie ahimld not
/vrrailways. The Ii)diiuiuludUuwakeae4> What has koeti acea
of late year« hiia laid th« way for railwayit. Tite •teamboal hoi
shown the HindiMMthatafwei) can l>« gut, that gtioda ran he brought
up iiuickly, and they are ready to believe that railwayii will do for
them what it has been held out they can do. Indi.i wait* only for
a beginning, and then railwiiTs aill eprend aa many amis over the
land aa thev ha^e in England or America.
in Soutlieni Iiulin the eompaniea are tftill leM ready to begin
work, BO much hate they l>een weakened by the loitcrniif of ilm
■land-fctill governraeni. Imt av milMay* are fully a* nredful there
lu in Uengal, we hope very little liuie will run liefore Ktttiu are
taken to liring them foraard. The lerowth of cotton in Ihjmbay
and Madraii iskept back by the want uT raiUayi, and a little help
only will enable themerrhautsand people of ihone t« o prtrfcidenciea
t4i make tbeir own railwaya. Tbey have come forward most warmly.
aad although their late loaKa Iiave les>encd their nteaio, they will
h« fonod ready to follow up tlie lead of the government.
Railway* Inlndla mimt be tnMte, >t'^<l it"')' i""* I*c carried out
aa joint-Ktorkundertalcingn; furwhatevermaybe the want ofpowcr
of ihe!« latter now, the government in India are no tiiruii);er, imd
always And it hard to raiw muney. Let iix hojic, as so much blame
brlongv to them t'or the hiiidraiicea they have hitherto thrown ia
tbe u ay of rallwayA, tliat theiy will see good to make a chanre, and
do all they can to make up for loat time. If they do not So it of
thenwelrea^ the parliament of England muxt do it for tbcm ; for if
the cotton-yrowera of India cannot be heard tliere, they *Ul l«
heard here, and the cot ton- weaver* of Manchctvr huvc alroady
■poken out. M'v cannut be left in the |ii><*er uf Amt.-riC'a fur the
cotton, on which our great ataplu oianufaclure dcj>cud^ and whereby
■o many Englislimon earn their itwmty livetiliood.
The third eilitioH of the book before us i» on the Mune plan aa
Ihoae thnt went liefure it. It ia eulargnl by tome new extrautft,
which are put together without any great regard to order, and the
Mtrtide ■* alill frota the works of Mr. Mattdoiuild Slei-heiiH>a. The
riglit title would bo " Indian Railwayn from thewnrku of .Mr, Mac-
duiiald Stephenson, with other matter by «u Old Indian l*oxt-
nia^lflf.' K^e«pt Mr. Stephen<on'i! umti'rinlit, the heA thing iu
the book in a map of the liiiea of rsUway io Northern India.
THE U'lCKSTEED ENGIXE.
^Ir. Wieksleed was the firNt to introduce the Coralafa engine
into the metropolis and he deKiTvest grrat iiedit for hi« exertlana.
The firit engine was put ujt ataiut four yean ago, when a deacrip-
lion of it was published in this i/oNraa/, The serood, «hich is
larger, Ik named the >V'ickKteed engine, and in erected at the Eaat
London Water AVorks. It was atarted to s-ipply water to tbat
company's district in June IHkr, and j» the larjievt engine hitberln
erected iri London; it wajt deiigned by 3dr. Wicknteed, who la
engineer to the company, and wa« erected under hia superintend-
eiire. It wax manuUctured by Metsr*. SundyiA, Came, and Vivian,
of the Conperhouse Foundry. Ilayle, (-'ornwall. The diameter of
the cyliniler is SO inchei', the diameter of the pump 4i inches,
length of ntmke 1 1 fei-t. and it punipa 2i.i imperinl barrels at each
■trokc. When working at the rate of ei^ht atrokft per minute, it
raian&itMgallnnB per minute, or i?,:ttu,VBO gallons per dirm, or
8i,563,90O imperial barreln per annum. The power when working
at tlib sjieed la SOO borae-jiower. The main beam bt 3ff feet long,
and weighaSStona — it vibratex on a ca«t-iron main gudgeiin IS
incbes diameter, and the whole in Miptmrtcd by four columna and
an entablature of cast-iron, designed in the tirecian-lhmc style,
lite plunger with its appendages weigh* 43 tons, which ma» of
matter 13 raised II feet high at each vtroke of Uic engine. The
pum^-wprk is eop}»ortcd by two iron girdcn> « eigkiiig each 10 tons,
and is strongly bolletl down to a niu«a uf miii>onry in tbe fuunda-
tionB, The twilers, four in number, are cylindrical, 31 feet long,
£ tV. G in. dinmi'ter, with an internal tire-tube four feet w
diametei. The diameter of tbe ateam-pipc is lb' inchea.
The total weight of the en^^nen, pump-w»rk, and boilers is 4tt
tons., and the whole coit was jmo,OiHi, or JiM> per bvfw-p«wflr, ot
about £'i% per ton.
The i|uuiitity of eoal commmed by this engine, If working at full
power night and day. would be t,o(m tons fer annum, and tha^l
Quantity of coals that would be c^msumed by the heat of tbe ordi^fl
nary non-eTpantive engine>j in doing llie winie work would b* 4,400
tons; ahowinga saving 111 favour of the ('<irniiih engine of e,£00 ton*,
wbidi at IS*, per (on 14 £l,0iU per annum, or 1<4 per i;«nt. apoa
tbe eoat u' the engine for coala ouly. '
i
■IMS.]
THE CIVIL RN'RINKER AND ARCHITBCrS JOUHNAL.
10*
COAL DROPS, AND MrDDLESROROUfill DOCK.
{Wits Eifnt-Sng*, Plat^ VI.)
Ifooa/ V iht Dnp» lutdfir tke Mpment <if Coala at MhUt^^rJ^
mn-Ttrf, mtk a <l-^erMim <if Ihe MitUMm' JDock. Bv Ukiihvk
TvwBvu. ». iiHt, C. E.— (Pr»m« paper read «t tliv I'tutitutioii
[,«f Civil Kn|£inc«ra.)
Tlie dtii'li wns commi^nwil In the ■P'ina of IS*0, and wna np^'ticd
far Iruiie on tlii.> IVt)i AIny, IMW. The frenenl fonn of the iofV
i^ad ilH pwitiiiii with r»«|)i-ct In tht' riv-rr Ti-ro will bnt be under-
MM>d by reference to tlio uniifxi**) ^n^^riivitix- It piinnnwiii nn ana
Faf 9 nrres nt the vater aurface; tlie Mpjiroaeh la by aii enlnui<-«-
chinnvl, mthi^ tnim than n (|iiirtt>r of n mile in ]eii)^)i. cut
Ibriiiiirli ihe kmiil tiankii pf Ihr riv<>r, nnd kept upim by menns of
I elait-ing from the lock-palH, and aW> thrnugh nilvrrtt
: lip Inrk wiiils fiir thtil nurp(M«. Some HpprehenainD* were
['•ntvrlainvd of Ibo prsrtinibility i>f lipi-jiin^ npen the enlrtnre
(fannel by iheHO mon*, as there i« ntuch tJnfiiiw Kiind in the lH>d
of the river Tees, and ei-ery interference with the current nf the
Hrer prDdiiceN marked nlceniti'in* in the form nnd |jo<iitian of the
■hnalii '>r sniid bnnkii. After dae delibernlioii, the ucheme was at
laOflb carried infi exeetitixn, under the unction of thn Tms
Navltiatiun Ciimpnny, and the result has been marked irith Ihn
omnplate iinri-i»sK which watt nntiripHtetl t.y the priijeclor*; the
ebannri vkh dredf^l nul (<> itK fnil detith. the wlojieii nnil hnnki
wrttf Borered -n ith a pavinu of nmirh chiilk and »loue, imil utter a
trial uf nearly three y^tn the eniinnel is now in a hetti>r Ktute
than when it was first made, and is kept up nt a very trifling cnsC.
^ Hie entrance hick i« built prinnpally un a f'mndntinn of hui
^B »jind, ind on neeoitnl uf the ijuatititjr of w»tcr fuiind in it, an VII-
V uviinllr la^Ke urupurtion of V>linK and iri>»den pUtftrTnia were re-
duireu in (lit' rnunrliktiun*. Th« li>i--k ia built «( xtone, chielly fraoi
the Byker quitrrie*, <m the river Tyne ; it W 134 feet h'ng and 30
fe«t Wide ; the depth of water ia 13 feel at neap tide* and IS feet
■t «iirin|{> tidc^; the bottom ef tho dock wim excavalad to tlie
depth of S feet under the level of the lock cilln.
In oonneciion with the dork, a hrandi line u'lui laM duwii, di-
verieiJiK from the Rtoc-kton nnd Darlington Railn'ay Hnd terminat-
ing in ten doiibit- linc^ lewliufc to the ten drop« (1 1o II)) nituated
oo tlie weat aide uf the dork. The rawed piniromi of a triiinKnlar
Aape, covered by these diver^in^ lines uf rallwav, compriMeii an
area of 15 ncroi, nnd affords spare room for l.tiOO loaded n'H4;ons,
ormorvthnn 3,000 tonii of canl, besides means ot tgm» for the
Incontotiveit with tlieir trains of emjily wnKOn.i. Tlii.i icreat
aiaouot of standi ni; nioni fornix n princuiii] fi-uture in the orraoKe-
^ ineot of thc«c works, ns in thcdivtrict. of which thin it> the shipnia;(
^■^purtf there arc numeroua dedcnptioMn of coal, neverid uf uliich
^K cmne di>wn the rallwar in the tame train ; a separutiiin U ntade on
^V the platform, and eucn colliery linvbig hfl otrn drop aHiened tu it,
jH the wogQnis nith the proper dej«criplion of conl, acruniulate in one
" hranrh, and de»cendiiiK atunir the miiwny, whicli in to inulined aa
In permit the nit);wnii to movo by their own frrarlty, the ablpment
li carried on with much fiwility. Aninclinntiun iu the contrary d!>
rectiun U fcivcn to the emplv line, ttuAicicnt to allow the iintuJtded
wagons 10 m4>ve of thenuwlvM, by which ineiuis auine waving of
Wmc tiibour U elferted.
The co«t ot alltlie «'ork» connected with tlio dock, inrludinff
tbc branch railway, rained phitfornt, permunoul rniln, dock wurk,
cntrwice lock and channel, and hreaitworki nlvaa the vliure uf llie
rirer Teca, with the ten cool drops, unioiinted to the sum of
i:iU.UUO.
These workt) were de»i^rd by Mr. W. Cabitt, V. P., and tho
wtboT wa» the acting nr resident en^nc-cr.
The ntnl dru|>i> are pernliar in their eonntnictton and are pro -
lisbly nut mui-h known heyund the district in which they nre unerl ;
they are diti in;^l«hed from the drops in common n«e on the Tyne,
by the conl wagims Ivinir loTrereil perpendictilarly to the uliins'
deckfl, whereax in the latter the wiipinn are lowered by meanx of n
cmlle nnd vibratinjf frame, uhirh detcrilieH the arc of a circle in
its deaceol. In places where the waimna hnve to be lowered from
I a height nf 30 feet and itpwurdu to tito shipn' de<rk«, which is a
'mmmon rimimiit:ince in the Tyne and the H'ear, the tiltralintr
frantt* (orlffinally inrented by the late William Chapman of N'ew-
OiMle) are found well >di[ited for the ptirpoee ; but where the
hngbt i« limited, or where the niilwiiy ■» an low that the wiigons
I Jtin clear of the lall'rail of the liitht ahipit, the per|ieridiculiir
f bscootea more convenient. Thi« infrcnious contrivance was
, mggMted to tho Clarence Railway Company hv Mr. (ieorge
"lier, of Leeds (M. Initt. C. E.), and wm Mrried into alfect at
^>7/
<>
o e K
mm
Vi
1 04
THE CIVIL ENGISEKIl AND ARCBITBCT9 JOVRNAL.
[AffHtL,
Port ClarenM on tho river Teea, wlicre Htvcrel of them har» bocD
IB u»e for *omv yi»r», nod arc very i-ffi-^tive.
Tht: ten dropn erected on tlie weat side uf the Middlpubru' Duck
krenlmost tdmiUr, in everj re^]i«ct, to thoiW! nt l*r>rt Chrvncu.
The princiiile of thi'ir cunttmction umI mode »f i>j-*roti"n will he
M>a.lily undemtUDil by « refcrvnrv lo the en)tT*iiiiKi, Pliti' Vll.
Fig. 1 fthi>w4 a front elvv«ttvo, s^d ft^;. '2 a nidc I'Irvation of Ihu
dron and it* inachin«r]-; Hg. 3 shumn thi- nuii'hinerv, with lh<^
ctmIa naA vafTaii. dran-n to n Inrirer oculc ; the same i«tter« refej*
to thit HARie |>Arl« in the dilforeiit drawings.
The WMgan A, weighing nhoiit Sii cvt., and eontAininfr une ehal-
drun or 53 ewt. i>f coal, i^ aliown ■t(iridiii|< on the tnovrnhle Magn
or trftdle B, which la Buspended hy mean* "f «hiiiiiit ;iiuuiiif! over
the shenrM C, (' ; th* emls of Ihe ohainii nre ntWi-hed to the Inr^e
■hearea F, F, the IntU'r brinft i^iml with |irr<>(>ve»* <if wneqiuil drpth,
to aerommodnte the two chuina, irhi^h it will hi> M-i>n nre of tin-
aqtud length, and reiiiitre a oorreB)>ondin^ jnei|iinliti' in thetbMvea,
ta preserve the cradle in a horixAntnl position. Tliese sheaves are
fixed on a strong iron ailo H, on the eilreniitieaof whinli are two
otlMtr sbaam or pulleyi K, K, to Uke the chainu which sustain
the eoiinterimlani-e wei)^ht« M, M. ThA hreak niadiinery fur
loverinif the wagnna «oniiiit« of the toothed «hi>el P, T riH>t
dlainflt0, fixed on the unte »xle H ; the |itni»n-Hli«L4 <j, ? feot
diameter ; and the brnlt -wheel K, <> feet ilianieter, hating a break
over its whole nirciimference, witrketl hy a strong levar-handle,
whidi cuntrols the descent of the loaded vagoiif and Itaaieent
vheti enijity.
niieii tlie m»chiiiery in nt work, the luMled wagon ii run on t«
Che cndle, or tXit^, B. and ifl Mu|i|)ed by wooden rli(H-k« In Un
Oiw pcwition, direi-tiy over the listt-hw»- of the vei«*el to he
ed(T,T,%. I.) Tlielireaksmanthoii refi'a»i'titielireak-whe«'t,
when the cradle Hiid Hiuion ileieenil peroi'iidicuLirly. th« riiijiend-
jng rliains ulnilinu off the sheavett V. K. tim i-mi titer balance
wei(;hli ri*ii, ;iimI ineir snpuendiiiK rhiina wind on to the shnave*
or pulleys K, K. The emdle, with the wiiftoii upon it. <«lill main-
taining its horizontal (Kwition, having nearly renrhed the thip'ti
deck, the r«nlent« are difvhnrind by a nun who deHcendt) with it
■ for that purpotr; thrt cuu[tt4>rliaJance weifchtH then have the pre-
FWndenicre and the openition 'u reversed, by tlie weights (Ii?^'i;iid>
Ing and the pmpty wajfon and cradle risinu' to their orifciiial po&i-
tioii. The whole in mi vuided nnd conlnilled by the hrealtainnn,
and the counlerpui«e wet^fht an adjn«ted, that the wimwn ran he
mai]e to drei'eiid :iiid aicetid quickly or oluirly, or be sl-jpped with
e4iae i» imy piwitioii, dlhir aK.ctKiiiiir ut deti-eiidiiijr-
The dni|>* «t MiiUIIi*.hnj' Thick an- riiiKlrucied of ■tmnii wooden
Anoewnrk fixed on Meuiel fir |iilf>, and the coi^t uf the ten dropH
|inw j67,3«)0. or Xiao e«ch, including all the timber, iron-work, iu»-
'dilnerv, nnd the labour in fixiiiic.
Eiirli of ihete dropa rati iliip a waiiuii luad of AS cwt. in a
^minulr, or nbout 15(1 totm in an hour : hut '« the coaln i-iuinot be
' ^milled oiTiiii <|uii-kly in the ahiii'ii hold, ithoiit thirty wai^na an
our may be tiUcen as the (inliniiry mte of workin^r. Forty
wngonik containing a chaldron eflch which are ~ d kecU or 108
tons an hniir, may he conaidrreal the limit of workin;;.
In the ye«r endlnic Ut Jtily, lK4i, .105,*.rt6 ton* were shipped hy
mennfl of the leu dri'ps here di^^crihed. The shipment in the nix
monthii ending aist December, 18U, amountod biS«t,ieo loiia.
I ON THK RESISTANCE TO BODIES IN FLUIDS.
On /Ac rf!athn Mieeen (Ae Vektily aiui the Jlrjisfanoe en-
amitlrrfd ^ Mle4 tnf-mgiu Fividi. Sty Joux Mortimiji HtrpCL,
Crud, luit. C.E. — (Read at tli« lusUtutiuu of Civil Engineen.)
The deteriniouliou of the relation between the vehirity nnd the
retislance encountered by bodies moving in Auide. haa alwayu been
k«n iutemgting tii|iic of inquiry, as well to tho ^ecuhtive philueo-
Mher M to the prnctirnl niei.'bnni«l, and |ierliapK on no iiortinn of
I phyaieal Bcieni^e have more paiiia heeiiupent; whether lovking to
I the angucity with which experiments have tiet-n deviu^d, the lihe-
[fality with which they have Iwen rjirried out, or llit< in.itbeninlicJil
acumen with w]iic)i their reaiilln have been eliuuiifieit :iiiil brutii^ht
under (iviier^l lawii; To enumerate the nainefl only of tlie men,
illuhtriotu by tlirir M'ien'.v. wbn have bronL'ht their etieriripx b>
bear on this ftulijet-t, would til3 a Inrgor kpscc Ihiui ihi^.i' lew re-
mar kti are intended to occupy. It ixaulllctent to mention Newton,
who ill ibiM. a« in so manv other departnit<nts of philotiuphy, first
■Jied the light of bis brilliant gci it uu on the former obscurity; —
■Aer bin the acaroely lew cewhmted Daniel Boruouilli, uud ia
latter times Bomrat and De Buat, whoar patience and accurate re-
search nMined audi a mullltude of observed fuvta tu the iwtiteraiM
latioo of the tbeonat. Aetiiu, the valiuthle expefimenta uf t£e
French Academiciani ; the indofutiphle labnun of the late
Colonel Itennfi7, ao liberall? made available for the ubjecta of
Kcicnce IiyhlKion; and lastly, thouuh not among Ibe least, mot
he menttoned the excellent eapcriini'ntia on canal boataby PalaMr
and Macneill, given in the Trannui'tiiiiiii of the liKtttiitwn (toI. L
pp. Ifi-S-S-li). Alter such a rLtroxiiecl it may appear |inMump-
tnoiiH in a young and unknown indiviilunl, attempting tii aud
anytbing to a auhject aln-aily ■•iiridie*! by inch cnntributurtt ; tm
bis remark*, however, are brought In an humble ami niudeift apirit,
nnd M far a« he la aware, have not b«en anticipated by any pre-
ci«ely aimilar, he beg* to lay them, without further introdnctlno,
before the iRftitution.
It will DO doubt be recnllected, that in the ca*>ea already gtanud
at, tbe almost invariable method of »xpi-*rinu'nting baa been to
attach a weight, or other known motive force, tu tho body in 4iie»-
tion, and to determine, hy direct obsermtion, the quantitv of thia,
corretpondiof; to an Hiiiform vohicily of pru^eiaion. f'r<im thi*
method it hiui nt^ceiauirily followed, in ui4>wt invlane**, that the
bodic* subjected to experiment "ere of moderfice dimeiicinnA, and
tbe theoretical viewa derived from the ohwrvattona, have been ex-
tended to tlinxe which from thtnr ningnitiidv have lieen placed
beyond the range of direct experiment. In the expcriracntB ol
Palmer and Macneill, the *ame mode of proceeding wax udopted,
by applying the dytinmomipter to boat« moving on canals, and from
the tniignitucle uf the hc.iIu of tbeao espt'rimenta, aa well as fron
the care nnd accuracy with which they appear to have been coo-
dueled, they mast be ver}' valuable. (ii){RnIic, however, a^ theer
bodies were, aa compared witJi iboso which had previouttly been
brought under invettigution, they hecoiiie dwarfs ni respect of the
voaada, the knowledge of whose propertien is every day bn-oniing
a matter uf deeper priu-tical importance. It Iidk oAea mrpriaed
the author, that thcai^ vos>i;rlH thomu^lrea had not bM>n made the
object of v»iertmentH, with reference to thin iptemiou, and more
espeelslly, li it cnn be shown, nit In here attempted, that tboae urn-
pelted by Kteam, more expri'inll}', unite alt the (-omlitions re({uUt8
for (ibtaiuing enally and nimply, accurate and iinportunt reeulta.
The form, however, of these experiments, must differ from that of
former ones, hk the tractive power n'((ui«ite to maintain a hi^h ve-
locity, in micli large budien, would be far greater than could he
conveniently dixpoiied fur Much a purpnae.
Iliere is. bowdvi^r, nnather no lc<« certain mode of inferring the
amount of reidittance encountered by a body, which i«, tu remark
tbe dimidution of velocity produced in a fpven sinall portion ot
time, when the liody !« exposed to the action of thia ri.x^i>taiicii
alone, from which diminution of velocity, the forve wbicli pruduccd
it niiiy he inferred with mathematical preeition. Let it be prt-
aumed, in the firi* inatnnce. that the velocity with which the re^^
ia at any instant mnrin^ titrough the water, i» ca]>f>hle of beic^;
menanrod nnd obnerved ; then having act the vea^l in mutiop.
wiUi a given velocity, let the action of the m«tiv<? pnwer be
stopped. The only forces to who^e action it will then be e\]iOi;ed,
ar« the renii^anee nf thn water and the air, of which the fonntr
will be hy f.ar the more conalderahle ; but of both of which it will
always, under ordinary circumstances, at the nunie velocity, have
tbe same iLmount to encounter, nnd who^e nmouat therefore con-
atiluteu the obatiu'lit tu be overcome by the motive pnwer, nnd dt-
termincii the quantity uf that power alwaya nrquircd to mivintaia
that velofil}'. From tbe instiinl when the engine* nre stopped,
the spued of the veefim-1 will ohviouxly diminish, and let the amovnt
nf tla diminution during Kumenmall interval of time, say a <««ot>^
he noted ; that la to aay, the difference between the veloeity at the
cum me II cement and at the end uf that Intervid. Now if the
vi^csrl hiul be4>n Fiibjeuted to tho action of a force equikl to ibt
whole weight, the amnuiit uf velocity ditstniyed in a second would
have been 3U feet per aecund, therefore, ajt 33 feet in to the ol>«erved
lu«s of velocity in feet per second, io is the whole weight of the
recel. as aboun hy its dinplncemenl, to the forre by which thia
loMit of vt'locity hiu been produced; that in, tu the untied rMiit*
aiioeof tho water and the air, cur responding to tbe vclo>'ity in
ijuestiun. It is here assumed, that the force of reatatancM', for tli4
KDuill pvriod of the uliscrvaliun, niny bo regarded sa uuiionn; a
KupjiUMtion which in nut prcciiiielr true, as tlto resistance dinuoiihea
with the velocity; the Mcaller, however, the Interval nf time which h
in lukcii, the nearer will this siippoKition be to the truth, nnd if the fl
inferriNl r«*ili«timce be taken tu curr<-<.pond neither to tiio initial^
Dortheflnai v e loci tieii, but to their mean, the error will bec«ine
infiuitesimni, A more important source of error wonid be found
in the circumatsacfl of lli« resistanco uf the paddlea, or the icrew,
TUB CIVIL EKQlNEfiR AND ARCUITECrs JOURNAL.
3«T
thrr nn> arran^'r] m tuq to \t^ dwcoaiiected, brmic mcliided
La tli« lirwniutii'il iL 'li-l iJit-p ; and iu them cbsca, thb would have
to be alloircd far and be dt^iirtcd. As hoircTrr the re«wt4tice to
SmL mafmtxf htm bvrn vo {My invcstijamtoO. thU wvuM vccwiuii
PlittJc dlficiilty. An fxtinjilc prrhniiK will aerve better to reuder
tka ior««otnK prt)|>oaitlvD clenr. Sup|>o»e a vessel to W iDlMing
tlirvajchihe water with b vcWity nf 1J fret pi-i nrrviiil, nnd on
tfae stoppinir of the en^iiuv, the r]>ccil \>< chserred in uiie aeond
ria ittdk to l(A frrt |in- iwCDtiil, the velwtlf dcxtroyeil in one eccond
ti tfaae irould he c>iual t» G inrbes ) thb is ^,th [inrt of the veto-
ciljf which wptild have Wen destroj-t-d, in thoMunr lime, hjr n force
•qurJ tu the wei;:ht uf the vcik-I, and the force which destroyed it
b iherervre e^iial t»f'i^h imrt uf thst weiitht, N'rtw "Hpiiost thin,
aiUOntwDed froni the di»plB«eincnt, tu he 1,000 ton*, then the
■ICMI force of r«ii!tftne« between ihc vilwities uf li feel wid I-lj
H f*«t per sevMCid ia '^ tvii*. und the poorer extMinded in (ivcrromin^
y tUia rt^i-t;^'ii.v, at the iiietm bct'veen the two velocities, or I4J feet
ywr Kvuud, i« —
1000 X saw „ .,
iTiii|rtitiide»crib#d the^nldeillwhiehth«^^b<en■»tirtnl>houIdb«•
■cted, it iTia_^ ni't l;v iiniriierc-tin^ briefly to notice the itdvon-
I vliich might rchult from u h i-IUarnm^ext ast of rsperirneats
I'thi* [tlan.
In the first phuK-, it would offer sii infallible menna of tcMlng
the qiwJilieK nf any imrlirular rcsiiel. njmn from thoup of hpr ma-
edinery ; t:iner the Hrtinn of the en/inrv hi'inft Ktumied iluriii);thc
iihurvatiuii. has deiirly nu {iifluenr« uhnlever on the rate of diini-
■ntkta uf the velocity. I'he ohtierrer vould thus, in citse of nny
iltSeivnt^ of spaed, t)« enabled Ui lix tiie fntilt with rerlninty imkiii
iha vei»«l, or chs eti)fini^ au the e:iiu> miffht bv. Indecl, if »ll
TfMiaU were cubmiitMl to the observntian here deecrlbed^ there
III! mil to he no renMin irhy their rpsiKanue should not be M pre-
dsQ sn4 definite a iiuaiitity, nnd ns. e*]>ablo of accnmtc flxpremion
fur any particular ilrauuht, wi their di«|i]ao«iieiit ; and It ini^ht be
eanfldently asierled, that the vessel wVicfa in lW» way vliuwad the
hut reaiflanee, oofht to beat all iitheni frrttrU fnribta. and IT she
wcr* not foond tn do *», that the fuult uaK either in toe angjncn,
or In the propellitig «|>paratuH, and certainly not in the ship.
Thit however, ihriugh onr ndvantAg^e, would niit be the only one,
u * «erie« of uhservati'^ns iniide upon the name ve««el, at varioiu
•eloetlieti, eouM hirdly fail lii deoionstrate iiome expreiwiim uriaw
of relation, bctvrwn the obsiTrecl veloritie« and the reviiTttxncMi,
irtitch if fi^und to he unifarm within tlie limit* of tiif experimont,
lit fairly 1-e pre^unted to exteDd to Wfne diittanea herond them,
. tliere M'uiiM be n slroni^aroand for predictiiiir, with cuiifi-
tbe incivitKc if sjieMl waieh mif^t be expected to result
Bnn any jir<>p««ed increaM of power.
A^tn, if these olMervallons were repealed for vnriouii draufhta
uf water. Id llie saniA voMel, the inean^ would bo furnished of
kuowini^, a priori, the preriM ninotmt of power whirh should be
DtoMiiary for muiotainiii^ a givtn ^ipced, with any r^uired load.
U^ if the power remained oonrtant, whnt vould he the tye^Ai
■btcli should correspond to varioua loads, and as before, if tlie
performance of the ve«»el nhould fnll uhnrt nf what had beon u>
determiued, the fault would l>e in the machinery.
It may be mentioned, that iilthou^^h hitherto no opportunity haa
been afforded for teatine th« &»rrectne«t nf the viewH here pro-
poumled, by a practical apnlieation of them to tlio point in
qoMtion, ^et the author ho* on aevemi occaaiona udopied n
oetbud, luiDilar in principle, in determining the re^Matuie of
■haftii^f and mnehinery, by obmri'ing the rate »f diminution of the
raliMity, on abutting off the Aeua (roBt tho t^^ginft, nnd having
h^ gtMii reason for believini^ the reanlta, in theiie enaesL, to have
been tulcrably accurate, in spite of the difficulty of correctly ea-
liaatinfT the nggregato momentum uf m many bodlen revolving at
variotK velocities, he ia encouraged to auppiMe, that in the ciwe of
a liwting iiody, whoae momentum la » etudly and precineltr oNcer-
lainable, the result would be more exact and unquestionable.
The mvthvd odnptud by M. de Pamhour, for iu>ccrtaining the
aBVuntof reHstauce to the motion uf railwtiy tminH, by the cir-
famlaiir<iii attvndtti^ their descent and stuppaae upon two conwcu-
tive liicJIned ptanca, la bnacd upon precisely tue same prLuciple lu
Ihat hcTw ndvsnoed.
Uretnaiju only to coiuider, by what meann the vnriiible velocity
«f tha veceel can bo me:iiHiircd, eo aa to ascertain it, at any in*tniit,
with the nc«CMary prcri^ion. In the abaence of a better, tlie fol>
lowing arraagenteut iiii)cht perluip* ho adopted with advantage :—
To the bowsprit of the rectel [ Fip. IV «u(Bcieiitly a-head to be
Wyood the dutnrbed water, should be screwed a small Iron
bracket, carrjringa pin, which ahould piw* threugh a hnin in a
slradcr rod, hanging down below the euTfueo of the water, and
prolonged a few inches upwards above the bracket. Upon this rod,
/
n|. 1.
■ metal mhere iihould be fitted, «o as to be fi»ed at any required
dlalancefroni I h« point of sunpcnHion ; from the upper edrvniity
of the rod, a small cord or wire lUinuld be brought, pii«4ing to -Kime
convenient spot on the f«re-p»rt of the deck, where it ahoiiid be
ntt84-.hed to one arm of a rectangular lever, whose other iirm «■
index alioiild movii along an urc nf metal.
II will Im> clear, that when the vmbcI is at re«l in the water, the
rod, with the sphiTe attached, will hung rcrtically, und the cord
being properly adjusted, the index of the hunt lover will be hori-
zontal, at which position the «er« nf the graduated arc should be
marked. If the wsvel moves through the water, the resistance on
the sphere will throw the rod out of the perpendicular, a» indi-
cated by the dotted line; and the angle which it makes with ita
former po«itiun, will be sbou'n by tJu' new position of the inde« on
the metal an-. Il is obvioiio, therefore, that the Mnie degree of
deflection will always he iini«luecd by the same r«i«l»nce, and the
snnu' resintiince by the same velocity, So that if the arc haa once
been carefully irrad'iated, by moving with known velocities, which
would haie to he ilime oi'iee for all, it would nluavi »fterwards
furnish ■ correct Indicutioii uf tlie velocity with nhic'h tho 6pbere,
and eonsejuMwitly the reesel, waa moving throuKh the water, at the
inatnnt oi obara-vation. A slight consideration of the Datur« of
this apiiaratua in action, will make it apparent that the poHition
of the hall, or sphere, on the rotl i s indifferent, nnd that the same
angular deftertiuu will nlwayx correspond to the same reniiitanoe.
Thii would corilrihuto to reiuler the arrnugement convenient a«
beiiiuc apjdirnlile tu veMols of various heightn.
The mode of using thlK apparatus is obvious ; an obMrver, with
a seconds watcJi, would note the jiosilions of the index on the are,
at such intervtilE of time as should bo determined upon, when the
diminution of velocilyand consequently the retarding forceo would
bet^umc known, ilv beloro d(«crihed.
Mathematical expreiuioiiK hiiv-e in the eourse of thie paper been
exprrasly abstained from, as being unnecMsary to a ^n«ral view
of the method proposed. It may however not be out of place to
remark, that uerhnpu the best tray of treating the obtervationa
when ohtalnecLMoiild he to endeavour to discover un expresdon,
TWpresonting accurately the veludty in terrae of the time, in which
ca««, ita ainerenliHl«u-«fficient would be accurately proportional
to the reiti stance.
Rtmaria Mode at the J/w/io? afltr ikt r»adinf ^Ikt aieee Pafim. -
Hr. Scott RtiasEM. uid he conld not Teature, wtlbout mors care-
ful can*i(J(iaUan of ihe sutijcci itisn was periottiMl I>t lattely hearing
the paper leid, to diaw uty coaipsriion betnten the reiulli lUtcd hv llie
•utliiM and lho*e wliich he bSi) artired st (tdid the eiicoiiiE icrici of CI-
perimcnis lie had msdt i but liit fint iroprcMiaa ww, Hut thi tuolbud pro-
posed WIS not the most dir««t, and thsl it wu liabln to Mveial obj««liosa.
lie (loul)Teil wtiethfr thnre was a luffinent knowledge of the resiiMDM of
Hit liudki motini) Ihiough CluiJi. to eaalile Ibe poriiou of reiiiisnoe dne te
thr ItnaU oftlii: [iiddlc-wliccli, in a ttale uf rcit, to be iqiarat'd, in the
|cncra] icsult, ftota iIib tetuiance due to Ihe bodj of the vesid. Awiiuilns
such lu be the cue, he nuai contend, ihstunlOM toiue luraas ciisled uf
lb*
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
LArau^
TiM<i| the p*d4lc-«hMli «kt of (he w^t, tinQlUNMatlj' *it)i ttApplo; tht
tDgioM, M aManii* rMull nniilil t>ol b* arrivf>l at. Tt>e tcreo pM|MlI«r
I gTMtOT ficilliiei, u be tif!i«T«d BMthodi hk4 Ivcn ilfviirtl (or r>!k
[ltaBtl(Ui« witer. Hf wu of opinimtio, IbaC qiiImb thecipn-imtnU
I irM In pMfectlf ■noolli waUr. ihtj eonld nol giie accniMc iftnllt,
uciMiat of tht dIpplBi of tlia bo* of Ihc *mmI, and the ctMMqncDt
^MdUMiaB of Ibe finpniMii iphere and rod. vUch wttutd h««nnie a pnidu-
Ittm. TbtM were pnctiod o)j<cUoni, whkh wrrmiied in hli tnln^.bir lb«
riMralt)«t be had eiper>en««4. In determining iht oKthixl of conr)iic(ii>if hit
iKWi etpcriiiiriitf, nhich oti* all l(ir<I upon iciicU of rnnoilfriiti!* Wk ii'l
rieana^r. The ntndi; ho rvniitudly kdnptnl wu, In lij Ihn ve»el both light
n4 ktitlnd. Firtt tiking »ll ibi< fnat-boaidt off lh« ptdi3l«-whc«It. and bj
ftoMnt ofa itraiti l«;. uf iliput 3^0 h.p., drawing <h« vnwl lbr«ugb tbe
rahir, aicertaioiog Die rniiunce «i diflere nl felocitlea by mnaa of « dtna-
anttet i ibcn, bjr trpjaciiig the (lott- board i, >irfing the la*il, and conie*
lacnilj, the Imnencil arciion of the Ttnet, and notiog cnrernlljt all the re-
[mII*i be fudad an ciiraordinarf uaifntmiij' ia tbe amount of rotituice bj
dnilar forma at n(iiil (perdi. At iftt h« cancttvcil, (li«t il «ould ba*«
Pfcern oeceiHrr Iq rcdncc all the otcillition* o( lb« dr"*"^"**^'' ''"^ ''*
jflbund lh« rooiioa ir*i lo nniroroi, that an j ordlaar; imlrament oovkl lalBee
' Ibe purpoto. Ili> wed an inttminent. railed Piioi'* tube, for ncMDrtng
J Tclariif . and be had (onnd it Ter^ valuable ; he Diigtil tay almui BMrr-
|*|. Il eanibted of a teni««l glut lube placed In Ibe centre of Ibe tcmcI,
[llmiagb the bottom of aliich a hole nf about titif »d intb dl«inctrr Kn»
i, 10 iiau a toetal inhe, mtitinning for a dUlance bDrizoaUtl; betide tbe
Flea), and lorminating la a runnel-thiptd mootb. MCbea the *c>kI ««■ al
IfVil, iIm wtler outiidc, and tbe celuinn «ilbin the lube, ■lood al the itnie
iteteli but in pri'poition ii Ibc veloeUfof Ibe eeteel ti»croa><d,Mlhec«laun
' wafer b the tube tow ; and hf gndauing Ibe tobe la leeee damw vrith
'•baerttd heigbta for given tpcedi, the reavUt iBi|ht be read off nith great
llMlltj and aceurarr' Ap; undae amoDni nf oerillatlon was preimted, by
mnmctlng tbe area of ilie nietil lube it ona apnt, \iy a itop cock, which
>'«u onl; op«ncd wtien taking alucrraiiuni. He ibonght tbe melbod be bad
>'^ilc*crilieil, cointunnl wiili the a<e of Pitot's tube, wa« preferalile U) that pro-
poKd b; M(. Heppel.
Mr. RsMNia conmrrfd «riib Mr. RuikII in hii opinion vl the propoird
Betb*d of ripritmmlng. Ho lubjecl wu mnre difficult than tbe tetUiancc
;:sf fliddi. Il had occupied tbe aileiiiiun of the mint kaincd pbiiotopher).
jet n*««rlhtl«t i)te |>rt*<iil «tite at hnovI*dg« «f ll>e tulgtct «u ilill vet;
inpeiltct. The Hue theorj bed oe^tt te*n diicoieteJ. Nawtoa lo whom,
after QatiU«, th« credit of th* tnl precipe eiperincnta wu dne, bad ileo
Elen Ibe tni of Ihn two thenrlet. nf wlii/'b Ibe Irait iinprrrect lUpfKMed tb«
td; to lethreetiy ttruc^k li<r eneh of tbe molecule* Id motion. The »%■»■
qiieet cKperiinend of Bemonilli. Suier, tobiiu. Boida. ttoMut, Dc Elual, »nd
I Whei*. bail ilionn tlie iicprrfrciinn of that Ibtorjr.
the ripcrimeni* of the French Acndcinv. ind the labour* nf Itouguetr
^ Claitboit, Dnhamel. Dan Juan, Clliapman, IVirfaii, Aitwuod, Dupuia, Foltwtii
iBxd otbei*.' bad elied con tide (able liicfal on llic lul'ji^et, aad an that of tb«
iMliilit; ol floating I'odict j but no ciiccidtd »e(iei u( expetiraenti «u tried
' 'In Ibii counttf. until tbe queilton y»% Liken up by C^jlenal Bcaufoy, «ho in
t'PI eitabliihrd • "Soetet; for lb« laiproi-ement of Sara] Atdutecture,"
imiter wltMe aoi|i4ee« he mul^ in the CreealanJ Uuek. the elabaiatcnperi-
nentt, Ibe firit purtion of whicli had been aa nivniAceatl]' preienlcd lo tbe
[■drnliAc woild by Mr. Iknii Iteaufor.* The tocietf bowerer lunk for
"wint of fund*, and t)icn[iC[iiiifDli were cerntiiall^ conducted and licuughl lo
■ conclutioii, entiKlr hI liii- nprnte »f ColntiFl iicATifoy. A tliort nolicc of
tbero in Tbomton't "Aunali of I'liiloiopby "' iadund \i>K comoiutiiiMtiiuii of
tbe retull* of a •imilar (crlei of ei|iert<tKDla, made by Mcm". Laserltjclm,
Fur*eUe*,Bnd KalUttntnt for the ^ocidy of IroDmaatfT* of Stockhalni, at
Ibe rablun mine. betviie«n i^ll ind ISla. Owing (o the combined circum-
itantet of (be Snediah language l»ing hut little ciitlivaled in Kngland, tod a
waM of ■Mtbeniaiinl attainmmii In iboee wlio did undeniand Ibe Ian*
giiafC. Che Swcdttb eipeilmenii teuialnedunUanalatcd, uniil ilur Colonel
ilciufny'a deceaftc. Mr. Henry Heaufn^ tben comiQilted (lie book Id tbe
)Ur. Elijah Suiilh, uf Sidney College, Canbttrlfc, wbn lumed Sncdisb ud
contplolcd the trinilniiuu, aa alio that of l«gcrl>jelru'i " Trttumcn Tbrariv
lteuit«niiiE Fluidgrum coottitucndn:." TIte reaulli of ibcao cxaiuinatioiie
occupied ten yrtr* in their reiluclion, and yit but few prarlical retulla bad
lean obtained. The gene>al deduoiiom «bitb appetrcd lo be drawn were —
lit. The oonarTDatlon of Ibe thcorj. (bat Ibe rr^tiiiincc of Buidi to pua-
ingtindtrt «M at the t^nirri of ilie velocitlei.
2ndl)-. Thai, conirai]: to the receiied opinion, a cone would mm « through
the walcr wiib much leti retitiance witb iti apex fDremonl, than with in
baie fuiWBTil.
Srdly, That tbe increaHDg the length of a lolid, of aUuoit an; fonn, by
Itic addition of a c;liiidtr in iLe middle, diniinithed Ibe miaiaiico with which
!l laaTed, proTidid the weight in tbe walcr remained tbe lame.
t net B[iU||u*l.Tiill< il<i NhIpfi . Kultr, HcUnlla )<BnIlai Clalrliela. ItclilCNtun
Nanltj [Vthidi-i], dIUv, dlitvi Uod J«ui. Eiauim Marilbnti Cbapmui (Sirfdtu},
Nam] Arcblt*ctnr*i Fucftlt. TnlMiir ta Maturt it*a Vnlaacaaii AUirogd. l>tillDfi|ilii.
■■lTV«BMelleot)llnmil>,<Main(iri* h^witptln, Po)*K>n,Ttii*rUdM Owlni D'AUii..
bcTl and BoauM. Il«t')im'b(« jngui la Boi'lH* dtt Xipn^ic«a rn AxUlMtnr* Ni'al* i
Lafaikjaln ann K>Ii>t>i<hi>. K<|»fli»«ii> ft» Tlir aaadtah Itorldij Hanalltr, Utamiic
'anr It* Saieaui i Wptui , n«auii>), .Nauuc^ Kaptrimoiu.
• mavAy* "NavitnlBipcnuiiou." Vul. 1. btndnn, lUt.
« Tbaaaest •■AnaaWarrtilleMfibT." WU.
dtbly. That the fr«ai«>l hretdlh of iha meing bad]i thanld lie placed at
the di*un«e of iw^Bftlia nf tbe whnla laagtk, from Iha bow, «>hM tfjOti
lo the oidiniry forni In naral archltsclnn.
Sihly. That the bottom of a Hoaiing nolid rtieiuld be made trfUfUlar; an
In that can it woeild meet with the Ustl reeitlance when ■uniag In ibe
dtrrctlon of ill tnngttt aiia, and with the gTe«te>t rt«isl«nce when owffni
viih iti broadtlde farcn»oei.
Si»cb w«a a aboil tuminaT^ of the Ubuur* of Colonel Deaufcfi to when*
the tdeoiijSc world wat derply Indebted. Ur. Kenbie Ihougbl, however,
that erren bad been faDea Into, by not inflieienily eontadeeing tba ^waiiaa
of ilie fiictiim upon the iidet of the varinm f-iran uied in Ibe aapwiaranla.
They wert mnrcovri tried ujion waiact of loo imall dJaeRiMQ*.
Tie paper* on tht ume tiihjrcc in Ibr archive* of the Intliliitioa of Dril
Badneei*, preieutcd by Bidder, Carlmnd, Telford, Palmer, and MacaeiU,
end thou of Fairbairn and Colonel Tage,* ireated at esperinaeatt «pa«
larger Temelt, and produced inore practical retell*.
The RTfal difficulty of aFptralingi the rRtiitaaec froan the frtettoB, araia
onl of the impetfeel tppnrttn* hitherto adopted. The Mltnra of ConhMnb*.
and til* peivdolnrn, hut bern tried with doubtful tueee**. ProStlng by tba
problem of the cylinder retolvhig in Ihe roriei.in (he Principia of .Hewtoa,
Mr. Rennie undertouk a aerie* of expencnenit in the year 1 8.11), wlricb wnre
publiali«d in tbe Traniartinni of the Itoyal Society, *' On Ibe WailiiancCT ol
*oIld Dodie* Jn Air anil Water."' Tlic apfuralui conilileid of a* vptlghl
(pindia of wrvugbi iron, made to tlidc up and down in a firane, an at to ba
plnngad to any cvovetiieitt depth in the water, or lo revolve in air only, an
required.
Tbe iron diica of tquare, circular, nd triaogvlur forma, at well n* tha cj*
Under* and glohultr bodiei.all of the (tma arew, were mored Umngh lb*
lame (pacct, and with Iha aaona telooMea, In air and la wilert Uw roalu
were lahulated. and lbs conduaiona artiTcd at were >-
ItL That the friction and adbemoa were Dot at the inrftcra. wilb alew
rclociiiet I being in tlio ratio vf I lo 3, and diinioiahing npidly wUb tbe
Tclocltiei, wilboot obacTving nny ratio,
Sndly, That ihe r«'*itl*nc* «f fan* and glohei of equal atea* ia t*r, wm at
Ihe tqaarea of the relucitie* up to 9 mile* pte hour.
3idty. That the reuttanoe of hni or ditei wiib equal areat, wai la glabaa
at 2 to 1.
4thly. Thai the mittance of fen* or dlta to globe* of eqoal area Ii |
wiicr, wu lo the globe* ai Ibe tquare* of the retocitie*.
&lhly. That tbe mean loaieiance —
Of Circular diac. In water! „^ ,^ ^ ^,^^, ^ ^^^ „„^^^^ ,( ,„ ^
Ifito 2,aud 4 to 2.
were to cacb other at the numWri U to 19^
22tol.aadll>to9.
„ Square ditct in woter
„ Wondea ballt in water^
Of Circular ditct in air '
„ Square fan* iu air ,.
,. Uuoden ball* in air.,
Mr. Buxica doubted wht«her the queation of raitlance, or friclMn, eonUj
be (airly ic*lcd by a cylioder revolving in a fluid, inatu>ucb at a lotaiy :
tien wat impart^ In a p«rti«o of tli« waltTi ia the ttiut diroclNo m tba
revolution of tht cylinder.
Tbe inbject waa one of great iolereit, and to which he bid deeoted miMh
attention, Some jietra ■Inoe he attialed Ur.Walker in a teriet of expcri-
neot* in the Hast India Dock, and be ctmn to the conclutian, that it tiat
not pniaible la arrive al one law luitaMe for ail CUM. There wert in italHf
llirfc cuctio be considered : —
Finl. Tbe fctltiaocc due to dii|ilacenieni,
Secondly. Tbe rcaittance due to men-prCMurv.
Thirdly, The reiisUnce due to friction.
At ref[arded Ihe flrtt et*e( the mialaoee due to ditplacenent in
thai of Ibe area of reiittaoee of Ihe irater heaped up againti tba bows,
whiob augmenitd u tbe e»loettj inert ued. In nich eate be fouad. that
tbe increago uf rctiiiancc wu in * more rapid ratio than the ii|uar« of tha
vein city.
In Ibe tecQDiI cue ; that of noO'prettitie, occuinneJ by Ibe tUlmgup of
the cbaoucl in Ibo viakc, vacated in ine ptuagc of tbe mtcl through tha
water. In ihii caie he found tbe letittance tncrtaitd in a leti ratio ibaa
the ts!uarc of 'he velocity. In Mr. Walker'* tapcrimcntt, boat* wcr« oaed
with bluff piowi and with ncul« prowa | il wai found that al a tti^Ul iniBcr-
ilon, tnd when dravrn at a low tetocity with the blulT prow farcmatt, Iban
wu the leait re*Utanc«i hut thii when deeply imnerted, all oih«reult
lioni rcroaining tbe »me, there wu the grejtett anount of raelttaBce.
Al to the third pniiiion. Tha forowU of Uu Dual with r»|Ud to frictlan
wit found ipplicalilc : u there wu no iliiiinctian whether tbe tetad wu
moving through tbe iluid, or whcihrr the Itijid was running OTcr tha boHoiD
of a river. In ibii cue tbe retitiance due lo friciion wa* u tbe tqwo t4
the relocity,
Ilottut tned a variety of eiperinicntt upua tht anglra nf rttitteiac*,
attaching to a reeiangnlar ptratletD^pvm varioua ibsped prowi, at
Ttiyingfrom 168" to 12", wiKi (li« view of aii^ertaintnii: the law of Maitt
doe to the angle of the ptane mreiiag ttia water ; b^it he orettookod tba I
ttent deilnctinn nr<«8iBry fw Ibe noa-pruaure due to the rectangilar Rim
of tbe tiern, obich formed the largetl portion of ibt rriiitance, ind Oobm>
quently inialidaied Uie deduction* from tbe experiment*.
* "nnnarliiai Caiial NarlfiUon." By VT. Faiibaliu. fro. LuMtOD, liSl,
« TU* " PblL TiBU„" lUl, {■.•ta».
DVO vt
bacow-^
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
101
mtkw Mr.1Udilrrtoo\ el tht nrndts m which ih( lu^icKhould be
•wita*J. «M iMii witli >«rtrcnc« to ilic rrdmion of the parltcin im to
unqkof i*d<!«oor, bnl wilb rcfcrcnM- lo ibe «liMilut« ttIikIit imfMled
latWpAftteln «f «It«r tbe <«u«l mmoIJ Ii4v« to iJiipUce. For intianct, it
IWMltt of UnimmI «u weh, th*l the tiii« «•« oiic-hklf Ihr ri<tiu(, t)i«n
ihcntadlf nrib* (MRidN in conlut wenid be rcriiierd oiif-hilf. and thi^
imtMOe ■ouM b« i«do«ri to oiir.routih : luljret to t!tr )irf vibUf upUna-
IM edhcheapmg at ik« matt ti*iatt thi boot.
WUk ntenttt to > plane ii*f ilnitccd tbrau|h • flotd i H fotmM for
IHrif • wn u( natnral pmw of drad waltr, vhl:^b «ai drawn forward irrth
Hi bat Ibe farm of ibii pcow mled «iib tbe tslncit^ of the |«uing current,
oil hocc Itac anonullu mhicb liail been obierrril in all cipenmtnU oo Iha
lUsanM not a(t«c with tiir infallibllitj of ihc Pilot lubr ; fDihelhouf;);!,
iWtia fmtHwiioa ai iho Tcrikal lubt waa noted from the iieni, au error
■mU triif froai the lifting of iha ■Um and I he drvppiog of the alcxD ai Ibc
vtfaatf incTMMd.
Paluflr'titprTinMoU ptaveaaomalpni renulta. Tbe miitanoM ca»e out
at tb« Ivboi rMbrr ibaa Ibe iquarct of the i-r1oci1>n». Thit Mr. Hiddcr
Uoiighl nmit \» atlrtbut«tl, in a fcreat dtfnf. In l)i« f(i<1ion aritinf front
Uc anall arc* of the cfatnel. ai cnmpared to Ilia (nrfa^« of the bod; of th«
bati. bmI tbai of ibe thert of pent-ap truipr between Ibe flat boitoiu ol Ike
bMnd th« bcttom of lh« ihillow caul.
fatrfiiif ptpnimtnta upoo lar^# Ttairla, he cniiiwl*«d, ihal a lug fcoat
•real; pi Dpuifflriem i|>eed lo otitiln latiirarlury rrtulli. and Itiat
i an lltmaary for tlie vairl to lir flcialiiiii in pnfrctly Mill natrr. in calm
■Hthtr i or eke tbe drcimiitaiicrt bring ct>ao{«t III* itaolla muit be iDodl-
Aol accrxdinglj.
Aa rrtinm Ibn rcalitaaicc oflVred }rf llie pailille Ituati. wlieo ihey were
ftati" ' tbrod^li III* water, a» allu<ted to hj Mr. >'rpp«], when it wa* te-
•Mbtred Ibat lh« abtolole tclociijp of tht paddlt* impinging upon (he
wUer did MM MUalljr *XC*ti 4 nilea p'r bniir. In prnpc) a yeut\ al thA rale
dll ta 1& vilet per hoar, it would follow, that t% inon *t itin enpiiPt werp
aippa J . KBbna th« pstfdln were diwn^iged iimullaneooi};, they would be
tiiu*^ tbiODf^ Ihc water ai the lamr lelaciijr ui wbicti tbe reaael wti
jnaetitf. In thai nae. the leaiilance nffrrrd bjr ihe pnldira, would be »o
fatrokoaaly diiproportkioate to (hat oCtiti bjr ibe bod}- of tbe Toiaeli aa lo
mitt the icaulu (■tltcl; oogaloiy.
Ur. Vaikcb ronflrm^^ Mr. t\iA>lrt'» tiattntrnl of tbe rtault* of the ci-
Tniaianla lord in the Eatt loitia dnck, which Mfre toioiiiuniratnl to tbe
Utjai 8»<i«t} in L92'.* Tbe niaclnnny cnpliijett for ihoie cxperimenti
•ta vcrj aioiplr. It conaiilod af a cral>-«inc)i'"ilb a l>irrc! 3 feet in diioic-
In, aMd Uandtd ofaiuffifienl Ifniilh far the iircciia'j' uirmKn of meo la
•<a1t at H. Tbe line, ol J inch cumrlrr, «a( atlarhrd at one end to the
kairel. aad at the otiiri to a djnimnmetrr tn tht hnw of a lioat, IV (I. ft In.
lii|, bj G feet I'cnid, wlib a depth of imnienion of Z feel ; ibe greateil im>
unri noti aectaoo «aa 9 feel. The tiperiiDcnU were IrinI in tht [mporl
Thck, whtf there was a«paoe of 1,110 feet In Irneih, AfiU feet in width, and
M feet in dtplb ; lo that there wa« no rrtiataoro frnni Ihe lidcs or boltom
dike dock. The Tclociiie* were eakulaled fii^ni Ibe lini'' of patting thraugb
1!5 jardt, er onr-tmlh of a mitci ibat lenflh being marknl ulT in Ibe miiU
4li aj Ika dUlanee iravened hj Ibe boat. Tbe ipeed wu attained by a given
MoAttf of neti working al tbe winch, and wa* re gnlitcd by the libmtan of
ireadnlniD.
Tbe rfoDlta oblaineil wer«i. Ihal In almoit trrrf Initattee the reaittance
■towad an tocreaae, aniMming -to the tqnareaf Ibe rebntj for tbe iliiiance
>«*nicd; but wbcrr the ivlocit; waa coiuiderahlr tbn rninance followcil a
NM^^hn nlio. In a Darrow chanoel tho inrreaae would have been con-
■HcnUr f Tcater. Tie eiccta bercnd ibe tquarr, muil, bs eon<clietl, be
HIiilMtcd, in a great d>f;fee, lo the rtiiinf, or heaping, of (he water againtt
lUbowaat bigh reloriltc«, and to tbe aimullaneoua depreaiion of the itern.
U fbcot cqwrintctit* lbs wclthli or power, required, wia of coune. al
bnl, M the ratio of Ihe cube. For instance, if one oian at Ihe winch pro*
heti a Tcloeitf •> 1, eight men were icquiicil lo produce a velodly — Z; but
a i» Ihe aanie tinne double Ibe iiiaea wat paurd over, (he tienion of power
Her tbe ume tpac wai Ibe half of 8. or 4 : but (he Telndly bring twice
1bc farvier TtIority.it rcttnired (wife Uie pawer, «[ ttjtlil iDtn while they
"•ere II work ; Ihe dt>taiice nai. bowever, triiened in hulf Ihe tine, io that
Ike eipeoae of power l>y duuhling the TelncilT was only ai -I la 1,
Hie icaullB abown hi ilraiiKbnK tire blulf prow or the ihacp prow forcoioat,
u larioM Ttloi'iiit*, thowtd clcaily, that very different figorei tboold be
uLes for TOMeU laleudod for corryiQg cargo, (rotn Iboie intended for gireal
IpMd.
lir. Diconn laiil, ibat Mr. Barlow, in hi* dedoctiena frocn Mr. Palmei'a
rtperimonla,' atalrd, **lbat in the caae of loaded canal boala tbe leaiatanee
nritd io a higher ratio, nt.-. aa the cube of the reloeiiy verv ntoily, if not
tuetiy," and ftuui the ripcrimcnta he had compuird the power o( traotion
ra a rasal, iboi .-—
tAt 4 mlltt pel hour I lb. would draw ZOO lb.
At Z mile* ., 1 Iti. ,. IGOOIh.
tha rale adopted by aorac of Ibe principal marine eogisc malen (ti
• VUi HtBotal of PMMedlofi, IS49, ni. fl. p. 101.
II VUiPhLTnM.,IilW.eal.ci>(ll, p. It,
I -fUe - tnaM. laallt. C.E," <i>l. I, p. tU.
I
I
Ueiara. Boollon, Watt, and Co.).* foe unrlatninfftbe ntllni^illtlet of Ihe
rtaiel, m.1 mu'tiplyiag tho acctiooal area by Ihe tuV of Ihe pnwer, and
diriding the piodnct by Ibe iclocily, bad, lie be)>(te«l, been found a true
l4si ; mad if when the pnwrr in lh« aanie venel had heeo inctcaied, ibe
(quotient had l)««n fovBd unifonn, wM«h ho had alto (caton to believe wta
the rate, irtaiher proof waa affordeil of (be eorreetaeu of the (heoiy, of tbe
leiittance being u Ihe uitiereof IhflvMneiK.
Ur. EriLLKB IkoDght the multt of Mr. ralnw^r'*! nprrinipnta were l4
haie been aniieipatcd. Ironn tbHr lieing; tried io a narrow and thallow chin.
nel ; the prngreii of Iho boat «*• nprraaarily retarded hy the frietion of tba
water agairtt ibe tidet and ihe boltnoi, a isaia of water wai Mrried aloii|
with Iba bo4l, and not hating ipace to eipiad. reacted againit lb« boat,
unduly incneaing the rctialance. particularly at bigh Telociiica, Under ordU
nary oircnmttucct Ihc reaiaianoe would he aa tbe aqiiart of ibe vclochj(Uiil_
a veeacl going at a giren Telocity required eight liinea (be power.
Mr. Sctnr Rramtt., Ibounht itie locongrvtiira in the rtautta of (lie ei- '
perlmeata aroac from want ot due atientJoD in notlii^ all ihe I'licimitancra
allwding Ibcia. Tbo forma of Ibe vetieli were not particularly (cgiitrrrili ,
nOr were tbe variout foima eapeiimeolrd upon, onder Nnilar circa IBitancill
Now, aa the law of reiiaiance Enuat lary with ciery difference of form, aU^
llicugb a general rule might be gitea. it eould not beraiifd upon in ptnciice.
and il beratne raaential lo tonlyar eiery cipeilment carefully before any d«-
daclion waa made. One puint to be pariicidaHy noUeed. naa (lie retiitaiie*
of diOVjCDt rornia of the bowi of Tcaaeli, and of Ibe quiiKn, aa the law
would lary a> Ihtj were changed. Any eiprriment made in a thanncl ot
contracted dimcnaion*, perbapi «nly three or four timet tbal of Ibe area
the Riidiliiip KCtion, could net he ituncd ; Ihe law of rriialanoe would raiyl
with the form and diBieouona o( Ihe channel, and great allowance null bv]
inada for lateral friction. In tbort, ai a pracliea) man, and tpeaking upMiT
the aullionty of nearly len thuuaand eaperimeiid. made upon large vruett ia
Open a pace a, under eiery itirieiy nf nroDtntlanm, he muit atill think the
uode of ei))ccinientieg by the alcani'tug that wbieti wae beat catcti'taied In
fumrah accurate rcaulli.
Noc vna lie Itaa weddeil lo the obteriationt by Piioi'i lohe, Ming It aa an
inalimnetti for ntraauiiof velocity. He would of coune ha>e tlic icto pniati
adjuttahle ; and iti dehcacy might be further Uited by Laving another Itibt'
beiide (t { one of lUeuu indicating Iht iiuntraion, and th« olber Iba «el^
eilj.
Mr. B. SrwrnaNaoH aaid, the ol jtct appeared lo be, to aacerisin (he liw
of reaialaace Mitfa ceipecl to targe veiaela, ai dtducliDiia from Iheeapeii-
mtntaOB imail bodleadid not item to apply. He eould aenreely agree in
the piopriety of relying upon ibr retnlia ohtaineil by dragging a tnttl
(brougb Ibe water fay a ateatn>tug, which waa only capable of obialnlng low
•pceda. lie ibnught that a alMm Truel conlainexl wilhiu itacif ibe lieti
node of trying nperlmcata, by meant of Ibe indicator atUchrd to tbe en>
ginc*. He waa of Oj'inian, tbat cut tliod would be found preferable to any
other, if Ibo vctacl naa tried al tarioui ralea of inmieraioo, didcront aptcda.
and under (ircuioXaoMt that enabled deduetiont to be drawn.
Mr. IJiiiuKn replied, Ihal in practitiiig auch a mode of cipcrlmenllng, it
would he lirit uccciiary lo aieeriaia with accuracy the tlip of Ibe padtllea*
and the allowani>c lo be oiado for llie aiiglea of iiupscl and lh<i deptb of ina.
mertion, all which difioule problema were ai jet i^lle treated of and but
iflipetfectlj undervtood.
lit KB* not taiiaflad nSlli Ihe accoraey of the Pilot luhe, erenaa a OMn-
aiite of velocity, aa Ibr ttatical prraiuro miut be affected b* the varyiag •*•
Lodiy, and falac rtaulta wovld be iodirated.
Mr. SooTT HciaBCix aaid, rl Kfta true that if the tuheand tht fnnnrlmoutk
P KitracI rrnm ■ lilter ttma J. Hroim. Kic) .ditMl January 'Jtik. t>>a.1 —
III lh(Tr«Ti Hid ud Iftlil, Ur. Will natlea Kilea or mytrlmtmi x^th lili 'ttttt,
th( ' CaJeilont I,' lo aanrtatn her relocJIir under dtlTttrDl (In uniiLiinnt. and nniontiit tbe
ml, lb* tIIkI wlib BBamalaedlcnifaBid from UiEoilitr. Kiili -ru uooiiukllT U bp ,
>Bd lb* operatlooof UDCouplloa one uctopled aboul Bic biIuum*, >d tt.al ttae (rtatl In
botb leiaUsfwe Ber* iHWIwIyuDdfrlha ain* rlmimdaneo aa la tid* and wind.
A meannd milt id 1«d( Heacb waa ton «1Ui aed agaluiC ibt Udt aU er clfbt tlmt^
twA Ihr )T*r«aip taken.
In lH1ii,iriiti padiHr-vbavIaof lOdHiC bub4a dlaneter, ih« ronlia of tbfateaptiU
meuta wtn at foUaar ; —
Win.
Wllb bollt tnrtim it vock. rlcbt nptrloivnli fri awttift BUI
Wllb ant mgiflt fllltn. rl^falfipprimtnti (4t« rnvtrsfV C-]7
la lOID lk«« ware (tpiaUil <Olb pfOclli'WUiiUia l«t dlam«tcn—
Bulh (Diflnta work log durtnf tiftlii eaprrlotnu. gim an atrraaa of .. Mn
On* eoaiii* „ *1ght ditto ,, .. fl-44
Aftln. iKilh illlli) ., *li;h'i*ri eitil'i .. .. B-W
OH^Illa „ riKtii'<nil:l(o .. .. frM
eioUar irlali wrn madeirllli Hit ' Ui(iki' Id I SIT. Two eoilnM of
mtbp.— xltb Hdw.
Bc-iD tnglon al mrk daring fliurtaiNrrlinesia, the arfti(« tpttd naa T13
Ont tnetna dlltj .. timr iliUo .. .. .. 7'43
Tuu will iffmub, CUtI thrvclocIlT *l<b oBc tn(lnr In all theattaptrtaieoli, laa«»>
llibiif aiiLlif Hlitt alu'iifJ ailtt, tiut It acciniilnl (ttr tiom tbe elrruavttaeve^ Uot tba
tiuinbtr of ■liii^c* p«(- mlauif, iraa r*i34(«ij bfl«ir iht maalmuB, ft«fa tLa t a oaat vt
load.
TB* ttwiltaar* bewtm tsBtlratly BMt M iaiabllab Ibt fait, tbat tba MVtT le^alrtd
la aa Hit cubr lu Ibr tdiieliy. auil umnllng to Ihla the ' Ctltdunia' eBptrfai«nU la 10tS.
■Ilh (in* fnflnr. abnuil tii*i< (In-n t .li mlUi, Inilvad of K-17 ulltai and In IHI 9, 1^
mllri, liiiirii.1 ot •'■<!* miloi ami "i-^f mlln. iniiiwl alt-t* nillat.
Ill iinni uf ihia* riii*iUiii-nla •riu ili* imlliatnT ■pptltd lo iha enfflnn i Iha attaal
powei itvttr^ hj t*ch HSAa, ^h41rt^tl*, nut ^d-rrtbiiLf^I, but llie ttoniTaalpoApr WW labtO.
Ill ibuaear ilic ' Uaei"'!' tbli Inalniiiirni uu uanl In llir riiH-iliiifflt iiuoleitiaad tta
■ctuDl povvr, wLeb bulb *(]^q«4 w«(w at walk. iTAa ■■CBFluiicd Iv bt visual Vt7 b^p..
Kl*1agS71mtlca<e>iicli|ri nlUioB* (nglD* IIU ti.|>., f-A) mlln rrtocltyi wblebla wUUa
tStoeeoiiAflacnordtclmal* whailialuMiIclbt, lar 7-tf lallta.
IM
THE CIVIL ENtilNEiiR AND ARCHITECTS JOUANAL.
LA«^
were tirfo Rnd Ihe oiiQccwn BMr tW tur&ce of the wiiFr.lha tffecl *p|>rc-
htailcd bj Mr. Uidilcr wouhl be prmlaMd ; Init with a anjitll tutu itxl ■
propocliaitAlC uritirt, with a proper •'(■nKcmcit «( \he ■p|«rBiui, hn<ii>p ()i*
«[ilk« ioimtraeil rium lU feM to 15 fttt beoralU ibe auifM*, Ike Matiul
IwuBie BM tu uni'orai at til tf1n>-tt>H, ihtt no itndbia nrluion eouU be
obMrvol, knd he mutt record tiU Maiidion, Ihit If prnp«rlf grsilDatod, iiitl
MKr«Bt*eil]r imninl. no miUumint he hid biihcitu kcu irauewftl 111*
Itne unoiiDl of ftdiantajn lor trring eipcrinieoU.
ON RKACTION WATRR-HHEEL&.
C^mmv»if^M M W* f'nmJiiiu Jtutilutt, United StalM. by^Z.
PjikiCER, of PMlatlrtpkia.
On iJie aubjeft nf Barker* wheel, wlilch, witti ■ few exeeptlonn,
Kpjieim to be the nnlv rcMlJan whvel ii<iti(M<d in the eliTnientMry
books till recently. 1 nnve mm no noticv nf any vnnsHU-n iti thu
dUrharrtt, caaM^'by varintiont (n the vcliicity of the wheel ; from
whk'li I Infer lliiit the wrlteni re^nrileil them an unirurm in their
diMhane under all velocitiM. In jirartice, however, it han hei>n
obeervM that, wht^n the wheel runs without rvKiKtaiice tu Un free
motion, the orifice morea with a velocity contideniljly pieater than
tbit line to npTCCKiiT*oftlM> head of vnler. snd that the iii<rh;ir^e
ia (jreater than the thMirotic di^harcrf. So far iia I nm infunru'd,
nil ex[H-riiiient« hiive Iteen remrded, or ciil<ii (oven fur detttrminiiig
the ratio *it discharee under differeitt velociiieii of eneh wheels.
The following mil.*. 1 think, will be found to hold good for all
rlwetB of the rvaction kind which diui'hiirire Uii! water at their
TCTinf, and Jnio wlijth it eiilen wiihitut i-jri'iilar motion, or in
which a circular motion of the water in caused by the wheel ttsvlf
—the Hupplv bein^ full :
" To the head uf wnter actually |tr«H<dng at Iho orifice, odd luch
i> famd >a will, by ita preaaure, produce a velocity e<iual to the cir-
motion of the orilice: the vetodty throuirh the ntimna;
See will b« the aame lliHt it wouhl be if Mtjitioiiary, and uader
\'tk* (nvMure of the Bum of the hendn." For examiile ;—
Su|q>Dae anch » whe^l to bare an imue of 36 square in<-heR, under
a Iwaid of 9 ft-et, nnil that the orilire move at the rate vt 1 S fe«t
per Mcond ; tli» diKchar^ will be th« tmme tlint it would he if the
wheel were standing under a bead of 13 feet. Conaequently inch
wtmfti
-Z .'"
a whwl would, by ihia theory, diaohar^, rtandinfj, C cubic feet
per M^ffnd, and ruuninx at thot niteT 7-2 ciil.ic feet. And if the
•rifi«» were BuiTerecI ti> more at tho rate of S-t fwt per second, the
diacharffe would be tlie tame m if Kbindtni^ under ifl fMt h«ad ^
in wlucb caw, tlio ditchargo (houlil be S'Hi tubic: fuel |)er vecond.
It ia obviouM thai, in applying thia rule in prnctine, aoch drvlor-^
tiunt must be nado (ax in other riuea) a* mav be due to the form
of the orifice^ the aoj^loa in the paasa^ef, and the friction on aur*
Iwwa.
The following erperimenta were mftdc with a eentre dladia ^
reaction whe«1 of the ftirm nnd proportions reprcnented in the m^-
companyin); Hkelch. Th« wbifcl wtu 31 inrhm in diium-ter nt ita.|
otitor verge ; the inner diameter of the annular rim 26 inchf*. It i
had 16 tHuea(8 by l-H in.) =rW(i square inehee. It reeeived the '
water at the verstt. from an involute dnice embrnnri); the whole
circumforenee. ^he wnt«r wan conducted to the intoltite throtitfh
n large apout; the diacharge of which Into the involute 9« la.
wide hy It ioche« deep, = SliG square inches. The tensinuauf
the involute wft" within an inch of the verge of the whwl. The ,
circular motion of the wuter cauKcd by the involute iMineidwl with I
the RiotloD of the wheel.
Fbwct fapCMWl.
t B-S9 IIOIO fr9,000'0
Els
I 8-66 1I2&£ TMIZ'S CDS.SSG 39
8-62 11199 69,937-5 602^61 39
8-CI III90 C9,9S7'3 802.8(11 *i
S9Z.7n 66
■:»cl PrahmUr
n
uz
138
ISO
87
II
SIS.920
yAJOOQ
II
•411
•»1»
-383
•in
The condition of the works at the time the experiiDents wen
made was favounhle to the wheel. It had run abont two months
after hi'ine repairt-d and adjiioieil, and the proprietor (Mr. A.
Atwootl. oi Troy, N^.Y.,) utated that it no* performing an well ai
it ever had. Tliere wa« a fault, however, in thccoiinlmction. The
"■pocit" (sucalledj rotuUi<Ttin(i; the «ater from the Hume had an
elbow of rieiirly a right angle, Arrtt deacendinp from the bottom of
the flume and then paMins horizontally to the involute ; the aee-
tion at the commencement of the horivoeitiil portion brin^ abovt
IG hy Stt^ilfi mitiare inches. Th« openiiig into the "ppout"
from the bottom of the flume was about 30 inches square, with
tharp angles. All thint^ considered. I am of the opinion that thb
method uf cmployinic the ** prcMure" of water, with ■ good atmo-
tore, in Kood ronditiuii, it capable of ^vinj^ aliont 62 per cent, of
avnilnblc power.
A remarkiihUt feature nf iownril-iltKcharging reaction wheeb ia
found in the tmallneH of their di«char>ce, and its tetideney U
nnirunnity under all velocitie^^ of the wheel, obviously arising bt
thiK application, fnim the (iiitwnrd pro-isiire of the iHnnilar motion ^
of tho water in the involute sluice and wheel. fl
The theoretic dimclinrge of ^230 iiquare inchea, under a preeiVfeV
of S'OI fvet, if %'ii9 cubic feet per minute. The actual dlacfaarKC
is only *4!tH of this. Had the iliHcharge In'en out^rard, throuwh lb«
euue ugregato aperture, and uith the i<aoie circular motion of
water, in the portion of the wheel occupied by the vanes, the di*-
charge (judging from the results of my expehmentsaude in 18U),
would have been *8til uf thenretic dini'bnrirv i and had it been out-
ward, and toiUiauf circular motion, it would have been about 1'
ftt the spMd of maximum power.
ON TRE VELOCITY OF ATMOSPHERIC JETS.
The followimj table (communicnted hv Z. TaaKEB to the Ft
fin tfimmaJ) of Ihc reWlty of ntmospncric jeta, under the gin
preHsureo, may be UM-ful.
The table i* cannLruinod under tho assumption that all Auid« Ac-
quire equal velocttietn under the pressure of *<]uid heighla, witkoat
Xrd to their specific gravilii-ii; .illiwin)? the siiperincumboot
mn to be bomngeneoui with that portion at the jet. Tki
formula ia V=»/eih; Mid for m. prewuro of l&lb. per aqutt*
'tu»,[
TUB CIVIL ENtilNBER AST) ARCIIITWrTi JOURNAL
iBdh, h^ 97,600 fret of lioni>c«net)iui atino«]>bere. Tlie height
far 6lktr preMarv* in pruportivn.
hmwrpn
TtIdcWt, Ort
Pwaiot* !■•
V«lnliT. >**<
Prdnn p«
Vf IndlT. Wl
■
MjB—la*.
ptf ■HoBll-
■^a*r« li^h.
fft kMVad.
•i)ii4r«lii. h.
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SACK IIOLDEK.
HcKY GiLsi^nr, uf Si. I-pofinnl'ii^n-Sea, Bui^on, for "/m-
fnremmU in of^niln* for ktMina *tiiki l« fantitntf theeUina of
Arm >r>VA R>m <rr other maleritth. — Granted Uay 97 ; EnrolM
(lerriiitara when fillini; cadca It baa been usual fur ono ptraoo to
Md XII ltt« wtek vliilet tbp «ther liUs tbtf uimr. In Atli«r cmsm
tiw »d( bM b«en hung from Ituoka or invtniinentfl from a wsll or
popt or euRu.' uther ptmianrat alriicturr. Thf> ulijert uf thin in-
vrntian U mi to amnsv afiparatiiK thiit it nmy Iwrarricd about
■ itli fitcility, and EUnd in > iidd or nlKer [it^r^, nnil uttbold r
H^k In in njipn ctatp e» Hint the hooIc tttny be lilted uith tucrJlt)' ;
Hm inri-nliriii uiTii|i1y r«a|uiriii)! titeb an arraii^meiit of parts th»t
n toMV l<u iiiiie{ieiiilent uf a fi^ml or pFrmniititut utructure, and b«
njuble of bviiig movnl from pl»i't> to place, and yd uphold An
flnpty tnck in nn tipvn rtate uud allow of « pemini mdil}- fill-
ing Ui« tame. Tbe aniieied engraTin)! »b>'w» a hide ami buck
Tir> of the ijiitamtuB. o U tho main frnme, linving t«ro Ugt a'.
\
Tke ttdr* a are cMnbinpil ti^rtb^ by tbi> lure b, nhirb uro bent to
notre tlie iAck kb it ret': ngairmt it ; r in u dingoiuil rrKiiio ubicb
larMan aso, miil dnrc (wo Uuiis or |>riiJertiuiiB iiKed totbeaid*
nil* af liiv frnii.e, br whicli tlie leps or feet I'ati be caused t« aland
» ^t«r or It-Mi distanre apart, tlii-rr htiag uutchtst in the pri>-
jtttn to receive the Mudv or projeuliotix. At the upper jurt uf
*1» Ippanlii^ in li»Ml itn elliptical frame /, ttiruiigli whicb tie
Buaih uf i)ic uek La ta be drniro. The upper {art of lb« ttacli is
tB bt folded over the bnrs/, niid thd eJamping-bftrK liTtiLf.'bt di>«rD,
"Udi will rininp tho upper piirtx uf tbe aack f«curelv l>et<rivn lb«
fBU//, anil g y, t>y wbieh nieana the Mck will b« held vpen at tbe
mitk and a(i|ipurted or Biiftpend«d from tbe inmt/y and the appn-
ntv Buy be puced In tlw jwatton thovo In tbe tide rtew.
STEAM-ENGINES.
H'lLLiAM Hacom and Tiioma* Dixon, nf Bnrjr, Lnncaater.
6D){ineer]«, for *'r^itin ImprorrmfaU in ifMi<u-rn«riu-r.".—(: ranted
Ali^nrt IS, 18*7 ; Enrolled Kebmarj- 19, I8I«. [^ported in th«
PattBl Jmrnat.']
The inrenlioa of ImprDvementi epecllled and eiiroUfrd uiuIh
tbiit title sppliea Kdnemlly to that rlan* uf stettni ■ engines usoaJljr
termed IVoulfa viiKiiiv, <ir tlie cumpound -cylinder eiiinnc ; tbal '*''
an rtifnne havinr two eyilnders, where the «t«am in admitted ii
one ry^iiklvr, nt a hi^b pressure, where having anuated tbe piMua,
of ibut cylinder, it i.i adnilttrd ihciioe H the Inrsrr tryliniler,
where It again produce!) a motive poirer, and usually HiMrct tu
cvndemalioii. In one rase also, brrein s{ierlfied. It tn ttpplicabln
to atiifgile-cylindvr eni([ines. Tbe luitrntee vtatcti that in the ordi-
nary arraOKemeiit uf rampound-cyliiider eiiKiti<-!<, tbe arM <»
content of the passages from the expansive valve ftir tbi^hi|{h-
pmsure pyliuder to the inside uf the loir-prefi<>urc rjlinder are
FUcb as to form a lurgc pn>piirti<)() to the rubicul content of tbe
hitcb-prcamre cylinder ; and ihit thb content or sjMce in filled, nt
tbe coaoJusMn uf each ntroke of the engine, wltcAlter it be the
upmrd or duwnward riruke of the low-prMmre fuaton, with ttet
of a ntnklar denaily na that prv'iluoed by its admixdiin into the lo
preKDurc cylinder, ir hie b in many cjMca in Aio or oik pound:*, or
even niure, below the prewiirc of the nurrtiumlinf: ntniosphere;,
^Vhcn tbe rettuu-ntruLi; of the piHt<'n taken plsre, the cteam ad-
mitted to effcft the pret'cding ^trxike uf tlie hi);h-pre«ainv pintim
is poMed intv tbe paxuige or fttcv bcrore-mentiouc-ii. thence to liie
low-urcstriire cylinder, where it juinii with tbe bel'ijrismrationed
raribed >tcMni, and tbercfore tlio Hteuit iu, or et-cupinK fruia, tbe
h 'gh-prtiaaure cylinder, u cvn*idcnibly reduced in preaHire, vith-
(vut ]krodiicuiK' a rurrevpundlni; amwiut of furcc Ml the piston.
I'be pniKinuI object of tlieec iniproi ementd in lu obviate in a gnttl
meaoure tbe befvrcwncntiunvd dotvriuration of the steani Tn its
paMSge froui one cylinder^tu tlie othiu*, and also to limplify the
e«n«tructiui) and at tbe Dame time to ublMin mi incr»»ed utiiouut
of duly from the etcam in cirmpoimd-cyliii'ler enfcinea. To altnin
the ndvnntageouH rcrulta jiist vnumcrnted, tbe patentees cunbtruct
their improved engine ao that by a peculiar lurnnfenient of the
pHB^figea, vnlvea, and opening*, the eaiiau«tinjc- valves for the biith-
prev^a-e cylinder, or adiniaxi^ui-vidvcs for Ihelow-^irrwiire cylinder,
arc placed as nearly an puwible to the pnrta »r entrance* lo Ih*
low-preaaure cylinder. On account of tlii* arranKement of ike
iMnsget between tlie ateam-valvcs f<iT eitherof Ibevvrls «f the
loK-prewiire cylinder, and tbe oppcMite end nf th» higfa-preamre
eylinder, the«e pasMses are eonataatly filled *vtth cteiira of the
uim(< denrity «a that in the biffh-preature cylinder ; therefore, the
eontent of the pHcu^e from the valve to the eiitcatice of the low-
I>re»«ure cylinder is the additicnal extent uf the •pace the ateam
sdniitted to the higb-prcMure cyltiider will have to vcvup}*, and the
•t«un nlwayit be in r«*rve for the commenceroeiit of the niroke of
the low-pressure piston; conKequently the prrMure o( th« uteani
will he reduced hut to s very trininR deprec ; and, therefore^ they
argue that a more perfect e»iinnBiiiii of the »te»m in the low-
prMaarecvliuderic obtained, irhtcb in attended with n corresponding
additional result in the motivR-iwwer. Tbeae iniproi-emenl* eon-
aiit : — Kirst, in m> arranging the valve*, passn^e^ and c.i|jenin|^
that one Taiv«-boz, one double hollow valve (t>r ttrn HlidJiiv-inlie*
of the cnmmBB eonttruction) are adapted to serve for botb the
hiffh and the low.preastire eyllndert. The tJime paattage in the
valve which admits atehm to the tup of ibe b'u-pressure eyliader
(ram tbe bottom of the bipb-prwfciiro (-ylituler. in a rinwnward
atroke of the pictons, niKn furm* the pmun^c froiu the top of tbe
luw.presaure cylinder to the condenwr, in the upwHrdittroke of
the pii;toti«i; and the ennte pasaagea ia the x'slve which admit the
stpani to the hottom of the lAW-jtmKnrc cylinder from tlie top uf
the hl^h-preisiiTe cylinder, in the npn-iird stroke of the pistMM^;
bUo fomia the paxsaf,'e from tbe bottom of the low-pressnra
cylinder to the condent«r, in tbe dovnward tdrvke of the nintonn.
The anmn part of the vnlvw nhieh admite tlie aeam to tlie low.
pre-iiiure cylinder fomui tbe e^hiiuitiDp-viilve for the opposite end
of the hi|;li-pres£iirc cylinder. Secondly, theM! improvements cor-
Mut in uflin^ ceptinite plate or uther vnlviit fur the admiAian of
tbe kteam to the bigb-pre>Aure cylii:ilfr, und uniiif Ibeae valves as
expnnttioD-valveit iriih which to cut off the steam from tbu high-
[iroiMure cylinder, and so nrrangin^ them tb.tt the ainuunl uf ex-
piuiKioii may lie varieil to any ns|uircd extent in the hlgb-prvHure
cylinder without iiiterrerin^ irilb the inf;n?M or e^re^K of vteam to
or from the low.presiture cylinder. Third 1 v, thi-KC iroprovnnenta
eotwisl ia arrmDging conicol-Tukea, Coruijh, or tAhet deacription
119^
THB CIVIL BNUINEKK ANIl ARCmTECTS JOURNAL.
lAi
«rf itigfr-vmlvcs for <«m|»i>itr>d.c>'i inder en^nn, aoiw In offpri itic
mm* rtTmlt aw hj- tlie (iii>fc-i'«Jvc« dbove-irwMiomsl, nn<l In nrrvu;-
iiiX eMch vnJt'« to )>« rniidcd by « unuitle t>]i|iM (or t>}' other me-
. khaiucnl trn'-jkriK), lui th«t mtv oM vsJve ran b» dmeil witliaul inUr-
fcrine uitU nnv of th^ MMfTt; by nwnnn nf whirh nmuiMiwnt
any »rni>unt »f (xpADi^ion nr compr.-uiun of iieam in eilner the
^/
u
^"
f
f^-, r.
Kg, a.
tii^li or tuw-|treitMure cyliiulw can be effected. Fig. I repn^eats ■
vertica] Bectlon uf a luw-|irea«ur« r)-Iinilrr, ti>Kc-t1irr with the
HtMrm-piiMngm, ho Rtmnjicd that hy one vnlve-hnx, wk opcniiigtk,
ftnd two oumnioii, i^iniElv, hulloir «Iiuing-viilv«B, they *r8 iditpteil
t» nerve both lliv hi(ch nnd low>pre>Mue ■tflun-cylinden ; and
fiK' 2 U ii tranivcrio vertical ■cctiun of the puRnxe* iliroujch the
liiic I, 2, ibowinic aim tbu poaiUun of the cyJInden. a indJcntea
the Bdmtii»ii>n Atiil exit openiiiipt for the top of thv h'lgh-ptvtaun
tylindi'r ; «id a' tbv opi-nin^ for oitnilnr |iiirpiH«ii to the Inilltini
of the hi^h-ureiuun' rylinder; and fi, and b\ ttit? iMirta fur tlie
lulmluioD and etcape of bteana to or from the top and buttuiu of
tie loV'pressure cylinder; r, and «■, the panafcM to the ctin-
K^eoaer; </, and 4', ateam-pMNifce^ to th« hiKh-prensiiri: eyliii-
nlcr; e, and c, thr linUour a1idini;-valves; '"^^/^' and/', the Inp
[';Br oorerlug; for the condenwr-port^ r. aod o'. The acliori of thU
l-ftiTan^inont is as follows :— Steam beiiu admitted from the boiler
t* tlie valve-box a, tntm at d (when the vulvea nre in the poei-
Uon 11)0711% ;iiid jiAiMra thence by the pnflsase g, to the Kip oi the
high-prve»ure cyuoder b, where, navin^ periormetl the downwiird
Eitroke of the en^ue, the position uf the valves A, JV', will ho re-
vcned, and the KteaBi will return liy the pas&axe;; and theopcn-
in;; d (a« well na the port e'), being now cvvurrd hv the ralve
W, the steam will bo conducted therehy behrw the piston of the
low-prewure rylinder (t, and, on a aubuciiueiit xtrolce taking plaec,
it wul escape through the velve A', to the port/', and tbcncc by
a ttuitiihic passage to thi? condenser. For the upward stroke of tlie
eiik'ioe, the port d' will be uncovered by the valve A, and stvani
will euler, itA.-uiiiig by ihe pitMMiKV j', to the bottom of the high-
rlMcssurv cylinder, ajid 1>y the diango in tbc volves it will enn-pe
Irom thence by the pasmgef ', thruugh the vitve A, into the tup
of the low-preisiure cylinder c, where, having performed it* oilii^e,
it u vxhuuxtcd by the condenser thrt>ugh the piuwngo J', which, In
[ Jtf turn, will be covefcd by the valve h. The port*/ and/', are
■IwayH covered cither bv the valves K, and V,or by their pro-
JMting-pi««rH >, uudi'. t'^'ig.S repr^^cnta a vertical Mtelion of a
VAlv&.«iue, together with the requisite paMmge«, by which arrangp-
_Btent one vulve-ejufing, five ■•|)«iiiii|£8, and one double hollow slide
, an made to aerve for two hi|{h-preMur« cylinders and one low-
preasure cylioder, theae being armn^cd, in the drnwlngi, one on
«Ui<y aide of tb* low-prewure cylinder, to which the allde-case
and ^de* are attached ; the (Ufferent valves, openings, and paa-
wiges are lellrn^ wverallv, as in the la*l IlLninea, and lo w|__
the description thertvil' will be equally apptic»hlu, an tlie stcan I
oondiicled i)rtH^i>ely in the aiun« liuui~
ner im ill that case. Fig. ( t« a ver-
tiwtl fceclton of n low-(irf««unr stsaiii-
eyiindor, with its valve* and oneiiisp
*» smiiged that hy one v«n*e-l>««,
eight openingB. two plat4! picpniHian-|
valveii. and two iimiinon, «ini()(
bidlon xlide-vidiea are lulapted
nerve one high-preuure »teHni-cy*
Under, and one tow-preasure steaic-
ryliiiiter. Fiji. \ a lectlcm through
IhithneS,*, showing the nrrxneemeti '
of the passages, with tlitf relatit
position of the two cylindetii. '
rppre»«nt« the valve-ease : U,
hiiih- pressure cylinder ; C\ the
pressure cylinder; a U th«op«ntn
in tlie vnlvivfnce. which Is connectr
with the top of the liic(h-nre«ar«
litider by the panage 6, wliicb p«aR ^
also serves to convey the ktedni from
the top of the hi^h-pres«ure cylinder
B, to the bottom 01 llie low-pre»an
ftf X. cylinder C. a' in the opening in
the valve-face for lhi> adiniwion of ftenm to the bottom of the
cylinder B, the pasMige ii communicating thervt'i ; this pasaigc
rf.4
f ,-, t.
serves aa a communicntion between the bnUom of tho lilgh-
ErcMure cylinder IJ, and tbtj top of tho low-prewurti cyliniler
'. These opcainga a, and u', are covered alternately hv two r»-
pansive ptate-valvus e,andc' ; itliicb valrea are furni4ied with
»uitnhle apuaiatuafvr var/iug the amount of cxpanaon, and are
pliiced on tlie auiie rod m the valves d, and </■, which are fiir the
purpose of contrvlling the direction of Ihe steam in its entraoce
and exit to and from Ute tuw.pressunt cvUnder C. r. and e', are
the a leiun -passage* to the cylinder <.', nud /, and f ', the opcauogs
in the valve-fa&o to the eondenaM ; g, and e', are the openings la
the valve-face to the stetm-pUMgetetaaa A'; and ^, and A', the
lape of the elldMd, and a\ for the purpose of covering the
oponiogs /ji,;', and/. Steam being ailmitled to the vaIv*-
jaeket from the boiler, ot a higfa-pre«urc, it enters at u, t« the
EatM^ b, which i* filled M far »» y' ; thnt oiioning heiaa covered
r the lap of th« valve d', it is conducted thereby to the lopvf
the high-proMure cylinder It, where, having perfonnrd the down-
Stroke of the piston, the position of the valves wiU become changed,
the steam in th* top of tlie eyltnder B, will escape by tha ptMagO
ii
THE CIVIL EVGINEBR AND ARCHITECTS JOVBSAL
tfcp nppnlng g' In the valvc-fiin', wbieh will now be
li)- tlic Tiilvi'ii , nn'l hy it direelei] thrwicb t!ie passnpc p'
b«itt<i» "f the Iiiw-pr*M>irc cylinder; tlic oprriiuit n, lo
fr, duriB); thh |>art of the iitmke. Wiiii: o«verf d bv the
in-valvr e. During tht upward stroke of the uiiitonf the
i-ftifeaTf Ktrain iii Ihe viilvc-t-Aw will pnss in nt the nifrning
^tlietiw liy the \MaAnt:t h- t<i the tinttmn ol the hiyh-prwwinre
itlinder, llie nprnin^jr l<> thi« [lanm^e heini; now Riivcrrd by ihc
of till: vali-r d ; but the rnlvcv Utins nirnin chxn^cd. the ste-nin
noli frum tbe bottom uf llie cyliiijer It, thnm^h the |iaa*a|rfl
, wberv tt pnMoa tbnHmh the onenin^ y in the vnlte-facv, &nd
it 4lnctcd by the vulre it into the lop of th« c)'lin<lci' C, by the
Mtfv; oheri the tlvirn-iitruke takes |>1«cl*, <Iurinx thi> |>ttrt of
ri'ai-Be Ibroush tite pftssAfCeb', the openiuicu' !« covered by
e3p-'a«i»c-^'»l'ee', previ-ntins itny ■dniiisaioa «f steam fr<>ra
*«t-t~.T»e. The »le"ini from llio lop «!iil iHittam of the low-
cylinder 14 flxhnuHtrd by the i-'>ncleiiser thruueh (he pas-
/^ i»nd/-, which commDRi•^•t^ ultern.ttely therewith by the
tinLfv in thr valves, </, aivdfj' ; i^heii th«-o[ieriuitri.>c'>vcred by the
vijve if ami the "leiini diretted llierebj' tothe n'lideii'tr, tlie open-
iej;/'' iH ^-ovrrr-ii )>y ibr l.tp A ' cif Ihtf vnlve d, ktid when I lie opening
f- it cn^ereil by tbc v)dvc fi',/i» ia it* turn covered by thv l«p
irf the vjjve rf.
The m'>'<.I .hiied kt in t)ie««im|iroretn*at«,bmd»the«UDp]ieity
r>i' nri', thiit it Irtur^ effivtivc prowuro i* obtaiiMM
t: Kin of the Ate&in immediate on (be ojKnin^ of the
-lolvtv 111 the b'in-prv'Mure cylinder, and, c<iirHei|ueHtly, n
_^__ elective rei^iilt i»oIitniiied Oniwingii jtr* repr«Hentod in the
iqWclfieMtoR, iliouriiij; the nppiicjittMi of Cornish or dtaR-vtlvM
kbplml to effect the ulmiiMj'jn of 8t«ftni to the loir.prwBure
^l 4 MDiilnr mnnnrr, iinil %<i M to obtain a Kimilfir b^n?-
r , aa with the cliile-rulve< »lfe«d)r deocribcd ; but, from
ity of tbe principle of the Invention, it will be unne-
_'lve any di-scrijition. Iti combination with thene fi>re-
ivt>Rientii. tlit-v idni i^teclfy an iraprovod HppnrntuK fur
Mc^lly ti'nned "blowinf; I'brouKh'* when ftn enfclne is to
. . ;. the improvements being for the piirpoM of prevent inft
t^ engine elnrlin^ in (ha wrong direction. Tbc improvenwnt
rnn«i«t* in nrran^ni; two pnuagei from the blow-(hn)Ufli vnlve
la the K<v-pres:iurB cylinder, one of thes« pascsffea being ooo-
mctM from the bIo«-thri>ii^b vnlve In (Ixitnp oT tlio low-prfMiire
tvHnder, nnil thi- otlirr ji-ijuiffe fnim the hlow-thri>ti);h valve to thn
triitom lif the low-pre^mre cylinder — the openinffi into these poft-
.- *o re^liitcd by n thrpe-wiiy cock or vslve. thiit when
■ 'n of bliiwin^' through is ]H'i t<irnied, tliii cteiint enter?
'! 1 .iii.iii.nt»Iy on each tide of tbe ptxton in the lour- prenyl ire
niindfr; and tUut when the nid valve ta doHpd, nor rommunieiu
Uioi between tlic pitcoi^ii will 1h> entirety prevented, lluviiif;
I teeribed the nniiire nf tlieir imenlion, und tn what manner the
one mav be corriei) into practical effect, they remark tbat tliey
da but claim the niiplicJition of oni* vahe-lios to hi^h and low'.
rnviorv eyiimlerf, but what tliey claim lu their invention in : —
Pint, the pivulinr iirninitenteat n{ the valvea and opening un ihey
k all reprnaentcd iu the ruts nml hen-inberure iloccribed in detail';
tktt U lo Bity^ tbe adaiitation and iipplimtion of a n^dured nnmber
id rilir<^ of Ihe ordiaary construction, to effect the neeemuiry
niniiituilcation<)b«tHeeii the Kteani-cliext., rylinder«, lutd condenser;
a4tbe aminKvmeni of pnrt* or opetitai;*, whereby the meam is
rtAnced tu little an puiiaible In piisKiutr front the bif^h-preMunt
tjiiiHlcr to the low-uretiMire cylinder, ^condly, they claim the
•pp&atiuHof twobi^h-prewurrwteam-iryliodvnitooaelvw-prewiire
■eia-(7 linder, nnd in hi urranffinK the purlaor puaaiteH tint tho
MOB number of valie-boxes Hnd o|>enin^ which aerve for one
Urii-prestture uud one low-|>ree)turv sleatn-cvlinder, will alwi be
luKaeut for two or more niL'b<pre(«ure cyliiiderH and one low-
jTOMure cyliinler. They desire it to be underntood th.it they do
txil muiiiie (heuselvea, in ibc npplication of the improvement*,
dtlmtiely to compound-cylinder etitfinea with conilenKiitifin, but
lito rla>io the i>|iptirjitton of (lielr [mprnvementa tu cumpouniU
t]rliii>l< ' itithout condenutiun, iiuiing the Et«iim from
If .- 'i-prcxo'jrr cylinder ini" trii? atmomhsre instead of
I IT. Thirillv, iliev claim tlte appncjition of their
I (be mctbuilFi i.if uloH'intc throu|,'n fur tbe ptirpOM-
iieM. M applicnble to every de»rriplion of double-
miiiL >L- engineii, whether with compound cylindrrn ar n
mil.- rnjcine. Thev also clnim any oombiniitiuH of tlie
n|inivetiu-n(ii herein upedfiea, whervby nlmilar objects may be ac-
nnplisbed.
CONSUMING SMOKE.
WiixiJiif EnwAmiy Kva!I, of Wcntboume-park- villas. Padding-.
Inn, clerk, for ** Imprnwmfnt* in <y.n«Kminjr the atnahi and Kauomi*-
iag thf/ufi of Jl^n-at^tu*. lirfirrrif", nnii manufiutoriet ffeneralljf."
—Granted July 95, 1817 ; RnroUed Jjinnnrjr 8S, 1814.
Tfai« Invention coRti«lii of a nHnhination of mechanical meaoa,
to lie applied to the fanuce«, a«b-ptl«, flaea, fii«-4oors, door-frunes,
and cbiinnryx of <iN>aDi-enLnne<^. biiilens roppen^ tttill*, and pan«
Kcnerally, for cunauniiu^ the unuke and ^aa rnid leMeniog tbe
cKpenwof fuel.
First, to reflate the dmnfrht of the ehimnoyn, uliatevn Btaf be
their allitiiila, so thnt their nreii of ruhienl capacity ahall not vx-
reed tlie cunjnlnt ar«M ot the furnaee, — tbe Rpace above Uie bridse
ami the fire-flue under th» boiler, ttc. Secenilly, bv ailjuetinf tfav'
adinimun of ntmucpbprie air, at givtm |toint«, to afford the pntciM
proportion of nir m^fnl to elect the pa-fe«t eomUuAion af fuel,
ana ite products of gas nnd smoke.
Fig. I iMa hiii^tutlina) vertical nei^tion
of a Bteiim-boller of Dvllndrioal fnnn, vith
itn fumaee. a. the liinuice-doon ; A|th«^
plate; e, the lire-bars; d, the bridge;.;
e, the nir-llue; /.the fire-fine nnderihaf
boiler : y. the Interal or -ide fire-flue*
Fig, s' iti an onlarg<>d view of the fur-
nace-iluon, which aie in two heijihts ;
a the upper one has ventilators with
M
uy\
--..-^
=v.
®
®
n, -J.
nr.i.
regulating slidea to admit the air over the fuel (without lewiemng
the temperature of the fiimuce
^ ■ >^ which piirlly opening tbe door occa-
sions), aiid it opened to siniply
fuel ; and when that is done, it is
elwed, and the lower (pMn) door
tu then oiiened to arrange the posi-
tion of the fuel on the Uin. e is
the »ir-f?uv with venttlatnrto n^.
Inte the air admitted, k.t, are ih'
nab-ptt doors with Ibvir ventilator*,
by which the needful i]UHntity ol
Air is allowed to ent«*. There is a
second air-IInc marked It, which
enters the hide Hue into whli-h the
blaze lirNt prntses from the boiler, and llii« ha» likewise a vcntilnlor
marked /.
In addiliiin tn the hAriaontal damper in tbe maohinerT bi <«a-
tract and r^'iilnte the drioii^bt, there is also n vertical daroMr
fi«ed on one lid* of the chimney with a counterpoise weight, which
ittkmper in r*ii(M at occnainn may reijuire, to -xipply a volume of
air to the chimney, and thereby letum or itop the dtiiufchl thcoiiiih
the furnace at the time whea fuel it supplied mid arrangeil on tbe
ban.
Tlic air ii to lie admitted Krmlunlly aa required. Tliua — hy the
ndmi**ion of r moderate quantity thniii};h the tentilBturs of the
ash-pit door^, the fuel i» i^ited— by the supply of air thruugb the
veolihiliutc hi>li>4 rCiXulAteiL by slides in the door-frame, above the
door*, gr in the upper door (m the ctts« may bei, cumbustion i»at'-
furdeil to the irii mid smoke while arihin^t'tn the body of the Jur-
naire. by the air supplied from the venliUtor in tIte iiir-tutw or flue
which com muni cafes to the back t>f the bridge, anv gas and oniokc
which eictpe* from the furnace to the flue unJer the boiler, ia
if[nited. And ii^iiin, by th« ventilator in tlie second air-due,
marked fr, entering tbe side flue nt the «nd of the boibir, m-ar the
chimney, still further i^fnilion is allained, and ihe full comjilction
of tbe comlmdion is thus Mcurcd by the lonj.iiol actiun of the
whole of these amingemeiils, which eould uot be effected by ilie
114
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AMD ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL.
tAniL,
admission of a large volame oF air with undue force at my of
these given points above enumerated.
These arrangements are alsn applicable to boUei's of marine
■team-enfpnea. Thus, where the ooilera are set in brickwork,
with flue!) or fire-bed passing under the boiler, and side flues sur-
rounding the hoiler, like tliose of stationary land-engines, the
same method of applying the arrangements aa before described
wilt answer the purpose, and where the furnace and ash-pit are
within the boiler, the ventilators arc to be applied to the
ash-pit doors, to the furnace dour-frame and upper door, and to n
metallic pipe to convey air to the back of the bridge, and should
there be a slide-flue, one also to that ; the regulating damper to
the chimney and a vertical damper enclosed for safety in a case
open at the bottom to admit air.
As some of the arrangements herein described are old, or have
been in use, such as the horizontal damper, the divided furnace-
door, with apertures therein, and the admission of air at the hack
of the bridge, the patentee dues not claim an^ one of these sepa-
rately, but claims tneir application combined with the following im-
provements (that is to say) the vertical damper marked m, the open-
ings in the door-frame, and slides to cover them occasionally, the
side air-flue, and ventilator k, and that marked e, the ventilators in
the ash-pit doors, and the tube for conveyin;; the air to the back of
the bridge, marked e, in the manner set forth, to produce, by their
regulated and united action, the effect of more complete combus-
tion, by igniting the gas and smi>ke, and thereby saving fuel to a
considerable extent.
COXDENSER FOR STEAM-ENGINES.
CiiBiSTiAN ScHiELE, of Manchester, mechanician, for " Improve-
ntentii in micAinprp/ or apparatus fur condeittiny steam.' — Granted
May 27 ; Enrolled November 27, 1847.
The new condenser consists of a
cylinder A, one end of which is di-
vided off, forming a separate cham-
ber B ; the two chambers are con-
nected by a valve A, in the partition n,
and a tube e, leads from near the
bottom of the small chamber into the
large one, proceeding along the upper
fiart of the cylinder, and having its
Dwer surface jtierced with holes.
The cj'linder contains water, and on
steam being admitted from the engine,
through the pipe e, into the large
chamber A, it forces the water
through the valve A in the partition into the small chamber ; but as
soon as the steam begins to condense, and the pressure on the sur-
face of the water is released, the compressed air in the small
chamber forces the water up the connecting-tube e, and wliich, flow-
ing along, passes through the orifices/in a shower, and completes
the condensation, ft is an elbow-pipe, in connection with the
force-pump of the boiler, to carrjr off the condensed fluid ; it Is
provitled with a vertical tubular slide /, to be raised to any suitable
elevation by a rod wi, to regulate the level of the condensed fluid,
and steam space c. y is a valve on the upper part of the chamber,
opening outwards to allow of the escape, at certain periods of the
operation, of any steam or air contained in the chamber, p is a
glass gaiiee-hall, in communication with the chamber B, by means
of a small pipe, which depends from the top of that chamber to
about one-fifth of its depth. This ball p is intended to show the
diminution of the air in the chamber B, by the rise of the fluid
into it. r is a small pine with a stop-cock, for supplying air to the
chamber when required. A third pipe q is connected with the
chamber B, and is intended to furnish a freih flnpply of water
from an elevated cistern, in order to compensate for the fluid lost
by leakage.
GAS BURNERS.
JoHJf Hu\T, of Birmingham, brass- founder, for "Improvanentt
in the combuition of gat, ml, camphine^ and other gubataneeg uAidI ar e
or may be burned for the production of light." — Granted July 3, 18*7:
EnroUed January 3, 1818.
This invention relates to the application of caps or discs, made
of perforated metal or wire gauze, to the tops of the chimneyaor
glasses of gas, oil, or other lamps, as shewn at fig. I.
The second part of the invention relates to the manufactaer of
argand burners and the chimney-holden
attached thereto. Fig. 8 is a vertteal
section of a burner and chimney-holdtr.
In the ordinary method of making them,
the several pieces are joined by solder-
ing at the parts marked a, a ; but the
patentee proposes to cast in one piece
either the outer cylinder b, and the bot-
tom e, and rim rf, of the glass-holder, or
the inner cylinder e, and the bottom and
rim of the glass-holder ; or, instead of
casting,it can be made the same by stamp-
ing from sheet-metal. The completm
of the burner by the addition of the
inner or outer cylinder, as the case may
be. is efi'ected by the ordinary process of
Buldering.
RAILWAY BREAK.
FaEDERioK CiiAPLix, of Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire, tan-
ner, for " Imprnnemtnt* in wheele of railwug carriage»r-^raiiUA
June 89; Eurolled December 29, 1847.
The improvements consist in applyin^^ to the tyres of railway
wheels belts of hide, skin, or leather, in such a manner tliat they
will come in contact with the rails on which the wheels trav^
whereby the driving-wheels of a locomotive engine will be enabled
to take a firmer hold of the rail, and the wheels of the railway
carriages will travel mure slowly and with less noise.
Railway Wheels .—Patented June 2fl, 164.7, by W. E. Newww,
of Chancery-lane, consisting of a peculiar method of casting the
iron wheels for locomotive engines and railway carriages, the
object being to cool uniformly all parts of the casting at the aame
time, and thereby preventing fractures from irregular shrinking.
From the time when wheels with a chilled hub and flange were first
brought into use, the difiiculty of casting them has been known,
for the chill sets and cools the metal of the rim before the spokes
or parts connecting it with the hub, and these, in cooling, shrink,
and either break, or become so weak as to break on the least
strain. To obviate this, the hub was for a long time m ade in sec-
tions, to enable it to open and yield to tlie contraction of the
spokes, but this was attended with a diminution of strength, and
the necessity of putting on wrought-iron hoops or bands. The
patentee avoids these objections, which is effected by casting the
whole wheel in a chill, and cooling all the parts at the same time,
and without undue strain on any part. For casting a wheel of
this kind a circular metnl mould is to be constructed in several
pieces, as shown in the annexed engraving, wliich, when put toge>
ther, will leave an internal recess, or chamber, to receive the
molten metal, corresponding to the figure of the intended wheel
when complete. A nuantlty of molten metal being poured into
the mould, the cast wheel wilt be produrcd, the inner faqe, flange,
and outer periphery of the felloe being chilled and hardcneoby
the cold metal surfaces, against which tbe molten iron has come in
contact, and by which means all parts of the casting, as it coola,
will shrink uniformly, and have no tendency to strain and crack,
TH8 CIVIL ENGINEEU AND ABCHITECTS JOURNAL!
]U
*r|Mnitr iinr pnitwii (mm anoilirr. a h th« circuUr metnl
»tc, and t a nn-tjil riiie, «i-<ur*itdy fitted t(.«ctlicr ; «\ » wniwJ
pl«B fiimiin; n coir, wilh a fcsthrr <t a^xed, to form tb* »»-
Tm- the key \o farteii llii- wlut:) tv tli« nxle.
Su-VBHiKo Si>wi'l.vjl«.— Patenl*il AuffiirtS.l»47,byT.Fi.HTcnKH.
: Bln»tnfth«in. It consists in (tMili»K)iiiui*.ufter It uulvcrei) with
■ by 111* cl«triit)p«' pnirvKi, whereby th« qiiicksilTw in yn*-
[ftvn injur}-, atui »rtrunijpr power of rcflfrliinrliglit Bivnito
•ifulum. The silvered giMut pUte is lijchtly and r«rcfully
I an the back, or silvcri-d >dde, nitha varnwli compsnw*! of tw«
ew or^ella4^. balf * pint of hitfhly-rcrtiiii?d jijiiiiUor winf, and
Jiklf nn oancv of llivlie«t umip-blHcV ; thU vambJipTDtcctft thcquirk-
tUter from dainii. and from thread uw>d in the nbwqauit ona-cra,
Bf^KTv Ibp varni'h in ijuile bwd, dialcc ovrr it from a iiiuBliii biitt,
fiiie]t--[iuK-en»r>l plumbuo, black osidi-ofiiinnEimcs*, or any other
iBeiaJm'i>»wdcr.of ^^verit with tliiii metal, wiilial the «hok*iitirfiu-r
win b4> iiivpred wilh a p^rfwt but iblii coat of metal ; after whiiJi
if bttilitriilttd to thr fleet rot i-pir>g pmcf«, ami by this means a
tltln eoiUios of n>pl>n', or otiivr metal, viti bo procipitalnl over
Btir«ntclc of IJi« plat«.
a -f ArrMeATUR or SraaM-Pwww ro Mhul— PfltentH
Jtdr «». t«H. by J. Havtib, of Greenock. It eotiii«« in tho
■ppl>''-at "'I "^ 'l'"^"l action of itwim-power to turn miJla, hj
iBikiiu: the axis of the craiik of the cutri''^ »"«• »'•'• f*" I'"' "J"*
irf tfae miU — wliellicr the wime be verticnl or liorijontal. The
ihaft b provided «ith a fly-«bee1, ithttb receives nn rndleaa bell
fw drivuiK fioor-drcwinii mathinw, mid on the abaft there is an
CMcntric for eiimmtinitntiiiK motion to the Jide valves. When
two palm of ttiU-ntonw »re leijoired to be worked by thd ramu
nrinc. it may be effected by cnuKiri(;thepiston-ro<HoiwMlbrouffh
lou ends of tlie o^'*'^'"'- ■"'^ connecting it nt ei.rb end with the
AdU of the uppn- niill-»tone» ; and, in eaac It should be at any
time de^rsble i« work only one of the upper rtuno*, Ike other may
be dlacanoocteil.
WAI-LEBS PATft.NT CO! FEE-POT,
Thia invention eonsdrt* of ii veiwe! divided into two eqwaJ part*
iya iliiibed psrtition A. with the centre deprewed and pierced by a
Me- aniunfi the rdRf i» atlnchffl a bent tube connntcd «ith a
(Of k B, forming a jwMaje tlirmnth »l'e strftiiier f, from tlie ufw
la the lo»*r lodf of the vciwel ; the rtrainw i> finely perfun.led
\
-rm
I
Aacendio); fntm within a nhort epacc of the iKrttom of Ibo
tlianber to wilhiu nonrly the top of the upper one, i* a
.-_JE, paanng llirou(;h l!ic cenlre of the pnttUion and perforated
^kle, nnd aUch tube is Hurmoiintcd by a, valve P. F is an ordi-
nw- fjioat coBininDicatinx only with the lowi-r diviaioD, and lilted
*ltn a fp'ouid Mi'pjier.
He moile of using the appAraliiH i» thin : the »top[Kr being re-
■WVcd from iLc ipout, the water is ponied into the upper kajf of
the ve«--iM>l. the tap ia then tnmed downwardd to allow the water
to rnn iiito the louer half ; ahcn it hni done running, the jETound
coffee 18 put into the t«p di\-iaten, tlietapuaintumetflioriioniidly.
tbp Kiopper re-incerted, and the vesaM placed on the fire. ^Vhcn
the TallUnfc of Hie valve, nnd eampe of Menm ttcast nniler tlie lid
liave continued n feu- nei^umls, the coffee-pot la to be taken iiuite
aKMy fnmi the Rre and allowed to stand about two «r tbreo
inintitea; (he lap i>i then turned downward*, when the infuition
will rapiillv filter into the lower diviiion, and lie ready for niie
in a bcDTitifulty briffht and boUln^ eoodiliun.
Tlie principle of this apparwlaa will be readily p«rc^rc«l.
U'den it lit pltttcd on the fire, the water in the lower dividon i»
forced by llie rretkure of steam up tlie eenlriU tube, lifting tlie
vntve, und made to fall in n iinifcmi rtrenm, at a s^dvnli^ m-
crauinff femperaturr, upon the c«<ffee ; us mioii up all 1h« water abov*
the infertcir orifice uf tlie central lobe lia^ been forced up, then
(•Illy Btenm ariM-H ; uhcn lliv VF«Kel is removed from the fire ttio
vnlvefiiDH into its ^cat.and )ireveiiit the re-fnlraneeof air iulotlM
lower rhanitier. after its total expuliion theuee by the Kleiini ;
duriiiR the peht-d of infuxion. the kteam tu Ibe lower rh>mber id
allowed to conden»e, ami tJnio a partial vsruiiin in |iniditced, iiiul
Src«encd for any period, and reiultM'ed atailable fur effectin(^ rapid
tlratiuu whi-never desired, by the cnipttiynient of the tap.
From c^pertenre we can Mate Ihnt ihir little apiuralu* ia one of
the ninat wsrfiil dnmestie arlicle« Dial ran be IimI. It producea lh«
nwal brilliant and frnf:nint coffee in three or four niiiiulen. V'e
nhould olibtrve that durinic the procew the veMel ix i)ulte i-Joaed ;
ratiM-tiiiciiiIy, not the frligliteiil quantity of the aruma of the eolFec
i« diiwipntea.
ON THE FLOW OF WATEH.
Of the Union ariii D'ffirkm <^f Running Waters, irtfh Ikt L.<iv* of
IKfir itKTea4e and DiminuHon. Ity ]ll:F^ARnt^o Zl:^DnlM, ilella
Citt^de Hnienoa. — (TriuitJuted by £. Ciiasv. £s(|„ in his Evi-
dence before the Metrujioliian S?uuitnry CoiumiBBioneit).
I. A river which unileM with another doeii not rauiie this latter
to rise in proportion lo the quantity of water which it brinrv. a*
would tic 1 hr riiHi- Kiippoxing water to be consiilrrcd na a solid, but
only iiK-rt-ttNO the heiichl by u much a* tlie Krcoter wr leaa velocity
(il the influent or recipient tony pennit. On the contriiry, if a
river in the middle of a canal br dim ini.ihed bjr a certain quantity
of voter, it oojrbt to I* lowered )irii|ii>rtlunallr to the velocity of
tlie canal of derivation and the river from which the wiiler is ab-
Btrnrled, and »urh nn allrrntion ou^bt to be [irrceiveU nut only at
the lower part at the puiut where the water in added or etibtracted,
but also In the upper. In which law, however, there U much oh-
einmtv : what a|ipcani certain i», that both in the raiw of the union
nnd vt the reparation that the surface continually adapt* itMlf to
the alteration in a ri'iiular progre^on, and nlt^ouch the impre*^-
Eion ari^nn; from Kuch an auomuly doc* not disturb the whole level
of the river if it z\iDt over a hnii; coune. It reduces the problem
to find the ooiut where the ditturbrd mixcii and unite* » ith (he
tindivturbco •urface after follow inc the oncillution of tbeiinter,
which point in ee^mietrie riKouroufht tutraverce the «hu!e Itrif^tlt
lu tiiB lourcc of (he river, iiinee it would dn«eibe a re^ihir curve ;
but the cuuntc of the water cncountcn *o many impediments and
(ibstruction*, that theoe laws do not really obtain. Ami in every
river thero i«, in fa^t, a ]>oint beyond which the reaurgltatian d
not t&ke plaee. That, however, aa much at possible, w« tluiU If
of in another clmpter, when cpeakini^ of the fall* of rirn*, of
their hishe^t riiw and lowevt level*.
For the nreaent it will be snflieient to eeelc the elevation or dc-^
pTcanUfi wtiirb will ha pmduoed in a river by th«i addition or anli
traetion of n (|unnlity of water.
II. Suppose AB to he the heiifht of a recipient previoaa to thr
influx of another Ktre.tm. let L M lie it" width in a jriven wetion,
[•'(■ the hfik-ht of the influent before the union. III ila width.
Suppuulng tnis Ititter introduced into the recipient, it ousht tu
ex^iericnce .t certain rise. What will that rise be? Sinri- the ad-
ditKimil water uu^ht 10 eonfomi to the width of the aection of the
recipient, conceive the height F G of the influent altered lo that
of tlie reeiiiieDt AE, then Ihe water of the one will have puoxed
into the otter, and ainco thin freiJi wnter prvue* u^>on the other,
that of ibe reeijiient will lie oblif,'ed to toaer it* ■iirtuce. and from
the point A will tie brotijcbl down toC; likrwiM- the point E »ill
MUi to D and E D ^ AC, and roowqueiitly llD will be the rniirv
neigh t of the redpltnt after the addition of the iulluFnt water.
IC
THE CIVIL ENGINEEE AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
Callina: AB=:rf. AE^«=CD. BD=«. PG = fc. HI =
a. L M = c. The velocity of the recipient before receiving the
influent «. Ub velocity after having received it, but before it
could exercise any premure and reduce it to equilibrium ; that is
the same which it would have if the water of the influent ran in
the width of the recipient = (, the velocity which the recipient
D •
A
H
F
I L
H I—
C-L
_i
J?
has after the union and after the waters have equilibrated in
their course = 7, and the velocity which the influent had in its
own level before the union =: r. Then since the two maeses of
water of the influent and recipient in a given and equal time can
pass separatelr in the level of the recipient, they ought to be able
to pass togetner through the aforexaid recipient. Hence the
enat.ti.on du + 1 j: :=: q g &ndz^ first general formula;
now gince equal mosses of water pass in equal times both through
the influent separately and through the afure^id influent when re-
duced to the width of the recipient, we shall have ef r = a6 r,
whence *^ — - and x = X the second eeneral formula
ct cq "
expressing the whole height B D ; wherefore A D, which is the
whole increment produced by the influent above the first state of
the recipient wiU be "'^ '* + "&'■- "dg-
eq
III. CoToiktry \.~~lt the velocity be a mean proportional to the
height, we shaU have A p^ d^d+x^s-d^z ^ ^ _^ ^^.^
reduces itself to « = V {(P + Sda; V >** + **) and AD =
V('P + ada'Vi*-a^)-d,inwhich«=-^^i^^, as is ob-
• V CO
tained by substituting in the formula c(«=:a6r, the values of
t and r, which are 1/ j, V ^i which value of » if substituted for
that of (, will give the value of A D.
IV. CoroOary 2.— On the supposition of Castelli and of Barattieri,
that the velocity will be as the height, we shall have * =:
^(^dd+«A*)andAD=v(drf + ~*)-d.
V. Corollary 3. — And consequently if « =: d* — r = 6" 5 = «*
where m, n, 9 are numbers which may he integers or fractions es-
pressing any power of the height by the velocity, we shall have the
I
gen»al formula a: — (d«+ ^ + aXe-i ftii+l)#+l^ in which «
being already eliminated, it only remains to substitute the values
ofdfO, e, 6, taking the aforesaid oponents as fixed, supposing x d
unknown, the aforesaid formula will give the general equation of
the whole curve of the iurrement of the river by the addition of
the other stream, the abscissa of which will be «, the ordinate d, or
more generally making u = dp, r=.bj/^ 9 = «J'i i^e sliaU have
f+_P p-i-m p-m
cm P = c d P + a b '', and that « ♦+»• =
(£+m p+ n
cd p +ab P ^^,and we shall be able to determine the
relation of s to d in tiie following manner :^
Letd P T=bPs; nowd' + ^r: 6*" jf*"; we ehallhave «♦+'=
( n+p-m
y + ~ P Vxft"! ConrtnictthBcurveAEexprewed
by the eqution d ' + "=»"■ f'-
Take B A =g& ^"V'" i "d *«»
P
the point B describe another cmnre,
which has for its equation « V"' =
B A » ^' c /
Bhall have D £ = tf, C D =: 2, and ^he intercepted portion C B will
be the increment required.
VI. Se/iolium 1. — In the simplest case of the velocity in propor-
tion to the height, using the first formula of the preceding coroUarr,
change this into dd = z x > the equation of the equilstenl
hyperbola b A, of which as
well the parameter & n as the
.. , . a 6 V ff,
diameter 6 m = —
wherefore D B vill be the
height after the union of the
water, and B A the height
which the recipient will
have on first receiving it. And by the properties of the equaatoal
hyperbola, the square of B A being equal to the rectangular
B m X 6 B, that is, to the difference of the squares D B, D ^ we
shaU have analytically d rf = « «— ^, which is the equation
proposed ; whence appears the method of describing such a ^J^-
t)ola, so as to contain every possible case of increment arising from
an addition of water. Ana calculating with the second formula
the two parabolas of the preceding corollary, we ahall have
dd=^by,QX= — 'and«« = 6jfH -■, and if for ft y we aub-
bba
Btitute its equivalent d d, we shall have * x-=d d-^ — , the
equation which is found and constructed above.
VII. Scholium 2.— If the velocity is as the root of the hmgbt
the equation resulting from the first formula of § V will Mcend
to the sixth dimension of the unknown quantity, and the propw-
sion wiU be c* *« -2 a'b'ecx' + a* b'-2c*d' if -Sa'a'b* 4'
+ c*d* = 0, which does not transcend the limits of a cubic equa-
tion ; but with the second formula - = ?=-=4we shall have
e»_(y + l?y X6; and supposing d» = 6 y', A E will be the
parabola expressing the aforesaid equation, and B C that of j^ =
/ y+A?V X 6, without otherwise embarrassing itself in the
resolution of the aforesaid equation, already sufficient complicated.
VIII. The converse proposition to § 11. deduced from the for-
mula there enunciated, which gives the height of a river from
which a quantity of water is deducted, to find the section of a
canal, such as shall discharge the same quantity of water, and
whose height B D shall descend to B A. The equation cqx =
cdu-\-abr is then changed into a b r = cqz~~e du, which
solves the problem. Let it be required to diminish it by eudi »
quantity of water as may bare to the first, before the subtraction,
the ratio of I to jo, whence we shall have the analogy cqx'.cduyj-.p,
(C i—p Ji| + 1\ \_
whence we deduce the height of the canal of deduction d =
(-Xt-^X fi" JmTi formula, which denotes the height whidi
c / — p /
that river from which the water has been subtracted will have
acquired after such deduction.
If the water of a river be diminished by a given height after the
canal or derivation be opened, and the height of the effluent ft is
noted, required its breadth a. Let the first height before the de-
duction he to the second, after the latter has taken place, as e to/;
hence*: d;;e:/whencex =:-jr- Therefore by substituting this
valae in the general formula, since we have already r = ft*, q =« ^^
THE CIVIL EXGINEER AND ABCHrrBCT'a JOURNAL.
lir
1 ■ = ^, die eqnaUoii will be reduced to the fullowingr ; a = e
; rr : 1 i° which a and d are the unknown
qnkntitiee, and c,^ 6^ «, the riven quantities; or else, if a certain
brvadth he given, and the height remains unknown, we wall have&=:
lontal, or nearly horisantal atreams, the canal of derivation being
open, whose bottom regulates bIho the height of the water of the
nver ; that is to say, the portion which acta to produce the greater
or lesser quantity which it deducts, the other remaining inactive
in r^ard to auch a canal of derivation, the formula wUl be d =
IX. — ConUary 1. In the second formula of the preceding para-
gi^ibletm — n= 1 we change it toiI = 6 X tj—. — - — in which
c I — op
if / = MOO, j) = 3500, numbers expressing the quantity of water
which paases through a given section of the river both before and
after tae subtraction of the water, 6 = 10 feet, a = 300 feet, o := 300
feet, performing the proper operation, the logarithm oi d=.
l-SSWOSl answering to SlJ^Sil- ^he value of the ftnt height be-
Affe the diminution will be « = — — , where d being known, all
the other quantities will be known aluo, and will be SSp'^^iV ^e^^-
X. — Corollary 8. Making m = » ■= ^, which is the case of Torri-
eelli, Mariotti, and others, transmuting the aforesaid second for-
nula into i = ft V — ;, - , > and « = ~ — -, substituting the
proper qnantities and placing the values of the quantities I, p, b, a, c,
M abovOj the logarithm of jc = 1*1846638, the number to which is
^J^At "^» which it appears that if the river be lowered by the
water, diminished bv the effluent so that the first height aball be
to the eecond aft«r ttae diminution as SS^Yit to Sl^}j]|, the quantity
Aich pasees through a given section below the point of diminu-
tion, before the water is subtracted, will be to the quantity which
pmt» throuffh the aame section after the water U subtracted as
40 to 35 in the first case, and the height in the second case as
XI. CoroUary 3. Taking the third formula of the preceding
fuagraph, in which we nave supposed e,/, d,b,c given, making
a, ^ m = 1, by the hypothesis of Castelli, let us seek the width of
. ("«-//) •
//" 6 6
the canal of derivation.
We shall have a = - - . - x -
Bnpposee:/:: 9:8, rf = 20, 6 = 18, c = 300, the logarithm of a =
I'WiSOJl, corresponding approximatively to the number 98, of so
■any feet will be the width of the canal of derivation, that the
fnthei^t may be to the second, after the water is diminished, as
I to 8; but on the supposition that m, n, ^ = ^, wilt be the formula
thiaged toq ^ ^^r^X ^' ^ '"// "^ l and the logarithm nearest
JV J bf>/ b
toe will be 1'89009S£, whose nearest number, 78, will be the width
required.
ni. Corollarj/ 4, Using the general form'ila, « = ^
cq
toobt^ tbe residual height of a river, after a certain quantity of
c Q X — fl b T ^-
wit«r has been subtracted, we shall have d = - ■■— . Now
br wbstituting for q, r, «, their respective values «*, 6 , li*, we
:= ( c«»*^-fl6 * )—- ^. jf jj^^^ ^^ B, M wiU be
■liall have d ■
cqul each to ^, we shall have the equation,
•i-
+ «• — S(P»'-
c' 1^ ' e*
Or if, for greater siniplicity, we reduce it to the following expres-
*«,d=V(-' ^^7— X*'); and since, = j^^-f
Wihrilhaved^r^"''"'"'^^''^^"^"''^-
\ Wee I
XIIL GfnOarjf S,— Using the preceding formula, in which we
have constructed two parabolaa, according to what haa there been
laid down,
p + m 9*-p Ji + n p + m »+p n i J* "*• * »
ed p =c»p — aftp , and thence d p =x p c~ ^
(♦ + P abp + »\p , ,. • + » HI
«"r - T p ) • ""^ ""^"^ * V=*;*
we have, making the necessary substitution d '"'■'" =
( y +— ^ y " J^ X ^". Now let B C be the curve whose equa-
bt
+ n—m
tion is «* ■•■ P = 6"" s?. Take B A = — p , and from the point
A describe another curve A £, expressed by the equation d '*'*''" ==:
X ft**, we shall have DEs:d,CB = «, and
C E the required difference of height.
XIV. ScMium 1, — We shall give some examples of the fall of
the surface of rivers, produced by derivative canals, as they have
been cidled, and these examples will be taken from the Adige,
which, aa is known, affords manv such, and on which I had cause,
at variuua times, to make several observations for its general regu-
lation. It was found
lat. That the Bova della Badia, in fiood time, measures 10.7 .i
Venetian feet, or 1538 lines, above the sill ; a its breadth in 12^
feet, or 1800 lines. The reduced height of the Adige, opposite it,
at flood time, was 11.3.1, or 1621 lines, being 402 feet wide, or
£7888 lines; now by a preceding rule, § VI., in which we supposed
the velocity as the height, having x = — -^= 269, and conse-
quently dr^V (** ~ *0 = *^^^> which being subtracted from
uie height of the Adige before the diminution, there remains
S3 lines, that is 1 inch 11 lines for the required diminution.
Snd. At the mouth or sluice of the Sabbadina we found that
a=r 19.1.11, or 2759 lines; 6 = 9.2.11, or 1231 tines; = 27^ feet,
or 3960 lines; e=:22B0 feet, or 30940 tines, whence x = 554 and
4 = ^ («» -a'j)=2703, which, deducted from 2759, the first
height, gives 56 lines or i^ inches.
3rd. At the sluice of the New River, when it waa of wood, it
was found that z =z 10.8.4 =: 1480 lines, A = 4.10.8 = 704
US
THE CIVIL EKGIXKKR AND ARCHITECTS J(H'RN.a.
|,Araii^
UtHV. d = CO fret = 8«40 liDM. r = 316 Tevt = UT» linm, nnd <■
= aOfi, ntiJ d = lUl, fciviiiK ff| iuchcs fir the diniiiutivn of llie
Adi^c-
41)1. At tliD Fr«M ItclliiM which Uthcluwntof Uie ilerivativii*
wltlirnptct to tbeMNi,it KOBfuuDJ thot > = 10.11.^=^ I JBO tiiiM,
t=t.4.«=fi86 Iijics a= eofcwt = eM0linw,c = l«8^SIil'i
lioce. ^Vhtnre jr=;30l «ntl «/ = V («*-"}= '*^'i •*>i'''»
raHrarlcd from \l%0, le^vcv ^ line* for th« iluiuuutuH) of Ihc
Adi)CP, IbHt is 9 inclieit and 5 linni.
5th. But »1 CMiU|:nun>, vhich i« the first unci fiirtlte<l fn-in l\\f
Mn of all, it wM found that a = U.V.IU :: «030 liiiCK^- I i91
lion, 1 = 3506I Un«6. c = 9Ml-iU lin«>> ; 4inici»ian« Ukpn above Uw
two fnll« on rnc)i m<I).- of the Cuoetu, wliU-h niuAiim in th« middlo.
the result of nhidi cdniUted icpnnil^ly a ill he j- = 'OX* lini>H and
4 = Ihl6 linM, a SUB) which dimiiii«liod by •£»!•<> linox, Imvo '£tl
UnM, or l.T.S, for tbf diminution of the Adi^ at th« tluod timw,
by rMwn of tho diversion, which the two fulls ore ahle to [iruduL't'
on eoeh aid« of the Cunetta. <'klrulntinf^ then the diminution of
thin. w« have a = fiOSD linro, h = SIST linex, a = SfilK liDes, c —
9M(0 llDCa, M above, whence d = naarlr VOOO line<i, which, fub-
tnrted from V030, learec SCi linMt, or 4 imihes^ lititui, wherefore
we hnvc for the wholu diininuUou of tliu CaiiiHgnimt l.ll.>^or
within »Hno« of V feet.
XV. SckfJiuoi S. The celebrated AMtate Guido llrandi, roathfr-
matttiaii of the (iraniJ Ihike of Tuiwany, in hi« trcatiac on tlie
m<|liun Iff w«tvr, profi-wca "thot if two horiiontal rivrr», LG, FO,
moved wilU a velocity, 10, R K, Ire snited in one trunk, whoeo
velocity and dinxtiou will he <i II ; and, on the other hand, cup-
poaioi; the Mid trunk II G, hut Ibc Telocity II G, it vu|[hl, with
tliv retropwle atotion to divide itMlf into two hraiicliet, G L, (i V,
tlwy will not recaio the velocity, I (i, K G, euual lu the lintt. unl(-»)
the angle, LO F, be a right nntflc," the which Uciiig iliffcrvitl ftvm
what we hare before e«tabliahed, wc are oMiffcd to e:(ainiiie,
arding to our power, the foiuidativu on which the aforeeaiil nro-
itiOD rest*, urandi nsolvos th« total velocity, G II, wtiich
riaea from the two, G K, G I, hy mean* of the com|>leinent of the
irelWlograni oith the twu liuei expreMiiiK the {vrevt It K, G F.,
' which M E is the porpradioulnr Irt fiJI on (i K produced ; hut
eonr(n«ly, uy* In-, the Iruiijc, HG, he rcaolvcd into branches,
rluwe velnctty sliall not he the (ante an on entering the tmnk, it
ny he greater or lexx, and will only be equal in the cane whon the
Jtgl*. I'G F, tR a rt|fht one. Tho direetion of the velocity, G H,
I nwiillin^ rmm the conjunction of the two laterals, G I, li K, iu
esattly uhat all ttatiriitn* hiive Iniddown. Ti> hnve n rlenr pr»uf :
nn tho lint' G M raise tlie perpeniiiciJurn, K (, I*, iind the velocity,
G K will be ohtjiined, roxulting actuitily from the two C J, tK,unil
the vdooity G I, in the two utIurfK, iif, ifl, of wliirh K 8, # I,
Dowiw contribute to the progrcwdre motion, hut only G J, G 9,
tbeD G B -f- (i 9 an.) iimnl to G II. ns Ik more easy to demonKtrale ;
then eneh ijuanlity d<>iiut4M really tlie votueity witli which the
water in the tnmic niitveii after receiviu); the inlliientii, and it is t€i
be noted thai tiii> prevMlencv of one mTjwniliruliir K I, hIkiv-g tli'C
•tber If will only oldi^e the brnndi tn bend n liltlft from Ita
(tmirMN Whorefore the Uliiktrinnfl fiutlior then coniidnB th«
TcoDverse of the prniMiMt ion, that i<s when the trunk pamM into
^fte branches, to reMolvo the velocity, II G, into two, H K, R G, and
• •aya, tlwt in G I" the water will run aith the celoi-ity GE, greater
by tlie scute utuitf than tr K, the which will be tnie. whntever hend
and through whnteier arm.liK, all llie water of the trunk may Duw.
■ vhilat Hu doeanot express all the velocity, llie jtanietjuantity not
'^oing through O E, which did when UV was connidereil hn mi
inAiieiil, il rennlti that HO <ni)tht to reoulve il»i«lf in another
shape tliaji that which i* the case, thai is. roiiitidering G9 by t)ie
velooity G 1, and Oi hy the velocity GK. whenri' tho ifriKin"!
velocity, G K, G I, in the two rnniila roperlivety, "ill he precisely
restored, now reputed a* dilTerent branclieis G F, G L ; whene*- llie
■ «unvcrHun of llie iuductLlK iiiu> dill^iicnlf will not r]iani;e the
velocity; in either ense it will he n;UuH«d, provided it be not
vhaiijced by any external circumstance.
XVI. Sclintium'S. — 1 think it uutild n»t he auperlluous to give
an exaiii]ile of" Iho im.TeH&c of height uhich n river re;i!ly aci|iiirea
from tho reception of another. M'e will mippone the velocity a
parU, redudaglhem one by nne to the Mction of tlie reriuieut,
which then nddeil together, give« the amount of incrunac. la ifae
mean proportional of the height, nsin^ the preceding formula
* =*V' (•*"+ 2dx \/ rfj + *^). 'Ihe average depth of the section
of the recipient = 39U2 line* = J, it> breadth UiSnO line* =; c.
The true aection of the recipient i« fiffured, in whkh A and U
denote the iiruliU of the IinQki, C tUe bottom, D B the surface of
the nnter, V ¥ the average depth ; tbe next figure is the acctiun of
thr influent in which the shoal KM appears miirh more elevated
thitii (he Ixilliim t and RMS the «irf»<:c. T)ie lietter to adapt it
la piiictloe and calculation, I ahall divide tlie seclioa into isvvrml
-iSSJlj.
.r
•MtioJi of the in8ucnl, D E II I L N R T, DC donotN tlie rigfit
bank, R T V the left, fv II the bottom of the Khonl at the toe of
the right hank, L N It the bottom on th« left hunk, kud H I L lh«
bottom of the influent. The portion B F E i;iu>it be eimiidered t>f
the mean height 3,U.f. that is takiiii^ half K F by reason of the
trintigle KFE or HAE, ih« hMoe 6f U 11 feet, or l&Ht lintw,
wherMtire performing tlie necMMiiry openitiou, ve kball have a
= S9S3 lines, from whieli RiihtmctitigStKiU iinp><, 1henverag« h^M
of tliu seetiiin, ihert' reraaitis one line for tliu inrren^ of \MX
port inn B F E. Likewise ttiroufth the portion FQflR, IT fMt
vide, and 6.0.9 feet high = «T3 lines, we shall have s ^ SStiS Unra.
from which tnbtraeiiug 3MS line*, there n>niniDii 6 linw forthe
uiereaw of the recipient to height by reaaun of the aforwaid ad-
•wA
dition. OHILM will have a mean height ol 13.2.3 =
linea, and u width of 136 fcet= IStUlincK, abence 3=: 41o21imfi,
and thi* third increment it ill he II inches Tt line*. M LNOformed
hy the left loner shoal will have n mean height uT l.%t:t lines and
I1.M1 feci 1 l-lflo line*, oheuri: * will be 409C linea, and Uic beiglit
rei|nired for the iiivreu-re cmised It)- itK uildition i\ inches. The
BhoalONSUi, 'ifi feet -3T44 bncs wide, and the inenn depth
3 feet G iiiche« S lines = •Sl>T linvs, and s = SSOfi, giviog 1 linet
lor the inereauc. Finally, the portion ci>n)]>ri*ing the eccajicmeiit
of the bank m»y be ci>niiclered V. feel "id*, and 1.8.1. Ita redorcd
height nflt giving «ny sensjhle incmisc, collecting together all tJic
aforesaid mea^rw, we shall have Ui« total incraawe oif 1 (ipwt ,
h inches LI lines.
XVII. Schoilum 4. — Arcoriliiig to what ii rrgtNlercil in the vls-
tation of the I*» and Reno made in lti93, hy f'ardina) d'.\d(ta uikI
Uuiherioi, t«» calculate the idrreasc proiKiccd in the Fit by tbe
addition of the Kcno. it Mill he necenHiiry only to u-ie the prert-ding
fvrmuin, attlikewiae to Iind the same o0ect nl the (^neral visitation
of li^O. 'i'aking the data of llSOa aforriwid. Hiippu]>ing the
average height of the I'o without tlie Reno at Lii,Ki»<.-urti 31 feet
= 37^ int-he*. the height of tbo Aeno at the pass of Anncgati,
that i»t = <j feel = IWBiocbe*; the width of the Reno there ll»$ =
a = ViMl inches ; the width of the Po At Lngowuro T«l> feet =, t
= 01211 inrhOft, "here * = S feet « inches, d* =5147*»M; 9dxv'
<f J- = 3906001) and jJ = TMJUs number*, which added together nuikv
&6\.W036, whose lo(innthM is 7'TM901S, whidi divided by 3, to
obtain the cube root, gii-en lo^. «-Jsl3004, the number to which ia
^1 VoV^; andaineetbefrnelionanxwern to t Lnes if 3;« ia nub-
treated from sm.t, there remains 9 inches t line* for the incr«ue
riHiiiireil B)'e^)rding to the aforMaid mippusition.
XVII I. StMiam J,— In n report presented by Giiglielniinl at the
time of the viHt'itkm, anil which ir.i* registered in the -VcIb of it,
and printed in the Florence cullectiiin, in wliich he colailatea tJi«
rive at f inches U u. only, hut the differenire between ua aiisee tnm
hiahBviu|^ tuken the iicarv^l numbLTs iicgtcctuig fractions. Eustaoe
Mnnfredi, in luinvrcr to Giovanni Vwa, niiy^ in reply to the otiicr 1
tropoution, "To Buy truly we nhnll iimi ihiil the 9J inches found
y Gevo, is one inch more than vihat resuli* from Uie former cal-
CdlHtioB of GiiKlielmiuj, and that hy a small error of a fractiwn,"
&o, I See Mnnfrvdi'a uuteo to Guglielniini'ii book ua the luituie of 1
rivers. J
XIX. Se/Mliitm 6.— In nil tho above exaniplee we hai'e suppoMd I
fur the calculation of the velocity that it i* either adirect or in«ui,l
propurtional t» the height nf the untcr, and that to a* not 1*1
dilfer from what hait been laid down frequently by many renownad^
atithors ; and atiH> to gi*v a proof of the miinfier of employing che
fcriuuhi B-p have diMwrered, when greater precluini is retpiirod,
the velocity muit be fotmd hy an instrument (the hydraolio
1848.J
THE CIVIL EXGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL.
Ill
dnlaiti), and the formula used wbich we bnve i^ven in a preceding
chapter. It is potwible that in some cmea we mny not be able to
employ the rules above referred to for the velnvity withuut maki ng
great errors ; thus to seek out the truth as unequivucahly as pos-
siMe, in cases of much importance it is well to calculate by many
different methods, ob^ervinf^ the difference resulting from each to
determine afterwards the most probable.
FRENCH RAILWAYS AND FRENCH REVOLUTIONS.
At len^h the time has come when the French are awakened to
the truth about their railway undertakings. There were very few
who withstood the plan of guvornment interference ; it vrm thonfrht
<iuite ri^ht that the ji^vernnient should take charge of the ruil-
vaya, and private enterprise was crushed. We say crushed, be-
cause it had not free play, and because the conee^iimi gystem was
1 clog on those lines which were left in the hands of .■iharebolderii.
France is behind-hand with her railways: private enterprise when
most wanted is dead, and the finances have been u))set by the
wtsteful manner of making the f^vernmeut lines. M. U;inuer
Pa^es, the new Minister of Finnnce, says tiiis plainly, and names
vnong the causes of financial embarrassmciit tho4e ^ent jubs, the
fnverninent railways, made for placemen and not for the cimntry.
Thus a burden is put upon France, which she will very much feel,
for taxation is at all times burdensome to the people, hut always
most in their times of greatest need. It was wronir that railway!;
ihould be made by loans and taxes ; but it was still more wninff,
when the private enterprise of France was in itn childhoiKl, to take
way from it the food, as it were, of growth. Prance has alwiiys
been backward in such public works, and when there w:is u fair
rhance of getting the French to take shares in railways, they ought
to have been put forward instead of being kept back. It has not
been BO, and France is burdened with the government railway's,
lad the springs of private undertakings are broken up and can do
nothing, when France wants them most.
If, however, the late government struck a great blow at joint-
Moek undertakings, the future government holds out no hope, for
with the growth of socialist ideas, shareholders are frightened as
to what may be their share in an>thing they may undertake. Tlie
working-man comes in now, and asks for his share in the newly-
opened lines, and though it mav be small at first, it may be very
nucli afterwards, or it may be all. Railway undertakiiii^ are not
tliose where this plan can be best tried, for the clerks and work-
men have no very great means of making the traffic greater; for
when a railway is made, the bulk of the traffic flows upon it, und
tboufffa it may be nursed, yet, as wc have said, the 'imlerliiigs can do
but little fur it. The shareholder does the most in making the
Kae, and the working does nut much want the care of otliers.
What may be the end to English shareholders in French rn 11-
wsygwe cannot undertake to sny, but whatever may befall — if in-
deed all they hold now should be lost, there will he no loss on the
Khole, because the sale of shares to the French in IHt.i niid INtl!,
wiU more than make guoii whatever m^y be lost hereafter. On
the first stake in French railways, the English made enough to make
CDod their old stock, so that what tliey have left is only their giiin.
It may be, that so far as some art. bound up in French shares, they
may be losers ; but most of tiie holders, as we have saiil, have made
themselves safe. If, too, we take the income which hits been had
DD the old stock and put by, there must he more than enough to
meet any los». We wish the shareholders were as well <iff in
FUnden, but there the railways are only half made, no income has
been had from them, very few shares have been sold, and there is
little hope of a sale to the Flemings or the French. Therefort', so
Urm French railways go. there is no room for the outcry that
Eiwlish gold has been wasted abniad,
« there be no hiss to the English in the end on French shares,
the French themselves will lo~t>, for there will be a witlnlr.iwal of
that help which the English have gii'cn, and which has made and
worked the few French railways now open. At a time when the
French government must give up railway making, when French
■hareholders are borne down by heavy losses and cannot make the
niliravs themselves, the French cannot look abroad, for the trust
cfthe foreign holders is broken. However right it might have been
topve the workmen s share in the income of the Great Northern
lUilway, and however needful it may have been, yet this step is
the deed of the chairman alone, without one word from the share-
holders whose income is handed over. M. de Rothschild^ in taking
thb itep, has taken it in haste ; and it looks more like giving in to
fear, than making a fair and careful bargain between the ahare-
holders and the workmen. No one can help seeing that fear of the
Communists wrought upon M. de Rothschild, for it was not enough
to hold out the hope — they would not trust to that, he had to give
at once all that they wanted. Every one will feel that when they
ask again, and ask more, it must be given : the Communists areto
ask, and the eharehulders to yield. If the stake the shareholders
have lately iuul be too much for them, so that they now have may
be held to be too much ; it is not left to the shareholders to say
what is right — they have not even to make a bargain : the Com-
munists have the might, and they have the right, and if they say
five in the hundred is too much, the shareholders must give way.
It is very true that lately the income of the holders in stocks arid
savings banks has been raised, but this only lays a heavier weight
on France, and the dav must soon come when these burdens will
have to be lightened, '1 hen it will be said, holders in savings banks
take so mucli, stockholders take so much — railway shareholdera
must do the like. On these grounds, the holders here will be
frightened, and will take no share in any new railways, whatever
the wants of France may be.
If the late government of France had upheld joint-stock under-
taking:!, there would have been a better knowledge of them, and
the new government would have been more careful of meddling.
They would have looked to them as a help and a stay when hd
many in France are out of work, and they would have found. in
them the best way of making the wealthy give food and work to
the poor. A tax, nowever mild ou the whole, can never fit itself to
the nieans of every one ; the golden mean will he broken — on one
the tax will fall lightly, another will sink under it. A joint-stock
share undertaking is a free-will loan, or a tax made by a man him-
self, knowing his means, ami taxing himself to the utmost in the
hope of gain hereafter. There is no fear of a man putting down
too little, there is no fear of smuggling or shifting from under
the yoke. A loan raised for railway works partakes of this in
so far, that each gives as his means allow ; but the hope of gain
is not so strong to draw him on, while he is nut the master of
his own money, it is not laid out under his own care, it wants
tlie eye of the master. It is on these ground.s, as much as any-
thing, that we uphold joint-stuck undertakings in P^ngland; they
bring to bear not only the money of the people, but tiioir skill and
powers of mind; and we shall grieve wlienevcr in this country
jfiint-stock undertakings shall be given over to the government,
as .Mr. .Morrison and his followers liuve been so e.irnest that they
should he. What the French did led them on, but we hope they
are cooled by what has lately happened there; though we are not
BO strong in our belief that the government will leave off meddling
while berths can be found fur their many greedy hangers-on.
The turning out of France of the English workmen need not
give us aiiv sorrow, though it will do France no good. It is neither
more nor fess than self-slaughter by the French. Wliy did Eng-
lish workmen ^ there? Nut as wanderers seeking a livelihood,
not like the Swiss and others who crowd to I'aris, and earn lirevl
which Frenchmen might earn ; but they have been atked to go
there — they have been snught. English skill and English know-
ledge were wanted for French railways, Frejich pou'er-looms, and
French engine works. There were no Frenchmen tn do the work,
and Englishmen were brought over to teach them. Siv far from
the English doing as the Swiss — working under the French, taking
away their livelihood, or shortening their earnings — the Ert;;lish
have been always jiaid higher than the Frencli. and have followed
new callings in which no Frenchmen came in their way, while they
have given help to the others by teaching them trades", which tbey
did not know before. The power-looms and other weaving and
sjiinning works of the north of France have been set up by the
English, and carried on by English foremen; and thus the French
have been brought into the market against us. The English fore-
man is to be found all over Europe, not because he is liked, hut as
they canuiit do without bim. This not in France only, but in
Flanders, Holland, Germany, Italy, and Spain.
The withdrawal of English masters ami English workmen from
France is a blow struck at France, and not nt us. Instead of
Frenchmen fighting us with English weapons, they must take to
their own, and he beaten as they wero before. We do not believe
that this swarm of Englishmen aliroad did us the least tiood. TJiey
mostly laid out in France what tliey made there— they seldom
brought any tiling back ; and if wo had not to keei) the few thousands
who lived tlicre, still vre must have lost by the Englishmen put out
of work at home, who if they bad to deal with the French only
would have beaten them, for after all the English are far better in
all the Iiigher w<irk. We shall have so many men brought home,
and we shall have to keep them : it will be most likely by our
THE CIVIL ENOIl
■talEiiV tiwAs frnm tip Prfiich, perkapi hjr leaillagE goodi Into
I Fnmoe it«eir.
The Fmirh harff a prwit fmr of mir tnulv. tb«y t)«li«Tc that *•
pr»)- ihc worlJ Ifj- imr trade, and ih^r vhh Ui wrest ll from ui»—
, lh<7 tit-gin the (•lrtijr»-le liy ihimrinK iiMidtt their bpKt wpannni. To
ife KT<«< in trade, Frinre sIixiiM itrnw moner anal ikitl from tb«
EvIwIp irnrld ; it shuuld have choirii and picket! men. whether from
[Fmnce or aliroad. Il tlmult] U- I hi" 'tar t') which mm of mind
idkkill nhould lool^aaBliSniiiKwilhlhe hent hupe ofrrKanl. The
'dealt at the udiidi RUikp<i elsewhere. It in not only Ihu
.liahman who ia forhidden la taki' his Kti>ck, hin kmivlrdfre. and
kit »ktll to France, hut it ia every nua who is wiltinu and reiufy to
^do M. Til* Italian, the ^Mniard, the German is forbidden, and
A»i oat aa luucli aalhe EngliNhmnti. Frnnre !■ fJiut oipiinst tho
world «4 much u China waa, — there is nu lield fur imy t>ut Freoch-
men.
Wt wiah we could rfvtX more honefully, that w-n onuld enrt a
hrifchler lovk on France, hut we feel *e cannot with truth Kpeak
(i1)ierwi»e lt»n we have. We helieve "c linvc si>okcn fairly, wliilo
we «j« Mire that Eiicl.tnd, bow-ever it may wish that il had hoen
fatiMrwiaA, it the least harmed by the breath whieb hit* tbua been
MMle in the ties of felJiiw»hi|i which »o lately knit tbe Iwv
together.
rBLTS JOPRNAt.
[Ann.,
HEALTH OF TOWNS BILL'
Th* prombed bill fur Kecurinffthchvulth wf town*l» again before
the lefpalftture ; ftud we lm|ie with wime |irn«in-rt« iif RaecefiH. To
tbeKeiicriil priu(iplci> of llicmivii^ure '•'carenu'^tfnvoiirablc.beraiiK
we have loKK li>l>uured to obtain Jin anifiidtncnl of tho very verions
ct-il* which ao mucli aiTeet the public hnllh. At the Mute time,
there are many clauHNi which rcmiit* fn^t and grave conudfint-
tinii b«fi>re they bemme ln« ; nnii in mnlcin^ wime nrmark* upon
them, we do an without imy h'^tiiily to tbu bill ►.■eiicn.lly.
In cinilie 8, fifty hi>iiiicliiildi'r» hni'e the iiowit of nutlinp; the
act in motion. In Utriiv towitu, Kiicfa a number e'lvQt the nowcr to
an iniu^iltejint miiinrily ; and in tiniall tuwDH,, lifly may t>e found
ttm niaiir. Thi'Tu oiit;ht either to be n proportional nnmbor, no-
«urdin^ to the pojtuLition of the town.
Although th(> eighth clnuM apeaka of eiictintf locnl hnnrds, wo do
nut lind liny prori*ioti for Ibeit abolition ; and we lluTof-rre expect
, thatereit 4.'unfii>ion will nrite between the ni>w local ItuniiU of
'hpallu iind the old loeal buardii, for |>aiinfr, eloaniiinir, hiffhwavi),
trwcTA, tinil for olhiT purpo^eti. tircjit confiitioii tnii>l liliiTwiiie
ariAC frotn tbt> eks'tion at new officer*, who will be brought iti con-
Ajvt with tbe pre^ut elerka and snrverurti.
The i]u«littc«lion of eJi'cted nienitient of loral bnardii «eem>i too
hlfth fur •mall towna. The nnmtier of inhabitants rated iit thirty
poundii a year in no Hmall a* to revtrict the ehuic? of the electors.
U'e ibiiik Lhe proiision for ronlour liiiec in I'lnui^e 27, in iieefitl ;
I but if ibe linen iire taken at every ten feet elevalion, it will be
'quite enaui;b.
Bjr elaufC 2n, tbo board of health nil! bnve the power of carrv-
inc naewer <ir drain " Ihrvugh fir under rtrijv Amd* whatMmoerr Surely
tliTa will never be alloweu to paiMi; tbi>i power will enable any
laewer to be carried acrnes a ^rden, {duoxiire-^iniiind, or park,
without any notice iirciinipenantioii.
Clause 3J reiiuire^ tbiit notice of building a house shall be
given to the h>caj biuinl of beHlth foiiiti-en dayn, and tlial works
ahall not be bettuii uitlioni lexve of the board. Seven diiyx Hefm<i
to UK <|uite lime enuufib. and tbe works should iiroci-cd unless the
board can show some objection to tbem.
It a|ij>rarH icry unlikely that chiiou> 42 will be found pnic-
[Ucable. It provides for engine and factory chlninira coiiBuming
'"licir own smoke.
Ciaate 49. nllhouxh ninied at (crent evili^ U very object Ion able :
and however effective It may be in ibctking trnn)}i-houseH. il will
^not touch the evils of overt rowdedlrinb liiilciiifc-boiiKei, It niakrx
IlhuuK's.othcrlhaii public-boiiarH, liable lore^'iKirynnd iuApeotiiin,
rvlicre iierrtuiu are lodftcd for a sinijle ni^ht or lei^tbiuiu vcek.
fVnIr«s some exception be m«dc for Brighton, MarKalC, (imvc-wml.
•nd ollior 11'atrriiiK I'liirei. the incunveiiiciice and aiinoyniiri^ will
tiem'eat; nt huuse-bc>ldcrB are gliid to ocoommodalc vifilorH who
run down by »tvuniboiit or rail on the Sunday, and ret<im on the
Monday.
The clause 54, fivinf control to the con* mi mi oners for reflat-
ing the level ■ and pUiiv of new Ktrevtn, ia arbitrtrj' in its inter-
iierencc with |irivale propertr, while tax weekn is very much ton
long for any iuquir}' to be tnaue by a local board or ite officers.
In the next elnuse, 30 feet U teo vride for n newt; 94 feel ii
ample.
The clause S8, for ennblinff bwal boards to Mt up waterwoHca,
bawevi'r nrcewary in lUi'lf, i* likf ly to do evil by tlirxwing tmpe-
dinmiU in tl.e way of private eoterprite, f.ie the'esi>ilenre of mi
compMny to be sol up io precarious and dejiendent on llie l
iKwrd.
Afler all that haa beea said about praveysrrda in tewna, ft „
a pity to are the oountennnce pven to tbl* abuse hy clnuno ST.
wbirh allows of finves being madv with only thirty Inehe< nf twii
ok'cr ibe nillinK,— a ahatnefu) and fearful nai«nni-p.
The clause 7S i* inoooKtstent with llie freneml tenoitr nf the art,
for after making it compulwiry on encli bouse to have iha wal
Laid on. the mviumre of cutllnK it off I'ur iion-|ia}-ment of rau«,
one not favmunble to the ]>ublic health.
ler.
REVXEIA^S.
W%
The Thmrn and Praclkf qf Ship BtiiUing. By Thomas .
juii. London: Johiivloni'. \H6. 8vo. pp. lul, with volui
t'ollo pUtea.
The anenw of sliifi bnildins ap]voari to us one of thoee in which
the precine npplicalton of niatheniut i<.-v i« not to be attumiilcd;
but of which, uevertbclcii'i, the leadiuK l'rinri]ile» should he hated
on the theoretieal law* of mechanic*. For abip buildiiijK, toA-
tbrmaticnl formnlip cnn do nothin^^niuthetnaticiil principle*
even'thiufc'. The former canoot lake iiccomil of the thousftiid and
one IiracticHl re<iuwito. of a ^mA «hi|i — the latter leave auacienl
inar^ Utr tlio attiiinmcnt of tbe needful qioditiciittoua: the
former Impose lawn which are not aluiiy» just, and e«cB where
tliey are just, are too minute and roitrictive; but the latter cvtab-
lich a more liberal and lenient code — one more easy tv be obeyed
and more At*arv\ng of obedience, lii clioiisii)^ b«tM««n t, m:iis).
tific principle and lui unalytiotil formula, the idiip builder dMMa»
bi'tu-eeii a friend and a manter.
There iit, however, a preat differeneei between fteuenil principU-^
and nioirr priacijiIdK. It is tho latter which are now Aiinvil ex-
elcwively ebeerved in tbe public dockyards. Gravi' oflicJHl pcc-
suna^ea have a grtmt horror of mallcra wbch they thenis<'|vi-s do
not understand, and ooiiK(V|ucntly tbe ran^e of their antipathic* ta ^
vrry coniprvhen^ve. It iji.;luile« R'ience. Jt i* no grt-M Kciuidal H
to HhMfrt that in the guvermuent dockyiirdu, the most [trufound ™
science is not vo um-I'iiI ii personal conimiMtity an kinbliip iv one of
tlie I^ordti of the Admiralty. Let a man prove by ri^oroim Hrieit-
titic deiiioMxtrjtti'in. llini wime cutaldiwlu-tl rule of nhip buJdinc
IN ease It tidily error icni is — and willhe be rewarded lur bis uninn?
\Vi]l he be thanked fur mnkiiijt an advance in aciencc? \\ ill the
ohliKalion under which he ha* laid kociety to him, be disch.-irgcd ?
<juite the conlr-irj-. The chances are, that he will bo frowned down
as a visionary, ur rebuked for iireteMdiUji to kuow more than hia
betters. In tbe eyes of men In offieu, to ho wt right U to auCer
lett-inajettf.
There is one chaiioc, bowi'vcr, that a scientilic diaroverr may be
w*fiJ, if not tu the disi^overer, .nt lit.-wi to the public ;^M>mu one
wlm dinex oicfi-tioiiiilly at tbe Admiralty, may think it worth while
to appruprinte it.
Our r»|«}R'cl for government science, for tbe researcbn of royal
com mia^io 11.1, the nijithcmniici of bluo-iuaikK, and tbe invevliuaiiima ;
of oflicini iiiHiiii-tor-i, U exlrcriicly limited. In matters of eaiwri-l
mental philosophy, we sliould lay it down as a jieuenil rule, tfcstl
tin.' pcnoiu Iviiiit likely to lind out the tnitU are — the " pnAurrlrJ
constituted niilborititsi.'* 'What a Mtisfaclnry alfair tbe G^uge j
t'ommiwion turned out I How wtll Sir William BjmondV filup*
enil 1 With what univerMJ and iinhesitatinn deference did thsJ
railway cnifiiiterw recdve the reportsi of Sir ( harles I'asley ! And '
to BO still further back, how wlniirably the Iriih R-iiUay Com-
missioners cawutcd tlieir task ! of which the nioxl favourable
thins; that can be luiid is — thai their reimrt xiiited tbe chancterj
of the country' iJTectod by it. The Mundem of HdnicJMurement IaI
the plan* and sectiotiM neri- not mitik more cfrretfioua than Kumef
which bale been ilL-tcctcd by tbe Standiii;.- Orders oomitiitteea :
and Mr. Uarlow'i inv<wt)|n>tioii$ of the cilect of Krndient» nre iu)t
very iiiuvh wor» Ihau a uuitliematiuJ iftudcnt would a rile in i
firat yoir,
H sevins to us (|uite clear, that for the future ad rancemenl of]
the practical scicaces we tnuet trust entirely, or alH)<i«t entirely, i
to private efforts. At imn iutervaja, indeed •• rwumiuiua will '--'
THK CIVIL ENGINEER AKO ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
I«l
lltteilllilri InwMiyiliOH iiw>gii«d to it : it ia rea-
fer iOKiancf. l" t^xfivi't mueb benefit from comaiiMianeiit
Ml»rt«*l w thoKe npitoinlM to cuniiderthe nie of rnst-inin girders
nn rmilwufv have been. But on Iho uhole, Iheve chb«« murt tie
lonked iip«n as «vr«ptt<tn8 ami hapoy loridi'iilii. In ii.nviil miitl«ni
tie inittftripnef o( vSrim) pliiln-njitiy i^ ptppi-iiilly ili-|)liiriil)li', hv-
r»a4r of ihv eunrmouii es|>i*iiM4 ^iliii-li it onl;!!!" iijiun iW n.'itiun.
AflT k11 iho Ticil4 (>r the L«tr<lH of tlii> A(lmir;Jty In I'ortsmuuth
^-«ft<>r ill tlir pjtrlianii>iitar}' returns and jwrli.immtJiry i1ii)i>alp«-~
after nil tli» piNirnMnis r<wt nf Mpn built mi iwvi modi-l>. Ui ln' *iib-
Bequ«ntl« rfni««lvIIM •■iitA jMitchri] an th^ prrvniling caprice ilic-
talfit— uter aU llio oiulnit* of ei|>erimeiilil Kiiujulmiu — we have
CDipeta the very |>^.<liiyinii cont'Iittiun llint otir nv^ ni'alherl)'
VHSfb wofT tjikvn from tlii> Krenf]! in the lnl(> *ht. i ), far sui
&wb m^|fraANraMi> in Rnghmd !
Tbeautbnr of the ourk before uk profeKnes nn more tluui "to
{(itt! uiBK plain iIirei^ion« for nctniiil h<iildin^,~ nnd to pnt the
rrailerin ]K»»»"wi«n of jui4 *« much jnfnrmiitiiin .tk it rt-"|iii«ite for
nrn-iii^ hint tn " hirfti*r and nHirit Miontilir work* on the subject."
Bttt'llte pFMeiit trriitl*e, thuii^b it due* not aim at extreme pro-
fiiBriit}'. hii« thp greater merit of expreiKiiig in simple tormt mme
terj impnrtABt view; re-pecting the npplir-ativit of hydmrtatirn t4i
tkr theary uffchip building, 'nn* «faM/(fjiafn veaael U properly tu-
»iUMi u]Mu,ak R ]>er fe ctlyindi»penMb)e requisite— one iritboDt which
I aO itber invritK are v»lu'elew. The fonn ofn vc<xe\ mny enable ht>r
|la lail fiu<l. lint if, :it the mme tinn* ber pitchiuf^ aiul rolling
ike eieceuive, the practtnil utility i>f (hi* v'^kkoI is pru|KiTlt<iii>
■Ujr iMiened, her necuriiy eiidaiiK^i^ed. :in<l her durabilit)*
clinir.i'hrO by lh«» rimsl*nt strains to which "she in Mibjotrt. Sir
TiiornU' v<>nelii are, our author r«niarkK. liable lu IheM
■ •out. In biH vnsKtlM, tliL' r»ke iif tht! utem in wnne-
Uiun sH firpjl, tliat the «tein i> inclined to llie keel at nn ani^Ie
<i thirty ilir|{tei»^ Ity thus cutting away, «ii tii opeak. .1 lar^v piir-
llon of tbr f«T« iMidy, 'it ill ritr.-u- that when thn ve»el pilchva ahead,
time i< leu Imrneniiun or cti<tiiiiiiri|i power to brtnjf her up apalu,
Uun there wnuJd be if the oiem were more iiprishl. Ilecum-
ntlttd a 'imilar OTTor with respect to the latenif rojliujf. The
btom) italiility, iff cxmr<(i>, (U'pciids in n fcr<>at meannre nnlireudtb
of beam ; but the tteneral tViriii nf vecliuii amid^hipit mutt lie duly
fmpoilMinfd in rrference to it. "Here." saj-mmr nuthor. " w'l*
OMufilpr, t* !■• be fniinil Ibe givat defect iu Ilic lunt-ytir'a mtilHliip
Mfliiia ; it 'n coia|>Krulivelv ktraiubt from the keel to the water-
W: and. a> «iich. m ninnifeitty delii-ient in benrin)|;. until its ex~
tmv immrr^inti tnkes plnce, which i* sudden almoit to a jerk :
*licrra> a rounder line umihl prevent the )[re«l ilejtree of laterut
iwlinatinn, and what must take |d;ire Hnidd be niurli more raNv.
TW adrantiiire of this, in comfort upon the deck, rfhricucy at the
niiit. aearand tear of tlic riceinir. and iiuteed, the utfely and cmn-
mrtnf the whole, rnititt lit" Appan-nt."
'■"he (wniiitionK of stability, either Interally or lutigitudiually. arc
wl aAer &11 «■ vrr>- dillivult to nucennin. The problem in (inir-
linlly a hyJrmtjilirjil. not 11 hydrikilytuimira) one, mtd therefore
Bach cawr ihuii ihnt of determiniai; the fiirm§ hc<il adnjitrd for
fpned. If nary KuneyorN had only u moderate aCfjUi-iiiitancc- with
tU propertic'i of the MtrrAii'NTnr — if their iipixiirituiciitn de-
pnulnl rather on their kiumledut- of hydrovlalic^ than on their
Cvrrumrnt influence, or nri>>1oi.-mlicnl cimuertion^, wr nhonld
)'e t» paf for much fewer of tho^e ereat uriiiidi'i) lyiffiiit which
w* di>«ntcr our navy. A* far iw wi" may jud/e fnHn Sir WiUiiLii)
■'^RMmtU ' actual perform a 11 cew. he either dues not know the mean-
inK of the nurd "melnccntrc," or he Cfiniiot hare studied il« pro-
• lUr., He may iMR«ihly have an idea that lliey have noirie in-
:><>■ uit the stidiility of u vemel — Imt he ccrtoitjiy caiintfl know
'li' < ^re, not merely important, but nll-iniportant — that iu the
rtnlnlitv. the jinipenirK of thr nielncciilre ciwHlitnte
■•; •,iit-iii'fi. llic wliole question, ami wrthinK but tlie i(iicstion.
Mr. Whit*-'" priM-tical dirLTtionn we will not venture to criticine
•llenfth. Tlio iieonrary of Win general viean. however, and hist
'•DC esperience in bio prolVwiiou, seem Just ^oiimU of dependenre
naiiauthnrity in mntten» of detail. ITie folio platen are r«r*-
^tllj drawn and admirAhly executed : and Ibtt dencriiitiuiix whii^h
Mtinnpunj tbeni iire verj- minute. :tnd stiipe^r well nuited to the
|4i|UH-i- of the Hhip builder. The vkork cnncltideH wilh so ac-
"■art t.f thf methwit now in iise for meanurinjf tojiioiKe, and with
rTiutk> on the complexity and iiii>fficieney of the new method ei-
UUijfccd by laH, We conclude "ilh the folluwinj; brief eitmcts,
tW Int »elrt-ted for itfl tcientllic itnimrlance, the aecond for iUi
•wmiitj ;—
"The r*r>D iif I>»d< l'**l *(la|iti;<) tor •((•am tcmcIi, i> ■ |iritnafy C0D*i>
inftm. Il will bi fount ih*l aio*t ol lAa principlri nhielt cniuiiiuie a
l««il HMini iklp, will kbo apply lo a it«un«r. W« have r«peat«d IniluiMi.
in whloh llnt-clau iicaa tUp* that have aflennnli prared af mfmor cb^
nKler, biTe ^»« u fut, andtr jury rig, and with aol aion tku half tbe
oMiDentiin of ciaiu allotlid ta ulllag ihipi of eiiiial tiNiaige. as thtf
hiTO tubtrquenlly gone under (lie foil power of the engioti. Maay
valuable infercncci miy be drawn from Ibit fact ; and we aaht*i1allnf[lj
bring to gui aid, in butUiiig tteaoi thipi, the whole ciperleoM af the pca>
fcHion, to a much gtetier eiteni thao wat at fiitt ailupted, Biperieacr
(hoMtthal tite loog bow and clean nia ai« iiidisiKDiatilc ; for. wbalercr
miij be the law* of fluid*, lb* gtatt tpttd of ri>» boat* Ihua built, Ibc !«•
ereaw obtainnd by UogilMiitag ao many of the farlter fortaalion, aod ika
iacreaMd araleneit of each (UMeediag cliai, immuit t« a deiDonaintiaD Bd
ibii poinl."
"TU« ark ia Senjtlure wat of thcie pmp«tiion>, namely, lU limei ihc
breadlb for the leogih. and ooe-tantli the Uiiglh for the depth. Other pro-
portion iniy in particular cireuBitanen promote ipeed; but for ttiblNly
and leuuriiy at aea, ibe jii^poftiooa of thr aik, daailned at ah* wia to ea-
dure llie grr*t«[ uomiaatbn of waier* ilie world haa cvtr known, an,
wc fcarlritly aucit. mfaltilile, >incr liin cipcricncn uf four iliouiand ytart
baa onl; conflruicJ ilirni ; a collaicril cridence, ai Uul. of the truth of
the 5<riplurc oinati^e. Tlic ark nea i«icc h I4d|, and twice aa wide aad
deep. BI (lie U'ctl-lndia mail ittamcri, and contcijufatly w»n)d Make eight
of ihetn, eoeaid*rcd aa regalar Ggurei."
Ah llirlvriati, Pnulieal, and Theoretieai Aeemtnl of the Bretikv^Uir
in FlsfmmUh Smtul. By Sir .fimx RK.xxtx. F.B,S.. F.8.A.. F.G.8.,
Preaident ofthe Institution of Civil Enitlneeru. Loiwhui: Bohn
and Weal«, 1)148.
Sir Jultii Rennio could not liavv more worthily devoted hiiitKelf
than iw the mmmrmnrntivn of the ^rreat work ofbin fatlicr, tlie
Plymouth Break irivtrr, aud he could not have erected » toonumeot
more miiniliceiit than the volunw noiv liefore us — one i>-hi(b while
it records the merits »( his father, and ^veo proof of hi* own en-
ii^htened spirit, will he of value tn the enipueerinK {irxifesaion for
mnny grne ration*. Well may we deacrilte it as a tnoiiuuieiit more
liwtintr than hnum, while it beara a loorc iwbU tOMtriplian than wm
ever itctUplurcd ou marble. Of Sir John Rcnnie'x work* we will
not Hfienk, for otherv can put forward a claim to the prudttction of
works vfe(|'inl maintitude and merit, hut we cannot refrain from
myin^ that thin hook i» another public service rendered to the
eniciueeritiK profession. As President of the ln«tiliilion of Civil
t^ntrincers. Sir John h«« ujdield the •ocial rank of the profevMion,
and ha* mainluined it» public huipitnlity ; by the coiilributiim buf'TV
uis he hnn siiuwii his esriioetliOM in the'cauie «f profe«>ionnl litera-
ture. These are to our mind merili in addition In the ui.ilerial
monumnitu "f his nkill, and speak powerfully of hi« cnlncKod aod
liberal mind, and of hi- publit- and di»Jiiti're*tM »ptrit. Tlief
nhow that hia heart and soul nrc Cit^tAiced in the career he pnrwnH,
Aud arc a iruarantce of his pn>fff<»ioiitiI independence and intefC'ity-
Wc speolc warmly, because it \h rarclv we hnve the iipp.irtuntt)f
of tpeakiuK of a book from the hnndoof oneof the higher momhcn
ofthe pro^sMOn, and therefore it eoraoii more welcome to ub, U
is true there are cxc»»e^ for the ?<ileoce of Ihw^ meniberi, and Sir
John has hinuclf very well explained them, hut that doe« not em-
etnpt U4 from our diitiex tiiwjird» him. who iit^ndn a brilliant ecain-
pie of »iicec«»fiil esertion. Sir John Itennie'i words merit atten-
tion, for they mii>t be the exculpation of our rn);itieerii in the Dy«s
of Euro|»e. He "lays —
"Coiitinciital enKineom have generally nioro Imie than Enf^liali'
eiiiiineeTa for writini* and reflection. The former, confined forth*
mu"! part to « single work nt one time, have lelcure to rtudy ntui
reflect upon every operation connected tvith it, a.nd to deduce
l^eiieral lai^ from ihprn which may be applicable in -limilnrcircum.
Hlnnce*. Their iiihere of action n#vortln'IpM>> i« limited, ciimuarMl
with thiit iif KnifliHh enj^ineern, and thrv Itavo not the lUtmfi fnclli-
ttcH of Hc><(ijirin)i that rcadinciw of apprication. that vcrdntUity vf
tuvoriiiiis remedies to meet every wise wbieh nnnirv in praetici^.
snd whieli alone can he derived from exHtimiiT and vTenlly-varieA
experience in all kinds of works, such a» fulb to the lot of Rogliafe
. eii^neem. Thi* defect it neecwnrily inherent in the rontineatal
, iivttcm. iiMwithAtandinHthenumerousableeni^ineertiwe find there.
, The whole ofthe worlca, uk well bb the eiiffim*er<i, beiu^ in the
employ nnd under tin* control of the government, their eiieiviM
are impnted, their tnleni* are fettere*!. nnd they are deprivtid «f ,
that Klronjceat of nil indurcmentii to exertion, viz.. rompetitlOB,
which has been productive of *> miicli heuclit in Ihia eountiy.
Here, nx rei^irdM engineering, everything has been free and nn-
trammelled; thus even' roemlier of the profession ha* been at libortjr
to Mtudy nnd follow out thnt course which np|H<nri>d to him beat
calculated to ncquire public (iivour, nnd soeiire his own interest ;
nnd the public, on the oth(ir Imiid, \\tn never found any delicieucv
of talent to carry out any work aa often as the nnurjceney niquirea.
17
«
THB CIVIL K?CGINE£a AM) ABCHrTECT-a JOCRSAL,
The KovarnraaRt al«o have squally profited by this Kjrstctn, for they
i ttM nlwBrit enUr lh» mjiriit't iiniin Uiw Hune tsrnu, and nbUJii any
I de^tc* Qi talent tlipy may rutjuire williout t)ie necenlty of Lntmngi
Da of civil vnjriiiverM nf tlieirown, uMch, fcir tbe rsMonii Kbo?a
wuiitd tie (uund T«ry didirult. and perlmps not wtUioDt Mi>
lloff tbe CK[>BnM of numeroiii failures, vbich ic ()i« more an»F-
nnry. «• they can obtain thP Pxpf rieniic re»(ly-nw<U' nitbout iiny
andi mierificv. Nrarly nil the icreat irnrkfl and iRipnivemi'iini in
tli« public t-KlabliKhinent* hare bitliprlo been obtained in thiH idxd-
acr; of wliidi the Breakwater and many other* maybe tenrml
excellent examjiles. »nd by ]mr>niins thf ■ami' *yHtvtn, (he tiane
Sriid re^iillit will rotiUinie lu Ixr {iniiluiW. Ibi th<! rrnitimmt
J ■u|i«nnrilv of oiir frM Mr«tem of mm|>etilioii ia in maity rstmm
»A admiiTtl, luid will probftbiy be introduced where cirotm-
render it prarticalile ; nnd Bngiinh eiijin«m are highly
f^HtMiBcd and much emiitiiyi^ on tlie coniiiieiit.
ThU U Bpukvu fairly, aiid Sir Juhn takes car« tfajil tie <>bHU not
he iindtmtMod .t* iiMakia^ i&vbliouaty, or as depreciating th« am-
tioentid riiKioeerB. He hvh^
'* In Mi'lng thun miich. I wbth tu t>e di»tincUy iinilsniouil, that t
nhould he extremely Mtrty to be nuuiiilared u imdervaluinu in the
wnalle<it drwrev the numeruua able englae«r« Ui every de|>arlm<?iiL
on the roiilment. ur the magiiificiint workfi vhirh have been con-
Btniiteil by them, or the cxoaleot (Mxtkit tbay h»\f writtm. n hicb
hare be«n'prciiliii'1ive nf m much benefit to the pror'MaJtNi of citil
[)#nirineerin(r-"
In tbiMit^ >«ntinienl<i we fully concur : we honour our oontinental
hreUmn. Imt we donuuid for tbun v iiir ourM-Jvea thm bencAta of
rlitt we believe to be a belter t^totn— UiaL of tlie competition nf
\iivU engineers. We ailvocalc for Uieir Intercataa wMer field of
Mortion, and emanripatUNi from tlia tliriildom of tlie f^verninent
niMiiicisoy, pnteaUou fur m«i uf aiulity, nod mi fiiiw ttnixiiirage*
■0nt for men of u« nlnlity.
In eT])r«>Miuic himself thus boldlv.. £Hr John Beniiie hax dono
very KTvaL >ervi«w to tbe [irafeauoa by vinilirating it from the iu-
|luri'iiu« and incidiKu* ilt^iiunn of tJif ipntrameat here, who are
nlw'HVit seekiriLE to t>>tai>li«ii military en^iineen in cjiu:idtieH far
jvMcn they are utterly iiRMiilcd. W e vieh otlier members of tliu
ntfeHiuu of et]ual r«)iiit4itiaii nuiild dii^lay tliv >>ame dixiiitv of
■Ul^t Hoddinntitrei'WiliivaK. by puldiuly iU|>ria«ijw their iiiilavbur-
' I npinioii of tbi* government aiwirtence. We Impe ibe f»ar of
.—igifnao wnall amount of gavanuDent patronage doc* uui keep
bent bairk fVom dainy what Sir Jolin Rennie has unbcaitalinffLy
We wibli loo they would imitate liiui in tbe jiruiluction of hooka,
oh w biK At any rate, ihetr |>ecuniury meai)i enable thum tn
ittMW hiiM io Uio lani^i outlay be Ium made on dntviinirs nnd eti-
■vioKS, They bare tb«* drawinxK in Llmir own oibi'v*, ;iiiil iftbev
merely {lot thrm in tbe baiid.t o( ibu enj^ravens ttitbout any text,
the pUtt* >iill iirovc nf value Ui profeMionat studeiila. We Lave
.IKfTi oo many rtamjiU^ nf liberality amoiiK: the pmfcuon, tliai we
ipe it will Ik! ciinally di«|ilu)i:d io t'oittiili^itiiinii l» engineering'
libimture. Money only is r(H(uired. tbcir time in nut reiiaired;
tli»aKl> thc^y call |ilnul tliuv hnv« <iu little 'irdK! bitter, they
have lieen well viioukIi ri-warJru to deprive llivm of nucb a plea In
llie experidiliirc of mmiey.
1\> Imvc loeeu i<|>t to ndduc« aa a merit iu pnifeaiiional worltK
_bMt fbi-y nere protutely illiiiitrBteiU and uc believe our renderx
rill ARree wilb ii>^ >•>■- ludi bnok* are tliereby of a more practk&L
■ture. In ibi^ reit|>erl. Sir •'■•hii Kennie'M vuliime ban fow to fur-
■M it: afxl it i- itiidoobtedly I'ne of tlinoe f:rcat work-s irliub iniixt
I vnee take ita place in the ftainlard libr^iry uf eiu(ineerUif,'. \o
nte tuia been ijKirvd, we may hav no ciirc bun been Kjiarcd, tti
make timl portion of tbe work cumpleLe wliitb upeuki lo the eye,
illnetraliitK tlie wonia of ilornce —
'■H*itaia*inliiMil«niliB* txrkniM
Hnttu que Mut HuUi HiUjcwia fldaUbua"
Tbe eye nf the pntniwd man Nei».*« at »in-e the eonidrtielion and
tion>i in a ilraivinK. while ttie mi'\l mpioin. dencripiion fails
eomvey an iuipr*<«fion ho ooinpletu. Again, it is moru ea»y for
e wh'u vish to i-ogiy ii i^iod eumpla to du wi froai a drawing
I from a drMTiptioii. and when we cooalder that a wurlc of this
i« to Iw a text-book for hnndreds nf engiiwcra. It ap|iears
, deairable ihit it ^raJd be, u it n, really and triilv uiiefiil.
On leaving the presidrntial rhair. ^ir Juhn Heiitiie naa not re-
tind frum tlie p'lblic •i-rvire. IJeneforcimld retire into obrinirjty,
but be oobM vetl haie claimp<l exemption from furlhet ronlribii-
tiim. That be haa completed tltiii iiii4^iincent work givfi him na
(■dditional title to fuUire fonie, aa it due* Ut tbe yrutJliide uf bin
tporariea fur his raaijiteiiance ef the dignity of Uieir pro>
7^ yotmg fimepar'* Pne^lor. Br Jaaxt Bunt, SnmmK
Parte I. anit II.
Tbe object of Uils work Is to explain the yrraent Rfaten «f
mHauring end crtimnHug buildera' work, — for this pnrpnwlAB
sutbor ba> girea the plans of » fimt-mtc buildiuK, and coeji'
how tbe mea.^iiremi.'nta are taken, coramrndng wjtli the i
and ([oinic on iritb the bricklayer anil carpenter. Tbe dime
are all given in detail in taken off In eKtimatitig, and ar« acram-
Cnniod with a specification of cadi trade. Mr. R«id appran to
■ve adopK-d the practice of the most expeiJenced lurveyoni, nnd
liaapnaluced a work which ih likely to be of ereat beorat to tJie
puim, in itttittihg litm in his profei^aiud pnmutts. In aaying thtL
wo must ratitlon him not lo Imiijiins that he can obtain a moo
pnu!tic«l knowledgie of the duties of a Hurveyor or ari-hitcot. ftooi
merely reitdiag or stuilyii>(r this work, or any utbcr buuk or
lecture : It on oalr be eitalneil Iiy iiicciimpanyin^ an experienced
mrreyor In measuring or roaklnir im miimatc of Uie boildliijf itaetll
FROCBEOuraa of aoiBHTiFia sooizTZKa.
INSTITUTION OF CHME BNGINZBH8.
A*. 2i, — JoauDA Pmji. Fiq^ Preiidcnt, in the Chsir.
Tbit piper read wai bf Mr. A. MirciiHLU nf B«lfail, Aawc tuM. C.E..
•' 0« iUiMornM Fommlatitmi ,- partieidtrit Or Serrwpik «ad Mmmimgt."
ConMtnuf Hiat tbe entire MbJMl ef tbe rerinai >ofi* of pllinf , ef mHU.
(tone feimduiont. of coflerilami, of neiMeof etDcrais, and ihe nmeerMii
mode* adefted by Ingrnioai men fbr OMn)Qnhi( iMal AiOnilliea. weoH
ecevpy Mo bbucIi Utar. and icutwly poM<n emtlty, tbe Mtfcac mtnued
binteif alnMM mlirely tu tlia dcHiiptian of tboworiia esenUed by him wMi
tbe Mrew-pile. at Ibat had hncn chitfly caploysd fvr tnppertieit "nctaMl
OB loOM land or laud btalu, wboU; or partiaUr canned bf tfae wm wbeta it
bad beon preyioutly coxtidwed *«rT beacdQii*, if net impractMaUe* ta mut
any pumaaenl ekUUee i and ia ha narrative, ba lenipiitontly asuidel lU
oainptriton wttli oibet anodet oC proeeediiig, rxa whin tbty bad tha uima
abjeel. The utijin of the Mrew-pilc vai ttia Kraw. mooring, mbteb wuds-
lignad for ibi purpaae of obiaininn, for aa fipecial purpoM, a greater baU-
ing powtr ilim wat poueMcil by titUct ihc oidiaaty pile or any of the itnal
mooring. an dion or blocka, of however larjc dimcniioni. It waa proved bj
orperiment, that if a nrew, with a broad tpiral flanjcc, were Ami upea a
■pindit, and forcibly propdlcd by rotary motion to a ccrtaiu depth Into tfct
ground, an «ncrinou force woulil ho required (o triraci it by direct tcaiirat
and that ih« powtr cmplayiKl muil he nidtcient to drag jp a mait of carA
of ih« fonii of ibeffoilruuiof aconereverved— theb«*« beiag at the aartea
of the ground, anil the i«ctiuu uf tlie npaa bting njual to tbe iHaoeter of
the KTCw. The CKlcnt of the rciitctng man nieu, of oouim. depend nee
the natural Irnadty of the toil. Eion In thia reaaoDiaS' it muat ba anilat
ihei a vottical force was calculated upon ; bet aa. praotieatly, Ibat aeldom if
erer oecurieJ. ihu aaglu uf tciiiina uid (he cuitc of tbt baoy-CBbteagriB
gava the moorings grcAlcr powtr. Ttiu wa) found to be nrrcct La praetifie.
and the applicuiaii of ilie mooting* bceaioo vary o'^*'»<**< An arraog^
omnI waa tnada with thn port ef N«weMtla.on.T;ne, by wbith, fcr the aom
of S^OOt, the light of fixiag thete noftriagt in the Tyae waa etva* ! a»d
Mr. firaokea, ttie cogiueer. abowed Ibat lait year. whiUE is ihA naighboufiei
part, damage wa« done to the ihipping to the extent of nearty SO.OOOL. eo
injury wai lualaiocd in tbe Tync. ciiiirety owing to tbe Mdod hohliag of
Milchcir* acrcw-pilc mooringr. It naturally occurred to Mr. MilchcU) (IhI
the lamt mcana of mittance to downward prcaiute might be nied ( and he
propoMd to apply it fur the foandiiti'>ni of llghthoiUM, beacoai, aiiHl othai
tlruclUfM, which, for maritime purpoact, it miitl't '>e dMirable lo plane ^OD
■and and mud bank*, whrro hitherto it had been coniiitered impraciicabte to
place any purniinmt edifice. In the y«er 1)!3H, a plan for a ttruelureof Ibii
aaWre for a lijhthoute. on Uie Maplin 3sii<I. at thn aoulh of the llmwe.
wa« laid before (be corporation of ilir Tnniiy Hone?. luppMtcd by the
opinion of J arnca Walker, Bta., thnrniicinccr. The niue irou plica, i inobea
diameter, with acrcwt 4 feet diauKter, mctc accordingly driven 22 feet deep
into tbe ntud, aadt with proper pieeauliun, ihey were aHwwed la atud fat
two >«vt before any edili«e was plaoed upen them. The lightlwee waa
•ubaequtiitly couilriMled.and, ai wai tetlili^d Iiy Mr. VVtdkft, bad akoed per-
feeily until llu: preient tim«. Ptndiag ihia prohituon, it wa* dotarminMta
erect a bgtitbonui to point out the ontrtncc tu the harho-ur uf PtMtwood-oa^
Wjie, and tmdcr the adtlce of Captain Uenliaoi. K.i4.. the xcrev-pdlei wen
adnpled. Tbe tput Hied on wo.i tlie point of a linnl: of looae laad, about
two miles from Ihcr iliarc ; irvcn Irnn pilri. with acrcwi of 9 feet ^aiMltfi
were forced about IG feet into ttie bauh, and upoa ilieiu limbec auppotts 48
feet ill vertical height ware &ud lo carry lti« boute ind laiitborn. Thll
ttrucliire waa cowpteted in six montbi, and wa« pcrfectli iuc<caiful,
baling rtqoiretl auy repairi to Ibe preient line. A timiUr ligblboi
oreelcd near BeUnit; and aiiwe then aeveral oilien, with a giral am
boacoaa, btvc been fixed in wtuaUoni heretofore deemed impraetteabii
^]
THE CIVIL JtNOlNilEB ASO AHCHITJECT^ JODRNAU
133
A praM «w mittd bf the Bad of Courtnn. iaUitymt 1M7, te 44d>
te M Ika letgtb of the pier ai tbc Ilubour af Coortovn, an tte com) «f
ySitll^. vhlek ted |Mim4 ■■ estke bUarc. bun the ctiuiael IwtirMn tbc
aMvtar War malniMUj di*k«d np irilh und. Iron pllos, «Ufi icrcn «f
1 iJMt dteHler, to bo ddrtn ^n 1 1 ft*! to 1 i fnt iato the Mod, aad Uno
lAif , M«n 4ecUtd to be tucd in order to form sa open j<ity Ihraogh wkicb
Ike Mii4 moU be waidked by the eurrtsi, and the pblform wnald be uted
bf WGi^ ud dixihari^ tke iliipjiing. Tbe rarf vu to hwvj oa tlie
Mail Ibal Iha bmiI bargee M SoaOag nfU could mc be uud (or pattlna ibe
fOaadom— aoaa iafenton pUn «ai deaigned by Mr. ftliidielU tor protest-
mf • ttafe foeward frooi the toUd part, riggiiV ■ ''^T* grooTed-Hhcel upon
tta up af the pile, peaifaig en endloai npa-baad aiaiiBd it, aad ronad ■
mtkjitixi 1 50 feel baek, aad ibes. bj • aiunbcr of lucn hauling upon ibc
IibA, a roiary iBOtioti was oonaKiDieated to tbe pile, which actewf^ il iomn
ytrj tat. Hj thoK rotant oic b«; of tb« piFr, 1 7 (eel I«kb< "w finiabed
Anir. cTta in i^j roagli weatbet. The entire Icnph of Ibe Jetly im 260
)«tl, U» lu«a^h IS fe«, Kllh a cnMt-hatd &I r«el long, vllh Imding ataaa
a ttch fttd. and two tinei i>f raUiray tbniiighaiit. Tm antin eon of tbfe
UCMieii «M4,1.'i(NL, or about 17'. tOc per lineal yard— an extrenel; inuU
emoMiqiamt nhh ibe coat of Mooe pen ; but eren tbat ma more tfaan
He npauc would be aa*, ai tbe iTiUni of work la betlei andcniood, and
nMHteli arc now cheaper. The acfounl of the dllBcaltici incurred in the
nMuliea of tbeia work* waj nioit iiiternttDg, and anpk teatimanj' frtf
borne hjr aofincer* of emiacDce, ind tatn nthtMe mir>li<n« eTp<titnce gtiv
WCJghl to Iboir opiaiMi, of tbe laperioritjr of Sir. Mitchell'i lerev.pilei iui<]
iJMf^ onr eveey eiber ayitem far holding bmjt, or for (upmrting bea-
i M Gfbtbasiea, and tbetr naa wat anggHied f«r the foundation of
pa, «iniei«, and namerMit railway and atber woiln, aa well aa > raulti.
jfiOtj nt appUcaliona wbkli hod not hitfaerto been tboughl of.
Itr. W. K. DseoKS gare an accnnni of the melhnd of laying ilovn the
■Mringt at Newoaatln^n'Tyne, nndnr hit ilireotiooi. A heaiy chain, funned
af ^-iacli ronod tfoo, in liolu at 3 feel long each, wat ttretchcil aloafi the
lil of lbs nver. ia tbe difectioo of the oinenl. To tliii cbain, beaeatb
MCbtlrr. WMait(dicda2).)iKh ntooring.cbain, fiied to tbe bead of a tcrew
anoring; aaolber acrcw being alto placed beneath each tier, and drirvn
divn Mlwocn 10 and 30 feet into (he clay, and tomctimta full a fool iulo
Am th^ r*<l. Tbe icre"* <*cr« t feet in diaoieter, and were placed in
dcptha fBfyiag front IS feet to 2i fMt at low-water aprinc lidee. Tbcy
ncra icrawed down to tbe depth of IS feci in an hour and a half, and Mine-
Ibuilliaai in (no hour*. Each aoaring aciew wu intended lo hare
heme Ibe auain uf four beafy thipi ; fant, during the ImC winter, tbe port
no n crowded, that raora than ilouble tLc proper oumhei of reiart* were
nnetcd npon each ; end yet there were no tignt of weakneu ; and whibt
■vly VtfiOOf. of damage wai done at SundcrUad, daring a heaTf *lerin, no
lanitHra nccurnd at NcwcuUe, which Ur. Brooki itatcd wat calircl* owing
toihe toand holding of the teraw moortaga. He argued, therefore, tbat Ihc
■ull enn af 2,SMJL, paid hf tha harbour mmniiuioa of Neweutic for Ibe
1^ lo pot down tbue nuwrta|i, waa a very wiiQ cspenditure.
Hr. T. Shith. Plkil Maner of the Port of ShicUi, corroborated Mr.
Bro^'a itateaient.
Captain WkaurNOtON, R.N., had, in the ponrtn of bU tumylag dotlat,
MM the lurew mootioga In almMl eicry poailion, and bid heanl than unl*
rmall; aolagiaed, aa being tbe beat and aafeal moortngi biibertu known.
De itraaglp reeoBiDifsded their cnfloyiDenL He bad alio examinrd care-
bOf the acreW'pUa Ugblbouaoi. au lud avory naaon to be aatitded with
Hmrnm aa afAwdiag a mcana of pbcing U^thouaea aod beacooi whtte Ibcy
•ere befcra impnotiafale.aDd euabling floaUng light* lo be gesemlly aupec.
wdcd by tied liglttt, which latter he proTtJ, from (locumtntary ccitlcnce, lo
U o*fr.ibird le«i aannal eoit tbaa the fortacr, and certainly more uicrul lo
■den I far, la tpiie ot all the catc. attention, and evaa laVith oKpenditnre
If tha TVlniiy Board to luooi tUe %bti!ii|it leeDraly, they did go adrift iaH
H the tine when they were mott letiuircO. He. Ihemttire, flrocalnl fixed
l|bta in cttry aiiuation nticrr ■ fniimUiiaa conU ba obtained : and be br.
itved tliait with the acrcir-pilc, there wcra aearcely any aituatioat where
Aia eaiUd not be accaaipHthod.
Uaan. Walker, CahlU. Rennlc. Mnrny, )loor«oni. Mitchell, Scott Rat-
d,and othert, uok part in Hie diiciuiion. adduDlue IntUnuea cf the eflt-
Omcj of the OMoriagi and tbe pilct, and of their applknbilily to numcroni
■gioKrioK woiki, for wbicb they cxpm*ed their inleolion of employinR
tim. Tbr* bigii prlc« kitlicrlo cbargcil for tbc liglil of uiing Ibeiu had
Winhat Mtaided Ihair general intiocjuctinn ; bnt it waa esptaioed, tha* Mr,
Klihdl had fMrtd in entmat io otben the Sxlag of than, teat a falhue
algki anauc before hit lytleai waa perfeetad, which, however, he new tboughl
h nai, Kow, howener, u tha right gf granting lioemn tor theic uaa wu
hnifcind to aeaof hnilDcaa who bad pnrcfaeaed ll, there nai no donbl of
tti^ being broDgtat wiihio the reach of eecry appCcalion.
IM. 99.— The paper rcid wa* entitled " itemaHIr on Ih* FarmaticH aj tht
fttnaeM M Decib, Htuattittfrna T^iiniwy." By Mr. J. B. Bkduak,
K Ia>L C.E.
Utv UliMlnllog the aubjtct by Ibc example of tl>o poiilion and dirtetion
M iH Uio priad^ dock entrancet on the botderti of lUo ThaniM in the
fM at Lomtuo — abawing that lite variation in the opimoni tod prictite
M aa^aicn bad been vorr great — the paper riciailcd the ordinary me-
ttak of dMlilng and aadockin^ iblpi, and the ptecauiloni la bo taken In
■ (iBitna.ihig antraaeea, which ihoutd be beit adapted fur ficitiiatiug ibeie
opcntiaBat aoil,BlthMgh ilnrn diflcaltlolapdowaaBypaaliiecraleiupoa,
lie lahieel, ai the aaglater miuti la alnoai erery caae, be gnUed by loMl '
dmmMancea, yet h erdbary catca tbe (allowing general nuet wervrMMi- '
mended :— For grating dock), aa angle of about 4S, pointing up tbc itreaait '
for wet dock*, an angle ai about 60°, in Ihc aaaie diractioa ■, and a i»fat
angle, with Ibe *treoa>, for baibCag aMpa. Tbeaa, it wna believed, wonldbt
generally found tha nioit ncadable.
JToreA 1. — In tbe diicnitiiHi apes Mr. Bodmnn'a paper. lh« reerita nd,
defecuof tbe aeveral dock cnlraooea in tbaThainMand hi other tiloailaatl
were cuinincd, and the goaemi ramlt appatred M be, that although iha i
glnecr moat be guidod by local (draaaMaana, yat, IhM in titnadona wbnra \
ihc ri<CT wai uifficien^y wide, aad iha poeitian of tbe laad pBraitted. aa j
aenta angle pointing i^t the alrcasti wa* Ibe beit for doddng voNeU wtik |
the flooJ— that the rcvene would be bcal for undocking abipe. In ordi^nr
width* of tivera, ihctefore, the end would be ailsined by farming a bey niffi-
eirntly drrp tn rendn the water Mill io fronl of the dock, tbe wing wall*
being 80 much epiayedaa tirtually ingivc the direcUona upanddowa tha
iiream ai cUrcuaiataneei required. The prcnliar poaltlona of the doeki at.j
Ipiwich. by Mr. Palmer, the atUrailooi of tbe Ihdie's Dock at Liverpool, bjr
Mr. Cebiti, aod olhn caaee. were iuuaincd in aupport uf tbe argumania of
ihc ipeakcn, who all untied in praiting the iadnury and laknt kA Mr. Red*
aeot In hringiag forward Ibe lubjeol ia the complete manoer Ue had done.
Ifernh 14. — Tlie paper read wnn " Ak eccoaar <)/' tht rfftrt qf tin Stotwt
It/" Ibe Cth Qf' Dtccmiitr I&IT, tut the atmt arer £<<inAnr|trh, <i» rJI«afrating
tkt Pri*(ipU»ff the C*»tlrmtli«ti<tf l/tm U^/tntM." Ily W. J.M. ItAnuni.
Tbo prineipal axnniple giren vrai tbe arn wall tif Ihc I<ri(h braneh oC^
the Kdiobwrgb and Dnlkeitk Railway, built by tbc nHtboria the ycnr IMT.,
fnn Mr. Wnlkef** deaigoa. Joti aftvr it wa* oomplclfd, a violent alom 1
aaeamd, erhieh ii^urad alnwit every ainular work within ita mngo, but {
pradnead ao til eSntI upno thai utrueiure. On tbi- tilh of iiecnnber IM7,
a allll more iHricat alorai occnired. wbicb did jrenl danage all amand,
but llwrailnay wall atlll cacapnl wilhaut tojnry. Tbe tobil length oi tin
wall waa nboui 760 j arda ; ita hdgbl w-aa I H km aborc the bracti nt tho
bigheat pviot, diiutniahiog l« abont 6 feet at tbc endi. Tbe hriKht of tba
top araa 4 leal above equinoctial upriKt; lidn hr*\. Its h»nil Ibickaea* wasj
5 ioai aad U> grenle« in fe*! ; the back was vrHieal, hut Iha fnaa bad aft I
tacUnatiua at the lower part of i inches in lb* foot, gradnally beeonriac]
carved as It ruae upwanU, until at the lop It otwhaog atlghlly. Thai
fouadalioo couroe waa canpnMMl of lar^ Hat alouea, laid horteonlal^4
feel boiuw Ihr •urfacc of tbe beach, upoo a almloai of floe eand add
gra>«l, Ora when dry, but morcabk when wet, Tho face waa of
bannar-dnaaed aahtar, abone h feet thidi ; tbe baek of rubhie, l» inobaa
thick, Tbe taterlor waa ailed viilb ooDcrala. Tbocopiog vraaeoaipoaaCJ
of aianeanach weijrblngahnwihnlf a ma, ooonectod by moon* of oaaMrMJ
duwela. The iiuoc tiBcd wu Craiytirtb raadttone. The fnc« jolnia were
lakl in ocnwnl for a depth of 4 ioEbew. Tha foundation n«!i protected bf
n pitEliing of trap bonldpM., laid on tbc nnlural Icvrl of Uie beach. They
were parlialiy diMnrbnl by tbe atorm referred Is, aod Ike auUivr aactlbed
Uiis ht iheir weight iMaag ioanOioient to rvsiu tbe verlieal oaeillaUon of tha
watei.
Tbe Mcood emmple was a rrttical aca wall near Trioily, the fonadailoa
of which waa proleclcd by a dry alone bulwark aloping at anglco of (run
34d«y.laMdes. Ttic wtail waa njared by tbethaalnnn, but the pitch-
ing wat bre«ched al avveral pointi,
Tbn third example was another wall near IVinlry, of a hyperbolic afC-
Uoo. Tbe lowur pari liiuJ a tlopr builldry up |« a liUlo below hlfh-waUr
mark. At ihin ptimt there ivai a iliarp cnrve, aod the oppcv pari waft i
nearly rerucul, and laid in nicirtar. Tbc wayea eitraclcd tbe atoaea of
thr ctirvcd portion, and ihc Upper part, being uadcrninod, was deiiroyed
to a (treat Hteat.
Tbe Inii exanplo wat tlie bulwark of tbe Uraahio lioOt tlM< lower part
<rf which sloped ut .(boat 20 deg. ; Ihe upp«r portion waa curved, aod wa* i
cmrrccl by a hraiy pmjectjog mriDgconrae aod parapet. Il waa built
dry. and ibr Monra of ihn lower pari weighed nol leas ihan balT alaa
caoh. This bulwiirk aninsnl damage to a slight extent on its npper poi^
tion.
Thcne nampha were alated lo cvuflnn the following iM-inciplea;^
That Ibe principal aolion of the Ha*es in frvol of a ae« wall wat • *«■•
tiraloceillnlion, produced by the corabioalloo of ih@ direct and tbe r#Becied.
waves : ihal a aioping bulwark gave riae lo a slopiu): uscilbliuo, lending
to nroitarn any ponlon which prejecled above Ihe line ul slopp ; that'
where the atreoKlh of a aea wall drpcwled on Ibe prcnaurc of Ibc super*
iocunbcul maKwry, and tbe ndbcMon of mortar aod oemeol, iho poaitiaa
of grealM aUbility was torUcal ; and (bat when the atrvngth dci>CDde4
on the uelgbt of the indiridual atones, the po«iti«n of grenleet alaUllty
was a very iat alope.
Ill tbptlitcutsion which ensued, intunces were adduced uf (be doralioa
uf icrtical walla under Ihe atlaclu of henry aeat, antl, on Ihe other hwd,!
of their destruction when Sal slapta bad edeclnnlly resisted die waventj
noil il was aireed Dmt In this, at in all olhcr caao* of onEinecriog. no i
eroph-l<«l rules should be t«id d«wo, b«l that Ibe akill of (ho engineer
should l>e vserled IO adopt such forou of eoDatruetioDna were beat adapted
to the locality and the eircuuMianeet.
.Udr.'h 31.— The discuiaiaa on Mr. Rankiae'i paper w«t onotlnoad^
Letlrra irere re«d froin Mr. Alaeleau, detcribiag Uie Barma aad I'le) M^
niubaakineau ; and from Mr. Mueduugail Saiiib, uo Ihe imporlaBce
naing ilooo uf grvat speciCc grariiy in tra.worka.
17"
TBB CIVIL SMG1NEKR AND ARCHITECTS JOtRNAL.
I Ana,
Mr. Batuiam Utted Ibc ntaubj of niUiK liftnl ud Utm^ Manet,
wfaicb fi<i«Id resist ili»iiitegr*liini L; ibe (ricUoa of tbc UuBfto oovad bf
Uw) narct.
Mr. If uKa«v ciorTotKiralcd ibe itiileawiib ■>[ Mr. BateMu, aad recoai-
»end««l Kmitt*nt tlie besl nifanawf ooUecikiie ludaad grav«],lo pnMcl
nt)uK(l Mtuls, aod Uie (iHndaUona of MK-*rork>.
Mr. R«^KiNr- rtulird In Nota of Ibc roiaaiks nlilob bad been Madr.
■ il« rerirrrd to III. Scull Raaarit's pap«r <ai ■«■ wuUs. ■« biiDi parUjr can-
_aod b> bl* i-lM«r*aliaaa, Ha diaavawad tlir inUetiQa of layini; dowa
mivcraal rule* (or t^i cnnatruotioa of braakwabts in itacp water, fton
babaerratioaa ou wait* built o<i a fliil baaab i bat. lo alww hoar tba priMi-
ple of BU«h wallt ooahl be afipliKl, he Nfarrtd lu lh« Cbfrbwirg bnab-
waWf, wbcre tbo flip of a tloae «nluakaitttt bmed an uiifltiat b«acb,
OD wtliich a TPrtiral wall WM faundwl.
Tha pap<-r read uu daicriplWa of '■ A JUetbad nf SttUmg ami i Ritl-
ray Juntluin." By A. BCADiAtiM.
Tba abjael of (he pap" <*bs Io *(ip|ilr * mMhnilical rale for Mlllnic mit
llbat portkmof a brutb liee DTrallnn; iixtodtd bcivir*'!) iIir raili of Ilia
FBuln Un«. Th* anihur obterinl, ibal lii all urdinary VH«r» Ihp curve of a
' hraoclt Uac conld iwt Ik •«! uul fniui tbc uaiu liiiL*i «bicli naa aappMad
ftoba tilralKht, br ihv urd'uary iiitlliudt uf wtlinK out F>i1w«ir curTti,
^•iiKC tho juuciion >*■• rvi)ulrf<l la m%k« an oIThI of 4 to 5 lacbaa on Ike
ifh of Iha twilctt-rall. which wg« much pvalar than lh< ulTMt made
on tba laofaBl ia tbe tame Itrnitib by a curvtr of uudeiate radius, ao
FtttAil miaiieoaoary lu make iha juiKtiun liiie ilari abrwpiljt at a finite
aa£lc Willi ilir main line. He, ikcrrforc, coo.-idctecl the Jaaclien-currc,
IP b* Jcl<miae«l by ita pajaiog Ihroatb llircc Kiten |Minta — oanMljr, the
. I*>« e^LlreiniUiaa of tb« (vrilch'riiil,Mid Ibe farlheal pumlof croMioK; >nd
iftom Cbeaa data, lie ahawe'l lioar tba radiiu and centre of Ibe cireiilar are
tight ba found, a* well a» ibe puailtoai and angle* of llie varioui rroan-
To reader tba nMhocI nwra ea>} of applicntion, the aatbur lair g
Fkble.caknlalMl from the priociplcRnou roriDulv leid down in ibe paper,
uavBiinc no ordiuarj Caria of (he vniicti, and • aerica of nlvc* of the
kadtadMlanca of ibe fartlieat croealiiK csteadiDg to the Ktcaleal linili
titely to occur i<i pr*etiefl.
In the coiineol the di«cuutoa whicb cnaueil npon tbie niiothM), •> roni-
, pared wtlli ibe ordinar} t>»teni of »riiliig oui junclmns hy a mtnparailTely
^•liipirical rule, well uoderaload and praniiieil by ilie plBleLaytr* on rail-
rayi. Mr. Wjld'avwilch wu alluded tu, and rxhiliilrt]. Inibiaawitcb
[all notchlag and Inetiualiiy lu itic bearlux larfaMa of (Itc (lir>l raili were
' own l« M aiaidod, by the enda of the tooguee baiog houeed under such
facn, inalaad of betag nolchfil into them: Ihe tooguu* being e«nB« -
eady at ibeir iMlBta, ud far ikiiio diitan«e betieeea Ibeo, looer tban
■died Mlla, Merctaed when iliey were weakest merely a lateral aeUon
agalfitt tbo nlieets, niihoul l»eariig aoj' of Ibi- weicbluf lbep«iaaiD|[ train*.
Scleral tnf;ln«;ra hIio had emjiliiyrd Ihew t-n itcbei ftiemaiiely, rtpre»aeil
plbeniMNea relative lo iheni in very cuiuiDeDdatiiry leima, and •baled that
bey were uol only maoufaclurvd in a very auperiur Diaooer, but tiiat their
tloAihak eery |>erfeet, aad that Kiey teoiled grenlly lo Ihc piatenlioQ of
iccideots in rAilviny Iravelling.
ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITBCTS.
Fri. 21— The Bakl ok Ck>*. Preaident, in th« ChiJr.
ill. (f. Bailey, the tionorary Mtcrelary. reail Ike report of Ike caiincil re-
lative lo the mcdaU for the >c*iioii 1H17-B.
With tcfctence to the Rotal Mkual. it na* Hated that, in punuauce of
BtUcatiou In the vatlout publicationa, Engliifa and foreiga.— " On tbe
^4l*t of J*nuary, 184R, the ranncil met to receive Docaiiialiuot and apiilica-
Hont of eantiidaiea, vhen lUtcen nimet (algbt Bogliibmcn and cisfat
'-ti^en) were given in and caniidered. The iMttmg being ailjourntd la
1 14tb of FobrDary, ilie rlaimi of ibe Mcetal eandi>Utet Mere fuiiher con-
dtred : and t haJtot being lakeci, the majority of vote* were found lo be tn
fcvour of Mr. Cockeiell; and it ««» aoronlingly— ' RrfiuUed. Tha Ihe
Roi*l Medal uf tlic Inalitiitc be anaidtd 10 Chaklks llviiaKi Cockkrki.l,
'Jhi-. ILA.. I'ruIeMor of Atehiirrture in ihe Hoyal Atsdemj of Arti. LodiJoii,
pterabtt of the Boyal Initiiute of Fraacc, Ac In leatiuany of bia diatin-
''guiihed Bierite ■■ ail aicliitcct.'
For Ihe Sibakh Midal of Ihe Inetitiite, oifered for the hrtt euiy ■ On ibe
applicaiton of iculpiure and arulptnrcrf ornameni to architecture, ami i lie
prineiplea nbicb ilioulil regulate tlirir lairodiifii'Dn into fjuildliigi gencfAKy,
bolb "ilk icgard lo beauty of Lnibdliiluurnt and propriety of aiylc,'—
ThrM eiiiyt have been rtceiv«d, dittinguiibcd by the folloviing mottu:
No. l.'Jiiiaiai'—Se.t. ■Jh«fc,-'— No.a.'.VUi utiUft^od/anhiur/rmtrte
The tbrco eataya ditpUr much ingenally end a prciwerortbj baltit of ob-
.Mmtion i Ibcy conljin nieiiy judiciuui obicrraiiont on the blilier brancbei
Mf milplure, but ia general the retstrkt are loo intleSntU, aiv.l are dtfK-idit
IB the illQtiration derivable from ininedisle refcrrnec to rtatoplei.
Tbe aathort appear to have tiiiitiken the Immediate aim of the quettion
propoted :— the aubject ii of a practlral and poittive natare, in tclation to a
npeeific archiuciural pnrpoie, and vrai nol Intended to elicit a diiqaiiition
apon (he ahdaci altribuie) of imlpCnre.
Sculptured omfcueat, a nioit imponant lecllon of the prograranic, appein
(n two of Hit piprn to \xn lolatlr eacapcd the aMcatiM 9t Uw wi dM .
and in the third ia oaly caaaally alloded to.
The muQCil, however, an of opialoa Itiat the auilwr of (lie <aa*r li w d a i
' Jtin/u ' hat eiioced oontUcobla laUnl, and (hat be U juatly mltlM to
the medal offered.
For the So«se Mrdaluom, tbe aubject being *A detign for * liaDdlBg
to contain publicbatfaiaoacMnpiehcniiveacale, with all ni^abla ac<c»*odaa,
and combining tbe nagnlllcnice of tbcaaelcalt vrltL tbe luages and pupotae
of modem tintet,'— Fire deaigna have been received ;— A- Pouedrawingi Mi4
US. dtKriplioO, enollo ' Q>««f ptlni prrfKi. No, I.'— 8. Four dr
mollo * Qiied pCt-i /trr/iei'—C. SiK drawings, motto • tff '
ptfin omit frudml*m errtcH.'—ii. Three diawinet narked ' jff
— E. Two (tiawiafi and MS. detrriplinn, marked ' CkruleplmrKM.'
Tlie <nun<il emaot refrain from notidnjt the liit la aiuetjoa whidi appran to
kave been givf n hy looie of the rtndidaiet to tbe piinied eoMUtlom. aed
particulsrly » rnpccli Uie adaptatioii of Ibe buibiinga. ■ to tbe aaage< ibiI
purpoata of modem limca.'
Although (be lereral design* arc forcoed on i scale inAckMly cooiprr*
beMive to embrace all InugfiiiUe as well a» mttatde aceaiaoitei, in aome no
indicMion i> given of proviaioa being made for tbe varieiit* of iiirdjcal«d
or other biUi) so much in u«e at Ibe preivnl day ; nor mervoiri, nm Ibt
it(|aiut< a|ipeiilii> fi>r healing ibe Uigc quantitica of water tbal would be
retjuired lo supply luch »1«aii<a wattn andlepid balli* at ate tbowo in the
drawiags ; neither an eblnneyi or shafts prorided lo carry olT Ibc snwht,
tieam, &e., which it would be iinpraeiieible, under any eitouaisun<ea, to
conturoc.
The council are of opinion tint tbe dcugn mvhci ' ChrMyiAunu' poa-
teafes, on ibe wliule, the gieaieal ilogiM of nieilt, itolnlthttaodlBg the an*
bvoarahLe manner in which it it tepr<HnlGd iii the draviogi of tbe ekva-
tinnt anil tectioii>, and lulficicQl tojuitifyibe bettoving on it tho award
olTrrcd,'"
The author of the caiay marked " Jnitiiu," la Ur. Hkhmv Bay lt OaK-
UK«, utoeiate : and of tbe dealga ntiked '■ CkhtUfkarm." Mr. JAifta
M'l.ARKN, of Edinburgh.
Mr. PaxKoat read a paper " On MMe (if rAe GtWulrift Umtt aad
OtitievI Corrtetii)*! ^ t\t Grnit At^Mltett," wbicti will h^ giten US
nonth.
VokA 0.— C. PawLin, V.P., in the Ckajr.
A paper «i« read, '■ fJn Iht JneinI BudtUkitt JreMtetur* ^In^M." By
J. FEKUUKlOy, Bti.
Mr. Foigutaoa commenced by ihoinng that Ike generally ansmed pri»e-
val antiquity of liidiaii liuildiiigs waa nat tionie out by faela ; a* the oldeat
niobumcntk in t,b« country, whalher cut ifl the rock or alractnrtt, belongad
lo the Kuddluitt. and tbe founder oflbat religion dird only j13 a.r.i lad
that even that date wtt loo early, at it did not become ibe religioa of tbe
■late till aflei 3:i0 a.c, in the reign of .Viuka. — by whom lite eailiaat voara-
menu biilierlo found in India bad been circled. After showing tfaat there
was no real ainilatiiy between llie arcbitcciutal ii|lra of Bgnt and India.
Ii« proceeded to point out that the Uttei couuiry was oettipied by two dia-
tlnct races of people,— the one aborigintl. and oecopying the southern poc.
lion of (he IVninsulaj while Ibr other, or Indo-Oerwianic rare, came into
(be country, at a tokrshly recent period, at coeqncrort or eolooiati, aad
letUed in the valleyi of ihe'lndua and Ganges. It was anioog tbe tntlcr rata
that the Ituddhisl religinn arote and Doiiriihed for more than i thonaud
years, or from before 'J.M> tt c. till after 750 A.D., — though al Ihe ttsna af
the Uobaoiaiediu huttion it ucmi to have been cntirFly ulinct : and now
there was not ■ Ituddhisl. or an iuslitutlon of tbal religion, la Ibe moBlry
nf its birth. After alluilLujc lo the curiout fsd of the nanea of Ptolcny
Anilochui, and other Greek kings, being nienlioned in Ibe iuscriplion of Ibit
Atoka, Mr. FerKDuDn dwelt for aome time on Ibe eAiitenee of a purely
GfCfk hon#viuckli< oriiament being found on the pillar* tel ap hy ihli klag
at Allahahed, and on wblrb one of bin inscriptions is rngrared. He then
prorreded la dattify the religious edincea of llie Uudilhisu.— dlttduig theSj
into tlireo rlaxea. ibie Tiiii being the Topet, ur l>iguhi*, large Mi ~
building* elected lo contain rcli'Cs, many vf which still eiiil in Afgl
and Ceylon at well a* India, After dcKiibiag tbe various ptili of i
Mr. Pcrguisan ihowed how the let, oi oraantol on tho top of ll __
dually bceaiDc teller and laller, till it became a thr^e or uine iloried tee
not only in India, hut in China, — aa in Ibe inslttice of Ihe cetebiatrd Pore
Iain Towtr nl Nankin. The cirfiilat indoture of tbe toppt »u nnt ill
iraicd, from a cunoui e):am[jle at iiancher. in Bhopal, vhich >lill raiains Ui
■injiiilir gsiewayi. Thete likewise n-eie iliuwn to be the otiginal of Ibe
Pailoot. OT wl.st are impropeity called llie lriutii;ihal aiebei uf llut (Thincae.
Tbe urn cliis of monumentt were the Chaiiyai. or chunrbo*. which UiIixBa
arc knoita to m onl; from ibc cave* ; a* arc alio the tbird data or Vihaiaa,
or monasteriea,— which nmd a> [eaidcocr* for the pritalt, and of whicb
two or more arc attached to every chsJtya in every acrici of caves in India.
Afler pointing out th^i general pUnt and arrangeini-Dli, Mr. Kergi^uon pro-
ceeded Id illutlralfl Ihe betulifol mode in nbieh the eliaitya eavea were
lighted bj one large opening ot window over iha entrance; and tbcn er-
plained the conitmction uf the roofs.— wbteb, Ihougb always eircolar in
form, were nevercop)*! of arches (which were not to be found in India till
long after the Mobaoimedaii invasion), but of wtioden coniiiuciroa ; and m
ioiae of the earlier ctrca tbe original wood-work ttiU exittcd, ibougb in tbe
TUE CIVIL ENtilNEBR AND ARCHITBCTS JOURNAU
t9S
i«aM ita bim «•» nywlo d ia Uw rock. AAu cancludlof
iBdin |tat of hi* nltrnlt Ur. BsrgMMn poiBled out tW ■brikiog dai-
,' UmI ciWcd between Ibc arraagnnnit of (he biiiMiogi he bad bMn
taoiUlig ud (hoM o( $leB*fat*gt, — which b« h«d no douM nhatefcr WU
* Ihiddhlil taiiUdiiig i iDd ht ihonghi (1*17 ptrt of that l:ith«na ni^tario>ai
tnttin itiaiUUA of tuy npteulioD on (liit tuppoitHen. He conoludM) b;
ifea«lB| him ilanm wen contlrBcttd in Indui: aud poioled out tde limj-
laiHr iSm «aWd betwwn ik« Indian miDplM ud the well-known tomh
■I MjllMt, in Akia Minors-end ihcnuiouidmmMUM that the hof •biclttif
Ifdaa Uttb*. (liicuveced bjr Sit Charka MlMn, ttntttlj reMnbled, not
sal; in bra, bqt in otniUuction, iboM tdUo buiMinp cbM bad fomod
t^« loUcci of the IrctuiB { vhilc the bsf uage d( the inMiiptiont on Ibon
•Mawaioct oftbe StMCiit, tlioul M far rc;DOT(d from Itio molbn- loaguo
u tb«i (ouBd on intcnptioB* in lh< Indin exanplei.
VarrA 20.--ilt. Eilou lloit^kidtoo wm elected hoiioiafy meoibet, and
H>. TboBM Praion tixl Mr. Rdoiund Sbatpc. M^., fellowi.
Dm booofity %*cntMrj aBDOunKd the foUooin; u llie sutgcets propoud
te Ito wodila :—
■•TU» Maj«el]r baring b««n pl(a«td to jrint her gtMdotti p4rniiui»n for
tfei JEojraf iferf*/ to he nnferTC4l on meli diilln^uiilicd archkted ormin of
■ iiTi of *nj counii}-. •* wiajr have detigned 01 eieculed my building of
Uffa marit, M produced 1 woik iradiag to prcituou or fKililatn the know-
ijp «< uehiiect lire , or the rations biancbe* of iciencM connected Ibetew il h .
dw oooscil wiJI ie Jtuuirf, 18(9, proceed to award the Bajd Gold Medal
to tU nt/nr vf mo^ liffnay jmiUettien eomutltj wilk tnrtMteetMrt,
« r<le SIhrr ifnAtii ot Hie Ictiitulc will be awaided—
"]. To (be Ixai lauf on the peeutlar oharaoleritlfn ofth«PalUdian«Dhool
tl tfchiiUlwe. and ■ comiiariiaii nod contrait of iti elcmfnlary priaclpitt
mi deUili wilb iboie of locitnt ait.
■■3. Ob ibe bett maiuur of mtiering the roor4 and fermiog the flala and
l«uen«f bnildinp; the nature of the tertral naterialaoud in «nriooapar1a
tflhc Mnntrf lor tbeae pHpeita; Ibeit luiut eiTeetuiL! and t^onomlMl ap.
)lHflie«; the indination to be gi«rn tolhc itilTrrcnt pant, aod th« otbtr
IMtieal preceulioBi to be adopted U> prtroit mow and rain penetrating
iMBIbthoikUaB.
• TV Saa»e JfeifeUIeM la the beat drai^n far a buildln; to itrve u a
ucienal rcpeeitory ud matooin for the illuitration and cihihilion of the
jnductlOM of the indutlrial am.
■TheaucceHfu) tomiMtitor for ihii medaJ. if he ge abroad, will be entitled
U Ibe MR of ML at ibe rnd o( oue year"* abiencc, on landiog taliifaetoi;'
mteee of bit progreti and liii ttuJin."
ABO«t*t tbe book* pmenleil were an oaay. on " Crclopoan Walli"
iifUaftttMn JfaH(rw,)b]r Dr. Faiotu4Dnier 1 pirU uf M, Dalr'a ■•Jt/eite
GMvJr rfe r^rtKltemre." and orMr.7erpiMon'* lieiunriil work on Indian
nbiieelure. Tbt foreign eecretary, in com meat in g; on ibe doaatioo*,
mmtM attention to as article in the SAnt GMr^tii, coniplintrnlarr to the
MUlr for not leaKictins the corDpelition for ibe Gold Medal to thla
IMooi.
ilnuon wai iBlde to the ntcam^taDce that alt the innpreteiona uf Mr.
tiudi'ttruittatioa ofllulkr'i " Aoci*nt An and iu Hcmaiii," (o( wUiili a
nfj -att pi dented (ft the iMtilule at (he last mecung), bad been dotiojted
»Jtte.
iBOBpt the ietiett read, wat one from Herr Laoge, of Piilda. aeknow.
IdflH ibe hooeuf of bit rleciion. end teiting fenb leierat tubjecU on
ehleb be oowld aflFord inranii*lii>i>> ctpcciillx the Cailatttigian mnDumenti
(dilnb and ninth HnUir;), of hi* neighbour bood, and a collection of lerma
■ aeaniongit ibe wDikmcn of ibe middle ogc*.
ib. T. II. Wtatt read a paper on ibe " ilMnrf, Pmmt ConHIHoa. and
fnftmtt Jtulomlton tff Uindaf CatUtJral."
KOYAL SCOTTISH SOCIETY OF ARTS.
rlU. 3M.— Ceokok BrvtLANAM, £••)., F.R.S.E-, Pmideot, in the Chair,
[ ON CAST-IRON.
Al the rtqncel of the roiinrll. an rjpoxitloti " Cht IJit Strmgth uf Male.
*A, fvtie^tUrtjt C'*tt-lr*n and HatltabU Iron, and Ihtir at^Ueution n
■W eM«/r*cf«0>i uf Jiail»ay UriiigTi (I'ait 1.)," wal given. Dr tisunoa
teeVAiori, I!ki-i I'rttident.
Oi (bit Mibjrcl. to important at the pteKnl time from the txlen*lTe ute of
Iboc nateriala in the cunitructi-un uf liridget for raiIw«<ra,Bnd from the new
■dtittaorilinar; fortDi and dimeniioni oliich llicjr are now beginning to
OltaKi Ibe cennci! of ihe Socieiv liacl tcqiieitrd Ihcir Prttidcot to make a
Maaunleation oit the prr'^enl ttiie of out knnwl«djt<i and pnctire, am! Ihi*
ntMig he read Ihe irtt part of thli commnniaation, lllnstrtliri^ bit *iil>JFCt
^iwiev* ta(»riting experinenla and model*, more jurlitulitly n lar^c and
'■Mifnl model, with drawingi and elevalione. of the high lerel hridjce acr'Ou
^Tjne ai Nmcaitle, which, throagh the libeiaUly of Mr-Kobeil Slepbeii-
^■be tBglseer of the bridge, he wu enabkd to ciliitiii, and to explain
IW itlwU*ii( Client, and conttiuetion of Ihii great work in all it* detail*.
Ur. DcciiaDAM besan bj tuting that be did not profcu to cnmniunleaie
Ofiblaf WW or origiital, bat would be bipp5 if be could on))' draw from
the atorea of infomation which bad of late fear* been aoeonnlatiog on thk
•object, luder the band* of T«tT croinent, Kicati&c, lad pnctical ncn, auehj
leading (aett and aaxiBt a« nigbi prove a lafe guide for otir praetiee ; ud
neb trulhi, when thtj becAna known and eitablith»d on the unerring
gnxindi of experinteot ai>d ealcalation, coold nol, he iboegbi. be too niddy
dinetninated. The nrioui ttrnine might be all redncfd to two kiada, a&
cording at the iMirrial li cither diateMlcd or comprwaod by unj tont or
pmture. From ihot two ail oihera artie, ud either contitl or are ooai>
pounded uf ibera. Tbe teniile ilrain ia the lioiileji of ill, depending neitbec I
on the pcniliarfom of Ibe laatctiali, oor rvca on ibc Innxth, hot onlroa ^j
aingle elcnenl, naiuclj, the Section of Fracliuc. Thii peculiaiitj of ibciCS-
aile foree wa* ocplBin«d aiiJ iltiMlnted, [n regaid to cui-iron, |h« reeultl
of the exteMiTC and inlarHting eaperloMnU b; Mtur*. Ifodgkinwn inA'
Fatrhaim wet giicn. and il «u foond (ron the ineMi of IS different triali of
Bngliab, Welth. and Seoieh iron, both hot and cold blul, that Ihi* ruterial
willaualtln about T) tom jier aqnare inch before brtakiog . the weakeetape-
(Hmen being G, and Ibe tUonge»t9| loai. The Itnjtt offrKture, however, eu
noTCr be approached with aarelf, not even witliin ^ long diaiancc. aeeing thai
Lbia material it Eiabte to unieen impcrfectinni. and, aborc all, to loap in •
rooRieni nithoot diitcnding itHlf or giving ea^ varning ofdangtr. Mal-
l4*bU iron, again, ii niufb tuperior in tentilc itroiigth, and, hy ilt (tii'ttLable
duetihl;, laipirN contldeoce inaatill bigbtr degreej b«in no 1m«. at an
aTertge, \ij niriou* experimenti of Telfi^rd and ttrown, ihan 'i7 lorn— the
weakett 14, and Ibe atrongtit 29 tuut : but, before tlie half oflliit load 9
applied, it begin* to atretcb. and ironiinun itictcliing, cp to Ibe hmil aJT
frKtnre. It la, therefore, not onlj three Iimcs iiroagei than ctat.iroo, btR
um; Ik Mfeir haded with Ave tirnta the bieaVing weight, or about eight or
nine ton*.
In regard to the tirengib of conpreitioo) tbii depend* alao, » long at the
length i> limited, fta the lame element — tbe Section of Fraeiure; but wbei
a long rod or ilewdrr pillar i* loaded or compreiw,}, it It liable to bend, not
for want of ilrength, but for want of lubditji, the Uait fleiure ttiriiiag It off
ita centre, and breaking it bj^ laieral foice, deranging enlirel]' tbe tiniple laar
applicahip to thorl Irngtht. In regard to ca*t-iran, bj far Ibc mott taliifao
toiy riperiuenU uc thaac bf ifodgkiaion and Falrtialm. The mean reeidt
gitea itrj ocvly SO tO«i on th« iqoaic inch — the wcaliui .16 ■ lona, and tht
tirongeil 00 torn. It it thtia aii tnnat lUongtr in campreMioii thu in di»>
(cotion, and bence it ii jieco^iarly recomniended for nulaiDinK kdj tvptrin-
cunibenl woijhl, aa in the eaie of pillar* and of bridge*, protided Iho eon<
(liUDlion t« (acb a* to rctolic the itrain anting from the load Into a longl>
tndlBll oanprewlon. Thit It o(l«n in our power bj proper ■rraogeraentii
chienf ^Hng a tiiSicieiit beiglit and ctirvaiure lo theareb; but in eatea
whert. for the wnot of farad-room, the arch ia undiilr Ilallened, or rcaolred
into a etraight beam or girder, tlic danger it that «r bring Ibe Icntilt ferco
into plaj, and tltcn tbe ute of catt-Iron it objtctiooablc, or at let*l reqnlm
ealreoie cauliun. No direct eipcricuenit haie been made on malleable iroo
of tbort lengths -, but from tome Acta bronghl out by Mr. Ilodgk>n*90, ita
llrcnjitb appeart muoh inferior 10 cut-iron, ebiefljr from duclditv, wherebf
il g^iet w»j> much lonner under a load. It will hear '11 toai. pmbablj aiucb
more, wllbont friclnre: but with I If tont it rieldt to the ta*d, contrMn
longitudiaall}, and twelb out laterallii : and itm Itaiioibet i*ry impoilant
fact for our guidance in Ihe vie of ihuae different uitteriali. In. regard to
itonc eipciinienii lute been generally marie on apeciiDcni rtibcr 1010 minute-
Like catl'iron, the cruahing itrength it tuporior lo the lentile, and bence ila
adapUtion for buildiiigt, parlicularl; brjdge*. Cralgteiih ttunc v<;|| bear 3|
tont on llie lucb, or upward* of 400 lont on the aquare foot; Atierdeeo
granile bOO toni. In regard toliricki, he had oocation to eiakc ctpecimeiili
in rtlalion lo the great chimne}- of Ihe EdinfauFgh Git Warki. It became
matter of eonudeniian whr[her Ibe ordinary brick eould withttand tha
preianre of to lofty a column. Tnalt were therefore mute with a powerthl
hidrottitic preti. nut ou luiall tpedmeni, but on tba actual briuk. The
ordinary itock brick wai found lu bear 140 tons on the aqnare fooli and the
couinon Are-brlck 1^7 tonti hut the biick of which the chimney ia con-
itrucicd, coDtltiing of a miiturc of (Ire-clay and Ironataac, bore, a aiagle
brink en ita bed, n» leie than UO tun*, ttjual lo tUO ton* on Ihe wjuarO
foot.
The eHTeel of the tran»ertc ttrain wat then comidrred and illuilrtied by
Ttrloiii (iiperimeniii and modela. This strain ii a earapuund of ihc lenille
and coraprettita ttrain, Ihe one ptit of a bean loaded in Ihe middle being
compreued and tbe other diilended. and the beam i(*etf becoming a lever,
and aoiing often with enormoui power again*! ill own strength. HenCC It
became ca4} to calculate the iifuigth, thit bdug in every cate pioporlioail
In the Ant iuatance to tbe area of ihe ijeclion of Fracture, and ihi* uriginal
clement inotlifled b> the length aiid depth of tlic beam, diminithing in cxaot
proporli<>i, In the ieiij^tfa, and iiicr«uing ir> propoilion lo th« deplb.
1'hc iranifverie ttrain acting with inch icverc advantage again*! our niala-
ritlt. rinoni nieihcdi baie been ronirivad far eluding Ha tiffeli, and of IheM
anoe it more lemarkablB than the (iriaciple of tbe arch, the elTeci of which
wBi iliuilraftd bf eiperii'ienti. and partirularly the neceiiiij in flit arcbca
of hating secure abulmentt to roiii Uir hoiiiancal thriiat, and Ihit wat frc>
queiitlj Bcconiplithcd, where there it tnfflcleat btad*rooin, bf uolllng Ihe ex-
UcmiKea of Ihe irch by atrong niallcaUlc iron rodt, in the aaise manner aa
in the cue of the root, ibc feet of tbe raflen are united and prerented from
ipreadiog b; Iht tie.beam> ; and tbii it the princi|ik, ihe Hcureit of all, on
wbieh the great iron bridge at Newcaalle, now in piogrett, it eonitruHed
Ibc object of which it in crott iherlverandTalleyof ibeTyne.on theUgheit
TUX CIVIL KNQZMBUt XND jfiBOBmOin SOQBK&L.
LAhl«,
l»vtl «r tb* Mll«M7« Aft «wk 1U4, M M to titiiM tbtn m «M uniM ni ' iipWd
Mm bom Learfoa 10 Bervlek,>«lniilte Ui« tcmlaioruwdllhraol nUlii^i,
Mir Mpmiutl ihrM qairUn af ■ nUe ot mora, Into one fraad momI au.
ttoa, ft liUta to Un wnt of (be audcnt Cutte. The dUUncc beimtn itiia
tMta ftnd khe prawat MrmiMik of tlie loric ftod NnrcnUr )Uil«iif i> 5^&"
Ibftt. MMiUinc tUetjr of Uie ftpace okhfM br the bnl «( tha iItct Tyaa,
nd tka (Map Iwiika «b aadi m4c. well Imimft to traidlcn ia ikKandiag (ran
OMwbaad Fril oa tkt aaatb, and Doaa Strtet on tbc notth, balh to b« non
■ly milted b; lk« Mtootli and levtl iwrfics if Dir rail«iv, ■»<] by o liiiiipik«
nad nuBDHig on Ika Hmq bridfC dirtHly uiulcr tbe ldi« of r«iU. Tbo UMfi
fenlia on each aide ara ipaaud fa; iton* trcboi ef « vciy nbuanilit chatae-
tm, Iha mar aad low basks bv tii mcUUie Bfdiei, all of tbe taiM dinMa*
llaBt and «ir«ctur«, reMlRg on ioM v^m and loft; coknnfM of nnuonrj. In
Ike titd of the riKT I)k p«en tre liid on nry tolild foaadatloM of pUci and
flvkfaiK, with concrde. monjr of tbc piles *tt teti in leagili, and drinn to
lUa dtplti tbroogh hanl |[tbtcI and und till they rtacb Die bed of fncatoaa
mk. Jtitmtjth't ecfebrBMd pik-driTcr it in foil operalion h«re. sad wiUi
wni«rlUeA<l>andlis««ODMaio*toppoHiMely i<i aid of th* vrork ; dri«i»g
BigM and da;, at tba laU of SO or 70 MrakM ■ mlBiitf , ihr pile bcaAi being
onen act on fira b; Ibe rapidity and violtn» e,l tbe blawi of th« ram. Hen
laid S (Mt btlow lo>-«aiar aoarlc, aad raunl alxtul 100 feet to tbe ipringtaig
vt the arches. Tbe archat contiat oatb of 4 main rih« of ctM-irao. eaefa in 6
•emcntt boJWd logetlitr, aad formhig one rntirc aicb I'ii feet ipan, and
lWn{17fl. 6 in. in tbe centra, aad the lerel of tbo raib on tbe umcr nlM-
fbm 106i feet abora the len) of blgh'water aiarlc of ibe Tjrne. Deptb of
fbcrib 3ft.9in.attboapriMiHt ud 3ft. Ob. at the <ra*ia, «itl> flancbM
le inebet broad, aatarMil ifts 3 in«bM ihiekMH *f metal, intaraal ribs S
iAcbet. Total tectloaal area it lb« erovn C4I iijuare Inchee, which leoald
bear wiU> ufelj a load of 5,M0 or 0,000 lont, aad weuJil form, wltfa propnr
MratmcnU. a atningareh in itsdf ; bat for Hie fnUmt aecariljr.and 10 ptoreni
Am pn aift iiUj of inooavenltneear tiik llramdtBaelioiiorvlbraiion.oi other-
wIm, atti rib It mtsd at iW aptingias bv Hroni; mdlaaUa iron ban at
flwi 7 tndiea broad and I iacb deqi, of w beat acrap inin. aad In atl U In
avobar. Tbc lulwa; it *gpp«r(cd above tbc nrrli, atid I!i4 roadwaT- la*-
p aade il fiimi bcntath, by )>oUo<* cail-inin plUari 10 feci ap>ut, and each 14
MMbwi^aare, Ibrongh wliidi are pataed tiroag aialUnUa iron circular ban,
Uadlag tbc whole iota ona itiff and Mlid maat. Tbe teelMaat aro* of the
kititantal ban it i6» sqntre inebet, which triMld mitaia upwards of 4,MD
Mm wilhoat breakinf. and 1.500 toot with jMrfeci lafety. but Ibe whole
iraiBbC of tbe brid|t« will not FXC^ed '00 toot, iearing 800 toot of lurplni
•Ifcngtfa. The nUway, which it at tbc Munmit leiel. mns on a level i feet
•bam Ibe crown of Ibe arched rib. anil it rapporlcd ia the middle by boUow
oaat^roa traagh fir4en rcstiof on the lop of Ibe pnian 10 ftet apart, aad
wiled br looplu£aal linbert laid aith itnras ptanhiaB. The roadway rant
ai as ly on a level wiib tb« malleable iron tiat, laaving a apace ot aboat 20
feat clear head-room.
In the wbole of tbe wotfc lite mmoit pain* bat been beitewed 00 m«lctltk
■id worliBiBnabip, and in making etcrrlhing complete, tbe larfitee, wtiich
■bait tage O wTi being retnlarlr planed or tnnied, aa in machincrr ; and, from
■U 1liB'ftnangcaicaia,llie mott saccetttnt rcaulii mnr be anlldpatcd from
fbia brUge. Tbe coti of ihe iron work and roadway, by tbo ettinaataa,
eOaite lo ^i 1 3,000, aad the contractt fet tbe bridge and Tiadocla to tooM-
felag aboTC «300,aM.
COl^VAY BRIDGE. ClIlvSTEU ANI> HOLYHEAD
HAILIVAV.
Wa gt«« Ibe fbllovrlag detalU of OaallO'ij tbe tabular bfid;e al Conwwj,
10 accoaal of Ibeir U^j Inlereilias chatneiei. Next nionlli we hop* to
able In give fuU particnlars of ihe raltiaB of tlie tube and Ibe na-
1d Mghl of a large concourdt of people, cvveiiuj; the whol« ipace of (ho
I VWpcaiioB. bridge, the lownt itnd wall* ef Ihe aoble old catiU, aad tbe
ilda in Ihe baekgrauud of Ibe tpul on wbldi [l waa bnilt, the wonderful
laflbrt of Kcieaoe, Ibe tube-bridse, w-ai duateil at 1 1 B.m., on th« Olh ulL.
raad Borcd from ibe pile* and tMy* on nhjch it wa* conilructnl, and
^ftM) broagbl into the tide wsj of Ibv Conwor, nhlk iia flood-tiile was
, at the rate of nt leul trro mitet per boor. II appcnrvd to ioftl
so grealeil cue, and not intn«r«iog lb* lii pontooui oo vihioh tt
: (three at eitlier end) In wiihin at Intat S feci of Ibeir dedia. The
nitons taken by CapL C'taxluu, It.V.. m wboao tale tllrection Uie
kfataaporllag nf Ibb cnormmu man waa oamnillled, were ailniirably cua>
fMrcd to keep Ihe machioe aiupcvdnl uver ihe tied plert, 1i> snail, aa it
,ircrc, the deei>i»D of tbe englnrer fti lo wbetber Ihr pollooa alep of
lltiiaching into llw deep (for <leep indeMl t* lhi> ri*ef, IS raihoai* al law
araler) abould be ptoceedol with, or whether )h« ealtea ahoilli b* lined,
, UhI the lube dmpped, a* il w«r«',asain)nplBee,«iion |ta|riita*aaMay e)N
[•WMtaaeaa appearinfl lo bear upon thai dFUrauaoii" ' uf
eMfDBt; dw fadgbt to wbk» the ifde prooaite'l <<•
j; and tbc alreBctb at Ihe wkd. .A< '->-"• 1 '
[^Me appeared l« slacken, and Ujc tcmIm
the ehaia* and rofiea *ret« bore upao, as'l ,
tbe Aral Hobicaa— gradual I; bat aivadilj tt approached
■crews and
tStM
>eedif]i>ae- ■
fee II. Mr. SieiibeMaD, with Ur. Cdwln Cbrke and Mr. Jlranal. ae
panted Oapl. Ctulea, who directed Ihe praceedinxE. He uaeii two Ogtim,
of large diiaeiiatoaa. Not. 1 aad X : when Ibc red aide was abowu at the
foraet atmber, a capetaa fljutl «o ibe nad from Coawajr i« the labe woib*
waa bare upuo ; when Ihe wUle aide waa ibomi (he baaving atoppad,aod
a similar opemlion with Mov S goveroed the ojterftliom of a ^we'fiil
captiHB (lent bj iha AdmlraUj), lUctl on the rallwoj on i\uf Cbeuir ttdr,
with itt rope nude fasl to Ihe ioatde of tbe tube, oa ihal eud. In Ihe
pontoaai Ihrae enonaoos laaitft of linber, 93 feot loos by S3 feet wide,
and » feel lieep. hound togelhrr by powerful craha worked by U men,
hove upon tho thaiaSt wlueh had prtTienal; beoa tighleaed op bj ft Ut(e
cr«b, al nbieb a dgaea or more men atraiaci] with their nlmoat eSorta at
either end oa shore, oac ood cf cucb chain beiu iaed at tbo pier* of Ihe
aaapensKm.brtdgr, wfailr Ihe oUicr ends were laal to the aforeaaid etaha,
on Ibe oppoute aul« of the river : oa Ihaae chaiot the poaioona appeared
to Iraverw. Tbe wasinrn. or CoQwar cod, was pouitad Ant, bat oM Ml
cone <ioile home aflerwarda. Tbo easiem. or Chraler aadt vraa dropped
M after, or while the ebb was mahiBK ; bat before II raachad by about a
doa«a feel (he ^xacl Iicrib, It look the miwoa-wiKk, and no efiort oenid
ditangam ll. NerertheloM, U nma otar ib bad aufficiaaily tn be landed
md Iwddcd up wllh timber previooetf prnacad from a lower bed, which
had heon provided in cajo the lido ehnskl fall before the upper bed could
be rcMbad. Tlio moil extnontiBary efbrla wen nade nuh acrcws and
tacklee, an leia ibao four of which lailar ware at one Umb appliad. I
Ibe Cheater aide crab, uauacd b} GO pcuple, nhilo (1m lido was 1 '
overcume tbe oheUcle ; bul Ibe} appeared to be iaeffectuali sud^
Clattoa wn* heard to give ordors for bedding op, which waa e p eedi!'^
eomplithed. Tbe bargee were (hen sank a li((le, aad (he aoUa ttbrk
retted very near Ihe bjdnnltc preoaea wbkb are le be ttiad In lalHagll-
Eigbiy men wen in each aei of iienlooDS— one set oommaBded bf CapL
Uuuce, 11. N.. an attiatant of Mr. Bmael, aad the olfacraM bj Uenl.
Ulatohley, V.N.t tho crew* under them performing the prioclpal wwrk,
being eailert from the •' Home," of Lircrpool. lu Ihe tabe ftlleadit^ lbs
baWMrs, were Iha oflteers and socne of Ihe crew of tha rraif Brifrn
Oo Ihe top, on Iha CoDway side, Mr. Faittaira, of Man ab a at ir, kad the
ilirection; and DO ibe CfanaUr side, Liant. tihiany. H.N. The great 4i^
ticuli} to be overcome was tppattat— (be small apace lo pl«y kt— Ibraa
(he OoDway side it wanta tBchei, by actual admcasaremaal, of being
honw.orte place; -while on Ihe Clieatcr tide, it U faiily Janibed agaiiMI
the moMory— «o thai io fact there were barely u lacfaes free to 490 tUL
No sooner had the tide fallen enfficieatly than the obMaele to Ihe atael
flxiag Id poaUlon became apparent lo all. The Inner paahxm was baltini
al Its end aghast end partly un a rock, li look the (troand which ball
bc«i blaslnl away fram Ihe solid rock in conarqueaco of having gal a
little Iwieted previouBly to olartioK. we wen aManil fall 4 itaL On the
11th alt., the lube was agaia heated by the pentooas,aad waa ftaallj
plaead with lislwaaadareatmg apon IheahelvaBaf maaoary coaelnMUd
lo laoeiva II, prior lo Us being ratted to the elaniioo al which It is plaood,
abool l& feet or le feet above. The lifting of this eDoraious naaa of itaa,
wUcli vrrigha aboat IdM tantt b 10 be efetted by iwo hvdrantio praeaaai
wUh 16-Inch rama, and pwmpa f of «u i»ch diameter. Tlcae paape an
lo b« worked by fri(am.««gin«*, which mil )(i>u a preatore «i|ual lo S toat
oa Ihe circular ia«b, ore total HAing power for each preta of STil loas,
which, of cuurte. wdl be amply sudlciant for Ihe panwae. Each preai
hat a lifl of fi feel ; and, as like rndi of the tube rise, (he masocifyF which
is inicnded in tapport ihem will be carried up front the sfaalvca oo which
Ibcy now rtat.
AUXILIARY STEAM-PO^*TR FOR ^'KSSKLS.
Sin— lacouaeqnenceor the great eilmtioa ofrailwaya, aadlha
they give for qutok iraaait of goodi, ihe; are opoWlag aadoatly
Ibe shipping liiierrAis and coaailag Iradr ; and onleta noma mode can be
adopted by whkli nwMiiig veaaels nan be made lo compete with (he nil-
ways, Ihis trade will be completely deatrojrcd, which will be a aariout
lot* (o maay harboun, aad alta (be mereanlile iDlcrrtta of Ifae oouolrr ;
as ratlwayit Will oblatn ant only tbe light aad b«M>payi>g gaoda, bnt aleo
maay of Ihe more balky ariiclee, in covteqnenca of (be etnai of vafolar
tail ioc traders.
I think it would be ialercMiog tu many of ynur readers who bd a daep
iotrteet on thin subj*cti U> ascvitaJD wbai has been doac In aieny plaeci
by employing email tleam-powcr auxiliary tosailiei ^-CSK-I*; aad as yea
have the MCaoa of doing so, I have uLen the libiiMy of direcliog ysor al-
leaiiou 10 this ImporUaleuliifecl. which many of your cerrespanalaBU could
eaaily tupplytMiu answer such qoeries as Iha folhneiag;—
The hatl aystaai af aff lying auilliary eteaati-poMtT to vaeaelt tu
ooaauag trado, of IflO lo aw mat bordea per vegiiter I
\ descrifUco 1^ any anch r
Wlitlher nood or iron preferable, acd the cue! f
Th' tiso ol eogine or bone-power, and whelber applied to Kraw
1
dravjihl of waler, 4cc. &«., and aay particulan as In Ihe Irade_
II ! enf^ ed la, and haw tliejr aro aaswetinyr
im CIVIL uoauffaui ahd jutcuiTEcrs julbnal.
i.B . i 8 o«« tin* «g», I TiMil mi tri*d «n Ikc TliimM (ki nutioe of
' ku bMM t«kn Id ibo S»ffmtr't Jourmttl^,* oiUmI tin Albion, wilh
in«w anua of pnifirllcn, pAtcittfd bj a Mr. Slaipton, nhidi tTU trrr
l«*««nblr vpakea of u being •dsplcd fur ILe purptwca nftrrtd to bjr d>c.
— CuuM jell il*lc iM>; pwticalAra ut— >«l«d «rlUi ii f
Triutug few ma] not coatlder my MgEMUonf u out of plMaj|U(l
I, auT gl«« miioh iRfanutkw t» »U)y of pM mdcr*,
4.B.
imMBtMUi* *>p«rtnfcii. udnai bMla« onukbldi la imn|M p«r
iVB •f* hH* iM oMlMd ibi* — Ed]
NOTES OF THE MONTH.
Aa hjAtvoMit tdcgnph it now beuf otbiUted \a, the arc»dc «t Eieter
Cbap- It U AD a Terjr taall aealc. hat weika «ell.
Oa tbt MtMBOBth and Hardbtd line, a *aaiaa htidfa over th« Wya i*
la ta CMcUd, at a bdskl <tf 30 feci above Ugb.aralw mark. The carinak-
MUaMSOwifl a fbnnrd aiatc. aad Ike tnma-mvAi b btMf prcpatad at
DriiuL
Vr. Jahn Palrfoll Snllh. lecRUrr of ihc leading GlaagQw raUvajt, baa
lUiaHil a bUer M tba Lord PcoirMt, in ti^fuciKe tn the lata Hott. aad
nm ilic m cBirfty of aM, \ij a f vrereinent loan beini; pven to (he rallirajn.
Btaja tUt 1Q,WW omd, wbo arc nanr npf«rt«d by tb« paUie, night be
Mftofcd «n ll>e railwtT* ia the nei^bbourkMd of ClaasffW, iriii^ am
«ff*' ^ ^'^ **>** o' <^ noBCy marlnt. The bum fiewt aN apretdbc
omf Uic railwif iauntt, ud Ibe miaefcief U felt of iha f«|ifaai*a ma-
ma wbicfa wen eoaaiwl at bjr the ntablialwd e»Dpanlaf. tlriakia| Vmf
<tadd AM ftri ttia ptawirt. We alwij* deprentad. tbe (onrtiBMat
oaperisg, and tbe propfietrof llie <auae ve haie adracated k fuUr jna*
tftdbjCTciita. Wedoa^ ttefnalqaealiM u,«hAtlttreo majr baadfed
Amuul pawerfol and uaediicaicd men ahoaU be lert In a alaW of tdleaaai,
« whailMs ibtr *l>aU b« vm^vftiiM ptMleworfci? thvj an alreadjr
Hiataiacdby (betr own nrloip, b? the cvntnbvUooa of their frtoida, bj
mill i^Vm b]i the naall ikap-keqxta, or by ihafi, or in j^l, or in tbe woifc-
fciu. Tbe qnettian ii net one of fleding mere food, but nf givtag wort
flkhh ahaU do good to Iha eonnMii ttoefc, and put tbe men ia a baf pier
■ditlon Wa bofe iha teglilailon «ili rnniediitelji be aMeaded, tfea
NMT of (oelnf for call* be nithdnirn. and lite jiowef lie gitvn of aHoarfas
Mnai on oaltt, likewiao a farther power of rainni moaey on drbentaTC, or
■ laaa aolct. At tbe Konrameni ban by ibeir maaivea braaihl ndtrir
ntka to « alaad, i>t dead lock, lempwarr and exMptiMia) aiaaMini DDuht
WUIo'od, is otdet to tet Ibe naebiaarr of iareatoMat agM in acttoa.
V< ««vU «Ten eouaieaaaee Ibo inae of railva; nolo, which ibaald be a
)i|if tendar fac all mOwa^ parnwnu and caita, or tba adTanoa bjr govern*
■ntef neIi<i)Der lull loans: Iboagli on all ordinary oeeailoa*. we hi*«
Maaja boen npyoaed to tfatir tnlertoeniee ia mj Uiapc. Tl.e abotitioa of
IteBiOwiy Board, foanded on wrong prindpki of legiiUiion. and mIcu-
iMi M pecaem tkek aeaiorTi wa oouidtr aa cawobal preliuinarr ^ >
ImIAt oootk of action on th« pari of the garcraBWin to ihe nilirajpt.
Ihc clactrie talcfrapb i* new taken op 1^ Iho pnbltcana. A dial i* laed
i«*uavking-i«0Bi, narked whh tberatioui aiticln wanted, and cormpond-
if nitli a limUai dial In the bar.
K Saral UUitatMio of Engineer* hat been fOnnded at the lUgne, which
Im nra haadtod aiaaiben.
Oa AmitoHmg Gtam Tniet,—il. Uootenpa tesd a paper at iht IiiJiutrial
ladttjr of tlaUuuHDt oa the eamaa of the heeaking of glnta tmittt and cy-
bdna. In atder that a glaaa Inbe be in good condition, II ta nMcaMi; that
ftt blaclar paeiklst thoold gtte «raj at the anain itan* u the enerioi.
IW ibfa porpow, IIk tnbea— 4Bck, far tnttanott aa thannoiiietar, baro-
■Ikr, and ptaaenre-gauje tnbea— ace placed in a baking or annealing
Isaaef , ciUtd the baking furnu«, a bri<k eating ol C inebea diaiseier, and
ttalaagth the lobei majr re<)iurc. TUa fatnaee u boated at one end to a
W tad beat, ai which iho giast ti BMrIf malleable, but not put oat of
daia ; Ibtjr an thea (being in ihe«t-lron catriagaa, on wheeU) driira gra-
wtjr to the cool end of tbefiimac«, but toalewljr. aa only to travene llic
SnaiiM la fnnn l& to 24 liours. according to the nalare of tho glaai tbiu
■mrn gndnllf throogh a dimlaiafainc leBpetaluie to that of the at-
aiqhBe. There u a lau diftkcaaoi Mtnaen glaaa baked and that ua-
Wkal— the laticf it not lo bonogeneoua, and polaritea Ihe li^t in patalag
tngh it. Itf applying, Iherafare, a frtgKeai of a take to a polariatag
4(aritu,it eaa be ateenaiaed if lh« tube ha* heta baked.
d^Jtcrv Shoi. — CWB minder Uaeklnaon m hit " Sieaia Warfare on the
nna^" BentlOH the foUawleg atmait ioeredible uiauace of a tliol paaMag
WMah both of tbe padiHcwiiaeii of bia raaaali wflhoat louctimg lay part
<( titha ;— " It alruck ibc puidlc-lioi on th« cncmy't iidi;, 3 feci or 4 feet
■ktn the tbaft, went dean through tbe wheel wtlhout uwcblng aar part
tf i>. tad then pMtcd acrou the deck and Ibrougb the other paddIo.boi,
WtboTe 19 iocbet fron the tbafi, Will not touching a vingle blade, or any
fwUBB of tbe paddlei. At the rale the nheeli were rtrolving [tbout 17
iwi ■ ninnla), it appeared quite impoaiibk to fro a piatol-ball through
wHhout utikiag tome pan of Ihem; aad jH iWa IBO*. abot had gone
Ihfongh both wbeeda, kari^ no mark hal tba bola St nuaiB( on eaa rida
and dcpattlag on tbe other.
CmHmi fiMonHMor A«^-AttboBa}«lIntlitiittoa,ontbat7ihef tA.
nuj tati, a Itamac* wai erected tor the pwrpoae of mfeiac apMo experi*
moat4oa^aBn)anaftctiB«by Mr. Pellait. In riinTiTarr nf inainnnliwaf.
tba laetorc-raom waa aearfj art oa ire. b«t br limcljraidtba HanHa won a>>
tiagniahcd. Altar a lecture at tbe laaUUthM on the fUlowla|r Hdn-, fnt.
Abmsj- calM Ibo aUeollon of tho Hoabert la two drcnaiatancea of pUI«>
tafUral laUeeat wklah bad kappaacd dnriag tba nomeotnr? aprrthao^an
of fire. — I . At three <Uffef«nt tinea tbe water powcd on tba eiMUn of tba
taaapotary fornaca, wlien. on tbe dm being drawn, they ftll on tbe h w t h ,
baeaiaa da aoM p oead by tha Ignltod oarbon i and tba hTdrogm. dtinM bf Iha
mddea npanalon of ueaan, &r., hartn* pooetrated iha bat aad pama
bcMth-alone. foand iu wajr to the beaied baami and ipae* which waia lo^
Bailawly b e neath.— <■ Tbia gat, though nM in the itate of dame ait
pMaed throngh the hearth a tena wd paggl^ wna aAcr bciag laiied «Mi
the air below aedMently hot t« oirter iaU eombnttloa,— Modadng IhtM
gwbet of dame downward* from benaaih the haaitb :— and i( wm eip«i-
maalally thown thai a temperatnre to low at baretf to teoreh pafier, and ia
whieb the band ntsjr ha heU far aome teconda witbeni iooonvanlrnw, It jd
ahle to ignite a jet of ooal oe hydrogea gaa In air.
lit*ff*i ir^tfnmrH. — The twn Coaipanlei which eapplUd tha IO«a
rtlh water, and the Corporaliea of literpool who were en^wetcd bf Ad
ad ftiliawnt to invebaac the eiiiting intereala for the puriwie of taktag
the whale npiilr Into thair own Itaada, apaoiAiad Mr. Itobert ^tepheaioB M
tola arbitrator to detcrmiae ibe amonnt of compentatton to be paid to each
CoBUiaojr. AtUc a patical hearing of all partlea, and a Kunuie intjutri lata
tha wofia, ha haa taada hh award, hj which the Hairiagtoo ^Vater Company
an to neein OS0,T19 lad tbe Dootlt Water ConpanT d^4,0M. Hit
former cliiBied «57D,IXW and the lattet £111.000.
CevAen Cfad Dm IpnM . — A eortetpondent iofonat ni that ia a teiMr
rnmbcr of the /oamef, we were in error ia atiribuliag to Sir. Sidney SmMie
tfca'*aalrdailgnlnc"or the Culion Club, now erecting in I'ali MUl, a* wall
aa " tbe adaptation o( Saoaotino" in Ibe etterior. He alao ttale* thai tba
dMioa iretc eufn-Wy t«m^ltd lod araf i* nader Ihe anuiKment of tba
laU Ur. Bieen and Mr. Sidney Smitko, dnrlng tba llfeUma of iha (brmn.—
and thai thoogh Mr. 3. Smbke may poaaibl]r make aoom deviatleaa (ran
thctr >eia/ maigtnmt, yet the dealxns ar», in tbe maia, fa it enmtfod m
agreed on beiiteeo them.
iVfemf ion ^ Aeeidtnf* rn Ct,at ISktM. — The JVa^brdUtrw Jdmnvjr d«*
aetlboa an infcntion hj BIr. Edward N. Pttnrdrtnter, of Cbeddlcton ktill, a
twy Anpl«aodla|an[nii4.but ^mpnrUutcootritraBoe, for preventing the aoet
deMa ntiich era coaiuntlr reaalliag from Ibc breakage of ibe chaht oc
repn, tnil drairing the iklp om ibe piillrr, r>r the whirl, or run. The a^
patalua it now ia dailj ute at one of Ur. Socyi'a piu, at Ihe Sneyd'cnaa
Collitrj, between lUnley and Bnrtlem. la one inaianee the merit a? lbs
invenlioo «aa fully t«rt«d by Ibo ehala being onl WCB linnallj drawn onr thO
pulley 1 no dlaaiinni Mnsequfnof*, bowater, reanltod. the tkif or ntbar
cage being deiacbcil from the chain, aod remaining lafe on the gahlei. A
beaTy load waa inbteiioently lowered about 40 ywda down the pit. and the
chain ciit at aboiit 30 vardi abore itie luiface, by wUch mcana no leu than
«0 yard* of chain fcll'dowa Ibe abaft. A nan baring been Itl down bjr a
rope to ateutaio Ibe remit, foand tbe machine perfectly tecurtd, and tba
chain uUy coikd on tha top of the cage in which tbe man aaeenda aad
dcaocnda. The man imnaediately attaiied tba rope to Ihe chain, wbleh
beiiog been drawn up and repaired, wai again let down and featened la tbe
apporaiut. Tbe cbnlo waa then tafely drawn up, with tha nan in the akjp,
the ctperinteni htting occopled no more than ZO mlnotet, and no Injury
whatertr baring b»m tuiiained either by the machine or the gvidea. There
can be but one oiiimon an to the great adrantaget to be derired Aom tha
general adoption of ihit inralaahle intention, and it ia to be tineerely hoped
that no lime will be lou in making tbi* arraagament far the mora effectnal
preiertaiiait of human life.
On f Ac JObr/re-Awtriair <if Mtlalt.—yAM. Urnnel, U«ttio. aad Gaugin
Cimled i« the Acairatie <te* &m>*m*. at Parii. tpeeiniena of metaJa
nmd by fleetro^chenieal meant. 31. de Rnoli. in ISII. cumnwnieatod
to Iho aeademy a pmceaa for bronitng mctali. by depoiiting upon them, by
tbe aid nf lite getnaio battery, la)tTi, mora or Icaa thick, of braii or of
lironire. Thii proeeu, which required tbe empliqrmeBt of the doable aBa>
liiMi cyanldei of copper and tine, or of copper and tin, waa not adopUd is
practice, on aecnual of the great expcaao of Iho cyaaidea. and for olbar
reuont. MM. Brunei, Baado. and Gangla. harciu^tilnted for the «T>fj^
aiolatton in water, of K)0 parti of earbonaw of petaah; 23 chloride of
copper; 40 aulobaU of line; and 25 D aitrata of ammoaia. To prodaCO
Ixonae, a mIi of tia ia aDbatitoiad for the tulphale of line. By mcnaa 01
theoe BOltrtloas of bni« or of broaze. a eoatiag can bo gitoa to cart oc
wrought-iron, tleel. lead, line, tin, and alloyi of tlicte motab, with oa*
aaothar. or with biamnth and nntiinaiiy, aHer a prcrioiM cWania(E oocorniag
Utthe aatareof the loetal. The operation it ooaducicdwitiiBOeldaolnUoa>
The tnelal to be coated ii phucd in coaneotion with iha nMaUte P«hi of •
Buoicn battery, • plaie of bram or of bronia being employoo tl Ibe ponttea
pole. When the objccti bar* becacOTorod with n eoatiag of th*- tnelal de-
airod, and bare tacotiad Ihcii piopec ooUtU) the; will be (aund to linl tbe
finctt brouea.
18S
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
T»r rmtfteM/^r^-An iutniBMl Uia iBTnilsa of k Frracb U*ll
nl«lT nw rw»H* "a fa"«J to b. • »ort ™lii.M« MflM atwaiat, «Wwfey tlM
^««« ud abln MMIOMd or Ikt COM! mar***" X »»«J— tto » «ctn t li«r*^ »wrfl
to*.* l«^o^«dta.«4p,w^^^■t.n»«a»U •«•»»«• k^fconr. IT- l~<fu»»ol
lU^r. alartaAi. nartlf mwlltM a BMlMrt wf i "li- h»l^ !>"" t"^J"!
■•rtk, tb< o«tili Ml WlH vp lU voMlliWk. Uki wtti n tw pdnl II dnlcaMM. Uial alud
wniwnra In !»« M boon. 6"t >»mtflj -Itblo ik« IV »• I* li».fmi«ttifdto« WUw
«M Ibal tb4 iiMdl* rratlM M ntk palM. Mto(i« will tb« wlml bkv ftaa Uat qamt I
ud ■CMnllni W Ibc iHllBalim of ib. frfO* l<«» !•• bortMW Mid Mtawl pod Uo>.
nwlUlwtb* rtokni* o» tin ■Inrt, Th* prinviplr uKon nhlrb IktnMllontltrbiu
titnini»ir<Ki*d*B>i»(n>tblt. 1^* iiiafiw.*U<lTlcllQli)*<urT<MiDdaBrRbitp^»iaU)lr
■lliMil>T«Dnb<li[blslii tiM nrortlnriat ihr Burlnet** roippuf. WlodiMiiK lb* («-
»l( of tlMlrialdu'P'i. irT pt<-rtu(t^ tif ■ illtKittitnn) In llin* «iitUi,aad conUiHW
fmlllUMnWiW|>ill>lih>in.li<jbUliinI, iiHthit lU ih«. ■^nitt hi^<f°t«h }ma-aiM*lj
•«if MU brailt. tnl Mu UicIt origin ttllhln a ^ttvtt oC Iiiiibcbw rirtuaiflwii r r -M Mf H
«BrD«n|NWUaBa*lb<naH*. «i>T onriu* Ktkm la mr pari ii lb* luMa *UUb tbt*
(tnumnvMOi am ham mota or \rm loBonici iipaD U* vbslr i bul iriUOTdMvir aeaa^
tonool Barb tba« ihaDat*. dllit^h w> (Mnrtinu lad Mnoai lanlU* rvmubablr
■naiMlbMlr. and abk in tonall nhtl Ibr brallb) niiB cailD*t— ;«,iffe«atba duwR doM
HTir<,a*r-h<MnaN»rwu>*< Iwlaabllird to atnllbM oracraMaiHUMa. Tb«dMI.
(«c RiMbanlMa oribe nmiluniur larntllMir iMo itwaairin W ac«>tatauiuMDi4
Awiail U aaw. bai Uw mttMalwhOM laOanra do** not auwrl ■■[>)<> of 3* biinrai
»tlMB(«t*Uo|p>art'wliM» tbia drtl* la ■>Ut«A— aa thai, aapvat* Ut ranataba
tfMtMttb.bMibW ita TmHloiDMar at cba md* mnaai Minia m MMb. Uun,
irKblalWe»hoiMa,Ub»aMU><>la4«Ulblo«, bat UM otdlMiv di)ii(a la Aon 13 to »
bavt, aa* ikaali Ibc itvMlloaHtT rraHin tut boun. ot (tara. ai Ibc aanw pMat, U>* aan*
wtaJ cm (aadaiM Mvalaci bat <rb« k ibaam Blibla tba H kaaia, lb* «tn4 ailtl
CtaMttlM. TtrtilnalnafM Ii art laAaMead byUw UfMa' br**>t«i obcoaatRmg
artsd blan. (b* aatdit, i IndlcaUr, la kMnalai— but M tba lauiili, or aUDoapbrrtc
(baona, arailaalTlontut la iMton, Dm point la ahniad b* ih* nMi •( ih» ■ism»-
Bban. aoa ibva aat mm \y arttiMcmUt iba aln4 Ibal I* to blow, tiai A* nat» ainoiib
aad^rMlaa. >■ >b« priaelpl* ba erarad lo ba ewml, Iban. pMilblir, iopravnaaola
mn b« mada. br whlrt ma ih* hifttnt btaasra ait ** prrlDdlMictf. II U abom » Iw
liMlwlbaAdminllT
Smfphntttf Ircm/^ Purifj/inf 6'«.— M. Mancnt, of Itao L'nixnilrol
LawralQ, bta oiadt a dkcnvr la lb* m* «( anlpbtM tt Ina for Ujr partftcatlen of c»tl
Ha. Kf tbia arnnitninil. tba OM pawn Umfb tn purUtr* t lo tba Mnl la pliitcri
1 CV1. 4^ onlphaca of Iron, itl^eTrvd In rt| gallana of walcr, and la Ib* aMoiwI nlUc of
llMt, Mad* bT ■'lillng <> (illCBi at lla* M XiA lallaiw m mtar. Oa panlni riom Uta
aaea^ pBdbar. ihr km U alnaat cam^latdT d*p>I**4 o( lu wlpbiuatird brdrecta, tbal
h MCfalT tkaiigri ihr cnlour al pMiat oooMmrt (rtlb ■ ■alultai of oulat* ol Ind. B]r
IMa*nM«aa.llinal>a fnalardapaall of tar IB tba lalatTon Ibac irh«B valat liana la
waptilHil I aaiil ihn« !• a oiucb wtnr aVandaal nndtaialtcD of iqaaanaaiKl aicxnonlaot
vtftaan— n Ibal iflrtng leD(.rMl!inia4 ftodi, ih* |d|i*a bava Mm kapt antJ>«lf nw
trnv ka* vblcb cauata mioldarabla Dsubla «iiif »x]wia»«, 'Hia aauaa of tar drpoaUlof
M ■ ferruilnoul ndaUoii mora Mida][ Ibaa tn ■tiipi, aiten fren Iba aulpbala of iiQn
^aliig ■ f rvalar ailDlIf fer tba tar. trblcb kcvnclpra***. umI earriaa doara wilJi II | aibd Iba
(laaiar nHidnaukm tt vaMun mnulMd in lb* laa ii laiiaari bj a niaia nwiplria
■Batrptlnn rrf itrnnrti. trtitTb alTiTa liii a taaidtett lo mtx <rl(b olbar aapoDT*. Tfta
•bor* uaaatliT ■> aolpbaM of lr#a b anacMBi for psrtr|tii« ibt fat Ibon U ta U taua
a( Mail tba talutiiMiltlhtciaalmpraanutd lo talDMlon, ai lo raqalr* cbanftiic. It la
KAiMt Iba laaUac Ot IM« plaa mar bacaow a Talaabia wtktcar natmrm.
IPMrp Pam Kam^aelvrtdfivm AMtmmj/.—M llm LltePfiotil PDl]rU«h-
ale SoOolTi Mr. t. A. WotirtX diairtWit « ana aMda ot maaalbclurtna ablD* paint
af M taealUBt bodji. uparlorlA Iktt nanuActvml ftav laad. l! la mul* ffom aiMt d(
■alliBMir> and haa modt Hl-ranlaffra. Ha bad aMvnalnrd, liial Uiutifh !i wai nim
M|b ■ prka, wart Ibrra idaoiwd for aiillaoef. that maul luulrl li* (jliumad InabuBd.
aM« al about dllSa Ivu.nhaiaai Ifae Itaii uacil ivtu ^7< Ida. Th« ntw pilal nt,
oawnaaiiUt. inacli cbapari 11 <n» lotw aut li> li>» lu lulnui. triiil ■iniJil apnadortr
a much itw%tt iLflfai-v Iban an t\\itit\ w^itlx< al Lht I'klltt mdrnifuclbrr'] ffurn ti-tiL
S»imi mei!» fltiiU. — A mrttioil t\u hrrn dlinivi^rrrt mil malurnt, h<r
nWcll Muad *JU tw ngila tltlbla tu Ut buoiaii tyi, II* TattoiM lumit >ind wtvn dmim-
tinM !«>i(bl. and Iha t>a<lil luillHrlniliiiti- )«(<n«n llw lunaanr una iBKaltal inaUu.
naal and anolbw W *t <vii> [>lri« i* i-j nbivn* tba aitlmi of vaivr *h«n dl»l«ifbttl l<r
B0| ouwilal <BiiM. llir (tpKluitnti aia Itlulr la tw no tiinp rapMioii la tbt Ruytl
aorl(t]r. 'n* riMblllan ot tSrtIa an fin* hw! bat fmbmblY lad la Ibla ulOBAthlBi
iiaur.
A^fMa UaiKHUr. — it. uaid iitacliin«, jot! cooiplnlril, i> now at »ark al
tb Oaaal Watum U'oiki, al Brlitol. IIi* Inwntlon ol Mr. ichn Jniii*. Biuagar a( tba
iro*bak itlka alaa lavnMrd Itic "Cdinbriiu R-iiilui;." T1i< mil.uit i< ctIM a " Kllcllon
Bammat," aad naaliiB<if(ra»M odoai. Iron. In wblili *ia orrUral illiltt *<«!■« aa in Idaa
lo UwhoBaiar. aod >l»* aappOfltD)! ihe a>a>')i <»rrr hkvomtIoi pullbf Ilia haninHT In
moildai Tbc baauaar Mrwlili of a plane liai uf Sal wrouibl-Iioii. lO anaiifnl aa lo
wMb In th* •Hdo.aad la nted b; maaniallirn aartltal lullira tarnlog la «KK>^I*
dBrrttloni, abkb arvnld* lo t>«ac wpoa (be bar by an •■(tadlniilT ilmple arraaaaiM'P)
ol Imn. Aallabl ma* uta upon iba hatidla oT one lr>«r nlaaa iba biBiDor laatiT
Kajf bl n<>i tKCaadlcif « trrt i tht prraturv bring rTm<rfcil l[ Ulla t^ Urn uaii ^nrlly ( Ihit
Itrrt Mb'ki irraoiMl to alio alup ibe biiiinie' In Qiif paiiof lu ittKaiii.ahcnlil i*JrcilD|.
olAdctt nnA*r It ftacraaijy, I'lit fHct^uft ifiLI'** m* put 1fi mvtivn Vy mrwisof alra^
flOd ■Bllata. (r-akrtit batnf alia ttttt-l a> caili •ii>{i.
St^M*tM %fTrt9Hng /Aa Qrt of l'lal,f,um.—\nt\>:*i »f tlie tcdtoni
apfrallan of oUbIdIBie pur« iiltllnuia frum iliiort. (n<pluTliip H oi ID (idiiaof acid Id OD<
Of plailniun, M. IlrM >ii(it*<t( ibt Mluv»(r.( m an iitiii™''">rfit : -Mtll one part of
pMlniim uiT itiUi I'll) or ibrx at ilnc. vHkh irlll faiui m alln; TrrrfrliMr, aaal MUlr
Ntfuaii lo a Ana |wi>(l*r. Ilila puwiTrr >• Ihiii (o In tin*<l, aixl oii 1 1 pouml dlluta aul
pbufic add m\ ilir cummon ItrtiprralurF of iCir almoaplirra. Th* i<ai]i«raliiia la lUfn
(Tadiially ralaxl. uifi lb» Dxi.-ilt illo<iad to niaiTrati *< lon^ ni iheit la aaylblim tt ilia.
Kim Ui* acid In a tbirt tlmt Kpanlea all Ola ilui: fnnB ilif allot.aiul in* pMiidpal
paMQl tba Inn conUlntd la Ihaorr. A aolullnn ii nlitiiufl iii nliKti bTdnxnlplnrlc
Bdrlprsdano ne piadultala. lUrlnf poimd atTtbr llijuld. itir mtdnit la a Dnrpovrdtr,
lafaldi, ka*lD(b(n>w<ll Bwbril.lt (laalMlwmi iiltrti' iK<d. iiHicli illiaittrFt Iharapi'ir.
Bad othor Ikrrrlfn ntrlala i, tb* platlnvai It dtnt dlaaiilvad In nJIrcf bloM^ arid, bqJ liitn
praaaarfad irilb ki tbt luval nmj.
Oat Wd/iM P»w*r, — At lh« Jttjrmie Jtr Sritntw a report •«» read on t
" CBa-propallM." Innanlcl br lb* law U. StlDtua.ln IdU. II MnalattotanltBanllaiter
tn It* tarnt of a |f-^«ii* pn^t la r^vacd f «aa«r La ponrad In toorartiln ta«tftit, anal In IPkv
(>pt> md I* plaeni a plalim mil ml. in tba uaiiil oiBiiiin. Uu latioduclat »«J viploMt*
goa^ qrra Ilia rnmtrr. In ihr i-lciarci mA ofthrlubr, and ttTKtlof thair (oaabvallon, tbp
t(8Ultla| caaoa I'lraa, L^ ""I' ao'li'm ripaniion. ilic liquid nn «li>cb ihc) ml. and
loica up tnt platan tAairrtiln liilght. ahiih la ajaln dtpmant bftb* (OuIIb| and cea-
dtOMIlvB of Ibt gaa, and Ib* auuuaiibttic prcaaui* to Ibt plium. A iriuliii rMpnml-
l«« DioUon lilbiuobulntd.wlilcli.nfranna.raa b« appUtd lo tmydaanlpUon vf ma-
cbWry. In claarlr nuarliBanilng on Ihit prfndpl* of nu>llT« pewvt, II bai btan bunil,
Ihai altht iraluRin uf nlr. iiiil ana of lai, obuinrd tnm tba dtnmnoililaii of nut, by
taaaiof tttan l(ireB|ti cyllndaiafltlad wllb rrd. boi (bareeal, irmslal of hyiti>i<fm , RH ,
carbaatc oiU*. 3K s larbciolc aild. *. Tba am tan ba iniouticliiTcit lor gna-Dftb ol a
tiBlfpaBBy par J4ll<]u*rta, n-bkh li rnnai-lrrxf *i|iial to ^ cuWr lochH ol iWagaaltia'
Binnpberc pntauiT. aud culling cur tiulliifnrTaad Ibm DIth*. Tlit InitDtot faand,
thaiKqiiani al|M. and :Mii quarta at ilr, (art an nfiafla* tor(« aquil td m 1onl,Bidi
V^M aapbiUioa <■« bt niada par bnirt
• t.--^,. ■•! MST OP WBW PATEITTS.
awjLimn ik XMOLaxD fiom Fbhiioaat 2i, to Makch ZZ, ISM.
RliaabHb VaLlau, al Lanial -ladf*. CbalUnbani, UlooctaUa, Itiliialw. for "(otala
loiiinnnMaU Ib 'ailiu. Afuilot. draifnaUii*. dccandot, pOBBDhii, (ad aOmwtm
Altlof iin boiM** and buiidlnta. parta of wUlrta tn ippIlpaMa lo mMiB af f ara dt w a."—
StBlfd Fabroarr S'.
Jo-ba Crafl Kub^rw. af HalymUi, Fllolablra, (uittan. fbr "a almpUiad and iMfaBrad
mad* af enmimnltallnit iBUUIcafiH, bT»"nB<ir tlMrtcUf tad mariiiTlani. rnalbhint,
aaoekwItbdaaCT ootaUvaja, balaian ib< larif utaa oB (bt la* tad IbaBWincotlH-
dar, to ikit III* faMda and pBiMngtn tnaT rtra nnilfi w ilin infliiait m lajiaa dilf.
tot iba tmraolloB of letldtBlB or caaualllc*, «r ih* ailUfiAtaB of Hba aril tbtavW, mt Ma
piaiattloa o( buBBu Ulbanapioiiartf fnun loaor tojuryi and,alMb of imwaaVtM
ilfMla by tba aai* H'°T' daartlblng Iba cauw or caaaaa of Bbfai, aanl a aairM^jM
Mcorlai Ibi paMBft of (ItrUMtT. tat iln abotv paipgat^ lo be •obaWMcdwani tta
(ba alda ebalna. and of toBtnaBlcaOnc Intel iftnn btttata dWaol bImm oa Ulr tao.^—
nerwrrW.
WltUu PalBHr, of H.illoaaUMt, CloWnnll, tor ■ ■ laiprartaiani* in iii Mn ft*
■nd la Iba DaaDlarturc of nndtct,"— ftbniary W.
Chirlaa Kllablt, of AbrrOtan, Smlland, rrnKin**r. lOt "MtWn Isipranrnvnu h ia«*.
biiMW* aaicf nibcr >hgln*«."~lfarcb 3,
Fnncla Whiahtw, ef HampaUiil. Ulddletn. rial! anflnrar, tar " B rarMn uasBk -
lurt u( i>lpn of ettlbt«nar«, pulUry, aitit flaw, and nfrtnaliiapplliatlmi ■ndlrratCP
mania (li»rfi»«."— Uareh w.
U'llllBUi KuU.or neadlDg.llfrl:ihlra. milDtcr, Pit " ri [lain Imfiniiaamwa In ibiatii.
Irw ma«blna«, and Ib attBm.bollart, rn^l»r«, Bnd oib*r appiaalua lor AiiwUtg tht aavt,
•bleb appatiituB li applUitila lodniUB otba* nafhlunr, part ofirbkh llBpret«nira>i
1* a cammiiMniJoii. md iha ranalndarli hWoamlDitaaiUon."— Uarcb t.
earlBia lop
>to
Janta IdcHwa^of ItlKon, (irarnvDd, Knl, for '
llMi."— Watdi «.
nradatni Coroalbu Striae. Kii^M of ibt Ortrt ot IMdlMrttOi Utm, af i
OraTtrnbajia, Holliail. bainovof LaicaUiff-tquart. Middlatm, pbpUaai. Ibt" Imio*«.
mrnti in ibt tonatmtUoii «f rallaay carrltirB."— Uarcti <t.
unillam BaCkMI Jabnaoo.of LImpooL aaplnaar, for ■■taitala laiiiiinraiatala mbh'i
ata Bpplkabk to McanotlTr. lUUaiuiTi asd (tarlna aUM0>r^n«« "— Match t,
Wuno d« M llat. »f BuablU-roit, Mldd l ta ta , mamActonr. tbr " InpranoM^l* ^
niiFMnnT ntttl In ikt maaBracturtof cBidboard lad paanteud." (A naaHuaietllaai
-Utnb 8.
Jubn Hemlen. DtBUpnaf. Uiildliari, tartaan. (ar " InpronBlanta la oMaWi^ na-
llr* poirer bf Ittc aid <■( aloivaphcilt ilr, and In abulaiii( tombuUIOB.'* — Marcb B.
Uaont* Hoirc, of CltUao'l. ■•Incoloablrri (ijt " I lOprDiaBitala la aiarUaarr er app«a>
tut lot dtpetUinf, (iMnaiof, and frindinf tan ud taad."— Utrrb i),
c:«<irf* Uofd, of SI»pD*r, Ulditltau, Irdii-ltoundar. Tar " tarlala tnjrnTiBicnti li
furnma and llovlni Dia?hlnaB,eail Intprortiornli In mifluiaaod aiicbluc*T tbt l^trlof -
tba wma, iiblcb ImprBrmtnlt ita alio ippllciblt loMbtr pur )M)aM vbai* uotlacpovai
la rr^^ulml-" — ^Uarcb H.
JoMpIt lUudilai'. of the Arm of Maudalar. Son*. ObiI FUld, of l^obttb, aafloMti.
Cor *'c<rt«u luiprpTtiueuW le O'bialolna and aui-lytug nvgllrerowrrtaBd la Iba ma
chlDiry and rnftlnu taiplaTad ibeialD."— UtHh B.
jAUn blT^norhl*. C'l UwrpAol, tnjlntar. and Lnnlt Jamtt Cllildt. ot flaoVk. Intern-
ihm, auclntar, tot *'teruln Impnrtementi la UkooioIIti cnilDCa.''— Uanbd
.tlt>BtiiIt( Allialt. of Ltnlon itotlr*, la Itit laumir ol Nalll>if)ia». lilaacbar, Ibt ' ti
protaairali In as paritu* nltil la (ba sorMng cf attam-lHdIm, ilaa lo a^patMaa awd
rieaiiilni Suta. — Uarcb f!-
Jobn Uviidtrvun PAittr. u' ftlaclibtatli. K^ni, roftnatr, fur " tiDpro^vmaBla ki
CInTrri. L^atni. tniiaM. and aupporta, and In reoidann
jr »h* uA^vrimi, "'Uarcb t*.
Hturr Baihard Kulidrll. of iha (rlly of Otfonl. fOldtmbUi, (ot " iBpaovtBtM*
trtuda and tiTtllvnt." — Mvcb V-
<rturtt Coadt. of UaidPdi- patb, L«iiiuliWi far ~aii latrrortd rotlbttl at nelfeadt
of illiDlbullnr o**r land llqulilB and iut«lanMa laaUquli ar tl nan i aula, anil <ituUi
Impron^ if'puatM lud oi^t binary anrptnyrd il^trrlo.*'— Marcb II.
Julin Aiblni'T. u( ^'P<*nahaiv, urar Maiirlinitr. I^r *'«TtBln faprvraipci
contlrucUos and manuticiurt □( irhaila far iiia i.pon rillinjn and omnaaa
In lb* mn^igda vf prT[iiirlii|f auJ cijotiructing Lbo iTrta nitd tbtrvoa."— Warp b tl.
Aliiiiidii AllloU, of t«»<an Wotk*. Naltlnfliaiat bltarbtr, ftir " I nat«vcBirMa Ij
luilKf iiiuratiit ind In hilanfiat. alto lii bmlca. and la tba nrtana af waiMBf bnaba"—
lllitll l4.
Jao>(* Parrlll.i>(i:d*B(iild.I.ancuhlr*, lot "caitolo twprOTanwBla Id caadlll^tB(iMa
fc>t carijluf vrgol and uCbrt Hbrvna aulMlancai.'— Hisch l*.
Pndrikh U'lUlaiu Mlcbicl Colliui, ind AlfNd Bernaldi, b«lb of CbannlMvfti^ran*
Hlddlnra. miiatcra lod frtDUri. for " ImpreniDtnU In ihcarl of ot»»i»twW»| tMWL.
**rtbtn«di«.Hiiil (|l>ii.'*— UattU [4-
Jahn HiMiirr. of Styr L'roat. »vrT*y. tumvo', for ■■ linpra*«B»«nU la •nWBIII* 1^*
aupplrlni wittr and tor (ItanalnK driJu and >4i>tn." — Uarcb Id.
Uaflfgt Cllloa. ot Elrjllwlcli, %\'nr(rcUhlfT, Bull manufBcUirtr, fe* ecviala * la _
mruta in niijjuraciijrlDf nil. tad Lu ipitaritiir fnr inaidn'«rLurlnfiatl."— Uarcb Xf.
U'llllani Kdviicl Ntiftoa. alCbancarT.Un*. llkldlttat, for "bu Imptannaatir j
ptaT>ir>«nti In noUaf touullox Jolnlt for piptt, nuiilr^ alap-torlct, •till aid CTib
Dfwli.aiMloilw>tppBnl>*.'* (A (onoiaaltaitavi.: — Uinbrj.
Htnit n iiaintr. of 8alat fancranoad. mddltfw, for ■■ InpionnitaiB lu ttci
larltirr alsliBi."— Mirrh 13.
Ullllaui KmlriMjM, nT farl-btad, l^aiiaibtlilr*. Scotland, chtinlat, Hur '
■iinta In trattlDg laul ind Dlhrt oi**."— Harrh H^l.
Jaaapb Ortl. u( C-il)4h*Ll.eliaa>b*r>. (tutlcman. fji "ctrlalii liprOtaaBtiMi la i^«'
inaoul*ctiin ortriiacltJ iiont, ttmrnt*. orntmenlal (Uta, brlcU, tod qmnM." C -^
rflraniiintrtlloo.} — Much yi.
Willlini Jinn Dollar, of Lanbalb.SurrtT. Illhotiaph*'. lui "tvtlala laiptaiiair* ■■
In mactiLntTT far proptUln|."^MircD }?.
John Lairat Col*, of Lorta.iitati.UldiLlaatB, far "Mttiln Iniprotaataaia la <
tnjlnti."— Miivb Jr.
rHE CIVIL ENGINEEh AND ARCniTBCTS JOURNAL.
BLOOMSBURY BAPTIST CHAPEL.
Jonn CiiBRoy. Esq., Architect.
f With an En^avijtg, Plate VII.)
BlAMRRhuTy-Atr?*! noir pr^scntH tt very unuHual. \f not nltff^ns
h« unpr«:«dcnt«il, Biwembliv^ df rhiiMi ftrebit^clurc, tlii-re
ein^ there da fewer thta tlirc« chitrf^liM — bt Iriut, {>!»».■■ of public
MiurMin — tof.'etlitr in h line l>y tlje Hitle of ench other. Willk
giMiu ■imilarity of piirpos*'. tliey rtispUy grMt varietj-, or we
■ii|tfat uiy ooiitrDEt. Th&t tn (he north— numriy, BMlforil (.'liii|)«l.
or what \iii«d tn lie m c&lled. nnii whi<:h wax urj^niOly of n mniit
4iiim&l "tnheniticle" nppeiiritiHNV-xvne mt^relj- re-dreMedex(emnlly
k ranr nr tvn Mgn; n Hrt-timHtanre thnt porliiipK &xcuHe« mnny
dejecta and inei]iiulilir« in the des-t|fn. the architect beinfr (Com-
pelled to rptatn nil the fiirmer ri[ipnings. both il(ion> find wiinlriw*,
— knd it would wem, tlip f«n«rr tiirrrt imd n hit of the i^ble <Omi,
which are seen ttticltinf^up nmiii nvkwurdly over the iiowhotiKontal
tine of the front. Were it niU for that, snd for the meannoKS of
tli« doorm, tfa« tttmt would huvi- hppii ]iiiii<iuhlp.
"Vhn woond of th« three huildinpi in point nf dnte ifi the Aonth
«oe, — K French Pniteatniit churi-h. with a tmutl rendpiire for the
clernman attaeJied tn it. For thiii, the style ndnpted iii(^rthi<i;
but the dwiim in p«reodiii(r!y hhIjit titid iiii|in'ti-ncliii);, there beinp
mroelr anj tiling in it eii-epl the Inr^ wijirliiu tii ^'wv it exnreH-
doD. Eren thitt feature is not made su much of ns it mij[Ut liiive
hevn ; for altboiifrii sufficiFiittv ■■orrivt ns to mere form and com-
pMttion. it huK II taitit' iitid Kiiirilleuu luuk.
Tlie B.iptifet Chapel, whicU comes in immediately helwi'i'n the
t*o other buildings, n by fiir the mort ambitinuN and conspiciiiiiiK
ol the thrtw. It ii; thiit whirh nnnimiiceii ittelf moht distinctly ss
a cburi'ii— in fact, ntiidi more ax n " church" than n» m disM>nting
place of worsliiii, the letter hHviiic hitherto cenenilly e>ichi'K'i.ii)
llnTeiil of St hIi affecting, the erclfiniiKtirnI itrthudo.iy nf touent,
adepinm; while heni we hive Ti«t onlytuwt-r iiiihI i^pire, but n
pair of lh«m. And here tbev produce a muM ^iirreeiilile divemity
■if outline, not only aa rei(ara« the structure to which they liehmfr.
htil the Eeneral lETOup uf all \.hv thmv ; more iwpec'inlly uo the »*•
u«rt of ihvir fnintu bi an enai one, — uherefnre ihcy tirv inviirinhly
in Kbadow, except early In the momlnir. Stundint,' out in iHild
rvlief B^inst the ttky, and c«t4:hiii^ tJic \\k)\X on one of their otlier
lides, the towew nwvp to iimduce mme play of liitht luiil nhiide. an
«rll an fonn and outline. Tliey tell very alrikiiifcly in the view
friim New Oxford-itrect. — perhaps more »o Just now than thei'
vill do tnme lime hcncf. fiir at present they ocwiMon Roinrthinir
eenrpriae alMi. they MWiEiint; lo hnve ntiirted iiitu exi!(t''nri: nil
ones, a> the building «ait bc^iiu only Wl uutumii. OirinK' to a
nlarty happy accident — In niemimdeiit. iind notliinp niore —
of the i'Hi(-r» dinplnyx itM-lf very pictiiri'^mely from Hurt-
near hy St. flenrt^e'ri, Uloonnhbiiry,— at tlie end itf a vi»t»,
fanned by a crns»-strect thnt runs obliquely from New Osfurd-
tVwt, into Bloonishiiry-ftrcol.
The rtylfl of tliis Baptint Clinii^l is of esotir cliariiciter to
Bofljiak cyM, it heine medieval li^liftn or Lonibnrdic; hut whe-
ifaeraelected on account of itn bcin(c unlike our vyrn Anglo-cccle-
duSical style of ihi* luune prriwd, wei^aNiiotHny ; hut, we mu«t ob-
wrre, the luldition of canmuuili parttikeit very inurli m»r« of
Enctiah (lotliic tliun of Li>mliurHLcphy»i«inioniy ami mode of com-
■Winn As our engr<tviii^ rxpliiiuB the defi^ii it^rtf much more
MsUilti^ly thikn tJic mfwt tic-riiriit^ de«crii>tion unnlil pn^nihly do,
■re need not even nttem{jt any ; ticcordinslv, we «hali CDufliie uur-
Mire* to a few remarks, ^i hiic we runuily ctmfres that the ar-
<ih«ct (Mi. John tiiWoo, wliv>e luiine was i{uit« unknown to us
WA«v) biw fbown competent knowledj^ of the »tyle panenJly,
n alwi dcMilerate more reicnrd t« the «pirit of it in some of the
^liili The uppcnuirtt »tory of the tuwero, nnd the lar^fv cir-
raiar window, arc natisiuctury eiiuuKh ; not so, however, the door-
my*, which nur^bt very j>r-.>perly hme been mode far more im-
|milKiit features, — importitnt, we mtttxi, not u rc^iurds oixe, but
with recaril to dc»i^ nnd exei'uticm, Sudi uurta uf & buildins bcin^
llnae which are most ctenrly of til s^cn, — in fnct, Ihoee which »ult-
jtrt UicmKtl>'et> to the clotcot inspection, they nniiimlly demand
nort eh>bor»te «niiimi>ntnlian and liniah than otliera which cin IfC
wen fimn. compa nit i rely, only n diHt.-ince. S^uch at leiiKt iiecni« l<i
U»« bcca the principle ftenernily ohiwrvcd liy medimvnl architect's
>b»ae diMirway* and [lortnlii wera fr«i(ucutly moit profneoly
4«nied, even whttn all the rest of a facade was either featurcleiM
itflvraUM cw (otnn on. It muli] lurrlr tiiTc bran wurlli mlitl* hi rrmovithi
to <a* "firtfir r4i|llft" hplif>Ert Ih' cliapfl. Cnrin tb« trupl la Ih* •lilv,— ,-ir
UHtiUH, IT U «uia turn Uecn dour, lo tb* rmi of Iks liuUiIliit, vlur* Uitr ouulil liin
KkUS— Tou \l.-MAr, lS48w
or left finite plain. The bestowing narttctilnr ntlenlioD upon them
i« indi4peni>iihlv re^juinito for any ailetjuate chaiact en ration of the
Ltinibnrdic style ; more eapeciaily a*, unlike the Crotliic, it afford*
very few n'^diirce; of de^iifrn for windows (circular ones aJone tx-
repted), which wereKcldnm more I ban mere HnaU nnBle openinf^
without any of thut vnnrty nnd richnem which arise from muilion»
nnd inlerHertinR tracerj-. If not richer in their general deaiffn. the
dni)rwa)'i> of thix chaml miffht verr well have been «ODiidenU>ly
buiiler in their detAiU and execution. Were tliey more deeply
reci-KKt-d, and their muuldinga in greater relief, they would make
M far better appeamnC'f.
Tlie huitdiiitf in iif white brielt. with omamentnl ilreMinns nf
Caen Ktone. The spiri'ii are cinstructed of timber, nnd ore covered
with ornamental tilew. The width of frontngo ia 7« feet, and the
heiuht In the top of the Hpire« I IS feet.
The interloriilfdrduaccnrnmodiilionnn the ip-ound floftr fur about
4(iil pi>ntoii« in pew», with « ii-ntihiile nnd two veiitry rooma. In
tlie low ew are xtaircnKes leading to the biuiemeiit iiiid giJlery fliMiT((,
the whiile extent uf thii furmvr heinji set no&rt for two anhiioln, for
ho>-n and for Rlrlii, Tlie K;illerii'« ui-enpy three "iides of the chapel,
with an or^n pnllery on the fourlii— liiene will lu-mniinodHte VTO
peraon* in newt, with a separate gallery for *60 cliildreii ; total
Hcconunodaturn, [,1H0.
The span of tlie roof, clear of «up[irirt(, in M feet. The heif;ht
from the flotir to the ceUinfr \s 3S feet. The whole hiiildinf; ii
nearly a miuare, andcoverH a superficial area uf 5,lMfeet.
GOTHIC WINDOW.
r t:
^rj
ic
1 Ax
.^A
WitS^sa
Nn— Uurinir t)ie autumn of ISlrt, in which I atjived Home weelcs
at K«|ipflrl, on tlie Hhini-, 1 met with, in an old'd.unh at that
pl.'ice, a (...line window, of which I made memoranda. Fr<im
thc*e, a tncnd han bwn coableil to iwnd me the jnclowd. I noir
lorward it to you, in cn»c you nwy think it worthy of inwrtion in
yiiur very useful publicatiou.
I am, youni, tkr..,
AtAenrraia C'nA, PaH MaU.
(«
THE CIVIL ENOIKKKR ANT ARCHITECTS JOURXiU^
IM*1
CANDIDUS'S NOTE-BOOK,
FASCICULUS LXXXI.
" I cnstl bkrt IIMtir
UlUial. m lari* ■ tharltr u Ibm tHiul*,
Ts blcnr on urtiiiDi I iiIiub."
I. We aro nei-er, it irould swm, to have mure than one vie* of
th« new PiUiuv nf ^l>tftmiKel«r ; fur though many r9nr«M»tBtii>n>«
of it — or trhitl rail thcniMjvw tuch — havo bwn publiHtied In va-
rious iliHpea, [hey are merely capin either of the Tint one, or vf
eai-h other; all of tbem BhowUif; unty the river front, as taken
frvra tlie uoulh-fiiKt. >Vhat norl nf fidelity ami tavto ttainpt Mirh
IttreAMcdly piratieal maiiuftHiturc, may be nHkre i-o.-wlily iniH^ned
tkan decently— 4t least temperately expreewd. Nothing leas than
nerraa of iron — or else a thurougii cxIliMity of mind lh»t is hardly
enncMlfable in such an arliKt, rjui cimlito .Mr. Jlarry to <>iitlun>
•one of iha abominable liliels »u inftictt.'d ujum him. Scliiiikcl,
Klnu^ dltnco', and other forei^ anrhitei-tn, hare been similarly
UboHod, and pcrhnpa more ^ievaunly still ; but then there are
their own nuthetitle rejireiiciilaliuiiH uf'Uiiwi, iw well na their hiiibl-
in^ themseKes, tu show to tho«i' who fatire no other mntiii uf
jud^o^ of them, vhnt the latter reallyare; wherens. without such
ihoonlrtivertiblK «riilefir» l« tlie OHitr»ry, some uf them mii;til lie
Mippused lo be the moat barbarDHji aiid miirriible lhiti^> ever
erected, — at leaal, sucb would be the case were it not that the very
vilenem of tbo reproMntntion tximforte us wrtb the assunince that
(he ktruiTturm thamwlrep cminnt, hyaiiy poiwliility, he h* liiiUHiiiM.
II. Thfit plodding Ailherenre ti> prece<k-nt, wUii'h is no» mude a
^int^^lva-lu)n in devitrn liy thr>M> vitiot>e inllueDCe and ntithorily —
more especially in matteri of •iburch-biiiMin^ — nm»iint C<> ilictatioii
toarirhilerla, has a tendem-y to operate iiijunoutly to art, in various
way*. Furnrt — in Iheworthymettoin^ of thelemi — in nulMilulnl
wimt la ortiiiii'kly will bev«ii«m«re routine, efficiently dexterous
)>erha|H, and clever, bat still routine. As fnr it* dMifcn i* oonct^rned,
all, it may he wiid. th.it i* now re^iuireil i.f ar<-hilt>ctii in, that they
nhHlJ he itcilfiil mimiea. Such talent will Ktmid them in -Aeud of
imainnatiun, invention, artiiitic fitteJin^, eontrivnnre. And much else
heaideH. The ari^hitect is in fai-t de«{r»ilcd fntm hi« position «■
urtirt, iho enerviw of the fsniltiea wl»ich such chnmi^ter imphc*
bein^' interdicted him, and all that ii cjii>ecled of liitn beiiin Uiul
he nhall Bcniiiuloualy adhere to exprcM pattem« tor the particular
style ho in catled upon (o imitate. D»ily ex|>crienei! convince* — (it
leaiit might conviiico tix that, iwinehow or other, the «uirit uf the
orifrinalH in not irnnufuMd into the ciopiea, or el»e ttie jieoiliar
Bontimsnt and a^KomtioiM eoRiieeted with the former evapomte
alttwath^r in tho Utior. More*iver. the exxmplc of modi>!Vidi«m
itself is, so far from afTitrding iiny prtc^enl for, rather <miioaed to
that s}^tem of torpid Imitation which in now n'^Hrded l>y mory
aHtlio moRt salutary and efflcadoiu for art. During the'middlo
ages, there waaeonliniin] ehitn^ and innovation in ikn.'hit«ctun%
by meaCB of which tramtition was made from one marhed i;eneral
moiJeor style to another. So fiir wn« precedent from beiop regarded,
that not even unifomiJlT uf deaig^n and style wan iiltendedtu inodi-
Aoes wbieh werw carried on by eucceiwivu p«ner«tTona of huilden ;
and mme of which exhibit in thcmwlves, not only different, but the
two cxtnBBie phases of the Puinied HtyU-, inrludinf;, perhaps, pnr-
tioiia In an nnlinior style, The urrhttectis of tlio«e days did not
suffer thetnselvca to he trunimelled by brecedent — to he lied down
to repetition and copyinir, evi-ti where tftey would have contributed
to unity nfrHmnble. Ttieii, iiivtead of thnt^inrf-^^r/Zin iirl, which
we seem to rtiuMiiler eiM-ntial to the maintaining it in ila intejrritj-,
all waa inuovatioii, unifjn-Hs, pr«iliictivciiOi«. The art wa« pm-
duttive, beKNUM- arti&ts wroii^lit oiit of their own minds; cunse-
tjuently, infused mind, inlrllin-iii-i-, spirit, and ti|iontnneity
into their produi'tion-:. Tbey did not thnn reject new idojw merely
h«:aii«e they were new, nor the su(nr^s<i<>n« of imnjriniitioii out of
the tiniirl apprehension uf beinft cenniired as incorrect, if not ab-
wilutelv heretical in taste. They did not. oa we now do, abide by
ready-mHde,nud reaily ciit-and-dried paltem»i, hut deoifmed nil their
dftailN freely, for they employed what wus tothem their vemiieuUr
lantruaxe — their ouii mutJier tongue in art, whoHo character and
idiumii Ihey Jwlped in frame, and in which they fxpi-esMod them-
Kclve* inBtiucilvclv. To us at the prwent dav, the rtyle thov w«rd
has hemmc- u dead Innf^ua^ ; one in which, liv dint of *tu<ly, we
may attain lo oonKiderahle prolieienry ; but whWh we do not think
in, and ahifh doen not supnly words; and expresaiimB for tnodi-rn
thin^ and modern idojui. H e may indeed *o call it, but meiliir-
ral English architecture in no louder otir Natiuiiul vtyle, if by
■a
it
ed
I
*- National" we are to itndrrctand the preralent style of huildi
ffaosnUy employed by u* fur nil purpntMand ueeanoix alike. U'
may be mediieral lu utir churdie^ just aa we iiuiy b« Ciceronian
Latin oration* at cutlegM and sclionls. But we our««lrea ate
the while ^tlin^ further and fnrlheroff fmrn medtmvklism uve: ,
day. FreeConiitituliotiii, ItepuhlicK, aiid<.'iiiirtisiii,do tiot iiutieale
aiiT ereat attachment lu the npirit of media>i'aluiiii.
ill. IVo an* now, it Meow, lik«i|y to have, for the rerr finit time,
n work tlint shall fairly ouiwer Ut the (Jianrter of a*l>ictioiiiin'
of Arthiteclure, ahich those which have bitlirrto 8ppean>d tindc'r
suc:b titlv have iH-en ver\' far indeed from doiuf(. lliey have, al-
nUMt without an exception, been little better ti an mere tnd'tmt;
■peculations, — things mauufaci ii^red for the market; and Mimeof
them have bi-«n Huch arrant Hcfwurs-and-paiita work, that hardlr
liny market cuuld be found for ihi-ni. The epithet, ".\rehiteetural.'
Spiled to NichoUau't, is little lem than an arrant mienomer;
mvfore. I am not at all Eurpri»ed M the pre<ent proprietor nf the
cifpyriifhl liavin^r )mh*ti toM. hh I lijippen to know, by one whoa
he nna *idiettou3 to enKa^e to Itnuf; out a new edition iif it, th
iu Older tu he rcndi-rcd nt all what it would now reijuiro tu tip. ..
must be entintly re-writlrn from h^loiiinic to end. and anitillii^
to almiHt double the ijuHiitity nf letter-press. .Ix lhel)iction.-.rv
now prumiHcd us is lo l>e the undrrtakinK of a societv. there ><
reason for (.■^pcctiii;; that it mLU be uniformly wi^ll'-execoted
thruuffluiiit. Very tl^»t r»iom for iniproveaient upon evm-thini
there ia ill preHcni of the kind eilher in our own or any' utlier;
language there certainly is. If only heaiuiie nuteriolK l>are
grtutly af cumulated, and to many matters and suhjecU bs'_
tome up that oujiht u> lie not merely noticed, but treated of pivttr
fully. At the preitent day it wouUI, for instani-e, be unpardanabb
to omit Nudt term-f, and the information connected with tbem. at
{'ioijiie-ceiito, Eteiiaimanre, fturocu, itud numvrous otherv either of
» similar ur different rliuo.
iV, If the Dictionary io pr««, hi*rc a]lude>d to, is to cantaia
artjdea of urchiteclural criticiBm and iet,thetics. it will have te
i<Hpply a very tj^rcal deiil indeed merely in thnt MiicledepaHineRtof
it. Ill fact, ihoariiBtie philoKtpy uf architecture has scarcely been
merely touched upon al the beat, and that very vaguely, louuelr.
loid drily.^whereftB it rei|u)reF> tu he fully elucidated bv actual
in-ttaiii^en and uxsiiiples. (.haraclt-r, ConipoiiittoD. ContniKt, F.lfrct.
(inindiuae, Urotesijiie, Heaviness, I'ittiiresiiue, Purity, Itiehne^
Simplicity, unil many other tcriiiii, mittlit be madf> to furiiish exceed>
iniiir iulcn-jitintc and iiiKtructire articlm — «uch as wotild aiirt
very much iu poiiuiari.iiiiic the study of architecture. That it
L-reiilly needs to be popularised riiii hardly be ili>ipute<l. ()f »■«»
little UKC if it for iUt profoHionul followers to call an^hilecture the
Hiu-en of the fine idrtji— or rather iheifMi cxllinij it |Mirtokes of the
ridinihiiia, uliile thr public arc for (he iiioxt p.-irt utterly indilfer-
eiit to it u-H a hne art ; and that Midi i. the ca»e the e^hibitiomi at
the Uoyiil .Academy »ir«ri*;ly testify, where the picture of a "posy-
fnci-il" ((irl, or of a donL-x-l piiintcd " in huff," will nltract crawdc
of npcctulurv. while the iircliitCH^tiind room in a desert, or unedoalr
nti a thontuirhfiire. The picture^, in foci, pasteu no much atnuifcer
iittrautioa for the many, that the architectural drawings are c»n-
pamlively ijuite dii^reKflrdeil, <>r if looked at, are looked at rather
ua piclurca than an de-ii^'^ and jiiilxcd of not mi much accordinaia
thenrchitccturid merits iiud idenii vihich they diHpluy, than accord'
in^ to ability of caecuLiuu, and the picU>riiil iiualitieM put into
them ; which liiat npeeiea of artistic rt^onimendiition i* ijuite dis-
tinct ironi architectural value, and in what may be imparted by a
skilful pencil to very poor, or even wretchedly bad designs.
V. If the noticm hentwued u|M>iithe Fine .irt* by the nou
press miiy he taken as a fair criterion bv « hich tojudnoV
favour in which Ihey are rwpertively lield by the public, Ajrdiit
tore aan he acurceJy nhove wto nccurding to Kuch themoinettr
popularity. Although the clii« of puhllaitiuini just moBtiom
piul'csMM to bo au jitU on every MihJKi:!, architecture is ifrnored I
It ; and why?— because it lan be done with impunity. Is it to h*
Ktip|HiiNrd that tiuch M Jotinial a* the TiniM eoiihl not, if it thouoht
it Hurth while to do kii, cumiiinnd ok able a<Hi»tBnc« in theiT
guirtmenl of the Klne Arts i^eiifratly. and iircliitertare amoi
them, aa in auyother.^ Moot undoubtedly it i.wiild ; and woo
do so, were there, on the joirt of the public, any demand for •«
information and iiutrui^on. We may thereforo fairlv conclud'.
that (here is none. This seeran diM:iiLi raging enoiiith, ^ut is *aid
not lor the purpose of discoiirnjruig, lmt,on the eontmry, of felimn-
Ixtiiiic architects, nod inducing thent to nioktr nn effort to cr«s "
ttie.-i tor general interest in behalf of their art. Their vauntiitf
to ejc
•jch other is u>elm, mid little ImtTcrthan so raucli idle Tasai
. U it the public, net they ttiemaelvcii, who reauiro to be a
ing.
vinceil of
requiFoi
its importance and excellcnee. Yet, what has
THB CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCniTECTS JOrRN.AL.
|*4aii* tniinnU |irunii>ti»it nnd disenniniitinf; arctiitec-
- Jnnonff the |iulilir? Tlii^ :iiMti4-r rattsl Ih- — -jiint nutliinft
nt ttll. "Vbe mvre idea of anvthinif of the kind i1ul>ii not apuear to
bMVcev»uM)nnm'tiii<iiirrurrv<i toth^ni. Nny, lhe"l»<ititute tnif^t
Iw Mttn^iiijtlied tO-iBum>w, and ti<-ith«r the sii. twrtliv proffMian,
n«r tbe pablic wouJd mi«c it. Although I aln not pri>t<>nd tn be a
jMiticnUr ttdmirar of tbe " InMtitute." I am, in unc o^nw, Itt
tareHMft «cll-ni«lipr, oinof mtixl cAniPctly du I wi^b that it would
iki^lHtlixe ilM>lf^ by doiii^, »r Ht<^r>ij>tiii)r t" d», Hnniv rvnl nvrvii-R tu
trcUt«ciure. af a ttranirb of Fttie Art. At prei^nt, Ibut ixKly iu nut
wily Mcrrdiii^ly dniway itself, but its torpidity lina a tiivniimliLMt;
ttttX whirli exicadt Iifywid it«uitii imm«diat(>Ki)hprD. Still, I am
Ml for luivio^ihe " luBlitiit»~ aboli-tifil ; but I itnwixbthHt it were
••ntirely rv-routirurted. If t cut it up. it iaoiily for the purfiiiK^ nf
iti beinit ibniirti intii Meden'>i raiildmn, to he resuscitated in a
bearer farm, aiid cuiiiu furtb itjpuii vigoroKa and eiMTgfitic. Or if
afreid) aiid mure ^nial apirit— Jf greator activity, and |rn>att>r
■rmpaUiy with Fine Art. can be infuned into it. wilbniit re>unltiw !»
iLrjirorcMi »f re-ciinwtrunj'iii, tbe mkiiiiv it lie (t[>ne tbe better.
Werfrl leva iluvnted Uuui I am In arLliitKriurc. the " Inpititote"
inilil n«t be tbui) rejiruacbed by me; ahi) if to \m «> enlbnuiai!-
tinlly i]<-v<ili-d tn tbnt art. af^ t(i be ijiiite refTHrdlctiK trtioni [ ptpuce
iirofleDd wlitle udroi'atinii iu iiitcrvts ohoiilil «ubjei;t me to rtr-
pnuli iu rulurii, I cati endure it witb fnr imirv of pride tban of
liuiae.
VI, The luitiirni dpath of LuilaJtr the Firit of Dnvaria wiiulil
Ut» Itpen many ilcjtnT" lewi tlirtrpiwiiiK than w biw mnrjil nnd
poOtJcal one, by oliidi lie bati tej-niiiuiled bix mrei-r tbnt forim nn
r|Mrb in the hintor)- of art, aa an iufatuated old dotanl. Siarrely
iver hefitre bait *» much been don« by an indiviilual prince fur llie
aib#UiHhfMent tif bts capitnl, W faaa hmu ar<mnpliahed by Ludwij^
Ar Maiticb; whnae nanw liaa In cooaetiue-iire beixniw a familiar
hoBsebuld word in tbe mnuthi of nrtiatu throiiKhout all Kunipi-.
Vhait other prinre* havi> done fur nrt hat been in n urent nteatun-
Hit of rilbiT iwtcnittliuti or ixilicy ; bnt the ex-kirn; of UnvnrJH
•emiitD have been all alonff warmly atiMi-iied tu;irt for Jto'itrnuike.
Il wa* himself petMinally that oripnated the idea nf,and mHlubniidy
■ ■trhed tbrntiith ihi-ir tircifftehu, nidniimentnl titriLi^turec. laime uf
■faich wimld of ttieinaetves Iiii;hh' Bullici'il for ri<cnr(linif arrhitec-
tondlv an entire reign. No very exceiwive hy)ierboh' i« it t" «hv,
llial tlie rei&n of Liidnifhimbeen r<[iiivalent In tlie leii},'ilii^[iMl ni)«
<>rad>-niu>1y, when wcmnipiire Nfunicb with whiil it wmtiinie thirty
reant ui(o uud ai>w ». And ruiin I'—why nrtw, tbr tviim died over
Ilia coflui would haYc l>een far leM paiuJful than tbe »i^h wbith we
pie to hi* folly and bin fnte.
VII, Tbrre tn » vivA ilfnl of pnite iinil piihiver ahimt Propor-
tiuna, aa if all tieaiity in architect iin' oere refiTable lo tlietn
alone, iudeptvidcntty of all other f|iiahtie<i that wo to make np
bMNrty. and imh-jM-iiilcnitv of all cin uniHtanrrs. It i» lo cnnveni-
ent tn have vtImI luuks liitt* irrrfmgtljle nnd nuthnritiitivt' rlnrtrin<^.
iitd • theory ao camipact that it may be put into anulahetl. or
carried on the tipof one's lan<rTie. ready to ditrt out the inti|;ic »i>rd
— Propiirlioiut, Vrt, Hu t\t from bcinr on th«l iin-ount ii simple
•ne. .luch theur)' it* mi e.^t^rt^iiitfiy mm)ilirjit<'il and ahstniai- one.
[/ we akk wbii areheautifiil I'roportiaaa, we atiall be tohl "jurt"
■an : wlwn, if not frutistied with miirh elnridatinn. we return tn
lie cbargeand inquire what lire jiixt I'mportion*. we tihall. perhnpa.
W further enlightened hy beiiiK anured that they- are tti<r«r whicli
ue banDoniaua and conduce tuheautT. For the hitman fiirire and
Mbar BnimKl fornin, there are Hta»()nril» of norms! )*rapnrtlon«,
isei hy nalnre berwif. Hut in nrrliiteetiirc, tbii-Tt* in no immut-
kbk KtvniUrd of I'mportlon fur miy one atylc, mudi le«i one ap-
^icaUe to all ftyle* nlike. In tbe (ireek ordeni. we Hnd tbe rery
Ptlnmo wf (inniiirlion — bucIi hi c.iubl not be eYpcedcii either way
•ttV>at fnliin;; tut" det'iirmity and diigirofiortion — in the IVtlum
Dorir,, and tlic slender, comparatively tiio nlender, Corinthian.
Vet, uttcrlv divtimilar as they arc. all the orden may be snid to
benlminbly prt^urtioiied in thenmclvoi ; whirh, bonrn-r, itiolead
ufat all Biaipltfyiiie tbe iniitliT, only rendem llic !<iihjert of I'rir-
furtiaa the more nliHtroae and per |i lei Sue:, 'i'he very beet I'ronor-
b«ia are only rrliilively gooa. ftfr diffeTcntly appliui) they mif.'ht
Ire far fntm pleaiiiiiK. or eveJi be ab<'irrl ;^at the utniriHt, only
>ven(||« proiKHrtiuna, nuitablv for K*'nendipiidiuiiTeaiicI foi ontiiiNry
caaea; and hi far fmm hetiiirabidt-dbt', niirh averaire mav freijuriitly
tWHTMrtly exceeded with the happiest clfert. What, for in^tanoe,
i' InftiiieM but an uimviial dejrnt; nf heiffbl iti i-otiiinineon with
'iruiHlth, or beii;bt e.xceedinK the unual relative iirojii'rti'iri irhich it
beiars to width ? To attempt to fii invariable Woportiiinii by niii-
ia wwrve tbaa nmcaton-. xinccit i«pnsitii-elymii«chievuu»,nnddeirarta
Ct«Btiieuriviltv(e»i>rart ; rendering that a merely mecbanical nro-
CMB wbii^ ovght to lie detennined very differently. After all, It
IH the eye which jiidnea of Propnrtiunii ; therefore, lorply tbe eye
of tbe arehitect — NiippMing' him to be at all wortb; of i^urh name
— on^'bt 1(1 be able to deride what are pleasing PmpotttoDs ^uite
iiH well as that uf nlber people. And ui thiit they be plen.t]n)r, it
matters not at all how mucli they deviate from ordinary roniinp
and it* niles. Undue titriws U laid upon Frnporlioii, Itecatute it i*
g^nerHllytiKikeutif iuif it were all-initlicient in itNelf alone, and ea-
pahle of eimuriufr eicellence ; wtrreitu, it i» only one element itT
beauty in de*ign. Betides which, the lenn itw-lf i» naitnlly undpr-
Ktond inotilya i-en-limilrd meiininff — nanely, with reference tnlliKt
mprbKitical Boeciea of ii irhirb <^«ncentit il "elf with merely partu
Hciti individual members or featurex, without tb:it hieber nrtiKtie
one bein^ iiit-ladrd lo the idea of it, which re^nbitiiif Ihn whole
of a compinitinn, itamiH it to tbe eye nt oncv as a eaplivniiiijc
nitrmblf, all »fco»e {mrXt are in perfect kcqiinir. Tlint kind «T
' Proportion it quite beyond the reach of nileai. Thn«e who cannot
find out for tbemiielvev how to produce it, miut diK^ienne with it,
t runt inn thai il «ill never be mimed by I Ih tee who are content with
Pruptirtioii hi |uecrs and hiLt,— by hairbreiidth measurers of
columnv and mouldinga.
VIII, Odimwaalhe Window-tiixmavhBBaa tjuc^ I rannol at all
>erct! with tho«e who «>n«id.T it, or talk n« if they did eoiiwder it,
to operate injurioualy uimn an-hitrctnral deiicm. !to far ia ap-
pesmnre firora being at all benelitied by i mattiplinty or fre-inency
of wiudfiwn, that the fewer the windoan tbe mure naiid'tit-tory in
external appearance ; for unle« iparinaly intnutuced, Mich ojieB-
inipi aadly Inlcrfcrv with breadth nnd rnpiwr. Me certainly do not
£nd that ia dcd^* prodiiredn<s fperimenH of tbeir autbor'x tavte,
ronNnjuenllyciimiifwed wilhoiit the ■lightest reitard to tbe U'initow-
tax, ihey are at all prudiKalof "indowii. If theM'indow.taxbetelt
a peculiarly onerous and Mipreaaire one, let it by nil mean* he put
rid of ; hut in the name oi common-seiise, don't let iti eflect upon
architeitiirni ile»itrn bo iirceil an a rcasim for its removal, beirauM
if taate in to have anv voice in the matter, it mifiht lind a very
Rtrone plea for the obnoxious tax hehiK doubled, or even trebled.
With rc^td to ihe purpoite for which wtudowH are iieoevMiry at
nil, niiims rniiy have too much I'Kht, or too murh window-aurwce,
as well as ton little. The eheerfuhifiu uf a room does not depend
ao much upon the quantity uf light adinitted into it. an upon many
other rircuniTit.iiicfn ; nnil foreniu^t amoTij; tht'm ii> tlio air of com-
fort, or of liolh combined, which it exbiliitk ilt4-lf. Much alMi de-
peml» upon situation ; for the tatter muv be xiich as to render the
minimum of expoioire to our view of it ileBJrable. Atrnin, the Nirt
of tJiei'rftilne.Ti derivril from window-light in entirely dejiendent
upon the wi>,ither: if that he gloomy and eheerliMn, — IrUte and
dull. In dinmiil wriithrr— no very great rarily, Iiy the by, in
thin rliniate,~a blaiun^ lire i* far more exbilnralin|f than the mere
dayliirht. ( >f 'luaitfnm of window or aperture for light In n nwm,
there may be excess just »» well aa ilefidenry. Vet. hcciiiine light
iv indispensable, it is thou^^ht that there runni>t pDwibly he too
much of It.
IX. ^Vhile snme of the ntudien and <]iiiilificntions enumerated
as reijitisite for tbe arrJiitect are very remotely connci-ted wilh
cither the prnetice or theory of his art, even if they i"»n he saiil
lo bi- rtinnertifl with il all, othentherc lire which are overlook ed—
at lea.-<t jmiwed iwer in silenee. It w diffirult to rcpreiia a smile
when ue iiml Ifitilory and Hto|;:Tuphy included among the ituiliea
which an architect oup'kl to be convemanl wilh — for why not friju-
griiphy also — more rjipccially Poliaffraph]/, or descriptioanof citiea
luid iheirpiiblii' iniriiuiiicntH. The fuaitfuni of Histor)', Itowever. ia
so far fruin heini; formidable, tlint it dwindles down into a mere
tiomreopiilhic dose,— no more of it hein;; inMioted unuii than what
relates t» nrcbitei^tiire. Ju.tt Ihe wimo is it with Biography ; jiir
architectural l>!ri^u[iliy tn exci'ediiik'ly nr'itiity indeed, and due* not
nt all tend to encuitiber liiagraphicbil dtcliunuries. Mr. Donaldsou
point* only to one xoiircc for it — to Mili&ia alone, without 10 much as
mL-nt inning Tcmaitcn, (Jnatrrniirc det^uincy, andCeiin-Bermudm.
Of biography in genirral, il may »i«fdy he predicated that il ia " a
most attractive bntnch of history ;" but tbe same uinnot possibly
be averred of architcclurrd liiugraphy as a particuW ntiecin of it,
betratise, a* it has liithvrto been treated, it is partieuuirlv ilrj- ; a
fault that might lie fortciien, were it mil iil^o piirtlculiirty ^Mne.
Uiographv, says Mr. Duoalds'in, when speaking of il» importance
til the nrcliitcct, " tenrhcs us the course by which creat men bare
attained to cmliii-iice i" yet that cdniivt be said uf the apMien of it
which he must be Kupponed to have hail dtclmnvely in view. Oa
the contrary, it Icares us wholly ignorant of the stwiics and
meulnl impaWf to which the "eminent" in tbe pnifi^wiim luir
been indebled for their ability, and tlioir distinction in thi^ art.
Nay, wc very raielyleiim what were the external nuitter-of'fact
circunistaoces that ahapcd out and attended their pftjfeiisional
18<
itNAL.
mnm, W H tf n i / MMi mMIm* of ut&ttMl* w« rntMl unilrnUhljr
tutifw, y«l wtunij majihUtf tMll^ AMiwvlittr Dir iviimn nf ■rrhitw-
l«ra) MiifT«|>)i]p.— Avwnit «rlt(»n in^rtnuo umI fully iIoirvlapMl,
nailRf UVM Dtftw Mtldifw which %r* ttnuiffply rlnlmwl for the nr-
<«Uta«t, I will point iMii «K«l,Hllhnuah»vtrtuiil(«Hl,I myaplf ri)nM>irit
la W f Mr; Narailal if««llAi-«liuii»— I ujr cMViitial. not iii>Iii>|<fiw«hlf,
— tetww* 4aiiy vraiHcnra ronvinMw ua that iliaiionkMl with they
W«k Nmt I •hnuM flkf tlm UJttnt fi>r Invratbun ninl Cuntrivann)
MMMkahMMl ^wwil uHDny lh» ^wUifiMUaiu for im Kr<-hit»rt.
WhtuMi It, W «ftB W UtU* man than « bwno coploT,— the rrea-
Vuv vif WM— M tf j fcwt rvnttn* ; k v«>ry rMpM-lkbtf aiitomnlfln, but
Mol uianial. It w*flamMUjrr«r mv-diAiut-d (kill iind 9xr«llpncr,
tM Makoktlr n; ■»•* WW*, and ilwitt rn>iii lliol inauilliri. iiambjr-
MBto prwtaf akavl arviiitwiuni «« art,— «ioffi>t it li# jiut ihVt
W ww fmi* af tkfl Uttvr, by rirluv of which tmilorinff and
WakMjr kktirn to b« «nmllMt Mnnnn the •n-otlM nX*. Kor tite
' itt^fkljr mF wtkN- taUnt and mrrit*, th« upimrtunUiw >n> rotupar*-
U««|y Ita ; tot tllM* fiMr th* uvniw uf Contrivanrv are ran-
ttMMf waialiaf tfctwth-— . It ta what m far fnim r(><i)tirinfi:
Ihawirtll )>iwJ>iii II. ia ouwt of all rallnl ■■)(•> of4>ratii>ii l>y
^IndnMMMM ■■!«, and by riiffirtilti^w and uiutiaanl rircum-
H—WWkwfc-fcy a 1ill)e eivnSM n( it, niifht be nvrrcntnc. itut
•BJ^ nAaHauy w«ll. but even hapyllr. and w aa In Im* nrwliK-tive
■f mA W'»i»iii>iM umI hasMMa'tliat ««iald uut har* bwn
tiblwAt af tot fkr tta ototMlaa vUoh pcwraat nunpUaiKv with
WHH ■mw ■!■»■«■» f H twto y . A taM* Rv and aonaintanct)
vttkait ffaMMlhr.aaoaUaiyaanniHWtkalarbcanpbot it, toaWu
td«ittr 4MiraU«7>i *M ia«kMMUa. for tlM afctiitw«-a laala K>t
•a taacK P**^*!^ wynaitr wrpalnllag and anilptnra tkmmirm,
aa Av|ii««i«ial aad ■wtlatiB'aiai <>B u > aUa a ; uid aa rafaiiAi an
•9* Alt oakiu, aiinc, and rukwa canbinatioas af fwrm.
OK THE STABlLI-n- OF ARCHBSl
IS ia l>a*wt A^ waia I i»i ill I. tt»i«it jWaiy
aa SMKU..\aHr. tart.CJL— <Fr«aiaMMrf«alak
n>fe«l «»<t»a«nrfthi»pf tr lt<*t»«ftto |< o«ral t ««ift H aa<*€
AaMiKjtn atr*ft«taa nmfitt i «t WMty hiotk* •t aialanah. aa
^aM^at A i iK ft«. Tto wt i nd— JtJUrd ia >t t « a* dJat — a tto *a>-
AttaM af ataMfitr «r ak anK tto fw» wf wUA nU tto rmawaa
«4 Vr h. aa t ^|i«* a y»i>ti n >, fett t i M ^aM an>aw w t. ara
-«l«iltoa aiia af tto «<>aar»<*f tW axti ; auM^aaaa tatk
m 9mm at^ ^ fc t a«ljr, ac tto* af a ■ymiitt'nal i f ■>
all ta^ tacattd aK^aaai taaavca ta aaai^aaad taaaMmMw
jgawlW waaiffiil; tot U ttotkM a xt ian
•(UMka«ra« la
. a, taL«« iM* «a«iU
Tto
^■rtfciamia Jiiaaaiai ttoa»ditii»i«/»tafcaitTafMa»<t
no %y ft a >aa <<^ any — «» w i> * f f S cl iaanyfaafeianaiad^
fthlitoBtob»«rttoaM«Mat,«r*faakfdh«toaf fa>« h m« <
•a toan w <at «< tto <waa».
TW«*claf tto
t af Ito ravcat ia Mt 1
» Jt»VBL *H »»l,iaaf
iaf M n l u *f Oi*a«riHil i — I w Jil
«Md «»*H *• MaaM>« to wUik ft i
V tto <iH^ «r awtite aT te wiaM> «r aMtoi
^.■.-♦J
i«t-
th* jrielding of the maleriali of irliich iTie rtrnMiire ia oampoaed,
a* riiatfrnm <. K»r the lirvt effect to take place, it ii neceosary
thnt tlie remiltaiit P,, of tlio im-Miire F,, on «»« of the hlorfca A,
and weiirhl of A, should a«t in a direclion incltrwtl ti> a [Nvpnidi-
ciiIht drawn from the surTiK'v-) of rontact, at an an^le gr^uter than
L A R, the " limiliiiig aiiirte of r«.1*liinre" of those etirfaevfi. For
eKnin|tle, if the materiatit ar« ciiU-art-tiuH ii'ililv, ihiH ati^lc, I. A R,
JH 3ir 30' : and if, aa in diagTBin V, the direi-liun (if th« n-Httltaiil U
more iiiclint'd fmm tba |ierpendiciil»r than this aiif{le, failure vill
take pliii-e, rmin ih« one btuck klit>|)iii^ »ti th« otber.
For the serond elfert tn take fUrf^ tlii> reaultant pimture must
act in a direcliim vhirh pmses without the joint, aa in diafniRi 3.
The thini elfwi ilepviuU, finrt, on the ttrength of the material ;
daoondl^, on tlje amount of tlie r«)iullA»t jinHiKure ; nnil thirdly, oa
the |Ki«ti(Mi and direction of that preHure. ThuN the material
maybe r«fiabl» of HUKtaininff thv prefsure, ifit acta throug-li tJie
asiM of the atone; the pret«ur« in that cave beinz equnllf distri-
buted ovmr the whole surface of contai;t ; but ifthe dtrcetion of
the preamro appnMcbea verj' closely to one of tJhe ed^m, »o that
line portion af tto block nutaina a much greater precaure per
Miuanr incb tton aaottor, tbeo tbe material may yiala and failura
emue, aa in diagram 4.
If. however, none of th* rraultant prettsurei P, P, P. P,, dia-
Krani J, fulfil any of the abo^e conditiona, that it, if none ara in-
clined from a pcrpcmticular to the rarface of contact at An «i^l«
creater than the Umitiog angle of natatance of thoae aurfacea, Mr
fall without tto Jalnt, Bar anraadh aa near to the ed^ as to caute
Ihr material to jUiA, tton tu MnKtare will wtlhuland tbe pm-
aure P,. Alao. i/inMcad of thcpmsure P„ the utrnctureb* acted
on by a praMirep„aad th«r««ultaatap,p, f4f>„ da none of them
falfil any of \ht ccndiii—i af IbUart. it will withstand thia prea--
aare. In like maDncr, ■■ aidkaa rariety of pre nm ra a . or systems
af y aa wu ai.May toaaal ita r d to tto atnicture, eacbririiw adif-
lMBt awiaanf nNhaatoaa ttoaaiwaMivaioiats.
I
atkar jiian am I
! in ito vtmrtare, tto poai-
a, towarcr. a carve aadi ■• ttot !■
pr^cnyaf wUck aarrr atoaU to^
taaiEaat AaaU i«|caaMl tto MahiM aad dtoc
pcaaaan, aa tto «n«a P. P, P, P„ «Udk
car««v avAwUcft aW Aav^aaMMaal
Aav.«r-irany
ttoa tad i h a ath a af tto r a» haat areaa urt a oo ilit-m.alM>. mart be
jh«w»ani ai a ia lai d ,tofcae tto ambi U t y af tto arch IS determined;
• COoU be traced. th«
ai^ point in it th«
iSneHom af tto remhaot
««tang«ntfl to tto
ArarttDo of tbe n-
Mfeanla; tto»if napaat af iMa aaaw jmmti whtoal tto atrufture,
•* aa aaar toAa aJvwafLaato aaaae tto MB<rU I* yteld, tto
Miaataia wawd to Mablih nivvw si^BBivi^ aa in vliatavcf dl-
ia<«iaattoia«alaa%hltoL p an i fc i tto* Aa fayen dioi hr ftam
tto >Ma4 wtav iwfiMd la tto laaieas la 4a ooaa; at an akale hw
Ug« tto bMi>a<tan ;la af 1 1 iJil lai i U fa tm m^ kamn m tto
teat ttoato PMft iii rM ii lii. toa— ya | il li 1 i l to tto*^Ctoa-
toidf* ni l i 1 1 ( b iiiii l T itf I ■ ;— k CM to traerf to aMlica-
ttanafdMtoJlB.I >h »i lir . l aMhgii.aaato^inttoit«aWn
af tto - M i i biaa r i l ft ia ii|lii rfCWJ F^ aiiM t mJ Aitteac-
afjitataw «^ Bwad ntotaam «M to taaccd villi aafl.
Aw. A^Aaltoa L— *rb
aftMaarvbTlMte^Z^ a*rwi«.tto
Vltoi
IMS.]
TUB CIVIL EXGINREB AND ARCI
"9 JOTIRXAL.
in
wro* ; twotinM ihi» direction till the linr intprwrts tlip v^rtiRal.
llnxiKh ll"* centre of (truvity ; from the \imnl nf intciwction of
lU«ei»» lines measun.- off, un llic rerlicbl line, a ilintmirc^ rqual
ta li iiwt* of tli« i-calr, m»kiii);the tide W , of the par&ll(>l(>Kr»in ;
ud OD the line in the diicctiuu of the iirewure on tne block, m es-
ItlMfnuB 4
M SP *a tt If tv
^JL
if 9eiif)
Seilt or ci]aal ])bHs, r*p>H<ii(iii( CxU.
mvoffadieUncecqual toSO parts of the wciile, making the second
ride P, of the parnlldnemin ; draw ike other Iwo sidett ; ani the
diaironaJ R, \V , 1',, will rrincwiil the direction of the re»ult«nt
rf these pic»urc« ; its length, rijUHl to HI j liiutM of the twile, will
KJve the luniiiint of its preMtire, mk ewi., hiiiI llie line, continued
till it intenwctfl the joint No. I. will represent the point of appUca-
tMN) of this leaultunt prcjuiure on the Kcronii block ; that in to Miy,
tlMt |Kiint will b« tlie centre of preHsnre of all the jireitBufea, eoiii-
awwiCTtcd throuf^hout tho surfacea of contact, from the iiriit block
to the Mwnd, and the ninixiiil ofthe rcttulLani, Hl^ cnt., will be
tfce apip-ffitte of the»e prenHure*.
If the Une H',, represejitlne the weight of the bloTk, ia drawn
Emn the pvLit uf ititt-nri-tiun, in the direction in which it.act*,
that is, vrrticully d»wn»unl>i, then the line 1*,, reureiwntiuK the
fttwmn oa the block. luuat he drawn in the direction in which it
acta, that w, from rifiht to left. If, however, as in the present
««ae, it is pi»re vonveiiienl, the line* may be drawn each ia the
direction opposite to tlmt in which the premuren act, that ia, the
weight rppretentcd by a tine verticaJly upwurds, and tho pressure
bf aline frvui left to rig^ht, in which case ihf retuilUiit prciwurc
etU act in tlie direction vf the diu^unul, hut IvwartUi the point v-t
intersection of the two linee, that ia, froiik rlKht to lefi in the pre-
sent CI ample.
Tlie revuliaut prvaMure on tho third block i> detunnined in a
aaaatr preti-ely siuiilor Iv that described ubove, with rcffiird to
the aeocfnd ; a vertical line is drawn throuKh llie centre ol gnvity
ot the aecond block, and the direction of the resultant prcMure co
the Mme, F„ h continued till the lines iuteriKot ; Hl^ part* mco-
•ured from thiM intersect ini] on the Utter line, fonnoae ude cf the
p«Ml]«k<ji;raro, and M parts meuiiured on the vertical line from the
«Uier. for theamuunt of the renuitnnt prcM^uro un thv ni^ctiiid block
it 81^ c«t^ aad the weit^ht of the Mcvtid block is is cwt. : tho
panUVlo^ram bainKMinpleted, lhi> diAt^nid pr»(ltir«d duterminea
the position and djrcctiun of the resultant prt»9ure on the third
Uscfe, and its leiijicth, measured by the scale, detenu in en the aniuiint
•f tlw preaonre to b« b(i cwt. In like manner, the prCMurc on the
fmrtb Dlock I* 100 ewt., njid its position niid direction are thown
W the arrow i', ; also I*, P, I'„ nbow the punitiou and direction
Mthe rMuItnnt pressures un the hfth, Hixth, and neveulh bloekitT
asd their reapActivo Amnnnti arc determined by the length of the
diacotial* of the fourth, dhh, and nixth niLrulleldgrumit, imd if niiy
ef we blocks vere removed, and repUeen by a prop, in the puaitiun
I and direction ahown by tK» nrrow : na for example, >f the seventh
Uock were mnered, and replaced hy tht^ prop there nhown, then
•11 the remalnis^ portion of the structure would he halanced on
the point of the prop. Each of tliese arrows are tanjrents tu the
bne uf reniKtancc, vliich can be drawn from point to point by tha
wy9f Of by neena of a picc« of whalebone, or a metal upriug.
If, initead of the preseuro on the fret hWk, the nrewure «n
any nther block be jfiven, tho rpEullAnt prvwure on all the other*
iniiy be fo'ind in n similar manner. Thtm, if the preMure on lh»
fourth hhick in known, the preanure on Uie fifth, Hixlh, and aereoth
will be found in jireciKply the wime manner av nhove deiieribevl,
Then with regard to the third block, it will be acted on Lv it* own
weight, and the jirensure from the neciumJ bhiek, iind the ((iieM
prewureon the fourth block, ia the resultant of thi'ie two prnt.
mrea ; if, therefore, a renienl line it drawn throiiph the rentre of
gravity fif Ihv third block, aiid aiv"ther linw in drawn in the diroe-
tion of the ftiieii pretwinre on the fourth block, and from the point
of intersection of thew two lines there is menaiired off on the »'er-
lirnl. m mniiy pBrta of ihe acale aii there are cwts. in the weight
of the block, and on the other line, a<i manv ]iart« na there are
cwts. in the Kiveii |irei™iire <m the fourth block ; then there hnte
been measured the side W, of the jMnillelofmtm and the diiijiunal
K, Wj P,, and these two linea detenniiie the parallelogram, the
second aide of which, fnim the point of interceetion, rpprMenia
thp premuie on the third block. Thin pressure on the third hlork
beinr determined, thai on the second and that on the fimt bh)ck
nifty be fuund in the Kime ni'inncr, the lines drawn btiiiig the sama
Bi those in the exiuaple.
Ain. 4. — [n nearly all cases of anhed xtriicturea. theprec*iir«> on
any iiue of the vonuoira is unknown, and this cumttitiitea the diffi-
eulty of Llie atthjert : the point of applicstian. the dirts^'tion. nnd
the amount of the resultant prewmre on any of the voutanirK beinfr
deterniine<l, the conditions of stability of the Hhitle structure are
found by the apulication wf the foTcgoin^ nrohlem. To determine
the Klability of the arch with re)[iird Id the first condition uf failure,
din^nm 2, that is, supfiosini; fniluTe to take plnce. hy the alippiiiit
ef vue vouinwiir on another, the direction only uf tlie renullant
freseures i» reituireil ; hut to detrrmiiic whether the arch will &il
ns in dia^ams 3 or 4), by the vouiinnini turning on their edf[ef, ur
hy the nmtrrial failing, not only the directUin, hut the pointa of
application and the lunonnt of the pressures muHt he determined.
The theories of the arch, whirh preceded that of Professor Mum^
ley, take into consideration only the first <»nnlitionof failure (.An,
1, diuKTain a), it being mpposcd that if the arch faiU-d, it would
be hy one of the vousouim slipnina: "» another. The exfieriment*
uf Rrnnic. Morin, and uthcra, had nut then been made, and Ihe
resistance of the friction of one stone on another was much under-
mted, Bu that it wan cun*idcrcd neccssarv for etability, that Ihe
direction of the preasures aljoutd alwayn lie prrnendioilar to the
jwintu; of courte this could only be the case for one particular
oyetein uf preitsureti, and if tlic weights vn the rousaolrs anil other
jim&urcH w«io so HrrufiKed, thHt the resullaut pressure «n each
joint Mftvd in a direction perpendicular to it, Uien if anr weight
were added to the iiyttem, or any taken away, tho positions and .
directiuuB of the resultant pruMurea would, uf course, vary alw>.
and their directions be no luri^^er perpendicular to the joint. It
Hcemif to have been the pritctice of bridge-hutldeni, tu take the
weinht of the arch-Blonca and bnckiag lor tho fixed ayatem of
pretsurea; snd this weiKhl beiu^ ver>' great in proportion to that
of the wiiguna, cerriiiftw, nnd people pasaing o* er, the effect of the
latter was not an itniinrtunt cousi deration, and tho old problem*
euflicienlly anawered the purpose. In the case, however, of alight
railway bridge, traversed hy a heavy triiin, which, coming upon it
Buddetily. has twice thfl effect of a Ktationary pressure of the same
weif^ht, the effect of such trat&o must not he omitted from tlie cal-
culation ; but if the arch is desiKiied and the weights on the voim-
aoirs arrnnfi^rd, >M) that the resultant pressureg aCuil be perpendi-
cular to the joints uhen tho train is on the bridge, then, wheatbe
train has moved off, all the resultant prcsmircs will have taken new
puditiniiH nnd directtuns, no lonj^er perjieuditular to the joints ; eo
thut, according to the th(v>ries thtme^lvea, the arch would fail.
These theories are alio <]uite usele&s in determining the atahiltty
of vaults iin hi({h wuIIn ; there is not, perhups * *tngle vaiiltfid rm»f
now Klitnding, thnt does not proi'S their fullacy.
AuT. i. — iVithout taking into c«n*ideratioo the adheaion *f the
cement in the joints, the limiting luigle of re»ii>tance for the sur-
faces of all mnteriulit uned in archers is m large, that it would b«
dilHcult to decip) an arch and loading, iii uhiiii tlie first coudilion
of failure would be fulfilled ; in the pier or abutment, however,
such failure is likely to occur, and must be carefully guarded
against.
The second cimrlition of failure, diftgrsm 3, is, strictly apeaking.
impossible, fur no block will turn on itacdge upon nnutlier, uith-
out some abranion, or eluslic yielding, of the surfacea, in whicJi
eaae it becomes that xhown in diagram 4. or Ihe third condition of
failure ; however, ai the failure t^keH place from the tendency of
tbe presauree to turn the btocka on their cdgea^ it seems that tin*
HuItJMt U but diMUMtd b}- finl suppodug that the matena\» »re
iiirniiiiir«>uil)le. and tntinirtlie miiiliuoni of nubility on thialijrpo-
Ihedix, ami llipii )■)* e.iJiminin4; ia wbal rr«]Wct thuMe tuiiiliUonk art
iniKlitifMl liy llii- limilv)! Klr^nidh of lb* nuiteriAls.
jVKr.6. — Iniiii|>]yini:theriiiruwinf meUimlataannlmtbeslreBKlh
uf any givmn MructuT(^ th« &r«t qii«tUoD In W wilvi-d i*: Ix t3ii^
■Lrurlure, when ntlnl rni )iy tW iriTen preuttrv, on the lialiuii't- be-
tween ■Coadioir and fallinir? Thf pTulitemt detrrmiiw it tliit it
ihe MKe. and if not, ifllie tendencv is tovardi stability or inNta-
liility. Iflhr Ktructiirv be on the \>»l»iKe bi^twven Miuuliiis oimI
falliiii;, tliea llie iJiitlitintt nltvrntiiiii in tlie prciuureH may uiuao It
to fau. und it iraufd lhrf«fiiri! be cuudBiniied aa uiuiafe. If tlic
tcii<lL-i)cy l)0 towards iiulability. unquralitiiuiltly bbe arah will nut
■tand. IC fill thr otlwr band, ibr teodenrT be UnraTd* atabilily,
thm nnollier (luoUion arl«M : How irreat a de^ee of strengtb iocs
the Btructuru poweaa? ^Vien it Is decided in what tcmiK this
•Cn-nfftli in to be nuHsurrd, tbi- pruhirm* in thr rollnwidi; pngra
mm In- appltnl tn annwi^ iht- qiiflioii. Tliua, the atrcot^lJi may be
raeasurc'l by tlie wi'iKbt in iliift-rcnL pmrftioiu and direcClena, that
will br rvt(iiirf<l to prixlriM- tbe ttKtc uf unstable eqiulihniei, or tbe
halaiifr betwer-ii >tnniliri;|( mid fiilliiie. Or, ntpuii, tlii' »tT«iiclb ef
tberaatviiu) tuny \>e liriiotlu-iii-^illy dimiiiiilied, until tliiH uiisLitble
Of iiiUbruni is pruduccd. aiid thus a meaaurc uf strrntilh it ublaiiivd ;
mt for instance, if the bypothrticnlly diminislicd iitriniirtli uf tbe
muterlKl ia one-lrnlb the actual atrrtiKtb uf the material iiaeit,
ibeu the structure ia tea tUnea atrunf^-r tliaa la tbouretitally ne-
ccawy.
SncTian IT.
A>T. T . — On tbe wiid ition* of stabllitjr of an areh whoae vaoaadra
are incampKiwiblc ; the form uf which, and tlw prvaum BiiitaiOMl
bjr it, as ra^nlH iHiMititui, direc^tinti, and ainuiint, being Mntilar 00
either aide of tht- rn)wa uf i^« nrdi.
In «nch iin iircli, Ibc ooaditiuD!) of failure are, as before atated,
tbt> lirvt and second; that i^ the roniauir^ mnyalip on oneanoUier,
or turn over on their edges : tbe Latter vonditiun will firat be dta-
L'uaMd.
It need not be pmved, tliat if in oae part of an arch tJte vaua-
■nirs turn over on their edges at thu e>tr»dns, cauKin^r the joint to
u|ien at the intradua, then at wnnui othtv piwilionK, uther viiuHsiiira
muvt turn over ou their cd^ea at the lotndoa and the Joiutu <iDi>n
nl tlte eitradoB. Alao it need hardly be pruved, that if the arth i^
•imiUr in form and similarly loaded on either nde of the crown,
that if failure taki« plai-e. in the inatmer abore diacribad, nna of
tbe points uf mplure uill be at ikn i-ni«n of the arch: Ihia ia
nenrlv self-erident. and ni^iy be pruvL'd hy vxpt^riments on naj
modHi of ail arrh ; it i*, howvror, proved i;i>oiiielnrnlly hy appliva*
tion of the problem in Si>u-tii>n t. If tlii> arrli faiU at the frown,
by the votiaaoira turnini; on their e<ltf ea A , . at the extradua. oa in
iliamam T, then at some puiut in the haunthK. the vuuMuirs will
at the una time be tiu-iiioK on their rdinu A ,, at tha uitradoa. in
wkicdi eiae the crown will aink and the bauncbea will aprnad.
If the arch failaat th(i crown, by the vuuK&oirs tiirniiix on their
wlgea at the intmdoa, aa in iliagram H, then at Kiine point in the
naunchcB, the voiuauira will, at thn wune time, be tiirninii ou their
adgea A,, at tbe extradoa, in which caae the huunvhes will sink
and the crown of the arch wilt riae.
Aar. 8.^ When the arrh i* fallins. aa shown in dia^rama 1 and s,
then the points of applimtion of thu nmullant prvasuree at tbe
places uf fiiihirL' are beyond the edge uf the vuuiauir, iu afiown In
ntfnn 7. mirnM t.
diajtram .1. But wbeo tbe arch ia in the condition of (instable
e<]uilibriuni, that it. wlien it ■• on the balance lietween vinndinii;
and Mlinf[, and when the voiiAoira are on the point uf turning oh
their ed|C» at A„ A,, &e^ then the point of applieatlua of the re-
aultant preaenre murt be st the extreme «d^ of the eouaaotr, aa4j
it! dirfction nin«t alw be that of the taii^nt lo the intradua, an
cxtradoA, at A , A„ &c, because if not. tbe line of reatstanm
pBwes without the Ixmndarv uf the vouoxiim, i-iiher on one or
tittier tide of the point A, and tbe atractute hn> already failed, hy
the tuminic over of some Other Tousarur. Therefore, when tlie
arch is in the nitutitiun ofunaUihle rqiiilibriuni, then, at all the
INiint't of rupture, tbe directions nf the reswiltant preaiturae are taii-
Kfiit* to the iiitradoi, or cxtrados.
Amt. 9. Problem 2. — To find the nerond point of rupture, in au
arch whose vouuuirs are inri>iniin>Hibte, thr form of which and the
Iircatiiri- suslaiucd by It, at rejcards ptuiltun. diroctiun, and amount,
leiuic simihu- on cither side vf the crutrn uf the arch.
jU»o tu finil the amount of prewure at the crown and at tiiC
second jiolnt of rupture.
Take for example an arch with n )>ackinff, or mi[)erftlrurtwe,
diaicrani 9. It i* rnjuircd l« find the second point uF rupture, that
B'Aft»m 0.
ia, tJtal point in the haunches, at which the rouiwoir* will b« aboat
to turn on their etX^-^ ubrn the sr<h iu iu the cunditiun of an-
atable eqnilihriuin.
A* the form of tbe «troeture lewla to the tu^pofition, lh»t, if
fitilure take place, it will he by the qinkin^ vf tlie rnnrn and the
■oreNdinff of the hauncben, Irt'it he lirat aa«uoi«d that the arch i>
about lo fail in that manner. Then the point C, iu the cxtrado*.
at the crown, irill be thji lir*t point at whieh the roaesoire are
abiiut to turn ; and tbe hoH70nt.1l line {.'. E, will repreivnt the
directi'in sTid ptiHition of the preminre upon the side of the arih
drawn in the fijnire, caused hy the weight of the oppuniteand
uimilar Kide : are Art. R.
Choose some point R,. in the intradoa, and, for IriaL, cuppMe
that to lie the second point of rupture. Then the vouwiirs vUl
bi^ (in the j«iint of lurninp on thoir eiltfei at H,, and the reaultmit
preature wiU act thmuffh It,, in the direction It, T„ of the tan-
ficat la tbe tnlmdoti : «ee Art. tt. Uraw the joint or normal to ibr
intraitoB R, N ,, ami the verlieal line N, B,. Kind the centre of
((rjn-ily of tho maat A I>K. N, B, ; ami draw tbe vertival line
G, W,, and prodnee it till it inicrm>ms c K, st the poiul I,.
Then the only prevurei aetin^ on the point K,, are the prvaeare
of the oppo^'te arch, aetinff in tlie direction C K, and the wetf^bt
of tha mam AD R, N H,,nclinir in the direetioD I, W, ; mmI
siuee tbe direollon of thcM.' tnu pre^urei interaeet in the point
I,, therefore, by tha well-lcoown law of Stnlicd, |h« direction of
their raenltant atao a nwoa throuitli the point I, ; hat «hei) the
nrcJi ia about lo fail at tha point it,. K, T, in tbe dir^taiixi of the
r««ultnnt. and thla don not, if eoiKinucri. pa^i? throu|rh the point
i,. Therefore. K, ia not the second point 0/ rupture, and some
oilier point muh-t Iw tried. If the lino K, I, he ilr»wn, it will be
seen that itit direetion ia leu ioelined to the verti<-*l than It T, ;
and tbiH leads to the suppMiilion that the point of riiptore ia Ia«-*r
(Inwii, atmne point where the taiigeot to tbe curve ieleas iacltiml
to the vertical. Therefore, cbuose tome otluT point U^, aad pur-
THE CIVIL ENOINEER AND AUCHITBCTS JOURNAL.
Mr 4 fnt'oKly arailiu- mMhotl to thnt ilrwribnl fur R„ a» nhain in
th« ficorr.
Tltvn, *io<r tlip tnimrnt R, T,, prariurrcl, ili>rs not pna tllitn)|:h
the |»Hiit »r iiitrrM:<^^ti(iii I', but la 1cm Inclinvrl to tbe vvrtial
llian th« line K, L. tlie |Miiut nf rujitutr is sIkivi^ K,. AW nnre
the linif R, Tj. more ncarty wiiuidcs with iht lin« K, 1^, tliuii
theUae tt, T,, ""ith tliD line Ri !,« the point uf rupture is nearer
tuR,. tbui IvR,.
Ui>« more Mib^quuiit UiaI t^aerally tufikea tu il«tfrintn« thr
nmtt point, which, in tlti* e\naiple, i* tkc point U,. For th«
laagml R, T,, prudmrvd, jmckhi ihroiiiKh the point I,, irhich ih
\he jwiut vf iiiter»«cttvii uf llic ilirixtivn ■>/ thtf weight of the
A DR. N, B,. ^nd ih* |>r«««ur« "f llw opposite «■(* llii- ircli.
TViTvfiire. if the »fth fwlabj- Uicsiukinfol tbecntwn, the wcond
psnt of rapture ■« R,.
Tilt t*cvij<l tuvt i» DOW tu be 4.-onKi<J«rH : Wb*r* will be the
upraiad point of Ilir ntpluri-, if t^t: arvh fulls by (hr ritinK of Ih^
tn-'tti l>re<r thr boriiontal line D L, which «ii), in this caae,
represent th«- piwitiun ami dirvdion i<f the pr«s>nir«vf the vjip»-
•ile side vf the »rth. L«t lb* point N , be trieJ ; llien if K, b«
lhi> point of ruLilut«, tlii.^ tun^fnt ti> tlip cxtrndiroat N', N', 1',,
•dl, if yroAvevti, pHM thruugb th« p<itnt Q ,, which i* the point of
iiilCTiHrrtimi of tli<> diroctiiiuA of the preHfure* of the uppo«te »iilp
"(the *rcb, r«-pi*«cnt*<l by the line 1> I*, and of the »eitcbl of
l)i»mAu A It K, N, n,, repn^M-titrtl by the r^rtirnl liD«W, I,,
Kit N , P, inteNe<t<i the tine D L. far from Die point Q,. AIm>
if the iM>int N. be tried, it will be found that tlie tjkn;,-eut N, 1\
» fkr dielant f^oni the jtoint of intfrKCotion (j, ; ncd in lik« naa-
Mr il will lit- fount!, tb&t lit no othor iKiiiit above X„ will U>c««
fuoditiona be fullUtcd, except at the pumt <\ Therefore the arch
*ill not fiiil by the ritin^ nf the rruvn, Tberefur* the urdi wilt,
if it fails, fail by the tinlcin^ of the crown *nil thp iprendinj^ ol
IW bkuneiirji ; liiid tbe point R, ia the •Mond point of rupture.
Ami. 10. Tit urmi )^ri o/* Iht Pnlltm.—lX is rrauir«d to
delennifie the amount of pr^aoure at the crown, and at the second
f«nt of rupture.
CoiMttnirt n cente of equal part*, h« in Problem I, Cnch diviainn
r»pr««vntinc «<^me unit of preMure, ta pounds, hundred-wei^hla,
triona. Tkrofiifh the point of their inter<iect)on I,, produce the
lion R, 1„ and W, I, ; then on the line W, l„ pmdiiced, nieo-
su* off Iha diitnnre, 1, K, MmlaininK n« mnny eitual pArtu nf the
laie aa Iheae unitii of weight, in the mnss AUR,N,B., and
from the |M>iut K. draw n line parallel to (' E. intersecting the line
R, f ,, nrodueed at the point If. Then, by thn we]|.l:non'n prln-
dpi* at tha pamllelo^am of premuireii, the litieFH eontAin* ok
MiiT eqnnl parld of the smle as there are unit* in the preMure
<f U« oppoeit* side of lli*' nri-h on the erown at <', and the diiixo-
nal «f tJie jwintllelnirrnm li I , , rontains ax mnny cnunl puts nt
tfcei* are unitii in the prenKure on the point R,. Thus, in Ex-
■np« I. if the aei^bt of the mass A I> R.N, B,, is S tuns Sevt.,
ibon the j>reai.iire at the erovo will be I ton 9 cwt., and the pressure
ti Ihepriint R., .1 tono Scttt.
A»T. 11. — Thua the re*ulliint preaswre on one of the bloeka of
the ■trui'ture is determined in oireetion. positj'On, and amount,
■ hirb in the d.itum retjnired in l'r(iM<>ni I ; and therefore, that
priihlein may he applied and the line of reciKtiuice be traeed, aa in
the example in Art. 3, through the "■hole structure, etimntencinfr
Filhrr from the crown, or from the second point of rupture ; and
thin line will reprewnt the rpmiltsnt nrcwBures lit ever}* part of tne
dnicture, vhen it in on the balunre between ctandin^ iind falling,
that is, when it it in ibe condition of tintilnble equilibrium.
If the line of reeiiitance. at nny p»int, pastrs withntit the botin-
rlarv of the vdimiim, the utnirtitre will nni]iHMti>niihIy fitil. If il
loiichea the extrodne, «r intrnd<>«, .it iither puititi. and at the biute,
thea the structure i* in the condition of unstable equilibrium. If
the line of re^iitnnce pBcues tbruiigh the biiBe of the ciruetnre,
MNM dtetnncn within the mnac, then tho nrcb haa a cortain de^vu
uf nnbUitv, which may be teated, m dcacribed in Art. S, by the
■rdioda ^veii in the fuUowin^ Sectiani,
The Mobility of the strarture, with refiird to thr Knt rendition
•J falluru (Aii. 1, diagmm e), baa to he ronxidered, and i* at
me* dirteraiiwd hj inapeetin^ the line of rcaitrtinre, dmwn n«
IumUiiiI Id the fertftoEng examples. If at any pnrt uf the tttruc-
Ian a joint is made, iti <iuch a direi-lion. tluit a perpendicular
dnwn from it nhall lie inclined from tho tnuftent to the lino of re-
iiftkaee, at that point, nt an angle greater than thi< limillnit an|;le
of raaictiiBce of the Burfacea of contact, the itructure will fail st
Usl place; if, however. I hia is not the c«4e nt nnr position in
Uw nth or pier, then the structure will not fiiil liv tne •dipping' nf
tba UocJca one unon the nurf.-ire of the other, ano Uie firrt euodi-
twa af failure will not be fultiUed.
SEcnow in.
On the cniidiiioDN of atability of an nrcb, the form of whicli.
and the pretitureb cutituined by il, aw re^rudii putt t ion, direction,
and ASiount, are similar, on either tide of tlie rrown of the nreb ;
the limitud tlrengtfa of the ninlerinls heitifr taken intu ranaidens-
tlon,
Ah», l«,— By reference to Art, 6 It wdl he wi-n, tliat il U there
proiiosed. that Ihp cnnditiiiOK uf Ktability in a» arch sJiould hrvt
he fliacuufd on the Ki|ipnKitifMi Hint the nislerialB were incctn-
preaa-ible. and that then it >limiM be exaiDined in what rexpect
those ronditloUR were modilled In' the limited ■trrnigth of the
mtiterlals nsed in hitildinp. The first pan ui tliU proiKMition lia*
herrj miiitiderMl in Section 1 1. It ia tli« puqHise of thia section ti>
i-oiitider the t^i-cnd pari.
The aicbec in the ex^mplee in the Inst tectiun conid not riand
if they were built of anv material at preaent known, because at
the points of rupture, tin* resultant preacnrea net nt the extreme
ed^e uf the vousMiirn, and thefefure all the prcH^iirc h.iH to lie re-
sisted by these extreme cd^ie^ or by a single line, which cminut he
the case, unle« the miilcrial ia iucompremible. So that in all
Iiructical txuvn of arebev, even the conditieti of nnKtable ei)Uili-
>rium taiinot be attained, unless the poutioo of the line of reaict-
suce is some diNtanre witliin the wctinn of the arvh. The quea-
tion which then aritm in, bow nenr tu the intradns or extrndns ran
the line of reaiatance paaa, wltliuut causiug the failura of the ma-
leriala?
Art. 13.— Kxperimenta to deiermind the strength of stone* to
reniKt comprMwiuu, have fur ibe moat part been made by the ap-
plication M prMCures dii mbw of the atone, in ii direiction perpen-
dlnilar to the face of the cnbe. as in diagram ICI. The reouliant
of this premure. and the wcigffat of the stone. B«-t« in the direriiou
DtaHMS I*.
tXHTSD II.
of tlie axis of the cul>r. ili4 point of iijipiiration heinr in the centre
of thebaaent />; awthiitifnuy line he drawn through this jHiint p, to
the ed^ct) of the block, ua the line A It, the |Kirtinn /> A is equal
to the portion ;>B: and aa. hy the prinriple of the equality of
niomeutm the prc»»iirc on the point A, iriuhiplicd hy the lenirth
A p, is equal to tlie prcHsure on the point 11, multiplied by the
l«ogtli Up : ainco the leu^th A p. ia rqiinl tn the Icnirth B f. the
pretwure on the point A. is equnl the prewtirc on the itoint 1( ; und
stmilnrly lh< prvsfure on the wh»de ed«e of the stone eft, ia equal
to the prcBSiire on the up|>o>itc v^\^/g.
Now let the block of done, as shown in diagram 11. be acted
uLion hv a pressure wIkwc direction ia inriincd to the axia of the
block, hut which i* applied in such a position, thnt the reMiltanl
of il, and the weiicht of the Muck, acts tiiniuich the point p, in
the centre of the base. Draw «ny Unti d B. throufch the point f.
to the edtfeKcA, nnd/jf, and dxaw another tine throuftb ;>, in the
direc-tion of the reKultant, aijd from the iHiidl.i A and B. draw
lines A m, R /, perpendicular to this line, fhen, by the principle
of the equality of monientf, the preeaure on A, multiplied by the
length A m, is equal to the prcesuro ou B, multiplied by the lenxtli
Bi. But since f B, i« equal topA,tbc oii^cle Apm, isequiirt*
IM
THE CIVIL ENGIN'EER ASD ARrHUECrrS JOCHNAt.
hcafi|tIeBp;.iindll.e«ncl« Am;.. IW;i.»rcriphtnnplr.; thfre-
fnre, tli« leoKth B /. i« e())i(il to thv lerifflli A m, ami th^ivfore. the
III [Mil 10 at A. i« tfijiwl In till* prefwure m B, afld •Imilarl^ the
pnMurv en the wliolc edff*"*, is "'l""! ^ ''■" prewiire mi thr
wlioJe edicw /y. Ther*fot*. in both «•«», diajfTE™* l"* *"'' !'• <*■«
Ihe prwMire will ht tuiitflineil in ft iimiUr oMiiiner, tiy the base
rfgh. Sv that if llic resultant prMsiiiv «l f, diapnun 10, ta eqiiRl
to one ton p*r nqunrc inch of the mirfate */jrft,«nd dow not
rr.«li the particlp* in thnt nurfuce. then, if ttw> rwullant it p,
dinfcTsm II, i» equal to one titn pw wiimrt ineh of the surface
«/«*. the pnrtietM in that nurfiirc will nut l>e erunhwl.
If in either of thr rn*», IKnjrriiinK 10 and 11. the ptirti.in/i*?,
W »dded, it in oindMit tlmt the prefoure imthe Im-e '■/gK will ii"t
fce in<TWu>M. And therpf.ire, if » stime, a* in diwrntn 12, W
•<-ted on by ■ pn-twuni, ilie resultuil of Hhidi,aiid th« weight
J^Jr
IVCTC"
ITBfmn 1!.
of tbe done, psiBU-K thmugh h point ;i. in the hkse fikh: Draw k
line AC, thniufch the point p, to tho rd^fo rh, nnd iA: thru
mewiHre off, on the line;i(', a i)iinlon;»M, eiiuni t» thr lenirtli p Ji.
ftiid ilraw Uie line/B p, perpenditular to the line A C, Then, if
lli« reiiiultnnt preuiure at tlic point f, dinilcil hy the number of
H^uiiri^ inrh*» in the swrfiic* c/jj A, i* nut (frenier llinn thi? iirfwuirti
|ier mjiiure inch, that (hy the experiment In diagram lo) the mute-
rial was fniind cHpithle of brnrin^, thrn the stone will nut fail
when aclfd upon hy the civrn priw.tiire.
It in of course impUH, that no natural fault, or Inminated
■rtriirtiire, of the "tone, ahould cause it to yiehl, it beinjir evident
thnt the jiKlvfinent of the engineer muitt be c&llcd into rcqusitiou,
to inuirtl uKainit such a cntn.^rii]>h<-,
Akt. I*. — The mrthiul hfre projKiBetl, for the determination of
the proper wctinn, S(c„ oriirclje<v or for difcuwiin^ the etablUty of
archeii alretuly deNigned, the limited utreiiKth t'f tlio mntcrial bein((
taken intn conaidcrBlion, i* fuuiideil uu the Bbuvi>-niti»tiouiKl prtm-
ciple.
SlWTlOJf IV,
On the conditions of rtahility iif nn nn-h, nclwl upon by fordps
of any Binoiinl, npplii>d in any ji-witiun and lUreotiim in the pliiiio
i>f the xeMion ; or of an arch, whose form is not tlmilar on both
aides uf the CTown.
Abt. 15. — In an areh under the comlitinni Mateet at the head of
ihiii Miction, tho firut jioint of rupture ia not neednarily nt thw
cntirn, and it in thill which constituteK the difficulty of tfio queit-
lion. It may here Iw remnrki'd. that when th«i tunnn first, wcond,
and third poinltt uf mptnre ure uteil, it in not mfinnt tlint the
failiiri; rif nn arnh ciminient'ea nl the first point, and then HjintiidK
ti> the xerund point of rupture, and iiu on ; for theoretically Kjieak-
iHff. ihe titructtire will fall at nil tlioNc jioinlii Ht the same time;
iiit hy the first point of niiittiro iv nieitily monnt thv point of mp-
tiire tirst tlctiirniiwd, ond hy the Hecond point of rupture, tho
point of rujiture ni^roiidly detemitiied, aa by the pfoeeii« detailed
in tbe preceding «ectiuns, one point uf rupture bein,^ already
known.
Art. lit. Prabtrm 3. — To find the lint point of rupture in nn
arch acted nncm hv any giieo pretiaures, m anv piven tinaitloii,
and the arch itself neinK of any ^ven shape. The method pro-
piised to Hiilve this problem will, it iu thiiufiht, be mor** ffluly
>hiiH-ii, hy rcfercnci^ tu the example of the archrd vault in the
previous ueetloim, than by a geneF»l dlairram and demonstration.
Exampie. — Let the arched vault ihown in diiLcratn \:i. of df) feet
iipaii. unit nhoee depth uf voupuiir nt tho croirn 'm e<[iiMt to niw-
niiith of the radiiui, lie iieteil on by a pr<>N<iire, eiiual to tbe woijrht
of a ijortion of the arch of SO' lenirlb of intnidoi!. and one foot in
lenglli of transveriie section, mid a]>plit>i1 verlicnlLy to the eitrados.
nt a iLihtHnctt of Sll° from the crown. K(><|uiri.>it Ihe britt point uf
rupture, uuiU'r the<u> (^imilitloiis ; the miitrriuls licin^ incomjire^Ki-
bie. Hn.t, RuppoM; fur trial, anme point R, In the cxtradoti, to be
the first point of rupture, lay SS'' from the crown, as in diagram 13.
Draw a taniient T, R, T,, to ihe eitrwdos at R . Then \t R..
be the first jMiint of rupture, it, T,. and R, T^ represent the di-
rection of the preaaure of one {Kirtinn of tbe an-n on the other.
UiCnoi 13.
I
',«rjn«i I
Te.r
»»f<H9M m
It
Stall ot F»rt.
I
S<bU nfwetcbla at DcxrcM.
when the nrc.h is about to fail at that point : for then the line ol
reaifttance toiicheii the cxtriulos nt R,. Also R. being the first
point of rupture, and the nrc^h hrinfj^ about to fail, the prcaanre of
the lower portion of the arch. In the direction T, R', miint be
e<iiial to the prcMsurc of the upper portion, in the directioa T, R, :
for the presiorrn must be in (■ijuiJiliriom about the point R„ and If
ono is prenonderntinif, then thu lu-cb hiis alriru^ly failed Humewherr
cIhc, and tnc- vounsoir*, if about tu turn on their edire-H at the p^iint
R„ aru moviuK in the itircrtion of the prepon derating prewure.
On the fluiijiuzition that K. ii* the Rntt jKiint of rupture, find the
second pointa of rupture, 11^ on the rixht mul lef^ bnnd BidtaoJ*
the* arch, in thf itaniv manner a« described in Section II. Pn^em &
III this cane, thu xecurid puint of nipturu on the ri)tht hand tide,
is at the intrudoa, at Jl" dcKrecg from the crown ; for the reriicu
line, drawn through the centre of gravity of the niasw Ri X, R, S^
intersects the limKcnt to the extrndos, nt the crown K, T,, at the
puint O, and th« taiiKeiit tu the ititnido-'i at It,, also passes throu|cb
the same point. Also the second puinl of riiplure. on tbe left
hand jiidc, w at tho intrados, CV distant from the crown ; for (he
dijcctiou of the rcnultant of the wcinht of tho mufta 11, N, R,N^
and the force iinjirci^setl on the urch, iiilcrKcctK the tangent to the
cxtrndui nt Rf, aad tho tani^ent to the iutrados at R^ at the same
point O,
Neil, construct the paruUcloKrame of preaaure, ftfl sliown in
diuKTam 13; in that for the left nide, the vertical line marked
R H' I, reprvients the resultant of the weiiEht of the niasa. 36".
and tbe iiiijireKted force* cijual to the wcii^bt of Sn^ uf the arch ;
and tbe«e beiuK prewiroH lu the wiinc direction, tins resultant
equals thcwci|fht of H" of Ihe arch, iiiid the nidcof thciuu-allcle-
(n-ain R M' I, i* equal to J* parts of thu «cale. 1'he dirfctiona of
the other two presaurea are lufHcicnt to determine tbe piirallclo-
gram, hjr which it ap^earv, that the protmiro of the lower lairtion
of th& arch <*a the point U^ ju the diructiuM T, K,, it eiiual to the
weight of \VP of the arch.
In the some manner it will he fonnd that the jireaxureof the
upper portiuii uf tbe arch on the point It,, in the direction T, R,.
t*. eipinl to the weight of JO" of (he atch. I)ut the preMture in the
direction T, R, ia equal to tho weight of *0' of tbe arch, therefure
the pressor* nt the poiut R„ tf the upper portion tif ihc arch,
upon thfl lower, is greater tliau that of thv lower portion and iU
impressed force, on the upper. Therefore It, is not tbe first point
of riinture. J
Take therefore, for trial, some oth«r point nearer the crown oi \
the arch, for the point of rupture ; for it in evident, that ■» the
point of rupture approaches towards the cruwn, the Tire»ure oa it
from the Leftside, wiUbvgreater; and that fr(milheri)£lit»idebe lea*.
Let this Aecnnd trial point be \i' from the crown ; repent with re-
pard to thi* point, a process simiUr to that above deMrlbed, and aa
shown in the diagrkm ; acid it w ill be found, that the pressura fron
THE CIVIL EN'OIKEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
1S7
kfi ta riirlit Is equal la tb« weight of k\' nf thr nrrh, and tlint
tjma ripht to left, equnl to th€ weijirlit nf **' ; «> thst thejirwt-
•ntw Bt* very ni-arly in ciiitilihriiim ; tlinrffftpe, the firtt poiTil of
niMure is v*ry neiir ihU irul |iiiint ; nnd the prewiirf i>f tlie rifc'hl
okof thenrch pre|ion<lerate« ; tlierefore, take fur llic iiext trial,
■ point n few dejrrre" nwrer the crnwn.
TIiuii thv fint Doint of ri)ptiiri> will wHiti W arrived at. whirh, in
lbuc«K, ti at tbe eitmdo*, 10° from tlte rrown. for wlien tlie
toMMirs are about to turn r>ii their edfren. at this point. th« [intt-
mn fmm the left cqujil* the prcMure fnmi the ri|rlil ; each being
e^iialto thi* Heijrht of ir iif tlii^ an-)).
The terond point of ruiiture on tlte riK^t side, in at the intradnN.
ii" frinn tlie rrown. and the iirecsure there U c<iiial to the weiifht
of ri' of th«arrh ; thpn I'nililem 1 can he amitif il, to trace the
Sne of rmatance tlintii|rh the rr"t «>f tliia utile of llic rtntrture.
uid rt will he found, thai fur the arcli tu be in the CDinlition of
iMtahlr rniiilihriiini. about llie Hprinirine. it ia nnre-nutry that the
'■i M — ira ahould b« d<w|>euird about 13 ictchc*, "^ ^^ ***' ^''^'" ^'"^
The second point of ninture on the left side, is nt the iiitradnK
W fnwii the crown, and the prcwiirc thirrc is equal tu the weufht
nf *>' of the anh. and Pnililem 1 beiitit applied tn trace the line
«f rcdfttance throtuch the re^l of the utructnre, it will be found,
lliai fnr ll to be in the condilion of timitable etiuilibriiiin, at the
•vrinpnir, the vouawiir mtisl be notched at the eatradtw, to the
<£r]illi of abuiit 6 iiiche*.
Abt. l7."Tbeprinrt|ile4nnd iheniclhod described In Section II I,
nay br apj>lie<l to the iirch Mn^ninins prensiireJi.nidc'n-rilM'd in the
heaitins or thi* serlicn. nnd of inityininetririr;il romi ; as well aa
to that arch wltow ])rfiwiirisi tirid fifnii nee similar on both ridea of
iW crown, ns dpwTibed in Section II
II It alwi endent, that the nbove method will apply to any irre-
nlarfornt of arrli, and that the nriiiciptcM and method deacribed
to SectiuD 1 1 (. might alitu lie u|>iilted.
ButCT-T-)x ~ =
S m ain*
x!^ =
\
ox A GENERAL THEOREM TO CALCULATE THE AREA
OF A CROJvS-SKCTION OF A RAILWAY ON
MDELONG CROi:XD.
Bv R. O. Ci.\mK.
The Intsnttnn ofthitt paper ia to invefttlf^ate afamnilft, free fnim
wrda or nny «p|inixiiiijitii>ii, to compute the firen of a croa»-»ecti<iii,
■ilhuut haviiitC regtud iv the aide eUvkcv. We hftre given (fig. l)
Fl,. 1
iht breadth of formation level A B ; the dejitb O F from centre
«tak« ; the iliflerrnre of beicht* 7 rf, taken by tlio spiril-lfvel ; ihe
cwrrcniiotidinjt hypi'theiiuwil leiii^li q r ; jind tbe ratio of tbe shipe?!.
1 >n referriiiK ti- [»!«»? 6H, prciteiit vultime. article " Railway Scctioaa
in Sidelong Ground," to formula (3), wbicJi ia
(?A+ ni <i) «+ J (A + m fi) (j— x") rin f ^am ;
where ft= ^ formation level; u= depth or beif^ht from ennlre
stake to centre of fcirmiilion level; J' and r' equal the distance*
O I>, O H ; 9^ wnaXt of inclinntion of ground ; and m bnoc of
•Jopr to one perpend Iculnr. AIwo let h — difference nf heighta l>y
levelrd; and /= <) if, the hy|mtheiinul lenstli on aiirfaee.
From (IJ ajid (3), piLgit tt;, in the article above referred t«, put
T = - ^'_,-^,andT'= '
MM* — m ain 9 cob 9-\-m An9'
\ tbe akave fomiiUa becomes, by subetitutlnfc T and T',
wn0
9 oos* »~m'Aa*6 " It
"^ ^n*(
oua' — an' mn'S 1 — m^tan *"
Vow runnder. in tbe rizht-angle triangle 7 ri r, the height qi —
A to t>e atangr-nt,the huriz«nUl diBtaneedrthenuliuii; Uierefarr.
lan'8 — . Substitute this value lo last expremon, uid then
in C*) ; "e have fvr the ret|tured gwteral fonnuU :
(9 ft + « fl) « + (ft + « «)' ^-7::^^"^*^^^. = *'«» " '^ B "* (») .
Let the alope be I to I ; then m ^ I ; . - .
(«^+<')<.+^?i^'— (•)
TIi« general fonnula is mare aimpte than it appears : when ibew
niimher« are large, wc fh^iW only require a table of Mjuare numbera
t<> work out nny uueetion. Two cximple* arc >ubjoiiti?d : —
I. ffiven length on aloi>c of grvuad^iW feel ; the difference of
heiKhtn. 6 feet ; Anyv to be ^ to 1 i depth of culttuK, SO feel ; and
hrciidth of formation level. 30 feet, find area by the formula (A).
Subatitute tlie abuve valuea in (S) :
(M4-W)80+ ( I S'5 + W)- . ■ = aWt-7, area required.
8. Given the (enittb 20 feet on dMiTent of irniund ; difference of
hrighte by level, ft feet : intended ^lopea. 1 to 1 : depth of cutting.
+i feet ; and hreudlh of formation level 33 feet, rind the are.t.
(AVe Ii)t- 1 ; nnd for emhiiiikment, trt Bk. 2.)
I)y subatituting tho ahove values in (u) :
(33 + «) « + ^1?^^; i*^ ^ 3»S4, area reiu ired.
<S* + w(i)u+(6 + wa)'<T — T') X-^-=B«e«
9
(*)
From the above it may be observed, that when a centre line of
niilwny ia ranged and t^taked out. mid the depth« known on in-
clined ground, we cud atwii)f f^nd mort eapedittouslv the area of
any vertical cro>i»-ae<:tifln, by mean* nf the *pirit-lcvel, without re-
quiring the distanceM of the side Htidceo fmrn the centre. By way
vf Campari wn, I hare to refer in an article for a idmilar purpiwc.
page 3(13, vol. Vll. vf thi» Jauriuil.
SOCIETY FOR THE PUBLICATION OF ARCHJTBC-
TLHAL KNOWLEDCE.
FrAm what liu been *aid of it, th& main purpose of this Society
— which, |j«rhapK. may not mean to cjill itielf exactly by the title
fur the prei^nt attigiied lo it — iieemii to be to hritig otit wliat •hall
be a complete Dielionarj- or Encyelopiwlia of Architect tire — a very
mt^rituriouB undertaking, and one which, n« 1h4< want nf such a
work in felt, might have reaHonulilv eiiougli lii'i*n eipci'ted on the
part of the InBtitnte, That the pro*ent IMetioniLries which we havt
of the kind are all more or less defective and iiriniiti^factorj' even
coimiderrd with reference to the timti when they were produred,
I* univer^ittly ndmilted. Even hml they ini other defidendeti, they
have on>> anil all Ingiced very much behind the actual time when
thev innde their iippearanee, wherea* every work of tbe kind
oiigiit to bring down its informnlion to the latent noMthle moment.
Let ii« hope tiiiK tmjiortaiit point will be atteniled to in the one
now promini'd, and tlmt it will duly notice all lho*e improvement a,
both m muttora of construction and thme uf embellishment, wbick
111
IM
THB CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL.
LMav.
havrMimi' nnnf Intr yvxrv, anil tn vhicli every yi>arnclils eoine-
tbinff. Alt Uu) Sciritrt}' in qufHtion of rnurM' l»iiki tn (iwfiilnt'iu
»nd reputatioti, r.il1ii.>r ihnii In .tnythin^ in th<> nliiipi! iif |ieruiiiiir)'
pmiil, we ninj' fiLirly antitripote from it luimptliliti! grenljy tiupprioT
t» ev*rjthijiit ulii(» of ihe kind. -Slofb will depend ui«in lhi*ir
moat ciirefull)' iniiliiriiifr the wdnlr uf thi*ir pliiii tieturebnnd,— u
work nf 111) Kintill hbour in itaeK, but nhicli hiiuIiI ijive them in-
nunieTabIcdifliru!tieNH[iilper[ilexiti«-c. Lei nothinf! be overlooked:
let tliem mil Imw tn wty, wheti miilwiiy in ttieir Unk. w« AiA not
think of IlIi:j^ or of tliiit, ami it in 1ih> late Ui think i>f it now. Be>
rnnd tbiH we cannot attempt to rive luijr Rurt of tipecial adrice,
Wcjitisr if nnticipated by themtelves It mi|;bt be construed into
downrliclil ii»|it!rtiiienr«. W« cAa only sny that w» rIibII grladJy
open our culunina to any more correct iiml ftiUrr infurmiilioii as lo
its ubjccttf which the Society maj deem (tropet to commuiucete.
itEviEnva.
GEOMBTKY FOR THE MILLION.
PrineipleH of Gfomi'lri/. Mtrnturalian, Tfigonfmutrg, Land Sur-
veying, ami I-evtUin^. "By TiKUi^a Tatb. London; Lon^uii
and Cu., IBiS.
Wt have read this work with Ktncero rcwrot : fur in evpry jHiiiit
of view it in calcninted to be iqjurimu. It will be itijurious to
tiio«> who tike it an a giiialv for the Btud? of eeonietry ; and it
win mntrrially injure the charart«r wliirh ,V1r, Tate hnd fairly es-
lalilishfil by hio prerious writing botli ax » miitlieiiiultrlaii und iin
instructor. \\'t> rould, indeed, scarcely believe, uhlltt tuniinit
over the paji^ tlint wtt bad nvt taken tip the wrong work ; and
we vmix MAn&llr (umter tlii^ impreuion tb;it it rotild nut h»v(>
be*n written by Mr. Tate) turneil back to the tille-pa^c U( vmfy
uiiriiDbelief!
Of Mr. Tate's other worka, iritho4it eTfe|)tion, we think very
hiKhly. HistrratisBon '^ Factorial ■" bexpeaku nHwidi-TiiMe una-
lyticJil power; iind though rejecteil by tlie lUyal Sodety (whicb
we d<:em lo be m> rrili'riitii of the merit of the work), it'contain*
niiich that \s new, and the whole syttem is developed with per<ipi-
i:uity anil rk-jE^ncc. Hi* "Arithmetic" agMin, iHju«twliat atreiitiiM
on aritbiDetiii: sbiinld be:— the rulee are piven clearly, niid mich
nawoHs ornji]iroxiiniitiiiiipi to reason* a« could be comprehended
by the minds of younj; nLmlentK, are attached to the rules. The
efficient dcmoiistration of the rulen of iirilhnietiL' t-nnititntiM the
basis of AJKehni ; fur wo hold that nltfebra i* /uifiameritaUii «iiily a
Btstemcnt of the riden for urilbmetical operation, obtained by in-
duction from the partic^ultir iiulunn-* iiiipptiFd in ncttia] computa-
tion. We have no faith (hecauite we have rm prtKif) in tbe duc-
trini; of " the permjiiw-iicc nf e<|uivalent fomis," as a rundaiiieiitHl
priiM:iplr. apart f/oiii the i-ridcnce of Induction, and of the verifi-
cation aiTuHlKd by dcdiictiiin^ from it. Atfin. i" the " Bxercises
ua Mcchaiii(» and Natnriil I'ijilomiphy,* .\tr. Tate ba* nianifvs^ted
consutnmnte ^kill, hv ckhibittns verj' simply and very clearly, the
|iriinary laws of meehanical action ; and the exerctites are admi-
rably cluiBen from amonKMt the mo«t famihar combinations of ma-
chinery, and tlie phenomena of daily obserration, which tend to
elucidate tlie prinnph-s vcrv happily.
Our rraders (and eten \\r. Tale himself) inii5t, then, he cnii-
vinced llml we are actuated by im hurtile or unkind feelings to-
wards that Kentlcman, wlieii n-e expre** our objectirtn*, anil very
KraT« ohjeclioriH too, to his "rrincipleM of (ieometry." For nn
other rtJison, indeed, ahuuld wo have said s» much by way of
proem.
Oiir objeclJijii then is — that Mr. Tale lisui either iniKmetitmd or
tnurr^fMciiCivJtliefiindunidital character of (leunietrii-alevidence and
"f Ki""<nftricai reiwijtiinjj. Either of these chnrg^es seemii almost
alike improbiiblL-: — the fornwr in tMiri»iili-rotion nf hi" intellect,
his rcnutntioii, and his deverni'iu; the latter, in runoideration of
Ilia scholastic jHiiiilion and his higli chnructer for probity. We
have no alternatiii; lo the one hypiithcsis but the other ; and wo
have no hesitation in nayinir that nii«iw»r*j'/ion in tlii' real cause of
the objectionable prlociples uf this M»rk. We wiU atate our
reaauBs for thiokin); so.
Mr. Tate, like nearly all our "analysts." appears to have
never acquired a clear liew of the ementiai prindples vt ff.v-
■netricid evidrncre. Analysis (etnploring tlie word hb ■ynunymuus
with alKebra, aAcr the dictum of lyXlenibert) Is a «y«tem of in-
4actU'ia only — ot ieiut, as for as operations aud « hat ore called
"nriRriples" are concerned. Its inost general tbeorenu are
wnully depeiulent ttpnn indurtion for their evl4lraoe~-as much
Ml as the parullehigTam of forces, or the lav of ^ruritatlon.
In ireumetry. on the coatrar>-, the only prjitci/*^ era pin ved is the
•syllogism : and the only appmh Ui esimrifnet are tbe {«w axiofM
ri-opertin^ tbe visual and taiiiplile properties of (ifrurea which are
!nit down at the opening of Ruclid's first Sook. toxeiher with tboap
iindttmental conceptions respe^'tin^ mnliiple* which are prefixed
tu tbe finh book. Thu fact is, that Mr. Tate has not iliitcriniinBted
between (he essential cliarscteri of geometry and of algehra ; and
he h.is thereby been led to import into the discussion of thn
fnrmer siibjert, the melbwls whirli are not only legit imately
■vailahlp in llie latter, but in a Kreat deqirree eaaential to its de-
velopment.
There may he anadditionnlrriMm. dejicnilent on Mr. Tate's pn>-
fevHonal pniitioii, for his raKuenea uf conception wn this head.
The Bnllenea Truininit Institution was formed, we beljere, for
the purpese, not so much of cducntion itself, u for training the
humbler order of schoidma-ttcrs in the art (if ttxwhing. Most c«r-
t^nly tbe object was a noble one : fur pmbnbly no one of our
•ocial elniwee staiod relatively su low in respeiM to skill in their par-
ticular duties as the genvrnl rnns* at nchoul masters. A gwii
teacher, or even a motkraie anhnlar, wan t)ie exception l« the nl»
rather than the rule itself. This has hceaaiil!tci£ntly established by
the repurls of the ''Government Inspectont of Education'— even
af^er a11 .illnwjinrc hns been niiide fur the over-colourings in tbow
Reports, which hi sume iNssen c^itnut be denied to have been made.
Th« formation uf suitable schoolmasters, oipecially for the nural
diitricts required them to be Irainud to a muly and papular «-
puution of the urdiiury phi^noinenn of uaturtr and of nvchaolsm.
■a well lu of mere melhiHls of computatiun. Pujiular r.ither than
technical luupiage Isoften found to be convenient ; anil, lichiu acer-
tain grade of mental dcvelojimcnt, it isi-menUJiJ in such a CAue. [n
the aevisin^ of such |HipuIar niiKles of expoaition, Mr. Tate has
been for many yearn employed ; snit, oa is always the case, his
dally routine of duties miiv be supposed, withniil iiny diinimition
of our respect for hiit talents, to have dettruycd that viviilneMs of
perreption and riiriiniui niitrit of reasoning, shtcb niathematieal
science nuturnlly produces in respect to the forte of cviilence.
We look, of course, to the preface of n wnrk to uK^Ttain the »b-
jects for whicb tliiit work i* wrilluii. and the urinciplra on whirJi
tbe nutli'ir ironipiined it. A refereuce to Mr. Tate's preface, with
one or two Kpeciiiien«i of his method of proceeding, will, we are
sure, canviacD every reader that we have not lortned eur vn-
favourable uplniim of his work without adeiguate rauon.
Mr Tnte conmdem that "it will be instructive to trace the
origin at nur idear in geometr)', with the view of eaggealiiiig to d»
Ike miviiu a-herf^y firtt notiotu on I!k vulrjwi thould be mntrj/ed to tKr
mind nf the learn'-r.'' Now, the ambiguity involved tuthe word" our"
— which leaves it iincertuia whether he referred to tbe cwnoeptioiia ef
the iRnl geometrical Niicculi^ta of vnr race, or tn those who id our
time have been truined in the tenuiuoluiry and popular traditiew
of geometry — is very objeci ioiiahle. The fnrmer winild appear,
fromhi^HiibBequentreiiiarke to be his view; but it isnot alHlfoleu.
Under either aapoct, however. hi« imuim i« very 4|uc»tionahle: md
certainly by writers of the highest scienttiic and I'lulusophical an-
thority, it i^ alwaj-s rejei'ted. lu truth, the actual order of dis-
covery i» tilmost invariably found to be the most inconvenient for
the syKtematic oxhiliitinu and derelopineut of sdcntiiic truth.
The universal history of science is at vurlauce with this conun-
drum of Mr. Ttite'«,
The author's delineation of that creature of Lis brain, the
Iirimeval geometer, ia a sufficiently ludicruua piece uf seriitiisneai :
lut his talk about "the vu^it timount of fauta aL'i.-unwlated Iml^
pmdentijf Iff i!if f'jrinaJil g of li/^itiiioH-n, or the toiiaiu v<rbiaft ^ c
nifKroMs danmutnitioit^' renlly startln us. It is more like iJto
raving of an illitnrate perwn tbim Ibe language of an aooom-
plishcd geometer. Neither cno tbi» be culled a stray pasMge aoci-
deiilally etprewcd in an olfeusik-e form; for the onimmt is tke
suuie throughout tbe work. For instance, he mvit a little further
on (]). vi.): "In thu demenst rations coutaincd in the foUowing
trratise, coitciseness and nmplicity have been preferred to Utarti-
fiditt tt^l/iage of a iechnkal bj/"' i" <">d ho has created his primoral
and philoMiphicsI geometer, "without any precise views relative to
(Ac i»^gin 1^ Unw, or thej^in-maJliF of « lechitiaiJ %ric, (|wii|i whotnj
dctnonstrattun would consist in ft Mmple appeal to wwiwew-seae^ or
in >uch an expoailioa ax might besumdentto nriry cwnnicfimea C4e
miiKt." This priuieviJ geometer is created, too, as the Battenw^-
paltern for Ibc forniulion of Eiigli>biiieti of science ; aai Air.,
Tate bus faltitied Kuclid'a aaaertiou as respects " a royal nwd ttt
gevuititr)- r
IMS. 7
Tire nvn. ENniNEER axd architects joiminal
13>
'
»
I
We viah. howerer, to luk Mr. T»te h qiimtSnn or tiro on thuMf
vilnccta. What ilvm be mtuin liy " coDunun>«enw' )□ cunDet'lJim
«iui the ariiuUIUoii of itciencr ? We »htn hear thr ^lirau umiI.
A i* tnic, l>)r nrn who call tbt-niM-Km '■ jirariira) :" Itut «h fur n« our
vmaary guw, wc have never heord tl niml liy • ■(lifinilii- ii^niin
aUw w«jf it is hrri- iiiml by Mr, Tal*. tbcuiRli very often iioby jier-
HB* de«tilu(c iif nil w-irncc. In geometry wc cnn Altiuli no oilier
aotiun to it tliiin ibat it in intendril lo rxjin-w t)w inrrrrnci' wliirh
•CBav draw from visual evldcnre, or tmiii iriiiniineiitul eviiltnrt
ittfctMWt— in sbort.lhecvitlcni'eof «]i{>eriin4'nt jierfornied with llie
fulrrutd nunpnawcK, nr ntrrliupH ititli « soiriewliBt ncnaible Iwlaiice.
nich an tlinse made l>y K.ilc, <if thr f'oiiltry. Bu it ao— but <lo imt
icmde weitoce by calling thi» " K''"'n»eirjf ."
A|:alia, wfaftt durtf Mr. Tate coiixiiler to he *' aiieh nn exponitiun
*>fl>ifllt bemfCnenttorjim-ronvii'tiniilo the tnirnl" of a Icarnfr?
JudiuMlB trarhrrs, wr bavr »(^^^n hrnril. Uinetit thi- tmbccilr fiirility
vHb whirh «>nTirlii>ii it mrriH to llie niimU of llie rnutt iJotbful
popib : tliey arc nio^l rt-ndily "coiivineMl" by tlic barr Honli nfthe
MnmciatiiiM, jimviilnl ibcv nn-excuMtl ibelroiikleof iitK[rr>t:tniliii^
il,aodHtiU more reailily Tf thi^rnn Ikt f!iniiirf] tlie tniuMe til |irtir.
iiy il> Conintoa-MnHe pmijile, ami oeojilr without uiiy seiii>e at all
etUft the 6vft vby^iail onn. arc nlilcc udroil Inu-nrrs iimlcr three
wiMilions; aiiil it wnultl srrm that the roundt-n of tliv H»t(rrx-ii
yofmal Srbool knew )ir«lty well irhnl ibcv were about, »htu iIum-
niitccivvd tbat extraordinary Mhcnie. (^ur own wonder in, nut
hal Utmsn. Sliiittlr worth and TuffDrll should hare fcuiiileil at
faDegV for >tich imrjHtaCM: — it in, Hint Mr. Tate xhuiild not only
We mtiiiKtercd til thi?i extrnnnlinnry nystrm of trHtuiaic schwil-
mattvm, but that he should biive jiunlied liiiiiF^If forwiLrd into nuHi
ui«a\Uble iiuliirirty (fur n scii-ntific. mnii) a-n the (ortiiba-un of •
MiM|iiracy fvr the kl-olitiun nf nuri- ireiiinr-iry in Kniclixiit.
Lei not the import of our r<'iiinrk« be minuiidenitood. Wr take
■M •■hjeclioii, but tjirixtly tbe n'ver^e. to the L-oiii[io#ilioa of works
«n|inctic)il K^oiiietrj', apart from (be demotiHtrivt ionn of the pro-
nam. The filnuento of Kiirlid wvre iirvrr tiitviided w a work
to verve the naotsof the artiiuiD or tlraiiKl>(>A ■'>-[> in liu* operations;
and it ia very evrtaiii, Utot irilinitcly lietter conBtructi"U>/'*r i/nir-
Hoilyu r pine t of tlie few 7iiiib)riii» given in the " Kli-nieiiln" mi|{1it
tetaaUy fraiued. Thv'iT iimi^i, however, ntiiitt depuiid on propiT-
tjtt not IomI down by Kuulid. Yet it aJiuwa the paucity of ro-
•qurce wlucli our "romiiioJi-MTn^o" geometers poaocw, when we
rtmark that nearly nil tbeM* wiitem follow in the n-nke of Kiivlid in
the moat M-rvilenianuur. aud adopt nut only bin cmiftruetjoaa, but
eicntlicir veri- onte;, ninl nlmoet hiri Iniiguai^e. Let us hAV« a ^owl
"urk on |ira(*tical u^vtuvtry by ull meiiii* : let the construct ion»
btaecorapaoied bv dMiionntratioiiHor iiot, an iiiny be deemed ad-
visable by thv author ; but ntill. let us not be b^icutledioto b beliof
that imr conrtrudion* nrc true, by a few rsmbSua, ineouoluMve,
«r utterly irrelevant abaiu-deni iinrt ratio iis, — alike diKredilable to
Lioi who ulTcrH tbeni an euiltinre an to him who no receives tlicRi.
tiiic perfect demonetrtitiuiiii. or iione. Tjike water, if you [ileue,
ftutle reader, from the fouTitaiiis uC scicnco ; but do imt pollute,
ar allow others to pollote, the |>iiro Fironoia with »ueb ad idle rations
« Ikvsc which we oliall presently i|uute (mm the work belurc ut*.
Mr. Tate doe*, indeed, jiuy boine raihtr iiilinttd L'omulimeiitt' to
the f^eenetry of Boilid, — aouiv " vcrj- line writing, " i»o douhl : but
the vciry form in which they are cxpreaM.'^d i* oliviuusly intended
be disadvantiif;eous contraat with hia own Bysleni of pritne>'aJ
iMinctrjr, The onlr hook, in the author's view, better tbaa
Sudid'a in Tate's ! In i-or view, the only h"vV worse ibon Air.
Tate'a is Mr. Au*lr<w Beli'isiu " C'boinl>cr»'« Educaliotial Course"
— aot even Kiiclid'A Kleinent^' excepted. AAer hi* eulogy of
Euclid, be proteefU : —
*■ Huvnei, it muii be eoiici-4ril. th»t whittnur nay ha 1 1* etrclleneei
^ a AooA a/ r^irmrr to Iht malUpmal ieijin. ili d^rrU, lu an inilialory lyt-
ttmii^ftnmflrjf. «rc luo apjiartnl iv admit iff tman oyiilofsi. A eieal
tiook i>. tn uiany rcifwrti. a gml evil ; Ilie vcty ctemciilt coiiitilulinK >U
Bieatac**. — iu iclineiiirnt and ci>ii)prchRaiiveiira>i — trnd to throw ovci it tn
air of Ki)iicry tad <li|[niiy, wbicb dltliaits and ovcnircj the unini^sud
•laJrnl. >n tbc |>]uc of fo^O'^ liiiii Ibat •ocoimgtoiral ani! ivnipailiy, whicli
lis ceitsinly rrqnirrt, in tin \\ni let^ble •IFarll In Ihe ))nibuit nf ■bdrset
koMtedge. The gtoicflry or KucSid ii i Aiy^/jr arli/irUl i]/»lem, vAieA nrn
mif tt rM^, thmmightj/, by apcrnm vhu u alrrady a mat kemalinan. nnd
SPto 0aa aafrr mf MJ mrtepkyuml ttiltiUkt, oait titaal^ul yrt optrott dt-
i WM fr wJWM. The priQclple of motion p*e» a iini(iliclt; mil clearnui la
nsa; fcontirical cooecpiioni, but fiou in iniijiindl iiiruiiiliL([K7 In ths
Meafsucb a nxihod, Euclid rmpluyt it, neither for tho pu'pvBc qfdtmoD-
■IntiMi nor illuilrilion. The mtlfiad c/ mprrfMUhn, w hich, in rcatitv, \iw
at the Tvrf basit «f gevmctiical dcmoniliitiioti, and, in many c^ttt, yiret a
gmpkir tn/rntt 'o m inp*4tiyettttirif i, rai|>lu-)'ril in ll>i< fbu'th pfrBpniil^on O^
h4« £rtl lisok. and Ibcn, st if otXavtNl t^f tit butij/ origin ^ fiomtlry. h^
seatceJy vu it allerwards. jUsny of hi* prdbleau ire tolTed by aitU)Qd|
wlildi ire nenr usmI tn praetipe, fnr erimpJe, when a glTen |iortiAn Ii ta Iw
cut off Iruia a uriighl Ni]f, Imteiil of «tip|>u(tti(C (hn |ivrn portioD tfl be
•inpty iranaderrKt lo, or plaetd upon the itimeht line. Ac, whirh «e realjy
do ia piaetica. BaiJid nual dcacnbe ciicle tlt<-t circle, in ortler lo iccumpliih
ihe problem. Ths liocttiaf ot tltuUsr Intngirt ii. uiii|i]CMi()ntI>lj>, onrof
tlie nioit tmpvriaKi prvfMtlhnt in lh« whole langn ol uromnry, jxi (lii;
■Iu(t<(it i« ont iMiniilltd Iv ucclentaud ihi* pro|i<i*ilioti, uotil be bst gone
till dubIi (ha Arih book, whicb, tn a \»rgr. clu> -if ttudrnia, muat for ever rc-
luuna IPslsd book. It it dttiralJr that piaclica! n>fn iboDM comprchcml
tlic l(t(hoKIirapiitttJoiu tn (olir) ^Mtnctry ; hit HuriitTt ncMfxJ o/rrsaJtiy j
tHa imbjKl. M M <^itnt»r and rrfiutd. at toftae* if tryoiul tJt* rtaeA ^f*r.
tobj irdoM- limfjor ttuiiy U limUeJ, or vAok mtiHiemtlUol lalmft art asf \
^o nifirrutr imier."
Now the (cirt of all this appears to he, that Euclid's Etemcnta
may d<> weH etioufib tis a ** book of reference for profeMioiial niathew
ni'tieiao*," but llii>l it in pretKwtcrou» to talk or it as a booh -lutted
to educational purpo^ec^ eitlier for the ni»n»e*. or for intelliKeiit
|H-rHin» in ^^-ncral. It is repreicutcti its a Kreat Inrnk, rrmarhttble
only for itaiaetaphyioni]»tibtiltyandoperosedeinoiihlralion» — for its
refinemeal and compreheiiHiveiien'— and for tho aireetatioii of inyi^.
tcry and diitnity uhicb overawes and dii>tnu:t« the tludent. It ia
hard to conceive that »ucb h ilefrcription of the " Elvnieata" eoulii
have ororeeded froin any man who haa roitt and an<fer«/ooi^ that
remarkable production,
M'e deuy in loto. the srtatemeut that the fceonctry of £uclid is
"a hi^jhly urliticial sy^teui." iu the onlluary acnuc uf the words
"that c«i oiilji btf riW (horougidy by a uenuii who js already n
■natbeniaticiaii. If the order in which truths are capable uf heiiifr
succ«wively dwhu-oJ be ■ criteriuii vf natural order, then the de>
Hiffnation of artificial ttytlem «h applied to the '■ Kh-meiHH" beeoDiea
»io«t xiKinillv inHppn>priiite ; and a« to (be stnirtiue of the ii>-11ik
jrisR<(or rather euthynienie) in which ICuclid deliverHhipi renHnniiig,
it wdl Mirrly bear conipariauii, even for jvii tinipJieit^, with the
vnfiue, HBimeaniii|i, slip-jiod seiiteiiceii which Air. Tate liua »ub«ti-
tuted in its jilucv.
Eoclid, it iwema, was " ashamed of the lowly oripn of hiit no-
molrj'"— vix. the method of superpnitioii. Mr. Tale ronsiders
that it "gives a graph ie interest to an inventiKolioii." Now, it
turpaiueit out poaer to conceive what sort of iiiiercft a "■ grapbie
iiilerest' is : but we »nppo>c the author to mean that tbi? mind i*
inlerckted in haviiiK its u»n reiiiMtuiiK function* performed for it
by tlie eye and hand conjviritl)'. Even then we rannnt understand on
wbot (^ui)d mere *upcrpotilioa can bo supposed to i{ive iiint/>/iir
Tfwult*. Did Kpace allow, we coiJd easily explain the cdiiae of
Euclid's ■paring use of tlie princi)de. without suffiiNiig the cheek
or bUacbing the lip of the neometriral putriach with " shame,"
As to the cDiploymcnt of the principle ofmu/iun, we liave simply
to aak, what advantaires Mr, Tate thinks he can confer upon nn-n-
ritte gwmelritvt tttiinniing Ijy the intnnluctioa of it into geometry?
Nay, more, will he tell us Atw t( unruU aid dtsnrmKlrntion !* M'liat
orfcanic definition would he eive of a etraigbl line ? What rnuld
bfl |-et from the oricnnie dennition of the circle, which is more or
!«■« than Euclid's definition? Can be have forgotten that the
cone, fpliere, and cylinder are nctually defined by tbeir genesc* ?
Can he have forgotten thnt the fuvimrite nietbi'd of superpiihition
in not diiicBrdcd from tlie "ibaeiiueiit pnrt* of Euclid's Elcnieutiv,
where the principle could be made to facilitate the obircta aimed
at? Wc nee wxry to coine totlie eouclu*ion, but we ran scarcely
avuid (he inference, that Mr. Tote ba« never '^read and inwardly
digested" the wcrk which is the idijccl of his onimsdvetvions — and
we can have iioBcru|)le iu coucludiutf that he bus never understood
itii objectit, scixed its import, or fully e<>in|irebe"ded the ayeitem of
philosophy of which it is one of the most enduring specimens. .
Mr. Tate says tbiit "mmty of bi* [Euclid'sl prublnn* are mdred
by methods which are never used in prnrtice ; and be iiuttances a
ainy/r- oiif. Can he instance atmtkn f We can with tolerable con-
fidence aiiHwrr for him : — that with this sinitlc exceiilion. there is
not (V construction given in the whole ninceofthe "Element*," of a
problrni which occur* in oractical geometry, which we could not
point tint as being co|iic<l into reii-nt, or comparatively recent
Hiirk« intended fur (he niie of orncticnl men. It i«a pervernion of
IhL- ftict, and an nbusD of the confidi'iicc |ilnied in him by hi*
readers, to make such nnfoiinded a^scrtioms. That belter /imcfiiYv/
eiinM.riirtioiis than ninny of ibcm may he given, wo have already
saUl ; but ibut dues mrt afTcil the proeiit vnm;
The objection that the doctrine of siniilar triangle is deferred
lui h>ng, »imi>ly amounts to this: that pruuortion I> made the liAli
book liLntruil of the fint — wbiirb it tni^ht nave been, and tnny, ac-
cording to l-'nclid's treatment of the aubiert, he iiiiide to follow the
third prupOKiliun of the first book. ^\ uuld Mr. Tate obtain the
duciriuc of liniilar triangles without all cunstderatiou of propor->
19*
I
T«
THE CIVrL EXGINEER AST) ARCHITECrS JOURNAL.
tion? On r*f«rrin|ir (o Kin nwfi wi»vof Irwitini; \ht »itbj««l (p, 45),
wo find an illui^^'-Nl tilMtnpt tu »K]iUin the tdrnt v( pnr)Mirti"n, aitd
to domOMtnto the propertic* of [•r4i|K>rtianal«. It i« at Ixwt illu^
trmtiTe. If weiauM have ftimilnr tmnfflM at &n «aTl>er *lk|t« of
out fCMMDrtrirnl cnri'^r, it mny be ^Afify ncrninpli&heil in h nitich
Iwlter manner thun thi« ; for indtunce, m I^ir^ndro ha* dnnc, — hy
amumin^ thft durtrin^ of pri^fiortinn M one alrMuly kn<ivn Kiiddo-
mon^triLtMl by mennfi of nL^>elirii. Wf do not onrselvK recnmni^nd
tli« nne'lh<id ; but it liiui tliin itit-rit, tlint it >* ntl fair and o|tPti, and
dap* notrnntvnl tho difficulty hyaM>ri^ordpmiinKtrutiv(- pvniuiFn*,
which merely delude the imp il inin a lielicf that the doctrine in
pMved, when no real prnoi has heen Riven,
In thp laet ulart^ .Mr, T^fo nffiritiK that '*E«rliiVii mpthml of
trentiri^ the Mwd gMnetry i« %o npFro«a> and refined lu tn place it
heyand the reach of persona whose lime ia limited, and irhoBe mn-
1h«matirnl talent* ar« not of a Hiipvriur order." It is known to
i'v«ry 'II1II who in ne<|ustnt4^d with the llth and Ifilh hiMilto n(
EurJicI, and the manner in whith ihvy are lined in Ihia country,
that the fimt twenty -four or five pnipotiitioiiFi are as dimple in their
rvneoniiie irn the fir«t honk of the " Klementi ;" and that all the pni-
pprtie* uf wilids which relati' t" v«lumi* or htirfart', funti no part of
our lyitema of academical readiufr. Mr. Tat c muKt know this aa
««ll aa we do ; and wv cannot cunsider it ini^niiuiiii to repre«vnt
the diSiciiltira whiidi ar<> inlicreiit in the part^ which are tSiin<arttrd
from our tuual ayitteuia uf edm-ution, in attarhiiiii! to th<Me nhioL
art retaliud. Let tis look to Mr. Tate'a ovfii work as ref^rda thM«
tliinsK U'e find that with rc«pert to the line and plana:, h« h«a
nr-arly fiillAn'tfl Kiielid'a rUiwa, Ivaviniront however aume mttntitU
jTe^oflbe demiiiiittralinna, and nHrdtfyin^ nonie others after Le-
f;endr«. Then, wilh reepect to the other*, which haie in modem
(iuimi heen ttirnnl over to the nilriiliiii in mmw of its forinK, JUr.
Tate nettlen the qneHtiini verj* Biimmarily, hy llie aid of, we aiip-
po>e, hid "conininn-ten^e," or hifi "vraphic interest." lie aMlIen
It, in §hort. aa '* common- sen ne' usually (t<>e«»eltle thwo thingx, hy
a gmsii mutilation of "the Hrithnielic of inHnituc" There ia, in-
deed, no novelty in thiii: the only novelty in in »eelii)r it done by
-any man who had nretlouHly acquired the title of a inathematicUn
l^^nd in our own (Iny twi ! '
WeuroniiMid aapeciiEien uf Mr. Tate's I utorial tohcme. Here
ICia:—
" Nearly all the fwratliical Itnnwleilge contiineil in tliii work msjr be
GDHvcyrd tn \hr- |iapil in iliti iiiaiiiio.
TWcAfr. What k ih« line a a nllcd f * ' a
Pti/iil. Il i» calM a •Irti^hl lini;.
T. UflhcIKO tiraight hn» A D _
anil D e. whidi ii the ^retirr ! *
P. The linr « a il Ihe ^rcnt«r.
T. llnw ihould yna aicrrUIn Ililt with Cfnriflt; f
P Uy laying ihr Ita' d c tipon a a.
Tm What auri nf line i% * r tt!
f. [| il a arookcd Imr.
T. Troe ; hat Ix li Aw nittrri » currtd line. Wtiether i* the curred line
A F a or thoitr^liihi line a a lite ilioncr ?
P. Tli« Btrai^ht line a a.
T. ir jroii wii'iicil (0 guiram Biltt^rtsa tchoollo lb« ehurch.in whit tine
■hniild ynti walk >
P. Ill ■ >ir*>ght hnn. (Vhy }) llfauie a airelglit line ii the iherleat
diatancc liciHccii tlii> tclioul and ilie dlmroti.
T. Wlm hue jou to lay lelttite to tUe l"0 ititiKhl line* *-- -a
A n and c o ? c o
A They app»r to he of tbe nae Icngili ; and mMcaver ihcv ipjiear la
lie TXta witt) each cihcr.
r. In othrr wi>iilii foil nii|i;ht in;, c o>^a Si and alio C D n/rarallel to
a a. I* c n now parill-rl lo a a ? a a
f. Nrti (or c 11 wuuld mept a n wn the Wt tide. (i~~~~ — »
T. On wliich iiile would tiiry uuw mrtt? A " - a
f. On th* rtght hind tide. C- — -—^o
T. Wh»l i* llirirf^co Ihc |u-rutiar pTfipf-rlT nr ilFllmlii>a ofpsrulM Unci?
P. Thai iT liny h« ctiried irui b«m to (*i, *tu riilici *idc. iljny will actor
mt't.
A MiiUrt il culled ) pUnf. or fliit tton aurfai-e, when Ih* line IicCwm^d any
two pumU u|iun i[ it itrnK'ii- I Ku* ihr lotTice oi trie uliie ii a plane i( ■
lUBifbt-rilgi; tiacclj' flu it wlieti ai'jilieil ia earrr Jiiecliaa. To airerlain
• «>rn a auiface it a {tlane, lirin; your rye on u Irrrl wiiii n. enil i/ you fiud
Ihat Ftci; piiint iii the iiirfavc can ho «eto n llie atine liiui. ii will tliiiw
■••■( ih« aurbee m a plaac. Our llguici mc *ui>j)<iKd (o ue diawn on
pUuea."
Such ix the aubatitute prnpouniled by Mr. Tale for tlte t»
rfririayr of a " technical liij^c,' and "the tedious rtrbiaje of i
rxii* denionutration,' anch an ^eonieter^ k>>'* o«I It ■■ Trry
hie that aittne render* may eon*iiter the cuhatitute to he lUt
than the vul[^r and illiterate cerbUige, worthy only of the ad
charlatan, rather than of .Mr. Tato and tli'c llatter^eii Tr
C'olle^e.
U'ere thia hook merely thrown on the market for thou wft
w!4li to piirchaae it, our com^ern wi>uld he leaa than it ia ahou
a work: hut we have heard that all the achooU in Kn^laiid
are under the eootrol of the flnvernmenl Board of Educatk
likely to hnve it forced upon them, aa the condition ofthi
[■eiviuK nriy part of llni Kiimii viitert tiy the Houae of Comrn
kid of thune ai^hoolc The dcdicntinn of the work to Or
Shtittleworth i* ominouii ; Mnd the rumourt niiieh have read
sinrp wo uit down to write, appear in perfect cioniLsteney wit
a auwpiciou. Vet wit can Hcarrely crmit the rumour; and i
lieve that auch an adoption of it would t-TOiLte a d<>gree oFdii
faction with that decision uf that Board amonipit uiientiho mi
the friendu of rual i-dueiition, whjth would be very diiui^ecii
the Governing lit. and which niiyht enduti^er itn |iiittaendiin i
palronago which it ia the policy of the Guverontent lo extend
directiouK.
Oh, no! (teanite 1h(* mUrcpreaonliitiunt: and perveratODt
which the " Elemeiitii" ia lusiailed, let u* kei^i to the (itx
Kiiclid of our earlier days — unmutitated, and in hia own v«a
emlumit. Tlic tnir t/iiril of geunii'try will he lo^t in Kn^flani
ia elaewliere, if Euclid aliidl ceiuA tu he our tvxt-bu^
Elemenla of Geonietty.
I
A Thtaltieon P/aotieal SrirveyingjOt parthulaftji afpiioMt t
Zvtiand ami oU>er CoinriU*, containing an aceoutit af the Jnttri
moul HKffui In Ih* Coiiituiit Survfyar and £tM|iiicrT, ,<^, Bv Ai
WiiiritiiKAn, late ('ivll Enfrineer tu the Now ZcjvLtnd Con
London ; Lon^fnian, IHVi. 8vo, pp. 106, with plated.
The title of tlxif work Hiifhciently exnlaina it* ohject.
author, acijuainted hv eiiierieiice with lite partlcuUr dlfllc
uikI vxi^cenciea uf colonial mi rvevinnr. hat here recorded a
amount of uNefiil knowledge, which haaprolmbly bepn nu
atuid miuiy lolta and hHrd<>hi]iN. To the Rnyliidi Huri^eyiir, i
tomed tu atU-deartd cuuntr}', the taak of nui|ipin£-iiiit th
trodden wild* of Xrw /{ealniid inuwt be a new and ^rmidah
dertakiiitf. Tht* Kreati-itt dtlHrultiea of xurveyin^ nt home
intu iubi)i;nificance in the coloniew. Here we have open cat
and the use of llie iiiHiru7ni?nt« is litlle Impeded by obatru
to viiiioii — ibrre the thick forest clii«eit in on every xide. im
trable to the eye and ahnoi't to fiKit of mun. Here there are
knuivn way-mnrks anil bouudarieM. of which every parttci
already HccuratHy a»cprtniiied and deli iiealed — there everyth
new and iinrcrlniu ; tin* t'lidlcm, iitiviiricd m-ene prci>entK nc
hut inter til uf^leil thicket, without murk or ventiire bevoiid thi
and fading Inirca of the hatchrt of the -iiivflfie. flere we
hifth-wayii anil liye-wnyx for I'linriot* and hortemen — tJiei
fiioneer forcen his wny tlirouufh a fence which in imtliirkai
DRff. Dr elite his journey lies over the treacheroua niorau
he must nwim the unliridjied, unforddlilc torrent. t)r his
mcitintn up thestec])hill-alile, with wtmc 1 In'-' of Fnhrcnheit, ai
of untfular aii-livily agtiinst him. No cheerful hortcl for Itiin '
he niny turn in to torry for i^r ni^'ht. He initil nut oak,
Palstiifr, "Mnv I not inkc mine cju'c in mine inn?" Ui«
\i\n blunkcl. Urn kitrheii >ind lurdcr nn- thi: liM^kel which ni
paniea him at every step. To hup <iii n jiliii^i' where fiwkl tnif
ttbtained hy hurter. wuulil he jta mirpriniu^ tu him nn to nieet
liccnmn or postman. He pioiii^ers « ilboul n road, and thinks
aelf fortunate it hia cuutne he alou^ the niaxvn unil rapidi
rucks and shoals, of n. mountain stream.
It rei)uirps no ordinnrv v\n'Tfy to face »i]ch dtfEculciesk. A
may cnnKrutiibiti* oiirHcIvrn that the spirit of our nation rt
Eri|;lishim-ii espi-ciully tit for ucRiipiitiiius m> nnlnnn^ Tbe I
for (.'nterpri<ie which renders the t'^n)rli!«li tourt>t the woiid
anniiynncc of llic iiiitriivcllfil (.lenunn or Italian. I* lunied t<
ful account when the wiliW of the autiputlrt nrr to be mHrki:
and plotteil into fariiih uml towurliipi. Wiihonl thin njurit
cvuiu he HO hufficicut inducement to beijin thi.-t firni attitrk
nature. Por thii^u colonial surrey on arc not civiliierA. bn
Eiuneeraof I'iviljication. Tbry It^ail tlir forlorn hope. When
live made tlte breach pructlvable, uthen enter tu and gatlu
apvll.
Tlte fiml cliMfiler of tlie work before us give* deacrlptian
accuuata uftliv metliudnuf udjustiiig the iiutnimciili oklafl,
J
THE CIVIL EVGINEER A?^ ABCHtTKCTS JO'JKSXL.
141
I
pltjrcd in roloniftl mrvrying. For iiutramenU hi>«<I in the Iiuk}i,
Miwilityisof couraerathrr Ri»rein>|Hirtiint tliMiil would Im un t>i«
MHK Dawnft. There are rarioun rt<<k§ from ruugii tiaaev to Ikt
nmltfd jtfnltist or remedied in thf formrr «itunticin wliicli arc com-
|«nliri;lvtniin«tcrialinthelnttrr; nml im iiUthi-Bt^gKiirilniiurniithiir
tiraminutr instm<.-tion. {!hapti-r^ II.uiiilllI. tlctail tlit inrlhiiilH
dflajrini; out IbirnHiHl count rylundsnixl ihi^piirtiruinrobjci'tH wlilrli
4(iDM)d the attention of the i-xploicr ore ciiri-fiiUy expUiacd. The
liHUlli chatttcr (un prnrticnl iiotniriumy) <Iui;h ni>t from ila natiirr
•dniit Diucli tluit IM ii«!«, lint nji|icani to b<t a uMful cumuendium.
Tlere are twu other chiipCLT<i, on miirinc nurtc^'iiiff nna col<'iiial
road*, ftud wmc tables of uifnii rcfracliuu, cvrri'^tivun fur the xuii'i
(Iciiioation, Ike, On the whole, we lu-i- iiiclincd tu tUiiiit thut when
the £afi;Ueb tnrveyor pAirku up for the coIui)i'C». he oiifcht to put
Mr. Whitehead'* trvutitc in BBVceMible curuurof uiit jiotinviuitcaik
IMPROVED MODE OF WORKING EXPANSIVE STEAM
VALVES.
Ccmmmti'Vlal to Hot Minhtg Jmriuti, bj/ Mr. Tiiohak ('haddock,
Ti^. I in an end elevatinn ; nnd fig. 9 a mdo I'levation. In this
iln>Kn> one eccoolric, wlikh is shuwu at 4, 4, 4, in mode tu irive mn-
liont* both the steam Kodcxpiuisivevulvn. The tiiueiit wliidi it i*
7if, I.
fit.3.
Hmired to i>|»wi aii'l el<i<te thf expnuKivr inli-e.in rHtittontntliP stroke
i>r the pillion, will he unilerxtoiid fniiii the foUowitif,* d (■>«■' rijiticii of
lb« (••«* : — iJ ■» ii the elip Hiid eri-onlrit^ rod, wJiicli vommiiiiirnlri'
■Kotion fr<'m the eccentrio 4, 4, 4, to \hv CKpniiiirc ndve n, thruui^h
th* right Ati^ilHr lever h mid /I, u'liii'h move* ujiun the pin r, which
i« attached trt 111* nmidl |ipnjertinj( pnrtH « «, whii-b project fnin
tlie lerer //— the levpr drf, terniiimtiuit in » forked eiid, ohidi
tjJce>i iotn th* (troove of the circular rinc pi:-, which rijijr in nwied
Uitftitiidinnllv hy the neltnn of the erretilni- throuurl) the "fdrcwid
lerer A Aiid <( ; j i* another rixht-uiinrnlur l(•^■l^r, Mhirh t'oininuiii-
C4tefi inMton t(i the expun^ive viJve n. thmu^li tlio valvi^-rxid u'.
The part rajtreoented at i >, reeeive^ itn support friim tlic fuuiidu-
tton, OF other fixed p*rt, tu ubich tlio mnin tlmft vf the engine in
attached, and ha* a pmjeeting soiJcot, on which Uie lever.^ aiiiJ
rinif «• wiirk^-tKi that the*« parts have no dirci-t oininiiiuiejitiuu
with Uie iiniii «!i«ft. 'I'lie rinar d««i nnt revoke, hut only pnrtitkca
if tbc lunfiludina) muT:»Ti impnrt«d frum Die eci-enlrii-, imii from
Ihoie^ thrmiirh the lever* / mid n', to tlie expaii*iv* viilre. The
am of tlii-jinrl marked it. dupport* the h-ver/— it linluf; alio fftn-
rtuaced, indie.'iiiii ihi.> point at irhich the utMim i* out off; a« it
will he iie*Ti that, Ity riovinit the li'ver/; the nln.Ie of the pnrt?.
DM, A,ri.A, and «', are c.-trried round uith it to any desired nii);le in
relation t» the mnin rrnnk of the enj^no, wherchy tlie Mime thinR
is effected an if the eceentrie », 4, 4, itwif were moved r<>utid.
whieh f^venw the time of opening and eloeinic the exp.innive valve,
Xh« part inflrke<I<6A. i^ aCtaeLed to the levcry; and s«rvt« the
purpose of KtendvinE the ecrentrir flip, and also emhracea tbsi
>, M an to keep llie Ie»er/firtnly attarhed therelii. At f Ja BMui
hniall lever, tu-ted upon hy a *priuir. ha^iuif at the «pp4ieite uul B
fiin, nhirh, on poaainf! tliron^-h the lever y| and arc i, liohlii the
prer/'innly in the desired position; whcrrnf, on prrHoiiiK the
ntnaller levtv willi the hand, the Irvery in liheraln) nud movcahle:
:!, 3. in the eecentric dip, which ia uiippuned to irurk the st««in
valve.
LLANDAFF CATHEDRAL.
*
We Nittery, Prrirnl l'endUlv», and Frgpotri Srtlvralim c/ ,
CothrJral. tit Mi. T. H. U'vatt.— (KoJ ai ilie Rojti lu.limt* ol Hr
AicIiiImU, March 30.)
I'pon the liiitory of iht catliedril. I iball not deliin joo at any frrat
Irnglh. The fsitf f'i\t>o]i 1% niud lo liive brea Duhriiiu*. aha illrd (q
S22. on an iiUnd off ilie Cacrnirratiihir'e euait, and wIsotB bunr* were in]
1120 innalaliM) ID LlatidilT bv Biibop Urban, the firuDdcr of the pmrnr'
G»llicdr*l-
L'rl^an w** <'Onl«cra(K>l lli* lliirltrth hiihop of l.l>n>ilair in 1 1 OS; ind M
bint ill eoaeedc the honnar of litiing; InuadeJ the proent tacliedral. At
hU firti eomlng, be fouail liia biihufiiic in a i«ry poor aait niueiable conilt-
tian. — Iba cliurch raced ihouki lu Ihe ground', atrd conpliining iliereuf ta
tbe King tnd the Pupa In 1 1 19, he piocurrd Irilnf and jttlhcrril larRC lumi
lugethei; he i>i(U(d rto«iii Ibe oM c)itiri-h. whiiti wb> hui 'lif feel lrin|[. I)
frrt hroii). anil 20 (eel bilh ; and in 1 120, accuriliac to Ijctand and Gi>(l«i«,
— or ia 1 12'J, aa ilalcd b\ Du(|iia1c, — he mmnicnccd the fabric dcdiualail la
St. Pclcr and S(, Pial, Ditliop (iod^iii (kIio widIc ir> 1GD1) d«>(aibe« ibla
builJiog at " a very elegant one, 3110 feet loi>)[, UK frrl t>i«ad, and aJoniril
■I the aeil end aiih tva italely tnwera of gr«4t height, and * neai cKap«l .
of oar l.>dTe; a work (mW magnifleent. aad lo he lemtnibereil «iih hnnour '
hy pmlrrily." I.'tbindied in 1133, whiltt iiavelLing tuaardi Bonir. Fiuui
(III* period :(i th« hnpinnini of the lail crntury Ihrie i* uo rurttirr record of
an) iind (hat 1 cao lliid relating to (be cailicdral, and berc conjeoture mtiit
cominrrice.
n Kiahnp Godwin the ootrcct in tugipnting the ihurcb cocnnicDCtd \if
Urban to Lite Iwrn completed by hint vith two lower* and a Lailye chaprk,
■till In tiivr Wrii 300 fret lonft, il muil liatn dlaappeared betwcrn tbe peiind |
of hi* d^ith (1133), and llHUorlU'O, which wiil, (ihink. iHieoncededail
the earliett date al wlikb the prewnt liarly Kngllth ttniclure could hafa '
lirr-D caoiuieneed. TIhe tilreuje ien)!lU nf the preteol liuildluj; is only 269
frrt. nnil iii hiridth 76 lr<t. Of pure Normin worl;. luch m we aiay Le>
IjFvr I'lhin to lian eitcnlrd In Ibe he|;inniiii[ of iIlc Inclftii crtilnrjr, we
oiili litco ilip Uigc arch hciwcen the prcihjlci; aitd Latlyc ch«pel; iho r«-
niuinio)! portiaa ul a window un the loulh titfc uf ihe prcihtlcrr, lo carivutly
alopficd up at a laur period i portions of a Narman ilring-counei witb a
frcl ufiismenl, luatiin^ round tb* walb of ibc prrdi^tery (being Ihe ttring-
eouTio t>( tha Nnrtnan ciereitory} ; a virirly nf Norman fragaienlt walled
into the prethtiety ; and the two door* at tbe wen rnd of the north and
south aiilei, wliii^li. tliough later in their deliil slid fiinib llisn the IsigB
arch, may fairly bit conudflicd a* of Libau'i tine, paiiicularly if he cuui*
nicticcd at tlie cut cnil and worked wciiwsrd tonaid iticsc douti.
Tbesiieot ihecbaiiccl arch, and Ihe impoitauce and decoration of thcaiila
doan, ckarly iir^ne Ibat ibey cauld hare foitard no puflion of ibe early ai>4
inti|inifiCBnt church knookcd iboal by (he .Nornsnt, and e**ii>n4ll; demo*
litbdi] by L'fbiin; for allhaugh the preieiialloii of doorwjyt inU ohaiKtl
arches of Norman chuichn, rebntli tn Ihe thirteenth and lourleeath een-
luriet, i* of fi((]ii>-nl nrriirieniTe. yet in thli instanee I think Ibey must ijava
origmaCrd witli Urban ami nut baie been ii^iiioved ur peipeiuaied hy hiru.
'Ihecliaractrr anid diiiiUiil ilie liri^R arcli at llie eoii end of il» iJicihylrry.
cicaily pruic* Ihal it mini have opened into a clisiicri or Ijtilyc >li.ipcl : aud
itiui «c lua; hcliEve lirban *o far to have rraliiod Codwiu'a detiii|iiiau as
lit hart ciKiiptctcd, " a Deal cbapel of our ladye." Aud ii>a cai<teni« wf
pure Nonuiii work. *o far wfilward as Ibe Inii awie dniirt, ittay U Iskcn as
prniiRiplive rtidente Ihal Urban cooiplrlcd " a work truly nisgittflceol, >i>d
III lie (riiieuibered witli himaur by poilerily," eteo it bii w»iern loweri
were fa^iitiKik. ('■risinly ilipte d oat ways are of rirh anil hciuliful deti^n,
and Ibe general cliaiacirr "t all the Kuruisii worli leuiaining n of a puia
and good period, cuirBspondinH wiih L'lhsu'* prelacy- U'ltsl licfrl till
Normnn cliuich. or haw it iniild haic liceti tn compleuJy deslruyrd iu tl>e
thon perlnrl hrtween Urban't drtih and il^d <ii ll'.J'U, h (o liai« irndertd
ticc*s*4ry the alnjusl entire rebuilding uf tbu i;huii;li luauvwaiid diiiinci
•t;lc, icmaiiK a nyslcry. Hgiv are no Iracf * uf that gnduel hu<I cliwrly.
Riarked tianiition from Komisn (d Early i:njllib,»lii>:li ne IJiiil tociiaeuily
anil ta iushurlivrly diipllytd at Cantriliury, ^itiwieli, lilutjivticr. bt.
Uavid's, and IhilklHst Ahliey. XViih the kindle eii'epiion of tlir wnlera
dii'ftwsy (in uhii-h the ciieular aicli ii felamtd, Ihuu^h (lie deUd of ilie
ihaltt anil uioulilingl are £uly EnglisliJ, the nrw wutli wat eviuuienCGil Irea
from siiy laint or |ii«judic« ol a psM strlc, and lUiiili fmlhat puie aud
liraolilul sii exam|ilc uf Karly llnittiih c>jmpoi-iiion and ilrlail at aiiy with
irliifh 1 am acyuiialcd. An a'llc wnicr tu the £rcJrN0&y<e/ thus ipcsLi
IM
THK CIVIL KNGINEEn
:
•
of it :— "Tli^ «ii{|uiiitf F.trif Eoirllth work nt lliii pari nf th» ohutfh li
linlf braiitiriil; nut llw Init idea It otiUincd hj Iht aieirfafd <IrB«tn|
|ivea in ' Winkle'* C»ihcclr«li.' To »i«nd opposite the wnltrn frDiil— iuelf
mice I niam 1 of lit— ind ticn ikronib Ibe nnv virant aiu) hiinoui mndov*
tlic pSftniMd MIC lirrood it. «ilti it* tUi prilinraul roof, lit ridienlein
*«trt mil! iinii, iti »liiccDt(l nalU, it intTiUbtit (o fr<l lh« inoti fnrcil'lr can-
ln»i lK<«(«a l)i« tp'tkiBg gnc«> of th« Cbralita and tbe burl<iqa« ib-
lurititi** at Ibe rcTivni pagan dyle."
Although from ttic aSinii^F of England to \V*!ei, where oar anceiton
if-^'mned, If eot *t «h>otule coiiiiUfMoii, jn u lulhorikril litiiora, tiemtv
laitlf b«li«** architiTIBrn to have b»n tlmntt nn a U*el in pojnl ef data,
Hf ran ha«R no maon for imifining thit the Veleli wet« inni« lO or MO
(van III advaoM of tbc Engliab in tb« peiiodi uf Iheir aicbiteetore. or Ihai
Ibe thange from the drcolar to the pointrcl airli, b; in called " Barlj Eng-
S*ti," *hnMl(l more prnpcrlj- hn* been nl'ed " Eirlir M'rirh." If lliit li
illnwrfl, I aiD unable lo btlltie lliat anj ■ntiquarjr <-aii akiien an rarllc^r dale
ihu IIM or 1190 to ibc wetl fionl anil aatc of thii calli<iJial ; for tliuugti
it ia iiaifecilT mt"'"'^'* to fit wild petemplorr cnUictt Ihc eaacl date
Vh«* one lAjtlkvlai itiie or tijkof art emltd aod •ni'IliFr coninirn<ed, iM
*e ind that from tbe period when ibe poioteil areh Am niai)« it> apiMirauM
■nd brraiM blendoil with the Norman ieinirlrcle, jcar* rlipted befora Ibe
never ttjle or (orm bad ibaken olT ih^ iiifloeai.-« of in predecpuor.
Wo Und in niitneroiu iotianeei, aa ni ClnDreiier, Canietburr, (be Temple
Choteh. and St. Uarid'l Calbedral. that tlii* IraaitlioDil feeling eiiited in
faili (urre — nay, thai ibe Notoin prrijondi-iaitil— ■Iiboogb Ihi? rrirlioni I
ailiidr In arc well known tn date abnut thr end ul Iteiveinb rirturT. You
will, I tliliik, tbarr ii>t dithcltcf io Die tbeory Ibal tbc |iiir« iiid polMed
woik Bl IJanitalT could have been comaieiirnl tiiij or seTcnli >Fara befora
ll« NnroMin auh bad cltowtiere ceaatd In prriail. In Iluil'lwai Abbey,
which ii one of llie railinl trnnilllnn «ork> I koc-w [the date of which i*
Btated lo be aboal LI3S), ibe iedicitinn of Kailjr Esglitb foim or fcdiDg U
««ejaIl(l>L In tbft aaction of ana of ib* btT) of ili« ni*a of St. rianti'*
Caiheilral, balli In 1180, jwti titd tbe ooljr Earl.v Eogbih work (onaiact of ■
lDi>aH ueade, between two aeiin of clear Ij^-ilcfintd Noriuan aithetl—cer-
laialf Hal ■ eefj ranaiBdnf proof Ihit Kail* Englub work wn in '^xntrnce
in the aiaicr cathedral of $oiitti Wilea aiitj jctit before llii* work w«i com.
niODccd.
HcDty (prior of AberKavennj) was coiiMcraled bithopof Uaodaffin 1191,
and difd in I2I8. lla mar. with at lead a» mnch prob*liflil)> a* helooga lo
•ome antiquarian auerlioai, be luppMMl. if not aetualljr to bate rMoni-
BOMfd tbe eicciioo of hi* catbfdral in Ibe new iijtle of hi* ilif , at leatt to
b««« jHoeawed work*, Ibe ohirarier and pritod ofwbirhataio eiidcnlly
eoeeal wlib hia iwesiii.ietieo }etri of power.
The lower portion* of tbc north toner, and all the rem^ninp part of llie
aouth luwrr. tbc nBTp.and clrrcatorr rcn^aining, are all of thr >ame pniE
Eailr Engllib cbararier. In the Golumni aad archei of (be naTc and
choii a alight •ariety of atnogeeaeDt occuri wiiboui dtriatin^ froni the
alfle I tontewhal more oiniivoni ii introduord, and hj llie tiimg (brt tearh^d
the lAift etiapel, the grtdation of tt;le b««oniea apparent) and witli a
tieir lo give inercaitd liebne** lo thii nore lacied (lorliun of ibe builtiing,
or (rOBi tbc niriffl ■' dRrniaird" ruliinti of the da;', when ltl^v aritVFd tliiit
fareMl.vaultiug la introdnreit. iiiulilbon> and ciu'lei are esrrutnd In ibc tide
window*, and in the mti'tumott wlnilow Itacery bccomei appartni, uolll it
alinotl aiiuiiiM Ihe cbataclerof a "decorated" window.*
In ihc two ba>t of itw pteabjlar; a fault (a* geologitl* might term it)
dccufi. wblchltli diflcDit lo acoaunt for. Thru* archei are nidcnilf of a
later and mure depreitcd form than tboie )n Ihc BBir and choir, and from
thrir form and dnail atp of a Uter date than the I-adye chapel. Whetlirr
ihU ponina of Urban'* nnrk mav haic remained uninjured and uiidiiiurlicd
tiiilLl aflrr |Il« compkllcn of ili< Ladj-e cliapfl, when lliey miybavp «honj;l.i
it nacctaar; to awimilat* the Xotntan pift* and nrcbe* mote doitly to llicir
pointed Deigbbour*, or wbetber »0tne Irjurr tonk plirr to Ihii part of tho
cathedral, which rendered rebuilding ntcettaiy at a later pertoit, 1 have no
mean* of dotarmioiug, but it I* curioiu that in Ihia potljoci at tbe building
we Dnd njoro ^o^n*Il remain* than (tiowheie. There tiill t^iala the Nor-
man itriDg-courte Id il* oilglnal bed, with a *ort of " cnihatilcit fret" nrvcd
apoD it, ruiiiiiog round tbe three tide* of the pictb^lcr; : wc And pUiiihi
and portioot of cilindrira) thalla, wbicb may bava formed [a* at Noiwkb)
Ibe arch belwccn tbe choir and prcibjtcry : thtrc it the large Notman arrh
««#r ihe *ert*ni ihe coriniia remain! of a Kormtn window, lo iin«er#ino-
nioutty blocked up by lb* Early Rtigliib ari^bltecl who bt:ilt againit it; and
in tbe rough matotiii' of the wall* of thl« pail we Dnd walleit-up numeioiu
fra^nieiiTi ut Norrt>an iDOuldiogiaiidornariieula. One loiglit almoit tuppoaa
ihl* portion «( Uihan'i original cnlbcdral to hate eicaprd the early deatiuc-
tlon I atlribiile lo Ibe real ol bit huildinE. and to have been pieiervrd intact
by the Baity Enfllah arcbitecia who icbnili it. Al lomc Uict period, for
(tabioti'a aake. or (rum decay, «o can imrginc theie ari-Le* to have been ic
COBttroMed or icmodrllrd, Icatitig, a* 1 btlirte Iher did, tbr Noimari cipiPa-
lory undiatuibrd. The itring-eoune evrn bow remaina; and in the vitw
giten of the noith front by Godwin, in 1713 (when ii waa dmoat petfeel}.
it win be oliieiitiil that a tamtnrculai and aiiparrntly ^<>I^lBn line oi win-
4ew( i« tbowB in the vkrcaloiy of ihi* paii. aa dial lagmi bed Kom ibe Sarly
■ Tbna la (nod itoMii (o Iirllm tlwl ihe LadntbapclnaalbeKliUiloo or Wllllmi da
SfM*, lb* larli-lbin) lubup, ItvIO I*' .ta IVS. He aia bttiM (liae to the iliH.aoa
UaunbiWlnualM.
Rngliah ta the u*e. M the talatary of tUi alUniionor porlioa of tbe
work, I can And no trace.
Ttie "decorated" Bllar-acreen i* tialed. in Browne Willla'ai and all the
olbot hiatortci of the cathednl, to have been erected by ■ BUbop Marakall,
wbo wki HHiaocaalcti in 14TB; kit a* tbc drtail la pure "decanted." it
mull have br«a complcled, in bII probability, Hil» yrar* 'xfora tbi* timic. 1
have little itgabt bat tbtl thepienandifchfaof ih; ptctbjter^r aadthiiicTaen
were rreeted *t the tame time, or by tb* a»nie arclLilect^an opinloti whieb
it oonfiraied by the fact of tbft liaaa mouliting on the louth aide bring tailed
ttnttlderably above the oppotiie pier on the north lide, and corrp*|)oiid:o;
exactly with tbe level o[ the bate of acreeo and the btae ol the letlile whu-h
it immediaitJj ailjoini. The decoTatian and entichtnent srihiaicrcen, Miri.
bwtril to niahnp Martball, haiCt no iloubl, rcffttmce lo the painting and
gliding U|>oo it. " There are eltven nicbci In Ihc prlBd|itl level, painted
»ilh fotei anil hyaeintba iiitetchangeablt." Tha conlre* of the rosea and
AnwFn of ih« byafrinthi flr» gill. Tbe loaot are while (whteh quit* Idenii.
He* the decarilion with lliihop Manhall), — Ibe white roie being Ihe device
of tbe homo of York, uud for decnrBtinn only in Ihe rel^ of Edward lY.
and Richard III. Itithnp MacihatI having been preferred to thit dioceie by
Gdwaid IV.. the adoption of babadgeaata natuiil and (jroper cmupliiBcr.t.
" tinder iheae eleven niches ta a row urcigbl iiichci, painted in frcaco. u-
aclly lik-e Ihe farmer. At each end of tbeae are three real oicbe* pawled
In Ibe aaiue manner t witbin ibdC arc two little onci, with a pilaiier be-
tween; the poniod-woik tbrougbout it irilofcbaiigrthty blue and red, 8»d
Ihp OTnan^rnli uier sll lli^ nielirt are gill. Al earli end it a dncr leading
inlo a tettry.'' Tbua far I enri confirm, from tbe remaini of tbh lereew, Ihe
deaerlption giren by Browne Willi*. He then proceed* to *ay— " Abote the
alur-picrr ere two fair* of Uritr nichea. in which formerly there bat« hern
Aeuic*. In both row* ihr uiildlenioti niche li lai^er thin Ihc rest; and on
(ecb tide are two Iratcr one*. Tlie two largeal Otcbe* proliably coiilaicnl
tbe image* of our Lord and tbe bleated Viiifin. and Ibe Dibrr twelve wcie
for ihe twelve ,\poillc*. Coiltr the two Urjte aichet ate tbe lea command-
menla. wrill<n with gold Ittlot, villbin a ffunic, and oitr all it a handtoine
freealona window." Unfmtuiiatdy, the ilitliiirlion of thit upper portion of
the icreen ht* been eompleta ((IouMImi tbe notk of puntin or politkal
fanaticiim). Koihing remain* above ibit line, but we bi^e fouad wailtrl
into Ihc viriout portion* of the iiruciure frigment* of corbel*, raoopiei. aMi
buttreiie*. which cridently, tioni their tiie and form of moulding, belonged
to Ihia tcrreo.
From the period »lien Gudnin descrilieil Urban** cburch to bare been
complete, of ccttun diiDCDtioni, and a work liuly magnificent," there ia •>••
notice of Ihe catbtdral uuiil Iil9, when Ilrowne WiHit, an antiquary of Ibat
day, ai he aayt, "collectrd Cngrilier vatioii* recotdi and mailer, and g*>c
niih hia work certain drao.;(bt* of the taid I'hurcb, tn ortfcr to illuitrata the
deicrTptlDii* ihereof." Tb«iri draught*, aiL }ou may Imagine, are not very
clear tn their diatinciinni nfiiyle. or in the heil puiiilile peraprcUve, but
Iliey arr moat Talniabla at hrlpiiig the deicriptinn.ai being Ihe only rrcDrd*
w« bait of nbal. tbc old taibritral nai {befate llgblnlng. ttocmi, and Wood
of [Saib played sui^b bavoc with it) ; and, conaeijufntly, *> being oul ptind*
pal guide and authority in the tctlaralioo. U wiu iben falliog inlo a tl*>e
of deplorable decay, Iboojih prrfeec in it* internil arraogemenU. Thei<^
wt* a Urge building in front of tbc tauih Norman doorway. whiHi hf eitl*
the "Cnnaiatury Court;" and a porch oppodle tbe " ileraiileir' anuili
door. Both ilieae excreiceneei have di«ap|ieaf«d, and I abould oiucL d«ul4
if Ibey furmril any portion of tbe oiigjnal de*ign.
Suon after Urtiwor AViUii'i lurvcy. deairucliao bad fall iwaj. On the
20th of Novrmhcr. 1*2(1, Ihc rem*lninR liaitlrmrnla and pinnaclea of ihc
north lower (which had ctcnpcd the itoi-iu uf 1703) were blown down, ai.d
ilratroyrd a ciin*ider*y» purtivo of Ihe ourlh aiile. On Ihe 6ih of Prlnuaiy,
n'i'J,the " roof and floor of Ibe soul b lower fell inland deitmyrd a goa-d
deal of the chareh."' Tha compUle ruin of tbi* old ilruelure mutt have fol-
lownl trry rapidly on Willit'i iinii i and in 1 734 we And the Atcblnabop nf
('interhuiy intrreailng himtelf in it* propoted iabuildio| (I eannoL lay le-
alo(illoi)). lie olitainrd l.OOOf. from George I., and, like our biiliup of Ibe
pretent day. tried in vnla to grt anything fiiim Ihe I'lince of Walo. fiulG*
rirnt funila were, bnnrvrr, cvenluolly taitrd to elect tbe ftiKhltoI aliell
which now rncBiea the original pieri and archei.
About 1731, Wood of Dal h, CD mm c need Ihe {Icaeeralion of tVia And oM
work, and of hi* own prior fame i (or matt oiaurcdly a more baiharoua i-r
■allele** grafting of nncongeniit modemitm upon aa ancient tiem wai iiever
prrprtraied ; and never wat the larraim of the biiiorian Whitaker niore
juftly tietrived than in tbla initance. lie tayi — " Ibe do^e^ foot will ip.
pear! for nioileTn aichiiecis have Bn locunihiB prupcniiiy to mlitheiiown
abiutil and unBtilboriird fmeiei with Ibe genuine moddt of anliijuily ! They
want alike tatic to invent, or modoty to cnpy," Alt that ran be eaid in
eitenuation ii thai tbc corrupt laate of that day gare a faibiOD to ihiawvtb,
the power of which Voud may bave been unable to rrtitl ; 1 *iah it wa* in
(•idtnco that tie bad Ined to do to. That Ihii fathion appioveil anch bar.
bari*m m*y be inferred from Ihe aeeempanying letter, which 1 And copied In
the " CoU'a 1IS5." in tbe Itriiiah Mu>eii'm. II ii written by a Her. Thoa.
Daiipa tn ilrawne Wiltia, who appear* *td] to hare Cakfui much inletcat ia
the old wreck r —
"£3rd .Not. I73G. — The church on the inttde, aa far u 'll* ceiled and
plailered, which it anmelhing bryonil ihe wett rniL oC choir, la«k> ttceoiliog
fine, and ii a very lUIely and bcauiifiil roiifo. The area of the wbbtc churck
IB to tie cODudciAbljr taucd, to thai when fiiiiihcil it mil Cm tbc jwlgncBt «(
J
[M0.J
THE crvn. EtfniNEER AN*n AHrniTEcrs jotthval.
nfr
wHt praple m%o \ittt leen it) ba i rtry tint tnil clcfant church, unlm.
i»lt«d, tbe &IUr-|Mcoe, which look* like a huge irarlko. *paU i1>a wholn
rtf»rt."
Sir. Cola illBtbAle* lii* amuiinic MS. Iit rlvraiiani of the wttt ud uuih
frvoU, uid • *>«w o( >he ilUr pivrtico, vhich it waa fMrsd (>nd not wltbout
loai* reMon) mifbt mar the vhoic cfTtcc.
Vt ftn4 att tram oi Iha pettini at the waai «n<I. nor ean [ trun that iha
ritaoB'bOBM cupola «u cki carried into nfTuci. Ttie altar «■• rciuovetl
lome feir fcan tfo.
Ttie htaliop'* throne, ilie pulpit, and ilallt caaiitt of in Ionic calonDade.
«lib Bicliei at the back; thcr itill eiiit in ibcir prittlna propriety and
Waalji and I can coritcieiiliaailf reconOMDd tlicm to anjr aicbitORt iliaul tv
ULU a«MM coari*! ihc pulgiil mid tbranc would form admlrtbla jodge'i
«it>. and tbe lUll* a luotl <tigniijnl row iif atiaU (nf the raagit(ra«f.
I do not iinagiBC that much wia daoa Id Mr. Wootl'i itmolur* untU 1910,
•in iha plaater ecilmg ami lead ov«r tbe nave being in a ler; bad aod un-
■Mtbntifht cnndiiion, a coniidcrabit lum waa eipeodeil In repairing and
■•Ukg good ai It then tiittml.
b nwcti for tbe hiiiurf uf the cathedral. A TCry tew wards irill de*ciibf
iucMdltMO aben the prcteni taluralloat were commtoced.
BcaisTca or tiEvr FATnim.
I'RKSERVIN'C; AND COLOURING WOOD.
FaaMcaia AfOL'sriir Renahd, uf io. Rue dii Rocher, Paria, tner-
4nt, for ^* Imprm-ntrntt in prr-nprmnjf and colnuring mood.' —
ClmH«il AugtMt 19, 1847 ; Kiir»ll»il Feliniury 19, 1818.
rUs inreatinn iwii*iirtii in ii in<Hli> uf Mmxlructing appKratua in
•Inch ft raeuuRi can he fradtieeA, aA«r tiie sitme hn* been nppliad
la aoe end uf r luj^of wond ; eo lliut n jtroicrviri-^ or eoluuriiiff
fiqoid, contwnni in a siiitnhU' vrucl nr re^wptiii'Iir at the other
fM, will b)! (!uuM>d, bv iitinii'phcrie iin'suui-e, Io piuuthniugh Iho
l«iti tbe lun^Iudinat diri'i-ti.m uf the fibre«.
The annmced eii|^aviiijc i" 't '■<()« elevnliiin «t thp >i[tp!iratU4 em-
fUnti. A M A mei-«] i-yliiidKr, |>rovi(1i-d iriTli a tii|i.[iti-R« a, (nan
'faUh U iiiu{><>iidcd u rod, with a piece of perfurated metAl or wire
I
I
^aas* Kltarbed Ut Ita lower end. o Is « metal diM% Rxet! to the
r.j\indn *, huvligt hh ournin^ Bt Its oenlTC^ oommunir'iting' villi
the interioir of tliti cylinilcr ; und betwcrn this AW- iiml tliu end of
the log n( wooi n, a niirniw Iciither waaher k, m iiiti*rpu»ed. ao lliat
0»rtm will he a xmuU eparc left Iwtwcen the l«ip and thn di"t-. The
paatUoti of the lu;; upun the frnme l, in tu be niijuctoil by thr diaiii
■ad tlte acrew a; rwn oi>llnr, tiUfcd Rniiirul the lug of wiiod, biii--
ing » duin Attncheil ut it, uii<r Iiv whirh the wixiil inn)' lie moved
te aod tro, m required, upun the frame i. by inenna of I lie aerew » ;
in tuminK the sercw, by menni' itf tbe lever, the rlmin will ncl iiiKin
the cmUat f. either to l>nn|( the blot'k nenrer vr remove it further
mwmjt "" "wy he required. The other end of the \itg in eudn*ed
in a baK u, of iinperiiieahle materuJ. whirh i* cvtineeted Ut the
€oek wfa vessel 1. roiitnitiing the prewrvinir ur riihiiirinK lifinid.
Now if n vnciitim be (imduruil in thei^liitiler a, tlie pressure ottlie
atBHM|ibere np<>n the tmrfoce of the liijuid iti the vemel i, will fere*
it tlirough the log. The vnriniin mHv he ubtnined l>y uii;y evii-
vmient racthfid ; hut the patentee )»refrrH to proiture it hy tlipjiiiiK
the wire graoee, carried by the nxl uf (he tiij)-piei'e n, into (M>nie iii-
danniable matter ftturh OM alcohol), nnrl introdticin^' it in an Ignited
■lata into the cj-tinder a; the »ir will then efCiipe through the
eaek v, whicli in to he left open fur that |iiirjiiine, iinil into hei'IoHed
aa aoon aa the reiguired vacuum is obtuiived, us indicHteil liy a ^noll
barnaietar x, canneeted by o tubo with the interior of the cvlindcr
a. When the moisture of the wiwd, ur the urencrvinir or <.-oluuriitg
liiiuid, liiut been fon:eil lij the prenaure of tlie iitnmnphere into the
crlioder a, the vacuum will he cicstroved, as will be Lndiculed hv
tBc barometer m; tho cock k. being t'hcu opened, tlie liquid will
mil into » vejcx-l ?t. beneath ; after wlich, a vaouam i» to be |iri>-
dueed iu tbe cylinder x, iw> befon-.
The puANuni of the li([iiid thri>ii|;li the luj; may lie nrceleniled
I>y a force-pump or other «uititblc meiuu>. Although the hi; >k
abawn in a horixontnl |iiiHitiiin, yet it may be o|iCniteil upua iu a
almllar manner when iu a vertirJil ^unittun, by HiibHtltutloK f*" *^*^
bag n, and vcsael i, a vessel with a suliuble ot>eninK in the buttnni
of it to receive the end of the h»g. \Vhcii the log or [ticce of woud
ia Hijuare, then, imiew) of Uie Imc n, and vi-:ii>el i, u trough ia uve<l
to contain the pre»crving or colouriug liiguid, and the whole of the
log ia iinmerMd tlierciD, excepting tbe end tw whioli the metal di^e
i> applied.
REFINING SILVER AND LEAD.
Anrmn Haany Johnmx, of fireahani rtreel. City, aswyer, ftir
*' Imprw*tnsnl* in railing irilr^r und had, bu effectinii a mviiuf in vnr
of tht inaleriai* uani."— Granted SejrteinMr £), 19*7 ; huruUed
March 23. IMfl.
The Im^rovcmenti caosiat in reatnrioR after nae, and rcnileriu;:
again available, the phoaptiate of lime or bonc-aih, whereof the
cupel or test tixeA hjr refiuen of ailver lead i» compuaciL ntid in tlii;
procena s.iturateil with lead, and a purtitni of ailver. For eixUaei-
ing thia lead and silver, the course UMialJy adopted la to return tlw
UH^d cupel tu the furitace. by which means the whole uf thewitu-
mteil hone-«ah is dcstroyril ; while iMirtitnia of the lead jmkI nilver,
rombiiitnt,' with tbe phu»[ihoric lu-iil of the boue, paaa o^ and ara
lost. lt>' the improved tiict hod, little or no waate occurs uf either-
llie hune-iiah. silver, or lead.
To carry uuL Uie iuveution, a aolvent of the oxide of leail ianted
in Iho faUowing manner: — Kir»t rerlnce tbe used ciijiel Mm fine
powder; then add u sufficient quantity of pyToIigneoua or acetic
acid, varying from I'DOfl to lOIS opepific gravity, according to llie
]ier-ceutage of lead mntKined. to render it of a tbin coiistHtenr«,
that it may bo thuruii^hly fclirred in a dolly-tub, or dome sucb cuu-
vetiiwnt machine, or by nlluwintr the acid to pcrcotute through the
powdered te»t. .MVer allowing the pnwderod cupe] und aeid tu
remain together for two diivs (ilurenjj which time oocaaionaUy atir
them well ttigcthcr), the bulk of the lead heciimea diaaolved. Tha
mixture i* next put into cloth or ftannel tiltcra. or other percoln-.
turn, to allow the lend sututiun tu druin \iS ; thin done, remove the
remaining soluble aolt of lend, by wFivhing it with water and by the
applicutiun of prrmure, prenoua to drying tho resulting bone-aah.
After tbe ubove process, the nilvor, nnd oomv lead, atill remain
iu the bcine-oah, tliaiigh not nuflirieut lead to uialerially iuterfi^re
with itn absorbent poncni, on ngaiu using, provided it baa been
properly freed fnmi tbe lead solution. If. however, it be wiitiml
to eslraet the leitd more perfectly, udd ii »econd portion of the
acid to the filtered or drained bune-UHh, und again ihoroiigbly Mir
it In thif secoudacid — tho waaliing and ureaaim;, as before described,
following thia second operation. To bring the lead, contained in
the Bulutiou, into u. ]uarkela.b]e form, afttr due ftnturatioii, either
eimply evaporate it in proper pans to nijike Kiigur of lead, ur by
means of the sevirrnl re-iuiciitf commuuly employed, form refpec-
tively the carbonate, the sulphate, the sidphuret, or uther com-
puundt of lead that may be di-niccd.
Instead of pyroligneoua acid, a »uliitiun of caustic potaeb may b«
unei], ur Midn, contiiiiting about W per cent, of the pure nik'-tii ;
bnt tliia ha» not been found >o uicfuL in practice.
OAS STOVE.
Mi.).
— Gruiitvd
M'lLUAH ttaacKEDo.'". of Devon»lur^-»tr«el, (^ueeii-sqaare, !
dlcHeii, for "' Jmpnvementt in Aealiitj/ rnonu or apartment*. — Grui
September 9, IMI ; Enrolled Mamb 9. 184«L
Thi« invention relates to healing rooms with gn^ It ciinfiist^
ill wo constructing atove« or fire-places which are open u\ front
that gas may be burned therein, iind the ditcompuaed air and pro-
duct* of combustion pHSA ioto chiinileya, aA from open fire-plitcen
or atovea wbea burning coaJ. The atovc or firo-plac« niuy be con-
structed u« nearly an may he like those now ui>ed with op«a fa^
barit, and may bave a bottom gmte atmibir to nh.-it are uaed for
buiiiing coal, and they may be made tu lit tlie fire-places as at pie-
aetit Qonatructed. or the atovea and firc-plm^cs may be grtuilly
varied in design, »k> long lu) the »tov-es or riie-|>laces are capable of
cun^^umiiiggaa ia uii open fire-place cunimuuicutiii)!; wiLlia cliininey
or flue.
In order to give a gu stove constructed according to tliie invca-
1*»
TIIB CTVIL ENGINEER AND ARCIIITECrs JOUHNAL.
tion, M mneU a* {xiwii1>te the oli>nicl«r of Ihc prCnent op^n firfr-
plaeH Died ri>r (Nintiiminir rnni, tliey *re to b« made witii « front
f|P«tili|( (M- hnrt, >>XO'"'^t w}ii(-h i* |i:i l>e |>)ai:pd liini|m (if ptimtM-
Ktone or Atfaer wii)i«itiuic«ii which MriU nllow of b«ing beat«d by the
tliun« of ipx and yet iii>t cntiiiiiine. Tlip front buri ■huuld Im> innde
nenrcr to the l>*clc of tbcHtovo thitti wh«n fur biiminff mal, and no
tlint titvTv iihall )>« but Mnall tnMce bclw«rii titer ItAcb >if (li« "lov^
unii the frnnt ban ; or uich fluMtancea may bejiU^^ed in n trire or
other frame auipeailMl atue to or •mid«l the flaniPH ot ^'n* u lier(<
t)i« fdrni nf the iit«v« or fir«-plnc« in not othprw i>ut nilnpt>(<(l to r&-
rtftre (uch ^uWnnwft; and in aoms eiue* the fmiit har* of the
ntvive 4ir itrale nre made liollow, so u to allow frns to piMs from a
Mipply-pipp into them, nnd thoncoto pmiooiit thmiiirh pr>rforiiti'>ii>i
»> UK l<i pri^diirn niim<'rouii unall flnm<><i ivliich mav bo pHrtly in-
ward tomird* the pumii»-«tone, wi as to hent the same, and ntlier
I damw mhf be outirards tbrouifh beti>-e«n the front bnrt of th«
Move or icnte, and thv fnmt hHm in pliu-i' of bciri^ Himjily AiTiKtu
lh« fitv-pUoe may h» inad« into any fanrifiil form, mtch a> hruket
work or othenriM, to bold thp pamice-stone, or othpr ouhstAnt-'ea.
Or m plHr« of hHvin^j^ the front biirw or open inatinf! hollow nnd
jHTfiirnti'd to prmiiiru immeroiiii Jt'tu of (fan, tin' jKs "f iri* niMV bii
irhollv or partially from the bottom or the hnek or wide* of'the
open rire-ptace or xtore. And it should he unriervtood thut it i*
t^«>«ntiBl to thi<« iiivftntion thiit the apparHtus ohonld h« iip«n
lo view, nnd i>l«ii hi- open to u rliimii(>y or fliip, ia> thnt the
ipif in burning may /live he.it to the room or apartment wilhitit
the de(*i>rnpi>-^d nir nnd pntdtii-t* of combuation cau^eJ thereby
I'omiiig into thv nutin or a|iurtmi>nt, aiid at tlie hacks nnd ttidoo of
Much Move* or rtre-(il:irr<i, hri^fht Hteel, ^Ium, chiiiK, or other rn-
fMloni, mar, with adviiniri^e. l>o placed. It is nut eiMential to thi<
iitvviition tfiwt thit open ipiB ftr^-nliirr nhiitilil hnve n receptable for
tUi? puinii-p-atoiie or ini'ain1inKtilii<> sultciunrc )l« the Kuine may be
iliNp«Med with, bat it in preferred to have aci arriin|{enient r4>T re-
twivin^ mteh rabatancf^, ni thereby the i-hecrful rhnritrter of the
uld RiiicliKh firvniile ia rvtuiiiMl. And the iiivi;iitiir helieveii thnt
the mtisl ele>.>ftnl result muy ho ohtatoed by uninfr jetB uf ftiu; frnm
front bare or frrates i;ombiiied with jet« of |nui frum hnm or ii[i]ia-
fmttu at buttoni, idi urraiiireil that air may (hh ih mow the raac when
burning enul) y:ix* up betueen the btitlniii, the lower bun in Mieh
raiie tiippoiliiii; the pumire-stone or other «iibiitiijii'E>, for by Kut'li
metana.liy a coinpantivp cnmll roniiumution of guo, the appeiirance
of a larg^ Darning fir* may ht pri>duct)(l.
JRNNINGSTS PATENT INDIA-RUBBER TUBE t.-OCKS.
Thu itnprovrd cock ik marie hy pWinje a flexible iiidia-nibber
tub« of any re<|iiir«d niw williln one of icietal, a» ihown in fig. I ;
■F^
iii'
n». I.
and then by mectiutiMl nueans to dntteti the flexible tuk', m shown
in fig. U.
The advimtagc* which the pntcntpff atntea thifl coek posHPfineH
over any at present in une arc — 1«. The eiwe with wiiieti it rain be
mi all time« opened or tlnit, and the means uwii for Ihat piarpone
1i«in^ so finiplr, it caniioi be set fart by enrroaion or become in-
jured by frequent use. Snd. When opon It is part of the mniii or
jtipe, M nliuwn in dg. t, and iireMcntu the iame uninU'rrujitvd paa<
aane ao the pipe it«eir, nnd aa the m^ta* uum) for cltMing or stop-
ping the eifi-ulation have no commnnication with the gran or water
ptixHajr^, lcnki^c« i" irap<HHiUl«. 3rd. It will be <ieen hy f^g. 9, if th«
vuicanided india-ruhbertube he properly Battened the cork miiatfbe
sound. Ufa. TbcM cooka are cajiable of rtandiag any prsMure, i
^""^
Pir 1.
tl)« *Iutic mftterial of which the cock is cmaymai never cMt be-
come injured by urnsurv, ae lojifc iia tlio metallic CMing which ivr-
rounda tbe flexible tube rematni perfect.
SEPAH.^TINC IRON FROM ORE.
AttruiH IVjLi.i, of Irtdi»-ruW, Eiitit India-road, Middleaex, for
'• a Jtetr or hnproi'td aptmral ilk far « niethod <^ tvparattHg o.j irfi^/VwH
their cvmpoim>i« aifi eac/t othtr.' — Gritiitcd October 1+, IMT; Eih
rolled April U, IHIS.
Thu nppnrntiM iv fur iie|iiirntiiifr irim from the area nf copper, ftf,,
nnd fon>ii«tit tif tuo hexafpmal drum-' with an endleM cnaia pu«-
inj; ui'er them, made by runnectini; with linki: n number of bonv-
shot.' iiiujcnetH ; on the estR'niities of eiieh «f Ihi* mafinetK n number
of Htee] bliuUit ikre ui fixed u*. tii utand nut at right angles to the
ninf^netu. The«e drums are mude to revolve over a tniuKh in mefa
a position that while the elinin of maipiL'ts pasies immediately
abovii thi> Irmi^h the Ktecl blmteK reneh lumrly to the hi>tti>iii; the
hiittiim iif Ihe tniugh being indinod at eucli end, so aa to eorre-
Kpond with the direction of thu blades. The nrt* fprevioucly
roasted and p'cmnd) heinir intntduci,-d at ono rnd of tiii« trouj^i
th(j bIndeK, as thi'y p;u;K tliriiii^li it, uitl take up nil the iron coo-
tMinnd in it and carry it to the other end : and, indeml, would
brinj;; it all back again in tbe next reioltition but for the following
Hrraiifiemenl. OjijioBiti- the jmint where the b!ade« emerge finoM
the triiimh, a Het hi nniffnetii are li\e(l to a frnme with their pule*
in the reverse order to tho**' fomiinp the rhsin, ni thai when the
steel hindeo nmie optHwite th^>e Hxfil magnetx, their nia};neti»iii
»■ neutral iM'd, and the iron whieh they had follected in the trough
falU off. and is collecled in another trough pUced henrath to re-
ceive it. The p»tentpc does not routine himiieif to the jiermanent
nia^iets but he t'liinm also the wtuf of electro-miiftnetii, though he
primer* to u*e tbe former as beiitg mure courenieni.
PwTB-(Ji,4iM, — Patented Ortnhor 7, 1847, by Jambi Hartiky,
of Stinderland. The impnivementu relate to the manufacture af
rou^h plnte-^lasj immediately prior to the pouring of the melted
glasjor metal upon the table, nnd rolliitg. — Imttead erf lading the
melted melnl into a He|iiirittc cistern as uaual, the patentee lade* it
direct from the m»'liiii(r-pot tu the pourinK-lahle, where it H Im-
mediately houred and rolled. The i>ritcntee employ-*, fur the pur-
{lose of Indiii^ the melted mi'inl. .InhUiI thv 'iiiantlty reuuircd lie
arjfi', twi) or more liuIleH : and hv. -uitL's, it i» not absolutely necen-
anry that the whole ahotild be poured at the vime moment upon
the table ; but the aecond ladle may crommi-nce to be poured at
r«arly the ternnnatiun of the poiirinff uf the ftrKl buUe. Al'lor the
manufaeture of Uie ruu{;b pluteK, they are to be piled and annealed
in the same kind of furnace and in the same manner iw cruvo ot
abwt glass, thus dispensing with the murv i-xpeiLuve uuwMUng;
furDaceH Mnplayod fur pbto-^laiw.
(
I
I
IHll
THE CIVIL ENGIVEBR AND ABCiltTECra JOCHNAL
PORCELAIN KILN.
Alpskd Vwcsjtt Nii«n«tf, «f thfl Offiw tnr Pntenla. 6f, Chan-
Hff-luie. Midillawx, nMcbsnind ilniu(rlit«miia, for "oti invmiirm
if ^ impfwed letinorvwtL, /or firing por6rLiiii and tl/wr nmilar uwp»."*
(A tammuniHlion.) — (Srnnted Jul}- "iO^ li^li ; KiirollGil Janaor}'
St. lUH. [^RcjM>rt#il in Nvirton'a I^>tuli>H Jjmrjuil\
Thf invmtor. in urder lo cxpUin murp fully the nnture of hla
inipnvanenu, hki {n«fac«(l hi* npi^ili cation u'ith thi; folluwiiifr <ib-
«rriUoin, eipIuiAtoiy of the unliiiBry iiioOc of firiiiK ur tittlciiiir
Aard iMirrvIam. nnd the difficiiltipH and ulijcctioni inrident thcieto.
Tli^ cMnulnymfnt nf tiit-iH>al ax m fuel fur firing nr bukiiij; Annf
pnrceUin luu httliPrUi hetn th(iii;iht iinixWibli'. ur at li-jut lutijivt
toaltaost in<iu[i«raljlc diflicultii^i. It wjis thouiftti that the hurd-
IMM uul Infiuibility of the dar (kaulin). and thi- lugh ilvgrec of
beat Hill 1 1— If to fiiMi or rm^U tlii- kI-ixc irliiili i> ctnfiloyt^l tn nirrr
btfd porcelHln. were Ins'iniiutuitiiMe (ilixlurli-^ A liitii: nnd Hiiffi>
eMntly luret^ or ritcnifivc Jlamr to ocrupy thp wtiole tpAc.e of the
area ur bUn in iiiOi*|H'tiialdc for tlii* Kind i^f miiiiiirnrturc ; and
tlie liAbilitv uf the BuaterM n'lniiiinjii;: tlu- liiinl JK>^n^l»i^ tu lif cncne
dbcnltnirea. rendcrMl IIim su)ierubu»(lani-« uitlame the more ne-
cHnrjr, in nrili-rthat n« xmuke muht liealluved tu rriiuiiD in the
kUanrvrrn, It Urri)iiisiti', tlter«fnre,to cmiin? pitM'^Mii ttidereUuc
nch an uaoant of fliune as would Imve the winie effect, uid woulil
■rtwitluti a given time in the eiuno ntRnncr n8 wood.
The iimtterM of ii')i!rli hiird porcelain in cumpnn-d. are iliridcd
iiila two daaoeM, — £rt>t, the )i]i.->te or ria)', which in n priiiripal el»-
meat; mai sAcood, the rlulnK ur eiinraelied caverinf;. The |>.ifita
or cI>7«oiMUto CHcntiallv of t<ro rkinents ; tho one la an infu«ilde
m^mwomi matter, — thw U kaoliii, either itlnne or mixed n-ith
jMllr cUr, or with maicneffite, — the utiter, nrid and Lafniible, ia
gim bx felapar or other stony mineraK mich u itliocous annd,
chaUc, or gyptoo^ either vcp.-imtcly ur mixed t'^'ctlier in different
ctablaAtkui*. The eiuunm or glnxe. rutinint^ of nuartiiite Mitnnr,
wmrtiaes alone and BOmctimea is comliiiLatiou with gypHum, but
al'nys without cither ItaA or tin. Ilnrd purceliun mii^t, in fiict,
V Muidcred aa bard compact inivt'rtneablc pnltcry-wurv, which i*
imtiiJIy tranalacid, and <iiii;hL mil tu be coufimudcd either iritli
■toM-vax«,delph-ware. pine-clay, or even with the ordinary tender
Eogtiah parcvUia. The Kiln* or ovcnn for iiTiag or baiting hard
yoreelaui are ttencrally cylindrical, untl dividvil into tww chumbera
or laboratorteo, one placed above the other. The uupcr labuntury
ispplted with heat frvai the flame uf the lower InbiT'itory, nud
Mrrea to warm or heat the article*, which, »heti takt^n from tuenoe,
ipped iuto the chiiiiK coiovosilion, mtd uftvrunrd^ e^pone^
IKTVat heikt in the lower luboiotory, which may be properly
t coostitutc the kdii. The fusion of the ijinzv or etiumel, as
re aaid, rei|ijirea a veri' bih'b tempcruture ; luid it \s iu the
' y wjiere this opvrution in cnrried on that the tcinperfv(ur«
to the hifcheBt degree. Il both tlief« laboratorif^ the
artidw inuat W iaclosed in fire-clay vefwela or aegMrv, ^bich
AnU be carefully dosed, in order to prevent the admtHioii of
deletorioue maltero, The uvccuary amount of flame *nrl boat mny
be obtained by increu&in^ the number of lir^•gT&te• and op<niiiin
for the Aau>e : thuH a kiln or oven, mx yiird* in diameter, which,
wbcb heiated with wood, renniree nix openings, mnnt have ten when
pH-coaJ taempluy«4. A kilri oruven, fiveyJirdBin diumulcr, would
rcnire only fire Rre-^atea fur wootl, but murt be furniiihcd with
ei|At fvr totd, A kiln or oven, four yHrdti in dinmeter, heated by
wood, would renuire fnur lire-prntm nnd Apertures for wood, but
auat hnre aix for conl. In order tu make the flnaie nuHiciently
lanr and abundant fur the re<|uircmcnlt of the mftnufncture, the
eMnbuatioo ou|^t to be supplied with a double drkft, or Additional
Mrrent* of nir. Thu^, besides the supnly fiimishcd between the
(rv-twrs from the mrroumlin^ ntmiiijihere In the workshop, air
olrtaincd from outaide i« eonitiicti>d by horisontnl rhanne]? tn t)i«
bt : that ia to aay, betide* the rirdinury siipply of air, nn additional
fian I ity, obtained from the (mtertint ntniomherc, in made to art
aith caergv on th« fircH in the ^iilea. Br thia mennit. the kiln is
■applied with a very large and tyujierabiinoant supply of nir, which
fitnddie* the foel with n raudt gi^nter qunntity of giia to dvcum-
Tb« enjlTMvinfr* repreneut a kiln or oven, constructed according to
Cbe prewnt improvements; .tnd it ehouJd be observed, that it i«
iiinft eaiy to obtain the nL'rei«ii>ry t|unntity of air, liy taking it
Erom the fltmoaphvreof the workabop, either by having nn aperture
W grating At the end of the ath-jiit. or by muking upenJaga below
I the fire-lMkra in the two side wnlJe of the furnace.
■ 7%e Improved ajrntem of firinir or baking may he applivd to all
kilaa, whatever niiiy be their form or dimenBiona; and, by meana
•fa double roof in the up))er laboratory-, hard and tender porcelain
mny be fired in the winie kiln simult.-ineoucly : that in to say, hard
porcelain may be baked or lircd in the lower laboratory, at tbe
Hume time that tender purceUin or common earthenware i* being
fired ill the upper Itihumtvry. In niunufa«torieit where at present
the b.ikiiijf of btscuil-HHre and filazcd ware u carried on in neparate
killI^ it «ill be o^-idcnt thnt these kihit mav, by the noplicotion of
a double roof, he more advanta^tsiualy employed in the fuUowiiqc
munncr: — In the bixcuit kiln, heretorvre employed, deluh, or
c.irtheiiware, or unfflaicd tender porcelain, may be opcratea upon
in the lower laborntorj-, while hard porcclnin may be dn«l acul
heated in the upper laboratory ; nnd in the other kiln, formerly
uwd for gtasinK, the hard porcelain ah^dld, on the conlrarT, M
SInoed in the lower Uhorntorv, to be hnkod ur fired ; nnd fflaaed
elph, or cart he II ware, vr temier porcebiin, mar h« operated upon
in the upyer tabomtory, — the heal iu wbich will be fotind eufbcivnt
for this hind of ware.
The kiln* being furnichtd with the required i]uantity oF Ibe-
placcM, the combination must be kept up, by aupplyiii^' an exces* ur
Kuuernbundanee of air. obtained either from the external atmo-
ajifiere or froni the workohup, and >u]>plir(l in aome conreiiient and
stiittiUe manner, depending of eour«e upon the aicuation of the
kilns their peculiar countruH ion, and other circuiutitancea. The
fire should l<e f;radunlly fiopplied with fu«l, at firtt at long inter-
vals, then at Bhurt interiaU. The atate uf the lire-place abould be
looked to ciirefully. for it it the rapidity of the eotnbuMion of tho
com! which indicAtea the qunntity of fuel that ia required, nnd tlie
moment when the charges are to hi! thrown on oaic^lcly. The fire-
placea muat bo well watched, for the puiyo*e of lovelltng the fuel,
•o that the Iire-bar4 mity be luiitahly and evenly eovered, and that
air to auppart oornhnvtion injiy nlwara rind a proper paaiingc. It ia
al*r> neeeasarjr to rake the fire frequently, in order Iu clear out the
cindera, and to prevent the fire-bar« from getting foul, and to re-
move clinkers toerpfrom, which would otliurwtM atop or dinilniah
the GomhuKtion. Niilon through the maas of fud ilioiihl never be
allowed to exist, and the flame ahould alwajm be well wnlcbed ;
nnd the baking ur Aring eperatiOB always be enrri<<d nn with a long
flame. All thf«e praeautiona are itoceaaary, in order to obtain i-ery
pure and white jiorretain, n& the defect* of the firing operation
nrine moat frequently from the want uf n proper fintne.
Fig. I reprE^senla a trnnKVt>nie vertical aeetinn, taken through
thtt euntre of a kilu of the linprored ooustruction ; acd £g, H is a
-r
^»^
T.A
Flf, i— '■■
Pit. 1— PI(D
hnriaontnl section or plan of the same, a ia the onler chimney «r
flue of the upper second laborntory; & is an tipper rhaniber, wnloh
mny he iiied for drying or hpating; j; i* n roof («hown hv dotted
line*), which will lie retinired if il ia Intended to bake or ire both
tender and hard porcelain in the same kiln ; it ut th«i flue of the
lower chnmhor or liiboratory; e care pn*Kiige« or opening*, of which
thi>ro are the lamo numhitr na there are lire-places tn each kiln;
these piouuigca nhould be placed between the llre-placef, and open
a communication from the lower to the upper lanoralory. //ia
the lower Inhomtury, where the j>rincjpal firing or baking operation
U enrrieil on; yy^, are the fire-plnce^ ; and A A A, opening*, to
allow the flame to past therefrom into the interior of the kiln, ii,
are the lire-hnrH ; jj, the fire-doorw ; A, the luh-pit ; and 1 1, paa-
BOgM cominuniratiug wilh the ash-pit from the external atmu-
80
IW
THB CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCniTECTS JOl'RiVAL.
|5U^
t, tft tupply nir t« tho lire: thia *l>ject niBT, bowerer, bo
i>(l hy miikini:; nn aTi«rture in the front wall of the fii«-pUc«,
itTimt>(Unl«1y WU>w tttc fir*-knx ftiid f^nto-Itara. n n, ia tlic Booror
lieatth or tlio kiln. » o, nre lioles, covered vn in tinr niitable mnn-
ner, liut commitnicttini; vitK th« nsh-pil, ami inlenaed to oUnw of
th« BCArio, cilid«r«, nnd rlink<>r« heittf' removed, pp. in tig. ^
ithow nnDtliernvuinerof nptiU-ing nir to the firp.plncr»«, hv mnking
n(>«nirif[4 in the *iA» ir«Ua of l\\e umc. ij ri>pri>««»1ii iLnutfi«r mudp,
liy irliich ki» it tiippHed from the mtnioiphere of the trorkshop
tfirmijtb a frtAtiiiK canmunicnting with the uh-pit. 'rtio invi^ntor
reniorkd that, whntffvw mny W thi* mode »drtpt*il for mipplyinir
tli4> air to th«i fint, the unic plan «l)uuld be invariably adopted in
all th« firC'pUcM of the uidia kiln.
The patentM, in Mndoidon, clatn that he \t awart* of cnni hiiv-
ins l>ean v*ed Ux hMliiiR' tfa« kiliiR in nhtrh uutinnoTi pnrth^ri <ir
dieluti-vaiw, and Ctco (■nwr Eiif^liiih porcelain f« ronimimlv hake-t
or nnd,— ^e doea not, therefor?, inland t« cJnim the emjifdymFiit
of pit-<v>Kl far <iicli purniiiiiM lus cunKtitiitiii^ part itf the pri'i>eut
impnivi'inimtK ; but he eliiiioft, Firrt, — thtf :ip|iliaitinii (iri-nnl for
h6atinfftlie kilu* or ovens in. which hnrd p^trroiHin is liubmittvd to
tlifl babinff or firinir np«rntinn ; and, Secondly, — the iirrniigviment
or eonntrDCtion of kiliia or oveni<, mt liereiti idiowii nitd doMiTibcd,
or anjr mere modiliration thereof, u- hereby pit-coal may be eniplnyed
aa the fuel for heating; fiiicli kihus orovm^ fur firing or baking h'linl
|H>r<«lun, in the|ilncv<ifw*<]i»], which hiuthervtvfuruhMiii employed
fur that puriKwc.
ON GEOLOGICAL CHESIISTRY.
.lertureoil " The AppUeatiimo/Chmiif^l PriaelpkatolheSfifnnt
til Gmhiiii." Hy l^rofeaaw Davhenv. — (Delivered at the Koyol
I lilt it lit ton, AlbomnrU-Ftre^t, Mnr^^b Sltn.)
Tbe Profenor commeiie^d Ills lecture vith aome preliminary oli.
wnrntiouo. in which h<r xaid, he linil fur the liwt twelve months de-
voted bin leiMire tii tlieaiTuniul^tinn aiiil irtudy of fitctt in relntion
to volenuic force*; and having, in this pursuit, trarelted a friitKJ
dsnl aliiiiK the fp'eat boundary line dividini; the two klnKdoin« of
iteoloKy ftiid clifiiii*try, hf Iind tditnifiinl KHrtiiwes of truths, which
neither tlie pure clieini.it, nor Uie pure KGolit^irt miitht bnve had
thv «nnio opportuuiticn of obaerving — the rei^ull heitiKi hi<< entire
acr|iiiesence in the opinions of aonic of the p-eoteHt authoritieH of
Uje present day, that ireolo^riil iiii|uiri*M oudbt. in future, to tiike
more excliistvely r ciieraical dirertiim. Th« tciirned profcmur
tiirii proceeded to nllude to a subject uf ^cnlugicHl inijuiry, vliirli
aeemeil to him nhitve all citlier* to demnnd the BWiisliince of the
chemist — namely, the metHitiiirpliii^ action which hnd takt'n pUc«
between ccrtflin contitruoua but dissimilar ntckfl^lbe one uf ernp-
livi-, tilt ot!i,cr of wdimrntiiry origin. A liirgc amount of infor-
mation bad been coliertcd by Ki-'ilnpitts, in respect to diflcicnt
kind* of mctantorphicucliun, and their cffctls; but an In the mnn-
tier ill which tln"'« clfccls were prodiiceJ., they would look in v»iji,
unliMd the rheiiiiriL iil^o were nppL-iileil to. One thinp appeared tu
ho eetttbliBhed — nuiiiely, th«t ifie iirodurtinn of mineral veins wns
connected nith tbu intrusion of idutonir rm-ki, itrki witli the
uhnntrcK brought about by them in the cuntiK'nous slrnta.
Few metallic depoNit* occurred in the fccandnry format loni, and
even thcflc only when there was ilisliicjitiim ot metnmorpbic action
in thrir nd^hbourhoud ; whi(f, on the other hund, inettJlic vein'?
were n«vcr found in mmlern Iiira», or in volcanic pruduiUx that had
been erupted in the openuir, thonjHi wvcral geologists badbrouf^bt
forwurd fact* to prove a connc<^l!on hetweau mcUilliLi mnttcr inid
liu,-c;kltic or trappmn dyke-^. There were varioun tlii-ortea to iiiv
count for the funiiitlioii uf miiiiTril veins — llie lin*t supposed ihein
to be the remit of infilLralion, thu water which pcrcohited the
liulistnncc of thu coiilipiums rtickn can-yiiiy; with it the KCVL-rnl
mineral nialterft they nmtnincd. and afterwards depoxitintc them
upon the walls of fuiaures ciiimnd bv the contraction of the *iir-
rountling piirtH ; the second suppoxi^d the iiiiiti*riuU of the vein to
have betn held in Kolution by water, but deiKmilwI In an inNoInblc
form, vwinjr to -Jow electro-chemical Hction ; the third byjiolheni!!
aasumed, that the coittenta of the vtin, bwng acpnrnled from the
other mutrriols by gublinmtion, ftiuuil Ui«ir way into fissures,
tfxUting either in other parts nf it, or in the contiiniuua furnia-
tivBS. No doubt miuiy fuctn nii^ht be allcitcd in favour of each
hypothCHLs. In tliB firxl place, p-antiTig that n ifivcn rock con-
tnincd, di!!8eminated through it, any i|uautity of an oxidiNxblc
metal, auch a» iron, cojipcr, lead, or tin, and that these wer« al-
ready iu oumlfiiiutivn with sulplmr, the action of water and air, by
penenitinjB: anlphuiie acid, would prndunlly ffive ri»e to aotable
siilphnte«,'which miirht find their way into tha eontitfuouii fimumt,
wbero, (i«inj{ to c<»rtnin cltH'triciil nr chemical rwicti"nii. tliB metaU
would he depiMiletl in uii in«]Iuble forni. Decomposition eould be
hroiijjht about W weak electrical currents; and thus the s^eand
hypotheHiH mii;ht he bniuffht in to explain what wa« left uiitto-
eimntod for by th« firtt. But both presupposed tlie esi«tenre of
metallle luiktter in the rock from which the reinsttnie w&« derived,
for it waievideiit that thiMo Mvenil nietaln etutld not Im present,
in the re^tniiilte tpiuntity, in Ktmta dejiiiuiiiHl froni water, or all
iMir minnriil ii].riri(p< wi.uld e^mtain triMCd of their, jurt as they did
of the nilica nnd other >inl>etanceB anpplied by thv n>ek Ihronfth
which tbey hnd lii'en pi-n-olatcl. Me could not, thrrefon*, help
duppoitliifr. that the mineral mattent, which bad been eimfineil to
the nDi^hbourhood of plutonic rocks, were, in the lir^t instanee,
derived by i({neoafl agency, which c«ii«titiit<.<<l the mnrhinery by
iiienns (if whidi tha mure unDommon nielalu iiere t>ruii|{ht iiri^-
indlv frum the deplhu to tUe surface of the earth. li traa n-
markable, however, that they were not confined to the intrnare
rock itself, but, in many iuKtaiictvi, were in tbomKuniorpbie strata
rvuitiicuotit. There was, also, evidently a connection betwevn liia
inetiitlic matter in the vein and the character of tbe envelopil^
rock, fieeminplynhowinif, that tbe iu^^ilient* of the former wen
ni)t oiibliiued directly fr»ni the interior nf the )[Ii>be. but had been
intriJiluced from tbe forniatiun in contact with the vein. Thiu
Fonrnet had stuted. that nt Andrea-itiiirt', in the llarti, the vein*
became poorer in metal when they pasied from the cl^y-vlale for-
matiun iiiLo the Hiiily-iJiite ; and Voltx mentioned a vein in ttw
Voiffeii which, in traremni; fucceiuuvely different ruietiei of
gneiss, hnd itn content* inmSiliivl in ea4:h. Tliun, in the finit va-
riety, which WHM rJiartcifd with mica, the vein traa amatl in it* di-
mensions, and wholly destitute of metal ; in the aeoouit, which
had more of the character of day-xinte, it Bwellcd out to a width
of IH im-bea, and contained nilrer, combined with antimuny,
copper. Sec, toitether with sulphate of barytei; in tbe third,
which contnined hornblende, tfie former were wanting, hut the
liwft-mentioncd injrn>dient cfjiitinuwl ; while, in the fourth, whick
was wholly destitute <if ttiico, tbe Hilver returned fin" a certaia
dioiance diiM n, but wan afterwards replitced by selenlte, galena, and
sulphur, in small iiuanlitiea. Sir H. de In Beclie mentioned
inmihir raKCx in CortLwall ; and thi> fre^iuency nf their appraranca
cnnipelled the ndmiwxion, that tlie material." of ibe vein were, in
many Instances at lenat, dependent upon the character of tke
ruck which it tmvenwd; xu that, nupposinK thrm derived ori^
ncilly from tlif* KUiriv iirne^ous Muurce, a pniC'ew* nf twjrreication had
»>uli«ei[ucnl1y tiiken pfnce, by whicl purticular liodiea were deter-
mined to certain kinds of rock, to the abandonment of othera.
Ill order to pave tbe way to a solution of these and other difii-
cultieA. be i.uiimitted two qnestiuna — the firit, whether i^^neouf
rvckM did not eoutaiii, diKceminatKil throni^h their sutiRtanee, nl-
iiuto and, probicMy, in£niteaimul ijunnlitieit of many of Lliwi* ranr
lioOie«, which were found collected to^etlier in mineral t'ein*?—
and the scirciml, whulher nil thiii^e hub^nlnncee mipht not pncwos a
cert.iin nnioniit nf volatility, at teitiperatnrGH bel'iw tbeir frvexinf;
fwint, mid thu4 become transported from jihiee to jdaee, at period*
00.^ siib'^eiiuent to that at which they were orii^nally evulved
froin the inlermr nf th« earth, in a state of admiviiirc with oclier
more aLiundmit ingredient? In adopting the altirniutive, with re-
ference to the fonner of these question*, it waa not neeeuary to'
go so far as to nasume, thnt every basaltic dyke, or even eyeaj
pruitt vdlcimle formalion. conlaiimd, as an inte^al purl, minute
(pinntitien of all tbe mctidit that etikted in iiaturu — for. euntiderin^
how inllnitely small was the proportion which thev bore to the en-
tire hulk of the crystalline i|i;neoiii( rucks, their al)sence could not
be nafcly inferred frnm the lact of thi*ir not having; been disc)^
vered. The facta which inclined him to ouKperl that they mif^bc
exist, were the circumstances — first, that tbe diteovery of phna-
phiiric nctd, in au lar^e a nimiber of vnlcunic products, led to tba
cont'luKion, th.iL this body, itt IcuhI, waa deriviil from voleanie
emanation, and, by analo(i;y, tluit metaU were idvu mi derived; s^
cmidly. the ohservntioti made by Henry Roi>e, that in 9mrf
cryctallint) rock trace" of copper migbt be deleoied by the tost of
au1phur«tted hydro^^en — tliuM lugii^xtinir, that if we hod any
equally delicate test for tbe other met.-ils, lUcy also niijEbt he a»-
ct'rtnined to be present ; and, thirdly, the fact,'thiit not uiily iruD,
ariM^iir, and Heleniuni, exinted amongst the products of VeaurinL
but likeuJse lead, copper, xinc, and titmiiuui, while tinittane alM
wnjs ejected by Mount Etna. Now-, awumiiiff lh« exikteitee of
metalx, and other bodies uf rare occurrence, amongst the inalt«a
evolved from the interior of the earth by i^eotia procewea. tli6
Bocoad liypotheiia atated would enuble us to account for thedifti-
I
4
I
tUI.J
THB CTVIL KSGlSKtn AND ARCHITBCTTS JOURNAL.
1*7
MOtrf tirh mi>tl«n lhrou|;!i the ui)>Btitnf e nf ifcc lUintiguous rtrnU,
■ w«li OA fur tht'a lofal arriimiilntton in AnciirM, or vrin* ; fur it
(H evident, tlint if thti^ l>odte* were wvenJly capable «f uiuler-
oilWiolfttiliiulion. At temperaturett ti«l»w thnt of their fusion,
M Mat, trhi^^h. nriginntin^ iR the intrukiva Tfnik, {XTviiilcd ih*
famation* contiguntut for a f^eat dUtance ntu<ind, wouiil driru out
fortmta of al! IbcM ttibrtitncat, cauitin^ (hem to beoome diiuenii-
nt»d throttgbeiit the latt«r, and, wbM« lismtrM Masted, to enter
■k mm! contribute tg fill tliem. For tkU purpOMi, ho»wi*r, tlio
leu ntiut he hiiiji i-ontinuM, n« weU as of « certain tnt»n>ity ; and
knee, vhilut iiielaUi<? veins wcr? treipent in roniiMtiim with
fnmte, thoy nrre entirely Btwimt fn)tii mili-infriKl Ini-nH, ovinir to
tb« muri* r^piiliy mNiling'tbot tronlil laki- |>Ue« in the Uller, tbjui
«bere the mnttcr wa« thrown out under the sea, or at fcnnt depths
tancath tlie surl'iice. Tbtio, according to thie theory, Ui« ■coumu-
Loiva nf metHllif matter in vpini would hnv« im>u<ii, tint fnnn the
lalUr haviu)^ l)i«ea thi- iirifiinnl r«cepude» of whatever wua di*en-
Sei from the interiur of the k'**i*^ — '<)^ ^^ ngreed with i'ruf.
Anff, in ronoideriii^ thnt the idea of motullir, i)r indiH-d cif nciy
dnicnptMin of v<>iTii^ hrin|r inji-rlrd in a Mate of futidn frtim lu'liiw,
a> tnp Hnd grariili-dykcit were tiup|>««ed to he, waa encumbered
Tjtli Cnfiaperable dlffl'cuHiett — but uwinir to thp EiibH«|iient action
tf the bent upon tho eruptrd nuittiT, by uhivb tbeiuvlal niiicht
hart bam al«wly i-nlattlii^d, and lUux hiiTe ruiind itii way IntA the
fam and car!tie« eontipinuii, when the principle of ndbesiTe
■flinltf, dMrrib*d by Fmf. Knrndny in liii " Sliimiir of the Limits
rfErBpiiniti'in." would ittrntf tiiUi pluv ; and no Miriner wan a ihtu
layer of nietiillii', it other body, oiifleited nlonjj the walk of a
caiity, tliaii the puitiau mbseqnently su'jlimBtt-d would be deter-
BBned to the snme noint, until thv uhotr iMvity wok tillt'd up.
Tfca Icjinied prolewtor alxu alluded to TUjjmau'a diaeovary with
itfui tnibc derumpotdDS iafl ueuceof steam at high lempeTftturea,
Ttich accounted for the aecompcMiitiQn of mnny ntrkc, and tbe fttr-
tuliua of rombinattotw between the alkalies und flxi'il acLdx.
Vvinaa fitcta bIku (trweil that a certnin exaltalion nf temperature
■mid favour tbe aegregvttan and new cumhinatinn nr niineraiit,
thnag^l that was not essentia]. To iiil1iienoe> of Uiix kind inch
fmatioRS aK thnt of iidfltitd nf llint in chnlk had I>eeu refvrri>d,
knt bt theu)rl>t it more jtmbahle that the detfoaitJon of ailica waa
tbe remit of the extiactton of C4iTbonic add Djrthedisroinposition
uf aninuJ mnttvr.
Hrt, tbtri-forc, lu^geKted Uie iinporlance of aHCflrtainin)): by more
preHke eiperijiienli whHt were the Uw< which reflated the vn-
porintioa of colids at tenipOTatun!i> bnluw that at whii^h they were
raabl*. Aoumiii^ lbi> tnilh nf thin principle, it threw cnimiilern-
U« tight upon thealterationa wblch contiicuoua strata underwent
Iniai the iulrucive rocks — fur. the Mipp<Hin(f a certain de^rfee of
DaftUity to be prndufetl tiy brut, williuut ariunl funinn, wiiuld vn-
sbleacto understand tlie^ changes. The learned lecturer llivn
procMded In diicuH the diSlru.lt iiurvtinn of dciIontiMllitn. which
ucontended might be aolvt-d by a reference tu the lame prind-
plfs, aided by analngtin* facta known to chcmints, with mpect to
arbon and <iih«r «uhiilancei. The whole quotinn, however, aji-
seared to be open to further tntpiin-, butli ai to the degree of vo-
utUity iKMHased by mayuraia and itn aereral conihiiiHtions, its
mnm' of pfnetntiofc the substance uf a caWrcous rock, imd mm-
bining with it* icKredients in Jilnmir pni|«>rtiMit»— neither imtly
beiiy In ■ state of nbsolule AuiiUty — ita tranwiiMiliility to gp-eat
filtaiicea through au intrrvealng mASn of rock, aud llie circuni-
Mdom which rauiwd it to aecumulate in certain wtn of lled^ and
ta pMM oier ntberk. Kxpcrimcnta ahoiild, likewiiH.', I>c mnde aa to
tb cbangca which •iiKitic. rorkn ttuatain under tlte iii/lucncr of a
hkb tein[t4-mtiiie, mid im to the pofdble diBengagenieut fmrn them
« magnesia noder (he c[rcum>it'-u)cca supposed ; nor was chemiiMt
rawarcb letw called into rcquoit, for the ptiriiiiae uf rnnblintc us to
(■plajn nirh phcoumenn a:i wure prnditoed by ijinemi-i canned ^t
the prenent djr, than for the elucidation of procchae!) of h if; tier
uiti<{aity. U'nen he reverted iijitin the asctemblngc of chcinicnl
pbenotnena which prcMn ted thein^clvea dutijiK the Hevrnd phases
t' Toleantc action^ — the enonitnu^ and long-oonlinued evnlution uf
arbanic acid — the ineshauatihie fruppllcs of sulphur, ari.-ttn^ fnmt
daorfta, or^inoUy caused by the dc(;uni|HMiti>i)i]_ of sulphuretted
Inwogeo— toe rommes of steam aud tntirintiu add discDeaged by
uose rolcanoet which were in a Mate of activity — theninlimnttonn
of common aolt, gal-ammoniac^ &c., wbidi grncrnlly accompanied
■a emptinn — tho nitrogen gnit evolved incccuiiitly fur ccnlurieH
tnm many thcnnal upriiitfit — when he naw thcHe, and other rcKuIti
>4 intcmiil cbtrmicat U4.'tiifu. cnme nu prominently into view in every
pen of llie witrb) where opportonitica for ntudylni; the operations
uf interaal heat were prrtcntcd. it did excitv hi* surprise that
pUloaopliCTa of hi; h name ulivuld have rested cuulent with n theory
•vhieb profewH'd to ascribe evcrjthJnR to the nwn protmsioa«f
iii^ni« of the fluid roiitentt of the ^lutie through jrartn uf its crust,
without re-giirding fctiturv^ so important, and nppurcutly eo essea-
tial. aa thoM> to which ha had alluded.
lie thouKlit that much waa to be learned with raspe«t to vulcft-
niiCii, by minute chemical cxtiminationa of the solid produots
ejected, witli a view of comparinK thi-ir cnrnttitution one with
another, and of tbe goMi and vapuura evolfcd before, at the time,
anil tiiil>«ei|ueBtly to, a roloanic criiiia. The learned lecturer then
reform) to Prof. Abirh's eipcrimeutA with resard to fels|NU- and
to the recent di««uverie« at Venuviu*, rRprcsentin^ the evolution of
hydrii^'en from an a«tive crater, and to the redulls which mi;;lit he
expiH-Led from further diacoverioo. In tho mcwitime, even with
our imperfect koowlcilre of these mrnteriotiK workini^ii, wo Rii((lit
obtain ^lim|HM uf a beautiful system of compensation — of an
wlnptatinn of meiuu to an end — wtLinh struck the observer all the
inor«>, when it wnn dis]>layed, as in this cane, in thu midwt ot those
terrible manifostaiionii nf irretislible force, which tlia workings of
a rulcanoe, or an earth<iimke, revealed. Thii) was shown by tbe
uHefol purpones performed on tbe nurfaee of thu globe by the' ear.
ItoRio arid erolved from ito interior, and waaalvu illuKtratMl by the
oceurrence of meUiU in veimt, and the diffuaion of pboMtluUe* in
niinote<|uautitiea so j^nerally through the strata. Had nnt this
been tbe case, the fnmer would nut have become known to us,
and tlio Litter would not have been STallable for the nutntinn of
plant a.
Sucb wero a few of the facts to which lie had been drairaua of
directing attention, bv way of imlnceniciil tu biE auditory tu pur-
sue the soienee of geology with a frequent reference to cheniiea]
principles; and he wished to imprcx^ upon tho«>e juat entering
UEKin the Btudy more pnrtiniUrly, th» greiil truth, thnt in all kinds
of researeh, chemiKtry wait to be n,^;cardL-d h» the ^iimniar to the
lanipa^e of Nature— tbe kev to unlock lier moit secret mytlerles ;
and that those who were ambitious of foilon-ing in the focrttitegui of
the fcreut men who had adornod, and Htill uddrii, that noble Insti-
tution, by fathoming the doptha ef some one of those acieneaa
which were there cultivated — nay, evea those who, with humbler
aupiratioiia, were content, like liim<wlf, to utateh ■ mere supi-riielal
gliutce of sevonil — would ever find It imponilile to proceed with-
out itaasustaiice. Ilin own experience justified him in iUKurin;;
bin auditory, that ubether their ciilef inten-Ht mieht chance to lie
in physiology— rsuetable or auimal; in scienllSL-liu«bsndry ; or in
those counieal phenomena which predated themselves In the
explorer of mountiunous region*— cb cm i»tri' would suggest at
oiicu the right principtea fur tiiterpretittff the facta observed, as
well as the soundest practical application that admitted of being
deduced from them.
THE TIDES OF THE IRISH AND ENfiLlSH CHANNELS.
Rrport of Expcrimfistt viaik on tkr. Tidea in Ikt Frith Sm ; an
Hit tintdarUji <if (kr Ti-lnl PUtnomata ^ ttc frwA enrf I'ngluh Chaii-
nebi; itnrf on Ihe Impurtunte of rxtfiiding the E'CperimenU rouiul rtir
I^ntl'ti End and n/i titr nngliA Channel. By Caplain F. W.
Bkkchcy, K.N.~(IUtul at tliti Royal Society, March B and Iti, lUS).
The author commences by stating, that the set of the tidea in
Uie Iriah Sea hnd idwaya been misuoderttood, OwIhk to the dis-
position to nctuciatu tbe turn of tbe stream with (he ri»e and fall
of the wilier on the shore. This miMtpprehenaion, in a chaoael
vuryiutf mi much in it» time* of high water, could not fuil to pro-
duce much raiscbief ; and to thi« cause may be ascribed, in all pro-
hflbilit y, a large proportion of tlie wreck* in Carnarvon Bay. f he
prcAent iiKiuirybu dispelled tlie«e errora, and fumi*Ii«d' tcicoca
with new fact*. It b!i« shown that, not«Uhst«ndiiig the variety of
times of high waUr, the turn of the strenm throughout the north
and nouth dmiinels occur* at tliQ utme buur, and that thit lime
happens to coincide with the times of high and low water at .More-
cunilie Buy, — a plnce remarkshle a» being the wool vhvre the
streams comiug nuiod thci omiosite extremities of Iceland Gimlly
unit?. Thcae cxpcnmcnta, likken io cuime^tiun with thoue of the
Ordnance nisdc at the *ugi;e4lion of l*rofewor.Un',Bliowthut there
are two snot* in the lrii*b Sea, in one of which the tdxeam run*
with conBiderable rapidity without thttru being any rise or fall of
the water, and in the other the water rises and falb without having
any perceptitilc stream ; and the same strennt makes hi^h and Uiw
wstcr in iliircTGat parts of the chonnel at tho same time i and that
during certain portions of the tide, the stream, opposing the wave,
1«
THE CIVIL ENGINEER A.V1> ARrHlTECTS JOUBNAU
CMi»,
rtins (i|r an ftKcnt vf oat foot ia time mil«« wiili ■ relocit; of Uiree
iiiUeji on hcuT.
Tticnuthor cnttr* minalcly intv the coune of tbotimm, *]ivw»
timl the puiut uf uniou uf tlie vtivnina fixini ttit^ op|ioait« cfaaiin«]d
take« ptuce on « line druwri frrnn C&rliDKfc'ril lliruuK'i ^wi in tlici
IaIc uf Man on to MorMoini« Bttr ; iiDit cuncludcs his rraiarkii on
tbiv I'lirt ot the xihjvct liy litl< vrtiii^ to the ^I'at brnclit imvi^tiuii
«iU d«rivtf from the prcrH-nt imiuirr. U« then nnticei a (hart of
linM of equ&l m>f« of tii!«. »hirh line be«n Poiii|ii!''i) hiirtly fn>m
the TttDiroe published t>y the Rvyol Society, nnd p.'illy irvta vh>«r-
vatiuiio ntaav ov the proeat ornwion; niiil haa mitivs^ n table !iy
thflaid ofwhicli th^senroan will be aM« ta Cotnpni'« hU Aiiiind>n|;i(
t»kcti al ing limt of the tide, with the ilonthtt markrd u|>f>n Ihti Ad-
miralty chaita. N«xt followji the mention of a feAtur« in the mu-
ti«u of th* tide-wave, which Cajil. Beecliey think* ha« hitherto
WMtn^d ohafFvatiiin ; »i«, that th* npp^r norttonsof the water fall
auiekcf tbitn thi> lower, — or in othrr vnrda, th.\t iho hnlf-tidr lrvi<l
oe« not coincide with the pln^e of llic wati^r at Uio half-tid« in-
terval ; thnt this liifTenenf^ in the Hristol Chnnnel nmoiinta to a^
mnAh AM four feol, and thnt the law ecemit to be applicable to all
the tjdei of tlte Iriih Scit.
\\'« are next preaented with a table exhibttiaff the variou* curved
aMuRicd by the tide-ware, and with the durations of tlie ebb and
fiond itt CHrh pinee. Ilarinff explaincKl th#en ob^ervnlicna in the
Irith Sea, the author proceodii to apply to the tide* of the En;;liih
Channel the law which ht< found tu r«f^lat« lh« stream of the
Irish Channel, — nvailit^f hiinuelt of tin* iilmervntioRNof ('niitain M.
White ;ind othen for thi« purpoM). There wan no dilhrulty in
adapting the rule iu the upper part of the fh.inni>l ; but below the
runtracliun of thu «tniit, the sppttrent diuwrdance was fsu prcrat
lliul nothing but n relianeonn th* (feneral acmrnryof the nliuen'tt-
liouK prevented the iiniuiry beinf,' abtmdonrd. It «eemed that the
streams are opernted upon by two ^Tent farcer, nrlin^ in opposition
to eaeh other; via. thnt there is a tfrvnt offing ftrpum Kellinj^ along
tlte weKtvrii iide of the Britiidi lues, and flowing in iippoaitiiin to
the tides of the ohannel xbove the coQtra<tion, turning thv Htrcam
with ^eater or loss sSvct as the ait« is near to, or removed from,
the piiintii of iBAueocs. By punning this idea, it wsu aeon that
tlie oh nervation! in th<^ Eof^lish Chauoel reApuiid to it ; and then
ntiplyiiiir it tu the offinc of the Irish Sen, and (.'onaideriiig thnt
efiniinri to R»mjirise< within its limits the llrintol Channel, as the
Eitglioh ('liannel due^ the tinlf uf St. Malo, it wax finind that the
otmerratioaB tbere aldo fully bear out the idea, Sii that there wn«
afterwards but little difhcully t)i tracing the eounie of th<! wntor,
aiid bringing iiitii order u hat before appeared Iu be all confusion.
The author then trare^ the (^wiat similarity of tidal phrnomenii of
the two I'hannclH, and pmceedt (u describe ihem. Fur thin pur-
ptiKC he I'onwidiTK llir Iruh (.*linMnel »k exli^iidin^' from a line con-
necting the Land'* End with Cape Clear tu the end of its tidal
Ktreani, or rirtual head uf the tldo at Peel ; and the Kn^liiih Ch;in-
iiel from n line joining the Land'a V.i\A and Uahant, to the end uf
its tidal Ktrentn olf Duiigeneaa.
With tlieae preliminary Unea, he &]iowa th;it both ehnnnela re-
ceive their tides from the Atlantic, and that they eaeh duw uii until
rnet by countpr strettniH; that from the oittur limit of the Englis^h
CUianiiel to the virtoal head of it« tide the diutance io VuV (feii|^a-
phical mile»— and in the Irlah Channel, from il« eiitrimce to thr
virtual bend uf it« tide, it i> £05 mileH, In both channels there ia
a coulrnL'tion idMiiit midway ; by Cajie La Ilii^nje in the one, and
by St. David'fl Head in the other, and al nearly the ■aine dittanee
from the entrance. In both cn*e» Ihie contrtictioti in tlio ['omniem^e-
inent id" the regular Ktrcain, thr time of the nioremeDt of which It
rri^ilated by tlte vertiial movement of the unter lit the virtual
htwi Lif tiie channel ; Hitualcd in lioch rawn 1 44 mile* alnive the
coiitmction, and thnt the actual lime uf tliin change, or Vulgnt
Ealahliihmeri.t, in the nanie in both caKc^. Itelow the contraction
of the struit, in both cauea the ntream rnrieo it« diret^tion ar^ord-
iup to the prcponilrrance of fiirre exerted over it bv the iilling
fclrencii. In iiutli cnnew, lietween the con traction and the xonlhern
horn of the cliannt!] there i* n deep estuary (theUristol Channel and
tJti- Ciulf of St. Malo) ill which the tiiiien aftjiKh water are nearly the
aame, and where, in both, the atnuuni, mreetiiig in tlie chaunel,
pour their walem into tbene pulfs, nud iu both raise the tide to the
eitruordinury elevutiou of furty-iieven feet. Fnnn the Ljnii'n End
to the mretiiii; of tlieae btreainM in one caae ia aevenly-fiire milea,
Slid in till- otlivr the same.
In one cbannel, at Courtown, a, little wnj^ above thtl contractinn,
Mid at l.'io miles from the entrance, there i« little or no rise of the
water; and in the other, about i^ wan a i;e, at the aame di'^aurefrum
the entrance., there ia but a «mtt|] "ri*e of tide also (live feet at
ap rings). In both euci theto *i>otii are the aad« or hinge of the
r« rt^
bod
tid*-wav«, on either aide of nhieli the time* of hieh water ar«
verxd. And b^o, Dear the vtrtunl hend of tne tide, in
caaeii, there i«an inoreaaeil elevatiim of tb« water on the (lunilh-
aide of the channel of about ooe-thiril of the roiumu — the riwe «t
Liverpool beinjf thirty-one feel, and at Caveux thirty-four fprt.
The aiitlo-r trace* a further ideiitily in t^e proi:TeM of the tid*- ^
u'Hve uhmg thi* sides of both K\iMm>:)ji of^ionie to Uiot vf (he nvAt,-
In the first part of the cli»iinel the wAve in each travels at hI>v«^1
titty ruili-i. prr hour; in the iirxt, ju>l abot'o the node, tlita rate ia
hrought down to about thirty railed in one, and to Mxteeii luij
the other; It then in, both becunien accelerated, and alt
about «rventy-cix ndlea per hour. Lantly, the nnihor
that the node or hiiw*! uf the tide, plueed by l^f. Whewell (in hix
papers on the tides) in Xhi North Sea, H situated at the sunie di*-
tanee nearly from the head of the tide off f>un|^ne<»d, a« the node
near Swanage ia on the opposite aide uf it; und that irt tlie Iritli
Channel, at the *amc diatauee nearly ai the node at Courtown ta
fnmi the head of th« tide olF Peel, there ■« a similar spot vf no riae
recently observed by Capt. Robinann. Capt. Hecche^'V letter wa»
Illustrated by charta and diapwnti,abowin^ the Identity and lunga-
lar phenometia of these two great cbannela.
MR. HAYS THKORV ON .SVM. METRICAL BEAUTV.
iTa thf Produetion r^ tht Brmti/ut—ati ntitnpl to prvtr th*l tim
Theori/ aiivoe«lt4 m tht Pii/rtrt rmd tjr Mr. ]}. It. IIav tr/vrr the Society,
/ounJed on the Jteih/imeitl tif tht Uamumi< £a/iof, UfnlUxitm*. It; 111.
TnuM*H (■vKDia. — (lt«aJ at th« Uofal 8co'lti>h bucicty el Art*, March
13 and 27).
l'.taT L
Mr. PcntniE comrntnred hl« pnptr by referring to the oplaioai of thete
pbllotoplieii of ItiH Soi.'riilii: icliool wIiuik nimei had bvin uied in *a[?pnn
of Itie liieutj uiiiltr cuiiaidrnitiun. lie endniivoiKi'd to »how, (ly qiiouiinni
from l.oTit JrlfrcT'i ■■ Etaay on llraul;,'*aii[| fiom ])r, Itclil'tworki.ltiat llttM
opiinorti nrro busiilo in all llicnrlrt ortacli a iiiiurc. [)« nrxl idtcrted to
Vilrnvrut, avid itkicd Ibat ht prupouudcd a ibeur]' of aiiniilarctiara«l«f to
that <ilioit« fillHC^ li« liail utiilcrttken to |irDvc. One of the (iiagrain* dkJ
by Vitruiiui ia a[iplyln; hti ptinciplM to practice wu ethikited; tb* atno
(tugrani (iFing uted by Ihe auibor of ttiit theory in «iplaining tba harvonlM
uf llic Panticnon. Iln lUird. ImwRicr, iliui Vliruviii« coald aol b« eea<
liilirtil Bi RuauLhariiy in legard to llif principlMon which (tylei are foiiadcd,
havitix becu let] avay b; hia fonOneia fur uicUiOi^nictl Oitlinction and f»
fiiieiueuL, 111 refec ilicnitoauurcea with wlikli tlii^j tiadoo ronnectioo. Tkia
•tateiEient wai luppaiicd li; quntationa from thu woika of ViiriiTios hiiBKlf,
from Lord .Vbcidvcn'i '* Friiiciplc* of the UTauij of Grecian \tchit«Cliari^''
and fiotn Ibc ailicie Atehileeiutt in tlie " Bricyrlo[iKdi* Qrilanoica."
Al the KcoDd diviiioQ ofbtt aubjcct, Mr. Purdlc icfcircd V) ihalabosnof
Ke)il«r in pi<>vlng tbc liaiiuuiii<*aiid aiitloKin he luppoacil Iu c&ialUimi|b-
out nature — to ptovn which, |{r»t pari of hii " MTitcriiim Coamoip'aplileuia'*
and •' Hirmotiices Mundt" were wnUen. He InTMLgitrd the reaion of tha
Zniliic beiii[; ilitiJeil into 3«)0 dttgrce*. It led him lato lomc tubtle «o«.
iidFtaliuni in tcljlion In Itin ditiiioni of Ihe nniiol ciir. Mr. llaj Inrta-
liyatci the pro|inri[n of !liv number 300. aud LIb Inveitlgitbn leeoii tu lead
In a conclutioii of a liruilur nature. — (See p. Zl of tiii bouk. on S<rnimetnral
Ucaut}). A i{uo(aUcin tits rrsd from nne of Gililen's T)ialDguu, dcnonadaK
tbe b«[iof prnolcnC in hi) tinic M W the beftuly luiipoiiid In rcilde in tbs
hariaonic rttiitt, that being tlie priacipic on wbicLi tl»e pretenl thoory ia
fguDdfd. Iln <)iiolf>i) a |>iuh;i> fiom [tsi-on, temliog to ihow that be eon-
iiidnrfid lbs ideal beiuly of tlie Greek*, and that farmed by geometrical pro.
ponLon, to lie anil go nil lie. In it Uacun coiilruli Albert Durer,**«h*
would make a figurti liy geunietrical proportiiin>,"«ilb Apullc). "who would
clmoie ilie tieti (iittt oul of divnai; (acr* lo maho one ricvheni."— .NucnemiM
quoiatluni were git cii ftomiariuaa auitiort, a* lo ttic uuireiul ]iietal(ncc,,ia
ibc It-tb ctatur]', uf the " daugcruUa ideai of tlie apliiude and congrueneaef
tiuiiiLvn,'* and ttf the sbturdiue* lo vbicb ihe *(;lc of naiooiag from
•iialogjr leiJ, By iliji, prpciecico Siiti ittemptcd lo diiprove the MUlSiMa
of Jupilet'i (tidlilci. A celibrated musician hrtd thM Cnd nealed tba
world in lii divt, and retted the aevenih, bCLtute there are hut ieiea aolca
in niu^ic; niid Krtili^r, li}' a tiiiiilar jjrui^eii, eipluirinl the muiie of tha
fjihcret. in wUich Saluru auil JupilFr were pcn«ol to take thtr liaw, Mm the
tenor, ilic Baitli aod Vcnut the couniei-ieuor. and Mercury the treble,
Aaibettiird diviiiun uf the lubjiti:!, Mr. Purdip i^avo a ihott acoouM of
tbe tbcDijr advanced by Atitun, advocated b; Lord JelTre; tiiil ollieri, tad
gene/ally rccogniaed by nioilrm mclaplivticiani. tie did tiul feel tiimielf
foaliftcd 10 enter uu tbe ttifrerenrci ciitiing tietween Atiiuii, Lord Je Ore y*
Pajnc Knight, and Dugald Ste«arl. Th<-y ai'peartd to he ti raaeb of a
philological B« a nwtjphyiiail naiurc, and did nin afTecl hii branch of the
lulijacl. lie had iin4 tt«ct time \a luukc liimiell actjiiaintcd viilb $ir Crorte
M-Ken>i«'* r«(uialiun of Aloeu, aud could u»\ *ay uhsC effect it coigbt ban
J
.BMH
THB Crvn. ENGINEER AJTO ARCHITECTS JOtTRNAl.
I4»
I
I
W la no£fjiag hit «fiiriMi on th« ml'jrct. In ttie mMntlnie, •llhAu|:ti
ki tM)U Mt Mf Ihii UtMfy MManted (*tiifkf(oril)r far every pbfnotn'tnan
lonnMwd aith btaulT of farm, it trtmad to him lo ■ceoanl for fu mon of
tbem than ■nj' oitMr b« bad jtt met with.
Aa the bactb br»nc)i of tin Hihjrct. \m matrd Ihe oktiire of tbe thMrjr
•■Jar <Ma*i<l«r»tioa, and ■Uempted la Mioir llip fnllitcic* coolHicitd in i(,
•Bd fa all olh«r« tit a iiiniiliir naiurc orliieb alUibalml b«auty lo pr«|Mrtion.
Tka ftsMl prioeiphi of this Ihciory — ihai by whirh it wBBt aianil or fall—
■ppe*r««l to ba (p. Of). Sj mmHrieal B'lury). (bal Ihirra eiiita in Ibe
bMMa Kind "an uiii<rr>al intwnal naihrgnaiJCBl priar;i|ilB of Itarnao;
wbiek K^Tca a ntfiaaae to everj develop tocn I of iti lawn, whctbrr iu
•a«o4i f«rM, «r ovioun." He dcvoleil atniie timo la the coi>«i>l*rmlii:ii uf
Ihia flwilttjr. Hia argamMU w«Dt lo proi«, thai if auch n (acullj •iiaUvl,
b coald b» Dothiog«i>e (ban ntial iicammonlf called ioittDcl. TO'etmliat
lb la idM. h« (juoImI a RMittu fnitii ntr. Hay'a pubJIi'iiliua on Poim, tttull a
maUakw fn>ni Biirkn : — " Whemir (lie lipul li*ie dilleci fcuiii ibe wont,
I m nmaiaceil Ihnt the aiwlTstanilin;^ i>|irralrB. nii'l iiulIiiDjC rlsi." lie
■rpMdi if Ihe EaculCir bj nlikb ne ilutiaKumb llic lauikal ialorvaU be Ihat
hy irbicb we bceonp lesi^jbli^ of Uii; beauly at form, tbe r«4<ajl U inevil-
abl«, — Ihat all animal*, lacb ai lh« nioc;lclt>|{ bird, whieb can diitlnguUh
IhPM tat«rvali aoil fnllnw ih^m. muni be cooacloaa of Ihe beiuty of foiin
tSta. He italed Ibal tba ool j pniuf ailOLocnl lo favour of this theory vrat
diaMii (rwB aaalugy. tipcnute nc GuJ llie IjHriiiiiuic railot ara neeeaearj
taiAa prinarf beauij of j masicai churd. TJivet; raiioi ban been ap-
pM to (bm. aa beiag Decenary Ic cuu!>tilutT iw l»-<iuly nlw. Ha argaed,
iTwa ai« to eoaclude Ibat these raiioa are n#ceMHry la eeonlilile (he
ImulJ af fufm, timplj because we bod tli«y ari' so lo (he primary bvaot^r
(/■aiialnl obunl. we muiL on the aante RtuundA. codcluite lh«7 are iircca*
MT* lo ibeobjecta of the other scnaed ; but thai this ffou-ld iaiolie ibc ab-
Mnliljr of Ktlamptips tn acconot, aa tualhetoalical priucipln. for the taiae
mn pMtaking niib eqaal rvliab of IhiDEi tuur ai»l hwovI, tail and (mb, —
•■liait pteklea l« fail animal fiiod our dmj, and eurrxal jrllf (he nexl : (ai
m Earopcan ladv preferring th« tcenl ot aromntio Tinpgar i" asariciida.
while aom* tnbei ot ivafe« inOaltely prof^r the laltyr. He spoke at
Miaa IraKlh oo nhal he coDceited lo bn tbo nophlkiioplilcBl ontiiro of aur.li
a aiodp uT rsitblisliin; a theory. U'bal i* true in rceard to a Ihenrr
feaodcd on the acience of acouatict, uiay be, and is iodtad UMy (« bci
nHlflj Calaa athvo applied tu biliI founded on tlic lao* of perapeclive.
Am»»i always mcbee the ear prtcl^ly of ihr Mmc piub an it hh the
naading bodj, wbile a form makaa a diU'efeol imprasiioii on the rj« with
tttff €tmat» ot poaltiou. Thut, auppoalnic Ibe beaal]r of the I'BilhrDun
todep«»il, as Bsaarted by the llieorj uoder connideratioo, on llic hariimnj
of Uic diaxooala dntva within tbe rarious rcUansle* nbicb cua Ik do-
Kribed within the building, it coulJ not in realili be beiuUFul *t aII. ui
(bra ia ao poinl fmin n-hirb all thcfi^dinKDnliti ciiulil puiiiblj be prttented
tatkneTc in tholr Iruri potilioo. Kirn (Undlug inidiFiItiilrlr iu fruul al
Op baildiiii;, ihadlaKODnlsdraiT]! in Ihe rrctanglci beiweeo (he ueareil
(alanna would nccrsaarlly present tn Iho rrtiaa a much more acute amdv
with tbeir bu« Iidd llian iboic farlhcr rrmorsd. Take ooi tiivp to (he
rtcht band or the Irfl, and ihe aiiKle of 75 becomet one of TQ or ^7, aod so
rtangtoK "iOi aver; alep until the columns are seen eloM together, aod
(Tcry Mip of ibaM anglo* boRnmn a ttra.iglii liue.
Mr. PonUe foltuwed (bin wilb. wiuin reninrki lending ta pn>ve the failic;
of all tbeoriea whicb niauiiie prnpurliao ns ihear boii. Haw could any
lucti a ttienry acconnt for thn beauty we diicovi-r in a human fiHure aod in
abortar Yet the piincipU most be the same, by our recnguiiiug liemly
)a atjleaof arcbitecture sii lariaus itint anmc of ihem seem lo 1h< lirauurul
frooi the waBtafqoalillrs vrhlchiiiimnurUie xlbcri piMicai— oa thcMuorlab.
the Uroeiaa, ibe variuui kind* of Uolhic, aod tliiabeibkni doiif' of Ibens
barioga sinnte feature in conmoni either in Ibtir proporliun i or (lieirdeinili.
Thai Ibeae diHerencea arc out cuu.Gnrd tu Ibe liiirtrroul tirdpri, but esiiil in
lariou* example* tif the aanie iirder.^a drawioj; was elhJbiled uf fuut
tprclmeaa of f'OritiihiBD : frnm (he CboraKic niciniimcti( in Aihens— ibe
lEiapka of Jupiter Siilur aad Tonana, la Boioe— and of Vcala at Titull ;
all cKrcdiDiIy beautiful spFcirii-cns uf Ihe order, but witlii>ul a aiojcle
feiiturc in cuuiioun. Fillicr in their propiirtii'ini or dittails. He adverted Iu
Ihe unirrraal ugrcfmcnt as Iu tbv runilHiiifiiiKl priDci|iii-«(i(btiiiiiuiiy iu
nvaic. and the pfiicerbial differences un rlie nxisl Iud Jsuenlal poiiiU as lo
beaniy of form— Iu nor recuKUiBiiiK beii,iiil> id the ttituru auildreja u/ a lUu*
dera betlei aiul our ctiosiderin); it au uutraitr uu (aatc lo tr^iLifor tbc eatuo
toatUGM to Miarblc, allhuugh Ibe lanie furui unJ face tie prufrned. Tba
or>(ia Iff our feeliagi. he Mid, is lier<< Itw obtinus to eaeapa uotica, A
auiue lives a thauMud jun. a man ihrpeecoro. Our laata for iculptMre
has been mudelied uu that uf aaiiqutl>,and cnnnol DOW «b ante. Our
drpaiea la>t out a lifetime, bol luuH tw clianjird a» occcs«ilj iriitilrci.
Msken of Iben will exeruise llieir skill and iagenully Iu devisiiiK ucw
fWiM^heocc change of (ueliiou ; aud boocc our idea* alti> vhuoitu. Dod
atlich thetDselvea to Ibusn fucnit willi wbieb wc are ia tbc babil nf asuo-
Oiatiog all tbal It graceful and elcnant. A in-odcm ttnLur, creo io a
■lalem eoatuiue, woul'l. Id (ro years, uddinM u* io aniLqiiaKMl tiui|{uaip>,
witboat haiin.i; ibe ie»|)ecl due to aniiituiily. Tbe tirecian Maluea apeak
loaa io a dcntl UuiitiBKa which cliani^ts uoi, and ibcy speak tn us of boar
taltquity — uf th« kaunlfl^i-, llie ■ kill, (bo taato, and ibc cullitalioa to
wkklitliatwondcrfulpeoplehudatlniaodiBiidrrvni whom tboy andcMcudiMl
loaa.
Mr.I'unlie conclodad hii paper by cbaractpriiin^alUttrmpIslnes'ahlish
a Uicbty VII su(h grouoJs a* ibif,lo Ibe wotdi of Lutd Jeffrey, ki '<iiug-
matisin^ from a few eiaraplea, tnalcad of deSnIag bov Kcoeral eomprehrti*
sire prinrt|i'li>, in i*l>ich all beauty may be auppaied TSS'-niially bi euriiisl-**
An attempt, ha ootinueil. aa rewaoiiable, and of precisely tlie same oslura,
aa that nf a msn who, irtlinic out wiih Ibe preniiaps tbul every osk tree ia
a 1 ecelable, alteiupla ihercfron lo prove tbal every «cgrtablo niutl ba an
oak I fee.
Mr. I'urdie ibeo intlmalrd Ibal h« would be prepared, in the *r«oMl
part »f hi9 paper, la fo toincwlmt mitre iulo detail, and Iu pruva ihe fatlHcy
of th« theory fruin itt own lohervul defvcta and Bvir-cuoiradiutious ; lur nf
tlvaa be conceived II eMttaiaad aulftcifnl fur Ibti imrpnaf-, Bllliaugli be
mtfht have failed la onnvineiog any onaon ibt> general iiuesiiua.
P«ar n.
Mr. pPHDiB commeoced tbe second pari of hi* {"■P"' 't rerapitalatiof
shortly tlic coaienia of Ibe (list. lie ihen ptucneiled to eipltln ihr trope of
the tbigry he bail undertaken 10 refute. U was intended to be applied (o
univTiial DBtDtc, Tbi* was lufficioatly shuno by iha " uniieisal niathema-
ti»l principle of bsriiionj" SMuaied to be " inherent in Ihe mind," far the
pnrpoie of Kiting a rMjioote to tbc Uti of the Ibrorf. It (oUowed lb«t no
0>i)ert rontd b« beiuliful in nliich (haic [.Tiiifiplo nerc not dev«laped. ILa
qooleit ti«a psisifes from Mr. lUj't honlc on SyiDmclricsl itoaoty is still
faiibcr eiplsining ihii, and ihoa-lns Amp Iheie la'wt are eitended Io anlver.
lal nalurc — ■■ In ihtan" (the tirgauio foriat of nsiura) " the Crit pilncipln
of lyniiDetrita) beauty are >o tiltnded «ilb the piciure«i|ue. and opciale in a
mauiicr an eiquiiltely defined aod subtile, that mankind have as yet Ijocii
Boslil* lo nitcnisliH them."— p. 2. "In cempoailioD* of bifh'ait, tba
prinelplMolsymfiieinv-al bosuty ire *a sultttlely imparted ai not to tsblbil
iheoiielvet."^p. I, To thasa ha r equalled pari leu tar stt'iitinn, lliii being
Ibe puiiit at nhicb all lueb tbeoriei (ail, f. t. in the attempt lo Kcouut for
brauLy of diwimilar or of oppoilie rlesoripttuu,— «ucfa. far eumple. a* that
wblrh we iJlicovcr la a cbtld and in a ftitl-grovtn msn— in a bcine, a New-
foundland dog. or a grcjhoundi or ■ huilding— Dor'tr, lonif , CorinttilsD,
ElJubcihsn, or Gutliii:. He said this vras a mere brfging of the t)UM(ii>n,
a cuuntcrpirt of .iTcxondei ihc Great's moEle of iinhariny the Gordian Ittsnt.
ll woulJ makf the princijilM <.f tliii theory to be ionie»!i»l like ibe mutic
of the iphefM — filling hearfu and eiftb with lh*if ilrains— ttrlmi to " e».
parilrljf mfinei nail tuttilt," u to be altogether imperceptilik W moral
ear*. Would not ibe natural conelmion ruber be — " Jtt no» ofparmlHtm
«t Km tsiittntilivi nirm rtl raiio r' It w*i sdinittad tbcse prtnclpit* of
aymnielhcal beauty did not show thcnuclfta In works of hijcbart. Tbn
admission was correct. They did not ihow tbeia*e)ve>--only becsuwlbey
did no I Kill, Mr. Purlie neat refnred to the Ps'llienoo, vhnie propor-
tiuDs it w*> altoopted to show were in sccordsncc with ibi: priuctplca of tbc
Ihfor;, la making Ibe Btlempt, howerrr, it iwsi ailoiitled llisi iciernl
" ditfOfdt" eiisteil — the outer i^t^rI0lom nisi inns being doner Iban llie
others, ll ii aitempted tagei rid ol this dillifiiliy hj laying Uui the outer
iitiercotumniitinni are ret lere^ against ibe tky. while tbe ollien areaeeu
against tbc body of Ibe bDililin; — tbal an open spsce between twn colnmna,
seen agilijit the Aj, sppnar* widrr than when seen against a bubgrouiul la
■hide ; and ihit atmts in harmnnittnn cboin.
Mr. Purdie then ihuwed, from the ground plan nf the huilding. Ibat thera
It risibSea apaf» uf only two fret ihroogli itic nuier iftiercoluintintioo, wbita
nearly four feet cau be kco ibcough (list QCit it. Tbii, tbercfuir, intieadoT
auiitinfi the ilieory out of ila dileiciuia, only tDcreueii the difficulty. B^
lilies, a gltnei^ at Ibe );rountl plsn would hii^c ihowti Ihet the isme ialer-
rolttmniallon wsa applied to the inner row ol columDi, which rere m) cIobb
to the bulliiing, they could never be seen against the iVy st all. He thun
eiplaintd the reaian ususlty aiitgned for thr nsiure of Ihe inicrcniiinioiatiuii
used in Grerisn Doric, wbicb ii connMied with ibe smnKeinenl of the
(riglyphi and mclupK, He said. Mi. Ilsy ttalcd thai the line of the tyin.
pauuDi formed wlib lu bate «n noicle of 13 dcg. : Ihst - a* the engici nl IIh;
peilimtnl iu Plates 6, 7, and 1& (uf Sluan'i At.h«Di)all diilcr." b«"adapla<l
Hist a( Ihe latter, a* being the must likely 10 be correct, liecauM ihe pcdi-
m«Bl ti there given by it*i>ir."— (Symoiairio*! RMUiy, p. JH). Mr. Purdto
ihuwed. byrefdmne* to the ceil of Stuart's Athent, Ibat I'lile II did not
refer to Ihe dirnenilODt of the pediment II all. bul wai only inleniled ic con-
rty an Wea of the scutpiure, and wsi givro witbuut nieauitemeni*. The
moaaiirementi wcro correctly given on the elrvntion,— allliouith the tlention
itaelf ws* nol in acenrdaiicc with tbem. liy a ealnilaiion made (rom these
meaaurements it would be found to form an aii^Ie uf 13 deg. £t riiiii. Tbete
was a iiatemoDl in Ihe tcJi, aolicing tbo insccurnc]' of lUo elevation, fbe
real angle was ihare lUted to be U dcg. If the rati oE the angles given
bid henn taken fiom the elevation by mean* of the protractor, at they ap-
peared to have hern, they m-uit he all wrong together, as tba tjmpa&sm, aa
there lepretentad. ti Ifl incbe* loo low.
This wai the second alicropt made lo set Ilia Parthenon to mutie. Thn
Hint wai proved and mlmnv lodfiril In be a failure. U( thai sttenpl Ihe
.^fAniffiini remarkpil, Judb ID. 1)413 — " ll is eaiy lu se« thai a general no.
lion of thii kind It snioat iiiauOideiil haaiieven lurapUuiible tlieoiy. * *
Mr. llsT it wrong when he atierts that cenain proportions are beniitifiil &•-
COM* tbcy are thoie of the notes abicli, in all iho couibmationi of hstmnny
and melody of ioundii arc most pleasing, lib prupurtiona aa aasigned tw
form are moil eoirecl and luost beautiful. Th«Y ara nut, however, thosa of
the beautiful loundf to whiah lie assigns then.'*
The Oreciaa Dorh, theccforc, wu nui in accordinea with the prindfilca of
tbii tbeor/. PcrUipt tlie at'nuipt lai^bt be ffinc saktcatfui when Ukd «itb
lu
TBB CIVJL £SGIN£ER AND ARCaiTECTS JOURNAL.
jBUv,
Uic other orden; but if il Mti *itli ihe Duric, Ihc pro portion! of *)i)ch
«ert COnpURtwcl; invariable, (h« Ionic knil Corinthian niatt Im illll more
P«fplcsiii(. Ihc Iftltcr of which rftri«d to mufh lh>t ih# vrittr of lh» arliclft
>r(Ai/M>/i0V, in th# ■'EnrTclcpwiJaKriiinnm." »iil it wu icarcelj poiiihte
to gl*B M1.V general tlncr^'ption nf it. If 11 fiilitd niih any of iheie, IhcfC
Wdnld (fniiia fur it liut a siuall chance o( luccnt niiti tbc Cotliic or the
XliMhctlun.
Ur. PnriXe ni'I, it tiitfl:hi %vt the i>iiro«lucti*in of mach irrtlRTinl matter,
iTii mtn knpt dtiiinc[!<r'in rteullaetidn that be mm not atuiii^JiiuK to refute
Mwa liaaflBii}i thioiy winch mljkt h« braDihl larwaral in itie courte of tlio
dllCUMien. but ihai adrocaiol before tbo Socirty h.T Ur. IItT> anJ oaniaincil
In hU |iilbli(htd Kttrkt. Tb«t llieofv wai founded on Uie Itaniiviiie ratioi.
No Joubti order, proportion, and haimonj ntrvall necrmtyto tha I^Muty
of irchiteetare; Vot il «a> not bv the )ia"»onio ratio* thi^a iT#r« la he ob.
I^ned. Tiie "Greek arehitrei* allowed iltpmiclvei lo he ffiiered in their
|*Miral propoRlon* inly." Thii Ihenry did nut eitabliltj general prnpor-
tlMiial all. In minie. The at<liti>rRlion nf hainienioratiot,wrliile they ulKmeil
a1] Latitude a* lo geoMil proprirlion. limilcd hcauty to certain flieil ]iDinl»Dr
oiineidcocei, from winch when lite iligfaieit itfubm nn made, diicord
Htiqcd. Ttiui a difTi:rcnee of a armitone vnuld make aa iliaagiteahlc a dit-
«c<rd ai a full tone, and one qult« •> caiily rMogniaed. It mallfred nnt
wbelh«r too bi;k or loo liiw. Tho applii^atiOD of Ihe harroonie ratioi lo
torait wu inlanded lo prodorv a nimilir edict. Thu* in the ciM of a vtl].
proportlaned wlunn. alx inehei adiled to Itt height nniilil ha u etiity uU-
■trred aa 18, and quite aa d»1rueti«e of lu bMutj i and vers tli« heistil
ditniniihed bjt IS inchra initrad afbuiif inaeiiei], It ougbi tu be uo more
10, the departure from the harmonte ntia in either direclioD being e<iuBlly
dUcordani. The Intioni ilie correct prwponiona wore dep«fted froin, de-
fonniiv ironU be the rciuli ; but Ui the altaraiion be coDlinoeil ■ liiiie
Arlher in the Mine dirMCioo. tbe deformity wonld be got rid of — a uew
(livrd ttructi, and beauty and (jsinielrical propOttioD again o1)lain»d.
Mr. Purdie aiit«d *!icin1<r nhat he ooDMiotl to be Iba touroof the beauty
of ar<:hiti!ciu(e and iculpturr.and refer red, aa tbe beat iMroei of lafonutloD
vitli ntiicb be tnu ncquiinicrl, to Ijord Aherdeeo'i inqubry Into ike prioci-
pica of boaniy In Greciaa areh'tcciure — Gvili't PrefaM to Cbam'ien'i Wurki
— the Euaya of Alitoa and Lord JciTity, and ihcliT«a of Chriitophrr Wrrt<
and Michael \n;;tlD Uiir>naroll>, pobliihed Ly the So del}' fur tbe Diffuiino
of L'seful Knowledge. It «■* not (ie«Mtary to aeek far aoy miitvrioiii geo-
Dttrieal law. The tacte of a ntlioo.and ihcir poirer of prodacing and ap,
pradiltnc htaaty, depmdrd on their progreia in elriliution. on educatioD)
■sil the rellnenwnl Ihri* nalurnlty prodiioe. " The beauty aT>d perfrctjua of
the acliDul o( Phldiaa aci:i>njpa[iicd i)ie K'eat moral *nd iniellociual iroproTe*
ment of the timet, arid art wu moat jicrfcct wbcu ilvactiyltie, Sopbocle), and
Baripi'lrs, pTodueed their tragic poeuiei and Suctal«« uid Plata, acid the
freat Grecian ttalcimcn, l>y Ihcir writing* and example, improved Ihe moral
and pAliiieal atate of mankind." — (Life of Miehael Aagelo,} That thii
tended 1o prove the gmeial rnrreetnraaof l^rd JalfmT'i defi-nition of taile —
"Tbatilw po««r «r laculiy nl taiie It nothing more Ihin lb« habli of Intc-
Ing tboae aMociationa by «liii.-li almutt all ohjecu nia^ be conuected wnh
lotercating ematiurit."
Mr. Purdie then te«k notice of aotne of the meihoda given for applying
the theory lo praetice, and crtatended it wat eijualty potent to produce the
uyly or the beauiifol. Accardiaff to the mecliiMl giren by Itlr. Hat for
tIniirinB the tiaraan r^ountenance, an onl km flnt dcicrribcd, and nlthin it a
iriaQgle. its a^ci ntKlermcnt. At the aiiex tbn mouth naa placed, and the
OTCa at iIk t*u u|>pflr angles. But no rule wu giwca for placing the apex
of tbe triangle undcrmo*!. One mighl, if lit f«!i «a dirpoted, reverie hoth
tbe tria»g1e and evnl ; it miebt Im initie bundling Greoiau tculptar who thiii
KTCninghU trian;!?. incrnied the Cydopcaii type, with one lar^e eye in tbe
eentre of tbe farelicad, and a month eiieerting from car to tat at it* baie.
A (ienilar etfi-rt wuuld lake pine* iriih Ihe profile, in drawing uhicli aa
oval li KiTcn for thr fnen nnd b eircln fur the bittik uf the bead. He (aid
tbe prolile i* nnl nn ninl, nor n the back of Ebe hfad a circle. To render
Ihe bark of [be bend a clKlr.n Inrgc ilioc muM be Inkrn from '*aelf-eatccm;"
■od '* philopraecaitiifUCM" would tuircmnnmoD lit of reduction wblch might
aeriooaly iuterfr re with (ha locreMe «f the popu1ali«n, Tbe back of the
ha«d was, airictly <prakiR|ii no more a eirele than a »quare; and If il
vmn a aquaro, <ir n rcctnuglr, pfsridednlwaya tl «ere« harmanio one, iia
cnntiatrocy with ibo priucijilaa of Ibe theury might bare been quit* a*
caally mnnireaird,
Mr Purdie then proceeded la nnniider wha.t are atjiled (p, SI, Sjni,
niclrical Benuty) a aerie* nf pernlinri]- nyminclriLul reclao^Iea, which are
rvnlted bj uoiDi; itie dinRonal of the aquare aa Ihe baae of the first, tbe
diaf^nal of the Gmt aa tbe bate of tbe aecvnd, anU *o on. Mr. tlay»
bowder, did not adopt tbexi ne Ibcy naturally aria*. Xbej did no! accord
with the- bitrmonio ralioa, and were altered la aail.
Mr. Purdie puiiited out oo a dinsram tbe amount of Ihe ftlleration. He
■aid Mr. Hay referred to ibe tcmfHrtuncnl uwd lo inu«lo In li* justiflca.
tion, Mr. Fordia «ipiuined Ibe uutura uf muiieal temperararnt. nnd
■honed (here waa no unulogy lieltreru it and the proceae adopted niih
tbne rectaDgW- He atatrd tbe tcniperameut in muaic was a niutJern in-
icntiuo, and sei'iiied tornrivhal nut of place iu a troiOiaa whii-'li claiiaed
■tipport aa eluciduiiaR ibc giriDUplt-a of Ibe aucieat Greek*. Vi'vn luiJi «.
pnaeiple ai tbiB lemperiog uduiiilcd into iriiiucc, ilwould be risj luiib-
laio any reiulta. Such no arbitrarj alteration of n aeries of figure! in «
science eUlming natbematieal aeetiracr, would hate be«ii eoneluilT*
Bgainai It, bad It been In oiher rMpecta unuanilable.
Mr I'urdle nelt referred lo Ihe rgg oial, and Mr. Hay'a oiethod dT
pnxIneltiE It, which niiKht be new to oiaoy nf Ihr mrmheni. and waa
fleailuK out ihe Lanuixi lu inliot) tbe alinplcat and bnt i»c<b<H), He eaid,
n hate v«r merit ila appliculiuii lo ibe drawini; of mm loifihl paaaeae,it
had nnl thai of imveilly lo reeonimrud it, bul hud Iodj; been faBllllarift
every (ID e who had given any allonlion is ibe aubjcct. He e«hibil«d tB
^ ictiidtiin'* '' ArcblifOlural hiellonary" ktvenil uniid natnplee of easea W
(iinttriided, alone with a variety of rocthndt of prudiicing the Bgana on
nhich llx-y were baaed.
Mr. Purdie explained the elTcct of cocraftini; the harmo»io ratio* on •
ibeoi, and txbibilitd a variety iif diBgraina la teit nbclber aDj <ko# oimiJiI '
pflinl ont Iho diacordani from Iha liarmniiie. Hut tlie method ndopleil to
forminfi Ihenc uvata wai, he conlendnd. allu|[rlher aubvrruvc af III* lUeuiy__
taur pifi* are put lu al crrlam (tied ptiinia. and a ■iriuj; tied ruunl
ihem, fur ibc purpoir of nhiaiiiiiic the fornk nf tviii bnriiiunic triaai;Ie*^
but, before prafc<^iii.); I<> produce ibc oval, one of (he piiu i* pulled oat.
r'or tbie oo reaton evuld iji? auiKncil but IW hIH vf ihe operator. 1 1 did
away al onee with all idi^n of harmonic relalioo. A Ggurr to eooelnelMl
eijiikl bear no mulbpmaticnl relntion to the Irianglvaon which il waa bawil.
r.xti>nd [be radii to infinil},ai]d a circle would br obuiord inde|KiuIpol of
the thipr uf tbc trlaniilc* : reduce Ibe atrrUK lo a siillicicut IrnaKm, nod n
would became a Iriaugle. A Dgure »a countrucled vibrate* belirn-n the
circle nnd iriaitglc. Al 00 poecibte poiul between Ibe two could It bear
any harmuntc rclitlioo tij lbs IriangLe on vtlnch it ■■ hnncd.
In coaelnaion, Mr. Purdie aald, that tbc origin af tbe fallaeie^ OoalaiMd
in tbii Ibeory appnarrrl In be no eitrMvapmt fiindnri* for aonlnity. Ihniwgk
Mhicb the idra bad been cotirnitrd ol rngrnfiiriK llir pnniiplni of Diniu
un farm : that, ineteiid uf analf"liig Ihc pbcnoineiin of mind, ami dnludef
Ihe principle* of a »ciciic« frLim tbc fnci* »o oacerlaincd, tbe ureetal pbe-
oamrna bad bcfO luft out uf vi--w ullugTlbcr. and (he ibeney foriuei] no a
oiathprnutical bntii drpehding on Ihe hnrmoiiic ratio*; and that the reaalt
wu* n ibeciy ull*rly at ntnance with Iboia very pheauiDeea on whicb It
uuxhl to have hoeo founded. The only nieibod of )nte«li|[BllO|| the trnlli
in mela|ibyiirnl aclcBce wa* by Inducllvo philniopliy, Ihr tllKhleat alMI-
liuD hi Ibc princiijtes of which would bavr wivcd tbe nulhoi of this Uicon
from i\w manifold blunder* iuw which he I'mI fallcu.
After the iT«diu|C of thu above paper, Mr. Hav inn-tie aome rrmarka
" On Iht tfftelt (if Pertpeclin apun i'rnporrion, being (A« JlrM nf a
MTM'^ ahirt pnpin ajiun lAc Harmeng of I'vnn."
Mr. HiT n>cuitienced b; «piili>)(>sivg la ihe mrnibei^ of the Society
generHlIy, for calling their ailentiuo to a fact, uith which h« belteved diej
wefu faiuillaf. Ilul that fact had tie»a dcuied at ibe previuui nieelin];, ia
au allenipt lo prove al&tlac) in bla lyateui uf applyin); Ibc niuiierical har-
monic ratios lo Ibc prujiurliuuioK uf rec!iiji;;aUr fiirnis; and it* denial
acL-Died ki be well recvitiil by ibe juuti^jL-r luruibrr*. .Mr, H. ibrrefure,
felt called upon tu >la.lv llic fuel, urid to drmoutlnilc il. The fact, be
BtHled wa« " tlint wbalevi'r fjileio of pruportiou mnv bu applied iu ar-
ranging tbe part* in the neiMueiriB eiDViiiiu-o of a building, will at**
operate npoD tbe effect of ibul biiildini;. in whaiarcr decree uf obliqatly It
maybe viewed. " He exhibited fitc drawing*, two of which folly ei.
plaiuud bin *>Btein uf a|)plyini: ibc numerical harniotilc ratini, and Ihe
other three denioDilruted Ibc fuel which had beeu denied nt the prctjons
meeting ; und Ihcrrfore conduiled U.iat the nttetiipt lu prove ilio fallacy sf
Ibe syBtrm, bj the denial o( thii fuel, had fulled.
Mr. Hay obecrreil, that un iitlrnipl biid alio been made, at the preeloua
tueptlng, to uaaimllatH hli ijilein of the application of number* lo aym-
mrlriul beniiiir, wilb the mjaiical appllcaiioti of partlcularntiBibcfs by
lb" nktouiitle, aud aumc of the pliiloMiphrr* of the middle agea ; anil uf*
fered lu provr- lint Ibi* ultnnpl <nu* a!*o a failure, luaauiiioli u b« Mf
pluy«d nunbera in aa ilitelligible, not a niyidital niaiiuer.
PECULUniTIES m THE CONSTRUCTION OF GREER
ARCHITECTUKC.
Ab*traet of a paper *' 0» Ihe Gumitrkat Lia*t and Of/lieat Comttiom
fif lAe GivtA .irt^hittrti." By F. C. Pa.stiuiis, Eiq.— (Head at the Royal
Inititnte of UitlitU Arcbitrrts, February t\\t.)
I will olraerve. that althoufih ibe iL-rupuloui accuracy with whleh tlse
tneaturemenia vrbich I tball proditee huTc Iiecn rr-ciiiiled may aeem almMt
abturil to tome, il will noi appear an in tbnar who I>biic been lo fortunate a*
to»cpi the wrigioali, ami obttrvc Ihe pcrfrcliou of the workmanship with
which they are put t(.([(lhcr, and Ibo eiccedingly hnppy prc»cf vatiun of
many part* from the wesibei, wbieb eii«tilc» nieMureiiirou lo lie taken with
predtioii in these, where in many building* the; could only be a matter cif
Bpn''0I^<l'*t'OD.
I uie a* niy itandnrit of neaiutnment the EnglLili fool, and divide it liiw
100 part* Which 1 aball rail cent*.
In ibc beginning of tbc year ISIIi f wat at Atheni, I had an inlradae*
tion to M. Ricdcl, a Davarian arcbltect, who accoRipinicd toe on toy Ant
liiit to tbe AcTiipulit, anil pnbted uul to me ibe pecnliiTiliea of conatnc*
liun uf which I an about to ipcak t it 'tt the Urtt lime t had any intltna-
tian that there waa any depuiure from ordiuary Imo and rule worlib theae
'1ftt&(
THE CIVIL BKaWEER AND ARCHrfECTS /OURNAL.
i
haidingi, «repling ■ ramour xliich 1 h«in1 from our codid] at TiiwU,
duttfaervumi lomrihing ^nj turiout tnccntlf dUcDTCTcd in lb« ftncienl
bMlmf M Atbcnt.
TbtM ptmlisritiet, which were then pointed osl in nte, were the comrilty
•( Um (tjlohale on tli« four ti'Iri of t'la bulldin;. *d<) Iho iDelicurlion of Ibe
ealwmaf towtidi th« <«ntiv of ihe )>uili)in^ ; lh*tia to tif , on llie eul (roDl
lb* UM of IhfcnIURint indine ia • *«*ier1f direction. *nd ilkoie cf ih«
wmiittM MNtwIv. Tlioti! nn lh« norlb arid aODih Hank), toiiih ftnil nnrlh
TOpefltwIr. It fotloKi ititi tlie tnglscotanint ihire ilic iito Inclioiiioui;
fgc imuace, tbc nonheait iniile cD]ii<nn tncltnei in ■ direciion loutli-wtti.
Thii fut kai lieen ii<:«->taineil iniiie llinci it it prta with coniiilftatilc
Me)in<7in (hai pari of the mpptement to Siout which «h tuppticU hj
Ufi feniiof. The ri«ct iiaauniiowiiig to lh« tllfhl 'litplacemonU •'hich
IW bvildini; k** »uir«r*d, W only to bo Qbttiiied b; m diligent nintf of lh«
•bala holMing.
Tb« obHrntian af the poaTciii^ of the linci at the itrp) it tnore recMit.
I Wi*«e thH OM of nur eomitrT'nicn. Mr. Jnbn Pniinvlhotne. wai the firit
■hapiMuif dticnminiting ellrniion to i)i>pie lin«t. I nie ihii phruc u
Ihcf aaiMH hot hi«e III aotoe RjCMurc inaiirnnd our raitint knTttll^ilon.
H no one cnnid ever hate rui Wn cje along any pirlion uf the upper intiii-
ben witlMisl ticinit wnnible of (hem. The tower linei of Ihc building iittc,
M I tndentaad, i(uiu eacumbcicd with rubbith sntit ihe cxcaiRiiout of ibc
M few j«ai*. Aiiir pirmirei iibtiinrd hy bciTing inuti hate been cilutcd,
■«] lk«7 hare douMlMi given ruiny a 'lilig'nt m<oturtr a vtt-l ileal of trnii-
hit. ud nan J have been the dimciiaiona vbich h&vf itood at diimal variaaM
>ilh tbcffltclvc*. and licen eul aiidc without faeinn ttal\f lo blnme.
Ur. Pennftaome waa the £nt to ice ta Ibrie an otiginal intention and
aMnint; h« h»ir«*«rhspt bii knowlpiIgR to himidf. and the wnrlit flnt
hMfd or II tbroogh Ihf ccmmunieatlon of MM. Ilofer and Scbawbert, German
■Rhiucii. to the SavtrUtaijf, in the year 1X38.
I wai Tcr; much tlrncl, at all wbo have uen the Gmk bnUdinn iiip*t he,
hj ihe pcrfrrltnn of the worbmanihip. and I took «MCb Inel* and iltrnrniinni
mIoosM with the in)t(umciiii I hii| «itb iiic, for ihainirpoae QfMcciitining
Ul9 aBounl and catme of llictc adjuiinienia. And I arrind at a luflli'Miit
(bgrte of exactnen (o aaiure lofaelf Ihat it wm well woilh wiiit* lo go
dteper into (b? malter. I, hawcTer, (in 13(G), waa not able to purine the
Mbjtet anj> furthf r, and 1 remrnnd in F.ngland in the aoluBin of that tear,
tod had ihc ]>teuure of reading i iiiperto thUIiiitiliita on the ohicrvaiioni.
Tb*]r at trade il more tcniation Iban I liail iiiv right to ctpecl, and I re*
eeiecd a pri^poiil fratn the Sodel; of IKIttunU.ihat if I w*ro willing topi
sol to Alhent.for the purpuie of taking more acrurale obwivailoiii, Ihey
in>uld atiitt n^vnpnralinnt with a aiim at nuinf^. Tiiii vrupoiul t willinglji
Mc»ified, and provideil iii.vt^lf with the nemiorjr implrmcnt*, and iniTitCfd
1 jroung anrbilecl [aun of Mr. I^- Wilaoii, of Lioccln, Ihe well-know archiBo-
lopit) to acconipini' me, and we ariireil at Athens toward* ibc end of
October laat jtar. I waa alao as fonuDBte » to Ml ia conipanf with Ur.
Umtt MtO'cialc
Tbc firat ibingwhinli we allcmptrd waa the meaanreraenl «f the bMc
liae, Bamelr, the Itngtli and breadth of Ihe building. Thin waa done with
Hid tabular meatuiri. compireil *t Ihe time of iDMi'irement wllh Iho
Ibvmonielor, from whit^h alio Inng d^al rocli wer« graJiiiteii fur the taea-
nrement of the hriithu, anil (ur ([""era! putpmra. The aleet rod) were
eartfuUj' conipored by Mr, Sitn.me. huih before and after my rcium, with hia
itandiid, and I gave ihe reaull* a« ilclivered at Albcua. The; are acill aub-
jtcl lo « lay minute concclioQi but not worth troubllDg you with at
pmenl.
Aa looa aa Ihe weather allowed, an <I the reqnitile permiaiion obtained
Inm the local aulhoritiet, I p^rof^eeded to hai»t a icaffoldLng at thn eoit-rnd,
of wbiefa I made an eciire rirenU, beginning nUh tbe thr^e columna which
lie aundlDgon the norih iid«, and ending niih the loutli-eajt ani^le column.
In thia examination we plumbed ereiy eolutnn, mMBured crery itono of
Ibt KrcliitrtTc. the eapila), and upper and Ian er alonci of eaeh column,
la wary rtirettmn; look careful rueaiuromonla of all Ihe cracka which iiave
in asj way niudified the original form, and otitained UtcIb of all the liteiof
ifac entalilaturc at fixeil poinla : and linnll}' eiacoiued tbe eoUala of Ave dif-
ferent column*, liking acrrral acctiona of each.
Veihrn migrated to tbe weai-cnd, where I contented mjraelf with toaking
an exact ciamtnatiun aalj of Iba two angular columrii, which poiition en.
^led me to obt>in (he leiela of the upper loflintxui of thii wtalcm part.
I alao took all lach raeuurcmcnti in (be weatern parti aa m.r examination nf
the eaaterii part had pointed out to me na eeccLiaf^ to arrlte at the exaat
Otighat Btaie. 1 then proceeded to eiBmine thn upper membera of tbe
poKicaiD, and the arringemeut of the lyinpanum, whicb liai aome per.u-
ItaAiei wadh notice coonrcted with the mpiioit of the tteluea. Then ihe
nxflaf, tbe cejUmi, and laally, the oriKinnl painting, eogageJ our slttiilioo.
Tbii work in the upper part of the building wu oaiurallir very rancb ei-
pnei IQ wlnfl, Ate. It often happened that while il wai impaiiihle to do
nt Mmrale work on the icalTuldirag, wo might be empln^cd prolitabl]'
benw. Bui fteqiKntlj il was allugelb'ri out of llie qucatiuii to go up to tbe
Acropolia at all. Tbe pavement naa of courte loeUed ia crer; ^artaod
M*eral limca o»«, onlil t ho whole lyilem woiked perfectly together, and I
eoold aatiafy mjaolf that 1 had got the nxaec enrve in trcrjr inilance, or at
Icatl within oae or two tbouiaedtfaa. We alia toek inch meaiurei a* anf-
Seed for tbe accurate poiitiun and proEiortiooa of tbe cella, with the ar-
nngaineiit of colinaui within it. Tbii iuidi ii(i our proctcdlagt at the
Parthenon, which orcttpied nearly fire montha. The Pfop)lxa occupied ■
contiderableiliarc of atteRiioo.and 1 learclied Ihe teiuple of Ttacietie toitd
how In it waa tnalugooa te the fartbenon,
Ijaai. but not leail, we aacended the temple of Jupiter Olyrapua, from
which we obtaliieil tatiout uieaaurtmtata and drnninca.
The meaiorementa of the breadth of the temple on ihe upper alep. it Ibi
eail and weit end*. I found to be r«tpecti*elj lUl'Stl and 10l'36l. —
north and touth. STfl'Nl and ZJO-lil reaped ivdy, Thli ncecdlnglv
amall difTerence in nieaturca which were cetiainl}' lotendcd lo be equal,
poiDia ou( the timlt of error, which can be ailrihuirU tvUIy lu inaccuracy
of lueaiu'CBient in otker diincniioni, namely, ab^ut 1 in S.OOU. I ma/
juil ulnrr>« that I faund my wooden meiiurci, not wiihatanding they lud
hatn previoualy aaturated In oil, eatij4ct to a nuetualion in varioua aiatea of
the atmutphere rather greater than lliia ainnunt. So that, bad the ciaaUtrn
front nf Ihc I'anbrnon been ael out with deal loil) on a dry day. and lbs
western oo a nioiit day, we tliould lute had i> great ■ dilTcrence between
them il actually riiata.
Il fntlowi that all ijuantitiet which tend te projuortionality uiuit be looked
at with gical am pi don, in whicb Tuietiei exitt acntibly gteaier ihan thli
amall adimitible eiror.
The breadihof (he (erapte of Tbeaeua ia (S-Oll, and ita length it IM-23.
Tbe ((inner It almod eiacily in piiipottiun of Jilia of the bieadlb o( ih«
Faiilienou; thit, 1 think, oaa intended.
But a dilliculty occun if we aUcmpt to proponion (he front wllh lbs
flink on thn upper iirp. il hat beeo luicgcdcd (o try Ihe crinilateral
triangle. Thol, Uowtrer, nolwithatanding ita being near enough the maric
to auggcit Ihe trial, Icnret ihc quaittily = -2^2 unaccounted for si the end ;
and, ijcsiilet, I do not fmul ibat in (lie Partbenon there are any affloitiea
whaieicr lo that tgure.
1 itrj niueh prafer (o deieend from tbe upper ttep, and try the propor-
tions on the aecond. By t hia add it loo, Ihe Hauk becouiea 10<lj-63, antl tbe
front 47-11.
We now obtain a proportion 9 to I, differing from txaoiitndc by to null
a quantity aa to be fairly adniuilile.
ft it tnmewhat remarkable that tbc quaattty 1-C66 la feund bciiueDlIy ia
the tceaaurca of the Brectbevm.
The proportion of aolidito loida 1*4,523 to 1000, nearly » 9 tft £.
1 bate now alated the principal larger propaitinni: 1 will atateafew
Diher*. which are tbe more important aocondary onei. A rery bappy
anifles ii the walla of the pTonaui and fiDniicuia being thicker than the
cells walla.
Tbe iieigbl of the columci of the ParUienon ia eiaclIy ^ length of
temple on upper ttep, tbe breadib of tbe ahocut of lix of the catlcrn
colomni i> eiactty Vi hieaJlh of temple ; they arc not all tqusi, but 1 hare
MiTGn the dimeniioni of (bote at the cattern end, which alnay* gi<e> the
bey to the luain proporliooi.
In Ihe temple of Theaeut, the eolumn it eiaeUy ^th of length of temple
on the lower atep, and the ahaeoa ^tti of the breadth on the upper atep.
In both, thia metnlier appear* to be the unit of meiiuic for all Ibe deiaila.
Tbe witole building 11 moil aeciiraialy proportinned in every port, and t
think It not unlikely that it wilt he postlbic to find a itandard which »tiall
eipreat every dinircniinn without any incamuttEiturablc frtclioiia.
I now protecJ lo that part of the auhjecl whicb ia more ptiticulatly the
object of ilie preteni paper, nonirly, tbe optical ctfireclioa). 1 ahall fitil
(late tbe cont ai I fniiud il. and lastly, aar a few word* on the probable
origin and inlcntino of these tubiletiea, which pfcisil, more or lead in
almuat all the deck tcniplo— in all, indeed, thai I have examined, with the
etcepiioa of ibe temple of ilatuc, on the hocdera of Arcadia, wfiero I
coutd not find aatitfnetnry indicttiion of cither euavuity of pa*eueat, or
inclination of tbe columDi, or eeen entaiia.
The parcmenl of Ihe I'aHbrnOD it bounded by four CDtred tinea, tIl,
the edgei of the Upper itep on Itie foor aidct of the Iiuihling. The four
angle* of Ibii cur»»d lurface are nut preciaely level, tbc auulli-neet angle il
about -16 above the nar(h-»*l and louth-eaat anglea. 1 think that thj* i*
simply owing to ibe lioea of tbe earlier temple. Mliicb were alio cuticd, being
niade uie of at far ai lliey would go, and by heingpruduecdin uiie direction
only, and remaining fiied at the eoutb-wcal angle. The line ao produced
would natittalty fall below the fixed point. Tbit i> tbc cue on tlit weat
ftoot, auutb and uoilh »ide». Tbe extrrme p^inlt of Ihe upp*r alep of the
east front are ei<«dingly near level. The reaull of a notubcr of obinva-
tioni gives only a difference of ■UUJ, or ^ feet, a quaoiily whicb w* Becd
not atop (0 diaeuii.
If tbete two poinU be joined by a airaighl lino, the carre which fonua
the edge of the atep will be found under (lie middle columni lo riao to a
height of -3U abovti it. If the uiilforin cune had been prcterted, it would
bare been -2tS in the middle, nhiih li aboul 4, hresdtk of freot i and tbe
curratura ia so r*|ulsr on the northern half ot thia front, where the ilcpi
rite imD)«UBlcl)i from the aolid unbroken rock, and contcifaenlly no icltl*-
ncal can have tahsn place, that of four pointi mcaiured gi the centre* of
each column, three agree exaaly with a circular arcv the fouiili dilTera only
by -OOi. The eurvinure i* lO eery ihghl ihat it might he any regular con-
tinuou* curve: foriniunce, in ao amall an arc no appreciable diHereace
could be shown between the arc of a circle or (bat of an cllipao or parabola,
and 1 think that the work waa act oui by mnui of ibc latter Agore. whicb
might be done lery cuily i whereat, I need scarcely point out Uio iMiculty,
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECTS JOURNAL.
LM*rl
*
or rMI>«r imponiliililr, or iuiii| 11m circle, wlueh wonld requite i dUmelcr
of •biiQ(2j milfx.
Ltt It he r«|uire'] tn rotittrurl > cifcuUr at olher arc of anifnrm carr»>
tW«i IfboM Icngtb i* 100 feel, aiiit Ibe me at (ho centre ii ta bo '33, or anj
Alher IImII raeuure vhkli muit nut much ticeeil onv fui>l. Cunttriicl
vitb *o]r atii t {wnlMl*, and tot off front ihc vclex A It ^ (be propMcd
ri«e. eod dre* L M it right kajtlo* <rilh A D. No*, Lll will r«prMenl the
100 ftft hnii(ont«llf, end nrdlntlei drann to the eerre {Mf[MtndicBlet to
LM will detwiuiufl ilie uaci nie at m uiiuy pdinU a> ait;' b»r*qalr«d, ML
The curve nn cbe i][iptr atep nnrlh aide of tbe rarthenoa, alio apgiroKU
matta to a rcjEnlar cur^-c verr clotrly ; lu tnllre riie in the c«ntrc ahore Ihc
line joining iiaeitieiuc pirtt, ii '3^6, nbieti If nrr dmtIj Ib thi proportloo
of { of llir riM in ibe e«>t front i it neiKtIjr ijgloDKlb of tke huililiii|.
Tbe cur*ie on the inuth Ma eeenii to bavo been identical witli the north
tide, but it taH atilfered more fran tlic concuMiaiu ohieh the bnildlDg hu
ntidcr|oae. eapeeially U thnre ii ■ frrU drpih rnjnirtd on Ibii lide of trli-
nUl fenMdalioil. On Ihe nurib «iit« the %-ttin rtt* iilmntt imntpcliiiipli' frnni
the wild rock. The eune on the vreit Truat it iiol quite ao ti uimelitaal ai
mi the Olher liilei. Il liai. I belieie. been afTMied by the lines of tbe old
building. The ii>e ii riactlf the umc u the rut end.
The upper ineiubcri on ftll four tide* follow the ttcpi, and are oearlj
parallel, but there U a tillU more euMiiurfi giien lollicalcpai tbe cntite
riae af arebilrare » -173 on rut front, -liS on urett. The leeelt of IbuM
|>o)tiona of tbe eotaMatarea ohieh remain on the eortb and touth ildea
point out the dtrecliorii which tboie linei had urigiDally, and lhe>' wrre ai
nearly ii pnitilitr pai«lt«l In lb* line of Ihc t:rp. cxorptin; thtl juit at (tic
angle col umo I the ittp Iim a lilile Ihe mare deolentlon. TKo friexc and
cornice are eucil)* parallel with tiie trchitriTC. In Ihe teoiplc of Ttieaeui,
alto, tbeee currea prerail j tin tbe froiitt the rise la ,^ part of lu length, ua
tbe dank, ^ The lioc* in the archilrBve are cauuy ^talld to tbe ttep.
There ii one refine inent which the trmplf of Tlieteus pott<»«t, which the
Patthenon la willii>ut. In addiiiun la the coniirv: lieiag raited, the inelined
llflM of tbe pe^iiment haee a eerj' alight convexliy, between -02 and •133. I
was unable id III mere precisetj Ihe aiuounl. I Iraagtne that it wee owinf
to aoine dfjriwi of tiute in whiiih the rarilienr>n wat finiilied. of Kliich
tbert are teieral inrii^altnni in the upper mrmtinra, whirh pcrTccitril ihii
final adjutiment beiu;; luidE lo ii* pcdimrniai ibe »t«te nf the pnlliical
buriiod ai Ihet lime making the coaiiiltiioii of ihe lung wallt of mure ini*
mediate int|N>rtaace then tbe oplical oorrectiont of tbe Parthenon. On a
former oecatifia, I itated my iaipreitton tint tbe oaute •rhich ted tu tbe
•dopiion of lhi> eouieiitc of Ihe boru.Dnt«l line, eiiited In Ibe oontratt of
the iarllnril linoiof tlie prrlimnnl.
Ur. fttguMn hu liiiidly favaured me with an illiHiniion, which 1 will
rml to juu. (roni a dcecriplion of tbe cnnttiuciiun of an Irou fouDilrf at
Kuiput, near Cdleutta. boilt In tbe year 1 9H. Tbe foundry ii cuTCred by a
■tnile roof, with principal rafCcra, tie-rodi, and auipeniion bar from the
ccDirc. The rite it C feet aud liic ipaa iQ feet, which ii ciactly the lame
liiteli M the Paithflnon and PrDpylK*. The pauage it cxitaeleil fiorn vol.
■■. of Ihe jnumal of the Aiiatiu Society of Itengal, p. ltl> : " Refure rigiing
our ihorl aeMunt of Ihe Kaiipur reof. we muil naIi<M a enrloiia optical de-
ceptiLin. for which we are lomrwhu at al»n for a cnrrert riptan^tion. On
mierinj tba roam and lo«1iin|[ up at thn r'laf. it itiiVei erery lieholdrr that
tbe roof htt aomewhal lUDk, ami ihe iioni^'iiital il:.radi*al>out&ar Aincbea
luwer in itiu (.'cnlre than taett the vralls. U'« were not coa*inced ibii
it wa* a drcrt)ii<)» iiniil Major HutchinMn, at uur tequMt, cauied an
■Ctutl lueuurciaent to be made by a perpendicular wooden batlea rroni
*a anuralely adjuttcd level «t\ the atone floor. It wta then prooeJ
thai tbern did nol ciiit a ditTrrenee of lerel evert to Ihe tenth of an
Inoh." The aonclusion i* ohvioiia that a atniglit tie-ind apjieared to
be deflected ; and I ba>e tia heiilation whatever in ttcrihing the eetiite to
tbe contruting linei of tbe principal rafteri. 1 do not Ihitilc that it ■• ne-
CUUiy II> ha*c OUT rye* refined by a tnulhcrn dimale for the appreciation
ctf Iheae effect*. I luppoie that there ate Tcry few gcnitemcr) bcTc who have
not felt thr same rlisegrnealjlc elTitGl of a ^el open roof with hoiieimlal tie-
beamt, unlcM, indeed, the latter b« Ttry mueb cambeted. Tlut Ibii waa
the ricw the ancient* t»ok of the natter I am ociieineed hy tbcic two
fact! —
That the great tfmple »t r'sninm baa Ihr contioxityonly in iU fronie, and
not on ill flank* ; andiu the ^ropytaiaet Athsnt, al though the tiaae on which
tbe column) of the two peiliiut^nli ilaiid ii perfectly itrijghl aad level,
Ihe line of the architiaTe wti curved. For enough rcmaini to detfrmine ihia
in the cutcm portico — the central coluinn* are actiialty aboni'12 higher Iban
ttaote at the iinglei. The haso in ihii biulding 1* cat In Ino by the aicenil.
iag roadway, to thai there oould liaio been little or no advantage in a coo-
va bMe liue.
It will bn well to remember (hat llie templee al Aihent were the remit
nf thn eip«nence of levoril conltirin in whifh thete tefiDrmerrtt wore grndii*
ally brought lo perfeotlnn. The ilru proei?** wai probably lo ralw the
cornice under the pediiiienia and entablature, by making the middle cotumna
■ bllle higher than ibune lowardi tbe au|:lei, U 1 have mentioned in the
CUO of Ibe Propyiic*. Slill it it likely that lo a faitidiuu* eye the Mtalitbt
line of the Htyliibetu would ippcar wfdt. The ircond metboil would be
that found in tiic grtit tprnpleet I'lcitaai, in khich ilie fruiilt Imvn (he cvn-
Teiily In their itep>, *3 well as (heir entablature*, Ibe flanki beiitK complied
■ilb boriionut llnet. Perbapi 4 reuouble mao tbould be cantenl with
thi«. I mutt willingly admit Ibat I wai perfeoUy eontenl with (he teinplsat
Pminm; mil nothing abort of perfection could utiili the reflitenMKol
Tktioo wiib wblcli tliE Urcek* al-die, aiaoog the people iif ail Ijoie, aeea to
hate liecn eoducd ; and perliapi by tanking at a temple cnnuructed m
■l)Oie-(oeaCioaed, anglewiiv, and c«iilra>tiog the conioity uf tbe corooa of
thn front! with the tlraight line of that on the 9inki, or more likely Ibe
eo-inpariaon of Ibe twu diiTerent forma of line on tbe atyloluU, taKif*tt»i
the potiibihty of improeemsnt; at any rata at early m the tiror of Paik
Ira'-itt. the Atbeniin* had begun to detuand froni their artrhitei^tB the ptt-
feeted coaiiruction, a* the fuundaiiunt uf Die leniple of Jupiter OlynpH
leatify, which «c know were Uid durinj hi* reign.
I alio refer lo hi* time, the caiiier temple of Mloerra. vbii^ occnjiaA
Ihe *>ie of ihe Paribenoii al ihe time of the Peralan liiratlon. In wUcb idn
vie Ai)d thai the liuei on the four ndei of Ibe building were cooiex. I cis
bpir nitneii alio to eoiivBihy on all tbe four tidet of Ihe teinple at Neouev
in Ihe Peloponoeiui. and Segeite, in Sieily. I could find no traoc of eoo-
re\i(y al Corinth, Rgino., Rhamnui.or Baits.
Tbe ned *nhJL'«( it the iiirlination of the coluinu* Md the npright h«M
of tbe buililiug. 111. Tbi! faee of the atepi Incliuei about "OOtl. 2mL
The ralunini uidine. backweid, « qusniily. of wliidi 1 Ohlaioed tbe follaw*
ing rnulti. From the aicrige of thn meuurem.Fnta of all the Inwcr di
{tcamiiia impart*, ** VitniTiu* call) theui) '3'29, From plDiitbiog
gular columiit of ilm eatt front, lakmg into eoniideralion all tho
mavomeBU vthlch have niudi&ed ila original poaition, I obteia two reeolU
-330 and UZ.
In the pliinibing, I obaened eeery precaution to entnre i iiiiiiIiiih.
uiing I tery lieaiy weight and alio watching fni calm iaienali of .weaUMri
winch are rate at Atucni. 1 tia diipoied to ibiuk ihai 'iZi, or one tbos-
ttndth (lart uf the Icngili of Ihe huildiiig was the amount origintllj intended.
Tbote gcnlleiacn who rrnirniher the perfec:liun of the jainU with whkh the
I'artbeaon it CQnitruclcd, mil allow that the vpeniop between tben, wbich
al pretciil cxtti, arc Ihe eiaci record* o[ all Ihc tettlenieuti which tba
building hu undergone, and that hy a eA,rcfiil eitniination of th«*«, the
orlftlnal aniounti may b« eiaclly recovered, which would be hopelewliiK
hultding U'biiih hi.d been of Imi highly-linithetl vonatnictioo.
Viliutiui direcli Ihat Ihe ea!utii.n> of the pcocao* aod paitirun aboaU
be iRi pFrpRtidicitlii. anil tliOM of Ibe prriilyte nhouUl incline towa:
cclla. lo Cicero ad Vcrrom. we have an ainuiing patia^e, in wliich
relaiot one of hit raicaliticti that haviiig under bii charge, as
goTetnor, a young Syni'uean nahleman, wboae pro}ierly was lubjed lo Ibe
eonditioo of repairing the Irmple of C»t«r iu that cily, Verret wn et-
eeedinjty aniiaiit to make a job of thU ; lo h« goei lo cuniinc Ibe temple,
but wii much diiappmntn] on finiling it in perfri:t repair, when one <lf hia
contpaiiianf catutlly ob«crvi>i), there it nothinii here lo be dnoe. unleu )M
order the i:oluiaui to l>e act perpeudicul&r. Verrei wat evidently larpiiiMl
at thi* oh*ervalion, for he knew nothing of arcbilecture. and to hit wjv tbi
column* appeared angular ; hut it nai uenlioned to htm by tbOM wb* ^k
were around blm, and no doubt faralliir with the practice of iba andatil^ ^
/trr nidlam rur cotumnam i/um ad jitrprtitUculam rtrr pottif — oameJy,
thjt in a Irmplr there wa* (taicely any culiimiii, which hy tbe practi<« of the
Greeks, could be perpciidieulaf. Verrei wait deliighted bt finding (onethlBg
In tel bii ynung friend about, and said, '* Uh, by all tncani let him aal tka
column* perpciiiliciilac ;" and do duubt he took ciie himaelf to lapefiaiead
Ibe pajmcDt.
Tlic object of Ihl* adjuiltaenl Is lo correct ao appearance of fantfte
«]iTcading from the hue iiutnard, which taket place in column* which arc all
perpendicular, h may be owing to thji cauge that. In coocqucnce of tba
dtiuiuulliin of llic columni, the tpacc* between Ibem on (h« tr,:hilfave are
greater th*a tbut" on the grflunti (for Ibn ny4 qnite bibIe** illowitnce for the
couritenpreid of the capiiaN). Again, owing to the greater depth of
auadow bebinil Iheiu, tltv upper pirt uf the oolumna will hare appattntif
more iltenglh of light, ami eontrijuRnily appear greilei. Therifect altoge-
ther produced will r^uae the aichiiravp. if equal, to appear longer than ib«
base, and conarqneoity tbe an);lecoluinn< will appear Ui lean oniwarda: this
is rertilliid by making the >aid angle coliLiim* lean a little to>vari}s tbe centra
of Ibc building. It i* a proof vl the woodctfuL judgiDcnl with which Urit
(tnuntily wa* chcieo, that >d many ifiliRcnt and a^eurtlc obaervcra liiv*
Uiidied and drawn lh«*e teriiplni withoul Ijning nwnre of Ihe facU Wh««
my attention wa* firii calleil lo it, I cuulil not at all perceive II] aad I
greatly aniuted a French architect, wlio bad been fifr lume lime at Alhea^
by aiking him which way they ieoui^d : after loiiie daya tbe eye bafSB W
lake cngniianee of it, and I could pi^rceiTc which way it went.
The impr«*«ion of iirenglU aod beauty ie*ulllog iherefrum i* by no mMM
confined la those who itre ■^ugnlEaii't of the fiui : and 1 douhi not that many
of our earlier ioTettigtiori ha^ been uitvniahcd that tbe Iciel-aad-pIoBb
imittiion* of Greek irchitccture which nc have in llii» counlry n lillUf*-
called lo their mindi Ihe cinoaummatc heeulict of the I'arthanoti aad otbtr
Oicek bnildinga. No doiitit our climii* It nniuited lo the pure Greek, ImI
ihii It not enuugh to accuunt for the failing oITt it ia not so in oor BoiKa&
and t'aUadian buildmgi.
Cnc peculiiiity which I noticed i* that the antat lean fnmrdi to idmi
the columot of tho pninaoi. This aoeni* lo h«ie tctulieil from tbe incUM>
tioii luwards uf the coiunini uf the perittylci those uf the pronaaa aail
putticum being perpendieular, tbe elTccl would bnvc been lo prodaca a
■trong -conliaai between their diffcreut poiiiioDi, and the artifice aiual ba*«
bean detected -. by tbe iufluaooa of the cjoltsaout lac* of llx
I
i
I
1^^ UlllVt 1«W H
iIk aattaillia ■
IMS-l
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITKCrs JOURNAL.
\ss
(htn drawn fran lh» pailiratn), xWli U rrtMj p«r|iei»diful«r. b
I* mmii to t*iia (lightly tn tht uidq liirKtion u the onUT eolDBli*.
I hm o\mu ml lliil ■ p«rpenili(.-ulir pitauer. ntien broaght Tsrjr nfu to
hJibbIb ■pnitirn or ilooraty. hm Ihr- rffecl arinaking; the (Column appear
MlMaAmnd. Tk* incUoation of the talc iinoi iiirlf tiiibic. exnptto a
^MttUtiatbeBMToWipacebeliiwmttieliiiin Toirofrotumni and Ihavall;
Ml «taea the c)w i* hrnagbl rvry nnr to ■ Hne, n that i^ caqdoI (tke ii in
iB ■> net. It it *carMtT povtiblc to jailge of perptadieularitjr.
Tbalut pecullttiliet I 4I11II mcnlinn ire tt>e d'lftertat^ of the ahanifi.
1kON«B the CAit troai aca of tl>« targ^il <lu*, tK«iiatth-<'tilinif Muld.tast
hriai Iht larr;«tt ia th« whole («aipt«; thf y art r>'>i.%M ; tli» olltrrt in Ihr
MM GrOBl ara £'< ^J ; on Ihe louth lide Ihey tre 6-580, ami 10 ire (hey 011
ttawMt frwii. Th* norih-veit anj|li> i* tli« Mmn at ihc ordintiy inc of
Iti wM froali 6'7M; <be ioutti-«t>t angle U lomewhal Im; on I he north
ilt thtr are G-7&0 in ttxt nlildle, and (Csululjr decmM tonatdi iha
mka.
The mlaaii oj ihr DolBmn* l\ tbe moit norvderful and bcaulifnl of all the
arm. It i> t« Jclicale, thai iii riiiltnM <■■> for tmut limt donhud ; anil
1M 1 foawl br csref<il maanirFinent), in a ruinti'r nhirli w» iiu;^*t«d to
MbfPrttCMMr WiUii, which I wiH here dM»iltf. A flne hirp wire wu
Mtatd boa tkt top to the holtom. ai light m ii woul't bear, doie ta the
•In if MCh Sates M pnaemd a nilTldent numlmr of pninti, wilh the
«4fHil mrfue, and by meant of a rule limLlar 10 ibe on« I here prnducv,
*IM la inpptied wilb a Tcrnirr. I wat rnfthled 10 mtucirt from tbo llule 10
lh« win wtth the grratcit accnricr to abnul half jj^ Coat. I took aticlt
MMona is a«T«al coluTDDi of the Parthenon, whkli I found to be won-
doWlf tfne arid identical. I mcMured alio the (intatii of «olump* from
4t Breelbettn, Viopjlic* (>'olh ordcnj, urmple of Thettut, and Jtipiirr
(IjaiptI In ihoii? ft 1b« Parthf!naii, Kreflhcum. ind PropvIvB, I llnd the
Ofmpoadfnm wuh hyprrbolic ire*, whirh 1 hair c>IruUt«d 10 exiet, Ititt
flCBau of fron H 10 30 meaanremenli in each roUinin diffrrt from the
aiarincd rarre leat ihao^ foot, and none nf ihem. «berc Ihn uirfice
■ti to be depended upon, ditTeri by to much aa ,^. Tliecniaiii of Jupiltr
Ciijmpoi jive* alio a Tcry true hypeiholic arc. The columns of Tlieieui
tn M nmdl worn is iheii outer cdica lltal I waa Dbli(cd to conlcnl miTcIf
■M MtM ii r e a within the fiutti, n Inch neier gire auch rt julat curvea at the
fOd^ itthiKigh Ibc ilutci are norkcd with » iiicetr fir ettvpding Ihit fimtid
JiUf athar itj-la of archilci^ture. Still, a niMnfFom (aur dilTtreDl ««ct>ons
fHUd tka tatei gi^M 1 very accurate hyperbolic arc, although iii> one ii a
ferfeetl; regular cune. TUeie (i)perbnlai ate all ehoten w.uh their asm.
nbiplet, or aliquui parti of the attic foot. Ihc Greek arelillrcu acteit
villi (ml jiidjtniciil and knowlctlge nt the nature of :bc cune ilic)' were
caplojiftg, ai ii ii Ibe ontf ant of ihe C'>nic •ectiona which can produce
nrittj M inch delicate currniurir u ihcj- ba*« chcacD fur thtir eolaiii.
I Dwt mw advert to ionic of their moBldiop, which are voiktil wiib
IfatiUiie fcrfeclioD, aod, at far at I haTc examined, are all <lilt«real fDirai of
Ibt CO*k tMtion*.
ItoKtilBDi ot the M;ritala of all the Doric colDnni agrees with ririoui
braa of the h;|>nboU. T'he loffit of pediment, paithenon, and PiopiliEa.
■■II tloBk of Theteua alio, ihotra a h^perhatic arc. TLii ii a inititnincrnt
nrtdfaif.SMl worked with Ihe uimnii peifcctinn. That ol the Brtcilieutu
imcfnaUr tr«e parabola. Tbc cymatium of Ihc fatthtnon ii the only
Hdiin drcnUr tana which I know, »cr|il the Corua of batr, Sreclbeum,
•diMk order PiopTlra. The lliitei. altn. are all parlt of circle*, whoie
tcalnaarc (>rap<)rlioncJ to ilic width of Ihe flutn- In this they ahowcd
Ibtir jwjgmeol, a* it nonld have been ahnnal impoauble lo h«ve worlttd
)«*«llipaeai and ia thMc retiring turfieci the ralue of the perfecl variety
If fVTEttweftf the ellipaewonli] aMrcely have beea apprertatcd. Talking
of loin, there ia a peculiarily in Iha flutea of the Patthenon. nlilL'h don
aotoecur in any oibar of (lie temple* of Albem. The ilui' at the neck 11
deeper In pr*p*nioii to It* width than In the rm of the ihsfi : rinring the
VMS riae, until abonl 3 feet helow the nrck. the ugjlta or depth of ihe
falCi fnm itt chord, it jjthi of chord. Al thi: neck It fa Ifiha, which i>
ibNt }lh part greater. Thia hat a good deal of effect on the culumn, and
^ree * ricboota of (ffect l« ihe upp*rr ptil, at Ihe aainc time that tt
JMlBlahM the light in that pan where it etn belt afford It. vix., where li ia
■milcil lo the d«p haclc-groand of thade o( Ihe upper part of Ibe eclla
OIL
llwM oot ;et much to tay wtih tegard tn the colouring of ihe temple,
terl«fe t much Ikoc toiay Ihat Iillle. tor I fear I iniial have exhsiaitedyuur
IMieaee. Tlie drawiuga which aic al prcaciil intilc rcprctenl the nrchitiave.
Im1.*C.. tfaeirigtyph, indlhe ilhng which ranieethe luatbla beatoa which
Mfimtod the ceiling. Tbcic it not a girai 'leal ot poiiiiie colour reioaiii-
ll|iB Ihe Parthenon. The underaido of the mutulca ihow lome vettlgea
•I kfaie aad red colour, and the upper putt ol the nook ol the trigtypbi,
In afld there on Ihe eail front, preurvei anme blue. One of the antte
tf Um potlicum h» a tokrtlile inppiy among ila tf^t of blue and greeji.
■iteae r<d. The Aowera which decoraie the cjinattum and oiher luould-
>|ltaTe 00 trace of poiiiive colour, but ibrrfrawlngol the oroamcnt*
l|n UietD ia in maDy pticca clcirlf lo be made out.
CAST AND WROUGHT IRON BRIDGES.— {Pait II.)
fCoitlimml/romfaf* lli.J
Al (be rtqnetl of the Gonncil of tbe Royal ScoUlth Society of Artt, the
aeoond part of a paper " Om lAc SirtugtA 0/ UaftriaU, oa a^UtaUt lo tl»
evmintclh* o/Cwf or fl>#«j*f Iron BrUg^M, iitcMiaf en aeetumt 0/ tkt
T<tt<ttar Brijjrt oe»r tht Caior^ and Menai Stmift tcc," w« md, April
lOlh. By CHomoi Boohak>ik, Em;., Prettdenl.
In the tirat part of Ibla paper, Mr. Uuplianati deaciibed, on a former e*ra-
ing. the principle aod comimciion of the High [.cvel Rndgirat Ntwcutk,
which ia inlenitcd to complete Ihe cninmiitii'--aiinn by raiiwaj' helween Lon-
don and Berwick- npoD-Twccd. Some inquiry having been then tatAt from
the cbair regarding the bridge orcr Ibt Tweed, tbc on!y rcmainiag link tm.
completed hrlwoen London and Edinburgh, he had rcceivfd the fuUowiag
partlcDlara from Mr- HurriiOD, tke resident tn|iaeer under Mr. Strpbeaton i
— Thii bridge i* to be of tlune, and i( to condit of 3(< acniirimilar orebN.
each 61 1 feel *|)att. retting on lofiy pien. carrying the level of the nilway
103 feel abore htgh-viler maik, IZC feet aboTC low-water mark, and I3S
tcetahoie the ileepcit part of ilie bed of the riter. The whole Imglh of
the bridge, wiih nbutmccti and wing-wall*, U 2110 feet. The 28 irchea arc
divided into two tcrict by • broad pier, SB foft In thickneaa in lbs [niddlc.
Tbe pioa of ibc arcbei arc 8] feet in ihickoeM al the ipringing. increaaios
by atrpt tnwarda the bollnm. Tbe bridge will not be completed lor IG or
19 mODlbi, but it ii intended to have a temporary biidg« rrady for iralHe in
Ihe munlh of Jnly neil. Thi* viaduct ia a work of grv«t magnilode, aitd
will form, when flniahed. 1 ttrikingt and Impoiing atntcture. and one of ibe
many lu which ihe eilension of failwaia baa given rlie. \Vbile on thia tub-
jeci, he would mention Ino oiber remarkable work*, recently driigned and
eiecutcd by Mr. Miller oa Ibe Nnnh Brillth and Ayrihlre I'laitwayi. Tbe
one it the tiaduct oiei ihc Valley of DoDglaai, between Dunbar and Herwirk,
not far from ih« ODCc-oalebrnted Pcove Bridge. This liadnct croaac* Ihe
valley and hanka by tii armieirrular aichn, each GO (eel apan, and then Ibe
dMp lavine hy a aingle aich, L3& feet apua, and filing IDS fret abovn tlie
bed oi the ilream. A Urge and beautiful model of Ihia ttructore wai ez-
htbiled, whiich Mr. Miller, at the I'iMldeni'i requeit, had allowed to be
ihown lo the Society. The other viaduct ii that of Balloehtnyle, acron tlie
U'aler of Ayr. an the Cumnock Bitenilon of the Ayrthiit Uailwiy , and it
aimllar lo Ibai of Dungliai in croiaing the valley on there lemicitcular aicbei.
each iO feel apan on racb tide, but n alill njure rematkahle in ctuiaing tbe
doep ravine in Ihe middle by a aingla semicirculaj stone arch no leaa than
180 feel (pan, and riilng MO feet above Ihc bed of the itrcaio — a b»ld anit
noble detign, and which bat been ciccated wilh coroplile auccna, Ibe odja-
eenl rocka faraiahiDg inch vitt blocka of atone aa greatly lo (aciliuita tbe
conttniciion, and to render, indeed. Ihe plan Itaelf practicable. The arch
alonei are ^ ft. 3in. dei>p at the iiiniigin^. and 4 II. Qiu. al Ihe crown, anil
the appearance frum below of Uie tlupeiiLloua arch riiiiig to luch a height ia
tingiiluity grand and tinking. The whole ananitcniFnli connrclrd with the
(inarTyinR and rniainjt and dcpoiitiiij; ihe tlonca on ihe building . h; tbe loi*
proved niacbiDcrv of uiodcrn tiiun, ba<c bccii nioit clBcienlly conducted by
tbe conltaclota, McMra. Koto and Mif chcll.and Ibe limple cnadc of centering
adapted and abo'wn in Ihe Uwnglow model it recomueodcd by Ihe aiihautage
of preaerving the tioiben entire.
The lubject of alone bridge* openi a wide aod IntcrMtlng Held, hut ax-
tending beyond the liruiti of lUi\ paper. He would. Iherefure, mume the
one iiioic nil mediately pteaeribeil. nimcly. tlio airetislh orinatenali. pulic*-
tarli itnn (ur bridcet. liamc intctrilinK riprtimcnti. which the lime on tbe
pieiinui evening did duI pernitt 10 he itiuwo, were Iheti luaile on the Irntile
itrenglh of iIuod fniui llailea and Craigleilb ijuarrlc). Ttie llailet alone
bvre on Ibo tqnare inch 360 lb., the Ciwglcith cooiiderably more ; and a r<-
nitikable eBTccI «a* obiervcd here afler the load had hun^ for a little ■ it
waa luggetted by ■ member to give it a alight lap wiih a hammer, and, on
[bin bring done. It Inniedlacely inappwt aaaoder. khowing ihe elTect ol vtbra-
lion or eoncuMion when Ihe Tiiaieriili ai« greatly itramed in aiding and
completing Ihr Irarriure, a circumilmce which appeaii ti> Ihroir light on
what may iirmclltnc* occur hy Ihe rapid and violent aclinni of Ihc train* on
railway*. The cuoiptetsiic air*n;th r>f the Hailn and Craijtclih tionct waa
then ahown, by (ipcriment, lo be much greater than iho itniiie itreoglb;
and at it teijuired, indeed, more weight and a mote powerful apparaltii than
could be commanded, lhe*e ciprriineiita on diScreul atone* weie deferred to
another evening.
Tbo ciimpreailva ilrtngth on poilt or piilara wai llien coniidercd, and IkC
remaikible elTccIt of Ihe length ufthe pillar in diuiniihing ii* Urenglh. Oa
■hit lulijecl much light h» been tntowti. by Ihe etpetimrmi of Meaan.
tlodnkintan and Falihairn. Flllari or roilt were tried of difTcronl length),
finm 9 Incbft lo j feel, and of ditferetil dianjeicrt 1 lodthalf an Inch diaaf'
tor, wilh 3J inchci length, bore U loni; but when the length waa *) ineht*
it only caincd 5 loni, when 19 inchct long, > tODti and at 30 inchet only
13 cwl. Prom Ihete eaperiinenU, ■ general rule may be drawn for different
IpngtliH. Taking Ihe t'teiigth of cail.iron »« formerly given at 20 ton* per
tquare Inch, thIa Kill hold good in pillar* till Ihe lejiglb reacbM See tiwi
the diameler, and then it begiiia 10 diminiih. niien the length It Ufl lives
Ihe diameter, the alrengih It irdnced in the proporlioo uf 1) 10 1 ; wilh the
lenith tt 1^ lime* tbe dlameler, It it reduced u £ lo 1 1 20 limea at 3 to 1 1
■nd lOiimtau fito t.
31
IH
THE CIVIL E^GIXEEH AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
LM^n
H(BM *Im greet adnsttn in cut-iran. of utinf bodow pUu* or nb« In
pliMofMlid muLwbHwr, Willi tb« mfdo anaor iwtlai •ffrwtantlM
iliimcier of tbt frilUr i* inaeiMU, aail wUb it ihe Ktiiunee to flnnie. and
an iiicru)« of ctnapli In proporliDn to the length. A »tAiA pillar, for tn-
Mutce, iKkn in alUineler, IT atniei to H ft<t ki laRili, tmU b«
NFaktiiti] MW-hilf, bal if mt boll»w, 10 IndiH la Aa»«tac uil ( iaok
ihicit, pving tbc MIM veisbt of mdal per Tm* in lengllt, it might tben be
almded to 121 fe«t, *ad *liH pOMeia tke lUa* dren^th ■■ th« alita. In
all IhcM tu«i d reiurlcdil* eirenmtUnoe wa* obtarrrd in rxpnl la th*
mod* of a|tpljiiig (he tlraln. With ibe « ada of th« piiJar turned OaI, and a
lai plate inlvrpoKil it C0|> and liuttoni. wkicli ia Ibe cats in tupportiaj
biublinp. tbb «ai found to luatain nearl} (bree limca at nnoh a> vbaa Um
pUIar waa raanded on tbe emit, to ai sake the force |«Bi dlfwU; tbroofll
Um alia, w oocata ao frt^uenllj' ia DiactiiDciT irilh tbo coBUiMting roib of
attm —§'-*■', and in other cum. Tlie eflad of tbe leaglb e( f^Uan in
waaLoMns the tticoglli naa illutlralcd \tj a ttrikiog expcniDCnt nilh ■ ipiial
witCi ^uit« fleiiUc, yd, olten Mt up u a pillar, aid tied lalbentddl«
lal«ralt,v, with il<iicl«r ilirea^i, nrrted a vrtifht of &6 ll>., and would hart
«airiod much taore. but thf moiDeat Ibe threail* were col. tbe trlre gave vaj
by flMtint and ot«r»tim; ilie balance, the weight immadiately tunk.
In Kgard to lbs IraniKna Strsio, be had almdtr explained the nature af
ItiU coDpound action, and partlculaMy ilie [Dinner in nhicli, ruder it. the
bum faocamea ea|HMcd al oner to ilie dTccii a( ttiiiiuu and cumpteuion,
Iho Me Mt bdig diitendcd and tbe other compretud. On tbia moil in*
teretting and Inperlant aaUjecl be bad abll much to aaj, but wonld ikfer ii
to anotbtr eveniof, a> tlia line waa tlMrt, aad lie «aa aaxioua to pruned
with aaolbcr part of the pap*r wliteh bid been parti«olar]^ referred to,
naiaalr, tbe MiVjael of tb« tobolar bridgei.
Tbo appliealiiNi of mnlleMble iron bad bevru alreudjr utcii) ia Ihr tliape
of Icmloa-rode In caiMron pinion, aod niu applied, a> vt Imvp «4>(n. in
tboliltb leitl bridcr al Ncwcaaitc ; bol the applKalion of girdcra con-
alnictnl of uiallrabk iroa alone ia a new idem. It baa been applied vu
railitnja iu ibc '^aae of akow bridfoa of wide opcniDjc and limited dcplb
betwoao Ibe raiiwa) and Ibo road ; in Ibeae caaea the girder coautlt i>( «
taaUngdar bollnw inb« or atoara box, etleadins o^erths uhule apan,
udof Buch depib MCBD be atiainad. Th«»r biitR ttroce receieod tbe
naoMof Tubolar ilridfea, and ha*« oxcKed much altrnunn«inc« tbe xraud
ci|ieriineui baa brrn rieifrmlacd oa, of Iryinf Ibeae atractwres on auch a
iDBKflilli.'ruI tcalc aa ia bow iu putgrtM of ezccalioa in tbe croeaiux of the
Sttalt* of Meaai b} tbo HtilauDin BridKC, aail the piluary of tbe Cunnnj'
b« the Conwar Ilrtd^, aad which furm, wilhoui douht, Ibe oioat rriaark-
'•He cnflBMirInK eoterprlaea of the pretaot day. Tbeae spolt, as ii leell
kmwn, bad already been the aeenea of vaat cD^aeerlnKoperalliina cun-
Wctcd wltb the Butpenaloo bridgea of TelUnrd to form Ibe great luni]iik«
raad cvaitnaniraiioii froui the nwinpolia to Hohheatl, and ibeaoe acmu
ibe cbanuf I lo Uubtiu ; nod nhva it wm tletensined that thia couuKioia-
lion ahanld be anperaoded bjr railway, it becaoio s mallrr of muat aeriooa
cooilderailon how Ifaeee two openlog* were lo b« apann'd, k^rpiof ia eienr
tiMDCWvoadlllonaofataMlllr requtred Corrallwaj irafHc; and Ibeaubjeet
taavltv bwn wmitied to Mr. SteptaeBaon, ibe eatclneer of Ibe tine of raU-
way, nanely, the Cheater ned Holyhead, bo at once rrjrcled the principle
oTue auapenatea bridge aa Inapplicable, avtioglulbeuodululiuuaiu which
it wm liable, and wbioh had been proved by practice iu a liiuilar bridco
for n railway aeroaa the Teea, to be both tneonvenient and ilaogerout.
How far Ibe prioctple nigbl baee btwn ntodlBed liy Ihe tntroduelioa of
jwoper Ilea aud braces mil be a qiieallon ; but la n caae of auc)i «aat at»g.
nttude and iaipurlance ibere mitclil alill bate bevn rub. aitd. uu the
■Wtonat cooatdcratiua. >Ir. Slciiheuaoji detcrtniQed Iu ii:i:i>aiiiieiid the
ainiple and boMdaoign «f a bellow retlaoKular tube ef luallnble iron,
e«n*i>ling of Ihia plalea ri*ellad togelhrr, such b> be had alrredy tried
wlib *«a<«ae on a antaller teal* upon railway bridj^ea, and which he cdd-
cclted waa the tieal forai for aeeurtns nut ucl; alrvaglh. but luOicieDt aU-
bllity aiiil Blifl'erat lo preieut amy ujidiie oiL'iIlatiaua or « ibtaltuna. To
carry oul Ihia plaa, ibe asuslance oS llir Cral nulliotiliea, KieDliQc nod
nraelKal, vu the streuglh uf uialeriaU nils called iei, nud lo Me«ara.
HodgUoaoB uud Pairbairo llie duly waa roioillcd vf trjing the cETect with
oxperJKeBUl tubea on a miall aeale. uud finally on a niudel aut»»ialh uf
the diBenaiao* of (be bridge, being 75 feel long. Much valuable inlormu-
Hon waa ublaiued duriUK Uie pniKreaa of Lbcao eiperinieola. The flrat
thing abaarved wa* the uuifuriu lemiuo of ihe under lideuf the tube when
Indcd, nod the tiulrnl ciiiii]I[l-b»iuu ii( tilt upper aide, forming a beautiCul
Jllualration of the naiurc uf the Irniilc and cumprrasiTe foreea already laid
down. The f^o riner, by lit naifurni lendeocy to produce Ihe atatrlc rqul-
tlbriun, briagiug tbe Ibiu naaaea ioto a alraifibt lino, Ibe liiie aad poailiun
af repnae; bul Ibe laller,on Ibe contrary, tending to prodncn flexure ia
the plalei. In puab Ihcni out of Ibe ilraight line, and puali everj thing out
n/ joiDi; an thai when ihc iKilliini platea remaiiied Qmi, Htid rttalued tlieir
&tllii the lop plalea hccanie baKgcd up and puckojitl like a luuar web of
oloUi, Thctopplnlca were, Ibe re fore, alreusthvued, unci the addiciou of
anothee plalc la Ibo lop iucreaacd Iho breaking weight (tuui 11,700 lb, to
A^QO lb.
Ab il waa not to tnnch alrrngih Ihnt was wanted on Ihe lop plale a*
alilTn^M, in place of nddlng Ujrr opon layer of platea, Ihe idea Eialurally
occiirrrd of running Ihc top plate into aacricaof Ilule hulluw aijuurr lubri
ruDiiiog Imi^iludiuuly tbe wbole Irngth of tbo bridj:^, buving Hit appear-
ance, luukiug cudwayft of Ulllo cttit, the eflect of nliiclt noa aucb, tliat
while Ibe top plate* renalosd firm, the bollum one* uuw appeared to give
wny. Tben being next alruglbaned. « WliMrtinnrjoffeel iraa then ax-
blbHad wlin the tuhe brato, tha aUaa coUnpai^ lofaiher, and twMteg
ud diatofliog ibn whole Cabrio In a atogialnr lanoDar, ahawtng tbat ibi
aldea formed now the w«ak point. Tbeae, Lhcn, were ttreMtbca^ wd
■tilbaed by nonieroua riba uf aogle-iroo rvaotng rertknily fratn top In
bottoB, aad at latl, by Ibeia* repnaled Iriola, Ihe «lrFD|[U, mad prvpatUom
of Ibe didiireut parts of Ibo Bttnelure appeared to hurc altaiMd a fair and
proper (tliinbuKoB. ThoBtreugtb of Uie tube, wbirh al ftntoolj oaniel
aeven timra lia own weight, waa then increaactl to eleven (in>e(. and ft^
thaw expcrimenla iho atranctb and pntpurtiaaa of the real deaiga ln*v
baeo calculated, and OMof Umm tabea, aa ia fcDuwD,baa new been ncOwllr
ooaalruclMl on Ibe ahora of tba Conway, duatrd by water lo it* place, aad
miatd to ili proper height by the power of two eoonnoiu hydranlio rami,
one al each *nd, lifllDg tbe Rlgaiiliu nuaa, which ia 4 IX feel in lenglk. It
CmI wUe, m f Ml bleb, and weitihlng iiu leai than 1,300 toon. Tbia i« in-
tended fur one net u( rails, uud llierf? is anulher tul>R of tbe uoie dtnMH.
tioaa in preparalluu to be a<t iiaiuUvl lir il fur tbc other.
The ailuaiion of tbe alructure cloao to Ibe auapenaion bridge, nnd oknt
lathe haseuf llie MainificcDl C-asile uf Cuuway.aad tbe eflect of apnaninc
tlio wide oatuary of the C»Bway, were ull illustrated by a beauufnl draw.
tag, aud ibe nature and eonalruclivn of Ibe lube ot bridge ilaclf, waa iUoai
Iraled by a niodrl whteh he had biin«elf conalructed. The nvdel wm
compoaed of only three iblckneuea of pjper and one uf ololb, and Ike aidta
were alreoglbeoed by Iblu allpaof wood tu icprraeut tbe angle- iron ; il waa
B It. OId. long. 6t iochea deep, and S| bruad, and altbuugb weighing oalj
dlb. il carried n weight of 3> lb. In Uie reatra, wilbont nuble detectioo.
The dtmcnkioDa and alructure of the bridge he would now deaeriba,
ffun ittfonnation for which be was iadebied to Mr. Fairbaira of Mmrhn
ter, aud, tliraugb Mr. b(f phcnaoai tu Mr. Kdniu Clarlue, ibe rnideoi »•
gineer uiinler hinx.
The tldat of ihe tube, which arcSJf feet deep at the coslre, coiBaid of
malleatle Iron uIiIm, only Jinch id ibiukneai, riveUfid tagetbcr in plaUa
H feel broad and from 4 lo 8 feel long (aa waa thown to an enlarged eitw
or ctetaliuu wllli croaa aecliurja], adjuatetl ao aa ibat Ibe Jolnia amy bmk
baud, Al ikejoiou, bowcTer, the atreuglh and alillncM of tbeae plalw t*
greatl; tncrratfd by illpa of angle or T iron, ooe of which ia laid on tbe
Qutiidc of Ihe plate and Ibe ntberoppoeilc lo il on (be ioaide, fac« lo faoi,
and all Ihe four aiirfBcei alrongly riieited (ogetber. The lap of lfa« tobe,
agaie, Lunattia uf Iwo srparaie hiofiiuuul plalea, minaina parallel loea*
anulber, 1 fl. V in. apart. fortniDic loueiber aa it were a ceiling to (he Inha
or tuuuel and au exlrruot duoriui ciu ilie top. Thete plalM are | inch
thick, riTclied together in brcadlba uf 3 fi. ff in. tliick, and in leupitba of
G feel, and between Ibrm (here ruui ee*ca vertical platei longitudtaaJiy,
from end tu end of tbe bridge, 1 ft. in. high eud ] ineh Uikk, aepaMti^
the ceiling froai ihe floor or upper pUtform, and at tbe aania time naiti^
them Blroogly Cogeilier by rireis aud jainu,Fach vertical plate baeing a rib
of atigle<iron or each angle. rnouiu<; laagiiudlealty tbe whole leogib, by
whirl) it ii unilrd into one inal LcUiilur meia, conalaling of eigbt sapiriti
cell) or tube>, I ft. in. iquuce. The objcirt of all Ihla aUUglb nod dla>
iribulioo of lunleriala i* to gire the necoianry etifliiesi mid alrengtli wb«n
Ibc eanipreauie force acta. And on Ihi* aecouDI Ibe tOft and botloaa plalM
are mnrely united by bull juinU with eorerlDg platei. The wbole aee-
liooal area of ihia cellular Irame coDaiala of 60S aqoue iuehea. LafUr,
thr Uilltim of Die lube coniiil.i nf a aimilar frame uf cella. tiut only an in
ouoitHT. The upper plan- cunalals of Ino laytrauf plstei, each i H
ihieh, and Ihe under one Ihc larae i but aa these pUtea arc intended
i-eeiel teutioo, aud uugtit to be fuiuiod, i( il were pviiible, like a cht__,
brai.ie* beinic laid in two lajera, Ihe plates are arranged lo ua to htMlt
jainl,Bnd acoreringplaie I feel lung and aa thick lu the plalc ia placed
niereiery Joint with aulliaeut riieta, such Ibat Ibe leanug atraiu iBe^BKl
Ui ibe Icualle rirrnglh uf the platen the) Luuned. The phalea art IS liNt
loriK and t ft. 4 iu. broad, bciuK tW whulu (jreadlh of the cell, Thn ■■(*■
iriHu ia Ihu tiulluui cella oiid plulca la rrudtred Gauliauoni by Mvcra,
The lop nod bollom am united to the cclla by alripa of angle-iron mn*
iiing Iho whole leogib, intide anduut; tlic Intcritfc vertical aoglc-irana nt
lup and boUom are cut<«d round to lacrvavu tbe etreoglh of itlai b»Ml
end there are ulto guMot or angle piecee rieetied on fiar addiOanaf
fitrength. The riveia uted rary from 1 inch to 1| inch dianalcr, and tbf*
are about a quaiterof a million in caoh tut)--. Ibe hole* were ninde aoM
lo make the ritcti fit nrll, and ihc; were all put in red bou Thn aenOonnl
area uf the buliuei fraioe uf cello ii Aua a<|uare iocbca.
Theee arc llic dimeuaioua lu tbe tcutrc of Ibo lobe, but the lop plnlM
became thioati towarda Ihe end*, where tbej arc only |-inch thick, and
alao the bottom pUtea, where they are reduced to J-inch each, Tbo nida
plalea again gel (bicker lowarda the end*, where Ibey ar« ^tbia lUek.
Tbe eodauf the tube are atllloued wiih caaMiun framaa, aud tbere nra
abo caatiagn in tti-e cella fur » feel al tbc enda, and the aidei are nUn
greatly atranglh en td al thu enda. The lube wiia originally lumil on Ifca
top 7 iscbea> aod noa bnugbl to the atrnigbt lioc by iba daalicity of Ikn
uidlcriol oa calcututcd oo ; abowing Ibat with it* own weigh I, ISM tao^ it
only Buok 7 inchea. The on* end af Ihe lube it to be laal in Tki itnna
piiT »r ubutnteol, Ibe otbrr ia to be Inetie lo alluw of expanalnn, which hu
tHTu found quilc riublc in dilforrDl aiaira of ti>r almoapbere. Hr. Clarke
nnyii thai thr tube ii a aciiaibic tlieruariicicr. — Ijiilf-aii'buur'a auoabiaa at
ouu ved, oc on the tap, will luuie il lalvrally aa inch uud a half, aad
vcriically Inu inchc*, aad lliit when ibo mbe is Ivailcd nitb IW tons in
the ueuire.
f
THE CIVIL ENGLVEKR AND ARCHITKCT'S JOURXAL.
lU
Sack M* Ibn dinwMioH knd •Imelura of tbk* eilraordinry work, iikI
iBOfwd tvBliiofa, lie «k« bapT>; lo lajr, ihe trials Nbicb hife ht*a
■tmdy iMid« appear to pmaniw itttr; *iiccv»a. A luad uf 100 tona «B|ir
HBk Ibr tabc 1 iMch is lb* caln. In rvfturd lo IIib calcolatioo vf
■trcBflb IiF niu not abk lo «Dl«r on Attr at {iKvcut far waht »f lomt «f
Ifel ilal*, b«rt e«t«cied lotto muaa Tuiure oecation.
Ttolhanktof Um Sadat; were vuletl to Mr. Bucbannn fur bU excrUrnt
tad lD*Iriittt*« cipaaHfaw ; and abo In >Ir. .Strpbriuon, Mr. Faiftiairn,
Mr. CUrfcr, aod Mr. Ifaniw>n, cItiI rnsioorra, fur commnnkaliDC tlic
(■AKBatlvD nbiWe to Ibe labnlar bt'idgt* at Coowaj aod M«oai, and
TMoct at Uerwitk; tad lo Mr. MiUtr, C.E., foralloviiDK hit *l>i<tDl
Mo4*l of tbn viadnel at I>aa|laH l« be nblbilH. Mr. Bacbanan ••■> al
As W Una miDM^Mt to eonliitue hli obwrialloaa, ttoii la; tham bafore
4* Soctoty >la fotun tine, nhlch reqneti b« kiDdl3 pruniwd to rainply
vMk
At llie coocltnioa of tlie abate paper, the following comnunUallona
1. '* Om a «no luMeaMfor iSschinrry" Uj Mr. Auiavdke Bavsoy.
— Tkia pApcr described a nnn coiupuunJ. puiiruin^ pioimdiri wlilrh
•MB to rader it a belter labricaot Ihui ihuar in uir f^ larip? iiHchiuvr;.
Il •• HMpOMd of All, (aipkur, anJ vutcanbcH caooicboue.
t-'On AvmnWay fwV in Cru-ITm-jb." flj Mr. WaiiAx Kxmp.
— T\* knihor ilatr* thai h« hai mad* a Tmtuable dlncuTcry in pconomwics
fB*).BlGaUahifUt:B> Work), by whicb almoat all oiiewe of fuel ia
M*c4. Wbtre CMl lar ia banad, It hu aa injurioui fffrct oa tl>c futBaie
Inn rad ratoili^ lh« fmtaM iniofuoa arl»tnic from thf rapid ctinltFring
■p of tlw Awiwec ban, lo ranove wbieb Uip fireman hid frviiaenily (o
tbraw walce iDl« tbe fantacc, which cauard th« rapid deatroctiuii of lh«
bar*. T« prcieol Ihit, Ibc Idea iKcnrrrd In ihe author, uf iKinx Ihe
M hal ta d Ua ba>k of thR lan «ork«. which hod tbe desirrd cflt-ei. The
fem.f«np for iDjrciinit tha tar tiitn tbe furiiice wa> oi-xt thrown ajid*, u
it WM ronod tliai tin dry hark AbinrVtl tar njunl ii> its pn>diict!oD at lh«
work*. Hii mrlhod Is OS ri>ll'<i«!i:_Tho bnrk i> (tried amj mivird mith
the eake »f Uie cu coal, balk for bollc ; » pnitful of tiir ii Ihrown upoo it,
a«t qtul* •« niuoli aa h will abmrli, an<l ii I* Itien turned over, the mil-
tan b«raa with a BaeclcarAainr, nliriidrd niili truit unoha iban rurnierly ;
ttatoBaeebar*, by rvmaiotnic UDolinLcrcd. admit the ca;j(cu fretly for
IhaaMbaalioa of the fuel. I* bere lao b.rk caoaol be had, peal mona,
bote and dry, nakea a pKxl lubMilot*. Th* author iIbIm thai ia ooe
year IIM wai UthI ao ftirnat* coil ; and be hu plfclgfd himwlf lUl,
IB (ntore, do! a peony aball be rcqoired fur (linl article.
S. - Araertoffoa ni Onvit^ e/ a ntw Piatt- floldtrfw ti* Ihgumn-
Ijft Camtn." By Mr. Axokkw K. Scabkk.
Mr. Sparke'a plaa ii a* follows:— A mill roaboEany box is made
Bdbar larpr ihaa Ihrcc (iiDne the breadib ur liie pUte, aoJ half an inob
«■ each e-od iJecper ; the width in lbrM.»i)[h[he of an inch. A holv la cut
b vood Ibe aiw of the plale. acd ia tlie centre tif the targ* pine«e. In
ttia boa a *eocer frame is made wiih a place tor Uie plale and ttlnas. oa a
Iwe wilh catb other ; this ia fiullcd backward and forward by a piece uf
vinor •lriag,lho)ajhabaJaiu«d« at the cvriitr. By lbi» arraflKilueol
tbe plate it instantly exposed to the li.iii.i», aod will bu f«und attniiraUy
adapted for UMog mooiug obJBcU. ll w«» ihc troubln <if «hil|ii>g (be
zraand xlau fraioe foe the pkle-holirer. aod the conwquaot riak of morinK
ibe catDrra, so iDncjiii): in the old |ilau. Ttio pUle ie also euetly the
MtH distantc from iLe leiwea ns Uie )(1m>- lor a camera not uchromatie,
(he groond part of llie claa* maj bo placed tiutwanJ*. su that the plale
Win be the thickness of the rIum iiciuer iht Irneca ibitu the image tean oti
tbe grottiMl |la*«, and coow£|ucallj nearer or iu tbe <;heuiical ray.
LVSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENtWNiaillS.
Mar^* 28, and April 4 — JiwHn* Vitin, Eecj,, J*.wident, In the Chair.
The paper read was " TAe F^ginttrUg ^f Iht Kfiiae aa<( (He ATweHe."
By Mr. O. R. W. Jacmiin, Amm, IntL C.K.
Th'" «n> mo ni cation was written duriue a abort risil made to Holluni),
brIlMpDrpoM of ii]ii[>t«iiB,: ptrrunnlly the vrotLa wilb winrhtlie author
bad became familiar lo the wiilinjta of Bcaudemoodia, Vandco Bcrgb,
DriatoaUicea, Hibbert, Krayenhotr, Otktarl, and Wiebehlng. It com-
" ^ tctl *itb tracinj; tbe ([eogmpbicHj toune at tbo Uhlue f«nii Iti nource
M Ibe Badui, in the caolon ol Die Uriiom. lo in itumeruiii uulfalU lulu
Ibe »ett. Il then treated at eunBidenible lecB'h ih" jeolugical charicler ot
tie coootry Uiiuugh which tlie ri.eT anil itn branches tbn* Irancrwd. The
ueieot n«tk*, as far bach lU the tloie of the Borasns, were then briefly
described ; nod the iceorral stale of the bed of the riicr, wilh the gompa-
mite level), lb« inHinattoo and the vclocily of Ihe sireuti, ut tho com-
meocemrut of ihe Riodern wnrks, wer« thun Uid di>«n in a tabular form,
aa points of duln ; aiid Un-u the cjipsbllily o( the RUinr for fnrming banks
birwnrplofc, or dcposjiing the mailer bt-ld ia siihpensloo, WMdlscnswd.
nerctnainder ofilie first part of the paiicr was thcQ occupied by descrip-
1 't i"" ""^^^ *•' »lrai([hlenini[ the bed of the river, and of nnnstrDci-
log tbe ilams, weirs, di*isi«n arms, tpurs, and eborc worht, and (be mclbikl
of blailiBf the rocha, which latter considerably inprded the morse of ih<i
simici. Our lluilis will tuA pemit us to follow tbe delatis of these works,
which differ to cuMniialiy fram any In our owa coualry, but the whole
proceedings appeared lo be Kjten wilh lueh precisiua, that the paper.
when II la pnbliabed at iMglh, wilb the copi«u» details wiifa wlucb it W«
illnslraled, will fonn a most interettia^ portion of ibe mlnote* of procttd-
ings,
Tbe'secoed pari uf the paper coos iated to cooiiderable extent of a teans-
Ulioti of an aecoaoC uf the spurs, Ei^yars, and other wtirks od tbe Moselle.
for reelrictiuf; tbe diueDaioos of Uic bed of thai riter, and increiuiait thr.
depth •>( "aler. so as lo enable the navigation to be catried on, which
woulil olherwiic be alerted in tbe low-water sensoes. It tva* shown,
tbU to e fleet this, uu me ruua armsof lb* ritar bad been dammed aoroM,
and allowed lunilt up; thecouiMbad been atralRbieued, eibuwi bidbMa
cut off, and iheciiDtex ahorea, after bclnc silted up by depuiit between th»
KToyoes, were defended by armlne of fascmcs, ^c l)i*i>iuii botika had
been eflabli>Ii«d for lh«iftBuwiDg rirulcli, so as to carry the gntel to a
ffTcalrr distaace dovin the sirnain. Rocks abo were removed by ponder,
and ceiirral improieenrnU lo sncli an OTtent were executed, that Ihe fiver
was cuRiparatiicly und«r good cudUdI.
The accouet tif Use Rblne was then reattned. and, after delailing Ihe va-
rious plana thai had bf«o pitipoaed fbr aeneliunttlni; ita eoorae, ipvinc kq-
niffoua inlerr'tioE and valuable tables of Ulsokeo's nnd Itoliim's cipo*
nmenla aa lo the tides, Ihe iuclniatiDD of the bed of the rnriou* riven, the
dnntlioB of the ebb and flow, and HTerK;r beiRhl of the river at tbo tfane
of new and foil Boon, lbs height of varioui djkea aboeethe eitraerdinary
Hood-tine, &c . Ibe paper flnlsbad wilb thpiu!|;«oar«lvriew«: — *'Oa loahlng
attheUApur llolland, and Iracing its tarioui atreams. It certainly does
not appear ningular ihat frequent atoppeges ahould take place ia ihM
ctHiDlry, whilst audi occurrence's axe coniparativrly tare in Germany ; far,
as loos as tbe Uhioe relaina it* aingle coorse, aa at KniDcricli, K>
iibilaclcs, excepting elbewi, slay the pra^jTesa of lite curtvul uawarde ;
but, as soon us it divides al llie ^toal and faoneritea Canal, Itan evlleom-
inences and increase*, aecvrdiog to Ifaa nutulier <>( aniki and cbaDDola
lowordown. Il ia gracntllv nitreedthal a riirr should have as Hew out-
Letaaapusaiblc, in nriler to allow it Ihe marc ctU-ciiially to clear itaelt: and
that the tide should be adailltnl aa far u possible, whilst at ibe same lima,
liie aclioa of tiie wind* should be diminished i oKaiUi that the more tbe
surface water of soy liver is obilmtted, the niora quickly the Ssad wiU
AceumDlsie ; and also that, if a cut ha made, it u nsual for ioe Uoppaaes
to Uke place below it, lO at in taisc the waiet-Utel above ; and It H MM
agreed, Ih^l if a cut bu made, as capacious ss lite river llielf, er ba pe^
niitiod to incrrsse to ihut catcnt, it will soon gel bejotid cos uot, whilst Ibc
sand will accuiiiiilato rapidly — and that wbtn tipeiuiigs esisl m dykes, the
ice gels inlu vddiri>, loses its vidnclly, aoil by degrees closo up tbe ptts>
sa^e btlow the opening, so as ii> raise lhi> water nbnve. Tba ooeelioo,
therefore, lo be solved with rvganl lo Holland and tlie system loUowed
there, in onfer to prevent breaches Indybrs.antt to save Uie better pail of Ilia
cnuDlry (takljig into account ila weak, maraby soil, and lt« incapacity to
withstunij any grenl force), is wbclber il be the bttlor plan lo relieve tlw
prcsiiircoo tlie djkca. by tuli aad new channels, and local Buodiags, ftt
the expt^nsc of iorreasing Ibe nnmber «f ice tloppagesi and, at the anma
time, dimioishlog tbe velocklj la Ibe mam rivers, thereby steatly augment*
ioj; it* llalrillly to ncruinulnlltiiE Rand, it Is true, aa already slalaa, Ibat
lbs riivrs are al present in such a cuudittun. Ihat il mtist tM very eipeoalte
In efled anjthing of Iniportance; biti Ihe question Is of eueb vital impurl-
ancola the port of Rutteidam, and the certainty uf the mouth oflhe .Mevse
at the Briellc in the <;->ur»e of lime clvsini; up lILe that hI Katoyk, if do
■luprovcmenl be atltmpled, is so clear, that tl is very mneh to be re-cfMlcel
some stops have &ot been taken ere thbi to prevent so grpat B flow of water
from pHselnfi out by the HulUnds diep to Heltuei."
TTie author directs the niieiiiiua of the lusiiiuiton to lbiasubJeGl,and
(Cites the fulUiWiiiK pnirili for the cniitldemtiua of ibe BMnbcra : — "Tbal
lite objtil to be aimed al, ia ony steps which might b« adortod for inip(«v>
ing llie Mciittr at Jt»tt([dan>,>houiii be topioleclaod >trei>glhvn theaboras
sikI dykes likely Iu bu oprialed upop by the alleratioiiB ; tu straight«n all
Ibe curves OB tbe Leek, so oa la leuen <haue«s i>f it!e»tuppugea; to aepA-
rule the U'bhI and Meiiin ualer* as mur.h ■■ pussible, atul Iu lead off lbs
former, tuiieiber with the Leek, into the tea bj the Bridle ; Iu usrrow Ihe
Bresliuii'b clKJiitiel iiwvi iIivkIfiI) intn one, rcKulatlag the quRuhly uf water ;
to close Ibe KnibtH-, tbo Nuord, and Ihe Spry, with sluice galea ; and,
fur llie purpxae vf nideoKiK 'h* oollcl, litjoin the Island of Uosejiburg to
ibe niaio Isuil at Vlftiiritii>g([)''lh'-reb5 cauiia); the ebb water Iu act iipon
this Island, and -with lni:rea»ed volociiy nnd nu addilioual quantity of
water, alteuiplinK to reniuve tlit bar nod »li<ialt."
^^riJ IB. — " 0itfrnalU»i4 on lh4 SftitlanceM to Jtsitiocj/ JVajiu al d(^-
/irenl Viioeitiei" Uv Mr- U- d'oocu, of the Ureal Western Railway.
For the pGvpota uf perfomiiog Ihe txperiBeiits, a dtiianio meter cafrtsg*
w»t conitrurted M Swindon, in which all the results required were legitterrn
upun s Ur)(C scale, on tbe lamc roll of paper, thus exblbitinir ut one liew.
Boil in the stiiiD perioil of lime, the Iraciive power exerted upon the train.
and the furcM! aiiil itiieclioii ol llie wind ; the legiitrallon of the results «u
mads iipi>n lliR paper al every lixlccnth part of a mile, and the lioic was re-
gistered III correspondence with the itisianci; traversed dunog eiery fifib part
ofasDcuud. The dyuamoiQcler tprmg uvcd was 7A. Gis. loug, aod very
carefully arranged, it was only ueccutty lo count Ihe outnber of trcondt,
«f t actions of a lecoad, ia «»• m more •( Ibe ditlance dititloat, and tbe
21'
IM
TUB CIVIL ENGINKKB AND ARCIUTECrs JOURNAL.
M*»,
■peed tru accuralel; ucertAioed. Tlit force and dircetian of Ihe wind wu
aaccrluned bj a wind t»Q^e, pUcnl i fttt &b«Tii Ui« lop of tbe «erriage,
with tbe connertion* li'ovglit down li> pfiKiils whieb indlr«(*il on tha Mime
•b<«l ftU lh« iriulli. Indiftior tatit mtrt mUa taken limullaneauilf from
tbe lUim f^lindrri » (rri)iienl1r ■« nas praclirjihip. hui not eonliiiuouilv,
W il «it • 9<rvic« or lome iltngir. tlie tififilrti filler hfing oliltgnd lo tit oi)
ths iTiifTpr-brnm of tlit Ftigiiie tl ■ vclocily of Iri) luitri ]>rr liuur, aiitl in llial
wind): potillon in E(k« nlT four arti n( nrilt in Ihift quitlcts of « minute.
The (pol ie!«n«d for pcrfannin| I1]« ciprrimcnta «*i one tnlleof Ttllirtj'
perfccUx ttrsighi *nd letel, and ncaily on t)ie turface at tli« ground ; and in
tbc plin the hrij^ht oi the ttcn, hedf;», and eiert Intertetiiiiig otiject irhicli
could ifrcl tlic Indarncc of the wind li clearly marked, Tlie cxperiinontd
train Con*iiled of llrtt md lecondclaii cairiigc*, etch on lit wbeeU, 4 feel
diameter, Uken indiiorimlnilek rrom Ihe voiiing ilo<^k, uJ loadrd wilti
ben to rtpmttit a fair load of paiwtiprn, giving a, grnti wrij^kt for eicli of
10 ton*. Thf »|)#riniKnti Wf r« Irlfil irilh «irl«ui w»i(;hl4 and iprcdt up la
100 tons and lo C'i milti per hour, and the rviultt tter« eliHifiett and
arrangeit in a labuUr foim. wii)) copioui etjilanitory headings, w> u to ren-
der re/erence to them eicrexliiiKly caiy,
Tha MitlMr tnt tevimed the dediiciioai of itt. Wyiulhtm Ilardirig'i for.
■Wla, vblcb »M gino at Ihe ditomtloD at llie Iniiituiian in )H4I3, and gave
Uj MaaOQt fui diuentinf from llitl fortnula. lie Iben examined critically
•erenl etpcrimenti rccoided in the tahlcK. Hating candidly all the rieepliont
thai could tic lakco to iIkid i thowing iliti alihuajh tlitrn mat a ilifference
ofas uiuch M 32 per ceot. aboiva betixen Ihe rrtUtance at eakuliird by
Mr, lUtilint'* formula and Ihe eaperimcDU made bt Mr, (iuoch, that ilif.
lerence migtit he accounted for by the mcihoilt employed br Mr. Iliidiug,
which «etc olijecled to, t% caleuUted to pro'Iuee erioueout roullB ; viz,,
aUawieg carriajn to run down ioclinet bjr Ihcir own gravitv, using itbecU
mZtftl d>auiei«i intiead of 1 feel, baving a muob grfHler length of irttn
foi the wind lo HL'l iiputt. Ac. He reiie wed tlie great elfecl of a tide ujnd
acaiml a tram— drmng Ihe llanrhci of tlie wheeU againit tbe riili ; and
argued ihat tlie Intjciti of a tralri of carria^fn wu mucli rnore impnrlani than
il* ovn wciglil. The aulbor did aol olTct any forni.ula Ihal ihnulil he ap|>ll-
eabie f'lr cakulnlini; the resiilance of alt rtilvra; iraini ; but bi» tables gate
exiniplM of elmott every cat« thai could occur, and tbcncn data could he
Mf plied for IhoM who mkhtd to carry the iorerl I Ration further, and mate a
foriDDta for Ihemielrtt. lie arrited at the eonuluainn that in prutice the
Meiion of the aile-joumali «u not a canitant quaDlity at all tpceJi, and
Utought that Ihenumhnr anil diamrterof the wlieeli in a'inin, in properlion
to the treijihl, (hnnlil fotTii elem«nti in any generil fprmula. )te ihowed l>v
«iperliDctii« that ibc total itTn-nipheiic reaiiiancc lo s train neighing ^0 ton'i
differed but tlighlly from that to a train of I0« tom wcinlil. if Ibc carriage*
were iiubII and the train long In tbe one caac, and the rcrcrie la Ihe oiher
CM*.
The general tetuU of the diagram of reuitance wilt Iraima of 100 ton) and
with SU tona showed that tUe reiiitanee calculated hj Ihe narrow-gauge for-
mula with a jO ton train, at fiL'} iiiilat per hour, wai 37 lb. ) with, a train «f
lOOlnni. by ittc tartte formula, at lil icilet. it wai 31} lb. The broaJ gauge
rrtiiiance, Willi a train weighing jO lunt, at fi2} mijei [ler hour, vm ujidcr
231b. : and vilh a train weighing loti toni, at iil| luilei per hour, wai TH
lb. We cannot, of coutsc. give folly the icaullt, McepI in a comprebeoaire
form, but lucb were llio general reaulis.
The RUlhoi concluded hia paper by aijiiig iliat it appeared to him n^ec*.
aary, before any general fuj-iuuln fur calcuUling the rr>i*laiii.'«B lo railwav
Iraini cuuld be made, that the talue uf the followiug clecooiilaF neceiaarv in
aueh formula, thould be dcteriQiiicd by expcrlmeiili : —
1, Tbe axic-journa] fticlion, at diO'cieat ictocitic» and wlih differcoC
weigtila, per tquare inch of juurnal anrfacc.
2. The reaiataoce to the mtalion of the wheel* and a\Ics pec pair at dif-
f<»Det iriodtlei and wiiti diffirnrnl diarnnttrrt.
S. Th(< reaiilaucr due to the rolling of 1li« wheel* up<)n llie raila, nilhdif.
feient wetgbla upou Ibem, and with diJTcrent diain.et«n.
4. The rnutance due to the putage of the train iliroitgh thn atmoiphere,
at difTcrent Tclociiiea, wtlb dilTfrcnC proporlLODa of weight, and length and
breadth of train.
b. The retiataaco due lo the aictllatton or unsteady motion of Ihe Irain,
at varioiii iprcd?,
The author conkidtn that all theie value* might be dctcrmincil, with a
flooitderabla dpgtte of teopnej, bjr carefnl riperiment.
SOCIETY OF ARTS, LONDON,
Afrit 13.— Sir J, V. BoiLEAD In the Chair.
Mr. Dive t Wyatt, arehitect, read a paper " On Iht Ailit/ Siiamtt,An-
einit anii Modrtn."
Tho paper commoDOfd with aomomnarkavo IJie Dcceiaity of inereaiins
tht lUDUiea* of tha dMigners of lUflal work, by rffeciiaii; ehaagri in Ibo
pww »( unmifMlim; and by ihat act, prdducing a noteliy whicli
Klgttl powcBi a)l tbe cliarm of TrealuieM, wltfaoiit tay of ibai eairuia.
SWKw ao «oii(lMilJy reaorted to in tbe altenpt lo produce vutely, Tht
art of «naiDel pretenled Ihii »o mucb wiahed for detideraluiD, wbertby
by imilatiDg tbe practice of Uie medinval artitla la tbtt matrrial, we
mlghl cuntiderably enrich our tndutlrial mourcoa, and lacllitale tbe ese.
culii>n of hriuliful «-iirkt iif ulililarian art.
Aflcr a hnaly draciiplian of ihc cninpoailiao of pure eatitnel, and lb*
nature of the plBinenla uauallj ernploycd to colour II, Mr. U yati pt»>
ccedcd lo eaunieratc the a is leading larielica which bail btvo adoplM, at
*arioa( period* in Ibe hiatory of llic art, to unit* ilie vilreom pwte nilb
tta meullie baao ; eodaavouriDf , aa far «a poMible, lo dasertbe «aeb genua
to llie languufc of tuiiu> ciinteniporary aulhorilf. Tbe Aral, or ItjaaotiM
prcicriii. which oblnineJ llitnuftboLit lh« R«al#m rmplrCa from |)tQbably
llie iinie ot Juaiioiau, duwn to about tlie year ISOO, wad illuatrated Inm
liie particular* furnitbcd by Theojihilut, (hu celebrated aitiei munit of Ibc
mil or I Sill century; nud il« cliiicf pi'iitiUHrily apprared lo lia*e UeeB tW
fiirniHli>,ii of r-H>>eiDvota, or vaTillea, fur Iho rMieplioo of Ibe cokrael, bf
mean n of golit Uligree.
TbPHeood,a( early Liniogna fltyle, which waa *<i nncli praeliaed lo
thai cily. from prubably tbe illli ccuitiry, until Ihe frightful M*g« ud
luaatHcrt? by ihr Blacti Vnnce, waa detcrihed from ■ camparimn of tbe
admimllu udic'eauf Mr. Albert Way with tbooe of MM. I'etil, D'lanieui,
L'ullier, and llio Abbd Teaier; and would Beea lobuve lubstilulcd for the
ftligree oontpartinealaof Ihe Bjaaotiiie mode, iuoiaion* in Ibe tbidi o«r*
per plate bj the graver.
The Ehiril. ur early Iialian nicide, pritctited fur prubably kmm SO yi
hefure the iluyauf Ugolino Veri, (be nrliat who executed IIm ntabn
abrioe In Oevirio C-ethedralin ihe year 1 334, and carrirdon by Mbae^MOt
guldsmttha aod caamellera duwQto the cod of Ihe IlltU century i waa deiaUnl
irmii deveriptions giien by Vntnri and Ucatenulo Celliuii about tba
middle of that r.entury il appear* to hate held a midway poailioa belw««a
Ibc ancient etiami> fee/, or iucianl, and Ihc pAieted cnsEnelg afterwtnla
produttd. eun>ttliii.g iikengraiiiig ailier aflnr the nianii.er of mcdallle feUa^
and lliFn l1oaIin|[ 11 over with variously coloured IraotpaniDt pasta,
Ilenvenuiij wua taid to liM«e, If ool itiroolcd, al leaal bees Iha dnt n
dc^acribe Ibe impro veto eat lliat look place about Ibe be)(iaalog of tbe lllh
ccDitiry, in the itrt nhieb comlitulcd whnl Mr. Wyalt ralhit lawillw'i
enamel, IlconiDitad iu uaing aia vehicle, wilb Iheglaa* powder em played
lo eocer fmall gold or nilepr objecla in the round, or in Ibr tiigbeal relief,
nnler in which pip^ of peaia had been aleeped. Tlii* held ihe {aacin ia
liF place nnlil vlirlfacllon took place, and waa yel au delicate a (;ei»eDl,aa
in no dcsree lu loterfcru with ihc perfecl purity uf llie tinaiuel.
The fi fill, or "laic Liiuo^aa" farloty, war dtacribtd us baving cpnHg
al nnci', full]' ariiird, fniiii Ihe brain ,if Ifaat Jupilerof eaainel woefctn,
I.<>nnar(l Liniiinaiu, uoiter the auspicee of Krancia Ihe Fint, and diSeitd
from lis predeeefitors chiefly in covering lh« entire nirfaea vf tbe Bakl
Willi au upHgiie paale. Mild iben painCinK on it with iraoapareat coloon;
regaiuiug ibe cflVct of a tiaoaluceot ground by applying ailter lewf in ptr>
liciilar ailualioiiti, faatcning it willi a glase of colourlea* enamel, and Ihra
ttuliag ofer it. Tbr«c pccuharitiei, aa well ■■ Ibe ^leiHlarc gruitftt
anil tOHobing with gold, were Illustrated from the inlrreillog tnaoiaacripta
publl«b«il by M. Uauri-ce Ardeol, of Limogel. Thii iljle apprara to
have dwindled into uunenlily under Ibe bands of Ihe NuiiadberK, a family
who lived (tlicy can acarcely be said to have Suuriabed) during tbe tatter
part of the ITlh ceolury.
lucuDoccliou with tbedelailof Ihe lixth aod UilpToceta — the MiBialnrs
slyl-e-^booourablf alloii'in vinn nude (o the lubourf of Sir Theodore do
i^laj-cme (whiiae iotcrealiug maauacript we muy iliortly Impr lo »,-* pub-
liibcd uiiiIlt tbi- auipieea of M r. Heindrie) iind hia coDDoclion with I'etitat,
llie principal and bftt known »f ihi* Behnnl of art. The iniproTemekU
ellected in ihii ilyte would acem lo bnte been a great eoriclimefil of IbO'
pulelle, by ibc addlllaG of new pigmcola, itie powrr of niulliptying ibe
number ol liiiD);9< aod gruduxtiog ihc eucrreaion of linla, Ihcir hanluead.
and funilillily, by llir ■dditiuo of (luiei, &c. t.'iibu|ipdy, Ibe inyaleey
many lelGih artiBIt hnve ihrown over Iheir modea of procadnre, rendera
llieru exceedingly dlfSeult to anulyae or deseribe .
Mr. Wyall Ihen eouimrncing wiih Egypt, save n rapid ifcetcb of (bo
history of ihe an. Doling ihc barhnrlc enamrla rxisteol in the Nortb,
probalil} provmuetu tbe Nuniian cos(|ueaiei loucliiug on tbe cuoDeclnw
between Ibu Limugea and Byiiflutiae ccboolai aud true lug, tiiuugb ocoe*-
tnrily tery britrfly, all thn >«ti<'nl puiiiln m iU I'Xirti'Ui'r, hulhaaamano*
fuc.liirf And uaun art, in our own Hnd iilhi>r ijoiiuirteH. He glaoced al
wliathmt l>een recently done in ili«airli/i-«of U'liKnerHndKuttolpli.al Faria,
and Ihc cxquiiile paiuiinga uf Meaar*. Boas and Ktaei : and concluded by
oprrMlng an rarneaC hope llial ibe hiiunJedge of an pusieurd by theae
Kentleiiieu might aunn be sniifted on the tkill of our workmen, and tbu
Mo may vrr iiwf adoj'l, nnd fully cHrry uul, tbe old praclite of Uio ninMls
ag*R, *o shI) chiiracU-rlscd b; Ihfl .Mili«' Teiier, in hi* eloquent de«lam-
tioD Ihat, '* in iliuK day*, An and MauufuciureH were blended and idea-
Ufied; An gaining by ibeanaiiy grMi practical facility, and MajinfM'
turn maicb urigiual beauty.''
SaAJJnt. — Mattta. Nawall and Co. have ertall; improved thedr patent
coplitr wirr i-«nl, i<h1<-<i !■ miw inaile rilienialr llriTliTe. ana I* will adaplecl tor wtedMr*
■all Urn, hnihnuiH. liiiNinlng ^i.ii'lueion. pli'lur* conl, clack-fdH), ball-banslt^ aiJ'J
nail) ailirr puijunea lur nliich hrmiien tapi liaa nilhrrto been uaerii Ibe aavaSafai^
Mnc thai tc It ch(*|>fr. aiucli mor* iliinlilr,anili>n(-alxlti part i)>* bolti oI banpetti
TJUf CIVIL KNGINEBK AND AR('HITE<'|-> JOURNAL.
Mir
CnMM>SITION OF COAL GAS.
Eitrmttt/rammUtltirt, is Dr. A. W. HuruikKit, Mittnd atthctU^t
CtAcf c <f Chtmutry, J/iMor«r-«q«an.
Xha compoirilkM of |m «*o1(m1 in Ih* di«tilI«Ljon of taut a bf no
■!■■■ nt mil II I : on tb« contnirr, li vuim to ■ cottHdnrmblt cikoI. d»*
f™<'*y fsiacipaltjr on the iMlun of the omI«, ihc piT*rnc« or nbanncf of
■oMiaret «sd ibe Icmpmlnrs ■! wLlch the diitilUUon Ukct pkcc. Tbc
(W«f elfidest* which cvattilutv oonl are cadiou anJ hydrofco, wilb
MhII i|*)MititiM of nilrogfo aail iiiT|i;<'n ; hai\, tMonlijin la ibr qimlity at
Ac MaI, ■ brpr or ■mailer kinnoiit nf PHiQif itiKllpr, Anirfbrr fm]ucial
iipMlaeBt U Milfliiir. Tbii tul[ibur ocean almCHl inviirmbly in tombiDa.
tiM villi irea, bo (he fonnaf lr«a pjrilcs. Tbr qiiantiit; id wbicli it molt
ivtes feT7 OMiiidenibl]! ; mkitr klai* of coal coouua m Urge an anauot
llil tbej bcccioe alio|[rtli.cr ubcIcm for (be pnrpoM of dhlillinir Rat- IT
Mai be igDileil,aiitl nlmvHph^ric air evclailmt, a paiiton of it* rlemcaU aiv
(ToJiFd mi gat, aod lb« Ktnainilfr bc^nnin cokr. Thn gmpii thai (W*e4
CoaUia carboo, hydro|!eB, iiltr<iK^n,'>i>x''<i.an(t *iiliihur. No-nr, hiiWRT»r,
it ibM* clnneou, except Ditro(«a,arer»und loan uncoinblDeil slate amonic
fteproducu of ibe diatillatioa of coal.
ne tidawiii( table* abow (be diHeniDl combiaatlona iotii wliich Ihcu
dwttcato ealcrdutiagdiilillalMO. Tbeae M<DbiDatioaeBre<'iTT nuinai-oua,
Md SM divided into two graopa— «1k. : mbtuaeea %rhich ar* Milida ar
iaaida at ibe ordinary ipinpeniarea, and eompotitida wbicb preaeat th«iii-
Mnn ai ibe conauun leoiperalure io Ihe form of (aa.
COil. OXS NAPTBA.
JciJ Porliom.
■fibaUaf phHiyU,. C 13 B S .. O 3
S*ntnl PitriU*.
■mmM
,,
^^
C 19 .
a c
iwmh
. _
,,
c u
B«
Oa««(
L
,,
C 1»
B IS
HaMbaBM
„
C 10
B 8
. ,
..
C M
H U
fC^ ::
••
■•
c u
ua
H <
Batic Partian.
laahw ..
,,
_,
C IB .
B 7 ..
» 1
nciniu
,,
,,
c u .
ar ..
H
LwNtNw..
..
..
C 18 .
«« ..
K
MOTK. — nA IMUn nptHcnl— ('. mrlmn i B. bytreirtni O. oty^n; K, nlire^rn,
fa«ri— that, <nw ((am uf kutUue louuini U' iLdiini u/ nfliiin, 7 ol hydingtn, an,! t nT
Tbe abate »crie> of ttibiUece* are ea«b of Ibcra hJKbty lutcfiuling Io
tb« eeieali&D chemiit, whilit levtral err likely to bceameof hi^h praclical
I Mlilj. TbMe aubatUDcra, elvoi; wilti uthern whiuh urn lilile kaowD,
I weetltale ibe i-uinpl<i viirid nijiiure cilleil " tar;" and ii u rathrr »in-
pdartbal rnanj nf Iht-m, in Ibeir aeparaie rurnt, ara oil*, poateasiug (be
mt deDKblfal odours.
Tbe eevonJ table exbiblli tbe diOcfcnl eoattitocuti »f Ibe gaieuus pro
deeii of tbe diitillation of coal, u* (ollom : —
COTtsmir.m* *tF COAL UMi.
Kamt at CeotiUiiBuI.
(MWK nMe..
MphSTi
MphMt of carlfvn ..
U»bui*tM kTdioeM
a««oate
Mpbonauwtd
%*MU«lt atU
MMoaanpaat
Mliftu
CalMMicacId ..
Prvpuillvn*-
H
C It S
C H 1
C
ram
c St
a
113
o
c I
o
^yrt- If FIT.
ti-SBa "
||'HV7 ..
22U* ..
I'taduEiaot Coaljiutloii.
W»i»r,
t Water and nTbonlr uM .
OerbealcacDI.
CarbMdr Hid noil sllrufaD,
CarbeoIcacM and fulgih. icU.
W>t*r ind ti.li<hurruuiai-<<l,
WiMran4 cliiontiii
klimiDhiullbti laati.
tt-vj.a
oi i-i^roit ,. J
In Ibia (able, ibt- flnl ia hydro^tn, one of the canMilueitU of wntfr.
Fiooi it ta «ibtaioc(i ■ colourlcii tniDi(|iiireot gUB, n'niarknble far iu low
tr«Gilii: traiilv, bcint; one uf tlic Iih'''*'"' ■■ibntanci'a knuwn. Il buToK
wilb a pala Uaiii^, rciiuiriiiK \ a TriloniK nf niy(!f n, (>r 3J tulume* of ui-
>U»|ib«rie air, for Ui cuiiibuKlmn. It is aal, tiiiw#«er. Ibv luminoni prin-
Ofia of coal t**. Tbe nrxl, lifhl cnrliurttltii hj/dnrgtri, or mart/i gat, ii
■ COOipouoit, conibiDinK a proginniou i<f carlKin with twu ettuivalenlaof
ktdragen (C 11 Ij). Tliii ga*, aluitic nilh carbuaic acid, la (iniilucrd by
ibt pulrcractioii vf 'cttotaUe tubelauvee uudcr naler— beace itn name of
MriA/ei. Il baraa with a pali> Uuiitli lltinir, rAtlipr more BubiUnlial iban
tb4t«I bjdrofeii — tbougb it it nlMirtiilFOl tbut it cuuld not br, anv mora
■bu Uw olher, Ibe illumiQadng principle of coul gii. Tbe cliirf vunati-
Ileal of coal gai la oJi^nl gat—i^ cuiue ilcrttrd fruni iu prvptrty
of praduclug, wbea In cuQlacl wiiU cblurinc al the cunnnnn Irniperaturr, a
ptculiar arumaticoU (uf wbjcb a iprcimcn ivnaeibibjlctl). It yrty miicb
tncQible* cblurufarnit <">d no d.uubt bul (liat it Iihi al>i> Ibc aanii: rciaark-
Udc prap«rti«». It IB 'nr ticbtt in carbon Ibuu iriaish ^t*, tbe |>rr crulajie
rf lb* latter beiog only 75, wbile that of the former in morn Dian fi5.
Oleb^nt fsui burn] Willi a besiLiifully brilliaol flamn, and <'»nBtJiiii?» Ibe
Inie illuniiuaimg priticijiti.- <iC cuul ga*. It reqiiirr* for c^iuiljiiiiian lo one
nanmr of dcriaat gaa, liiree of uifgrn, or IS of almoapberlc air. Marali
(u it coBipwird of uDO atom of cmJmo, and two of bjdrogen ; while
•kfiul gaa c«iiibioM (be two in equal qunulitiea. There it, ilitr«rore, a
lufe mikudI of carbon in tbia gaa, whieb inaj be prored in aaUiking
Mannrr, b; liftMing an admiiiurc of oat •otone of eleflant gu with two
of ehloriDe, wbicb will produce hjrdrochloHe acid, and depoiit all Ibe
earbnn rouiiiiied iu the gtu ill a cylinder, in Uie furm of a dente amoke,
wbirli rFD<ler» [be gaa |>erlrctjy upaijue.
VuialiU kydrQ-carbimt wat ibe neat couttituenl, but with retpect lo
wbicti, ai preteni, ibere wat not mach known. Tbe finit tabl« coBlained
the ntmu uf acitrat eubtlaacei which had been extracted from lh« liquid
product* of the diiLitlation of eoal, called tar. The«e •uUtancea differtd
much wilb re^ud to their phpi^v] prcpcrliet — eane of Ihem boilin| only
at lery bigh Icmptrttaret. while othert voUliliicd at a brat far below tbat
of hailing walrr. It waaoi^tirnt, tticn, Ihst Ihegai, jmeriteiinlonu witluhei*
lij]uidi in itiereloil, would carrji off a certain ijiiiniii)' of tlifiG hydro-carbon i
— laryini witli the diitiuce frum Ibe worki ai mhicb tbe gu was eiaiDiaed.
Tbt grral impntlancc of tlirie hydm-caiboni in the la-minuut (fTccts of coal
gta would become obrioua if their compoaition were conaidcrcd. Beiuol.far
iniUiicc, contained not leti tban 03 p«r cent, of carboa, a far greater
amouDi (baa thai of e<«n oleHaiit gai itidf. Tbi* wa* proved by In-
flaming a amalt ^uaDtitjr of thr liquid, U> at (o allow It an fAlnlBcieat
qoantity of exjrgen for eomplrle eonihuition : and, tn thii way. a larje
portion of Ihe carbon nai trpanlrd. When mixed with a due amount
of oxygeti, tbe eaoibuiilon of iliii liquid aflbrdrd a iplendid light. —
— [Tlie lalrnted letiurer ibowed thii, by paitiof: a current of aimoipberic
tir through llir lighteil tir.iuol ; and alio illiiatialcd the peculiarly rich Q.
lumiualliiE poncr of this TBpoiir, hy paulag it through the pale and almott
inriaitile flaiiic of hydrogen, which, nhen thua combined, ga^c out ■ votume
of light, which gradually and ttndily inertattd in lividnct), until Ibe eye
could no loDger bear iti daciUng bngblneu.j
Carionie ajiUr wat ibe ntxt ro nit it lien I. Cubon coohineil inib oiyjfn
in IWD pro pari ion I. forming two compoiind gniri ; the one cnnlaining Ibe
-imilUat piopurlioa of otyger waa called rar&anir aridf, lod tbe other,
conuiaing the licgeil proportion, cerfonie acid. whicL apptircd aa tlie lut
Itnn) in Ihc lable. Iloth ibcae gaici were colourlcM, but iheir properlici ex*
tiitiited a alrlking difTeicnce. Carbonic add was sot iaflaoiniahlc, whilit
varbanic oiije burnt wilb a pale blut Same, of little ol no luminout power.
Agaiu, tbe laltcr wa> quite inaolulile in naler, wbilt Ihe furaier di»oIiedi
particularly when Ihe water conlaintd! a Iittte alkali, lo rapidly u to fom a
tacuuni.^[Thii wa* illuatrtted by rtperiment.j Tbia lolubility rendered
raty the removal nl carbonic acid from coal gat; but no loethod had b«eiL
diacoiered of arparaling carbonic oxide, which buma with gaa, lliuugh it
adda nothing loita ilium iuaiing power.
The other gaaei were produced In Ihe diatillation of coal gu [b very
imall quaaiillea; ho ahould, Ibercforc, only brirllj notice iticm. There
were Iwo more coiupaundi of caibona— tbe one with nilrogrn, and Ihe
otber with lolpliur) Ihe former of llieie wrte celled rynnot/m and tbe latter
mlfhiiit <iftart<m. CvaiiOgen uai <liitingiitth«d by iti LcaiXiful Tiolet
flim^-earhoDic acid heing produced in ilt combiution, and eilrogea aet
frre. Il wta alio rcoiirkable for itt tolubility In alliallu— cyanide of
polatiiuni being produced, which, with irnnialii, yielded PrutiLan blue.
Thit gat occurred In coal gaa iii iticb tmtll quancitiea, that iti preaence
toighl, for a long lime, hiie renliaeii unknown, but for the very dclicalo
teat chemita jioMCttrd (or cyauogen, hy wliicli the imullcst trace* could be
detcciffd. Sulubule uf carbon nai highly indaaiisablc, burning with t blue
Samr, and proouciag carbonic and tulpliuicuiit acidi. Tliew aubttaocea bad
been actually friqnd in coal gat, lhDU)(h I bey were by no meani produced
from evrry Linii of coal.
Sul/ikurttltd hydrogfH waa the next tubataneoon the lit ti it wai.bowcTer,
iavBiiably gantiated, and that loo frequently in eontiderahle quaotitie*. Std-
pbureU of iircn, or imn pyrilci, nbicb ware diiteroinated tbrongb tbe maaa
of Ihe coal, wu the aource of Dm gtti sod il* quantity, llierefore, de-
pended upon the amuuui uf that mineral in the coal. Sulphuretted hydro,
gen wi) alio ihe onenuve principle in the evbalalioiii inm putrefying aub*
ttancea cuii.laining tulphur. Sulphuretted hydrogen naa a colofirleii gai,
burning niib a pali- blue flame ; it bad iiot only ■ niott oiFontire odour, but
produced a aioit ilclrteriout tlfcct upon health, eun whcii miied with e
large propoEliOQ of atmoipleric air. He had frequently nitnctttd, io Ihe
laboratory, fainliag produced by the iiiipiration of Ihil gat incautioutly,
Proremur Kartday iiad proTed, tlitia dog would die in anatuoiphereof Mhioh
UHOOlb only wat ihligai: and that a bird eould not cxUt if lb* gu fctmed
only l.l:}ODth of lla brvatbiiig itirdium. Korlunalcly. thia gai hm eOQ.
Tcrled, by couitiuitiuii, into mlpbureuut acid, rrhicU wit very much leta
dangeroua and oCTeiivivr. ll wai ncmiary, howerer, in tnaking coal gat,
to obhteiatc ever; trace of iiiLpburetttd hydrogen, for tlie lulpbu^cout acid
it produced, atiliuugh far Icaa iiijurioui, indciiendently of iu dTcct upon
beallhi attacked very readily every itietatltc lurfacc. Beaidei, the imaU
qaantity of lulpburetltd bydiogeii which would rtcape unburnl beiweentbe
lurning of Ibe coi'k and the igiuiian of the goa at the burner, and by leak-
age, waa tuddent to debiroy Irad, painted, gilt, or lilvcrrd articlei, in aver;
ihari time. The preaence of i iilpliur«lt«d hydrogen night eaaily be de-
tected in gii, by aubmitting a piece uf paper, inoJaleaed with Ibe aolution
of acetate of lead, Iu the gaa nniiiHanied.
Amnimia wu another piuduct, largely found In the diatillatioa of coal
gai, into which nearly alt the nitrogen coptained in coal wu converted,
Auniooia vu a colourlew gat, which, of itacif, waa very difficult to inflame,
though, when nixed with other combuitiblo gaaea. It waa entirely (onaom-
kblc. ReipccliDg Uie piodneia of tbe combatiian of unmooia, aecnral*
u»
THE CIVIL ENOINEEK AND ARCIIITK'rs JOURNAL.
nptrinnU vtfc itill 1•c[l1iltJ^ ArcDr4inK to ill known asftl»g>ei, tbor
mrrt (vrUbl^ intfr iiid nitrofrn. Uut world hid lUtel (bit nitric acid
ma alto produced : ti«l ht could liid no Ktual ground) far thii ; ikd ha
belidtU. UWc many o[h*r wch itRtvinsala, il b«d bt«B copitd fr«m work to
KOrfct lui'l ivt>4-*<''d viiitit it liad become raeeiicd ai a ««il-«it*blish«d faci,
Ti>teKlth« >Ught<»t claim to tnehaeaiHliteralimi. In ill hit ap«rimenli.l>e
b«d anti been abte to flnd Ibe •mallM Iran of nitric aodL Anntoniaml
gu wu ftrr tAluble in «tii«T, mora la HiU tn addt. Tbs frtu iTJdiijr
wtUi wUch It «u tbiu ibiotbed, rendcted iU tfpttuiaa from coil fn nrj
SWipAttnow adif ma the product of tbe comlimiioti of lalptinr in th<!
coil; inri hfJr«eikri< mtid hom tlie decompotiliOB of lOmc dilorldct,
wlien they were pmcct ta the coil. Jjittm v^pow wm tb« nivH of
aiuilhin In tlie coal. The mtnytn in coal gu liu the IMMMtf tbt au
MOtptisrie xir centainMl in tho retort— the ragrctn of wbieli was opmiM
la wnwniDg 1 portion of tbe Mrbon aa>l »i1phnr at Ibt eeal inio earbiMiie
mUe, ruliunic acid, antl lulphiuvous icid, MitrOi|Oa wai a eolonrlMi,
tran»plivnl. md inrDnbmlitile gat, wliicb, htdag iulublr arilhcr in acidi nor
Hater, could oot be icpAratcI from the coal gu. Carttwie aeid bid been
MDiidrred villi catboiiic oxide, ud Ihat completed the nbolc of tbe (on*
aUtiWDtt of coil gM.
n« UlnmbtaHi'g priKciplei of oosl gii wno olefianl ga> and ibr vapours
dJ ToU'ila hjdTO-ewbon* : th«c were alto three other ^uci burning in tt>e
Ooil-gu lirne — nUDfly, liydrOMO gu, carbui*tt«d h]riIrMt»ti or maith {;w,
and cirbonio olide- Iteiiclet tbCtC. the {U wUch WG irtDilIf bom rni^ht
contain tnoM of tnlpnuret of catboD and eJlragAB— all tbi mi hmug
boeo, or aniht to hat* bata, perfectly Kparated in the illtTEr^n' proteuet
of puiiflcatioD which the ju hti to andciKO- During tht prasrrw of the
foregoing shoii dacriplion. the audirnce had ilmdy becoinc iriuiintrd
with the manner in wbictt tbne constiiucntt ilugl; buini, but ilicy would
fcCBl vbtatn K convct idea of the canltibutioo afToidcd bj exh, and tic illu-
aJnatlllK power of coal gi>. it tbcy nete all lighttd at oocc. — [Dr. Hofmann
then lightod the bumtfi itiaeb^l to the TUitli contiiolng th» wjiinte
eoattiluentt. so u to iffOrd a view, at the aame momeDl, ot all the iirloui
flaaoe*.]
Rj l)i» prooni of puriSritinn which roiI 3*1 iinderweoi before it nai fit
for aie, the cyiDogen compoDDd^ Hit iiilptjurGlicd birdrogrn, ilio immooia,
the tnlpliuieuut iL'id. and ilic hjilro-cliluiic Bill! carbonic acidt, were lopi-
ntcd', and lie piorttdttl to itlutltale this prureii tijr pMting DOal gah COa>
tainitig KTcral of the above gua, tlirou^h lime witer mixed with a little
potubi after ivLiiclt the Liquid. wUiJi before wai tolerably cieir, became
<jiiitc lurgid, and tbo git 110 long«[ Ri>TiUiii«d tlic dclRtr.tiou* cnnititu<!n1).
Tlie leelurer then proceeded lo derote a few momertt to dncrHnng the
nanner in which the ilitlillilion wu elReted on a iarsc lealr. In the
Infancy of tbe maniifictiirr, the cotU wrre dittillrd in iron pois. but now
Iran reaitli of 1 cfUodiicil form were uted. Theie were plBced borizonlallf
In a furnace— one tire healing fli? of ihete rtiori!!. Tl:c shape of llie cjr-
ttndcn wai not unimportant; ant!, after various changM, eaiobiped c^lin-
itm were now gcncrollj prcfurcd — ill hcAtlng lurface being pcatcr than
that of. Buy Dibcr. The front of tba retort, or uooth-picce, ai il wat tech-
nicatljr called, wai Kxtd hj terew*— invn cement being placi'd brtnceu the
flaogM to rMder it atr-ilght. — [Tbeie arrangement), at wdt ai thai b;
which the lid was Qxed, were illustrated Ity ilrauingi anil a niodel] The
Dd twing liicd. thn gai piue^d ihroagh a ■jiietii of pi|m idIo what wai
called Ibe tiydrttillc roain— a long. wid«. horizoniil pipe, half filled with
wale^ Bucti rctoit wsi ihiu perfectly iiolaicd, and ihc end of the pipe
bdng kept inrtnctBcd in the water in Ihe hyilraulir tnain, nny one of Ihciii
nigbl be opened, in order to chaTfe it afresh, without fear of tb« gas il-
niij generated ruihiag back tbioinh tne opening. Tht Icmperatuic of iho
bjilraiilic uiAin bring com|ifiratiT<Ij low, k large qnantitjr of tar and amiiio-
niical water wu eolleeled in this tnbe, wliieb flowed into dii era ■ erected
for the pttrpoie. From the hydraulic naia the gu putted into a ifiipm of
nfrtpiating pipe*— tbe tnopnatarp of which wm kepi low btr a cootlant
eoirenC of water, nhereh;' another qnanili)' of lar and ammoniac wa> aepa-
rMed. The gaa tiitcred neii into the purifien. reipeciing whkh he could
IMI now enter into the nrious ingeniom conlrivsncea prngioaed bi mriom
d«*tT gu engineer! and cbcmliti. Il would, pcrhaiii, tufficc, if he tiatcd
mertli', tWt oow Ibo gai wu forced through hydrate of lime, nticl?
moisUoed with water.
In conclusion, he begged to otTcf some general rrmaiki u[ion the csmbo*.
tton of coat g*>. In enamrriting tha eontiiiiionti of enni gai, ho bad
poleted oot Ihote eompoiinftg whtdi irintt he eonbidered at trnpuriUes. and
which iiiuil lit! srjjanleil berote coiabutlioB took plai'e; but, at the iime
time, there were othcn, cotilribiiting little ot nothing to the illuminiling
power of the gat, which, wbcn once formed, coold not he separated frncn
the gaa. Theac were hydrogen, iiisrtb gat, sod carbonic oiidc. Were
theK, then, lo be coniiitered alio a> impurities? 1( the gas wire tueU (or
[llaminating purposei, to 1 certain extent at lout, thej cDutt be considered
•a impu/iliciL, hceaiue they were hornl, and in theli combuiliao, a Is'ge
amonnt of b'st wa« CTolTed ; Iba prodncU o( their Mmboition inipaifrd
the silithrily of the slmoiphere in which meli 1 light was humin;, and no
actual lienpfli or iiicrraie to Ihe illomiouting pDW«r wat ilcriird from Ibem.
If, then, there were no racaoi of leparilinK thew I'jbMancet when once
formed, na rffbrl tbonld be tuade to prettiit ibeir fomiitiun. With repaid
to carbonic oxide, it would he difficult to find a method which lecnred ni
againft iu (armaiiDii— the enlrinct of the nlott, when being charged, bdirg
in eommniiiMlifrn with the atin««pberc. It wm. bowcvcr, !■ the power 1
the f,»i maoufactiiror l9 diminith the imoual of cwbwrcUed hjrdrogvn, anl^
etpodall}' o( hydrogen. If the If n>p«iat>ir« of Ihe rtlart were loo high, a
large qnanlii; of the olellant gu eentained in tbe coal waotd be <«a*erti94
into marsh gu. or even into hydrofen. That this w«i rficn ic-Icilly the
CMP, appfuod in a most slHktnf lumier. from tha foKowiog aoalyiM, made
long ago, hy Dr. lloiirr, of coal gai made froto VIgan eval t^
Tla»0(
CullH-llllO.
In Ibe Bnl baui
apnUc
t.ttt
C 11, orole-
CH3.OT
CO.
It. .<(.
flantcas.
■anfcasi
11
«« ..
M
.. • »
U ..
n
l-D
., »• fm
I>
u
tM
.. u i-r
7
M
11
.. ii-a 17
..
90
to
.. « i«
i\aoiin *riet ihc je'iUO
10/ fCtminmitnitnL. (O'MS
It would be lean hv this table, that it wii of thi ^r*te«t tnpoTtanM Hut
tbe h(tt In the matrufactnra of gai ihcJiiM not he nrried to too gmt u
extent. U the (irit hour. 12 parts of (vleliant gua, aitd 7.1 ot mmb ni,
were evoUcd — while niily eight nf hvdruKcn *e'e gtnerattd. At the ooaei
10 hourt. not a Tcittgc nf olefiint gni wai tracrablc; while the bydropa
amounted to CO~evictenlIy the conieqaence of tbe olelUnt gaa being 4»>
coiopoBed hy tbe eicen of heat. It had beau found that, if pure lUlinl
fii were paiicd through a parlleulat ternperatore it bttanc rb—ttj lata
light I'nrijuirilcd hydiogcn anil csi)>on. The ratio of thia deeOBposJUiM
wa»»iifoUo*a;—
C2 lU-C Ha + C. C 112 = H24C -
So that it would be seen, that by a judieioiu arrangeroer.t of the heat of ihr
retorts, the prnilnction of h;drog«n and light csrlmietted hydrogen. wUcfa
intirascd the bulk uiibout incrcuiftg ilic Ulominaling power, might be kept
niiliin cetiaiii limits. A \ny sma]! quantity of Iheie bubitaarei miglkt be
present in cool gai without injntioni effltcta, as tbry then len-rd lor the ans-
pcDiioni of Ihc rapoun of (be oily hydro-carboni. .K ntiaiwie. Indeed, of .
thcie vapours niili carbvrolted hydrogen, in doe proporliooi, ni^it ht cao-
sidernii an au tquii'itent tn otelUnt go*. Rencol, for in«l4»ee. ooatsisiad
92 per cent, of carbon \ white oleGant gat Itself contained only 83 per ceaL,
and cBthurctted bydnigea only iS percent. : and, therefure, by an adiaiiiwe
of thn latter with benxol, the itliimioatiag power of olefiant gas nuglit he
nbtained. Here, igaio. be would mention the beaiitirul pioceii profowd bj
Mr. Low, for tncreaaing the Utuminatiiig power of cnal gu, as tiaaed npoa
the must tciemific principles. If be winti^d to express iii naloiv in a sen-
ici>ce. be ihould say it waa a ptoceat for eenvcrliB{ a loixiuie of bydrogea
and light carbutcitcd b'diogen, bv patting it through nsptlu, into otcfiaal
This naturally Ui to the (jueatien— U'hy did hydtDgen peueiii 00 illami-
tilting power U all.' and why wu ths illuminating power of mrsh gai la
fir ihort of tiiB heaniiful light produced by a jet of oltfiint gai ' and.
hrleiTy, Id what coniltted the illuiuinailng power of oledant gas * Tha !•
tutninating |H>wvr of gis depeudcct upon a portion of it bring »ep«ratedia
the solid form, which, being dcposilnd nt a tcrliin diiiince bclweeaths
orillce of the burner and tLo rim of tbe Asmu, cntertd into a itate c{ ifnf-
lion, fiom which the light cmioaUd. Kaw, the cotopoutioa of coal pi
ws* lucb, Ibil if it were allowed to titue froni a comesiicnt buiser, a earn-
plete coBibuttion of the hydrogen wat obtained, hut on!y a pittiil oaa of
the earhaii. Another poriion nas separated — ihit nhich entered Inte a
state of ignitinit being heated tn i white lieat heforn it reaobed at laAciatt
tcrnperalure for itt conibuiticiii.
In tl^c Qanic of lo.il gai, three different parts, or cones, might bediUla*
^liilied. Immediately oTcr the burner, It was ptinnpally hrdtogcsi wlbib
w«a barat, aloii;; with n little carbon, whiht tbe niaia portion of the cvfrra
hdng thus set ftcci waa ignited in tbe eccund cotte, ind oonauutcd wltk the
TMt iif the liydrniiaii in tlie oultr flame. By a litDpIs arrsngeoienl, tba iffla-
fniDHtlng power of tba coal gat might be deitroyed aliog^ther — namely, ky
miimg il, previous to coiobuBiion. wilh a iiiflieirnt imount of air to prodaee
a eoinptelR comhitstion. The illuminating jiowvr of coal sa< — and. io fad.
ot any dame — depcndcil entirely upun the depuiilion of 1 Tixeil body la tbe
Came, It woi by no ■ncani necessary that this body should he carboa. Il
might ho anything else — suDh as limr. iron, Ac.-~[rbe talented lectanr
then rendered the Ounc of bydrofcii lumiiiaui, by piasing ifarougb it a
chlerO'eiicoiaic tui ; and this ioltreiting leciwie was eondiwled by aamtl
clever etp«ri>ncnt«, illustrative of (be lanam mbjecti )t enbraead.]—
.tfuiuji Jc4imaL
STEAM WORKI.Nt; K.XPANSIVELY
d
Oh Uif luflvmrf */ Ketpid M/ili/m t/' thf Phtou iipois ihe ^/^rf
Stefan in EitQinm trnrkiny Krptwtivrlti : vtilh F.TpfritHWKt* Vp&H Ac
mhjnt. Hy M. P.»i.TaiKKtti. — (Tmiinliitnl for the •/intmaf ^ As
Frtmklin /imtitntf.) J
The researches and iiiiineruuii experlnriiti wiiirii I bavv tm^M
tipoii the upplicatian nf mtitivo piiwer ta triadiiitts, and particaladr
my cxprriinenti upim tlie riti-i:l (if sprinffa, hnve voiiTinoccl mrtfaat
in the rxpanaion of iitviim there is n lo^x of nower : a looa whiWi
ahnuld hare o certain relation to the number ol iiiiperimiioned stntfa
of steam wlich occupy the cylinder, from its Imttuin to the fjstoii>
I J*i^ [
rUK CIVIL ENUINBBK AND ARCHITKCrS JOURNAL.
M»
TkeM stntSt BMvin^ iritli ifae pirton, dxtuM nalurnlly d«veIupo
tlanMlTei, in order tn fuUut* nnd vusb it; nti<l it is in tliiv dc-
twpBwnt of tttraU, oiM> «f1kr the other, tliat tb« i^taxa oiiut cm-
flwr • portloo afitA furvc, n portimi which ia MrtnuUy liMt tu tbo
«fkBirw. The KTcatcr the number of btrata, the in«r* rapiil is their
4rt )-)»pinviil : «ntl tlie nnu-e power that ia khu* ahtfubN, tha Ibm
«U1 tiierc remntn fur useful cUecl.
SuppuM Uifl Btawn iotroduonl into n. cyliader to he iuterc«vteil
M iW niMacBt wfaan the pistvii haw nocli«d > Tuurth or a llurd
port of it« Htmkr. to tcire P^"^ ^ ^* cxDUtaion : frvm thb m->-
■ent we muy imuificw ths flnU miiw divided into « dctrniiiautc
itamber of micceasive parallel xtrnta, Uid bvfruiBinK to ilevelope
W^ cxpooal IhmiMlvw t4i drive tlic pintmi niul follow it. It will
Ihm be apptumt that the Htrutiim nearer th« niston vrill, withuut
AwIa, be uMe tn exert u]h>ii it hII its effort, nncl nil the rapidity of
which U ia capable; hut it will hi- also ii|ipiir«iil thiit Ihi- imi: wiiich
ftjlmra ciuuiot d» mm mucti. Iicrnux.- the ))rt-i*e(iiiii; -Iratuin cia-
Mnins it, hr putliing it bark<rard» at the tmiiK tinii: Ihut it furcut
the uiKtnn fiirward*. Bj its miiditioii n^ un cluUr Huid, tteain
ihoulil ttaturallyaxpand every «ay,BDd mnintJUJint the ■iimc time,
a* ib admitted, h uiiifurni dccwity thr»uKhuiit iIk vulunte— oi>iiih--
queatly. the Mtrataiii «)iii^ driven tUn pblun on one aide, repeU,
mi the other, at the muii« dnie. the strotuiu Khirli IvUohb it,
^ihoiijeh nllowiiiic itM^lf tu he penetrated l>y it i the latter repelx
the cine which fullitwit it, «ad »o on tw tholait, which is at the bvt-
Mn uf the rvliiidcr.
There must, thm-rnre. I>c s culliidion hctwecn one ntntum and
anotber, nn iwcouut of the dlffonncaiD their re1«vitic», and of the
■■iiwaaij cooipeiteUatiuii of MM atlfitum iatv iuwtlier. in order
thel tke UHlfoniiity nf deiMty ma^ he niaintiuiiQd, 'riiiit oullisivri
■Ut erldeiitly pmduor n Inm nr power— « loss »hich should be
fraportiunal to t)ii' difTt-ienreM uftlie veliKitie*. mid whidi wiU be
the more runiiilemble iit'curdiu^ JUi lliu nunilwr of kiummmivc strntn
b Increaaed, uiid at ihe expansion tnlcc'* plaee mvre <|uinkly.
It is from these comideratinnn, r<in)irtncd hy the ri!htult» i>f ex-
frrimrats upmi ihi- eflrrt nf helical qiriDfrs, thnt I lan DCD^uaded
lint ■ riven flitauttty af steam, wsrkiog by CJipaiuion. wilt prudurv
man sbpuaaLle aail uticftil eft'eft H<!tinir upwi a pintuo of a Wkb
■uifaee luu Aort ittroke. thiin upon n iiii>toti nf nniaUer ^ufiaeeaiiil
aitb n stroke pniportiiriiiihlr loiicer, nU iilher drciunntnncc* bcioff
tqunl. I*e«iniu^ «f ■b'ternnniii); the truth uf this uptjuon by ri^o-
MH experiment, 1 ouiaed two Bteain-engiuei* tv m oonalTMOled
■Jcrmodlt&oiuitrictl/ equal, and colculateil to produce th« Mate
hrnunie effect, nccording- td admitted piiuciplca. But in vna of
iMw, the relation of tlie NurtWe nf the pi><o> to the leogth of the
Krohe waa In an {nver#e ratio to thnt of the i>ther : that i*, if ooti
if the piiiuu!! bad a aurrnce uf '<iii Hiid a .■>tn>ke irf St, tbo other had
» tarface of M and a stroke nf « ; hi that the volume produced by
the movttoient uf one pittmi ii pretinely e<tuiil to that »f the other.
Then i*. tbereforB, esanly the same (luantity of cteam enlerintf
ad leMvine the tmo cyliudera at e«c-l> ntroke of Uie piaUtu, uiid,
canaeqneoth'. wlicn the number of ntniken iii the tame, ia a ^veu
toe; IB era of the two en^nea, it outfit to be certain that theru
i ike aatne volume <if Hteaiin, in the saino phyiictU and mechauicid
— ditiona. uMd by carh cylinder. TIiok; expifriniontti, uf which a
tahJeisgim, were made with all piHsihli! niei^iiutioa, iaordarllut
lU the ciiiiditioiiH of the aponrAlim nhuuld he JJenticaHy the 'Wine ;
Iwy were rc|>«Jitvd neveritl tiniP^ on iliffcrcnl days, luid in Lhu
fr wa oce of wvcrnl eompetcnt pcr»un».
Tb« Mlowinic tnlilc thowH the mean nf tlie MKuUe obtninod in
■reral senen uf expuriiiieut», the i^arutua bdng alway» kept
ndn the HUno coniutiotu : —
I
KM<r
OS tbf
Dradr.
(lona
■Jsiiie.
Vimul
wloclty
•(MKlar
hcNV
km.
Piiwum
on
HtMn
ttvigu
Cgl off; or
fraoalbm-
nbit,la
Ml». iXttU of
(fMM WMt
nlKd 1 IwtwMa
dHtIa Uh Im
MCDnd.
•}
vnde
Nacrew
Klloia.
1-eii
1-6 U
MMica.
7-854
atiM«p.
A
Fun.
FulL
14-S17
12-«7C
l-OO
■8S
•}
Wide
V7H
I'tlS
168
168
8-796
8-796
s
1
1
15-438
12-472
l-«0
■8IJ
'}
Wide
Harrow
S-lt?
1-tJJ
174
174
9110
9110
t
19-376
1I-633
■
<}
Wide
ibmw
2-114
0-916
156
J&6
8168
8ica
A
A
*
17-283
7-4S1
l-OlJ
-43
The number* in tbifl table will aliow, at a jtlaaoi^ tlte dlffMraoas
of cAcot between the two en^nw. AHbouf h etery pracautwo «■•
taken to avehl error ia the menNurenMntu bii4 oluervaiioaa, aof
thoi^ the numbers in the taU« only tliow the mean ramh of
•even! series nf experiraente, 1 do not BMtert that the mtloa there
given are atrietly tnoae which »hi>uid mult frum Uk- phy-iiral taw
of this pbeaomeaoa. New esperimetita, with eii)iinn uf firester
powfr, and an exact rnlculation with r^ard to the rriulta obtained,
<jin aluiie ealubliiJi, with tiM HecUTMy oeiiraltle, all thr«e rehiiioDii.
I believe, Loirevi-r, tliat the n'jmmmg upon which my opinion U
fi^unded. and the riMttltii uf the esperiiaeata whkh^ta coafirai it,
tuthuriie mc to raalce the foUowInf; coaduaionK: —
I. That the velocity of the ptftoo has a mucti more remaricablt
inAueuDe upon the useful eSvrt of steam than haa been herelofors
supposed.
'i. That this influence is very peatly increnaed, and accnrdin^
tuaoectaiu mtio, on account of the amount uf expnnnion which I«
allowed to the iteuuD ; the gresiter being the expaniion, ihe^rrBiOer
is the dlJForcuce of eiTect.
3. That in order tu uhtjiiu from steam the greatest amoniit of
useful etfect, it if ne4:e!iMry lu um qrlinder* as wide and abort at
nay he pf^ictiaJly convenient, and that the piston idinulil mova at
a renr low velocity.
It IM certainly not unknown that the effect of steam liaa a r«l»>
tion lo the reloeitv of tlte pl«tan ; but it haa ni>l yet. so far ai I
kiraw, been recoKiii^eil that the velncitr of tlte piston has a parti-
ruJwBiid conHideraMe iulliirncr upon llic effect of the expiiiiiiion ;
and I believe mvHelf l<i l>e the tir^t who ba» directed attention t«
thi« Huliject. and wKohax vuu;;!it to demuutratethe tratfa by ex-
periment. The iitiinbrr» in the tahle nhow. In effett, very com-
•iilcrable ili8erene««, allhoaKb the velocities of the two piatona
iip|i«nr unjyin the rutin of I to t. The ciiwrirarnW mentioned
hnve iiiaaifosted two other phenomena which have attracted mjr
itttentinii. and whtoli I reoemmend tu the notice of tcIeDti^c per-
sons: the ftnt i-s th*t in the eiii^es which I usod, and when Uiey
were worked hy exjkanxiou, the piMoiu were compellod, in soBM of
the ex|KrimontfS to complete their stroke while baviu^ agaiuit
thoin (on account of atmuHplteric preasure) a realatance stranger
thaa the force by which they were impelled. The other phenoma-
lion in relatire to the work Aimv hv the twi> rnirineH, In must of
tiie experimeato maile, tlie iiBetiil eifi^ct, as meuMireJ hy the break,
was always, aud even con^iilecHhly, more than the theon-tieal effec*
of the motive puner. Duen this di&rcnoe of effect depend upon
the pnrtinl vAcuiint createal in the eecape-pipe on nri^uunl vf the
rapid imliho^c of the steam, an that the pre^uure u|Hm the pistoa
lias a relntivfly onMler foree ? May this rnrefitction in the cHcape-
pipe bLiu ol-cuuiiI fvr the cuiitinuiuice in the stroke uf the pistons,
althoup;h they may hare been placed in eqiiilihrium by atmonphpriti
pressure befara making a ball, iir two-thirdn, of their strnke i
All thcae qneations, the impurtanre of whirh will ho readily per*
ceived hy men of science, have need of study and elucadation, by
experimcuU, perhaps of a different kind. On my uwu part, 1 ahall
ilo all that I can ; hut 1 call fin- the aid of learned persoii* who ars
cuuver»nitt with »ucli mntten^
ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION".
Tltl* lustilulion wat re-npcned st Eaiter, alihongti tbo additional
buililiafsareauliiuiti-ciiniplclril. Wlicn thlsiiiluap.llierv nil] be Kccatlj-
iacr*a»ail B«ci>iDiui"l«'i<«i, for the whole baiWiiiR will W deoililoJ io»i«».
The Ciaad Ihaatra will be one «( the Urfnt uf \he cIim is Loodoo, aad
copihleof beldlag ftheaa Ituadred perums. Tlic icreeo u likewise of
eotoMal liae, w tbal a vati picture eaa duw (mi shuwa en it, with all tbe
resources uf powerlul iustriin>eot>. That the iDiillulioo la iD ym amfcm
of a diuraiuic exhiliiliun uf mutli greater poner, and pMMMkag madh
more rariely than auj lo Loiidtin. la the illualraiiun uf mieroaco^
otrjedi, Uid Krr^l Knicn 19 likcn-isc a valuable accMoacy, and it* roaulla
presfoi a (iriklflg coalnui tu whui mrd to bs a Male «l loioMaoepie illna-
iniiiuD, LuL a few jeiin liuclc. The old (rsat Ibcatro baa beea vary mneb
luiproied, ttitJ in uuw rrsTTnl Tor chsoiieal lactnroi^ the SMOil cltcaiicnt
Ih<r«lr« at the olbcr end of Ibe iDftilutinn belaj dcroted lo parpoMS of
vibiluiiii>u. The gtaad itiealre is accessible Iroai three duuts o? iha cedtnl
bait, so that it cas sooo bo ilUed aud cleared, which is a freat eoBreaisMa
lo visitor*. Orcf the iicrcca room is a kiad of bazaar of ol|f«etS ef oraa-
meaUl art, coouiliaK nf porctUia aod gUu works, of 8Klt tntffit, from
Ibe niabliiliiapuU u( Alilt^rmao Cop»laoil and utbsrs. Tbey ihow, eectt
mure etfRctiiRlT ihiui the exblMilaa a( the Society of Aria, ih« areat pro*
Kress of these impnitnol arts Hi tIa(IaDd. When ibe froal of the Bejal
folytecbaio lasliuiiion ia II«cea(-strva( ia Soisbed, il will »akt oae of the
fioetl bttUdiDgi ia Uw street, aad a very gieot oruaneut to it. The aUara>
Wf
TTTE Civil- KNC;iNEBR AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL,
LSUi
tiMabk**, it U mdArilMd, Bmb made chicily Hiraaxh Ihn etnrliasa at
Mr. Nur**, thcehairmMi o( the loitllutlon, ntio hu niilciiMjF iparad oo
nsia* or HpcOM. anil Iia« tuoceedsil In xiviox io ihc melropDli* »n rkiab*
Kihinenl <if a tcrr liitli clui, equally uaeful and otaancDial. Tbo w«rk.t
)tre aucji afi (o da (ical ucdil Ui Ihc »klU aud Utle of He, TbomKar tU«
uckitacl.
VOTKR OP TIIK MONTH.
Tin ^rt-l'MOH^—'tht report ihon tW lb«re hat Urea a falling^on' Ihii
jcar of £6,000 ia tbc incotae. Thit ma)- be partly atinbuted to the b>d-
uen and piittjr lA the thrttttned gnvcrnment micifFrenee, but tD^nljr to
Ibo rcaelinn caateijueDt on mUmanagFinrnt anit want of tuCc. Tlie on-
(TaTlngi ba>ra isaird diiappuinLicent lu ibe iubscril>eri. and broiiRht thaine
apoB in* ootDinlliw. Tbcii commcKlal talui^ Uai long linct btca setUcd,
th« |itinl oilli frame and gtiti hrinit told al lliR piirlure-dralen furterta
shillings and lixpecce. The cdgfitingt lure ngt iUutlr^tcd any lubjcct of
ItgillmaM iaWfCit, and liovc widIciI llie cliartclrt o( high -notli* al >H ;
ibiir utqtHt uectt b«inj[ tb«t of midrlling walMiin^inp. Upon *iicU liilr,
4beiiMii<lt «r fioiiiid* hare !i«cn «|Mnt rnoit wuterull''. for an<r jobbing
cngntcr could bare lurn«d out the nliole Int of cngmingi at a much Icm
priec In otBiple and in practice, the admlBUIntion tit Ibi! Art-Union b
<^aat1)i liad, and U »ry lunraiouiable to llit ttiie intti»U of an. The plan.
«( pnzrcMU ii moat illilieri]. ror ii i> liltle belter than dnecrttion lo break
Dp a mould foT tbc purpoae of prctcnting more impruuoni from beinf
taken, We muit admit that lliem ii do bopc of llie Saciet; bcinn more
Wefuli even if the coutiol of iho ptiEB-mODC; *1ioiild be taken fitta llie
piii«-boldGr>, aod {pten to tbt council,— for ihe Ullfr hare thovn tlitir
!iuomp*t«nc^ In evarjlliing Ihsj' have undedaken, like meit i«U>ei«cted
iMuttei.
^tftr.hnnf'mgi /irtparfti iy mtata ^ yitrafi qf Sitter and tlhrr Salla. —
M. Lirarque prctenlcd a paper to tlit AradrmU dn ^cimcn, I'aiii, expltin-
iDf a Dcn proeew for colourmi nnd (iniKtitng papcr-hanitiiiigt. lie obeerrea,
thai neulf all llie lalli Are vaiatilitrd wnAtv the iiiilurncc nf Tppoui from
water or Mlino lululiU'Dt, aud tlial ibe niirata of ailvcr. acuoug oilier latli,
00 account of i<i ttaj rcluvtion, woald furniib a great vaiitty of tbad» of
colour t and bj: ni«ani of rcMntt made in the paper, anj deiigni In while
nigbt he ohliined. The foUnviing U the proceii emplarrdt — "Taktaf
pare nltrle acid, ip. gr. I-^O, two plHt : and lililillitil Hatitr, otic piit. Place
tue nuilure In a porcelala «ap«nle and heat il. iliron in tboul iva ouncH of
■Uvar, and continue lo appl^ heat until Hir action uf ilii? add on the uietal
baa cnaed ; mth Ihii qitanliU of ailvrr ;0(l or l^lfft sheets oi paprr inajr be
eolovrnl. In ihli operation bat a Terr atnall loa) at eilvcr will be found, for
tba [ciiduo can be fomed iuto niliale <^f ajlver and io!d ; or, if calcined al
a red heat ii> a crucible wilb oirbonete of loda, ibe mrullie *j|ver may bo
obtained and «iDploy«d foe a new opci'stt'on. In order to ablain go«il
d«>i|iia, it il Docesiary to optralc in ■ pli» well ligliled and out of current*
of aiT.
Qturryinf JfocAin*.— " We took occaiion f aay» Ibe AWmi/Je Chronhle),
Wtw imb A^o, tQ nvtifi « ntv itone drULInit macbrat. onil itial II wvuT-l ibttrllT be
•Htad ojpon annie «t Hie ^ii»rn™ In ihr iwletilinnriioi-d o( [*>'wei«lf, «> nn tow
•caWCh* rcatill af ■ irld inhJr iipni, it«v ,|tiiirT >*( Mr, A. %3t\i, iifar r.nlntiHi'lr Thr
Bidilo* ma i>til 111 inuilun liy lunr inrn. anil wurlcd] tor ail ri«ior and atiaJr. wlim Uiri
«atela*il * drpih of S f*rl, of 4 ImIiv'i it'iif*. Ibr hols o't thru ^^■rgIII wtlti IS !b- of
povdn, atiit ilir iHtchatga uiDcluml itic rtinutal oC >.4Wi cublr (ttt ut mck. We tin-
dNWaiid )>!■■ II la llkair lo bt *t>y (tmlI^ (latMinlar'l bf quarry owntn, fiom Ih* n.
p)dl<T xlili olilih It dnn lit nnrk,"
CAemialry a/ IhK Sta. — A trcliir* wag delivered nn lhJ8 «iibj«l at Hie
IIOT«l Initnuilim. Uy lit, Tdginn Wllllaiiit. ol ^wonari. In (iimnHTii ln|(. ilie iKtiint
dfBi4ri*In1«d, by miAnu al hj, jt],fuifnl,ia rnii1r{r»4 Icr Iht ^i,ir[»««. t|jr ■(T'rta M |>fH-
•urv (f[i ii*}m al ilrnnlie jlrptE-a t>fnfjtli thf vorftr^ of tht mtn. Having ■hn^vn thai a
folA 6tfct vrbtn tbf qvUr in »hl^h< jt wat plarvtl ivu 4qb)rrrr't lo a t>r**"<>'v ^^ ''^i^' at-
JBioa|,brr«fe, t,ri:A9ii4 [] ar*!)! (■ J. tV, VI' I IJ lain* ttabV'J tbr r<il|,|HrlE,i| cvncEllaJ^nta n> tircluceil
Ovoi Ma uHfl aiiwrloirnla:— I riiaimunil Aarira. haaliif an uliblaiMrt. rgniuii. oliliuul
]n]iirT, br fkpDieil to % frcwturr t/ mnrv lltan (ht*« ■rni^napKrrTa. — ^, TllSit llir uaa uf
alte alt bladdrr la uuL 10 oiUL'ii Uj Hfi'i^^^'i^ 'l^*" >1>ci~1Jir ifmvlrFuf lIif ntikinilaai Lta rtalai
thaTar|li,f roTi'c uY tba fluiU culuinn. an'1 llina to pti>IrcE the vl«wo BTtH aliriuDiliiBE
bli>DCl-T«ar[> airiliiil aairaa vf prrMtirr — ^ fl'lii;!!)!!^ jrt thia caar Ltii* irrqiilta arr liaa
atrlklrK) Hi) fnliMhilill allmllfil caii»''l» ="!» 'o' imtaliiliif pr««aun, rrim Ihaaaoii-
a«naUi/i>>, lir VVillhajEkt lLir<trv-l \liat thu EDnrCltlDU uf tfvaaijie rrinilatad ih' illauLtniilvii
«( Oalin In flaplli. Hcfanlutr 10 lh» •i|>arliiiKil«l ica»4rfliM i,! Prof K, Kurlir', ha n-
BffaaaLiJ bla 4y>ifvk'll.M] ibal prviti,ra tr,>uM Tja fi„iTicl kha iik^iat [aii porlai^t ck'nEc-rtl la ll'p
pfOtrtOD a(atibinarlnir arfaiili' II Ir. fir ullarrml llial Hialiixcr aEilriiala(*lm(riil>ilTiaim
a' pMaaurt pKullar m tacla apfrTaa, ainJ driEtinlnlf.f lla iin*t uf drpth. Tlic t,t*a oT
VWUlk tHsptrilDit M*>c riril (iiiliiliiril ]i laaa ri[Tai{riitii[ally ilrmuiiitritiil. Ibil Ilic
•vpaaatoD of l«a-«alfr It coi^aM^rabJ^ trra^tt than that i^Y pEiFf irarvr. undar a^ual Ifitrr-
■aefiia dT baat- It Aat, humver, rataiitoiitil try ilia acavti*fttr, itia<( deuvltr <lltt uoi
AoAnlali Id atari prapDrtloiii irlLb Uia itivt^t^ t< vol tint- t[ viii arjft^cql, tliBt ililati-
paelatnt lacal la> act>„m)t f,'t tS? vipai,alurt uf cr^atala by haat. ta uollanl U; kllUvSTr,
Kb I and Itiail II alas iJi'irnI lb at in ttaa caia or tno alraii of uaiit uf niiilmllnr itai.
pfPUdva wecrtfinf rach oihrr I'l, tba o««b. Ibv IrAdanrir [4 (i^lcrfnialurr by v«rt]<<il
(MlMVlarMMcihitiiraapnKriban wauIdiM' tbr »ar II ibc >ca lunataird o[ dlaillltd
Malar, llaaa eooleiKlRlibal 11 iraa lii aitordanra wllb llie (irliidplca dnrlaperl lu ihli
•xpnliaaoli ibaltba irann wtln iHKapjIirg [)i* (rtactat dtpih* In Ibr a<a (i> dltioivrrd
br Sir Jantt Bin) nw M tba aiirtbieanil nraprd undft the fcvrm or aniviir, wblch tty
mBlail«( laaaailb Uinnigh iba ainiMphtrf t„liif«i>d itw tif nu> d |K,1a> I'M. twrcriiog
4* Uw ilnJnaof KSIrr (jl millarm aiainilh. utiaerm] Itr Bit J, ll(>as,(lu Iccturtr lUtM
ttal ka had aic«rlaliw4, I^i tii)Mlistnl. ttii »■*( aceotn* a cnnaldfTablF lntiHar t>r
ICBpnMU* liadar ■tnl prrai u re, and thai bt tboilght Ibat ibr tetnptiaturc at Ihcdrrp
•*araaM«a*r*0*<tMfMtnTtlyain»inlf4 fur br lh>< •nmlaiiotlnn al bulb wlikh Ihe "air
«t laaaar" aaafnarDl. Tba lncr««»« qI 1#fnpvratura niraBur'd d,>'iiiaBr.la hom aba
JlnaiB al •■llDna — t ii itli to Iba an balIi>[Ti vm nmliH aa piorlni that Ihf Irivnt
kaat a# Uia 4laaala«ialr a>*araiidrra4 aroaiiil* ai iba jirvaaura— thai it. at lb* deptb In-
enaaed. Dr. WVIUaa nmclodMl bj rafrrri nf to ibf matlmuni lianills uf wain. Uw taira
'flotM^V ia« allaliia *f air Id w%Ur, and br «tptaloln( ibi InilnaMe or thoat ran.
«UI»aa oa Iba calaHnr* and dlilrlbuaun of plani* sad •nlDali iii Ida iM.
T'A^ Thnbfr Dulin. — The rollowiag new aad rednead prieaa on tiaba
•nilvriood rHdarimeiDiootmatlcinoiitbeStti of Apiti — *"—' 1 — rtil nnl trrtat ilreli.
baLUnt, boaada. tUvr*, baiidaplk#a, nar^ Ulhvood. ,>r ,»tLar Hmhtt at wvo^ *avB,aaL
lug* oT paartUB ib> dm miry al anlnlDK hatuna, lM>l*a-*Dda, daala, 1
ptauta, br lale. If Bf aiu) from (on-lrn cDuoirka, anordlaf to tiuer dllTeiaM illaiial—
and n144 of duty, 1^ wblrh a ronaldrrabla rttliicllrtii It matla, rBrjTDg froai ««^|lMr1b W
B mulflT ot Ibr nUa of dalT Mtbcrlo Irrlnl ihcrcoii - tUin. Ihr load at Ml entile fM,
lit. I nr*>niiil. lb* railinm al '!\i\ riililF Irtt, lit. ; liandiplkM, iinl aMtirilDc 7 fad la
Itnitb. Ihr I'.".', I^i., cinnllDa 7 fni ^a JcDR;ti, tbe li.'<(, II. M-j kHS, UKta-a iaebat
iiliiirp. Lhr L'li. I'll 1 i Irii'bra and uiiilet V Incbra fouan. lb* Ivit. U. 4*.^ lalbanad.rhi
(llbcn, al Vlll'iibl,- f«I, t'. 4a. , aart, ibr XjM, 4f. Ill* ; tpan irr psltl, lUtftr S tM ■•
IpRfib. anil 111111*1 4 Imbralo dlnmrlar. Ihe 11*0, I7i. 1 31 Itcl In laoilh iiiit tifili. aa<
uiidri 4 Ini-bn In illtnialft, Ibr 1 '.>!>, I'. 4(.i tpaia u< (II ItiifUia, 4. aad landar 4 hahaa
til dlamatiT, iliB m.llf. !••. . arvtrt (ervhnla. 1101 ei cmllait ^fral In ItnfUi, th* \Jttt,
il. 4a. 1 ni-HclIng ;' trtl tn lanflb, Ibt l.tHH). 17. Ha.; tlmW, jilwttd, oa m^aioWf
drvaaad gr prtcarnl fur lur, and nt^t particnLarlr tnunieraud our uibentlae cbarfaia allb
iluly, Uir cubic foul, 4it. 1 and futLhci Inr every IMI, Talu*. lui.
lalBT or HEWr FATEHTa.
BKAKTBe IX KKaLAKD VMM Makck 27, TO AvBIL 20, 1S49.
SILr Mrmlh* allemd/er Sarolmtnl , mtU** tlitneitt trprrtMd,
Brojamlti Oi*T Hablrgton, cif lirDinriirtel, Hantmr-iqiUK. Uidilleaci, M.B.
Ji»bti .ipiiF^ln, Elf CiiilbllEirrl-atrrei. MlitiLtrapt, it.lt, tot " [mprflvetncita fa Ilia
(betura of taautUc pana-"" ilaitlad Uon-b jT-
Jobn Coatra, *tl HEttrllcr. Laucaabtrr. calico prlater. for " r«rlal& Improi'ttfteall la
macbliiery or appaiaiuafur pjlDtlD|r falJccet and oibaf auTficra."»A^l %. ,
UlCtlarJ Jt^aeiili Jobn PonlaTi. of Abbot's Uromlcy itoruie, SUITurdablrv, Kaq^
''linpmredcuniiitiilhda c<i inlntiim I" ha iiied fi>r lubrlcall'iiir narhlnrry/' — Aprils
JaiiM* rilhniir, of Tnliriiliain. lllildlFiTi. anKiorrr, for "tcrUlo ImpfOTamraa
pmpvlbfitr u^^n railira^ ai„1 cotiaU.aDd In Ibvappaiatiia or toaeblDaf bf arhick fta
a^me la to ba BccuEtipllabrd,"^ April 4.
Tlioniaa John Kiiuwlyt, uf Hrtbaixi Tmaar, ii««r Lanrvablre, and WtUlaa VHUa* el
Sblilry. Hani*, for " ImproTaiueiiU In pntrallng, Inillcailna. and app]ylii( haait-'.^
April t.
Joarpli Fool, of SpltaL.K|iiar*. UlddJoati, r<iF "Iniirevimanlt In lb* oianidKlan* b(
aleVTi "—April ",
F:,kj^tne Ablnn, af P>nl4>n.ari««i, Itayrnttlirt, f^r '* linprvTrmrota lu Ini 1 aaihn llw
draft la cblmnlea of EocomollTp aniiolbereDflai?a.**— April 4.
I'bsinu Ulll aiid John Kdirutnbt 1.1III, of l*lymDutJi, manufKlnrNi^ hn " lBl|naa>
tnenca In the niBTiikfai-IiErr iiT ma iiuret,"— April 9
Tliotnaa PulU, al Rlnnliigliain. liraai lutir miDBlkilarvr, tor " Impiore ni eB Ia la Ibi
manuricliire sF tubular Huai of lodimolliv aad othrr ttaam bollara."— April t*.
Tbamu Spenetr. uf Prrtoi. Ijnraablr*. Tof " ntitln [nipTDTtmrBta Id ■Mblaety ar
av|>«raltia fur luailufactufWt^ V^\'^l ami lulkca ftvtn clar ■>! uvbvr piaatlc aMittrlalii |NelW
),uiu nf iitili'h InipiEiaFEUcittt tut applliible to tbc niaiiuCui'Uia urhallMi 1 at I IiaiiaiaH ~
—A pill 1(1.
Jamaa Ilerhiin.. ofUradfonl. Yorkablre. minatrr. for "mtalo Inproaananea latifc
vb^ucr y fur car^li^Hi combing, |)rr|iailrir. aod Bplficiloa ^^oiian, wool, alpoca, laiffliali. jai,
allk, and olbrr flbroui m atari a It. "—April lO.
J<ihn y-i'iTrji\t 11I HiKliilalr. T.4]iii'atbhc. iiicicbiiit iTiakar, nnd Jiibn Krclra,of tbeaewt
pi are. marhanlr. for "rvrtaln iBoptovainanla Ininlfga jit plaja forlba paaa^eaf
April IV.
Jjhipaa Patrltp nf Hoc^JbI*, LancBablra, anflBa«r, for ''rortain toprorvBioiata Id
riA|{lm-i.*'— April LCi-
Jubii I.iiiiifiraitli, of Mcftlon Htaltii Lancuhlrt, toe " crrlaia loipronmrDla lo pIdiM
for |>ow#rloaaia-"— April 10.
Jamra Maiictick.«f LTrarpooE^ gcDlileiiiaii, for "' Improremanla In pnfvollni aod et-
tln^ulablnf Arr lo re* tela. iiarcbiMctira, ai'td otliar buUiltraiia, parla of wblcb EETtpr^rafBaaU
uit applicable 10 iTciLlUilDn/'— A|jt11 \S.
J^bn Uaalrra, of 3'«l«>atvr, {|rnd«man, for *' InkprorvinaDla Isi Elr*ta Aaat»n1ilfa« Bad la
allarhlnr ibp lame . Bull Id Bitli'lMuiade. wIiDllTarln pari, el trruiiii SaatEiW malMM
nr fib lie." -April VJ.
Hanry KafiaOfl Ronton, al lldiiE[i9tead. Bllilillcata. frnllefDau. tot "nttata Inipima*
menu In lallwayiMrTligeiaiid ir>Ki9na,and In rcaarltutcBpocltyiCniptoTtd In Ibt atwlac
aiid f^i-n'TiryiiK?* of evploalve aubilantai,'''— April l.^.
Thnmaa KoriTlb, of Ntw Koilliroul. UlddlBiri, aD|(lnaar, ftlT " ImpffOfMMOIa lalta
tEtaiiuftcliitc ol ralln^ay ivhrrta-'* — A|ird ly
Clia'laa Clrfi^n anil Janet Nrwman. ma nuftr hirer*. a( R1nhlck)Fliaot. lb f " lafpava'
ID ecu In Ibe coBDufarliirt of a yorl or ptrlaQfrnflirayvberlB.*'— April 15.
nirhitd Madlno. dI Ifsnntiicb.Ulll, Flampalawl-niafl, MldJIraaa, dvll*nf4ai«r,
John Crmpa Haiblnii. o! 14. Unrolri'a lun.lltlda, Mlilillnri. rlTll clialDcn, lor ~la>
proracneou lo tba hianiifarta'a uf wtiaala for ra.HirBfa.'*~Afirll H.
Xrlab Hilar, of Now Verlt. In Che Itnlifd SUua of Anrrtci, tor ** iBi p r o 'ew lala Iba
uianufacturrof tulr rwla,**— Ajirll lA.
I.>a.t4d litvtra, of Wlf^TiAre-alr^pl, rarandlah-aqnara. foarbmalGfr, foe ""c^ibla la-
pf .TireifieTiti In tliv t'onttructloii of the beBdi of open aod cluta CBritaaaa,"— ApfU \i.
fhailrt Ati.Tral, t,ruvi>liif;U»n, Brirliam, Eai|., for A "cirtaln iBpnrcnMit or to-
praremrtiU In ib» ma 1111 rait uf of mm."— April 111.
Jiibii JliilUii. ul Blriiili<i;)i.iiEi. iiiacbliiltl, foi "cciUIn ImpHTiTIMali lO htadaf.
llBbllnn.veridlBtlnii. and. L'b'alE^ir and tcri'tTliiv the duora nf aparimenla 1 atoll l||HIa(
BO J rriitllalluf tarrlBf^ct, |i,Krja of «bkli liEi^ruveolrott 4re oppllliabl* to b4^«« Uu pvr«
poita."- April 70.
MBllbriT Liicbran.Df lllib.ilTrrl, rBlilry, ltenfre«atilra, fsi "ceiUlia iBpionBaBM
In Ibe f nMlucllon of rnlonrtd pallerni or dnlgea on inrpt or mrpali, *«ln«*.ae alkBr
tcatilc inalerlala, punt of nhlcb laipeoTeQici,rlB arc aEao tpiillcniile to tht prvdocVBa o4
colnurrd iialiemtar deilitiBon wufeD fBl>rlr*,or alher planet. "—April Vt.
Ktniirl CMm. Ill Krceort-i'iiiiare,. MIddltBfx, cofltini, for " ImproTMaeau lo pa
male ra.*'~ April W
John Sttiuc Harrtillna, of Halr»*lL.eiEfn.:fr*dlD|(iaaiiIi. tIanUo«danBlilr«. rar«*r, In
"ail ItDjirDird in,xla uf AltioH fertolii flnba and ttrapa.**^Apr1l 30.
itrnryCillbrit.uf Saint LMMBrd'a.aB.Hra. i>uaM.f>jr "BolmprMadBatfearlWpraead
iBodtt uf opEtBiiai In denial luiferTt aad Imprered appaialiu*! loKraneaia I» bt 1 ~ '
ULtfBin.'-— ApiitW.
I
J
- —■-,--»— — . -J
■ mmilu girden f above ; and uprirbt oast-iroa stanchioiu p, on
t$A lida of the tube, to which are btdted the endi of the giritn,
tfp Md bottom, and alao the ctom lilting girders A,
Mo. 12»-V«i. II.— ;»■. 1U8.
/ -r-— --> '
motion to lift tht tube another rix fiwt, when the aecond Bnka
were removed aa before described, and the operation repeated m
above, until the tube had been lifted the height required, aboot 98
feet to 84 feet.
^ J
PLATE VIJ
1\^ 4
^H
l^k
Y^
-:-"S5
«M lBpM«B «•<• af MU^ ewMB iMb ^ ■H^fcX^-Afft n.
BMir OnttC •! MM t>Maud>t.M-Sn, awMib hr " u Iapra*id sad* ar laproi
■Pdw if o> n i tl «f la <teaM wm«cT, and l »p n»TaJ l u^ wM w i or laaliiiiatiiW tabt ai
awi«iB.''-^pin •.
TUB CONWAY TCBCLAR BRIDGE.
(a'ilK Enfmringt, FhU KIIl.J
ThB^TMl^agineerinircfeiit fur 1848 ix the mininf^ of thpConiray
Tubular Bridiie, biuI which aft^r no murh frar and ftnxiety hiw
baas dbct*^ Kith fcrest mcMBO. This work ilmveo iU impiirlniii-n
■Otm anch fruin iU in^ntnaiu, nx fmni iu n|ipiiii4[ the -nay fur
the adoption of b new ayftem of bridfre buililin|f, vhereby the
rcM of pn;pneprin|E are vtry much exteniled. Tii build a
I grwilrr llian thuup nhirh hni'ci hei^ri mnile liefore, to innke
l««y loQ^r tliuit tliikie whii'li hiira yrt liei'ii opened, or to.
' eaB0tnu:t a mure |)uwerful lot'omotii'e. U h i^ent work ; hut it ia of
vmy nuch ^n>t«( impurtiuic* to f lerute sumvthinp entirely new.
TIm mginecr who hiw rotiianii^ted thi.> (rreate«t li^hthmine »r the
itMt di>ck in hit ixr. may be avecctime liy M>nie one eUe, nnd
1 hia claim is at an end ; wh^reaa the eoffioeer irlio ntendii the
BKM of hill art, lias a clrar and unique rinim to dialinrtinn.
$tT. Robert SlephenMtn hai the 11)13-11 of r.irryLit)i »iit t|ji« HViiem
t>{ tiihiilar brii.li;e biiildinft, und it will be .1 niiei-ial event in hi«
r, bcj'und the many wurksof comttrurtire idttll he hii* alrvnily
luead. Tha Mocao of the Conway bridire i« none the tean
It, becauae it atttlca tin- |>riirticabitity cf that jester
takinx. the Menni Tuliulfir Itridife. Thus prffireai in any
direction lends miiat rttrtainly to jester eierti^n; and it iit
lUariy neceii iry to give every eiicourancpmi-nt U> all atiempta,
■Uch OMfi a new career fur the eufcitiMn', and give him greater
infan* or exertion.
Wf. are uUd to learn that th« trials bithertn made within th«
.b« with loconMtlive* have li«e» unixeuful. tlioiiKh we linve nut
_ tha a|>parCuQily of pcritunnlly tiivei>tifiatinj|[ the real proems
|of the unnertak inR. We ahali. however, wat^h it with iiitere<it
•nd atteotiuii, to we hiiw far it* atnliniivd wurkintr jurtilie* the
u|Mnloo which hai Ixcii entertained of it* mict-ew*: at (lie name lime,
■a amr aay we dv not partidoate In the fenru which are cater*
tained by wine nf our mathamatuial corrpMmndentt.
We have thi» monlli )('i'<^n enicruvin^ of^the lube, and the liftin|[
S^paratuK, anil next month we |>ropoae to Iny before our reiulen
rawinffii of the iuirrni<iii« Jari^uard niachinery invented by
NeaMV. Rabertm for ptitirliini; thp iilate*.
The CPOstruvtion when finiKhnl i» to comtint of two tnbular
brMBM, fimned of wrouKht-irGn plateH, each tul>e heinx for one
liae oTrailH, We shiLlI now ^online aureelvei to the deaoriplion of
ooe of the tubex. whirh waa fixeil in ita place in March la«t, and i«
^own in the ai-f«in|iiinyinK entrrniliiip). Plate VIII.
Fiff. I rihihitit a transverse wcliun of one of the tube* and
the tnaMinrr of thi^ jiicr, tnKcihcr with the lifting apparnluiL
Fig. S i> n tide i-lcviitiim »f in (vri in length of the tube, rnlintt
•a the niii«a>nry. and the Ht'tjnK uppunitua: Fift. 3 i« a 9i»:ti<in
thrnufh IS fvt^t in lcni;tli of the tube, and tection of the lifting appa-
ratua. FI^. 4 ia a pbn of ihc ton of the tube to the extent of VO
feet Id len^ii. and tilati of thi^ hydraulic preiw. Vif. & ia a front
view of one end of the AusucN«ian prdet, and &g. 6 a lide Ti«w.
The tube can*i»t» uf a ancll or exlernnlcaain|[, a, a, of irruii|tht-
iron platea, fnim i to 8 feet liing^ and 2 feet wide, by 4-inch
thick in the centre, and Itti* of an inch thick tnwnrdia tiie I'lid of
the lube, rivetlrd lo§Ttlicr to T-aiiKle-iron rilu, jiWeil on Irnth
uidea of the j«iiit.-v and unirlr-eniwta nt the feet of the libs to
stiffen ihcni; a reilinir, »iin|)it.ie<l of H rcIlnUr tuhcM b. carh V1)J
incbe* wide, and 21 inchia hiffh ; and a flmir n>:ii«ininic d cellular
tabaac^STJ incho* wide, and 21 incbcM hicb. The hIixiIc length of
tb« lube ia 419 feet, and 22 ft. 3A in. hi(i]i at the cudpt. iuu\ 25 ft.
€ in. fai|ch in the centre., incjuilinf: the celliiUr ltibe> at ttip and
bottocn, running the wliole Icn^fth, and 1-1 feet wide tu the o'ltnide
of tho *ide platen. The upper celln arc formed of wroufht-iron
platn, 2'inch thick in the middle, and ^-inch thick towards
ib« enda of the tube, put ti>i;ethcr with anicle-iton in each hukIr
of the cell* ; and over the upper JolnlD ie rivcttcd a alip of j-iuch
iron, *i inches wide. The lower celln consul of j-inch iron
plates lor the divisions, utid the top and bottiitn of two thick-
of plate*, eocb 12 feet loiij;, 3 ft. ^ in. broad, and l-inr.h
thick la ihc lentre, and { uich thick nt the cnda, and so arriiii);ed
B> to break joint ; and a corerin)^ pliitc iif 1-inch iron, 3 feet hmg^
m placed over every joint on the niider!>id(! of the tube. The
axtemal casinii la united to the top and bcitliiui coIIh by anfcl^-l'uK,
oa both the in*iile»iid u'ltvide of the tube, an shown in hg, U.
The cnde of the tube, where it rtvtts on thn mawnry, are
atreoythened by ca»t-iron frames d^ to the extent of a feet of the
lower ceUi; 6 caat-tron transverse I-«hapcd Kif Jer& e, on the flour;
similar ({irdeni / above ; and upright cneL-iron ituncbiona g, on
««ch aide of tbc tube, Iv whivh are bolted the ends of Ibn gii4era,
top aad bottom, and alao tho croM Uftio); (p'*'*'''*^
ka. ia»— Vo*. 11.— Jdni. IMSv
In order to allow of tho tree expwiBion aad oantraotioa af the
tabe, tho ends rrsi on 2* pairs of iron rollen 1, eoaaactad (agetliM-
by a wroHicht-iron frame, and nlaced between two cast-iron platea
J. k, 12 feet loity by 6 feet uiilc, and 4 iachea thick. Th« lovar
plate in laid on a duorinK of 3-mdt pliuika t, bedded on the iteae-
wurk ; and tlvc tube is hImi Mispended to e*iit-lrua beatna m, the
eiida rcHtintc «n lunKiludinal bearers n, IS feet lung, with a circular
fn^Mive on the underside, iiipjrarted by 12 gun-metal balls o.
ti inches diameter, staudini,' upon an iron bed p, and supported on
cbe end» r>f the cniit-irun hearerx 7. The tubes areniapended to
the beam m, hv wnmicht-iron bulla r, and spade-fdaCM nvetted un
to the aides of the tube, as sbf.'wn in Airs. 3 and 4.
The lifliiiK upparntu* for ni»in|i Ihi* enunnoua weight waa an-
tn>!itr*l by Mr. htrjihcnson, to Mewm. Kastun and Amos, eox-ineeta
uf the (rruve, Suutliwark. to v^hoai great credit is due for the vety
eucceatful manner the tube wmi liHcd. The machinery' consisted of
2 rtaam-aii^cs, rrcclcd in the reces»eii B, of llie correspoading
tube, one ua each i>iije uf the riier ; and each engine baa a boriun-
tal cylinder, 17 iucho? diameter, and 10 inches stroke, with piatoa-
Tods working through >tulIiiig-hokea at each end of the cylinder;
each pi*t'>n-r(id ban a crtwH-hemd, and gii'ee motion by side-roda
and cmnkn to Iwu Hy-whecls i and the eudn of the two piston-rods
wrirk 2 forcing-pumps with plungers, 1 ,V inch diameter, and
16 incbrs stroke. These pumps inject the water into the hydraulic
pre** C, sliown iu the engraruig, through the smHll tube (3).
The ]>rviM was erected on a trtaflo conetiticted above the level of
the lop of the tube, and consisted of two crons-girders of cast-
iron, each in two heights D, !>', the lower one 4 feet high, and the
Hpuer one 2 ft. 6 in. high ; the ends resting upon cast-iron bearers E,
imiiedded in the mnwinry of the pier)i. Upon the croM-girders
was fiiod the caMiig F, of the ram, which it i ft. 2 in. long, by
3 ft. & in. wide, cunt with ribs ; and on the top of the cyliuder are
fiaed 2 lertieal guide-ruda O, U, S inches diameter, psssiog
iijiward* through the cross-bead of the rain, and a cast-iron girder
H. nearly nt the top of the tower, and 18 feet above t he girders D'.
The tirem eunxists of a cylinder ( I ), firmly fiaed in the caaing.
374 iiicnes dinnieter exteriudly, and 20 inches internally; mai
the ram (2) l^i inches diameter, with a varnity nearly \ «f an inch
ail round, to receive the walir injected from tbc pumps already
deacrihed, thmugh the tube (3), the orifice of which is 3 of an iacn
diameter; lliis lubu i« fnrniHhed with a lever-valve dose to the
cylinder, for safety, in cusc the plpei shiiiild burst. In the event of
suoti a caaualtv, hv an ingeoioun contrivance the lever-valve would
be instantly ehise^i, and tb« weight supported bv the vrater in the
e7li&der. On the lop of tho ram is A eroas-baa.d {i\ of solid caat-
irun, Sft. lOtn. long, I ft. lain, deep, andSft.tin. thick, with
two aperture*, 2 ft. I in. long, by 1 ft. I| in. wide, through whieh
the lirlini; chains pass; and »n the top of this eriMs-liead are
Hxed two clipping rieew or elama (S, J.) each conaiitin.gof a pair of
wrought-iron jaws, 3 feet lonfT, ■ 1 inches deep, and 6 inch«:s thick,
and a winch which turns a small pinion (6), that takes into twa
cog-wheela (T, 7') fixed upon the headn of two horitontal aorewa
(8, 9' left and right hand^) pauiug through nut* in the two jaw*
of the clamo. Thu* it wili beperc^ived, that ua the windi tsturti«d,
the jaws are made to open or cIoh, for the purpose of clipping th«
]i.t>ad* of the lifting chains; below these elama are two others (s U'},
for clipping the head* uf the lower links.
The two lifting chains consist of wrought-iron Hat bars, in
lengths of li feet ^m centre of iMiIt-eye to centre, and each bar ia
T inches wide and 1^, I|, and It inch thick, with hcad.4 having
tthouliient fitted to the jawaof the elanu. Each chain contained
nine links of N nnd H hncri alternHtelr, besides the two lower linki,
each enntiiiiting of i and t hiin. Tne bends of the fint or upper
links pasted through the upper lifting rluino, Raed on the top of
the cruM-head of the ram, and there aecured by the jawi of tha
clatnt beinir screwed up taut ; the aecond links passed through ths
lower clam, the J"»'K "f whii-b were left open, and the heads of
the two lower liiiki were ninde to abut againat the underside of tha
lifting girderf, g. A. ^\*hen the pumps were set to work, the ram
wa<t lifted 6 feet, it^ full rangf< ; when it had sttained this elevation
thejnwitiirtheli>wi>rclBnia(0, a'), weri'screweil up clotie and clippod
the hcadiinf till? third Uukii (il), and there held the chain farm; tha
JHwc of the upper clani* were then opened, and the ram lowend
down to its original position, when the ban of the topliDka(lU)w«r«
removed. When thin had been dune, the jnws of the upper cJama
(j, y) werengaiabrtiu){ht under the heads of the second linki, and
screwed up tniil, so a^ hrmly to clip the ehoulilers of the links, tha
Jawf of tbc lower vice (U, U) opened, and the ram was then sM in
motion to lift tlie tube auutker sia feet, when the st^cnttd lioka
were removed as before described, and the oneratiitn repeated aa
above, until the tubs had been lifted the beigbt required, about V
feet to St feet.
]«
THE CI\'IL ENGINEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
Jewi^
Tha tower aftliepiWHMniiylM tlittSOllo«lM«A:thi««iicrfthe
nai fcWBg rqufil (0 33T-6I droiilAr ineha^ iHl di« torn anting
upon thf ])lunger eijiiat to ^l* tons per clrmlar inrh, the two
beinff multipUed togethrtr ffive 7'ivi tons, which !• thi' fore* of one
of the prcnn, and of the two pjreiMr* l bU Iuhn. Tlir ai-Idii] weifrht
lifted WM eniniated tl 1,300 toon. The iiuiinttly or vnter niwil
for CMth prnn U aViut OS gntlunti.
The tiilie wa« rniiKtriicti'il oti « jtlntform vreftpd on tin' ulinr^ of
ihc river, clow to where it w«ii to cmmt ; »ml whwj lininlied, nix
piintooii*, toniethincTMiiTiiliir to the liir^e i^ial lijjhtem on the rlv«r
Thameii, were pWvil under the tube at low water, and which Ht
high wal«r UAed the tube off Hip iiili^ tijHiti whidi thi^ ftsutt wutt
CTwctcd. It wmthen flualeal tti itn dextiiiiiliun. iiuil jiUfeil hetween
■ he twn towrm. pan of the nm'Mnry heiiip leli undone until the
lube wu put into iln pmper p(ll^itiori. mid bs it was rained the
mnxonry wiis built vy under the tulie. Tin* tim*- (K'ni|tipd in ntiidnK
the lubr iind buitdini; up iht- niaiMury iiccupied four il«y»; the
actual ^wce llflod per hour was 13 feet.
CANDIDUS'S NOTE-UOUK.
FASCICULUS LXXXII.
" I muat kiTcllbMtr
WI«tl■^■•Ur|tr■<ll«r1ttJl•tbt nlnila.
To blinr uu nliuoi I Dbaat."
I. Surely there must be 'Wmethinjr wronfrRoniewliere. when, not-
withstAudin^ nil the tEiKiKTuuK nttjiliHnc'L'* nnd iiitU which Architee.
tURil Htudy can now bonsKif, Arr1iUiM:tiiriMt«'lf ■rt-nia U>h;iver<iiiie
to ttdciul Ktniid. In the iriAbililv to cet a Bteji furward*^ a merit
Umade of what nii Irinhnmn would call adiancui^' bnckwurdt. To
Mf nothinf; of the Institute, wo havv b^Milra thnt a Rvvnl Academy,
which ])r(itr»»fii to t-xtead its foitertiiK iiri>l«-ti«ri tn Archilectiire ;
almi Arch it Will ml Sonctirs. Decorative Art Societies, Scbixila of
flwipn, and liwtly, tlitiuKl) net Jeiwt, I'rnfeMurs of Architecture ; —
yet what \n the art the better for thein all ? inn it do more tUan
liiLih uji asaiii nnd noain the cold reiniiina uf iliir hiinquet* which it
^oacd to serve up in hy-^ouc ngw ? If that " more" be nut piiKiililv,
\tn 16 little cflu»e furuiitH vnp-our nt the rule we do about Ar<:hi-
frture aa one •f the Fiue Art*. EithtT it ban now lort. or ia no
unifer ijennitted tii exercise, tlie pawem — Ki rnitintaiti the jirivi-
" -ea of «nt, A fli-r jf iir/yi n^ aU eitaut allies of the art, we aro
luoed to the nuirllfyiiiH i iiiiilu^ion. that we c^n do nottiinf; what-
ever with any of tbcm beyuiid cujiyiitif, hcirijf iiur»i'lves wholly un-
able t« cJitcli and prcw-rve the iirlittic «|iirit that »Vrrvades the
boat and most chorartcriiitic csaninlci of the stylea which we prii-
poae to ourwlves aa moilelx. By dint nf paiiia-tnliinp industry, we
c»n follow tlipm tfdctiibly well a» fwr a» tbfy gft; but wherii they
stop ahitrt of whnt our actual purpunes demand, »e fitihp nhtirt too,
■na break down ; aiid not only do they not ao far enuiijth for our
prenent rctiaircmcnts, but tliry ■oRietimes lead un a«itray, forcing
more or Ir-Ks upon us that wliich isiwloiited iiieruly bi-caiiw itisaigni-
ficsnt of tlit? stj^lc, nhhoUKii at the very same time much thul i«
incompatible with the style is tolerated on the score of uecKi^ity ;
wo thai, after all, it i^ t>''^iii-r»l1y xiiffrrcd to be seen that there baa
been cmflicl between style ami jiiirimw. Without "Uch thoruuph
mmtery over a »tyle as can heud it, uiid remlcr it ipiitir plaalic ami
Usctabliv It ia hardly jiiiiHiMti to praducL- more tli.in either direit
eopin or former eanm]>leH,or a sort of dei'eiit patchwork eoni-
poaed (lilt of them. As one of the Fine Artsi, Arrliitecture miKbt
now very projjcrly take for ita niutto, Fui : — " I wa» one onoe, but
am eo no lutitfer.
n. It would not be amitw were mrm term introduced to dlitiii-
ipiiah tlnisc whom we now will Arcbiterta, from Builder*, or eUe
to diitinffuUIi the Artiat or Fine-Art Architect from him wbose
Snctlce and abilittes do not extend beyond eHimHten, <i|ii'cifirali()nii,
e prcparlni; workini:-drawiri)r«. and the siipcriritendiiiii the exe-
Icutiun of buildini;^ H'Jiy not have the li-rni houw-nrcliitect, as
rell n.9 liiiUKC-pn inter, uadmtaudiii); br it thiwe whu make ni»
SL-tcnaions or whine works do not qualify them to make any to
^ e more anibilioua name of Architect in the scnae of arliat. At
' WeieQl, all who came under the nomewhnt vn^ciie denumiiiatiun of
Architertt, nsgume to tbemsclve* the rmik of iirtidu — followers of
what is by coniioim anient and the laxity of laii^iaict^ ailmilted to
be a Fine An. Ni> doubt, wicJi appellation (that of arti«t ) U flat-
terinig enough ; but then it e^rrle* with it a correcponding degree
of mpuDatbility. If it coo be adeqtiutely nupportcd, it ia oue of
honour ; tf not. [t beoomea one of repreaeh Mill Magnet. In not
iH-iu;; an artist there ia no demerit ; but the preten^ng to paas fur,
or at iMiHt rank an Mich, without poi<»e«nuL'tht> least artiatic talent,
il flurely not very many reinovea rr«)m (|iiackery. If there cu bo no
hiKher title than that of Architect fur tlioie— «nd they do not teem
t» Ite many— who follow their prvfe«fion in the anlrit of artleta. a
tnure ittiide«t de*i«ciititlim would better become the majority, and
would relieve them from the oneera uad reproachea to which tboBf
now rxuooe thrmaelvra.
III. The idea of erciMinir ain^le coioiKal colucnna na monumenta
and architectural objects, wim, no dmibf, borrowed by the Itomuu
fWin) EL'yplian obelidks. Inaamucli as they are both lofty, niirixht
obje<l<i. excei-dinitly well calculated to ahow at a Mntiderable diw-
tance, the CKdumn and nbvlisk aitree- hut they alitn dilfer iinite aa
much, am) the difference ia decidedly in faxMir of Eftytian taate.
^I'hereaa the ithellak ia evtdenily a monument — a pillar erected to
record wmie fint or fnrt*. or dignify wiine loraiity. and ia everyway
fitted liy il« Khupif lu atand as an biaulmed, imle]>enile>il monoIitlL,
tlie eoluuiit plainly expreaaea Itaelf to be n component member uf a
fabric; tlierefore taken hy itaelf alone, mcaninirle>ia. — in the coitdi-
lion of a verb without a nnnii, ur u noun without a verb. Not
only doea the ciiluinn auKK^^t the idea of a auperincuuilient archi-
trave, for aupfiortlng k hich It ia intended, — but detached frum it,
aci)jirea H lophearf/ aaA unriable look, the very reverie of that
attenilinfc liuf purntnitliaii in which the oheli>k io made to termJiiHte,
and which pnidncen an obtuHe upiu, inntcud of the whole bein^
prolonjfed In a sharp point, like a spire. Except its icenerml pr<K
purtiona aa to heif;bt, there ia nothini; that recommends a column
Inr oflicintintc in Ikni of an obeli.ik. The »■ cmjdnyinx it manifests
verv (Treat i«iverty at invention arid barrenni-M of idea*, — the
inability to devise new and more appropriiiti! forms for new pur-
ponca. Vl'hnt i>) cliivractcriittic in the column, considered as an
andiitKctunil memlirr. destined lo support eil her a hurixunlal enta-
blature or an arch siirinuinK from ita catiital, cetuva to hare pro-
priety or meaning in u pillar erected merely as either an omameBtal
object or a votive monument, i^ich monumrnt may atiU be a
pillar, but it ■liimld bu one exprciwly adapted to itn oeculiarniu^
pose : therefore, Ibv lean it reaeniblesany of the ao-caueid *'orifera,"
thr better. Id (his respect, theltoatra) culunin pOH«MMa decided
advaittat:e : it hIkiwh itself moat plainly to be neither more nor
leM than n Inipliij pilliir. \ column of that kiiul diien not look like
n fnt£m«nt of a Jiulldinff. In ubnilding, «ich form for the ndumna
would be prepoMeroua, To employ /Irr^tfccfiiritV calumnaaad(>
tadied nmniimt'iital [lillarM, savours of pedimtic nml puerile conceit,
akin to that nhtcb during the EliiCiilietban period fiudiioned
chimney abafta iuto column*, dt^fll^rned, more ortlmduzly than taste-
fully, according to aome one of the '''' regular" ordera.
IV. It is very pos&iUIe for a man to have too much leholanUp,^
or to have it, if not too abundiintly. too exclusively ; so mncn of
II, that he baii no room in hia h^d for any idcJix of hix own, nor
anytime for exercising hi« thinking faciiltlM. In .\rchi1ecture,
Kcbolari^hiii in far more likely to prove Injuriuui thnn at all pro-
fltiilile. Whili' with the ignorant il mav paaa for deep etudv, it
seldom aitiounls to more thnn idle display of Ifiarued frivolity;
anil i^ Bii far from really being atudT — that is, rtiidy to any pur-
pose — that it ia riitber apt to check the latter, to become the subati-
tuteforit, andiometimeN tol^Hdnslray into fancies os chiinwieal as
they are extnivapant. InlinitC'ly brtter would it have lieen for
U'iJkins, if, instead of labouring to eonvince n* that the Temple
iif Sildiuiiii waa a building of the Grecian- Doric order, he had
applied bimvelf to more diligent and real artistic study at hia own
drawinf-boiird. Pity that Solomon's temple, the tower of Kidtel,
and the I'lirtlienon too, including a good many other ihitigw
beMdeu, cannot be left at rest — or left to tlioic who are more am-
biliouK of diKpIayiug their pedNnliciI erudilioo, than of contribul-
ing to, or in any way promoting .irtistic study — the verv study of all
others in wiiich we are mo>.l gnuBly deficient. Did wi; liiid that areh-
s*ologicjd knowledge tend* to enliirge thejudguient, and to fertilise
both talent and taate, it would deserve to ue eaciioraged ; it M)ema,
however, to have quite a eontrflrj- effect, — to enntract im;tead ni
at all expanding. Hence in it that enpyium, v hich kliould be our
aliame, i> mndeour pride ; nnd much aa we vapour about art — mere
empty vapouring after ull — we ihow that we have no longer any
faith in it, but take it to be now actually paralyzed, and ineapable
uf dciirtg aught fnrthur than it alrendy hnn done. To revert to a
fomiiT atyle. for tbo purpose of grwliinlly moulding it Into one
tliiit sh;iUtie fai more suitable to our prcM^nt occasions and wania
than the originul one if, would he allowable enough. But no:
that niuit not he done, — ainch n\i»\« of pnicwdiug would ho ac-
counted downright huresj-. It would he t.-iwtamoont to admitting
that, excrilent a« ftmnex'styles were for th« timn which producnl
te4e.j
THB CIVIL ENGINaER MiD ARCHITECTS JOUttNAL.
]«3
tfaent, Ihtj require considfrnMo raodifiMtioo in order to rendu-
tllAa, or 1117 ooe of tfarm, goni-mll^ appltckblc nt tli« pretrnt dny.
ARer aU. it may be que9'tii:>ued wbelher u-hut lu-ok* no niucL ]ik«
pnri»«vorthy reserve, and twrupuluus )>dlicr«nr« in nutli^ntic
moJi'b, doe* nut prooei'd friita mi>ti>'t'e thiit urc not tlio iiioiit
laudable. Mcrvly to v'py. fa\f< xiirtiBn infinity uf ■tii'ij*, thought,
Krid troublv. av tv render Diu t-opyin^ s}->ti>ni. in "lint culLi iiwU a
fiae Art, less of ainy^^ry tliau itelio woalii lie. Arcliit*cl» — and
I say il in «orrow — iirc not artists, e^ii'^pt, licrhap>^.jiii^t h«re lUid
tb«rc one exceptionally. The mnjorily nt tlw priifpsniou Have
nnthing wlintever of tbe feeling or nuirit of arli-ts in them. Il i»
•aid that it tuken nine tailors to malce » man , I am mire il take*
nincty-nin^ .Arcliitni^l'. lo mnkc nil ■rtUt ; fur, lu mnttrv* fo, if
wv f[ct one out of a hiindrrct wlw aniivera t<i the Itilti^r t'hnmcli-r,
ire Oa|i:frt to ke fateful. It wall ho said, perhapn, tliat tl>« o^por-
tuoitiee for «lio*in|C artii^tii' and original tident an> po exc(«dtiyly
fei*, that wo ou)[tit not t<> judgA of tKi; adilitv <n pattir by tho litllir
ability wbich mnnifo«t* it«rlf in t-tnr. Opjiortiinitivo do otrur,
neverthelent, and wliat ia tlie um we in.«k<^ of iKpin ? ^^by, to
first*, in Iho most unMwBhinc ninilner. d^-ix"*^ iVoin Snnnovino!
t I* true, t"'ount IVOrwiv mnkc« a m^rit of mkIi duitipi : wtiat
then ? — ho merely »li«»-» himsylf ii iirijrsi"!! omconib. Hin count-
•Itip'it Opinion may be very mmd aotliority fur the cut of a coat, or
Other ifue*lion in Inilorinic, Iput in Architwtiire not worth n utraw ;
although it had, it iteemii, overbearing ireiglit with the "Armoury
»nd Knavery Club."
V. ftelo%«d, but mortunhftppy Ari-hi torture, how art thou heaet!
— hy the merciit itpn on one side, nnd the merest peirral* on the
other — i-reature* who merely repeat hy rote what they hnve cither
henrd from otherii, or girt out of books, without brintfinj^ iio mueJi
aaa ainf^le iden of their own to Incrtrpopnte itxlf with', or work
■pan it. So lon^ ne yrc merelr lUtrii tothera in riletiee, thev fiit on
lliMmtl^ and volubly enntiyh. Sut ont e be^^in to rro««-<)ue>.tion them,
%aA it 14 all up wltu tliem. Xothinif then in left for th«m but to
eipre* aBloiiithmeiit at the ijrnomnfe iFhi''h enniiot pereeive, or
(h* impudence whiich pri'sumes to throw donirt upon excelltnoe
that baa nU nlnnf; been iinivfT>ii!ly Admitted. Anvtiiing like Htiiu
faMory reauom or int«lli|^nt ren^onln^;, is not to W e.vpe'Tted from
peooilo who«c ndmirittion in fnnnded opon mere prejudice — upon
autfiutit}', triMlition, and eonventionftli<m. Their erltiriisni eonaiitt
of nothinff better than mere cunt uod panrot-like rote j and their
dofminti<^i i>i in proportion to their 4hntlowne<M, The mort inno-
cently-put wDv diaCiirhK ihem, — npAet* their eritici^m and tlieir
tem|i«r too. Albeit, aiiythini; fl>nt poetieal thenuelvea, they firmly
nainlnin with the poet, that "Whiiteverw, is ri(jht ; — in other
words, overythititf is exrelLent for which due authority enn tie pro-
diieod. .\nd would they Imt he i-ontcnt tn stop ilicre, » p)od deal
nitfbt be tsiiA ia Iheir exi'ime. Inxtend of that, howevor, thejr
ilUBBt upon unr believing that whateT'er ia not — f. e. haa not been
don* hefort, conteijuenlty derives ni> nupport from direct prveedent
for it, but muirt. itand upon its own merit*, — must of neeeaaity he
MTony, even thuuf,di it should eeidetitly be wnrranl^^d both hy
aoalo^ ami cnmniiin.nenfe. After all, there is a panicle or two
of •hrcwdnewji in the niirrov--minded dulnei«< of mieh pera^tna:
they bave juot di*ceniment enouifh to be aware that the\' them-
ulvea d«j)eiid entirely iip<in prec«'deot, rote, and routine ; and that
^~|.b»«sl(ii4t ufrtin uthers abiding hr them likewlw, they hrin^ Ihem
and keep tlii-ni down to the lei'el of their own intellect.
ARrniTECTt'RE AT THE ROYAL ACADEMY;
AM> TUB ABCUirKVTUttAt. l>ll.tWINt>r< AT IIIK BSntDITIOn.
Hoot eheerin^ and eneonrii^nf); symptomii miinif«*<t theniaelves
tUa j-c«r in the ArchJtecturnl Il.Knn,— tliut is, »ijppo»iifr there be
Inttb in the Knvin£, that when thiri|r* ('uciie to the wont they are
■ire to mend, fiir tu that romfortivhle slaffe «i {f-Knimity are matters
" ' eome. Never was there before, within our rocolleetiou, 90
ernbly por an aroJiitei-tnral "■spread" at the Acndomy — mieh n
rarly and ill-iirmngei) act-out. Even before we be(;in to toiik
ruund. we perceive that one interestioff class of architectural wib-
J«cts ore altoirether missinff. Either no an-hitecturul model* were
■ent. HI tbi^y wi*re turned away ; ,ind in(!oniprchen»ible lu the last
mxy be thought, it is quite ah probnlle us the "ther (■«■•(; — ,-il leant
to oorseUes. bet-.tiise we hiip|U'n to bnve M*n some of the rvjet-ted
dMiytia, — desiini", ttio, by tho^e who bave been i-ihihitorKfuri-everAl
jmm past, and whose pnnlurtiomt have usually obtained de»epved
MMUnendatiou, both from ounolves and others. Tlieir productioue
an iio» iiu»in(f from the wUls, and their nam» from the oata-
lefpie, which contiUni very few nwnet indeed of any note in the
arfhitectqral world ; and what few there lire, are nut by any means
jtltiralUt exhibitorn, they liavin|< coutented themselves with acndiDK
no more than wltat just entitle* them to nti esliibilor's ticket.
Possibly, however, we are here in error, and do them injuatice, for
thouffh only one suhjecl ot theirs i< to be fpund here, Mreral
may have been turned awav : in fact, we know this to have been
the csAft in one instunce, and in tbnt in>lHnc« the drawiii); admitted
is precisely the one Mbicb its author ciu-ed least of all abuul.
Knowing as much a* we do, we t-Hiiuut help suapectiof^ that a
freat many more ualy revelotions mifiht he made, and a good deal
rou^t to light that would accuM the Aendcmy of inost prcpM-
teroas miamaoagetQeot in this department of iU eahibitioiis, if wf
itnthinfT wor«e. That architecture ■» there most unwelcome, there
ran be no doubt. That biu hren frrowin^ more and more evident
for several years past. And to the rhilliii^ eoMne«> with which it
is regarded and treated by the peneral body of Acnderniciaua, may
perhnon he attributed theyurAearaofieof lhviran.-httevturnl brfthren.
and tJie disconntonnneingr, as far lui in tiiem lies, the pmeticr of
exliibitinj^ arehitectural drawinjcs at nil. In the duvw of Sir John
Soanei, it tued to be the custom for the .\eademys FrafeMorof
Arehiteetiire— at l««uEit V made it Bnch — not unlv to contribute,
hilt to eimtributo each censoi), nnd to contribute nhuiidantly. The
jiresent I'rofessor, on the eontrarj*, ebuosos to put liimself upon tlie
shelf, where he lies wedped in between Colonna, Vitriivius, and a
(piod many other vnry mouldy nnd musty matters,— and wed|ced
there ao fast, that it aeenu he cannot fftX down fur n moment to
look St and protest a^ilnst the outrnf ooua doingis in the nrvhitce-
tiirNl room.* Most enviable state of repose! it snves him from
hi>iii(( horritirwl. .Mr. Barri' ban of course other nnd far better
"fethtofrv"." Sir Robert amirke has been all aloiip- a nonentity
in the Amdemy — save that be is its tremiurer, and keeps a keen
eyo upon its " nhili'm^ii' ^Ve should just lu sunn cxpoct to £nd a
dealgn hy one of the purtOTa as by him. ^[r. Hardwiek and the
new assoriate, Mr. Svdncy ftmirki', are the only architeet* eou-
necled with the Acatlemy who condescend to let us seeanythinic
of theirs in the KKhihitinn.
Such heioK the eaxe, we ttM for^ve the editor of the Art~Viunn
for so strunirlv objecting, as he lutcly did, to architects being
elerted into ide Academy. Unless they enter it with the inten-
tion und full dulorminntion of rently repreienting titeir own art
there, — of utsholdiuff uiul prDmoliiiJt its interests, the "R.A."
HO occ|uired becumes more of n n>proaeh to them than an honour.
They only take upon theniGclvestbeunf^eneroita and odious part of
the do[t-m.lhe.mjin(ttfr; cloinfr nothing themselves for either the
Acfidemy or for arelii lecture, and eicchidinp from the former those
who deserve to be in it, because they woui*l prove active and effi-
cient memhers. Therv beinji so few'jirchiic.Jt-.\<rndcmi<nsn«, is the
verj- stron^rest renson iioieiihte why those few should exert them-
selves nianfutly, instend of sitting by nuivt tumely. while nrrhitec-
tiire is a\\ but aj-tiinlly kii-ked out. For it to bi> kieJ<>'d out nlto-
^hcr would perha[ui ho Icis ignominious than to be treated as it
IS at present. Probably, neat year Ibp nrchitectural dranrini^ will
be thrust aside into the (k-ta^ii-moin — 11 bole, never inleuded. wa
jMVBiime, hy Wilklns to form one of the exhibition rooms,— for
tilts sensoti most terrible innuid Ims been made by the painters
upon the suace hitherto alhitlifd to siieh eubjetts, and to which
they mifEht bo suppowd to have acipiired prejurriptive ri^rlit. The
whole of the eimt-eiiHl nf the room is uow ^ivcii up to (u|.|»intii)ir<i,
— not thai ne should ut nil rumplain of that, provided thcv were
strinly architectural lu subjeiTt, itistend of bein^ the refuse of lh«
worksof their kind in thu Exhibition, with siidi rbarmintf ly namby- j
pimihy titlci> an '■ Tlie IVt," " Alfectiou's First Offering,' aiid uthore
of the same "mitry" and hiek-ii-tlaiKiriil stamj). Had no arehtteot-
Arademictaii cuunt;^ tu protest opiiigsi kucJi an invasion of the
arrhitot^tural territory on the walls } Was there not in the whole
AcadeniiuU. cum^lave one single Abdiel
■• r.Ullful foUBlJ
Amoni till rslihlnt. tmilihil unir tu
Amwf lb* Lattunmraltlr tuit*, uniIh0T«lX
tTfliriAknit uikVEtucvrl, iintrmned.
Hl*leTallrk<-'l'<.)t!>l»'', KUmx>L">
Tliiit tltere was not even one auch seems, for lad such one tliere
been, either his remoiiatninces would have had due effect, or het
hinisrlf wiiald have withdrawn, and reiiiMitiriu^ the brumma^m
honour of R..A., would have cacnpcd the iffnouiiuy of lieing ron-
founded. with the faithle^v, — for as mutters stand, the beuig an
• Wllkln*, durtnjlrti prorrsMmhtp n llig AcKlimTi »»HIJlird unir iwu iniBfldnW* '
IDII. SDfl III."** iluiwnl ui hij Ttn «i»*l wurk ■>( ill—liinvTiliiii I'vllrrr. t'nnilirt'l,;*: Tlia
j.^M«-iiE i^,jffH&nf ti«« ■Ikowii at ii-ut oiuF* ilhcrrE^ufi. tor \anir^ of *k;h>iIfik I-.- t^lHtUfll
uiy ■rciiiirrt'iiai (IrOun uf tiLi uun. liEvtbluilMl Hrti alid ■■■ oqIt ■ iiiKlIrT wnslD-
■•ration a' M' C U'lvnVliiiiMlnii ; •n.l i»ii tni Uiil)', ineitlt ■ w irljiiml oiuiioil
Use hr a pMloitai la s ttuililiui tncUA bj luuihrr srabltm.
22'
lU
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCUITECTS JOURNAL.
|Jrw^
BNliitact and Roynl Acut^mlciar in very much like b«ing a trAJtuT.
Nor i* it W ftiidi Mtutiv ihiil it ik ri^|>ri>ft(ih thnt tlicy uhuulil hsire
allowed archtterturi> to liv rMlucod to the de^rii<lliiK po^iliu" in
winch it ia dow iit the only Hxhibilton open to it nt nil. for it vvr^-
tXnagly rppmorhp^ th? Ini^titiitt' t<( llntUh An'hitrrt* n\w, who,
Inrtrad ur i-imlHIiiitiii^ til tliv iiri-liit«c.'titrBl ili']nirtmciit or the Kx-
hthition, and of ociuiins to iti reitcue id the lioiir of it* immiiieiit
piitril. cxHitent themuIrM witb Btandin^ nifwf ia eutky itieuily.
That tbiiiM who act thv put of cyph^nL in tlia* I ii«titiit«, nlmultl nut
thutr thenuelveacliwwhivo tu hr' irtUer than cyjihent. i« mn niuth
matter for wonder, — jierhajia even leas fcir reiiret. Bat its clars—
tho lutniiiftriea who sliine so hritflill)- in Grosvenor-slrpet,— can it
be that thi>ir talejit iiiiitr exhaii*t» ituflf i:i talkiuic, inil oia|»nraleii
tr* it can five anv miiiiifeftCutiun of itselTin Trafalffar-«quare ?
I Bair the hiitineia of the Injttitute Mema to coiiiitt in Tnlinii thunka
IO,uid cijm|iligii?alirig- vuu'h cither; which, ftir any p>ih1 that the
nil of it il[je«, may |iaui r»r tliH htflter hdf uf it. Iti tlie mean-
iriHte, both the InMitute and the Academy Heem alike to ohut their
eyen t« iwme of the conwqueni'n cf their inmirnt iiidolfnre,
Althoufcli they are nut. it wuulil neem. dirertly rexiionvthle to any
(in« fi>r their (tfiinfT* or iiiin-doingn,— fur their wns «f camiiii*»i<iii
or nf otniiwion,^ — It hi^hotet them to pay Mine little rexgin't to
public wiiinion. — and to preserve if po"ible. dewniry uf aptit-iir-
■nr«L ,\ftfr hmff hovering upiiii th«f v«rK«t of it, the Atadeniy
liAx at last ovi>rKtpp|ifd that line uf iliitcretion and tafely. It hna
lliia arasioii put the •' Uifct fmtlier" upon the camd'a hack. The
time fur ri'mmiftraDce had paiw<-d nway, sinre remonttrant^ liiia
been tried, and liaa proved Iniitlen, <ir wuroe thiiii fruitlew. Mliat
liaa liithcrto l>i-eii reiiioiiiitriiiire, nnd perhaps unpalntftblv aevcrc
admoiiitiiin. will now become unsparing; objurgation. Hnlcw the
arrhilerlH nf thin country b* the nii-aii(irt-i>ptriteil rreatures ctni-
Mirnblr, they will miw hri>ak nut into oj>eu rvhelliuii a^fainst the
Ar«di*my, mid then, when pruiimiu ardrt Uctliigiin. will thr Innti-
tute b-e able tii e*CApe UHStn^^d ? There ik, indlrcd. whnt it niii;ht
makff useuf ■« a " lire-w»-a|W ;" y^twln-thtr it has na^aeitv enim(fh
e»er t« avail itwlf of aiieh nieiinn in ti> us i-ery doubtful. "I'hc pro-
hahility la, ihnt it will prefer the fate of a martyr — prefrr beinjr
rmiMalire, to makin)^ thi- Imirt elfort llint would break the spell
«f iU preaeiit rii itrrt'ur. Let u« hope then that, «nnc whnt may,
he cbnrtvr is written upmn AAhcHtus. At lenst. k-t tliat Pjil Indium
W aaveil; if only to bo deposited in ibr Hriti^i .MuBeum, where it
may in time rump to be looked upim with— vencrHiion,
Tliiisowlio imaicine that we are now wrilinj; In mere reckletMijarrii-
^finrr; arc exceedinifly ini'itaken. It is with feclinpi of Mimiw,
■nineled «ith xliane and inrlijrrKilinn, tliat we pen what in likely
enou^-h to heart down fur mere flippauer, — with sorrow for the
cunttimtrly rjMt upon the art wclove.^with shnme for those who
■re thrmnelvrs ^hameleBa — with indignation a^itinnt tliune Judua-
Ukc frieiiib of arrlijtccture. who helmy it with their kisHea, (iciod,
«aiiy ercalureaf — do thi^y ntippiiMf that thoy ore unnoted and un-
markeil hy other eyea, merely because tbwy choo«c to abut their
own ? To the public, all mnr ncom calm, — and a denpemlely liiMd
caltn it is ; but » Hpeck ha* Wen iieen in the aky, that announrea
a KAtberinK tempeHt. What will comcof it, should anything come
of it at all, will be felt in due time ; and tlirn, prrhapn, ." Sawn fiui
peut" will be the cry. Of that, however, no more at (ireaent.
There are, as we have alremly oaid. no productions at the
Academy this seaaon, of tliut clasfl which ou^ht t" make not tho
lonst fiipire of nil in the Architectural Roum—nmneiy, modcln of
buildinnpi ; althcuiKh ther*? i.i still admittMl there the uHual utimber
*f work* that wxulil be far more iippriiprintely treiit^d, either in the
Miniature or the i^cutptiirc Room. For auRkt we know, ardiitvc^
tunil ntodeli may have bcenoffvrcil and turned awny. All yre know
u, that things thi^re are of the kind — and very interesttnK tliliiics of
the Wind — wiiieh neither are nor ever hnvoncen v\hibit«d. Re-
gret, however, in gently miti^ted, and snrpriw: abniwt entirrlv
aiuipnteil, when we call to mind the untfTociwus idiurlishiiesa with
whicn^udKiRif from the awkward, hnddled'Up manner in which
they are ireiicmtly arranged, — model; seem to hsvcbwn admitted.
Suoli eKiMjedinffly tchiring mismatisf.'cnient in viviiile at the first
^anoc, that we c^mutit help iinputinK it tci intention, and to the
|Kilicy which workrth hy cunnintc and ^traluffem, llnrdly caa we
([ive the liiiiiKcrs credit for »" mnch blundering "tnpiJity as now
•hows itself more Htrunfcer tiuin ever. Policy tiiere i^inst be in it,
and iti int(>ntioii neems to be notliini; ie« tliau K""l'it"}' I** work
the evpulsiun of architecture from the Academy, at leaht frum the
exhibitioLiD, liy di«ini«tin^ architects, and so dctcrririK them from
wndinic at uU — which it all but ooraplvlety effected already, — aud
hj rendcrjn;,' the hKuw of architectural drawiJiK* as iinsuliufHctory
aitd uoiitte resting as poBsible, till they come to be looked upon by
Ifee pHbli« «« mere tlUnf['up mbbbh, tbat lta« ao right to be there.
Nor b it the *' han^iBe" >lon« wLicli m tn be nrtnpUlned af,
iimllar perverseness in seleetln^ and admitting cubjeetK. Thet*
are a ereat many things whirli, nithuiigh architectural in eahjeei,
d(i not belong tii tlie .Architect urn I Itnom, inniimiich a» they are avt
fresh deitigM, iiur are the ideau they show those of their resperiiv*
exhibitors. They are merely views and portrultH of butldinn, and
for the moat part of snrh aa are already quite familiar to flTery
arehilHTtoral student. U'n do nut go into thai room to look ai
frames cuntalninK aueh xtale matten aa the I'artbenon and other
ragged ruins, whether Oreek, Roman, or English ; or at such ia»i-
li(^ aa ijiir own City churches. If news or other eopie* are admb-
kihle at alt, they ought at least to be confined to auek aa repre-
sent unedited itubjeets, — which, were they M>iight, might be found
in abundance: were there nu other, one there is which haa never
been tuurhed by the pencil'— vix., the colonnades in th« court-yard
of Burlington Huuse. fir if enow of KLiUjects are m>t to be
found here at home, they are to he gut at without guin^ ^uite so
far Hj» Athens and Egj-pt. for they preiient tlirmsAvpa at Pari*,
Miiijich, KiTlin, — nlm»(t at every step on theecuilinent. Vt'ithout
going M far as to prohibit them allngrther, there ought to he aome
sort of restriction witli regard to what are merely topofinipliKal
and arrhiterlural viewa. some Judgment might Kurnly he ezereiaed
in determining their admiwibility. Superior talent shown in
eiecution might fnirly enough be iillowed t» be paesport tor what
possessed no great novelty of subject ; but to (in«i so many Ifainn
lis we dii. that pomiess no redeeming quu titles that might excuse tSe
sialejlOM or im-Ipidily of their »iibjecl*— and some of them oeeu
pying fur better places than original designs, — is not a tilUe pro-
vok ing.
l'>iat surh evident mismnnagcmrnt as declareii itaelf io the Ar-
chitet'tural Itoom, shotild he perniatrd in xeiison after aeaiion, with
a growing tendency to worse instead of at all to better, is to ns
nothing short of nisrvelloiis. The Acadeiny — Its arrhlteet-metn-
bcri. included— aeem nut only to be utterly indilTrretit themselves ta
the architectural part of their eihihiliiin<(, but also to imagine that
every one else is equally indiiferent. Yet, aurely eomplaints
must fnim time to time bare reached their ears. Their being dij-
regarded is. perhnjis, to he attributed t<> their having been uttered
in too mild a tunc ; and if so, they ought now to be thundered
fortli HO liJudlr, ibnl the Academy cannot poitoibly pretend nut to
hear them, — and hearing them, cannot but pay some ■iirt of decent
attention to them.
After (his unusually long proem — uuerulnua alae, we admit,
tbiiiigh not witbonl ample reason, nnd perhaps more energetic
Ibsn polite in tone, — we proceed U\ way something of the few draw.
ing» of any mark in the present Kjihibitiuii. The liaogvra have
tiiKen nire that we shall not gratify our euriuaity hy the very fintt
subject whone title escitea it— via. (^No, lOBi), " T)e«iea for
embellishing Uio new L'oifee-room at the Carlton Cluli--hoUM>,
curried out in Encaustic Coloun," F. Sang. For aught tbat
ran be diKceriied of the enonu«tiu embelliahmejita, ibis drawing
might nearly ati well lutve been hung with ita face to the wall, or
at Icaat turned topsy-turvy, an he pliiceil where it is — Iniinefliately
nij\t to th« ceiling. We remember being much gratiAed by thru
dniwingK uf tlie hall. Sec, of the Conserrntlve. Cluh-house, ei-
hihited a scaran or two ago by the snmc artist ; and which, for »
wonder, were pliiccd "here Ihey could be insuected. The drawing
now (u-/i(friW,— exhibited nt lcii>^l iti the eatalugiie, though put out
uf aigbl in the ruoni,^s no doubt eipially intcre.iling. TVot at all
unreasonable is it to supifuse thnt it nhows improvement, rather
than any falling-uff, on ttic part of Mr. Sang. Subjects of thsl
clawi are not eu ver}' numero-ia, that uc can afFunllobe cheated
out of the opportunity of cxuinuiing them. Possibly, Mr, Sang
himself may leel consoled by the honour of being an eahlbitor ;
and by getting his ticket of admibsion — ail thiit many of the U-
hihitors seem to cure for i but we hnvc nothing to console ue foi
the iiruvoking dieappoiiitinent to which wc have been auhjected.
The ucat— (No. lOfltiJ, " I'ri»e design fur the proposed Army aa4
Navy Club-honscin Pull-Moll," G. 'f'u(/erru/r,— iii:i-utilrsaniinLlarly
luliy, ttiough certaiJily not eonnpicuous station, tliiving »een it
before, at the exLilijtion of the competition de^^igns for that Club-
house, we do not at all regret that it is placed where weakonot
■ce it ngiiin; hut we think Ihiit Mr. Tnltcrwiil him.-HOf must bo
anythinjf hot well pleased with the hungers for |iutttug hia " Priie
DeM^n' Ml far out of mghl aud bi» other somewhat queerthb de-
sign lor the Mune building (No. 1VV9), in a much better situation.
— we do not «ay the im.at »dvHntagi>uus one for it. As we ex-
pected, there are many other dewigu* for the same Club-house, ia-
cluding the sdoptod one (No. I1H7). by Messrs. Panicll and&mit^.
This was known to ua belore, a copy Iroin the anmc drawing hat-
tug been given in a contemporary publication, wherefore we wesiU
itO.}
THE ClVir. ENfllSERR AND ARCHITECTS JOt'IlNAI..
u*
nthcr ii«»e fouiKl li«i¥ BomethiriK; thnt wotililliave enaMed us to
jnilirc of the interior, hy not doin^sn, weperhRpsiniita ver}' little,
for, from 'hat lift!) birvn snidof it, the pliinappcnrs to be esccKsivcIj'
eomiD on- place. Tbcre are nliitiit linjf n-'liixra iilbrr ilvniKit" Air
Ihc fttm* Clu^hfl'j.**; therefore, iiiNti-ad "if t)eiii|{»i^'>t(«r^<l about on
tbe KaUt, Knil some of tbem piit where tbev are §carcel>' viiiiblf, it
iiOuM b»ve httn better it have CfllecIfH them into a groii]i. We
ihoulil have preferred seciiiK bene tW rnjmectivi! MctioitK, lor
thnc* drnwinp were Di>t exliibiled at Lidiheld lloutie, nttbotiicb
•wme of ibe filana conviriM'cl iiethiitthe sccttom* bcl»n)£in(c t^itlirm
rnudt h*v« b**n rnor« than ununlly iiiterMtinfC. Sectiuus, however,
ar* not at iJI in favour »iUi the .\L-ademy ;— are tbiuK« by far tini
proaaic to be admilKsl into their ArtUtectural Roimd. Isomctri-
e-al itersMtftiven t>f priMoim arc in tbcir opinion more artistic dniw-
inga and di^itied •iibject« tlian vcitioax of even pnlattij dub-
houit^*. Siu-h dogCTcJ nifidc cif lirawiiiK- as iMfuietriciil ^lortyeetive
tolerated on the wflla of a Itn^ul .A(!»il*my !
Dcaifpv for Itailifny SlJitious arc quite as numcrwii*, pcrhapn
CT«i norw ntimenvie, thnn thonefurtbcClub-hvuK; ; and they may
ka lllowed tu ahiivr a gaaA deftt of variety, witli a t;aod deal of
OBCona, — variety, inaiiinurb ax thoy iwnfnnn t« no (^^rnrrit" rha-
rac1«r, but aoiiinn? all BotH of maiiijuerndi', from the eo«tume of
almttioUMM t« that of ariKtocrHtic niHiioioii^; — and mnieiieiw. inaa-
mueh aa tb^y nearly all alfMt to look prodif^ously ^* /il<ien-timf-i»h"
— a »ery preat propriety, no doubt, vh^n we ronaider how many
ecnturin ago it iw irinre Vailtrnyii were fint eMAblikhed. A hernld
would trace them biii-k tn the Coninie«t, at leatt, and mnke out
thai they esme over with the Nomnn*. Snmeneiui, too. there in with
rfsp^-t to pHiu'ity of i dean, and povertv uf iitvcntion. If we eon-
•idpr thrm mi*rely hpj dniwinir*, fJiowinp itnitatiooiof the rei»pe«tive
style* and riiisNi^ uf hiijlitint.'v, sume there are well enouflh en-
titW to approMtioM. but hnrdEy *ti aa itfjigm for a ■pcoilic and
whaHy un-f«vnlrnlftl puriioae, and aroordingly demauoiiig ta be
invcNUd with aume aort ofdpecitie character.
fTo lie fonf Jnu«d. )
OS AWniTKCTtlRE AND PAINTING.
aij-v IK a^LATioN ro tub ebectio!* or pbdti!STAKT cntwiun.
Ixttera ttritlen /'ram liitli,, by W. M. L, Ur. IVette, D.D., Fnfiaior
at Ba*le. — [Abridged from the Itenriari.J
If one, who like myarlf, is merely an Htriaieur of art, and quite
a straniter to teehaieiim. — venlurca to Iny down prindplee and
pv« advice, b« mny be sure of eneouiitering the preiudi^es of
artiita and criliw by pnifeKaion. If he, moreover, sttp* t«rtli, with
a eertAin iiidependeiii'(>orjitdgrnrtit,(in an area where tradition and
miStODi sway all mind*— feiirle** of tauphing- at souio of the ex-
ittiDg prfjudicce, hia jriviiif;; offence ia unafoidable. Still, I shall
make the reiitiire, and my ijfnoranee of techniciim deters mc tKo
leM.aa t have found (bat terbiiinntu very often mistake the trut taifMr
^ari, on aretjiiiit uflheir predilection for thnt wit of maater^hip —
a pr«r|iidice, from which T, at leiist, am free. I mny ponaihly be
t.iunted vith other |ircjiiilirt^H and with one-Kid ed nets ; itilj, I
lioiM tugive liome uitefiil hiiiio.
I tajpn with a few remarks on painting; and, witbniit viahinir
Xm «nt«r Into n definition of what it it. or Migttt to be, it ia errtaiii
that Ita datimitloii ia to niuvey representations and feclinirti Uv
the mind. But all repreaentntinns, he they ivhnt (hey may— either
inUBhiona of the Kensea. or images of Ibit fancy, or i'oniT4>pttonR
•f the reaaon, or idcHs of the mind, — canaiHt of fuw clementa; une
«|mated by tj/vrifun; and another apnerlBininft to the activity
oflM mlwrf: onereid-HenKUa), and one renViipiriliiHi nnd primordial.
In t}i« incuiti<m of senses, the first eletiient pn-pumtfrnti'i' bo mueh,
that we may he tempted td consider it the iin/jr«ju-; but the more
accurate obieiver wiH cnon pvrrt-ive that the mind has aliai ita
ahant in it. It is U, uhiih iinpnVHi'K fumt to the nintler uf the
•rn«e4 — rereiv'in^ that which it hm. viewed, within the pule iif liia
other ab»ervHti"ii>, iind fonvertinir it into an inliiltioo. The pro-
ducts of iniM|fination may app4'»r tn h »iiperfieial observer iia tome-
Lfainr pndncnt by the ntinil, but thi! nuhslancii of it iippertaingi
entirely to the experience of KenHea; iniai^liiiition having merely
dooumpoaed it, ami iromhinpd it in another shape and way. Even
the idnw of the mind (be il in art iir otberwibe) are no abaulnte
prodnce of our thinkin(^ facultiea; belttg merely deduced from
npcricnce:.
UadDbbtedly, the arts have risen from the imitation of nature,
tnm the npreaenutiua of the really existing — ftnd even their
prevent proccffi and pro^eea are the mine. Tfaaa, while cooced-
tun, tl"** i" ""y art-ubjrtt «> much of the real be cxtitinff, w« mnj
be induced to iloubt how fiir vUalUy may enter therein at all, fiui
if wc take the difference between a picture and a daK'icrreutytir,
the c'luu will hevunu: perfectly rlor. In the fornicr, ihnt wtucK
occurs to the e&tcrnal eye piecvuietil, uiu»t b« neisipd by the mind
and intellect a« a whole — and put forKard 8« h Helf-fxisttutc, iude-
pendeot object. For the tirttt, bcaidct nature, models, antitjuea,
aoatomy, tie. nte o«d. all which will yield nuitcrial« on which the
artist ran and may dwell; but iniatfiiialiou will Huiiploiit many vf
thcKe kvlpH, as we vee lu RHifaelle, »lio, after hsvioK devoted
neurly bin uliole talent to pBioliog-, benime the tOBipietrr of the
finest TTiodcrn edifice in the world ; ue moan the dome of St. Peter
— which will lead ua to a more detailed inijuiry on the art of the
buiJdcr.
Arehiterture mny be called the mo<it dilliciilt of nrtit, an it i> a
fact that its products have experienced ihe most opposite and moat
Acvvro (Tilieimii. TKero><aon Kirthigmi(;ht be found in nrc.hitectore
being nat *n0rii-ntii/ frr* — being, lu no other branch of art, tied up
to a certain acope; :md only after thbi ia aeeomplished, the de-
mands of the beautiful may and can be attended to. On the
othiCT hand, the ft-eedum ncco'rded Inthnj nrchitoctJHwTiiethini^very
vafUO, n« he cannot follow any prototypes, but (aa in mnsic) hiuionly
to he ffuided by the iuternnl mchiture of nmlhematlcal itituitiott, or
the jud^rment of proportion and lestliotic:. ThLa, however, can
never alTdrd nuch ecrt-iin and Etiihle ro1i« mc the other arts have
dedu(;ed from the obwrviition of nature, &e. Amonpit the many
styles of architecture are the B^vptian, the Greek, the Byzantine-
th« M(ires<]ue, and Gothic ; and in ercry ont of llim architectural
benuly run he achieved. In thtx incertitude of Ughlution, if «e
mny so call il, the chance of fiillinif into the arbitrary, burlesiine,
or abaurd, ii ^eater than in mo«t ether arts.
The iiureat w»y Ih — to Mart in architecture from thcfrope^'tvn,
aa the other fuK arts start fruui ubvervHtiou uf nature, which with
all of thotn constitutes thtfir store of reality (Baiteii lifr R«iM^tJ,
and by which, after all, thv character of the architectural atyle in
determined. Becauiju; it is co^y to conceive:, that, for inftanoe, the
Grecian temple and the mediaeval cburcit are moatly ahitped after
the circumstanifeH q£ cKitnU/i and their respective ftTOpfand uwft.
To cboose a style, not adapted to mtr wnnts^ it an imitation bare
of character — which, howcvCT, i» frv^uently to be met with now-
a-daya. A Bunilar tendency of imitaliou and daiiKlirtK with the
antiiiue and the foreijin, and a want of originality, pervadcti much
of modern art, hut nowhere more than in nri^hitcctiirc, where it
seems that all trace of inventiveness has exploded; still, this eaniwt
be the ca»e, as oar matt nivdern times mu^t have and have want*
of thpir own. Thia, moat auniredly, is the case with Protestant
(evangelic) church ttrcbitecture, to which the partifuJar rbaracter
of our worship preaeribes especial rule^, which, however, have not
yet been attended to. If we refer the word "(.'hnrch"' to the
original Kf^.Unit — a congregation, the importanec of the semton
becomes with ii* paramount ; fur more so than it ever had been
with the old (Papal) ehureh. Taking the sermon as Ihe chief
fcntureof (iiir wor^bip^ — theiicopeand mm of a Proleotant chutchcnn
en-lily be exptninH. For tho nakc that the aim of a sermon (like
any othi^r ipeech) be ncMimptisbed, the orator mutit not only be
heard, but tntn by of. This applies with equiil forve to the orntor
hlmKclf, an he rei)iiirri; to hare all hi« hi>arern within tho rcaeh uf
lii» eye, to enter with them into n living eoutaely which «ome may
call mesmeric. For this aim, the churches, as they have eome
doH-n to u^ from Cntholieistn, are not appropriate. In a BaKilira or
<iotbi('. churi'h, with one or two liiiend naves and a riioir, the
.pulciit aiiinat be eoaveniviitlv placed, nor the orntur heard ; whirln
19 trie reason, that in Italy a large cover or carpet is spread over the
pulpit nnd main nnv^i on feiAivnl iit^eiMions. The new t^lnt of
Christianity could not re^inudid everything at once, and espscjallT
in the department of architecture ; it adauted iti«if to the already
enintin^. Kotnan Unsiliciif were rooverteil into (hriitian churrhei',
and rutained by cuxtnni their mliunppropriute form.
That which serves the purpose of Ihe sermon iia oImi in afvnnl-
anre with the «pirit of a irnly evangelic womhip — which is^ tkat
the congrcffation be eoiitdout of tbcir communion and eommnnity
durinff tho time of divine service ; and for this aim, not only Ihe
preacher, hilt iMiery nuc attending ought to t-f^all.for the ahhe cf
Arriving at the conviction that they nre a ^immuaiij/.' Bui the
life of community, which eiiited in such eminence amHinfTBl the firrt
ChriHtinnK, exploded gradually, nn priC'-'thonri beenme parumaant,
until ull iden of a cungregntiun (rommunitv) dcjien crated into that
of a complete priest-hierarchy. In Catholic rhurrhe''. sueh tbiripa
a« cnngregntinnu, firnperly peaking, never eiist; hat vim
portion atteuda ta the masa, others pray at thu w-wcOb alko^
Twa ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL.
!'«
othen eomp to iinH Prr. ; nnd ovm thi« pwnelw'r kno only n porlinn
if thep«>|ilp nrownd him. Thejirie'ithooii. nli^no, Porm a i-aui|HK)t.
Mtiiform bodr, vliU-h, kowerer wcludf^ iloHf in th(> clioir, tiiken
up with partietiUr functions. Ih ihi* prt of Cfttholie chuivln-*.
u well Mil in Ihcir wholo atrueturi*, th« want of rtiiiimunity
to K|ipar(>nl ; nnd if it had boon » emy (nerwrt new fhurrijpii Mtu
<'hiui)ie a cri'ert, l*rote«tants on^ht tiBv»>r hnve iwed C'fitliolic
churches for thmr vontfaip. Nvi>t>«sitv, huwover, prevmiled, anil
Hrtmo uf thcao old^r utructiiri-* dccrvc^ prN«rritlion on Bflnititut «f
their he>nty. Stili, it is n -dereliption of duty, if iinw ProlcaUiit
ehuTvhM kr'« built in tbi> fiinn nf U.-uHliciu ur tti« old craH->hflp«.
It la not our pr«>-iiic« to make iiny tftfrijie projutmU for tiie *rM-
tton of Pn>t««tsnt chiun-lita; »tilL it is lli<> iLuty of our ucliit^t«
til Meardi after, and to dlMuvcr thut form— prcn-idcd all pOw«r of
InrtutlioD hiu not left our nfie' S" mui-ti we may My, tfaiit, m^-
OOnlUlg to our furviaiiiiK rLMniraitij;. tliis f»rin nu|>)it to ■pprOAch
thr rirtmiar or rlliptie. YXtt t»uuA form mny ^uwttt *omc diMwi-
yantAffC!! in un acoustio point of r'Kvt, but wo dv not doubt that
lh«ircAn b«oTcrci)mi! by study *nd reteurcb.
U'hilo thciinhiti'ct attend* lu the «»peof n l>ulMin^.liP Iim^Mpcy
dfllty in pulilit* biiUdiiif's. also to take <:areiitit9clMrttcier<iffieaul]i.
All natioiu have ininaitfd to tiu>ir nc.rrd edlficm, brauly, duiroflrr,
aud mMimilsi ; and PniLttotitntina, if it comprehend the trocatlon
nf Trlitfiiin. riinmit tickIwI ibe above reiiuiiiiieN of tiaered buUdingf.
Th« aim of witrtJiip reiiuirMHti adequiitc nn-d worthy t'T{innMii>n uf
apai-«. The ieiitini(>nl* of huly *nrni*»t, of niuupi pvaci^ and admni-
tion, irill r«;eive iinirh wlditiunol tttrenjctn from « worthy und
adoriiud locality.
[t hnt nft^n h«en Mkeit, vKat c-unitilute* the brauty of an
fdlliM ? Surely not the cimly. plitlerin^ materials which Calhu-
licUiB baa «i|uaoder«l on tbi-ni in Italy, partly fa)m hMtlieniKl)
spuib trnnaf^rred there. Ati-iilhor — iiiid ire nyam/vrJor mind
redertu fmm the f^othir diiiri-hen of tht.' north of Kiirope. The
templiti of ['wctiim, superior lu nli the ruint) of Ki<ni«. ari> of
travertine; which coarse niRtenal, hiiuot'er.U deitinl, o»it were, by
the exiiiiifito form and nraponioii. It i* funii whi(;l« i!(iii>titut«!t
heaiily — wlui^h, afttr all, i* but form perfect. Both appertain to
the mtiid ; mind cfeatev form, and then relleirtR. with ec«tiu:y. on
his oim vork — the lawn of its own beiii^f brought to in»iiifniliiti<ju
— beauty.
CertJunly, before an intuitive ubiwrvntioii, the distinctione of
mttcrial aad form vanish. Ccrtniuly. marble i« morv plcuniagto
thevyctLnn |iTit>t»iu', on account ofibi liuerciim|iouL-ut part* and
ntloar, which botlj are fornu. 7'lie ari'hiteut cauuot dudaiii the
oobler nuteriiU on ibia a«t;oiiat, an well a* for its ^eater plasticity
and adaptation to elaborate workiniinxliip. The cuttom to cou-
Mtruct puMk', eipeeially aot-red, buildinifx of ui^Me m uteri .il<i, ami
to ttdoiD them w»\\y and oplctididiy, is r>i<»-t »iK-ieitt, mid based ou
a true "^nlinient nf oiir mitid. l^vcrytliiuit ri-ttii here on cortain
pro|M>rl i<>n>^ nnd meniuren ; iwaW the connect imi between mntcrinl
Mtd form obeys the itauie luws. Kven n build irifi. or part* t hereof, the
interior of ft church or halL may becnmo hi^avv imd i:<inihrrM~>me by
b«inic nverloiidi'd with ornament*, on aci^ount of form Wing he-re
obvcutcd ni)d Uonie down by material. The latter Ih the cue
with the Milan l>omo,the '>iibide of which i^too rich in ornament,
while the ingidc ia ^and and tiihtime.
ThelHMtutifiil iu tvrcbitecture can be divided into several rmli!
which we shall attempttiieniinierate,inaccord(uiccHitli the relation
of their uirfulnen add adaiitiLtion. The latter may W raised to
beauty, or even miblimity— if UiewicUy fiiTOUtatrip» the InnintUof
abKuluW nec«»<ity. Tlic iicetieof reliiriuuH aaueRiMiicea rKijiiirrn hut
A limited helfcbt of Hpacc; out the tcndeney of arl iioarji brgimi
tbat, and attempli^ to t':(pHnd, conjointly vitti material space, our
feelinin' and ncnlimeiiti'. Amither way of arhiuriii^ iieuuty !» to
emnliiy irreater menn.-i and luda than are abaolutely nectemnry. The
buildiiiK may. for InitaitL'e, require pillars for its iiupport ; but art
take4 hold uf this n'linl, and inrrciue* their numhcr to the )rr<'nte«t
amount, compalilile with true proportiim. Finally, the annntinrx*
aii4l M«ni wmplioiy uf the straixKl line may be inerewied by linen
Krcuated nnd wavy. But to nil this must be added sotiielkiuj/ >iu.'x-
pnuibk by mere word" — >vhich, liowewr. may be beat termed hnr-
mony. concordance, and unity uf cuuception. Si«e iiud hcitrhl—
fotnrM and divi-rnity, the free acupe uf form, must nil voittbine
limiu-da unity ; and nait|;bt to appftnr as superfluous, laolateil, or
DKiruleraiit. Ity the ubF^crvjition and tompurison of u number of
diofTs. and by abMrnrtiuic lawn therefrom, eertnin rules of pn>>
portion (numrrit'al, iieuinetric, and ulhera) huve been arrivctJat:
\o mhwh /ani-iJnti archil ecta are accuxlumcd tu adhere Uavislily.
But.lhe true laws of I'on^truction lie in the imprcKuun a building
willtfirodua;, nnd which the real artist will know huw t« aotidpalc
by «tme sort nf intemftl arl-intititlon ; ttis Inwsrd oaDMptioa |w»-
rede> all akctchm uii jraper or pnrchmetit.
Let us now endeavour lo akeuJi that impreaaion, which a
Protentaiit (ev&uf^lic^ house of (jod has to pr»diiro. Tbe Hoal
claui Acatiun of the breek, Roman, and tiotliic iiiaj wrvc aa a
Hturtiuff point. The (ireciau tnuple is conspicuotia nr Ua modfr-
rate campatn. nud tlie reetilineur funii of ron>truction. It la alUH
gvther the ty|ie of the polytheiatic mind of their bnildcrv SitaUl
to Hi^xe the (trefltncss of Ont-God^ Ktill. it prudiieea tbt affect of a
clear, aerenc miytNfty ; and further, the i'orie may lie said l» b« more
stern than tlio utkeri. It seemii to uk the fuodamcntaL fault of
Mirhnel Angela, and oUier archileciK who have takrn the aaMfitr
for their prolotvpc, tu tra»f/er the Grecian-Kumaii ittyl« into
Clirlitian chiircdei^ I'he Doric eolonTiiidf would hare beea, bo
duubt. the mortt ailapted tu ChriAlian wt>ri<bip ; but. so far a» wt
know, that style hue been used but rarely; siubi'litutinf; for It
the more Rlendcr, serene — nay. lascivious Ionian lunl Curinthian
orders, where, at ttmex, coIonkiI diinenKiotis were introduced tm
palliate the inconveuience llius arinin^. But alrcndy the Byxai^
tine or KmuHuic atvle of architecture had chnuKed the (treek inta
ane. more a|>|>rupiiatu to the (^hriftiau mind, liy mloptitiic {rre«ter
hnij,'hl — thereby, expanding the otdumn to ^'i^-antic proportioni,
and subftitutin^ the rouuil arch fur >trai^'ht lines. For the eiter>
nul ornament of churches, or even the upper parta of their inte-
rior, lhi> Atvie used thin, ^hort columns with arche*. over whtch a
profusion of Dciilptural and moitaic oinnnicnt is spread. TUt tuo
stern character of the tnuenJik i» therehv modified, am) amenity
added to Kiiblimity : Jiiat the same aa tne wonhip of the true
Chrbttan ie tempered by mildness and love,
Udthic chureb architecture liai^ however, achieved the irrMtnt
sublimity of rrli^min n-utimeut, hy itn pointed vaults ; but here.
also, a riclinexB of iTrnntneutntioit iiuiten the serene and lovely
Peculi'U- to this &tyle of arch iteeti ire, is the myxteriuua nnd awr-
iunpiriuK, which nriites partly in the frtrnrtural prupurtiunfi and
forms, and partly in the painted windntVK, spresdinf; a myitic
rhiaro-iviim over the whole espaiinr of sp.ire. If we assnine. in
finr^, that ProteHt.Hutism has developed faith and adomtinn to it*
lin-eaieat lieii;ht and frL-ednro, there can ho no doubt that the
character of nublimity, — vit., the niuntcd nrch style, lias to be
chiclly udopled. It can linrdiy be doubted, that the anaptation of
thin style will parniil the carryini;; out lite ahove-Mlatcd requisitei
of Protectant worship, connctiurnt on it« very eeaenre and mind-
yet, we oeknonledgc thut a luicred edifice thus conntrucle<l will be
mtuA differtnt from a Cuthic enthedral. It may be thought, ll>al
the character of the atrui'ture mii;ht be Minienkat modified by a
(greater clearnetLS and serenity uf its plan and oonci!ijtiun. Pro-
testniitisni educates tonrird* hcl f-tltou^hl and clear i<ieati ; hence-
forth, even it.* external munifr^tationf must «eek fur clearnewanJ
li§;ht. Aa tbe congregation ban to xee rfjiiv//*. iia bible« nnd bonki
are tu be oftener referred to than with Ciitholica — ituined windun
will not be adapted, — tbe more so. at the frescoes propimeil by lu
u a chief ornmneiit fur the walln of the interior, would b« qoitr
confused and nhllteral-ed thereby.
Of tlieae we nliull npeak iu conclusion. In this respect, a1ao, a
certain chaste economy, if we may soy tw, is to be reenuimeuded.
In Cuthulic ahNrchcK, not rarely a neuKunl profusion uf marble aad
IKuld ia to he regretted, and at the Hume tini4^ waJU ami ceiling*
lire oierlnuded with painting. This medley, however, of a mot-
ley coJomtMn. makes an especially confusing impre««ioQ on thr
bchDlder. Atfain't the puintiniK of ceiJInifs we must pronounce
ma»t irtre-nuuunly. iM even with the henl fi^ht it Ix impctHdbleto
view them wiUi the requiaiie iiutel and euse; the uutwnrd otiirt.
however, of the beholder being the necessarv condition ofllie inner
sntinfu<;tioii. which i» the aim of all art. At times moreover, ibr
lijfht for Nuch ceilin^-pjiintiu(r< in iptite a wrung one, as i* the
cane in the dome of I'nnna. How much of art and meaBa hate
been wasted in ceilinurs. and how slii;ht hns been the the revolt!
Un ceilins^, iirt khoiild not effecl but an adequate and harniottiw
display o? colour ; at the utmost, arabeaipic* or facetti-* ore to it
iiiied, ua in the caw lu some of the ehurcliex of upper llalj.
V[t:MT«e and Kroups however, ouffht to be placed at a coarenimt
distance, and in no distorted portions or ftire-shortenin^. If <nir
idea of a riniitnuniuu in Protestant coufre^atioiis be a»M-ated f,
picture* ou^ht to he u»ed but nirely, and of a limpte, but f^nui^
ch^aeceri else they would distract the attention of the peopU,
Large historical cumpusitious attract too much attenttOD ; W
li§nire« or hcdwl* of KTeiit and piouis pertonnjces will be more ap|«r
prtute, keaiden reiiuiring uuly a limited Hpuee.
If we endcnviiLir to comhine the purport of uur forein>in|C olh
sfrvationii — we hiive tu repent, that paintin)[ lias to reircive a reiJ
element and rultttntum ; archtterture, to manifest (ho tcope •^
1
i
1M9.1
nfLEyolVEER AND ARCHITECTS JOOIiKAET
■iHitnioil ; all [lervndi^d lir an idralltir. ntiirh appcTtninn to the
•nbfeet-"*!! iiilliiiatct-<iiincrli»n (prnnrntinn) uf tticrral «Mi) tdcul.
Wr hav« to inn'it on rompiMiliixiit, rlrAt, tree, and well-cunibUied ;
!o finr. till! (frqKKulenuice <if llie art-Btojic; — vii_ U> bring the
bi»iitlfiil and snIiluM into extirrnul psixtroco, wi'l tbc-rvb]* lu
awaken Ait-fevlincn — vuu. fcelingn if siaviiity, clrrati»u, and cvn-
tciiltitirnt. We ninniit fnrrgo tu rxpreB Dur opiBion, llial great
trikpimi tiuililiiiiTK t^aa And irUl iievrr bo ooMclrM bat bf mnn po»-
tf^rnir Uuwe fcelinKa in an cmiDFOt Atenx. The cnmpHciition
K«f catiauKM ftnd burincx* can hnrtlly W uniidi'd nuw-a-darn j but
•ompnnition nnd innptrntion mti alone prmlucc biu^i* Htnirturi's
vurthy ami able to inspire tiie jxttple — a eeutimcat tbcy cwinvt nuy
iwagcr be kr()t xitbuut.
J . L r.
nEOISTCR OF WEyr PATSlfTS.
LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES ANU CARRIAOKa
Jakes I'juHBu.t, of Now North-terrnce, Snint David'*, Exeter,
|jiir ''rrr/tfin Im^rmaitnU in iocomotive ngina and earria^.
[•^Gnoteij Uclubcr *, IM7 ; Enrolled April 7, IStJ).
Fir. 1.
J^=f^
X
T^^rr
rcH»«l, nnd la brio^ it back to tbe Btroi|;ht potilian irben tbe rMtd u
cvcii. TIh- ewird cvntrc-pin r, i» fitted into a socket «, wkich ia
allowed to alidv a liltic cudiin)-!) in iriiden u, to allow fur tijc|)aindiiii
and irrojfuUriticK, luid tliciii.'lc^ in Ihv Uuka i^ are made nblimff fur
lh« Mime rN>«»u, iiitd tbnt the links mt^ pull iusttad uf ]>uftliiaK>
Th^ bt>il«rHiiiletiuineii urennpoortcilon nlunauppor htuaiet', wbich
is attached to tiiu lower swivel-fniniea by tbe t«<> tentrv-piiu t, i-,
and by the link* l, at th^ end of tbe engine. TJ>e whole fonnitiit
one etinipuund Bwivel-fmine.
T)iD r.rike-lidx «, a, in pinix-d on the top of the boiler. The
wntLT-tanli tiiar hv mi k snciriilf trndrr, iir mnv he ulnced lirt«e«n
tlic cwke-lion HJid llie boiler, or titt4u:!icil in Jiiij- iilliir roiivcnienl
utii)'. The twg slciim4icnds may be raunecti^d at liDch a keicht aa
it coiiveiiiiMit lu leave hiMul-motn for the engiiie-uinn.
Another p«Tl uf the invitiitioa conaUla in th» npplicAlion of an
ex)iau«lliig.raii in the ximikv-box to draw the heated sir throujih
ibe tubes of tlio boiler, and to distdinr^e it vitUir iiji the clilmWy.
a« shown m li^. I. ur. If preferred, it m:it- be a)piia returnpd an but
blast Into tJie furiiiu:e. Diix fail will alfuw the use uf waste steam-
^tpea (if a large atxe dirert front the cvliiidcir into tbe open air, and
ao avoid the great prenture t»i the iiaek of the ptitton when the
ordbiao' bIiMt-pipc» arc u»eA. The fan or fan* may be driven by
buids fruDi pultex* on any »f tbu wheeU or axles, or by a smaD
engine fixed on the Mde nf tliK boiler, uliich iimy alwi if retiuirrd
work tin* feed pumpa. The fanx if drireii by pulleyit murt each
have two pairs of pulleys nnd suitable
c!iitt-h«t, <iiii- pair driven by an open
«trii|ii, and tJic uther tiair by n croMted
Ntrnj), M mn tu drive the faiu always iu
the NiRie dirpctiom, whichever way tbe
en^ne may l>r itoinif. Tbo clutdi-^enr
may lie atieiihedto llie en^^ne re)er»utf;>
gear if required.
Anuthcr part of the impromMenta
rclatei to coupled lorivmotive enfciBCi^
in wliick arrauftienieiit the compouDd
Bwivcl-fraine u adopted. There are
otiier impruvenirnts mi.i]tian«d, but tbry
are merely viiriatioiin uf ihiiar already
exphuiied. TJiu jiatenteedoeii nut datm
tlic invention of swivel or '"boiJiic"
fmnii-n Krni-rnlly, but bl:t i^liuniii an*, the
t^ompouud snivcUfiunie, with iiotipUu);-
roti, provided with eliietii: Mjriiiirii or
otitliiutus and the vari«U!t atlntfunenta tv
the ujtper fnune; the fcrni of boiler;
the Use of exhaufitiuif-fans for olilainlojc
strone drnu^ht ; and the ronipuund
awivrl-fnune, ronaccted by roda with
elaatic eiuhivnii, and pr<>rided with
^idee and end links, aa abote de-
Acriliod.
^m
V V'^v J
tm
l^b iavemion njiplicn to never*! part* of loromotii-e-pncinea
mJ <M I \mpM. One piirt irunwist* in tbe fnrin of [)ii> liidler, nhirh
!■ and* with th« tirc-l>ox in the middle ptirt of the hnjh'r, inctcad
nt Wine M one end. The ei-ntTuI ontline of tlie Imiter ii kui-N um
would Se formed if two locoiiiiitivi! Iniilers uf the ordiimry 4!o»-
ftraetion were ptacj.-d end t» end with their two lire-hoxeHHViut
Cuir or five feet ajuirt. and then the parU of the lire-bnneii below
Ike fir^^loor were joined together by an (id ilitional piece of Sre-
boi, eo Bfl to coonl^ct the two ertilti Urtcrlher into one Iar§T tire-lrax
in the middle of the boiler with a chimney at e»ch end (li(t. I ) ;
ur the boiliTK may be entirely separate and distinct, that is ii> say,
batriKir two rntirely Kejiarate and distiiKt firf-boxrsbiiltinjK smiinst
onennotker, and havinff water and steam nmmiiinieationHomnninn
lo both, but which may be shut off from either boiler at ]ileiimire.
Tbe axle of the driving-whcvU is placnl in the ini'ldle vf the
briler, above part of the fire-box atjd lit^!i>w the fiHil-idiite, mi
that any dosired amount of welKht of the engine iiiiiy be hrituKht
«p«a tMdriviiig-whecIs,nndat thesninc time the cc^^t^e of i;ravlty
Sf be kupt very low. Tho julrnof the trailinir-wheeln arc plaoed
D* tke c>'lindrical nart of the builer, and two pairs of these aru
placed in oue swivcl-fiiune at one end, and two piiirs in a HiRilljir
nane at tb« vthcr end. Tliv two frames are copied tocher by
two tcn*ioti-ruda a, {^{g. V). Near the ends <>f tlieve roiU a, are
idaccd HprinKS ■, made of vulcanised indln-ruhher, and beyond
these spring are nuts to coniino them. The ii>c of these sprinin i*
Vi allow G««b fwivel-framc to ailjuft itself to any iue<|iuilily of the
CliniMES* PATKMT FIIIEXOCK.
Tbe aceompanying engmving (oii(>-third the full sise) of a fire-
cock or valve, is a substitute fur the ineffective wood plup, now la
une ill service mains. U'hen tinder cimttHiil hi[;h-preii>;ure, illonnBa
Koh*titiite for fire-eti;rine«, as in cju-tii of tire it can be briiujcht into
almiMt instant operation, without that lens of time and waMe of
water which the nw of the wood uliip involves. It can be alfo ex-
peditiously, cheaply, and most effwtiially aiiplied tu ttie waieriug
and thorough cleaiisinp of strei'lx. i-«uri», alleya, public building
window*, &c.; and in railway stations, to almost rver>- use for
which n free supply of wster is renutred, inchiiliiw supplying
■•nfrioMvnitdni, cteaniin^ ('.irri»K*''' ; n»d it U alw adapled Car
waterini^^ardeR! and plea* ure-eround^i, and by the apitlicaiion of
suitable ontlets, fur ayringine; fruit-trees. It in e«})enally adapted
fur hiffh-prewure supplies, as fmtn the circumMance uf the valve
part of it heini; closed hv tliH preaaure of the water, the litgfaer
sncb pressure becomes, tfie more Is the tifthtnees of the valve
secured, and effet'tual unfely from Irakaiie insured. One ifrvmt
ndvaiKuKr it hua over the ordinary lire-plu|i; ia, that the stand-pipe
with the hone can be placed on tu the valve uithuiil tbe escape of
any waU-r, althoufib liie mavna may be cbartfcil a itli water at a bi^
preamrs.
Br the present <y«1em, unleia a eoek io nttaeltcd Iu Die hraiicfc
of a'fire-pluff, a fcrcat Iims of time unavoidably occurs in reni>Mi«K
UiC wouj pTuf;, as tba water biw lo he turned off the main pi|w
tM
THE Civil- EKGINKER AND ARCniTECTS JOURNAL.
IJi
h«f<ir(< Ihp pluff ttkti hr rtmmeA, tnil to hv turnml oa a|t*>n *fter it
liubeen r^mnved, to uy nuthiioc ui tliP il^Uy \nd diffieulty tabk-h
•Am ocean b«fMe it can b« reiu»v«d at all.
STAND PIPE.
Datription. — The Patent Fire-cock cAnsistMor a cfkst-iron boas,
A, "Mi aperture wf •ucli ■"(; i" 'ii«y Iw re<|iiiroi), »n*l Anngr tor
eonnrctiiiiir it with » curre6)iui>ilin)( Hah^k^ nn bniiifH from tniiin
pi{>r, )w re[ire»eut^>l by ilotlril liiicit uridt-r &f. 1 — tlie uppw inner
cdur, a, o( th« bijM bciiift rAiaed and fnced, fnrm« a Hont for
tho lo*wc viil»e, B, iy>ver*d'Tilh [piit)ior,t)iciininiilbof wbi^h work*
in ft braM brid^, (.', and n-hrii not in uio^U nl(riiy« closed- Tu tke
bos* ve attaclif d wruu^hUiron inverted L-thuped lof^ I), to which
the •tsod-pip^, when bmui^bt into u«e, is iecured.
Thin "tand-iiipe fiQiisuhts of o ciippyr ot ir«n tube H, with two
braiiohi'H on the upper purt 1, fiLrriinliL-d with ncre-wtnl (!iid« fur
sttai'liin^ thi- husc : one ur tiiitb of the orifices are ulao furiiieheU
with • linis* »rrcw-riip K. Attheeonnectiuiiof tbc di>-<T^ii(( pipcn
M a >tul)iiiu-lHii L, and at ibir butlutii tinrt uf tbe ataiiii-|ii|i«
lliere la a bruu in;(l«-»crvw C, with leutlivi' Hwitier F, «wrkiii|(
thrauffh a bran F«rinale-«crewrd rollnr F. THI* coDsr has pr«-
jprtiiiir luK", which iiaminK undtr luipi I> of the lirr-cock, firmly
««cur« (be Inn inK«ther, nnd form a cuimectioa of tie ftand-ptp*
wilb the lirc-cock. perfectly wntrr-light.
I'ibMtnK duwn the stand-pipe, through the •tuffing-boz L, u a
wTuUf^bt-iron rod, witb hriis* crutrh-bHiidle at top, and a raale-
Mrmr nt bottom. wiirkiMK tbroiigli u hT»m f^male-Mrew in the
hridjie G. By turning the crutch- handh> M, thi> rod frnuliiall^
pfeaaee down th« valve B, nf the firp-cock. and aljuita thr vat*e
td ncaM all round the valvo and »a the tiUnd-|)ipe; and at the
nma lime 1)y the {p-adual n|iening of lli« valvii by the aid uf the
rod and screw, the flow of water in controlled, and cunt-'uMiJnn in Iht
pipes preveiUe«l ; while at the mme time the midden vtmio on the
leittlier, or Dthi^r hose which maybe attnched, is, to a very Kreal
Otteiit, diiiiiniahed.
PADDLE-WHEELS.
Thomas Ki;kt Rakiikk, of Kiiifr-nlrMrt, Cbeapside, Landoiif gm-
tlemaii, fur "' Imprwrjuenta in machinrry far frrofieUiuf vmttit'—
(irinted October 7, IM7 ; Enrolled April 1, IStH.
This intrntiiii) consiftta of an arriiiiKemerit or comUoatlnn of
parta iiilo paildlc-irhecN for propelling vcHttelt. Tin- eitrmal mm
of the wliert is m cylinder, wtiiuh is lixeil to and revolves with thg
driving-aslc i iitid the Auntn iire su arriintr<.''l within the cylinder,
as tu he projected outwardit 'hhcn required to lurl. aiid nre aicaio
withdraivn into the cylinder >* thc:y ^ootit of action; mck eon-
stniction uf paddle-wheel alluwirifr it to be obolly Imraeraed in the
wntcr. Tir (iro^'ern the action of the fluat.-i, the pntentee prefeni to
uae a cranked axis one end of which eiiterii into the main or
drivinji; imle. (^n tv the maiii>iuile is placed a boiui, to which oniM
arc ntiached, fur buldiiif; (irmly the /luntn. The annexed diagram,
which in a »id«-*octiwu of the puddle, n-ill explain the nanner ia
^ipf^^.
which tfa« floats are intend«^d ti> act. The nlinder ft. A, haaai
many stils or openinn thron^h it nii there are floats to the wheel;
and within the eyiinaer are anf^lnr hollow vessels/;/, wbieh pM
buoyancy to the wheel, snd nUo Ht'rvefnrlhe purpose of oiTeiing ia-
elined fpiidini^ surfaces tit the Hoiitu as they are moved oulwardt
The urniu h, h, arc attached hv pin-joinlB to the boss or collar op
the critnk axi* ; and to theenus (if the nmis the Aoats itre tube hied.
The t1'>nts i, J, ', srerepre«i.'nteil tii lie inaction, whilvl the uthen
HM' ilniwii within the ryliiidiT. The patentee snyn. tliat a]tbou«^
he prefcri to u<e n crnriked axis for (^ovemin^ the action of tlii
flouts or paddles, it will he evident tu sn engineer tbut an »mm-
trie tnii^ht be siibsliluted and prmluce ii like re>ult ; and it wiU
nlvu he evident that in place of having ihe doats or [iiidillek whereoo
are uniis ur spokea i^verncd or controlled by a rruuk or vcceotrie
axio, the cii«e 6, tnifcht revolve on anil be Kuveriieil bv tixml neoan-
tricH mie on cither kide. In suc_b tttue there Mould i>« a fixed axis
bi-tweeii the eccentric beiirin^of tbe ca«e b. Thenuxe havinfr Ihe
arms u( the floats or paddli-s would revolve freely ou Ihe filed axi*
between the fited eeireTilricM, and the auu b vould receive motiM
by a cf^i^-nheelallixed thereto driven by another cug-wheeloeluaUd
by the engine, or in any convenient manner.
Whttt the patentee claim* in thi* iiivention are, the nu>do«<'
coustructiii|f imildle-wheels wberehy Aoato, or lutdillvn., or arnu
are combined with u case t\ au«b floats on the cast) bvilkf gvveraa'
by a crank or recentrics.
J
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL.
M»
BAILWAV CARRIAGES.
Thomas Dir.vM, of WitiUsiir-briiipe Iron \V'i)rki, Muieliestor, for
*■ liKpntxmnUa in railicap mkixh, jacJit, .\e.' — Granted Kartmltor
. IBW ; Bantllod Mmy % 18i8.
Thtj {uttratcnmprisn several objects rnonectci) with railway lofo-
(DtHin. Mr. Dunn (int dcKrilrrs i^vcml iiii|iMirrnient4 in the con-
^nirticin ttf whecln. i*ae of thciiiincippil is (tip tJi»y renmvnl miil
rcplw'cmrat »f Uie tyre iipua the Yt)ie«l nln-n it hii.t Ih^cihiiv iruni.
Tbi* he effects in Mveral wa^-a. IIi» first iiiethoil cmiaiBte in
liavinj; tbe navr, arma, and nn inniT tyre east, in one iiiecc, uppii
vhich the outer tjrrc if Wlmd br mriu»<)f n flaii^i wliu^h project*
iaward* a few inctieH heytmd the inritr Hiirfut'e of thv tyre. The
joint lietween these two pieces, out fl' which liie wheel in formed,
jt packed with guttn pcrcliA or tome ntiiiT rlfustic tuihscancc. A
lecood iDetli«il coni>ii>t» in kavUig the n%vc of Ihi- whvcl cuit with
mnrtirr* in it fur the rvreptiuii of w(ii>ilf ii itriiiB or cipoken, and iii
kfWrwHi'ds AxiriK the tyre to the nave, liy Inilt* pausing down
tlinnigli the middle of the Npokca. According to a third method,
tint pirt of the whe*! which is occupied by th« arm* i* entirely
tiled in with neirmirut-i iif wood, l>etweeii which M-;n>iriitn there ure
drirca wedges of either wood or irun, »« that the wheel is almost
entirely solid. The tyre i» attached to the nave by boU«, as in tlio
tanotr ioMance.
Tbe patentee mnhrs his axles of wood and irotj, the wuud form-
inr an internal wlid core, with ao outer covering iifirou. He niao
mAes axles uf sereral picc^i*, by having' the navus truly bured out,
tad driving into tbem n i^livrt axle, or rather part of an axlt-,
Wil^ is fornifd '>n the outnide of the wheel, into Ui^ journal iir
bearing, and »n the inside pri'je«ia ouly a few incbe». leeiriiiu iufR-
rintt ittrrn|:th of mnteeial t» pass a cotter tlirou^h to retain the
axle in the n.avc. The twi" nliccl* arc tbcn coniiuctcd by riids of
imn, which have rnlljtr" f<>rin.t'd iipun them nenr t« their ends.
The portion* bryaiid the I'l-llan are p.tnsed throuffli holes fonued
in the nav<i v{ the whceln. and have screws tiptcn their outer ends
■a that the wheals are, in a moA^ure, devoid of axles — the runncc-
Hlon between tbem hcine formed by the rodK.
The aecond portion of Mr. Duiiti'n iinjtrnvementa relates to the
Mmclinn of jacks fur niovini; carriages and locumotives on to
Gne of rails when they have gnt olF. The chief feature of thi*
liruvrment conaiat* in providing the jack* with four Rninlt fric-
n-rnller* at the bottem «f tlie ptllur, by whi^^h the jack, with its
bd. in eA.«ly made to nm upon a soiooth surface in aoy direction.
A third iniprovement rnn«Uts of a mcnns of removiii§; carriofrva
m one line of rail» to another, which the patuute« eifects by
uut of a Inw truck, nintilciic iipnti a set of cross rails. A portion
the main line* of ruil.' in mude to form an inclined plnnc nt
re, by means of ramx lixed under the rniU, wherehy ho u
led to run the furnmiPf on to the low truvk.
LLfBRICATING COMPOSITION.
Thomah De.nue, "f Brrinondsi^y, Surrey, strap mnnufiictiiror,
*^ ImfrorvtnenU in Ihr uutntifarturt if !frta»e or e/imptuitinti»
aiHionAeric yipf,o"d for laMiMliny Ihe luttrj and iimriiig part»
' mad*ifery." — (irauti"! .A|iril 27; Enrolled October 'j7, Itt4;.
FUeported in Sew/fn* London Jtnimal.l
The tmprovpmnitB roiiMit, firrt, in preparing a Inbricntin^ com-
lition hv comliimiii,- oil. ot lalluir or othpr ercaiae, with eertain
bt, aoft^ white, and uni'tuonit precipitateit or hiHlieM, iniiohihlf in
FT (mi aa to be itii')i|inbli* cjf Win/ used a« deternents), and ob.
—.■■■fcie in the nwnner licreafter described ; "ecimdlr, in prepiiring
llnbricatiiig cempe»)lio)i bv cvmbinlnfi <>il, <^r ta)tow, or otlic^-r
nwe, with ve^^table blar^ or with Innip-black ; and Lhinlly, in
Kizinft the romnosili'in*, ]irepiired aecordinp to thefimt and second
'iprovementa, in *urb proportions na mxy he dpHirable, in order to
nder the Mun« more nuitHblp than when used tUona for the Inbri-
_Hnjr purpoaea nbovc meutiniiiHl.
Thermuie of enrryinjr ont tlie first irnjirovement i« as follows:—
he pateiitfe intntdin'oii intu a vesiiel or tank mich a ipmntity of
' eiUan, nr of a KSttintti'd or other solution of Htilphala of mxg-
, or of sulphate of ninKiii->>ia and nmnionia., aa ba considera
! be aiifiieierit for the iiuantily of conirKioitiun required to be
__pmnd; he then (rr.-iilujilly puur* into Hnd mixen with the «aine
Mran)s; sulutiuu of (in'li of the veK^'taMe or aiiimol oila m are
■Mt cuitable for th« pur|iiiMv and which have been rendered
llKibUi in water by boiling; tbe same with alkali or raudlic lef ;
r, instead of the aulution just meiitiuned, be employa a atronf;
eolation of either the snfl or hard >;oap of enmmeree ; or he intro-
dueea th« li^DT cold*, or the Milution of siilphntp of inaKnC««, or
of aulphnte of maftneaiaaiid ammonin, into the paMy and sano-
naceous fluid, obtained by hoilini; eithei oil. or lalluw or otner
(TTense, with nlkali or cauittie ley.^liavinjr lirat drawn the fire and
allowod the piutymaiu to cool down to IIMI" Knbri>nbeit, The
riiitentee continues to ndd the aaptmiicroiiM fluid mi itaig u any
iftht, Boft, white, and unctuous precipitate continue* to be pr«-
dured ; and then he iiepnratiHi sneb nrecipitale from the mothei
llijuor, by tiltriition throufjh a fine tinen sieve, — prcscrvinit the
mother li<|uor wlion it contains, in luluti'un, any valuable talta, m
a« til make it useful for manufncturinif caustic ley*.
llSlb. of the precipitate, obtaiiiL-d iu> above, are to be combined
with from M lb. tu I W lb. of pMlm or nthrr oil or icreaec : the quan-
tity of oil required wiU vary accordinjf lo the peculiar character
of the oil employed ; liut about 36 lb. will, in most cnaea, be auffi-
«)ent. The apparatus u>ed fvr eScctintf thi* combination is a
cylindrical iron ve»el or atilJ, open at the top, rontainiuK " re-
volvitiiB imitator, and hnviof; two pipes at the buttoui, funiiidicd
with ntup-C'Ockgi, for the purpose of diKc-baririn^ nny wntcr or other
fluid tbiit niieht Dci'umulali? iticoni-viiieiitly during tbo procew.
After the precipitate has been intrudiicml into the mill, and the
aptntor set in motion, the ^alni or other oil i» itraduaUy added ;
then, lis noun im the proper quantity nf oil has been used, the
mixture will thioken audawumeaconsigtenct.- connidcn'iiUly (crcatcr
thun the oil or other initredieat or inicredieiits posseadnl in the fiRtl
ttutancr; and a chemical combination will so for take place, that
the iireHter portion of the muther liquor contained in the precipi-
tate will be driven out, and muat be driiwn vB by the pipev above
mentioned. A supply of cold water in next allowed to run upon
the iirvan: or composition in the mil], so that it muy be wa&hed
therein,, ill order to clviinite it from nil ndhevivc impurities of the
mother liijuor ; after which, the water ia to be drii»ii oft aiid then
a few pounds of oil are to be mixed with the corn position, to sepa-
rate any ndhcriiie particles of water, and to icivc it a finer and
better appearmice. The f;ren>e or rompowtion i» now ready fur
u«e ; but if it should not posneifs sufErieiit ouusistence for the pur-
pone to which it is to be applied, from £lb. to :2Blb, of melted
talluw Hhould be mixed with it in the mill ; or, when the tallow is to
be oa^d, it may be mixed with the composition before tlte latter i»
washed with water, us before mentiviieu.
The hecund iiiiprnvemrnt eonsista in the productiun of a blacJc
rroase or conimiiiitiun, which may he eiimseii to tfreat extremes of
ncnt and cidil, and does not readily freeze, by combininf; Itiulb.
of palm, olive, or other oil. or irreaHc. with firum 10 to Mlh. of
veKeiniile blnck or lamp-black. The oil ii< Rrnt placed in the mill
then the miitalor heiiiK 1"
vegelnhlr biiick or lump-btark is addc^ in aiiiHil qnantities at
before described, and
time ; and the mixture i* ii*;it.-iti-d until the bliick jfreaM^ or rumjw-
altiun has acquired a sniTicieiit amount uf consiateiice.
Th9 third impriivenient conaiKts in combining a portion af the
black preaae or compotition with greaM' ur niniiMHition made in
the manner described under the first improvement, to prevent the
KHme from freeniuK when exposed to fruat or *now, or to [irotect it
from tho action of cttremt-i., i-ither nf heat or rold : the corobinn-
tian of the compoutioiia is efletted by the uac of thu mill before
described.
BRONZING METAL Sl'RFACKa.
Ciixar.KH i)K 1.4 fl*L]ii!iiK, of Parts, for " luiproivmrMt iu brwue-
i/ijr and liriimiiiy fkr tnr/UvfJi of ntrtl, iron, sine, faod, nud (tii."—
Granted September 30, 18-tT ; Bundled Mjirch 3i). lh*.i.
The linpmvenienlii rclste to Loniing rteel, tnin. xinc. lend, and
tin. with l)ras>i and bronze. For the puriioMi uf i.'oaliiiit metid with
braiu, n bath in jirepurrd, componcd of tlie following itifiredtenta :
—3,00(1 part* by w«i){ht of distilled water, filo parts of aub-oar-
bonate of potash, tb parts of chloride of copper, M pnrts of auU
phate of zinc. 3LiJ part* of a»itnte of &mmuui:i, ami 12 parts of
cynnide ol potmuium. The rvAnide of potHMium it dlsMdved in a
Hinall porticm (ilIiuiiI 1?0 parts) of the ndd dixtilled water : at the
same time, the sub-cailionnte of jiotash. chloride of copper, and
viilphnte of sine, are introdurml into the remaining]; pnniitn of dit>
tilleil water (roiit;iiiied in a separate vcsicl, and hnvinj its tetii-
perature increaaed from l**" to ITK' Fahrenheit, to fucilitate the
dissnlutiun of iheae mnttem) ; and when they are perfiTlly di«-
Kolverl, and the >»liition hH* be<W4ne cixd, the nzotate nf Bmmanta
ia added. After the aolitiiuo hna been shaken for a long time, it is
as
114
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
\JVKK
allnved to Htnnd for 'H hourfi ; it i» ikta dfCantnl with a *j-])hi»i.
•nil llie aoliitliiii of ryniiiilr nf mitiuoniim (Hhirli Hliould be limpid)
i» lulilr*! llicreUi. If llie Htiltilioti thu« nivpHrpjl li* Hiilimitti^il ftw
iibuiil five JiiiiiM ti> till- iM-ti«n uf a tiiUtir liatd'ry witli ■ ni|iid
mrreiit {aiii'li ii» ItiinoiTi'x, OrovrV or DuairfN Imllery), And At n
menii tomfcratun? «f 11° Fithiviihcit. it will deponit « rwit »if
S'lnw cwpper, or hniss. mi the niHul ariirle ininiiTM>il tlivn-in.
e proceiM mnv Ih^ ^fiiiirmed in vme^N of porceliiiD, vhiiiimrlaiut,
m- vood (which uiny lie liiuti with bilumeii. or any isolating
reffinous nutter) ; aiid the veiMc)« lire prvfrrred to be of a nct-
If the artielea trt U» h^ r>i*itiei\ w Ith bronze, ii jiarta of (chloride of
tin are to Im aubiUliilnl Air the nlKit-c-mcntionrd 48 parts of bul-
Sihatviifiinc; tlic pmiiurlioiiof chlonOi* iif coppm-istobeincraunl
rnm iA pnrlji t*' 1^ ; niiil h (ilutp of tirouse li ta be uaed u the
eleotnide ; in iilher rrx)>rr(» tlir hath is prepared witli the ume !n-
grodienta, Id the pru|tiirtiitiiN nhovit i>tatr<l, and the prucrw is cuti-
nvrted in thennnnpr bpfoie ilettcriheil.
A hiilh. for irnntitii; aitirlni with bnas, la prep&TPd, hj" dlwtult in|c
hOO purta of Miti-i'4iHMiniitr iif potsah. Ij pmrta of chh>ride uf c<i]v
per. a piirlt of nulplinte of liiit:, utid M) pnrtn of cyanide of
IwtiiMitim tti^thcr. in ^.000 patts of aAA diitillt^d water. Aftvr
the bath hnn hi-rti ^im*d. it i» idlowrd to Maud fur fmtn S4 to 48
houra; it ia then Mibjivii^il. in a ciilil xt^vtc /from % A' to 30° Fb}i-
renhoit). to the actiiin of a viiliaic halirry. tlnrinK the wimc liinr,
and iu like manner to the preceding batlia. When thin linlh l>(v
comee impoverii^ed b>- uw, the salt uf linc, ur copper, which haa
bMD abMrbed, inuat l>e teplucitl. Tht both last deicrihed may
abo be used for branzinir, by HuhBtitulinK idioiit 10 partx of Ma-
iid« uf tin for the 3i pari* of cuJphale of xitic, and empUiyinir an
vleetrudu nf bmnw.
In either uf the ucaeenM above deaoribed, inrtead of the nil-
pbate uf xinc, or chloride of tin, any ninitml Mills of aiitr, or tin
acida, may be employed, according to wbrtia-r tlie artii-ie i.i to be
corered. with bran, or bronus mi loiiir «■ thc^ batb is sufflcicnUy
rich in potaeh. that there may be no acliixi upon blue jinjirr of
tumroL The proportions of the mltn uf liiu ^inc^ and copper,
may be viu-ird accorduiK to the colour dehired to be i^iveii to the
nictai coatiaK. Thia intention may alw bo applied to the coaLing
uf alloy a.
RAILWAY BARS AND CHAIRS.
RiritAaii Siuw, of Cold'i-praen, W«t Bromwlch, Stafford,
railway-bar finisher, for " ItuiiraiymmlJi In the nuinu/aetun of'
vin>itjjht-irfi>i niiiwip trari and rvii/uyjy cftuicjt." — (Granted October 81,
Ill+T; Knrolled Aiiriiai, IM8.
The iniprovenieutH deitcrihed in this epecification relate to the
eouittructon of railway ban and railway rhain, na also the araoge-
ment of the mHrhinDry for their eonctruL-tiwn- and consist, Finrt, in
the mode of fiiniiinff and pilino; tlio piecea of iron to form the rujl-
wny-liiir, fur preventing: thu liiminHtion of the nietal. Thih it
effected by placing and piling; The liar* in the muiini'r xhown in the
annexed diiif^am, ftj;. I, the lower portion of the bnr bpinj; ])i]vd
in the ntoinl ninnner with lliit bnrii^ unci tho upper
piirtiiin piled with a hrond bur bent into the torm
rfiown, tlie eilgcK abiittinf^ upon the Kuriaee of th«
batB beneath, and the interior bcin^filleit and piled
in the u&iial manner. When the niilwny.hitr it
finished, the frrnin of the metal h arrnn^i'd in the
form rr|ire>ii'nted in tig. 2, uiiil ihiiH no laminating
edge* ocfur on the heail of the working surface.
The other improi'ements claimed by the patcnt-ee
nre, .'^tvondly, the mode ofmnnufn^turingu'rouirbt-
iriin niilwiiy linrK-wilh pnite(!liii)r ruils or flnn^eti
r,,, ■j_ aftixetl iheretu., in such n manner that the htmAn
ar working surface uf the railwny-har stands above the atip-
port of the prolectini; rail ur flange. TJiirrily, the mode of
manufaetiirinpr rniIwny'hor>i with kidlow headit or working vurf urea
in «neb a manner that the eheek« of the chuird may pai-t into The
hollow nf the bead or working fiirfnees for the piirpoeen of support.
Fourthly, the mode of nillinff ruilway-hnn; with ridUm p&iced
three hij;h ; as al«o the mode of rolling by the aamo meana the
furred hnrc uaed in pliiein^ and pilinij for makin^rhia Improved
railway-harik Fifthly, the eonatruetion of chaira for aupporting
hia improved form of railwny-bar.
BORING AND SINKlNa
» ^I."-'-'*,'* '^«'»*^'« G-*»D. «f Cakloek, Cornwall, enpneer, fv
eerftf.n /(wpnowewnf. i>, maeAinirrf and trnttlrmmU fvr bonae an4
««A»7jy. —(.ranted Octolwr «I. 18*7 ; Rnrofled April 21. IKM.
The object of thiit invention is to improve the form of ii«
cntlinp-tool nsed in horinjr *.• "» to remove the debria mat eaallv
anil al«) lo work the borioR io-rtn.meut more cJTectirely. It ia'iil
the fonn of the tool, however, that the chief novelty of the inrea.
turn cooriata. The cniiK^r end' are made of a contavc or inverted
cap-like form, divided iiyacroMinlofour wgnienta, with apenorei
leaduiK from these «e(rment« into a hollyw cylinder or -Jiaft.
screwed into a ne<rk of the bit, whereby the horwl^nt material,
are removed out of the way of the cuttinK cdf£e.. Fip. 1 repre.
Uf. I. »wiU a vertieal «ectioii of the borer or bit. col.
■trueted according to Ihia inventinn ; and iiK. t.
an under plan view of the aamr, ehowiiitt thr
cnttinff ed^«. The .baft or hollow part ft. fcrni.
the rpfeptaele for the hi^red-out m&tcnala. Thii
hollow iih.ift ban the part .i, which focnu the
cutter, ucrewed or otherwiae affixed thereto, it
being made of «teel or «>jnie other hard metal.
The ciittiu^ face i» of a hollow form, or rather
nf four distinet hollow., the area being divided
by a erom into four «irtionat/j<i,rf,rf, (fig. S), wch
aepnrate hollow temuniiting in a hole ty IcMUng
to a main npaoing m, in the trunk of Um borer.
The outaide diameter of the cutter frvm the
enttin^-edfie to the point h, ia of a cylindrioal
form, and from the ptiint A, (fig, 1). to where it
joins the boltnw shnft. it is tapered about half an
inch in order to dear the ^inn-purt t, and alloir
it to paw fireelT after the mtter. The cuttini;
edge, formin); the elrconifiTtnrc, ia bevelled only
on the initide ; connriiiientlv, the matedal, which
becomea detached bj' the tlow, ia projected in-
wards nnd upwards, leaving the external part
free from olifttntction in itn working. The piccr*
detui-bed by the cutting edgea, forming the croM,
are alMi projected up«-a^l1^ nnd by tbecoocnvD
form of ea*ih «crtion nre all conveyed into the
i)pt-nin|ia f, e, f?, c, to the main channd «i. A
I'ldve-teiit of brui* c, (fig. S,) i« secured in ila
place by liiiving the <tem t> screwed down Oo it*
surface. This valve-seat ha^ iti opening La the
V\%.t. eentrv, corrcuponding nith tho mnin cbujinel m,
and i* fitted with a bull-valve k. The detached materinla puM op
the main channel "), into the body of the nTcm A, at each aucce^ve
atroke of the borer ; the <)uantity of materials detached each tinw
nearly filling the concnvitieii d,ri,il,d; tint hy being eonvered di-
rectiv into the receptacle, they are prevented from impedioctkr
operation of the cutter*. The vnhe k. which U prevcntcdmat
rijiiij^ too hich by n croi>4-nin in the Htem, euta off any retan
downwards ul the boringw. In thin ninnner miiy the operatl&llt (if
boring he rontinned until the entire capacity of the ntein &, is
lilled, when it in to be withdrawn from the boring, and the conteala
removed, whit'h may be etivcteil by turning the bit upaide down,
when thi>\' will pau out of The aperture, g ; hut the patentM
Iiroferi^ u lien the detached materials are of a drv dcaenption, to
:eep the Tiiol vortictilly in it i boring posit ion, and oy raiting up the
valve from betow, to allow the coiitentM to run out.
The M'oond part of the luveulion, which relaicit to the mode Ot
working; the boring-tnol, needs httle description, ua it containt
nnthingthat iaBuvelinpriix'ijile. 'I'he patentee adopt « the Chiuew
mmle of boring, by Axing the luitt ti> uehain or rujw, and producini
the elfect hy contiuuallv lifting it up und lettiiif^ it full, the heijghtoF
the fall being re^latea by the resistiuice to be overcame. Tfcart
IK n lever attached to the chain ut the to|>, to one end of whick
weightH arf iiuspeuded, for the purpoM.' ul counter-balancing tht
inireaseil weight of the chain as the depth of tlie hunug incresae%
av that the wurkiug may be rendered as uoiform u» po^ble.
MANUFACTURE OF IRON.
AirnKO VtscKST NKvrtiy-, of Chancery- lane, Middleaex, ftt
" Improtwl naehinery /or Uoomlng iron." (A comrounieatioa.)—
Urantod OcloberK, 1847 ; Enrolled April 14, 18t».
)-
Thia invention is for the purpoae of more effectually oonipKMfal|
or ahingliag puddlt's, balla, oi luups of iron into bloonia. The ist-
!«W.l
rHE CIVIL ENOINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOTTRNAL.
"tn
_^ _ the inorle «f rumpriwtirijr "if nhiriKling by
iTldlnqiHaHr MtliiK in nimlitiiiUion with twii rullHrs, iiuil
prvducinir thrntfront ft hloom. S«i-ondlr. in the une of checki^ be-
tmfcn whii'Ji tin' lilmim N ruriiiivl. hnrini; sprinm "t tlieir hsckn for
tbeinirposeuf aeitiiiKandkivpliiirlhei-iiiUdfthcrblooiniiuiiiiirfiitid
»f proper «hapc: tlic«- check* act in comUiimtion with tlie cam-
fannca comprCsMcr nnd rollen. A tliird inipnivrment caiisisti «f
ftn BrrmiucCToeiit of iiiipiirntiin fi>r fRMtinic tlic i>hinKliiiif-n]i|>iirAti.iK
«)lb l>a)U to be skint^li'd, and bit dii>i-)iuririiit( ihe hUunn when ouf-
ficicntlr r<iinpri^wiril nnd i*)iin|;)ei1. The-ie iroaihiiiedtinprureiiieiita
•rrrcpmrnlrd tnihe anncxeil M^-tiunnlflcvutiun, A. the cANt-iroii
frame of thv nuicbiiie, Heuiiret)- fastened to the bpil-|ilnt(; B;
■iw:;
witbiD 111* upper port of ih* frnme nrc sliding hlock^ C, C. fftnti-
injt h^nrintro (nr tnfi fh.ift 1>, iipim whii-h i^ mounted nnd |)roperly
»»*ur*d the tffttn-iihiiped c<inijtrHster K, of the peeuUar (iirm thiiwn,
Th« periphery of the e.impri'iaipr in eccMitrid to itti centre (if
motion, for the piiriKiHe of iu|iitfoziiig iind eoiiiiirciiMirij; tlie ball of
iwm hrtween the periiihery thereof and the rulJeis K, F; this ec-
ftCBtridty of the periphery of the ratn- Miitg^ied c«ni[ireaiier v.um-
Manem at the point 1, where it he^nu to impinge upun the bull uf
Iron tuhntitted tu il>> netiitn, and eimtiimos round IJiree- fourths of
the vbiilc circtimferenee ol the eomprehtser to the point \ in the
foltuwtii^ manner — namely, fr»rn the puiiit I, of t]i« pwriphery, tii
the piiint 9. thereciii, the ei^ireiitriiiity it vi'ry uhnipt: the pe-
nphcry re'^edes fnuii the centre quii-kly outiciirdti from the centre
lon fur the purpuKP of more ipiickly imrl elTectiinJIy etrni-
%he bnll uf iron nnd Ki|iiiii'/i[i{; out tli<* inipiiriliei: there-
rom the puint 2, tii Ihfi poiiil 3, the efi?eatrii'ily i» more
Eadiud ; frcitn the point J, to the paint i, the eccentricity \* still
B, the point 4. being at the ^re.iteKt diKtaiice frutn the reiurr of
tb» motion : from tlie piiint 4, to the tii.iini 3, the ercttutrtcity of
the prriphory i» revcwed, that i*, it indino* very slightly inu-nrds
luward^i the centre of motion : the whole npnce from thr point 2,
lu the point 1, beini^ iine-foiirlli nf thit whole rireiimfereiK'e, iH left
onen uid free fur the |iiir|iOHe of alliiwin)( miinclent time for di»-
aiar|fing the hlooiEi produced hy the Unt rct'cdutiuii of tlit* cum-
vrauer, and for receiving; into tlie machine miiither hull or liiiip of
aim tubeshinpfled, The|>eri|diery of the ciiinpreM>er l.s alwi formed
villi UMth «r iiidentiittonit tliereon, for llie purpuiie of more elfee-
tBally enleritut nitu the ball or loup uf iron mid Kqiieedne out the
impuriliea from it ; these teeth ^>r iiulcnlHtiinii from l.Iie pciint
I. on the periphery of the eoiiipreitHT, to the point ?. are very
deep, fur the |mrpaite of entering; nuire deejily into the ball nt the
rommencement than at any iiiil»equriil period of thir procen* ;
from the point 2, 1(1 the piiiiit li, the teeth ^mdiiiiUy liei'imie le.vi
c>nr*e, iN-iiiff tine at the point nt 4; from tlie point 4, to the point
i, the periphery h nc-Arly or quite pliiiti. Another iidvantn^e at-
IcadlDK the conKtrurtion of the prnphriy of the e«m-«]inped ccim-
■mrr. i» t)ie tuniiiii; the ball or loiiii of irun niuuil upon the
Jawer rtdler* hy incnuH of the i;rip or liuid of tho teeth or indcntn-
Uoos, the lower rollers F, P, lire plaeed in the pooitioii nbown
Mow the ornipresmrr R, at xm^h adistniiiM- thrrerruni tut to niiil tlie
(ise of tbe hull or luup of iron tu he nbiii;;led and the si^e of the
bliiiim to lie pmdiiivd; llieut rallerv P, F, revolve in bearinfrs fixed
to the niiiio frnme A, of the mitehine; they nre pWed rlo«« toge-
ther but not In contact ; the periphedea of these roller* dtb pro-
vidwl with iirojectioii* thereon, for the purpose of effect Mslly turning
the httll or lon|> of iron round whilu under uperatlon. nnd thus
iuhjectiit^ every -turfaee of U to the itqueexinx itctinn i^ tlie cum-
prniacr. The rollcrv F. F, arc cnmiecled by toothed iifeNriuK with
the r^iin-aliii|ied I'limpnrsHer E. so thnt they revolve in different di-
rection!., nlfU) the peripheries uf the rollers and the periphery of
the compreswr must revolve at nearly etjual veloeitic*; there in a
mode of ndjiistiiie the distance of the i.'umpre»>ter ^ from the
rollera F, F, tu »>nt (lie iiiiantity of nnelnl in the hull or luup by
menus of the eet §rrew d, piuniiiK tlimutrh the hend of the frame
A. For the purpose of «ettini; up the end.4 of the hloom si]uar6
and riimpreming it endways, at the snino time tliiit it i" compreased
by the cum|ircaeer and thr rolten, thr piitentee employ!) Win seeund
improvement — numely, the bpririjc or j'ieldiuK checka ; theae
cheeks II, H, nre phie«id one va either side of the I'umpreswr E,
over thi! ndlen F, V, the riimtircnHT in revolving pmudn^ helween
them ; to the hack of cucli of the chiMikn nre aecnred two nnU nr
ttud" pii.»iitK throiuih holeii in the iiialD frjiine, which thereby
>erv« as (fuideo t«> them. Around the rod*, anil htiarinf;' stiffly
a^aiiist tlie horkB of tlie cheek, and the inside uf (lie innln fraine
A. nre hclieal »prin^>, fer the iiurpu^uf preftiiafc thedieeka II, li,
tuvards cucli vllier, and thereby preMaiii^ and »cttJriK u|i the ends
vf the bluuin uf inui when praised outwards by the action of the
tompreii^cr ; the outer ends «f the rod* are pntvided wiUi washer*
aiid pins fvr the purpose of preventiuif the ii]irtiu(s from preiMiuK
the ebeekn tu<j tivnr tvfrcthcr, and thereby cumii^i in cviitaet witii
tliu Md(;a of the co(iipre->oer E, The front fu<e» of ike cheek*
(thoM) which act «i(»iiii>t the ends of the hliKnti of ir«ij) nre 4»f a
convex form, somewhiit flattened in the middla Tbo fcediti^-
appar«tuii, whitb lunstitutes thu patentee's next improvement.
roQsiatft of a truu^h ur friime L, uttachod to the main framv A^ in
front of the nnuchine in an luuliiied position : within this trough
or frame is phieed the plnte or frAme M, to which are nttuehed tno
two b»ni N, K, one oti either "ide; they rauve in the Kuiden O, O ;
upon the liaHe or frnme M, in uluctrd the bull or loop of metal to be
fed into the machine ; the frame M i« kept hack by n hnUnce-
wei^ht belftiv the foundiitlon of the mneliinc ; the *nd »f the hpvm
N, N, terminate in the iiooked »h«pe "hoan nt N'. The mode of
{foiling is this: — the IihII or li>np of metal to he opernted upon i«
thrown upon the hnr or frume M, where it remainB until the eom-
presser cnmeH into the position shown in the engraving, that ia,
when the ermipresainff surfrtee of the comprewer is out' of notion
U'itli the ndlers, and the open or free spiire of the eompreHser from
□ to I, i« ui-er the roller*, thereby alliiwinft an opportunitv for di*-
eharipn^ the last-formed bloom, and reeeivinff another ball or loup
tu be iipernted upon ; nt this moment two pins or «tudu, projectinp
from the <idm< of the citnipreiMer, enmii in enntart with Uie ends
N", N', of the bar* N, N. whieii is therehy drnwn npwiird*, and the
bn)] or loup depviited upon the rollers F, F. At the sum e time
also, an urm or rriiiik, ti\eil upon the i-umpreKKer-Khiilt !>, outside
the main frniue. iwX* upon the hur Ij, which in eoiinecLed by a lever
to the diaebiirffinK-plule II, in tiui'h manner tliat the bloom of iron
is di>ii;hun;ed from the mnchitie nt the back at the same time a
frevli liitll or loup is fed into it at the friml. The diHehiirifiii^^-
ajipuratus i* retained in its proper position during the shin)[liu^
procesti. by meani of a sprinff.
The pBleiitcH vhiiniB — First, the arrnngement of madiiiiery m
deseritied, for compreiuiin^ or tliingliji^ piiddUut, lialls, or loup* of
iron into blooms. Secondly, the spring or yielding eheelis for
setting up the ends of the blooms, as hIso the cam-tdinped com-
presxer and rollers as descrilxMl. Thirdly, the feeding and dis-
charging apparatus.
A CENTRE-VENT REACTION WATER-WHEEL,
f?'finmnii icafed to the FranJUin tiuUtJitw, U, S., by Z, I'akkbb, tf
In my notes of the experiments on the ccntre-verit reaction
wheel at Tioy, 1 mentiaucd the fact of the stnsll niiiifunt of wutvr
dmrlinrired, in proporiiou to the aperture, and uf its diipoMtiun to
uidformity under uU velocities of the wheel. [i>M jQunuif, ant*
p. no.]
I miKlit have elated that in all owes in whidt the vanes of the
wheel direct the water ritynrly tan^entiiilly to the inner cirfle ofthe
nnniilar rim of ouchi whcela, the quantity diwharited (under eir-
cumitonceA of full nupply) sppesr* to be about £11 |H.-r cent, of the
Ibeoretic discharge ,- aim thst this proportion appears t« be but
THE CIVIL ENGJNEEA AND ARnilTECT'S JOURNAL.
IJmtt,
litll« K0Mt«d by change* in thp vrloritjr of thr whrpl. frtim beinc
held fftatioBVf, to Hiiy vHodty it ni*y iw<[uire by thr fr^toiire ff
the wittrr on the vane? ; — or by nny cIiiuiki; in thr rii«ul«r motion
of the watrr rntcrinK the "heel (nt ita verge), either irith vr coa-
tnry 1« the riiriilar motion of thr wheel.
Id corroboralioii »f thi.i |iijBit1iin, wr hare th* experiment* »t
Trvy, in whicli the ilini-hamr (iil iJie miixlinum) wmh trifle Jew
Ibaa 30 |>rr cent., owiii)' prolmlily to ihe tinrnvoiirable form of thv
vanm, — and the fotirthset «>l' my model improvemcnti (thr noles of
which yuu hire), where the water jiawied, inwHrilly, Ihnmtfh a
structure, wbich, vrheri the wheel wan reriiovetl, was esactiy vimilnr
to such k vheel, — the (|iinntiiy liiM'har^ri in this in»1aiicc., beiuf
jtwt 30 per cent. <if the tlieurecic diicharfcr.
Anoiiirthe mnny "interpitLrurnhjeeta" at the ATnerlc.in Inititute
Pair, ofthe ]ire»ei:t smNiit, llii-rv was a rentre-tltiichartre reaction
wheel, in ■ very neatly cDimt meted model, the wheel, atiaiit four
inchea in dininvter, lieinf,' made of bra»t and nratly finiaheiL To
the under lideof a dink. nttJLrhed to a vertical idiaft, were attach e<l
ptaoe vane* esteitdiii^ fnim llic vcrite tti a circle alHint t>ne-baJf of
an inoh from tfae verier. To llieite vai)e« wat attached the artnulor
rim, in the usual war. Tb« anffle of the vancA dircctetl the vntrr
mine what without the diiection tnnirciil to the ttinerdi.irni'ler of
the annular rim, and nf^cr piix^inic into the wheel, it feil throiitch
the openini; of the rim, and Ixiltoiii of duine «inte inrhe^ into
* buiii beneath. Tbe dume was a ^lat« eylindrr about »cven liiclier
diameter ; and the t up|ily. n conMoot otrvain of ^* Croton* tbrtm^h
a lettil pipe.— fjJIinp in frnni the top of tlie cylinder.
Su!i|i«cttui; from tny former ex peri me lit* that the diachar][e of
■uch a wheel inuMt be unifomi under all veloritica, 1 took the op-
portunity of experimenting on thi«, by applying friction to the
flhaft (about half an inch in diameter) with my finicen. f cmild
maftt no mitiblc rwriorioii in Itu- AWyAf nf mirfof 6y any thamjr qf
rrtm^ltj/./rwn brhig ArW, to nfuning Ir h^j/Mid it* naturai frttt rrtoritti
{lig rallimj the «4>»rt betteem the thumb and finger*), nor by tumiru/
Ike wiMi Utcktcurd.
The »coonipanying out reprewnU a aection of the rutea.
TREATISES ON THE STEAM-ENGINE
Tbt want of u satisfactory treatiae on the stoawi-onpne faai
lonr been felt. Tbo rJti«tinK treHlisCB, notwitbiitimiiini? their
mtOMoi moritH, iln not nupply the whole «if the informatidii which
Ul« engineer requirea; and the loownew of scientific views, and the
nedect ot Byatenalic arrangement, .ibBervalde in mort of them
render much of Uio knowledge imparted eilUer dubiuua or inacctM-
•ihir.
We liavc been frcqwcntly called upon lo pvo ndviee in theehoice
of a work on this important Hubject. In anjiwer to corrwipwndents
who had made an appIic»tion of thi» kind, we replied wmie tinm
airu (vol. iX., piige SlW), that n eompleta ireatiwf appeared to us
to lie one of the desideratu i.f engineering literature. Several sub-
■cquent lettent arongly confirmed the opinion then cipreesed, that
the existing treiitiscH on the theory, coiiMrnetion. ami nmljiie
maiJnKemcnt of the nnuterpiece of mwhanieul invention are not
wlat they orijjbt to be — aceumtf, eomjiJrU, and (iVi.TI£>L«Tiu.
It in no dispitragcincnt of the ctforlii of those who have already
written on till- »iilject, to ftSf^rtthat we now know mure of it than
tlioy did. Thid bmncliof knowledireisneeeianrily proEfeaalve. Tlie
vpentiuua «f tlic cteam-eiigine liavo been exteuded In dlTmity-
and otagnitudr. and have attained a universality which to ita irrrat
inventor liimeelf would have appeared inrrediblc. The Dew de-
mand* of the manufacturer, engineer, narigntor. and mechanician,
stimulate and vuggcat new ■pplicatlonn of Uie mon powerfni
and moit olieiHciit of the ageiitM of htimnn industry : npnn ma-
chinery fo com |ilicnled, tbe fertility of modern InveiitioB uul the
huIdneiM of moflrrn enterprise are tnccManlly and aiicvcaafull]'
exerted : while the minute dctnils of the apnamtus are conataatlr
rKciring freali iniprurcmetitss mk prarttcnl •liill becomes more aail
more developed and refined.
Vet the KoparntuB (tM?lf if in the main undianged. The ateain-
<itgii>e ofH AFT M the *te«m-cngtnc ofl!*tH: the great inventM-
beii<irathrd it to ua alutuit perfect in all iti principal parta, wd
tbe umall amount wo bnTc been able to add to hi* legacy b •
Htrikiiig Hnd accumulative tentimonr to its origiual value.
Thi-i cunitiderHtion greatly nmplilio the labuar ef compilinc a
perfect expiHitinn of the oombination of the mcchnntnm. Bui
though the innuvntiona of practice be here cunfined to detuiU, in
other re»peclti the ehnnge« hnve been lundumenta). Experience
hH« effected great alterutions in ilie purpo*r», the managemeat,
and thedimeniioii* of the engine itwlf; and tlie acce«M>ry part*, of
whith the boiler and furnace are the priticipul. have received aodi-
ticctinns whkJi have completely changed their cbariKter.
The Ihrory of the (<te*m-eu£ii>e i> aUu fundamentally diffcreat te
lliiit originally pnipixed : tbat Treiltcold'-i view* of the mUmok
of it« action ba>e been totally fAlHitied by aubiteiioeDt experi-
ence may he unheMtatinglv amerted. It im much to be regretted
that hie authority, dCMnWlj- great a* it in w.me retpccta i^ hu
given weight to ojiiniuna which of thenmclvctt nuinot ataod the tert
either of theory or practice. It iii «till more to b« ngmttil that
mivtaken partiality to bin worka ohoulil hm-e induceiTcubuc^iuent
writvn la gloaaover bla errnm, nnd defend that which is indefen-
sible. VChen the theory of the Oount do l'nn>bouT apMtred, iti
obviouit initht ought not to have been re<ti»ttil by nbtiurd prnedice
in favour of onr countn-man. De Paroliuur ix ng/it — Trci^Td and
hijt foUowerti leroii^. Thin aomnda like a very dc^t^^'^c Mwcrtiuo :
ftnd we intend it to be >o, for if the lucid demonrtmtiont of Dc
Fnmhoiir fail ta convince his opponents, they are either loo per-
verse or too dull to bo eonverteil : we ar« driven as a laxt reaourcc
to aawrtion, e.r caUtetlrfi, nnd to reairt frivolou* eontradietiou* by
the weight of grwit nnmea. The theory of De l*nnihour Itad ev
■ooner apptmrcil, than all edentilie writer* renounced their pre-
vieua riewa, and without reliic.tani» Hignified their adh««ion to bia.
Nut indeed that all hi* twirlutioTU nr* (ihuulntely indisputable.
The chief problem to which he addreued him>4>lf waa thi«:~6ivea
the dim'CnifiouM uf an euiiiuc, to sseertain the rvai^anee it will
overcome nt a given voluritv, or the velocity at which it will orer-
eome a given np^irtance. Now, the main difficulty ofthe que«tion,
and that which I>c I'nmhnur has only |i)trtiaUy met, ii to aaeertaia
thii nnionat uf reai^tunre. It iu an ceHentinl element, and auv
uncertainty re^peetin)? it aifecl< thfi whole mibject. Witlnnii
piirticiilHrUing further, we inny obnerve that he ha* erroneoualy
estimiilcd the revihtunre tn which lucomotive enffinea are cubtMt,
and hn!^ aosiuined u hiw uf fritrliini (Con lomh'ii) which Lain thi* oaac
inappbicHble. .\nnther difficulty i<i in aiicertaming the aetoal
efiieiency of the boiler. Itn apparent evaporation and ita efective
eva|iorutii<u are not (he mnie — part of the naler being drawn ij)t«
the cyliniJer» in a lii]uid state, i'he uinunnt of *■ priming" depend*
wn minute and viiried circumctanees, — the violence of ebullition, —
the fonlm^Hs fir jnirity of the water,— it« level in the boiler, — and
tlie capHcity of ttie slenni-|jinDS. Ortainly, no mnlheni.itical fttr-
muln, liuch hh l>e I'ambour lias laid down independently of thcw
connLiLrnitiuiiK, can be univur«nllv nnd exactly correct.
The materials for an iniproveil treatise itrenbutidHnt; and tlww
who enter on, thei taik of eomuiling nudi n work, xhould ransack
every Kourre of information. Notwithstanding ouratricturea on
Treiigold, wi< are dilqtoKed to Ibrnk that his work ought to be tbt
biiaiii of a new treatifte. There nre many reabiiiiH whic-h ooadaeete
this conclusion. In the fir^t pbre, on conijiiiriaun, his nlaa atl4
Bmingemcnl Meem the moKt piprspicuoux hitherto pnbtiBhed. la
the nHuond plate, morf engineer* ani f^milinr with it. Tlii« ia m
great point : readeni do not like lo be whm-l.inl ly Iciirning out of
new tiooka, nnd mincers exiiecially have seldom time tii tparv in
riiniilinriNing theniselvei with npw »y>>teni«.
ThiMiliin which Mr. Ba'ujn IIouokivihiv hni; pursued in hia edi-
tion of the "Treatiae on t-'anl-lnm," appeJirs to h& the be«t for
the cane before us: he bu left hi« autliot'k text ax he found it,
nppcniling hiK own correctiona and additions With respect to »
trealiiie un the bteam-enuine, the authorities to beaearcJied and.
cited nie numerous an tT valuable. Jn pure theor)'. the vie
Ui: I'AtiNorK Khould be rlenriy atated. with the mudilicution
snj;^c»ttid. bouiH of Pnifeaaor Mou;lkv's mo«t u&eful ji
I
1H8.]
TI!F CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCniTECTS JOUnXAL.
Mr
iMulU ationUl b* ftliM rptorrod to: hi* r«M<arf!)ira n«pM-tinK tli«
«feeu of frictiiiR of tb^ parl« nf the Hif^D« are tM> coroi»lkjtt»<l,
and dep^iMl ad <U(a too unci>rtiLin, to be svaiUble ; but some of hia
invMti^tiAna rpspMtins tho fly-wheel, &e., aro invnlunble, and
ityo th« advantafT'' •>' l^^ndinc l<> ninple arithmiMiea] rult*.
The (rr«at frmtinKnlal iiuthif require tn lie dlli^rentl^r and
tlMmMtfUT examined. It in primOjixlly from th? Fn>ni-h wntera,
with NjLv'tKJi at thm hmd, that t>>ri'tffn uKvintianrp iniisthfipv-
yacwd ; and th^ nrrtetn purautNl in Fntnt-e in th« «du<>ntinn nf
OifCtlweTa, render* nlmo^t evpi v trpaii'tii vritlvn in thut roantrr on
prartirsl srieni-e worthj- of mtiKidfrutioTi at Iraul. The article*
Mill tril 111 t4id ti> our uwii ryiHopitttiiu. and the reconl troatlM of Mr.
^AJi>i,alaaftirniiJi several utiefiil fiiK^'^'"'" for ni lea. whirh an
tatoUiatnt artHan m»y_ undimtand and aiipljr without a knowledge
«f natAvniHli I'K.
Til! truimactiimt «f l^tmed meiMirM eontnin invaluable recnrdi
«f tiie reunite of experiment and nmliiif uperience. Numernus
papen have appeared iinilrr the aiiipirmt of i\w Kritihh AwiK'iation
uo Inatitiitiunuf Civil Engineers, on whnt we jtj»t now denize ii a («>d
tiKHtOKt dilBcull part of the pr«bli>tn of tlie Ktean^-enpne — the
Tnoilaniir to whirh it is Knbii'rt ; and in refrrenre t» the luronidtive
S[in» tliv latiuurwdf Mr. H yiiil)j:ini Ilanlins may he piirtiinilaribml.
t irankiirliiiiia of the ttovnl Snciety also cnntnin itume pajiern
nferrinji t>j the ref>iiitance» to mnrini' enuine*— a aubject ta which
Mr. Sattt Kiivmdl haa lunft devilled atietilioa.
Tl>» artnUjItc ptrwdintl* — the Ma-lMjiiri Ma^aainf, the Jtiumat
t^U^ FratMiH Jtutllute. &c.. oufihT hUu tn be pxamined ; they are
«t«rebouc«a of fitcta i>f the errali>«t impoitaiiie. Of rounip. di»-
ovtiuD Mid ttrciiraM acieiitiri^c view* ar« in dispensable in letertiiifi
fimn the vaat niaaa nf mntrndirtorv and controversial t.tatenienl«,
CMBteined in the r«)rretipnndence i^f i>iirriint(ini)i>rariex. but even
, MfMyooant ideait rorniti^ frnm priti^liciil ineci liarv Minie iini*, il^
> flil^Mt«d hy eaperif lue— tliey nerve at least Ut put delmted
qsMUmia in a new li^lit.
Th* bite boolu ii{ I'arlhmmtnni anil K«sial Committimu contKia
alaa much that in valuable, xnilduL litijia of nildilKh. It reijiiirvw keen
iMtinct and patient induMry to aeparate the (jrain Tniin the I'halT;
bat Micli a labour mu«t be accimpUHhed, if a perfect woik on the
Bteam •engine is to he writ ten. runiniiMiiinn Hiiih »> thu>w upon
ihe iiaiige qiieaUnfi and Aimn&plii?rir IUIIhu}*, are rMniucatiimxnf
(U tliH moat eminent en^ncrni in the kinndom, and their collected
etid«iice it > Byna|iNia which ouuld nut be obtained in any other
nuuier.
There are ninnv ntlier sources of information and ^teparate trea-
tiMM poaseaaed oi great merit, hut t<i<> numerouit to be here recited
Tbtme oaf^ht ail t« be referred to. The lalmurof rcferewc in great,
but is iMtt tlie aijbiect worthy of it? — Ihr grtal marvel uf llie
eartb — ibe wuinlerfiJ, wonder-norkinp agent upon which the sociiil
conatitution of the whole world dcuenda — which, when the human
bmily has bcnimc mi niimrroint thnt all ita Imiour ran Krari'-ely
obtain from nature KiilKuLency of ■lusleiiancc, co-nperateH in thia
MruKxIe for rxJ!ttence. In aomc aen^r. oiir very live> depend on
the Bteani-cngiim*. Without its aid to convey the eniitrrant from
over-crowded diureo — ti> interchanire the priidiicta of variuns Hniln
ud clin»«t«»— to convert those proJurt* into clothiof; and other
liiKiMiiiii I iif society, — without, in a wiird, it* help in c.nnying on
ttie buaincMi of the a-nrlil, the husiaeaa of Uie world would
become tuu i^at to be accampUahed.
He who hna Increaied by the least particle the hnowled^e of
the slenia-en^ne. has therefore conferred on aocicty n benclit of
which it isimpog-sihle tn fcrenee the extent. Withiiul hyperbole, a
perfect arcuiitit of the Bteam-cnt'ine would stand amoDK the hifih-
ut of national unilennkings. It CAn »can;4;ly be expected. Iiow-
erer, that any Ire.uise now written «in le idiKuliitrly perfert. fur
there arv many puxU of the Hubiec-t whidi it requires the experi-
ence of future ve.ira to entirely uevclope. >}till. the prraent e|iiieh
II |Mirticularly lavourablc fur »y:^tcmnti<ing tlie knowled^ iilrendy
acquired. A uniforrnity of practice iind experietii'« htv> Iieeti iit
lciu(t'* "T)'**'^ "*> >^i<ie)i iiiHV indeed be hereafter exteiidiil; hut
iriiicli, In all iirobabitity. will novcr suffer any m'ent fundunieiital
duoi^e. The chief ditficulty to be enuountcrird, ix to render tho
knovlede^! tytirmalie. If it be not dixented — if it be nnt ticrlVctly
ooasiitcnt with tlaelf — if the whole observe not simple unii demuii-
■trahle dependence on dcliritc principles, the failure of the un-
dertaking la inevitable. Simplicity and »)titem are the two keys
(O the sacoenit of all work* uji pmetieul ncieiice. We iuHiHl the
more earnestly on the iicceMity uf ?riciitilic connecticii and unity
of plan, because experience haa nhown huw far th« neglect of thw
requieitea impairii the utility of a treatise on the Bt«ai»-eii|;iji«.
Th&t bvarinx tlie iippellutiuiL of the " JrfUcin," will alwayn he In
high repute, for the vaat ijuiuitity of practical information which it
cnntainn ; but thia ailv:intuif«> i« (neatly dimtniaked hv the want i>f
plan. Works wbie.li rontnin the labour* of aeveral indepeodent
writerw should alwuyn be >iihjeet to the RuperviMon of some eon-
trolling editor, who slhmild lie re^pniioible for the Hrientific aeeiiriiey
of Ibe wbole. .Xlanv reaHert ot eninneerin^ work' are neceauirily
oblif^ed to Teeeireaeieiititie prineiple* on truat— their own previona
education beini^ devoted to praetienl, and not to theoretical par*
miita. it is idl-important that Kiicb r«nd>ni ahiuitd nut be niiuMl.
The ali^htrat error <if prineiple, the nejjieet of pwrticidar* in them-
ielvet apparently trivial, will fref^uently lend to the f^reiiteit error*.
Of what iinnortanee is it then timt all inechaiiiriil diiHrinvt Khould
ba uecurately ennreivi-d and ktrlrtly exprexHCd?
Laiitly. it »hnutd ho carefully and constantly explained to the
student, thnt the abstmet laws of mechaniea are dtmtmiilratri —
thnt re<ijiei'ltii|; them, ilehale would bt as frivolnuit lu n-ipectin);
till! trutb of lli« cuinelutionu of Euelid. Tka mil]) fimon* «*» nrpue
abitut mefltanic* are (Ao«e irAo are iiaper/erfljf acqiiainteil vith th»
«ne««T. In the applii-jitiotn- of ineehnmea to the slwim-en(pn»,
tho (inle ijueKtiiinalile topiv Ik the accuracy uf data^Uie inetlioda
of calculating from thoiie data have been long fiince settled beyond
all possibility of diiipiite.*
* \1> nTwfrrt wtili tiOiffti'ilirii. ttiBI • tivv «ii4 iKipfwiI filliliirL lit TrNtiri^k] on U\»
■l«fln>'fn|r\14T I* farrjin**-!. *rbr n«m' of Lhr |tubtL*hrr L« 4 vuftrfcnit for Iho nc*iltpr«
or iIiT tjiHintnt'hj >nil mlutst IH( lllu«nini>D>. If xloiimc ittuntj, uliicti m |UT«
b^r# ^D«ltU.I iip»ii ■« feU-lmpitftuii. be klto BtllLLlbbl. k 1110*1 VAllubw tdfUUOft 10 Ifts
raglBrft'a Utmry olllba piMucvd.
REVIEWS.
jirivtaxl of fhf .VAvrryiwrf Ughlhnvxr. villi notrt tm Ihr r"lirrn'niiHili|
«f lAghlhrniMf^. B^- Alan SrcvK-vsoN, LL-B., F.R.S.E., M.I.C.K.,
Knttineer to the Northern LighLhuuae Bonrd, £diuburgh: Adam
and Charles ]tln«k, 11448.
When we lately noticed the praiseworthy lahoura of Sir John
Rennie, in brinarin^ out his enstly work on rlyniouth Breakwater,
ae hardly hoped to be so lucky lun to have brought Itvfune us so
ioon another pnifriwional contribtitioii of like merit. It may bv
tboii^rhl that we are lietter satisHed by tbLis and leis ready to
frriiiiible; but we mii*t freeir own that it makes in iinimble the
more, it ia nut becaiixe ^ir John Reniiie and Mr. StevenMni have
Ki well done their duty, that the ^rround of our complaint ia
gnne. Our outcry ii not aicninitt thrm, but a^ciunst the other
engineers of hinli reputation, who, having the name means, have
danonothinirf'irpiofeuiuiiat literature. We know the answer: the
harkiieyed one of want of time. Sir John and Mr. Stevenson liave
answered that, and the piihlie are ijiiite willini: to make every al-
lowance for any ■horl.cumiiiic »n tin* ground uf the want of tin>e -
hut it idiimld not he foricottcn that the greater t^hare in a profeaaiiinal
book iM not in the writing, hut in the plates : we may add that the
in'eHler part of thecoiit i* for the plate*. N*«thin|r. thereforr, rnn be
moreeaay forthone who have the money, than to put into the eiixri^
vers hands the drawin^n which they have by them, and then, if
they cannot them«e!Te» do All the writioft which is reniuircd, they
niu:«t KVt twrM one tii help them ; and that, too, i^ only a matter m
money, tn any way Id which the <)ucstion ciin be looked at, it
reaulve!! itself into one of outlay, and of eoud niJl; and we
cannot help saying, thnt it in far from cretlitahle to our eniri-
nct-m to lie ho ne^leiaful of pubtiahini; proper records of their
workx. We cannot free them from the charge of want uf will, for
it 19 Uio w ell known to apiriled enffiueerinx^ puhlishern, to authora,
and to editors uf proreBnloiiul works, that it la next tii iiiiiiosalble
to ^t inforntatlt'n, cltber from the tending engineers or tliciraa-
niatHiits. Thus, wiiMt i^ publiahcd ia moid ly very imperfect ; and then
the pnrtieH who oui^ht to have ^'iveu the iuiurmation are the fimt
to decry what lias been done, and to lay blame for what ia ivrou)[,
or in wantinK*
^4'e would rather believe that the wroni; lies in tliii waiit of wilt,
than in want of librmlity, because many of ibone open tu blame have
always jtiveu \ery freely to profcwional iuetitutiuoa, ^V'ant of
nieniui we cannot allow ; for thoiiv who can spend money in buying
boroughs, and in getting a »cut in pailtament, can well ^>'e a few
hundred |>uunda fur briijgiiiff out a book. 1^ too, tho oiil lay in
the want of liberality, we sliould be bgpcio* oi ovcrcommn; it ; hut
if it be from want of rightly tluukiui; about it, or fiom want
of the will to aet to work, then we have ^oiiie truat front what »e
know of our leadluK men, that they will not in tho end be found
wuntioic ; but will, aftvr careful thought, do that which they
THE CIVR ESarXEBR AND ARCHITECT'S JOUllNAL.
Cnd to b« runhx. The mMtcr if. imltwil, itutt of ami **ifihX, aod
MiMtlr M it toiichvK thn Knini iuiidi* iif lliiixe ruuL'ernM ; for lw*r
can thekLaiHliiijc uf ttir |inifeMiioii bo Icepl ttp, if its mi'mhen lie
ofea to the c ha rife of mere nioney-fcnibkiriir, and nn iitt«f rare*
iMcnMH »r doing anythiiiic tn Vtvp up pnifeMiivnal knowlFcIf:r?
1'ho rnicitterr fiiu Iim'u tHii|c)il b^ uthera, and aa he ninitot ri-|>ay
t)iiHt« <«li(i have tauKht ]iitti, he mii«t far his *hnn^ lettcJi nthtra.
By buililinsthe Bddjratone LiKhth'MiKi;. iSmcJitnTi Uiil llio ifround-
«rork of xhr (cmtrr tiKtith'tuM iiri the Rell-ruck ; and Mr. AUn
^StevetlvlIl, folliiwiiiK in lliefuoL«t«|>-< oriu-i father, has outdone liim
in hiit (treiit wijrk at Skerryvori-. Ilad we not the dnt work, the
last Huuld Hill br imnliriK ; hill it U by Htori»ic up kiiowledffA, by
gathttriiifT little and little, Uint it ktoiti until we can wtirk uut
thoae wonderH which arc tlie pride iif nit time. The idixlit Iraiii-
irajr haa, by the vnrk of ninny lim^dH, been hrouKlit to vueti a hiilKht
that it liu become the atnitiK iinii of civ ilisiiliun. Time lia» been
orefoome, and the lurthett emit nf the land brouxht, or it were,
witliin (H'asp. M'hy, however, do wc tilk nf such thinir* ? H'liy
do our ^rejit men take their seati at the mfelirixn uf the tustitu-
tionn— why hiiie they uiiytiiinic tu du with tlieui, if they do not
aeknoirlfilf'e them tu the full?
The Imtitution of Civil Engineers wets out witli the ptiqiiise uf
aammiiniciitinK kmiwled^c tu it* ineinIxT*. and uf kevpiitic " recmd
of erery iii^w wiirk. Kaiiih menibtrr is ptediced ti> writ* somothinK,
aiid to {rive liin mite to the enttimon stock. This is an ncknoH'-
ledgment of tb(^ (trinciplc. and it would be well if ihc mewhen
of the Iiinlitiilion were, iii ihrir c hciire of officer*, to Iiear this in
mind, anilutily itaitie thunn of their hrellireii sa president and vice-
ureaidentA, who hud i;i*'en their fair sbare to professional le>minK>
Thia wotild be a right nek nowie dement to thoM who, like Sir
John Rennie, Ciror^e [lennie. Air Jolin Macndll, iind Alau Stevea-
aun, have dojii^ nuiuethint;, ami nuuhl g:>''<d a H|mr to others.
So Ion;; 8a en{;iikeerH took al^er money only, and do not cure for
their B'Hid name, so lonfT will they be vithout their rijcht wrijtht
with the public ; and mi lun^ wilt the piveriiment be able to tram-
tdron them, and (rive their emoluments to tlie mililnry eriiniieera.
It in not enough that they have raii^ed groat works —the evil-ivil|pd
wUl alwiiys »uv. those were done fur muncv. 'ind will be ever rt-ady
ta take awa)- tntin the hoiiiiiir whirh would nlherwihi- b<? awarded.
The ihankftJiiiMii of tbe jiiiMtc in not hu Mllrl^ that any meana of
earning It can aafoly be \eh uadime. How many ^oat men are
there whoiK; names aie almost forg'ottcn, and whose deeds are un-
known ! Very few. when they see a canal, think «if tlie labiiur* of
HrindleV) tir u'}ien they m'k a locumotive, think of liow much we
owe to Trevitbiek. 'rfiuse who were careleiM nf tlieir f^aA nnmee
in tbeir lifetime, would hnve little riji^ht to mmplnin of the for-
(^fulnenx of thirse who came after them ; and our in^ut men of
this dny ertti lixik forwanl to notbiuK better. If they liavo tasted
the ill-will of those amon^t whotii tliey live, and wh'i see them
and their works, tbcv cannot reckon that they will fare better
herenfler, when they have done notliiit|[ to ahow that they care
for otlienaH well an fur themBelves.
Smeaton lives in his wntinirs, as much na in his other wurkii;
and he liiv* enrncd for himself a share in the wnrku of those who
have i'ulluwed in bLn juilh. Tbtix, Mr. Stevcn.-Min bearit witiiem tu
Smeutoa'a mwA works. Before be«innin4r the Skerryvore li>;ht~
linuse, he carefully read what bad he«n written by the ^oal man
who vent before him. Even to the shape or hcmriiiK of a rtone,
or the fitting; of il juint, Sinraton had carefully put down what he
bad done, and Mr. Steve luiiin wa» able to rome to a sound judg-
ment as to wbal he himself thuui^ht uf doing. The knouledtfe of
a hundred years was at once brought to boar, and the engineer has
uutdune the wnrkx of hiit Rrent manter.
Skerryvore will wliliHtaHd for hundred!) of years the atornia
and blasts nhich hurst Lipoti it, and tboee who look nt it will see,
with wonder, its Ktrentith and its bulk, nnd iicknowledKit itH
builder bax dorie hi* work. A rock »f ntone i* raiatd uituii the
cratfH of Skerryvore, hut the even veutns hide idl the work within ;
each layer buries from ai^-'ht the ciiiininK handiwork beneath it. The
rerv (inisli stands as it were in ivitnesa ai;uini>t the hardibiKid uf the
builder ; and there i» nothing scarcely toahuw bin !>kill, — iiotbinK to
alionv the care, the sweat, the peril B|jent iu ^mttinir ntune on stone,
among' IhreatcninK waves and sweeping winds, which shook the
nurrow dwelling of tho workmen, rendy to dash them into the
troubled iiea which yawned beneath tlieiti. There in tp^enter hero-
Um in fiicbtinK aiiainst Kuch ri^kn, than in elieddiuK blood in even
field of SJcindc, ur iu warring a^uinst the bold bii'hlunder^ of Cnbiu.
Nor can the suitor even claim the peril" of the dccan fur hiinm:lf ;
bat tbe entfiuetir kbarc* them with him. threat lu are Ihe riikn
wkidi our beunieu hnye to meet, they are not (ireater than Mr.
StevBneoa end his workmea uuderwcnt on Ibe rack ef dkcrryvore.
The fimt (belter they ratMd wm vreckeri in a winter's atonn, ami
tbev dvre4t fur niunthii in a barrack upon the rnck. which lliejr
could not but believe wsa threatened with the lame end. Cranet,
windlasses, forges, and uivil&, were to«M>d alioiit the ruck by the
storm, as freely aa pebble*, dmhiiiir limbers to piec.n. and belptnc
to teur away tlie wurkg whicli were laid down. So tool oould be
left for a day without bein^f laahed tn riii(;-bulta, and even tbe«e
were sometimes mapped oiT. The snrf dashed in sheeLi u^'nin.tt Mr.
Stevensitn's window, fifty feet nbavu the sea ; and one nipbt, he
tell)) uH the barrack reeled ^9 with the nhuck of the waters, that all
the men leaped from their hammock* with a fearful wail, believing
thnt their doom wa* come, aiLd that they should be swept iatu the
>e«thiuK wnterH. Here were they »omctime« laid ap for day^
unable to stand ufion the alippery rock, ur to face the avrcepti^
storm; nnd lyiiiK tn their hummocks day and niitht, for ahelter
airainit the bitter Rvld. Soinetinio they were le/t almost witboat
fiwd. fvr the uteaitior coutd nut alwa^iikeep the *ea ; and once
their stock was brouKht down to the wauta of one day only. At
nil time» it w hurd to bind, or to set the ftvnea out vf the
litfbtera ; and often thev were hauled back bjr the atenmer fefter
xnuppiiiK cerv witrp. The riii'k whh as amuotb aa glsM, MhIsb
nurrow that the workmen had bardlv rouni tu work. In blaating
fur the foundations, there vax tut Jielter under whicJi the men
ouid lie down ; so that Mr. ijtevcnaon had to cover the rock with
matting when blasting whs fcutti^ on. On thii iipot. they workeil
under the br^-ilirig- sun while dayli)(bt tasted, nnalfdiinK only Iwsly
menlii ; and their iii|rlits thuy itpent, the fint yttar, tu an uneasy
«hiii, which often made them *e«-aick; and ■flcrwards in the bar-
rack, whenre tho ^tomi might have in oa« momeut kurlvd them
from ideep to death.
The few wurd« ivhii'h Mr. Slevension irive* tiUhexe ritdiabp and
bin fellow-workmen underwent, have all the charm uf romance,
and limy wrll he put tide by tide with any tale uf the ana. They
are muit pieaxini^, however, uh a ri-rord uf true courage, auccea*.
fully exerted in n useful underliikinir. Had we not thit record,
wc should know but little of whul Mr. Sleveniion haa dune, or how
to rate him iit his tnie worth ; indeed, half of his merit would be
liMt. fur the mere wurkniAiidiip is the leaat which he e-an biMst of;
and others rouhl match him even in thai. The -dtill. the foresight,
the buttle willi the hurd^hips of every kind, tvhieh beset this un-
ilertakiiitr, t^inked hi* powers to the utmost; but lie suawered to
the cull.
Professional gallantry in meeting dantreriit, we are ba]ip}r to s»T.
far from rjire. The eneineer is ever ready to ahare with the work-
men in every work of risk, and there arc few ure^t wnrku which
have not some tale of eallantry to tell. Thi? Tis^bthouae* of the
Kddy stone, the Bell-rock, and Skerrvvore. were liexet with peril :
in thii liiTind!) under the Thames. Trcvltbick, Sir Mark Brunei,
and Mr. tJravatt, riskeil themselves; nnd daily, wherever a new
locomotive is tried, u new boiler ia siet up, a new mine opened, or
a new en^ne built. Mume enj;ineer puts hiH life ut slake. Courage
is not the virtue cif a blue roat. or of a red one : the medical man
who meotfl typbuH in the almde--' of the poor, it u greater hero than
he who boards another's bulwarks, ur who stnrms n breach ; be-
r^use he ha" no hope of g'lory or idvaiiceraeat, and a grvster
chance of dnii|jer.
The reader of Mr. StevenHOri'n liook U sure to be struck by the
thought of its value to cnp:ineeni now and liereiifler, but most to tboar
in our far srltlements, who hnve no ebance of ^dne to Skerryvore,
or to the Eddy»t«ne ; nnd who. indeed, if they had, would see the
work — but not hnw it baa been done. Mr, Atevenson baabeen care-
ful fully to explain every step which he took, to ntirnnnt for hi*
failurex, to icive the reasons by which he wa.i led, and to describe
every procesK, however coniniun, or however triflinsr. I!e tboufht
that nothing belunt^iii); to bj^ work was benenth liim ; and a^ he
looked into evurythi np, he wnsenabtedeveri to make impmvomeiits
in many of the ciimmon ufperalinns. Uv recordiiifj uhut he did, be
enables others to do likewise, and to fi^flnw in His path; and nnene
thinks that his bonk is too lon(;,^h«il nithVr. each wishes that it
were lunger. tboui;h nothing i^ left out. ("are in auch works i<
hi([hly needful, and u must w.-vnted where there are no buniids t*
the outlay which may he miide. By leiiving out sueh dovetails
and ribbands an Smeaton and Thomas Sleveiitflin had in their lower
layera^ Mr. Steventign saved uhnve fuur thousand |ii)umli in the
coat oFdrMsin^ the Kriinite, and without any luss nf tttreninh or
safety. By getting everylhinK really hefore-hnnd. be had na laai
of time in running up hi» haildini;on the rock, but had every stone
dcewed, mi that it was rieht totheci|;;hthuf mi inidi; and the whelc
hiiibling is as well liiii-<hed as if it were raised uiton the main land,
with every help at hand, — whereas, there was hardly nntm on the
rock for blasting, no mooring ground, no pier, uu<[iiay, hardly room
I
i
f.J
THB CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL.
» irindluu, knd ^rfrything wat bron^ht from IlvnitJi, twelve
D*« off.
Whoever rtiiAt this bonk miii't think m<^r« hiKMy of the lnl>ouiM
•f Mi|rJn«pni ; hut whiMi wi» look itt the wondertul »<irkii which «re
«d over thifl land, wp cimiint hitt wUli thnt 1*0 hnd as «»i>d
rdi of them. The piiblic uill imtne mniiy wlm nre well aW« td
do jostire to th#ir own luhoiirti. nnd (he ftilAJment of the puhUc
ish would jmwtly fiirii'h otir Ii1irnri('«. 'ITie hi"tnry of thip liivrr-
Col »n«l ^unl■hMter RhiIwav^ tiy Mr. Ci-orni' Stcjthi-tiMin, would
k hnnd-book for nil time. Mr. Robert Stetihen«uii. M.l'.. hai iii
ihe Laiidon ntid llininiiglmm liniUny a ^(>o>d itibject /or illii^tra-
t*ou. Mr. Loj'ke. iVLl'.. I'nii <li> iiu hi'tlfr nervire to Ihv pniAiiHitin
Vkjta by the PiihlirntiDii of Hn nemunl of the finirirl Jiitii.-tiiJ[i Ruil-
Vaj. Mr. Uniiiel htm Npent many yenri upon the {terfertion of
th» bnwd-guii^ Kvilvm, und )in« in the Great AVpKterii Itnilivny
hehiCTCd x anecwa irhii/li should niit bvi for^ittten. Mr. (iitiitt
jjM^a Uowed hii Rsslstatits tu give ii^'couiitH of Uin tuiinelii and
|MHlBff MwmtionK nti the t^tiith Enstern Rnilwny, but b full
^^Hbt of Ihn whole line in wnntril from hitiown hnnd^ H'i> hopv
Hl^nne i* not fm* off when wc thM km^ IIk>ku lutiuiij^ other coiitri-
hattons Co our profMsioRa] literature.
W* •hnti nftw call attention to the rorkit on which the Skerry-
Vorf Ii([hlhoiihe »*« niiseil. They Ivrm piirt of u loiiit reef, 11
nilet to the «uiith of Tyree, in th« coter nngp of the~H«hridcH
Vr W^Ktrm Ide*, *o thnt they ttrr in the nen-w/iy Wtwe'Cn Scotl&ud
^d Ireland; and «hip( fr«m nenward^ if thi'y mibt thf. north of
IkUii4, ue ofleii driven on !*kerr>-vi>re, where many vreoka hnv«
wt^ned. In lt>ll, nu n<>.t«f pnrliiinictit wneuhtftined for Imiiilinff
^ It^htboiup, but it ft-u not till IRSl thnt Mr. Alan Stet'enDon wiu
Knt to make the firet survey.
At low tid«vt, SkvrrTvorr measuree about VtHC) feet aqiinrt ; but it
|i cut up by giilliiM iif iialoiikM.ror depth, ho thnt the Holid part io
anly ISO feel by 7(i feet. On tlii* n Wf of ruck, aUmt five feet
'krood, ruse to the height of eighteen feet above high-ujiter tevi>],
the gmuUT yart of the rert bi-inff about six feet above thnt level.
The rock Mr. Stovenxan CAlUn.Hyouitii,! fineiKK, couHJrtitig of iiunrtz,
ftlnpar, hornblende, nnd mica.
It wns not till the Mimtner of iViH thnt the eun-ey wag finivhcd,
Knd HyniKh, in Iho urirlclicd ii-himl iifTyree, HUn rhoiien for the
wuikyArd. This i« is inilon from Skprryvon-. In l«3S nnil 1h37,
quarries were upeuEid in Tyree, and tii the Inller year the uter ut
HyiiiiUi was b«|r>in. Mr. ^tevi'iiiMn nnn now bii»y i» diswinf; up
biE pbintt, nnd here he oumo tu u uvighty ijucvthm.
A pniMry hiquiTjr, in rrgttil Lo toweri in. an ctp^ird liluilion, i» the
focuien, Khttbcr ibeir iitbtlii; iboiili] depend upon ibeit ttrtiigth ot iLcIr
■rvA/; or, in ullirc wvtdi, ou tlifir tufitiim, or Ihfiif merli^^ Id ptc-
ftriing wrijAI I<i ttrmj/lh, *■ more cta*vtf [nilow Ibc cnoric pointed out by
Ibc asalof J of nacuie I and ihii mutt not be r«gudeil at 1 mtre notinnat
■ritantage, for ihc tnure clai« liie antilogy betwBFn nilure and our wniki,
the Ina dinculty wc thall rxpeciencc in ptitinji from ni>ure in art, tnd llie
dirtctly >ill mir oliiriviiiona on nsiiusl pli^nomfDa bear upon Lli«
tftUldal piojecr. If. for ciaiuplr. wc make a leiirt oCubter-iraiiutii on Ilie
Iwce ttf tbe let, m utried on mattes of rDch, and endiavour lo draw from
ttwe obtetTatiot)) tome condutioni » to [be imouat and dirccli-oa of that
re, •• exhibilcd h; the nittHt of rock which retitt il luccrMfully ind lite
n* whiiCh thMe mBHr* auunie, wt ihall put ti*tor*11;r to the dcterintna-
IIm of the matt and/ornt of a bulldlog which m&y be capable of oppotini;
tfuiUr fonet, ai we oiicluJe, wiiti ioiuf retion. tlui ili« tuati and (urn; of
Ihe nalnral rock tre riponcntt of thn amuunt and ilirrclion of thf fnrcrt
Ibcjr bate M lonK conlimird Co rciiil. It irill miiit; be pctccivrd, tlmi we
a Tcrr didritoi and Icti tdvantaieoiit poillion wlieo wc alleuipi. from
■di abMrratioui of naiuril pbcDOuieui, in whichvEi«Ar is tololyconctTued,
to deduce Ibe ifTx^/A of an titifici.*! fabric capalrle of retittiog tlie tnuie
laree* ; for w« nnuit al ohm pnti from one eatpgar^ ID anothrr, and endei..
teuT la dplcrmtni' tiii^ j/rm^IA nf a cotnparatiTEly fi^Af object whieb ihall
feaU• lo iUitiin Ihr (111)0 ilincif, vbirli «e know, )>y clirecl ei[>prl(nre,
7 he reiitled b; a giieii wrt^Ar. AiioiJier vcij obiioui leaion wby «e
mold prefer nun and wigM tu iimgtli. u a luuire of iialiiiilj'. ii, ilul
A« tffc«t of mere f'arrfn* is conttant and unchaiigrjibtc in its ntiurc; while
IIm ilmtflh which rcaultf, even from the most juijidouily dlipoicd Budwtll
Cicnted fiiiDiea of a compKativel; tigbt fabric, la conitaully lubject lu be
iMpaared by tbe loutening of tiicli <ixtu(«>, occiiiunvd by the aloioat incetHnt
to which iifiiclur«i of Ihit kind nuit lie luKject. from the bracing of
wave*. It wu chirliy on thne grovndt tbtt the Cn-mmtttbnera of
itiRit Lighu, afirr contulling 1 Cammiltre of the Knyal Society of Gdin.
larfh. and Mrttri. CuhiU and Krnnie, ciiil ri^iiinceri, r^-j^cti^d ilie dexign of
CapaaLu Sir Saamct Brown, R.V., who voiujiieered a i>iu]>uiftl to build an
fJtUr U the tirae thai the erection of the Skcrcjiore Ltghlboute wi«
iited on in 1835, Matt, theiefore, teemi to b« a lource of tiabilitr,
of which it *t ODCc ipprehtDdcd by the nind, ■■ more in baimoiii
ceaaenilite principlet of iialurfr, ftnd un(|ueiliai>il>]y Iru lltUe lu
orated than ibe *frenf f A, whicb drpcndi upoBlhacirafol prejiortioB
■djuiloieut of puU."
In fi»in(( the i|iiHr>tily ofmntter needful lo prvduceslaiility, ntid
in deterniiiiitiK the chupe vi the towvr, Mr. Slcvcuxon hnd to
Iirocc^d cmpirirally, for there id n wiiht of ((iffici^iit Cilierimenl*.
lIt. Ste« e»4on (rive*, however, h full (liH!u«d<'n of the data, which
are available. At tliii< point htt brin^ in an iulerostin); ctftnpuiisun
of t)iO three jprent lijilitlioiiaeM.
liildyitane
Bcll.roik
Skciryiarc
HrlrHlaboTC
nr>l*Bili<
coarte.
Fret.
lUU
136 5
COBicnn of 1 , IMmatUr.
Icw«. il Bu*. AI ^p.
Ctihic f*(t.
13.S1S
Feet.
4i
12
Ii
l«
I&
The tir^t hjirriiiik rniscd wjis )^w'e])t away hy the sen, m> tbat lA
I.H.19 th^ Jsuninier wn* iiieiit in raising another, nnd in excAvattng
the fiHindation of the linlithoiinf lower. The difficulty of douig
this may be Apprenated fnim the following iwcount: —
'* U wai conrnicnccd on the Cih of Mlj, and wat cuiitinurd up tu the tatt
hour o( nor rrmiining on (he rock, on the 3id of Septeoibrr, A more un-
piomi'irip pTotpeci of tucccti in any work than that wbieb pmeiiteil iieelf
al Ihe eomintncirmerit of our lahoun, I «an wtmly concri**. The {[r*at
trre^uliriiy of the luiface, and llie eilraoriliniry bardnrai aad nnworkahte
nature of tlie nnieiial. io|te1ber «lth the want of rooia on ilie rock, greatly
addrd to ihe other dilTieuUiei and ilelayt. wbieh could not liil, eien under
ibe Riott faiourablt cirruni) lancet, to itiend ilie eiravalion n( a foundation.
pit on a rock at the liiilauce of K' wi\ct fiotn the land. Thr rock, a»
already noticed, it a batd and tough gucita, and ie<|uitcd Ibe fipeoditurt «f
about /vur limn ai much labour and ileel for boiiug at ai« gtneiaJly eon*
auned in boring the Aberdeemhiic graoite.
After a earetui survey of the rock, and baring fully weijthed all (he riaki
of la)uring the foundation, 1 drlermined at nnce to rnlcr upon a horiuntal
cut, so at to lay hare a loiel Ooor of eitent suiticient tn rontain the foonda.
lion pit lor tbo tower. The veryrugged and uiiereii Inriu ol the Kod made
tbii an atmoit neceatary precaution, in ordrr lu jirevent iny mikconwpiion
■a to its real ttate, for it wa* traitritd by numtfout velna ami lisnds laclined
at various angica, on the poiilioa ind aitcnt of wblcb ibe lUbillly of lh«
(onudation io no imall dtBrii« depended. Tbat opention occupied 30 dhm
for 102 dayl, and rt^iilred Ihe Bring of no fewer Ihtn 'Jtfiibolt, ehitfly
bonjonlal, while the quantitt of oitteriaL fetnuved did not greatly eiceed
2.0i)tl tons. It wu a work of somn hazard: (or the iniitl turtece of tbt
■lock confined n* within .10. and tom«iinir-t within a dole n yaids of the
iDinrt, wbde ila form alTordtd lit no cover from tlic ilying tgitinter*. The
oaly piecauiiont we could adnpl wers to cover the inlnet nLtb matt and wuh
cotrte nelt, which 1 bid caused lo be made duriug tlie prtvloui winter, of
the Old ropes nf oae of Ihe lijhlhouie lenders, and in each blitl to ■ppOT'
tioD very carefully Ibe ehtrge of powder to the wotk ihal waa (o be d«ne.
Tbat wsa ntantged wiib great (kill by Charl«a itarcUy. IheforeDta of the
qniTTina, who charged aLl ilie bores, and. along with nyaclt, tted ail the
aboia. Sd coiDpIctHy did the tiniple eipedieni of cotcring ibe borti wilh
nets and mala dicck the flight of the stnncs, ibat. eicrpl on O'ne or twv
occationi, none of the spiliilcri rcicbcd ut, and *U (be damage done was a
sliKht injury lo otie of the oanei. Perhapa, alio, our safety may. In *oin«
ncaiure, be atlributed to a change which I imroduced into Ihe tnode of
ehirising the horiwntaEshatf, hy which all the riik of pushing hdme Ihe
powder in the ordinary mode with the lawitym^ rod i* avoiderl. That cnaog *
cuniiitcil in using a kind of 1 hovel, formed of a rod. armed with 1 hollow
half-citind^r of iiifet eopper. whii^h coniained the powder, and being in-
irilcd by giving Ihe rud litlf a turn round its ati*. made the p4iiiider drop
out when the rjtinder reached the bnttoni nf Ihe bnrc. It waH in all respedi,
e;iccptii)g size, the laiDo aa the cliaiging-iuil uted for great gunl. The
amouui of material* rtmorcd by blatiing. at nearly at 1 could aacenaln, wa*
only about l,tfDO cubic yardt i and, taking all the circuiDilnnce* inlo accoonl,
il may be d-auhled whelher lliere be any initanee in modern engine#4ing af
an operalloD o/n tmaii «■ fximt occupying 10 oiueh lime, and involving to
great riik. The blniling of the rock, howBTcr, waa not the only diflculty
with which we had lo contend, for it alio became Deceisary to remove ilie
quirricd iiijleriils. aniouniing tu abuui 2,000 lana, into the deep water
round us, tu pretenl llieir being thrown br the waves upon the nek, and so
endingering Ibe future temporary barrack. That was rather a laborious
work, and occupied two ciaiici. with Ccmporary luos and truck*, dnrbg the
greater pan ol ilie lime we spent un Ibe rock. I am well awaro that the
i|ua«tity of niateriali which I have juit mentioned, will ha apt lo produce k
nude (ram tbuui wlin have bc«n chiFdy conieriatiL with Ihe gggaiilie but
tiuiple oprrationi which generally chaiiclr.Mu the great railways of tbie
conntry : but if it be irnienibered thai we wereat the luerry of tbe wtndt
and waves of the wide Ailaniii;, and were eiery d>y ui the expectatiau of ft
tudden call tu le^ve the rock, and betake our iclvcs lu ihe Teste], tad sa
teveral ovcuiooi bad our cranct andolber IooIb t"epl into Ihe tea, the ilow.
neit of our piogieu wdl cicile leit surpriie ; and it ill lets will those who
dulr weigh the dangrrt of our daily life, both in oir li'lle veiaci and oa the
ruck, and who, st ihe same tin^e. redecl on tbo many iiriking proofs whirb
we aliDiiit every hour experienced ol ibe care ef tti JUnigbty baud, be dift.
IH
TH£ aVU. ENtiiNSCR AND ABCHITECrS JOURNAL.
\Jtn,
»
pMcd lo wilUiald rticir irmpalli; rram Hit ketiiMl MprcitloD* af |trili(a<^e
wkkfa frfleo Mcsl rnund our tiitlc circle Lii Ilia lioilt. ii wc rowed in Hie
driligbt from ihi rock la iln ibii>. iKiUiian ftom the nntlij. in » •ituaiiun
t4 OM)>B«« dasK^r, prviliir«« anionitii ninal mta ■ freer iittcrchangc of tiie
laeltug* M (bpckdcnw on lli« .Vliuigbtv, tbaa it ciiuiuob in Ihc mart chilljr
loUfeaiuM of onliniry life.
With K tit* (n Imm the iltn|tn nf tilHlia; In nrh I •Unaiinn, I hid
yrottilMl ■ ptTaBid batitry nit tUi< iilaii |irii|iuMrl b« Mr. kltnyn Kot>piit,
but I aMd ll irM freqiKDitj Ihin I inlcndei). The aiuchnivnt of Hie ■ir»
were rttj liable to lie broken (torn nrioui ouin. wlirrc ihrrr were nianr
tMn conprgalrii in a ■mall >paccj and ai ire i!o»lit not vrnture to leave Ihi:
■ffiwaltu on ihe rock, (he ficquenl ri-thipioetil or It la a li«a*; tea waa
«iiotb«T eaiiM of lh« ilerangommt of t(* putt, I toon, thartfnr*, laii) it
Mide, aail oolf had recniirw It it «h«n anf •rerk wat to h« dona ■iiiilrH'
water, «r in caiei whrre the ■imultanmvui Sriiif; of i«certl minM (far whieti
It is admiraUv aduplnl) vai of JniiiortaBCc in rireciing lo* ipedai purpoi*.
Whan Iha floor had )iren roughli Lrielini 1 ijiiln eiiefuilf luriejed ttia
nek, with llic <le" nf itimji prccitrij ttir aitn of tho fuDiiditkun-pit, and of
Uking a4ranU|( of ll« furiu aod stiuclura la adupt (lie lirfut Jiamfter fur
ibe lower of «bi<:ti tlio ruck wetilil admit. Jn »otne place* I four^d that
patta of Ibe tock, appareutlf (olid, ha<l titcn undermined bt the conitant
•Ction of the wivet, lu tbediitance of 13 (eel inwaid Iraiu ila face ; but nons
«f ihoi* caTernoiu escifnimnt ivaehed the main nnclriit.aa thai, aft«f mudi
(l«lih»aiion and rapuiad •laminaitnm of all the xtnt aad Batur«*. I waa
Boableil ti) mark oDt a (vaadatiunpit filtrl in lUaneter, on one letel
tbruughout. TliHt «ia a potni of nu aiaall itnpanance : and alihuugh il liad
coal put labour at the tcry outaci, murh time vit sarril bj it in tl>r mh-
atqueut aUgca of the vnrk. Not ooli v«i ihc lalinur thereby atoiiicd of
cutting ill* rack luio *i«t*ratt tcrracca, ami fltlia;; tbe Itlocka to cacti tue-
e(itir« at«p, at *im dona bj Smeaton a( lli« Eddfitooe ) but the cerl«intir
tbalwe had a leiel fouudatinn to atari ftam,«okljled ut alance to eoniD>enc<
th« dretainit of ilaoFi without regard la any irregtiUrttict In tbe aurfare of
tba rock; and the buitdii>)i opeiili>i)iit. nhin oticit rammonCMl, coaiinuail
unltnpm]^ dx ih* ii«rr4iii> for arcniiumi'datinp llie roiirtfi to th«lr ptacea to
the foUDilalKuii.tiil. ai> that Ihe toaer ivud ri»r above llie IfiH, al iflilotii
there >r«) llie grealcal risk o( tlio Blaii-ai bfiiig reinnied \>y the watei belore
the prauiire ol the au|ierincuiiitM:n.t building had become Ktcat enoU|h to
ftiala U)«n) ia tJicir piKc*.
Th« outlin«iof Uic circular foundation- pil, 43 f«el in ititraet«r, having htm
Irkfed with a trainnr on thii rock, niimiroiit jiinifxrholN m^tc bored kn
Tafioo* placu. having their hottoma all iFrminalin-g in one level plane, to aa
lo wrte aa guidci (or itie depth to wlrdi (lie baiin wa> to he excatattil.
TlH depth did not exceed lA incbci lidow i)ic areraKii Irvpl. alrradj laid
liare by ibe ciiilinf o( ibe roiigli boilMnial floor alilch bai Juil tirrn
doarribedi and before tlit cImi of titc aeuuii uf lfi39, abuut one-fAin/of Iha
■re* of the circle hait hceiL clearvd, and <*aa readf for tlie llnal pick-dre»Bin{E
which prepared it for Ibe reception af (be Out cour«c. The ncaiiiion of
thit cit«uttt baiin «a» condui^Kd with the grealeat r.iution, and (aw iliot*
wart pcTinitted la he Gred l»l the fnundilioti ihoiiM in inv plard be ihakcn
b)r til* artioD of tlin gunpowder on »i\y iit the natural [l«iurM <i( ttii" rnfk.
The iDork wai cliiefly dune by meaiia «( nhat are called plaift a»J/cal!tert,
in that part of the wuik the hurca were nearljr buriionlal, and the aclion of
the piug and ftelhert nas to cbra* up a tliin iui)cr[iriai tlirif or pirinj{ of
rack of (rdu 6 ta 12 inchci in depth, and no^ mnic ihan 2 feet rquare. Q;
(hat paiuful proccii an aica of about 1,440 tuptrflcial feet wai cleared. Tba
thief trouble cooTifctad willi tlial opcrttiaii wai culling, br mcani of lbs
pick, a vertical faee (or the enlraace of the Loriionlal jdu/Mri or boring
Todi; ani! uhereter adtaiitage ivjuld be iKken uf situral tiiiutru it wni Rlifllf
diinct. Anothrr coitiidMabU lourcc of lahnur n-ai thn diniinjt oF llir vrrtiral
edgea o( the Irnain, ni thai implie.l culEliijc a a^un/v chtci, Vj iDcbea deep
and aboul 130 (ocl loitf, in tbe hardcai giieita rock : and ibe labour attend*
iag whidi, can oiily bs (ullj' eatinirated by a practical alone-cultcr wbo hai
wtouglit in auch a material. The plan cRiplnyed; waa to bora all around tba
ptripncry of the circle, Ii inch lerlicil jmnper-holfa, 6 Inchrt apart, to tbo
rtquiied deptli. and ta cut nut the ttann betweta Ihem. Tbe '■llrUl^e tliu*
left waa aderwardi carcdilty dreued, to aa to admit xvttieaJ and horizontal
inou1da,repreienliTig truly the (ortn of tbe maaonry which the rhent wia in.
tendril lu teteive. The eigiericnce uf the labaitr attending Ihal (j|ic[aliun
ItiTe me gmt reaaon fat cnn^raiula(in» on hiviug adopted a (otindalion on
one level ibraui^hout, inttcad of ciittinK ilio rock into aeieral teiracaa, at
•aoli of which tbe aauie labour of cutting aiiitutai check* oiuit ncocaiarily
hare been oiicounlcred. TUc cuLimg uf the fmudaLioa occupied 20 men for
217 dayt tn lit, iibete'if Ibtt dif* were io tlirc acuoa o[ 1D3!}, and tbe rtat
in tbe iuinn.ci of 1840."
It wHti iiDi till I)>40 tliHt thiH {lit ww ftni«hed, irbttn Mr. Steven-
ton «ay»—
" The rock, iadecd, wu in maoy piscea aa ban) oi often lo make it arein
bopcleia that Conic could niakc any itDpictaiO'D an it. The time employed in
ibe cxcavalton and ibe number of loolt expeodcd on it, ireic very great, a*
a pick Midiiiu itood iiintc Lhtn three ilr'ikri in the harder ^iiarleoce vemai
but our perieeeraace waa at Ungtli amply rewarded by obtaining a founds.
tioa ao level and to (airly wrouglil ibruugbout the whoie area of a circle 42
feat In diauirtr-r. a> lo preient lo the view the appearance of a gigantic Ixtin
o( vaiiejaud rairble ; and ao uiuch plca'ad were tlie workmen ibefuaflvna
wiUi tbe itaulc of tbair prairactcd loll, iLat maiiy of Ibeni cipreiieJ tciluDi
rearel thai the fnundation muil toon be covered np. to st (wc InM)
never In ttr ami anatn. In thft drrtting of tb* rock inoch IncoofMlaan
aiiiu from the email npliiitcfa which Dew out befurc tbe toeU, mbmImi
rlting tollf: heiijhl uf 40 (eel, and coming in at Ibewindowa of llw ban^i
and adrr ii-Teral inJHriet hud b-^eo tiutained, I at length foond it IIMIWIJ
lo t«od to liUtgow (or fencing matki lo protect the mcn't ftcca. la all en
work, n«t)>iii( wai more grodfed than tite oeeaiional lou of half a 4»j «
balmy dot Iha water fram the foundaiioa-pil after It had beea lIUBd bj |
heaiy lea."
Thtr mdrtnr rmplnyrii In the building was compoaeil of eqnj
piirtn iif Alicrililii lime iiihI PouuIjido eurtht being identical vfA
lliHt liM-d by Siiieatua.
In 1U40, eis coimeid trcrc set, boini; n mass of muninry equal M
\\[v. tthnli? i>r thu Edilyntone lower. In 1841, 30,300 culiic f(>et wot
Iruilt, liuiiiK' t»'ii« iin much iw thn Kdily»tiiiie, anil mure than ibi
wLote flcil-rock Ii)(hU)uuiie. In 1642, clie maMnry- work ■■
fininlicd.
Thi! iceiicrnl arn*nireniciit ot thu towi-r is mucb like tblt of tit
Bult-nick li^hUiuuBi.',
"ThK aacent tn ihe outiide door it by a ladder or tnp of fOR matal.tt
feel 111 ^h. The finl apnrlment on the level of the eotranoa daor, la cUtl^
appropriated to the rrcepCioa of inin wnt^r-tauki, ctpabla of holdiag a
tuppty of 12AI gallant. Tbe next itoey la ael aaida (or ooala, whlcb an
iioncd In large iron boir-i. Tbe ihlrd apaitcoeni la a workihap ; ihe fonrlh
i* tbe prdTliioD alore ; atid the ri(tb la the kitchen. Above are two ilona,
each divided into twi tleri'ing a[«rtti)mlt, (or the four light' kccpC'f. Onr
Ibeoi i* the rniim for the vitiiiiig uRicer*; IhcD foUowi ibc oil florei awt
laitlycome* the l>{{htrooRi, loakiflf in ell twnlve apartment*. Thf neamm
o(tbc mi itore to the liglitroon ii a great convenLenN to the kM|Mn,
wha are ihm aaved the tronhle of carrying the daily lupply of oil lo thi
iightToam, up a lon^ flight of itepi. The patiage (rom ainry to noiry ii by
Dakea trap ladden, pii»ing Ibrunsh hatchra in each Anor and partitioned elT
frnni each apartmeot in order to prevent accldcnta and ta check cold
draaghta."
Tho light wAa csliihited at SlcenTvoro on the Ist of Pebnuin,
18U.
llie whole coat of erection was (W,8S8/. Iff. Id., bst of thi* «wf
littlu wuK Mpent directly un tliu lighthauM. The coiU may be tfaw
subdivided : —
Establiihnient at llyaiah .. .. £1822
Bock bariack, Kn. I .. .. .. 791)
No.3 ,. .. „ iin
Bitaliliihmeut aud tiuairica at Nortb Bay .. 1SB3
Signal lower and lightii at llynieh ,, 121S
Wbaif and railway at Skerryvore ., 2^7
Siramer, len.ler, and ilanie ligbtera ., L7HS
Mnortngi .. .. ,. .. 7Cfi
Itoalt and ritlght o( hired veM«b .. &70a
L4ihuuren diicliHrgiiig cargora ., .a 333
Tiarelling expenses ,. ,i 171)
Coali „ .. .. .. I46&
Cunpowder .. .. .. .. 371
Excavating platform .. ., ., *61
iJretiing lighthouie bloeki .. „ 9929
Toolaand machinery .. .. .. 4267
Carlaga ,. .. „ „ IliU
Moilai ., „ 899
Li|biboi]»e toner, putting together and flttlngt 8^51
Ltghtroom .. .. .. .. 3tlil
Salariea .. .. .. ., 36&G
LigbtkecpcTa' bouiu ,, .. .. 391S
Pier at Hynith .. ., .. ZiOl
Dock at llyniih for tbe tender .. 70&&
Frnm t>ie ivliole com, 2,839/. i« to be btken olf for the stevaifr
and materiala aold; but encb item is ^ven by Mr. Stoveniwn in
detail.
linvin^ tbux ftdliiHaMl Mr. Slrveniwii thruufchout his laboun un
the t»wer at Stkerryvure, we niuKt koep luilil next inunlh our
remarktt on a subject no lestt intereating — that of lightii, to wbicb
a greiit |Hirt of liia buo'li. a devotaiL
EMrk TO^raph*. London: Bogae, 18U.
Thi« ia a shiliinjf votome of scraps for the raUwav carrta^*^
wliii'.h ciintninti more inf'ormiitiflii about thv Kie<iric Yelrit;r«t>h-
nnd iTiori! amUiiL'ineril, than nny which han yot Iteen ptibUi
Thert'tHBot i»niiivL>nti«n in En/^aniL, the UoiUd &t«trt,or »b"
which has e>citp«d tho auShor'ii Htteiition,
1848.1
THE CIVIL EKOINEER AXD AnCIITTECrs JOURNAL.
ftiport m Ou Sapj>fy of Xurplm Valer to UtanttMater, Sat/oni, and
Sltd^vrt, with MOW Itamrkt ujwn the Coiutntctiim of Rain (ioitgn,
and the Jntutat Depth ^ It^in faiiinQ hi d^fftnTtt locali(\e* ii/ijiinJ
MsimAoIw-, By 8. C. IIobkioiuam, C.E. Loiiduii : U'rid«, IMM.
ThU "<»rk rel»tw lo tlio (fr*al Manch«<iter water controvcrsf,
• bicli fur tK© Unt itit ycjirt Iian «o mucli oucuntvil tbnt town,
I There kre tlir*« cnn<]i(late« f.n- llii> miirnly of Mani-lK-nUr with
' w»l*r ; tli« MiindiCJt<'r ami Sniri>rJ W^Ierwurks C'lunpntiv, the
I'urporiilioa nf kfanrliciitor, kiid the Manc.hpnter, SlieiHel^, nn<l
Lincoln RiUwny Compnny. Mr. Honicrshiun U the foUoirer <if
til* Ja«t-i»Rip4, nnd hio wnrk io thirrornre orip-sided on far, though
ra beU«ire It to be fur the rnu^ purl fnir and utrfu^fht forward.
Tha WAt«rwork>) CompHny mifftT from n ahart ftiipply iwd thci
bad quality wf Wieir irati'r, which in giit partly from pe«t-'mns«, nnd
MTtly frora the druiiiuge of nu iiitiiLbited duttrict, but oked oat
ojr ■ npiily fr(>in tliv lUiliray Cnin|Mny. The supply U dearly
oeitlMr tnuugh nor fiaod enuuyli fur the iirowiiiji: tawii of Man-
cbeatttT. Thrton'o coundl hnve therefore )fat a bill lo eFi>.bte th»in
wiit«r from LiMiftilerulaltt, mthrml ioto rccervoiri from a
' Mirface. In the iiieai)whil« thayhave Uk«wiMe bought water
Rativay Company.
Th* MaDrb«Kt<>r. Shi^llinld. nnil Litindn Railirny Conipnny having
lMnjf;lil the PeiUt Furest Ciuial, were ittrurk with th«> prolit to be
cut by thv lale of water to the great towns uf Afaiii-heiitrr and
Btockport. Their rannl, beKiunioiC in the Peak dintrict of Uerby-
■iiire, amon^ the Meep hiUA,Ki*'B* tbem a ri|;littit 11II the water not
rcqaiTMl by the millomirrM: and aa there la much morelliaii in wanted
tUm the trade of the canal, it in a dejir ^mn to nell it in t1io«e ton-os.
I The Company do not hwwcver wish tu retail water to the home-
b'.rldcr«, but to wU it w)iu|ciiU« and in bulk tn the r(ir|ioraliuiia ur
Water companies, Tlie Maacbeater aii<l Sulivrd \riit<!i»'urk§ Com-
}KUiy io July l&tt, bought aotnc of this wuter, and ioon nftercun-
tr.ictvd for 19»,0(KI,W)0 gallorw yearly, for three years certain, at
«rf. per 1,000 K^lloas, or a rental of 1,000/. yeuily, Jii ]gtl, they
[a^p^ed to take ^0,i)l)Q,()Mi gallon* niar». tn A»f;iUt I»tT, the Cor-
Iponttoo of .Vdincheater t«ok for three veAn ^JUO,00Q,(<00 guIJoua
y«arty, at 3d, per l,U>>0 f^ona, or a rental of V.sttuA yeu-ly. Tho
llulwny (.'nmnAny otf«r to inipply tha dirporation with ai^veu
nilllooa of mIIoiu of 6Jter«d water daily, at lid. per 1,000 gajlono,
ur at a jreaHy rental of t5,ii6i«f. \it.
Bjr the enterpriiwr of the K&ilwny Company, Ibiti Urge mtpply of
l^ooa water is secured ; and we have no dmibt thkt in many «th«r
casai, railway compani^^ mi^hl hnvv done great good to the public
la tha supply of water iitnl pi*^ if it were not for tht prejudices in-
dulged In 1^ the legislature, which ihackle railway eompunieu na
tbardo prii-at>> eiitorprUe (CcnflrHllj', Indeed, theVhole drift of
WuUtioi) in to thwutt enterprice, even when thore in the pretence
oT eonaaltuig the public interestiL Thus, what with tho Sunitiury
laaaaur*, threateninif to interfere with the compnnicia, itnd what
with the Standing OrderiK there is hardly a bill before the Houxe
uf Commons for wHterwork*. The Ilnnrd of Trade Inipection
Kpj.iei likewiae very heavily on amall companitN, beaidei the
o«ue of Cummona feea.
Mr. Homprnhnm thus describes the country around Manchester
bmk which the water \* drained for itH aupply;—
**TlM Iowa of MaDt:h«*t«( i> tituiled at au iTprage leiicbl or about IZD
left above U>e mean lertl of the ata at Lircr|)oi,i|. mid is butilrrrd on Ihr
iiiHib>w«at. Iha Borih. ib« lasi, and tho Bouih, bjr bi)(h hills and upland
lh«l, >o a didaucr iBrjiiig fmin twoNs lo •ightotn njilra from lh« town,
l,t(W to I,IIU0 U*\ above (he wa, wlicn ibft; tw^in lu full ia h cnnlrBry
IdifveliaiL The hiKhed poial> ID tbti raDED uf hilU ure Ri7iii|tlan Pike (o
[iM Bartb-weal of UauciliFitpr. \fiti frel atiuve the inPHn Uirl of ibr lea ;
Bteokxtooc l^ge Ui tbc ourth-ruM, atioal l.tftU ferl i Hulnir Mua« In ilie
ewt, aboat 1,S(9 f<!«t i Kiodet S^uul lu Ibe ■u<uib.«iui. abuul l.OSl Tcct;
Ale EdC*< ■outti-eail hy s-iuh, I.7SI f^'t ; aoil lludtfy Miniii, nearly
dMotMMili, alMul IJAO r«et. Thpse hilU riMi vrry Hbrupil), aod the
■aawrana valleys and mountain koiiii>« that inipr»rci ilirni in vaituui dlreu-
iioas coalaiii clianoi'lt, c«llnl ri<rr* or itrramp, Ibat dmia olf the ralo
whkb Calla vpon iticui. Tbc oumca oi the ifnavipal riitrs dcritiuK lb«ir
■ alrta from liie •ourcr* 00 w poiitlcl oiil, aM Iha Irwcll, \Uc Irk, ll>« Med-
l.Kk, (h« Tanif, ifae filih^row, the Uoyt, the Dime, and ibe Itollin. The
wilen of Ibe wiiule uf Ihrie riieti unite in the liier Merney, and by Uii«
tfttanal are ili*cbar|{t<(l intit ibe sea at Ltrttpool.
Ibe ricer* ujiitn nbiub lbs towns of Maatheslsr and Salfurd are
*Maalcili Br« ibv Irwtll, iti<r Itk, nod Ibe Mcdiuck ; Ibt Iwu lalirr slrrauis
Jotaina lb* Iritoll vmlilii tli4' tii*a. The arvu uf lalid upaa wbidi Uic
rua WU (bat Iccdt tiiesa itrvaiiii berure euteriiig MuDlictter is adout
lOIAOO tiBtate acfsa ; uf which alwut 1 1 SOO drain inlotbe river Medl^ck \
IJfiDO inUt ibe Itk; and ISl.TOa into lbs IrweJl; ihrsa river*, like all
MlWri baviag a sitaiUr vngin, arv Tcr) irrvKular a* regards lh« ^uaiilit}
e( water wbick pauti* duwn Ib'-ni at dilfcreol ■eaiuns."
Nothing if idle in that busy district — cveu the water is made to
work hard. Mr. MomerBham aaya of the riv«r-goda of Laneashira
and Cheshim —
" Tbey are n>aile to lum ionumerabl* waitr- wheels, thai tji-it nolioa
nacbiner> of 'ari-uus kind*; tb«; era u*ed lu supply buth the aseans
fuitiiiug ■nil oiiiilrniiiM^ uteani, thai, ptuparly •litrclpi), porfuTsis toch a
pr(tdi|!y of lalKiur wilJi uneua*iD|[ and oalliUig rAeci ; tliey ara used lu
snuar, bleacb, aii'l iJjti Ilia eomli ibey have helped loipiuaad weave I and
tiKif n end -w liters, cullericd in roscrious. feed wilb water tke caoaU and
rnrre Ibat linanparl bolli liie raw aad niBaufai lured mslrrial. Thcl
siippl; tiur home* wilb water for docntatie purposes, bmI Ibey perfMra
lik« olSce of Bcateofitr ; rentoving fron our dwclllags Ibe cicrclioa a*
cull, ibal, retiMiuiiiK near us. would anderuiioe uur health, eefeuder
ftvers, Hnd fausr premature Uenlb."
Of the fall of water two vorr iritercstlns tablea are gfiven, whicJil
ehow that the dt^ptll oF rain tfillinif at the same pjaec ti very lu^
CHuol in different yeara, and that it seema to follow do Uw, but the
greitt«iit depth of wat<w falU to the west, which ia ueiireat to the
sea: —
I'ABie, — Shomng tit Dtfitk tf Rain fallt^ ptr eiuian) Jar a itrits uf
l/eanin JiffemtplaetM lilualit in IDt upIaaJ lo th»wrtl,aatlh-Mtl, aid
nulA uf JWmeAai/*r. and tkt Iretl abm Ibt inmta fenef q^ tht sea.
3h*t-
Black,
■tabs
iM|[».
Ovmb**
Cbapel.
plti.
new
nmukn .
Baltaa.
Burjr.
RKh
dala.
Pklr-
arid.
Hvpl*.
tl*itr>
voir.
(■-I«.
fnui.
I«>(l..
sauiMi,
xn bet.
3M> hel.'dno R.
laoen.
i»n
ail hmi.
;io rm.
nil a.
Y—T,
lacbea.
Inch<(.
Inrhri, ■ lacn.
iDcbm.
tncb
locbn.
Incbn.
tathei
\Mi
M7J
.17 IW 1 UM
ii-aa
llWI
at-?*
*■"! ,»:»
47*7
IIU4
^IW
4i4H 4^11
airsi
l^lOi
4»44
43 M «7D7
3C4a
iiua
t\7i
49^7 11' 11
41 »
IM'
43 -J9
49 US «>-»■)
M-iT
IS»S
47 e*
At 3H M-43
»U
\aa
*H«
4U >'') U-*S
Mill
J
l>40
4&oa
MS--I
41-IH)
««H
u-ta
lIMI
U's;
47*
4eU
asw
ar»
\»*i
i'la
14-411
w-w
MJU
41-^
1M9
&M
4V4I
4"4?
H-t9
M)o
STM
4' >■'
1K41
sue
a4'<ii
S8CS
XC4I
34 Ml
Wi*
W-40
4S70
».\ ii"l
isia
uo
M'tl
ilM
a* to
ii-VO
MtV
il-ii>
4J »)
\*Vi
4UH
40 (Q
4:m
37-10
an JO
31 If
3K\n
'* fJ
IM?
HI 4
fjtf
*i-;t
at 70
40-74
4370
JIM
41l<'l
Vila
U-I4I
Usans
um
4fl';4
41-71
U'.i
»w
at-M
sew
ii-aa
■■sral
4sr-s
«4IB
i»-a>
M-41
MHO
■»■»
3r40
Mt-ID
Table.— .^>to>f«»f tht J}tplh nf Kain/alitn anting Ikt pati ysxr^ ]ff47.
at varioui piacfi liluatfd in tlt« ujilUHil, tati and toulA if Manehtilm; ii»d
Cettt sAfrv* lAt mean Uvit ^ tht tt».
Lent..
KlvUn
SUllaa,
iM (Ml,
WowJ-
tirwl
Tunnrl.
LOW n.
C'vmb't
It«*r.
TOlt.
1 Todd
C«mb's ' ItriMk
UMf*. :Kr*rr-
VNilr.
I,«70(l. Mu Itrl.
Brlnka.
l.M9ft.
iBChn.
>4'tU
Incbn.
33-13
1 ncbvi.
ki-N
lottu*.
34 ai
lachn.
se39
iBctin.
3II-H
fair-— Tha nt>i>ml1cin» lot Oelmonl vrir pracurpil fram J, klionalLHsa.: aad Me*
lloltan rmnj 11.11. Wnimo, K><|., \tr.a\ llurv, ^D^l J. Haul*, lUq. F.KJLlk. wK*.
■ini-c ^inciitEj^r. \fi^U, l>m irniiiTrLl Uf Itnnita llni,*r« iirsT 1^'riliKi i frva VacMsle*
ttfim J. Kfrurd. £■<!. 1 fiTim Hltirtrii.ir« >:i!m«. frnm llr. K, BIauIimh. Ih' eiHtlnefTcr
t>i* lln.k-hiUir ChiiiIl anil 1h' rw*\ Injia p.lrH rrkl^ofi* ■u(fLfllv<l t7 J. Mt*-Jwi. K«i|- Tk«
wimlf or Ilia <jbt«iailoiii, wiiti i)i> ilniFleauaiillaii uf BUihiUiat Tdta. irara mtAi villi
r«ln ifqitj** At«J iir>*f uaaf Ihr jftuuiid.
Mr. Ilouieraham rharges Bfainst the corporation water that it is
draiiteil from peat Innd. and i* chnriied witii oncanic matter, whicb
ia hurtful to health. He aifiriiia thnt no liltratiou can remedy this,
tut when the n-^ter ia warm the neat is soluble in it.
Our author, not eonteiit with ohurKiuK bia opnoneuts on e»err
aide, asMrta that hia own company is free from ail defects, that the
water ia most abundiiut, is eollectcd at the best time, anil is little
tainted by peat, white lie contends that it is likewiae the eheapMl
supply that the Mtrpin-ation ran obtain. In hia teal, he says of tht
freKlieta impounded by the K»ilway Company —
'^Thii syalrmorculicrlint waler i* voiy favciuratik Ui lis ^ari/y, as wtivn
it Hows olT the hill-tides duriait hcaty ralnt {cicept ja a peaty or bt-KSJ
■l»lrli:l)il is mui'b Irsa cuolaminated thaa water (pcrcotatlaf slowly fr-ia
the soli, and rednced in quanlliy b; eeaporalloa] which foena lb<^ «lr*niiis
in dry weather; tiesidn, nvrr nintl large tracts of land, eaasltliuK of lti»u-
■BQili or acrea, tbnre will be fotiDil fAmi-housss and a eoosidsralile resident
pupulaliuD, and all tbe eicretton ami Dlth created from tlirsc smtioesi wkili
til' aotdLU parts of nanaro placed on the Isod, mutt, if uc<v*aily, rfeeia
into lit itrtamt. and lend lo fuiil them in comparalixly dry Mrataer, b1-
Uiunsh. In h*a>y rains and Birals, the water la iiut pereevtibly soiled Irooi
these intjiiirllifs "
We mu»l aay tbia doctrine ia itaw to ui, for w* alwaya coasidered
2(
THB CIVIL B\GIN£ER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL.
Uiftt ltefrMliet>iib(raId,if tbewfttcr could be apnrtd, be pTC«'rnti»i
Vaiet litnr act of parliament tko oorpontioD are to take all the
■■t«r of Lotucdendalc iiitu then reaervoira, «nd flup])h- a ilailv
(aAatit)r W tbe iuUlm»ii«rti. Thin, Mr. Hitmenluuii atfirni*, will
<«uM a greater vxpvtiMi for trwrvmrn. auil will jrteU le«a water to
th4Cor|Mraliou;aud bccontmtta it with tho (j-rtcra ttdvptcd uatli«
Peak )-orr«t Canal, where aJI tlie water nUtre a certain IPHKO K"^
into the canal rcarrvoirt.
When he aajra that mcrvoim for the millowiicni have not on-
ivered (p. M), and that ihervfWe niunry i* ih>1 Intd »ut l>y the
iBtUowner* in that way, Iravin^ the inference Uiat tlir c^rporntion
f ••aei^'oim will be found etpeiuivo and u*ehu<, »■* think he Tilriiina
hi« caxA too much, for there are mauv diiBctiltiea in the oi»e of
niUuuneri*, ai< that uf SL'tting all th«inillawnerit and Landowner* on
the ttt«am to j«i&, and the gr«at cspcnM of gettiB{( an act of par-
liaiMnt.
Wti miist notice that there \a a groat deal <if valtinble matter in-
'cidrntal t-t the iliiicuiHion of the tnveral Mbemo*, which mnf hn
«<^fully read Uf the en^oeei- feeling an ialere«t in thia imporl.iiit
branch of praetiee. Thua, .Mr. Honi«rafaam diacusMs nia-gnuffn.
the fall of rain, tbe duration of &]), etaporation, abaorption, and
'■titration. We hHouM like to see comrdete records iif the mure-
^ifiut of aomo coiuii^teTahle Btreaniit. Mr. II»tn<-r>ihmn t»y» belov
tluA ha k«a made auch, and we winJi he had publialied theni.
** The tiflaalllj of water toviittf duwn ■treanii fed frou rain fallioc OH
heaUtavf hill* varitawllheier; (OBFiiiK rhownri nomtor tiM titrrtv
I iia»t p*r i»<i e«itp9»tMf critv angtiitig lit* tm acttral* Twilti a Bood i«lll
tBon«U*et U(l bui a few hoar*, and ;ei in Iblt lUne it frequrnilT happan*
Tson Killer will niu down itt itreant than ai oiber time* will lluw down
\t» aa manji weeka. I hare had oecaaiun lo raike obieoalioui nn drrania
Lttrrr hour in flue wealberitad ererj half hour la ibowerj weaihar br
verlu logclhor, daf aad Bl|bt, and to uaaellJvd aialm of the WMOber
atoioat every ineaaurenteol varied."
Mr. nomcrahain t|:irei an CKtimats of tho eoat of tlio corporation
bir«rk«, which at fire per cent, inakea a yearly coat of SO,HS£f .. while
''i* aaaerta that Uio Kairw qiiantilj' of irntcr, of bettor quality, can
chad of the Mancheater, :^heffl«ld.and Liiictdn Railway Compaiitr
_l>r I^WfWL 15r. rwrlf, being a aavblg of nearly %S per cent. All
tiiit, nowwer, uependa on what the real coat of tfi^ c(ir|ioratii>n
work* may he, and fur that nuqi<>>« we nIiouM have the estimate
of their enj^inecr. and not of Mx. Honiemhain. Indcvd, the H'hnle
giat «f the i[Tie«lion lim upon this, which niu»t likowine be the
comment ou Lta coaeludinic atateineut.
■' Aa jou are awar*, la t>i« apriog of )■•! jeer ike eorporetioB eoold
liava nada arrae^enoDU to lacara for llie ute of the lobabitaal* nl Mia-
cheater, aiKbl mltltan« of nallnna of Ollerwl wa'or par day (as mucb ai mil
bt mqoiraii (or the dooieilic a«F i>f Ibe lio«iii|[)i fur anme Team lo ctime),
drlivcrrd at Marpic, S20 fret abore iht hi|[b pari of ibc lawu, fur IJd. per
1,01)0 KtlloDi : ia Aii<Kui( latt y ear (aflcr baiiaxtprul a lar|[Piuia v( ta^atj
in oppoaieg yonr tckeoie), Ibe corp«raIioD, in coajooeliuD with (b« U*a(cr-
werka (Jonpany, purefcated of yen, for tbree jeara cenaio, (wo bnndrHl
inllliuoi of falloui per aanuniDf llie lame wiirr un/Iffemf, Id tie delivered
In Ills (irtttua renenuire. al 3i]. per tliiiuiund Kuliuiii ; ur H ttavile Ihe
prkc (lie; C(it4(lit, bj aduiittoic a niacr course, a Bhort time prtiiuutlj liaie
•ccorcd theuune iiMUr jttttrtd,"
EXPLOSIONS OF STEAM-BOILERS.
TAcCaiiM*an<f Kffect* of Exptotion4 in Sleapt-tinffintt /ttvfsliffated ;
and their rttult/nrm an explotivt ftrinriple differrvl from th« fores *if
tttM'te »t<^m irmantttattd ; attd ttDaeltmiiv; rittdrncf addutfd Ihat fnort
tMn /Mir-Ji/ihs ^/the voeight and itTength «/ the enj/inf are rfqiiirM to
ttutaitt thftxjilotiet/afCf : v^ith un ta»i/ and cfrtam mpanii nf prt^-i-nt-
ing ff# ttatntetirnt ^ffUftt, and rfivfiing in great fmrt the eiwmutui
tetigkl^tht tatgine. By John tViLoBR, Nov Vork. IH4T.
The elaborate title of this pamphlet fully explainB the viewn and
object* itf the M-riter, who lire* in tlic Innd of it cum- boiler cvpl'i)-
si«R8, and ieeiim tit Imve had iniiili eAperience therein. He com-
mnirc> by nddncing ■ mimher of titcU which itre rnlunhle in their
way, hut hia inferciiceti friim Ihcm neeni inconctu-avr, iiiid (iften
very falliMioiJs. After nientionin); several instances of the tx-
plonion of cylindrical hoilcrH, in which the euda were blown uEf and
projected to f^reat diatuncea, he pri^ceeds ti> nmke calculatioQii of
the rtrcofcth of the relative parts of Hucb iioilccf, and conclude*,
thai "it in impoMiible that a cylindrir-al boiler abould he tent
atuudcr endwi*e by the force of elastic ttcitai, ilDC« half the force
re^^utvite thereto would bur*t it operi liiterally," The folluwiufc ia
a ■pecimen of the calculattoos uu which ho fuvud tliia aeaumption :
" The diameter of the boiltr wUeh eiploded it BahVmore, il Mated In the
oiib aalB.
WlMerl
iw «n k* ~
SvH It 10 Itichci; Ibe flrr«infrtence, thertfore, 62'83 incfcra, or«>f«onfc
whereof, 16-rOS, mDlllpIltd Ij 20, the diamrter, gi»e» SHI Mpiire lackn
ai t)i* am of Iba end of lh« bnllrr ; but lb« whole ptiiphcty *r rtiig TtilM
thf preuure on the end*, and it* rohmta tiren^b it th* ciivwirfeieaee,
SZ1<3 inch**. In like manlier (he re<Ungiit«r itciion of the boiler. Bade
by a |)laiie riiiiiig Ibroufib a podion of Hit Bill nee fnodh of ilie cirna-
frtence in Ungth, ii ICi'ZIU. inuKipUcd by ZO. (lie diaaiciei. ii tqui U
3It'l i(|u«re iachc*. the arra ; and the prtuutc pcrpradicular thrrote, the
effect wbcrtof It to burH open the bollct lilerallj, it rtmled tij Ibe cobnita
tdenrih o[ half Ibe circumfereece, 3141. Of Iht two poilioix of (he ring or
priipbtry, eaHi l&'iOS inehn Inng: nhereforc, in ill rytindiical bcUera, tka
■BiDunt of meial which re*ltl« the preiture on (h« endt it double the anMoat
of ndal which reilita an equal lilerd preaioreiand II ippeart tnpOKlbte
that thrjr (houtd be reni aaonder endwiie by ibc force of claiiic attMi.
which can ncrer eiceed ibe ilrenglb of tbe hoiter in which it it KCoenttd.
The area of a circle it ipeawtl in r«pect of in periphery, of aay llpre whet.
CTet i much IcM, Iber^orc, can a boiler not cyltnililcal be rent otuodcf tad-
«i«a by lb* force of iteain. But nuaterniti catrt have occmnd whaeria
boilera hue teen retit munder enJwiio, which could only be efleetTd by an
almort unhmiled eiplniite fKiwer. No Iracf of inch power ta luuad ia llM
hittory of boll en other thin ilioie of iteim-enginei • nor ia tbete hal ilbMa
iniliciipd b; (he tifely-ralre or iteiiii-gaiiHe. althaiigh Ihej ibow. wlih aalB.
cienC p red tin n, the rarittioTii in (he iltriLglli of iieam. AKainatlbej
of elatiio ticam, m fcntraird In a bniirr, a properly loodcd tafelj-va
coniplcie security, but it bai aol tli« liMl value u agaiaal the cffccla i
ploaive aetivo."
The "exploaive prinriple," to the action of irhteh Mr.
Kttribtitea motit of thu nci'id^ntH in ntuont-pn^nn, apjieare to be
elertrleity, though It la ru>t to atated distinctly. Thti foroo ia, he
conreivea, generated principally in lbs valve chamhen la the Ad- .
lowing nutiiner.
'■ It bat been proteil 0) ■''*! tip1i»ioni in ileatn-tn|1nri are the conir-
qntncc of tbe ucapc of ctcmcnlar^ calniic from itt conibtaiiion with water
or lit vnpniir, uid rciolt dir«e11/ from the reniovtl, in the *aNe clumber of
enginei, of ih^ cnmprening farce which kept up the com bi nation ; for when
the iieim'Ttlre is opened, the ateam which pati'i into the tiWe chaaber
hti free ipaM to eipind and iLeealorU to Mope, but tliat eacipc tod Iht
further oprnlnfi of the valve mutt diroloUh in a degree the compceuiai
fncM, and ht followed hy a farlhrr eicape ofcalorlct but iti amooat aaS
C0D>c(]Urnl actina tnutt deprnd more or leu od the temperBlurc and Ct*
piDtiie force of ilcara within lite boiler. Tbe occttiooal *iuIei>oa of iu
action il thown hy (he prodi^iom ttrcngth of tbe branii, crtnkt, itc, which
are tomelime* broken. It It tpparant from all cnniidetallont, that if tba
Talre rbnmheii be diluted, and Ibe iletra Ic-I direcily ibrough ihe eodaof
tbe cfliiider, the iiuitletl clearance of the piitoa fruiti the end, whicb lisaa
n-ot admii iti toucbing. will be Ibe only vacant tpace forcspaauoa aiid
crape, anil chit need not be an hundredlh part of th^: tpacc In ibe valra
chamber, and of conieiutocc iht eaplotivc action cannot eiMcd tba hna- ,
drcdili [larl of iti prtteiiC violence."
Thouf(h Mr. Wilder enutjidera ho haa " proved" his position »m\
to the onime of eitilonibiw'in Ktenm-englneH, we vnnfwa that hi«
evidence is nnt Kunicient to satisfy ua; and hiti opinions ara fn~
qtienlly formM) on erroueoiiadntn. He oilduceN, nfrnin nnd anin^
aa an illuttratiiin fuvourable to hi* theory, llie »|du«tua of ■ gniL
barrel wlien merely corked at the tnuTjile. but he doca not seen
fully to c<iin[irehi4nil the cauMe of itn explndin^ under aiteh eircnni-
atancM ; wliuh the exploaire force of gunpowder i* Kofficietit t»
acniiint fur, withonl the (iiiti pout ion that anj'neiv force ia auddf«ly
hrauKht into action. Iligli-iirexiuire nT.eHin iK, according to Mr. i
Wilder, " Ibe moat elaitic. yleldini^, and nianajfcahle of all prii
moreri,* and only requin-a to he kv^t cloae, so as to prevent th»
CBcipeofthe ''elementHry caloric," to become aa inuxiiIoalTe »m
wnirr power. We might hence indeed infer, thou^tb probably Mr.
Wilder in not prr|inrcd to go tiu fnr, thnt hieh-prrmurc iteam i»
dangcrou>i only when it eHrapCii, niid that what are UBUnUy
siderfit eufcty'vaivcs ought to bo rcgnrdcd as genenttora of i
Bive force.
O>r&aiar-^n'if-0sr fiU^me.^Another allempt to apply caibunic add l
St a motive power, hat been hrouKhC before llie uulioe o( Ibc Park
Aciidemj of Scieocet, by M. Jagu, C.t:., who provea very saHafbctdrilj the
grral power thai may bo reaiillj fiatiierl by imparliDjt a roropa rati rely loir
itnpeiBiure to carboulc aold gaa ; but (be difficult prnblrm of condenaiv-'
■ lie gaa, lo render i( nffalo available, tcemt not to have beeo (oltwd. H.-
Jogii caleuUlH that, by lulUblu apparatua placed at each atalioo, Sta
uiinufphere* of carbonio acid gas may be cnniprcised foe aa unlimiied
lime, froni whence tbe rvcritrr may bn lllled. To make Ibe gaa re.eaier
(lie cuDdeoMOK nppamtui nilb the abtorplloa of at liltle power U poaal-
blc, he proputct tu piste a lever un each fide of the CDrine, put lo nmlao
by eccoatric* adiiptod Iu the Bit! oiovlng wbeela { at eacli eilreoiltr of ibe
lever to be placed a winch, wfaich will move Iwo piitpuj of a (iwo
diameter, to that the gaa may paaa In and out.
TaS CiriL EVGTVEEK AVJ> ARCHITEcrS JOURNAL.
ITS
I
I
APPARATUS FOR SUPPLYING BOILEnS WITH WATKR.
Xtpart f'fiy Ordfr o/ihe Ameriean Govrrnintnt) on nn Apparatiu /or
Sv^pljtifg lit BaikrM r/ Marine StennfEnfina lolrto Continuoiu
Supflif q/ /•'rr-A IFii/*T. Invented by Ca|itttiii Jouh Ehimmn.—
[From the Frankiia t/t^urno/.]
In u««ptaDee of j-our invitation of th« I711i ultimo, ttg, the
nndprsiimpd. kMl tb« hoobur to meet together in tli« citj of Xew
York, with the viffw «f t^slin^; and reporting; upon an itpptr^tua
inrflotcd hj Captain John Eriniuon, for the purjiose of supplyins
the Intlen of marine steun-eiif^'iiiei with a (M^ntinunuii itiiitpfp oT
Irath wntcr, Hnd Htiplied In- himunilBr your direction in tlt« United
SUies Rei-enuc Steiiiiii.>r i^arf.
We have DOW respectfully lo report, tlint on tho S3tA iittimn we
■mbarkml iti thu Leaart at 1:^ M., [irorced«] to ae^ and remained
on board till the folTuwiii^ inornin^. Ouriiii; IhiK tinn' the boiler
«a> in ti|irr«ti«o 1£ hounc. and ire tind iiiii|)1l' npuartuiuCy of ox-
nnitdnK tJie meatu emidoyed fur »upplyiiig it wilii water and the
recnltJ produced.
By lh« ordiimry method of condenun^ sxeam in mnrine naviga-
tioo, boilers are ttippliitd with the imf«ri^roiufenMi(iOTi. compared
of the iteam that in Hithdmwn from the holler and the nrr-tmary
qDUitit; uf unit tratcr reipiirrd fur its cDiideiiantion. Hence, a
oollcr In oireratioii in riinstuiitlr |inrtinfc with »teHin (frci«h H'.i|«r)
and receiviftK wit water In e.\c1iikni;e. The elTcti uf ihi» oiienition,
aninflurnn-d by a airrection, nuuld br. thnt in a few hutim a de-
tma iif Butiiration of the wuler in the boiler nnuld bi* rtNirhrd, that
would prciipilate upon the plnlcs of the furnaa-ii and linen, a wjilc
of mfficiriit thi<:l(nri's to itrrrit the piusnge of the hoit lo the sur-
ntBiulinjc water unA caune tbi! ilentrurtiun of thif plnle-K. by vip(i<>-
Ing th«m to n tcnin«ralurc dsFlructive of thetr tenacity. Thr ciir-
rectiou in utte ia the rcmvvjil of the water u it approacbeB astura-
tioOi and ta effected by blvicin^ or pumpiiig-iiff,
la tlic 0)KTation of cither of theeo metiiud^, it l^ apparent that
ilitrt M a loii of the hent that has bixn iin|Nirtcd to the wati^r
blown or ptimped off, tbnt n^Iect to open or *hut the tdow-off
««c)(, or ill the adniiMion of the reiinired nupply of wiiter, irn vlvn
Ifaa duration of the Imiler and may, n* it frequently docs, involve
Iha liied of th« pd«-e[i|,'erH ami the crew, and the Kifctv of the
tmmI. Even when all prni^tifiabU attention i» f.'ivon to hlowioft*
«K, calt Bcale will bo deposited in )ong voyiigt*^ tiurtii.uUity in the
middU latitiidvx, niid aecumiilalo to an extent tliat renders it* re-
moval imperutivcly neciHiiinr/. Thi« in at all liin«>i a difficult, and
even under the mo« favourable cipcumfltaneen, an impftrfect opera-
tioo, and trhi-Ji thia dt>poiiit contf the fiurfaees of the Hues, the con-
ciunption of fuel i* iiu^reaxed to an extent unuuil^id tn the oconomy
of RMrvantile enterprise and to the duration of operiition reqnt«t*
for naval piiqiwn.
Tliia evil may be avoided by furniKhini; thu biiiloni witli a fall
■upplvof freah water, and u^ the uel^^ht could not heacedinmodaled,
nor tna *pace xpaneil in a reHM>l for an intlmment and its fuel for
the sole puipoae of (lititilling the (juaiitity reijniri'il, it it: obvious
that the aceani fnriii«hod by a boiler niujit he returned to it, after
btioK ntndcnurd hy the rudiation of it* beat to cold siirfaciw, and
not uy the adiiiiatiire of outer. Thin niclhad waa finiputHl by
Jamea Wntt, ea early as tho year 177C. and hak been elTecled Id
■ante extrnl by an insitniinent inienlvtl by Mr. Satniiel Hall, of
Eai^aail, and applied to the en^inen <if niiuiy Rteaiii-vemielii, in
I
' of which, not withalan ding its Imperfection a, it is yet used. It
fcsa railed, however, to answer tli« full purpows dmired and anti-
cipated.
In the aTTODremtnt of Mr. Hall a great numlier of thin metal
lubva, from oit^-Iialf to three- firtirti in nf an iiirh iit diameter, were
placed Kcrtlcailif ia a rondcnHer and e\p«hied ti) a currenl. of cold
water from the sea and into which the »tf-im from the cylinder waa
adoiitled,for tbe abntTaclioii uf ila heat by the rudlatinn of it to tfae
water without the tubct. Now it is evident, that, by thie arrange-
aant, tbu coudcn*cd stuam would run down the inner surface of
the tubeo, in it* palace pretecitinK a uou-con ducting; lining tv
them, and in it* coIt»:tli>n nt their bottom nn obotnclo to the ciir-
rsDt «f the ateani and a diminution of th« effective rndiuting nur-
&C*.
With thia method of eondonaation, it vrill bo pnrci'ived that thia
inatrument providet alone for returninji to the boiler, the water
tKat hnn paxaeil Ihrtmjjh iho enjon^ na steam. It followi^ thf n,
that all e<tonpe« of iteam from th(! boiU-r or en^ne, or wnter-leaka
Cron the boilerj pipes, &c., muHt he repliiced by distillation, at nn
fljtnw of furl, dirc^ctly lu the c vapor At ion. Knrllier continued
aae of this liutrument exliibilcd auoleuf^inoiu depo-tit upon the
inaer larfau of the tubea from tfae use of oil and tallow in the
■team eylinder and on the vaire fawi, which, Mtiar as a non-oon-
ductor, materially olKlrncted the condcntation of Otm steam.
The apparatus ofOkplain EriCMon waa denfrn^ to ohriate the
difficultly and deAcienciea developed In that of Ur. Hall, and is
composed of two diirtinct iiiEtrumenta, a CoiMteaaer and an Evapo-
rator ; the firel for the purpoae of condensation, and the latter for
a anpjdy of fri'sli water to provide for any loawa of tfeara or water
from the boiler by eacupen, IcakB. frauffe venta, &e.
The Condentier ia a cyliDdrleal veiacl set at a alight inclinatlou
from a horimntnl line, containing the requiiita oxtenl of ladialinff
nurface in nietid lubca nf Itco iarlies bore, with an open space at
each end. By this arrangement there ia free spaee for the enrreat
of steam to p.-tM and for the condeniied Htuam to nm down th«
lower side of the tubex, without prewtilinir a lininf; of water lo in-
Ieri^[it radiation or an obitriictiua tg ilie courae of thu ataam.
Conuecle<I with this is a immp, by which n-ntor from the sea is
dr-iivn in and forced thrniinffi the upairva batween the tubfjs and the
inner nnrfMc of the shell of the condenser. Thus, the latent heat
of the steam in abMirhrd by contact willi the tuhea, and condensa-
tion is clfrcteil for the douMe purpose of affbrdiof^a vacuiuii for the
eniniie and of rcjitoriuK frcidi water tn the boiler, for cuntinu^vs
evnpuration and oondenaatioo, to meet the requiremenu of the
eupae.
The Bvnporator, na conalrucled, b a parallelopipedon w-ich a
Fcini-cyJiiidrical lop nnd bottom, the lower portion of which is oc-
oupied by a number of luben similar to those In the condenser,
which oommiiiiiratc with a valve at each end of the ateani ejlinder,
worked by the engine : nroiuid tlieao tubes, and for some i&tanca
above thorn, water from the sea ts admitted for iba purpose of
betiiK evBporaIrd, and the space above this wnter is open In the
cundciwr and comcquently in vacuo. This in.itrnment brln|t da*
siKn«l to furnish freshwater to replace that which way Ih) lort, ita
operation ia rc«iirt«d to only as oocasiou may require, and in eAeded
in the following manner: when the piston U near the termination
of ila stroke the valve referred to »p«n* (above or bdow, as
the raae mai- be), and closes when iho piftun IivKins its relnrn
Ktrnke ; by this arrnii icemen I, sloam is irithdrawii from the engine
that has very nearly performed it* foil exnaiiHii't effect, nnd pass-
tni^ into the tuhec of the evaiior.itiir it« h«ut is absorbed by the
water liurrouiidtnf; them, and as this water ts tn m^tco it readily
huils at a. low temncnitnre, and it* vapour bctnx led to the tul>M
in theoondennor. tt is trondensed with thosteanifrotn thecylindt '
and is tjtip plied to the boiler.
Upon the experimented trial lo which you were pleaaed to re.
«]ue4t our attention, all practindilo arran|jrenients for correct oh-
M^rvntions were entered into ; and with a view to acquire full and
pniKrewtive notes of the operations of the appnraliis, th« observa-
tions of the various points were conlided to special eomnuitem,
which upon the conchiHion of thu trial, rvpoHod full notes for fitr-
niKhitig:the following;, viz.:
The biiiler was filled with fresh water from above the openin|(
of the hlow-off cock ; \m\hw this, salt watt-r had been left fiom an
imprexsioa of Ita e^ect beiii^ too Inconsiderable tu nntliorise its
reiiioval.
At ths cemmnnecment of Iht operation of Itia engiae, the wuer in the
tioll«r ss tailictied by a saliae faydtooieier, whca ai a ictuptraiurc of l&O**
Fahrenlirii, wsi f*.*
The l)i|:l)«i icni|ieratiire of thr/itd wattr observed was 1118° rabreahrit.
The lovrm 132", snd the avrragc l&U".
The biffhctt vacuum obtcJ'ved wst ttara IC (0 19 laclics.
The lawcit ftoia It to 1^, and Ibosversgs wu fium I'J to l&iaohci.
The bighnit ttram jtrtnurr wu M lb. mercurtalgaofS.
The lowest was IfU lb., soil the average wai 486 IK
The highest aumber of rrroturtoiu was il per iiiiaute.
The lowest aumber wu 30. and the aieragr 413
Tbc point of cuiiins oiT wst at three- «i|titb* o( the strohe.
Tlia lempertliu'v of iba sea water wsi i7.
DutstioDof o/inM/fdii of ibo en^lao and boiler 14 hotua sad 30 aalnales.
Ticoedunag which sleani was niiicd, 'iii hours.
UiKKNsioMi or EKniaa. tte,
Cflindtr, — 36 inches in iliamcirr, with s stmkc of piston of 32 inches.
Boiitr. — 1,400 tqusre ftct of hcatinn tgrface.
{.'owfrnnr. — IH7 squiic feet ofrsJisliiig lurrscc.
SoBparaftr. — 100 iqusre feel o( hRklingsuifsc«.
Upon coming-to, the frcaknesa of the water was a^in tetted,
and when at a tvmpemturv of IM*' by a different thermometer than
that used at the hrat viperation (it hnvinic been bruken in the in-
terim), the hydrometer indicated 'H; wliether thia difference in
the indicJitions is to be attributed to a change in the dens itv of the
water or la a diifcrcncc in the thermonietera, thvy beiiiK of oiiferent
• ll.»bflDf ItaipotelsfattaiaUuaorinl^wbtaalaUaipsrtUfacfSW^.
THE CIVIL EVGINEER AND ARCinTECTS JOCIWAL.
mannfiul urM, v« urt unnble to d«Md»; fdr1nnftt«Jy the differ^n^
U ^iiitc inoontidftrakl*, nnd ii not r4g»ritA nn deaerring of further
fODBi dent too.
So •oon u the tcmpentture of the Condenaer wan reduce to ■
that render^ an cxaminntion of it prwfticftbic, one of iti
iMda «raa Mmaved In our presence, and the tube*, when examined,
wtTt entiwty free from any dfpnsit nr inrnnrtatiMi niwn their «iir-
fairea, and tht (ipinion tJi entrrLuitj^d. thai at a tiMnpcmtiire uffi-ed
water commenBurate with economy of ftiel, any dimctilty from the
deposit of olcJiginous mitttpr in thh iiiHtrtimvnt iit not tu be appre-
kWMt«d.
Re^mrdEng tlie particular iierfomiances of the Condenser and
»aporatnr, it appealed that Capl. KricMoii had rrlied too r«ti-
fidriitly 111) a ^'neral I'lirrrnt «f tlii- cotit water lliriiu)(h (lie funner
inatrunient, whereas the current <•»« quite partial, bnng but
Iraetly thnugb it* narroweiit pnrt. the «idi<« "f it: hence, Ihv
ipptr portion of it wan almuat iao|ii-r;itive—^hi> feature waa deurty
dflvdoped by the npptiratlon of a hand aloDfi the surface— while
At vmct of it waa apptrent in thit modcrato condenntion inili-
cated by an attached marcarial gauRe.
Of the Bvnnomtor. it* CMMctty was clearly ahown, in the facility
with whirh tne level of the water in the boiler cuvld be raiaed
Ihrouich llie apace between two pimtc-cocli;*, and l>y u reaart to ila
<^>«ntion not being neceasary for more tlian onotenth of the
time.
Iinnedintely nfier the close of thia trial, mesaures were taken to
'ect a ililfuHi>d operntion of the rotd water, ntiil ai diaphrainn*
eiNild not he iiilruduretl bKween th* liibfa to alter the current ff
tbs wster, without incurrinfr an impritctl cable delay, the expedient
«f MBiinit the Kteam to dmilHte tlinxiKh the tube* vat morted
to, and wai effected b)- l)i<^ apiiliratinn of diaphniinn" in the open
•pare at each end of the lulirs. Upon the contplction of this, a
further Inal wait had on Fridny, the 1st inat., when several obaer-
Tatiooa furnialied tlie folluxing:—
pKuure of ileam, SO poandt tnereurial giDge.
ReTolatioM, 47 pirr minute.
Taonaa, 21>-5 lnc;hM.
TaaperstDre of feed wilrr, U0° Pihrcobeit,
Tenparaturc of aca natcr, 62° „
Compared with the ordinary method of condeniation, the value
of the method obwrved ih dctenninnl by an inveKti^tion and con-
aideratiuii of the fitllitwiiiic point*, riK. : Ernporatiun. PrcEsurca,
Consumption of Fuel. Siifely and Duration of tlie Itoilvr.
I.— EvAPoaArtO!*. Ordinary Mttftod.
Ttmfitralurt o/ Frrd ITatfT, 100" FahrniMI.
T'mpitritiire ol lemihlr snii litem htaU o( ttetm, 1192*
Deduct tcnpcralure al feed oaier, . . 100'
Heat to be idded. .. 1092*
N*v ihthod.
Ttmpirslurt of Fnd O'altr. \htfi FalrrmAtil,
Temperitore orsenuble and tiient heati .. 1102°
Deduet ttinjMtatura offcrd water .. I5(P
Heat to be added .. ., 1M3*
^''' iTkii? " Ton '''^'''' r«P'Mcnti a gain in the cri^rating wmperalarc
. in tht DBw Tocthod of -I'&G per eent.
2. — I'KBMoaas. (Mmury iftthoJ,
Prtararc of itcaai—metcaria] gauge .. £0 ll>.
Vacuum, 2d iocbci .. .. ••13-7 n.
Effietire prtuarc on the pUmn
y.« MtlMoJ.
Trauurf of »U«ni
Vacuuu, SO'i iaclics
ca-rifc.
-47 h.
aoifc.
- 10 lb.
son.
44-3 h.
EAwtire prtnore on the phton
Hch ■—-»■■■-■■■ which reprafcnti a Inu in pretiure liy the new method
of S p*f nat.
S. — Co!<»DMmOM or Fubl. OrdSnary IfetSod.
In the Gulf of M'xten and bettteen lite Tropin, it It iiei-etiarT lo lilow-
nff. when a birdromeier eunitraried limilar m the unr already rercrreil la
liaAcaUt ^1 in iba Natthrni »ni Suulhern Atlautieand Panfic oceant, whe n
' 2~fi 2- * 2 'A
il iadkalca - . Hence —' ■ - "2-24 Ihc >Tirig« point foe hlowing-off.
At the averigg dtgtce of Mlutation of feed water ii „ i Ike qwaailt; at
wtter bluno DlTramparril to that fed loa bolkr liaa-71 U ZU.ahkhk
in the propiTtion of 1 lo 3.
Trwftraiart ^ Um wmttr Mnn ^ at tkt prttiurc anil dcgrre of talura-
tion giifco .. .. ., ., jgo"
Deduct tempetiture of feed <iat«r .. 100'
Teroperalure loll b; btawinf-off .. |0O^
Al ibe beat lo be added for the pgrpote nf •«apom(!«n it 1091* — {
1092 k 3—1, lbs proportion of feed water era poraled, —2184*
And 100 "3-3 the proportion offtcd water blann olT \W
Tli< hul ibiorbed, it . . 2374°
^'*" tyl" VW\ "''"'' '*?'**•"'• *• **•• "' ''•'* '') titawing dfin il.i
oriliaar]' inelhod of 8 per cent.
SuMNAftr or Itaavi.T*.
Gain by BrapomtioB .. .. 4 S6 per wet.
Ditto by Contuioplion of fuel .. .. BOO „
Loai by PtcHUa
Tulal ;-5fl
^Vhlcti ta a aavtnit In the eicpeiiilttiire of Iieat, niKirdinir a lik*
economy in the c»nnuniption of fuel and altogether iude|>endent of'
the Icrax of heat, by the preaence of soile iu n holler, wben wait
water Id uited, and from leaka Incurred by the oxidiiing effecta of
salt water.
With the On/innrv Mrihod, the It-icl of the wntcr in a Wler '».
conataRtly varyinK troin oim tir iHith nf thi- fdllowiny rausea, vit. r*
the quantity of tho water blown off*, ur the particular extent of~
tipen'iiiK of the foed-valrc ; while tlic effective opcrnliou of tfce?
foed-pumo and ncelect "ftlie blow-off vnlve, involve* the bnminfr,
or an ripltwon of thi* boiler.
M'ilh the ICexc Mrlhyi, there operation! arc set aside: thir»,
blowing off i§ uiuiccesfeory, and thn xupplv to tho boiler beinf^ fir^L.
obtained from it, the transit being ioimediute and the cuinniunvru-
tioo JncApoblo of reetrii-tiou (for if the condensed water was not.
taken off by tho feed pump, the condenser would choke and hccoms
Inoperative), there can be no decriuwe in the level of the water,
otbor thnn that ariniofr from leak* of wnter iind etcam. Further.
th« UBO of frenb wnter in a hoiltr will extend tli« tenn of ita durai-J
tion from three and live year* to aeven nnd nine. '
With n furthor modinention of the fondenor, eitnlilishinir «
more diffuMd current of th^ erAA water, it ih evident that a full
vacuum may be ubtnined, an the practicability of Attaining thia end
by ertemal condensntinn hns lonij since been developed, and »itti
a leKM propiirtidii of riidiiitirig Mirincc than is exposed in the inctni- _
ment referred lo. Kroin the analyxiu however hero given re)pirdin)r M
prtmHiirtiH and te)ii|ierntur«is, it would nppear that a full vjuruum, ■
witb ciirriM|>iindiiig reduction of the* temperature of the feed watei-
!■ not authorised ; and as such departure from the hitherto prac-
tice, furtiisbex tbc tcinnerature necessary to prevent any olnpnoiia
de|Mi»tt upon the surfnce of tho tubes of Ihu vondeniier, praetie»
and utility are in desired hamioiiy. M
A veryefTective and economical element In steam navifration m
ariwa with the operation of thi« new method, from the ab«ence or
scale in the boiler, the presence of which ia unavoidable where salt
water i» iise^ »iid to nvoid the formation ol it na far an prartirAble. ■
other that) a low tempemture nnd correiipd tiding pressure ore pre- I
eluded by the waste of fuel and injury to the uoiler rotife(|iieRL 1
upon the existence of this scale, acting as a new conductor uf ih«
heiiC tn the water — whercna. with the um uf frmh water, higher
pressure!! can be worked and economy of fuel attained in Ui tn-
creoKcd oxpannion of the steam.
Revieoing the fnctii herein pn'^ented, we are of the opinion that
the operation of tlic oppAratua of Cnptiiiti Eriosioi), aa far ns de-
veloped, was eminently lucccMful, and that, with the modlSeatkuLJ
of the condenser suggeatetl, a higher degree uf rnc'iuin eao In»|
readily obtained. In view of the' vcrv great impurianre of the
succeuful introduction of this methoil of condcnsnLton in the mer-
chuit and nuvnl scj-i iLea, ne rei-ommoud In your con %i deration ihr
propriety of ««mlinK the l.fa<iri on n diiitiiul i-rtilftc, fur the pur-
poM of developing the adviuitn^a of the appBTnlus by continuciL
and cxlendod bm.
Xev YoHt, Ott. ^l, 18^7.
ChaHI-ES II. llAaWKLf.
Ensineer-in-Ott^, U. S. V.
&0. &c &c,
1MS.1
THE CIVIL ENCINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOT
»
DECOMPOSING POWER OF 1VATFR.
On ttu ttrrmtpoiiug fMcrr 0/ U'uttr td Hi^ TcwijirroJtrrM. By
Richard TiLr.tiM*.v. (Head before the Anim^utn I'hilowpbical
Societj". rhiUdpljihin. {Frurn the I'roaklin Jintnuit.'}
It hua long bvcn nvtin-d, that pnrtikl <leccini|Kiftitii>ii i» «ft«a
eScetcd in attempting; tu reiiJer uiliydruuii, by lieut, cprtsin Mlta
•blcK require ■ cumpanillvW}' hijcii tciniHniturc ivt the «x|iuleiun
of their untcry crjTtiJlisntwn. Tbi» crfffrt i« in>t limited t» thoso
>iUt* wliich nre cApablc of dccon)|ri>iition by tlip arti«r of beat
•I nn e, b tit extend)) tn inanj whiob, utifn prftnouily ■vii'derrd sn-
hydroui, art entirely iirnffcttcd by tbi« ngrnt, The chloridi* of
BWgtmium uir«rH a ttrtkini; iiialsnce of 6iirh nn af^inn, bein^
almoct «)tir«!y r«duc«d to mo^cMA, with owape of hydrochloric
•etd, «h«n iti «olut>on it ev»por«ted by a ctron^ heut ; the niiliy-
drous chloride, when obtainMl br other piiKvmitrB, ih, on tlie con-
trary, tiiiaff»et«d hy Uia highoat imi.
Even chloHdc of calcium, a nit of much Rlron^r radicid bntr,
haa been oMerved to pre off a portion of acid, when all its water
of cryitaHinition ia drivi^ off hy n nnl hc&t. In thete nnd mnny
Otlier Inftancea, it fte«n)f evident that thp e«rai>iiie vntrr of the
Bit ia the artiiiu deeompoKin)^ ncent, nnd that th<! ini^otity of lU
aeli«n deprndu vol^ly upon thu iIi*gn-« of best which thv wilt rnn
lostaln before civinc it off.
Contact of llio tmlt and wnter, at high tcmjW'rntiin'K, appcarv to
bm th* only rMitiikite of dt'CdiiipoKilinn. It wiu therefoie thought
probable, that by exposing Uie udt, even in ill anhydrouK «talr, to
« high beat, uid panng over it a rurrviit of atmeoua vapour,
raiaed to n Kimilar teiiipvrNture, not only nii^lit the above-mi'ii-
tlaaed ulta h« completely decomposed, but »]m> thtil many uthen
wlitch bare hitherto given nn xurh nigitK of jiartial deconipoution,
mirht he acted upon in a himtUr manner.
On making the experiment, it was fmmd. ihut not only the itn-
bydrouH rhhiridcof nlrintn, hut altn the cbloridet of alrontium
and barium could be rapidly deconiposed hy exfiocing thrm, at a
high red heflt, to a current of (tvoni ; hydrocbioric «cid wan coui-
'Oushr evolreil. nnd eitcatird along vith tin- vxte*ai<i{ steam, while
Ike Maes of the respective Milts were left in a free »t(ilc ; the lime
rrBMuning imhydrnus from thv intcniuty of thv hfjit rnipliiy<-d,
vhile the hur]-i.-t and ntrinitia mnibitied n ith n p*jr(tuu of ni|uet'tut
Tkpour, and were found in a state of hydrates.
Id these haloid m1i», it is to be ohKrrved, that the addition of
the rhinenta of water is ahtiiilul«ly eweiiliiil to the decomjionitioii ;
as neither the hydrojtrn which is contained In the ncio, nor the
oxygen in the ba^r, existed in the anhydrouK soil. The nction Ir,
tLercftirc, the rcvult of 11 duuMe decouiposiliou between the steam
■ad the chkiride, «« well as of tlic&fKnity of th« Uberntcd acid and
haM for water.
The oxyrall^ and the milphntcf of RUignrHn, limr, rlrontis. nnd
baryta, unlike the hnluid Milta juHt nicnlioned, ['nntain, cTen iii the
anhydrous ■tntr, sll the elements gcnemJly considered ueccseary
for the aeparatc rxiNtriicf uf the acid niid hn»cn of which thvy arc
eompowd. The appJiciitiou uf th« ttruittc^at heuta to them; naltn,
eaaw*, however, no libcratioD of their acid ; hut, as with the cMo-
rideH, till* effect is immediately nriiducvd hy Ihu ptwMge of n cur-
rent of ttcam over thcni ut a high tcmperuture, the barjta and
•trontia being left in the atatc of hydrBte», and the other bases atv>
kfitVOM.
T1i« int«nnty of the affinity between the acid and bsM of the
m^ectiv* aalta, is cnriously illustrated by the gradual inoren^e of
Iba beat ne«MMury for their decomponitioii t-y Ute ai^uoouc vapour.
TlHM the salnhate of mnfftiesia gives off its acid to the current
of ateui at a low red hmt, and oonAf^uenlly a Urge onrtion nf tho
•dd maybe condensed in an undet^umpoMCd Htnle I'he nulphate
of lime requires a hij^h red hent fisr its decom position, nnd on this
ue«iunt the gn-nter pnrt of its n<Tid ia rexotved into liulphiirenun
add and oxy|L'eu gas. The decomjiohitton of llie sulphates of
■trontiu anil luirjtn, requires urogretuiiTely higher henlH, nhieh, in
tlie ca«e uf the Itrnt nit, niu^t ho miucd even tu lutv uhiteneM*.
The subphosphate of lime, as it contains an seid much lese vola-
tile than tnilphurir, rombinod uith nn exrem of a powerful bane,
wbleh addi tu iti: 9.ljiihiUty, wiut Neleetitl »« one of the mini dlfli^^ult
tMta of this decomposing power <jf iiqueoux vapour: by a full
«fait« beat, Imwever, it" jib(ii<[ihortc nrid wn.* idimly diM^ngnged.
Thifl phoa|ih»rie .icid gsivo a dhite precipilale itllh nitrate uf
tilver, showing that its liberation and suhbpqueitt rondentuition in
contact with a grciit exreu of aqucouit vn[Mrur, had not prevented
that cbunge whu-h heal i» known to produce upon ihit- aud.
It might he exoecled friim the decomposition of the salts of
baiTta, that the »u]|>liati.-8 luid muriates of potanh uid Mda would
undergo the nme chang* with even greater radlity. _ But it wan
found by Mperiment, that although the decumpowtion of th««
lart aalttt eomnienced with facility, when they were e«|i09cd t<>
El«am at a red heat, yet llie proportioa of alkali thus liberated,
never excvmlt-d a verv unall per centage of the ref idu^il »iilt. how-
ever long the operntion might be ooolained. Attributing this pe-
cidiarity to the volatile nature of the liberated hydralet I'f iKitiah
and hhU ut high temperatures. «ihimin(ea cnpublo of forming non-
rulalile coiuhiH8tion» with the alkaJics were miaeil with their salts,
previounly to auhjecling them to the action of the i-tci'ni ; the
acidB were then found to be completely disengaged with Iweility.
The fact th»t both lime and magnesia, eubstancea cnpuhte of ferru-
iiigchfniii:«l comhiaalions of but tlic mort feeble churaeter with
jHila.ili and soda, were found to pnuluce the above effect, van con-
!iidercd iw confixming, in « great meafcurc, the h>Tiothe»i8 that Ih*
viilatilitv of their liydralee waa the cauic of the apparent dffleully
of ctimpietely decomposing the Wta of these nlknlicf.
The uabpfaoapkates and luhKilicatCM vf lime, baryta, and strnntin.
act in the aame manner aa lime and ntagneun, and in all thrM!
CM«ea the chemical combination ia ao feeble thnt. when cold, the
alkali )■ disengaged by the solvent power* of water alone.
Alumina, which poaaeMes ao much of thp arid character with re-
spect to the strong bageii. is pro port ionably muie efllcient thBii any
of the preceding subxtaneit in aiding the decompot-ititin of the
alkaline Mill*; it remnlns in eembination with the ;dkali, wfieii
cold, as a soluble aluminate; but ■• Mully precipitated from ila
flolutinn hvfl current of cnrbonie nctd gaa.
The ealclnatiou of ynXuah alum leares n mixture «f alnmtita
and sulphate of potash, which Uerthier lina long aince stated tn
be conrvrted into aluminate uf putusJi by the continued action ft
beat alone, the sulphuric acid being eipellt-d from the putitkh by
thesupviiur affinity of the alumina at a high temoerature. By
aareral ciirrful rt-iietitioitM of hia experiment, in which the acci-
dental presence of aijueous vanoura was entirely prevented, no dr-
cinniiofition of thit kind could be effected, even at a white heal. But
hy tlir riintac't uf at(ueouH vnpciiir, produced hy the cumbiiatMa of
the fuel or otherwise, even in tmaH quantity, iind at much lower
temperdturen the decom position ia nijiidly produred. It therefore
HermH pruitable thi>t the lucidentid contact of a<|iieoDs voiKuir woa
the aetufil hut unnoticed cautte of the decompoiition tu ficrtbirr's
eiperiracnl.
The powerful action of iwiueoua vapour upon anhyilroua alum at
a high tempernture. suggested the potMibilily that a similar action
might take place upon ita mineral representative, the double sili-
rute of alumina and potRsh, or common felKimr, It xiU be re-
memhrred that thia wtlt, by the simple tuhtitilution of mlphurie
for tlie nlicic add which it contains, wimtd be converted into an-
hydrous alum. To tlie action of iieat alone, frlh|iar presents this
difference from alum, thut the silicntc of alumiuu it> aa uiLofcctcd
by it an tht- luticnte of (Hitiuh itself; ro that to umduce an tffe<t
uiKin felspar annlogouB to that upon alum, the filicic acid of both
the silicate of nlumina and of the silicnte of potuvli Huuld have to
)>e removed, fiilietr acid, in a /ree ftt^te, having been long kmon
to be etighlly volatile in aigueuua vnpoui at high tcmpcntureti. it
wan thought thnt. in the present caw, it might, like the other acid«,
bediKengngH even fn>ni a ntate of chemical combination, by the
same agents. Steam was therefore pRjiocit »lwwly, for »vme time,
over nntdl fragments of highly -heated feUpar. Beyond uRrti^l
fusion, no other viuible change than a consideniMe degree of ve*j-
culnrity in the Parts moft exposed wns produced. The«e fr»g-
nients, being finely uulveriaed and boiled in water, the concentrated
folutiun «a« strongly ulkaliiie, nnd proved, by the u*unl tent*, to
con<-ist of ttlumin.'itc of potaah.
After outer ceu*e« tu extract aJuroinBte of potash from the
powdered mineral, dilut« eulphoHc acid will |>rodne« from the
reuduo a amnll portion of alum. The actual analogy between
alum and fetiipar, ■ubrtiincesso distinct in their urigin and general
prop«rlie«, yet differing only in the nnture of their re«peetive
■oiaa, la rendered atill more Mriking bv both thus yielding the
mme product, when deprived of their acids by the same agent. It
ia worthy of remark, that, although the uctiiid contact of the
steam In 'thia experiment ia confined to the mere aurfare of the
nnsll fragmenta uf felspar, yet the chemical deeompotiition pro-
duced hy it is ncit eimliued to that i.urfuce, but a]iread!i by a
" cementation aciiun," through their entire mai>« : puherixalion i«,
therrfiire, requinKl to obtain evidence of the inlernnl dmngewh>< h
han been proouoed-
All the experinenta. oo far mnde, would indicate that the fotto*.
■ng wna thpgvneml rule apphcahJe to nil Kaiti>cn|mbleof nstaining
b«it aloue without decom]ioaition: —
^Vfaeoever a salt, from its own elements alone, or by the addi-
tion at tliASo or wntpr, mn pmdnifc n volntlle arid Mtd ■ fixed
hiioc, th« err<1ulion at thia acid anil the libi>ratiiin of thU b«M
the Hult raited t» a hif(li (4Mn|)«ntur«. Wben either tfiv acid Ar
baifi to be Ubarated furtna a combination with vinlrr wluch can re-
nst deC'ainpo§ition br the heot ?m|i!»)'w!, the (cndaiicy to turm micb
'hydmlca nililii much to the (li!4'inn|iMini; power of the aqueoua
m{Kiur. Althouffli pot.-uh and boiU art' nut by tbemaelvfla Siwl
bum St bif^h t«inpenitiirM, ret hy the uw of the tubatucH
before mentioned, they cam form combliutian* whirh are ixtA,
nnit by thlK mesiM their ults come iindiT thi* hImivo rule.
The nctiml nnmber of khII* vtiich hav« im yet beeo nlHeACil to
thU mitilt'iif ilrciiTnitinitiiiii, is iiot very Urge ; yrt, frwm Utetrper-
fe<n Hnnlojry of compoMtinn with mimy olhn^ lliere can be but
little (loiiM nf th>e K^nrral rxteiiHioii of the |irlnri|>)e.
Tlie clibtridi^ iif uniauiuni, •odium bsriuni, arnnliunit and
ralcium. IteiDK all tliiiH decompoMsl, tne brumiilex, iodhlea, nod
Haoridt* of tlw wniK ami till weaker ba«ea, niu«t ivrolmUy act iii
the aaui* nuinoer. The fluoride of nildum, ban. In faci, been
found tn io mi, by experiment, hydruflunric »rid being freely
evnlvnl. In the Niitie in;tnni-r, fniin the dreompnsitiun uf the
sulplialtM, inity be inferred tlwt of the eolciuat«-i ; Iruui tlie sUi-
ratcs, that of the IwrnlFS.
The applicnhility «f thLi iiimple mmie of docompnutton to the
eipUnaliiiii of a (.Tent varietr of ^eoltipcnl chani^en, is too evi-
deat to eaicape the nttentiun or thme cuavrriuuit with that Bcienoe.
In u futiiru paper I hmm tu be able to Rire a more complete ac-
count of Bome iiitereHtini; fact* which have been obserTM in toa-
nection with tlii>snly«ct,Aad 14) verify, by experuneiit, many points
whirh muKt at preaeiit be lefl tn inference and eoajvctiire. In
fact, althouirh the esiatenoe of this law yf dcoonip<wition was m-
ccrtninot in IS4S, yet it hu ualy been within a few month* Ihnt I
tare bwn able W Kiv« muih etteution to its invoiti^tion, which
mudl bt! my cxcuM fur the intperfect aud hurried mauner in which
it is now conunuoicatcd.
PKOCCESXKOS or SQlEimrZO SOOtCTXCS.
INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.
AjrrU 3S. — Xl tbc quarttrly lutclini which look plac* la the t!>««lre of
llie fbilotophital iBiliiultnn, Ilirnii»)tlt4in. llntttmi SrirutMOH, l^l-,
l*rctUIenl,ia lb« Ckair, th* roltnwing pspcn were reiwl : —
CTLlSnEltBOaiNO MACHINE.
" Om /Ae Filllinj-Mp ^ CyU»4*ri /or Iji<omaiivt £'>i;A»M, anJ a i*terip-
tht vf « Staeliiitr/or Btrii^ Ihfm." l>j Mr. C Bsraa.
In tbo abrtticB vf Mr. Hrysr, Mr. ForjiiKciLt dracrlbnl Ibe maobiiie In-
1"><luc«il at Ih* \tn\ mcptinic, but Ihr cnaildtrHi lun uf wliicli wa* nut then
rut^red opun, [S(wy»up*iflt. p. KH.] lUubJect iiluaiuin auoiru^iiilly talbe
niAke, bure, ani} leDertl ilm or olindrra. lu Utal, id Ibo rvrnt n( «n acci'
denl. Ihe; maj bt replaced byaporoimr). Tu accuiuiilisli thi*dintcallt«>h,
tilt macttino aov doHiibed wai taivottA, Tb* dnGri|>iian of lhi« tn*-
cbiae, which woold rrquila diaicniiD* tu tofV*. it iutrllisibia, ii brieaj-
thi* : — Tlia bed upon which it i> pt&ced li Hml of n cnmniun •lide-lallir.
(■ulticiaatly lanj Icj cnrrj n duulile let of drl*iiiK>f(i>ar. and a.dJDiUiuic of the
•ufnclenl I(a*Br»« of lb* boriiiK-i-artliKr. Thr hi)riiiB bur ii luiiiiurlrd Uy
liirrr branns*. the furmcr of wliicb U aUt'ooafJ, ""d firmlj li»cd !» iLir
bid. In rraiit ibe end prfaturo of Ibe cut wbcD boring ; the Uuer at* G(«d
nyva thecarriag*. and lni»»l with it along Ibe borinK bar. TacnuRcthe
boriDs-earrlag* toRioie edittwaf), a train orvbeela <lpi(r«i)c) at tb« back of
the naebine lo e)*e molina to Ihn abaft, and are tranafixird bj meant of a
fralhared warn, in thn worm-whrel and pialuo. bolb of which ntore Inofc
iipoa ■ faal Hod of llic cartUge ; lhi> »aiur aliid Bprvion «« « fulcrum for a
li-rrr, carry IniCi upou Iwu oppoail* prujueiiooa, the iolermadlne pinion*.
Tohuld tUecylmilcn wliiltf buriog. Ibt loji of (he rnrrlaits la formed lalo a
kind of nqiiarc pMUcl, by uitaua uf iwo plalva, plaaed oo Ibe loalde. and
fstttncd L» Ibii lidtt of Ibe bearloKH, and two cn»a-«lrelcbci. Thr>(;
Uiier arc alwiplaurd upon their inner face*, and arc )c«ut«d (o the aide*
■ nd Uipof Ibf IJwrlHK-i^arriaje, and ba«c bolo* bor«d in lh*in vtbva k-
cored iu llicir plmi'". by ineuni of the bcod <•« lh» btr, corr«»pi>iiiij)(t in
diameltrlolb* lurnnd pfojeeljni; rnilB of (be cjlinder to be bored, rhm
irrmogement l» for the purpo»BUf t«cu(ltiK ontfurniity betweto tbc eitcr.
nil aod toirmal anrfacv. »o tbai ilie cjiinder be fairly perforated, nitboul
the daoKcnni* fault of thick and ihiu Bide*.
Mr. Pcrirtaoju. proceeded l" eijiUtu Uwi diajraiM which accompanied
(he paper, and rcmaihed thai, widioii I offering aay enlieiam on tta* mnehlae,
which appeared to him to b« admirable for ila pnrpOH. br wimld ruereJy
dirwl Iba atleolioo of the member* to (lie grent adeaniates which tueb
an lotraliua matt confer on Uimc by wboui tbeae cylindera were need.
Siy, that oue of tbute Id oac iplil— bj thia BMcbiD* Uiey bad Ibe defect
■Dppli*J iiaiofdiatclj.
Mr. M'CoNMEiLalao bon leMlBonj lo the ndvanlaKei of a nnifomllT of
cylinder. An aooldeei ooured lo ooe of ibe eybailtra iu a** oa iLe liiw
with which he wb> ceeaecled. An order waa fottkwitb deapiatcked le
MaiM-bcitir, aod to three day* be bad another, whit fa fillrd eLa«tI; the
plate uceupied by ibe 6r«l.
OS TflK rORMATION 07 TEETH OF DRIVERS OF PIS".Wn8IL8.
The Secretary read a paper, de«cripti>< ef " A Uttkimtfir farm i mf l/n
TttlJi y rrittU:' »j F. BA*iiK>«m, M^., titlow of St Jahn*a CeiUgc,
Cambridge.
The paper was arconpanied by a modal. Referring to Prof. WiUM'i
denionatralion*, ibai Ibe proper (uno for the leeih of »[)ur-wberla It a coai-
pound of ponion* of epicycloid* and h][iocycl(>ida, be remarked tbatae
•elf-a<1ii>S iiiarliinrry had Inod applied In K^'e thiinr ft>rm> of okUI wheal*
whea moiiolcd ou their aiea. The principle of tbc inTcnlion eubBUtted te
lb* liialilulioa wai th« KclUknawD ant, lliat if Ihi? pioi be *uppo*«<l lo be
roalbemaiieal line*, ihe proper furni* of Ibe leelh of tlie driier will be pee-
tioei* of Ihe epicjt'loidi, deacnbed by a poiul io Ibe circumftrence of Ike
pitch ciide of Ibe pin-wheel, wlien c«Bsed lu roll on Ibe pitch circle uf the
dnrcT. The (racer beinj: replaced by a cylindrical culler, ifaU, aa it re-
Toltei on i<e a^iei will fv-nn wilb acci.mc]' tlin iii('r>al l>«twr<a the Iwo
leetb uf Ihe dnivc. Hy lumia^ ihr wlieel t<i bn cut Ihroegb Ihe proper
angle, ih« latarval between the ned two taeib will ba formed, and toee
till Ibe whole be ooaipleted. He pnipoied Ibal lh> pin* tboold be terawd
in two pans ; a sulkd cylinder anrrnunded by a lube of irnu ; and when
ihe toolh of Ibe driver came in caolact with die oulor ca*e of the pin, il
would rc'i^Irt tbruuith a small angle, and thus all obrasiuD of the teeth ef
the drlTcr would bo aioided.
Mr. M't^uKKtii. was unable to see wherein the model befoiw then dir>
freed from the plan now in use. In fact, il was uulbiog mure than the old
eog-eod-dram pUo. I'robably the idea uceumd ki the inreeior wiihoat
any knowlediiB of the exietiug macbinee, and, if eu, he deterred conBca-
datieo for hie Kigeouily.
Mr. CoWPis could net entirely a^ee with Mr. M'Coanell. The leelb,
by this machine, were made by a gtfea malbenkallcal rule. That was ih*
only aetr'arUni machine be had aee^ Ibat struck a real epicycloid.
Mr. FDrTHiaoiLL was unable lo *(e enylhioR in ibe machiae praetically
different lo dioae luDxer in use. I(,b«weicr, the lavcntor was an aawleor,
great credit wa* due Lu him for tlie iaTeclire ability be had dUfJaycdin
Ibe model before tliero.
CIUDDOCK'S IIOILER AND OONDENSEH.
Mr. T. CaaDDocK, of DirmiuKham, read a paper '• Om hk lm p rw*id
Boilrr wut Coniinufr — lAelr SMia&UUt /of Stttmlinii lAe Contitk SraHOmf.
and Prcvmtmg Uiriier EtptaiUmi."
Id lubmllHiig ID Ihe mealing the tnbjrel of ihU paper, II appeera 4a-
Slnlilc tu cell alteiitioii to Ibe nDll-riUhliihrd prucliciil dala, froH wbtcb,
by ttie (Juruiih t;iloni of gciirmtliii; and uaiajt slrncn, aoch ecannmical re-
■ulta bare born oblaiiied. To Ibis end, a ver; brief rcTIRW nf (be rarioiis
laws, or principle*, immed lulely beating npou the lubjcol, scrna to be c>-
«pnliHl for plarjnj^ ihe mailer id tit proper light before the meeting. Foe
tb[> purpiuc, pcrhapi ihe olasslDed mode 1* tbe preferable one.
I. Wn hale lo do with (he laws by nblDb beat ii iraoMnilted frnn
hntler In colder bodies, aod vfcr tirrid. Tliem driuaud in our steau.boilare
and condcDiert an eitcoaiee lurface; and, as far aa other circunistaocce
will allow of, that such surface be conipoied uf ibiu mcUl. It is further
ceeesury, if we wAold producn llie greatest ecooomy in Ihe gvoeralioa of
■leaDi, tbat Ihe heat prmlitocil in Iba furnace be. to a* Rrent an eitenias
piieiible. nbiDrbcc] by [he water; Ibia in t)eil effeelcd by a tnbitiiitionof
the (HBcs ti) a nlniT limughl, and by cnmpletely Kurraundiui; ibe coahusti*
blu nialtur iu (be fumncc by the water io the boiler.
a. Tbe hvclrciilalic lawi re<]<>ire, in order lo render bigh.presBone eleaei
equally safs from evpDoiiiaii a* law<pre<Bure, that we dimioish the *««-
tiivaal area of the Inierior lorfuoe of the boiler, npon wbicb (he )>re*ann
of the steam aols, in (lie *auie ratio as we increase Its piesiure. If we do
ihi*. IhcD ilic lenditi)! force, icDdinii to burM the btiiler, rcniaina the saioe
at whatcicr prcsfurc ihc *(cani be geneialcd.
1. The taw* reUtins to lalctil sad u ..itibln heat, wlien c<iaaitl<red ia
eorablUBtiuD with Urge Tclunei of wuler. and lubjiwled In ihe caaeatties
nltrudiag tbe sleam-euKior, sugKeet* the ilimjniahing Ihn i|uaiit)ly of water
neceaaary tn eienm-buileri, ea far ai {iracbcal drenmalanca will permit, as
one uf (boaurret meaui uf girevDiilin); dcAlructirc boiler esploeians, Tbe .
iiuporUaeo wbiek allBi;lii-* (>j the oui^^ettions these law* preeenl heceeaee '
apparent when we eoniidnr Ihe elTiicts id case of eiploeion, which such •■
aiuunat uf aeuxiblobdal produced, as Ihat oootttued ia tbe large voIudm of
wulrr necesiiialcd in biiilen of lM.borse-pi<wer, fur iiitiaoce, sad of the
■sual consiructiuu, as tbc lensiblebcat contained lu so larite a toIobo ef
water would, ruppH^siag tbe pressure of the ateam te diuiutsh from 401b,
lo 30 lb, pT H'liturr iocb, gcoeraie a roluuic of stcuui. at 10 lb. preasure,
equal to SI»,nO() cubic feeL Here wc bale a cauMt rijtiiTsleot tu the dif-
foslte and dPMrucllve effects eihibileiJ ie cofnitiiin and large boiler explo-
sion*. The boiler lo which Iht* paper refan. redncni' Ibr LUnger from Ihl*
eause nlae-lcolhs, lhuui;b tbe itctm bn geoeraird in it ai a tcmparatare
aod prcasnrc of lOOIh. per aquare inch. In ibis case we find the aeanUe
THE CIVIL ENOINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOORNaU
vMl^fttd in (W wttcr rt^nirrd bj sub bo9rre, wovU ci*e bat
nbtc tttl of ttcan al 30 lb. preMur*. The boiler voder oo«»id«ra-
njullf (aewMful m dtaloiihlng lh« ritlt from eipluiion, ■rUine
kc nMliiiK Minia dae lo the preuure of ibe Mtan—a!!. aa » cum
I wllh ifcc caminua boiler, in nliieh <ra lappoic ibc Xmiu ai oalji
>nw*f«i Um rrndlnit form in >ucb comnwD trailer fs fi.40O lb i nbilai
ubalWiern nilh 100 lb. preHura, (be r«adloK furti aniouali uiil;
ftw^ or but oor-*litb af Uial rI'cd in Ibr iiwlancv 9' lliv cumiuoo
Tli« nml abvinut and urrUin coacluuan la which loch wntl-
ibfd principlpt Ip«(1. cannul fiil tu iliut* bow illitniUDdvil and
illAc muii lie ifae objrcUuus rsiBcd agaiuat hixfa-preHure »lMm,
*ncr«ied !□ lutb buiUrn.
ba Ibhb rrUliag to the «<i>*ns!>* aelkm of ttram pliiDl]' indicatr
M«tan(«ar th« Imo Iff lit. ,c ('ntarrtot Ih* matfnr boforoihe mf fling
tkat of nfflorhif the atmrMphrric pmsurr from tbe exhiusl fid*
piitoa on th( 000 faaml, and. on Ibr (4h«r, rnnlilinit uf (t niak« usa
'preaaure MmnD wlib aarrty ; ■* bjr Ihc rcmoTal of ihs aUnoaphf ra
coodroMac «DKin«*i aa rooDoni ia prvduccd b; ibJS CftOM klOM
B U per Mot. i and, br ioerMiInf tha preaioro of ih« alMM •■ Vba
aMin^at, oan b« oMaln«d a fnithcr Increued ccaaooif apon lb*
I Bf ilMn. Fqaal la 40 per cvol.
Craddock htn ilcacribod, tij Bfani of plaoa, bU boiler and con-
MctsUa diacuMion CDiucd up«a lb* rtadiag uf tbia paper; tbn
al algrctiaDa to Ike r<iiiclii«i»D taid to b* amTed al hftv tlHM«
bf Mr. H'CoNHiLL. It naa B*kcd bj him, if any trial bad been
iMk Ihe (DftiM )■ actual ivork f Mr. Cradikicc replied, that ibe
idaaacd moat propar 10 inbniii to the meettnn nas ibat made U
hIm Vwfta (Snwtkiriok), becattao It miut be fre« from all miph
inl thai to Um aoliheDticiir of Ibo iodicaior Ggorca taJten off iba
wkas Ibera* b« bad do doobt Mr. Cowper nould Mtiif; Ibe Bieet-
^mtPHi Mill, bobadlakto loiae indicator Bgnrei off ibaen^ne, and
iru (bfi) dome Xl^b»fie power— that la, iodicalor borae-powar ; tlia
Kf tticD took I l^orae power to iroik it.
U'C-VMHUI. Ibcii Taiacd •» objccliun, ibat ihe cDfioe nai not Ualtd
■ alb«r enj^ities workiog at Ibe LioaJcu U orka.
ClUDDocx replied, that he had al<»kj« eipieu^d a triab that it
bo to teated, but the Grin out iuiimuilDtc iia aiaeui, it hbi aai for
T. C.) lo miiiE ajiua anjUiiDg of Ibe kinil.
Stcphexkin, Mr. M'Cok hell, end tir. ButKitiaid, that the test of
S water, or irameaiiicb w<irk, i>$ta tlie bcaltnl of piiner.
RAMwcx replied, Ibal ha was a lillln tiirpnKd tliat Mr. Bar kle,
r«MaWin of aa aAclent and enlnenl Brm, stinold object lo tba in-
W a tktf (ast of (be power «f the enicloe, wb«ii tl wat well known
I isdicatar waa iba lustniaient need bj tbetn to leil tba power of
rs rasliws.
IS vs«td by Mr. Cb«mpt'>h, that Ibe only aJTknteKei the doabla-
rvogine pD«t**aed orer tlt« iloKle nun m*> Krealrr tlradioRM of
\ bm (Ills did uotoonpeMiatfl for ibn Iom uI [inwcr. Mbiih, he coo-
, VOM tram lb« aaaof IwocjIiudTc, in Ilip *Lt'iiia paiainn froni Iii>a
no M Ifae Otber. Some lime ajto, he Iml mado loaie elaboraic ex-
it! np4« ItiAt eery labject, and bis coDcluaiuna lbeD,were, ihal the
ovDIcd to II per cent.
C^kaOPOCK replied lo 5lr. C'nmpion, by H>1nilltias a Ims in Ibe ax-
, wbteb look place between ilie imo pliloni ; but. In lb* anall
baAft Ibe meeiiag, it wai oliiiiiut tl>«< tbi* wiit reduced to ibe
t poMibla aniDunt : he further called Mr. Craniiit<iu'* aiieiitinn lo
It Irregularil)' of niuUua ibat would rcault bj cufrjiiiii ilit exp«D-
■Bcipic lo a ytrat eateut into oue cylinder. Mr. C<«<lilo<k bere
I to *a ■ipi-iinicDt made on the prwioua evooing wkh the small
before Ihe nieetiiig ; II was (earr^ty npen»nry for tuiii lo remind the
;,lbal In enttHRll ao enitinr, nhpofirii ■LiaieiJ, Ihe friction was cob,
l«; yet it had worked up to ila i^i-crtJ,. nilti the Bir Jtu cut uiT at
>f Ihe eiruke.
CaaNrros i*p[ied, that ibe alenni would lu*« ail tta power before
log l9 Slack ail cilEol.
[^KADBOCK said, if Mr. Oranplan would faenur him with a oatl at
rks, be wvolil iliuw him (lie fsL-l et)ieriuieiitally, lie wlslied for-
ntDiad the metliag that, fnim his ana eiprrlaientSi hv was COO*
Ikai, by silniiiiiii^ hi^b-prcMiure sieaa direst ftwa Ibe bellar lalo
lodrr, much irt it itas coudeased by the coinparaIi<*ly cold metal
I c] Under ; anil that the water fSMhing Iherefroin, ttelnn m oonlael
sa i»eial of the rylioilrr, did, when placed in cciiainuoicaliaa
• coadeoeer, agaia HMumn the form of itesiu, thetvby useleMi) oar-
ineb beat from the boiler In the lotiileaMri, without piiiducluic me-
1 etfed. But as he bnJ statrd liia *■««* upuo rhia rulji'cl clue'
Md as il Bay appeir to the oieellni; a somewhst ab^truie nubjecl,
B bypMbetleal an«, he would oot ireipsM upon the meeting by any
raaiufcsiipooii.
M'C'oKViiA said, thslhc was somewbat snrjiiised that allor tbe
it llise nhlch Mr, Craddotk hnd dciuted to the subJFCt under dis-
b« bad oot arrirrd at some mnie accurate dnta, anil hud nut ivade
miad as to Ibe real oapahlllly and (omparauve adiaolsBes ofliia
CsAimocic replkd, Ibst allhoogh bo had ecrtalaly derotrd much
tbe praciicai cooslderatiun of Ibe subjent, he bad not diiecUy
inth accutale d«U as would Jaili^ him in stating deGoilely the
ooaparatiTe merits ns (o economy of coats in (tic seneraliim of t sivm
weigbl of sleam ; bet, uevTrtbclcM, if Mr. M'Ckionell would fato«r hint
witb a call at the U'oriis, ha ImiI no dnabt be should bo able (o sLow him
he had nut been Idle, but be bad been driviu; after greait points, kuuwing
full Well ibal on ibese dvpeodrdtbe ccoouiuy.
Hr. M'CoHHtiL said, iballl appeared lublmlbatlhe coadeiucr was most
eatuable for marine pitrpoans.
Mr. CaAt>liuci: rrplicd, (bat il> advaalanes fur ancb purpose may he
stated ill a few wordi, si the eondina^r would ensure water, fnt from de<
p(«ii, for Ibe use ol the builer. ilFrrlij leudcring lubular hollers prarlira-
ble, Ibey nmUiitg as la p;L-nernlc bi|;ti-pr«saiB sttani with safely ; and
(has, by eBrryJDg out Ike etpauBiro piiuciple, nitli other fiODseqgcal nd-
tanUgvi, • saving of £3,M0,D0O slerliug per aauuu anay be tlTetled in
our stnam nsv;.
Mr. J«CKto» pmpwed, lltsi In order lo lest tbe relalJte talue of t>>i>
sio|cl« noddooblccylmdricogioe, and set that question at real— al kaxi
sohraa Ibat Socsety waac<incem<d^Mr. Cramploo tie re4iueile>l topi*-
pare a paper and diagrsou osi tbe tubjeoi, to be Isiid bcfura ibc airml«rs ot
a sabsfQUeeil iiH<4i«g.
Mr. C'RADnucK sugseslod, that a li>ar« conelusite lest would be Ihst of
an eoKlae hailuK two uylindera, one of which cuolil lie rpudily ihiuwn out
of action : its being connected with iba aa»e boiler, eipandios tbe s^eutii
to the same esteai, sad psrfonniug the iwae week — the iteam and coal lu-
q«ired,iii both cases, bcUif accurately wclgbed — would gite Ibe bubI
satisfactory solutioa.
The frquest lo Mr. Craaiplfla beiog carried naanlmoasly, he (.Mr.
Cradduck) conseiilad lo couply wiib saca rwqaest.
HTDRAUMC STAHTrSG APPAnATIIS.
Mr. FoTBiaoiLL read a papa r, dNcriplire <>( " J Hy4rtnlie jipparjtut,
/br Vonnteltaf Utaty MaeMnery. aitd IHtenjej/inf Ik* waim*/rom th» Pnm*
tU»rr, n/itou/ /iratAietHp ftoie Sudiien Sioeki leiick fkt fUt </ Ordtnarjf
CtuStJit oecatUm." liy Mr. JaccsoM.
Alevd pinion is supposed lo be coaneelcd with the <a|iAS, or olbsrprtqia
(Bortr, aud gears into s beni «ht«l, to *hi<b it cast a rim, wbich is tisrued
internallr- The wheel luriu loose upon S shaft, being lioed With • brass
bush : Ihe shaft, howeter, is provided wiib four projeetioni, iliroagh nich of
which e bole is hoted^ lie centre lines of theae botes lying in one boiiiaatal
pis tie, and luerllng in one coniioon ccuiral cJtbDbcr. In tbcie boles (iiuT
laius, obieh stc respectively cast of oue ptsce, with blochsi are fittedi the
blocks being lined witb copper, sad turueu, so as lo &i the inlernsl sutface
d( Ibe riiD. Supposing that llis uiaoUiaery, wLii«ti li aisuiutil to be con>
nected with the shaft, required lo l>e ttarted, hydrsalia prctsur* is applied
lo the under rams, by pretilog the ram which is in the ihsfi down upon a
eolamn of nalei, also (ontained tu Ihe shift sJid the tviuuiun ceoirst cham*
ber, by mmns of a flj-wbesl, which, itiih tu not aiiil a acieai, loiais ona
plt-cc niih Iho riiD—lbia ram. the out, sod tcrrn, litmg E'ii''<^d >■■>) tnp<
porieit by a 'irsss bos, which it serened islo the i.,i|icr cod of tl,c shsft. It
i) STiileiit, ibst on Ibe rsm In th< slisft being ibut protscd do«n, the under
rams will grsdiislly and siiBultsncousiy press Ike segments against the ialer-
asl surUee of the lira, wtth a pooer propotUonsteta the fofoa tppllsd 41 the
drcumlerence of the Df -ubeel, sQiil Ihe fncDoa produoeil I9 sucb praMura
sballhe equil tu Ihe leiisiance of Ibe maebina la be set la moUtHi. Tba
muhint will, tbcrtforc, gtailunlly tsiuiuc ibe relodiy, which, icconling to
the speed of the diiiiiiK-stisIt, 1I ought to have i at the isiqd time, that soy
citraordinarj momcuUty resiiUuce, luch ai might bo suppused to occur
DCcasiooall; in lulliuM-iulUt, or oibcr machinery of a similar uituro, inslcsd
of cauiing the ulieel to break, will have a tcudeocy to loake Ihe rim to slip
CD Ihe scgnssnt unlit the obsuwla bs removed, or ovcrcomo. In order, liu«'
ever, that V» great s pressure may not be applied to tbe lowsr rtnit, iha
upper one and the sere* tie perfMslcd wlih a imtll opening, the citretnily
of uliicb is closed by a tniTCi acted upun by a spiral tpriiig, euuated la ibc
brsu hot — 10 tbst if, al any UliiCi the prcsiuie ciciied aiiun tbe riius
should ciceed ttist to whicb ttie spring is reguUlcd, the nsUr wmitd lift tbe
vb1>«. sad escape through iL into the boE, adiI through an opening in the lid
of Ibn Utter iiiio tbe stiDospberc, nntil Ibe btlaace of the preasotc was agtta
eiUiblishsd.
Ut. .M'CoHwat.L wished to know, whetliei there was stiy olbarineana
tbsn tliai supplied by the ssfcij-valic, if be might so call it, nhcreliy tba
msiimum of pressure could be asccrCiIocd.
Mr. FoTBinoiLt trmarked tliat. in fact, the tuschina wts s se1f*BCtin|
regulstor. A certain atnouol of ictistancc wss icqaircd to mske tbe rams
work, and whenever the icslstsace bccstac ton gieati the spring and tbe
xslvc carried olT tbe superfluous power, — II ws> leeoUsd ht sercial of tbe
meinbcr*, that \'a cone teecnsd tu antwer eiery purpose wbich Ikis luachine
was intended f'^r; but It sras srgusd by Mr, fotbefglU. ihit Mr. Jsckson's
mschine removed the gresleti objeettou tu the use ol the cone — vl2., tbe
bachwsrd preiiurc. Uy the prcient iiiTculiun, Itic pressure au coofined
ahogatticr to the direction in nhiL'h it was vsnied. Scsetsl olhei inetnbers
expressed themielres highly pleased with Ihe madiinc ; and afler a sole of
Ibsnks had been passed lo Mr. Jacktou, il was resulved lo piinl the com-
tnaukation, sud lithogrspb Ihe diagrsni, for tba use o( the mesnbet*,
PATENT SAFETY BUFFUR.
A paper wu ntA ■ Oa «■ iMppowrf yctml S^tf Bufffr,^ 8f Ur.
CMUIRtBK.
Mr. OrcKi.1, in ialrodudni Ur. Cbwhlre'i iBienttan to Uic ii*tkc oTllit
rnwting, toolc gcCMiOB lo Mpreit tut Mtitfactloo aflk itM prindpU «f tbc
rn««hU«, which, vlthtbeipiral txc^of ih« woilhf pieaidsot, wooU, b« lk<
BMHOfuTlnf miTtr llTdi on mlirar*- In a fom«r notiM «f tba priicMd-
lap of tlM InMiiiiiinn, w« liive bfledy Jfwribcd (he principle of iha itivcn-
liOD. (SMy«iinu/.JBnel8'l7,p. 190.] Uii t>ropo«M] thiteaFlirailiraf nrriiga
(boald Im lUppliMl Willi a Ktodi movn'ile rod of Iton, lalid or olberwiae.u
MislH be i}raiae(l aitriulile, tapparted in tba centre of tli« anilcr (tanxvatk
bf Miriag (ockfii. TMi rod ii mcrrl; t9 have an " codwxj" aiotioD, and
I* In bl« a htad at «(c1i t-nii, ikniUr lo tb« pru^nt ih]« b«(fti*, altbo<l|b it
U MIt inUndfd that th<se hi-i>li ihouM %e\ tftiimt each nther, Meept In
raw or eoliition. Wbcn ibe carriagpt ai* icrmved u|> into their ofdtnarj
tnfiBiai (taU, ibare vrill b« ■ apac* baKrwn tha a«f«(j buffer* of leme fear
tnetwa, vbich •latilrl permit the Indrpniilrnt action of Ibe itdt Iniffien. Tbla
aafMjr batfer woald be flamd in the " van" at iho end af ilia train, aad alto
in tbf lender In Ironi^-aa that il cannoi bare an endwaf nntlea, [anbc
than MBf ftlfJ agiintt ttrongellipllril iprinp *i!l admit of. if tuch t|)ring«
ahnnU be MaddeiM adtiubl». Ii «At iltown, !>r expenmenu on a anall
■adei nllmy, that the eff«etof tbi* cociilDDoai t-aflfM «aicia«il;iha( vhleb
ill inrentor eUinifd for il. A Inta of carriagta mpplied with Ibe mdi «■«
hrougfat into cotlinon with an ordinary train ; and while the farmer was tin-
bvrt, irlUi the eteetitinn of the tut carriage, which had broken (mm iia
cmiplinif, the other wai threwd bto the utcDOet coofiitloii. Tbc irhale
Ivree of tbn etaock, Id lo far a* the C^iciitr train wai concerned, teemed ig be
conemd t«, and aiient en, the 1a>l carriage, which tbeiartalor propiMe*
thMM be mied with {^Jwdi or lnggig«.
C»a*idrritiU dUeut*i»ii fotliiwed the reading of the paper ami the eiperU
Ricnt. The chief olijectiuni were — that the aUeoce of all umfarmity in the
aiie and make of carriigei would, even If the principle wai loond, make the
lat«ntian practically uieleii. Then, again, the fniee of the thaek oT a onlli.
aion eonld onljt be convejred tbroughnut (be length of the hufler and to the
lait carriaye, whtn ihe t/aia wa« on a iinigfat line. If, for eumple, ii wa*
on ■ ennw that the oollliloi) took place tbc ccntie carriage*, or the one
whan the bend wai greatart, frnuld receive the force of (lie abvck, and the
timeof tkenecupant* of the carriige be tociitlced. Mr. U'Cannell waa tbe
Mtoeipal inppnrter of ttiU olijeetian. It wu, martattt, argued b; Ur.
niMiwiiUiini and nthera, that the apptlcatioa el the invention would be a
pmrtkal 4lM4*aategc. aiMpt in one cun— nimel;, at a itrenglticner of
I be bouons of the carriage^ Bv the preient *ide hulTeri, the furee of a thoc:k
wa* diatrihiited OTer Ihe wbnlc train — ihe TirsL feetin;g lh> grtitctt nuiount
b( farre — and llieiicc It tentiblii dimtniihcd, until the |iaiierii;crs in the cen-
tre, or ike calieoiityof the Ifaia, anr«elj leJt it at all. Nov, makiog the
aheck elmitltentcua thMVgbeat tba wbole tiain, a* it wa* prapoted to da,
vonld hare (ho lane effeet ea tha paaaanRort ai if tbe train had run ageintt
a riead wall. Tbe^ would he thrown Into each ottiar'a faaaa in every carriage
in Ihe (rain. Uetidea, if the train wai tun ldIo, the taglaa and tender, and
the men upun iliat, would be aaciillceit.
&lr. Caasaiifni replied, (bat. with reipeel la Ihe indupoaitioa of railway
eompanie* to go to Die trouble and eipente nf applying the mTnntioo, be
ihooiht that the live* of Ibe public wa* the flnl grrat onQitrinriiinn : and
utt capcnte and no trouble thould be allowed to operate agiliiit any inren-
lioa ihal promltcd lo reduco the number of caioaltlea. At f^r the principle
•f tbe intention, he wa* 'ooviDced that it «■« perftolly louad. Ac«id*nta
*Ald»ia took plaiee in eurret) there the enginemen were elwayi on (be look
i-ut. Tbe foroe of a oollition muit be ipent lomewhere ; and be could not
undrriiaud haw it could bean objection to hli invention, that he carried it
off frum Ihe (ariiagei where iliniage lu life would be dune, and coiicenlf i(ed
il where nnihing of ihc sari nu lo lie ipprtheiidcJ. tie na* ooorinced that,
if the intlilulian would rrcommtoil lome of ihe railway oonipanict to adopt
Ihe inTcMtioo, it would be found to at^t Divtt henrticially.
Ader «ame furthrt lemarka hy Mr. Wright, Mr. Pcacnch, Mr. CramptOD,
Ur, Cowper, Mr, PutbergUI, and othen, Mr. M'ConncIl lecommcndod that
Ihe oonaidcraiioD of tbe tu'vect abould be handed orcr to the cueaciU who
would ditcitit tbe merit* of tbe iaveution. with llr. Cbeaabire, which waa
igniod to.
BANKS'S PATENT STEEL TTRES.
Mr. ParitKKGiLL read the fcJUiwing paper i — " Tki tiattmtml ^/iteit rt-
ta'iee fo Mr. TiiOM«a llAXita'a Paltt/ Plun <ff S/t*iiiiff lAt Tyre* nf JUii-
■My mettt, U Ihe r4ntU e/ neirif Fire Ytart' Trial, and iAmm (Ae CW
»id DmaMIUf tit SlojfaTdiMcrt Tyret, SleeUit m hit Plan, oa nm^trntd with
iMm Uutr Tyr*i."
The prcaeat coal of Low Moor lyret, for 3-fact whatU, wUt b< —
s a. a.
rviiripeiflricwt.a*ch~l3<wt..ail>a. M 4 o
_ I'wmneoBthHTfMnwitjt'TiMt* * a O
Tetal eoei
«vi a a
SapfxiH thete tym t« ran MtOOO nllr* on an arenife — thai i* Sfl.HC
oilca at * coal «t tiL 4e.— i>ie preaent com of SiaffoeiUUre tyica will bfr—
Knr (yreeeOevt-eaeb— Itcwt-.ai It*. Jl A %
rmtaaiewtaaiyniieMtnw work • a •
tHnlferiMFUaaanMt— l|iirt..*t4W. SI*
Han't vier*, (in inrnlDf crooen I* tbe wbaalB . . 10 ■
HMith'i «■«<■. tnrlnatrani tfaaitMl .. .. Ola a
H>.Ti') n(«, Afc lundni upiAfrtleenaa ■ 1* t
Mfa'*w«M.(oidnilln(aadri*e(i[ii| tit
Taial CMt <M 4 «
Thcae tyree are proeed lo ma before ateelinv IR.OOO milei, and (fttt
tlcetlag lOO.ftOO milci— miklni a t«ul work of Ittl.OOO milee. at a OMi of
Va. Aa. id. Now, lubtnctiag i'0.000 oiilet— Ibi: work of Uiw M nor lyre*—
froo) llU.OOa— the work uf Slaffordtliire lyre* dorled— we tiai-c C9.44S
mllee which the latter will run more than the former, and at a eoei of
3'>i. Git. per let let*. From Ihe above aiatement, we lee (he eoct of Low
Muor tyree. per 1,000 mile*, it Si. lOid.: wbiltt Ihe eoM of StaffonUkir*
tjrrae, *laeted. I* only .1r. ft^if. per l,i>ai> rn>tet. The tnith of tbit •IMea**al
ia proved by a test of nearly Are yean*tnal,on tboee lieet on whtcb Ike
plan baa beea noit oaed. We are aware tliat railwaya did not all weu oni
ihc tyvta atlhas bat on th'>te llaei where the iron lyre* will run ntore than
■te(«d aSoee, tbe tteeled tyrnt will lun cnora In proyortipn, and tbe plao il
attended wilh no daugei whatever.
.Vofe. — Tbe aboTe italement ahowi only the adtaotage ut atoelinf tk*
lyre* onot, but we h«Te tteelad maay a teeond lime, after they haeo ran the
ahore diataoce. The aaeie trrea may he iteelcd a teMiid lime at a eoal af
ik per tet. when they will nin 100.000 mile* more— nakiag a total *f
218.000. at aooMof 25f. 4*. fid., or 2*. tif.per 1.000 ni'ia*. The adiantap
of ateeling * aecond time i* aecurrd by taking tbe tyre* in time, while ttiey
haT« iht requiiiictlrrngthfor ttecling the Arte time. Tbe gtnetal ubjteiion
agalMl the plan it. that there wilt he a deal of trouble to carry H out t bat
IhU obieelion, if proficrly eianiined, will be feund to be wilboul faaadttlo*.
When Ihe wheeta want turning up, th«y mutl be taken from under Ibe CV-
riage, or wagon : and, when taken from under, tbe eotting of tha BraoTN
in the tyre* for the iteel will not eoel more than Sr per pair in maa't waget :
and. when tlie grooTet are lucnrd. ana tmith and three ttrikee will Inaeit
itiuil aegmcDl* with 10 pair* of .1-fect wheel* in one diy tA 10 houn i ifier
which, turning up the iteelcd wheel* will take TCry little mare lime than
turning up wititaul iiccling, wliich provea that Ihe trouble will not He H
great a* aofiie people iuiajiiiR, and nolhing, wlico the duribiliiy and Ufiai
which I* tiftauA II caniidered, by the tyrei being Heeled on thia plan.
Tbe paiwr wa* ac«oiiipanlcd by a letter from Mr. Jenkiui, of the UaB-
ehroler and Leedi Railway, highly eoiutnemJatory of the atecl tyrea.
Mr. PaAcocK remarked, ihtt ha hail trieil the wbreli ttetlcd by Mr,
Banki'* prooeu, and (he reault waa, Ihat wberea* be wu fornerly obU^tO
refutir the whrnla of Ihe tender* erery Four month*, thoae with ileal trft*
did not require repair ofl^ner than once in 12 mnntb*. Ha had Dot fall*
lealed their wearing luilitie*. but he had no doubt that they woold be found
to be moil economical aa well u uaeful.-^avaral other of tbe menbm
tjKike la high terma of tbe ratae of thii pateai.
nOYAL SCOTTISH SOCIETY OP ARTS.
April^A. — Jonir UunM MuaDOOii. Ku].. F.B.S.E., V.P., la the Chair.
The foil-owing communicalioat were read : —
1. "On /Ae eeJue tf Gaiee /nia diffftntt Coal*, a»dt\* prit* tf LifU
in difftml plaett; alto a new madt o/ tatimallia the CuafUf^fiiin ^
Gaift. Vc and qf nlimaling lUummalni^ Powtr. By Awuaaw fvra,
M.U.. F,B.S.E.
The (i<t( part of tliit pap'r referred to the iUaminating power and dara-
bility ef gaie* obtaieed from Kngliah taking eoal, from Engliah parrai ooal,
and from Scolliili parrot coal, wilU which gate* tbe town* in Gogkad
and Sccitknid are luppUed, and conaeqnently to the ralue of theae ga*ea fsr
alToidinB light. Taking the illuinlnaiing power, and the duraliiUly, and
conaequently alio tbe 'bIuci of llie pt% ((oni Bugliab cakinv; coal, with which
Newcaatle and many oilier iownt in EiigliDd arc tupplicil. as the unit of
COnipiiitoii, Dr. Pyfc italml, that lia (uuticl the illuuitiialing power of tba
g*) Irom the lingUih parrot cnal, each ai that fieni Yarkihirc tnJ Laacaahif^
to be, on an aieivge of numerou* triala, 1-73, Ihe dnrabihty to be ri2, aad
heaee the talue, bulk for bulk, m V%i. The aalue of gai fmm the lUfliml
kinda of Scoiliab parrot coal varie* conildcrably, according (o the place froai
which the cuDl ia ubtaincd; but, at in the larger town* in Seodaad, a nil*
tore of cosU of different iiuahty ii cuipIoycJ, Ihe gai in Ihean lowoa ia gMfr
rally ^cry nrnrly of the wnt quatitj. Taking Ihc arerago of all Iha Ifllfa
made at Edinburgh, lilntgoH'. Ureenock, Uund«e, and Aberdeen, the {llvBk
nating power wa* found lo be 3-33, Ihe durability, Mi8 : ihui making tha
Talue rety nearly A, cnmpareJ with tbe Engtitb caking coal gaa aa 1, and
Z! to the Engliah parrot coal gai at 1 ; in other word*, to light an apart-
mant to the aarae rxlent. and for the aamc lime, bi aiatilar inelhndi of coa*
iumptjon, the quantity of km from ScoUiih parrot cual requiied, being aa li
Ihe (jointiiy uf gai (rum K:ikI9>Ii jiairul coat woold tie lucre ibin aMWe,
and Uiat (ton Engliah caking c«al woold ba >*e line* u great. Dr. ^rh
THE CIVIL KNGINECR AND ARCHITECXS JOURNAL.
IW
On tilaikd In Uie itfiit at thtt« AiHentii Lind* of eoil (or tffardiBit fu,
ni r^H*qum<); far 11(0*111111 light hj tli« mtmbuiiion of their {tun. Jn
■enUlDlDg thi*, lk« qujntit; of gM Riini nil from th* cvi»li 11 iikfa into
MMMt, kkmf with ihc tiIus of the ^nn ihFiiiidfM Tor iffOnllni lt|hi. In
■Ul vij he hu filnl the nlM of Ihemali » fallaws :— Kngliah MMn|ai*[
Ung 1 ; tbat of the Knglith partat coat ii on an *irraj{c 23 : and thit of
Oit ailtBrc of S«olli)b pitrot e<>il, u utcd in ditTettrit Iowa*, at C.
Ift tli« M(«ad pa't o( the pkpcr. Dr. KtCii aUuilr>I tu lli« meibaiU of &n<'lin;
k* inlne «f MmI gM, for Ih* porpoi* o( illummalirin. anJ nore parliciilart;
D > »•« ntiMlc of de<(rminln| irii? diiriliilit* ; in other tvurdi, Ihn time rt-
■irMi tot eonantinf a cf iiun vduma nf ^ai, ind wnHqarDilr the con>
inii{il in flT«D tlmri, >nd ti* hmsiii ornliieli, alio, ihi'tpeoiflc jravlljr of Iba
eonli) bp BKcrtaiofri. Frum nuiiicrmii ri[jcriiiienti vliich he liail per>
iriDBd. hr hail come to tlie coiidusinn, that wlitti coal gtta aie hnmcd
am tha UIbc iMmcr. with ttir lamr ImiKtii nf Anm't Ihc coniampt U a*
■e aqnar* nola ot tlt« prct»iirc acvrtri'y l« kcrp iigt llic coiubuitinn, at tbc
ifth of flanie fixed on i atid (bat, runtriiikrnllt, ItiQ lltuc Jtqaifd tai ths
i»i>tBpt of »^aal lahmin la int»tMl)' t> lh» iqntte rooUftftlie pr«»iiire
• had aUn come lo the eoaeluiina. that tbr darabilil*. in other worili the
[n« fVqultnl for th« Mintaiil|il. d*pp|iit« on thr ■ptciA? ^ranly, anil thai Iha
tac law ia appllfaMa; conaMinsnity. ib« ipecrlle ffaiitj' bring linnua, the
aanpt fan be ilriernlncd 1 ai llie caniumpt being detrriuinEd. by the
Muv. thr apeciric grtritr can tie asnniiiiFit, (hs rule hrinj;, the specific
-■rit^ U IntertrU u the atiittre roqU of tlin pn^Muic*. ncccsMrv la hfcp
IT |«IM bnrnaf , fr^si timilar huinert, at lli« aainc litight of dami. Dr.
^fe itatcd. thai he b*il |><>i ihne diiTeient rule* In (he let-l of expcrimeat,
ilh gjMea which he had prepared from (lilTcietiC ro alt, and alM wllli the
• Cftond in diRerent tawni, itnti he eihlhitect numeraua tablM, ihoirin;
le lerjr rlM» comapondanM lMt«t«n tha r«iuiu obUlntd nparlmcniallf ,
id by mlculatlon. II« then exhibited an Inurnment bjr nhJL-h Ills dura-
tttj aBd apeciCc gtavilr, could by the niiet >uit4, be dcimnineiL It con>
■b •(*}<( bMmer, of tbe 40tlt of an inch in diiinrtcr, to ittiich ii adapted
MnileCar aMWorlng the hei|[ht of danit, and t picwurc tiu]c (or aiccr-
Ifa'ni the ptctauic uidrr wiiicli ilir ^ti ii bufnlng. at the ttntiili of Kinio
feed an. In tl^n pcrtauie jtngt it fillrd a ftadiiaicd icale, «ill> * hurner,
J «h>ch thr preiiura can be md «0, la -f^lb «( an iuclu Maag irilh
fail a tahla wai fiircn, »)iowing the cun>nni|i( of |atei In a (;ivrn liruo — ilio
iae rc%Btred for the rontcnipt of tqiial(|u»iiiliiei, and the ipectAo |Tarillei,
iMOfAns I* tlie pretinret Indinted by the ^tuft. In the table the prea-
iBKinnv*' f""" -^ihi ta fif^ihi of an inch, wbioh ernbrani atllbe pret-
■Utt DMr lA Dccnr witli the jet hutnir italeil.
_pi Tjte, In (<ODclu*ion, allurled ta a t*l>'>'>"^><i^r, viliicb. to far ai lie trni
hvt, i* vBt avllccd la luy publicaliuii, a't<l nliicii, lie bclieied, was the
BtMlan of PrvfeaiOT Bunaen. It cnn^iiti of a paper icreeo bcimeaied
MA a aalotioD of tpemMMli in oil of naplitba, ticcpting at a part around
tke oaBlrei A candle placird behind thm Inntmili light in audi wiv ai In
make the pail nncovcred railly obii-rvril. but when another li^ht h placed in
froM etf the acreee, at a certain iljiiaiice, ai^r^aidln; to the inleniiiy of llie
IfbC Ifc* apol (liaappeata, and the paper brcumci uMfarialj of the tame ip-
fttiueft. !■ winf Olhrr lighli, tlm •Ilnxuc« il whi<:h ibr uniforniilj r>n
the iorfMeariheacrecalt occationtd, JrpemliOTi the iiiienill; of the lii^liii
■ad thv*. according ta tlie usual law, IUe illuminating power of dllTereiit
ligblt la deienniiicd by (he aquarc of llir dttUncci at nliicli tlicr are liliMlerl
tmm tb« acreca. Dr. fjh itated that he bad |<iiC thJi rueihod to the t<at of
nptrianml, aad found il exiremrly arrursir, aTid miich more caady managed
than the aliadnw teal. HcethiblUfI the tereen mconneoiion with tlie pm.
nn fMgl bvmera. already dricribcd, )iy ihr- uie of nhiuh. the illuininaimg
fmw, tbe dura'iilily. and the tprcilis grant; of mil gasrt ore rcr* (raiily
■Bd^atctly drlcrmiorid; and hence (he iat>ie of an initriimriit of ibii kind
lolbMC tratclhnic from place (0 pljicr, utilli the virw ot nsccitaining Ihe
nine of esal gaa In difTMenl towna i and n( aiceitaitiinE ibc talue uf dJF-
lircnl klii4a of coal (or affordiug git, and conieitutnily for aflarding liglK by
tbe coaabsalioQ of Ibcir gaica.
£. " 0»ll^ CtmyotiU E'i^tt, or ux tUmtnl in f A# tu€/ut ani mttamntal
mi»r-^*^ '** r»c»»rf 0/ a ttrkt qf thorl fptrt iip«« lh» Uarmvmy ^
rtrm.- By Mr. D.R. Hay.
Ur. IfkY laid Uiai the paper and iltntlrailons be nuir hToiiEht ticrore the
Society would ibow Ihal lb* caiii|>oiilt ellipse, a* he dDacrl)>cd and arnoigcU
UtWaa aa important clemetit in the uie(«l End oinamcntal arU. lie Ibea
Mfhined (be relalian which hia corapoule ellipie bars to the circle, and to
tW rtfaUr cllipM ; alta hi* nio.ie «t 'IrjrniiiMiji it, wiib an analytii of lit
WpltlfaWi. For thii purpoie be »liihilrd iii large diagraina. He tlien
VfM OB 10 itiow ibii 111 beamy eunuiird in llie tnntt; of ill parii being in
■■ ifBal ratiu (o their unifoimiiy ; and ihal 11 »at to re|iuUt« and clauify
Uw nrioBt dctclotuncnta nf tint tancly, that he had in bis work on " firtt
Prlodplea of Symmetrical Iteauijr," lUniriril a teriet of forty-tiro of ihHe
llgwea, by an application of the lawt of numerical ratio.
Mr. flay (ben ttalcd that lie had trouRht the lanie auhjecl before Iht
Society ahoat thrtc y«aia ago, u cakulaUd to improve the practice of
nh*u* act*) and thai ai il bure up'in thp hiinihlcl pradaciiona of the
potteKa art, (he neolunic and the cottager might linve, wiiboiii addidbnat
Mtt. booMbold atcntili of forini ai bcauliful aa the flaul ipecimeos of the
haadqiw.
Hf. Hay then obiereed thil it hut Juely been alattd la tbc Society Ihat
Mi eompoule cUlptc bad not notcUy to tccomncBd it, but had long been
famlXar to erery one who had gireti any attention to l>iC anbjtcti and Ullt
Nieholioti'a •• Diclionary of Architeclu'c" had been referred to tn eorrohora*
lion of thit ItaKment. Mr. Ilay.howevpr, ttaird that neither tbe c«(apo(lt«
eltipw, hit mtUiod of draeribing It, nor ita applieatioa to (he drawiitg of
■aiea.w«tpabljthp<linNkhiilt«n'fI]ieli>noryof ArehileM'ure,"0T«]Kwbfre,
brfnre br rihiblted ibeni (0 Ihe Society, at jott alated.
3. " Dntriptiitn af a netr tioU Stop.eort /or tFettT CMtnit, anit (/■ a
■Vewcof* /or Cuiaor VaU." By Mr. Damkl CiUiaii^'K.
lite new balt.cock miiiiitt of two Ait turfarM ground air-Ufht, hating
port iioUa for the water when In certain pwiiMini. and fiirniahed with a
ipical apring, lh» Lrcpa the atirfacn la ci>ntact. Tbn aprlup Ii ccrewed
down to lilt pitMUire uf the water that It it Ditcd fur. and aa ilic water ten da
(« lift il oCTtba face, thit fptca it aliKht fiiciion on cither aide, and 11 1« not
in liable lo gel f!ied a* Iht prtfCDl batl-oUa aiR. Tbc aaino kind will be
of greil adiantaga for gai-morki, ditlillciiri, and l>rcwti|c*, Hbert larga
niK«.CDcli( arr required, and will be much Itm expeMivc.
t. •• Drierfyliim ^ n ilodtt tff a Stt^-ewt fw Conwfrr A'/blcb." ^
Mr, Janes Rubb.
Thia tinp-enck la inlniHcil 10 obtiaie the (mdeney to aih-k faal.whicli
(hr plugs of all tbe coinninD hind have, uprrialty when ihe Duldi are of a
corrotirc or drying naiure. lucli ai cnminnii gst ; a<i:l ai it will bite no
tendency \a Icalc, it may be imployrd with adiinlage in oil. beer, or naler
caika. Ill principal prr-ullarily coiiiiaia in. uiiiiE t ulcaniacd indla-rubbei
tuhiiig, coimcelcd wiifi the pipe by acinw coupUnfi, and niinpreiied by
tiieaiti of a tcreir, ori>ther«iae, to any eattni rtquircd, by vbicb ibe flow o<
gai, or other Hutd, tnay he regulated at plcatuic.
INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENCIKEERS.
April 11.*— Josbo* FuLD, Eiq., Prcildenl, in the Chair.
The paper read «u (ha tecand part of a comaiunieatian madi^ in th« yeat
1B41. deicripUit ol tbe "• Hohk Hnrrfnin, Cwaly Domt, IrtUtid." Bf
I. r. BATaMAS, M.I.C.E.
Tbe llrat part, ofwbich a aliDrl ahitract wu read, gart tbe object of llie
conttrurlion of Ihoae leacrroin, which were undertaken wiiU the vkw o(
regulating tbe quantify of water In Ihe Rirer Bann, and n>iir« effeelually
iu|>plyiii([ watcr.power to the flouriibtng and increaung eilabliahmMla on
lit iiankt; thil Hver li, from Iht bare and naked character of the Moume
moDntaini, among which it rltea, iialitrally lial>Ie 10 Ibe firaieal irrcgutariljr
in 111 volutne; devaililing AomIi frequenily pour down the channrl, where,
a few houn predoutly. there WIi not lufflricnt water for agricultural pur-
pnita. Gfeaily injurluus u ibii mutt bare hem (0 the apricsl lariat, it wai
iiidnllcty mote to to the oiiil-awnete, who depended entirely oa wa(cr-)>aw|it
for iJieIr inaoufacioilei. Mr. faitbaiin wai comulled on the inhjcct ; h«
etamined the h'caUti, and idviied the famatiaa of re*cr*mn ; the author
wu (ben appninle-l Ihe eRgine«t, and, nclin^ in Mint dngMie u|ion ihe tug-
^eilioni of hit predeMMor, whom he conllntii'il to cnotull. Ibe witrki were
iindrrtakrn whicli are deicribed in tlie preipiit paper. The peruUaritiM In
Ihe Act of farliamenl, granted in 1H3I>. cnntiilulinK the praprittort of lbs
iiiillt a }uini-ttockeo['i|iany, for tha tnrmaiion of the Dann reiervolra, are
itetaileil. Th« worha wcic Dflglnally inlcndcd iu hare been more extenilva
tbiii have licen really eitcuted. The retenoir at Lough hland Reary ia
alone deicrihed ; the groand in that ipot waa admirably adaptcJ for (hit
iTnrk, being the battuin uf n batiii, which wu bounded on all aidea by rugged
lnUa of I'aiiitci in the centre nf (bo haiin vaa 1 toiall lak«, at Iht botloa
(if which wai ditcoi-ered a bed. leveral feet In thlckneat. of foitil confertK,
ilmilir t4 tho(« diacovcred by I'rateiior Sdlinian. at Miiiaeliutelli, N^rtli
America. Tbia inlereiling geoioairai fact w»« fin! noticed liy [)r. Hiimer,
of Dryanifard 1 (be conferva appeared like an Irnpilpablo powder, but when
viewed (hroii|h a powerful tniciuicopc. Ibey w«m found (0 be rcgelar
parallelogranit, iiiiny of them covered with itris. They are described by
nilunlitis aa the foaul akeleloni of minute vcgctablci. The iltuatioii flied
Upon for Ibe reaerioir rendered iiccctiaiy the CODairuclioii of four cinbank-
nicnti, between Ibe hilli, to ai to raiar llm water t'O 11 Imight of 3:>ferl abovft
the mnimer lei-el of tbe lake. Tlie paiticulara ate alio given of n serin of
okterrailoni witb rain gauge*, continued fur Cwo yeari, for Ihe piirpi^it ut
fumiiblngdaliforeoniputing tbecltent ofrciervoir wbicb woutdbe necetiary
to iniurn a lupply of water throtigboui (be year. The continuation doeribed
the aubieqnani worki. which cnntiilcd of (lie L'orbei Lough rcaervoii, which
waa designed aaati auxiliary pond, to receive the llnod-waUnof the Inner part
of llie river, and to rciain the night naler, to bo diKbargtd again during tba
dar, imniedtalcly above (lie more cxicntivc ciiLla un llio rncr. A water*
cu-urto. of CDiJiiJerable dimeniioni, wai coiiiUuctcd to elTeci thii. and an
embaakiiittii wai tbrown acioat Ihe narton outlet of the lake, llie water
being adtnided through relf-acting fln»d. galea, which claied at aoon ai tbe
lowering of ibe river created a curreni In the canlrary dlreclloit. The delaiiia
of the conatruclion of all thete warki were giien ; and it wai ibuwn, bj
ctlculallona bated upon actual ctperiincnl, and observation of the quanllty
of water itceived. tlortd, and delivered from the iciervoiri, that their COQ*
itructton had increased (he value of the inill-powet of iLcIUrcr Uann fullftve*
■ TblapaftrwaaatditeaiallytiBUudloUti rtporlof last noail't pr«»«dlD|«.
23
TH£ CIVIL £MaiN£BIL AMJ ABCUITBCT'S JOURNAL.
Ivr*
hii, u ■ unpuAllvel? tcr; iMipifieml Mit, ■» ihs *hua\ tt-pttditwrt fot
ibB worLt It CmImi fjiiigh did not ttceed 3>3I)IM.— i)i' rlni'fal MniwRif,
eoauutiil vlUi Uir r(5rlonof ■oil dtiralii^ii]' of tke noik. bring ii^idiy kept
ianeir, a&il ilwuiaiott UIsoiIimi being cterciMtl bj Ihe rcudcnl ciiginHr,
itt. ff. U Siow!X-
Jfirr 9. — " OAtemtton* on Ihf Ctiutrt l/ial art in enmilnnt Opntititm,
tndit^ Iv aUrr tie Outtia* tif Hr CoaiU'j;/ Gnat Hrtttm, la ajfri:! the
EUriie** <,/ Sivtrt aud Jtarivai-7, snJ t9/tim» Slumtt nwt Dctp* m 1A» Btd
ilf lit St<h'* ByUr. J. T. llAutiM>»,M.l.C.G.
Afirr MiUcing thn gradual dctdrierAtion uhlch the fcnrliiMir* of Croit
BHuin ue undergoing. Ihe Iptper gnte u ihecaucHof iIifn tlFeclt, the
Mtton of iTttli water, ul lli« tiilal w«*e— ihr wiinl watm. aad tprinp, ind
Koiatphcnc chao^, dwelling prindpallr upaii ihc lidal and nini) warci,
frofeMbf Airv'a tad Mr. Scott RiittrU'i >icki on the (iomUtc «aie of
tranalalion (br*t 9tdar)t aatl ibg oacilliihig >Taie (sccuiid otil«r), wora ex-
untned I tbc pMuliariij «f tli* fonutr IxLugi that the ta«lii>n cf tli« wbolc
HM>« of tliR «aUr wai in (h« iamc difcetionas ihaC uf tUn naic ilicSf;
«hilti, in tfco liiUr, ibe motion nf ih« natet rm ftUfrnurtj rppo«ril in,
and in the <lireetl«n of, iho nur*. Ttin llilal wan naa HntidMsil ■« a purely
MCillaliag naie in tite opeo lei. eh(ii|f;iiig iti characlFr •« it |>iiued Into
Sballow valcr. It nai tuppotcd that a ware of the fliii oritrr wi> gcnertltd
vbcnevcr the vilcr. honpcd up Iit a prnjcciing lic>dlii;i], paiteil and niailc
ita cK%po into th« aitjoloing water, ai a luvter Ictel, anil thai it cairieil niili
it piTel and tlitngla into (uid'climnd. Tlic tcgulnrity of llie lioltom of the
EsgUib ClianDBl, anil the malprial of nhich it ii compoiC'd, ^cic iatlanccd,
taft0*< (hat the bat lorn rbi now in prof-reuof rDrcnelinn froui the aijiirnui
■ellvn of ibi( dtpniiiion of mailer. ThOffTcciiof ihe lidd1tTiT« along
tbe CDUtt at Pool?, and in tlio lila of Wight, were given, to thow that inch
■ mre of itsnaUtion naa generated and ctotted ilie Clianiiel, frutri Ibe De-
parlniGiit ilc la Miincbe. The leiulti of ■ Mtiei of ctjiFtinirnti upon the
■ctiou of •tain nn trangporlnhlc niatcriiU thoneil thai certain defliatc faimt
mroaaunied by tandoraynglo, und<( ghen clrcunwISKM— fur iniiciicp,
tW the deplli of Ilia cod of tbu forethore below the Katec ^«)iei)<Jei ujion
the vu and chBraetm of the wave aclinsirpon it. It wa> urged tli at ihc
«iii] of lucii « foteihore wai to be found U 9<i or 100 fathdm* waAtr wilrr,
atretebinj from Uaiiant to the >oiiih-«rit enatt of Irelanil, and that the
tidal ware, in lis ptoxreai up the chaMri.drew down to the raoutU tbe
■lateriil tbruwD ioio It by the wana of itanalattOD from tlie heodlaniU.
Tbe acciiniuiBiive action was teen id tbe carriage of laiiil ibriiiij[li tlie Straits
oi lloTir to be dcpuitcd on the eanil bank* of ilic Not tli :fea,
Refertiitg to Mr. Palksk a paper " On SAnsU Btwira," tlie dettructivc,
UWmial«liiC> and piogr«Miv« actiona of tbe niod wave* wwe coiiiidcied.
Tbe eaaet no«t ftvoaiable for the •iitpier of the clieeiirt eelioot of tacli
were Slid ueod. The inducnee of lid» hvvaFjing tbe hrigbl of Ihc wiler,
and Ihot of an on'iUoro wind in facitititing tlie ileilructLvo aclien, by retain,
lag tbe «aler at a higher lev«l, w«re poiut'd out. A Rat forealnQre, wm
■hawu tu pieteut, ill a trrtnt ilegrrtf. Ibe doiiuciitR action; whil<t,nii tlie
otlKr hand, deep cater, irlKiher from a iirong in^liorc tidal cnncul.or
Cniai other Ctliita, hail a contrary rlfecl, facitilaline encroach iu(uli on Ihc
eout. The |>rofr«Mtve action waa ahowii to ilipeiid piincipally upon tbe
uigle alwhieli tb* wave* iltikc ili« lieach. TLe gtucial qatttion iif tbe
ttaii.-lt><i|i of iliingte, and of ill ultimate cletlinalioD, wa> <vDaidi:f<'d at great
length — LnitatLcing ]iailicularly the aecuiaiitaiion of ibinjtle it tb* Cbeiil
Ba^ and DungeRnt. The lUtc of tbe Grval Wckt«cn li«y, between tbe
Stan rniDt nnd rDMlanil, waa Miamlnril, and argument were fiU'fred to
abas that ll lilil ticrn farmed, in a gtcat uieaaure, by the e nets aclim cut of
(beaca. lUepruceMofthii cncioacliiiicDl, and iha allcntiou inthcmoulha
o(lhB»l)iarica falling into tlie bay, ncrc jiin'yacil; aad utract* were giitii
froen Sir 11. He la ileJie't work on tlie gnilvgy of Devon end Coianall, to
pr«ve titat Ihia proe<at waa itill in aptralion. Tlie tmnmary of tlie argu-
laeiiti in the |iap«r( wta, that llMobaervedctianfio in our cuakU mid tbe
Boetba of the rlv era were (he teaslt of tbe cotnBinMl action of tbe wind
treie, and of the tidal wave ; and ilie attention of euglneera nai [larticularly
directed 14 tbcae aotioni in dilTetent Incalilli'i, in order tdat, hy pr»eiiiing
to the Iniiitutioii the rewll of their (ibaen.iiiiiiu, an invalualdc coltcctioD of
imwnltd bels migbt be aitcnitilril, wiuch wiwld be of gical bcaelil to the
pw fw iiwi. and to Ihe aeJeutiiic world.
W^ )6.— TMaerening «b> occuplei) with a difenseion on Flfr. Oorxrn'e
I<apef " ("I /ft? RftitiMf to Ratheag imtiu al diffrrml Vtionlift," rend at
Ihe tncetiiig on Aprtl IS.— [See Journal. anr> p. III).]
Tbe prinripat ipeaken ncie llctirv Brunei, Gooeh, Itidder. LoeU, llard-
ln( and Itusiell.uncI tlicir nrgunenia Here irtceuanlyao ooniplicalcd hy
CBlculaiion* II to render it difliniH in conicy. wiihlu reatuuahle limit), even
an ouiliue of the dlKDoiiaii. Ii naa couicnded on one tide that the luhject
had been ta Ircaud io lite paper at to make it nlnoii a quetlion uf ibe
coraperiuJve gaugee: that ibe eiperiuenli upon which the arfutnent* wnr
founJc'i coulJ not be receired ai applieiMc to roiJwtya in gnicral, ino.imitch
oa it waa prrtusied from the ilalririfnlt thai the purlion <if ib'cli^ievu
aelrdeil a> bein; In ttio bftt working condition; that ilie cngin<; and the
rarriagrt ware alia picked ai lieing in ihe beit order : and that ihetefotc the
leaiiltiwerr due to thete peculiar circuRiatanoei, and not to the onlinary
irotUiig itate of Ihe line ; that the amoiiet of reaiiUncc per tun was cndi^-
■talcd b^ Ur. Ooocli on ibeie accounti, and that the inle nf retiilanere
arrlTed iX by tliie comouUee of tlie Biitiab Aooociation, by projecting ttaioa
of eairiigea down inclined ^loe*, wii iietreF tbe tnAk this UtAMfmiaM
of rpkiiianca arrii^ at with the lacamalitre end Ihe dyataooHAeri Uit tm
table* were partly made up from Ibe acliM) lenha tt Uw «ptriBMaif ud
by uiiog >Ir. tlarding'i fotniu^H!, wbi«h lud bocn (epudtaled In atba ciMe
ai iocorrcel; that the greater Wright of (he linins in the leU eipttiaicab,
oa compared nilb thoac »f Uic Criiiali AiiocMikia. he., rcdncvd the
^alue of thodeduL-tiona; that Uic otnioipht^ic lailiiay could aloee gi*< tbe
reaialanve due to the froalegOt which waa not gi<e« when a locoeaoiive wm
ued, aa it entered a portion of the carriage froatage, awl tbe dyninwaWt
being behind the engine, Ihe reiiitanee of tbe (rain ai carriages alooeeedl
bo arrived at ; and Hut Itx valuation of Ibr pr(«arD of tha nind upoe Iba
train at vaiioiia ang1«a was not aaciafavtory. Such waa ilis general (anar «[
tbe aigiuneiita ; and on Ibe oiticr tide it waa urged Ibat Ur. Goocb bsl
cnileaioiitcd, ai miicb ai pooiibk, to avoid intiodiMaitf, in any dcgieca Iha
cjuettiau of Ihc gaucei, and to giie the actual roulia nt tbe upcrlniMtii ia
order that any pernoot cxaoiining ihciu might draw iua own condntaat
that Ibe portion of tbe line on whicli Mr. bi>oeb'i MpcriaeaU i*«r« liieA
wo* tiol selected for ita good cooditiun ; that it wa* fixed Upoo bjr Si.
Uriiitet himidf only lli« niglu prRiiouily to llMCtperiBenla, aed tm lA.
that pert nhicbhad been originally iui«nded tobentri; tbatlbaeo
and cartiaeet were aucli as could be ipoteil from Iheworkiiag itock andi
not picked— in fact, tliat lliey were not the UaioC ihdrcloM: that ih
fiiir the reiuLl* were ntit due to pccutiat circnotilaaco, but «ere tbaae '
tbe aicrige woibiag of the line \ but thai cien bid the liaet vt^at, i
catiiaxca being taleGtcdvengineen vould. from tbe touli*, bava boeai
l<> nuke stlawnocri for other roici, and ibit (he value of the nperin
would not have bttti dimiaiibed ; tbivt it wii beJieved Ual ia deaeei
Wooitoa liauet incline hy gravity, without inn aid of uace«tae,
velocity hill been atlalQcd than (lie nuiifnvii itoirried In iba esper
(jC Ihe Urliiih Aioociatiuu i that the table* were divided into colaoina.
linclly tbuwing ntiat resulted froai experiment and what froa the use
forntalvi ihat it wii impoMibic, vritb engines of tbe ordinary «cisl|t<Mki|
now conattucted, vitib an ordinary train, io limit the ciperiucnii to iwehr]
(-.nail n«:g)iti at bad licen foramty u««d ; tiiat in all case* Iba saifaec a(th
lucomuttve wiia aUowcd lor in caLcuIflling lite frontage fniataece; that Ift '
was expreiijy aiated in the paper that the appvatva for Ihe wind ean;e waa
not 10 aatUfactory as cotdd have been deiirrd, and thercleie ita rciulti wf(»
kept separate In lb* tablcai that klr. Cooeh bad ool iateiidtd to raat tu% '
redecliuof upon the formcc etperiiuoiLtaliili, but merely to imobi out ihft '
enon into wiiicli lie lliought Ihry bad fallen, and to induce, by hi) eiperi>>
nicnit, oilicn which ihoulil fli jnr.rc cenatnly the amount of rtuataacei
tbii, it waa eltll caulciideil, noa leu limn bad been frrrmnly ilatnil. anA
although other cipenmenia would be neoeioiry la id Iba queatioB M** J
plctely at test, it wa« uuamiaously agreed that Mr. Uoocb'a enperimtll MJj
paper were very valuable coutitbuli.iiii, and it kis hoped be would coaiim
bis obiervitioDi on tbit inoit utciiaimgauliject.
IIOYAL INSTITUTE OK ItKlTlSil AHCIIITECTS;
On Ihe Eih ult., a tp<«ial nHclitig of tbe Insiltoie was held, to take inta.
Conudtralioo a mciaocial (nhmiltcd to the council in April, IM', iirgciglh
formation t>y tbe lukiltotc, of a benerolent fund fnr tli« It-it fanmaiei
beta uf the (voleiaiun, atgned by Ihirty-luur mcdtteela. Mr. Uellamy, Vii
rrriiiltnt, laid htforc tlie meeting a aummary of the ptacectUnfa Mbifili bal
been lal:cn upon It, ibe leanll of which was, that (be coudcU bad adofUd
the rtpurt oi a j-Jint cuinniiiiccfpaii nicmorialitii, part meinLenurcouMfllt
advising Ibc fnimalioii of audi a fund, and rcfoniuieadcd it U> th« iltiialihlii
tion ol Ihc meiubcri ai Us^t, Ti<e lulo of liie Artiau' DenevoUM FhhI*
that rreipienta must he authoia of "woika koown and etteemed by tbe
pnhlie." would abut out many detervlug mceebeci of the profeuion, aad
thoae coitneetcd with it. Co ni muni us lion bad been opened wilb tlw el
of that fund, hy same who tbuughl that llir desired end inigbl b« I
ailoinrd by in arrangement with ihetntbaii hy a frnh fund. Ala
cuMion followed ai to ibc mode of canylng out the viewa of tbe i
iala, and aa lu the nei^caiiity fur the fund. An opinion waa gtn
pieiacd, that if raised at oil, it was ijiiite unncccisary to give tb* i
tioa of it to another aociclj. UlUmaLtl.r, on the motion of Mr. .
rcsolulinn tiiii i^aaaitd, ileciaring tlic iuip(icinDi?e of nlablisliing siKh • (unj
Bad appointing Bcominiitee of nine, In conudet In what way it couU b«*|
be eltiiolciJ, nud to report hereafter.
.Vo; 1&,— Kir. J. W. rapwouTH read a paper in illmlratioB of toiaa
diawiiigs of I'rcenetle, ancient end modern; and Mr. J. TnoitBox read
aiime ohiervBlioni on the ancient viUam choroh of Letrb-de-la-Uere.
Wilu.
J/r, Jngtirt Canvcnatimtj—On Iba S^tli a cDDveieasiione waa given bj
Mr. Aiigcli. Vii;e-I'ictldi.-nl of llie laslilule of Uiiiisb Arcbiteeifi atbiiJ^
iiilence in f^OHT.itrctt, which nm atleiidc^ lij ill tin li liljiig nwwimi rf
the orehiteoturol proftiiion.theMarquikof No>IliBinplon,tndtbe bea
irientific world. Many wnrki of art were cihibiied, and UDch gra
wu csprcMfd at the valuable Enampte vet by Mr. Angell to bia cell
affotdlng auch a rcbnron to the ptofeston of arcbiieclure.
TH£ CIVIL EKOTOEEa AND ABCHtTBCTS JOU^Ai.
l«f
ON FLAME AND OASBS.
' Pknih^ Uttiv r»*tl n {uper it ilie Rnj'il Initilotion. "On tki
ic ComiUian (jf Flame and Gaaet." — Mr. FiriiJuj having hrielly
wniirtlTrtilttt the chirf mbjccti of hii rrK'nl tneareh into ihc ntiR;nclIa con-
AtSonot valUT. procndrd to iloic n tllll nitirc r«ccnt extension afthise it-
amclie* laadA br I'mr. Dmnnkri alVtniM. Piof. Bannlaii Ini iliownlhiit
flf^. whf n ylkccd between Ihe polt* of a powerful magimt, hecomm rff<i-
mafKUe (LCbipmtli out in tbc plane which ii perpandicuhrta the line
Itlrrirt *'"' polti of lh« magwl}. Pror. Pi.r«(!iiv't objec^t waa — Aiit, la k-
mOTC nrUln mita|ipr«htnalari( of hti own pihlichei) opiniont in nfiTd to
tU« pktMMCMo: ucl, iwondlj-. to giro a pbiloiophli^al m^cnnnt nfii. Ke-
^ttJMt to hit " SlpniiinvntBl Rrmrrlm." in ili« Philmvphicai Trantaftiinu,
K«din 1845 (pun. 3123, 243^, 'i-i:t:i],lirihaw«.i] that h.c bul novrr aiiericd.
I^hact bMo imafiDod.lhM the ^mf* wcri! n«r tulijoci i4 tutenciic a^ttoa :
but inertly Ibat Im ciprriincnti had not Ihni niuhlislitil lli«t they Here
afMtcd b^ that fiMce. Th« ciutci of ibit manuetic iTiflociicc wcic tlieu
OMtidEred. FlaoK '**> <l'*>Kl«t!,ani! il4 romplicjitf^J natare — cniiaitlingof
MlidnAttcr, of aiunouniling film cf hi-ale<l nir, »iiil of it»paii« |.ioiIiicti of
EkbuHiOB— wat («p«ri men tally demo nitrated, Th« foUoiFitig (xpcrimcnlt
re Aen rsfcibited to prorn (n) ihil hoi air U diamBpitlie with rf/rrtne*
coU air (() thit earbmie trid pat, « product itf rnmbutliim. I'j ttiamasi-
juiie (0 that narton, which i> Hitrattd dmi*g eom&tiiHoa, atul Imjiarlr
K (sj /fo/ «ir U AiJftmayitrtic fffA rzfftmcf (a fiM air. The hot a!r rising
Hbm a ilotring iyitti ot plallna wiiv, itlaM-iI belvrecii the polo nf a pnncrful
'Vcctro-maxnct, naa prorcil to b< bent affile liy ihs fact of iti indnmitiK a
pcece of pMfi^orai in tW t^uatorial pUnf on fithfnidcof Ihc red-'lioL
■1 wb'ile tht tDRgnet 1*1) aotiTr, anil alio by il« not firing l)ie phoa-
(u wovld hvppen ta Ihe entlnary mnAllon of lliinp) when tbU
tec wai ptaMil inntdiatclf abave llie h«atFd wire.
nwinaii nn'iljai ir ffi — -■— Thti wai prorec! hyijM of thai
fifitag nsda to dmr^ from the pcrpi^ndiciilor dovsnnnrd cnrceiit. which
lityfrauIilcMHaittn-takF.inlot flask of limcnalu (which it rcndeieiE
) flaoed in the eiiaalorial planr-.
' (r) iMiif rirrillTii r'r ititi-itf-t't-'' It nu ahonn that thenn'Otfo of aUjitr,
whoa flBC44 baoutlt ibc axial tio«, diiiJed Itaelf, ai flaiiia »«» loadt to
Uridc, lUo two el(iMiBai& tbc equatorial plane, cdch oa «tther >iJc of ihii
yTh* aiognlar Mndition of oxygen gi*. in being far Imi diamagriftlo than
i«<her jaMa,an<l iberefure tpprirlng .i« if magnetlr', tiU Iron, whci (ur.
ndcd by other ga»«* or air. wu ilemonitriced bv id carrrinj a cloitd of
trial* af aimnaDia (itaelf dlsmsiinrtic) to ihr poirt of the tnignrt, ntouiiit
iich It MeiMi! to gyntc in vorticM.
Ur. Twaday tonctudei] by noticing (ho ipparcotl]' eiceptinnd cue of
"flane pmeiTatlng the pierced poles of a magnet, and curainplliraugh thtia
•B an ttvtal Ba«. He *b<j<>'cH Ihit ii> thii caaa the iDiiimum of force wat not
R tbi> line, but in Ibe circle of llnm forming the cdgei of tha hollnir «ylin-
(tcr drilled through Ihe palet. Therefore — tniimuoh aq Die fonie in the
VHMftt ftpaee «a« feehlirr than the force at iLt luliJ circu inference — tlnme.
^iieb mlwari guei iway from the ipnt where tbc. force it tironRPtt to tbc
1 wlw il ii wtaketl, peueirsictt the hollow atiaol tbc cylinder.
r
.FHOCES3E3 FOR UNITINC METALS AND METALLIC
^ ALLOYS.
^ At K recent ae«tiD);of tbc Berlin Academy of Sciences, M. PcLnttiCH,
^kodoriOf flaniburi;li,eomn>unicaleil«n aecountof hiepruees«ct fortirtnty
PWUag VAala or aetaLlic iklloyt. nhlch potiess difl'ereut propnrtiet and
^Ubm, neh, for eiample, as bHr-irou irith canL-iroo, g>an-mclDl with c-ait-
4na, vid Iba* lu uUniu plecL's uf niixod DieUl initablo to rniiko claspi,
CMarif p«»el aqiiarc*, railway hroriui;], whcoli, axle-trees, and other
yaHvUMtdviueof iniuacbiucr} aod id huildiiip;,paBi*uing the neiithlaiid
tfao ctfbcaiol) reqaircJ, but muth harder tatl nim* roaialcst iu «erUiu
uria tban iootben. Tbu fallowriog ia the proceaa adopted, &* deeeribud
ay ttia intentor : —
"Ta VitU* Bar-irm to Cait-irait.-~ln order to nnile b&r*iroii to oast-
kim "U nakc, for lottanea a bar of TcciaaEulBf gtrdor, of u'hich une-
I the Ihickocss shall coDslst of bor-iron. and the three other parts of
l-)roa, or ralbcf iu the cuul/inatluu of ucc Tulume irf tbese nielala ia
' propioHioos, 1 princeed lUfullavrt; — 1 like a bar of ir«o, of tbe rc-
PH ttitoka«M, and I plonge it Into a oieanin)' bath campotird of nitrio
W any other acid liUuleil with water. 1 then lake it oat of llie
Dg bUbfCXpOH it to a red heal in a furunce, nod plungo it again
tlhedeulngbalb; bv mean* of Ibenc opnrstiona, I get rid of all tbo
da ftOB the aorKaco of the inetnr. To remove fr(int thir hiirnny acid
hicb miKbt muaiUf I mash it viilli any ulk^liuc nolulioji (for iaituiice, ml
aooiae), aiH) I imuedialely plunge it into a bath of tocltcd tin, where
', aDow It la retBaia until it tinn bi.-cauic wctl tinned otcf ita whole turfaco.
>)• doDe, I apply to the liunod iruii at iLn ddo where it is la be anited
Willi the caM-iron, an nllny or loldcr compoAcd of eopper and tin. In the
SrvfottiuBB of file parii of copper, and % of Uo. The bar of iroa tfaus
)irapar*d Is then introdneed to the featloas of a mould of Iho form t»i
dinMttont correapuudiog Iu the bar nkicli it i« wished to bo produced,
and II Is kept clown by irou bolts or n«ils, "which haie prwiouxly bna
'wett tinned i the cniit-iruQ is llien poured in u liquid »Ute ODihebarflf
ieoo, until the mould is filled, la tbi.i alair, a fusioo i&kti place al iba
farfaca of Ibe iron io evulntl with the liquid caat metal, and UDilrrtfaa
iaCuance of the alloy of solder of co|ipcr or tin iMorponJ, Ibe two placM
of har-imn and cuti-lrou unilo io firmly Ihe on* tu tbootber, Ihatitla
nlmdil iiiipifuiUle Iv irpitnile them.
''To Unilt Slftl Kiih Cat/- tmn.^FoHnw exactly the aanc proceM u
abovo deicribed.
*' To V itite Copper, Brtnze,^:un■^f(^l^l,orBraa»,^cith Caxt /run,— Thew
nllflye, al well as all (hose of coppnr, can be united by einclly fltuilu'
meant to ihote above deicribed ; aioepl itaat matead of clearinif ibn Mir-
faces of the alloys by niran* of ueid nnd olknlioe sululiau.i ns aboer meit-
tlODcd, Ihe >urfac<* abuuM be tiled, and tli* union with the caiMroa
elfecied at tht? lunrii tetnperaiurc possible, tn order thai llic bar of alio;
might not be melted,
■■ The proportion indiealed aho^e fur ihe ci>n>po»illoo of tbc bIIoj or lolder
tslhat which appears the mokt mi table, where the piviret of metal (o b«
nulled are of RiiiJeraln dimenalons; but when they exceed iuoder*ie dt.
mentiutu, it will be better to increase the proporiiou of copper cinphiyml.
■■ In the exaitiplca glreo abcn-e. It Is aopposed that the diffrrrtit meiala
were celled tOKCthcr oo one elde only ; but one of thcne metal) may b«
unile>l at two ridei. or at Iwo opposite oc adjnceat fueej, to the Other
metals, or e*en eufetvd throii^^haiil its rntire anrfare, I'urlber, Ihe pieces
of oietal way have n enrnhn'sr, angulHr, or any other form, nod the
mmatiorr of oulilioK may be varied aeeordinj Io Iho riile> whieh praettM
baa loDg aince (uroisbed ia fouodrlea."
THE EFFECTS OF ZINC ON IRON.
A letter from Ur. Javea Nasnytli, of Brldgowatcr Pouodry, l*Btricro(t
near Manobeater, Io Ihe .Vinm^ Jtm-nal, comtnoDlcales the mults of Mm*
Biponmenla recently mnde ul the def^iio of tbo Lords uf Ihi.- Admiralty,
with a view tu determine uhetUer old irou that had been RHlvaoiicd, or
coated with aiuc, was rendered uiiDl fur Ittiaf, aguiu wiit-ked-iip. Ths
rceulla of tbree vxperitueuts rvcui to prove that ibe ijuality of the iron
i* iniLiroieiC instead uf being deteriorated by tbv sine combined willi iL
The following m Mr. Nasrnjth'a report uf the «sperimeuls: —
" A piece of jialruaiscd Irun-uire ropi'vras n-elded up into a bar, and put
tt) the molt aeieri! lest. In Ihe lint place it yix* fuuud, thjt iillluiuj;!) the
iron-wire wasquitecciteied with iiittAllic eiuc, ivbich. altlioiigh paitlitly
driven olT to the prui:es9 uf ueldicig, yd, su fur from the prcmnce of tbe
nielal, orila oxide, prcaeotiug any itapcdiiiKOt Io Iho weldiug of iho iron
(us Id the caae of Irod), tbe iroowire welded wilb renturkablo cnso; and
Ihc retult was, abac of remarkably tougb. (i leery-grained iron, which
iXoinl puucliiug, splitting, twiitiug, and bending, in n manner nuch as to
nbuw, that the iron wa* niil only eicrlli'nt, but. In all iippcaraoce, nctnally
improved in qiiiibty in a very important decree,
" Hucoumged by such n irxult, o etitl further, end cirn more eerere, trial
wusnadc — yir..: by welding up n pile of cIlppinKs uf )[a]vu,uited iroo-
plates, or sheet -iron, co>«rrd withxioc, as in the farmer etperimrrftis. The
prcaence of Ihe xinn appeared in ollcr oo inpedinteat to tlin welding, ajad
the reauli w.-ia. a bloom m bar of iron— tho fracture of which ptcseuled a
mnit remarknble and beautiful tilvery groin — at eooil. if noi superior, in
aspect to the finest sninplei of ' Low Atuor* or ' Uawlint; * irnn. llhiom
of Ihia iioD wcr« rolled out iu cirdc, aad teated Id tlio caiile-ptoviflc
maobioo, and Ihe revult indtckled from S Io 10 percent. htglierstTeogtb
than the hriit aaroplei uf wroo^hi-irun — thus eel a bl lis bin;; tbe fact, that, aa
far from the pretence of gtiec being deatructire to the struagth aad leniicit;
of wrnuKht-irun, tbe cnutrury in Ihe caie.
" 1 may iiivntiuti. tint linr* uf iniu were heated to a welding heal, pre-
pared by AfMti for sbealhioEi in the usual nmnncci uiul, uu dtnwing tbein
ft^Di the lirv, for bttntc vrcIJcd, « handful «f t\uc Clings nm tbrown
00 the welding Lot »utfH.c«, and the weldiag proceedeil with, la ibt*
severe teat no ftppareat tinpodimeot to the procesd rMoIIed ; the irnii
welded as well as If no sine bud been preseol."
Ml-. Naamyth iofem from these eipiirlinentt,lhat xnrao impmvpineM
might br made In tbc manufactnrc of iron, by the inlrodnctlon of rnetalllo
Bine in the puildliny rtimace. In corrobonilinn of ihij oplnioti, he adducoa
tbc fuel thai tho iirongcst caet-irou niudo in Urtginm, aud acleoled for
IboraatiDg of ^-angi, is made from an iron ore in which the or* of xine
forma n eonttderable portion,
Mr. Leighton, of Cwuiamtaaa. fixllowlng np Ihe s«K(cntlo)i of Mr
Naamjtb, has ounintnnlcated otiier applications of lioc to Iron, wbloh ho
had deviMd for llie purpose of bringing anibracitc coal more Into utc.
His object wtt« the prc-parnti<<n of piiic oxide of icioc to bo uaed as paint,
fur iruu-wurb more eapeciully, ft>r niakiug jniati, &e,, in lieu of whila*
lead." If," be observes, " people could be once induced tarnkke a trial Of
actbractle coal, worked by a blust, fur several ninaufacIuriaB uprralioai,
tbe value of Ibli peculiar fticE u-onld bsestabltihcd. lioDly rei'^i^'* >
beginnfogi it la qaile potaible to treat the nifpbnrel of bIdc— n tery
aboadant ore, kannn as blende, or btack jack— tw Ibu pure oxide of rioA
m
TU£ CIVIL KNOIK£BB AN'U ARCIIITECTS JOURXAL.
|J«^
■nd mlphoric tcIJ AoaUW pnpu«4 by ifciMimiiiilliin Thii mwlil
,be K terjr pruli^^i^L- Limincu. and creale » coawplion fur » coa*ulct«Ue
quiDtiir nt Ike ore ; but al Ifae prewnl prke of Ike tacu), it would eve*
piqi kudKHnel)' (u prepare uii<ie of iuiki rrotn iprllcr. S«y, !■ TuuDd
Btunbera, 4 c«t. i>r ^i^ller, worlh fS ia«., would yirlJ S cwt- of oii(l«
of ainc, wbic1>,al tho price iif dry white-lexl, wii«ld be wiirtli ££; ibe
Coal of latMur and fuel CwlDg ini-iai, llwra woald te « prolll of ronelkiaf
tikt ettl. pnr etat."
SfPPLV OF WATER FROM THE NEW RE1» SANDSTONE.
A paptr " Oa lA* Si^ptf ^ <*f Town ^ LitrpMt leiiA ft'alfr fi-cn
SjH/Ii imuA in Ikt Xrw Rtd JowtlfM*." «■■ Utvlf itti U the Puljtcrhnic
Inititulinn. C^Iqiiilt-ttitFt. — Ktitt tome obiaiation*. at t« tbe imporUK*
of a iilfDlvM tuppiy bf piirr walrr, Ih-^ kclurer rcmsikcd that tha orlflna)
taunt of il) wttrt louoil in il>« canh i% ihc rain wbkh falb fr»ai iba daiKl*.
Tboiigh the Tall nf fain at U<"i«)ul wa* ool j alMut 36 inchca per anMan, in
ONlatchor «nJ iilllr parwodhc coaaltr <t •■•• hrgr«»l«ri foi intlaarcia
3Mft. there fell at ^<*>'>**'t* '^1 in«lm: Qramcre, I'.M i I)utlftn)«rr, 87 ;
'Knwick, 62i \Vtiiitlia«n, 49; Cocknmoiiili, 17 : and at Ituclieiifr. tba
III! urtntt* ibotii 41 inehea. lie hul eimiiwit ratioin ipriny* in the ac«
nd tandttoae, and had iMtai («hi( an; aliuic tli» iMtn t«nipt«aliH« of lh«
cllatil« i and raaelnded. Ibererarr, thai tboae ia Ike aew ml aandiloM vera
•Mlrely iu|>p)inl rrnin the tain atlikh fall* fram Ua doMili. calinialcl in
thai iliatict at i6 in^bra per aiinum. AlluvlnK 16 Intlica for eraparaliaa
and rFBtUlioit. wuulil ttair« |I4 inclin alMorbed and ilorad In tb« catib ct«fr
jmr, fttiu 3VK4-ID lallun* prr acrr, o( SMJWft.CW galhNW par M)aar«
I, mUb. Ha iMlnUlntO il>*t it» •('■<* «f »>« ■>«* f^ H»4aiM«, at a leval
hrion the •urfini of ilie !'•. art n«iurallr. 'ully. ihoreQgWy, and pcruneMl/
aaluintcil oilh "ilrr : anil iliai an; ihafi or rxtavallon tunk l« thai dp|i*k,
Kill iI"*]'. i)ir<iii|l> literal y«reaUtidii, Im> (nil of water Id ikal li(i|bt. fl«
cuiKidcffJ '.ha Dtnil ilniilMable mode would he to vV itialtt fran I.OOO in
SiOUQ (••< <t*'l'- " h>Dh wnulit pirrce a ilialuin lil^l)'.' Mlnraltd with «atrr.
■M «hlch wnnlit tin AIIk'I to withlB t alwn dwcancc o( tbc tarfaoc. He
«MHl«d U) th« plan prnpoiril hf lonta paraoM U he a«laf ted. ikal of brliig>
iM Mrfin waUt from a dtiiancc. a> m MKh waa )i«pr«KnaWd «ilh villien*
<ff nrriaili of antmalmto. ta the irrat deitlmrnt vf puhlic tiealib. In ton.
rtailon, Im watrri ae hit ileciiWd wnTiciioa. il.»l th« »ir«i« orthei,*w red
undklnnn funntllon •!« no' rtt »»t.aoH*d of Ihrir watef, ft*Hh«r <fo Ihejr
•h(i« any lynii'tvii" «l athaurtloa, ncltkcr ti ii p«iultle lo Fihaati thBm, »a
Ions M Uiey maiiiUm ttitLr p*MWt eonaiitulloa and graloRical potilion : lo
lonl a* lli*r comlil of lAUnntbl* bcJi. cf tarUlile liardnm. and of
«tiii1il« porwiily i M long aa llwy an npakla •( liirral pctwUiIoo ; to loii|
u ll>« hydro*i*Ue prearan of Um ••• tMUe* Ihom m korp (hrir loret bed*
at Iha fuJl |«l'" i'(^"«»f«ll'"< : •« to** •* ">"'» "CP" ^*^* *"* r"*'? ■'•■
M(l>anl u( naif I ; ajid m lung ai Niturr, in her bouali/u.1 l>c<lcC<,'cn«<^. I*
aniivall; pnurlnc duwn uv^i >!>'■» ■""'* >>>*» iWfiWfiOO gall»i>i of walcr
upon attij t^waia lull* of thaii tuifaor.
THK VKSTILATION OF TOWNS.
We havn wcwlvwl fnini * cor rc«p« title tit »t Li'venxKiI, n dwcrip-
Usn wf tt lllal^ * lit.li hv has for ii limt: time coosidewd, for effec-
tually «t>riir I nu tliw ^witllittii'ii i.f Urpi: Icwn*; ana if'-apaWeiif
b«liiir i-afTlwl inlu i.rnrlioiv it wouM hnvc the effect of not D«]y
wiitltiilinK Ihc hmi«-« in trwwdc.I iioiyhWurli««l«, but it won d
■lai) puHfV tliB ilraiii.. lltf D»li«l«lioiw trom which are frwiiH-iilly
Uioi-ntiaoof dlM'H.i'lhmiKh.mt Ui^v dirtnct*. The fommannii-
Uoti 1* 1.... loti«ll«v 10 W^'hrn rntire; wo Rhall therof.ire only
niriu-t llmao ii..niun« d<«.ril)it>tttli« prop("e-i pi«n, which mny ho
Ihii. l-rii'lly .tilixl. Il i. pron,.»wi tl.nt .ii eftcl> t<.«-n on<> «r mnro
larui-, liiitli rliiinm-y. «h*ll Wl.uilt, with -Kirlialltho mnin-dru.n-
•lUU Von.iniiiiioi.1.. : aiKl ihnl the fin-platC* vf each hoiue. instend
of hovliiit .•l.inmrya rnrriwl ibrouKli the r<.of 'h..Il hnve fl.ies
butM Uiliiw Mill inuiriiitf the dmin*. At the bottom of ^nch ot
Dm Utm vanUlitin* chimamnk (!«. -re t_o le kept bui-ning f«r the
MiruiM* of Miiiljig»>'«el«»» in«^^- ^*'** J***"' "hich ramea
nwt on an eiti-o.l.-*! acslo the m^do iwloutwl in vMliIntin^ the
lloiiMM uf rnrllnniPiil ami other lurge boiiamjia, offifr* importnrit
wIVMlUfri" "■ • »«iiit«rv iiieiuiiiT, «ml uu|tlil '">' thoreloro t* be
ilMiirdVil a- lmiiriirttia(i.lr willimit Auv t<fii*idernti«ii. Th* writer,
Wlw !■ »ii eti(tln»'i«r. iilliriiM lh«t he hiw te«le«l it« prmcticuHility. by
4«UllKilnil<nilall4m*. Wo will now let him develope tie pUii iii
hU WWII wurtl* :— ......
" It Ii iirouoaul, tK«t all liouw "ml ftetorr diitnnej» be diston-
lliiuail; Oiat ihoainoke mid ptodiifia of corobiiKlioii, imteadof a»-
MAiltHff w hwrittafure, and lieiii« diHclHiTK<.-d at the ntof, be made
to dascend, pan into the boiiw-ttraint, and throng tbem Into At
public »wpra; tke fnctorict ha.riDg ipeelal conanuiieatuB for
themwIt-M.
" It in rurthcr |irapo»eil. that the sewera be armiiirnl ta cotiv«T|p
and join into liir|;er or main KOwent, wfairh would be eonduetMl
tliroa|;h the town, to the hi^^tivst and l«i«t-oe<-u pied ground Utbt
vicinity, when- tbcKr miuiiv, ciilk'orti', iir tunlu>lt^ wi*uld terDtituU
In diimneyN of ftreitl height und ciipuetty, placed at utitsUe di^
taticea npari; nod in theiM? ehiiuiieyH, fires wuiild b« maintained eoo-
stutitly Durnin)^, for Ihe purjKK^' nf rreiting tbe necciwary drau^
UcKitleH thff eoniiniiniraliniu f<ir wltlidr^witig tbo Rnaks frofA the
huutte-JJreK, the writer prdiiowK lo nniviite orificiii in rach apait-
meiit, cuiiiiectcO wilb the dnii»s which uould lie upoued and itmt
by the inmates at pleasure, and (here wuutd also be opening at
suitublo dielnncei along en^ih ruurl, lane, nnd street, c«inniUBi-
eating with th« aewern. Still more clenrty to illogtratc his vievi,
mippou we take tUa eaae of Liveriioul, w ith Ui« xiluation of wliiek
tbe writer happen* to be iu!i[iiaiiit4>d. Lft xt* preatime that fotir
or live larfii' oliiniiieye were ercc;ti5d alonf; the brow of the hill
whicJi huunds that toon to tli« east.— «nt to provide for ventihtiun
of tbe north-end, oiie for tliv anutli-end, mm two or three f'>r the
middle dinrk-t ; that leading tunneU were driven downwarrii
tOwanU the river, whieh luniiew would «ommunleale Ihterally witb,
and receive the air and anwke from, the atreM sewers. Then, let
UK nve haw thin plan wowld operate : — SnppoM a powerfbl currtM
upwardit, wmk ««taliliKhed in the lai^ ehbnncrt, tunnelx, and
•ewers, it follow* tliat— Firwtly, the aewerc and anina themi>eh-«
would no longer give forth nuiiouB e\)ialations. Secondly, t>j
opening the apertures in the streets and court?:, we would with-
drew tbe impure nir, and produce a eonHtimt influx of pure nr,
which would deacend from iibovo. Thirdly, by opetting tbt
orifice* in the houaea and apartments, nlthoiigh thev were crowM
with Inmates, vet Ibe vitiated air would he mj rapidly removed, and
rvpl.teed by ttint bi-th fri^ih .ind pore, that no injuriooa com*-
■jnenres unuld endue. Fourthly, there would bono more idnoluar
mlpharouM vapour to deatroy health, nnd xoil everything expoaelt*
its vile iiiHueiice : the murky elouds which envelope our maanfao-
turing cities would disappear, and give plnco to clear skies and t
pure invigorating atmoq>nere.
" Hut It will bcMiid,t hero would he«eri(mii dlllieuhieii to ranUnJ
with it) the execution of xucli a plno: tbi> in K^anted — fcut tberm
far from being iimuperfible ; in proof of which, the vriler will mv
proceed to coii-ider nutne of thein, unly aroidiug iriHttera of eifi-
nt*ering detail. It muv be objei^t^d that >uch a ncherae would
prove euKtly ; it in nut ifeniotl tliat it would re(|uire the outlay af
a larjie, tliout^b by no memii' «xtriu>rdinarj-, sam of ntoni^'; b«t<tl
we expect to r^almc great beueriU without proportionate ff-
penditiiro ? I f it ont « million to xupply aucn n town aa LavtN
puul with water, why hbould »« grudge a vtty much flnaller «■
tu supply the same town with air } The one » vurely aa eM Wtial
to thv well-being of the cuiuinuriity as tlie other ; and the writff
U prepared to kIiow thnt a large esving of money would acow^
which ia at precent expanded by the adoption of anch a plan, iiw>
Hpertive of the immenne bem-lit to the public on the aeore tt
heiilth. There would be no factory clii.uii[*y« to erect ; a gw*t
Ba.viiig in tho nrrnn^em«ntfvrhouse-liree,whieii cannot her» b« de-
tailed ; HmiJler houiic<i and smnller apartments would mlfiee forasj
given niimher of iiidividunlK, — (!i>ni)ci|iientlj-, there v-onld be in
I'lviituniyiii building arTHiiKCi"t'nts.accura»anied by lower rent*. Tlw
aame remurk apiiliet^ to ilrert-i, laneit.aii<Icourtii: Imik nt Iheenor-
DiDuH «»mi which would be retjuired to alter nnd widen them, and bT
tli.1t ine.ins improve the ventilation. Then eotiuder the eontnu
which would be vested in the authoritie* over the publie k«aWk
At present, it in in vain you tell (he poor to f^rt dwell in lat){fi
houxei and more airy eltuation^, — tbey cannot afford It. It il in
vaiik yon tell them ii»t In irav/d together in their wretebed apar^^
metit^ or they will »u0cr from want of ventilation. It a ta
vain yoti tinprevx tbeni with the nccea*ity of vleanlineM, and tf
breathing iinlaliited air: the ninjorlty ditiregard it, — how<iaAlhMf
do othcrH-ixo? But with tliia plan m operatiati, let ua auMcaS
fever to prevail in u>mo court or alley ; we have only to give otree-
tioHH to uiK'toHC one or two npcrturtw, and pure air vitf Bow ii,
w ceping disean- and dcutli awny."
Sufn-atpeiccre/'CUBrqrArnt.— The powerful lolveatcapabidllea ofdkl*-
roforni are nO'W. hy riperlncal, futlf citabluhrd. Cauotcbouc, raiih
cepal and Kumlac, bruaiioc, iodlDc, ibe eiacatial olU, ttv., jield ta i>
Hlvcnl power. Tils proprttj may, i( is liclicTcd, pf»»C Mteoaitely of •4'
vaalaga ia many of iLe Bnc and vaeful arta.
i
L1M8.J
THE CIVIL ENOINEER AXD ARCHITECTS JOIJRNAL.
19$
LOCOMOTIVE CARKrAUK H UK ELS.
Eowahu £vA»K. «f Uiv Huijcl) Fimadry Company, hnt> obtatned h
patent ftir " trrfoin latfiravenxnU i» tke mmk uf caiudrufting iron
'(.'— Crauted Uctober «», lt)i7 ; Knrullcd April ift^ 18*8.
Thi* iDvriitinn consists in a mode orMPciirlnif tlic tj-rr orlionp iif
tb ewbe«l to iliD spokes vr inner rim, without llic um of Wits ar
rivels, Thi- pnlfnt^* rffwls this object hv using n dovt^tall Krui»'i>
tn the tyiT. m»l n ilirvf uil nmjVrti'ni wii llic rim. wHicIi in a raethiid
that hut bM*!) previoubly adniitcd, therrfiirr lir itirikrH nn rlnitn to
tbiit ; but till.- urciillarity oT liii^ iTjvi?tiliiiri miiBiHt.H in milking tht-
|rrooT« larfCTT tliitn the projcrtiun^, itnd tilling tlio intvrntii'en with
(nFlt«-d xiiic. Ill the iKinU of the "[iccihcfitiuij. the iiQlentee
claimH "tlie inniiufiicture of whi^irlH i» which the iluvttnil eroove
I •in the tyre is wider lit its iinrrowcMt pnrt than the dovctml pro-
Ejection uii tht' R)<ike« or the inner rim o!' the wheel i^ iit ttx wideil
pjwrt, «nd the filliiiir th« k]m its left when the tyre is shrunk nii witli
'nulttd metal or other burd nulmtiinri-. Tlie uccutnpanying sectiuu
;■
l*flf the tyre nnd its jtmctlon with the wheel, will wifliciently show
l*ikt fonn ut the grourw and pripjectidim. The Auik nurtioiis rp-
Ipnueat the sine ur other ciiiily> fusible metal with which the spaces
Vmn filled.
iMoororiVK Gniiiivcs.— Oeorob Hkatom, Birniinghsin, engineer.
^11X9 obtained u piiii>iit fur '^ Jmprinvoifntii in lavtnnfitv riti/l ten."
^rmnled November 9, 19*7 ; EiiroUod May 3, isis.— Tfie object of
lui luveatSon is to prevent the oscillation uf locomotiieenntijies on
kOvajs; and lite jmleiitei' endpavour* to effort tliis by tlie Jippli-
^'cstlon nf counter-hnlniiix- wi'igtit!i, inoviii(r in mi iii*po«itiMlirrtrlioii
[|-to the pbtiinioftheeylinilers. Theniiult' of iipplyinn these coiinter-
bdanrr weinliti is ii* futlowK : — On each end of the ox\e of the
irirtnut- wheels iji phireil a eniiilc, to which i* niiiti-il a connccting-
l_atbu-hed at the other end tn the ciiiiiiter-lwhmctr wei;;ht, m hich
duled between two rndi^ *'> »» to auinit reudilv to and fro,
I IieU between fixed Kuide-rods, to Hdmit uf it« HiidiniC eanly.
[COBDter-balani^e wriici>t» should nlwnvi movoin thr direrticm
tn that of the pistutis, iind slioiild he as heavy a» the com-
neAghl uf the pistons and the worklng-geor.
CnMrauTXTi Beams oa Gi«jni::iis. — Hukkv Ficldbb, Maidii-vale,
I /haa (ihtatited a patent for '■ Imfinirmiimit/i in iron litanu or y'lrdrrii.
Inntcd Novemlwr «, 1**7 ; Enrolled May 9, I81«. — The patentee
laiistructB his be.iiiii partly of malleable, ami pnrtly of rjist-iron.
I'Tbe lower or tension nangosarif niiide whollv or purtly of iimlleHlilo
hboa, while the rentre ribs and iipperor rnisliin^t flanges are nliolly
U»r partly of ciwt-iroH, iircordinf; to the duties they hace to peifurm.
' tht tower flao^e may bw m»ik> of, or stroni^tlienod by the »ddilion
|i»ftnalkMble iron, ana theL-fitlreribiind ii]ipt.'r H^in^e remain of uiut-
or, lh« upper and lower ilaiiiiCes muy be of niitli^ii.ble iron,
to the centre owt-iroii rib, and further strengthened, when
to vihratioii, \ty iuifrk'-jron ; or, the perpfiidicidar ribs
'abv be composeil of mutleJitde iron, u-lien Hxpimed to violent
douM. The malk'uhle iron in united to the exKt-irou hy hot
f, and, ill all ch»?r, in such proportion that it iihall be ah\a
ttv Wpfiort, alone, the entimnted weight to which the whole girder
fVan DC suhjccted. The invention coti»i>tt» secondly, in the aiipii-
cation of the preceding jirinri pie of coiihI ruction to the Htrentrtiit^n-
[WBr or re|>H.ir!ng of exist ing bennis or girders, with such variation
^f detail as llie iiarticular c4i)ttf may suggest ; and thirdly, to the
■MMruction of beaciH or girdent rompi»ed entirely of mullenble
^^" ia which CMC the tliingei« are uiiilnd to the centre rili hy
-iron, the rmipliiig-jgints headed, sud the wbvte are faateoM
etber by hot rifettiiij;.
BLECTRlCiry OF MINERAL VEINP.
Mk. Robkst IK'KT (keeper of iniuiiiK re^vrds nt the Museum of
Rcooomie (Ji-ology) Intrly ilelivored i> lecture on the " EhcMeity </
Mineral Vriiw^ nX the Itvyul Inetitution, Albemarle- street.
The lecturer rommviived by remarking, thnt the tXmx* of jiheno-
menn which woidd form the mlijeit of consideration that evening,
although of the highest interevi, hftd not yvt remved so ^Tvat aa
amount of experimental examiimtiuii st* their imnortnnee ret^iijred;
and, M tlii'ir curious nature wm, cuiiheqiienlly, not tcenerally
known, he trutted that, having kjii'iil many days'and iititlit>i in the
mine* of Cornwall, ia this iiiviMligution, he should be able to
interest bis audience by a narrative of the fuiM now known, aa
well as fiumo of a novel chiirarter.
A« a proliminury of abwdute nei'L***Jty, Mr. Hunt exphtined the
niiture of n mineral lode by the aid »f a beautiful isemetrici^
drawing of the lead district of Neutuford. A lode was, in fact,^
tiMiirv, formed by Home dihturbnnce of the earth, and Ailed witk
mineral deposilv. Three fh<>orii,'« prevailed as to the origin of*
miueral lodet ; in the first tilaci', ibey wen' supposed to be eon-
temporaneous with tlie roiOjs themuelvei' ; Kccondly, it was con-
ceived, that fimnre* v;vn> tilled by the Mobliniiition of matter frook j
great depthi. in thi^ oiirtli ; :uid, lu'lly, that substuticcx wore prect-.l
piliiied from solution in i*iiti'r, which Hoivcd through thoKCtfreat
rents in the earth. A mineral lode w^nnui to he regiiitled as Eeing
entirely comi«Mird of melHliic nilislances; oil tho contrary, tbejr
were iniJKt frequently fontul containing a laige portion of earthy
matter, luiioiigut which the metallii! on? was diasetntnaCed. Amoiur
tlie indications which appeared to support the theory of etectricu
action in these fonnstions, van to be reganlud the regular diapo-
Kition of these KulintHnces on either side of the hide. The elec>
trical theory might he *ii|ilained in a few words. Amper« gup-
posed th^it currents of elertricity traver^-d the earth fr^m esst t^
west, and these currents were thought to inliimnce the ehemicat I
change« which had gone on nithin the fi^isurc during the formatioiL. '
uf the tude, And determine the urdcr of nrmngemeut. TIic most
striking condiliuns which ap]ieuri'd faeaonible tosuch a view wer«^
that metals of viiriuus kinds were »<i<airinled with pet^iiliur oIiimm
of rock«^— tin and copper being assoeinted. In n rernnrkable manner^
with the jirimary ro(;k« ; whilst lead was fuund nujro iibundAntly [
jn the huieBtono fonnatiuns. The*e rule^, allhougb geui-rid, wer«
not constant— many striking exeeptionii might be named. In th«
remnrkahle mining county of Cornwall the rotiks were graoitc^
kilhis or dsy-slnti^, greenKlnne. and etvan. The minerni lodec
were always moKt iihuiidiinC near the junction of the sluto nnd
granite rocks ; they were geuersllv found in a direction aejirly
from north-east to sonth-west ; and where they were contrary to
thin, or nvairty in the line of the ningnetlc nicrJdiiin. there waa
almost invariably » great ditlVrenire in the character of minenl
substances contained in the Inde. Thin wat shown by reference to
n very large map of CornwAll, upon which the lodes of lead and
copper were acininitely marked. Again, a very remarkable
pHrHllrlisni wa«ol)Ki'rveii in must districts between the directions
uf the lodeii, ^ud the veins uf griuiite jiri»i>!iyry (elvan) which oc-
curred in their rlcinity ; and this fact liudbeen hnmght in support
of the theory, which refers miiiend formalioiui to tho iictiun of
subterranean iient.
The various queatlons wliivh aroM out uf the phenomena of
mineri^l veins, and their including rocks, had been most itbly
trcdlccl of by Sir Ilenr}- De In Keche, .Mr. Joseph <:nr«e, Mr. R.
W. Fox. Mr. Jolin Taylor, Mr. Hopkins, and others; liit would
not, tliercfure, dwell on that part uf the subject.
Mr. Hunt next considered, whetherany of the cunditions known
to belling to the rock furniations of a tiiiiiiiig district were suffi-
cient to jiroduee elerlrical tihenoniena. It had been nKccrtiiined
thiit granite was aln.-iys rohler thiiu slute— a diiferenre of aj" or
30' w.is always detected at all depllii'. Tlii* dilference migbt poi*-
siM^ give rise to weak thermo-electric currents; but, in the ex-
Iienment* he had made to ascertain this point, no such currenta
lud been detected. It was also well known that a cooKtautly in-
creasing temperuture was dix'iivered i» we descended into tho
earth. By this meana, it was evident that any given portion would
represent a bar uneL|iiiidly heated. The following table of torn-
perstures, obtained in the rock and lode, exhibited Uic vartatioai
of temperature in tlie <leep mine of Tremveaa :—
Altcajcicl.. .. Ingisni'.c. .. &7° F.
At 1 70 finl. , .. I.nilc in alite .. 77° Y. ,
Atl96f[M.. .. D« in granite .. SI" P.
At 208 fD Do in ittsuita .. Si* F*
AtSlOfiDt.. ., iDgrsnite ,. 94° F.
Acgordiiii; to the goncmll/ roceived vieva of th«mia-eleetnc
«Mb
THE CIVIL 2K0IKBm AKD ABCHITECrS JOOBKAL
y^
Mtlon. iuch dAtAOUH mMld lie wSctent 1u iirodacf ^urrcnU.
Tluit WW tiiuluu))teilh' tlit^ cam in miriillic una iriiuil coadiictiiui
.IwdicK liut DO such reiuli had bn'ti ubtuneit rmin r.tptrimrnU uii
l^nnilf, aliU(>, or {fremtBtunc
[A iwries »f oipi'rimiiit* wm here intr»id«ee«l — wid. notwith-
fttxliiit; th« nM* of nii ticttre galvanic wrim, it was (hown tliit
»» rvdMie currnit wouht not traiwrenv eitlier franit*. «Ut«.
J*aii, ar gKenMWH? eonnoCTJon b«iDg miidrwitti thrm Rn<l -n rny
«<MliMto ffUvMMilMt«r, upon whieh not tb» tlightMt tiidiuatiw) ar
■Ar itrtion on th« n«P(Wv nnild be obMcrwd.]
iriieii moist, theci) nwktt became urer tbeir nirfam eoadnetara ;
■iid, \yy this mvams the action on a single pair of ainc anal eoppn
pl>t««. >Hit more than an ineh »qii>re. wm ilet«H-t«l tliruutfli li con-
«i(l«raUo cxt«nt uf ruuiilr}-. Mr. W. J. HrnwiHHl liiul •uppoanl
liat be bail dclMUtl currrntii of vollaii? Hm-ttiHty llirnuiili the
ItgntBlto anil «1M« nH*li>i of Curnwall ; bat the lecturer, who had
l<*q>eate<l IhoM' •zMrimentii with prreat rare, wax Inl lo helirw tiint
'lie ajiffht iWltetian of the aeedle oMaia«d wwilno entirely lu
ne ehentieal ■etton in the «it«a nti^ofad at the puiiit of enn-
iet with the roek, or witliin it« tenirth — mrh ditrht dicturtianns
liiijl of constant occ«irrenM> in all eipenmenl* nf this dan.
.ilt)i<>ii;r)i tti«r#> was jiot, therefore, any eTi>criineiiUl evid«nee tn
^rvH>r nf the vnlUic cenditiun of tk« n)«k«, ret thv nvulnrity of
nrraneenicnt observed in tlti^ liMlfla th«ni«elvei'tn wntdi nur,
[M«ppei' tnd <|unr1t. liine. pyriteiv, Iwrrle^ 1lEu>r-«NUr, mcnUfiHWM
r^lMtl, Diid i|wirtT, nlternnted i» thu mod le^lVr mrwr, U was
fldiown by <i(t4«inieiM fntm the tniiMB of Ciarnwall, l>rfh\-«htn>,
T0ax«uy, and MMtiei>— present features m amdoguuK t« tb»i.i> whti'li
<«A(e apiicar in |tiitvaAie exprnrnenUi, that «re nri) eompeUed rer-
•^■inly l« infer that •mae modiAcatioit of the ele«Me fane was
icaiHremr<l in Iho |»henainona. Specinsiu of paeiul»-narpha«')
_Hidi«4 fivtti Ihe <;oriii*h miuec. aitd ■rrsagvacate of bivwn ipar
'tnpan ipiart*, ttwm ^hemnitic. iguurts upon Haor-ifwr, anil iron
rMfMc*! and the d<>iil>U> Hiil|'hiiri>l <if copper npon ni^ qnartx
cryMal", in till *>f whirh » nnifiinn ayaten of arnummcnt, per-
fectly iiiilo|M!niJent «f diidi (it)tt^, wa* ahewn— and tMae were to
.be tvferred, in all prittiubiUty, to the dtapoaln^ power of aleetrieal
[•vurreiit*.
Siii-li urrvthc iirinoiwal evidenciw !■> he adduced in aupport of
li 1 I- III the<>i*t'. nir. K. W. Fnic wait the trrt to dit<!i>viT any
iiMi., . i> uf elerlrii^itv in mincril lixle*. Bv pUcins conpor
[iwirea ii)r«iit*t tvro }Kirtiaii4 of « I'wle, or of two iode* divided hy n
I (OroaB'CiiTinH-, and i»nnertiii(; lh>ni> niree with a (^Ivanomeler, a
(•vetnldrrnlili- dcfU>cti»ii of flip iirodle wn* Abtsined— oRen to such
, 4IU i'tU'iK. t)i»l frnni ttit> v>iili-itm< of lkl^ action, it wa« iatnueeible
*ifci twXv Oic dellpction. In iicady idl the mineral lodm of Com-
•wall. ii|«>n which cJiiitTimcntt were miide, these rurvmta had been
HietePl«l. Kwperioient* niwle by M», Vux, in CoI<th«rry and
llBkecrN in 'IVpmIbIv, ttnvr, hiiwuver, neipitivv reauJte; mhI the
I •retnit* •>!> !)»' lead 1>hW iit (liv Mold miuiM were not *vrv decided.
llPntf. Retch, "f I'reyburK, t»Ki*ined very decided nmdt« upon the
l^hwd mid *ilver l.idv^ «f tlmt itiBtrict ; imd, in aho cjwe, «uocceded
I (in dvlvHrtiiii! II nuiiw of iiiKcr ore nt miiio di^anue bcliiiid the recti.
■V«ii HtriiiiibiHtlc, Mil the cunlrary, f »ii!d Alitniii nn re>-ulte from the
'lend niid coi>per hidei un Uio ri^cht bank «f the Rhine. In add!-
>tiim l« llie»o reauliti, ntherH r.f » moat witi>f«vt«ry kind had been
obtained by .Mr. llenwnod and Mr, tltdia Arthur I'hiUijM. Tbu
levliirer luid himMtlf nlniiMt invariably obtaiued very decided
cnlvjuiomclric indieation* from tl>e rop)>er lvde» of Dolroath. Ea<t
Wheail t'r<)fty, K«»t I'i"j1, and other (Wiiiidi minr* — iii one inntiiutK
mt iMiwerfiiily. that the eloctru-diemical docompoutivn waa pro-
duiH'il. .Mr. l-'oK ban been iiU(.HTc>-«fiiI in promriDK oii clectmlypp
copy <-f an enifTBved pinte by the current collected from two Icdcs
of tron wid of C"p|ieT jiyriten, iiiid "Imi in indiidnK' mnjtnct iinii in
a bar of "'ift iron. Mr. ['nttinfton, at tlie wUh of the Britiih Amo-
Clnlinn, nttulo n iierie* of e:(i>enn)ei>lH on tliC r"cl<B of the lime-'tonc
fnmxitioii in Ibe lend ilintrict« of the north; but he (ouid not
deterl any eTidenco of electriml current*.
It nowMcamo aque«tii»n, to aii<.-«rtjii« if thMC currents uf el«c-
'ttt<<ty, dtfteeted in mineral b.dcn, were in any way coiintrcted witli
4ho ffeueral eurrentii irfiverning tJic earth, ftcoordtnK Ui the tbixvy
of AnijM-re; ur, were they ofu more locul<!iBracter? Theloctiirer
•rau indueod laeetMiliide, IViHnall hi* exuerinenta andotnerTntioos,
«hat tlioM oiirrentB were ontir*ly Inml, and due te the chcoiisal
ncticn Kuinf; on within tli^ IihIi* itiielf. In all caws where nhemical
action could bo delected, it wax cerliiln (he current acting on tlic
ftalvnnomeler wit4 more encrpettc tban where no rheniicd change
wu* (ipparettt. In Ihi* wnv micht be accounted for the fnilurc of
Von Mroniheck o-n the U'acl Hnd i?o]tpcr lodi- of the Ithiov, and of
Mr. K. W. Fcx himself on the lodes of Tcodnlc — In all prubiibilitj,
tluMic tud«« being in a very pcimiaaent cuiiiUtioD. It wh tbouelil
by tlie lecturer that the fact, that theM ciirrMit« often being; funnd
to iraverw the lode* in a direction contrary I u Uil> L-urrenti at
Ampere, nni! f(r.|ueally at right anifle* (o Ibeiu, niililiititl it{;Mnat
that view which referred the one to the influenre uf the other. Thi
lectarerlud also detertFdcum-iit< from piles of ora on theasftevL
whieb had been eipow*) to thi! itiflB«iMaofthPKlMMMpfan«; mJ
Iheae currents *VTr ccrtaiidy only meaaarera of tho ubouh ol
cbeanlBa] action |p>h^r on ■■> toe pile.
Tliat tlMae local lode currenU mi^it liaw a powerfol affect ajm
mau** of matter czpoaed to tbeir inllnrnras, wa<; lugbly probaUt-
and liF was di«)MM«l to refer th« comiitioDS in wbidi ookalt anil
uirkel were orten found in the cross-counieH, 1i«twuJ>n the toAi af
dhJutated lodes ** i^ue to lhi« local chemical electricity. TW
chancier of many of the deconi|Mi>-iii){ lodes waa next dram'U-t.
and it waa ahown that, under the inlliieuco of the penobalioii of
raUi-waler fn>in the *urfiice. cliarsed uitli lutygm, and the actiuv
of the aaline water ri>iin(( fmni below, few lodeAadinittinjf water ta
Sow tbrooftb tiieiu could Iw Irex fnjin rheraieal action, lie hii
amlyaed the waters of many of the deep mines, and the foUnwii^
were the rCKults of a fev of lliew aualynoi ; —
Tho water from Great St. Ueofffe contained, in n «ibic foot, SW
graim of oonunon ult; tliat of Une United Minen, riaing hot, tsi
grainii; of Uolniath, SIM grainii; of Uroat M'hcal CbarlM, Sit
KTaimi ; CoiMolidsted Mines »( *f> (atboms, S56p>ains ; and attl>t
%S0 fathom level, 9m ^atnii. This muriate of aoda was estimated
.|uite inilepeiideatly of the earthy and mineral imha. It w»^
<i<"ibtle^ derived by infiltration from the oeeaa; nod, front iu
(|iiiintity. iicted, no doubt, powerfully npon lie lode* it traversed.
Althouffh tfaeee corrmtH, detected' by the fralvanometer, werentt
renrnrded by the lecturer m in any way pruvinf electrical a^ntj
in the formntion nf mineral vniig, yet' the evblenee obtained Vj
■Mr. Pox. bv .Mr. Jordan, and atcnv recently by bimaeli, tiwit dtf.
trii-ily would give to day a aehtaiOM Structure and form along a
curved line, bu doubt related to aone line uf dectrical acttoii, a
miniature lode nf cooper (of which illustratioiu were oxbibitt^],
«up)x)rlv4i the general view uf elcctricsd ivctioa. Ineidentallv, tlie
cojuluctiiiKT ]>OHen> of iron and enpper pyrit«8, j^ena, and uine
utlier niineraU, uero experimentuUy shown ; and alao the deceai*
po«itien of yeUnw ore by eleclriciiL Mtioa.
In conclusion, the lecturer mrefiilly recapitulated all the tOM
pointN of evidence, for and n^tin«t ttie'olertrirjil views, and jiviottd
nut many ven,' curioUK circumBtasciHi, evidently dependent upao
aome peculiar cxmdition^ of the adjacent rock*! but which couU
not be referred, with any oertaintj^, to electrical action. Probably,
thoce cumota aow neany detenaimvl Min constant ^o« arouad
the i>artb, might TToduce the curious renolts observed; butate
larger aionuiit of exjieriinental evidence th;in that yet virtaned
tias reuuircd, lieforu lliiii view could be admitted as one of tU
rKciveii facts of inductive teienee.
NOTES OF THE MONTH.
/^r*ti Je GoU*m'uft lltim. — The paod ball-tM« it 6l. Jaha'a late
in Hit Regeni'i Pnrb, of which to miicli hu been tpAco and wrfltm, w
Ughteil l*ki werk, for k party given hy Ibn Elaron de QoMiiBid. The idH
la rt|>nnr>il lo hare been matt idmirahlc. Altbaugh Mr. Dairy and lit.
Pornter had cietied every care, the Ohtt of light upon the dccoaiiiV
mutt liiTc cauied theiu lomc anxiniy. and it mutt be monmtifpppts
Ihen to liavc mccccded to oainplcttt^. T^e rlchneti of the (iMing omIIS.
bqlo to Ibc fnndcur of Ihc rooiQ, without detlrojing Jci sir of chaiNaMi]
and if Mr. B«rrr be rtpraacbed th»i thac ii i want of n>poie in the Hew
of Lord t, and t«o fraal prnfutinn of amammitiion, llir- woif objectton «■•
not he made afiusit a b«ll-rociDi. Thit aaluon ii the ((eat work of Ikt
preeent teaaon, and it ia pleaaing lo team that the auaUeeai painMigr d
the Uaran de Gotdiiniit has bef ii, ai otoil with faim, ditpUyad ia the ena*-
Ttgement of HB|Jiah artiati. inateftd of being Eaiiahed upon foecig^ui, aib
loo common wilh our noUlity.
ilmtral Fndurr ef A<alrui—'rya lueit pcbliahed poTrmnsent aeeoaM
([ite the followincaa ibe luineial [>to<luceof Auitrlsi— (ioltI.3JcwU;ii!«ti,
547 cwt.{ mercure, IGtij loni; iron, li».37!) lan*: copper, VW !«■:
kidiMCfi Loan lithaip;, I.'2C»9 uina; uni:. ZZl loai; calamine, 908 laai;
tin, 40 toDfli antimooy, 231 tonsi cahatt, U2 test i ouuigaaeaa, «j t«M:
uicnie, ha Ion*; plumbago, 1,327 toiu i alum, 1,IUI toat; anlpbatl rf
iron, S,35-l toni; lulphttc of codmi, Seij tuai ; lulpboi, I,3&9 looa: Mlk
521 tont.
Tht mightai Slftrm.PafltfU.—'riie principU trial of the now Uoljb^
•team-pBck*! fJwriByn. (naite*. CoTnmi'vd'r Ore*— v«Mtl andengiaei^
ligncil atiil minufactiiTfil by Milter, Itaienbill. iitd Co., of lllict-iiin M*
place ua MondDy, ili« ISlli ulL It ia alaleii lliat, under idtetie cii«aB-
(lincct, iht made four iini al tliemeitured mtle, m Long Ittecb, vUtb
TUB CIVIL KNUINEKK AHU AKCUlTECrs JOURNAL.
mt
r an tnnif nta oripctd Df 15-415 nutinl milet, or nearljr 17f
■Um jm hMr. ntv*T naking Iom llmi 27 riroluclont pM mlitulc.
I rna to the TCnre Itplil. ptsiing iho dliuncc froci ihn lawn pltt at
|4| i* (HKAaar t»d fiflren treonda; anil Ihtn ran f torn itie Nnni
IhcUoiue lisU and bock iwim. dorini; wtiMh tinw h«« atcai«*t
M ?H *«>tnl« biIh per bour, an<l lior lonett r«l« at 15 SIS. The
>i*«T«r, in conMi|aiinc« ol Ilia llirollln.rdvo Ixiiig upr'i, nu li«ld li>
teiat, and ilie «u aeeordinglf tn«d up and down again tha ;■£&
ilanee. 'U'hen norkiaj at 26 tnd 29 rcTolutiotit per muiiiW, alic
I aant ran d«Kn In H roinulu '2:1 uicondi, m at the rat« of IG'79ti
nd tba reUrn trip ia Zmi minutri, nr at the rate of 15-049 kania.
ba averase at Itie iwa la^t luoi, ilie ipccd of ihc UtutUfn «m
I ■anllcal raitea an tioor, oi ISl slatole mi1<« prr hour.
'ftv SItamSMfi ff*^ tt Porttrnauik. — TUt naiiooil wofk, ifhich
I oenlracled vrHh Iho nc*r of aOoidinf to itttm-tliipi a tillinh'
VMMCnl placo of reo^ption, -nu aptatA on TliurtrJair, llio 2&ili t^f
'ha Aral lUoe «at laid Jiauary 13ili, lay lit original dcnigo
if fir Iru in*];Tiitndf, but u the ooik (iragruttd, etilirgeiiicnt* and
DCDti vm uifjMtfd, aniil tb« plini nern linallr ntcnded to thrir
ipacioui di[ntnui)iia. li« nn«aa a««iaae lenEtb ii 771 fttt, 400 feet
131 fcri deep from tbe robins, cuirrin; an anri uf tniiii; lliftakcrtn
riN CBtnn<e i> i'O feel niitr, >nil the ttejilk of viler at Ihe bweit
feet. Thtte »alM a line whirfigc gii1>ide the tiutn, tn (he liar-
ttn there it water to the depth of II feci, whicti i> lufficioDt to
Hlalc M<M3d-clii» ttcaniFti. TVipre srs txu 'itvii on (lie cut >ide
HU, eaci) 300 (Mt loaf; bj 70 wide, and 30 feci ilMp fmm tlM
HtM* ara to fnahla tcatdi, wtiot* ref^lmenU ranit !>a ccinjtteted
y, 10 be worked u^iontijriha iniiimi on hnih iid<i at ohm. On
btlokof tite baiin U a great ttcloty. of tiiudtuuie architecture,
lllDC> 4fl feet wide, and Jl hish. au'l ii iiiriullv runfud in. On
t wall it a new bru* foiindiy, 90 ft^ct by 1 1 1>, which hu been for
■■ La partial working. The butn li conildend ca)iabl« «( oecoia-
[ arownd iu lidci nine ilcam ffigftlei of the firtt cUii, and hu cm-
Ml the iipragt, 1,£00 min tinr* the C4fu3ierma:«nt, beiidn on
bodf I* *lii>m it Ills f\rrn work off the pierniiM— in Iht ciuarrlM,
ron workr, fte. Il'iidei Ihc aboro tnateriaii, there have br^n utr.A
u part) of tha whole atioBt S.500 (am of rait Iron from Siiirord-
kkraogh fioai of the labow already lurnid out of Iiiad it £100,000.
■ Drsnij^ of llu Niagarit Hirrr.— TLb follnrtiiig eilraci of a
e btnr recrifol from tbe Uoiiril ^laien, dirscribira a inj rurinus
noo, which rroenllj alnntKil the mitlcnts near the I-'nlla of
:— ."Ths pcid people ol tlip falls were srrjitlj ninrmcd n f«-w
^fearing thai ih« holtotn of the rlter had l^llea out; for all at
■iUaecaiedIa work, and ;rrat iinrl uf Ihc filU on Table-Hock
tv. Th« rivrr, a liUle bInitg fiunt lulanil, Man bxrn for half tbe
■craw. A SRitlrman (Iciive h:s nnx<>R <'n Ihr Imrr riick lo Ihi;
f tbe bed of the rivrt, where to hate vcnturtd the day prerioiii
kve b«eo CcrtiiQ di-,ilb. The vrorsl frara vrurv catcrlaiuf j i MMne
Iba world wai (oniiof; lo mi rciJ — iudceJ, fL-jr naa ilnnipod on
■nlMWoee till Ihe caoae whs irtplRme>l. The fui'l wua, Ilial n
of let an Lake Kria bail drilii;i) lo ibv tnuuib uf the ritcr, and
Ua daar."
ihm« Briilxf ncT the FaiU uf JVii^ara,— The 6ral rar, aaapaodad
• caUe, crvMcd from ciilT to ^lilf b«)aw the fall* ef Niaiara on the
Marcb. Mr. J.IIctI, (he eihgioecr whit lia* nedertakrn the eon*
\ <if tha sBXpeni ion- hr idee ut that place, \ttt» iba brat pcnon vrbu
o*i>r. nmiiliit tha cheer* af n large conoiunn of p«op|«. Tli«
Catoaut olitrtrr* : " Mr. Ktlett niuit (eel UDilltiaatiou and ootn>
m pnda that hn U the 6iti man nlio »Ter cruiiMsl iq il unrriujp
Iba air, oa ^t ice, from aoe empire to another ; tliercby, tl ia to ha
tMliBK (o a lifippr, prMpcri>u>, Kvocrvui. sad recipnical nnion— n
b at frModellip bclwvM molbv aad daughtwr." Wc may tuniMo
Of (bota who oxporlMteed alarm at ttia biiddeo draiair>g uf iIm
rtrar. neliead abow, tha aikairliuldcra in iba •oapcnuon-bridKe
[Idx, wore ii<>l IfM friehlvfied tbaii Ihe othen,
askafioaa ■« ItaHuuji Trai*t. — Anutbrr uf iba icaoy plana pro-
r caukllthlM; a cuiumiiuiraliua b«incm the pBA»a[<Ts aoJ (Ue
ail tLruuKli hiui ^*iU) (he eogiDver. uu nulnajt liBini, haa been rv*
lUated. Tlie inimttir uf tbi« plua in Mr. Edward Taltcnalli of
llHI, Uad juirvej nr ; and it eaatiata i[i hating n cord raa aloug tbo
ill lb* cufTia^H, eomiuiinicaliDg with Ihi* huuille of Ihn meain.
Of with a bail. The p»t<."iiti:o claim* as new an appurmlna for
(DC or thorteniut; the coril, niiliont rc*iniriiig it tn I>b itrann <jut
touly. Yoenahte the paBBc!nK''i4 >" cuuimuu Irate with (lie KUard.
by Btsht, aud ■ al^uot bunrd by d^y, 'it Ui Lu lixcd to iLe top of
Iflagr, and the pas*enf;cr, by pulliii^; » nliing maj raiae a dap tbal
if iWHna tha lamp or »tK*i''l-^"'*''d, und wlica llie j(uud Mea till*
aia tu puUllie cord lo order ibe cusiue-drivcrioktop.
Ore ia Algitrs. — A report presenlrd to the I'aii* Academy of
^oo a coniaiiiaicatioa made bj M, FourncI, rrr^icctini; tbe luioer'l
f Atiiien, rcprcacnta ibc iron we to be utcciatly abundant uud
1 tba nouotuiaa of Sou Uarara, throughout a dialaiico uf fuur
tba (co(ipiiig>-ou( of a CMiaidarnblo Munber of bada of oro maj
K«4, attaiainy aanadinM a coaudenabia «iM, aoJ ne**r \tn ihau
r ta Cm jards in drptli. At Iha norlli of I'iurn tWre la no fnUre
■ ftba Mobla Kl iladad, ot iron quarr;), which riaeauat uf the
oa Ultnlly praeols frani iu b«M to ita lummli, tliat ii ui mj, a
licight of about lot) yards, one Diast of pare oiida ut iron, nithout Ihe
adniitura of aoy other anbttaaoe. Tu tha eait of thia moanUlo, H.
l^onrad tmordnpirarflauf t5poiiila where Iho ore wai cropped-oul. M>
KovHial haa alio fouud larcc <it(aiiiilie« uf ancii'iit tcoriac, prona^ibat
tUet« toofceaof minrritl ivciillh liitd liceii marked by Ihu Ituiniuii, ut pet-
hapa by Ih* VatidnU; Itufn ntr nl«o ecalured anxiof^t ihrse tc»ri«, *pe-
clravnanf Ibv [ne<»l proil'icM, (D (hat bt annljtig it can lie a^ivrtaineil
from which bail uf ocv the luelal (iruduvi^d at lucli and auch a poict, waa
nbliinrd.
Cof-ying EUttric TiUcra^—\a eleclric Iclecraph vrUicti will produoa
lU a Jlatant town fttainiCe cupira of writinKHflJlieiJ <u the ioalruiaeat
in Londoo, ha* jual birrn luvrrjled by Mr. P. C llakifufoH. We hat« saea
n apeelmcn of the ti>legrAphia writing copied from the orlglaal.hy a aepa*
ralp ln»ttainenl, only cucuieeted with the uiber hy wire* In iho urdtuaij
maoncr. We unJl^r>tan■I that afnuieeinent* ate beiox luide to site tba
InvGBiliju H trial at a Fuoe dliinace, fur Ihe pnrpuoe uf adupitJi; tbii nude
vt Iclecraptiic comiiuaicatioa grnctully. if it be found rquAlly applicable
hc(Keua dlalaot tonns ai ■) ■• «t iJwrt iolervalf. Tbe rapidity with which
coptea laay be made witb this io&trumml, Mill far extMtl the miiiiial dec*
lerlty of the ^akkett writer : lor the inventor expects to be able la tnna-
iitjiiOO alpliaheticatlptleripfr minute. IVUrre ^burt-hotja ii employed,
of coune (he mpidiiy uf IraijsniiMiun n-oulil Iw much greater; aud we oa*
deraiand ilinl even plaaa and drawing* may be cupied by the aanie iuira*
ineut.
I'hnrphitid in Mr Grtt* Htui' — The crt«n saod formation, aitnaled
under tlie (balk, contain* foaail labnaeeea in *uch abandonee ai to render
ibeni vaiuabl* ac manure*, in eoaieqeence uf the phuififaa'.e uT line whidi
il (till* obtained. Attoolion lia* bcpii m enily directed lo tbt> sutijrct, and
if the ferliltziftc pmprrtic* of Ervrn (Bud in a* creat a* la rrprF»oa(«d,
ibere etiiti in tbe houih of Rntlaad voat siom uf naiiBre, CDrre*poudioc '
in chctDJcal propeideo with the Ktrnnu that Ina b«ra icraped from diftaut '
islauda, sad aolj nt u high coil in lIiU country. The pmeoce of (oprolite
{duiif^tonr) nodal** In the upper f;rera toad and Rault, wna poloied out
by Dr. Fittnn aanerat year* u^o, Id his "ceoitui of tha *' bad* below Ike
clialk," published iii the "TraDjacUonii of the (irulnxiol Society,'' eel. Ir,
scuind arriea; and Ur. F. al»u nscertaiard the larfe profntttien nf pbos>
philoef lime cunialDctl in ilie»o bodies. Dr. Piiioa'a uhaertntiviis were
chi<rl)y Dade fiviu the K*^'' "' Polkrtloiie. Dut be ba*a!ie uotKtd the
tiistouc* iif (he«r Dodule* in vnriaua parte uf the tipper Bad lowrr greea
■and. Ther« nre tWVi of the upper greeu sand at Kailbourac, in Seuex,
where th« fcMil and cuprollttc n'>du1?a may be found. If we pan from the'
(lui.cmp of the green *aad in SeueK and Sarrrr, we Dod it again In atlU*
grralcr force weatwanl, ia the frrtlle vale of I'ewsy.one ol the Uoeat '
pieeea of when! land in the kiogdom. Tbe whale raHty fnm Sedwia (u
Deviate i« corerednilh this tuil, ibc elratnni dippniK uador ()i« cbalb
of lliii Marlborough dowB* on the north and StJitbury plain no (h« aeutb.
ImprtMrd MeeJuitt /be Xellitf Inn. — Mr. Baajamtn Nortaa, of BoentaK^
New Jeney, li'.S.. has rpvently ulilained a inieiil in America, for au iia>
provrment in the tuacbiiM for intling iron. In ilrseribiiig \\\% mtentioa., ihe
putriiiee Myi— " In rolling the bitten (if iron ihAt ace w be coavcfteil into ~
iiocp.iron, or into tcroli, bind, or other iron uf a like character, liie appo-
laiiu u>cd, ai ordinarily coattnctcd, csniiau of tlirea rollsra, tbe i\t* at
which aie in tlio tacnc lettical plait*. The Ullst i* pawed through a ^cnioTa
in Ihc lovierniosl pur, and ti lettiraed through a gianra in the u[]i>ercao»t
pair, by which it i» picpaicd t» be patted tlirough the tinooth cr Aniihing
roltert- In my in firovcd appiratui I use but two rolltrl, ia which the billet
il (Irii pused In Ihe usiial nay : ti It puiea fren iKtaten the*« rollen ea
the loar snte, ii enter* a curbed troujih, wtalcli I call a raceiaar. and thia
truu):h eondurt* it rwind the rear lidc of the upper roller toward* ibc worfc>
man in (rant, wbo paiaM it into tti« giutivo in tlic tn\ iostanoe, and nbo
then pauet it Inia a second groore, furmcd in tlio lune rollci*; by n bleb
atraDKtDient miteh lioNand friction are laccd, and utherobviou* aidtantagca
obtained. Tbe pBleotca claimi the comtiiuatioa of the ceiared irougb, or
receiver, with a pair of roller*, for Ihe purpoie of t«ii%'eriii5 lite itrand to
the froiit of tbe rotlci), in combinalioo with (he «n>p1oyttient ef th* Meond'
groove, or groove*, In the lower laller, aad tlierehy idmiUlng of Ihe wlden-
inf out uf the collui.
EifiiT a xulirliime/ur Sttmn. — M. Zede. Director of the I*Otl» of Franoe,
at the iei|ue»l uf M. i.xfand. a lieutenant in the Murine Navy, ha* made
leteial expeiimr.nu on Ihe employoient of tlie Tipom uf citicr In ouc of tbe
cylindeca of a itc am ■engine. Tbe rcialtt were very taiisfacluiy at far aa
logaidaihccniployiiicniof the mechanical focoe contaioGd in ihl* vipput ;
hut a> ici^rdi ufriy, M. Zedc slated that il is ImpoiiiUle (u niiiMiic the
danger aii*i[ig (roui the UM of H inflaianabic a liquid a* lulphurie dber.
la order to remoTo tbU objection, M. Lafond ho* prop«»cd to litui the em-
ployment of chloroform in place of ether.
(due of Rain. — At a reeeal inealioK of Ibe Paris Academy of Scienoei)
M. Itabiupt ciplnined hl« theory of the cauKD of rain, fuuu Jr:d on niiiu^
toua oEiarrvakiona. I[« auppinea thai a voluuin of humid aud busted Hit
havinj; rMen Into the upper rreicDB o( ibe atinovplicre, expand* ia tbe
I4r«t itir ; cooietiueatly, tbe letiiperatur* beeenea towered, asd the vniwur
CDudcDtca and U precipitated in rain. Thero ■cecna to be nuthiug new in
tbia theory, and it fail* tii uscij^n kii iiilftlliAiblc eauH tar the ohai^rvod pbe-
someDa o( ralu. It ia faiuuded alM oo tli* (|uaiianable aiuumptioa, that
Ihe portion* of Ihe alinoa|>beca near the earth rm wbcu heated iaio tbe
Bl rata of air above; becRuae, In most GircumBta>acea, the didereuce iu the
prcMure of (lie atmosphere at higher elevoUou*, Daut»asrcaler dillERBM
1«^
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AMJ ARCHITECTS JOURXAL.
la Iht rcUthr wrighla of rqakt roliinits tSan the dilTcrpnl drgrec* of li*fat
Sb4T« unit bt^lotr. M. Habtuct, iadctti, tf>aii !•> admit III in, >i lli« etpan-
■ina of the hiimlil air he »ap^aft lu be ciu>«l b; ihi! riirrr *U(e oT the
nppcr «tiD<)iplier«, anil )«l be i«em* In lure fortollrn In Ink* Into ci>tiii>
tbat tttR dcn>ci and beavkr air would not n*ii IdIo the tli;ht«r.
jtmlyni 0/ PftoijiAotn.—Mmn. Darait tuu\ I'elouaio liarr rrpoTlMl
very faTouraUy ol ih« pracrM a.ilupt^'J by M. RiKiwiky, lo imcrrlain tbe
propni1i'>nB of iiliuapboric Bci'I cmitiuDfil iii phuiphiklcn. The prnctM con-
•ilU ia l)rin;;ing the pbotplionc aclti (u thf itala a! pboipli-atc of Iho pcr-
VImIc of ir»D, anil Ihrii la kKcrtalo l!i« qiiaiilil}' of irou whicb it CoDtaJti*.
JUthe pbusphate of the pervilde of Iron it iDialnble in accljc atid, in
praetpitaliu): tlis plioiphoclo acid Uom ha aciil liquor by meant of the
kCBlXeuf Uir pfruiidc of iron, the lall nill br prFcipilatei) pntr, and can
consequently be collnci«il in a Uitvr. Aflrr a CitIr^ful naahinji, tf fl be itia-
■olird in nitric ttciii, and rcJui^Fj to the iiiinimurn Mntr of ntidnlioa by
tbe nci4 of a luitalile nrlLliliuTt of totjihuie of soOn. llirre will remain nnly
tuininrBl^ the iroe roiorvH to tbis suto by in^ani of tho pro portion att
(jDBiiLity of pcrnitugiiolo Bcid necrtsurj la eonvect it again into pecnxidi:.
Ratary U^tii. — A |utt«i]I liu bB«o tak«a out for luUry brcU to boott
And aboe*, lo that, bow««er nn«vealy a perioei mny iivb'1, ih« Iip<I may be
niDlarly noni >>y ckvjog It a tarn daily, tu eifjosa a fre»li lutlane at llii.'
part nioK troddou on.
titciAiltle Mmitiaat, — Mr. A. Bain, the iDfc^'nroua intcninr of electric
lokjtnipbi and clotk*. hat tiLlaitied a patent fur no iiiteDtioD, part of
vhidi cansiila in cauiiiig muiifnl inilruiui^utt to be phiyt-il t} rl^clro' maK-
BCIivm, nJlhoul the ap[>arvot tienry of ony muiicinn. He rETL-cu Ihia by
placing rleulru'iuaguvtn nudet lh« keyi uf tlie iiijitrunient, unil Iheic tiiag'
net! nrn couuecled by wirva ivilh aumi! oilier ainiilar uiiliumeiit in anotber
roomi or it may be in suiiie ullier part of ihc tumr Iuwd. Wicuerer one of
the licy* of the original in^lrument i> preticd down by the iirrfiirntcr, it
coniplctea the rleolri<i cticnit, and induce* mngoctiini in tlic kinporary
nagnel under the correi ponding key of tho diilnnt initrument, and thai I*
ioalanlly drawn dowu aud aounda the nole. Thi* arrungnnient mifihl be
continued Ihcuugb «e«eral inalrumejil*, oirry one of whirli wi>uld hn
played at tbe anine lime br one prifnrnirr.whti trciiiMhploucbinii; Iha kpy«
of only tins iiiAtruineoli and tliut, perhaps, a mile apart frmn the vtlirr«.
In aoolher part of Mr. Unin'i (uiculion, be propuxet Id difpeiite vriili
perfofiricrt Dlto^cther, and lu lunke lliu |)riutc<l iiiiiiiic piny ilaclf. TLi» in
done by prrfur'ting hnl» in u (hctl al paper, wliivb ji tu he ilrawii oter
thr op'ninii* of vind iutlcunicuiii. tVlienevrr ili>- perfonili'd liiiUa at-
iacidr *rilb Ihe nrittrra in tbo laalniinFat, llie oolra nre aoiiiidH'd ; and by
•rraiigiug the pcifDralions at ibujr pmiicr ilitlnnoct. ibc lunn ia p1<iyrd !
Afiiai{/(ti:lure «/ IKAife Xirad.— Home impniienirciia in the innrmfNi-liire
of earbonalB of trod liaie rccrtilly hern patenlrd by M. Jruii Muric
FoiurmenUn, of N'cur BriiljfC'Mljeel, Itlockfriara. In tliig pruccM, the
carboanle of lead i« prodocod by the decompoailion of oaiahloridc of tend
/abUined by (ho action of gen (Alt upon pioiuXLdo uf lead], hy meani of
£«rhnnic acid, nliith dccoiiipoiii'i th<!<>ii(^lil«nde ; an iuiolnbk curbonata of
j.ud briiijc prinlocrd , and a solalioa urrblnnde of iridiuiii mniJiiiiiuif.
Triple Jinitieay Ilttuk. — A mad el uf a Iripin raJKvHjr break, invented by
M. I.aijtnri, ha* tieen lubmitled lo Ike Hnrl* Acarietiiy of ScieocH, tLaeta
pari of the brnak niiiil be fumceiMi'ely driitroyed ber(in> any nialttriui
daniRie cun he donr. and tbt rc!M»tf>nce ollercd I* calculated to beiulli-
dent compldcly <o overcome tbe muiaciilucn of the train. Tlic aalicin of
Ibo break i» indcpeodeut of Ihe eoEine-driver, and it ■» tunatautlr ready
lo a<l when occa«ioa require*. The oanc Riven In Ilii* break u f><iriir&o>'
Nnr Rifle- Html. — .\ ncir tnode of forming tlic tpiral-intlde ntte-barreli
kaa been ref;ialrred by Mr. Laneualnr. luttoad of nakin); llie apiral of n
Ttgulur helicui form lhraa|{hou(, that form M adopted only in the bril hnlf
of (bd burrcl, eniiimencini: at ihfl brMch ; lite other parlioa being on an
unirurmly accelf nitmB n'oninlrlc curve. The advanUKeasaid lube jtninrd
\y tbia nietkud nic— <itminuliun of Ihi? rtcoil, a luilaiiied apiral Jiiotiun
wUhout ibo prticul liabiliiy iu iiOea ui elrj]i]ilng Iha ball, and a larser
nnge with tlic *anie cliartie of powder.
TIm Calitgeat Patnfy. — Thn Admiralty eipetitncntaDncoili fiirtli» ateam
ury.aie roiitinnRd al l*ulu«y College, ia the builrlifiEt errclrd there tiy
£«a»naieiit f^r the purpose. Dr. Lyou I'layfair liaa recrnlly coaatructcd
r thu C'ollegr, Ihn large*! magiiel Ibul bai hillierlo bTcii iiinde.
Mammoth .VacAint. — The Rfn/ftieiiure fte/onnernnticeilhe mannraelure
by Messrs. T, Shanki, of Jolinsioue, an ininieaar alating machine fnr cutting
■ad drei4iDg up, by lelf-aetioo, lh« cniuka and c run b cadi of the laritest
marine alvani-enginea, fiaisbinn thcni Ihtaitghaul, ftum Ihe raagjti hb^k e»
they come from the forite. The macbtne ii urcclinj; far MeitarF. Kulloo
snd Neilaon, of Laacehebl Korse, and the weight of tlic tin^ln cnEiiiig
which fnrniR lla base ii 'it Ion*. ThlB cut waa rxeculril hy nirtira. .iubu
(iotdie aod Co., of ihc Hayllold Foundry, and Inuk font nioatbs >d llia
moulding.
Manual P6v*r Loniiulhf.—K Mancbeiler piper ttalea, that Mr. Archi-
bald Farrie, an IsgenlouB tneebaoicof tlial trnvu, baa inTMiled n luconintire
to b* propelled by manual labonr, nhicb wna *uccr*>fu)ly IrlMl alcog
KTetBl of Ibeatntcts of Manchester. The carriage was stnpptd evriy ouw
and ihea, to allow pariies tu imprcl the moicmcnt iif tbe machine — the
irorfciog of wbicb appeared to ciu»c the drivei imly a alixtit inuacular
•Bbft, aided by inauuul deaterity. The nacbine nei)[h> S cwt.. haa no
eruli*. and hia b«cn worked by one man np an ioeline of % fcct in Ihe
jlid, while twelie peraoni were in it.
LIST OF »ZnV TATEim.
oaairraD tit >Mei.AND rauw AraiL 27, to Mat S6( IUB.
Six Mtnthi al^Md/or EnrBbiumt, itniem tJHtn^tt tafrrtMl.
William N¥wlaii, orauBtarT-laiH.Ulddlnai, dull tuglBaw, Bw * Iipmnnaiaa*! h
micltliicrr (i>r Imitlnit. irl""!ri;, ana card Ihk mini anil miuin or dinUar mmati i
raqulrlnit llioat proftuH." jA Mnmunlrillun.]— ftaalfd April S7.
Fdwarfl \V*1i"iUj. »r ft<«loq Nvrlf, l^brwfTktfr, coltdit tplfiner. ftr **
pntcHl apjiaratnalDr |iieTeatlii|[ Cli> ti)<laaiun ofatfaoi tKilirn.''— AprI B7.
Wtlliank Rriiry ftariiitr, (if Peril*, Hfll ecaflnr«>r. nnilTliEjiiiaa Forvter.afSi
CemtDDft ^urrtf. f«QElpiii4iQ, f'lr '' InipraireiapiiU in elMtHc c#lifyra|iba ant to
(«Bn«ct«(l llieniillh.~— April a.
I
I
I
I
Ttiomaa Kdmondaon.firiilincllHier, oiachlalal, Inr " Impmnfamla ta ■arhinf •■<
■luiiil.erln/t rallirai auil vUitt llckiu or ■aifam, and In amaglBg and 41aUlbiiiti|
Uelic la.*'— April 'ii.
Danid Rlee Pnil. t> Woeettrf. In Iht 8lau of Uaaachaxtu. Amprlra, fOe 'Ma-
rhihrrj tor cunnecllitg mllnmjr cvvrlajr^."'— A^rll 'ff-
Jtai-ct K.Rone. B'tticcliy ofKeir Tork, In (he Unlir^ Stale* «( Anwica, fee 'Im-
proTenvrita lu bulldlnir ahipa and olbar Traaeta." — April 'J7-
nngn Crorr* Hilur, of nirkenhiad, In Iht r«uT>l)> rtt Cheativ. » uin | u i.tn "nnata
Inpnirrrmixu 111 (■riattir the illairitiUUun vf lliiulil evIittaDCea. and la tb* nuaWvMaa
afilrtiiit, arwrra. anil erteponlt, and in the vleanaiiigul Ihe otne."— April 17.
Chiirlei Fifldlni PbteBie, af Hlrin[n|haiB, far " a new df ImpN'red ehalrbeala <ritrt>
-April W.
Atciaailei I'arhei. of tllfmlnitiaiti. tipvclRienlal dirmlil. Car ~ I npioreflitDla In tU
mafluractule Af welall and In (4aUh£ melali." — April -Jj.
Wllliaai Jcba Narmantlllt.nr rerkVllliier, Wlddlrtn, frenileaaan, fW 'criMlato-
prutementa la rallnajoi mher rirt1B(ri, parl')troiiiUlltii(o( nevr modea or (uuiif ■uilia
the aaifbaireandJoMrnelt «rf whwUi al«r>iin improvrrTinfthrhJ iiMulrr^tatlnie ItH hT
Jaumala or Dlbie poitlani or mMblnerr, by tile InlRKlucUoii ol a^uecua, alkallae, oieall
flBouii, AT »poDan«u> atdntiona."— Mty J).
taaac Barlee, of Rocadala Abbry, Torl^thlrf, farrnn, Sot "rwlalu topmaeteola 1^
maetaliiee <ir DDcUnEry ItabarrtiiiliiK. ainwlug, aiiiil Diaiiuduf land,"— Mar '•!■
lealab l>Bti«, iif BlrnilD|ham. eiiRlneer. tot " Imptaeemriita In ateam.eiiflMaant
IdcamiiLlrt ciu)l*ii*i> parU u( wliltli ars alas appllnble Is ather oiul In aiKUmrT." —
Alnsitiler Sniilhvnin'l Sturbiir. of rmk'rlure. CIIT.md, Mlddletei. (cnalanaa. far
" nrlalu ImnmrrmniU In tlmt ItBcliert and boata.abw onle, or boldmMr naadt^ _
pena, iilrt. nee<ll(«. and olbar aitlcLea. and In the mode or mods oT maaanuuirtui Oa- M
aaaia."— il»f *. fl
Frllrtt^ HaSno Srlllaiie, ofC, ltn<ilr**tt BTauinarchiili, Pa-It, far "etrtUn iMprri*-
menu In prDpalllnii. nml the ni«hLD*r]r eiii|ilu)eil tticrein." (A conmuaJBatlas
b-er late liatbaud.j— U«} J.
Hanrj William Hcliwaria. o( CreM Salnl Helen'e, Tenddo, D«rcban(, toe *■ !■;«•«*.-
m»i;UiB ueam engine a." (A eon.iuunlceU*in.>— U»i T.
I.eivi* linnbar BruilU linrrlAti, o( Ahlngdau-atrcel. Clly. tar "aa Intuoswaal or !■>
praiimmli in rallmiya "'—May 1".
WlllUtii ftliLatdy, of KallunI, l4D(aalilre.niBna(eri aad JoMph Leirl*, at tba
pUc*, EnafMiir.oxlirr.fal "citiotn Improeeaienta tn maelilneeyDrapparataaiVplkBH*^
Id ihr T'epurallon anil epInnlUK cf vvtloii, vool, allli, flu, and other flbroM aahAiaew.' 'l
— Uar u.
Richard Lam] nf, of Cnehr'" ''■''™"'"-''' *•" eapoWIe ofFraBra,for "aalaipiwa.
menl oc tmprowmenla la Ut« maniifiKHire vl viallc acW."— Hay >.
Rdwanl HaiDlL. of Wakefield, plumlicrj ftti "anInraDUan Ah maaaurlnf nleiamj
ollM.iuld-"-M.yii.
Vlnteni IMr«, nf Waidu^ir-alrrel. RdHa. Uiddtriei, maFhtalat, for "eartala aev ■
lmpru"«dniriliinli'«l»i'an(*ri*iiii (iir olpialiiliiti md ifi)l]iuif uiuUrr puiear.''— May H-
Ctiarlta HaDcoib. nl Kmiiipioa. ttlildlnrt. irniliinDti. for "ccrlalu Inprored pwptf;
atlDQi aoil .-uii.piiniiH.of jull. i.«r*li«. nitl r^ruln ItDprHemenu la (be ntauraMuR if
■nkiri ai"I liliitia I'Uinputetl oltuiia peirbaalaa*, and In CBmblaatlaa trtm othn Mb-
ilanrx."— Mey II.
Tliuiiiu Ileitell.oITMllnK. Siirtef. u-alch.inilieri and BIchBrd CLaib.aribe SCnal
Wteitnlnalrr. lainp.manuraciarer. tor " luiprgecmeiita In vlitaauiuclrra, civcka. laalclMi
aDrlol.b»rtlini-lie»l'»r»."— W4)' II.
(ieDiie ArmitrgnK, "( NTWtnlLi.apon.Tyne, coglBear, [or •• an InproeNl valcr-peca-
aore enaliie."— Maf 11.
Mark Smim, or Harteood. I.enciiihln, pDWcr.loDm niaktTi n)t"ailalB InpranaaiU
Inliiuina Im neJViBB."— Maf II.
William Ta»lor, o-r Blmiliillliaui, wefhaolat, ^rw "un Imprond node of tursiataf w
benillng flat pliti of uiilleulde iiieula, or mlitun odnruJi, by aid of niatnlarrr, tale
talKa '"—Mar 1^"-
Oeorg* tlciiry Itiirelll. oJ Albany-plaee, Homarr-r'ia'l. Jamea Pj.imaB. of Batdali
alr«l. I'ltr-niaLl, and Joliu Ukiliewa, of Norman Vbuilillii^, OM-urtet, eaflaantu
MIHillroi. ri>r "• ctrtaln toiprvTed mrihoil iir inrihiidauf innllnf tatli llqaara aM
other lli]ulOt vt Uiilrla, ji"l crrlulu linini-i»m»nl» In mactilnof er appanUia dpreffKIl^
•ufh loiproTnl meiliwl tii nielliinlaot trratmcoL"— Way W,
A1>Ti>liain Xolomotia. Af London, mrrt'hint, and Bondr Aialar. of RntlWfhltl^e. Sarnv,
jirlnlei, for " Impiortoieiiti tii ib« mmuUcluiu o( (aa, tar, eli*rcuid, aiul cwiala aiUt.^
— Uay VS.
Uatihw ItLia*. <t< Wauihnd Mill*, Ijannililre, machlaa maker, and rnaiat PMk
of Mii'lileraOela, Voi>»!iiri. toiiuo drujbUr, inr "tttuin I<r>vrQ"tinriiU la aMcUaarrlb
twOtlegandiluulilliiKii'LHUii v*i"a aud other Ubniui inaMtUla."— Mar S.
MuHt P.wlr.Df London, ^ntlemin. fur "laiproieinsau Id prapalUar rmeU." (A
couioiunlcallon.j— Kliy ■'<.
y«tnpa Parker Ferry, (if riamidan- place, NoiUnr htli,seaileiaaa, fbr "oarttla late
priTTeemnU In oblilihlnjeopiwiffom copper on«."—Maf ».
JattiD BeiiilnaloB, vl Warln«Bri!i| NnrlhiimtieelaBd, rlnl aoflnear, fn " lalpwwBIti
Id InTDBiotlea aniilneB, and In mirlnraudalalloiiary caglaM."— May JB.
Thntnit Rli-liinluin. of Ntatrnitle npOu.T)rn(. rliemlal, for "liopromnrala In iht
nianufattart of mviarr."— Huy 'X;
FeIIi Byulntbe I'olliet Louli, of 8oi»bnrk, ttiirrer, |«it)einai], fM "anlniaaCl
Bethodoi proenaorpinneliiieenalunulnialprtMlueia.'^aiaySl, '
i
THK CIVIL ENlilNEER ANU AKCUITECTS JOUltNAL.
IBS
ERIAL INStJRANCE OFFICE, OLD BROAD Si., CITY.
Juutt GiBMM, ^^.. Arrhitert.
Cmh in Engruvinf, Plnie IX.J
Tli« [irAmtM of iniiimnfe <!oin{>ani«t. tli« frrut iotAr«tt whii'li
rftJt by ul cIsKtM In Riakinfftt [iraviuua for the future, the es-
iMUInncnt of uew officM, uxl the «xtcn^n of bmiiuM, hAv«
MU«4 * ilCDmnd fi>r Urti» [niblic huiMtiigs. itf urcfciMcturM i>rc-
girionfl, and r.apable of giritm; the ntijiiircd ai!(v>mm(i<Uit)on.
wuu tlie Citjr, In addition to the hiilb of it* MirpfrrAtioni. its
pi]», Mill iU diDck l>aildinj;«, ban now insnT om»m»&t« to bout of
\ibt notil« u9ico« cnirtml fur traiiBnt^tinir lh« l>n«lDma of lb*
■MranM cempanlt!*. It hait heen fnrtiitiAti>, too, Diat with tb»
JM i>t the«e aM&Uithnontti. there baa been n coaeunfut Improve-
Itnt ia public t&Bte, trhirJi hiw bMnnroductirr of cniulutioti amontr
(ff archtteetft. and ban ffiven ti« onch ytar a Iwtter cUsn nf work*.
I Wfcat tbtt dub ii to tbe ■tre«t hrrbit«etan of tbe wisit^nd. th«
pnaraace office is to the cWy ; and the edifice* devoted tn thf more
■efbt purwMefl of lifp, it ix pleann^; to ii«e, aro not inferior to
hnve wbirh tat! nnlv the npjMndagn of luxurv. Indeed, th«
^ngc of anntrance umtwn in London, eon«l>tute« is it* archiimu-
■I, Ai well at in tld tiiural itnpeot. » diara^'terl^itir of which Etiirland
mf b« praud. Tlio forci^rr hiu hitherto envied ua our charities,
Br park*, nud onr r\uh* ; he will unw Mrf anotbsr foatore in lb«
pyaiognomy of London, nhi«li raxmata bonourabla >Mio«iationa
a oonuerl ion with the private and doniettjr habHc of the |irofes-
ional nnd middle rliuaoii, nnd le«li(ieK to their eametit and
•nTtdnnt nirc for thoie to whom comfort tlieir liv» have l»e«n
■voted.
rThe Sun, the Alliantv. the Amieabte. the Globe, and the Atlas,
n but a fow among the huililinitx which wjl) reiirfily miffgent
btnaaelvca a« cominif within the cun* we hav>> mentioned, eitrh
Iw centre of opBruioni> of some ^'reat iiixtitutiou. in whieh pro-
^ty to a larire amount in insured, or on w)iirh thousaiuU of wives
' uf rhildren depend for prni'i&ion wh^ti triiluwhood or orplian-
may be their lot. Of the urchitertunJ itii-rilM of moat of tbe
named, we have had the opportunity of apeakine on
oocaaionc ; we have imiw to add to nwr list the offioe of the
feperial Iiuuri(no> Company.
The Imperial Fire lowiraiiee Company n-aa formed in IHOS,
mder a deed of eectlemeat by which the capital wa« declared to
Bniuct of 2,-tOO ahsree. of ^ioii ea^^h, but on which, only ten per
mt. ha* ever been called. The \n\ ested rupitul now pxreriU half
tnillioD. to aeeure a jtennaneni dividend of twelve |ier cent.,
By>ble hiiif-yenrly. independentlv of bonu<tea which have hitherto
MD aqual tu aK much more, nnd neooiinta for the KharcK beinj^ of
ivster t-alue than tho«e of any ottier existing aimilur wlnblutfa-
lent. ITie Life I )ffice (uhicb. nltbougfc bearing; the aame name >ad
arryiiiB <>n its Itunineffi iiniler the Mine roof, in a totally dictinct
DDCCrn) wu formed under a aimilar deed of uettlemenC in 1**90.
te capital coiuuiti of l.-SOO iihareii, of 4^100 each, on which only
rn per rent, has ever been paid up: to secure a dividend un
tticli, payable anntinlly. an ample rapital it. inveateil in the
nblic fouda, independeutlj uf an iiccuniulated premium fund now
Ke«e41iv £700,000, and bonuie* which are declared quin-
urnnialiy.
Tbe dirrctora of tl>e«e two compniiieii, lindinfC the accMiinoUatlon
forded by the premlaea they have hitherto occtipied in Sun-court,
romhill, iiijide«|ual« to the want« of the respective office*, de-
Brmtned. in ()«ptember IHtf}, to erect iithen on tho aite they had
ordutted at the rxrnttr of Old Bruad^aLreet aud Tbretdneedle-
Ixeet; for which puri)04e. oevoral arrhitocta were Inviteil tu
iniidi dengnt, and bnvio^; done mi, VIr. Sliaw, (uie of the olficial
efcreea wa« called in to auiiit the directon in tlieir selection :
but reiiolvcd on the iidnption of Mr. IribKon'ii deaiga, now nearly
omplt-trd hy tho Mctarf. Piper, who took the contrart for the
iTitioa.
Mr. GilHon intlu- architect nf the Ilaptin ChnncI tn Bloom»hiir>''
tnct, of which ne lulety i^nve the elevation, and who mar consider
UDWlf pre-cmineiilly fortunate in being .ihle to nialii' fits profea-
lotnl arbil in two public itrurtureK, priMluced iimulluneoualy.
ke one which ronuii the subjert of our ea^iinng ibii month, i*
¥B Imperial Iniitiranee OtScr, which utaitds at the nrrner of (Md
Irtwd-ntrert nnd Threadncvdle-^trrel. It i> an airiylar r»m|ioHi-
kin, of tliu ItHtiiin Piilntui xtyle, executed in Portland stone,
ltd baa umiueitionably made a very icreat Inproremcnt In that
ail of tbe city, if only by remorin^ what iwcd to be .i very ukIj-
nd inoonveiiicDt «harp corner ; in lieu of which, tluit anirle la now
ut off, and ii nude to form a distinct nitd didiogulalied ronipart-
tcnt of the general dealgn, and in m plnced as to prcMtnl iteelf to
tliee^e in a very alrikinit nuuuwr ; aod^irhbits twoneiBbhoiirinff
bnild tnga — the lloll of Conunereo on one side, and the Mentor
ABeumoce Office ou tbe other — formi) a rather importiuit archilectu-
raJ Kt^iup, ill which there ic certainly iki lack of VBriety,— the
Im]ieriiil Office b«inA an rtudJcdly ornate na the other two arv
iludiedlv aimplc, not tu nay nevere and cold in «lyle. Or perhaps
we aliuuld qualify our optnloii by Baylnff,tlial the facade of the Hall
of CoiwnerM wv'oltl look somewhat cold aiid bare as an arrhitectu-
ral compositjon, were it not for the pnucl Irjeae^ whlcli Is in a double
sense a rtiitf, and which, while it arts iiff the facade, is in turn «et
off by itr very subdued tone of decoration, A rimilar unlveml
(IcirrM and node of crabrlLslimcnt iii point of nriilpttire, la also
a trail ia the desiKii <'f the Impexiiil OiGce, all the key-«toac«
of its n^uad-floor winduwsi Winy eariclied with curved naadtsor
bends upon tlicin — not a mere rupetitiou of each other^ but rarrin^
in cbaructur, — while the largo puuel in tbe upper |Mrt of the
soutli-weot comfartmeot, betwovo the Thr«ulBM'dle-«treet and
the Uroad-street fiout«, nil) display a mltero^ ooDsiitilig of two
sittinu female £sures. considerably above lif&-nMu with threo
»hiel<l« between tliom, bcariiiK the anna of Englaad, Soollaud, and
IrclMid 1 — which piece of nculpture, bikI the kcy-atoaas Just ineD-
tioned (amounting in all to fuurteeu in the two ftoats), are by
.Mr. Thomni, an iirtist ezti-nsircly employed st the new Palane of
Wextminiter. Highly sattsfuctory is it to i>en-eire such Attention
to artistic linieh beirtuwed upon u building which, bad It been
erected pome doien or fifteen yenrs ngo, would hare bwrn turned
out of haud very diiTercntly, — both wjth the nunlraum uf detail
and irith the niinitiitini of di.'^ijen beHowvd upon that, m wiinehs
tlie AlUiwice Ulhce, in Itartliulvmew-Jiitie, and the " Atlw," in
Cliftapside, — ortbe City Club-houH', in Itroiwl- street ; oU of whidi
may claim the merit of being exceedingly umpie and naartilicial —
providMl uEiHrtilical and utrrliWia be ayaonyiaeiui and CODvertible
termd. The Impertul Office has been entiched with great pro-
priety, ttic ornumenl* being in perfect ke^iing tbrou^iout, and
at the saaic time they ure profuse and woU -executed.
We can now only allude to the interior, a* it i* not yet quite
finished ; but every attention nppcars to have be«ii beidowcH) upon
tho official arrangements, and every precaution taken to render the
Office* tire-proor The " strong- room" ha« li-en fitted bv Mr. Lead-
beater with nrought-iron doorit, hlleil with a chemical citnapoand
for msking thorn perfectly fire-proof, and ventilating gatM. This
room appears to be a perfect pattern of ufoty.
CAXniDUSS NOTE -HOOK,
F.VStJCULUS LXXXIII.
" I muM ta»r* Iikniy
U'UlMl, M lactr II ihvto' 1- Ibt ■tnila,
Tu Ms* un nliuw I |<Ihh."
I. One of the essa^ in tbe piouaat little voliunc, entitled
" Friends iu Couueil.*' a upou tbe subject of Pnblie Jnptovcmenta,
Ai to the cMay it»clf, it ■•> diuppointiiik'ly brief, and deals too
ntuch iu. or rather is confined to, abfAract generalities. There
arc, however, one or two remarks Iiitreduced tn the anbte^ueot
twurersation boLween the " Friends* thenselves, that deaerre to
be pointed out. The first uF Ihem whteh I select would fumisb
matter for » diwoorM" or paper of some length: — ^'MUtvrtont
'^ There i»«Tie thing I forgot to say, — that we want more iudividtial
will in htiildiiis, 1 think. At it is at present, a great builder
takc« a plot of grtxind, and turns out innumerable houses, all
alike — the ««mi.> faults nnd merits ruuning through caeb: thus
adding to tho general dnlncaa of things.' ' — ouch aystvin of bouse-
nMnufnfturing for tbe market operates, it must be confessed,
very injuriously for nreJiitecturc. A alaglo desivn is made to servo
for seoree— perhaps hundreds, of houaos ; nor is mneb study b^
etowed upon that pattern or matrix design. So that it provide* a
suffidentiy oammodious dwelling, with all the useful r^juline ae-
COtnmodittons looked for in a '* respectabtn'' hoiiue, and a Rulficiently
/a#(jraiM>e«rai>eee«ternally — for your builder* deal largely in the
"tMtj, thotigti nut In the tasteful, — nothing mote is thought of,
Lonilort houses have no individuality: never do you find a single
original or pet ideii riirer<illy worked out iniiny onoof them. <>ue
ndvantare of thiK Is, that you are as well acquainted with every
nook aiiil (Ntrner of your neighbnur's huuoe n<i you are with j'our
own ; another, that you urc relieved from all rwjionNbility ou the
More of taste, it being thai of tlie cunfouoded buihlvm, — nut
your own.
2S
J
IM
THB CIVIL BNGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
11. To ennUnoo qootlnff: — in Jg tf wmw^j— mn th« Bmrl'^—
repiv, we ![ic«C nith ihM •ornvwiutt ]>eriIau]ii|iitMi0O : — "'ByUio
VHjri NtUvcrton. I want ta uk roa woe tbiw. Uow ■• It Uutt
goraminnntx wi J i-ummittM*, nad llir bodln tlmt WHuuga natters
of tii9le. MVtn lo be more t*«belc« than the nves-Bn mn of people ?
1 will WHfrer anfUiiiit;, th«t the citbnien rxniiitl TraTnlffnrH'iiQaTV
would h»Te miulc u liettec (hintr uf it than it i*. If i-xnt liwl jiiit
bcAwvlheniMventl prliilaor FuuataiMi, tiief would uot^ave choaen
thoee." Tn whidi MUvertvn rcMraodf : ^' I tbink with yoo, but
hare no iheury la Mxouatfor it. "— PtirtI}'. tuid cvm nwinly, kv-
eounted for it tniKbt 1ml by Mrioici It b bei:«»>e in nil Midi mnt-
IflTB, niniroillpcs Itold tbemaelrn tn Iw utterly invsixnif^ibte for
tliairiKTs-in'l l>c<'i>u4B no one c«n» t^ronvinccthem nf*tacovDlrary.
br /oratally oalling Ihi-m to eoconnt. So lon^ u Committere of
Ta«e, or whatt-wr v\at: ibeiractual ilefiifnMtioii maty be, an wflored
tu carry on thirir amndln nnd operations farblnd the cnrlnin, vrliKt
belter can lit! «!X)ieulctl ihnn mere random cxpprinii-nt.ilixini^ end
blitndailiitf, at John Bull's cxprnse ? licit i», the Britleli Doiikev,
thooch flattered by being drairn ua the Britiah Lion, who fay*
III. "■N'oHT, Milvcrlon.'" MysfiUnniere anln, '"■ would j-on not
forthwith j>ull duwn y.tich thine« ar BnckingMin ralnre. nnd tbe
Kational Galterv f"" To irhicn the reply b : -"■ I nonlil pull them
dewu to a certmnty, or tome parts of tbent at any riile : but whc-
ther "f«rthwiib°'i* another queHtion.'" — As Mr. BWeafrnpntrv-
iNm( of the Palace had been eonunenced before tbo book her*
quoted from wa» piiblbhud, we are at liberty to nipp«M^! llint, in the
wrlter'n iipinion, Midi improvement does not renuer pullinit itown
at all thn less deelrablr. — porhaps. even more so llinn ever. A»
aiTfiini have •tinri- tiinn^ out, the timw are mrt at all pnipitioua for
■obeniM of buildiniw eitlier new Koj-al P.-ilatre*, or new Notional
Oalleries. With regard to the Gallery, notwithatandinic it!! imper-
fMtlona, it is mseeptlble of venr dccidi^l improvement at. it now
stnndd,— cnpoblc of ea>aly l>et»x made what it oiwht to have b^cn
at &r«l. Kveii »t pmieni, lE in nut mi miu-h the " (•ullery" itM^lf, as
tht Other baildin^ and aeaaiBOvie«, that render 'I'rafalj^rar-a^uare a
lUlttre. Those on the east ride are in the niuEi pert and Tulf^ar
taste, and rriiiire to he pulled down ifuite n> mitcli, or n-en mui-li
more, than tbe ''(Inller)" — if any t hint; '* e^'er lo liemadt* uf thr
6<iuare M an architectunil eneemMe. A« to the weot aide, the beitt
that cAjt be ^d of it in, that it aervc« ns a foil to the '' Cialler}',"
and is more lucky than the latter ; probably owing to ila being
■h^tercd from thi^ ^hllft.■• of criticiMn Iiy the aufruit name of Sir
Robert Smirke. ludecd, it is Mmswhat unaccountable, that thufc
vha are ao diesatiefied \rith both the Gallery and the I-'ounlnin^,
ikoiild be so complnceutlv tolerant of all lite rcrt. iiud vvta gu iiito
cxtnaieit of admlmtion of St. Martiti'ti ChurL-li, which, the columue
of the portico iJoDc oxeepted, i* a compound of tasteloBdoesa, uq-
ccmthneH, and deformity. There is not n eio^le feature in it (hnl
haimoniaee witli the order, or tt> at all iii the spirit of the iil>le no
professed. Ill one rcopc«t, the Ch'irch and the Gallery are nearly
on B par, it beinK diRii.'iilt to decide which it thv uxliot — the
steeple oF the one, or the dome of the other. Both the one luid
the other may be oaiil to contrn>t with tbe rei^ijecliie porticvee;
but there in a very wide diflerence betxeen (rratiug divaonance and
that arli!^io ciiiitnist which, while it introduce* variety and pre*
vetitH t(Kt 4;real ptamenana, oitnlributen lo neneral hnrmony. Of
auch contract anil liarniony w* liRveexAni)>li> iri the human eoiiute'
nnnee, wliere the eyes and muutb are placed horitoiitnlly, and the
noie forms u verti«utj line eomiiiir in Wtween them. A reyinr and
well-lnunod critic mi)tht objeet ta thi». nnd contend that nature is
hero at faiill; :ind thnt theieu-ould lie nKiropleaxing rP-ftiilarit}- were
eithar the node plji«ed in the Mmi> dircftion an the other features,
•r tbe latter in thnt of the nose. Still, there it very (pvat com-
fort left for hi», if not for n« — nani<>ly, that there >« f^wcvrfml —
arc^ unireraa] precodeut — for iMHen beina; placed jnrt n« they art.
But now 1 am p'cttin^ too ri^maroljaji ; lneref«r«, break olT.
IV. I find that I have omitted an obeervation in Milvertan'a
vtply to £lle«mere'ii moor at tha ta«tO «P K»r«marMQta and eom-
mitieec, that descrvoa to bo attended to. "'1 nappoae,"* My* the
latter, '^'tbat these eummittees are frc(|nentW hampered by other
coiuiiderxtionH than Ibowe which come before t^e puiilic, when they
■r* looking at the work done. .Vnd Ihi* may he name gxciice.
There waa a cnetom whirh I have beard prevailed in former days
in tama of tha Itaiian ritiv^ of makini* h>r^e nnwlels of the worltB
of art that worn in iidnm the eiiy, nnd pulling Ihem up in the
f laeaa intended for the work« when lini<hed, and Iheti inviting
oMehRB, It would renlly be n vt-ry goinl pbn in some eaiea."*-—
No dnuht, but prartii-able only for miaU ornamental works, raeh
as foantainK, triumphal archea, public statuiv, monumantal
croRiic«, &e. A full-aiaed miMlel of mich an edifice a» the ** Hooata
cklnghi
ihi<^
of PnrlUmcnt," or even of the new bulldin;: at BhcI
PaUcr, would have bnii rather too cnnhrouk and rmDy na '
for an experiment of the kind. Hod any other denifu been rh«>,i
for the |)ur]Mf^ than the Oirinlhiiin ciiliiinn — o ni>>dcl of ttl
would ha^e bceii allorethcr r>uprrlluou!t — the NVImiii MoDuincal
niigltt (iroiterly enouvh have been tried bclvre>iniul. by meaiiB ol
a iull-mzcJ modal ol' it put up on the spot. Vet, wheu we c^oim
elder what n mere farco waa plaved oltb thr mudel. or what _
meant for IH^ul. of the Welliu^on Statue on tlw Artfawar,
which WAS o^pri-d to remain up only two dnrs. when it wmJ
Miali'JiLil awiiy, lisit it bliutilil bo ])f Ited at with further volIoTa a^V
cenaure and ileriaiou, — we muat prunoiuiM trUi by mudeA— «
least, wlieu w conducted — to be altogether nngatiiry. If iha
Statuo-commitlre made » hIiow nf '* inviting critiviom." tfae^
diowad iiJin) w<iiiderful idacrity in running; nwav from it, after ii
Tery fint lire. Itivttiii^ criticiant beforv-haiMl. /ursuoUi! i-ununii
teea have iiu notion nt doing that. Their poliuy itirariably b r
stave it off as long a.i tliey |ii>i>«ibly ran. The pnbUr, it will L.
recollected, were not pfrmitted to seethe modol of the fa^deof the
llritiah MtiHenn, notwitlmtiinding that there v.-Mone inexiatm(&
and that in the building iltcJf; and not» itliitanding that aotaaaf
the newapapcTB called outforil« being liberated from durance umhr
lock-aad-key, and iiabniiUed to ina>ectiun nod criticism. WriL
we have now the facade itaeli^ and see both ifositive faults no
numeroua ahortrOoailDga, all which might bav^t been foreseen la
the nodelj Mid ought to have been corrected accordingly. It ia
trae, the Jacmle b not geaerally ill-npokm of,^«mply Iwcauae it is
not Himhen of at idL It ohtaiuii not so much as s syllable at
praise in any quarter ; and siich ulonve b tolerablr exprcanreof
disnpprobalion and di«ati)>eintmeDl. The new buifdlng nc Boci^
inghnm P»la«e, ia in the aane unenviable praticanent. It baa
Iwitn nlmndoiied to mockery and oontemot, without ■ single <^
vftiiralile word fur it having been uttered by any one; althongh
there ani seme who wvuld muiFt roulily have iluna so, had they ooi
stood in awe u( general diaciintent, and been apprehensive that
they might i^jttrn tholr own civdil with the public 'iir judgnaat
and taste, by attempting to panitLBda them ilmt the dcaign is at
lea«t not unsnliaf actor y.
V. 8ti hing an couunitteea, and tfaoae who hava the tnaiMgeneM
of public cOBapetitiona tor buildings, shall cuntiime ti» be Isft in^
bponRiblo for Uioir doitifi«, there will bo no end tu both hlnmlar*
■nil dialumerty. Pereous who Intend to act boauurabiy and Aiiriy,
do not need to *creeii themHelrea behind a curtain, thereby oaeitliic
a suapiciou that wliitt they do will uot bear the gaae nf fanNul day-
Iit;4it. On the "thet hand, thuw who cjiiu i>nly fur tht op|iortu-
iiily of cxvxtiii^ their own private iiiiluuiicc, without regard ta
aught beaidea— even heuounula dealing being lef\ wit of theme>>
i\m» — ought tw be made aware that if thev no act, it mii«t beat
their own peril. There is acarccly a public cumpetitioB of asjt
importance that due» not vccaoiuii coinpliuntti vf unfair intrigvla|h
and of bad faith on the port uf the committee, — coa^lainb tbu
can verv well be endured ; O'Dimittcvs being soAaiOBtly swan
that witli mctL- couiplaiiits, the matter oomplninvd of Mows orei;
without proceeding to the extremity of expuirure. All this is de-
plorable enough ; but then, how ia it to be reinedie<l ? 1 ^naU
say, that uhat Kuiild go very far towards remedying it, if net
remeil\'i'i|; it coiiipletely, would be tbe making it tLi,ui>L for aay
coiimiittvo, or other body, to invito architecta to a oampetitiiiu by
Eofalic itdvcrtiiiemcnl, withoot having n public exhibitioit bttlafO-
and of the denigas "•ent in in lli« finl inrtauce.und wUhoaientin
)niblieity in all other resnect», the niuneii of the eomaaitte* bajaa
puUiahed, and reporter* for the preea beinf admitted to tlwir H§-
euMiona on thr relative merita of tha deoign». As matter* aa*
i-unMtifyJy maiingd at present, we only know that Mr. A. or Mr.
H'ft deiugn ban been aeloctMl for adoption ; but boa* many vote*, er
who wero the peraoua who voted for or againot, it i» impivaable t»
learn, much Itaa tliO argiiments they made u»e of. Tbe Army and
Navy Club, who, it i* lo be pre-iiiiie<L call themselves giuM^ntm
and men of honour, have laid th<^n«elve>i ooen to th« iupntatioi
Oftbemixt Uiineiling nnd baro-faced triekcry, by calling an iiiHimttaJ
competttioti iu llio first instance, and afterward* actttng tb4
aside, and bavini; a second on* iimtlid /» 4ix, of course of Ikair
own ehooaing, after the i^ite (at firat rather an ineoDtvenicat OMk
and therefoee laoking all the ingenuity of the first competitoiey^ad
been eunsiderably enlarged, l<y taking in another hovae iaPall-
Xlall. The Ann7 and N'arj- Club oucht to blwdi at being lob-
neted of auch ilownriuht knavery ; yet, they will nut do so, bt-
eauM Ihey know tliat they are behind a curtain, aad that tko
naMM* of the CummitteeMnNof be shown up, as they deserve to be,
aa thote «f a p*rk of tricksy iug^lert. One eceaFtfl. if a romfoct
) tnckM
it be, ia, that they lw?e
thcmaelvea; for from what haa
THE CIVIL KVOINKEII AND ABCHITECrS JOURNAL.
IK
lattitl oi U. tticy »*Pni t>i tixvit ^nt n mmt P(>akMilIi«il |tliin for
tb«ir boililtiu;. Wen I, ai^ lliiiiik <»«! I ain not, n menberof the
Array and Natv (Uiib, I mlitiuld lie it>iii|)t«al tu hang nifii«lf outuf
nmTtfXAtioii. Afi«r what itiey hnvi> done, N'si'V biuI Kaaverj' nre
k«ly to bMoow i>}'iioii^mnu« wonU.
VJ. Th« idea nf nuintifacturiiitf tlii» pictniMqut uut of mich
liia^ ai lalioiir^n' mtuiic^ •* not s little absurd; nior«M|teciitll}-,
riken two uMiA vinluirraMiitu; conditioDii are nnii«x«d to lhi> bwk—
Ffipti, lU;tl tbtfv aliall bv vrertei) at a niininium »!' ciMt ; KeooDdl}',
tJut they «lufl be frvK fmm all tlinno defeeta, dtieniafwrtA, and io-
eiBvenienreg vhicli aeittinjianv and oontrUiule to pktureHiae
foality in thr worlii of villa^ vitruviiiMa, wkich inaHtvd in thvir
r«w tune tinly liy uneoullineHs nnil maMiiWM, are tourbed. lintnl,
^id metlumM don-n bf limr »iid iraathar, into ol>i«!i:t!> deli^titftil to
<fce paiat^r's eye, nnil cotij^ntal mltlects fur hii pencil. DiUpida-
tioiL, nr crnnetlittii; af^riNichiiif to it, and toudieB of liehanous
ve^tAlilL-inrnuiiitian, arealmoKt iniliiipanubiD to qualify a caltaft9
for «At«itune an Hrtift • intwrext niid rote. Nor must {lancttf and
OuUneBBUi apntureii liu fur^lteo. Yet all tliese kuvfin, and
naajr other* not bere enumeratMl, are onlv tu nuuij' def*c(» in tbe
•ym nl maoy well- menninij^, but proaair: noH nDti-pictareMjue jwopte.
In fo^ a i-^ti)^ It lunk at, .-uid a cottaffe (o Aiv fa, are tiro (juite
idtstliut tiling: lb« furmer r«quir8« all that coii«titiilP »■> many
id«f»Tti> ii» lEe lit Iter, and vice rrrifti. White yi>iir ]itiilaiilhro]>iBit
would haie no Euch tliiim" ax raic« 'n the world, tbo artist, on tbe
contrary. itMn«t* njiun iTtem; not, lndc«d, for bimeclf, if he can
poetiibly b<jp it, but ra^ be mustaud will Iiave for hi* htggur*
«iul gijiHiw. And no is it with regard 1» oMutfti. I wan 9]>eak-
Ihe otimT day to an artiiit (riend of mine on tlie subject, and the
i«h«mei> fur iDi|irovii)tf labourcrn' culta^ir* Mowitrftnn aritn.
f>boni of ■iiiuir)- emphatic wwds tliat may aa wall be here omiuM,
nor vi hi* obMTvatiiitM waN : " .At thi^t rate, we aliBU not have a
decently down-f;Jlln)[-lookinK old teiiccucnt, nor a proporty beg-
garly bxvtd in all Eii^laiul.'' It va>* \" vrr>- little puriMMC, I iili-
rv'cd, that painter* nught draw upou their imaginatlou for
■ tfwy now do for a ff*od many other tbin^ cherabim
So far from beiOK coiuoled by tbe romfurt 1 hold out
In Jiim, he «enki-d .rathi-r nettled at my remark.
VIL No doubt, coltatfiw luiiy be built m a^ to be execedin^^
' ruorenient and comfiirlalile w^ilhiit. and at th« aantc timo »»m-
cienllr v'^"''^*')"^ '" external aiipenrancc'— iit It^ant when Time
•hall ha^<t dune hit part tn ibrm, — until when, they would lie spt
lu luuk OK if iltey had jii>t been unpacked and taken out of band-
bDM«. Moreurer, they would be comparatively cxpcoaive a&iia ;
not perhapa ituite to costly .1* royal cottiwea, but awre ao than
Wits the pimoH or el«; tlie paminiony of tko devotan to the
' |>i(!tur4>Aine. There are barirain -hunters ovon in mnttem nrcbi-
rul. -people who want thii)(pi both cheap and taaty, but wlio
■ally liad utit i[i the end that by tbe change of u / into an n,
^have piit Imld of what ia termed the "dieap andnwity," It ii,
ind^i^ ounible to produce tasteful and slriktag effect witli coai-
liarolivcly little or no money cost, Xcvcrthckaii, such effect coele
MHnethinK; if tiotliinic, or next lu uuthinj;, to the employer*, it
<«(t>arrliilect!)a very great ileal, — not IiiotflVM than ulife ul atudr,
^^^id Itdlnltciy more ^udy than BMiiy make to suffice for a whole
^^^^tiwe. Let nie imt i>i! unilenitoaa a* nyiug; that oomfortahlc-
canvenicnce. uiid other mora directly utLiitiiri:in than ptietiv
interfered with
atntlneulal matter*, ought at all to be interfered with for
Iba nke of vnnuriiii: picture-like uppeamnce. Uut I dfi iou-
lead that amall dnelltug^, liuUt <>ith regard bulh tovucli comfurta-
UaBeaa,and to strict economy in point ufri^ft.c^in iios'er be beautiful
ahjacts in any vaoie vf the term, uiilef< beauty and booMJinMs bo
ooe and the (auie thing. Nelthrr iiro llicy likuly ever to become
area picturesque, — bocaiun? wlml will render a mere hovol ao,
CMinoil them to npjiear onl]- trittrj'uUg H>|iuilid, and pqiially otfiwuive
til feeling Aud to taiAe. No one baa y»t diiwovored the way of
caakiiic "" ^"^ pur»e out of a Mw'a Mr.' Von may, indeed, tie
a Mlk pume to it. and one well Hllcd with gold : aad m> may you
(rt«k uiit a cottage with much that ihall he from the very br<t
Uchly plea*j»g,oa aocouut of itd being rtudiedly elegant and
tait«rul ; but Uien it will be an enetudve aftur — at any rate,
tfomnaratively expensive, b«caas« if «ffect ia tn be atiendod to and
produced, there muat be a good deal more or lea* beyond what
laere mwcMity vuulil dictate, BeMdcM whi«h, oven if coct be not
at all regarded, tliore is very ^eat danger of a building of the
kind, when inten<ied partly u an orniunenlal abjcet, tarniug
iiuC a vvry (ininil-liMiking onr. He who in a mere arcliitect, ia not
■cifMble of treating au>^h nibje«ti iiroperly : in order to do so, he
have more of the artint in him than falls to the aharo of
ita in goneraL— or, inxtiMid of the itrtitlic or avtialfaK
^tfW itiilBe, he will only give un tlio artifitial. Wna ever pniBt«r
ao tmliten by what may Im (tailed aa orehitvctural trick«d-«ut
eti«m^ti-/oiftiiniUicunAHnaiMn deaifm. a« to mnturo to introdnce
it into a pitture^ An noii wtmld bethink of peopling n landscape
Willi the a.-itin -el tapered and -lilk-klockingixl pi<a9ant< of the Opera-
houae, iiulead 01 the volgHr woniteil-ntuckiiig, nr perhap* atoek-
injflewt, oreatarc* of real |jfe,_whether iu the Land of John Hull, or
any other. Catla^ea that nri; ntally mid iH>silivt>Iy pietur<<!M|tt«,
are UiiKe erected by peopK- who never tb»ii)i4ii of the pictureaque,
or jiiirhaiia wen never hoard of «uph woni. If it Bhoald be
aaked what it ia then that hiiE r«ndered them pietiireeiiu*, I
answer. Accident, and all that camwiK builders, surveyon, ap-
praiat ra , and anctioneera to shake tbetir heads at them, m if there
waa aoytUnic in them— I nurnn in their owii heajK.
AROHITBCTURE AT THE ROYAL At^APKSfV ;
AXn THE AacHITECTfaAl, OEAWIMiM AT TIIC axSIBtTIOlf.
Since uur preceding publication, matUra look mure and more
cheering — riper for refurni, and indicating the tieeewity for It.
The JrJ-i/nrirNr^viTiiple* not to tell itt reader* very blunlly that
ardiitvrlural dra«ing> have no biKtinem to be in the Kxhiliition.
The adilur aeema to' have iiuule up liix mind tlwt there could not
poaalbly be two opinion§ as to the propriety of exchidiiig them
altogwtmrr ; and. to aay tbe truth, they nught alina«t an well lie eo,
a* experience the •rorry treatment tbeynowdo. Aiituthv ill-
will which he mauifeota toward* architwture, we will ni«rvly aay,
that it i» not cxadlv lAe Mn^ fat a gentleman to do who ron'iIuctK
an art-Journal, ami who profense* to watch over the tnteri>«tK of
art in all ita b ranch ea,—aiiil »oinr iif the lowest of them he tNkeH
under hii eApectol patronage : wueh good may it do them. Con-
«Iilcriri^ the ijunrter it romca from, we are not at all aurprhied at
the ilUnill jiDit inManceil ; but mirj)riMd we are, and that In no
small degree, at ao o«tra|[eoufl tniMiioe of abnilar fveling on the
part of tlic Hnyal Academy. Aa the fact baa been publicly noticetl
and animadvertfd upon by otbera,onr reader* will probably h.ive
guesMd tbat we alluue tu a raodnl of Mim Bunlelt Couttn's church
having been sent in by its architect, Mr. Fcrrey, and turned away !
N'o wonder, thenrfnrr, ihat there is nothing of the kind in tnia
•awon'a exhibilioa. If there were any other prn<1uctiuni of the
amne olaas tlmt mot with the lame fate, we cannot nay : it iit ju«t
na probable a» not that tliere were at least some ; yet, whethcrsuofa
were Uie eaoe taakes no difference aa to the aniitHctt difplayrd by
the Academy. Had more modeU been •ent in tlian i-otild poaaibly
be aarommodatcd, wome of thiMn miiM. of conrae, have been ex-
cluded. But to reject whilu thcru wu« room — nut to aaller ao
much aa & tilngle one to appear in the Kxhihittunj wan reallv too
bad) and iihowed tin^lar want of tact alao. If the .icailemy
were dcteruiined nrft tu admit modda. tliey ought at least bo have
Mild as much in their adi-ertiaementn to thaw who intended to
exhibit. That would, at any rnte, have been acting Htraighl*
fnrwariily. I'hvy might lia^c boon well aware, thai although
modeU actuttliy exhibited ought fail lu obtain nuticc, the entire
abaetice of them would excite remark. Had none been eent, what-
ever remark had been ni II de could not affect Ihom, because they
cuituvt couijwl pernuus to exhibit. But to act a* they bavedone u
udhiitg lo«« tliaii n tolomn bluader, it being certain to lead to
explanations and oommentfl that are Dot at aU to the honour of tliO
Academy. If the paJnter* are athaincd of baring nrrhitecttirc in
their company, let them booeotly and openly declare as mucli,
instead of reaorting to every sort of mean and dirty trickery iu
ordee to force it out. If the Acndcniy can shift without archi-
tecture, the latter can tdiifl equally well without the A.cHdcmy,
tbero bnng, mont luckily, another royal, and eminenllr public-
Merited body, which only wtiit* fur nr^hitocture being iiianiaacd
from the Academy, to bring it more efTectirely before the public.
Nothing— «o wo are feMurcd — hut delicacy towamlR the .V^adi^my,
has withheld the loititute Irom gottia^ up an annual cxhiliitioii of
firchit«ftural de^lgni of every elasa, upon an adeqtinte scjile.
H'ell, thoy need not now be rertratned by delicacy, for it would bo
entirely thrown awar after the "exhibition" of the cloven-foot )n
their conduct towarda architecture.
For our part, wa are not at all .Drry that the Academy hnvo
acted aa they have doti«, because they now leave no room fur
doubting of their hoxtility toward* nrchitocture. They have now
fairly eommltted themaetves; and if arehitecta should not now Iw
stirred up to resent the iusulta uut upon their art, and apoa Lhem-
•alvca as a professioaal bod v, tney will richly dirserve to be treated
with igrwininy and scorn. iVe would fain be of belterhope. Wa
It*
THE CIVIL ENUIXEBK AND ABCHITBCrS JOURNAL.
tni«t that iini only tUrv will ]in>B«>r)y roeent il, but that tbe Pro-
ftt*civ of Ari'hit««tur<' nimtrir u*tll now toiikc hmtfirlf fttnn bw
IrthnrtfX-, and hIiukI up Tor the honoor nnd the Imereitw of hUuu-n
art. If )ie d» not do no. the nwner be has a aacceaaor the l>«tter ;
fur even ihitulfl it l>« " Mr. PffrtMijfT' himself, he rannot (vi^wilily
di lo<. And Tniffht jirnhnMr rin a little moN. Mr. Cdelc^r^ll i«,
we h&ve Till iluubi, ii very weU-mcviinfrseittlcman, and milficieiith-
well iiunlificd to discJiarj^ the duties of hU office, so Umg w din-
t:ii)lie> ^h^ tiol prrM>nt tbenHclrpK ; hut he don oot cho« himself
to be the man nbo t* both capable of and dcttrrminad ta ne«l diffi-
Ctittic* bi>ld]y, and to exert himaelf energetically In behalf of that
«tt wbieh his profeaeorahlp at the AeMileiny points liim oat to the
public u the rei>pm«ntaiir(t. If he ha* ex|iOHtulnted «it)i the
Academy In refrnrd to their trentm^nt of architecture, he does
llluuteJf very great injuslire In L-uiiceHlio); it from the warM ;
thereliy leaving it to lio inferred that ho Is altof^ther indifferent
til tho malt«r.
After tbU tirade. If vt it «hauld be culled, though what we have
said 14 neither uar4iUed fur nur unjirdviiked, we were going to «ay
tliat we rMumr, and procee'I wtlh our remarks on the aublect*
•xhilrited, when, n* 111 luck, ur at any rate luck nf none M>rt or
ether, vrill have it, we are perforce, ciimpelled tn jxistpone them
tin our neit iiiunber, when we nhnll lay tbem before our readers.
In tke mMnwhile, we have at any rule i^ven them Mtmethlng to
eotfitate niKin, inviting; thoiic whn may agree with us to anpport ui
In uur iiplnlons by eiprewing their own, and aiiturlag tboitr who
may. tuppeB lu dJMhent truin tliem that we are ijuite ready and nil-
ling to rweive and liiteii tn ubatevcr tliey miiv hnve to advance
that »Jiftll num lei III nee Ihe trentment which wre1titL-ctnre rooetvca
al the hiindti of Ihiit •penmen of r»ynliy — the Iloya] Aeademjr!
COLLISION OF TRAINS.
In thofullowing pajicr wc pro)iofte In determine the shock ex-
perienced at any part of a railway train during n collision, and to
iropow inelhodG tbi obviating the mischief that en«ue«. To nim-
lify our ideaK, let u* firtt suujiom) Div wei^htit of the M^tiarate
^Sarriage^ all eijnaL and the bufler« removed. Let the number of
eirriagen be N ; the inipiil^e on the first eorringe that tunlaiiiR the
altoi-k K; r. tlie iinpuKc Iret^^een the nth and m -|- lih riirriaKe:
tlicii the velocity in all )»>rL* of tbv train being the Mine relntivelj',
bulh before and iifter inipHct, the currijigca being MiiitHi»ed in-
elastic, and the mame? vf all the carriuifea ei|ual, we thitli have the
fMlowing ««|natiiin :—
r»*i — ra+l = rai-i—rm, far all values of n ;
•r,*"(iM - «rB + i-|-r. = 0;
a linMr ei|iiatioii uf dilFerenrviA, the ■ulutturi ol' wh!ch is
r.. = (Ch 4- (■') : but r. (the impulse im tlie lust carriage out-
side) = 0.
.'. C'=:0; tindr.,=(rN)=K.
. ■ . C = „ : and r„ =: ^ n ,
If the maaeoa of the earriim.** hntl U-«n unequal. »f.« the maxtt
of Uic nth citfriage, we should hiive hnd N eiiruiti^.iis of (he ft.mi
• „ .^ = — rrr- .frumwUieh to detennine r„, &c
From this we conclude, that iit n train •}/' ei/iiafig-htidea rarrUiggt
Me «Ai>f.l- in(7Tf«4e* diretfly na the tUttoner of ani/ j/hft, lyirriarji'/r.ttn
thsf'l of this train fuTthe*! fif>ni the point nf imjmrt.
TItcdfiipi nfbu^crHintoiliiniiiii'ri the violem-eiif theahiick ; thnt
is tu wiy, to change im^ube (whiih in iiitetise [ire«iire iiontiinied
for a \ery shurt time) into a lesser prfMun' cnnliitiied ftir a longer
time ; hut, as »c sIihII immcdintrly fhtm. it in imi jiDicticidly po«-
"ible li> roHKtruct hutlcm capHhIc of thus Iranslatinp the whole or
any noniderable part of ii violent shork — such. Tor imlnnce. hk ix
eTiH-rienced when an expresa-ciigine acddentally ii turnwi into a
■idi.ig«p..nHhoiivj-lua)(fl({e.entiine. TolukeauMaiuple :— Let the
Mpre*-en«itie welch "iO tous ; Us ride ho 4« mile, an hour ■ the «ts.
tionary Iugg«Ke-en([iiie weigh 30 tnn»: tlieu. if tn, m'. he the niUMea
of thetriiiiiB. ethe velocity of the express, «id R= '^-^'" '-
m + Ml"
r expreiied iu feel per secoiid= SO nearly ;
__*»(W10) , SOfWW) , .
•*— 3j- ; "• = j^-^nearly, in inaw€« of alb, weight.
.-. K =; nearly M,40o units of momentum, or ihc mooMaluia
is thftMtme as wnuJd be oecasionrd by a ina»s of :t,2Vi< lb. wtt^tit
iiDpittging OB a fixed obstacle at the rate of ^t fed a second.
Let us now detemloe the ).r#saurc on the head of n buffer wlud
is niMble of translating this shack Into a continuous prewBC
Let tnc play of the buScr lie suppoiied S feel, and the thrust vm
as the ulBtodee by which the rod is doprewed. Let f be tltt
pr MBir t when the rod in thmM in a distance j- ; P the pr*Mn
when the rod ia thrust in a distance I : then ps=Pg.
At the time r, from the eummencenionl of the impart, lettl»
end of the buffer have moved forward a space = a ; the bead
tb« buffer has moved forward a space := x — jr ; therefore,
i^gg^ge-mgiM has been puiihed forward a apace — x —,
Therefore, neglecting the macs of the buffer as tmall oomps
with the mavises of either of the engines, we shall have tfc«__
etjualianx (the luggago-engine being supposed witltout buHert);-^
«/*'
11 ./'''*■ d'*i
Eliminating Ji, we g«i:^ = -{1 + ^)''
(")' = -(^S)- =-(,^^^'.
When /= « the blovi,- is expended, and e' = i /— -I- - ),
■'• ^ =i^M3)= T«.OOOIb.; Md the greatest pre*.
«ure = I» X « = twice this quantity, or 57i tout*.
It is nectlleM to say that such n buffer is purely imaginary. A
far belter plan would be. to have one or two carriaRCM of tvrj
slight conKtructiuit, nnd filled wltli any kind of avft and yieMiq
miklerinl. at both ends of a train. There is little doubt hut s coo
trirancc of tliis kind would destroy entirely the effect of many Jmck.
whii'h, nnJesM so eounterncled, would be sulfidently violent to en-
diuiger li/e. In the above esoniple, to avoid the difficulty ot calcv-
lating the effert of si»'eral buffers attiiig iil ouce, the caw of i
single engine impinging on another ht>* been conaidetviL Bst
when trauis are attached, it i» clear tbftt the shock will be *till
greater than thnt jurt ealeolated.
If the pliiy of the )>ufferft— that is, the dist.tneo ibrouch whith
Uiey are capable of moving, be M(rwwp/y email .->■ compared will
the length uf the carriages, the velocity at every part vf lb'
traiti will be the same. Therefore, --'- b the same »t every part ;
and if 1'., l'„-i, be the pressures on the wth cnrriafte. nrisina
from the biyffera, P» - P--, — p,_,-.p,_y (^t},^ weigh* "f
the carringCM being suppoaed uniform), — and, «e before, if P W
the pressure on the buffer of the carrifige nearest the shark,:-
-■-'"= 4-
Rotuming to the equation ( .,) ~ »■' - /— + _^*»
ttai
when
dt
= 0, and the buffer is driven us far ns it kUI fs,]
\m ' Iff
From Ihw we see the gieat nih-antuire of having a louj; ]>layi
the buffers: the prv*uure I' will he diminished iti a ratio vmtI
as the siiuiire of the leiiclh tn which the buffer plnys — that U. if 1
the length of ime huffer-wjd he tuii-ellie length of another, and the
strength of the Bpring of tlie first W only une-foiirth the rtrem^h '
of the upriiig of the InM, the atiionnt nf shock dc«tmyc<l by either]
will be thesnme.
The pniriical effect of buffei-s, im they iire urdiuarilv disposed i
thnmghout a irnin, i» tn resolve so mueli of the impo'el as tiiey
r-iinriut alt^igetber ahsorh. into a series of impact.-> of lew*
municiittini : for let »s eonslder whiit wonld happen >nipposii^t
by huffipr^to in
lit the bufferv ar
on the lirsll
tniin, the KiTTeitil parts of "hich sre seitarsteil
ptii^c on n fixed. Immoveable (ibulMcIe, So long
u K
all tiding, P. = ^ ; consequently, the pre.»iife
pair of buffers is greater than the pre»ure on tboM behind. Lm V
bo the velocity de.tri.yed by the t.-tal rfi.wk, pV the vdoeily
destroyed by the time the Sr»t pair of buffers ha» cesweJ to out .
then a velocity ( 1 - r). Vh«*iobede«troyediiith«fi™t csrri^ky
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTa JOURNAt.
IST
impact,— for ttr pnir uf Imfiers behind will tw »tiU
■r Kune little time »fter Uie firrt pnir tare ccsmJ to Ml.
^ let *'V be the vfflwity ilcntrftywl before the SMonil p«ir
n ctntu to net ; tb«ii, sa before, the tirCDn<l cnrringe will
taty brought tn rerii br nn impact on tlie firoc carriage ta-
!" dertroying the vpluntj' (I-r*)-^''" 'ti^ fte«indc«ma^.
I)B thitd cnrriitfrp tiill he wildenlf stopped ; thia, likcwtM,
iniinicato « iJiiii-k lo the flni, tbou^h Jesi thnn it mtnBiu-
to tlie •iL'canil ; and so on. Tht^ce iiliiiclcfi kdiI mutturw will
fwhat varied by the renilieniry of ibn biilfer-apriDiCB, and the
ife frirlioH iif ibi" miN igrnintit the "t heels ; — this latlvr di»-
fuKe ir» b^iTe ultfljiether omitted, oa beinii; c«)in]iiiriitivel)-
icant. On the whoir, thcii, it iippeiir* that buffer' verr
iminiiili the inteniitr of x nhock, aUhoutfh ihev arc in-
'*M*Tiy alMortiiii^; it, supposiBgittobe of ^e«t intctmitj-.
I. H. R.
rOVE WALLS AND EMBASKMENTP FOR
11E3ERVUIR3 OF WATER-U'ORKS.
By R. O. C'LAMt.
tlon of this D&per ia to trent of the preMiire of water
walls and embankni^ntH of reservoin for nBter-wurks hihI
■ad to lay down «»ini! easy frinniiliii to fitid ihv neiMnuutry
Dot CO a* lo effeet<ialij' resist the prewturi- tif tbe water ; the
tvatton of ihfse fiirmiilip faeinp etFecled by Che timplMt
A of invwrtij^iuii. Wi> nhall tirvt vxhitiit M>iRe invMtiga-
r atene waUk The level of the miFfiiro of the water in all
I be Kipiiuspd on a level, or eo-inrideiit u'ith the top uf the
ambcuiknutiit, mi nu to rntuxir the stability of the >itriictiire
uf Aoodit or vlule»t limitation of the water by utiirm wiiuU,
u^h the water mi|;ht be when in a (|uie«<.'ent ktate but two
m tbe t»[i. The f»l!iiwln|( d«Hrription of walls are re(|iiired
«e a few acren uf water, when tlivru i* no nuitahle kind of
» be obtained in the locality fur forming an eiiihanlcnienl.
Ha are to be rmiKtrncted in lolid masonry, uf a uaifurm
Jou ill all it H partM.
v«n tbe height nf the ubII, the depth of the water bviofrtlw
nd the batteraoii eadi aiije of the H'alIe<|iLal; tvdetcmuM
dnieaa of the wall at the huttoni :~
A B C D bo a vertirnl seoiiun uf the wall ; D W the level
fBt«r; leti-dcitntc the required thick iieni, A B, of the wall ;
ter, B F or E A. hv b ; the liciplit of wall by a ; the *i>*vii<s
of water by unity ; and that of the- materia] by #. After
llltion. weltavc for the cqiiatioit nf p4|ui]iliTium.
JoJ*-ift-(i-irt'+..Mm=.0 (a);
(«« " Mo»e!ty'» Hydro-
alatic*,*' Act. 51), where
M ^^ area, and m hort-
svntal distaai.-« of ctn-
Ire of gra*-ity G from A ;
M = io(«^-«fc) ^
n (^—6) ; and in — 1 J'i
Therefore,
aMin^ in jr(.r--ft)» ^
nimiieiit :ib«<it A ; whlnh
lubBtilutv ia the above
general e<tuatioi).
a
SI
«
rt. I 1
liare .
(!}•
Oi»m the heiftht of the wall = 2+ feet ; batter each »ide,
aitd the opeHtic icravity of the mateiial. ^: to f"^^ ^^
l^^t bottom and lop,
B Here a = 44 ; A = I ; nnri * = '.f.
^Ht« theoe value* in <1), w« have,r' -Vr = fis-6;
^K. ■ . x= II nearly = A R; mill C D =^ 3.
I^die venical section of the wall lie rectaitgiilar, or th«
itticaJ ; to find thf ihicknuaii at buttum :—
. ABCU X id«»*"»W "*"*.«"«'<■ of g""**/'™" '* = *■*
h=*tt»: .-.^r'^,^; hei.w,* = ''f. (9).
£.r. Given the belaht of the anil = St f^t. and tho apccific
gravity of the material, 2 : to determine A H.
,7 = (r — 3) = 9-S, tho thicknew required.
III. Let the ode of the wall next tlw water be battered, and
the tide behind vortical; to determine A B, tliu thtek»DS)i at ths
bftM.
Let A B C D be the verticaJ section, and let fall the perpendiou>
lar C E.
The momeiiLiim of the triangis
C £ B about A from itn hariionlal
diiitance of eentreof gmxityjr.
* . jaft X (jft + .r- 6).
Thi> momcntnin of rectaogl*^
D ( A E ahout A from ila eentre ofj
gravity,
Adding theae two In^ether, and]
■uhsUtute for « >l ui in equation (n), J
as in Ant caae, we have, aiCerj
traMpOfiiig,
T
r
4^^
rig.%
-•+0-.)-
"^"'[^ -w
3<
Br. Given the height of waU, 84 feet; battw 4 feet; and
upwifir itrarily of stone, « : requinjd the ihiekne** of the top and
bottom. - ,*.
Br Kubstitulinn of the above values in equation (3).
wehB»e.,»'— «Jr=lW-7.
Scdvinjt this (|iiMlractic, we have j' = A B = »■« ; lop, i-9.
IV. When tho wall ia batten-i I behind, and tlie ride faeiuK tho
water perpendicular. , , ^ . ,
The two fipH terms of (a) raniMi wbon :
B T» is verlii-il : . ■ . * M n = i a*,
r Thd tiiiniient of triaiiKle A EC about A.
Z_ by its horizontal <liitanco of its centre of
fcrarity,
'■if I' X 1*;
and alto of revtanxle C E B D
about A.
^_ -(.r-»)x(6 + '-^--).;
S~
«K- ^.
34
'. fiubetitutiiigihe aum in equation (I),
we have s' = s; + i*^-
£x. iiiven the dimenKoiiB of the wall as in last example ; t9
determine the thickiMM at bottmn : —
J' = *^' + ij = 96 -h i-S = 101-3 ;
. • . J- = lO- = A B; and C D — «■
Foradilitional atrviii^ \a tho above walls. It would be welt tal
insert at Hie centre of them one tier cf bnnri, about tvo-lliinln the]
heiicht from the top, which will ho at the c^-ntre tif pro«iire.
\ . We 'liall now(rivv a ra^o where earth ihall he reiiuired in the]
cunatructioo of an embnnkment, of ihe furni of a trajinoidl,
baring a vertiral clay piidrile-wall in the middle, and the slop*
faring the water beiiiji pnvetl with Mittahle material, with a imddJe
uiiiler. Ill cane uf aii)' eoiilraciion nf the rla)-, there would be «J
separation of the rtay from the rnrth ; ther«fiin-. tlie triangla*
DEB xhifuld he of xuffinent Htreiifflh alone to rrxld the fluid
prettHure. either ii^ain»l alidinif or revolving on D. The water ta
sDpposetl In he ro-inoident with the top of the embankmenl.
r.|.*.
Let D B = a ; B K ^ u. Uraw P M parallel to F fi ; and Uie
horUontal pretsure of water = inunientuni B P M X horiaofttal
diatance of ceatra of gravity fruin D ;
r
.=!/;.
rf»;
.•.DK=»'(])«u
iM
TH£ CIVIL ENOIKBER AND ARCUlTSCra JODBVAL.
■Sx. GIrnn ilie heifrlit nf die emlMnkment, do feel ; sperific
parily uf material = 1-4 (wiOnr b«inic iinitjr) : to dMcmiiDr
tbc \iase D B of the iHaiu^ic DHB; ihut lliti nlioir •iiltli of
bottom, when it hiw ii horisoutiil Mirface A Ji «t tut>, S feet Mide.
»=l-4; BD=a; .-. B E =^(^)«0= lO'S fe«tr«qiilre4i
lifrefore. the whole width F E = Mi,
THE CrVIL SURVEVORS AXD THE MILITAHV
SURVEYORS.
'nie Survtryoni' As«(N:!ntion Ii proceeding vi)ferouily In Iti dn*
fenc^ of tfac profcMJonal rii:)it< n^ainnt the fcovrmmcnt iisurpatiun,
thou^ we vt>Ty itiiich wi<h tlmt tlicy tinil taken this courvo at an
'Mrlier period, for Ti' lii'iu tince ihiiiiIimI out to tlinn thi> o<>inx>
4if faliBston whtcli tiie miutnry cmitloyees uf tlie (pivcmineiit mire
canytnf on seaimn iho public. Amuug the Into »llin of the jro>
▼ernnujnt jolKwrv !■ our rantiMiiiKirary, iht Mlhnnntm, arailljr
unotifi tlie foreinoHt ailrucAtes «if !ri>uiHl mitl piiliKliteunl policy ;
nod wetiHveno fthrr Btmnj) of flcct>untiur for thrreninrkfl contained
in the numlirr uf tbc tTlh June, thnn by the suppotition that ita
■ympnthy in the va\i*e o{ wnitary rfiform haa lieen taken wlviin-
ta^ <'f.hy Mime of the jobben. to foist on the editor n mia-atatfi-
nent of the case. It i« by nlnrmine tbc wniUry rcfnrnMn that
tbe jobber* hope tu liidr their (iwii ilcMKnit, repreaentin^ that tbore
ia aB attempt to prt^i-enl the Minitnry plana froD) bein|c cnrried ovt
In tliv mufil effl<^icnt miinner ; iih«rew the sntne imue Is pleaded
against them. The JfAcmmam CMinal be fxpetted in il* lilcriuy
cnpitctty tu tnlct' port in all iherletnibiuf eiiKineerintt ijut^istiuns, uoa
it i« quite cxcuitahle thiit it eiiuuld cive ■^tij to the HMumpiiona uf
the militHfy' engiiivcr*. Wo do, howerrr, biiiN; Ituit tbe editor
trill rc-miididcr tlie c«iie, luid iKit itive the weight uf bia tidvocacjr
to a course »!' poUi^ wbk'li U einiuently Lulculalcd to retard the
progrcsa of snnitnnr rvform.
At the preaent day. there b an naaiunptioa aa the part uf the
govcmmenl fuactkiuaries, that It ia the <overnmeiit which b«»
efiecbed the ^reat sniutary reforms already made, and that none
but nivcmment functinnnrin can i-arrt- them out; »'berva»,the
(•Itule fltnlement i* utterly untrue. Tliu ^'reat imiinivetnenla in
sewafte were iiuide hy Ihc exertions uf nicinhen uf the en^ineeilng
profea»ioii, hefurc the Ku^'etomcnt biid iny •hnrc in thv adminis-
iratioii i Slid the phiuo ni>w beuitf carried vut ure thuse einaaatinB
iruni the ofEcera of the old cmBmuaiana. What the trvrcrament ui
■umwernlflc f<>r. ie — firct, nvgLaet. is allowing the vlcf irrapouatble
cviiimi»ioiiT> to esiat ; and wcood, umrpaiioii, ia aaauuiiiiK the nd-
ninittrntioit of tlte le'rer* to a oow sft of irtespouiiilile cuminitt-
•ioiMra, inttead <>f c«tabli»hin^ r«i>rcieo1ativ« cDnunUuoiiers.
The ([DvemBkent parlies make a creat fiM« about the new era of
-WBJtary reform, wiUi which they hai'o ns much to do ua b cuckoo
baa with the onnjttriiettf>n of a uparTow'ii neot; tho new era of
•anttanr reform, :<nd the new liffht^ on wwage en4pi\eeTing, hAvinir
amanattd not fn>tn >;overnin«nt, btit from Messrs. Kue iinil
Phillipa, who orig-inntf^d the pr^'i'^t eheap and effici4>nt plniia, Hnd
•Wricd tbem into prnelical exc<:utiL>n. So, aimilarly, the pliinx for
the aopply uf n-iitor by iviuiftnnt -ervice did not emanate from
tho K"*'eTnn>cnt, but I'roin the hydraulic engimwr*. Hitberto, itU
that has been duiw in tmniliir}' en^ueerin^, tu in every otbm* de-
Eartnent "f enipiiMriiiit, whirh Iimm been done efficiently, ha*
acii done by tlie viviJ entfiueerK, and nut by the government en-
^neera ; slid it never can Iw done efficiently ex<!ept by the civil
tfn|^mM>r4. For this reounn iiIuih>, we shmibl vit-w with jcitli^uiy
any atlemiil to mperMde the eivil «n^liioer«.
The .'Itat'iufum has given faith to the assumption that the
military en^nmrs bitvc a fiii[i(>nurtty in thetr profeMional
uupHcity. whereas the ivaue Li^iiot whi-tlior IIkM' tiai't- u ^superiority,
but whether they have au eijualitv. H'horeif'r ibe miliiitry en-
piitwrK havfi boon put to UiH tvst, tney arc t'uund mi>^t Im-tKL'ieiit ;
tlieir enviiieeriu^ worlu in CaiuMla find the cudonie^ are fur from
oaditabwAo thera. or Mitisfaetor)- to thenalion; tli»ir votainu uf
•Cientifiv piipi-ro i> principally th« production of riviliant, ur on
civil works; and their surveyit hilberti), althmigh they ronnol be
subjected to an^ rl^d teit. have nevertheless been attended with
Minuitiidii'apgiointment*. In the engineering world, the military
enfrineei.t have no pnifeuiunid Htaiidintf ur reputation.
The AlhTTHFum doei not seem to be aware that we have in
IiUndon, enziuecra competent 'to coniluot iitrl(conum«triciil «iirrey.
which involvea the nireM puinlH of wtronumy. ami rei|uirvi« lul
the icaoarcea uf (nathemalteal ua^a,' — when a referanu ta
Inatitntion of <;i«i] fvn^iaMn ia ^uile ^uIGolent to abo*
auithciiiatical rapaliilitie* of ita mnaber* ; and if the A
had adverted to the evidence aA to lliia, siven frum time to time
ita own columns, U would not have bad any diBii^ulty i
who were corapetent to conduct ihe lurvey. IT, however,
nilitai^ enipneera ate under a uliir in their profnaioual eajM
It iBUKt he recollected that auch as tbey aro. they are not
nartic* who can-y utit all the detHihi of the iiurvey, wliich an '
Djr Che body of privates, many uf whom are ^ot from had^e-ac
ia Irelaud. If the AU^iuaim had been aware of thla,ic wnoU^
have apokeo of the inferior attaiameuix and titllo eipeneBoe of
Ent many of the lower gurrerorB — ^the wont of whom ate,
liere^ Mmv of the be>t men of the g^overument corpa, who \t
It BB ioon aa they learu loniethiii^, and aet up for tbenuel
Even in tlie upcrationa which are tfoioji on, hnrdlv .in
in tu be NCt-ti in the Kircels, but tho duty is left to the privatM,
Mr. Bidder, Mr. Orcji«ry, Mr. ^iinm<s Mr. Barlow, or Sfr. Bei
!<• not nee4led to perform the lower operatiODK of a survey, wUd
will certainly be oa well performed by the repudiated Mirv'eyxn m
athe jrovernment corjMrnla and privates ^t'itfa r^ard to Mr.
win Uiadwick's statement, llmt one of the aMociated surieyott
wa.« live years aj^ a journeyman i:arpent«T, w* caanot see wktt
tbnt has tu do with the question, nnleai he atalea how moa^
of the aaaiBtunt.i on tlie i^overnnieot survey were joumefneA
brickUjera or clodhoppers five yenrn iign, or what impedJniat
his own farmer oeoupatiooB arc to his {iruficieat? lo sanitary
acienee.
^W join iasue lu to the cuiapeteney uf the govennneott «•
1,-iiieers. and u^ tu their merits in eomparlMMi with the cbjl
engiiiucrs. _ M'o join issue, likewiw, on t» polat uf cketjatm.
Mr. Cliudwick knawit very well, that in aoy evmparbaa of can,
the (teaeral cbar^ca of the body of xiilttary eninneers nuit I
odddd to the special estimates. If he vtm iiiit trvinc tu nphuM
joh, he woald not ijuibhle upun it. U'c src. however, aioat ■
priiod, Uittt after the derUratiuu in the Ilvuite of Conunons, t1
^uvcrniDeol have determined to put tliu conutry tu nn cipei
this military survey, wliilc the progroaa of the ordnance
w ill be imueded.
The ilUentmM has been Itkewtae mi^-d upon the point
the oaee of the surveyors has been decided by a compet^^nt
impartial court ; uhereiw, thv decision as yet has been an
proval uf Mr. Kdwta Chadn-icli'n MihenMi, by Mr, £dviii
wick's own board, — and this is wliut the aiiMKuated aurveyots
IryiuK' tu upttet ; for they voufidcr, in conuuoa with the
body of the profeoiiun, titat they buvv not yet got '■'■& hesnafi''
lutd they tre u«w " trying fur h hearing,'' in which we hui
will be rapporled by the AUmuruoif which would not, we
have couDleuanced Mr. Edwin Chodwick's plans If it IumI
infomtod of the whule truth uf tho cam.
The .IrAcNcruni boldly say*, that "as the aalinn builds its a
^litpa, bores its uwn cannon, and duet nil thiuffs eUc which can
dune with ita own workmen, u-hy should it not nuikc it)
tarvey*?" We onower, tJuit the KO^eruatent has ships and
chinery made elaewhcre, caimoa cost cUewherc, and ma
things rande eUewhere ) nnd that, oa the other hand, wfai-^
done by the gorcromont, i^ neither done well nor chenpl^rr
ordnance worka, the dockyard*, the p<Hl-office, oiid the
would be It disgrace to any morcbatit or jMutniv^ip ur ioint
Honpany. In tJio pre«ent case, the uuUliiry vurveyors have
enou|[h to do in tlic north of England, whve they are waW
linif^h the ordnnnee un-snrvey.
Infioriamd Krpwt »/ MilttU. — It ippasn from tbc niara eftbt >BfW*i
and cxpTitU of itriil, coiiper, tia. iml alur, oitlered tiy ths Hoaic of Ooa>
morn, ihst tbc totit quaniiiy of UiA oie Impoittd wai 307 torn, of "bi^
400 ton* vtctc from Ffsnce. and ilie icrusinder priuciptll; fcoin New Siitl
Wslcs. Pig Slid ttiMt Icsil inipucleil smoualcd U 3,032 inn*, of nhidi 21'
ioD( ouly w«ie totaiaed for home cauiumplisa — the lesi bcia^ iV'Cipartt''
Of Qiiliih lead lh«rs iittt nyatXtd H,2:i9 torn, of nUeb hanoe Inok I.Itt
Ions t Itu»ta, l,?64 last ; Eut Iiulitu, l.flliS Un> ; nad Ilotliixl, 9tU ton
~Tht lotal quantity of fortign eop[ier ore Impurlid wis ll,4!Kl loei, d
whicb 113,^31 ion« were fnim Culiia~lhe (itiintity uf Tim copper euMaisd
Iticrtin beitig H.^Z" ton*. Tlie quRnllty of itieisUic copper ini|iO(l«d aa
^13 tuat; rctsiutd fur heme con»uin[iiion, <i) lout. The qiuniity of mpf*
nported tnai \ii,\ii loni. — TIip tulal qiiaiililj of da iMponed wai 14"
tons, of wbicii 161 luni were rcuincil fur hoow consumplion i and tbc 0-
porU wttc I,?ll luD« Otitiih, snil 51" foriipi. — Tho lolil ^uinlitr of tiu
impnrlsd wu t2,7G9 loof i tod exported liSS tOM 8rili«b, aiij 33lC tos
foreign.
FHE CIVIL ENGINEBK AND AlUJinTECrS JOVKSAL
r
OTES ON ENGINEERING.— N«. IX.
% H«NEWUAM Cox, B.A.
J^ ttUeulatkn a/ Earthittrkt in I^evdand SUehtig
Ground on Saitmjii.
vlliwork XiMm liav* hitlMTLw bren publifthnl for the ex*
MRMMw of faL-iliUiUng calrulntions for SIDELONG
fD. Tlie present in an effort to lUfiply tbix wMit, whirli in
It on NCCDUiit at the niiinbrr ntid ni(n|k)ejcity of the a|)era>
iirU)- required foraibptiiiic'th^ pnhliahedtsluDito (he ewes
to. AcciinllDf ti> ihi! uisttnfc method*, it U neoesury
W pYiund slopes laterally, to onloiliite the Hreaa of the
i and extriict the Kqunie rwrt prcviounly to reference to the
By tl>« >ieth»d lier* pnipowd, these antecedenl colruln-
r wholly aviiided : tb« nmnhen art taken from the taUle
any previuu<i computation, and rei^uire only to tie nulti*
tlu> [lalural anil nrtifiriHl •liipw.
Ahles are bIho ensily apoIicnMo in cnlcnliition fur LEVEL
ID ; nnd it ix hvlii-voil thut for both riurfioAM tlie methods
Hand ^-«r^' timplc mid eTpedtti<>UJ. The tnhulKr niuiib«n
Uateil /oi- ei^trs h'llff-yA. >Vhen preater exactnOM is nfl-
the calculator H referred to the ailmimhlf taMea of Mr.
\h. 'Vha manusornt cmnputatians for ih«<>e Inhlet hate
idly placed at th» iliap«Hnl of th« present Hriter. and have
Um to checlc the accnrHcy of a great p«rt of )it<t ova n-
■t ittt«ndcd lu ileDMNMlmte at length the funniila of conu
b M th^ depend on well-knuo'D 11)Corctn» : the following
xnuit of tticm is sufficient for the present ptii|iotte.
C D B be a Motion in u raUtray cutting io InW xmunil,
vg ihr formntioii lorej, and A C, B T). the aitlliclu alopeB,
piiiDatal, the points A, E, luid I), are all at the Mine
£
nt. I.
. aWrs the formation level : call thlt height a,
tui feet.
ffpiilar iieetion l>C token at a dlxtanre along the railway of
It one chniii from t)ie above, and let the vertical lieight
I 6 fe«t. The solid contant in cubic ynril» of the flulid
lug in E 1> B. i» |; (-«'+«* +*V '■
wfid content la '^ e r v ; r being th» " dune" of the
•mla, the neasurnnent ol which will bt* exjiluined more
MDtly ; u the Kidth in feet of the formation level.
lei A C D B be a acction in sidelong grovnd — that iit.
«uit««i lutcrally or traniftrerMly to ue railway. Here
I of heighta to he coniidered — thote on the right
' «ii the left hainl of the railway : and there are
ipes' — tliat of the mitural gniiinil dependlitii on the in-
.ef AB: and that of the arlilkiat cm ban knu'nt, depend -
Ihe inclimition of either AC or U D. Call the natural
the artitir.iul ^lupe (an before) t. If ii and A be tlK
height* (in fMt) of the pninta A and B reepeelirely, alwva tb*'
formation level f D,the area of the trianglv aVc — 1 (R-L rle*-
and of the Irianjjle B K D =; i (R - r) A'.
Similarly, if iinnther aectiun be Laken at a distance 66 fret along
the railway, and ft. B, be -tlie c(iire«]K>n[tiDg beightn, the areas nf
tlie two triangles similar and simtlHrlv sfiuated tn A KC B F O
resiKrIiwIy, art- i (R + r) ft' ; and t (ll- r) B-'.
The Hilid content (in ruhic yards) of the solid letmiiutinjr In
A F C = (K + r) Jl (A' + A B + B-).
The larger of the oeeomMnying table* give* values, or
^ («' + lib + fr'}, for every half nwt of the twu h^ghla, up to
60 and CO feet, respeetivelv. The smaller uhle give* raliice of
Va X by rnrioiiB widths or the fonnatioa lerel.
MSTBODS or VfUVQ TUK TABLBS.
Ar LgrtUf/inf Qrmind. — Multiply the tMlHilnr tmmher In the
lar^rer table correspond inp to the lieiglits uf two tueewrairpBee-
tionit a chain apart, by twice t)iv elope, and add the numlter Frum
the ainaUmablp, correspuoding to each height separately. The
result la the nunber of coble yards required. For inxtanee, let
the height* be ■m feet axid 4.; feet ; the base. 30 fuet ; and the
■lope 8 (toooe). In the larger table, the niunber corresponding to
{99i, 45} is ITIO. Thin, multiplied Ity twice the nlupc = 6840.
Add, Arum the column for base Ao in the aer»iid t.ihle. the nunber
for iO| (whidi i» lOAS); and also the number for -U (which it
Itido) : and the total (M*S) in the quantity of cubic yarda re-
quired.
The following it an «xampl« of the quantities corresponding to
fmir secti^nx, k choin apart, the wirropuriding heights being Ifi.
4»|, 311, and 44^, respectively : the base, 3i feet : the ^oiw, 84 (to
one— codMquentlr, all the fir*t tabolnr numbers are bo do multi*
plied by twi<re 'i^ (or a).
IStXAMM.
r»i
& -■ '- -
UdlUplifll 1>T
IvtoMop*.
3M L»M»
.ITIT
SDiO
SW»
IsdTri.. Nm.
la ■■■»».
ffM
.... f^ ....
.... j^jjj „..
ISM
.... j,j4, ....
Sam.
3MS
A«»
.IISM
When the sections are •! greaUr er len distances than one chain
nuurt, qoantitieB hetvMwi ouch tv* scotiwcK must be multiplied by
the comaawidiiig diataocea. Far faslseffe, suppeae in the abo«e
eaaiiiple tne aecttoos bad been l^, S, ana 3 chaJna apart: re-
peating the nunc in the laat coliunu of the above soiDnie, we
nimm.
UkuuiM*,
PradDM*.
SMS
X Ik
S
&IW
S»11
X 2
—
n«.u
L1&89
X 3
=
Si7«T
Firr tfukitmy CiroHin/.— Uero bbp larger table alone u uaed.
There are two sets of iMghb), (bene on t lie right-band aU« of the
railway, B/; and thuMS on the leii-huiid >ide, Ae (fig>8). Thtm
•n&i ore to be kept quite dittinct. .Multipl) the tabnliir namlwrs cur-
respoiuling to the ffreatvr height!' hy the differnut belwecu the
nAturnI and artilidalalupeetMiathciiiliulnr numWm cormpond-
iii|[ tu the leiw liet)^ita br the mmb of arLitttial aiul naturtd sdopen :
the dilfecenoc Uotwccu tnaee products is the re^iult required.
For inebuue, let tlie natunl slope be ti| (to one), and tlte artifi-
cial slope L( ft4(0na): the sum of tbe slopes is V. (he dllTcrLiH-ei.
Alao,lettbehcighUbo: let •ectioI^ S04, 10 ; 9nd <wctioi>, ^ 3i).
The two nu^or neighta, 9D|, 5V. are taken together ; and the two
minor heights, 10 and SO, Are taken together The number in the
table for Uie 6r*t i»ir i* 1 JOJ ; which, mult'irlii^ hy \ gi*e* Hiji.
The height fnr the OArond pair in S^!t ; wkii'h. muliiptieil by H,
gives W3S. The difference of the two products, or iSfti, is' the
answer required.
Where the alopca remain onehanged for several luccnnve sec-
tions, the •nims uf each set of the tabular nnmbers nuv be inulU-
plted hy the nIopi-H, instead of nitiltiplyiii;; each tkhular number
separately. For instamre, let the nntiiral iJoiie be J (to one) ; the
artificial slope, I (to one). Also, let the heights be, lirst section..
900
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrs JOUBNAL.
[inf,
3$, 10 ; second section, «, 20i ; third section, 39, 18 ; fourth sec-
tion, 45, 15. The cslciilation is as follows : —
Gmtrr HctsbU. T»b. Hot. L*>» UelRhU. T.b. Km.
3o, S6 2A75 10, 801 99*
56, 39 2797 80), 18 330
39, 45 3159 18, 15 883
Total 7521
Mult, by diff. of slopes 8
15048
Subtract 3392
Total 648
Mult, by sum of slopes 4
3398
11,<50 Atuuxr:
If the sections were at unequal distances apart — say 2. I j, 3
chains — each tabular number would have to be multiplied by the
corresponding distance. The above example would then be modi-
fied as follows : —
lU. N«. I>ltuiicr. Ptodurt.
2575 X 8 = 5150
97fl7 X U = 3716
2159 X 5 = 647T
Tmb. Noi. JlliUDce. Prodoc
295 X 2 = Stfi
330 X li =: 440
223 X 3 =669
Total 15343
8
Total 1699
4
30686
Subtract 6796
6796
23890 Atuwer.
To extetid the largt table where either height exceeds 60, take four
times the tabular number for half the given heights. For instance, i
the tabular number for {lOO, So} is four times that for {50, lo}-
To e.xttnd the *malt table, where either height exceeds 55, add the
tabular numbers for any two heights which together make up the
given height. For instance, the tabular number for 60 is the sum
of the tabular numbers for 50 and lo, or of those for 55 and 5, &c.
To find the tabular number in the greater table. Look for either
height in the horizontal row of index figures, and for the other
height in the vertical row of indices. The tabular number re-
quired is beneath the one index and opposite the other. In the
Mtall table used for level-lying ground, only one index figure is
used : the tabular number required is opposite it in the column
designated by the given width of the formation level. For other
widtha than those given in the table, multiply the number to " base
1 foot" by the given width. — Example; The number for height 87
to base 98 is 88 X 33.
3£eaiurement of slopes. — The slopes on railways are measured by
the horizontal distance corresponding to one foot vertical rise. If,
for instance, the rise of one foot correspond to a horizont^ dis-
tance of 2i feet, the slope is 21 (to one). The same mode of mea-
surement is adopted here for the natural inclination of the ground
as for the artificial inclination of the sides of the embankment or
cutting.
Change of the natural slope mvf occur in sidelong ground where
the surface is very irr^iilar. The sections ought to be taken so
near that the difference of slopes at two successive sections may
not be considerable. Now, by using exclusively the greater of
these natural slopes with the actual heights, the result would be
too large : by using the smaller of them, too small. But as the
results obtained in these two ways will not in general widely differ,
the truth may be taken as a mean between them.
The difficulty arising from change of natural slope may however,
in general be avoided. For the upper surface of tne ground being
undulating and irregular, the natural inclination is represented by
equalieing lines drawn so that the small curvilinear areas in excess
and defect may balance each other. These equalising lines being
in some degree arbitrary in position, may in general be drawn at
the same inclination for several sections together.
%■ TbtH lablu. inil the mdhod of uilng tbtm. are orif inal anil cDpjiigbl. Thry arc
pabllthcd irparalal^ bv Wcalc, Holboni.
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\ 4 4
THE Civil
tK APPLICATION OF SCULPTLRB AND
TCREB ORNAMENT TO AnciUTECTUUE.
By H. H. GAMXva.
init of th« itoyal loftitutv of llritbh Archittx^ Md
of MxjT, thi> fiiDuwinK paper vu n»d:—'* Knap mt
m #/■ Uni/fiture and Srti/pturfd Onwmmt t« ArrJiiltrlurt,
ajiiri aAttA ihovM ren»kitf tkrir introductioa int« JiuUd-
ialk vith rtyard to Bfanls •>/ iCtnMii^uiail and fm-
By Mr. II. B. fJAOi.iMi; f(»r whkti the Silver
Institute wsB Bwurded.
he atudv of some indtviduHl bnnch of fine nrt, wc
UiuIdernifiF to oniMitr nny two vr n>tfret.>f t)ii-m in
vmpoititHM) with Die i,'i'«"t«'>t tSeci, — in iiivcrilikiitui;;
Itliey bear tu e.icii uiWr, tin- iiiraii* by wliicii tlit* itn-
ifey«4 by tlie utiv \rv influiMiceil by il« «<>tinc<1iun
ilhvr, and tlir >>i.>kircc« frvnt wlieni'e t>ur iit«aa of li«nuty or
ID tnt\i ilcj-Mtiiieiit rertiiit, we cnnnot fnil to rcinnrk llie
•trikiili: iin:>!'>uV wiiii'li exi»t>> lirtwrcrn nil the viirioiii'
inf^ wliK'h line ^rt i* tlivided, u'heth4>r hy the tm|>reii9ionit
Iwce upiiti lh« mind, or the iii«:iii<i l>y uhirh tlHt<« imjir^it-
effected, W'v i4i«II find lliHt thimjjh vnryinir in the vr^an
tj A^drfw the imn^AtiAil, or the VDhic]^ l>y wtioh
their imprcMioni to the mind, they inHuenrc the
, etriko AS it mere the **inc i-hiinle, Mnd ilopend apnn
ill form only, to produce etfet-tii fuhituntiklly the
■rcbitectiire nr xnilpturp, paintinjr. tnusir, or
our ntlcntinn, it iii hut the exnreoian of otus
Atfi Mtttlment — the ^^olleotinjf and arrau|irin(; in the must
the ^vinj^ form nnd ^iib^lnnre, m it ncrp, to
! iniUM, from which nmult uur inipreiMutM uf the
HmraUAl.
< m&y discover In nil, this oomtnnn origin nnd nim, yet
■e the connection 1° "hvimn : Hnd th» KKvi^niice thoy
ether, when Hkilfully eoRibined, more nature] and
thesymfnctry umI uropurtioii of errhitertura we add
iful tunniiiHliiinn and llowinif line* of Mulptiire, or the
I rl< h vnriMy of jilctoriil enbeUlahmente, we enhance the
nch hy pl.irina it in iti moat effectire poulion, anil tnir-
,willi iiult:tble Bud appruuriate neoeasorie*.
. it is, therefure, an Iniportant as well u an Inler-
ition to consider huvr thenrcliilert anil »rnli»tor may
uura with the inoKt •iurce<uiriil remill ; iiiid unat rule-.*
erve In the irentuient of eacli dep.irtmeiit In produce
I and elTective oombiiiittion.
ic« our invent ijtatioii by traciiiif the diatin([ui«]iing
'the YartouH Hlyleit of art att each roae in aiiccealun
iBBterials bequeathed bv itt predececeor, the firU that
m attention i« the 4-ollo»uil an-bitc^turc nf the Eiry]>-
bsdtstinguhihinii reiitiiTVHiif tht^se extrAonliniiry edilices
l^kaown ne Hcarcely tu need dcsrriptiitn ; intcn-stins ns
I to Miliiiunn.in ri^wnrrh, and rirh in miitter for reAec-
CuUltoii on other tiuini<L to the a^ti^t they uffortt but
rials for study, and ftill lem for imitation nnd exninplr.
Bruis of hcautf wtA iin>pnrti»n rnny be tntred in a cer-
lety of decuraiion antl regular di«^iniiti«n of pHrla may
ipa, he denied ; as alao th.nt u certntn cETet-t (if icr'ndeiir
ittainrd ; the rcotilti of ooUoMal nm both in the irenernl
also in the dcteiU of the composittoo. Yet they exhibit
art to cirrnmsrribed in its ohjeot. wi limited in iti re-
ad ao miicli frttni'd by amveiitioiinl ideaa and principle^
t ha advujti-enierit heyoud a certain point — f'jfniin^, in
rfect reflection of the wcial cvndition of the people with
iri^inslnl.
Kirypl we turn to CJrecce f whore eaquisilc refinement of
feeling were combined witli n oocini cuuditiun more f*-
to proKTCsa tluui in the former country), <*« shnll find
a 01 the tirtiit mpidly increasiuK with the demand fur
ioymeni, and the tvopo nff<irdc<l ^r lh<,-ir exeretse. Aim-
attoinment of beauty by aictly-iidju^tcHt proportion* and
Wt decoTfttion, and Altuiaim; i^rMndeur nnd dipkity of
^m atftiiiil aize, hut by umplicity i>f parts and re|pilarity
Ke obaert'e even in their earliest elTurtq the germ> of
B Mastery of all the reiioureefiof nrt, whirb niihiwiiiiontly
Plexpanded into the inimituble productioni of the ai^e
the merits of each in itsptirtienlar depirinient, the
observed Ln eombinlnj; architecture hniaculpture
In one compOKiti'in rtuim our moet carerul nttenlion. Whether
forminfT the ^aceful terrainatioiuuf the aeroleriH, orfillinff up the
ruiiU of the pediineiitii, or metopes of the I>orie eiitikblHture, or
dr>ror»tin^ lliii' wall* in Ion^<-oDtiniiou<i frieies ol elaburute detifre.
we (ib^erve how admirably the wulptural BceCMoriBS complete the
t^neml outline of the msaies, flU up every void space with rich
and appropriitttt dreorntion. and relieve tlie more reg^ulu foniu of
the (ir.hileitiirc with thr nn»t plv^tKJni; viiiiety of lines ; imparting
poelry of feeling to ihe whole roinpoiiiion, and ajuUlin^ iti n mart
iimiortant deirreu the character aimed at by the arehiteet.
The riiira ubocrved in the treatment and dittribuUoii of ualp-
titro by the artioti uf (irec>i-«,utitauieil Utroughoot th« whole of
the best period of clasHir art.
Tiie lrium|i)ud and monumental buildJnfn of antii^uity are par-
ticularly iutertbilitiK, n* i-xeotplifyinir tlie viewN and idea^ of artisti
of \\k most nckiMiwledged nktll uml Juilftnieiit. Tlie mauKDlea of
llHliuarnA.i.i(ia, of Hadrian, and of Augustus, the Antoniue and
Trujan column^ the triumphal archeM on the Via Sacra, the com-
memorative monuiiicntA in aliurl of every rluu, when rarefiilly
ouxuitlered, will be found lo ponetiii u character adintraldy ndanteil
to the purponea of their erection : but in the applii-ation of these
ideas to our own time^, we niuitt ever keep carefully in riew tlie
partiniiar rirctimstaneea which guided them in the farmK anJ nr-
nngement they adopted. As art drgcRcratrd townrd<i the decline
of the KoDwn empire, the abandonment of true principles became
apimrent in all it« departmeato — in none nuirevolhan in the treat-
ment of aralptaral aaunsorics, — their meretricious character and
the profusion of ornament (often exceedingly coante and inelegant)
destroy iux that repose and clia»te simplicity, *u iiwnlial lo Inie
difmily of style and so happily at ttuned in the works uf :i better
period. Of theae abuses the latter esamplea of lloman architec-
ture, particularly the bathn and eren to a greater degree the gor-
(seoua renuiiiu at Balbeo and I'aluiyra, afioni remarkable
uutAncda.
The political convulnions which for oeRturics distracted the
world, so completely buried in iMrbariom and iirin>rnnce every
cliiJMi of literature and every vc»tigc of art, that scArcely any pro-
duction worthy of the name can W recorded. This dt-Atruction of
art neemit to hove been completed at a jieriod when the true prin-
elple* of ta>te being abandoned, and it'^ moat eatteiitiol rulei being
completely lost sight of, all hope of further progress was stayed ; and
ihtti, though for n time it* e»tinc(ioti was inort complete, this very
circiimstauce may be said to hare paved the way for its rtyenrra-
tion on belter prineiplew, at » subeeiiuent penod. Uv it wan
annihilated all mcro eomeutional rulen, and by it wn* tlntroycd
every false <t4iiidard of eiceellence ; aixl the ab««ucu of precedent
c(iinpell«d the uriint to ijo Imek to the study of nature, the only
source from whicli, in early •%«*, he cwi, and in nil aaes he fhoulcl.
derive his iUe**, huu-i^ver he mny seek to i<-ra% hli ta*le. mature
his jud|^ent, or cotleet experience frmn the uorus oi others : and
from this eonstnnt referenoe to niiturv alone, vo must trace tluit
frealtneiM of feeling and vigour of conception with which the cirly
productioos of art and literiitoro teem, nnd which we »triv« in
vain to catch when thu feelings of wMJety hare becomo more rc-
Hned and enervated, and it* rtrocture more artihcial and compli-
cated. Art will invariably take it« tone nod expreMion frotn t)K>
eharsctor of tbe ag« in which it '%* produce^l ; it it an inflnenep the
artist eaunol nuiiit ; it formt the very atmosphere he breather ;
and from it the constitution of his mind takes its tune: the e.'tpe-
rionoo of Uie past oSlua no exception, the chnracter of art at the
present day confirms it.
Aa thesrts grsduall V emerged from the obscurity In vhlcb they
were buried (fortered by a patrouuice oecnlinrly fsvourahlc for the
deielopment of tiivir lufticitt povcra), they b«|nn to assert their
true portion and exerciHe their legitimate influence on society ;
and whilo the monunieiit^ of classic art were rapidly falling to
decay, another Myle of architecture arose, based on pnoeiplesuf
conklriictixn and of compoiiitioa almost ai diametrically opposite to
those of clasaic art as the source from whence it >prung, tbe pttr-
posea to which it was dediesteil, nnd the charkcter of the age and
peopltt amongfit whom it originated. Tli.-i Hrulptuml aceMMn-ie^
sre no leaa different in chorncter than tht? arehitceture with which
thejrareaBSoeinted. The«esciilptoral accessories (often vigcroui in
design and well eoncieired, cnitkiutirg principidly of i«i>lMed
figures. Miff and com^minod, ditlribuied and arranged rathtr by
conventional and preMrribed ideas of symhnliEm than by rules of
•rtisticGomposition), convey ideas more by tymbohcnl arrnagemaat
thnn by a combination of action and expression ; of tbls pivhapa
the fronts of IVulU and Exeter t'stbcil rain may be addueeo as tu
most Kiriking esanijties. Thus In tbe scolpturnl deeoiratlen of
medieval ari»iitecture we observe a style of art too rabordlnate in
809
THE CIVIL ENGIN'EBR AND ARCmTECT'S JOURNAL.
iU character, t«n cireumscrihe<I in iu view*, naA too miitli fettpred
hj ConventiiMuil formia to cxpanil anil BiMert an iodcprnilcnt pv*i-
twill ; nimiitg taiely at the rxamsion of dprationnl rt-rlUiK by the
mduiitiuii wf tb« most simiile riirni!i. Thi'»c remarks dii not itpply
U' tnc Artiatn iif the revival In Italy ; who, fi)niii»(; their tuft* on
thi' mwdcl ipf tfie niiti<|UL-, united lo tlirw wntimciit* tlic Iiifty ex-
pressiiwii of intellect ami iili-ail iHTfectiim ; iiinl lliu* priiduced a
[diatiaffutHbiitj; mvrit and diann in their wurltEi. In tlje rovival of
iht rlaa^ic ttyles in Itnly, nc. in the trentnieut of tliu two nrtn iif
arch it«<-t lire and Kculptnrc, ateel irith the oWrvance of the ftanifl
|iriiiviiiloH uhich ^tideil tb« artlatd vf rliutiuc tiatw; but not, how-
ever, carmil out iritli the Mntc relineinent uf feeliii^i and cwmtet-
n«>*s of tiiMA. The vieiTnuii und fcrtilt imifrinaliun vf tbe icr^at
Italtnn nitutrr* ^IIiou|ih it enaliled thrm t» Iracu out Ihcir own
jiiilh. And ti. iniititt<! the example and catch the f<eeliii)r "ithtiut
tanu>ly Ct>[iyiii|; their im-di-I) nftcn bctinycd thom int'> irtvjculirily,
whii-li niHm-il tbt effrpt of their nun* nuccesBful vnjrk* ; wliilo hy
artist* of inferiiT t«lcnt. «xajEeerated action and eapmnnun. reccn-
tricily, and ^xtravn^iml ctiriceitii, were too often fimfouiided wilt
the buM originality aiMJ v'tfirvjn V4ini'epti>>n]< vf true ||vniu«. Of
ihMe defects the palace* and rhurrJivs of Italy afford innuniornliU'
inat*nrf«. vhich will iinmediatrly oocor to thoiw acijuaintcd with
tlifi w<irk«of th(M«nin»ter*. It rimnot. indeeil.b* diniiod, tlwit Ihu
p«ruliAr i!hnrui?t<-r of tlie llnlinn style ixlmitted a fre^loRi of trtMt-
ment in tbe Mrulptutal acL-^»ori^s irhifih would k« uffentive and
Inadmiioiiblit in more corr^rt anil roffiilur t-omixtsittons ; hut at the
ittiRi* time it wilt b« obviouB that there i> h limit to thcflo irre^ii-
laritios, which mn only be auiffxiod by gaud taM« and dinoritninat-
liutjiiil)pi«)nt on the pnit of the arli^i himself.
The ont iind mout important point ia to nb<>er<^9 a p^fect ac-
cordBRcv in style aitd dharmrter with ihut of thft building to irhicb
w« npiily it, thill it not only ihoiilii illiKtratc its objert and pitr-
IMMc, bf intelligible and appropriate allei^ry. but convey it al«<i
vitb eot^mity of feelinfr nml ui-ntimont, wvn to the niiniitltr nf
HMUtiitn, (fur tbe skilful architect not only adapts the main
ftialiireoof hix 1iiii]itin)r to the purpose for whidi it is d«iHi)^ipil,
but alito MpreiiMi it ill evprj- numihvr, anil moiildR every tietail in
«xact npcordance). Bui t« prodiKS tiftt harmony and propriety
(which in the Miiircn of unr most af;rcwkle fietiBattone in contemp-
uitiiip: th« pniductioiiit of art), we mnst in addition, diKlribule it
aojiidiriousty throutrh the cum pix it ion, anil *tt nii'ely adjust it in
proparttnn and pOMtlon, that it sliail appear an integral purtiun of
the <teai)r;>>— lh« work n» it were of une hand, and «> enniplirti'ly
the expreuion of one idea, lh.it a i-hasm and voild would be creiilcll
by ill remavnl : that neither by diMproportiunateciee, nor too pri>-
nuneut u nooition, it iihoiild obtrude onensiveljr on the eye; nor liy
the opposite evtr^me, appear to retire too miteh and loac ita tegiti-
inute vlfect and platre in the rumpiMitlon. The refrulatliin and nice
adJuHtment of tht-se points cannot, however, be determined by rule,
Nince every individu:>l L-ane wilt reijuiro a rtilferenl treatiiietit, but
It must altogether be attained by that relineinent and eorrectneaa
of taate on the part of the artist ubich can only result from a
mreful and accumte atiidy of the boHt modeli, united with the
Ifrcatcat jiidgrnenl and diMra-iiniuation.
Aa a sulMirdinHle and purely decorative feature. It will he of the
Dtmoflt impurtaiuv that tbe tmlline of the orutptiire should be re-
ICiihitcd by. nnd accord moiit accurntHy with, that of the arrhiteir-
lure; and that it till up with precision thtMi! clraini»rrtl»nfi line*
within which it i.i plnccd; tlint there be no protuberance, iiiniuo
|inijcction. or un^ntccful deflet^lion in the contour, either in itself.
■>r in ccimhinntinn ; and thttt It do not interfere uith, or breiik otf
thooe main linen whirb indicate the constrjctivo features of the
hnildiof, or the continuity nf which expri'sxcs the arraugiMneul
and p nil lorl lima of the composition.
_ it will also hi! ffiund a point of considrmble Importannc, In com-
■lining sculpture Kith architecture, to adopt n niilier and >inli(tu[*d
atyle of cowpusition in the no&itiiin and urranL.'CTnent, and purtii:ii-
lany in the treatinenL, <if the draperiea nnd acresi^oriea, not only
in isolated figunMi and in lh<Me which form the tcrminiitionx and
crowning members, but al»o in the cnrnpoaition of the friezes and
pediments. The confuMon prodaced by cxanrcriited faction or
intriciitc uroupintr «riU be immediately detected bv its dincompomiii,'
and homh'.v- cuutnuling;, without relicviii4r the linL's of the aichi-
torture; tiiutif^t on the other hiuid munt be uviiided a meagre and
iitriifru;lini£ arraiift^ment, nnd the atiiF ctfect xrixinK frum (lerpen-
dicular and boriMntal line*. Tho value of Bc-iliilurc ua a decora-
tion (indepenilenl of the iseiitimeiit it convevf ) conaist* much in
the roliof it affords bv carryinc up the eye wiOi it* graceful lenni-
nationa ; filling up what would othcrwiii« he void anil blank, with
varied and undulnting linea and forma of the nt»«l exquii-ito
liMuty. The nieetss with which the artiats of Greece moulded
and fiditpted these reonlremeni* will pmve ihat, wlion proprHyj
trcali>t, they tend neither to cramp the ideas nor ta AsttkU IM'
invention of the aitiot.
If it be neceuary to ohwrre Uiew rules in the treatment at
groupii, it will he found still more s» In thconwt of isolated fi^urti:
and the infrlnirement of them nnKlucc» rtill mors ungnwcrai
eifcct». On the revival nf art in Italy, diirtortion and exai»ented
action and eKprmion wcra too frei^uently confounded with ori^^
nality and vigour of execution ; and wr are coatinnnlly mnting;
in their woika with tlie most Ktriking instance* hi>tb ut thcia-
fringenMiit of tii«M rules and the ungracef*! effects refuhioK
therefmm.
In placin;,' sculpture in juxta-positlon with architecture, it U
obvioualy u point of no small iraportaoce to con><ider the seal*
thereby imparted to the composition. It will liardly be nc^esiaTy
to deniOTi«t rate with argument, thnt with which every attiil ma
he ari^uninlcd ; riit., thut oingnitude i» relative rather thun octu
and that by KkilfuUy proportioning dotaila, or )(y placing in ji;
|Ki«ttion feature*, witli the sint of irhirh, by habit, experience,
inialinrt, we nro noc|UAiiited, with those of which we have no otii
(lain fur determining tho magnitude, ho ran imjiart a fictitid
Hcale to hi? rompoaition ) or tluit by diminiihing one feature a
exnggeratini; another, be can, by this cwmpariMin, produce an ii
of miignitiidc which tho actual »iie does not po**0*ia. In pracUc
this, nevertheless, ha« hut tuo fri'ijuLMitly been loit>ightuf; ar
in many inaiancefl, where eircum^t.inres mrttitute the compariaon,
it huK been rather the rmnlt of accident than iletign. Perhaps this
remark nii^ht be mure Justly rei-trided to the revival and later
prvdiictionx of art; since, In the works of the antique, we eon-
linuidly obiterve not imly ttii nnplicntion, hut tbe kucivm with
which it has been attended. 'iTiit principle must, however, obri-
ously become of peculiar imparlance in the case of ncutpiurc,
aincc tlie pniuortion of the hntn.in lij^ire if that with which we arw
most nat'iRilly nnd necemtarily ac<|uiiiritcd, nnd one whieJi we pir-
bnps more readily apply thnn a7iv other (adjuiitiug everything to
tbiM seule inviiiii:iivi'iy), anil nllfiongh, to a certain extent, the
scale of theaculiitural ai*ce»onr>i, purticuiarlythe iitolated Itgurrs,
will bp indicated by various circumstunces iri tbe |iro)iortiun> of
the architecture, it ia nut nhculutely or invariubly so, and the ad*
vantage to be gained by tkilfiilly adjuvtiug thii. ainlo must oem
be lost sight of. When, by being in due proporttun to tlie aum-
}wT* of the architecture, it would become too colossal, it niglit bf
preferable to adopt a dilferent (pecieu uf di>corutiun ; eioee, ahm
the ordinary features of the compotilion are merely tnau&*edk&
itctiial oixR, and the name relative proportions observed, tbe scale
by uhicb ue measure U increased in nearly the Hume ratio. V»
may b1»(i ohterve, that the undue exa^^ration «f ihn humai
liirure beyond it* natural proportions, so far from inTariably pr^
ducking an effect of grandeur, i* mimetimes piodoctive of inipr***
siunsahin to those resulting from actual defumiity ; the nroiiur.
tioniiiic tlicie partii i», however, a point which must depend suMf
upon the Judgment uf the uriist, nnd one for which no rule canW
liiid down : a cjircful «tudy of tbe best model* nnd itn Kcnralc o^-
nerviiiiiin of works a^reatly executed, will form tbe best and perfcsfi
the only guide.
When we obaerre bow necessary *o producii a pleasing and har-
monious effect (even in isol/ited worka^ wblcli arc to be conridcnl
jw ccimtileie in thniix-lvcs ami not »tttttd by exteraal circum-
stances^ arc the dulv balanciiiic the oonexponding jmrts nf tbc
composition; the skilfully cuntritatlng and cumbining forms ud
linen of vitrying contour; tho duly ftlting'in and adjusting r*e/;
part na im to give one outline to the iiuus, hoiwvrr varied is
detail^ — it is obvious, that in cunibinntiDu with architecture, ti*
elightCBt dlMTCnancy or f^tiling in thin respect will be cxnggrralcJ,
by cotitniat with th« regularity of the linen and maow with whi^
it is assuciated ; and lo this point, thcreforsi, the anist must direct
his most diligent uttentioi).
In deHigniiii: groups and figures which crnwn and form the la-
mination of tiio com posit i'ln, it will be found of the (trealevt io-
liurtanco that the hirurej in every as^icct appear in perfert
CiiTiilibriuni, and lirmty ulaiitcd iind baUnced on the pedestal en
which they Mand, dev>jid of any protuberance or projection, either
in limb or drapery, which may ri|ij>i.-iir to throw (he ntaaa more ini
one wdo than on itie other. It will for this purpoM.' be found oe-
tta^ary carefully to study the work from every possible point of
tight from which it can be seen; nnco we have continually Vt
cilvterve that though perfect when viewed in *ome po»ition». tliU
due equilibrium of tlu> macs is disturbed when seen in others, anl
ihnt even, when, in reality and mechanically speaking, it Is duly
poised.
Of the ill offects re«uKiog from an imperfect or partial study *(
1M«.|
THE CTVIl EXGTXEER ANT) AnCTIITEOT^ JO'JRNAt.
MS'
XhtM Important pninl. the works of the ortiEM of the rrvirsl nbove
ftJIudMl to (thu<i4{h miutmt (if pcnqwctivtr iiiul pvrMpi'iTlivc pSiacte}
ftffonl iiiuuturrnble iitHtanoea; vliUe of ctmnammue !>kill nnd
iiVL- in iKcrtine tlm« rt^uImncntK, tbo iuimitablc productioiw
ibe (inrci*!) i-lii!4-l AfTiirH nt (>nr« ■ most strikini; oxamplr, and
I the ortini au iiivnliutilir iii«<lel fur atndf.
[ Ao linputlnnt part of llie subjfctof th« application of ttciilpture
" luxhitccluiv IK the ctnployincnt of r^ryntldcD in tlir plncf uf
> ciiluiiia tu *up)KiTt tlieditiiMatitn- tif thr orilt-rti. VVIirtht'r ttie
iu of tliifi feature be tbfel rtliittd by Vitrinlua, or wlii-tbcr it
Fultcd Rirrrlr in llie frrtik- and lirch* imniniiiit iot> of thu iirti«t
[itinf: thin form for vnrii'ty oiilj', it vill bknll>' be worth our
CMHider; tbcuffb Ibc ciii|ib>yiiiviil of tbe htiiniti fitture
tith mnssivr c^lumna, but nt-t aidiug in the aii|>pi>rt of
nbnve, ■>ccurTiiii; III tlie £tf]r{)tiAi) ti'inplvn, nii^bt iiiiiutv
I b«livf lliat Ibe idea h»8 b««B iJr«»ii_v i<i|f)ii-Eit«(l by precedent,
tb^t Ihi- cbKritctcr it rucuatcd in (.^rniiui arcbitMtur« «*m
the rr<u)t «f tho mure rufint>l tiiatt uf the artifl. Tlir
e» in which tber <r«re employo'l, niid tbc mtiniier iii which
' bnv^ been troiitcu, hn* btttt iitrcndy vuvtidcTci, at also tb*t of
Mt»e fcdlum by thtartiftKof the revival in Italy. It haafrlM-
ere 1h>cu Iml ver^ K]Mirin)ctv odoj-ted. Jemi GomJrd haa left u*
Be Bilmlrable epecimcns of bis tiietc nnd "kill in the Loutre at
Ha, wbirb eicliil'it alt (h« rbiirtc arid rctiiiod frelinjc of tbc
tit|(ie ombined with the freedom of the rei'ival. \ t>i f-ii J cine*'»
rillar roiirt irf c^ryslideH, in the I'alni^ nt WhitebulL, Iboit^h
exei'iito'l, yet furmn *n ticautifiil n fontiir« in the drniicn that
■ niiiBl ii"t omit to niitice it, nnd to abnerve with nhnt fccvdinr
ItfTiient th« architcf't has treated thiit feature of bii de«i|ni: by
jilving il tii an intorinr court, a iMnfrclly uninue etre<t in frt-
rvMl, iiiwtiotarbed by compariMon In aita with tB« colunmar ar-
fni.
id obviouR that, in a prpnt menmire, the name rulea irill regv-
the trciilment o( enryatiHeB which govern the njipliention of
Jptun' gpMtrxlly to arrhitecttirv ; \iit., a (reneral «ol>n<ty of
•tment ; the nroidin^ all ^trained and unnatural poflitiooi <rf
UnbA ; no flutter or dieromiioHUPp of the dmjitT)- ; the liifure
inein^ itself most uMiirnti-ly, and a]i['esnng in every position
tiiii*t [wrrect equilibrium; the outline of tlie limb* bring
develi>|pc<l through the foldn of the drnpery; and. la§itly,
ptire of the idea nf fitre^d and labiirioiiu exi*rlti>n on the one
td, anil iif poKitivn inaction on the other, that the fignrR appear
~i nalumlly to iiipiwrt its aiiperinnimbent mcmbcra, and
' bv Ro trvated that the ramo i>utliii(^> and potiition do not
uftrn. If eiignired uttb the wntl, an in fri'ijurntly the
eater freedom of treatment may undoubtedly bo adnpliid,
_ Ee outline «r tbe fi^fiire vill not varj- much in different
tc from irbirh tl win br won.
miiiM at firvt he Hupposed t^at the ttudy RDd practice of two
, «o iiitimntely connected with each other, and iii niitiirally
1 readily combined, might hnve hwn united with adi-antiige in
satni- i>rll«t. If, however, we look bark iipnn the bi>^ton- of
. wore panic [1 1 II rly to tbe era of tbe revival in Italy, nt whirb
i)> iliey were nut u ncommoiity united in the tame individtinl, wti
eanniit Iml utiKerre that tbc iibiitii-u ami dcfiirmitiea are priiidpnlly
to be mirt with In the works of the anhitect-iculpttini ; and that
in artiklic effect and arrangement, as well a§ in 3p|irn|iriut« nnd
diaradeholic detail, they were nuqiniwrd hy their bretlireii, the
•rehltert-paintfru of the mime period. IloweviT, they lioth fall
short iif lli"*e wln>se whole attention wiis devoted to ari-bi lecture
al(ni«; Kbowinir. moTfl concluxively than nriru men t, that tlie ruli>H
of the artid inuftt, in tbeiie muni*, be bin ii»ri imjirritu* ; that to
nuKH m*)re than one to lt« fullest extent — to attain to or approach
fiction, "li<'re the attention is divided upontwo objects ui (i||ual
kporlanre ami icope, — i« beyond llitt liC''"'!' of the most powerful
lel]e<:t. anil (hat the attempt can only be attemled with fiiUnre
[nor, or mediocrity in Imth. There may be quoted a fow brilliiint
Mplinn-x ; yrt, if tbew even be fairly bulnmed upon tlieirown
erlt^ irri~tii>e<tixe of the authority of fx^nt luuivti, the observa-
^n may •■H'\iiy to them.
.lit coiii-luKinii, allhoiiirb it miirlit scrm that the rule* to b« nb-
^»ed inaTii>lyiii;r»rulptiire tonrchitertureiireri(C'd, andcaiciilatpd
I trammel tbe urtUt with restrictions incompatilile «'ilhth>e free
prciM! of bifi ^niuM, there i*, in reality, perhapa no puint on
icb the invention of the artist ia ler«» fettert'd or on which ■■>
lea fii-ld i» left fur the exercise of hi« own diiirretioii, unce
drttrmine no fixed pro|inrtions. prescribe no partlr-ular form,
rtuifiement, or drUil, and their verv npplii-atioTi muKt dciieiul on
I artii)t'i> diM'iTiimcnt ami tiule. IIoh little thc^e rules are ral-
■t«l to induce poverty nnd lameness of de&ijfn, or i-«nfine the
JTM exercl90 of tlie imagi nation, the example uf the gifted urtivia
of Greece will sufliclcntly prove. The rules of art, so called, are
not arbitrary nMtriction founded on the enpricc of fashion, the
authority of precedent, or tlie practice of approved ma»ti-r>, — but
tb<i(ie immutable lawn, upon the observance of which beauty,
^ttdcur, nnd harmvny most deprtid (which admit of no excep-
tion), apply tv ev^rr variation of circumitnnce:' ; are micvrtaiiied
by un aei'urnte otinervittioii of lli« eSccla uf certaiu combiuattoua ;
and are Kd inKepnrnldy connected with the orodiictions of eertain
remilts m caufc and effect in mcchaiiitral nppliancn ill the phyeical
world. It ■• tbe ntlrtbutc and eLaraRterist ic of Inie geniua iiv-
tuitively to know, and inrtinctircly to apply tlieni, however nec«fr-
Bory experience, car«ful obaervation, and dilifci-nt rtudy mny be V>
mature the Judgment and refine the taste. To conform to them
will exerciie itn inpfenuity rntber thnn restrict its |M>wer'(, while
their due obnervance vrilf give force and precision to its offurta,
by directing them in the right channel, and by preaerving it from
thuaoirre^anties which mar the imduetitni* of geoiua unaided
by experitcDee and education.
RESISTANCES TO RAILWAY TRAINS.
ExrEatuK>-TB now:* ikci.inkd rusts bv aaavirv.
Somo eaiierimeiitk hnve recently been made on tbo retardation
of trains on inclined pUne«; and as the nubject ha« been nmrh
debated, a brief analyw of the rcsullf may be acceptable. — an
account of tbe experiments thenmeleea will be found at tbe end nf
tliis paper. It is tu be observed, that the circumctances under
which tbey appenr to have been conducted, render uniformity
and certainty in Ihn runcJiisJou* from them very difficult, or rather
ab«i>lutelf impuiuiible.
In the firat place, to get a ffeneral law of reai«laoc« by cxperi-
inenls on iticlined nlanew, it i« abwliitflly requisite tbal the Iia«
idiiiuld be alraight, tne air calm, anil the distniitw travrrted ron-
siilerable. Of tbe realsiance uf curves, and wind in motion,
iiotbin;; can be known tiU the redstance in more aiinple caaea be
ascertained. To be«in with the mora complex emjiiirT is to
eii[;LiigIe the tiubject with phenomeiui, respecting wtiicli iinio-
rouce virtually is vunfeased. by the very circiun stance of mokii^
theexperinii'iil.
Again, it i^* imperatively necessary that the divtance traversed
shaiild be consideriible — and we v.in*> this point the mure btruriiclt'.
because it upplie*. not only to tbe prrseitt experiment, but nlsu to
fiiimer exjienm-ents on the iinrniw-giiTiici- railwnyi. The report to
tbe Uritiih Aisodation on Railway Rei>i«taiices (16.3T) cuiitaiitt the
fullaniu}^ important remark on this heBd>—
'* III i^irrjF cnso liilhirla «KaRilo><i, Ike ilniKarm *«locily wtiioh niny ap*
pear Id liHva trrCn allniucd uitii^r nucb ciicuunnlaaicn, i> >oni*wtinl Ims
Iliaa that altalaed on Ihe same plane, whta Ilie train hiu eiHntntiic^l ilie
ilpiceoC at a eoutlderaUe velocity ; K ma; ihaterorB b* dcnibUd, If Iralas
wbicli 11111} api>car lu bave atlaiacil an nnircirm velocity after atnrilDic from
a siB'o of leal (oa plaura ua nLitli ilie citicrimrnU hme bcnii uiiule),
Diay uul ready ba Iravellintf at a vcrj »Kt<al]r uccdcralinK vp|ucilt,iuid
•■ III* lvU|;lha vf f u<li pUurs of una ilicliiialion do not vnnMe Ihifc Iv be
ascerlaiatul wlih ceriainiy. U lui li'eii dceiiK^tl Iieilrr lo Dtclud* lucli
resulla. Tbr luinie riilr ha* beeu fulluwed (ur limilar reaton* in analyiing
tlie oihft aerlea of axpenmeats <ra inclined plapr* rafnired to tn llila
paper."
This remark appCArv to apply t-> Ihe experiments before us, aad
al»o to tliuse undertaken by Mr. Wyndiinm Harding, on tbetTray-
dun Aliiivopberic Itiiilway. (.If course, it in only where the niai^s oi
Ihe train tsHmnll, that the rcnKtance won begina Utla/i; the effect
of tL« inertia of large traiiu travelling at high velocities, ii beit
«een by eanaidering the distance they will move when subject to
the enormous pr(«aure cf tbe break.
Tbe preaent experiments being uubject to lhc«e various uiiirces
of error, exhibit diacrepnncies which frrcitly diminish the ratue
of tlie conclusions indicated. For instance, in encJi of tha £Kt
nine experiment'^ (except the nth and tith, which miiy be allugfb
ther disregarilrd on account of the diaadvaiitageotis eircum«tnnc<>a
under which they were conducted), there oceura a sudden nnd un-
explained increase of velocity at thu distance 85|. This may,
perhaps, be attributable to local eircumstanees ; but what is mure
imporlaut, is the fact that the alteration of the gradient from ^
to ,j^ makes no pereeptihle nlterntiou of the xpeed in livo out ut
the seven tnirtworthy experinn'iit* on tbuw gradients. This ton-
Htderiitiun furnixlie*) a convincing proof uf the danger of drawing
deductions from the apparent wnitormiiy of motion for aliorl dis>
tances. If the resistance in pounds per ton fur a given velocity
mm
b* dpitaced frnm tti« «|ip»r<.>ntlv tmnltorrd motion an bulk gnulientft.
w« irrivQ nt llit* abHunlilj' iif giiiiig ttie mjntaiiue iva ditfmnt
TsliiN, of which one b betwwo %ix mod wven tintea as grant m
tlie oilier.
To eThi^it iBor* irlMrly the very ijntat rffwt «f the iuerlla of
^Uaint ill niaiiiLaiiilii); LhHr veloritr. »« will ralnibilp the motion
«n levol f;rouRi), nt a unifnrfR rM^Kt^ncp of d!) lb. ppr ton. ulipti
the train w *tarttNL At « lulucity of t>0 feet ]>it M'oitutt (or rather
nuire Ihim At mtlea an liuiir). By tite jtriiiviple of Conwrvatioii of
Vu KiiM —
whera R in the iinilorin rmstnn(.f. V tbr initial velocity in fcot
' aecond, e tlie vtlnrity nt n eubtn-igurnt tiiti« vrlicn tlie train hiw
nvelled je fcvt, ^V the weight, iind then>ri>n> J, W the mam
UpilttingK fret forth? nnfraMire of prnvitjr); uronr tkirljcwcundpart
itff the ttriglil % ky Ikf diffrrrtuv btttrtni M? tqnarc! if (he luUiai and
LnhmfiUiif vehtttg, U fqwd In tteifr. Ihe enrri-itjriii^ing dUtant^ Ira-
Iwated X IfV tit Kni/irrm tetiatitnct. Th'u la a HiDiple arithmeticAl
[nil? for calrulatlnf; atl ca^o^ of th« rtctilinca) motion of n body
|*tnrt«d with a pvcn iiiitiikl vclncity, and then a!i|Midunc<l tw the
ioAueoM of a constant letunlinic fnri-c.
To suit tho prcnent case, wc put V = 80, and the reaUtniic« =:
9Q ponndi urr ton, and mDltiply the weight of the train by SS40,
to VXpcat It in pouoda i and tlie ahuv« fomiiila bcL-otnc*
J^ (V - »«) = 40 j-i or. 1 1,000 - -e> = jr,
to find the dititance in fi^et rom»>|ion<lirifC to any inib<ipquent
velocity. Putting p = 0, iro find that Ikt traitt nun-e-i Vl^ rniln
if/iirt it anwx In rtsi ; and putlinif r = 70, we find that tkr Irtiia
■ •l<MMS,93J/^f. or more tkan half li miU.hf fart iln rrlacity i^ redneed
^hmt 80 to "m/tet jtr »m>iul. 1 f. iiiHtoad of niHkinf; the rcMstance
tvDifomi. wfl mpposad it to dv^re^iie pradimlly, na it doc^ on rai]>
«»V. the dirtanoea ahove ratculnled wonlil Iw inrresHed.
I lieae eonsiileratiotiB siiow t!ip nhooliite necemity of uainR lon^
JtdistMlCH in prrfurmin^r ''K|>eninrn(N oa the retardation of trains.
I'Snt thoiijih llipy ttirtiw h lUmbl on the experiments ht^ore iia, it
' would he loo mii*h to mv that tliey render llii>m ahsoliHely wortli-
; ]eM. On the rontrnn,-. wilii nomu i-niTjniiin*. ihr runcliisionH dis-
[pUy a certain df((Te<^ of ■■onuiilt.-rirr wliidi ndii« U> tlicir wi'iirht. Of
(iMinte, the tertiiiiony inferred fromthi* mn-ii^tt-nry uuuM beraurJi
greater if wc were informed thnt tlii-«r esjieriinenta ore n//tlmt
Rare been ntidertnken. and that nune other tiicoDsiiitent with thrm
have hvm jierfdrmed.
Now. of the experimenta on tlie tJ, grjiJie-nt, the «jbI, 3rd,
and *th with an initial velocity of .Id In 33 miles nn hour, cx-
hlliit lolernhly uiiifurm velocities. This would iiidirnlv thiit iit
.Mto A2mile»an himr. the resistnnoc i^ rJn *'>*' weiKht, oraa-tlb,
Iper too. EKperimcnts 1. ♦, nnd T. ^ho» retardiiif; vclocitiea, indi-
cating tliot at H to <iAmi!e«»iih[)iir, the rcKlstanrn c^ccrd^ 33-ilb.
per ton. Ai^ala, in the 1 3th eiiierimcnt, on » Knidtcnl of nliiitit f-,
the «peetl is tolrrahly uniform ; in thr ] 1th, on the amue Kradient.
it is iircclcrnlcd. In linth exprrinientH on a griulient of )j^ the
speed i» nirelcriit^il. lltMsiminirnsliefore, Krha>-c — on the aMump-
tion that the atiovo funn of the data i« accurate — the foUowiuK
frnenl conclusions, in three pnin, currcapundiog with the throo
gradients t—
■kIImb nee honr.
AulftanMeqiiili \ qj
exccr<1« J
riimli 1 ,,
ICM iliin J '*
l«n tlrni 1 ,-
]«• tlun J "
retl with thoKo obtained in lftt6, by
Mr. W. Hafdin);, 6y the dynamometer, on the South Eii»I«rn nar-
row-(a<iti<! railwny. and reported in hit pujier pre«ented to thu
liHtitution of Civil EnftiDecm :—
■ailn ii»r hum. "• vt Inn
VdoritT 29 BeaitUnce 1 i &
it 19 3
IS 21-7
To cmnplete the comparison, we «elcct those of the experimenta
of tb* BntUh j\*»ociation which wer« niaile nt vetocilieH above
I uUm aa hour, oit inclined pLaiies on nnrovT'tfaugv tine* : —
mu«i pT' linu'. f- !>" ""■-
V«lMitT 31 BnitUnM 2.V I
34 2S*
S7 U
It u tu he observed, that thcae rates of reitttaBee cvaeiileraLly
«xeeed the fomer.
nil** pci boar.
Wheo fclooiiy i« &i> - z
51 - a
43
it
37
TbcM rcsulta affre« rrry
We do not brln^ into the comjuricon (hi> experimeats of I
tiaiij^ComraiMiion. in which tho r«wi«lance in derived front tlie o
Kuniption of water hy nurh anarbitmry and danj;eruuii pmccta, that
we terl juntifiwd in rejectinit Uiat evidence enlir<^ly, NeitlwrcM
Mr. Wyndbiun Ilardinz's experimenia on the C'fx>ydon AtDa»>
Kpherir H.'iilway. hy thi.' diiferenceof barometric nrenmrM, bv ad.
mittitl into the conipariiton. JtU ntf far tlm mpid ituvtut ^ n-
tiMtante ail/i increat& ifftperd, mt» atirvM mtirrt^ mi Uteaf aijwri-
mmU, and therefore, as we think, on an inmimrient founrialtoD.
The riillowliig reNulls are obtained Irura aeveral diatinet txprn-
menta :^
Velaeitf £1 Rtaiiliaea 52^
S3 41-7
as 36
Bfi 32-9
47 M-7
In the first place, the result* obtained hy the barometer are In-
conwulent with iheiMwl i*e« : thr rcsistflnc* nt iA miti-Hin hour ia
fi^evn per ocnt. mom than at a irw velocity of AS mileii. The uBly
experiment nt upward)^ of <iO miles an huiir, >howa au incraaaeof
reJialance so diitpropurlwnate, m notiirally to induce Misplcloa .
at all eventM, a Wi^fr renult, w> inoonaistent wllli nil prt^viouiob*
Nerrntion, nu);ht not of itnelf to he xufficieot evidence of a
Ifcneral Ihw. Moreoror, thia very experiment waa condartnl
under cjrcumataaco tnuvt unfavourable to u ^ncnl concliiuiin.
The diittnnce Iraverwd wh* .11 inilcH, the time of lr«ti>jt four
minutex and a half, and the recorded velocity fluctuated from ^ito
At tnilea. And yet tliia staaLu triid is the mainstay of the theory
of high rcairtnncvs nt high velocitie*! \Vv have already ahown
the grc«l effect at the inertia of IruinK nt hi^h velodti4tM, and tba
extreme tinceriuoty of any concluniotin fnim the apjnrtnt wnj-
fonnity of motion; — that the uoilurroity in apparent only and^
uoi abcolutely certain, the brief duration of the experiment amlfl
ita grcaX Riictuatiunn are Huflicieiit te.-timonr. ^H
It it tmportaat to obBcrvc, iii confirmation of this view of the
Hulijecl, that the barometnc method of culciilaling rtustancn^
always gives rmnlts *hicli, as far ti.i they can be comparfil, ezri
cecd thime obuined by uny other mctluKl.
On th« whole, "x arc inclined to an opinion, from the inniifi
rient evtdenc« before uri, that the rvriiiitance lUic* not tncrcaae
omdi wilh the velocity a* haa iiouietinie« been cmiti^ndcl : and
that the rctuHlaiicen per ton, do not ililft^r widely on the bnuid and
nnrrew unugc. The advantage, tf anr, hchtng* to the former;
principally, we imagine, on account of the cj>mparative unmrtlinfM
of motion over lan^tudtnal i»leeper>. There can be no reaaunaile
doubt, tbnt eomparinK the louKitudinal atnl transvcftie ■]eeper^
when IroUiare la perfect order, the former, by tcivin^ more perfect
HUpport to the rails render tbcm Icm liable to vibration nnd con-
cussion. It may he laid duwn, at^a leeneral rule, that whatew
increiLtea Uie reifulaiitv of motion, diuiininhe-H the rrsistanoe. One
of the consequence* of thi» rule i>s that the reiintance of trainB »
diminished by diminialiinf; their l.iteral ofcillntion. On thii «ub-
ject we have not «paeo to apeak ut Ivu^-th ; it ia suEEcient ta
nbnervd, that the tendency to oeciUiitc depends on what i» knon
in mathcmnticN ax th« raJitu of gyration^ and xn therefore ii-
miui*hed by diokinisliinf^ the weitcht projecting beyond the wlietli
aul*ide, und by rediicinff the pioporliou of the height of thf
centre of gravity to the distance botwocn the point* ofaapport.
lAibrttiaUdfr^M tht " Monuitf Ha-«ld."}
W« reiiirn tn ibe con*l>dcrktlati o< (hit inMrMiin; and imimrUDl practlnl
nilw*)' iuittligalion. Ai wc liave prcitnutty ittlcd, the quMllan of it*
" reiitlaacc* tt railway Iriin* at ccrtug tclocitiii," it not ■ idcic uirnlKif
qnettion, bitt one in which the eonv«ni«nw and BrRnminuilalran of ItH
pablla ar« ver^ raaUrially invalteiJ. Thn nlahlialioient of ili« ituih al ih(
"/ormala" wtiah maliM tho r»ueanc«. nt GO mltei per linur, letas 49I«-
per ton. or 50 per cent, liigltei ihin we »IjaI1 prenrnili lUow ii to be, wmI
prctrnt a airnng ccOMaiiral ■rguiiiciit cither agttiiui nptei% lraTVllla|.<c
for liic rr4Crkii')n at the accuroaiodaUDii of i|uu.-|i ttiniit M firM.<ku
puaenfcr* ai high farei.
In tb« obanvniioMt maile by oa a few ilaji gincc, in reference la tU
cxiinotdinar;! diAVrcnm v! opiiiinn riitting on the iuNj(^:t bctwnn pra«ictl
engineeri. wt natieed the tingntar fact that wbile ■ luiiforo velocity of a**
iDOTfl than 3fi mtlta |>ci hour bu eter been nmlntaiDcd wilb n*rtow.|aup
traioi. by th* fnrcn of gravity, itonn an Incline ul 1 in 100. a nnifoem *tlo-
eity of upwards of ii mil«t ptt lioui bad been niainlaincd with bpaid-(ai(|t
■rtiai by grnviiy duwn an «iiial incline. We then itaud that we had uv-
Bcltci (one done tlit Bo> Tunnel incline (1 in 100) ai a greater aaUeis
vclncil]' ibui &3 niilet per hour. Wc baie tinea made a tcrica of cipoi.
ncnlt (lawn Ihs Wuollan Duictt iaolint, itatal la l>c I in 100, but tOlM
portion of which i< 1 in llOonlji anil <Ii>wn olhrr ini-linctoo lli« Bihtol
ud Euter Bailmy ; and from Ihe dtioilt girtn bclvw. It will lie tcea tlUt k
THE CiriL ENCINEEn AND ARCniTECTS /OtflWAL.
«4
r«*l*f uolffifm tikrilT Itm* S3 Biili^ ftr \*a>tr, tnn wiitler rny
r^lt ritnnLil»ittt%. Ptn i* obUitiMl dnwa ] in IHD, b}> ||ri*il? I ^nd
■wqnmllrlhe foiiniiati«ii nti whwh ntiny ntilatr »nfln#vn have
W wry illllBr or ihnlr Ihfory of ki«l) ratr« i.r muluix* at lil):t) «e1o.
Mtcrty KlibonI Hiliilauttilily. — Ihil, itidir«:rl, il ii ■ (ner« lallnrjr .
rill herc«flBr be namlirrtil tinongit tht it\a*\im» and itiiani of
I men.
ihnlc oftht follgwlriR etp*»Imftit^ wrr* m^de witb orJiaary wnrking
md Ibe «■>)*« wa# ri«t li collict miiiui* dau Tfom whicli any
E rmullt ni<|;M ht ilritiMw), but timplj lo proit — ricluaiic of the
if ttptritntntt mad* Ij tA\t*t brand or nk>r<Hf> )t*Tit« Mijcinrnrn —
lU kai long bnn Motidcmi an " nftitisMnl /a«l'' itt t»frr*ttee
miatanee lo railwij Irainit dMrrnillnit Incllntrf |jlin« hj fottt of
l>aBir« " circiiiB*tanc»." wliir-li, alibnugli ipplicalile ta niininr-
■Inl^ li aUeilr iMKIiUcaUc tabrund-vauit Iiatnt. The diicrailln
r«lei of ipeed tboim ia ilie Koikiniti pien Maw aroir, tin
'ran a great lariet)- of cuuiFt. Nearly ihe «lii>le of ll>c pgtiiena
line o^ti •hiob lh« «|iciin»r<<U <••■» mide coaiitia of k mita
n, aii'l of catling* and •'•nKinkmaiiU. The oaniacct *en of
. Nriglitt, aiid nay nrcaiinnatly hava htem wtXl m \i»A'-j c«u|i1td.
tlw weatber wa« ''aim. the neat it v-m vntotttrd : in aotac of the
■nta there mu ■ tWe.'iA beid wind, in rihtn a mniltTxt* dile oind
I riibl, or ■ mndtrale vide viiirt |ii>in ihc Ml pr«vailerl, and during
' lbs (xpcrimcnta thrrr vai a liriik tide •ind- Tli* tiwnl, lun. oi
M mint wera running wlicn Dm aleam wu ihnt nlT Kould, In rrla-
1m wvittbts of tW carri«g«9, ai *c1l •% to Ihc dircctlna of liic aiuri,
lo th4 ciu»» Af tli«» <livetiiiiri of iiieeit. Wc tliall. laoncrtr, niit
1 alagl» opinian on lht*<r mattrn, but CinHnn oortrlroi lo diMnnn-
I tkat l(u- •/•immia" nf high mlitanrM at hl;;h vcIodliM ii «'af Ih-
rtpwi of lb* i>-«iittnre vlue to bruad^aug« Iraiu (!e*cenilin| inclined
f ib^lr own Rrivity.
e eiperiBieola made da«tn thn Woolinn llaiteU Incline with the
selcr nrtiajte. cnnilruclril under Ibe Jlrccliont of Mr. llrunrl. iho
) were oelfked to 10 loiii each. In no one of the etiwrimenti giTrn
rfciah wrro mail* with lilt ntdinary fiMirtigcr tiaiot, did ony of Iha
I amoof't to tlita Wright— Ihjl ii, tbcy "«rc ool full of paaNnpen.
[ftet («nploy«4 belong to an old ilau, onil wtigb, road-worlby, abaot
I ton*.
I bwn objected lenlntt th« rKperimenti made down the Waotton
lnclln«ail)i lliediiiitn'jriieier earris^e, Ibat ibe diitaniv over whldi a
or inneaaicg Ttl'ii-iir wm itlaineJ, «iiv, 10 or Il-lbll>i nf a mite, ii
I to iirodure a iiicful practical mull. To mrcl this tiltj'-etiun wo
ralci of ipeol nol only dii'*n ihc mile anri one-ciilil!! of tbr fall nf
I, but dotra llie n«il atirn-eif htlit* of > mile, which are on B fall of
loaly. The liil of 1 <n lOftcrinirnenrn a fv* cbaini heyooil Hk
M-paat. and lerminalM a few futlnngtf beyond the HC|ih nnle^poit.
W the aeilh (ntle-poM. tlie fan ii I in 6G0.
rW ripeiiiaeni >at made with a [rain eontitiing of four panengtr-
I, Kireo tiOfH-boiet. and one liijriue iin. weluliing aliout 60 lou.
Im wbi Ibe " Oiinn." 'Hie uMe givci the warkijig for th« qnailer
aedlately preceding the SSth mile poM, ai veil ai from ihc aSih to
h mile-pait. The laiU were dry.andicivHitle Mind mat ■lirrinc-
Ihe wen ihit ih< ipicd for vpvardaof haK-a-uiile dawn 1 in OCO »
k below the tinifarm vehicilfdairn nearlj tbreir-quitltri of a niile
.00. We merely rMrord the hcl, leaving ilinie who Xwit. n>ore llnM
commanil than ae liave euneUet to ciplain ur m^ffit iho can*e(.
tcOMf tii|i aai will) a train of fonr piKeii^nr-carrlag^t and a bone>
Ubing about 41 or Vl ian>. and Hat attacbed lo the "Mara" eaginc
try and nealber calm.
hWlrip wa» with the lama engine, with Uiree paaienger-carriagti,
pigo-ian, and t«o hor^e-boiQi, wrighing about Vi at tG todi.
WrM enptrlmcnt Kai (na<te oith tli« " Fircl>ra<id" engine. The
aiitted of three pancnicci'-eirriaee' <>"d a loggafte-^an, weighing
i lona. The r-arriigti wrrv well tilled with pniieiigtra.
^Aetpeilinent wat with tlie "Urion," will) [our puierfter-carriarea,
)n«'boiea, and a lu^gige^ian. weighing sbuul 59 nr flu tnn«. th«
u not ahul oiT in thi* oaie until the engine wrat within a few cbaloi
Sflh mile-pnil.
\Mtk ciperimcni vai niih ihe " Load Siir." The train oonaiited of
iacng«r>e4rii*gpt and a tu^gagc-ian, wcigbing atniut 41 or 43 tonii
tide wind nai Mowiokr. Il will be oliiFntd Ihtt the rilu* of ipotd
I aver Ihe whole eiient of the !J mile*.
lamU trijt wu wlLb Ibe " Arab," vitb a train enniiiiinp of three
ir-cvrla;raai>d a lujivigfi Tan,«et|tbl about 3S or 40 luni— earriegni
d. In tbli t{ip w( otiitlocd Ibe greateit unifoitQ teUcity — raili
atbercaliu.
^ik etpetiinent wai with the " Bctlona " with fonr ptiaeoger-
I and a lucgane-Tin, weighing abnul 41 or 12 lona.
tk lid* wind prevailed un tlti* occa»nn, and the lame rtiult wat
I a* In ■(>■ prpTioii* eiperitntmi, nher* a tide wind affccttit the
L, atternaiirrg iiiei of ipeed.
ilafil cxjieiiment waa nith the "Firebrand," with a Inln of four
I aod k tnggage-ian, weighing about 4S or 46 lona— rail) dry : alight
d.
* 41t- wu-tUiceBtha.
tQl.chrfaa.
Th« lr»>h eipAriment vit upon the BKilol and Exeter line front the I '4lh
to the 17Gl'h inile-poil. Tbii portion of the lirte it on a fall of 4S''S feel
per mile, or about 1 in 120. Tlia Bagine enploycd wai the " Load Star,"
and the tiain ronritced of fonr paianger-carriagM and a luggage.tarj, weight
ihaut 41 or 43 lona. The deieent wai rommenced at a ipaod of aboai it
mile* pet hour — lallt dry.and alight head wind.
In this cipetiment the relodij down an inrline. lea* by 20 feet per mila
then II14I iloirn which the narrow- jiBugc triini haye neret yet iDilntaiDed a
nrriform lelncity of moratbari 3fi luilea per Lour, increttcd from 369 to 12 4
DrC'lmilea pfr hoor. And yet we have httle doubt «• •hall alill And
praclifat tata ooittendirg far the high ratee of resiitaneea which aonie of the
narrow-gauge parly pertiaaeioualy aaanma to be due to alt railway t/aina
trarelling at high Trloritiet.
The tlerttlh enpenmeat was from tbe 172| to the 1701— ttt, two mitea.
Tlie engine employed wai tbe " Saturn," and ibe iraia eonalated of A<e pat-
*eoger-«arTlag«a and a luggage-ran, weighing about S6 or fi7 loua. For
about Iwo-lbirda of a niila tbe fall ia 1 la t'2 ; thi* ia rollowen by a fall of
about 6 cbaint «f 1 in 90, and mother fall "f abooi 7 or d chaint of I in ^3.
Tbe reit of the diilanc* ia on a fall of 1 in 00. The average mlocily of the
■lain ihrnngh the White Ball Tunnel, 40 ebiint In length, and which imne*
itiaiely praordc* the ineltnea over which we took the warktng of the Itain,
wai 42'3 milea per hour. It will be aeen tbat thtt apeed wu increaaed i«
jf> mile* an hour at the tTO(th mile.poat.
Tbe tvcriftH experltnent waa a aecand run down tbe 1 lo 120, between the
17lih 10 tbe 17<!h>> milcpoat. Tbe engine employed waa the "Firebrand."
and the iriiri conaitttd of four carriages and a loggage-van, weighing ^buut
41 '>r4& lona — Tailidiy,ind moderate aide wind.
The fhhtmtk and latl eipennienl waa wilb the " Mllo," and a train of
three paiacngnr. carriages and a loggago-ean. Weight, about 34 or 3& tont.
A hritk lido wida prevailed.
In thianporinieniDie ateam wa* ahiit olf at iht 1T3{ mik-poit, which ti
in the White DaLl Tunnel.
Tabkt nf Exptrimmtt.
1™-
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Veloclvi In un** pM Hoar,
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REVIBWV.
Aeetitmt of Iht Skenymre LighHumt*, with notf* on the UlumiiMtuiit
0/ l.isUhoujM. By Alax Stkvkisson, LL.B., F.II.S.E., M.I.C.E.,
Kasincer to Ihe Northern LtgliltiousB board. Edioburgh: Adam
afid CharlH Bluk, l»t».
[9SGOM> ironcE.]
What Mr. StevenaoQ calla " Xotea on the Illumiitittion of Liuht-
lioiijert," may more rifrhtly b« eatUed another work, and one not lc«a
■ro|tort»nt nor vnliinhle ihuR tlio aM-nunt nf the Skcrrvvore Light-
houBC. Ifldc(>d, he c«l]« the former Part II. Hi* Mgina il by
H abort history of li|qrhthou»efi. in which he abowa a irreat deal oC ,
Icdminff; aitd tts by the fortner pnrt everv one will itee thnt he ■•■<
a hard-working iniin, »n by tbin thoy will nee tlutt a man niny ha
»ble t» uadentBJid Hvnier in Grc«k, and yet be » good eogintn.
5r«
THB CfVlL EyCJINEER AND ARCHrTEt-P5 JOrRNAL.
rfttr,
VTt lliink b«t1i of thoHr are irronc UiOW who wUh to raAlco the
c^min^LT man of lnKik-Iiarain; onlv, and tkoM whn trknt to
make him n bovr andcr tha luunc uf « w»rking;-inAD. Brunei,
H.>l.^rt S(e|>h«nM>ii, LiKke, the Uetinios «'«lk*r. und nunynture,
have nhoiTD tlint to be ■ gniX OiUfinffr, ami to niBk*- greM wnrk*,
th*r« U nil [i«rin in « nuia bdofc ««ll-tAii)tb(- H'e would always
tiut tli(» tvti ti>ii«tlier if we cuulil, — w* would have the man of
etrniitg bikI the workinK-nmn.
Mr. Sltrvenwin'ii way »f commcaiinir on the cIhrm ii rather a
liiM( one. — rather urilikr lli« Uvuiitinr nijhoo], Soallfler, Uid tho
Itevivnt rrilif*. or the ftrvnl Hiirh Dtilcli liidita of thla day- Stim*
of these who went liffi-rt- Mr. Stevenson have put fortii th«
bold thought, thiit the Cj-dopa wtn the knpent of li((lithva«o«;
tome h"|ikT wtill, thnt hv tho Cydopn irM ahiidowcd furtb the
lih'hihiiiiv itM-lf. Mr. 8i*vcniiiina answer ia, that in the ninth
hixik i>r (he Oilrury, and iit tlie 1 Itiih line, llomvr t«Ui« ut that in
thr daikneu of iho flight, the fli-et v( l'Iy»M» weat aahorv on th«
Cych^pean uhind. Mr. Stenrnwin looks at tt with a "orkroan'ti
ejrc, ai)d he *»yn if thcrr hml heeti a lighthouse, the ships would
not bare elru.-k tii the durk. The wonix he hrinc^ forward ahow
Out it irns pilc^h dnik. and f\vo no hint of a litchthoii»« ; sod
tberrfore itv think Mr. Strrenaon rifht, io the teetb of the com-
menlaiori. Ilehn.i not. howei-er,t«koD the trouble to»et hi« Crvek
luto lviii;li^li, w> that hla workinf^ rv«dcrt majr uadentand it.
What .Mr, 8t8ven«an aajra of the Ii|rblhon»« of our day* la th»
more wonhy of liein^ read, aa he faiia lern many of ihetn faimaclf,
■ud looked at them with the eye of a miuter.
^wakin^ ui>on li^htinir, Mr, Steven<nn iwyu, thnt down to a Twy
lat« time, the only way was to b"rn wiK>d or cool in chating dialm
on |)i« tops of hiah tnwer* or hilU. Many now lii-iiig know that
tho loir (•{ May liKht wu of tbut kind, before it nnnie under the
e&re»f the lt.>iir<l ft f Northern Lights in ITM. For forty y Mrs
«ft«r the time of Smeaton, the fino tower of the Kddysloiie wa«
lighted only with tallow »indle«. These ti^U woro therefore
vl^^y weak, and there were no means of knowing one light from
another, »o that the acaman might iiha[ie his way. Eren now, it
too often happens that ammen niUtuke ligbta, uid hjr ^>ltiir
intide, Lnst<-ad of outride or otherwise. Iher pi agrouod and are
wrt^k^^. The old li(;hthuuses were of liltle more Rwod than to
give wnrninff thiit land w»9 near ; no that sliips might, if ihcy
oould, lie by or put out to neii until daylight.
Mr St«T«nMm now apeaka of Aamc. He aayi ;—
"Solid inhsltncei wliicli rinisin sn ihraughuui tlittr combnillna, are only
lanln'ns it tlicir ovin lufr^ce. and eiljibit plirnoimina. )UcU at Ibe dull in]
beat of iron, or of mow kind* of [iim:oa!. anil are thctcfore mate juiwit hi
ths purpose of proilndns hrat tliBn lijthl. But bj utinf: siibilancc* which
arc formed ialo inllaiouisMc Tspoun. ai a loupcmturc bclaw that wbicti li
rceuiied for the igtiiiiun of the lutMliicci ilivnttcUcs, tt>< » o!>tjiincd and
flame it proilnccd. Xucb l'g'>t Jt th<» cvolttJ «t a camiiarstirelr low lem.
ppTttoie. Tbr ;a« ocMMarily tiaet a5of>* the combuititjU sabsuncA from
«l>I>.-h it it evulml, oiling to Us beia; formed at a Itmpi^rature eonaidenibly
Lis'ifr itiB" tbnt ol Ihr sorroundinj air. l^all wlilch tt U n««ttarily rsrer.
Of this dnctiptioB ar* <b« dimn n^iuinrcl b; ibeburulnK of ibc rahoot oils,
«hkh are ganrrally Hnplvfed In iliR i II ii mi nation of lijilitbouirt. In ibc
CASiliotttoa ol ell. wltks of •ome flbroui intntance. luch aa cultuii, tn uKd,
ialO tshidi tb« oil atcendi by niiiilary action, and bcins tnppHnl in vrrr
tblo Km*, U aatlly valailliied into vapour or gat b; the Iimi d( il>e hurniog
wick, liietasot pil-(o<l bs> t>««n occaiianatl; us«il io li|1iihniiifi ; it i>
CoattTcd in tubes to (be butncn, in lli« tame manner as wh«n employed for
domtS*ic purpotps. There SM cirlain ad*anli(:M, itionr ttpKMly in dioplrie
lifht*. wlicrc lher« ii only one large eciitrsl llanif. wlnich would rsmlcr Die
use of gM ilcsirakle, Tbe (orm or tlxi flim*. which is iii object nf rnntitlrr.
able iraponanre, would tliui he rfmltrrd lc» vadable. sml could br^ more
etilly regultlo'l, and the iu^^untniirncc ol the dnck-wurk uf the hmp huuM
be wholly atoidcd. I>ii( il is obttoui, that ^at ia bj no mean* suitabk for
the minority of llglilbonKi, lliclr distant tiluaiion and jenerslljr ililTicuU
accaaTeodttinjithelrauiijfltlofls'gC quanlilie* of coal eHfieiuii* and uncor-
Uio ; «bil«l in nisny of tbrni Ihtte is no means of erwling llie appsralut ne-
cellar; for n^auufncluiing gni. Th^re are otb«r roniideTaiiuni wliicli uust
in<iuG« ■» to pause before adepiing gas st the furl of lighthouiu; far,
bowrfer much Ihe risk of accirfpnt m«,y be iliiniiiisbeil in Ihe |i[T»ent da)-, il
alill formi " ijUMliun, which on|ihl not la lie haalilj deciilod, how for we
■lioiild he juslifird in rimning even lbs mosl reiDulC rlik of cxjiloiion Id
etlablialimenl) luch at linhlbniiies, wliotc sudden failure toisht imolve coit-
■equenm n( the iiioit fsul ilcwriptiim, aiiJ i>ho»e tiliiatiou ii often such,
liul ihdf re-eslahlialiiiient luiiit be a work of great *«penM and lime. Gas
It, htiides, far from being ■nitalile in eiloptrid light*, to nhieh, in many
cases (especiallv *hen the frame it moveable, u in reiolring lights), itcnuld
vol be '«si1y apph*d. The oil mini geneislly employed in the lighilioutei
of Knilani ii live iperm ell of cntDmerce, wliicb is oUaintd from the Suiilh
Sea whale {FJiyHjr macncfpMtU). In rrarnce, llic coles oil. which ii
uprested Dom the seed of a spedct of wild ubbago (Xtruifca vltratn toU«),
and Iheoliie oil areehUByMedi aad i iprelet of ittr form«r hailalelybtn
snenairatly iiit/odueed iuio ihr lighthauiesof Gr«ai Itnialn."
Sperm oil ia tliat which ha« brea Iiltlierto moat Iwmed ; b«
colca oil will, it is thuufihl, he found ninrh belter, and thai a
oaTinK uf one-half cnn he mode. It wan Mr. Joaeph Hume, whn
cbairiiiun of a cim unit tee of the House of Common* on Lifffal*
houses, who ehoned that ciilui oil wasehMper. Since then, ~Mr.
Slevenaon has trioi) il, antl bu told the Nnrlliern Lli:liibait*e
Board that it will icive a uvinx of £SJM« yeiirly ; hut "ittce thai,
colia oil is worih raora, and Mr. Stevenaoo U not so stronji in lus
feeling n hoi it it.
Of the Drummond and Voltaic lights, the writer ufs : —
"Tht applicatien of tbe Xb^Mmeni/ and t'*4uie bs»U va It^haMeiV.
luiMs ia, owing la their prodigious imensllj, a vrrjr deeirable coMomOMlaa |
but It is aiirrouoded 1^ so nanv prscti;*! ililScqlties that, in ibc praea*
tiate of our knowledge, it may lafKly be prnMoncod uaaltaiiiabl*. Tbc
uncertainty which aiernrit ihe eihibllioti at holb ibes* ligbls, is of ttsdfa
lulliciint teainn fur roniin; Io iliii ronrluiien. ilulntheireaaoas uahapfae
are nni w»ntin|[, Tlnesnialtneat oT ilie Aime renders itiem whtdly inapplf-
cablr to dioptric laitniioeiiii which mi<ilft a creai bo'lj' of dime ia otiW to
produce a degree of ditcrgcnce siiffir-icm to render the duration of rbe tmSt
in retolving lighla long cnoajh [» aruwer the purpote of ibe laaatacf. M.
Freinel made some rxperime(]ti on Ibe spplicnlivii of llie Draromoad ligbtu
dioptric inilrutnenli, whi.;)i cMngilelcly drnionilrate ibtir onHlncM far ihb
Oomhinnlion. Me found that tlie light nlitairifd Iit plidagit in tlM (ocwol
a great ainiQlsr lent wai much more interne than ihat produced by tliegrwl
Lamp anil lens; but the dirergeoce did not eiwerl 30': to that, in a reeolo-
tloii like that of tho Cnrdutn light, the Hashes wouUI last only It seeoad.
•ml vonid not, therefore, b« seen in such a mariner ai to suit (be praeiieal
purposes ofaieroltinfl light. The great cjtinilric refrattar aicd in flifd
lighti of the lint order, <r«t also tried with the Dfumiaoiid light In Itt focu;
but it garr eoloured spectra at the lop and boltoio, end onlj a smatt l>v of
while light was Iraaitiiilled from Ihe eenlre of lb( uiilrtinienl. The same
deAciency of ilirergeoce compltttty uHflls the com(jirnii»n of the Urmniaobd
light wliti the rcfleoloi fur the purpciaet ofa Died light, and ceea if tbb
caute di'l iiol operate against in aiiplicailoii in reroleing bghta oa lb*
catoptric plsn, the lupplr of the gsics, which ii stlenilrii with alnsoal \mm-
luounlalilc difSeultie*. would. In aiij' case, render the BlhitCBaiiea nf lb
light (iiccariout sod uttccitaiu in the last degree.
The Drummond light la producer! Iij' the ignition or coiobnstloe of a Wl
of lime ({ inch dlauiciet) in the united Hamrs of hTdfogcit and axygtngaiai^
and h rqoal to ahont 36* flsmes of aa ordinary Argand lamp wttb tbe best
ipermaeeti oil. It detiics it* aamc from the late Uent. Dmmawilid. B.S.,
who 6rii applied U in the foeua of a psralmlold for gcodetiMl ptvposea. asd
Bftcrwardi proposed it for Ugbthoutes. fSce bii account of lb« lighl tg
the rhit. Trans, for IHM. p. 32<. and for 1830. p. 3^3.) The VolUic ligbl
■■obtained by iiauliig a ttreaui of Yollsic electricity from a powerful bailer;
between two c/tarroal pointi. ilie diiianco between wtitch rtqnires great
tiicetr of a'ijuiinicnl. and it the cbicf drcumttancc wltich Innuence lb*
slabililv and the pccmaneacy of tbe light. The Voltaic Ugbl greatly ctceeii
the Drunniiocd hKhl m inieniilir, tt aiccctiincd b; actual camparism) ol
thsireffcctij biittbi: ratio of their pow*r hi* not been accurately determised.
It wai Grsi eiliihited in the focui of a iritcdor bf Mr. Jamca Oardufr.
forcnerLji engaged In the Ordnance Surrey of Great Britain."
After speaking of w hat Arrand diil, »nd of tbe hunter he made,
whicJi nnsaurlt a great step, Mr. Sleveiuwu comes Io the reilertor:
" Tht name of the inventor of porabolnJdal mirrori and tite date of Ibtir
GrsI api'llcatiou Io lighilioutcs, bare not been accural el y asccftijaed. The
catlieat D'Oiice which I have lineii. alile to And, ia thai by Mr. William
H ulcbinsiin, the pious and intelligent author of ■ quarto voluiac ua ' Practt*
cal Scaminihip' (pnblished at Lirerpool in 1791), who noiim (at p. 93)
the erection of the four lights tt Bi'Islone and Hoylake, io the year \7ii,
■rid describes large patabnlii; moulds, faahioned of wood aad lined wiib
micntc-gtai*, and imsllrr ories of potlihed tin.plare, ns in lug In those light*
homes, Mr. Ilutobiiisua seeuii to hate tgri'Ipntonil the nalore, propcrtiei.
and dcfcctk uf the itiiilriiiticrils which he ilcicnhn, aad has thonin a gnod
acHuaiatauce with many ot the tooit important ciicuiualsncei la be alteuilad
to in the ilium ir>ati<>n of lighlhouiei. Many cUirot to ini-cntinos icst oa
more ilendte groondt than might be foimd in Mr. llotchiittun's book fa
conclading him to hare Ant inventeil Ihe parabotudal minor and applied U
to use in a Ugbihouse: but, in the ahierice of aav iiatenimt as to tk« dale
when (be miirori wern teally adopted, ihs merit of the iruproteintat mitsl,
in iuilice, bs awarded to othen.
M. Tcutere, a member of tho Royal Corps of Eiipneen effirtdgei and
Reads in fraucc, it. br aoioc, considered the lint who hinted ai the adns.
lagas of parabaloidal rtJIreCors; and be is said, in a mtaioir dated the lliUi
June ITHS, to hate proposed their combination with Argaod lamta,rta«d
on a revolving frame, for theCorduan lighibouse. Wbatcves fnnaililam
there maybe fur the elalm of M. Teulere, ceriaia it is that Ibia pUn dm
acliiall)' Mrried into iffrct at Cnrditsn. under the direclioni of the CbaraliM
Uurila; and to him it genr^rslly awaiiled Ihe ncm of baclag eoneeitad ihi
idea of applying paiabolo'iilal oiirron to Ilghihoasei. Thtae srera mail
iuponant stepi iu (he impcoreneQi sf lightboiuea, at not oalf ib» powei rf
fME CIVIL ENGINEER AXD ARCHITECrS JOCRVAt.
807
(IM llfhU *H Ihdi (tuIIt iacreufd. Wt the to I • eduction ofar«>nWin|
ftuttt pr«4«<l k *ala*l>le lource a( diffircMH ta Iht •p|>f*rtn(« of lifhU,
tod, in ihi* war, hx linrt bnea !)» mun* of craMlf fiiending tliiir ulilitj'.
Tta met ditsof th» fhinga en Ih* light of iS* Corduan ii nol known ; Iiut
n It an nude by l^pnolr. ik« tint* Toung iriiil lo obnm E(»rda, alfout the
)*tf )7dO. calniitcil the conttiudiiHi of hii relltcKnf circle. U liu Iwes
■MfJectureJ by Mmr ilitt the iniprDremeiit of the ligbl nn atile ahaut lh«
HAO tine. Tlir KAcnJii wtre formed of ahMt-oaptWT, plau4 "itb ailvrr,
aad liWi ■ (bable oidioaie of 31 Pmdi iDclie*. It *m nul long tn^fore
tt«a« iiDpraTtDVali Hfro >di>tilc<l in EagUiiil, by llie TrinitT l|(tut< of
|»nJoii, aha t*a\ a il*[>aiilUn in frtne^ to in(|Di(e into Utrii iialui«. Ib
SmiUB'1, ADC of Ihelm Kit of lh« Nonhcni Li^bli Hoaiit in 17^0, Kai to
niMliiute ttHetton in Ihc m«in of the coal-Ii^tit ihvo in auai ibe lik of
Uaf ta Uu; Frith of fonh, which, alnn^ with ihc light oa the Camhrac hie
Id ibe Ftltb of Cirrtr, hirf, till ihai prriixl. Wn ibc onljr baaoon* on the
teuUh eoMi. ihe Itru rtdrclun ewHofcd in Scollaad mre foiaKil of
/mH of nitTor-fUi*. placed in holtun paraholvldtl loouldt if |ila*l«r,
MCOnliac ti> Ike <i«>i|nt of (lie late Mr. Tht.nn* Smilb, tha BtiKinMr of the
BMrd. vtio (•• «p|i«a>k (rnm the aiticJr H'fUflnr, in the Supplement lo the
lUrd eilttioti of the ' EneJ^el^tpKiia llriiunnki') wh niti awaic of wbat liad
han dAiM in France, and had limwtf con<viT*d th* idea ot ll>i> fombtnation,
TW Mne irticm vat alw wlnptMl in Ifvland : and ia linM;. vaiiuutly nod)-
■fd. it IwctBie Kencial wbetitpr li(|Iilhou>ea are knatrn."
Ttia reflectora used ia the bc«t ligbthouH* ftre nude, Ufa the
•titor.
•* Of abcft-cofiper plated in the proporden ot ill oonoM of lilnr to
(Uteeii aaacet o( capper. They are moulded (o \\\t paribcilnldal form, \\j ■
dalicale andlahoriaU) |irncciio( iKiting vitli nialleli and haniBiDia of tarieu*
fmrna aad maiedalt. and are frt^uentl^ Uated duni^ the npenation bjr ibe
^tptlcatisn of a mould carefnllf fetnitd. After bciDj l-rvughl to the tune,
ilirr arc >l<f«u(d roond Ibe edge l>; mean* of a >lro»g bitxte, and a iiiap of
>•••■ nbirk >• illarhtd lo il fnr Ihe parpaie of pnvtalinf an irci<lrntal
altctalion. of )he lifare of the reBtetnr. I'nlithitig pewdtraate then api'lied,
tad the InttniBimt r(<r«ivpt itt latl liniali."
■■ The flame iienFraltT until in ipflrcioii. it from an ATguid fountain Otinp,
wboM wick il an iii«h in dnimlrr. Much carr ii bciUiwtd U|nn ihe mann-
lacinrc of ll>t lampi for the NoitlMrn ligtitliouin. which aocnriimca hare
tb«U bnrntta lipped wiili tiUcr lo piceni ituitin^ br Ihc grrtl brti uhlch
te ctolved. Tkc bu'Drn aia a]»a filled with a iluli*); agifiarjlui, tccucateli
(«rsM«li bf nliich Ihc; niaj Im renioied fioni lh« iMoii'r nf Die mirrat al
iba time o' rlrtniog ihrm, and (Miitned ctaetlf IA the lame plaiY, and
iMk&d bj Ktant el a key. Tbia afraii|eiDisi. at Uwwb in ligi. L and 2.
W\ft-
n».l.
h(ci7 Inporlant, at U laitirti the burner alnajrt being in the focui, and
■laa %a\ rtiiulrc thai lbs rtBectar be lifted aul of \K\ place ctcrT tiinc it ia
tkaMil i to lim. •rlicD unca carafuUr act auO icrcwtd donp to tbe fninc, it
it Mirer altered."
It will pteaw our n«d«n wry mudi to find in fttr. St«r«iimn*it
book, th« v\%\\y clpver iuoIh wliicli an iia«d, and care Mblch la
Uk«o ta Riak« the Ulups and lights WswnI aa tna)- be. Ilrhao
writUQ a Rood dexl nbuiit frediiiu th« lampa with oil. aiid indeed
n-aywhrrn hi> h»ii ahowii that ^e b matter of libi wurk, erea in
tli« unalWl tbiiiga. It woa aaid of t)tc I>ukc of M'cllingtoii, tbat
et«D to the hone*' ahon be kne« t!v«r)-tliiit|; io bin army, ami tbat
be thought iiothiiix benrnth him whIcU ki»d to di> itiib (lie wclfaro
of fait men ; uad !h> tliould il be nith thr engineer ; Aod thiK it the
way In which he run truly become u woikiiig<inan. Mr. Steveiidoia
may not pcrhii{ia bare put i>u n fuatlan coat, nor spent bis timo ia
tiling, rnntinff, and Bttln^ ; but ao en^neer may be a worktn^-aun
without ttiat.
Li^t* art fmind by uomen *r> iifeftil, that tb^y Br« alwaya
callinfTout for more; but when put up, it becomea very trouble-
Bome to know one fmm nnother. A lifftit ovj^t to make kniiwii to
the bimiirhted miiriner thv land ho bau madv, an tbe aight r)f a bill
ortower would hitreabow-n bim in the dny ; therefore, it bMuniM
needful that each abould be readily known, eo u not to be
mitlakpn.
'* Caiopirie lifthtt are tateepllble of aiae leparaia dlaiiactioni, which are
rtlledJtj'rJ, r**o/ri<af ^kitt, rfolrin} rtd tud wAfVe, rrtwfrmfr tW mVA 'lee
tikilt*. rer<itriiig triiile iri/A firo rfifr. J'niMnff, f-'i-r""ff*-'. iouUr Jirtd
li^l*,*niL dovbli rrro/emp wkif* UgkU. lb« Irtl exhibiii a itpad; and
nnirorm appearance, which la net aabjeci to anjr cbanfc ; and the irflecton
Hied (ot it(ai alrctilj iioilctd) ate of tnallerdiaienalontihau itiott caiplojcd
in rcTOlting light*. Tbia i* neceiiaiy in order lo permit Uicm lo be ranged
round (he circiitit ftanie, with their aiet indioed at auch an angle, *i ihall
enable them to llliminate ercr; point of (he horiion. The rc*olTinc light
!■ pcoduotd hf Iht resolotian of a fracne with Ibree or foiu vide*, liaiing
reSetlon of a larger Mie grouped on each tide, with Ibeir axe* parallel;
and at the rcMlauon eihibitt once in two mlnatea, or o«ee la a minnte, aa
nay be required, a light paduail* increaiin^ lo /ntt UnnftA, and la Iba
aamegrailaalinanaerdecifmlng tu[ou]iUikn»t. ill appraranc* it eilramely
wrll laarlied. Tbe inccenlnn ot rrd and irAil* iLgliit u nvted bj (lie revo-
lution of a frame whote dilTtieni tidta pecKnt red and wbiic hghia; and
thaae. aa already nicntiuord, aford three acpaiau ditiinciioiii, nautrlj-, alter-
nate red and while i Ibe twcemun of two while hghit after one red, and
the aiKe«at^o of Iwo red lighU after cne while liglil. T\i«^thrny lit lit it
produced in tlie una manner aa Ihe r«e#lBM^ lighl; but owing lo a difeienl
enniirucijoe a< the frama, the teftectort on cacti of eight aidtt are arranged
with iltetr tims or faeea la one vorileal plane.and their am In a lineieclineal
to the prrpendtcmlar, a diipotilion of ibc nliroia which, logeiber wiih tha
greater <|Di(kDFU of Ihe reroliiiMn, which ahowt a lluh once ia titt ternodt
of ItBC, ptoducrt a Tirr tirihins effect, toull; dilTcrcDt front tbat of a
rGTntting light, and prtacnling Ihc appcartncc o( tbe flnah alicrnaielf riting
and •inking. Thn luij^hUit ami dtikrit |iciiadt being hut luonKnlai;, ihU
light it fatiber eliartvtf'itrd hj i rapid luronwon n( Ixiglit (lathe*, froei
Wblrh it gvta Iti naioc. The iMtrmtllfnl liglit la dittingnithed by bortliag
tuildenly iniu new and eoallnning ItCady for a ahoit lime, after which il it
auddenljr trlipard for half a minute. Ita atriking appeartnre ii produetd by
the per pen dk el a r mniiun of circulM (hade* la Iront of the rriertott. by
which the tight ia alteinatel; hid and dbplayed. Tliit dititnction, ai well
aa that called thejfntAi'njr tijM, ii poiutiar lu ili« Srotch cuaii, hating liecn
tint inlTodaccd I7 the latt Engieeerof the Surlhein l.ighli Board. The
double liahlt (which trc leMom uicd except wbete Ihete 1* a neceHilr for a
ItrndiHf line, aj a guide for Ukin^ lume ehamael or arDiling inme dangtr)
ore generally eshiiiii^d from two loHctt. one of which it lughur than tbe
other. Al the Celt of blan, a tiriking in/iely has been inirnditoctl laia iba
charattei of leading llghii, hy lubttiiutlDg, for two jfjvd llHUlt, iwo ligbtt
wblcb rcTolre in tbe tajiie periodt. and caliibit ibcir llaahet arthe aaae
intiani : and titcte ligbtt are, of cuurae, autoqitible of the other varicly
eaanieral(0 aborc, that of two rctolring red and white liglili, or flaahlag
ligbtii coaning into view at c<|ual inttritlt of litne. Tbe uliliii of all (bete
diitioetioni U to ho valued with refercnec to their propriiy of ai once
aiiiking the eye of ao ebierfcr, and being initanlaneouily obTloui to
ttrangrri."
AlUioueli cvlouT is noedfu], it in in itself a very ([rent ei-it. for
the coloured MTTConii iitup inueli of the light. SitvcrnI mloura have
been tried, but red, bine, and ereen have alone been found uaeful;
«nd the two Inlter only at sveh short lengths, tlut they ore alto<
frethcr unfit for nc)t-lif(litfl. Kven the red ligbta take up from fonp-
aei-entht to fii-e-aittha of the whole li^bt, which U a very preat
loea: and the deeper the red, the greater the low of light, — while
the Itm red there i«, the letw can it be Men by the aearoan. It«d
llgbta oii^t, therefore, to be tu)«d ai little aa mar be. In SootUnd,
instead of a red screen or dittc, a chimney of red gbus il uwd.
Wii now eoinij totliouae of loH>e(,u]iun which the writer anyx n—
" Ont of the carlictt uollcca of Utc tpphcatton of Icntci to Iifihihottte* b
that recorded by Scneaton la fatt ' tVarrallve of the Eddyatonc Li{hthoose*
where he miotloBta London epdcEin, who, in I7&1>. projinaed giiading the
gUia of the lantern to a radiui of te«eo (eel aii inoliet ; but the detmpiioa
it too vagne to admit of eeen a eopjeeture regarding the pinposcd atraage.
ntfRt ol tbt appaiatut. Ahool Ihe midclle of ibe Uti ccmury, howettr,
tenicf were actualli 11 icd in tcieral lrf;hthi>nira in the louih ol ijT<Klniid. and
ia pariiculaf at the South Foreland in the yttr 1*^2; but their luii-^ifcot
£gute and tbe <iutiiliiy o( liglil a' luibed by Ilia glatt, which waa ol inipuit
qualiiy and 0/ cconirirralile llii'kntu, retiderrd ilieir (tTeet to miieli inferiof
to thai of Ihe fiiraholic rtfleclert then t» ute, Ihal after iryiog aooic ilrange
cenblnaiiont of lentet and letteelon. ihe foiiner were finally atandoned.
Lentrt wirt alio tried al ihe ligbia of Portland, Hill of llowtb, and Water*
fold, by Ur. Tboroat Kogori.a glatt mauuraetuirt in Liondon ; whopotfiied,
it it taid, tbe art of blowing njlnoii of glatt, ' and by a new Rietlfid tileercd
over tbe conrei tide wiiliuut i|uicktilTti.'
" Tbe tocril of baling lirit tu^getltd the building of IcDici in teputlt
I
THK CIVIL ENaiNE£R AND ABCHITECTS JOURNAL.
Lii
piMM. MfliM ta h( dM to Candttmt, abo in bis £%• d* ti^fiM. pnblUicd
»u fir lM(k 11 1773. mmeWM ib« idtuUfu to tw <t«(iioJ trtn tUa
■itHkOil. Sir Ditiil Brenner iIm dMSribMl tbia nioda of building Icdmi \b
lail, in tUe ^^loiurirt EiuyebiimUa / ud in 1822, ibc l*t« oaiNaat
ftltoti, unacqutintcd Willi iho MIC|Mti««ll of Coixdoml «r llie doMtiplion
br Sir I>I'><1 Brcw«t«r. »pltiiic3r "Itb luioy iDgcniiwi *aJ inlaruliof
dcUili, Iha Mm* mode of ooottructinn I|i«m imlrxiDenU. To FrMiMl
, bflengt Ui« ■ddiiional nuii of h«*iBg ArU ft>lloir<d np hii iarenlioD, bj ilic
[ ^toiunru Aian at» km anil, in coajuncliun «itli MM. .\nifa ami Miiliieii, at
plKJag ■ powdful hap in iu forut, uiil inileeil of &iulljr ippljiag ii to tbt
pruttoil pur^M* of ■ llehtt.ouM."
To show FrcBnel'H ayi<L«m fully vouM Utke more ruoin thon we
eui riv», And manr woml-ciiU, nn'il w« ar* aurtT- tliut «re inuit leATe
It KUmv, tnd MTnil our rmilcrv to Mr. St«Teii»on'a b«>lc, where
everything it k>*'^i 'n f<>lii — Oentel'a brother hsviiig put bit
|Mpm in Air. StevpnBon'i huidi.
Oiwaf Mr. Stcvoiimn'H own wurkv «u willi the liJe of May
light.
'' llatinf been ^irccleil bjr t^« c->iD<iiiMiai»tn of ibt N«f iWtn 1lKlilbA«««
lo eoarttt ttie Ixid calupirk Iiglit ot lli« Ulc til U*ir, mla i dmiilrii: light
of th< Brtt oidcf, 1 prapatH that »a *tltni|tt tlibiil.l *rt niail« to fvrm alrut
(rlinJrio, inkt«ail ol t pilf goiial bell fur the reliaMiiig |)Brl uf l)i« at>)uratiii ;
' Mil lhi« talk iraa iiKOTtiruilT mmphitpd b; Uoin. Cookittu uf NrMfaill*
■ (b iIh yiar IM6. Ikf ilikadf aniage of tho polytcn tw4 in llii cxcett of llit
ridiutafike circumaciiliiDg circle oierihai of tl]« iniciibeJ cirdr, ithich
oooaaiaaa an utiF<|uat diiotbulion of light lietwcoa ita angki an'l ilic ccntia
of cachof iiBsidu; anil ibia (aoU nn anij be fallr rcmtilicd 1i<f cviiitiuciiag
■ cj|in<lric belt «li<-t« gciicraiing lin« It the mi't'ille iniatiliava'' veclioa of *n
annular Icna, rtTultiag abuul • vo'lS'Cal aiU piaaiiig throujtb it* priacipal
foeiM. Thit 11, in fact, the only fono wtileh can pn«alt>ly produce an ri)iial
diffndoB of llie iueideiit light onr eveiy ptit of the horlion.
*'I ai nm iuiigincil that tlie wltole houpof refraciora ini|ht tw bnilt
IxlweiQ tMo iiiruilic riaga. coDoectiDg Ibent to each olbet ntlt\j by the
meto* cmplojeil in cenicolinf Ihn piccea of tbe ananlar Unm ; but a liiile
coaalderatMO cumincol ui« mat tliia ooiutiucilon woulJ make It ntctut'j
to bailld lh« Kouo at tbe ligliihsuae ilMlfi and vrould Ibui Hi--at]y iiictcaM
the riak of fiaclme. I wat tkerafora reloctantljiniluMJ to iJicidfi Ilia wliola
ejUndtr into Iru am, ea«ti of nbi^b being a«t in a mtlallid frame, ukghl b«
npable of being moved lepatalelf. The chance of tey etrar in tbe figure of
■be inatrnoianl haa Ibu* a [iroUahilil; nf bging cniiarinl nilhin nairover
liiBJta; ttbdit the reclldriiiou of aor d«f*ctiT« pan Wro:nf( at the lanie
lime man tatj. Uue uilitr variaiion (rucii ibe nioile of «>nV.iui:tkin at tlrat
eunleoiplatcd for tbe lile uf May refractor*, na* fuiccd upon iiie by il>«
(epcated failuica vhlcb ocititrcd is allctoptia; to forrn the coidJle avae in
one piece i aiiil it wat at Icngtb faiiod ncceiaarj to dUide ibli belt bj a lin«
palling thraugli lb« lioricanlal plane of the foeui. Such a diniion of the
oeBlfal lAiie, boTtw, waa act attended ariih an* apprembl* loia of light,
aa Ilie entire coincidence or theJoeRlonoriheiwo piecfiwilh tbe boriEonisl
plane or tbe rami. cuiiQnei tile interception of the light Iu tlie Sua ia\at at
vbii:h ibey arc tcincntcd. Wilb Ibe uceptioo of Iboac litfling clianttci, the
Idea at Ant cntenaincd of ihe cooitruction nf the iaiuiuncnc naa iMj
roaliacd a( tbe oiaiiafactary of hieaara. Cookao-o."
fipeaking of rreanel'H lamp, used in the French lightbouavH, Mr
8l«T«nM>n write* :—
•' Tha enlj riik )n niing iliii lamp arlir* finrn the tiabililtr ia ivcacionat
deiangtmenu of Ita leatlicrnvalvei that foice the oil l>y nifunt of rlncknurk ;
and icceral of Ihe li|hia on the i'lench eoait. and more eipedallj Ihe
Corduan. Iiaie been Mliegitlilicil b; itie failure of Ihe lamp for a few miriuteat
an accidcQl utiicb hat ncicr happcneil. and acarctl; can ocrar nitli Ibe
ioantala laiutrt whicb illuiuinatc Ibc icdcciurt. To |ii<vriit ibe occorrmce
of MCll a«tid<ntt, and tvrendd their ciruu^iicncra 1t*a aciiuiti, taiiaua plc-
Mulionahaie been retorted la. Amongit olben, an alaiuni ia al lac boil to
the tatnp. cODtiaiing of a anialt cop pierced In the bollom, wbicb r«cnin>a
part nf Ihe avtrnuoing oil ftum llie wivki. and ii capable, when full, of
baJanrJTig a wrigbt plurrd at Ibe oppoiite end of a lever. Tbe nioroenl ibe
■UBcliiocri ilD[)a, lit* cup (cniici lo receive the luppl]' of oil, aikd.lho remainder
tUDnlrjf; oul at the btilloui, ilia ctuibbriuot of Ibc lever i» ilctlnijrd, lo that
it fnlli and dikL'iigagi-1 u tpriug wbicb rings a Icll lulUcieutly loud to naken
the beeper ghaolJ be eliancelobeaalecp. It aiav juttly be qucdiuiicd wbelbcr
ttiii a'atum would noi prdre a temptaiioa to tbe keeiiera to relax in ibiir
watehrnlneii aiid fall ailtcp ; and 1 ha>e, in ail the lamp* of tbe dioptne
tighta 0(1 l)i« Seoich coaat, ailopled Ihe conviif«i) uiodfl of rausing Ibe bell tu
c«a«e iihvn the rlDckwoik alo^. Tbere la aiioiber prrrauiion of more iiu>
poilance, wbidi cunaiali uf hating almaya at hand in tlie lip;bt-riJom a apare
lamp, trinimed and ailjutitti lo lUe bdghl for tbe fucoa, wliivh niaj be aub-
■liliilcd fnr iheolher in cut! ofaccideol."
Ia the Freneb li^cbu, "Ibeie d iatiiia'iuna drpFni) apon the pcrioila nf
refoluiiou, mibi-r ibuu upnu Ibe tkuratlrriflU <iiifniran<t*il ibo tiftbl ; and
thereliire octto Uiv calculated lo Blrike tbe eju uf a aeauao, Ibao llvoO
eoiplojed on llie cvatls uf (..rval Bnlain and Ireland. Id cooforniily
wtih Uii* ayaleru, and ia coiujderation uf Ihe pe*t loH of liight whicb
resulU troai ihe applicaiioo of coloured media, alJ diBiiocUoiia baaed upon
eelour have been discarded in Fcench ligbii.
"Tbe dialioctiiiaa are, ia fact, only /our in Dumbrr, vis.: Gaed i fixed
twkd b; daahee : rcvoltiug, willi llatbtj ooi;e a luiooic; aud rtvwlting
«hh flMhri tvtr? bftir niaeli. To ibotc nUbt be adJrtl. revolvinc, eltl
bright perloda oac* la two tuiaatea, and |t'r> u^ii /lathiag mm* ta jirr
ae taiarfa ina lain>due*<) by to* at ll>» Ll'il* I'u'*. i>ui I caonirf mj *ck
BDcb coaiplele loereaa aa woold induro in« to mcuniiuend it* K^oMai ad«^
two). My own eipedenca wuatd olui ie^d aia lo rrje«i the Jitiiailiot
caltfJ * llied. varied by fl-iihea,' whKh I do not cuatider aa [uramiimj
marked orefllcKal tbamcicr." '
For imltiBft I!^htn on a shore. Mr. Suvenaon Iim down ■ be I
laws fojr the cn;;iueer, nhirli will Ito fuuod virry nae/ul Tor tkeaee^l
our roadenf who mny have tw build ligbtbmtais in our settliointi
sbruiMl: —
" 1. Tbe Boat pnaminenl polnia of a liue of coaal, «r Ihoia Srat aiadcMl
orer-are *oya){Pi, thuuld be ltr»l llclited ; and Ibe aiiMI p,>w«iful lllhli i
■iMultl be adapted tu ibeni, lu Uat ihi-y omy be dia*.ater«d lay iba nariwf ]
a* kmg M IKMOible lief<,re hii rr^cUiu;; Uud. I
2. So far aa ia ciinaiiieul iitilb a •Xaf aileoliaa to iliitincllnu, revulrtii
liglilauf aone dexnpiiun, whKli ure rxceitorily vure powerful ihta bu4
lighta, (boold be enti'li>)eil at ili-i <>ui|>«ita un n Hue of c<ia>l.
3. Ligbta of prvciaely ld*a>iiat cliaracier and appearaitec abouM 0*4. 4
potuble, ocfur wilhio a ieai dialauce ihau luo loilea of eMch Mk«r oo lit
tame hue uf cuaal, vtblch ia niade liy oier-aeu teuel*.
I. la all caaea, iLa dbtiuctiuu of c»lvur abuiild never be ailopted ticipt
frum atwoliiiv Dtt«»«ily>
i. t'lied ligbia and olb«>rs of lea* |>->wer, nay bv more readily adapltd
io oarruw t*\t, becanae Ibe rua^ r ut ibe lighta in >ueb ailualiuaa n grar-
rally leaa Iban that uf open sea'hgbia.
e. tu narrow aeaaatto, tbedtiiaiice lelHeen llabls of Ihe aame appaar.
onre may ofieu bo aafcly reduced within much Td«cr bimii tkan uiie-
eitable for ili« greater aca.lighl; and tliere are BMoy io,iaoce* lo *bl()
ibp •ti»lkn(v taparaltDg lifbta of Iha nawe clwracier arcd uvt eacced M
■nilet, and llirre are peculiar caaM in Wbicb eren a laucb leaa aepataUut
betni-t'n aimiliir liihta may be lufltelenl.
7. LtKbla Inieoded to Kuard veaielN from ree'f, aboalt, or ntbrr danneri,
ebould 10 rtcij <aic bo placed, wticre practicable, in ihe arawnnl o< b>t
danger iiMlf, aa it ii dcaiiabk that tciuncu bo euabled tu make the hghu
wjtb confidence,
B. Viewaof eoooamy lo Ihe liiat rod of a l>ghtl>w«t» ebnotd M<rr be
prfiaiileil to iuterfrre wtih placing il in the beat poaalUe poaitaon; aaJ,
when fuuda are deCcienl, il Mill i;*nerally be fouod Ibil ll>e wiaeat eonrw
ia lo delay tbe work until a aum alinll iiare been ob.nlued aalkicul for Uc
errotion uf tlie ligliUniuan on ihc brat tllC.
D Tbe clrialiua uf tlie laoteiu abuio Ihc ica ahould not. if puMifaleiAi
aea-lij;bli, eknMl Wi feel; aud abuul lav fret ia auUiieut, nader llsial
any circuniiUncrH, lo j;ite ilie range which la requkrrd. LigblJ phcH
OP btsh biraUliiiKia ire ■ul>JFCl fret;uFaII« tu be wrapped in fug, and an
often thereby reuUettd uiekaa, at liiui'i wlten li^hU on n lower IrtelnifM
be perfcclly cfKcieut. Uut ibis rule oiu»l uult oail indeed caoooi, ta
Biricily fulloweij, especially ua ibe Bntieb coaat, wkerc ihcro are an naay
projvclmg eliOi, which, wbde they labject (he li^^hU plitcfd oalt>e«u
uctHtiouiil ot-i:irueli(in by fo{:, would ali.> tntirel) unci pcnuanaioilj hkla
fruiu (leM liebis plated UQ tbe lower laad ailjoiuiog Ibt-iti. In auch caiM.
all ihalcau lie duue lacurrfully Iu wci^jb iill the circunialanceauf UMla.
(alily, and chuiue thai aile fur llie lislilbouw: wbttb vcrnit lo affwd Ua
ireaUat baluiice of advantage to mtigation. Aa wight be ctpecttd, u
quratiooaof ibia Liitd, Ihe opiniuna nf tbe oioil etprncoced p<et>oatv*
often very coDUiciing. oocnrJiog to (be value vtliicb t> act on the va/iooi
elemeoia Mhloh enirr into lb* ioiuiry.
10. Ibcbcai pualtioa Torn aca-liKiit ooglil rarely lo bo rieglecled far ita j
aake of aome oriiibbourtog port, however luipurtaut ur mBwrnital ; aad ttaa
iotcroata of aaviitatiun, aa well as ibv Iruo wcirareuf the port lti«lf,«il|
KencraUybeniucliticilcraFrved b] placing tbe tca-lighl irj^re If ngAt t>k
and adding, nn a ainalW aialc, auch aubaidiary li|{hta aa Ibo cLaaail
leading to ihe enlrnnce uf Ihe port may reiiuire.
II. II oiay b* held na a geiieial ffiuiini, that Ibe fewer ligblalhalt*)
be emplivytd Jn tbe iltumioaiioii uf a cuant iho better, uut tinly uo Ibe tcm
of ecujiuuiy, but alao of real elEcirucy, Every IikIiI ucrdlcMl; tiKvi
luay, in ccrluin circuniatauci's, butumo a auurvo uf toafoiiou h> A*
mariner, and, in Ibe e>col nf niiolbtr light bciog rrijuircil in ili« •e<(t-
bourbiiud, it lieouuiea u jMlBcfiaig from lie meaue of diatinj>uialiing U TruO
tlie liglil* which Fiiilrd prcvivua Iu ila rtlabliatinieui, Bj Ibe aculbn
erecliuo uf a iicvt ii|i;l)iliuuBC, ili-erefore, we uol onlyripeud public Innoib
bul viasto iht uivaua uf dialiucliua among the ncighliouriug lighta,
13. Dialiiiciiuit* of lighu, fuuoib'd a\f*>D tbe minuic ralinaiMU of inhr-
valaof linie bctwern Itiukea, and rajieclully on Ihe uKaaarvaaeot vl IM
duialionof light aud diuk periods, are leu xaliafaclury lo the gival va'
>irtlyof coaxing araiaro, aud arc mote liable lo deiangenient ny auau-
*pheri« rbaiijte»,llian llioas diaiiudiuni which are (uitude<l »o whalMJ
Oiure proiicrlj be called the rhtnitttriilw afpranint uf Ihe ligbU* •
wbioh Ibe time* fur Ihe reourretieo of certain Appcamucc* diUcr at* «idr'f
from each ulbcr *■ mil tu rci|uini for Ihcir detection any tuty nnaulu o^
HTValioo in a aliiriny nij(bt. Thus, fur eiainple, BuKhing li^jliu uf 1m
secoiida interval, nud rciolviog lithu of half a uiiuulo, una nituule, aid
two iolnuica,aro mucb more oharaclcriMic Iban ibtiao wluch are diaua-
guiahed from each other by inlmata varjiug according to a alowerieiW
of J", 10*, «»", li»", Ste.
13. Uarbour and local lighu, which bate a cirxumacribcd range, abo^
genermtly be filed iaaicftd uf raeulring ; and may often, for iba MM
THE CIVIL ENCIVEEB AND ARCHITECTS JOCUKAt.
«09
(b« aafcl; dlitinf:oi*h«il bjcvlouml iMilia. In mu; cuts kI*o.
Ih« parpotp nf gui-liiii; inli> • narrow cliKniicl U to ba gtinnd, Ih*
[ hlcM* wKkh kr* vttd, tbonid, »t ib* Mmf iim*, b« to imtigad *t
» for ■ diitiaclloD frum sn; nnif bbourmg luhu.
PlMllaK Iwhii. arhtch are Tf ry eipnil** ind more or let* nncer^
MU tlMlr llabilllj to driri from Ibcir moorlBS, m tfcII •• defrMira la
, •lioal'l n*ifr tie cnipluy«i] lo iudlcvto ■ Ittraiaf pobl in K oaiit;*-
I any «il<ialuit wbviw Iba ciaJaDclUia of li^tjU oa iho ibare eao he
1 »1 a»j rvuonabU »%f»n*»."
rbBildiaff of the UutcrD is ■ work of ^cat ore, and in
ear writer hm rery clevcrlj" made on improv«nieol : —
ciHwJdcrmble practical dtfctc In ill ihe IiKhihniiM laDterns which 1
rcf aMn, wllfa llt« noepllaD or Iboie rccvDiIjr cooslructed for lh«
II|tlilbo«*M, <ap*S»1> io the Tcrltcal direction <if lh« ulr«j>la.
At caarM, Und lo ialtrcept iha whi>T« <ir « grrot |)srt or Ihe hgM in
nnlh nhirk lh*]r (uhlrfld. The cniiiiilPRilian of lh» Improtcnirot
I liad eAeinl in (tiling m <Iui[uuaI directiun to llie Joints of iba
sfriKloni, firtt !nl me to atliipt • ilHganal arninceinVDt of lh< f(«ni«'
aliicli nrric-i tlic r.uiioJn of luiiics. aud aflrrwarda f<>c the aattaxaU
laalcn. Sotoolr i* Ibi* dirrdma »f Ihe aalraRala mnro «dTRii-
■ tar c<)daliiiiBK Ibe elTroi of lt>e licht ; but Ibe f[rc«)rr ■lilTata* and
h which Ihia arranjteitH'iit gife* lo ibe frame-worlc of Iha tantarn
It ufB lu uie iiiurii slrndRr Lara, tu'l thiif bIm abtnlutclr IfU lietit la
■pttJ. Thv panti of Klau nl the laaie liiiii- brcunt Irwaculur, anil
ccftuiril]! tlrimRcr tbiiii rrctBOKiilBr jiaurs of f'qual furfac«. This
r Uoltra is rxt/cmctj light Hnil rtegaiit. Tu aintd tho DH<'*l.tj uf
\f, which, la litBMioDS to f ipoMil al Ihnt* which tighlbuunFi fivnr-
srupf. it att^ncttd wllli many Inronirniaacrii and nu itnall riik, Iba
rotk of the Uolrrn la ddw forniMt of Ki>ii*mr(aJ aud the dome ii of
; M thai a Knt^rder laoiNo of la fret ilinmrier nud IV feet hriKhi
« mala, wlua tlaEed,aliMl <l3flO. Id order to liir the li^bl-
• fr«« aeceta la <leai>M ami watli Ibc iijiprr panva of Ibe Unlcrn (bd
«a whicb inanovry uNilhfr muni aomeuiuca be (reqnently rep^ttlvtj
Ik* aight). a narrow fnii|[wa;. on which thejr m^y Burpljr itimd, ia
cm tit* Itirl of Ihe li>p of the Inwer pnnei. luil at Iha lap ai Ih«
pane*, rUt* arv providad of which Ilio liKhikneprn luaj lay huld
mrUj in Mormy wcalhrr. A liRbt trap-lndder ia aim allBchcd tu
Xfda of tbeUaleni, by raoaoi of which Iborc ia au ctuj ncc««a lu Ibe
to* oa the donie.
U ear* ii bettowedon Ibt k'"*<"IC oribelanlern, in ordet that It may
la impvrtimit to wiinr, rtflO duriDi; tlie braiieal galet. When iron
1 for Ihe frainea, tbty are carefully aud frrqueailj painted ; but tun-
aaJoM noticed, is noi* grocnilly uwd in Ihe Scatcli li^lhauiea.
ia gmt rtak of the glosft platei being broh«a by the *l>akinK uf tb«
t daring high winiJa; and >■ mufli ai p'uitlii* to prr'ani Ihia,
ipnCKationt nf« adopted. The arrii of eaeh pUle ii atwayt cara-
iHiBdad by griudm^ : ami (cruDnea about half au inch wld«, capabla
Hoca OCnkJ tbitkuraaof piill]i,art pruviiil«d in Ihe ailrnjcala for re-
[ Iba kUea, nbicli is a quarurtifan inch thich. Sniajl pieces of lead
hI ara ia»f (ted belwecu the rranea and tba pUtra uf kIms againiil
Ik*} Btay praaa, aiul by whi<:h Ihry ar« eomplKltly *C'|iara[<?<l from
m OMMdiDf naierial of which Ib* tanLrm-frainH^a arc campoieii.
■lasaa In fraioa* padd««l with cuthiaan.aml capublt? of beioK iciu-
ly Gicd in a few minaica, ia the rtxiin of a brokrn jilatr, at« kept
fbr DM in ibe alnre^roont. Thoac framed plntrs are called itorw'
and bava beto found rery uacfu] oa acTcral ticcotiona, wb«u Ihv
lU been abatUted by large aea-birdi ciimiag agftiiiat it in a tlormy
or by tnallituuM Tiulemly ilri>«u aguiuit (be luuivru by Iba fiirc*
wlod.
venlilalioa of lh« laotmii forma a mosl iinp<irlatit elemr-Dt in lh«
talion of a gixid and vAiEicnt ligbi. An ill->enlilated kuiern baa lu
volinually eoxrrd wiih iraler of cuodeDMliun, which it produced
M«la«l of lh« aan*nillng eiirr«nl of hfal4id air ; and Ibe (laaa ihm
eta Iba pB»t«e« of Ui« rayj, and dlmloitbetlha power of iba lisbl."
I must now nhiit up Mr. Stovcneon'a book, though «c could
well take iiK>re frtim it, for it ia fuil of net* and useful
•t, Wc i:anni>t, tiowevrr, di> t<> witliout gi^'infr f""' thaoks lo
loard of Northi-rn Light* f«r publi>hint: thi* book, n* tbej*
9 did the fider Stevi-iirvii'» buok on tbe UelJ-ruuk li^htliuuae.
riaat number we «Hll«ilql mildly on till' m^nearatomito books
air work* ; but, purhnp^i, we Vlivuld hav« done better if we
Mllfld on tti^ rajwa)- aiid other iindertakiiiffH to 6nd the
f f«r it, as the ItoArd of Northern Liffbta hiivc done. There
letliiiig wrong now, and we cannot help thinking that the «n-
raare thooemoM to blame. If Kfr. Ilotert ^tepheosoD wonid
ander hia eare a book oa the London and ltirmin)i;hain Rail-
iTB do believe that the oharelioldera would not frrtid^ the
y, ax each of them could have a book. Ther have nut gnidged
f (at WiilvtrUm, and WA do not think tbcy wuuld for thia, if
ire fairlv put before them by their en^rinoer. The ahare-
n would never mi9« the monejr, while they would do a great
>f good. If the rnjfiiin-n do not Mir, wa hope the ahare-
n will : and that we nliall have book-i on uiir ^eat railway
■ which may keep up ibwir noino and tlut hoouiir uf Kngland.
^wweh may j
^f•UhenatU^a_fiw Praetiatt ^ftm, heiiij a tmaavm-jUan took ^ Pun
anil Sdrrd SXathomiHet, derign^tdHitfljifor Ike UM ^ Cii^ Rngin^en,
Arrhiirrtt. awf .VumyoTt ,' ^Ouvracs Grxoort, LL.U., I-'.R.A^.
Third Gditiun, KevIaeduMlEnlarfred. RylfKKKT Law, civil engi-
neer. London: Wrale, 18*8. Bvo. pp, 510.
Thia iea new edition of a rery well known book. .An editor who
undertakca the roviuon of the ncietitific Jaboun of auothtr writer,
nnderlukea an oneroua and diflictiU U»k. If be alter and iiitrtr-
poUle freely, h« may be chiu-jred with disrespect towards hla
author: if, on the other hand, he adhere too faithfully lu the text,
be become* re^imnaihle for tho original erron, aa well aa for all
which he himaelf mny happen tO eotnmil.
I>r. OtinthiiH iJrejfory, of the U'oolwich Military ArMlrmy.
puhliJied the firrt i-dition of his " ilecbanice fur PractiaU Men,"
in lw«: and eifiht yeara after, a auUp<iueut edition, in which he
aayn, " I hare corrected « few error* which hud escaped my notice
in the former imnrcsMion." The work eommencea with an eleine.alary
treatise ou arltJimetie and alg«brn, and the reBiuinder ie devoted
to fTVometry and the mechanical acleneea. This part of the work
it, in hix own lAmaeologj-, '* aynoptictl." "Tho definiliona and
prineiploa are exhibited in an orderly »ene«, but invcGtigntiooa
and demonttrations are only iparin^y introduced." So mo^b the
^i>ater, then, the importance of ncmmcv. Where ret<ulta only an
^iion, the reader muat 1 runt entirely to tlic authority of the writer:
tho proeeas of invcitifcatlan beinp omitted, there are no pombU
meant of at^vrtiunine the accuracy of the ooneliiMont. They mu*t
be taken on tru<a. Like bank-notes, they may or may not repr^
sent sterling value ; but in the nht^ence of direct information, their
cirrulalion depends entirely on the credit of the iiMuer.
Enfriiiem at tho proMot day are pretty well np-ecd, that the
BCPurapy of formnln Ea aomethin^ more than a matter of mere
BpeciiUtive interert — thai, on the contrarj-, it baa a real and
tangible impiirtanrv, iiuito apart from theoretical eon tidcrnt tons.
It was at one time tbou^fht that innthemntical investi^ttoiia of
qfioKtions of engineering were inattem of mere cnriiisity — learned
pHMtimea. Now it it found, that if a bridge be cunsiructed ncoord-
t»g to ItiKulficient formula), it not only eti^Af the^iretically to fkll
down, but practically triU do ao. And if the duly of a Ktenm-enj^oe
fur a given ijnantlty of fuel he inaccurately comuuiud, nut only ate
tlie lawn of acience iiifrinKcd— liut the pocket of the owner of the
en^tie auffera alao. In thia way,scientiflc accuracy comvitu have
a practical imporlanue, a real money value : and Cboae who pridi'd
themaelvea that tbcy were "practical men,' and thanked heaveit
that they orrcr troubled themaelrca about acientilii': theories,
— which were all Terr well for piil!c^c-»tudcnt», and people who
have nothing doe to do,— diacern faintly lliat their self -congratu-
lation it premature.
Thcae ciiii.iideralionH render ii* very nnxiouB that the theoretical
scientie should not sulTor diarredit, nor [irartic<d enicinrcring' injory
by misplaced confidence: nnd with this object io view, we proceed
to tho more partirulnr c.xiiminntion of the work ondor icvicw—
liremiaing thai, as far lu wo huve mnip.iied it with the preceding
edition, mort of the errors appear to be Dr. Gregory's originally,
and Mr, Law's ty imputation only; and it is nothing hut fair to
auppoeo that tha latter waa actuated by a feeling uf deference
towards hi* author.
We paM oi-er the treatises on arithmetic and algebra without
examination; being altogether elementary, they raay lie pre-iumed
In b« corred. Our criticism commcuccs »ith tho dcfinitioaa of
Curves,
" A eyetoid or tnehmd '» an elegant mechanical corre, Grtl ooMccd by
Dcacario, and an accniinl i^ wbicli wat publithcd by Mertcnns In 1615.
llit ill fact the curre iletfribtd by a nail intlieriiuof a carriagc-wLnl wliila
it makei nne rctiiliilion on a flat borisanlal pUitr."
Cycloids ^^ qt' trochoidt nro used as synonymoua wordsl They
arc nanicn of curvra cwentially diS'ercnt: for ttie former, the
Iraciog point is oa the drciunfercoce of the Kenerittinif circle — for
the latter, tho tracing point is within or beyond tliiit circumference.
" if Ihc (riirralin[ curie, tnilcad of [nllmjt alosf s aUatglil hoe, ia mads
lo roll u|ion the clrcumfecciico of another citclt, Ihe car\G dctciihed by any
puini ill iUcircuoifcreiiiCB it called ao tyicydr/id."
It is nof called an epicycloid except when the generating circle
is ri(iinl to the fixed circle, und mlli on ibo exterior of it. In the
oilier ciuea, t)ie curve Keneratcd ia either u Hypotrocboid,
Kpilrochuid, or Hvpm'ycloid. In tho ligure illuHtrattug the deAnl>
tiou of an rpicychdd, thii mivtake ix n^ET^vatr*), by rcprcnottng
the roIlinK curve as much larijer llinn tlie fiaed rurve,
It in of the very etncncc of mathematical dcfinitiDna that they
eliould be urerine and comprchcoMvc ; and in uu part of mathe-
matics ia thia exsctucas of defiuiliuu more necceeary tliaa iu lae*
IS
«I0
JOrHNAL
ehAnia. Wlutl will our mBthematicfll r^BdersBoyof snchadeGni-
tlon n th« foUoving^
•■ WIi*n tilt titTKtt Ibalaetupan t hair, deitrnf or knclhilite cMh«lh«r't
Operatton, to that tl>« hodfr tcmaiAi ^uictMOt, lUe} ftr« uid to b« in (fuiU-
trimt, and are Ihett called prnmrt*"
This IB clumsy and iacompletc, to snjr th« InM. It ia uanmed.
Hint wlien two forcci "nnnihiUtc vnch <>lhrr'iii)pfriiLiiin«,''thelKKl]r
it) al rest,— tlie kvimV iif iiriirurm mi)Liiiii k overlooked. Bcaidaa, the
word prtfjuntm it rexlricted lo atmical forces, vhcreu it ia properly
B]iplie<l to dyiumicnl force* also.
" Kii rifu, or lulng fofce, B Ictm iiwd liy r^ihniU lo dmotB Iho forra or
powrr pf a liudy in moiiou ; or ttia (otcc «bicb vogIiI I« rcqiiuod to bring It
W rait."
Lpilitiitz neterdid nnythlngrliairaQ absurd aaia here said of him.
tViM viptt is not a fart^e (or poun*,— for Dr. (irf^irjr |>rp*i<>iiNl}'
Btea that the word* forre Mtnl power ure nynuuviiiiiiiK). Kf* rtwj
ia a mnv technical [iliraM — slffnifyiiiir, •imjd]', mass multiplied by
liie aquare of velocity — whicfa Vr. (irei;nry iind hU piliior ar«
dvCartninedtodiatort iiiit>Mni«thiiii[Tery <:L>iiiplicalcdMndiili>tniHi>.
Su far from vis virtt lieitii; a force, it Is not even meaturrd by fone
aloiiA — aiwther element boinff ihv distance through uhirh thr
force acta. WTien a Ixwly i* «cl«d upon by mtly <niO unifurni fon-c,
the VM n'wi u:rueraiir«l \» equal to tviee Uie furce aiultipUed by
Ute diMAnco flfM?nlit'd in tbc direK'tion of llif forirr.
In ihr aivorid problem tif thr chiipter en Stnlica, the calciilatitni
resiM'rtiNK tlie trtruUi on tie-l>e«ina and Mrula ta totally erroneous.
It IS not Dortli white lo state the problem here, na tre could nut
nalie it iiitrl tidbit! willntut the dia^ntna. To the reader hIiu liaa
Ftbe irork Wfure Uiin, it will be auflicient t» state tliat tlie error
liarites from considcrtiu; the forccti at one end of the strut and tit-
«Hi. ond iiuKlvctin)! thv fvrct-n at the otiicr end of each. The
EBunHuniitti i» uiaiiifeittly erruiitjuuit, for "heu tlie tlv-ti^Aiu Iracattie
Fiudeiinitcly lonjit it wuuld be vertical, nnd the tension eqiinj to ths
■'weight Buipetiilcd: the struiii un the stmt at the nam e time b«-
coinuiK Kero.
*■ H tbe parttrlM or badiai of any xyitvm he leDrlng naifertnty aail rwll-
laeall}', with any lelorlties and ilirrnioii, iht ecDire of gravliy It eiitier at
laai, 01 move* uni/minl; io a right linn."
Thi* is not true, IKiM the mithor meun to assert, that if tvo
, liedies be moving with difTcri'nt velocities in itriug:fat lin» peri^en-
"^culxr to e«oh Other, the common centre of j^avity moves in a
tmigbt line?
In discnNtinfr the pri>uiiTe of corth ngainBt tridl*, Ih* lite <(f
rupture and UiC nntural tl^pe are mH to be Kynonyuiouie — they aio
entirely different thina*; th« lino of mjili'ire beinj; that which
deflnca what i* lei'hnienlly termed the vedf(e«f mAsiintini nrcntur^-.
In tliu next pRriif^mph U di-tciiHtied lUt^ prewiire exerten u^!iiii>.-t
the ufttl bv tlH" urimii n>^IiT!(( (Hi thi- n)iluntliil<i|ie ; whproHH, by the
very delinkion of Datnrnl «l«pp, tlmt prism exerti no such jiri'i«tire,
the frietioii botng of thd esuct iimuunt necesiinry to Hu^tain the
velght.
TJta section on the stability of the arch discvaaei tlie eonditioiis
lor a case of riijAure uhiili ix mv(-bnnii:»llv and geumetricnlly im~
Sossl hie— that where there are only l"u Juint* of rupture, eijni-
istant fnim the cniun, the londing Kymmetrim], and the pient
iocajiatde of alidiuc. In the Unt of tlie fonniilin in thiti Hectlon,
tlie right'bond aide of the equation has double it propervnlua.
The preliminary part uf llie ebapt^r on Uynamioi han been re-
written, — not however, im ire think, with i^reut siiecexs. The eonfu-
Bioit uf td(uu reKfivrtiiijc via eifvj ih ri>ittly nmrvelluu », conuderiu^
hov simple the real signiAcntion of the iilira.ie i*. hlr. Law says,
fint, " Mechnnieiil effect ixnie^ixured by the proiluct of the iiinnu or
ireii(ht of the hoily into the space over whidi it bin moved." Then
be aetines the via r-fra of amoving body as "the uliole mecliaiiicul
eifect which it will prtxluce in beinx hninght to a tlate of rest."
This del^nilion is by no means satisfaetory. Firat, tbe mass uit
weight are spoken of im cvuvrrtibk- tttrnia. Next, cuupltnic the
two definitions, the tHu tim hi eaid to "produce' the masa or
weight multiplied by the distance. This is a Htrauife exiiremiuii :
however, if wo leave out the word ** movK," mid tor "distance"
rend *' twice the distance,' the idea inlcndeil to Ito conveyi-*! it
tolerably correct, where the motivn ii vertical and t)ic only forte
is that of uniform gravily. For bodies acted on by variable force,
and forcnrv ilinear inution, the de&nilioniH totally inapplkable.
Id place of an enanciBtion of the three lawn uf motion, we bave
the following cj[]>frinn7ih lu th« fwuudution of dyaauiics.
" ftooi carrfriltj conducted ai^d often .(tiiiDlcd Gigxrtitucali, llie fallawiag
reinlla with rttanl la bodiei in motiaa biT« t>KQ ciliUiiieJ : —
"I. If a Uodr of actiliiu "fight, and moiioj nilli * giotn i*locit(, a>cct
aootbtT bfrdy «( doubl* lint Wtight, aad nwtiag with litU the rtlixiiy, U>c
two bodies will deitroy each other's motloa, aad foU will faa btooflit M ■
" 11. K body of a nrutn iralghl aad moTiog witb a gina Felodly. Ma|
snt'JFCt to a unifonnlj ratanUag hi«« {i. t. a aaifona feicc aciiag ranstaaH;
in • conlTirv direction lo the body'* isalioii), wdj moia ovsr a e«>tais t/ti
in bring bia'ujthi lo rr*i, and will eeevpy a certain line in doing to; tt«a
anoihrr btxijp of tlia kim weight, but nioiiag with Acf/* tlw tetoutj M ihi
former. Nring Mibjectto lliB sane anifomily relardtnf foree, arill mon ant
au ftiertrr of the tpsce niored over bj the fenntr, in bdng broof bt la t
(lata of mt. and will DCempf fca doin^ so Jit^f the time. And taQlho Mj
of llie Mfflc wcighi, but noTing wiili mt'tkird ot the Ttbmly of tbt Im,
will move over on* nia/i of the spare, and oocuyj mtlAirJ tb« time of tb«
IJnl, ill b«ui|; hr«ii|)it (o ■ lUt« of rcit."
The second experiment would be analofvUB to that of trying
vhcther all puinto in tbe drnimferenca of a circle poaacns tM
property uf opiidistiiiife from the centre! It is a matter of defini-
tion thikt they ^lieiild do mi, lit the some way, the mere definilwD
of iinifomily rctiirdiii|[ furce leadvtullie iiiferei»ce here indicated
U.I the rcHult of numberle«4 experiment?. The conrlusion dapcBib
on mere ^■^'^■^^>^)\ X"' *-'" any law of mochunics. If a horac srt eff
at a wmntantly diminlshioc apeed — 50 feet the fir*l beound, 19 fcrl
lln3 rieit, i9 feel the next, and so on — it refjuire;* no kno" led);« vf
RiecbHuicH. but a uiiiple arithmetical eoinputntioD, t<j uxccrtnio Iww
far he has gone, ami the time which has elapieJ, ulieii hi* velocity
in reduced iv W feel a necond- In the uirae way, if a. body be ftct«d
upon by a uniformly retarding fori^e — that is, iin« which diminiabet
the velooity at an Msigncd uniform rate — the law of motioa is M
aasigned if jm-rrt, and it re<)aires no experiment to determine tbe I
(liAtancea corT«8|)<inding to aubseiiiient rates of velocity. The rola
that the diMnaco trnverned before the hoAy eomes tu reat is pn^
jiortional to the square of tbe veloeity deslrojed, depends oo puivly
gO«>nietricid com put at ton.
In tbe aeetton on Motloa on Inclined Planeii, we find the folloa-
inp:—
" Each parttela of matter lu a rolling body rMlili aialkiB in pfsforiioa la
Ibl Kjatie of iti ditlauce (rum Ilia ntii o( luolion."
There is no ouch reoistanu', either In proportion tu iha «r|aaT9 of
the distance from the nxin of niutioa, nor in any other proportloa.
It It incorrect to say that mntter reisista motion ; it neither reaists
nor nKHi-lp it, hut in perfectly trapaiuira and inert. Tha,^bnif^
isrrtia, ni M. I'oimoii observes, is itn Incorrect phrase, arisliu frain
inaccurnte noltons of the propertie«i uf miitter — it, in fact, uiflle*
an idea that matter bos some inherent property of altering its ovp
mo till II.
In the section treating of PeuduIumH, it is aaserted, that if a
body ^UHjiended frimi a &xti iioJnt by a Hexible string he made lo
vibrate, it will alwuys rise the «sme vertical distance aa it has
descended. This ia of course true when the motion is not di^
turbed ; but it \* added, ihnt if the iiMtiim uf the string be intcr-
ceptvd by a project ing peg, bu as to shorten tbe radius of thenic ia
which the body moves, tbe same property holds. That this la oat
cenrralty true is otivioua, from the ruiiaideratinn that tbe pe^ may
«e BO near the vibrating body, that tlie radius becomes two short la
allow the body to rcgnin its origitml height. Moreover, the string
receives a Jerit ; and therefure, uulesa it be perfectly eJastie, then
is a loBB of tJ* rftio.
After n foofuifed niid inaccurate defiiution and table of value*
of the mdiiia of Kyratiuu fur licveriU bodiei, we have the fuUuwiiif
lucid explanation of tlic principles of rotation ; —
" If the matter in any ftytaiia; tioily were sctuaJIy lo be placed aa 1/ It
the ccucre al gyration, ii ougtiL either to be ditpotcd in the circuiiiJerf nc« i'
a circle wboie rsdiu* it K, or at two points B, R', diuattiinlly ofifoaiMi and
each at a di«tftiii:c It (foni the centre,"
All Uiat can lie made out of this ia, that if the body be in am
place, it "ought lo be" in another. The only iftferencu from siKi
a Htatemoot is a queruloim delermi nation on the part of the snita
lo be dlaaatbfied viiib the voi-ition nf the body under all circiun*
elaiiccs. The feeling is that of tlio wolf toward the lumh in the
fnl>le — u geuerul diiiiticUuutiua thiit tliv bwdy should bate uay
poxitii-n. Sevend preceding •cotencca gate rise tu the suBulctns
th»l the author did not clearly undcrvlnnd the subject on whlcbbe
van H-ritiag — tbe wnteitce junt i^aotcd converts su«picivu iutu ce^
tainty.
I'he fuUowing are the definitions at tba MmmeJicemeat of *
chapter on ('ontrsl Forces: —
■■ (I.) CmtHptttI /tret is a force which tend* eontUntly lo MlidI or I*
impsl a body lowiidkB Mdiia fixed pointorceaire. (1.) tVnfrV'ivaf/Mr
It ihit by *Iiicii it wuuld rcceilo fiom tuclt i ecaire. were ti out prcttstrd
by tha ccauipstal force. (.3-) Tbcte two forwa ue. joiotiy.callrt
/oTtit."
Centrifugal fore* h not, as here stated, directed towaidi a
eentro. It isaonnal lo tbe path of niutivu; and, ibcreforr, ti«n ii
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCUITECrS JOURNAL.
91}
I
*a]f mo |iarti«tilar eat* — Ihnt nf eircniar mnlton — in wbtch the
ibnrr il«fiiiiii»ii l> ^iiiiiificd. In eUtpllenl and uthwkiniUormulkiii
it U violntwl at pveiy iMUnt. l'hi< ronsidentinn U of itwlf
wflicicnl iv tJiMw that tli» Ihinl dcfimlimi in ■Iho iiicorrwl. Cen-
trml forcm are alnitvH tsken liy i»*t)ii>iiiiitiditn>t ta l>n forctt dirP«t<Hl
fjmn nr tnwnrrls H/irtd centr^^vhirfa centrifujzikl Torre \* nut.
Tlio Inn-u »f mutiiiii vlinnt rimtrvs of atlrntiuii ■» iinpU«4t to
mes lo whirl) tliey h&t'e iio rt^Iaitiuu. Tbe fulluvin^ prubimn ifl wi
ixBt>nri> : —
** If k Hy. 3 toiM npltfal »iJ Ifi fret ilUmrttr, b Hlftetcal to rt^oUw an
«fi|tlni «h(4i it irioliri In 1 Mcoaili: itbat niuit be the weight of anoih«(
1; nl 12 hri itlimrlfc molting in 2 trctxiib, m llial it ma; ba*« (be hiu<
foy/tr apoa lite engine .'"
It eeeraa «rarr«ly credible tlint tlie Miliition of tliiit nrohlrm is
jorivnl frutn llie Liw of mulion of « free InNly In h circle nbmit *
Ctfnirnl fnmr — ibnt *' thi" furrc* are a* tbe iljstanrea or radii of the
cirdra dieeriiy, anA the fiirren imer^uly." CoiiliI it bf> brlieved,
llutt m *tu(l(-iit nliii lind rriid nuittiematloa for tlx muuthi, MuttM
apply A Inw, irbidi i» nhully in<Ie|ii^[iilrnt of the tnau act**! upon,
to k priililcm ill wliti'b thr iiiami i> tbv rnoiit eaiieiitlnl }>!(rticiiUr?
By mcb loi;ic, tbo fulluwlnf reUtiou betwcea the welgbta u/ Uie
twu ity irbeobi u eat«blub«d :—
vrp _ md
T' ~ *• '
vbi^Fo VT, ■■, arr the wfiRhts ; P, rf. thp diam^tera of the ithvHa ;
and T, t. tbe times itcmpjpd in reviiliilion. Nnw. to »hoi* thenb-
rardity of all this, we biire only lo expr*** the limon in tcrtna of
the linear wlucitiev, V. and r. and the above equation beeuinn
W V* a^ v>
vbleb lead* to the conrlutlon, that for two flf wheels of etjual
•■msht, (hat having the ffrenteHt relf^citT rauataJao have the fircatfst
di»meEer ! — a cuncluMUti lo which uur i>rscti«ftl readers would pro-
bably demur.
It would take np loo miieh upaee lo explain all thnt appenr^
objectionable in the work befure ua. Mr. Law cprtsiinlr b:ia the
Crvdil of rendcritifT the new edition somewhat belter than the pr*-
wditiy. by irilrtkliiciof; J-K) Pambour'a inTeatigalionnnfllie power of
the iteam-enffine, wnd by several iniprovetnentd of fltTiuigcment.
In the [Ktpvr on the i>tren);th of Miiteritili, which ia almowt en-
tirely re-wnile», Mr. Law ^nveh Miino valuabto viewt of the tubje«t,
which cuiiio us to regret that he hnn not eiereined keentv erilirinn
In other |iHn3 of th« work. In eHimntinfC the tranver:te itrrtii^h
«f tnaterlala, n» itigeniuus theory ia propuoed, f«r r^jirpsentin^ the
lut»l furee« of extentioa and cempraBioii in any aeetion of a ^rder
by Eolidc. of which lines jirupartional to tJiow forces are the hori-
tooial oriliiutni. L'nl'urtutintely, he ovfrUtolta tbe fact that the
(Dial forcen of loutiLtudinal ivmipieuion and temdon aro e>|iiHl and
opposite. lie assumes also that their momenta are e<|ual — ^whieh
i» incorrect. Thia error vitiate* vtjuntion (i), page 3T3, and all
that ile|ieud» on it.
Our review mart cloae here, not from want of anbiecta for further
COmmenL, but bMwuoe of the apace which they would occuuy. We
have diirie little more than point out, in the briefeit poHible man-
ner, a few erron here and tiiere ; and have avoided general obatfrva-
tiona, Int our criticuun ahould appear unduly Mvere.
7'Ae Iiifh'PratanStmtm-£tuine; on txpotition of it* Comparatini
IV. Ka^iaT Albin, practical machine maker, Vbii, MeckleDbertr.
Trait>l:ue(l I'rum the liermau, with notea, by U'lUJjm Viojr^ (J.K.
Lonilon : M'eaie, Jt>4f. Hvo. pp. IM.
Thi* ia the conrluaioa of a work of which the Aral nortion wns
miewcd anU, vol. X., p. 43. It will be n-mcmlicicd, that the
diatin(nii*hitiii feature of l>r. Albau's subject U an earnest advo-
cacy uf the merit? of Lbe hi|cb-pretatire Bleam -engine, which, he
eontrnds to for all purpi^Ha ond under all circumetancea, uuiierinr
ta the low-prcaaure cu^nne. He pn>po»es to incrcoM) the ateam-
picomire i^eatly beyond the Jimita now uiiuaUy aHiKnvd lo it ; and
ag tu9 obeervatione arc the retiilt uf lonjf practical experieiiCG in
t&e manufacture of engioc*, and in aupenntcndintr tbeir workinfi:,
tlicy arc at K'sat deaerviot,- of cvn Hid erst ion. His arffumcnta are
IhoMi of a careful and judicioua observer, and the Jeliuli of hia
Upericnce prove thnt he baa punucd bisi profession xitb no ordi-
tmrj emoont of e»erf;y and ability.
In the prevent porti'>n of the Irefltite, our author deacrihea the
htta of tne boiler and fiirna«e adopted by bimaelf, and which he
noQOUitendiu model* for ^ueral adoption, n^must demur, how-
ever, to the notion of a nntdtl rn$inr, and to any ono routine of con-
Htroelion proacribed for univenal practice. TLo «t«am-eng;iiw
would low much of ita vnluo if th« arranfcenient of iU pJirU were
immutable. The divcrrity of fonsa which nwy be given to it,
a»d the facility of adaptinit tlKoi Ut Jucul exigences, render the
Bteam-enffine the aw«t conv«oJeot, as it ta the moal eoouotiiicul,
of motive a^rnts, e J
The principle which characterisea Dr. Albsn** o o w
boiler, ia the circulation of hot water tlirousb o o a o
tbo tubea, and tl>e return to the boiler of the o o o
water which baa been carried upwarxU ina liqui«l o O o o
form with the current of ateam. Tbe data lo the n o o
dia^ain wiU aullicienlly explain the relative o o o o
MMitioa of the tubee. r, d, are two capacious vcaacla above them.
The enda of all of them ooininuaicate with c, the "aeparatur,"
Into which, therefore, the •t«aingeaeraled, and the water niccfaaoi-
cally mixed with it, are earned. At that cod nf this veaael
"here ateaoi and water are admitted, violent ebullition ^e* on i
but aa the cjipncity of the boiler ia iaige, the water and steam !»•
oome more and more Heparatct) h they procTcaa to the further end,
whence they paaa ouietJv by tlidr rcapeclive pipva to the receiver
d, in "hicb an uoilisturbed water-level ts nuiinUunMl. From rf,
the tileam paue.-i off to tho cn§inc, and the water ii returned to
renew ita Ubytiothine nmnte lhma|[h the tuWn of the boiler.
Our Butltor aaeurtn us that he has dcterniiiicd the efficiency aitil
ecooomy of thi» iuveotion, by actual and careful espcricncc. ' The
advantafce which he claim* ia, chieily, that of h»>-iii^ « tubv
curface. fubject to the direct action of the furnaee, and yet not
liable to excewive ebaUition or IrailJag dry. The tubes arc uf
aniall diameter; coiioeiiuently, their healing mrface bcara a higher
proportion to the volume of water in them, than would bfi the
OMM with tubea of a larger diameter. Thb circunwUuice, Dr,
Alban insisia upon aamorl importniit for the ccoDomteal gencntion
of ateam, At the »ame time, the lube* lie ao fiir below the walet-
level, that a want of water in them in trnn-cl? likely to oecur ;
and if it did. it would tnkc place lirvt in lh« higher tubca, whkh
nro the leaat eapoaed to beat.
It will utrike eone of our practical readem, that thb mode of
conatructiim, and the omnllncu of the tube<v, mu«l render them
e«ceediii);iv liable In be impaired by the accumtilntioii of dewwil.
IV'e are tofd, however, that Ibia in by no menna fw formidable n
difficulty e< it niav at tin't tight niipear, a* the atony ej>ncrct ton
i> eonnned to the uppfr tieri or tubea, and the arrangement
aflinrds eaay aceeaa to tann. It \* however allowed, that tii)>e9 rt
ao kbmII KtKB na thwc hor« d««rn1red would nut b« applicable tn
marine l>oile^^ in which a great depoait fnm aalt water taken
phce.
.\ Iter a minute deurription of the boiler, the writer proceedii tn
an examination of invprovctnenta of the furnace. Ho do4>« iii>t
deem of much importance the '' «moke nulaanee," aa It ii cm-
phatirally termed in K.i^land. and deeriea the legal rMtrictiona la
which engine nwnen nro «ubjecle«l in (iemuiny, lo prevent thrm
from forcing the bituminous ra pour and anni of their famaefa
down their nriehbouni* throats. "The EnKllsh," anya he, "con-
tinue to live welt among their aniuke, and nnd them ■■-el von well off
on it ; the^ neither turn up their noitea nor ^ct akthmn, but they
liv{> nnd live \nttf:" We. however, who live in England, ore not
easily to be prriuailei! that the vitiiitinn of the nir hr amoke ia a
Klighl evil. TliQ pitlloliiin of the nir in I^vndon and tne monufitr-
liiring dtstriclx. infliclN mischief of which the magnitude can only
boNpprH:iut<-d by artuni observation. Tbo citlMof the ronlinent,
bv lliv limilM of tlieir lixe, and the cumpantive Inaigniticaiice of
the manufactures cnrrieil on in them, are eu little tubjeeteA to the
injiir>' in qne^ion, that it iit not aurpriiiing that a foreign writer
*biiutd ipeak i-Iigbtingly of it. ftut the thouaaud* who unnually
fall viclluu to the chimney-polluted atmoepbereof Ihls melrapolia,
give mournful proof thnt it is no false tentimentnlity — no popular
prcjiitlice, that have at lenetb rendered the atitiilary regutaliciTi
of manufacture* an irreaistfble obligation on the legivlature. I'l
.Albnn coniiders all the celf-aetin^ contrivances for conftumplio'i
of dmokemvlns; and deeuui it vain to expert that any future
invenlluiia for the purpose will nicceed. it it kincerely to be
hoped, however, that an object of anch paramount importance will
nut be given up in dcBpair. There cxn be no question that much
improvement baa already been effected, and that the oumbnation
of fuel is conducted in a more complete and perfect manner now
than it wu» a few years ago. When the necessity of further exer-
tions becomes apparent, that parent of invcnttan laill stimulate
our mechaniciana to grr«ter efforta and lo the discovery of
methoda which, we are nmvinced. have not yet been attained,
becauae the iii((uiry las been partially or feebly cundnclcd.
>8*
\
«ia
THE CIVIL ENGINEEB AND ABCHITBCTS JOURNAL.
wv^rn! improvomf^nti) »re ppipoved. AccoMiBf^ t* our atilhot**
]>riftef|il0 of confiniD,; htroMir to one »xoliitir« idmUI for •rery
p)irt of th* Rt«ain-«ngine, b« here ■^li'ct* the a«eiUatlii(r-«Tli>ldtt
r»r onti-enal Mloi>tion. The hUtor}- of th€M tfhnden vt /firm
by tha trnnaUtor i» curioo^ snd affords int«rMti W Urtinnny tlukt
a diacttverfy kfter Mng Bbuidoncii bjr the inriguial Isireator u
uMle*«,DU]rb«uk«iiipbf other* witheanaleleMeeflw. la IMS,
TsKrwratoc tMik <nt a p«t«nt for ta en/pat, in which erliadBP,
holler, aiul fumM« aO tnung tageth*T ; mkI mAA*, that if it he
dftdniM^ alt the cthrr parit ntayif JLnd txeept th« tyliiuler, vhMk
wwjf 6m mtpeniM w» InaMioni «■ piro/* perrumttd/or tV orfMMrion ^^
ttaam. Other |»ntf>nta were sLso taken nut for uuvralile vyllndert;
but th« first oM^illfttliut-en^M nMuaJly madi- were UmM of Mr.
Ajkox Ma.inT, nnd hid mm, the pres«ut »bl« tccr»l*rf of tb«
Institution of i'.M\ Bn^nnpent. iTie im|Miniiiit aildltiun of the
>lUe-(ralv» wss p.itmitPil by JncKPit Maiuhuv, in Ihtl ; who, by
ComMning II10 I> rahe irtth M^^entric gearing, niado an importatit
■1*0 in j>erf«irtin(r the^e engines.
Dr. Alb.tn proMwdti to discuu th« Mveral objectioni ucually
urged H^ni'Mt; the the aMilliitiiigr-cyUiider, eod to explain it* m-
vantatrm. To the eUeetioo, that Injariouu latvnl Mmna are pn>-
(luc«d ev«ry time tie raotioD i« revened and the raomeniaiD
arretted, he re|iliM,that inateam-eo^eaof ontinanrconMninkiD,
the partji Htibjecied lo reriprucatinjr nwlii>n (the beam or aill•^•
levcn^ are tiKualiy heavier llsan the cyltml«r, and vibrale through
amtirn ^eater an-. Tliouith llii* l>« true. v« must remarlt that
the Brrantfrnient of the CMctllatiiia-enifine render* it mechanically,
or rather i[P»in»tricaIIy. imiMMsible that iU niutiwn can he *o even
anil rc)niliir lu that iif the liratn-<>n(nne. By the nrran^metit of
the ordinary' crank, the uintion of the beam ii «low<-»t at the two
limitA of it* tnntlon: it come* pradually to re»t nt the extremity
of the arc of vibrnliun, to Ibnt every thiiiK l'i^» corcuhiod ia
avoided : and thiit lbi« ailvaiit>«{[e i* attainnble in the motit perfect
degree, ia provt.>d by the fact that In properly coiidntcted
tagiMft, the inaet pnnderoui beams more without prodsciag a jar
or concnjMloo. In the nitrilUtinu:-en|dne, bowcvrr.lhrreiHa pecu-
liarity In the arranuenieiit whicu urerliidcs iiaiforniity of niution.
The arc through which the cmiiK revolver while tbt cylinder
oadlUtM in one dirertion, i% Ie« than ■ semicircle — and treatcr
than a Minioircle while the cylinder osctlUtea in the e»ntrary
direction. Henco, if the motion of the crank be usifomi, the
cylinder oacillatvit from ri^ht to Irft, and from left to right, in
unc*iual timei. If, on the cnnlniry, the oscillation* of the cylinder
b* fibular, the crank noTc* famer when it i» near tlie cylinder
Umib when at ita greatest distance fmni il. In practice, thcac two
Yarialion-i are ciim)KHmded — iir. if the phrnae be alluwahlft, the
Irregularity of motion U Marerf b«twren the crank and the cylinder.
Of c«nn«!, the motion of tJio piston and other parts in nScetcd by it.
The actual aimnintorit depends on the relation between (he leuKth
of the crnnk and connecting-rod, and the dirtance of iht truonivoa
of the cyliiiilcr from the centre of the crank; and, «wr<n> par*hM,
th* uniformity Is increH.wd by iDcrnutDg the di>taBC« of the gwiotf
centre from the cnok-shaft : but pcriaot regularity is unaltoin-
ablc.
To the objection, that the cylinders are une<(UAlly "■(■rn by the
pWtoo prcesinK lirrt no one wdc and then on the uther^ the author
rtpUes, that thitt objection ciiii onlv apply *'*'> much force where
tha pistons are lor^-c aud htm vy, nod that the heuip |Mcklng( which
he alwsys prefers to metallic packing) aliuort entirely romedira
the erU.
The diMdvnnlajro anaiinc from the friction of the tronnions on
which the cyliiidorx bsiuk. nod whidi are umally perforated for
the adnissiou and eduction of the steam, is remedied by the author
by suspending the cylinders— not on the gudgieonii through which
the steam passes — but on a separate franwi, hsvlog no communiea-
tion with titcm. After enlarging «n the great incroiKW u( friction
raeulling from tbo hent of the meUl, he sliow* that by keeping the
actual li«arings oa which the weight of the c^-linder is ^ipjiorCed,
■quuate from the steam paRsnge*, the beat ot thi> rubbing partu in
eoaiparativelv- trlHiag, ana that a great amount of (lieLioo is oonse-
^uently avoided.
The I'uurth objection connidered is, that " when the distance of
tha trunnion-axis fmm |lio Prank-shaft is too small, the vibrations
arc unequsl, as ia al-io the furce truiumilted lo the engine.' To
thb vaniark the trativlator brielly replies in a note, that "the
abjeetion has no wclftht at nlL" M'ith Rreat defurcnee to Mr.
d*ule's autliority, there m coDsidi'mbte weight in the objection. He
liaa nolHppeiijlVd to hi«dieruin any reiutons in defence of it, and
there \m tlierefure hartlly any other way of meeting him than by
ertioo. Dues he mean to ssslti that the vihrulious are
perfarmed in eqaal limes? If so, it i« ^uite eUar, fiom tbegeona-
try of the eaaCL that the crank moves at variable ratr* ; and ihlsia
aalficient proof that the force ii not naiforraly trsnimitted to the
working parit. If, on the other hand, the motion of the crank and
the tnasmiMion of force be oniform, toe oadlUttons of tbo ^liadti
take place in untyjual timM. There is no 9»e»jnuf; from ooe er
other of Lbe horns of the dilesnma. We do aet iaidsi on the dJnd-
vaata^ a« a scess> ri l)|9eiTi»ns; b«tthatit«d«ta, and is unaToidsMe,
ia obvuxn from nera inspection of a diagran abowing the relatjva
poettioBS af the cylinder and crank.
The adrantages of the oeciUsting-cyliBder on which our
tarasatljr aBlaT;g«a, ara — lat, it* simp licit y,anaij^ from the 01
of the bnutt, parallel roollun, and other parts ; Snd, the fa< .^^
roostmction, the itiiag being in a great nieaaore elTi^ed by tbi
lathe; Srd, compactnesK, and cuiiM-iiupntly diiitalnUty for rtesm-
r ease Is ; 4th, cuoiparative ligfalaew; Jth, the ron<te<^ueot ports-
blBty; £tli, diminution of pnme oust; Ttb. the limpHrily of work~
iagmaaagMaent; i*tfc, the diminution of friction; 9th, the asTing
in greasa far lubrication; tOth, the little repair required; llth,
the faetlliy of discovering and rectifying any error of ss^ustawBl ;
mh, the oDiisdoa of guida* foriha piston-rodii ; and lastly, the
dirpei and adrantagsona UansnissSon M force.
There Is one remark to be made on thi« enumeration of the
sdTnntaaes of the oscilUling-angine, which though simple, deducts
greatly from its claims to pre>«uiin«nce.— The greater part of the
merits claimed fur it do not belong to it exclusivaly, but are eom-
mon to all kinds of direct-artton ennnea.
Among the unimineul festurea of Dr. Aiban's Tiews, Uth«pr^
fereuce which ne telU us that long eiiwrienco ha» iuduoed him to
assign to hemp packing for the piston. Contrary to the opinion uf
raauy praciioal men, wbubcUeve the metallic packiorabaolutely
iadispennble for hlgh- nre Mn r p engines, h* considers that method
frowght with IncMivenieooe. It au^ however be oWned, that
manv of the dissdirantages(llMSCarisuig from Lni]>erfect worknaa-
ship) are more likely to arbc In Germany than in Enrlaiid, wbar*
we nssy justly pride ourselves on the marvelloui perfection whteb
hsB been obtained in the manufacture of the details of tl»e stesM*
engine.
Other objections to metallic |iarktng are not to be thus dispossd
of. The cylinder and the piston ore frequently of dilferent metali,
and therefore liable lo diwrent rales of eipunsion; e»uitei|iiently,
the ndjustment of the pnckine, though [icrfcctly accurate whin
the metals are ooli, becomes untrue nllvr ihvy an* heated. Dfi
Alhnndcnic5 that the Mckinp grinds itttelfatesro-tight by workUw;
nnthcronlrary. Iic1>elievc«tlint ifnnyimpcrfccliuuexistorigitnl^,
it is agcraratcd by um. M'e are however iuclincd to belieTe that
he speaks on this ^oint from limited ea peri eiice, for while the elaa>
tidty remains unimpaired, it pressca sgainsl the cylinder say
irregiilur p rut uliemi ices wbicli nwy exist, ami the adjacent parts
are protected from attrition till these be worn dimn to nn eren
surface. Of course, if the eliHticily of the packing lie unetjually
dirtrihuted, those parts nraet forcibly prccMd agunst the cylinder
will wear tbin and ne destroyed before the portions of the packing '
subtocted to less pressure.
The liability of the packing lo Iom' its expansive power, either by
tlie component parts cuhetiitg and Wing their muUlily, or by lbe
heat destroying the elasticity uf the springa, ia slntnuly insi"'
upon. It in also asserted that the Domplezity and number (if
parts render tlicm Ubble to get out 0/ repair, and that they
never fit so closely ds to be pcrlcctly Rteum-tight. IKmp paci
ia prefttrrod on uccuunt of it> »implicity ; and the uuthur stati% _
the result of his experience, that a )MK'king of ropes of loose unoaia
£bnM, thoroughly lubrictiled, works Kcll and rumaios steam tigkt
under high pressures. AVe will not absolutely aNsert that thire
are not any circumstances under uhieh this kind of packing may
be used with advantage, but ouuiy of Dr. Albans prejudice* must
have ariseo fruni ubserting the working of melidliG packing of
inferior construction ; und probably, if he were acquainted with ths
great improvement a which have been offoclod in fingland in tlus
part of the steam-engine, he nii^ht be iaducvd to modify his
vpiti)Oi».
There are many other tnpien '-f the trestise before ua deserriog
alteiitiuD, biit we mu4l content oiirMli-ei with rrmaikiug. ).'cncral]y,
that the vf ry original viuws taken by the author are uot t'lt^sc ofau
■u^eniouH schemer mor^ly, but of oue who combines oriKioality uf
iuvoQtioii with prvctical knowledge, kad tnhanocs butli by tb>
power uf logioil iniliictiiin exhibitnl iu the methodic arrniigement
of hii ardTuments, >nd the dlfetiiicl atuteueut of the results of hts
cxparience.
I
THE CIVIL EVCrS'EBR ANT> AltCHlTECrS WWHNAL
SIB
Minf ric-elloat works on milijects cumivct^l wi'lti thA piofewon
»r the civil cn<;iaecr hare at rarlous time* been published. B«t
ibUe the iruntJ) of the mtire «dvnncrd pnrdiin of the iirwfcHiMi
wvc bvcu mm^Mnitirel)' well tnipplinl, thn Juiiiur menibcrs hkve
TW JnMiiNr Enjtlina-'t TtaitrnvGaUt. Df W. Davm Hahxoi.l,
:;.B. put II. Loniluti: J»ii:i WtLLUVX and Co., ISiS.
'a left, at their rDtrnuca un tlic ))rnctit^l ilulin of tlicir caIUri;,
ilvotit wilhiml nn^ culile t<i nnift them. The need of a IwoL,
rc«tUi|ii in > pructu-id manner of the iniiior, liiouffh int>ut impur-
Uil, opemtionfl vhich funn the principal ilulicn of the aMivtoDt
lnf(tueer, hi>« Ivni; been fult ; and ire are clad to find that this
re^uiretQcut has tweD satiiiiied by Mr. Uaokall, xa the woik before
ka.
la the lirHt part, )mblitih«d in IttU, the auhjecta of acttinc-aut
die cealrr liiif. taking the ]>erniHn«tit iwctuiii, btirintr. nnu tha
chkr apemlionn pretiminsr}' to breHkinir tn'"<'i«l, werr dlMuMnl ;
B tlie Bec«nd pitn, Uic niilh»r haa dcviilvd liia utteittiuu to the
Btting^nit uf nurhti, the aubjett of eiirlJin'ork, the fumiirtioD of
]ie pennanent way, and the mimjr o[icrati<ina nrceaMirj while the
sUvay ia in otufjet* uf ntniitriK-tioii. These trnnuus touic^ are
Lreated in a clear and prnctinil niuiiiier : erery variety of work,
■hethcT »M the ikew or wiiiare, on a straight line or curve, i* con-
tdcred ; and the mcthtKli nf »rltinc-out, anil the precaution* nece»-
MT duHnx the conntruclion are ahusrn. The author la no advu-
■te for the "rough-flnd^rcudy" ayatom, but iacolc^tc^ a careful
Itttntioa to acriirnry in evi-ry particular. Were thin courae more
■mmonly adhered t>i, we .■<b<iiild not au oAen hear uf failure in
nrkik causing odeo toi>a of life, and nWaya profuse expenditure of
MitaJ. The following paasaice will iltiutnttv the aathvr'a ri«wa on
ihia subject ; —
'* l>«t mi* pfnuade ths joung practitianpr. that the ifratificnlion
he trill ftn.-i at fituling tfae Mring-couraM of hUbriditeavnd viadtii'iH
It their irue heiifhland gradient, or the formation of a tunnel nt the
intendH lereln, wilt alone amply reward him for his tniuble, inde-
pendttntly of a reputation for accuracy, wbidi he uill nut fail to
btaln IB the opimou uf a judicioui chief, aa nlau in the eHtimiitiun
if directors. Let him beware of tlie vatiHta of ' rouiib -ami -ready'
BCD (rnugh work and Ttadinra to bliiiidrr), who disguise their in-
apacity and ij^norance, by pleadintc the impossibility in practice
obtiun truly correct levels ; fur if ihirrii bo any troth, rationally
pwkinjr. in this exciisi.'. tlie ^Tetitwr shuuhl be the en>iiiiecr'scare
in aroid errors, ajtd luit to do his work in a slovenly manner.
whereby ha tnay double and treble his ' mUtaJce ; and he will find
that ti>nt raetofx, maaona, brickinycrs, Ac. will be i-arefwl and nt-
|cn4iTe, eaiK'tly in proportEun to the r^re iind attention which )ic
iteuelf beAowi on the works. This ohservottnn applies runotly
B the same sense, and to the same extent, in settinK-imt work^i.
le will, moreover, have the satisfaction of kiiowlog. thai hisaitud
a thisauhjerl will be at e^se aa the worh^ proceed, and that no
reproach can be made to him ; on the cunlriiry, an ernir uf this
kiiHi carried out can tie considcresl little better than wilful neglect
of duly."
After Ririnif nn fsunplo of a Mclion bonk, eoalainlng oulumna
dor the hair-widtha, distance, total rian, itDiihed levels, eicava.
lion, and embankment, on one side, — with a sketch of the Kurfar^,
sad note* of the position anil pnrticul.-irx of hriiliies, culverts, &c.,
on the uthOT, — the author adds the follow iii(t hints ^^
" Th# pocket o^ctiiin bein|( prepnred no far, wo should, ns sann
■• the works of eonstracttun are determined on, insert notes from
tfce working drawing or otherwise, of the angles of akew at
rhieb the line eroases romU, musIa, &c, ; the spnnx of arches on
the square and skew, the rise of the art^h, the depth nf arch stones,
Df puddle. If any ; also, if the works be ou an inclined plane, the
rUe or fsll from centre to e«ntre of pien; nieinunnda nUo, of
nearly similar nature, should litt made of (priler Irridui^s, culverts,
dndns, and other vorka oeeurHnp along the line. I'faese rcmmrkc
•re more tb&n uocesmy ; because, when on the works, the draw.
iag!i^ when re(]uircd, are often nieloid, or pnrttnlly defaced or
dmroyed. It mast be added, boweverreluctuntly, that thetmeings
eith which cunLraetors and mh -eon tractors are Hupplieil, are often
eroDgly tigiired ; and the site of eonHtmctiiin. amidst the moviuff
to-HMl-fro of masoiu, lubuurers, mid ' nnvi'ies,' is nut the iilnce
vbK* auch errors may be most readily delectetl and curri'iled."
TbS second chapter iu duvoled to esrikwork; and here the
Mlluw iJiows n pruettc.'il ni^iguiiititnnre with tho nunieroiiii etmki-
devatioiu that determine the course to he taken in the trealmtittt
of tbis most tmport;int fexture of the works of a line of railway.
ffe mbjuin a few extracts on culling and cmhHiikmenl ; —
"The delcrmiiiatiuii of slopes for earthwork la one of tbe
most uncerUin (ruhjects the engineer fiae to contend with, if he
b« anxious tn redure as much as posaible the quantity of excava-
tion, and that of land to he pnrcoaaed — both furmidnble items of
expenM: but this reduction n attended with one er^t danger—
namely, a 'slip,' which will often, for a eonsiderable length, oeca-
flion a double and treble quantity of exeavation, and the purchase
of a MrrespoRdtiw uutintitr of land. » • • fhe sJoires of
rutting* ingrav«rWUI ttanaat almort any depth at It to I, and at
depths of 10 feet and li feet at I to 1 ; — chalk is more um-ertain ;
in Milid rocky maatm, it will stand perpendicular; friable, it ma^
rm|uire slopes uf 1 to 1 ; — ahalu will stand nt a i to I, if the stratilC-
cation bo hoHzuDtal and dry, but when wet mnd soapy, tbsre will W
great uncertuntr ; — clay, however, is by far the bumC uneertainand
treacherous mutn to be nut with in excavating; we have known it
fur nwiiy awntha to stand perpendicular for n depth of 40 feet, and
suddenly slip off, determining: a liJope of 3 to 1 ; there is no doubt,
that one of the most daiigt-rouH jimrticca of excavator* is t« allow
a gullet of this depth and nature to ataud fur ■ mat length of
time wiihout lightening the side*, nor should U uiuht any circum-
stances be allowed. A tbin bed uf clay will very oOen occaaion
the slip of material of a better nature. ■ ■ * When a slip
has once fully declared itaelf, there is little left but tu submit to
the circumstance, and to furm the slope to the extent determined
by the slip ; except, indeed, in the case of buildings, or gardens,
A:c.. when we aiuit have recnurse to retaining walUand long coun-
terforts, with a good system of drainage, which will always be
found indispensable ; mi> much su, that n« cood results cau be ex-
pected from the best built and tliickest sralXi without it."
" The best materials for the formation of embankments are
gravel nnd sand, liuth from the facilities they itlTcr for drainage,
and tlirir mure rapid finsl consolidation ; — ev/T, shnly earths are
unfmvifursble, but if hard aiid dry they form good embank BwittN,
and (ctllc well at •Itypce of 1 to 1 ;— vegetable carth^ or what ia
tcmivd soil, must be entirely rejected for the emhnnkmcni, from
their bctug ao easily converted into soft mud; Undowncn, hww-
ever, are uways ready to carry these away, but care sboold bt
taken to preserve a suSicitot quaolity for soiling alopca, as wben
a gwd depth of soil ha* once produced a »trong Tegetation, it
forms one of the best safeguards to slope* ; — clays mixed with a
quantity of atones, are by no meaos a l>ad matenal, and if dry,
will fvroi a sound smbankment, though rather lung In consolidat-
ing i— wet clay is M bad as peat, if not wotm ; it should never ba i
nllowed to be used under any circiimstance whatever; a fe«< .
wagQBS of wet day, tipjted in a deep embankment, will do morv^
misdiief by it* slipping, and eaturaling oil other materials laid on
it, than one or even two tfaonaand of goodlluir will rectify, be-
aidei becorning for many year* a continual sourec of settlement,
and perhaps of danger, oit that portion of tho line. Where the teta
favourable materials must be employed for forming emlMuikmcnti^
it is aa well to make an eaovptton to the general rule, of forming
at once an embankment to its full heit;ht and width, and to leave
a few feet in height to be raised up wit1) drier materials, \f conrr-
nifnllgiakand; isolated maasesof thisdcecriplion are often fiiuiid
in excavations, otherwise of very inferior materials, which maj be
anceessfuUy employed for this purpose."
1'wo tables are given at tlie end of this chapter, which wilt prove
of great aasistanoo in estimating earthworlc. The diupter uu
setting out of works goea very completely into the whole subject,
and will render most valuable aasistsnce to the vouiigWginner ;
Indeed, the information therein contaiued can be tuund in no other
book than tbc one before us. Aficr tables of experineata^ Ytf
George Rennie, Esy., on the btrcnclli and other prupertlea of
various material, now for the first time published, are ^i^en thtt
specificutiun and drawings of a very eU-gunt and fii:i cut ideally,
designed laminated arch, over the river Ouse, on tbe East Anclian
Hailway, dnjgned by J, 8. Valentine. Esq. ; aad at the end oi tbe
book are placed many tables ol a useful caaiactat.
Fort* ani Kvidenet tdent\f^iiy the AuthorAip of the IMUrt </
Junius: By John liai-rroN, F.S.A.
.Mr. Ilritton, who takes in a wide range of suhjocts in bis anti-
quarian ken, has added a new book to the many on the tyunfa
ou/slio of the authorship of " JtiniuK~ Hu favours Colonel Barre.
This diseussioD does not come witbin our aoone, — but it dues to
record the labours of one who has contributea so much tu archi-
tectural literntnre.
i
n»
CtVII. ENGLVEER ANU AHCHITEOTB JOURNAL.
[iBfcT,
tfi»k W<tM» an4 PraH\na RtmeMea; an fmnitifothM on Prartkni
ond EfwintH^ CmunJj, aa If, the Apptioalhn ffn Gwnmwmil Swttm
itf liaiUxifjt in livUtnd. By Hii»Piti«KV Buotv, Kwj-, M.P. Lon-
on: UaroAtt, \^W.
t Many of mir Made™ wiU caro tcit Iftlle alioiit n fj^em of tnil-
•ny* for Irelnnd, thoui(li ihin llufc work iic«enre« attentinn for
whit it Bajfuontlixlmibjecl:!!!!! itrcfluirraixilire ns Iwing the «iily
■tt«mpt ypt mnile tn apply BtBtMlic«Uy to a iclren cnw tlie duclnnv
thai ruilwavi can b* made bvBie«M«f esislincrwourcCT, ami tli*t
tliev are iif'a t^produrlive t^haraiTtcr. An additionBl v»luc w pincn
to it. th^t it rtiiitiiiiiH llie Utert Ktatttlica on rallwajr mbjects, aiul
□luiy iiiii-el applicntlonfiof tlutn.
Asiiong \he chief tw>int« dwcnfiMxI. am the nanili«T of pwaonj
lojopflTtrily empIovM and porauutently eraployrf ; the unnx and
ropr»d notion on aijrirollaral rft*our««i ; thtf etfwt ot ettcndiniir the
area «f tmpply t>y eiiendinff llie rudiiiK of nmimunicalion ; the
avwajrtt winlriimtiun and milontrt' "f each head of ttafBc; the
|iM<i!ilary or rapital res'jiircc»of Ireland; the r(irrr«p"ndcnee bo-
twpen Uwt^r prtimiitM and tralUc retoros ; and the exlattng traffic
nr \rifh tincK of ri>iul.
Tlie foltuwinn \» a curiou* UIa*tf»ition nf railway rconomice, and
Mpplli-fl cvidcDft: on a quMtioii which ha* hc«n often mooted :—
'- Mr. Porlcr, !• Uic new Hilkio of hli vr«rk on the I'rogrcM of ihc
Nnl«o, (.. U, hat fi»«n a UW* of the MtinialF of t»«c gtven t« parli*.
uiwil tij M'aral tmilwkis, aad b; apiieDdingio thera th« aetual traffio froni
Dm r»iiirai Mtdc in lUt, m ifcall M able to tee buw lar the eilimatcs
hav> bren borae not.
TliK eiiiinalM for lb* rtilwaja cooillluliag the Midlaad Bailnaj, are a*
HartlMiidMt
rtMater*. CatiU. Uetp. kftaod.
TMia.
Jtraiinxhinaad I>erbj 14&,74T T»4 27,lt>d U^J?
h-jnh M>liand Ua.6ia — — 134.Ul>
dtaait CouutJci U}^3« — — 13.M8
au,Mo
T»ial etCmaUd £SO,OSS 7UM £7,)05 1SI,S55 SSS^O
UidUail Hiiilwtt,IM3 I.SM.tlS SO.OIH ISU.OQO STI,l3i llS^l
Tkf Mfl'and frmlwtif Irsffic indoded, likewi»e, lO.OOU pt(«, im4 CG.VW
teat »f li«r. Th« anvchsixIUc carrird bj nali^r was asiiniBied ai
UA,T38 (oni. and this, and a Rrral (iu«nliiy of coab, are miit cerrivd tj
Miti-r, Ml Iksl Ibo ratlWBjr Imi* en il urrr, i;(ratr[I an amount of trallc.
Tt« nliuiaics aad reiuras for ib« QUnrhrttcr and Leeds lUilna; aland
llitti :—
tfnrbiBdlM TnUI Oaot* \rf
tij Ltod. Lb^ nd WaMr.
. Tod*. Tun*.
Euiauuet VnjO* lOC.'Ifld SiSOU
Bet-mi» 1,6T4.H« 5(17^J3 —
Hint (he ti-alBc on lh« nllwaf » ^realtr ihan all Ihai pr«viout|y laoriBg
bj land and wal«T, althauf h the canal irafHc it ai iifvui ai bofur*.
The pfiinuitM end returna of tbe York tiid North Iilidlauij Railnay
Btand ibui :—
UtnhlmliM UarclHDdlM C<hI
fMtir»t*n. KfLud. bT Waur. brWalv. Catlif. 9hr*f.
Tdiu* Tom, TtirM.
E«limi>mi lIUi.GCO 3917 91,100 W.OOO 63.000 II0,6iKI
Briiir^i dCl.TJS 351,021 — — 13.3U1 »7,esi)
Th>- tiafltc ia itib case reseiablc* tlwt of ibe Mauobetter and Iiccila In
tU rcaulb.
Tbe feltunridg are the tttiuatet aad telorDi of tarioux olhcr rall-
waji :—
DBdon and Brighton
South Eaitem C>UI)
OrcalKorlhof Englajid
Urtal AVealcm and Uritlol
and ICxeler ( IH-tT )
Laucaiter and Preslua
Clasf^n anil Ajr
!E*tiniiU4
ilatutti*
iF.tiimiilea
Iteturaa
iF.sticnalea
Iletiiros
! Kali ma tee
Kflurna
} Eiliniaica
f Itcturtm
! Ball mate*
lleturue
768 .SAO
117,^63
i,4:7.(«!#3
Ts.ias
6}], MS
l,S7».23U
IU6,0A7
)3a,3l4
63 l,U*S
Marchairilta.
ti]rLand.
Tmi*.
41.701
61,747
U.IITO
SM,IOO
9*1.1 96
IS0,71»
sri,UG
1X1,027
1D»,37G
This will he found iiaeful aa a hook of referoiice. on accouat of
||)ic Inntt* uni] fif^iirrs it coiitninn, nnd the tni>dc in wliivh they are
tpplicd, nt il ic the only work which hat y»t cmbmced the subject
a( railway traffic in a practical and oomprckeuaive ntanncr.
aEaisTEB or mew patchts.
REDUCTION OF COPPER ORES.
riiaauM lyow, of Riwrlicrrr- place, Dalilon, Middleaex, irentlt*
man, for ** Jmpmvnnrnl* in fke maau/artiirf i^ aimr, tvpper, titt, sari
oTArr MrMJii."— Granted Novmbn- I, tfH7 ; BuruUed May I. tsttt
The title of tlii« {latent in mor« compr«b«naivc th*n llif> xpodli-
cation, aa the patentee dnx-Uims all [>arl9 of the title, vxitpllnft
lliat rvlatioi; to copper. The obJMt of the imprxvementH i« t9
aiiicken the nunufMlure of copper ^m it* orM, and to diiainJali
ic lou of tnetal. In reducing tM orea a compound ia emptoywA,
coMiiiAting of oxide of manfraiiP4r,plumbaxo,Bitrat« of ]>ota«h,nitnl«
ofao>la,orliine,and carbon. TUc proporiioiwof ihc^r niJit«ri«la tlw
MtontM fftat«a to be, oxide of mtui|^nead forty^two parla, pltun'
liaito eight parta, nitrate of pntasli, nitrate of toda, or linte, too
parts, and carbon fourteen part*; thu carbon to be used, the
patPntoe prefer* to he either anthracite coal or wood chnriVMl. The
mode of operation U as follows : the ore ia ronited in the tieial
manner and then melted ; and when in thia stale, the conipontioii
of the toKT mntprinU (lumed ia intr»duecd Into tftv furnace nd
well mixad with the melted ore. Tbo compoaition in JntrodaMd
In the proportion of twenty-five pminde wetght to one ton of on
nerated upon, and act* aa a ftnx. The alag riam inwrv rvpidlf
than onlinaiy to the aurfnee of the melted man, and la then to h*
skimmed off. Mien the workman perceives the metal is in a
ciently forward Btato iif munti flirt ii re, n w<'M>nit qtianlity
composition in e^tial pntjufrtionc iii added, iiml ihe tnan* ia
Mtirnd and ikinuned. Additions of the composttioTi are repeated
if neeeaaary, until the copper i« in a Mifhcient slate to be removed
and oporated upon in the utual manner. Should it Ihj ttmaidiitrad
dMiranle, tlM c«im{Hwittun may be Introduced at any of the au b^- ;
quent meltings of the ore«, either in addition to, i>r without ^jH^B
introduced at, tha firit meltinfr. The {luteutn* does n<it ''O^^^H
himNeif to the precim pmpitrlion* specified uf the materialt^M^^
to the proriitt niuiie nf iiperullon iletcribeil. but clnims the employ-
ment of the compound of oxJde of mnn^;ineM, plumbago, nilnte of
potaab, nitrate of eodn, nr lime, and carbon.
DRESSING ORES OR MINERALS.
WiLUAM Bfti-XTON, jitn., of Poole, ComwAlt, ctiil eDfnneer, fpr
*' ctrbiin npparatut for drfuinj) «>v* or miapralt. — tirnitted Novem- 1
Ur Ifi, 1SI7 ; Enrollod .^lay 16, IRIS.
This invention oouniiiLa in the applirAliim nf rtntrifognl forwj
eoinhined with the upward Iniputiie of iiHl«r in the drCMiinr aP
Hmall ore«. The lir»t [mrt of the apnarntus amslita nf a tank Kon
lire to »ix feet Mjuare : within this it fitted a Mere, having a wore
«rir« or perforaterl mHal iHittuui, the apeitum Wir^t iidapted in
size to the ore about to be dressod. This slere is hxeil upon «■
upright shaft or opindle, reTolvirig in ii bearing at the boituoi, and
ImvinK a turned Jotirnnl at ili upper end. The depth of the anuular
mart(tH or sideaof the Me%e in almut ei^fht ini-hea. Immediately
under the bottom of the sieve a partition, enclosing almuL uiie-tliLrd
of itH area, cniwti'i iliu tank, and having communication ailh Ute
discliarg'e pipe of a rnrt.'t^pujn|i. On the (ipjuxile side of the tank
is n reccptaile for the ore, and lliia ia itipplied bjr an iiisttumenl
termed M '' akimnier;" its lower end forming a mnuth, and ei|ual
in hreadtli to thv ■eini-dinmeter of th« sieve; the sterm being
tiollcivr, nnd bent at h rerlHin portion of it* length •(turning down-.
waril.4), tut ihnt anything iiaHainf; tUroucb it will 1ni depiiuteU in j
the receptade ottuchnl to the Lank. A rutatine motion beii^
givoTi to the iievo by nicuiif of ohpols nnd pullcyn fixed tipon IIm>
uppnr end nf the upriffht aiiiniHe.am! the sieve biinj; cliarged wilk
ore or mineral hy riienno oi n Loppcr pliiccd above It. the mouth of^
the Mkimmcr is so reiciilnted thiit, as the wholu rrToUes. the wiit«r
is furccd upwiirrls through the ucve hy the ai'tton of the fiirc^
pump. The ore. hy exres* of wdght, foils lhn)U|;h the holtotn of
the sieve liUo the tank, nnd tkp wiute is carried into the niODtb 0^
thv tkimmcr, in consetiuence of the rotntin^ furcr, nnd pawea
tlieiite through the pipe or stem into the adjoining receptacle.
The stream or water which is carrlvd with the waste returai into
the tank, nnd is sulTirientty clenn to ho used agnin. The nns oT
the i)i»tou of thv pump 8hiitilil not he less than otie-third the arm
of the Hieve, and rrom tin to lOD impuUtona should be given by the
pump before the skimmer is set to work ; by this me.in« the parti-
cles arc rained, ■cpArnled, and ndjiistcd sccordint; tn tlieir Hpvcific
gravity and bulk. Should the " orcy" stuff be larger than ths
apertures of the sieve, the feed from the hopper is snul off by
litUe door that clones iXn tuuutli, and a sboot Itetng placed on or J
ktiApr tlitt XnwtT tni of th« «i«n of tbe tkHnmer wtiich is l<)W«r»d
lo Uko u[i th<^ nte^ it then |mimm tkrev^ lh« »tirm intn any
meeetacle pUred w rwwie it. By another nrranfci'-mctit of th<t
BaOBine the tkimmer revot'N iiMtcul of ^mn fixed, itiid tr»von«s
pip ore Rt a rt!>^:uljit^il itqith from the KurfiitT, nn<l tW waste is
Hrried by the rutktin^ force and the ■treiim of trntor into 1h<i
Ikimmpr, nnd fnini thence inia Ihp (.■vnlml comjiunmenl, from
irfaeneett puaM dwtmtbe hollow nhnflititd the rri!>^ptnr1eA)>|>niiit«d
}p receive it. The accoful |>art af the [nremion rohtisi to a tnrthnd
'dFenlli^ bdibU ore and tleinea of ore. A hollow frame or trunk,
■ for it8 RMtion the esterinr form of a conr, which ruiiTerf^s
tta cenirc from the eitrctneii nf iu bnac, and temun«t4» in nii
ure hai'liiif a cock. To 1)115 centre is fixed an iron itrm or
, upon irhif-h the whole BpparntuB rrvnlvw. The apeji in formed
a pihlet, fur the pnqwiMtuf n ftiiiti«l, inlu ahich t1ii*>miHll nm
poured. On eadi uide or limb of thiii trunk or liulliiw frame
attAcbed three receptacle*, the first openinK fmni the trunk
ito tbe iippcrmoHt one, being alwtit une-tliinl f'miti the apnc i«r
funnel: the ■ii'cund eomiiiunlciitlnf! witli tlie lulddlu uiit>, hI about
two-tliirds from the apex ; and the third lit Ihpait^le tir eilremitiea
i^th» ba»r. A pnllpr i» fix<-d to tlii- unilvr miilp iif thw funnel, hy
rblch a rotating inotimt ia impnrted to the tiholeaf th« hnlluw
ErnniA, and the small ore* !n a moirtcncd itate are poured into the
hnnel. and pa^^down thehdlUtw trunk. The cent ri fugs 1 force uf tbe
revolving iriMik raiiKm the bearirat of the orei to ba discharireil at
Ae upper opeuiriif into tbe a4jnining rcccplarlp; the iieil In* in
into the middle one, ami the Iraat, or Divine's into the lover
e Tiitt water uhirh pmuos into the tniiik with thft nmnll ure or
letnei of ore, it dl-H:harKed by meana of the euvk at Tbe h»m,
mi-dt'itclv nhovp the iiti-p upon wbich tic wlmk- revolvea, AVbeo
e reeepUuilevare full, the >iituU door* in front uf earh are rirmtived,
id lli« area are taken out anil jilnced in the uiuiil hiiii, nctNinling
ibflir variooa HJaeii^ The pntrntcc f'lnim»— lint, the couveriiia
[• om and waite ititnnnothe-rrpn'plHrleorertheannuInr innririn
the sieve, by mean* ufn aki an tier -pipe and aCreaiii of wntvr;
'unclly, the Hpjilicntiun of the furcr-pTunp ; and thirdly, the
ipplicatiuii of cviitrifuical furca for pruiludu^ artifiml gravitatiua-
MASUFACTUBE OF PrCBIESTS.
WuxiAM EuRJiao) XirTOK, vf Chancery- 1a ne, fur " ImprvttmaiU
tX* m^de irr »***■* t^ nianvfacluring w prr-fntriiig t*rliiin mattm lo
mtphfed at pipttenU.' (\ c vmmu meal ion. )--<ir»uto(i Nprcn-
l«, 1847 ; EiiralW Mny 16, IHIH.
Thb invention n-lntcn to the in ainj fact tire of aiiie>w]>Ue, ilnc-
'Uuir, and xini'-tn«en,tb<niKb it is prlnoipally directed to tlic furirm-
Duf zjnc-white, th« other ptgmrntt having hern ihr siilijrcts oT a
mar pnteiit. 1 he procrmea nrv dearrlhed at Kreat IcruL-th In thu
uficattun, but tJie claims of tlie patentee willtiulHcientlv eijji>iu
aatura uf tbe proposed improvrmfiitf. He claim* — fint^ the
iUlation of metallic xlnc, nfoxide of uiic, ur idnt: ore, by wne of
onl means menlionail. Second, tlic application of jumacea
lilar t« glaas furnacea Uld ookv uvcns and the mudilication of
reapevtlTcJy in order tv fit tli«ui fvr the jiurpove vf tnanu/ao-
g aiac-whlte. Third, the cun&tructioD of furnace, formed of
'o oylindrical luhcf placed aide by tide with furnaces or firc-
ic«i* foruivd in tlir luucr part of tbe brick-vork. Fourth, the
ilatin^ the retorti fruni euvii other mid aIm) r^uttiutf nlT th« runi-
Alcatton htftwcen the rctortit and llie oxiilitiiig cnanihj>r nhon
iuired, Fifth, th« CTFiplitrmtut of n'litaMe api>ar.-i1ii« for cleunniii||;
nauthcof the retorts without heing obliged to enter the onidix-
chamber. Sixth, the arrangement uf appar&tun by wbich tbe
may be chaiTjed, clennsed, nnd rcplnoed, or «ubmitted to
oration re>)iiir«d. vithoiil intc'rfering with the oxtdiaing
T. Seventh, tho npplicution or cmjiJoyment uf bhist furnucea
the production or innJtufbcture of zinc-white or oxide of tine,
.tHJier mk'h furnaces aie cimilar or of any other ■uilnttl^ farm,
whethiT they are conrtructM and arraufred in a vertical,
imL or horizontal position. Kightli, the employment or intru-
OD of eumentii of air into an oiidiiing or other chumher, for
porpose uf conrerliiitf the metallic vii|ii>u» of sine Into xino-
jle or oxide of unc ; aUo the employment of an eahoutitiua-tube
1ituiriuj(..'ipjiiu*3tuii fur eonductiii^ Ih<> niotiUlic I'apiMirs to the
vhainber. Th* imteuti^f cluiirik aliio the eiuployment uf
^ t or atovfiB fur Hiftuu; the products; alto the arnm^ement
[ttsss ll for receivJDjT the honvieipt portions of prodiicto. r^intti,
■rrangeoienl uf the utidizing cJvambera m aa to allow of the
la«ts beiiie collected uithuut the ueeessity of enturing them.
lavinK >leM*ri}>rd all th.it appertains to llin luanufacture and man-
!r of eoUecting lincnluU', the pntentee next proceed* to an
ipUuatioo of tliBl part uf the iureiitiou which relate* tv tbe
yellow of sine and green line. Aa tbe manufactarc of linc-i'eUow
forma tbe subject of ■ previous patent, he merely rcmark'o that
hrdnicUarie acid may bo utied inatoail of ciUphnric acid. To form
xino>gPMa,Tdlow(haviikg been produced by the patented proceat,)
in dlluletl with a aultahle ijuantlty of water, and mixc^l with a cer-
tain quantity of prueeiau hluv (previously mixed with a tiitluble
quantity of wutur, oil, or other npprtipriate liijuiil), either in a hut
or a roll] Mate, urcea uf linc will thus b« formed, tbe colour uf
which will be aa durable aa the blue itself. Tbese pigments niuy
be employed for painting uf any kind.
S.MELTISO COPPER ORKS.
WiLuaM BuunTBB, «/ Southduwu, Cornwall, for " Tntfimre-
tntnU in mteMng co/iftr and other ont," — GnuttKd Nuvcmbrr 10,
1H47 : Enrolled May t«, iHtS.
The chief object of this invention U to remove the nulRance
■rising from tbe nulphurio and wlpburoiu acid vHpuurB, and frotn
the vupourv of arsc<iii<:. during the unelLing of copper uro*, Tii«
proceat it thus deoeribea : — A doable iron p}'ritesltilu iaconiitructed
upon the uttual prineiploa, tba a«b-pilii being furnialied witb a
lenden cHtem, lUled witb water, to abate the niuaanco arising fram
the sulpburoas aad aracnlous actdt, wh«o dmwing out tbo niundic
nabos. Over the char^ng-door for the mtindic, 1. an air-bol<^
provided with a dnmpiT, to rvgnluto thcpaHiiugv of the oxyecn
necessary for combualiou. The size of the double Iron pjrilM
kiln shonld bo 13 feet lung, 7 t«et 4 inches wide, nnd H feet liigb,
and caeh furnace should bv & fwt in dtamater, and of an oetngunal
form, lined with Are-bricks. AIwvd tbe cbarifing-door for the
mundic, renting on tuo or three bats, is a fay, auule uf iron or
capper, 4 f^l 6 iiiehea long, 3 fiwt 6 iaehuH wiile, and having a
rim round it thtea ur four inches deep. Tbid issuplarvd as t*
enable the air and acida to pasa finely out of the top ot the furnarr
into a riiriol chamber, whin iapliMwd oier the kilns, 'i'he vitriol
chamber tliould be I5il feet 6 iiiebea long, II feet 3 iuchc* uiile.
and feet deep, divided into three compartniatta, technically eallfii
"bottoms." The acid in that compartinunt neurvtt to the kiln
being impure, should be kepi apart, but the acjU in the wiound
and ibiri eompartmi-nis will be found to contain good vitriol.
These pair of kilux will be found cnpiblc of priHhtrin^ two tons of
copper p6r dieiii, by means of iiiuudic, and, at the »uiie time, of
three tons of vitriol uf a specific gravity of ]'H47. The copper ore
being broken into pieces, about ttw site of walnutx, iaput into the
tray by mounii of a shovel ox liupiicr (the furiiticc beinx <-bnrgrd
with ir«>n pyrites and previously kindlcdV After a lapie of sis
hours the other kiln U to be charged in likt? manner, and so un
alternately. For every iil cwt. of uiuiidic aiiliea withdrawn, add a
charge of 10 cat. of mundic ountalniog 40 per cent, ot'nulphur, aa
for every S.V purta of tulphur it loses, it RRinsonlv Vi parts of
oxygon ; hut in i-op[)er orta, if the procesB la carefully roni|>lete<l.
it gains aK much iuoxygin as !t lusc« in Milphur; some comwioren
it is stated will goin lu much as four prr cent. About li cwt. of
ore should be plitccd In the tray, nud the chnrge aboiild b« en>re«4
out iutu a body of from one to two iurhcs thick, which eliould be
turned over now and then, In order that every part of It should be
exposed. Alter \n;xnK ftubmittvit tu the prut-Tiui for one hour, it is
to 1)0 turned into a lendcn ctt>tern, supplied with hot water from
the cooling uUtcrns uitderaeatb thu kiiiiA, to uudcrKu thcpivccw
of lixiviatiou. The tray is lli«n again cliurged uith ore and (lie
pniceaii la continued. It rvquirce two roattiiigs and lisiviation br
the electro-metaltiir^ic process to obtain the pure coppet. Another
mi;tliod itt calcination le, when the puherixod copper pyrite« are
exposed In the tray, poor upon tbeni a hot solution uf nine part*
«f saltpetre, and eight parlo of oubic nitre, or 10 per vent, of salt-
petre and 10 per I'ciit. of vitriol, or etiual ijusntities of «sltpetr«
and vitriol tu Imlf the quuntity of the or*, ily thi» v^btcm. tb«
deutoxidc of nitrogen, uwreoaftry for niukin^ vitriol oil a lar^c
scalc, i« separated, aud the oxidation of tbe ores aceofupli-Jied.
The patentee claims— UrsL tbe roasting itepnrately common oro*
of c^'ppcr and otiier na-lala, by exposing them in nn open voitti in
a niundic-kiln, au that the vapuur>^ ohali freely mix with tbe vapuuni
of ouinbustioH of the iron py-rilcs, and be «ondenMHl at Xhr wtmc
timo iu tbe vitriol chauiber. Secondly, tbe wpanting «imn[ia-
neoaily the dcutoxlde of nitrogen, for the vitriol ehamber, with tbe
oxidoliou of the orcn, by laltpelre or cubic nitre. Thirdly, the
sopplying tho vitriol chionbor with steam, by uring sultpclre or
cubic uitce; and, fotirlhly, the action of lulphurii- aeici upiju tho
ores, either before or niter they have been freed from tbe suljihata
and nrseuic of potash and soila.
iffi
THE CIVIL EXOIVEER A.VD ARCniTECTIB JOL'EKAL.
Uwr,
I
ROTARY ENGINES.
bftACL KiiTHUM, nr Liidje^u-kill, Lnn<loo, mercluMt, for " /m-
pnvtmmtt ia (Aa wiutruetioH e/ntary enginM, la he itotIhI bm ttaim,
•Hr, pr Hhvr 4a*ae fttfidr (A coniinuiiicftlioo.)— Gnntcd Noreoi-
Ut II, le-lTb Enrolled May 11, ISM.
Thrjwinciiml feature In tbt* form of mtnry eninnr U k " piston
u'hM'l, provided with nny ilevirvd niititWr i>r [li^nna ojmn its
perijihwy. The plitoDs arc fonnei] mdinlly from the centre of the
piati>n-vlicel.anil Vnrnn'l workuBinsttliv iiUmar nfo xtiitioitiiry
cylinder. Frotn tlie ciirvnl pmpliery of llie pbtoii-wlied tu the
inlerivr nftbe statiooai)- cyl>"'i<'r. there U« st«^ whkfa paae into
the cvUikIit. the ends of wlilch htv J^^unst tke periphery of the
fiftnn-wlieel or thcpMtonsam) thereby render tbat portion trteam-
ti^ht. The peculiar form i>f tliv |ii«t(iii:i eitablee the stops |fradti«Ur
to recede frnin the iiitertor of the cylinder until tliey Hevomc lluxn
with tfc^ iiiteriur lurfscc ol the rylintU-r, un-i thereby mllow the
p^ntoiH to paos ibcm without obnt ruction, Imaediately that &
I'iiti.i) hnM pmod ft etop, the stop ia H^in projected into the
evliniler to wt m n mtrfnce^ aninst wliidi the vtcuni net* to propel
the pldon-wheol forwAnl. Tlic patviite« v-UUna — firtt, the em-
plovment of the pin ton -wheel, upon vthich the numWr of pistonB
bK»11 ftlwAj^i Uc one more than the number of rte«m-»top« im (he
eylind^r, tlier« bciiiK one ttenm-port and one exLau»t-puri to escU
nt«>m-«top; the steim actta^' upoo one or more pirionti nt the
wuno time. Secondly, the mode of moriog tbe slide« or fteam-
iSnp* by a cam or cumn, correiipoiiding in form to the periphery of
the piirton. Thirdly, the connectiDf; all the steMn-portA with th^
sUam-pipo, to tlmt *\«nm ohnll liftve aooeiM to the cj-linder nt the
aamn time, by the piftonii paMing the porta. Fourthly, the con-
ncoUn^all the eKlu)u#t-porta vith th« main exhaott-nipo, so thnt
vtoam may be eshoiiMed from all the ports of the cylinder at tho
aane time by the pitdaa* ^atuiag the ports. Fifthly, tbe connecC-
inp all the porlB with the steam-pipe, by * hn»n<'h-]iipo pmvidod
with a iuitabu nhut-off ratve, and alito connecting; all the oshnuitt-
pnKn irith nn evliau*t-plpe, by a braneh-pipe. abo pri>vided with n
suitable dhnl-iitr valre. Sixthly, the mooe of packing ihi.' piotom
by inenns of a eetttnd mcud-pieoe aeting agviniit two tide pieceii,
baviiii; bevelled edges.
COMBUSTION OF FUEL.
RtcBARD CoAi». of Kennin^on, Surrey, ehemi«t, for ^ Tmyroc^
mmlK in th^ twnhnftiou qf/utiand in applyl'ts tht hrat M cUaintd,'
Granted Novemher 2\ 1B17 ; linrolliM \Uy -iS, IMit.
The otject «f thi.< firrt part nf this invention ia to divide the
llcaM* and the sawke reHiiltinir from the c««ntttuition of fuel in the
furnace into numerouH unall Btreuins, by cau»iiig them to pasd
tbroUKii aperture* in tlic heated fire-brickn or lumps livfti>rc they
pan into the chiinitey. Tlic fcreat beat of the firi^-IirickK thii«
effectually i^iiti-« tbe unoon«nined fcasce imd nnoke. The fire-
lampa enrloic Utn £re-|>lue« at the sides, the end, and at the top,
throush the wlxde "f which are mndo the upcrtore* or opeiiinifs
which open to the ^rncral flue commoa to all. There is alao nn
aperture over tlie fire-door to be ref^ul^ted nt pleadure, for the
purpAM of Admittin)^ a tiiipply of ntmoopheriA nir in a heated or
Other BtateaboTO the fire-hnr> f«r lUMintin^- thi' corn hu^t ion »f the
fiiri and the gnvMa pr'>du<;(>i. Th<! xeeond pnrt of the tipeciticAtion
relate* to rorerhernlory fiimnoiv, and eonsiisti in mipnlyin^ through
aumerom apertures in the aidea and IbL' ends of siiicb fornncea
•hove the nro-bar«, nnv requisite supply of atmoxpherie air in a
boat«d or other k|«1i>, Iiir the [iiinmuo of inure cffecLuidly aecom-
pUablBf; the conibu«tion of the fuel in the iire-plnec, — the mode
of comtriicliMn dmeribfid by thr jintentoa being to form a puiwagw
or channel amund (hrtw *U\e* uf the funince, the fourth beintropcti
to the hearth of the fiirnnce ; this pnaMige or channel is formed
within the hricknork of the fiirnaee. flie portion iH'tweon t)ii> lire-
place .ind the pimsnge heiuf,' of tire-brickk or lunipi, it U tlirouiih
the«e liro-brickB »r lumps thnt the nperturct are m;ide thrau(-h
whidi the supply of nir u admitted rroni the |Kuu(iij|ro to the fire-
ptaco above tbe flre-bBT«. The pntentee stxte* he ift perfectly
•ware that «tiTi».phi'riir air bii* before been ndmitttil into variuiiB
deacription* of fujuneca alxive the lirc-ltam ; but it hiis not hilhertrj
been so etnplovcd iiiMi admitted with respect to reverberntory fur-
DBceai The third i i n pro vein ent nnticed in the sperilicatiiin relates
to a more elTcctual and more e<;onoinii'Al arrangement of a|i[>arHtua
for the heatinpof wfltcr, and for lhewarmin£of rovmnor buildingx.
Thin iinpniv<-iiient riin-iinti in the nnnle of arrnnf;in|[ the hiir« at
tlw back of the ^ruto or lire-place to prevent the lire from lyUxtf
inmedtatdy agaii|«t the tubea i:vulaiuing the water. There arc a
ton and a bottom reaeel eonnected together by theae mwa of rcrti-
cal pipe* or tubes, through the tnleriur ufHbieli tlieire la ■ COB-
munJoatiou between the vesecU. From llu-»e vesx-U pipes cOBma-
nicate to worm apartmeota, builihn^>, or to other itLmiUr apparatet.
The rows of vertical pipea or tubcJ eonneclin)^ the vessek are
C laced immediately at the back of the finr-pbie, the Aame and
eateil air iMsaing anumjtntheni In its waj' Ui the cbiitmey in front
of tlie rows of pipes ; and between the lire-place and the pipe« are
bars fur the ptirpuae orpreventiti)|; the lire from lurtin^ ituuiediately
ac»in»t them. These bant are placed in vertical ponLiiuta; tbe
huri^iutAl sciction beiii^ convex iu front iwninst the fire and angular
be-liioil next to the pipe^ they prevent the cuntart of the fire with
the pipes ; tbeao bur« may be computed of fire-clay nr of metal,
but the uatentce prefers the former. Above the lire-pliic«, the
IVout of tlie ilue nr ohiiniiey is perfonted »r pierced with a naraWr
of smull apertures, for tlie purjiube of adjuiltiiin; air to aaaial tbe
actiou of the apparatus.
MANUFACTURE AND PU>:iSEKVAT10N OF TUBES.
PiKJue AkMjtMo t.K CoMTC tiE FosTAixsMoftBjiir, of South^street,
Finiburj-, fur •'ttrlain ImproemtnUn ia tht fo^eemt and eiMeUMtf
/or auMHa. uniting, and prewyrt a y metodto and dltrr hiAee or fiftt.
Granted NovrmlNtr 1^, 1847 ; Enn^ed May IM, 18ttt.
The ipeeification of this invention is extremely minute ta
desrribinc the different proceMoa of man u facta ring ami pre^erting
pipe*, und the patentee daiiua nren diatlnet impruveinenK, the
enumeration of which claims will ^ro a ^nera] idea oi their
rharmrtcr. The Invention eountiitii, Grct, iu making and uniting
metallic pipes Rmiittsneoutly, by acting over the tnu or head vf
the rivet. Secondly, aulderinu;, latemlly, ^h-snJMd Iron, leaden,
and tinned nipes, (either riieted or clasped,) bv meniK of a long
threod or fiilrl nf KilJer. Thirdly, nnitin); met^iilir pipes by meaiM
of B certain iiiijinived r.tu«p. Fourthly, uniting metallic plpea bv
inserting in the clii»p§ employed for the piirjinse rertoiu cumiirpnai-
ble txiliNttiiu'e') for preventing the escape of gAs and diiida. i ifthty,
uniting metnllic pipes, by iiMng a helix for elbuwinf; nitbout
llalti-iii 11^ the leaden dbow. Sixthly. preservinKinetnllic nnd noa>
metiiLliL' pipes by the np plication uf resinous matters, fatty InKliei,
and chalk. Seventhly, in the jiroceTt uf preacrvioK iron and cMt>
iron pipes from oxidation by me&oa vf {Ealraaic action.
CASTING WROUIIT-IRON.
Wii.i.iAw RocKK. of Ouille)', 1Vorcester«hire, for "a nenj aHah
((/" trailing and a^^ying irniujiU-jron."— Granted November 18,
l»tT ; Enrolled May Ih, ISM.
The object of this invention is to obtain the fonn required
which tbe facility of cnstixiff affords, retaining at the snnio the
(joalities of wrouKht-tron. Ilavinfi; jireviuunly prvpaml the
mouhU in a similar manner to that Mlvpted in tbe muuldiitf
articles when made of oul-tron, the melted wroii|tht-ir«D is to be
rim into the mould. The article* are then of a brittle nutnre, aad
deficient of malloablo properties, to impart which the uoteDloe next
prueoeds to treat or onneid them in nn noni^iilih^ tumace. For
this poriioM the articLeti are piled in nn iron box lined nilh fire-
briekii, loavinif auflii'it^nt room to surround tlie nrtii-Je^ with a
quantity of Lumherlund red or<', or other iron or*', or churcoal
reduced to n line imu-dcr, the articles being so cam|>tetely covered
SB to prevent all ndinivmua of tho air. In this «tato they are to be
subjected to ttie reijuirL>d heat for u cuRieient len|^h of tune to frire
the reiiuirvd mnlleability, in which frreat care muet be obnerved
by the workuiiin, and until he haa snfTieient practice to perform it
nitbout. it is advisable to employ a «mutl liar or triid-rod eorapOMd
of the HumR metnl, which may be withdrawn fnini lime to tim«, to
ascertain the state of the iron and detect the completion of the
proceHH, when the articles may be removvd. When the ieaatf
and rlune compactness of texture obtained by the usawf wron^fal-
iron ifc not required, he mtie^ a giropurtion of cast-iron therewith,
according to the ipiiiltty or texture of metal necessair for tbs
article proposed, but In no case to exeeed ttie weight of^wrou^t-
iron used ; nnd when it la neoeasary to imparl to tbe ari^JH
manufactured the nature and temper of stevl, he mixes with the
wrou^t-inin a portion of ciut-eterl, but in iiu ease to exceed tbe
weight of wroutshl-irun rmplojed. These mixtures of wrought
and cast iron, or wrougbt-lron and cast-atrel. being melted, am to
be c-iuil in moulds, and treated or annealed lu the utuie manner ai
titat described fur the niiinu foci are of articles entirely af
wruugbt-iron, when they will be found to have soiuirvd tbeaud'
I
tMB.t
THK CIVIL EXGI?CEER ANT> ARCHITECrS JOURNAL.
417
iMt>l«> propvrttM nqaireil. Tlie patenue iIq«h tint claim m of bis
inrontiun thit melting of nruui^lit-iron. ihi^ liavin|r b«en prnrtio^l
already to it limited extent ; l>ut he claims tiip tr«iitiii)^ und i>i>ply-
iam (miugfat-iritn hy in»lliii)i Uie Kinu: Uy itn^ll, or nitli n mLxlure
of caxt-inm or ta«el, aiid lh« rDjinidudnfC malltiabilit}' in the
teutliin of the mtittcn Irou hy aDiie«liQg them In the inuiuier tl«-
•cribeu.
i
ICfLAYING MKTALS.
*
I
t
CrpBiEN Mabii: Tswin Uir Motav. of P«riii, for " Iinpnivm^nU
''(ft tntaaing and ecathig nttalu tnith rixriam ^u^/^mcn."— Granted
Novemlier «»1((W; Kurolled Muy i, 1H(H.
Tbe ■pKificntion of this pat4>nt i* excoodin^ly v-erba»e. and it
eanaxt« of fineeo articles, Bliovrin^ different moAts in vhich the
invention mny keippljod. The object of the iorentinn i« to pro-
duce uriin mental aedicng on viiriuiiit nrticlvfh by depoaitin)^ metnl
tbereon alter the articles have lioeu pnip^rly prt-ptired by mArking
or mttiDZ out the intended doBifn>; nnd uhioli artideR, -when
Itnisbod, have the uppmnuice of hmig richly ornamented with
ialftid work. This method of ornnmenting, by inl.ij'ius in metal,
U known in Franee aa " demattiuint^t"
Tbe work produced by thi>i Invention \a vtry durable, nnd not
IIuMa to be num mmuv liy rU-nniM)^ nr friction; it beln^ quite e(|ual
in holidily to the inlaid wnrk produced by tltfi urdinnry matins,
and e^en auperlor in point of rmiKh.
Before depositing the metiiU intended to form the deat^n, the
^UntOC comnieni-et. Iiv pr»iliii'iiiir dc'iign^ eitht^r in intaglio or In
relief, upon the body of the article to l>e ornamented, th^iwi pnrta
where no metal i« to be deposited beini; coated with e varniili.
IVhen M\ inlaying <if one metal Oiil^ is required, the jialentee
proceetJA aa follows :^TIie metal i« fint rlennwed, and tlifti irn.
mened in a bath of the metal, to bo doiiowlted by the gtihnnii:
current, ^rhcn tho metul haK been deposited to « thickneu etjual
to the deplli of the hollnw part< of the dewftii. it is wittidrun'n
from the solution and wnshed in wiiter. and dried with wiwdiiirt, or
by Any other convenient means, and the danisakened surface*; are
laid bare, by inentix of frecntiine, or by lilJnif, Hi-rapinp, or by any
ether means which will remove the fuyer of miiieTAiious metal, in
•rder to uncover the inlaid or damnakened work.
Domackenev or inlayinE in several mctiib may olao be produced
by Dieaua of preatiure. For thii> jiuriioxe, a piecu of metal, with an
even surface. Is covered without Milderin^;, eilhiir by iminenion or
br elodro-deponition. with several coals of different nietAlH; each
m these layers It of a certain thicknc?w, iirconling to the depth of
Un parts of the die whicli are In relief. The lu.it coating bcia^
^epoaitcd, the ^Icce is to be withdrawn from the la«t nulutiun,
witthed, and wipnl dry. Ulicn dry. It is to be submitted to the
action of preaaure or iitam)iifig by means of dies or matrices, tbe
inliifrli*' parts of which are of eiiual deE>tli and tlie reliefs oT dif-
ferent heights, or ruliefa of equal bcighlN nnd iutaglius of varionn
depths. Those must be calculated in »Tich a miiuner, that, hy
mson of the penetration of the projcctiiiic partii of the die to n
)Ercat«r or lean dqith, the lavers of metal (bcin):;, in certain parts,
tbexeby driven to (greater or lt■^s deptlit)) nioy. on the surface tie! iifi;
laid bare, be of tbe same level as the inlaid surface.
In urder to produce devices or omamcutft to be inlaid in wood,
marble, Kc„ by tbe ordinary mean*, tlte patentee prtjceeiLi an fol-
lows ; — He takes a plate or -.beet of am- metal, nnd coats it, first,
«itli u layer of copjior. of i^uitable tbickneaa ; then with a eonting
of line ; and upon that another of copper : and »(> on until the
desired thicknew is obtained. An the vucccesive coats of metal
entirety cover the tin corti, parallel Uyers of metal are thus ob-
tained, which differ from eneh other, bolli as regards tbe different
' I «f metal nnd their variouB thickoessM. Ou cuttiuK Uie
thus prodiiced into thin iitrip^ Li the direction of its thick-
deiiifrns will be ncodured conniatin^ of parallel Uhm of tin,
Mmer, and rinc. fl'iih rejpird to tnher devices or ornamenta,
nch an roM>», rtnm, rirele^, Ac, these can b< produced by Ukinj|[
a metal core, of a ccrtnin lenfrth, cither solid or hollow, and of the
form desire*) to be produt-etl. and coatina: it with euocesui-e and
alternate layers of dLtfereiil inet.il'j ; and when theoe dcpoi^its have
been made to tbe re^piirvd IhiRknenH, tbey are cut into thin dinec
If tlie core, of whatever form, or met. -U, bi'iotid, t he pnmllel layer*
Af metal will only he an its outside ; but if it be holJow, they wiil
■ho be imide, s* the molal will be deposited on both sides.
HYDRAULIC LIFTING-JACK.
Ayu/nwrf bs Mr. SntuovB, snd Mantt/aaund bg Messri. Tuobn-
lOM and ScMtB, iff Binninj/ttam.
Under tlie head of the proceedinge of the Inititution of Me~
ehanlcal Engineers a^
Uinningham. in tbe
Journal for March last
(r.a(fe »?), wo gat-« a
abort aceonni nf this
jack, and now are en>
nblnl to give an «n-
rrnving of it. which
better cxplaios Its uae.
It is stated by the in-
reiitor, that one man
with the jack can lift
from IS tosn tons.
A in a hollow veuel
fonuing the base of
the jack, and also a
Tr«erv(iir for the water.
II, the cylinder ; ('. the
ram ^ D, the pump ; B,
the pltinger ; r, tbe
slide ; G, the pump-
levers; II coflical pointed
pin ; I, a small air-tap.
Before using the jack,
tighten the pin H,
and open tlic air-tap
1, Hlien it in re^jni-
site to lower tbe
weight, slacken the pin
H. Hiten the jack is
not iu vtc, close the
air-tap I . Should the
Water get too low,
take out the tap I,
and fill the cistern
when the ram is down.
The ram ean he pneaed
down by hand when
the pin H Is slack.
'^
9«tt, i luetic* M 1 (Ml.
Fur the purpose of Increatdngjtbe lerenige of the punp-lerer
G, an iron bar about S Feet Uuig, with a socket at one end. Is
fitted on to the levor G.
Mm. M'HISiIAW'3 TELEGRAPHIC INVENTIONS.
We were present in the covse of last week at a private view of
the numerous contrirancev larented by Mr. ^\'hitdiaw for tele-
graphic commuuicatiouN. A groat part of these inventions apply
only to the Mmraunicutious nt short diatanc», and of theee an
improved «]ieaking tube U the moat readilv available, Tlic im-
provements consist in using Buttn-i:ierclia tubes of rariotu diame-
ters, and in applying rewovublo whittles at each end, to afford a
convenient mean* of calling attention when a communication is to
be mode. In a tube, two hundred feet long, coiled round »o that
the two extremities were ne«r each other, the facility with which
wound is traiiKtnittcd was very Mriktngly exempliJted. ' The slight-
eit effort of the breath sonnded a whintle instantnneouslv, and by
blow itig Ht one end, a mudeal inatrumctit nnn played at t^ othtr
U roadily an if It hnd been applied to the mouth.
The chief iiecidiariiy of the telegraphs evhibilod, is the applica-
tion of moveable "uodeM" to the face of the tamo initniment;
each code conueting of all cunceit'able oueKtiunn and auwer* on
any given Kubjeet. The fixed dial eontams tlie letters of the al-
phabet, the liilpj of tbe codes to be roferred to, and aeveral qu«a-
tioDs and answers of conimoD occurrence, or most likely to iacdli-
Ute the commnnicntioDS. The index of the dial may be moved bf
electrical agency or, for diort iliKtaacvu, hy meefianhon, to bA
worked by the band; and when the subject nutter contained in
sny of tbe code* is to be communicated, the operator causen th«
Index to point to tliat code marked ou the diaL The code< ara
piiiited on lar^ card-boards, and have circular apertures in th«
THI! CiriL ENGIKERR AtTU ARCHITECTS JOVmiALf
IJ«T,
MOtra, UirMlgb i4rish ihe Inda and dud can hm mvii vhrn placed
an li« UutnuDcnC- T)i« rinv^tiun* uni] anwcra arr priiitnl redl-
S', »o lh«t B rrvBt iramlwr ttn mntninrd within The ran|TC nf rtu
» in )U circuit ; aixl an it HtoiM at any an«. a whole sentence
nu^ ba at nner Inillnated. Sltould aof ward not on the code lie
M^uimL, tbe indax is nuil^ to point to the won) "opfll." and
■Aerwar^K it indicBtMlhe lettpn o( Um alph»b«i that form tlic
«nrd t« be nmnitiilestMl. One i^n of ou«nn)nf i» kf Mriitcr>
level nilieetiirt, the water In tiro vertical tuM« betns ele«te<l or
4aprtmtd UU it stopa at ttio «icna] wanted. AnutAfT tdef^pb,
wMch IwnaTer mjiuna gruaL ieiicmttf io tbe naajpuliMofi, c«n-
riMa af two chrancmaMsra, eadi of w^foi hu a kmr «HM>d band
piUlinff to ladlaUy-pkiMA worda nnd aaBtencea^-lltft^A. It is
■MutiW t» the mceanef of the working, that Ibe twu vbronome*
tan^DoU move evchnmotud)-. Cor if ibrre hn ihe l aa t deviation,
ftwcuMlrananitUBOSTectlr. Suppo«inK thnt the hands un llie
tm> dlab at a diaCBace from mch uther, arc nlniijra pointy to the
nine wurd«, in their ri!v«!»iiiini!i^-whoiwvtT tlie transmitting
bHmmetil pointa to the i>enteui'« required, the operator w in-
Maiilly to aound a bell al the difttant ktatioo bf meuis of electri-
eity ; and thr obacr>-f»^ there mu«t notire nt what ■nUflnefl tts
faaad in puintinx whou Hie bell wnnda. If botii operaton be not
Wf pniRi|it in maklnjF and obaerriiuf the algnala, a n r<7ne hil-^uku
wouM >be eonmnnumtad. Thla dincultj:, Mwevsr, Mr. Whinliiiw
ihlDkaimay be ovorrMfaa, and lie haaliad much practical a«tuaiiit-
aMce wttb tlie dHficuHiaa In warliinff tefaaraplia daring ■ conncc-
linn of iooic duration with the EWtric Totegnpb Cecnpany.
I
I
THE " ART-JOVKSAL" vtmM ARCH ITECTURK.
Kut cviituut witii excludinft ar<bUocttir«, and all »«tic<* or it
froni hU coliutinat altltuufh he brinjp inrir induitaial art, »■ it ta
called, proninentljr ftfmani, abuH iii|; nmncrou'' opecineiis uf it in
cverv number of hU publicatiuti, tliio majority of nHicb are calru-
btei l<> diffuw «x«c«diiiirl^ bad taale aoaong liio |iuli|i<-,.— (tie
aiUtvr vf the Arl^'/trual appear* aiuimu t« get nrcliit«cture
tlirvet out of the Royal Aca<(enif. Home abort (ioH; nffo, he |m>-
Iceted niraintiit archilecta beuif elected members of that body ; and >
be noK- tvllo tit (hnt arehitectaral drawinga have " no buMneM ** to
be in it< eichtbittoTiri. Thi* l« v«ry much like aaying thnt tWre
enjcht tu W on uxhibttiona ttnywhere of such production*— 4ho
AcndeniT'fi lifinjt thr only onv nhcro thw nM> nilniittvd. It ik to
be hoped, honovn-, thiit Ib'a marked Iiuult n ill now urou«« urcbi-
teclB, more eapeelolly the landers in the prof«Miun. aiid tlrtM wIk)
are ntiMnlien of ttu Academy, to n senie «f their duty, and of
wlut they owe, if not to theaMclvr* prreoiiidly, at leii«t to thetr
brethren. Shonid it not do so, they imiiit be Ivtharifiv indeed ;
uid will fully iuHtil^' at lea*t one-half of the .in-%ftvrk^t oplaion,
by aliooing tnat at all eventa thy liai-e " uo bwaineas" ui the
AciMlemy.
U'hiit in the I'rarpKsor of Arvfahectiirc about, that he can pa-
tiently put up with the preaant ttaxt of mattero (rith ragtfd to
arohitecture i»t Iho Academy? Hnrd)y can he he i^vninl of it,
•r tMit perceive how matly ttcalUforeorreetion ; nevcrtheleea, he
■aahex nn effort nt till to eornet it. Had he bMtSrred himMlf at
all, we should of eounw hare beard of it ; moroov#r, if he had, and
had done <it> iiiefiei-tually, wo should have lieani of his rMlenatioo,^
whidi wiiiild ho fur mure hunotirnble to him ihnn ia the making;
hia i B O lf a oypher, — not only without iofluenoe, but wKbout even
an anuob as a tongfoe or ii voira.
Whatever — if "any iit oil — the efnoliiartntta attaebed to the Pfo-
HtMOraliip of Archiierturv may he, tiiey <-annot be »neli as to be «f
any moment to .Mr. t'i>i-k«roli. So lon^ aa the aituatioii c^nfera
baQOur on him who hotilv it, it i» worth bartnjr. whether any emo-
bunaM at all tie altached to tt or not. Biit ralher •[tiHe the
aavaava of honour attends it. when he who hold* It it c^pertrd to
sit by very tamely, and iie« nil kinds nffilii^ta and atfionl* pot
upon arch ttectu/ie, wtihoui m> ninch nx uttemptinrto ehedc Diem.
Tiiare U, indeed, nn dnncvr of either Iho Fnit»»^or or the Aca-
JBliy luiiig oalled tu necount for the dereliction of their duly in
n^ndtontUleotun), by thopnhlicprem — that i«. the new«papm,'
atsliiteetun! heinc the very lart thinv of all to excite their ntten-
(ion or en^gv Uieir ^mpathka. Vet If they, IhtTeftir*-. think
liwt thev are releaaed Irwn alt naponalbility Io puhlir ojiiriion. nnd
lint their oonduet escitas no animadvennon in other iinarten, they
■m rary muoh aiUUken.
Aa to ibeeditor of the Ari-JmrmaLhti ooglit to ho hanired — in
att^, at Jeaet^by the arckiteeta. fixil,womekivw vt ether, nrdii-
tcirli invartablv ahow llifintdvet ta be the mitt pInrltlfM nwa
imaffloable. ^'benercr their own peraonal lulerffta arc tanicbe<
or at all eadBnocrcd. thcr are ffpnernllr ■etifitire muufch ; Wt
when It u only the credit of their art ati'l their profcmioa tliat ii
flonoerard, taejr ahow UimMlrfiH to be Ihe tnoet totidd and
dnnWi «f nartala.
THE mSFLTED INTENTION OP TUBULAR BI
>Vd regret to perceive., now auccn* baa attended tha boll
experiment of oonMrtivliiw tubuliir liridcea, that attempta «n
beUK made to deprive Mr, ft>l>«rt Stepheniuiu of the merit M
Javtiy his due^ a* the original doatiiiicr or th« plan, and the awper-
iatcnder of it^ e^ectittou. Mr. Fairboirn, who, with Mr. £atoa
Hud|rkin««a, aniisterl Mr. Ste»hoii«oii in workiiii; out the deauO)
daiats to liave the merit of iJl but the ^uriKtiuii idea;** and qC
maintains thnt the workinc out of the idea and tht.^ duvolopmrnt tff
the principle, a^ veil tm the (cnsiiter purtioa of the fiiiwt ruction,
are the re^illn of hi* lab<iurs. Uc stntea, nlw, tliat the orif;iiiiil
idea of Mr. Stephpn«oii wiw a eylindricul tube, to b« ■iiipp»rt(d
hy chain*; which plan, he aaya, can be proved would nev«r haf*
n^oeeeded ; and that it was only by a lonfi wrien of inductive rea-
•oninfr, founded on expenmental reaearcli, of whicli he claim* the-
•xetnaive nwrit, that the precent aCrength and form of the Conway
I and Britannbi tubular brides were e^tabli^ed.
It in of great iinpiirtaaeo not only to Mr. Stephanaon, bat to
dvll ei^ineen and inrenton In ^nej-al, thnt thc*e clabna of 31r.
Pairbalm flhould be estimated at their proper ^■alue. The orl^rloaC
idia of overcoming the diiBcnIty of taking the railway acrom Ib^
Hcnai ^tralta, by the coRStruetJon of n tiihular hridsa. la admitted.
to be due eielusirely to >lr. Stepfaemun. Mr. FairbaEm and Jtlr_
Eatan lloilgkimou wore rotpluyed by hln to aaiiat in Us oonstraa^
thm, and to make tliu expenmeitt* iimiaiaij to dete-miou iIm beib
form for obtaining this Te^juiiite strength. He anux, of cntuse^
have experted, fnim their known aklfi and experieaco in tb»
strmgth of material*, that ttioy would bu lUiU? to afford iintiortaa&-
aaainiuice in dei iuag the laeaoa adnpteil to overcome tlie ui Aeol — .
ties which luch a novel structure necetanrily presented. Tba»
pxporimeuta they uuide wtrro aubjeict to Mr. Stephenson's appmval^
and may be said to have been eonducteil under hi^ Ktipertntendeac«_
The mode of making tliem would however, fur the nwet part» b«-
necaaraiily eiitm*t«<Q to Mr, Fnirbairn and Mr. nodgklncon ; wIm^
were not employed aji maro msdianical aganta, to act strictly undi
dlreetloiu. but m pnurtical men of mnenre,— expected to br''
their skill, inrentiily, nud mathemniicul know-led^ to bear on
important work entruKtfil to thvm, :>nd ti> arrRnge the detailK
which -Mr. Stephenson's invention lotilil bo bo«t curried into effect
That Mr. Fiiirbnim hns amply fulfilleil what wan expected fron
him, and ha*, under Mr. Stepbenaon'a auparlatendence. completed
the task ablv, Akiifully, and auncmtliiUy, u a great mvrit, uf whicf
he may well bu proud. Bei'ond thu, he ouglit not to wJah
ciury htx rtnim*. not only the original idea of tubular brf'''
but a mode of carrriiijt it into effect, unquestionably b___
to Mr. Stephenson. '(Whether that wn>i tlio b«et m4Hle, wa«1«
determiDeu by exnerimcntat rewnrches; ami the result led tu
improvement in itie mpiuis lirst devised. ThU is the geoeral
almont neceimry ■-.ounic in the perfection <jf any iavention ;
whi-lher the inventor carry on the experiment.t entirely by himself,
or whether he obtain the asaistance of others Ici perfecting hi
invention, doe* not affect his claim as the ori^nal inventor. I
BppeBTS to us tliBt Ik machinist or a draughtsman might, wii"
nearly niiial [irctenfiion, cLnini to ho the iuvantor uf an appurat
or the nrchit«ct of a huilding.—bccauso he liod succeeded
making the mnrlilnery, or in roiuplrting desi^N fn>m uutU _
Elnn^— as .Mr. Pairbairu can claim to be llic Invi-nliir of tuhiUwC^^
ridges. M'e tnirt thnt, for the sake of his own reiiuialion, b
wQl he lattsiied with the merit ackuowlod^d to be nis, and n
pCT^st in claiming more.
I
M
ilMtmf "ntrntt omui m CinaWL— One of tbe smt cAatrdiatry
subniuediorapprsnl Io the FMach XtuAtmy of Smaeea b U^t of
Ferdinand, engineer, who propoM* (o cObiUuct a floatiBg taaael fron t'lliig"
to Dover, for the « iiet ol tli* riccttie telegripb, and Mrga «a>iMi|h to b^
iraieiMd by kihII locomotivf*. for ne Charejuco ef patseafcn. Tba pia^
wu rttftned to ons o( ibc ntnuben of tbe Acadenijr for tzaainstioa.
•niR CIVIL ESGIVEER AND AHCHITECrS JOIHDfAL.
m
ON CHEMICAL. AND HhECTRWAL FOBCUS.
Bv PnOFRSMK Faiudav.
rrafeuor Fakarav bu (bU ■wuin doliwred a oMirM of Mvni toclnrM at
tb« Roy«l lMll(iilt«a."Oa Mc .-l/fMd rjbmcarnii d/' (Ac Cktmu^OHiBUt-
IrUal Fams." Tb« kail Iratun: of dicooano «u iprea oa SftturdBri lb»
ITdi ult, UK) »B oow >iibjuiii ■ brief akctdh of Ibv whob, *)w«ing tka
maim in which tL« tabjcct wa* ire&led, awl dNOfibiog tta* priaeiFal np«-
iImmU I>T <"I)ic!i t( WHS illaalnilMl.
Ih^ftrtt briun vu devolea enltrdjr lu eiptntialiMS of Un cbanicliir
nri lUutrailoiH »( l]ia niuure ol cbMnical force, ooaiiDeaini>c: witk it*
jm|i1iii fsraa. Id tlin finl place, Pm^Msor I'dtuIa; cxpUined Uic ^f-
(•muM bMwMa nirehBiUMtl (ana, or tbm iane o( gnviUtioa, i*htcb piv
teon BMteniJar acUM and a|f(«f«HM af aiMaM, and tlia aclioa of
|1— liial toms wkM tdaa plaea awoaf lbs partielM of aiatUrr. Al a*
■aaw limo aa ha tatarlainii ika opaUm Ihat all fan»t am ckMwIy aUird, if
bM iUaoUaal, ha ihnwad aefwal eipmneni* in whlth cbeiataal attioti it
fAaaad by atfChaolfml forcr, uf wbkli Ihr rxploaiun uf rulmlaatlilt powder
^pefCUrtoaaflardeilaDnxBaiplc. TheiUiistraliutiBof vbenicalactiMimtt*
fcilili II fbcm, ha ikiHrH to IwvloMlrallicd tontdMoi-ial fi>«>c, •■ Ui« ag.
BifKtioB «r lbs putklea of wal«r, ha Mttd, depeada oa iha aaaia foma ai
S» newt «a*rf*Ue «baniMl aotloa ; the dlffimnoa balwMti tbaia baiag
only In dapaa. AaaaillottralfoiilhatiliMiiicat uliuu uLm itlArvduriag Ids
■ixiay of laids, he poured mmo (pMa o( wiao i^nlly uu to the lop of
water ia a gtam tcm«I, iato whtoh n loag taba wa* loMtttd. The tcucI
and the tube bciot quil« filled, h« brcrlcd (ke apparaliiB, lo mix IUq «piriU
at wioa wilk U* wattr, whva Malraaliao ia Ik* votuM of Qaid «>u
aaDiCtat by Iha laba being ao iMger Ml. Aib»| alliar axamplifioaliona
of ahaMieal actioa, wara Iha aolWieatiM of (wa gaata (aMimlte and gu
and amiBoaiaMl gaa) ev bainf »iKed, and lb« coawnlon of two tiaifnd
H^aidi (carbooala of polKW and mnrialL' of lime) Into a wUla aolid nue.
Iha reanlla of chrmica) aclioa, Profuunr Faradajr obMrvad, are Ihq pn>-
daclion uf raiapauiub dlMiacl frcun. aadfrf^aaatlytMilediMinilarto, the
oiI^bbI eubtiAiuM-i ibflt «itM into oanbiaaUoa. To abow ia a atrihiaf
■innrr"" diirerr»cDbeiiv(!«i ft mislBrB a«d aoonpaaMl.baaibEed to.
gdker aoiM copper ojid iruD Ulinjie. ami thao levaralad tbe iron fmat tba
eeypor by laaaae of a aagnM ; whereae in ■ diemlcftl ooiapaBMl, no mt-
nli^ral Pmx can aeparate tbe ooMbioed par Ueloa. and tbcy can mI; b«
naotred iato their origiaei eteaaents b^ Iho cheinit*! action of looea meew
Meficetie egeot. TbouEb Ihr original iiatialaDcm that ral«r into ahtBHMl
ceMbiualion orca to be enUrely lael ia the rvMiltiHf compound, yei thane
b M> deatrurliiio nor any atteralian in the damaMi, nur it there aaf
eraatioa or iii:« tract ion of power prudnoed by the comblncUon. I'raftsaor
Faradar llluatratrd the reprwlucii.in uf ibe clancolary tabaUnoo of a
Mnpound aftrr it had been apparently dntroyad, la Iho follonios nwoner.
He put frOtue iodise inic a glaea Saak, wbicb, oa bainf bratrd, tioiltf d the
pntyleot Tiuiel-ooknrHl faaieapaMliartothftlnbalaaef. He then added
liM and water to ih« todiaa, wbeo a oonUnatloD took plncr, m nbtcli tha
■rapcrtiee nf Ida iodina ware aM>ar»flUy lost, and b> no npplicalinn of
hial conid tbe tlnlsl fiitnea be prndnoed. On tbe addiiloo of nitpbarie
acid, boweier. tiie MtiM i*aa ad frer fnoi its cvuitriuatMa nilh (he EiDCt
mi Itt fomee war* ngaia pertepllblr. That ibero >■ no d»<trucliof> or
Anc* >■> lli^ partiolev of neUer prodoc^d by eheaucal action i* genc-r«tly
^■llted, bat the Profeaeor obeerred, that Bodm philosopher* aliil dine to
Oa aoliMi that Ihprr in n crpaticm uf tiowar, «e eibibtlad in elrclricity;
Inl Ihie opisiua, hi> mniiiiained, i> onl Firauded on fact) for there can bo no
neatton of power vi iihmit tin- crcnlion uF matlcr.
In titr Kroml Uclart the com idc ration uf ili« difTcrcal aolionaof ebaMi>
(d force wa» rt»uu»rd in tbe«tiinmcnctinrol,*nd Iheo tl* gradaal IraiUillOB
iltto electricil hr«< ««• de*etop<d. In the Brat plam, the Froftteeor
B^_l.J out ibo dilfert-ncc that L-xiMa between th* force of KratilaUeB and
^cnkcal teree in tba rnUtite coaitaocy uf (hetr nctlona ; for wbilel grari*
MtOD davar uaiea to acl at an; inuiacrut, clioiuicat ftftoity,aa the coatrary,
lAat) Iln donnaat fur acre, notil circunntaect* aritc that bring il iato
•eUoa. Several riperiii»cnl» were perforiued to illuHratc thia, aod alaa to
•tHnr that tbe mwlts of chcnkical adioa may be revcTied by varying tbe
leBparatore and tbe other oondiliona andpr which it takea place. A
atlKlntv of Bitroui and oiygen guaea, for «iaiDpIe> proiiuoe* no change on
Cjlhor llttaai or lurnwrlc paper, but when a alrtraai of lliose niiaed gaxa
iasaea Into the atmoiphrre nt ihe ordinary tcBpttatare, a piooe of nioia-
t^afHl lltmHa paptr «im)»«I to the current » reddened, ihue proving Ibe
tnwcmr r of aa acid, ^^'hen Ibe aeme atrtam of mised gaaes it bsaMd,
the preeloua)]- rrddtoad lilmui paper iarMtar«d to iis original Una coloar,
•ad t(in»crie paper la loroed bmwn, ahitntiiK Ihii tlku directly opposite
^ffoperty hM b*engi)«n totho giina, wlaich llirn become dkalino iuaiead of
Kebl. M'hcQ nppfoMhIog to tbnae cbeuical aclioos nhich arc ac*
conpanlrd lii llie derelopmtirt nf eleMricity. ProfNior ParaUn* Or*t ea-
kiUted tiwiKilulionof copper by ae acid, and iiatcpreduclion iaamaiallic
fbrvvD pieces of iroo and aiau, which melala having a gn^lttr altraoUou
fbr tbe acid lhat htid tbe eoppcr in Mlntiun Ihan tbe copper iliteir, ealered
lolo eoaibiii»lioa"ilh the acid aed lilieTated Iha copper. He attemarda
aablbited the acliua of oiyien and cine, by flral pourinx eome diluicd sul-
pbaric acMl oa a piece of thai mriAl, nhiob dcooaipoied the waWr by al>
tractinit Ita oxygea, with whith it cutortd into enwbiiaalian, and liberated
tbe byilrogcD u gaa. Ob latTodociDx a few abiUiags tnt» tbe glaia, Ihe
TiMoar of the acUon increaaed, and the deeoapaalsff power of Ibo rioo
1 to be tranafcrred to the silver, froai wUoh mstal copisw MnuH «<
bydnven caa arow. A more obvi«aa eahlbitioa of the eatensiMi aail
traaafer of cbciBtoa] acUoa rren one oHlal te another wat effected bj ibe
depositMa of copper a«t adeer frem a aoluliaa of tbe aulphate uf cepp«r.
Wbea a piaes of silesr ia iinaHnad alone In a aolatian of aulpliaU of
oapiMr, no aclioa whalaaar takas plaeo, aad it might m ranain fur any
leagth of line withoot sstMiUy decontposiDg the aolutios ; bat aa nooa am
■ piece «f sino or Iron ia faronghl In cnntact with the nIvct in (he aolnlioot
tba copper ia deporitad oa the silver aa readily aa on Ut aiiM i aad wbeit
thelattat i* aODalKanialed willi qaickailver, tbe effects «f dscoapaeithiB are
troosfemd entirely to the allver, aed aona of the eoppar is depoiHed on
Ibe araalgaianled xine. Hits sAot Is eqaally prodncod, whether the lw»
laptiU are lifnoshl ieto conlaci in Iho selution, or whether (oaneetiuai bo*
iwecn th«m itniadeby a wtrr, throMKh which the nctloa i* readilr tnuw>
taillrd, A aew cIbn of phcnonMna ia broughl into play by tbla na h i bJ H sifc
of chemical bree ia dissimilar mttale. When tba wire that ooonacta tbs
iwopieesaaf ntata) Ea *lde to pass ever ftsaspaodsd naagnetls needle, ibO'
nsedle u daflaclad «a oaa sue, aad by aipaodiag Iha avrfaees of tbo
matals auArisM power la oUaiiwd Id make a wire red hot. The deleo>
Ihmof the needle at aay part of the GaoDMtlofwtfo where it oiay be placed,
shows that the action ocoiirs along tka whole coorraa of the v ire, and vaeoi-
plittiaoiwof Ihe periHoaawbidi the Proftwor wished loestidjlish, vis.,lh*t
tbe d iataot and local actioR* ar« Ideatical. "niia new daae of phws e aa ns ,
Profeaaor Faraday said, vnta, in bis op iDioB,atttibn table merely to aw th ss
esbibition of efaninieil fneee, bnl heahoald, In detsrenca to receiTed unga,
drnoniuiate il eleelheal forre.
The ijtv&ler portion of the third Ueturr wan occupied with tltocoQsi>
drratioD of the d«icompostog power of electrietty, ia which tcapect lis
aclton tt*m* ibe rere rse of oiai of chemical force. The latter power teu
by the nflinities of Ihe partirtrs oT oee sobauoco for those of aootheri aoA'
the reatilts ef its nctloD are tbe formatliio of new csnponDdsi clectticol'
fore«, on the cocilrary, reaeivee ootDpound bodice iaio Ihedf eleneatSi aad
may act at a dialanee from ila exciting esnse. Nnmeroas III nitrations of
the decoeiipoting power of Ibe voltaie battery were sflorded, one of the-
nuei corioua of whinh was tlie decompositton of laorialic acid by the
following smugamcDt:— A glaai vesatl waa divided lolo three compart-
ineaU by dlapliraiCiH of falMting'papcr, and tilled with diluted mariatlc
acid,— Uh acid la the two end compartments btlag colonrcd wilb iadigo.
When Ibe wirtafrom Ibe negalivs and posilire pole* of the batlerjr were (■•
wrtcdinibelwoeoloarMl diviaionaoftbe ee«s«l,lbs mnthlie add beeano
deeom|RiMNl, ihe chlurine paaalng lo one end, and the hydn>S"' to Uk
other i nblch elTecl waa rendered vltihle by the bleaching of the iifjooriB
the end to which Ihe chlurUie was detennioed, wfalM the lalddle compart-
oacnl, throueb which Ihe current force must have pamtd, mnained na*
cbanged. Tba demmpoeition of iodido of polaaslum aflbrded a atrikiflg
example of Ibe rspidlty with wMcli <toMn|i«rillea takti place under the
intluenoe of electricity. Acroia a place ofpaper, trettcd with a latorated
Milutlon of iodidf? uf potaiaiuaa. Profeuor Faraday drew rapidly oae of the
ivirea from the battery, wlieo a ittoag brown mark was left, ahowing that
tbe iodide bad bem deeoinposcd. By pressing a coia on paper similarly
prepared, and thru touching il inrtaalaaeoDsly wliL lb« wire of the battRj,
an i^rapretaion of the coin was left <ni Ihe paper, caused by the decmnpotUiMI
of the lodldi.- where th* parts nioal iu relief had tnnrhed th( paper. The
amouDi ofdi-comiioaitioo ii,ia allcaic:*, proporlloeate to ibp current force;
sod lho«gb cbemicB] deeompoabiondoeauot take place eicepti&B when Um
correat f> iutcrrnpted, yet the power is always actlie la Ila vircoit through
the connecting wire*. The dedMliua of a magnetic oeodic, whtn placed
parallel (o tbe cenductiog wire, wae adduced aa a proof that ttic puvrcr
eitria an iaBueiioc al every part of Ihe circntl, and tbe plalea of Ibo vol-
taic battery were sbowB to have the same power as th* eonducting win%
in deltecting tbe soepanded needle fruiu ila ordinary poaitiou of aurth ami
south. This correoi of force thruughuut wan noiiccd by Profrsior Para*
day aw one of tba many inalanccs iu which electrical force diffcn ta ill
action from chemical fercv, wbicb ia alwaja local, IboQgb Ihe tvra forcM
arc really i'lcotical. Tba c«DitBat cvololloe of eleclrieily, when weltasf
auapeet the preaeocevf aoth an agent, was curiously rxonplifled by cDtttiw
a raw beef-ttivk witii a steel knifv and a ailter fork, Ihe kaife anl fori
being connect ad by wires viitha vnUameler. Assoonati the knife touched
the meal, a current of electricity wa* erulved sndlcient la dcAcct Uie
oecdloof the voltamelcr. A cooked atcak,poppered and salted, produced
a sllll Qivrc powerful elTcGl on the needle.
In tlM/n«r(ii Jeclnrr the alllanco bolnrca ibu f^cmical and iJootiical
forces exhibited iu the evuluiion of liKht aad kti»l,&rued tbs pclncips'
point to whioh tbe Professor dlfocted aUeation, and be illuairalad iho.
astiioet by auuaerous hrilbaol *i peri men In. The light and btat prodi
by elnleat "'■^-I't' aclioa. of which a buruiug candle ia a good exam
fueiB no eeseatlal part of Ibe aciiua that takes place among the coaibul
paiti<:liH, but aie unerely traaaieot pboDanwiia resulting from the actirily '
the cuuibiuaiiuB. In Ibe aaiae cnanoer, Ihc light and hsat evolved duriain |
oombustion uf aubsisncaa by the voltaic baHcry, are Ibe reaalta of the <
binalioa vi tbe sine pkle wilb die oxygen of the exclttng litiuid. To ti~
hibil lh« raltaie light lb* leclure-room wat darkensd. and the* ploeta < '
charMol weroexpneedlotheaction of the battery. The iaieosity of tl
light Ihaa evolved wasoootraated with ih* flame of an aritaiid lamp, whickaJ
wa* acsrci-iy peiceplibte in the overpowering spkudour of the voltaiAi
apsrk. Tlie cotnbuation of sileer-Uaf, of iron-wire, of platiuuni. and ofrJ
mereary, fomaed uiber daanliag oahlbiUeas of the heat i>od Itgkt evolved by
the nllais baUeij, whco tbe (wo poleo wore broogbt Into contact wiib the.
THB CIVIL ENGrUBBR AK« AUCmTKCTS JfUJHNAL.;
liftT,
I
MUtrc, tbrougli wkieli the indcDC and dikl oui bn Heu wben plnr«d
cm lti« iofltnunttat. T)i< iju(>«uoiii and Aiunrtn are printnl riuli-
aBr, M Ifatt m l^rwt number «« (KHitunsd -wrthin tlic riini^ nf the
laa<UC in itn circuit ; nnd ni it 4t4>p<i nt any onp, » vh'<lp ttentenre
iBBf be M one* >>)ili««t«d. Sbould any ward not «n tfae code 'be
Mt]tur«d, the index lo mnrii- ta point to the word '' xpell,* and
ftfforwavdi* it ittdicalM the letten of the alpbubM thnt rurm th«
iMrdtobc MnnmunietitEd. One i>Un of oncMting it hf «rater-
^velis^MtorH, tha wat^-r in t*ri> vertical lune< lMin(r eleated or
<Bpwaaad lUl it stop* At the (ifmal unikteiL Anatb?rUIegmph,
rifciefc Jkamver re(|iUMe frreat delicucy la the nuugniiifioii, coa-
■klM at two chraneaMtan, oach of wYaA hoa » kv aaonul hand
folMinrtu rwliaUyufilMea wurda anil aentanccaanlne 4i«L It is
MMtitial to the tuctiawmoy i>r the vorking, lh»t the two (teSDOmo-
ton AnuU now ■viArDnoudf, for if thert- Iw tte Inaat davlatlon.
It wmild tranasiit itnsorrortif. V«|ipuals^ thnt tlie haste on th«
twc diitli' aL 11 diKifiDCe ttma eaab 4tlMr, are alwaya pointing tn the
•ame wvda, In their re>olulion«, jibenever the tranmiitting
taMtrsmeat points to tlie nvnteiire rer|nirsd. the iipi'nUor m In-
fltantlf !■> cviuid « ImU ai the diitnnt NUtiuu by nieana of electri-
dtjr; Slid tlia obaervet there muHt notice at what mnSMict Cbe
hand ifl palntio^ vhflO the belt soundE. If both ci| » w « tiM a be not
Tcary praRijit in niaking and vbwrviiig the ngoala, a wronc m cwa gg
mnud be sMRinnnieateil. TlitN diflieuitjr, howerer. Mr. >Vhi«hAw
dtekatniaj be overi-umo, nitd he }iim h.iil niucb practical aoiuiiint-
«Baa with thu difficulties in u-nrkint: teJwrnjih* duriim k ctiuneo
tion of auis4t tlimtioa with tiie EWlric T«le][n|ili Con^ny.
teMti inr.iriablr ahow Ihonaelraa to be the tboA plaiJhi
ima^nnnlile. Whrnertr thrir ovn pvnwtnal Jnt i iia ia ■wtonAafl,
wr at nil wntlanirrTfd, thev are gtmrruH
when it U only the credh of Unlr art aTn i
eoRcerned, t&«y ahov themHlvea tn U
alBggWi m iDOrtok.
eaau^: hot
<>»aa>aa ifail li
v4t torpU aai
THK " ART-^mCRNAL" <ww ASCRIVSCTORE.
Tiot Gontvnt with ezrludini; nrchhenkwre, «n(l oil tiotice of it
troiD his colnmRa, althuucrii lie briiiCH lacrv inilLiiditul art, oe it i*
called, pruniinratly forward, ahuniait rumannie Kpacimviu of it in
everr numbrr of hia |Publtc«4ion, tlw majorily of which are colcu-
\gXrA to dlfTufie exceedingly biut taate Mnontc ttie public,— 4lie
editnr of tlie Art-Jourruu Bupaarfl aiuciaud to yet iin-liilccturv
thrxiat out of t)io Koyal Academy, ^ne ahort time a^^, lie pro-
tcatni i^rainut arcbitectn boiti^ elettvd member* of that boily ; and
be now IcIIh iih tbnt Hrdiitntitral drauringw linvc ^^ no hu^ineea" to
Im ill ita cxhibittciiF-. Tlil<t ii' very much like Kayiii][ tliiil there
ought to l.>c ii'> txliibition! nnywherc of suvli uruiluctiuiu— tthe
AoiuleSDY'ii beiniftlic only one nhet« tliey nrc ndmittci^. It 'u> to
be hoped, liowevor, tbnt tbi* marked inault will ui>w nrouae orclii-
taota, taorc cvpAcially the I«(tder< is tin) profchuion, aail Uivw itJio
arc iu«niber« wf tite Academy, to a aente of their duty, and of
what they one, if not to themwlvM perMUiilly, at Jtoat tu their
brelbren. Should it not do «n, tliM- ii>iit.t l>o letbarunc inde«d ;
and will fully justify at least one-half of The .Jr/Votit^iarc oyimoii,
by showiBf; that at all e^onu thejf hare " tio bumneat" tn the
A«adeiny.
Il'bat U l)ii> ['rofeMor of Architecture about, (hut lie cAn pa-
tiently put up with lhi> praiant atalii of taattors with regard to
ari-)ilte«ture at the Academy ? Hiinlly cim he he i^or«nt of it,
or notpereeive how cmtly it calls for eonwetion; nerertheWs he
HMkiM nil vffun nt aO to eorr«ct it. Had he ItoHrtirrvd himnelf nt
all. toe alKJUld nfcoinw have heard ofH; moreover, if he hud, and
ha(ldoite<«v inelfcelually, we should hn»«hearduf his re«i):nat>AD,—
whirh would Iw far BM>re hnnaumble to him than xa llie maleioi^
Iriawilf ■ «]rpber,— 4iDl only without influeiic«, but without evm
m math as * lonirue or a vniee.
Whatvver — if any nt all — the amolumenta attachMl to the Vm-
fnaoraliipnf Arrhitertani intay b«, they caanat be «neh iia to he of
any mmnotit tu Mr. Cnukerelt. So lour as the sftnatlon ctmfen
hniMw on him nbo bcdds it, it is worth liuriiifr, whether any emn-
InrnsBt at all he att«'h«d tn it <ir not. But rather >|u'ite the
mvaiM) of honour atteiidx it, wliwn he «rl>o holds it i« e^jieeted tn
sit hy veri' tniiiely. und see nil kind* af«light« nnd nffionis put
upon nrrhitectiire.'irtthmit so mach a« atteaiptinfr to ehet-k them.
There ia, iiirtewl. n«i dancvr of either the I'rofenor or lbi> Aea-
damy being r«Ued t^i atoount fm* the derelictinn of their duty in
i M g a il dtO architecture, by tbe public prcvB— that iv. the newapnprra;
arafcUaeture boinc the rery tnd thinr of nil to eicite their atten-
tinn-or «n|ragK tlieir *^m|>»thieR. Vet if they, thi-rfft)rr, think
that ih^ are releaaed (roni all rtaponatbllity to puhlir opinion, and
ibat thatr cMiduct excites no anlmadvendiFa iit other qunrten, they
xu rery nmeh miaiakmi.
Ae hi Ibr editor of the Arl^/atrnmL he ini)tht to Ihj hnnged — in
■«Ak7, at leaat— by the arcbil«c1». But,a»tncbow vr other, arcbl-
THE mSPLTED INVENTION OP TrBDL.\Tl BRIDGni
We rejtrec to perceive, now aucceaa haa atlended tha
ei^terimenC of ctinstr<]clin^ tubular bridges, Uiat attmnjitaj
betn^ mode to deprive ^Ir. Robert Stopnencon of the me
jastlr h:.i due, ua the orittinel deaigiwr «f theuluii. and ilic i
intender of its execution, Mr. Fairbairn, imu, with iilr.
[lod^hinviii. iiMinled Mi. Stcphcniwjn in woriiing out tbe i
etaims t» liiive thn merit of ul but tlu: " onsiaal iiica ;" ■"'^
maintains that the wotklnc aot of tlie idea uini the dorelopntent of
the principle, ae well as ibe greater portian of the caaetructiocL
are the rcatilta of )^ Inboaxa. Ho nUitca, also, tluvt the origlnu
idea of Mr. Stephenson was a cyliniUlnal tube, to be aupparted
I7 Cbalna; which plan, he aay^, can be proved would never bar*
si|pDaaded ; and tliul it noa only by a long^ serins of inductive na-
wnin^, founded on exi>rrimentu reacnrclu of which he cjaicaa the
eaclusive merU, that the present e1reii)(th and furra of the Cwmy
and Britannia tubular bridgea wore established. M
U is of ^leat impoTtnoec not only to Mr. Stepbcnion, batte ■
dvU engineers nnd inrentors Ui general, that these claiua of )Lr. ^
Fairbaim ebould he ecttnu1«d nt thnir proper vaJu«. The oriffianl
idea of o^'ercumiiiK (he difSculty of taking the railway acrom the _
Metnai Straits, hy the c^nEtructiOii of a (uLuIar hriilgOj i« nduilTteil ■
to be due ex(-luiiively til Mr. Stephenson. .Mr. Knirbnirn ttnd Sir. 1
Eaton Hod|>biiuon were employed hy him to a»ist in ita coiutruc-
tion, and to make the PKpenmcnt? iiecesAary to Oetermiae the b<et
form for obtaining the rctiuiiiite strength. He must, of oours^ M
have expceteiL, from their known «klll and exprriene« in the f
strenjfth of mnteriaU, that they would be ahlc to afford imiturtaaC
nmMano; in deviMinj; thu means adapted to overcome tlio aiffical-
ti«« which 4Uch a -novel ctruetnm neeMsnrilr jireutntud. The
expetimeuls they made were Bubjcet to Mr. St<.'pkea«on'3 approval^
and may be said tu linve been eondueted under liin snperiniendence.
The motht of makhu them would however, fur the ma«t part, be
Dece»»rily entru>;tea to Mr. Fairhaint and Mr. Hod^'kiiiMin ; who
were not employed n^ mere mechanical .ngenta, to act itrletly undef
■Urectimiv. hul an praeticnl men nf science, — esyectetl m bring
tlielr skill, lufenully, and mntlii^iniitical knoirlrdge to bear on the
hn^ortsnt work enlriiited to thent, nnd to nrranfe the details by
which Mr. StenbeuMbV invention could be beat earned into effect.
That Mr. Talrbolra has amply futlilhil utui was expectml frua
bin, and has, under Mr. atephetuoa's auuerintendenee. completed
the task >bly, idtitAilly, and auceesafoUy, la a great merit, of wliich
he niay ven be proud. Beyond this, lie ought not tu with to
carry his claims, not only the original idea of tubular briiln^
bnt a rao«lc of carrriug It into effect, uniLuettionably beioDg
to Mr. Su-iilti'iiKon. Whether that wsa the hat mode, waa to be
drtermineo by exnerimcutal reaearcbes ; and the reault led tu ao
imprmemmt in tnc means first devised. Thia ia the genera] and
almost nercsaary cniirse in the prrfectioii of any tDvenliun ; and
whether the inventor carry on the experiments entirely I>y himsd/^
or whether he obtain the aal«tance of otlier* in perfecting hia
inrention, docn not alFcct his daim as the original invontor. It
appears to ua that a nuchinist or n draugfatsaian might, with
nenrl)- equal pretension, claim to he the inventor nf an appuatua,
or the architect of a building, — because lie had suceeeded in
making the aaacliiner}-, <rr in romplilin^ deugns fruni uutllae
plans,~-aB Mr. Fnirbairu can claim to bi- tlie iin-vntor ftf iiihular
bridge*. We tnixt tliat, for the sake of hb own reiiutAiiun, bA
wUllM^Mtii^icd with the merit nckoowledgcd to be Ua^uidiiet
persist ta cUuming more.
fhatmo TWouf ac*Mi fA* r H ew i / . Q ae e|-tbe laaat eauaerdiaaty )ibat
MibBitled far spimval to the French Aeadeny nf Scteaaei k that el M.
Fenliund, engineer, whn jiroiKiMt to conttnict a floslint taanel from C*Ul
l« Dover, r«( the ititci of the electric lelcEriph, SMi lirge enough to be
IrarciMil by tnull )oc4uotivet, for the cbDvcTsece of pa»*ei>gGn. Tlie {Uia
wai referred to one of iba aeaban of the Aicadcnr fet exaaiiaalion.
IMft}
THB CrVTL EN'filKEEH AND AnCHTTECTS JOURNAL.
«1»
ON CH£U1CAL AND KLKCTRICAL FORCES.
Bv PKOrKCstiu FxiunAV.
PfafeuorFiKAD«.T bsnlklf sc«Kiii(IHiTMe4«MiirMCifMr«nkctar«att
tb0 Uayil bulilutwo, " On Ihr -Ulird Phtt u mrma •^tlu Viumk^ttnJ EUf
trit^ f •rw*." TUo U<t lr«iure of lb* cmitm w«a Ri*«n om Skturdar, th«
ink uti, *ad i*« now tabjmn * brlaf tkolcb ttt lbs wtiol*, kbonlag Um
^<j|» in whiph Um ubinci waa Imled, anJ ilnwribins tka phBOlpttI eip«>
riBania 6j hIiU^ tl wm illN*mi«l.
Thrfirti irc'irr wm <lc*at«d sntirvly to >rs[iUMtii>iu of (ha cbv«4«r
and tUartrUkHtt i>r th» iwlurv of chi-iaicsl hnv, oommtwios with id
alnpkvtfera^ In *^ 6nt ft^itr, Vntft<mar Vnnilay ^iplainvd tk« dtf-
ftnoee b«tw«*(i ai««hMiioNl focM, or the fbrc« uT gr*«tta;biMi, whicli pra-
daeM nolwnUr ac41cM and aggrvfalita of macaet, unci ibe aclloa uf
dvaicaltaRe. wbtoblakaapUM aiMBK Ui* paiticlcaof naiUr, At the
wtmm tiaM M ka enlcttoifM IM oplolan (bal all lbrc«a are doariy allM, if
BOtidaatinl. he ihowHl MTcval cxpcriawola in trhicti rhnnltal action b
iAnted bf B)««haai«iLl f»rc«i of which Hi? TS|>t(i«Joii <•( fijlminktlaf; pci«r<l«r
by parau— ioo afloMcd an c«»mple. TboiUuilnlioQiaf ah^nilcaliirtliMintla
krtlMl Awm, h* nhnwDd lo lw«U>aelTailiLil t» ncDbniiical fotoe, aa tfaa ag-
apuaaon o1 tba pJirlidia of watar, b* mIJ, dapBod* aa th« aana foreaaa
■a UMMt «n«rT|:Glio chantical aclbia ,- the iliffemicc belwaaa Umoi fatinc
odr ia i]eitrt«. Aana illurirathM tbat ckenioal aetkm tokcaiibtmdiiriof tlw
afauag «f ituiti), hr poami aono vpirili of wioe k*^i1j oa to Iha toft *f
wktev ia a gluM vriul, iaia wbbch ■ loop tube waa laiMtad. Tha *MMl
•ad th« labc iMing luilc (illtti, be iovi-rirJ ilie apparatua. to mtx tha siilrita
of wiaa wiib lbs naler, whan nntractjoa in tiM voluiM of flaU M»a
MlBHiM by tfae laba bainf ao kxignr fall. AtnaiiR other exMa|iliftoattOM
ar thaaka) mImb. wwa iha aalidlfkatioa of two gaaaa (aiarlatk acid ipM
aid ■aimrr-'iir-' sua) a« baJOf iiu««l, «i>d lh« coovrnioa of Ivo liiupid
li^aida (caHraoalo of jMtoM aad murialc of Una) isto ■ whiia »oti(t aiMt.
^a raaolii of ebcnieal netiaa, ProfnMr Famlay obaervad, am tba pro-
dOMton of compouiKU dUliant lion, and rraqueallyqiiiw diaalniUarlD, ihc
origfaal labeiaiMe* tlwl caUr into caaibioUimi. To ab«w la a alrlkiag
■aaarr thr diAnnwe bdwaao a mixuira and a ovaipouad, ba ntscd to-
fclkar MiBie copper and iron ftlinRa, aad Ibea twparalad dia in>a front lb*
Bopparb; aaaaa* «( anasaet; wbereaa ia a ebamtcal Mtntioond. nama-
dulMl fore« can Mpanle tha ovinbiDMl pamclet, and thry can only ba
ratalvMl lull) tbeir original eteni^ali by tbe ohetnlcal aoiioo of tomo mom
milLiitlii a^ta. Tlidugli tlii^ origiDul Mibatanwa thai rater into ohnnikal
iwhtnaliiia mrm to ba mlirri} Iml io Uie naaltlog ooaipoundt yet (bare
b M dMlmoUoo aor any allcnUoa in tb« tloBHala, eor U there any
■iMttM oc dottracliaa «f powor piodiKCd by ti>» ««nUBaUoa. PrafaaMc
Vbnday UluMnUad Uw rvpradbetion of tbe alaneaMry anbalaiwa of a
•oapoaad afUrr il liad baaa apparently deatroywd. In tbe MlnwiOK Duumr.
He pit! ion* iodioB iato a glua fiaalt, whtcb, on balng bealed, aintltcd tbe
pwple or vkotet-oaloarrd fumra peculiar lu (hat aubatmco. He Ibca added
riM nod water to tbe iodiaoi wbeo b «««Dbiaaliea took pUic*i i» vhicfa tbe
M ^nr li ea of tba iodjae were appaready loM, aad by ao applicatioa of
teat eoald lb* riolM fiimea ba proihwed. Oa tba addition of aniphurie
aatd, howevaf, iha iodlan nu Ml frae from i(a cwabia&iloii wilh Um xlop.
■id iU tamea wtn aaain perceplible. Thai tbera l» no deMnioHoD or
ckuge in Q» pattklea of inattor produoed by cbaoiUal acUon la Renenlly
■dmiUcd, bat lh« Profonor obaenred, thai some pbilvwpbeca •till cting to
Iba BoliBD that thvrc i> a oreatioa of pow*r, •• itxtiiMtad in a)Mlneity |
Inttllla opiotoo, h* naintaiiied, ia Dot fomdad on faei, for than can ba no
elMlion dt pnwor without Ibe erealioa of maUrr.
b ibe Mcmd Wfare Uw auii*deTatioa uf the dlliemit acHnaa gf ohanri-
iri Ibive waa Teaonwd in the conmeacenenl, ami th«D tta Rradual traiMlMMi
IMD atectriral forto m» drTcIiiiied. In tbe lir>t pUcc, lb« Pr9fe«Mw
palalnl m1 IbedilFtreacc Ibkt ctirt) betnecu Ibv krot of graritatiaa and
cbmlcnl ferc« io lti« nlalire coaatancy of Ibatr »citoa« ; for wbilal gravt-
ItilM ae*er eeatfn to ad at any nraiBaDt, eliaaiMal ilBaily, oa the ooointry,
•ffea tiea domaunt for ec««, uolll circvnMlaDon arts* that bring it into
aeUen. !te*rTaI i>i|>«rtinenU wrre perlunnfl to iltufCraio thli, aad alao to
•low thai the rtawl» of cbemicat nctioo tnaj be rc<ef>ed by varyiog tba
fca p ej a lure aud tbo other conditioo* under wliicb it take* place. A
aiUnn) of mtrooa and oxygen EB»ea, for eiample, produee* no chaugu on
<|b«r UtHHU or tonoarie p»p«r, bat wbea a atimm of thota nuicd gaMa
■ Into tbe UaoarMn at tbe ardtoary tenperatnre, a picoe of mote*
1 liliaaa paper expnavd to tba curraot i» reddened, tbu* praring the
lilwuim of an aciil. When Ibo name Mream of miked e»»tf ia heated,
teprevioaaly teddeaed titmui paper ia reatored to it* origioal blu« «oloDr,
udinraicrio pap«T la tnmed brown, allowing that tho directly opponia
ptoocHy bu beeoKiren tolhc gaaea,whieh tlienboeaMoalltallaeinUGad of
add. Vrh«n approncbin; to tboae cbemioal acUooa which are ac
coapanied by Ifaa daeelopnoDt nf cleolncily. Frofeaanr Faraday lirat u<
bibiied (be lulollon of copper by an acid, and iU reproduclMo in a metallic
lorm oapircxrsor jroo nod xioc, nki«b nwlaU lia*iiiii a creator altraetioa
for the acid tlial held (be c#pp«r in aolntioo tkaji tha copper iUt\t, entered
iatocoabioalloa wiOi the >c»d and Uberaled Ibe coppar. He tfterwarda
•iblbiled Ibe aelloa of oxygen and xidd, by Orel poortag wiue ililuted *u|.
pbnric acid on a pl*«« of Uiat nMHal, whldi dMMWipaaod Ibo water by at-
tncilnK ku osyipe, wKb which it eotored ialo caaW— lioa, aad Lbcimied
du hydcocM) aa gaa. Oa iMradnring a few tbilliaRa iato tbe glapi, th*
TJnurof tbe aclioD iBcreaaed, aod Ibe deeoapoaiag poner of tbe sine
ataaaed to be (r«nferred to the »l>er, froa wbko malat copioua Mrennn of
kydTMM gne aroM. A mure obiriona eihifailion of tba ettnwtua and
Iraawar of obvnicnl action frmn one maLal U aoollief wm eSMad bj tba
depmlttoa of cupper on lilver ftom a lolutloa of tbe niphato of noppar.
When a p^oe at tilier U iminerMd atone in a tolution of aniphato of
copper. BO acitoo nhnterer Ukre placr. Bud il might an rcniaia lor any
lanxlh of liioc nidiuut icaaibly detoiupotiug ihr aolutien i bat aa eooa M
a piece of atoe ue iron ia bronght in coetad witli tbe Mirer in tbe eoUtka,
the copper I* deporiiad oa tliefilveraa nmdtly luoa the t«M; and w km
the latter ia aaalgnmaiMi wilh qaickailver, tbo afeeUof deeaafM^IInn at*
Irnoaferred entirely tu the aileer, and noue uf the copper ■■ depoalted oo
tba amal^mated ziitc. This eStHit it equally produced, whelhatba ttrw-
aolabare brought into contact in the auiaiiua, or whether oaiiiie«tlen b»-
twoeo iben n made by ■ wire, tkroitgb n bidi the action b roadtl* trana-
aiit'd. A new ctaaa of pbenooNa to btowghi ioto piny br ikla«tl>tb)iioa.
nf citenkal force ia dlatmttar adHln. Wheo tbe wire Oat eoneqH th«
two plecM of metal la made to paa wrera auapemted magnetic aeedle, tba
Doadle la deflecteil un una >ide, and by nxpaodiag the aorfacra of tbe
Bttals aufficient power is obtained to mke a wire red hoL The dtflcc-
liuauf Ihe needle at any part of the ooinpcling wire n here it any be plutd)
■fciiwatbiil (heaetiMi ooonr* aloog Ibe ^Ibulc rour^of the wire, aiid eaea-
pltba ooeof the potilloaa whieb the Profaaior wiibed laeet&bliab. *ta.,thnt
tba diaiaat and local aeliona are ideallenl. Thie new etaa of phawaant,
Profeaaor Pnmday laid, waa, in hu opiniun. aUtibniable merely to anMbor
nhlbitloa uf dieenical force, bnl be ahould, in defannce to rtceired oaagot
deoomiaate it electrical force.
Thr grratrr porlioo of the third U<lnrt wat occupltd with the conal*
deraUoa of the drcoapiieiiig power of ciuclricity, in which napcct ita
ncttooaeoaie ibe raTeno of that uf cfaemical force. The Utter power acti
by tbe nflinitiet of Ihe psrtidee of ooe lobalaiicv fiMr Ihcue of another, and
Ihrretntttof Ita oellon ar« tbe fhraatlca of new compeanda; elediiesl
force, OR llie contrary, reaolen eonpoiud bodiea Into luir daiMDtf, and
ma; net at a dtaUoco ttom iU raciling canae. Nnaeroni lUnatratleot gT
Uir dooooipoeiog power of tbo roltnic ballery were affbrded. one of tbe
mt>»l curiouB of wbwh waa llin deoonrpaeilinn of aiiuialic acid by Uie
following nrrangemcDt:— A glaaa *<wcl waa divided into three ceaparf-
n»«ata by dlaphragna of blotting- paper, aod filled with dllutM) aarndC'
acid,— the add in tbe iwn end caaputaenta being ooloored with tadlgo,
When Ibe wi tee from ibenigaDeeandpoaltiTe poteBuflbe battCTT«cielD>
ae^lcdin tbe two coloured dieieion* of Ihe vrtael.thc morialic acid becane
dccompoied, the cfalortoo paailog to one end, and tbo bydrogcu to til*
other ; which eltVi;! waa rendered Tiaiblo tiy ibc bleaching of the 1)(|tMrin
tbe end 10 wliicb the cbtorlnn wa* delcrminod, whilet tbe middlB oonpart-
menl, ihruui;h which tbs current forcr mott bare paiaod, reaalned no-
changed. The dreompriiiition of iniiide of pniaaclunt afunled ■ atrlhlng
exaroploof Ibe rapiiiiij with nhii'h decompnuilinn takn place niKler the
inSaeaoe of eltciricii)-. A crou a piece of paper, wetted with a aatnratod
■olu lion of iodide ofpotasiinoi, Profcaaor Faraday drew rapidly one of the
wirea from tho battery, when a atroug brown mark wat l«n, •bowing tha
tbe Iodide bad been decompeaed. By prcaing a coin on paper alallMlf
prepared, and then toac^iog II iMianlanaeualy with the wire of Uie UMttTt
nn lapreaaioD of the oobi waa left on the paper, cauaed by tbe decooipeaitloa
of tbe Kxlido where tbe puts moat in rrlKf bnd tcucbcd (he paper. Tbe
onoonl of decoajpoailloo ia, in nllcnac*. proportionale to (b« current fotce;
nod l1iou«li chemical deconpoailiOB doea not take place excepting wbrn tbe
currcBi i« iu term pted, jvl the power is olwayi aedreinila circait Uirou|b
the oonnocling wirea. Tlio dedecllon of n tnignetie needle, when plaeed
parallel to the oonductiu{ wire, waa adducetl oa a proof that tbe power
exerts an laAuence at ev«i7 put of Ihc circoii, and the platoB of tbe vol-
taic balteij Hcra sliOTin to baw Ibo smut' pnwcr db the condacting wins
io duOcciing tbo soapended needle from iti orJtoorj poiilioo of oortfa bbq
aoulh, Thu citrrrut ul force tbrougkoul waa aotieed by I'rofeaaor Fara-
day B4 ooe of the many inAlancM in which eleetrioal furce differs In tb
action from cliemical force, whivh is alway* local, thougti the I\to foma
sre really Ideadcal. The conalunt erolulioo of electricity, wbeu we lenM
■aspect tlie preeencoof authanugenl, waacnriouM)' c x cm pi I lied bj cutting
« taw bccf-aluak with natecl knife and a silver fork, lh« knife awl fork
beieg conntcted by wires wilb a lolUuaotcr. Ai mk4i at the knife tonehed
the aeal, a euneot of eledrioily was cvulitd lufflcient Id doiecl the
needle of Ihe iiiltnmeler. A cooked aleak, peppered andsaltod, produoed
a stilt more puMrrful eifect 00 the ueeiUe.
latbe/idirfA I«tarrlhe alliance between Ibe efaeatcal and electrical
foreea eibibiied la tbe etirintkia of light nad boal. fbraed Ibe prUdpal
point to whioh the froCasMtr directed nUcatioa, nod he laulralad the
■object by uiineeroua brilliant eipcrimcnla. Tbe Ughl nod lieal pndnned
)jy iiolcnt chemical action, of which a buraiag candle i> u good asnapia^
f^m no ciiealial part of the aoUoa that Ukea piece among tbe coablfliag,
partiuloa, but are tneroly traniieot phtnoneoa rcinltiag from ike actiflij uf
the cand>iDatiuJi. In tbe aams aanaer. the light and beat eiolied during:
combuslioo uf Mbstancee by tha ««1 laic battery > v'* ^^' leaulisof tbe oubi>
biaatioa of tbe xinc plale with tbe oxygm of loo caciUg liijutd. To ez-
faihittho nllate light tbe lectura-room wudnrkenoJ. nad ihwo pleeesof
cbamnt were expnaed Io the acliou uf the hattory. The InUnBlij of the
light tbiM evolved WMountraated with tbe llnae oTna argaild lamp, which
was icatcrly perceplible in ttw oraniowaring aplcodonr of tbe roltalc
Hpaik. The coubuaiicui of ailter-laBf. of iron-wtie, of platinna, and of
luncury, foraed other daxxlinscibibiUoas of the heat and lighL ceoteed by
the lolUuG baUery, when the two poles ware broaght iato ooatacl with Ike.
930
CIVIL BNOINKRR AND j|R('
JOURfTAL.
■oIkIj. The imtl Ikas Kcofrafed ti owitg, PrafatMr Fanday ubMnoil,
to Uk pawkgc of cIccUicity tbrouith tbe lubsUiwca kclcd ou, noi to the
iMiiUJBM Uio; birrr lo it* pMuigCi for whtn the coDdiietDn urc auScienUy
Iug0 UkI perfoul lo nflbrd ii fnu piuuigo (a (be electrioily, no affect uf brMia
(AMrraMp. A very eariaut txpetimenl in illuiUMtiun of thia |iroperly af
•Itctrkity waa uktbiiwd. la a glan veawl full a( ditlilled inter the
cbaraal poiola ffiHii ibr n|>pci«4l« pidea of Ibe batlorj vrrro inlroducedi and
wh«u Ibev ncrc btouuht ocar to ««cb otbei a noit brilljaol ligbt waa
evi>tT«id uo(l«r lh« naier, dimmeil only by Iha bubblea of *1cam K«ii»ral«d
Stbe beat. The vmier bcins an Imperfect Mniluctor «f efeclrlclty,
ered tuOtcieal retialancti lo iU jiasiage Ui briag tuiu aciiciu tlie heatlog
MdUgbt-si*!"!; pnw«r« of tlw voltaic battery ; but whea it wa* aflerwanla
■adc a btner comliirlor, by nUiaB aotpharic acid with U, iIm eAcI waa
ftaally dtBiiaubcd. la tbe pKoeding lecture. ProfsMor Faraday ahawad
that wire* procccdioj froni the oppgaile ensla of a totlaic batter* poMaat
diflcrent power* ia tbc dccompafiiioo of caropaund *ubatauc«>, aira M now
allowed tlial ibetr heatjOK |ioi*era alio differ ; tor lli« copper nir«a ttata
Ui' two polca.uabeiay held ciifio lueacii other wilbiiiasbundirtanMaf the
cadi, the aoe became nudi huUer tlma ihu othiT. The qnaollty of heat
evolved by tbe aotiua of tba rolialo batury ii in prupurliuu lu tlii; aiooaat
of ziuc oxidiced, Bud PrvfMaoT Faraday rcuiarktil ibi-t< i> uKxnl {ronnd
tor auppoaing ibal Iha beat erotvtd lacqaal to that produced by Ilio com-
bnttbM of thf ftanie weight ofitine. Though the lBl«aBily of the lixht variea
in Iho phwKiineBa of lollaicdectficily. Jutt ai it Tariea Id diO'crrnt ctrcum-
•taocea dturliif ocdioary cooibuflloii, yet the heat reinaiii* the same In bath
caica. Ai an Illuatralloa ol this poailioDi the rrufcaior directed hu
breath againti a gas light m at togreMly diiujiiiihli the brightaeaaof tbe
Sane, yet in both cireunsUncea, he *aid the heal of the bDraiDg gaa waa
■be lane. The Utter part of the lecture was occopled with the onatidera-
lion of Iha e Ifecla of eleclriclly on the leositiTe srilem of ADlmali, luid it
waa illuatrated hy aovcral carious capcrtnitnla. The orieiool experiment
of Gahaui with Uiu hind Ufa of a fng waa eery luccrsaful ; fo'f when the
lege were placed no a abcet ofpUliaiiin.aiid conuuctiuD wa> ninde hetneen
(bat nelal and a ploco of sine Ibnl Inuclird the nerves, the muscului' l-uu-
UaotloBt of the litnhi made Ibeoi jump hf riirastheHDlniHl cotilit tiuteduuc
when alife. A larice live eel. in a jtlaisjar, |ituDK«d about viiilriiUy nhco
Ifcc electric curnsDi from the battery was passed IhrouKh the naiur, tliua
ahowiiif, thai wlthnfit any direct conncctioo willi tbe batteryi Ihe electric
thock ia fell by likhrs when the water they aniiu iu 'i» made part of Iha
circatt. ProfoMar Faraday alluded lo the experiinnnt made wllb the
gynivttiit fUHrieuM at Ihu Poljtechnic lUHtiluIion. fruui Hhlob be
baii obtained all the clTrcta of an ordinary Toltiiic balti;r]r. Thu eel itself
does not feci the ilioch it coniniDDicate* to the lialics within ita iuHuence,
1boii(b wbea an electric current frain a Toltaie ballcry ia pused ibruugb
the water, it eiliibits a« much aunojancc as any other fish. The Prvfetsor
abserved that the rlftett of electricity on the serves of animals, gire aa
loaigbt into the pfaemitDeiui of lifp, liiiee Ibny seem lo prnrc (hiLt uervotis
trrliabllity, on which Iho aclinn of thr ihuicEpk doppiK), ik cuusitU I>i elcL--
rical ioOuencR) though by what mcnni thn rlrciricity l« Kt^Dcrated reniaios
usIiBown,
Th« commcaccnieiit of the fifth htturt was ocoapiod with eshibdion
of the pheoomt'Da of electricity, wlieo tbe circuit i« cot iaternjpted.
The alinpii'iil evrdeuci-, ttiul u cuiiititut ucliuu in goiag an iu Ilia coadiiclloK
Wire, is adorded by lUe ileOecliurj uf a mngni^tic oerdle. when a wire thai
coaoeota the two poles uf a ballcry i> hi:ld urec it, piitnllel lo the direction
of the needle. Soiall pivct-s uf bent iron, rctlius "n the wire, bvcamu niB(-
netic when tbe electric ciicuit waa cumpleted, nnil when the wira waa
Iwiaicd geretal times round a Itiiek piece of iron, Iu increase the eirpct,
iha macneUc power became so strong, iliat it Ufled an aciil of at laast Qfly
pounds weight. The heatlog power of ilie mllaiu biiltry, when tba
cnrrrni iBpasslDsuDiDlorrupiedly uEuagihc wiivs, waa sbuwu l>y titinakine
charcoal, and vanuut ihiu »irrs ted hut, iu which sUte they would ha>e
veHiuiaed aa luiig as tlio batter; cvaliuued in viK^n^uB acliuu. Tlie con-
dnctieg power of gold being greater than thai of platinuiu, a finn win uf gulcl
fareania a much brighter red bjr Iha paosaga of^eletiricily through it, than
one of plstinuin ; and yet, wlten the two wires were joined tngelher, the
plsiiaaoi wire became red hot, whilst tbe gold was not percepdttly heated,
Thu anonaly Profcaaor Faraday ciplalned, by slating that the pULiouia.
wire obsirucicd the passage of the alcctricit}, conscQUoaUy the gold wir«,
which was cnpablc of conducting a largsr quaallty, did not became
seotibly aOTeclaa by ihv imi.ill qunntily which thn pldtiaoni allowrd lu pass.
The incrcRSS of h«at diiuiniihes the conduclloK power uf mrUila, and
several nportneDta were •hown, for the purpme of illualratlog iliU pecu-
liar property) the red beat of one pari of a fine coDimnBicwllng wire being
brightened when another part of the wire was cooled ; and the contrar/
effect briag produced wheu the wire was heated by a >pirit Ismp. A great
part uf llie Ipclure wua occupied in ei|iluining the two inuil puyuUr
ikeoties reiprctiog Ilia nalure uf electricity. Deithcr of which. howcTer,
Frofetaor Faraday is iacliucd In adopt. One ftupponltinn I), thai electri-
city is an ethereal iiopivadc ruble biHly, distinct fraui Ihoubnlancesiu which
it is ci^cilcil, acd Ihal it it Irnnsaiiltcd nloojj mirn, id like mituuer Iu (be
miking of fluids Ihraugh lubes ; lUi^ other, und s j he .^ baerved, the ware
beautifal ihtury, U, Uiut the phenomcnn of c-leclricit) are pmdaeed lUie
•oond, by libniiuut. The ProfcMor perfortned (even) experiinenu. for
the putpoae of showing thi; fsrta adduced in Rnppnrl uf each of tnsse
theories. One uf the difficnliies to be orercooie in any theory that pv^
ports to eiplaiu ibe aalnto of eleclricily, is to acci^onl for the inrtsnlaiseoas
tmMiliiiaiiorihe power, which has been ascertsiaed to eaeeed the ral« «f
fun Ihousaad miles In a •ooottd. In aapport of tbe Urn tlwory, it It ur^
Ibut as there is an tmaiFaio dUnsroiwe fa tha rapUlly with whteh diOktcni
Buids pass oloDf; lubn* — water, R>r exaaiple, flowiag slowly ia ooMparltaa
with hydrogen gas— so it i* asserted that lbs wtnmed Impottderabtc fad
may pass with a rapidity vasliy maler than hydr»g(ii gas. The *1
of sound, bowerer, pnseot much gi«alcr itaUwRy lalha
electricity. Though sound pasiea in air at Iha rata of only
a minuli-, it passes iLrough water four limes na qalcklyi aad Ihi
siKteen limes faster than tbroagh air. There is this rvseoMuea
tween the pUMge of sontid and the transmission of electntity, that sovaf
may be innailiUted aensibly through soliil bodies and bemm* audible U
tho nid. Two curious experiiuenis were perlbnned to ilhiatrala thto prs-
Mcly of sound. A Ibiu strip of deal waa saspewlod Irnm «m OMI of dM
leetnra-foaaa lo the other, ami at Ibe farther eed it bon against a bn. A
tuntag-forii, when slructt nud applied to one esd of the strip of wml,
eausM the box «l the other eilrenily to enit a loud mosieal soand, '
the tttning-fork itself could scarcely be heard. In the olher ssiMr
rod nf mrial passed through Uie floor of the lectora-rauBi, asd waa
in oooaectioa with a pianoforte in a room beaeuih. U'hea ttie
was played, acarcaly ant sound was beard, ualjl a guitar-OMO was
on the rod, and tbMi tbs notss were diatinct and loud, aa if pttx
franilbogii)tBr-cas«. Thprv Is aslMllarlty also between vibratioiM aBi
Irical shocks, as may be prored by strikiuii a bv of iron whoa boli
uearooeof the points of vlbralion, the jarring scnsalioti bearing a
rescnblBiicc lo an electric shock. This vihrsiory senMlioa is felt yet
alrongty wLca u wet stiisi; Is failened round lb« waiat, and aome one
the «nd nf it ihrnugli ih<^ linger*.
la coDiaieneing nil li-rtA Ircture, Professor Faraday said he waa
to direct the atleaUon of his audlton to a different condltloa of ih«
trie force fron that in whtah ho had hitherto considered it, wher<
pboDnmena net only difler from, but are in Disny respects directly
l0i those cxblbjled by chcmi<al uctiu-u and vultaic electricity; a
the forces are the lame. lu the first plsce, he exbibiled voltaic eleci
iu i higher sUte of teniion than bnhad bsforsdooo.byMBployloga waief-
batlttry, coubisling of a grcal number of paira of ^alM, by which ar-
raagcmenl a small quanlily of clerirlclty to a bigli stale o( coBcsatratlaa
waeeaeited. tn thia condliiun voltaic clecirlciiy nearly leaeaible* ibi
electricity eaoiled by rnbbiiig a slick of seallng-was or a rod of dass.
In the ordinary deielopment of •ollsic electricity, the effect is pcodnoed
only when the enrrtnl is passing, and erase* when it is broken; but iafric-
llonal eleelriciiy (he puwer may hi.' eicrted whtn there isno curraat,aad
when the *ource of piiwer is witbdrswii. In this respect, iodcod, the
wster-baliety evolves eleclricily rcirmbling that of thi; electrical machine,
ami furms ibe connectiug liuk between frictloual acd chemleaUy-cieihii
electricily, scriing to prove that llicy ate idciili<al. In the first ptacCi
Professor Luraduy showed that by tiuchiiiK aa eltcirotcope with oaly oas
of tbe wltei uf the battery, the gold leates diiergcd. and contiancd divo^
gual wheu the wire was reuiuvrd, Ihut eshibiUnt; the deidopiaaot aad the
rtieaiiuu of ihc puwcr when llicic was no curf;!!! puuing. Whva the
wire (rom the oppusile polo uf the water-bstlery was biuughl In conlact
witli the eleeErvBcvpu, the gold leaves collapsed. To show the ideality <X
tba electricity Ihns evolved by the battery with the electncity eicitcd by
friction, Proleasor FaradHy caused tbe gold ieafes of the eleciroKiopo,
when divcrecd by the bnltcry, tu be collapsed when aa excited rod wf
was bruujtht iiesr, and to be made tuure diverfseu by aa excited
gutta prrclia, or by a rvd of thcllac. The diflVrent means by wU
elTnet is proilcici'd airurda no gvuuod for supuosing the electricity of the
battery aad Uiat rxciled by friction lo be distinct, (or what is lermed fric-
tional electricity maj bn excited In varieties of ways, aad Is, ia fsci, con-
tiuimlly being called ioto action, wllhooluur being sensible of its preseaoe.
Tbo marc act of dusting u piece of metal with DnDDel was shown lo ex*
oile BloolrloHy by its cnutiog the Icsies of tho cIectr«acepo l« dlrsrgat
We caa senrccly touch any tiling itiLlii>ul excilitig Ikti power, which, how-
ever minute and imperceptible iu its development in these iostaocea, la
precisely tlie same force which prudnces tho grandest phaaoBeaa af
naiui-c^lhundcr and Ughlniag. lUving simD lllnalntkinB of the aiait'
larily of the forces dcvoUiped by chcniK;<l ogcacy and by frklhM, llit
i'rofcssordwclt en the apparent ditfcfcocc* between then. One rcmatli-
aUe dillercnce Is, that ibe aubslAiicn by which frictional electricity is
eiciled undergo nu change, the metals and ihc gliua remaioing jnsttha
aamc after huvlng develuped ilic piiwcr as bHbre ; wUetraa voltaic elae-
tricily caonol be eicited without cbemifial action, and an appaicoL d«>
Btruittlon nf the r.iiic. Another vanalloo in the phrnometia of eollaio
of fthiioaal electricity is exhibited in their conduction through
subtlsbces. Wniei, for instance, which i* to impcrfeot a «oiM)ae'
volloic eleclricily, will readily conduct tbe whole qniintity eiciied by a
powerful eiectricaJ rouchlnr, through Ihu moisture cuuUiutil la a wetted
■ilk thread. Friciiunsl electricily is spread civec the aurlacesof bodies,
and diws uul caler iheui. This prupcrly was exhibited by Hreral experi-
ments, the nioat remarkable i»f which were the foUuwtug : — A aranll metal
ice -poii waa placed on iin iusulaled stand, and then a melal ball, sarpeBded
by a silk airing, and charged with eleolricily, wu towered into the paO.
Tlie cleetnctly iuslaDily diffused itaelf on the oulaideof the ice-pail, ai>d
there waa none wtibm ; for wheu iba ball was again lowered lubj the pait
aad wKbdrann, it produced no effect no the eler.tixiscupOt bat wbau the
ball touched the wtside ib« instrument wu sKoagly affceled. In the
other ei peri meat u wiie-ijause v^M was subslitiiled (or ibe Ice-pail, widT*
•lactly similar rtsults. U Vm aa <k<tiUal iLachioe is excited, evary
iiwfdiM
todri^H
eUaCH
rcoL aa>
ilaioJ^
uetafMP
».J
THE CIVIL ENGINEER ANT> ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
891
I
pcnoa nilbia aishl of It U aton or 1««> aSeoted by ■■« iofigcncc, Bail »
«MdiliMI uf el<«l(ic(; ti iodncvd io ihU put of (k«ir bodies toward* Ike
■Bcbtee of a dISennt kind fr«in Ibal ileveiotii-ii by the coudui'tur ; kail on
lb* «BMflll« ride, or thai finhvsl Troin llie nutabiar, olpclridiir of the con-
nnoil It lodaoad. ThU lodaclivii nf pa*iUT« anil nrgnliire electricity
Wuit bodies, Iradi, u Profnvor Fanuimy olnervsd, lo tinpartkat
fncUol GoaMqucncc*. He hsd. lie laiiJ, Iwca oftm cojisalled by Goven-
■Mt m l« tl>9 proprJHy of bavinj DUi«l roari aa (lie potnlcr-miiU U Wklt*
Iww Abb*)t luid M hkd klftB]* c>l)jn«led la them a* dugeroiii, bccaoM a
1h«Bder>(lau<l miglit inducn in thp <ixtHail«4 nu-'tal turfucB. an aniouDt of
aleclriellj: capibto of ditcluri^nK itiHf m tlic ejiith. In tUaitralioa of
tbb, a Ursa tuDlaled niftal ball, plundl at a ilislanca of lira fret from
tlw cuoductor of the DBcblnc. nai brouebt (ic*r ajctof gaa, whicli bccocno
ignitcrd by Ibo tnilieid ottolrlcily patting off in a *park (o the ni«lal (U*
ptpe, thougb lb* ball waa far loa di*tanl fram ihe coodoetor far any ipark
i» IwtfrNB tbffli. Tbla eiperimoDt wcu icpealcd levaral tjinM, and
liana with the mido nccan.
chief point to whicb Profcucir Faiadaj' directed altcntlon in
tte antittk and caodadtoe tnclnrn wa», Ihe cnaRc of ibc dilTtreaea
bttWMB tiu |Jivoom«na of vQlloio and of frictiuoitl clecricity, bin objsel
bving to pvora dial they are really idenlknl. TLe narked diJTcr-
eM« bMWMB frictional and vultaic eirctricHy, rvhicfa wrrc dwell upon
M much is (bo pnicrdias ipcliire, are cai2«ed entirrljr by Ibo dilfifrnt
degrtea of InKoall) lo which ih" fcirco in iloirloprd, and ProfaiMir
Faraday alHiirfd, lo (he concluding Iccturci Ihnl, by dimim«hiai; the
ioUnoity af fricliiMal clcclrieily, l!i« phcoameaa mny b? icaderod
lindlaj'; the great difficatty ia ibawiox tboc effecU being «aiiied by Ibe
my umII (inantlty af frleetrieil; Ihnt ran be evulred in a ifiven ijme even
by IhS moM powerfnl alootrical machJan nlinn cnmpnrrd nitli ttic atnoiinl
B«al»sd by tha volistc bnttery. Thniiiili ilie cnnchino fiuploytcl whs a
plate of kUbb, aboal fonr fctet in dinmRUr, nhich yielded a npii )rccc»-
■loo of Kron; iparka fi*« inches lonji. it would rcqairo about flve niillioa
tana of the plate to prodaoe a qaantily of eleotricily equal to (hitt cvolicd
^R grain of water in tb« volMtc battery. Tbe differanl ap|icanincai of lh«
lfUk> anittad in tha faiithest slate of iotvuily by tha eioclripnl machiiici
Inu IboiM produced by Itic ditcharge of cleclricity accnmalntiid in die
Lnrdenjar, aud lbRaltrniii»ii> tlii^ lishlnnd the length of thr Kpurkn may
RIMnB by bciui triDimitlriJ thtvugb various media, ncrc ihown in nu-
Marauiespcrimectf. Tbough tlio mgiidity uf the electric ipark it avi-
danlly vary ^al. it far exoeeda, in realiiy, the nppf«ranee to the n; a, for Ihe
danUen of the inprcuioD on the retina aftnr the light in RXlinnt iiccuKions
1 pralniVittaa of iha offset. It hu been, aaciirlained by >Ir. WhnBtataDe,
llM flia dotvlioD of tbe light of Iheipark is lea* than the nnllionih iinri of
SKOOod, ud Profeunr raradtty eKbiblled the mode by irliiclj ihinf^ct
had been eatabliabod. A eoncavo mirror, placed horieantally, wu made
la rooUa with great rapidity by malliplyin^-nhcelit, and wbno in action
a bright lighl frotn Ihn combustion of linio «a» reitrcled lo a Sanin on ib«
(filing. Tbr rapidity of th4 mutlon caunad the lighl lo form a circle, in
Ibe ump nwanrr ai Ihr lumiiiK rapiilly round nf a lighlrd nhtk or a( nny
olbcr blight objci:! teemii Id f.irni a oircio, in contequcorc of the imprcasiOD
OB the rcUca icmiiioin); ualil ihc ciTcct it renewed by the return •/{ the
lt|lit lo lis former place. M'hcn aa electric aparlc irat tubiitilutcd for Ibe
pertnaaeat lighl, each ipurlt wat teen teparalely, and no circle «r proton-
pithMi of the lighl wat produced. The felocily nf the mirrnr und [he
Ponber of luccetjive apntkt b^ing known, nn approximation can
be obtained to tlie durnlion of ihe light. It ii in cnnseriiicnce of
tilt jotlaDlaiieona duratioa of cleclrical ditolinrRct thai (hey fail to
prodoce many of th« eflceU of voltaic fleciricily, and if Ilia e«nlinuoai
action of tbe lallerduringB tccoiiil could he cuiierntnU'd uai- inilliuaiimM
iUcffiKIt would be Iretnetiduuii. By (liniiaiiliinglhe inluDtily of frieltunsl
(toctricily nbiUl reUiniog iti quantity, I'mletMr Faraday igiiil«:d euB*
powder, nbicli was hlawn away without ignition by the undiluted db-
(targe. The following experiment alTordcd n good illiiilrBtion of the
dilenBl BCtioat offrrciional and ToUuic eltdncilkti cauted l>ytb« couccn-
tntioo of fore« in the former. A gold thread Ivriited wilh illlc Wat
defla^trated by aditcliirge fruia nn electrical tiatlory wiC)kuul injuriiin (be
Bilk, Ibe action hxving been to invUiilaiieuui ihat there watnut lime to
bura the silk, ihougli the metal irat dealmyed by ilte heal erolTcd.
When Bintlar gold thread waa eipoaed la the aelioo of (ba follolc Uatlory,
tb ailk waa isitaiiUy conaamed by Ihe wire btieg made red hoi, whilgl
Ike nettl remained. The atatieal character of rriciioaal eleciriciiy, I'ro-
ir Faraday laid, may be rendered oarreat by applying a cociducliag
inM todraw it oirfrom tbouiaclijue aa quickly aa it iKiciled, aod
iparctpiitde cflecia of Bitch u curteni ptuve how mnull ibe quantity
tl cleciricjiy rxcilnl really ia, aud il it only by altowing it lu accumulale
Ibal we becouie aeDeihle of its pretence- The pheaomeon of lightning and
IkHHier ara owid; to the facility with which t ranltUale eJectrlelty can be
ia1at0d,and thiii Kserved in More (orao InaUuitueoiudlieharge.
•pecimuQi of the elTecIt of lightning wen eihtbbled on Ihe lecture*
A number of apliuicra from a riven oak, a br«iich from a mulberry
, llie real aud tbitcrod h&adle of a hay-furk, aud the parlially-meUeii
table of a ahip were diaplayad. Tli« latler (t auch tn exlraurdioary
•kUUtlMi af eltelrical power, that Profetior Faraday taid naihiug bnl
Urn itranMal •vldeat* could hare lDduc«d him lo bellwe it ; the thlp wu
■Mlad toun I>md uruck nith llfbtnlng doiinit an eanbquake m Cxllao.
TUa reading power of frlcllonBt rieclrtcity ranool be imtliiird by Uic
vvttaic battery, bui kU other plicaomeua i>f the oue kiud caa be produced
liyilM other. The d«««tDpa«iUeii of cbemicaJ cempoaodt by thediacharge
of IbcLcydcnJar waaihowiiby the decofupoiitieiiof iodide of potitadiuiu,
tmall iadced in eOeet, bat corresponding with Ihe quaolily of eketricily
which Iho clwlnenl machine ovolve*. The alliaoee of the pheaomeoa of
Ibo two eleclricitiaa bad baaa ahown la Hid coiirBe of Ihetu lecturea,
Pmfriaor Faraday observed, by their phyijcal atfecla In commuuloaliog
nhnokt, by tlio equal fdpldity of their IrantinlaeloD, by Uielr decompusiiig
and beatjog powertiBiid by the commuaicoliua of roagDelisin. Tlie dt(-
fereoce belwcon Ihe two ooMittt tolcly ia the degTM of tnleoaity, thv eles-
trici ty of lbs mkcUaa *xcitiag a imall auootily io a high alate of iu(eu«ity,
wiiilfli the roltaie batury t-rolrt a much UrKer quaDtilj lo a tow tUle of
icntioD. Profetaor Paraday, taking a imill flock of gun-cottuo and ex*
ploiliag II la the Qoine of a candle, obferrcil thu Uic chemical forco Ihui
imtaalanooualy called into action waa eiiual lo Ihc production of aa
amoual of •Icclrldty gnmier th«ii would bo coataiaed ia SW^OO cliarim
of tho powerful battery of Lajden jar« which he bad employed to dda-
grate metal wlrea and gold leaf; aod tha importaat problem now rein&tsiiig
to be tolred wat, lbs coonrtloa of socb rapid chemical acllona Into current
forces. Chemical deoonpOtlttoD, be said, when taking place le» eaer*
golically. had been ahawu to evolre clcctricilr, which became niLDireBt
and aroiiable aa a current f^rce by Ihc voltaic bultaryt aod it wat qailB
within Ihe r««ehof teieatilie diteovery to render the moat onergetie pb«-
□oijieon of cbenleal force Bonroea of continnoot pawer,
PRocccDiwas or sozcntipxc aooibtibh.
ROYAL INSTTTHTE OP BRITISH ARCHITECTS.
iV<iy 29.— AiinftoaR Pov^fTSll, Etq., V.P., in the Cbalt.
A paper wa> read " On fit .IfijilKatian t^ Seulptiirf aod Sculplvnd Orw
nameiit to Arehi(fclMr4." Ry II. U. Garlikg, Attocittc. tlcing Ihe £tMy
Lo which the Medal of Ibe lutlituie wu awarded oa 21tt February, IS48i
and vrhich ii gifcn in full in our preasnt Nnmber (p. 201)>
June 13.— StDNBT 8Hvau, Etq.. V.P.. Id th« Cbalr.
A pipet wat read " Oa Ihe ThMir** ond Porticoa <if Jneitnt Renu." By
the Rev. RicRAmn Buacett, D.D.
Jmn 20.— A paper woe read •" Oi i/u Tri/vnum qf Iht Mediawi
CHurdUe," By the Re*. B. WiLtit, M.A.
Thl) CTcnliig'a moeling cloted Ihe icMion.
Next EDODlhwe will cndctvDur lo give aa aUtract ttf both the abore
faptn.
INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.
May 30.— Mr. FiiLo, tha Prettdeot'i CoDveraaiione.
Tho Bccuilaotd annBtl conTCnaiione o( the Pictidcntj which wa» htveto.
foic held tt ttic ftaidencG of Ihc Preiident, «ii thii year bcldal the Ilouae
of the Inaliiulion in Great Ctorge. street, * diangt we do not epprore of; ai
alto the one limiting Ihe coneertuioae to one erenijig. which led lo tha
room being tnott ineanreniently crowded — to much to. that many of the
onmerniii madpli and work* of art could not lie leen.
On the walU of ihe theatre we obeerved three faithful partrattt. by Lucat,
of Mr. George Stcplicnton. Mr. Robert Stcpticnioji, M.?,. and Mr. Bidden
they were contributed by Meitii. Craici, (ai whoai they arc aiwut bdog
cngtaTcd. Ttic Eleclrio Telegraph Company— Mr. Bain, Mr. Bretl, and Mr.
Reiil — contribulcd iattramenlt exhibiting their varioni ayttema of telft.
grapbiecocontunicalion, eleelric clocki, and electrie prioting. Mr. Kand't
flyprett.for rolling at one blew the eolUpiihle tubei or etptulei. Ur.
Wbitworiti't beautiful machine for knitting tlocklngt wai worked bye yoiuic
girl lenl up from the factnry of Meun. Ruiaoiue auil Mty. of Ipiwicb, au
fenscd an utiracliTc o^gcct. The mndcU of greater inlertal Mere IboaO tt
Mr. StcpbeiDDti'i wrougbi.iiou lubuUr bridge erected at Caniray ; with UmI
of hJi wrouahLiroQ tubular girders for large ipaat. Ur. FowIct'h tleambo«t
ftotttng taoding atage, wilb ila long approach oter Ihe mod banha, all ta be
inpported upon Miicheira icr«w piles, far the llDmber I'enry. Mr. Braatf'a
excellent Imu. of 110 feet ipan, uted by him in Ibe Suiiienet Bridge, on the
Krielol and Kieter Railway. Mr. Fowlcr't plan for opening or ahutling
limuliineoutly four galea for a lerel croitlng on the line of Ihe MincbeiMr,
aiiellield, and LinvolnthL'e Kailway. Meisn. Taylor, WUliina, Bad Jorda&'a
model of their miciiiite far caning by tnactiinery nniamental ottJocti, figuna
or groupf, tuch at wo have pieiiouily noticed. Thia nucbiae. by mcani ot
a tracer which guidct the cutting teoli. Ii enabled to perform tha taoit delt*
cate and eUbonte work with greol tpced and at a cheap rale. Meairt. Sea-
ward attd Ctpel coatribuled a large cotleciion of modelt of paiklle.wheelf
and terew prapellert. Mestra. M audi lay and Field aUo conlrihuled an is>
terming irriet of modeli of iteam.«nginc«. icrew-propdlcri, and paddle>
wheels; ■■ did alto Mr. Peiin, of hi* borltonlal trunk tleaui-cngino. 3Ir.
Clarke exhibited a beaulifol model of the (7r<af Uritain ateamer, (uil-riggeili
aad cont>i»isg/iir.«iDub* of the euginei, with ilic icTcw-propeUei complete,
and woiUag by meang of condcnied air, tbe wl»al.« •««W wM^\e^x*tw
THE CIVTL EN-OTNBEH AKJJ ARCHTTECrS JOtJRSAt.
JUnimg ihc rtmtining icoiteU, ve obwrted Uenn. OUke Mid XaAej't it-
naipberlc ple-dilring macliinef— Mr> Vulcj^tioUllnx uir-paiep, — Ur. S. P>
Biddtt't liiaptc ■nd cftcdvc ««l-ilrB[»,—Hr. Dodd'i rsII-itn^htenioK
aiMiiiac, — XTr. SoatliuD't wt^gt SMJ •!!«« Itx, — Mr. Thoratm'i tisprftTtd
brdrsnlie lifting-jiri,— Mr. WetlicttU'i iron.l»i»f(r,— Mr. Cliri«ii«'» ii*leat
Hw-plug ralre,— ^Ir. B«attie'i new ir«odcn rulwij, vitii the drtwiog of the
tyiUm of Ditnnf&rtnniig it, — ft model of » folding hoftt, of which m*1i fide
w» ntMic of Iwo lUlcknMtei of wtier-^raot cloil], Titted In on Cipl. ligfat'i
prindiile wiiU ver; buoruil icedt, rtndercil noa.aliioibent. uiJ ttuHtqiMnU;
nnderfng tbe hot maqnbk of (iDiUv. •no "ben full oS vtttr, mm erei
whcQ piniallv torn bjr arddtM. Tfie axptiMtai in Kvcb «f Sir Jobs
nwttlin bu been fumitlitit with b«te of Ibit dMCilMIon, in order tlut
Xb<f loajr tic ta*))j transported ktobi the ice, and mar bear iDJarwt which
MOatdl rliritroy a irooil«n boat. Tbo Gutta-IVrcfait Company aent a Mlotiion
of thtlr jiroducli from tti« tae^U roatiiriil lltroughaat all iu atJMlof manu.
iKlnrA la ihf finUhed artldat. Ur. ChiibVi taftiy cbeil and locki and
Ictjv,— Mr. De la ron'i iapniooa lodu uid bolti.— Ur. DalVk^ iDprored
try fU-totUt^tiut new Anereid baromeiert^— and numeraiu otbei Uite-
icaiing nodeU and ipecincni.
Juu 20.— ^Joll^^A FiiLi), Eiq., Pretiilnl, In the Chair.
" Ott llarirMirr of R^fus*'' Dt the lUght II«d. the Cam. of Lovblack.
The pupitf cnniitMil chitflT in a taednci review of the Raporit of the
COQiniwionrri on .Shipwrnk* and on Hatbotm of fUfsge; ^*ing tht
opiniani of the niial offireri and diil enginccn ou ibe neeeiillj for liar-
boura, in oerlaln litnationa, and th« naral quaUli«* poaaeufd Iiy tlioie
puaUioni— the poaaibiUtjt of oonatntdiiiK hartioim in tlniBi and the nature
cf ihn strsrtiuei. Tbe necenitj for baiboon on oar coaUa. capable of
abalWrliig JUotaliam norma in peace, aad Iko aoaair dating wari mpeareil
to te •anltlcit fmicularl; at the pmaeat nonaoti wben HiC mnrbed
atato of Hm ooirtnieiit aad the teatlaao dtaaftctar of o« sear oeighbonn
WtfO oaMiidcMd. It waa atatad, that, of tariont ailuatiana poinlad out,
that of DoTtr waa the eair eaa yet decided npon, althongb peat wotka
an oonteuplatcd at PortUud, where, from Mr. Readeri ileaigna, a ijiLem
of conUruciiou woiiltt be adopted, which nould be both cmnomic^ and
stable, and, ai the niae time, would aiTord cmploymtnt to a claai of pcnona
wliMc labour it liad been dlflcnlt hitherto lo Die rifidently. The rartoos
|«ojMta of ftoating breikwalen. and other aitikis) ■heller for ratd*, were
tben tiainiiiedi and were gencrallj coadenmcil, aa entirely iocfltciaiit for the
alfaala propoand.
Th« tiu«ttiotii TcUtirr to the DwraBoefit of taad, tbe drifliag of the
ah'mgle, and the il«no(ii of lilt in Doret Ba;, and other plaeea, were treated
at great length, and reaaona given for the wieua forma of eonatnietioa, and
of Itie iitojeoti for niecUog the difBctilliM induced bj theae circnnatancai.
Tbe ncit queition wa« Ihe place of ibc barbour, and the inod« of cod-
■tntotion of tiK norkn. .vrict quoting all Ibe aathoritie* on both liJn.
ioolndlng Ihe naia] olficeri, tbe commitsioiicrB, tbe ci>il engineen, and Ibc
aeienlific wrilan. Iha prafircuce wai giitn to a iarge barboor, wiili two
(olranMa, to placed at to allow a tuilicirnt run of the tide thraugh il, to
fntOBt oaf «ary enMUsrahle depatit of ailt, bat *o eon*tnicttd ai to alTord
aWlar is tbe eaiaala arithhi. The pier wall* Incloung tiie karhaur to be
feoilt Totinllr op fnwi Uw botlon, oriritb a rery lUglit iDcliBaiiun in their
Mf ht, iattaad of thnnriac bi maaaea of mbbla atoaav lo find iti own all-in
of ncpoae. which. It wta ahovn, waa not let* than four or flro (o one, nod
ikat it nnl; attained aoliditjr after a lapac of manr jcara, tiwt wUb a dim ad*
mulnrc of malt taitcriala to fill up the Interaticaa, aad after conataai an|i-
jdiea of atone, to replace that wliich the leaa had (tutored. The rcporta of
Capt. Waakington wenijuoted, lo ptoic the fulures that had occuircd at
certain harboBra in Irtland, where it waa >tat«d that tbe long i]o[>ei had
been dHtroj-ed Uj tbe aea, and had rtiintd the bathourt tfaej wer« inicndetl
to fralect. The pcocMdinga at Chcrboorg and fljoooth were followed in
rat detail, with a viaw to dedacing aigumenta agaUut ttie lung ilnixa, and
riieur of vertical aea.walU.
Tliu pioCeat, h) Sir Howard Donglaa. in faiour of long ahnteat vio
caanuDod at gtcat kngtb, and tk« argnuenla uacd on both aiiai won
■■■llNil with tkili and caoUoui.
ColOMl Kmy'i theory of the cflDela of Ua " /mI d« Jimd," wai car«>
Mly amnined) and, vitboat going to Ibe entire longlh that bo did, It waa
tfmitUd, in manjr cum, tha tftecU prodoeed wtra aa b« daaevibtd tkaa,
aad that the salqe«, ea ha bad brought It forward, waa well wortby the
attaaUoa of eliU saglnHva.
Tka placing a rcrtical wall upon a inliatratimi of rubble, in the form of a
long ilupK, wu abown to be [ircgnant with mttchicf, ud had aeter been
auoeeaaful; and thai the adoptioa of that ajratcni at Cbtrbourg had been a
aattcr cf iitccMiix rather than of clioice.
Ur. Alan SlevonHiOu'a clerer experimeBta, on Ihe foroe of wavea itriitlng
•ffeoing bodiea, were ^ren i and it wu urged, that the foieo iliown to b«
iawtojaJ hf a breaking wave could not act ttpon a vartteal wall, up aad
d««a which ft would maraly OMallatai wbieeat It might fall, with all ita
adciHnulatrtl (oroe upon a alope, upon whloh it would natnrmllr hreob. In
eOMluion, it WM nrgcd that, although for Dover, wbicb -n» Ihe tpot
Vfecrtaa to nonni gimrd orer the cIiiiibcI, in order noionl; lo prevent
tataloB, but to nolatain our prcKul natal tupreniocr, it inigfct be ]>crtiiiltcd
lOttrend a large luni of monef i yet il would not ^ to havr tttrrnl Ikntri;
•ad, Uicicfofc, it bctiOTed tbe autboiitKa to camidci caicfull}- tlu utc, the
plan, aad tbe aictliod of conatrvolioat bofor* enuMidng wotfee, in
in the prceanl able of engtaacriag l eien ea^ Ibe eaperiaeo of tte^
riMuld be Died to atoid tbe errora that bad occurred in fornur and i
wviko.
la tbe diamiaiien which mnoed, and in whiob Ibc prinalpal dvilj
engaged on grcai bydraulic vroifci took part, afur JuiUjr eampBa
Bail (rf Lovetara, for ih« very able and impartial aaalym ha had
the CTideoca oontilDtd in the Goaoninart reoortit and tbei
bb poMCatlOB, the apcoken cxplataed laoat aatufttcMirily tbe adval i
atancea end condHiom of tbt worka wbJcb bad lieen inalaaoed aa hOafaen
and It wai ifaown, that iar frani betag espenaire or wdcM wmki. Iliey had '
bee* completed within the oti^aal catinatea ; and Ibit whetem- the <«■>•
■traction had r»qiilr«d roitorattan, or addition, it had ariten from Ihe uaa of
defective natctiaU, whioh, being on the ipot, It had been ohligaloty le ent.
ploy, and nnl from ttin ute of [he long ilope. wLieli. ai comparrd to vertie^
natis b limilar ntaationa, wax ihonn to tie more durihlr. and to liare j
ia aanj laitaaeea, wcceiifolly lobatitulcd for rcrtical walli, after tt
lucciinibed to tbe aiianlti of the raging bllbin.
INSTITUTION' OP MECH.MflCAL EVGINEERS.
Jvae 13.— J. £. H'l>>NKeu.. V.I>.,iu the Cbair.
ON THE B.VtANCTNG OF WHEELS,
Itlr. U'Coaaiu read tha fallowing intareaticg paper on Ihe akwrc
aufajiH:! :— The paper traaled on Uui hnlattcing uf wIm^ m avaey ■»,
parinui nuiief, a* moat of tba aookkoU from carriagna Jwnpiag off Ike
iins, had ariirn from Ike balance ia die whcela of tbe cngiae. Tba AM
who mada Ikb natter of practical obarrratioa ^aa Mr, George Ueatoa, U
Biroua|^aB^Da«Uinin>Df;a lathe ia the tamingrooma gf Earl Craven^
tk* pulley of wliich he found to b< out of talanec. Thiabe iesmli«d,oul
the laiho WDTJLed well ugnia. Mr. U'Conncll iattanced aaracal nilvaj
accideiila of Ul«, whicb had ariaan from > want of proper balaaoe in Ike
wbeda of the engfoe. Ho Ikcn proceeded lo illnilrato the tuoal method
of balaaoinc Ibe vrheels of IoomboUto eoninca, nhiob he ootmidi
improper one, and, oDrefereocetoespcriaeiita wUkaaolbei model*
out the dcairabiliij of obtaining aa Dccur«l« baJanfo ia |ba
ptaton'ttid.
In tbo toaiM of Ibn paper, Hr. M'Conaall f^'^*!^ *arioaa exaaii-
HHnia Hitb a modal railwai carriiup, etplaoaiarT and lUoatmiiio of Ita
atalMaenls adrancrd in the above paper. The Bnt cipetimmt mi
naade with wboale la balance, U« motioo to whlcli waa gi%eu by a apriif,
and Ibc •a«taia*d eegalMilir of Ik* motion waa Boeaco^MoaUt. In tbe
•aeond eiperineal,* amaJI piece of iron naa ieaerted in ik« wkeela, and
the balaooe eaaaMnenU} daBtiofod— tha anlaial taodeuj being leeasu
ajuiBplncaiulJaa«lag8Mtka, lo obflale whUb voa Ike olt|eet aen^ ii
ihia eoortriTance. Similar eapmiweiH were made. In ahow tba — mrtlj
of adopllug a aimilar «jn«« af fciUaeing the plaUo and piaUa-ndi,
order to obvinU Ikta aaaaa Jampiof ■elion.
In axplaaalMB, Mr. M-CoomU aaid, thai tke wkeela eoald be properir
bahuienl logethep. Fint, «ae vritoel waa '^'*"'™*, aad tbaa they pal iW
other wbcH on u[>on tiio other aide of ^ aaglaa^aiKl hatearffil ii in
Hune muoaer. Vr h^-n Ibe matter waa 6r«t plaoid befnra Mr. BoberC
Stcptienaaa, that eeuUemaB waaldercd il of no aerrlee, and it aael nilk
muob opp««iiiau ; but aiaae tbat time Mr. Siepkeoaon, aad maay oUmi'
gentlerom, bad ad.tpled a plan uf ImlHuoiDK their wkc«b, wbicb,
(Mr. BiI*Coao«ir>) upiolun, waa not tlin currccl ooo. When a ~
rcgiue waa onnaacled, and Ike driving>wh««ls aad norkiag part al
il was Ufled vp apoa oeauee, and eet slowly In nwUna, baiaiMo.teBJ|
belnc added aatil M mofad at a teittJo aiwed witboat eeoOlating.
beeaiae perfeetly eettled on f la ccnirM. That plan mighl iaavar
well, but it waa Ike teallr Iiul' uhkIb of baUactoa wkeela. Ha _^
itder<d U>at great e*il renullml rrutii Ihe pi&luu aod puton-eod not bek^ ]m
balnniw ; it had been Ike eanae of jLceidenta iu levcral rnern where ike
rntioo did not leave tbe raila when tlu: wheel* were In balance. If ike
eneine attaiaed a cerl&ln velocliy— the iiitlunrod uuiinic 1,000 feei a
iDJoote— ikJaaHMeMuui bcfHOr to ^rc-<l, thai thr eugiutr mu»l jump ; aad
tke fraut nheda were, iu aume iti»UiDcct>, door of Uie mad, aad ikcy ooaU
M« between ibe wheel aad Ihe rail. They had an engiDc al WoIt«i1s4
filled up wkh ihoaa correcUBg-weigbU, and it had been tried, lor tba bH
liaie,lbiil moralng on blocks. Ibe eagioe at a oertalfl fpecd oa Ihc
bloeka, tkrew Itaelt down, and ib«y were not able to itm it au (aal ai
lught be wlabed ; but, oo aRacklng the balance- weight, tbt- mvlioa of Ihe
engine waa OomplalaLy Boolrallaed.
Hr. Hi»»in«M oaid, Ikat tlila aspeitred lu b« ike syalcm uf Inlaantig
wheel*, wbicb had baaa ialrednoad loibenL^iee of Ibe North>W«ilm
Railway, aoma yean afio, by Mr, GMfge Ueaioo, and acaioal wUA
hitberto there had been much prejudice. He fell conriaead tbat il wu
one of Ihe baal melhoda ever suggeeted for aecoriag tba Mfet; of IM
public, wbea travelling urt railwaya, and a giiiil iniej aiitdli nljUle
obviated by Uie adoplioa uf ikio, or aomo Btmilar pilaaaf bahmolBg tta
wbeeb of eegioea nod coniagce. Itwaaaeppoaed tkalUie Nartk-Weataa
line bod dlMpprend of Mr. Uaaton'e plan, but be was beppy t» fad
thai ibere wae bow aama probability of Hr. Healoa reaping tbe rewaiA
of hit industry by the OM of bit palaaL
Hr. Cuwi-LX Mid, that a ayaleat of balaacing wbeelf *ru Boed by Ite
THE Cr\'lL ENGnCBER AND ABCHITBCTS JOUBNAU
ODvolitB Conpanr eleven jtut «kd; ImI tUt wm dMidrily ft
ior pUa to any he li*il ct«r «ita««*«(l, and ia maaj n«|Mcta aitporior
I llie ]>!*■ Lu hkd MFB of Mr. H«Alaa'<.
Mr. M'CuhSLU miJ, ihai Mr. ItobMl filepheotaii hatl eipmwd hb
lira ■ppnii'al of the uliliiy of ihe pn)|waed ■«!« of balaaOig wheela,
Ihftd already girvnordoT* Tor il lo bo ailiubeil to «i Mpne Im <*a« M>w
IrmltoK.
UGflT ENUINES— LICHT TB,\,ISS.»
Sccwl a ry md Uib followidf; jiaptr un tbi abuTc mbject, by Mr-
n{iiM«r of Ihe Cul^a IJ<Min(ics Railway :'—"TIm> anall loco*
litely introduceil on (be Euiam C'raoiiM noil way, bavin g ai-
•one Maaiderable atteaiion, bti indnmd im la praaant to jour
I ■fcoTt tlaaorlptiaa ef II ; and, at xbr nine lioir, to aOer ■ few ob-
I en Ifaa pncUoaUUiy of tha priaciple to ibo canvayance of fu-
Tliis oArriage wu cooatnigtod vadv my MparadMileMc, fcr
of mbvcjIdc >njwlf Md iupMton «a Dm lima of tli«
'Coaatiea RaUwsj^ aid tliereby avbidiof the ktmI cEpenH of
MgJM*. The tout tai^di of the carria^ ia tX ft. B in., aail
nachiurry. WAter-tank, auO •phIh fur aetttn puititiiDgrra. cm mm
j wliicb il tiuug below the uiIce, and u carried on faiir nhccl*. of
[in. in iliamtttor, Uui flour kciai; nilbin niao ioobes of the level of
Ibc rail*. It IB propaH^^jT*"* oylioden, 7} inohea in diaiBcler, nilh ■
,to»eb Miroke, plicM oa aaofc lidc at tim boiler, ami acting on a craak
Je. The boiler ta oyUodricat, pUMd twUotUy, and i> I ft T ta. in
ncter, by 4 fl. 5 in. in height; coQlaininf aflre-boi, 10 incheaaliameter,
Itlaefan hlch ; hmI &J tubaa, 3 (L a io. Inns, by 1) incbe* diameter :
vlBg fiilut Wliag nutfiici: uQ the lire bua, and 38 feel on (lie tulici.
<ngiiM ia Sited coinplelui wilb liok-nivtwa, fceilpumpB, itc. Tbo
wator-Unk Is pUc*d ond«r tb« iMta, and will coDtaiD 10 gailooa. Thi<
jaiTtaje h npvbla of eaaray Im aavea (wtkhm, a( the rat« of %9 milea aa
~' It tans, at tlmn, itlmlDM a speed at >tl uUea. The eon*umptiiMi of
t ja odIj S( lb. per ouile ; and the u-eij[lit uf itte wbgle raacliiiw dues
~ U cwL, iaclnAlag oake and water. Hie raaiilt of otioerra-
Ikicb I kaw for a «Mw«l«raUc Uaa baea nakiOK, on tiw Brwncb
TralHe of Bailvraya, ha* been to <aBvia«e mv that, m the
It u Bol rtmuoerRlive, aod, in wnie cum, Is erra worked al a
'. bare hem, Uiatalore, led to ooaaiitw whether th» eipenaca might
fbe rodnced, by 1b« totrDdiK-ticin of a ayiteni of itcam-carrlugei oaon
to tlM ■tooool of tmflc to be Muwyed. It ia eridenl, tfaal ibe
'own wa can rtdnc* lh« doad weight of (lie train* and oaglnvi, in pnpor-
Hoa to tko aanbvr of pooMagcra, (be le>» will be tb«i npmao of repair*,
~llii0 CBfryuf atoek and tapatM, itod of lh« way and worki of the
nTCraga wal^ of a tralo, on Ibe branch lines of the lending
(toMlooa; tlw mnibor of paaaaogera. conveyed byeacbUKln,
ling M Id 40 DO ainny of the lieaacb railways lo ^agUnd. Sup*
loacbpaaicagGr. ititk luggage, lu weigh llcwt, (ke total weig^il
\ eoavcyod i* about t tons i or, ta otlier wunb, tor overy ton
: load wo arc now utrtjriag by the preaeot aja<«m of loconotioo,
I IB to n tana of daad wi-ligbt. It la,ther«)rore, la a comnirr-
dal point of view, of Iba ffmueel importonoe, not only (o tallway ooa-
ilca, bat U> thv p«dil)c ipnerally, Ihat aomia Icaa espenalni, and, at the
tinr, rtiiinlly >nfe, mctcs of transit be adoplsd. Il ia« Ihaiafon,
1 to *iit)(itlato eleain-cBrriof OS for lonmotlrta on bmaob railways,
' in < final rue '.ion la ihc drawiogs benwitb pfodoced, The>« draw>
ri-prFMui tt pukiit iiL-jm-earriaga, oow In coaraa of eoiistructi»o,
aiy diiccUuci, tiy Mr. \V. H. Adasii, tli* patoatee, for ilie Ilastora
Ckianlten Kiilwnf Conipitoy. Tbe foltowlog are a few of tbo piiiuiipal
itaooaiaus :— Dianetrr of cylindrrs, 7 luckcs ; length of tirakc, 12 laoMS ;
dnsKter uf drill Dg-nkccla, i hot; dislanca between ccotrca, H feet;
wldtk of framing, 8 fl. 6 to. The boitor i« of the OTdinary locoaiotiro
■traoUoti; & reel Inng, by 9 ft. (t in. in diineter. Ttia ftrt.feoii Is
!•( in. by 3 ft. fiio. Tbaro aro lo be IIS tube*, of It lack in
r.aod a ft. 5 in. in langlh. giriog glQ r*a( of beaUuK sur^e to
! tube). Th<^ an^ of ibe Bre-bos I* 26 sqiure feel, gldns a total of
fe«t of bntiDg giirhoe on tlie boiler. The ooaanspttoo of ooka I
|IT0 eotisated al T lb. per siilo. at a *oloc)Iy <?f 10 mile* per hoar. Tho
Iwcighlof Ike sien(n.earria(o, with itscohoand water, will noleiceed
, and it will bo eapabto of ooawying about 4> pasaraf sr^ at a
' 40 inilei per hour. Tba water to to be catrim boloir the floor of
_t, in wiaDgki-iran ttibn, of it mclies diamelcr, and IS feel
One grcnt ubjMl attuned In thi* maclilnr, ii ibo rrdocitoa of tbe
lof sravily, and Ike contcincnt absruce of lalcnU oscillalJon. Tkii
_ I k intended for the Koficid aod Edmoutoo bnuxh of Ibe Easteru
iBUaa Bailway , a»d is expected to be al work ia about three oiaiiUu
'^ts dale. Wbea ita praelical nlilily and aesBOiay bu baca pfoeod,
I glad to sukmil Out resolt to the laaWtattoa at sfntUFa nsatine ;
»l coDvinctd iliat ihir subject in one deoervtar Ac aUeUton of llie
stuben, aott vi uil poises inicnstcd in the proDiable working of rall-
sya. 1 may also add, that wore tho fyitoin of llgkt slwu-carriagei
braneh railways aiigbl ba eoostraeled nt a v«iy tmail eoat
dtCtnpared wiUi ibc praaentoaUay (wbieli is vaawiAsbto ao tonga*
pnaaat oysHin of liraty snginM i> onMinDed) ; and Ike adiaMaget
I liiivntj aceomwodetiun might bo eitrndcJ to tboM ditlric tit, which can
[•ThbpapwMlTtDpporUDaircuiwkiblht •• tounaV ftc DscanbffUsI ttol. li^
never bopo to eojoy ibem, if Ike usaih—ll»ia «t railways conlioitn to
raqtiire aiieb targe outlay of capitaL"
)lii M'CoxrtKLt. alao read a coauoutucaliaa on tko taac euljjoot. Ub
had declined giving any opinion, wUhiag to lake tkt ttnae of ikc lB»litali«a
upon ttis anarita ef tba engine in question.
Mr. Bamubl oooridored that kli cosine wonld taro a coniidonbh Mm
la Ike wear and tear of ilieraili.ll not >a coke, in conet yi auco ef tbo gtWt
icdiMttten ba tka weight at ike engiee. He ewlMalai Iha waar aad Mw of
raUt tt 48B far uatan, ladopeiulent of Ike loai ia Ibe tyree of dciviM.
wIwbIs, wbkh TCB a ItifB Mutec of eutlay. lleinnsatad tbo raaningafAi
aomber tt small irahss oa a Hght dssaipUoa of raui, whlth woald radoa*
the eoit ef brancti railways, and, at tbe atrac tlioe, be adequate to all tbc
local traSe.
A Ulctobcr inquirtdi how the prayector would be eaakled to convny heary
cssliogt upon (uck a Ldc .'
Mr. SAMinii. aald. that migbi be obttatod by diMrttuiing the weight over
sercrsl traeki, as wai sttmetimea foand aeoeisaTy upon tbc Unci now in nsa-i
and, ia caae of holida; cicuniom, he propoeed ranniDg a nanksr of theM
snail (nins, iutead of Ibc preacnt besvy ones.
Mr. M'Co.^iKi.L Mid, that he presumed II would be deairalile lo have the
rnls rafBckntlv k(«>7 ii allow an ordinary loconotire to travel over Iken,
in cue addiiiuna] csrrlsgcs had to be taken on al certain poinU of ttie line,
for titn trslBc wising uoia kolidoy*, race*, Sec.
Ui. Samcbl. said. It woold be desirable tbat lucti iboold bv the oaae,
wliere il oould be done. It wu ptopoacd lo cooatnict ibue rail* on loogU '
tndinil bcariogs of timber — therefore, s coiupuatively heavy cn^ac mi^t
traverse it wittioat danger. Jn reply U futtber qneuioos, Mr. Stinuel uid,
llM the preuure ainBlly used in this ea^ne «u 120 lb.; but it Mas not
proposed lo work ibote branch engiaei it a preswrc of mare Ibin SO lb.
Ur. M^KXkLL and Ur. Cowi-cs coniidered tkis engine peeiliariy odou
lated to be worked with eeonomy on the branch Uaai, a* It woald toidiery
mucti U tntke iheinpiy, by econotaUingtkeloeoBiaUreeipeBdiititc.
Mr. Bueua iatiaired, how the distanoe of the wkeelt wevid wit Ilia
present tara.tahlei .'
Mr, Samdil said. It was nnal, at every teraiaua, to hav« a large turn-
table, suited for engine and tender ; and, wh*(« Umk m* sot such a an- \
trivanw, tbry eouldmakea irisngTe, whieh would be aa good. The inerai s et
speed obUined on ibete tnlns would obriMe Ike Beeeisliy of AVfant
cfatngea of csrrisgnt ; sad he eitiinswd Ike average evit of eODveyhiB tta
paiaeogen wouM not cxreed one-flfth of a penny per mile. Many of dn
bmncb lines did not psj, and lomc economising principle waa nosdcil la
cftct Ihat object. Id aosner to further ^iteatioos Mr, Samud eaid, tfaol Irt
proposed to work the goodi Irattic m a similar aaitncr.
Mr. U'C^uiMUX iliil thougki that the tails should be riiaal on theie
blanch lines, to Iwar Ike ordinary engines now in use on tlic md.ii liaei. In
oaso tbcy went over tkcm; ibe wear and Icai treold alio ttu Its* upoa
tUongrsiU.
Ur. CowFBH considered tlie ordiaary rails In uie wese mudi too Ughk,
sod, at the pteaeM prica at ttan, ke thought it Irad poUey to lay down4
Ugbt rail.
Tke meeUng ticprceaed tbtir entire approval of tke eaglac for all the |nir-
poaea «f ike ordiMry breach lioes of railway.
NOTES OK THE MONTH.
Jl^a<r K »/ ) i y e Ftat»s. — ^Tlie plain prepared by depoiitiag silver by cle&
trfcol anacy tune been found (or supnior to tba ociUaaiily* prepared plates.
The tBMC aiopsad by Ur. Kdbum to laat tbo aapcdari^ of ikc eiecuo*
plated a»lal la to depoail silver, by a Saoe's batttry, on ooe-kall of a r«r
gnlarly-fceparad plate, aod then to apply the asnsitlr* caating, and to go
tbroiigb the aaiaU process of Uking a plctore. lU lay* tbai the ligliU aad
shadows on tha half that hss keen electro-plated wUi he murh more etaif
and diatlaet, aad that in comparison with llut periion nf the pLate.lha athae
will appear gieasy. Tke rcijniaUe time of upoaure also ie fonud Ut ba
reduced about Do^lkknL
JfTtal .Var^ofioit.— Mr. fitter, of Laimton, Oxfordihlrr. hai pabUahad
plans aad descriptioiu of au " ungnoied Arohimediu UsUoou," Kherebyit
It prapoied to more through tho air by psddle-whaels, set in motun by a
steua-cngiae. This aetostollo machine will todeed be a " mOMler baUaon,"
aa It h proposed to give it hueyancy snffldeBi to raise thirteen Mas i and ik
is to be 1 £0 feet long, exdniive of heinsspheriosl sails. Mt. Fitter (oueti'na
tbere vtill be Ultlc dlffionHy in sleeriag Ihie aerial skip, bal ke aetais alH«*>
llici to e*erl>)ok the abseisM of a guii&ng resislance, for iboagh ka nay aa
able to torn the naebin* round, that wewd be of no avail to steeriagF otileH
thoa be MM* mMag foree anperior to that o( the wind.
SmOmtfa Qwiwi,— One of tbc liae* of nil* of tbo Uolton, filaekbomi
and W«al Torksbiro has bcea opeocil. The Ttverton braneh of the Briital
and Sieter Uae wia e^ed on the I2tb Jane.
CMsprwmia* nf tie Oeqrr Qaaiffe«<— It faas been dadded by a eouuritteo
of ibe B«nw of Coramooi, "Out tha double pnga ahall be laid down
THE cmL KNCnCEER AXD ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
L'w,
from Fenny Comptoa to WokerbiopliiD, tb« moJf o( lijiag down to be
tath u the HiUwef CoiDmiuionen vnj appTore." " iij lUii dccition,"
■p the Railwafi Ckromcit, " the Mttlenieiit o( ihe gauge qoettion, to alum
vUcb • commiwioD «m •ppoiotcil In lti45 and legulttion took plsn in
[8iG,l>MDt totha witicl.''....'-Tbut,divcr*il]r of gtug« U being alWed
I Ult* root in th< ia«tt pcmitiotii fona nbich it couU ftdopt — naiu<If , tL«
''dODblA g&Qge eytl«ia."
A'rti? jitmofpAtrit RnUKay.—k worklog model of Mmn. Hvlow and
Tffoag'i ainiofpboricnilvi)- hu beta recoDily uUbiting, aotl it worki verj-
Mli»ri«Coril}^ Mia kngth «f loti (ctt, with a four-inch tube. TIiepi^ciiIiMilv
e( tbe invfniioB depcndt on the fonoatiOD of Ibe nin. The tube it cut
vUb a loD^tudinKJ opening, ticniiir to Gen'i : but, inttead of a flap-Talve,
tbe idioo i) prrciHly tiDillir to the atida-nlTe of a ilaani-tiigiao. The
Hdet of tho opening are to nil, tbat one lide prewnia a lioriuntal poore,
■nd ib« other a tabular face, bolb pUaeil jwifccUir true. On the tabular
face the lUde-ialte resit, when forced out of the groove hv the putagc of
the '.-tiullor, cetulitUg of bin of irOD, in a faH-aiic iraikirig tube, propOMil
to be 1 Of & feel in length. At each toil of iIimo ban a tomiciieutar ojiea*
tag it tnmed thrOUgb about half (licir Ihickneis formiog, when tno abut
■Buoat uch vthet, a dieulsr tiet, in which li plac«d a diic of iion. ground
parftcOy true with tbe under lurface of tbe ban, and Ihni preienting a tort
of ruJe Joint witbool any (lied aili, and forming collootinlr a loose chain
vUcb alidca orcr the opening, and rcnden It alr-tigfat. To each of itxM
ban, oc litilu, ia placed a ttecl tpring, in the tUap« of a catriuge.3[]ring,
nordy of tufGcient power to preia ilic tsWe into iu place, after the puaags
of the ooulttT. Tbe wheic is covcicd by a top plate, to keep out giit, wet,
■BOW, &t., Kith Ihe eiccpliou of a iniall tpuct ta lUow the caiill«i to pau,
viilclk la not much thicker than a n«> tiladr, and which eoonecti the leading
oani^e with the plilon in iha uiu&l niBDDcr.
AwervafwM <tf Wocfl/ar KoUtrag Sltfptrt, — Heaart. Ilotin and BoQlicnj
hiTB obtained a patent in Franoc, fi>r the preacrrallon of vrood Intended
te railway aletp«ra ; tlie prooeas of whtch dependi on filling tbe por«f at
saeb eml with b bltuminom cement, after (he «nda have been previously
cbarred. The proceaa ia Ihos described ; " loimerso the cods of a piece
of w9od in loiDc lli^ald carbuntigd li^dtagea, bui;Ii, fur iaslaucc, a» the
eOof acliiat, which pnotnilae quick!) »uiut dielaoco iolu th« wuui!. 'i.
HH thia curbiiraltnd hydrogen on lire, and at the notnenl tho flame baj
bami oul, pluoge the woud lathe height of a few incbva jotoahot roiilure
of pitch, tar, aadvhellac, nbiob will be »llKhily drawn op between Uie fibres,
mid fum at each eilremity of the wowl a kinii of bennoiical Beat, nnaller.
kbit by ooittarv nad air. 3. Cunt the nood with tar over lla wlii>lo sur-
Sua b J lh<: urillunry iiiuthu<li.'' — A |ir(ic<'M ticwdy tiiniltr i^nit out ItiiiK
ainw Gounnuuiculed to tlii? Harit Acudtmy of Scicnceii, by M. (jfRiini,
Ta bit plan, lar t« ui«d for the parpuao nf filling lhr< poraa of tbu wood,
wllboul the aufditlon of any aubitaote. lie eacloaea iho wood In noylinder,
wherein It ia dcialoatcd by blKh>prea&ura atcam. A vacoum ti then pro-
duced, and additional force la givou lu tlio lar in Iti poaetrntioB of tbe
fibrca of the wood by a faree-pump. M. (iraiioi obeencii thai a icparft-
Um lakea place helween the tolid portion of Ihe tar (ibc pitch) and Ih*
oEly portion; and that tho firti ponrtralra unly ud inch, whilit llir oity
natter will peuelrate throughout the whuln aubRtanca of the wood.
T^ " Dmnmg Rod." — tl it a practice uot uucotninoa in tbe mining dii-
liicta of Cornwall, to search for rcina of ore hy ttie " divining rod," nhich
il luppoaed to be attracted towards the metal on walking oier the iiirfacc
of tbe ground. The following letter, in the Mining Jaurnal, tlg^icrl " II. I'.
Pf nn; , Nolliiig-hili," thus ilesctibct tho rnoJua i/prrawti, ai liaving bcin luc-
oetefutly practised ia hii pineocc. If Mr. I'eiinjr be iiciiher itccolving nor
dcoeittdr Ihii it one of tbe Oiin^i that philoiot''<y cannot nccoont (or:—
" I hare witdcsteii the 0|>crttLOn of the divining rod, in a manner mott
amclniite and satliftctory to my own mind. I went, accomiitnird liy Mr.
H., Qnl to Wheal Jane, the underground ctptain of wtiirh i> wnai they
all a doiiaer. He ordered one of the men to cut hilf-a'doun wiihci, of
tbe requisite ititpe, from a neigtibourtng beilge, aud wc then pioceeded to
■ field, acTOis which the Me lay. Wc uch bcld a rod, and walked ahrcatt,
tbe captain in (he nilddle. Upon crottinft the Iqde bit rod bent ilowunrniili,
and, (g my turpriae cud delight, I fell, il the saoic timi', mine pretiiiig
againit the jleah of the linger, when It went down gradually from being
perpend ieular to horitontn). hut would uoi go lower. Mi. Il.'i remained per-
leclly stationary '. We tried il again and again with the same ittull^tbe
captiLn't, bowcYer, going tower and more freely than nine We then went
to anoihei mine beyund Herrao, and aeni for a Lahourlog mlnir from under-
ground, who it a celebrated douter. Wc had another goirtlMnan. a Mr, C.>
trUb ua, an old fatmcr, a cleric of tbla mine, and myiof— thua making ila,
•D unied with rods. On eroinng tbe lode, Ihe dowiv'a rod went down tike
a ibol, eoinpletely imrerled ! Mine went down gradnally, bnt ttt preimre
wia ^uite perceptible, until one of the liinbt of the rod, dote la my Qii,
actually broke off, from tbe iu)tierioui force in operation. Now, boliUag
my hand* perfectly iliil, and gratpiugeacb limb of Ihe rod, it b impostible
to more it downward) by any loluniary mutiou, much leu to break it, Mr,
II .'l remained aa uiual, tjolic itaiionary, aiabo tbu cicrk'ti tlie fstnior'i
and Mr. C,'a acted neatly aa powerfully aa mine, very tnuch to the utoniib-
jseut of the latter, who wai tn unbeliever, I may mention, that it will not
Mt with one penon out of ho, ot, perhapa, out of 100,"
Tlu MasKtie Trlnraiih. — Mr. Nathaniel llolmcai who it in tbe amploy*
Bicnt of the EUclris felegrapb Company, haa nude an iaapTOTciBtat ia the
magnetic lalagnpb wUdi pnmleei to be »f great ntiliiy. Th« inrentMn iti
thut daaciibed by Umielf in a letter ta the 4lhmirum:—" It na; UM m
tiQiniereiiing to record tlie recent improfunaiii I bare made In reditdagtiM
cxpcndilnre of battery power to one-leutb of tbe antouat reqinred bnuesl
to that now. Instead of working on the toug circuit (a diataocc of about 2M
mllci), wilh an e^uivaleul of 240 palrt of plalo, 24 pain do duty, with a
much more etTective retnll— tbe reduced intensity not lufTriiug to mncb by
the effect ef bad InitilatioD. Tbe niotl importaot point, bowerer, it tbe
economy of power when it it applied to the numeiuui itttiam thtoogbDVl
the kin{;dom. and the increased facility of working through a machlarMt
amoimt of circuit retliiance. Tbe addition eontiiti in tbe lubitiiotioa of a
■Inglc atuall iteel lorenge. three quarteit of an inch long, for tbe tw«
kiucb attalic magnclic necdiet, and placed between two imaO colli, of pe*
collar ibapc. This form hat ibc advantage, bciidct those already mentioned,
^ giving a ^Knal free froiu that couitont Tibralion of Ibe itecdle, ag^att ,
which to much hat been laid — the peuduloui action of gravity being vst7 ■
limited, from ilt better adaple^I fotin.'' H
TVAyr^ iV^^e,— Tbe prolits of Ihe New York and Vubingtoo Tele-
graph Cmdmiij are rcpotlcU to amount to 1,000 dollari pet month. The
Waatem Teiegnpb Company it, however, aaid to be doing a bctttr baainau
tbao that.
LZ8T OF NEW PATBMT8.
oKAirTSO \» lAGLANo raou Mat 39, ro Jlks IS, 134S.
Six itonlAt tUatMd/ir ftnrstaiM/, uitlete of ilerwir* ejprȤHd,
vruiltB WoiHl, ot Crumer-pltte, Waterlao^rond, Surrey, caipti neenfadatar. Itai
" tDpTOTeanattin wiavlBiearpeti, lod In prtotlni citptit tad otbtr rttnlta," — Ira lad
M«r».
William ilMlon. of Cundaa Tovn, UiddlHH. KcaUaiRin, fur "InifriiTiiieMa ta
vlatiup Itit,**, Hid In i>r«*ciitlug *ad nuoTlny ibt lutnuUUon la liollaia.** — HayM.
Juptr Wherirr Uofitt, l^f NalUnehnm-itirtl, riiibUn, tlvll enaliMer, It! " Iwliln
liniJiDHd intUiiMl* unii machinery lur Ua iircpuaUon of neat *a ■ Aleli ant In COMt>hm>
lloa with itnain lubilium » aeonpatl otmimin."— June I.
Ulckard Chrttluplici llDHcIl, at Onmee-iuail, Auney. tenllatun, Ibr "ontala 1^ j
Srowm^nEa In thv m>nBlturtEuii ot vtblctr* uard pn rfeltiraji or 4,n conea^n rvAd*,**
■ni 1.
TliiHuu Kunl Biihrii or Ktoc-Mmt, Ch*>p*l-'*, t" " ImpromoMil* !■ nMbjactr fee .
tairini WooiL" i.A cammunliatlaD.^— Jaot 1-
Janea ]lanbani,or sinilonJ, Euo, laiDulBEUirtTi bt "Imprarcmtntaln tbe i
IhciDie ef ml),"'— Jiiiijv I.
Tljumw Biiciltli Tiirlciii, orsiiufllfllil.ili**!. manurictartT. tai "iTrUla lopr
\n iiikhlEDvry (or b«(adiug mtl GEtJiiff |>LitH iir bait of alfrl, iruQ. apd Dlhtr naevH
IjD uttU Cur liwoiDull'^ eiiflac ami uirlaitc iprlufi, aiiil (illi«r piirpoaei." — Jgae 1,
HsaryAUcock, trfUoer^ile-etretl, London, clrUcDtlonr, for " nrMlu tap^
in rurrxcn tnil Cre-rUtn."— Juot 3.
WliUiiD ilrluUty, of SliDliirbnm. niuiuradurcc. Cor " IntiiiVTcuiaiitt In l&e :
ri«tiin of trtlPletof paptn-oiicln."— June '1.
Kleliard UuniM, or Wlgiti. iJini'iiltr. fi< viitctnen, fur "ceruln Iinpioved ipikintaa
Tor iiianiirKl<iili>K E" to! llIuiniii>U<iTi, jiun afwhUb Im promBxnta 1* ^pUcattl* t»
retorri for dlitlllliir. pynillBttcoiit. a»<l ullirr diiilUr puiiium."— JonaO.
£aulHntu Luilirup. £>u., ot Xlu|[>iUnl, Chca(Jtidv. Lviidon, tor " tm Itapterad w h eel
fnr cillwjy purjinaM."— Juiif (7.
Joaepli PiMl, at SpiDI-tquvr. UlddJcsu, tUIi mann&cturer, fv " tmpnxrenunia la
maklny iktiiii at illk "— JuuH.
JoiUua I'leetri U'oihrti), of MiiicliNiei, miauOwiurw, fOr *' ImptonnHitt In
mHittLAuTurtti^ fur Id to fBlrrlcB,"»-J'It3l0 ^
Thoffini U>)!:in. af CoTentry. ilIli ajft. tor " InpTOfitnieeit tn iIl* oiaaoEictaM
IllliHr*, gUii\t%.Ui(l liuUI»n*."— JiUK i.
Paul ilmi\i IJaria, vf Pulf, Inibi lUpubllccf Frann, tor " laprvTcieefiti laotMatalng
moUta iw"*'."— J"<>( ''
BIciitri] Waul and Utoiiir Vtrnuin, batO at EiiMd, Uiddltati, en(laf«n, tW "ta
iapTorad atiaiii.aiiKliw, nvblcb but ^^ *lxi wrorlifd liy tlr ,,n(l stbar laid* ."— iniM lOt
Jatiu lllller, at BcniI*tta>itiH[. Coveiil Uinlen, irfiiUemin, tut "a eiw aialam af
4«tl«rfet*d iDtnaUlM locooioLJon, trt n t'jruktm&t tinpMltloci,for wrrrj apfriaa of traoiyatt
mtctiiiitaacUnrhy meant «rHtecli,wlHtber en landomtcr." <A roenainiiteittloiij—
Jiuifr K^.
Cb4rLn Henry CapMr, of Erigtaatnn, Warwick, (tntleoitn, foi B natbed Of plliailn
«D(t «lf4iulnf mtiktrsila and otlivr aikl4lacic«a."^JaiM i3.
Jaatona Tkrloi I>*>1«, of Eaiicl>«ai)wteli,K«nt,dHl(nMaaar. for ••InpnrMMaia la
Ibe tnMlrucllon and anu(;nBan( «t eiigtata and wiBUilnnr tor prajidllfi( kealt ar
matlannmlir, with a oaana of pRrmUni InctaaUtlaa In ttie bolMt, yarta of wbtoa
Imprvrnncnla an ayiillcalilc lu laoil puiyoin."— Junt IS.
g.Wllllani Rant, vl Dudiltr Hill, Wnnnloc, (b>o>1*I. tor " impiirrri ippvaluati) h*
uted ID procvaara cunnectrd vllb ina Biaiiirfh(ium:kr I'^rtalii QieLAlt M^C *aJu-"»Jiiaa 1^
Die HnirT Ban,Ci>mnilMi<ine( o>Or«eniTleb KviplLtl, n««(.A<liniril In :h« Kary. for
" ImnmrMniolt In apparatuafor piartnlliit wbal are called ' tnioIrT chlnneia.' "--/iiB*
1.5.
William (!htDilwrlln,)nn., of fit Irfonircra.an.iae-Sfa. auiaei, foOtrnku, (or " tat.
(irtTealeDU Uappatmtnifoi recunliiig lolct at tlntleiit."— Jane U.
Janta Hoot*, o' nailMiAn, tit^ord, tuIh EnKinfacturat, it4fl WHItam Radaa Bhhard-
tan ma yoiineer, or ttie auue place, fur " iDiiuvvomrnta In Uu maeaTtctute «r UMns,"
— J una 15.
Gaorga Kmnoit, of Oldbtoi,ln Iti* Muaiy o( Lancatur, detl angtnaar, far "eartik
InpraTtminiU ta Ilia maiiatacture i>( futt, mot In ilie eo'iiatninlon and atf— ai w lal tt
rurntKa, ftuaa, balteia, ofana, andraiurla. hating fat thali ubtacl lb* (canMnletJ af(iUa.
ilun t( calutc, (ba naoolluliua il^t fur llluoilntiluu, tud ikt MaiiiUKpUan of aoialir
and Other Baicaui product*."— June l'>.
-»<■•■■»( ■
!•««.]
THE CIVIL £NGIN££R AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL.
THE JACQUARD PUNCHING MACHINE.
( With two Eayravings^ Flatm X. and XL* J
^/(tdJ Mifhiiu; fvr I'rr/oratiiig Mrlal I'tatr^i, ruth at ere u/trd
lSfc»ni- B'"frT-», y\c. ; aTi4 tmploj/ed for Panching Ihe Phti^ of (ht
WJar S'riHgr at Coitieay ; made at the OMe tt'crki, Manchester,
CCKK. RABKhTN, KuTiiiTBnii.i., and Co.
'. RiibrrU, tho pnUnt^p, haa inoBt lib«rntly, nt our jinrticiilBr
It, furiiiitiLeil UK witli iill Uii; iltttuiEi^d druwiii^ or Uiik vpry
t niAcbine; far which h'« are sure all uur niethaiiioju
will join with uh in ^luarilirig thnnScH fur his liberality.
I (Plate X.) n^|)reM'Mt« h <i<>ctitinAl elrvutii^ib nf tlitt niiictiine ;
an Hevaliun of the l>ai-k uf the itiHchiiie ; fi(r. 3, a ^Ua-vii-w of
ipirotus far putting the punches out of ncUon without
tha fly-w}iMl; an<l 6e. 4. a pUn-view of a few of the
! platen. Fi)|C. 3 (Plate XI.) repreiwiiU x fruat elnvatiun;
tudiBelevatioa; ana fig.T.&horhontal section, isketi thruu^li
:eii lin« A', A', in ft^. 1 and V. Fig. 8 iti a detached view
Iraverae-aiipitrHtu* ; and fix. 9, a OctHrhetl view of the
[-down or t.tnii|iinti appitc-atui. A, A, the atandnrd*. ft,
thmiieh whicli there in an openinK lor the nunchls^ or
(lutK-Iii'd DUt of t\\K plate, t<i fii!! tlirinjitli ; thi* bed is in-
iiilo the Htaiiihiril.i. C, a KLrcUber-hiir, tu connect the top
tlAndarda. ]>, fulcrum of ihe levers q, ij, which withdraw
iches, and of the Icvcr w, which travcnei the plate. E, a
iin-aliaft, to wliirh the lever* _f,j, and ft, ft, Mt; kejred. P, the
or eceeolric ftliaft, workiuK in buahea ia. the ittiniJanU. U,
ir-whei-I. keyed on tho uccen trie- shaft. II, b pinion, working
the nhii-l (i, I, the (Iv-whecl shaft, on »liich aro the fa»t
lootte piillejH K. and L, the piniiiu H, tind the ily-wlieol J.
connect infc-rod 8, tilted to the eccentric neck« of tlie Hlmft
, N. c.ipn of the coniiLTtin|;-roda M, M. O, O, ^ide-plute*
» punch-rainn P, P. Q, the cani-dihnft. K, a xpAir- wheel,
on llie cam-^liafl, and liavinic on one aide two projei;l.io[i»,
which there ia nu opeoini;. H*, & locking'-diec or p lute,
on the nhnft (j, haviiiff upon it a spring cntch 3A, which
into X\w opcuiMK hetwct^n the prujectiiiiiii uii the wheo] U.
K", are seen delaclied in fi|f. i, and the dotted liiioa on II*
nt a weight to counterbalance the lever* k. 3, n to-oihed-
kvjed on the main-»h«ft V. T, the punt h -ram-depressor,
I'l tbe (MuiiectiiiK'ruiLi M, M, by tnuiJcle-joJat^ at the
. .. end of the co n n eel iag' rods. tJ, a &lide-bar, on whieh the
WOc Irarersos which carriea the plute to liu puiK^hvd. V, V, two
Nl »lide-biir:i, to carry one vidu of tliv travene- frame. \V, a
uf iiuu, fuatened with "bort wedKeo t« the Wd li, to atrry
4ic~ptate X, into which the dice </, are iuMcledf and prevented
littng by a collar nttbe lower end of «aeb, aa leeu initi^. II.
tquanakaft. carryinK the hvldiuK-duwu levers, orktrippitiK-
9.P, a, '£^ lever* ou each end of the nbafl V. », a, the
I lot into the punch -bolder* b. b, bolted to th« rams P, as
in tko detuehcd view, fkic. A. ir, c, vit'ee^ bulled to the bed
carry the adjuitin^ ^ide~bar« V, V'. d, kM^h inserted into
bolder X. e, e. (Hg. I), ar« the iwleclin); xlide-liarfl, which,
allowed tn piu» throu)rti the card-plate, enter the cftrd-ioUer^;
_ut being jiuHbed bix^wurd by Iheiiii the fard-roller basin
e^ae »ix »iaeii. Hud the belt of Jaeiinard pinteit, after pasninK
it in the ucual niiLiiner, paiuea over a round roller Huupcndcd
cwinfc- frame, nt auch an angle as shall keep tlie belt
tely tight, whilst the roller/ advances towiirdu and recedes
tl>e aelector* «. g, f, bmekcla {irojuntinir from the deprewor
id carried up and down with it. A. A, ulidin^t- block*, tn which
'laurnab af tne eard-roller turn. Tomi upright east on eaoh of
Miii'k*, is fitted « rod of round iron, Ihua, *, with a flat fool,
enniiph to extend over two of tho six |)liia in the endu of tho
[-roller, njarnimt which the flat foot of the rod;* i<j made to prexK,
ilral-itphniTf euiled around thetn in the usual mminer eniployed
Jsf'inard-Iwim, which ti generally known, and need not be
i«r de«mbed. i, i, (li^. 1), itre two t*ela of ftuide-hluekx, for
wlecturii e, one on eaeh HJde of the di^preniMir, adjugtuble
'uUv bv 'iet-«erewH on lliit bnra, cttondinic M^nnit the mnt^hiaii;
Itie iKip'of 'tbi^e bhiekfi ku to carry tlie ieleetin^-tuini r, whleh iiri>
round at thi' end Ibat enters the eardi. and tiat at the other end,
_ Ui keep them lu their proper iJUkitionii; thit centre |>ortion uf euch
B'Wteetin^-har if n Milid jiiecv uf inin, projei:iinfi uk iniii'h below
Kttin round Ktiiii aa nil], when the leleciin^-bar is driven buckHaj-du
H^ a eard-nlHte. permit the deprewor T to eomplelo its downward
HRrnkv witoonl tfienelecting-linrloudiln)! the ram Plunder it. j.J,
• la coMtgutiv* or i)ic iliUnnle ciMiwtfr of ib* tiro mtraitnMi. *> ii> ijMI|*d ••
f*B*p4W (iT^nf Vnr of l)i#plii<r« niiUI ii4vi voAllli bul «bcu tbi tuluiH a bound uff
«ki ur*fl*Mt wnl npprmr lii«tili<(.
X». Ul— Vol. XI.— Acovn. IsiB.
»re levers keyed on the uliafl K, snd ennoeeted at their lower «nil
by link* to the siide-hiocba A, i. ft, ft. nre lever. aW keyrd on ths
abaft E, aud having each a friction-roUui at its lower «xt rem ity.
On the kbafl Q. are two cam*, one of which worka a lever ft, on
one Hide of the thaft, and the iilher Mm work* the oth^r lever ft,
on the oppojiile «de. One of the cams, Ihrouph the mtdium of
the ]cvcrB> j, and Ihe links before referred tn, causes the roller/
to apiinwrti the Belcclin(t-bar« e. and the other enm cwiitea the
roller to recede from them, until by » catch emiiloyed in the ordi-
nary way in the Jacquard looms, thp roller / ia made to tnm
thrifii(2;h une-siitli of a revolntion, and is tln'n n-tained in that
position ly the pressure of th» iipiral spring and flat foot above
referred to /,^ are hracketa attttdipd to Ihe depresaor T, nt tli«
hack (if tho macJiine, neea best in flp, I. m, a bar resting on the
bravket« A A and connecten) bv roda with the slidiug-bloeks ft,ft,
which, on receding, t*use the bar m to bring all the «electing-ban
c into the poHitinn for drproisinK the rninii, ax neen in 6g. II. m «,
are levers hnving their fulcra on studs screwed into the staadarda;
one end <)f these levers is connerteil by a rod p, with tho Ivvm
Z, Z ; the other end in furnished with a roller which ia acted upon
by a com u, on the shaft Q. (see fig a), o, (^ are the holding-down
leven, adjustable laterally on the shaft Y. mj ai to admit of one of
them lieiu^ placed ou each aide of every punch, y, ft, are riidti
connoctinR thu lever* n, und Z, By adjnuting the length of thes*
rwl*, the levers u, o, are made to press upeu ulateji of different
IliickneMcs »o aa to hold the plates down while Uie puftchvs are
beiiie withdrawn. ?. 7. levers litrnin>t on the fulcrum-bar I>, for
withdrawing the iiundir* by means of the cain» r, r. that actuate
levera 7, ^. «, a broad but rather thin bar, eitendiinf throufih the
series uf punch-rams P, shown by dutteil lines in figt, 7, and 'i.
Tho piinch-rauis P. arc mado with alots, through which toe bar«
pHssoK, and these slots must be about two incbeii longer llwn tba
width uf the bar *, in order tu allow the puach-rams to be forced
down when the bur i» at the bottom of its atruke. (, (, are links
connecting the bar » with the levers ij, q. u, u, arc c*nia which
depTesi the boldioK-dowu levers o, o. through the mritium of the
lovers n, n, rodti ;>, j>, and levers Z. Z, and hold down the plate
while the ouiicbes nre bein^ withdrawn, v, u cam for the tra-
versinff-Tack i, w, a lever turnini^ on the fulcrum-bar I), and
worked by the enm it. x, the cwn for lifting the rack 6. j, a
lever turning on a >l«d in th* stfuidard, v.ud worked by the cam x,
for lifting the truieniiig-rack S. *, a rod cutuivel'me the lever j
with the lever B, «een best in fi|c. 10. I, isalevcr on the travertc-
Klmft V. X another lever on the shaft ». 4^ a link connecting the
lever 3 wilh the lack J. C, a rod counectiiig the Icht uf with the
lever I, for trnvdrsinjr the rack i. 7, a 8li*ft for carriing tha
levers H, B, and lO. 1 1. a link connecting the levers 10 and 14.
13, n shaft carryiiiff the levers 12 and U. U, and tC, arc lioka
connscling the racK S with the lavor* 9 and U. IT, the upper ur
retaining rack, lo, a stud carr}'inK the elbow-Kver 19, wbkli it
nnividud with a liandlv^ SU, another rtud carrying tho elbow-
lever SI, which is conneeted by a link 23 with the lever 19. Th*
rack 17 i* (tarried on etuds in the horizontal arm of the l«vers 19
tuitiiX. V3, divisjun-fttud« in the bar '21 of the travcrxing-frame.
Thu plale tobe punchod iu put into a tra veraijijt- frame formcil
of two xidv-bnn, U4 and 2i, and two Htrftcher-bars secured by
cottars to tho Hide-bars, which are rabbeted to niipnort the nlatc,
and, whpn required, furninhed with clamps lo hold ihtt pUt« aawa.
2i represents one of the iideu of the traversinf;- frame, in which
there is a ^froove lo lit on the »lide-bar U ; Into the outer side of
the bar a*, is vcrowvd a series of studs 23, reprenentod in tha
eiiifravinga as being 1^ inclnu from centre to centre apart from
each uther. The side W of the frame tiliJm on the bars V, V.
M^hen the plati-x tu be punched are very long, rollers may be
uned lo carry the projecting rn<l« of the trnveriinK-frHme. In
AlC. 9 iit nhown part of a frame, with a pinto onrtly perforated.
The rack* J, and 17, (fig. lo,) are drawn with thn* teeth ia
the Icnzth of a font, which will divide plates to a four-inch
pitch ; but it will be nbvlouK, that fvr adinrreut pitch the racka
must hi: chnngvd: and it muy, in *uu)c (caae* sui^ ttn when the
pitch rcijuired in not an all<(uot pnrt ofafoot) be necnsary tu alter
the distance between the atudit'JS. h'ig. Ifl reprewDtethetraverse-
apparatun, in the po*itioii it will be In when Ihe retHiuiii^.rack is
duwn, and the punches In the act of passing tliruLi|.'h the plate,
and the tro verging .rack having completed its return- ntruke.
When Ihe puncjiei are being raixeil, thu traver^itig-nck will riat
nifo; and by the side-pieoe Xtf (which la attachetl to it) acting
against the roller sr, on a atud in the ra«k IT, will rnisr it also,
and set the frame at liberty to he advanced by the cam x, tkrou^
the mechanicAl means already described. In tig. 1, this trwtn^
Sfparatua la shown in the pusitioa it assumes whca the plate u ■!•
39
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AKP ARCHITECT8 JOURNAL.
fAvvnt,
rancing. Tb» «plrtil-«jmnff 9S, acts on the lever «l, »»d foroM
th« TAck IT down on to the itinn ^. For ctery bole roquired to
he puncJied in lino with the width nf tho pUlv tiniU'r ciptratiun, «
corresitotailini; h'llv tritint tie made in a plate o( tlie JacijUMd,
snd an additional bale, marked $0, (we fi^. fl), » nUti miuU', into
wliich the sUmpinr-bar 31 entem nt evmy Ktroku until the ituniTh-
ifi); bo riimpWea^ at which time the JaL-quaril jilnte 3?, nltlcli Is
ietl blank, will puitb sll tbe Delertin^-bars « beyond the rams P,
and nt the aame time, by piishiiig the bar SI, diuinaag* th« «urn-
Kliaft Q. by the merhnniVm tii be blTMftar uulain«a, at the [lolnt
where tht! |>iiiii-h(>« and the levera o, are held up, and thn* will
allow the perfonited jdale to be taken oat of the mnchintt, ami
another plnte to be put into it. The utnpmint-bar :tl, ia provided
with a proJi>ctiiin uii ita tower nirfar-c, which depreMeit the click-
lever 39, when the b*r i* pualied hack ; the lever 33 i« ki-yed im a
shaft Sts moving in bearinp nl the bnck of the (leiireiiM)r ; nn the
uthererid ofthe idiafl.'t4, IN keyed tbe lever 3\ to the upper end
of wjjich U sitjtrheil the link 36. cocnectinKit »ithlhcclI)^^w.lt■vw
3I ; Iheend of the other aimof this lever is iricliueil, fur thp imr-
poae cif iinlnrkinc the plnte It*, and it nrtiviileit with ii atiia, oq
whichinalsti-ha.S.the tail cjf which coniea m contact *ith the inr lino
on (he elbovt'-lever 3T. when it is in tho posilitm fthii-wti in dntled
linett inline. 3; and a» the wheel Hreviilvrs the iHlr.h Imcuniea dlsen-
)pt|teil frnm the optfniniT between the Iwn projectrnriiicjmt on the wiid
wheel, St which lime tbe cam-shaft Q, ceases to revolve. When
the Btopuin^-har 31 hm been piinhed buck, it de]>re«»eii tbe lever
39, and librratn the lerrr 33 from behiiul tbe unijection on the
lever 39, when the uprini; W will pull llie elhow-ievcr 37 into the
position flhown in dotted lineit. To the Morks A. a nniall pImA. U
allnched, on which arc two levi-nt, »uspenilin||[ by linkn a plotc of
metal limibir to a blank ranl-pUte, except that the hole* fur
the ^uide-piiH are cut at the liotlam edite. At each end of the
■amo ihaft is a tercr-handle, held up or down by » Mde-HurioK *'■
the unlinnry wny. The u«e of thijt apparaiutt is a# fpllcwp; —
Should it he reiiuireil ti> M<r[r the machine bi-fure the uUte U
finished, by raii^iiiK the lover here referred ti>, the blank i>I«te will
c»me in fri>nt of the roller, and will act the part of a blank Jac^uatd
plate, and xlop the machine.
llaviitjc iiDw dei4i.Tibed tbe principfil parts of the machine, we
ahall procvrd to explain the mnnncr i>f it* working. Tbe pUle to
be puiKhvd havinfi been pliiced in Ota traverBum-friinc, on the
■idee U, and V, tv then pushed forward. In its projm-!**, the fmt
pin of the series 23, passes under the inclined end of tbe rack I",
until the first notch in tht^ ruck fuUii upon tbe pin. The driving-
strap being now on the fast puUey K, tlie machine in «et to work
by pill ling down (he handle t^, key^^d on thii i>htirt ^t, until th»
lever 33 is latched by the click-icver 39 ; the elbow-lflv^e 37 ■«
then, by the npiral-iiprinK 40, brouffbt into the paiition «hown in
ig.S, The latch 3H bein^ now liberatMl, wUL, by the actio n of
the spring 41, (see fig. I,) drop into the notRb in the whdiil R, the
first time it come* round ; the eam-shaft Q will now revolve at the
name speed as tbe abaft t\ and tbe Jaeijunrd-roller /, wilt be
drawn bnek and mad« to nerf»nn one-sixth of a revolntivn cin ita
eentrei ; after which it will he advaneeri, and the firat card of tlia
ncricn will remove thine eel ccting- bars for whii^h there are no holes
in the Jncqunrd pUt« ; the other aelecting-bars wilt remain over
their respective rams P, which will then foree down the jinnehea
through the plate, by tlie dexeent of the depri^icciir T. A tittle
before the pnncheii have gone thnitigh the plute under operation,
the levers o, are made to press upon It, nun are held there while
tlie pniteheH are being withdrawn by the bar tr, which riu** siinul-
taneiiuiily with the depreoior T, during one-half of its aacent.
Whilit the depre«iii>r la continuing its ascent nnd deacent
through the other half of tbe stroke, the roliw / receden, and
drawn with it the bar m, which hrinipi all the selectors again over
the uuQch-raniN P. The roller/, while receding, having perfamied
another siilh of a revolution, will, on advancing, bring another uf
tbe JaopiHrd oUte* agalnat tbn selectors, and the operation
will be repeated until all the hulea ara punched in the plate iindt-r
operation.
CANDIDDS'9 NOTE-BOOK,
FAeCICULUS LXXXIV.
" t mnat hiTe Bb#rlf
tl'lthd. M Hrf* ■ (h»rur «• lb* wladfc
To blD* an wbam I i
Inn rMMb.— Mr. Fowlti of Nstth Shietdi. Mgseitt the followinK im-
pm*menU in the eoniimction af iron vcutlt, hj larin'mg the L<tI and
kelson □( plate or b«r<ifoti in one ar two bieadihi. Irons 1 ( lo 2} inchrt ia
thickueti, sod (mm 2i> La 21 iocbr-a liectf, and ibcn ta fnriu ttic Ooan of
angle'iiaa in two lci>i|ibt,uullurD (bt eod^ornrli u{)eti« ti>lc oi Ibe ktUua,
»ad connect them lus^lber bj rivcit through the kel*oa from tide to ail.
Tb« Booi platti »Iki u> be in two Uti^hi, which betag rivetiedto the fleori,
tta« two lidei of tbe ship *1U b« corn«ct«d togetbu.
I. to that rery omusinic. but iJorenlyand in parts rather diU
rnngeriei uf gotmip, entitled "Nollekenm and bU Times." Miutvm
t^milh sp«aks of n certain ^ kappf pocMMor of Mme »f tlie vant
/mgmnnU ofO»t antiaut in Ihit Miij^rfofn, who ernploye a mere mason
to pot them together, and in (lerfectly fuiti)>ned though a liAl
foot hiis been iiioft ingcnioualr place*! upon a left legT Wh»
the '' happy poaaesaor" alluded to wa«, 1 know not, but I Ao hnow
that, mutaii4 muUmHit, the aatirv anplie* n» forcibtr, or in general
fur more furcihly, to the stupid, and tuateletiM, and bsngliniEi Wrtck-
ingi»-up of architoctural odds and end* — whether antique or «••
diirvol, cla»>ic«l or eccleKinBticat — into a detisn intended to paas M
an uuesceptiunabk specimen of tbe particular rtylc which is pro-
feMedlv imitaled, but ge ne rati ^ caricatured mere or len when ■»
treated. — trcvn^iim arfrm, but oontrary to all artistic priiiviplei,
and not uiifrequently coiitrnry to meaning and purpose also. Would
that in architecture no greater hiuuders were ever comuittteU than
that nrEliekiiig" a right foot on II left leg," — in which coae the arfW
might fairly have excused hiinnelfby swearing point blank tiiat it
wit* not the riglU foot. — Our being imitators at tbe preaent 4ay
mtj^ht be forgiven; but we are not ao mueh itnitatora, aa mere
fiipifultt, ineapable of entering into tbe spirit or meaning of oar
models, — whirh are to us little better than blind guidl^a, aimply
bocanse we nurwlve* follow them blindly, and without the least
regard to w i del y- a 1 tiered eireumstancen. What more may. undar
present eireumstanees^ be made ofa style, is what we never eon-
sider. Yet if we reully studied ourmodeU, we should find — at
leaat, in all thosa inoHt duxerving of being atnilied—^very part well
moliitvl and adapted to the eipreu occasion. How fur we in that
reejiect imitate those wlio have gone before ns^ 1 leave it to the
imitartial niad«r to determine for hiinbelf.
I I. In his above-iaenCioRed book, limith in plxaHed today: "Mea
of true taste viut a mansion only unun the rejuin nf it< itatuea. btuta,
and pictures. The architecture of a house unadorned hy aucb jwo-
dnrtionx of art, would not induce tbe gviieral traveller to drive
twenty miles out of Uii road, nor even tive. How frw alhirenetit^
indeed, would the Msrouis of Lansdoirn's, Lord I'enihrrike'K. Lord
Kgremont'n, Lord Kanilioroiigb's, Sir Abraham llume'^, Mr. reel's,
fuiiw Sir nubert^, and many other mihle maiKtotiK have, if totally
aeitltute of their fine colleetiuoa uf Ntalues and picture* !" — No
doubt such would he the e-aee, but why f — lirsl, because then la
notliing whatt-vi^rof architncturnl intprent in the " noble manaiaaB*
themselves; and, seeundly, because If there were, your " gtmrral
trHvellers" have very little, if anv taste at all for architeetsre.
I was the ulhrr day in a hooM Mrs in t>iwn,-^ine that I may
fairly call an " arc hilectural house," which altliough totally *' dreti'
tutr of picture-s and statues." with the exception uf a buio-ndifro
by Lnugh, over a cJiimne\--piece in one of the rooniK is in itaelf all
picturii — as superior lu Peel'n ua a pintvupiile in to h pippin. Fur
my own part, whenever I go over a bou*« for the finit time. I have
neither eyi.>« nor thought — nor if I had, I have not time — for any-
thing but the architecture itAcIf, As to pictures and stntuea, any
dowdy house may he bedizened out with them, and atill be. aa a
house, M dowdy as ever, — a perfect cluster of Cs : very conveiuest,
very ctiinfortnhle. very rnmmodiuus, very correct, very oMtjnie-lf-
Jaai, and very (iiiii9t of alh common-plaoc.
til. In bis anecdotes relative to I, nnway, Nollekenn' biiigrapfaer
«ayn that, nfW tfuitting Fa]] -Moll, * he (Cnsway) fitted up lib new
renidence (No, SO, Straifurd-platep in so picttireaqne, and lodoed so
princely a style, that I regret drawmga were niit made of the genera)
appearance of cacb apartment ; for many uf the roonoa were more
tike Bcenen uf endituitnient |icnnlU'd by a poet's fmiry than any
thing, pcrbapB, hof'orc diiiplayed iu a dumoatic babitalion.' If auca
really waa the caee. they cerUinly were worthy cf being deliueMed;
yet we may be allowed to entertain Komoautgivinga—nrBt^bocauaa
Rjcb a character of the house partakes too much of tbe "fAnnMif
might" of Kome uf (icvrgu Robins'a advertisemeota ; aad, aecoodly .
nothinic it «n^d to corrvlxirate it, or to give us aoy idea whatever
of those •' scene* vf enchantment, ' not witbstaD ding that tlic writer
could at IcuKt have dt>n<> that, — hnve Kpukeuof "the general appear-
ance of each apartment," and have so far resciieil them fn>Hi com-
Eleto oblivion. Instead of which, be merely goce on to astouod us
y enumeratiog •otoo of tho cgeily articles of furniture and tvrfti
I
THE nvii
miNfiER AN1> Al
mt
asT
which were dinplnyei) in the hiihiUlion of ihat nnro fajiliionnble
•nd now furi^lten pnlntt^r: — to wit, "Bnririit clj.uirii, courhn, and
cnnrenatioo rImiIk. crtnhorntrly citrvrd And fiilt, and lorrrt-d with
inuM (xiRtlr firriiiit vi^lvntu ; earrituirea of ebony itilHid with
'^f-lii-nrl ; tith i^sketi for itnlique (rem* ewtuisjt«lv cii-
1, Kiid nduriLfd with onyse», upnln. rubies, nnd cTncrnlrlit (!V
were »lfo ailiim.*!^ af iuiry, ninouHly irnni^hl ; mutinin
IhIiIm ael with JBH)i«r, lilmril-Hlotie, and InpM-lnituli." Suffice it to
IBjr, thxt there were licsidcs. amon^ a variety of nthirr thingi^
^ttimmiYt miuiakl clor-ks, uttomnnK niiirrhly dnmn^tkrd, Crniinu
chimney- pi Cirrn i^nrvtd liy IWikn, brirriEfH, iimdeN in wnx
tM, iTyntnl eii]ii* adorned with ihc York and LiincuAter
&C, &c." Tti meet witli such )ir<idiffiil euinptuuufncxs inthu
of H painter niii"t have lit-eii is.-<t<itii.-<)iinu: emiiiith — nlirxiH
lible when mntra-iteil with tlie ocrnhby, lliouKh never scrub be<i,
itioniH in whii?ii nld ''Nolly" and his ftmiable a|iause
to well; or the wretclifii, Iml richly cobwvbbed, (Carxrt in
hicb Ritrrr cntrrtitiiied Uuikit with a bt:<!f-»leuk nnd u pot til
ptn-ter. — Still, 1 am quite nt a loss to make out, IVont ail that ±>inith
t*y« of Coti^ay'r huutte, aiifiht thot varriiiit* the exprvHtiivn of tho
pmm* hciniK #o tniiny »irn€ii »i eridmulnifnt, tlierc being oat a
■f liable ei «n with ruffard tu any of tlieir det-iTHtiuoH, or to indicate
BDJ particular fatii'v, or rtehertiir tofte. or well-ttiidied eiTcctB in
llle rvomH thcmaclvce. Sumptuous furuitiirc and nlniont [•ritrU'i'l
Iforlu of nrt in»y tiv jiut iulv a v-ery cumiiiun-pluce rijotii ; but iji
OK, the latter ia merely the rece|it«cle of tlie other objectn,—
ripped of which, it wuuld not be worth looking ot ; whereas — in
n fint-rate mansion, nt le<i*t — every part of it, exciept the entirely
Iferirale nnd domeflic r(iomH,9lioi,iId W laid nut with Htuitied reptnl
['fO«ffect, ami lo »'ariety of effefitH — without, liowever, depurlinicirciiii
aiudMenoy a» tn frenervl i-hnrnctor. Ka<^h apArtmont Hbauld be
elf ■ pieture, — »trikin|:ly beautiful in itt^lf, charming, cnptivat-
, before it receiveti its lini«ihin^ tmiches in the wflv of furniture
Other a<veH<>ne4. At preHent, ns they ore le.ft'by arehit<*ctii,
I («*en those in the l>**l h*ii«esj rt« little betrer than hlanka,
-: faur-nided Ivoxp» fur th? (?ah) net-maker and uplitd^terer to
dnin^' wliich, they niav I'hnnre to ttmpiv your ]>iir«e before
Vim ar* awnr* of it, — iir if they du not aelujJly do that, they are
iJik«ly to dii^ace y«iur tnate by rmmining your roomi with a medley
' ill>«Mort«d artioles, itf^eein^ only in being aJl alike very ex-
nriveooes.
IV. in aneedotiring mme of the former revidenti) (n St.
tin'a-lane, ^ith oolicea No. fit), as the houH? oiic» uecupied
Chippendale, '* the moat famouit uiiholxtorer and eablnrt-mnker
his day, tu who** fali« vurk on hoiiReboIri furniture the trade
riy nudn e»n«titiit reference. It conl.tinK. in many inctanceii,
Hmena of the xtyle of furnilnre so much iti vu^up in Friitice in
yearK |ia»l, haK hwn
entreat my reader to
tkii) — "ail mriMt ffishiunii come round Hgatn, I Khoiikl not
r, notwithfitandin^ the bi?aiitifiilly i'Ihjwlc I'hanfre hruufiht in
nas lIo|H', K>^t]., if we were to Hee the iirinieiiriinjr u'nill
id ihvll-work with whii^h the furniture of Louis' re i^n wan «u
frfuwly encumbered, revive; when t'hi[ipi>iidHEo'e book will
un be Houffht after u-iib reilonbled avidity, and a* m;iny »f the
(piea TtiUi-"t liiivn Ihvii Kohl an miijflr-iiii)>er, the few rematJilnK will
' ablv hear a hiitb prioe" tSmitli's .ipiirehenxion i« already to a
erahle extent verified ; and that wirne LhuIk Qiialonte tiwte,
although diirnitled by xuek title, ia ewientially both ijueriltt
_Tbaniii». enrriiiit and nnyrinriplfd—<\iiite contrary tu every
nmi principle of i>otind .irt, ■eemit to h« nnw Hprendin): thruii(;h
II hr*nchei of decnrntive de«ifC" ""d ornaiueuLiil tnatiufarturr";
pne recent Kprrimeu* »( wlin-b, liiouffb cried up by tbii*e who
kfeninjc to Ki^ide public taste ou^bt tii know better, arc chiefly
fiarkahte nut fur eleiraitce iir beauty of furjn and ciimliiii;itiiin
in any re«pe<Tt, bnt ralber for <|iailt' the reverse, aitd fur what has
been ([uaintly ternied " (lif depmrilp tff eirganvt ;" which tiin^ular
pervenity of taHte in the more nnniTonntnhIc, a* well am himcnt-
, Bble, »»« that wc have (•iiverument Srhtiols of Design. Kenlly,
mich institiitionK |iriidui-e uo better fruit, thnn the KjiGcimenD
Jluded to, the Mxiner they are broken up altogether, tbu better.
_ ie iii»truetion there (riven, nii more iiiialiliea for produdntrnr-
tJKtic desi^.'!!, than lenriiinir tu rend and write iiuulifr for a literary
reer. U'ere ihinipi left to take their natural nnd healthy
iorae, very few encept thoH who rcfJly pORwitfed tnletit— or
■hat i" next to it. a decided reli»h for art — would think uf ii|i]ilyiiiK
i> it. ^\'bcrr tnlciit really eii^t^. Auch iiiBtituIiima are no dojbt
il^hly heueRrinl, by enabling' it to devcli»pc itoclf ; but then, on
ie other hand, tliey are miiwhievoiis, iwa-imudi jm they turn out
fepon the world a great many aiore whoareiiuitetaleutleaB, though
' Jafaed with » certain degree of manDid proficiency ; aad <u
I Tci|^ of l^iiii« X IV, but which, fur many ye
Dontinned in Kntrhind. However," — I entre
such taleutluM ereaturex "miiM live," and rannct pivlU|ll^bB.4a*
tcrdicled from exercininirpn) nuito pulilieo what they tuvpIflMBd ta
call their " talent." the ultimate injury to art and tu public tatte in
Ifrenler thim thit benefit. I rememtwr n prittiii'Ji yonii^ Oxford
student hujuting in company of the many eminent men who had been
I'ducJited in hit college, when he woa cut tlioit by iwme one caltiog
«ut to him^" But you don't My a word of the tbouannde and teoa
of tliouMUid.i of bliickhcndN whirli it hii.H ul&ii turned uut," adding,
iotto cot'c, " and I lake you to lie one uf lliem."
V. In II letter on the tubject of the the Architectural ISibllos-
tion SifciKy, n rorrenpomlciit of the Atktiurum »ayn, after qnoting
what I.-i btated in tbnt SiH'iety'n )iniHpert<i^ a^ to the iiuucitr «f
architecturat works in tUiii country: '^ iiurd y the thumlKiwrew
must have been applied to extort this coiltemm\" When u
rvniark to the Hanir efTccl — thiit ix, anbn&drerting upon the
pnurity of F^nirlinh an-liitectural iiiiUiciitiona, waa mode some abort
time ago in tho H'tjiluiinelrr itoi'ieu), a gentleman who now hgures
iimouft the " Promoters" of the above-mentioned Bociety, thought
f roper to cuntrudict it giiiblicly at one of the meetinjiCX uf the
Dstitute; aevertlieleHn, what was then deemed an injurious
oalumiiy, la now proclainicd to he the fact. liidi.-ed, it ia wonder-
ful tliat any one vltuuld have hnd aufficivnt tjirdihood to dispute
it. I'ur a certain clnaa of srcliitertural huukri, there has been m
conn derablc demand aadcorreiipirndijiK degree of liupply, of lute
years ; but they are marely elementary ones and henidcx, almost
exclusively contined to the Gvtbiu >tylo nnd to eccleniaflticiil ar-
chitecture. Kven gruphii: publJmtioni, auch ab ibove by liaghe,
•I. Noah, KiehardHon, and otherii, have been entirely mediicvHl— «t
least, of the '* «lden timet' in tubjecl*, and aome of tbem altoge*
ther continental in their nubject* aW, We poawM no aatiafacturj
illutttratioiM of contemporary EuKliKb buildings, wither in collec-
tion! coatuning exaniplea by different urchitectt, or la work*
brought out br the rcapcclivo nrchitect" tlier«»«]ve«. Sir.Ieffrey
M'yutville'it " U'indaor Cattle," ii the ImI and almoKt the only
English jiubliration of the kliid that hfM appeared in the proient
century ; and thnt waa by no DHmax ao natittoctory nnd intere^tinj;
as it mi^ht have been, it doing "uly half it« work, owing to the
entire onii>«i<>n of m.>ftioriB, ootw ithi^tanil ing tbnt they were iiidi*-
Een«ablv retiiii^ite fur much important information that ix nut to
e obtained al jdl, except by meanii of «nch drawings. To what-
ever it may be ascribed, thi« folling-olf in arehilei'liiral publica-
tion* i* all the more surprUing, when we consider how very mueh
haa'bccn dond in arciiitecture during the Uut thirty years. ,^ine
few years ago, Mr. U'eale, a« will very well be recollected, mnde ui
offer to the Institute t» bring out Hnnually a vulnine uf dMigna uf
the be«t huildingw executed by living architectH ; but instead of
Buch liberal iilfcr bning thankfully aeeepted, it wa* rejected not only
tuice, but twice — for *i>me time after the firht rpjei-tion, it wa* n-
peiiled, and rejected moreover in the motit sulky and ungracloua
manner. Yet n"w, these lame piuiple — for many, if not mostcf
the " EVomotera " b(<limg to tbi> InNtitute — come forward and nbina
nut, tbnt in arebitectural publications we are far bubind all ovr
euutinentul neigbhuura, and '^oiir deticiencius are very groat, aa
a comiiarJHon of cAtalogueii will nbow" ! It would Hoem, then, that
sometuinglikeiJiaimi in at length felt. Let it be diiigiiiiii'il aa it
may. the fnct is, architectural work* of a higher clam (conie-
qui^iitly expeoMV^ onw), similar to tlione which have appeared on
the continent during the but thirty or forty yeam, are not
■uileable — that iv, du not obtain a rem une rating nale. There i«
au encouragement for bringing them out; wherefore, all enter-
prise of the kintl in ciivckeil by «'t.'rtiiinty of loss. There are no
publi&hert of thent, far a idiiiri and unanswerable reuon — rix.,
there are no purchuiers of them. It is not indeed to be supposed,
that every copy would remain nnndd. but the purchaicr^ arc
MO exeiH-iiingly fe*, that works of the kind rtnild not be- pro-
vided for tbem, eiiepl by pulling an enorniouii price upun the
hii.ik(. Why all this should be the ra»e, it la more eu»v to
gueu than it wonhl be fl;ittering to kay. According to itll ftp-
pearancesi, the demand fur them ought t" be far greater than ever.
1'he urchitectural profeMiun ban aurpri*ingly increased in nnmhers;
then we have a ifoyal and chartered InMitute. which of i-uurvo
exerta itself nnwt liiudably in promoting and diffuniuK an all sides
a taste fur architectural studies : then, again, we hate n Fiuc Art
CommiMion. under whose cognisance architecture comes very pro-
minently fiirwanl— ^pity, Irt nie observe, ^ir parailMt, tbsl saJU
<^omnii!isluii did not lake under their coKnixatice also Mr. Klore'a
additions to Buckingham l'*lacc ! and na the CommiMiunun
are wlccled from tbc arirtocratic cla-tMa, tlie very natural pn-^aiop-
lion ia, that Ardiitetiuie, a* well s« the other Fine Artfs >* studied
nmung our aristocracy and the higher ranks of society. y\ c have
biiu-iwk* on inaltCTK of art, urcbitecture included ; i*em, archilM-
10 •
THE CIVIL ENGIKEER AN1> ARCHITECrS JOURKAL.
tun) •(Kiette* atniMt InnumtTable ; — n«vcrthrlc«t »nd notwith-
xtniMlinir nU t!ic«! faruumble symirtontH, «rrhit«ettiriil utiiily — «t
Hiiy ral«, arrfaitCTtuT*] puU iii)iini>, la dun st tlie l(tw(«t ebb. Yet,
bardtv i* it because vt in ihi* rounlry arc so poor Itiot we cannot
lifwn to iitduUce in tliti!^ Imiik-lti xurira, wliich our rrrt«iuly nut
»Mltbi«r continrntal neif;bbuMn> iln. The )iUin tnith in, tlwt
BOtwithstitudini; mII our present eliAtterici|( nliotit nrt, we know
ndthini; obAut it, ami e*n Iw» !— now, if biij- one caIIs tbat » btiH,
I ivturA ihc «iiii)rlirneal, Irjr railing him n icrrut mJf.
VI. If Hrcbitrctui-al wurkd, i-i>rrrK|i>iiii!iiii{ in rjinrocter with
Uwwfr wliicli ummI lit one time to be i>uMiNheil in thitt conntrv, and
which up to tbe preient time hiive rontiniieil to bo brotixht out
\i|i<Ml the continont, are no loiiKer entcnired in by iin, it i« to bo at-
Iributed, Mime "ill perhapx naf. to their beiiift «ii|>|»lied to itti hr
Ihn continent it»elf. Thai «ic)i publicalioQ* ae lliose of Sohinkel.
Kleusft, (jiirtn«r, Famiii, GnutbirT. Lvtarouilly, (.'icuniani. (aninn,
CusiH, DieJo, Runite, GiMllwcb, Tiett, Joly (Chambre ict
l>e(«it^), Calliat, (Hotel de ViUe de Pwia), wid a fcteiA aiaiiy
bthora, are hnuwn Here, tkerc can be no doubt. On* or two o(
th*m ar* *t»i7k-boukii with Hiifli>^ bookudlera. Yet, wbethvr
Ihey have \>e*n iniporte'il to «ui.li eiteiil as to reuder all bonfr*
Sroduclioa uf the Hiinic M>rt quite uniieee^uiry, may very irell be
ouMcd. lirantiiiK. bi"*evvr, fteh to be the fiitt, ttic consequence
tc the (continent (leta iiotbiuy of a >iiniW kind from ua in return ;
wherefore, for^iftn architects, who would yrchtMy be bene6tle<l by
snroe ezehan^e of idea* with us, are left t« auppOM tKiit Knicliiii
OBM proriuee iittthing worthy of bcinjt »Jiowii, or that "iJi bear the
levt of examinntion wlien fufly eitpoMdby beiiitcdvliucatwi iuallit*
jwrtB. W* ^*H very w«ill afford, it may be tatd, to let vther
cuanlriea entertain whatever opinions they plou* of o«, >b the
matter of arrhitecture and art. Very trm- ; wby, then, are aonie
amon); u* ta *oro, *o piqued, and «> toucliy, wheneier it happeuv
In be intimated that we lag far behind Weijfncra in reifard to
architectural ntiMtflhinff, ''u any conipari»<on of catalofrut* will
iliow~ — o confcHicnn now paraded before tho ptablic with the poo-
sent and tinder th« itunpii-os of nevMsl of our leadinir «r>;bitf-cl« ?
If we have acted right nf Inte years in entirely niii>tmninK from
pnidur.iiiy nrchilectural puMichtiona that mi^ht proudly rank with
th« best forei|;rn ano of the kind, tlierv in iinthinK at all to be
Migrj or to hhinh at, whenever ad much i* stated, llnther onffht
we to eon^rnitulBte ournelve* ujion our bigpcrior prudence and
diwpeilon. IVhy should " any comparinon m ejitalosuei" diaturb
MS, or di!te«ropfl«e the eerenity of our tempers ? On the other
feud, if it be now mncidered deairable to nhow rivalry vith tho
WBtinent, in respect of architect nrnl publirjktioni, what ia con-
tenphited by the " Architectural Publication S.vciety" will go but
a verv little way indeed towardti »«r»iiip]iKbin(c *urh object.
VII. It mi'iib'l ver\' tiatnriilly be imngined thnt nrchitecture in
fretty genera) I V studied by our bi|;her and niiddlini^ claaaea, tuiA
that there would nrnirditiirly be a coneidemble and conrtant de-
mand for book* relating' to it, it hcln^ from tho«e claMra that
Iho«e who sit in committee and in judjnnent upon design* aent in
at eoin|ietitinns nre Fieleeted, or el** elect themselves. They are
•f coiirie ull " highly reapectable" and " honourable' perMns, and
W forth ; yet that nvnila nothing;, if they poMManot at the onmo
tin* florrK! intelli^nc« uf architecture itaelf, which eertainly doea
not ooRie all nt once by intuition, just when ther« Iiaupens to be
occacinn for exerctvinir it. nor in it to be nciiuired mtnont rnn-
aiderable litudy and a^iplieatiun. PousiMy, it innv he that thiwe
who witf^r committee' of the kind are no etceetfinj^ly ii^orant,
an not ti> ho at all nwnre of the redponHibitity tiiey take iipou
themaelvea, or their own utter wn)itn4'B>- fnr the office thoy mwiime.
The consenuenee ie, tlmt allUou^h by uiidertiikiiiK it tliey are dig-
nifiwl — Bt lea<3t, fancy themnelveB to be «o — (trt ia damned. Ac-
cording to tho pri'wmt jirecioua ej^em of managing Huch mnttem,
the itenilmg in a earefully-stndiiit de<^^ is no better than ctuiting
te&rU before awine. A pmdudion of the kind elicits nolhinK
etter than a grunt, and the decition in mnde in fnvnur of bwIII
and ftanMicinn. Now, if gentk*men tike to call fur n bottle of
genuine old l^nunvjno, they arc welcome to do (u> : bnt it ia, bk my
I^rd Liverpool would hnvo uiid, "really too Iwrt" to tnuw other
pwvlf? (« uiror] in a hundred mtrnplea of vnriutia aorta, when the
s^Suntiovi no nlime WHO wanted. Alaa ! for both the rwiis and the
honour of the Army iitmI Navy, — at leart, forlhiMU-of the Army and
Navy Club, who, after tuKinir in no ordinary d^eree (owing Co the
limited space of the first Hi^fht) the ingenuity cif between sixty and
Mvcnty Archit.ectK, decided in favour of a pniiiiiii: alfiiir i'uniped~up
after hiimiovino. Thnt biiay-hoily prig. Count d'Orsay, deaerres
to be well ducked in a'Crse-pond, fur lending; tho Army and Navy
— our British Army and Navy, or their CUib at least — by the now.
Rather ought tka ^ dub " to have been w wioJdvd as to knock liis
Ooutitahlp down, and aend him tn grope in tlie ahysa of Uij
cvmbinal conivit. However, if Engliab architect* like
kicked by French eounta, without attempting to reaeat it, m l_
it. Tliey may be both kicked and apit upon for aaght that 1 can^
if they are too cowardly to protect theniwlvea.
VIII, In what heaaya of the Roynl Hichangv, thv wriln- in th
current number of Che '* Wutmtntter' make* no ot^acttM V
thnt edifice being ao greatly di*£gurcd by the aha|iau ItUalM
vomewhat atranjre, that while he <u> vehemently randcnuw .ill
exceax to which decoration him been carried nt the HtMiWsW ttr
Uameot, he ia ijuite silent with regard In what pt^rMonti leaa crtlia
will bo likely to cunvidcT the greatrat fault of all — namtly, tk
enuraioua coat au incurred. Mr. llTiinr'a word*, when he Mul (t
IM«) he firmly believed tltat the exnenae of Mr. BouTf'a u
H-')uId be double tho rstitiiatc. liavo aireadv been verified. H
Jkluckinnon went rvt^n further, and dec-Inrei! thnt '* Two MiUki
will nut cover the eipenae." Let ua then "firmly bdicve' ik
Tliree MUUoiu will da ao.
ARCHITECTURE AT THE ROYAL ACADEMY.
[ntiuD fvncr..']
t>wing to the Exhibition** terminating this eeaflon Mjcnewb
earlier than iinual, and tu our not knowing thnt it was sbcul 1
eloM until jurt a day or two before, when vie were prereated bm
M-riaiting it, we muat uuw truct to our memory aud a f«w i4M
netes prerioualy taken down by u<, fur such furtner account ■>«■
iwndera raunt row he content with. Of the one iiundred aud ata^
drawing* In the Architectur»l Koom, forty-aix may very well k
aaid lc> have '' no btuiineaa' there, they being not original nrrhtlw
tural produrlioiLs — not designs and (xtrnpoaitions by the renMctlsi
exhibilnrti, hut men^lv vie«s and Otlier portraiture* of dlAvM
buildingM, or bit* of onilding«. Nor, in our oplDioii, aubJActe d
that kind are at the ben nontewhut out of ^loco m an arcbitcctani
exhibition, if onlybccJtuwau annual e.^hlbition ia, unl«M ntliervM
expreMsed, expected tn ahow uh the perfomifuicea of contomponui
talent. Were the Architectural Itoom three or four timca Ijagv
than it ia, — or, what would be better atill, were there two sufiicMotl}
Hpnciou' roomH, one of which might he set apart for what is mH
architectural portraiture, there would he no objection tv productlNl
of the latter dcitcriptian being admitted, provided they wer« woi^
of being BO, either on account of intriuMc interest or frfalinMi J
Kiiliject, or superior ability and charm as regards artictic exccutiM
I'nfoTtuniite.ly, the revcme of thix in the ca&e ; building* tbat b*n
become quite hitckney and «tale (haHng been *hown again nl
agRin both in bookenj^iiving^ and drawing^ and olno iu nmict
from tliem, till we almoKt Mcke n at the bare mention of their nantea)
are iil](iwi>d to lind admiiution at the Academy, in hundretJi-«diliN
representations uf them. And not only are nurh thin^ a<lniitl«d,
white original architectural productions are turned away, but dmd;
of lUeni — luid perhupu some uf the Ktale^t «r else most trivial it
Bubject, arc nllowed to occupy better place* than drawinf(» wUck
show us, or rather would show ua what we have ivot before ated,
were they not hung where they otUDut be seen Uiem»eK'e«. As *t
have alreiidy obaerved, this i* the unhappy case of No, lOSi, tb
new Coffee RociDi of the Carlton Cluli-houne ; while, ax if on purpOH
to render that eaae a atiU more scaudaluusi one several large frai^M,
whii^h contain only very uninteresting viewit of architectural ruiw
are pluc^^d very conupicutiuiily nearly upon tlie "-litu." Had Na.
1005 betin differently dMcribed — hud it puiued, lu it vary fajitt
might have done, under the name of Mr Sydney Suiirke, with tbV
infuminti'm that the rncAustic embelltnhments were by 3Ir. Sa^
it would, wii nuMpeet, havo been vury diflerently treated- H'tll, lei
us hope thut it will be adinitlfHl again next oeiiwon, for it certainji
cannot be rejected as having been ''already publicly exhibited,^
uiiliKH bojng nuhlicly put out of sight is just the >«nie a^i btuif
" jiublicly exhibited.' Tho hangfm aeem tu think that they are al
liberty to do juat as they pleu*e in the Architectural Kiiom, uMi
commit all aorta of absurdities there without incurring the ulighlesi
censure. Theyknow well enough thntthe architectural drawitigsan
neverkpoken of by the newspaper* preiu; the Aanmiim, huweviK
are merely the executioners : they are nut reiponsiule for judical
blunden and want at judgment in the juttg^ themselres, who imI
content with ciindenmiiig (biv year ninny meritoriciuii arohitectanJ
performancpK, by rejecting them, huve, by admitting them "gniitil
their npiirubation uf a great many others whieh, whatever mm
amoug thorn may be as drawings, are belou mediocrity aa di
If it be the policy vf the Academy to bring ardiitoclure— t
UM.^
THK Cmt ECCTNKKR AVD AKCHITECrs JOPRNAL.
aoi
lUvhiUftiiml drawings, into atiU further discndlt and disfiivour
with tlii> |)iiblt«,«M A (tt>p to<raRl<i suL-h vurksh^iBff excluded Ji1ti>-
^fllier. alter Itx WinjF votpd to ht hvnf*th thp dignity of n itiiyuJ
Aeftdnnv lo ndmit tlicm into it« (ixbihitiont, murh ai we may
■dnin til* nutut^ness of eucb i)ollc)', <re must reprobate its tre»-
Tsbeflu — Mil U iM>ir hi^hliIn^f'l^tll! to do, mir n<itirr>iiAf mirR
clnwii^n s« vi> cna now sp«ak tu, vn^ will Arat iif nil mention ihnte
nhii'tiliclDnittiiMliiit i^irivnnablythemofltBcuntT. ihuuxliHHsurpdly
not the Iwut iiitertr«Ti!ij( iir It'iwt impiirtunt dnm vf tiibjvrti^ wu
tnMii Inleriiiri. One of them, whow till" «xriti><i curiinity llic
mwt, in, »» hii* nlready been staled. |jiit iiuite uut «f «ivbt. T)ie
next, No. 1M7, "'riif HTHwiriR Runm »ni Corridor of tbe Army
and Na«7 Vltih-htmw,' Atrj/x^n, AUimi nnd Crnnn, f«ri'« vrry littli?
Wtter, it con"i«lin); uf tuir »iiihI1 drnu-iiij^i in tliti tminc rrnine,
which Wintcuiily di^litly tinted in sepia, und huii^ np con«ider4lily
above the eye, >r4< Imnlly oht.vrviihIu.* Of thefte twd (uhjecis ve
pnftt the " Comdur" one, lu nintiifiiitiiiK, I>i>mi1i'k Innte iind fiin-
itdankblei norelty aim*, more Juil^ment with repird to due ^Tadation
of effert thnn the u«ual mistakenly Hmbitiou* practice uf makiu^
the approach to the 4]»irtnii'tit« in n cIiiIi-Iioiikp iir private innnNimi
fmr more impresitive and importanl — arch it eel ii rail y •peaklittc— lliati
thr rooms themnelvee. — pompous |jrefacesto «h»l tr. if not actually
piUtrv, more m Irut cimimun-plNre. Wv (|ueHtion whether the
actual Club- houM now iiiprnwreu will be nbletiiKbuw any thitJit half
M) full of effect — M *ceiilf,yet not at allextrnviiirHiilly iit forcedly wi,
but railier iiuite ihe rever*e — bn this purlion of Memir-i. A. and C*
deai^ would hiive iH-eii. At the naitie time, we thinV there wiu
more than one other dciiifii olfi-red that w»a upon llie whole «UU
bvlter lluin iheim. Il<>itet-^r, the Club, or perhspa the Count —
|h« llerculen whi> widilit ibitt club, and iiKaintit whom all the arru-
ment* of crIilciMii muni for nnthitiK, ha* decirled dilTerentlv. tVe
find that wo liave piused oier in itx nuinericitJ order, an Inltrtor
il c<mipir)i<iti»lr enough, therefore not at aM likely to be
by uniiotu-ril on the w«ll. vlx., No. I(H. "TV«iiin for the
ir ofa RAiint, di^citniled with inu«lrnti»<is iirthe ColilMream
//. Stuaw, Thl» desl)rnis about nsodd agi its title in oddly
orded. ThedrMwin^ i» » JnrKeond nuintt-lfikin^ly laboured uno;
'int«riar' of the room Nhiiw:> what in mr^mt tor flurid Tiidiir
ic in all ita flotidiiCM, In whirh i[ntpt ami heralilic emlH-Uiiih-
tHBir a promiDrnt part; Rtill it in not I>y aiiy menus to nur
aod we therefore rtimtifn it over lo the "illiintrnli'd" if not
'Imis CoIdftreiLm (!uard>s for tlieir (■Kpl^^1^ll admiriilion. Am
o. r?91>, "Rniwin^ of an Ancient StAte Full helonpii); to thu
'Company of Fiithmon^erK," is by tlic same exhibitor, it mny pro-
\f enouich come in fur notire immndinlely after the prercuintf.
tHlfl shows it to bo an exceedinicly tuitiiiuiirjrin uffair — fur more
hntKiaariai] than at all architect urij. It is. in fiict, little morn
than a hiffhly -I abjured drawing of a more curious than taotcful
lieexllei-Htnrk relic. Whut buHineN.i it hu4 to be here lu une of the
Y«r}- he«t situations, w« do nut understand ; on the ivrntrary,
toarvel much at finding it here at nil, koowinff. as wo happen to do.
Mow «f the arcliitftctiial iktu/nt which were turned swiiv in order
1» make w.ty for iticli a very M-ia4mih affair aa thin, t'crhups it
took tho fanry of tlic old ladies in tbe Academy.
N'o._l<:»0(i, >' Entrnnce Hall and StalreaBO of the Britii^h Mu-
*wnn," aji decorated W L. ir, CvUrnan, in a Inr^re and mji«t capti-
'Vatiriff drawtn)[, ftnil »lrnnKe perhapn to »ay tolerably well-
^laevd. A> to it* «iibitvt, it in nut ho ncroptabU oa en* Ims known
««utd have been, the Aloncum beinc freely open to every one; imd
•n far, we could winh that Mr. C.'* drawinjf had cbaaf^ed plavc^
ilritb Mr. Aan^'a,— the interiors of chtb-houses bein^ not made of
" pmetntble tituff," bnt their heautio« n.s cnr^fulty lecludM from
feue profane find mtic's eye, a:^ are thoite of cm eaitem harem.
In Itself, the Mnaenm slaircBse ia not particularly »triking — ntrik-
inff only hy comnnritnn with the plainnena and baroneM of tlio
•f^er part* of the builJing— the Kin^'n Librurj- iilone exc<'pted.
Fnithfiil. too. us is Mr. C.'s repreientatWn, it ia a fluttering one,
becaiuie of the hall itielf it slmug nothing more than what nerves
■■ forft-^ouDd to the -LtnircaNr. irhlch ia ttivi>n (Iir4>ctly in front.
AH dietDTbinj; eirciimstanre*— all that detractn from or interfere*
Vitb the iipeni« effert, as the ntaircaue i« thui ihown, U kept out
•f si^it. You are M liberty to funcy that it diKpUyn iti^elt thuH
•a first enteiinf;, or that If not at onft oxtromity of tho hall, it
crnnn in at least at the centre o£ on« side of it. — No. i'i'il g'vet
another HtHirt-aite — vii., that at "Beaumanor Park, Le ices te rah ire,"
W. Rnilfnt : (n favour of which v«iry littlocJin ho Miid, either an
naxd* the desicn itself, or the manner in which Uio view ia
Varna. The ityla adopted ia the heavy, cumbroua Elizabethan,
vltOM quaint cuTTcd-wurk is far more cvntly than elegant, nlthou^h
• AtUDa<a ite RiklUtilm b (laMd. n ipiak m oaual la tk* pnMiii ittm.
H coets an architect nutbing — no study or Uiou^lit, if ha be content
merely to rxipy without utudrinj; liov to rehue upon mch atyle,
and brlnff it into keeitini; with modern tiute and notions as uia-
plaved in all reftuecta tIu-i>uf;hoiit a mndern reiideiice. — No. IWH,
*' l>v«ign for an kittrance SiiJonn, atlapltHl to tho EoKlish riimate,
ir. /'n^NuorlA, puxiles uh rxceediu^ly. In what particular respect it
is mure adapted lo our climate than any other room, we are unnbl*
loi^uess; iinlexs it b« thai it« rxcMiKive fcaudirieia and flutter cif
eoluur> ia intnnded to cotmtenct the i-liillinii; mftueuce of ua
Knxli«li nicy. Nor it Uie architecture at all belter than the taate
cEiuwn in embellishment as reurard* colour. The room hut tbeluok
uf a tawdry Inverri " aaliion."
Wt have not to the end of " Interior*," f«r we do not eomprc-
beiid under thitt dcn^nntion tho«C of ehurchei, liuth <dd and new ;
the former of which are of counse mere views, not the dcsinrns of
thni>e who here cxIiiLil them ; while the Intter, which nilj(]it el«w
be made la alFord luime exerei»« for inventive jioa-er and iina)^tia>
tion, are, thank* to our modem eeclennloguts, their pedantry
and their prudery-, strictly bound to imitate, and aa far a* noatible
facximiliie, the old onM ; — wherefore, to ercIeKiolo|riiftt ana to Mr.
Urban, we leave them. The only dewi^ of that claai whleh
Htruck lit at the time, or which we can now call to mind with any
dt«tinc1iie«>, it IIH3, " lliiflihory N«w Church, now erecting" by
'/'.Alhm. That thin i« a very chiirminp drawing— one dirt inffuwhed
by ita artintio treatment, we hardly need aay, itn authors name
being a sntlicient f^arantee for cnrh merit ; but it has alwi frreat
merit in other rertuectn- I'hp architeetnrc itaelf i« trented artist».
eally; — all the *pirit and better qualities of the fctyle — Gothie or
mwliipval, an now matter of rourse, arw preserved. The view
here iriven of tho church ia, however, ao exeeedingty picturesqiM
and epitiidiral, that we cannot juilfte from it what the ■truuture Is or
will he, upon the whole. Having mentioned this subject, we may
be allowed to turn at once to another and quite different ime, by
the name nrt'hitect — via.. No. IWfl: *' (Inntinuation of a l)r>ri^
for Improving tlie Property on the Banku of tbe Tluune*, &e."
This we take to be altofcether ''a castle in the air" — too ^rif^antic
aw.heme; not, indeed, an imprartti-able one, but one which hns not
the aligliteat ehnnce of hein^ nialiited, or even serioiinly thought
of Ht nil in our time, or Mr. AUom's, When he conceived it ami
wax at work upon his drawtn|f. Louts Philippe wrs upon his throne:
that Louit ii^ m> no lonaer; neither Ik l.iiilwifr. Trmpnm mtitan-
(ur.- all Eun>pe liAK received a shock — but we are ftetline prosy.
To speak more arcbitecturiilly and critically, we may observe, that
for " improviniT property on the banks of the Th.imes," we udoold
read '■ on tlie a^rth bajik of the Tliamen,* because, like every other
which haa had n limilar object in view, Mr. .\I]i>m'» sdierao uro-
vides no imnrovement whatever for the south or opposite bank of
the river, the mejinnesc anil deformities of who<w buililin^ would
become more otTennive than ever, were they to be confronted by,
andlookedatfruin terraces and (luayt on tbe north side. Hanked
byaoch fafAdee as are repreaentea in this det^i^.
There Is more than one pood drawing and very fair de«ifrn for
house* in the Elimbethan style — shall wo ever set to a Victorian
styled — which we are unable now to partiriilarino, liut among which,
if our memory deceive* ua not, an for reason etplnined It may
do — is No. 1 1 15, "A House now ereetinj^at Southend, Sydenham,"
If. E. Cnx and E. Gawltiiin. There is another drawing apparently
by the a:ime hand, but of n dpaign by a diiferent exhibitor, thou^^h
in the siinie style, and «iiiiilar al»o in miiny other respects ; yet
which it is we cannot undertake to say. the pencil notes in our
marked ciitalo||pie being nc^arty efTncei). To confess tbe truth we
miwt now hurry im %o /■'iuu/and content uumelveH with merely
naming Mine of the few things that deaerve to be rescued from the
imputation of dulnen and mediocrity, or even worse, with which
the ardiilcctuml part tif thiti year'* Kxhibition U chnrjittnlile^ — No.
1112, "Tb« Sioke Station, now erecting fmni iheuealgns, and
under tbe superintendence of If. A. Itunt,*' G. B\ioltier, hat con-
siderable rosrit in partly, but isreryuneoiint, and therefore unm(i»-
factory as. a whole. Iler-e again the Klyle is Klizalietliaii; and did
the drauing represent n lufni lUlr pr<jductioii and monument of that
80V, it would be ij) te recti n{r enough ; but as a desiffn at thepriwent
day, it partaken too strongly of the lidelitv of the tlhineiw tailor
who copied all tbe holea in the coat whirli wan Kent to him aa a
pattern uf an En^liih one. Cniudderabte priiisc is due to No. 1^1 1,
"Court-yard of a Ucntleman's Farm .house, lately erected ;"«nd .No,
IVia, ■* imign for n Chapel st Kdnn-Mton, both by /'. »: t>rduk;
alao t« No. 1270, "Additions lo FrankleiKh House, Wllla," H.
Clttttoa. Although there ia too much of the oforraaid Cfailicet
tailor in it, we cunfew t" relishing Mr. Harkwick's devtxn for a
''House about to be erected at Aldermaatou, Berks," No. KIT.
Pity that ll is of the " olden time* and nol of our own ; for if wa
A
THE CIVIL EVOTNBER AND ARCHITECTS JOrRNAL,
CAt«t«
continn* to |[o on Ihii*. tli* ninrteRnlli renturr will b« nnHitively a
bUnk in the hiilory uf anhilertura. Hiid, unlitcr Uiut or KliznhHli,
th«r«Ipnif VicioriuMi flhsolule nullity. With No. l«Ol, "■Ke"'
BtiiMinKX in tlie Tcmiilc." S. Smirkr, we are by no mcniiK no well
Wtinlicil. Nol iiiily iirr Ihey mure iroiilinentnl than KnKlial" i"
phyalciKiioiiiy, liul tliry do not at all nc^.unl irilh any Ihing D«nr
them; on llie Cfliitrarv, nre quite m patch rtiirk tipon that ranjce
of I>ui1din)ri wliicli they nrr JntcniJpiI tii carry on and coniplrtor.
WTiile otliers anr effur'ttig ainl iIcfHcinu Soaiic's work^ Mr. Siiiirke
tecma to be enxiou!! to undo or eUe go quite counter tu Sir Uubcrt'^
diiings.
ON TRKiONOMKTRICAI. FOHMLLiE FOR FINDING
THE LEVKL OF TWO DISTANT OBJECTS.
By R. G. Clxm, C.E.
The fthjett «r thin comtnunication in to exhibit Mtne Rimple for-
mnls, tiiat t»ay at uii« operation *4Tvr to drtfrmino the levcljt of
distant objects with mpcct to the »tnti(m fnna which the ani;led
are takrti, Tlir inihject may be cviiMileri-d thxui: we have un a
rerticnl plune 11 A1>B, Ibo tri**''' "ncl** M A C, 11 A I>, fr«m H A
the ccnailiU- hiirizoit. and the iriven height C D, to ile<t«miine tlie
]«v«l «r D at the baw; with re«|i«ct to II, the l>»»* of the stntiun A.
(*«r li;r. 1.)
Thrre are two cusf*: firtt, when the vertex A of the wtation is
above the |cvel of the tummit uf the Qbj«et C D ; and, secondly,
when the vertex A ia bolo* the lev*! of C".
1»1. Let thei ^1-en aiiicle of deprewion 11 A C = fi; also the angle
ft A P— ff; the f>i veil hei(fht of the object C V>= h ; iind II D — y.
Then by the triangle C A D we have
Bin {»—*):*:: nn (KP- #) or eo« # : r*,"*"- ^ = A C.
■in {9~-0f
Rj the right-aofiled triangle A H C, we have
sin £ :«—*:: i : ?^* = a c.
gin S
E ^natiiiR the ahove vnlnes of A C,
h . COT * jr — A
{» eia — S) ~ sin 8'
Therefore, 4 . COS e . Binfl = (y — A).f[in (« — fi)
— Cf — *) (*'f *■ eosS — ci»a#. uiji «)
=^ jr ■ ■■'I - foa 8— y tiiii e . &in £ — A . ain e . coa ^ + h ■ cob 9 .
safi; by transpofing, y( sin 0. cim 8 — cm 9 . rin 0) ^ A . otti .
C«BiB (I.)
„ A. sin 9. COB £ , , , ,
Htncfrjf = -^— .^— -- .(.rj = A,Biibfl,«o«8.coaec.{»— ^) (8)
Dividing each side of (l)by ain?. coe 9, webavft
_ A . cot J}
potfl — e(it~9 (^)
thJJ^ fomula (a) may be adapted for JoK»rIthraic computution,
Ij(W s - V "in e + loif cos B -f |„g coaee (#— B) + loth — :tO
I he equtitjon (3) inn !>e effected by natunil co-taneentii to he
found in Hutton'* " Mnth,,mfttioal TuWca." An example laLh-
jeined to eltiddnle the e^iiiation {'ij. "^
A>. It being r*()uirc.d U .lelwmine the level of two objeMs by
nniilm of deprfswion frnn* the sensible horiaon, taken at the aunimit
of an edifice, «. St. Paur«. the height being to i («* fig. n ; xh^ angle
= siS ^ ' *"^ H A D ^ W^ 30' ; „d tie height CU
He«»=9»3ff; fl = ySO'; «-* = «> 10'; nod 4 = 300.
0-|«9TO3
fl*9BfW65
5*477 lel
Bv formtiU (2) we have
Logain B" 30' ... ,
Log COS. S° SO' ... .
Log eoaec . s° 10
Lug 300
fi-»Ell»ll9 :^ lag 11 l) = i«g 4Slf.
Therefore 491-7— Wi = 87-7 fert.
Hence U is AT-T feet ahere the level of D.
2nd. ^V'hen the summit of the station A is beluw the level of llit
vertex C uf the object O J», Jig. S.
Let H D =: V ; D C — A' ; the angle H A D = e ; Ind tbp n^
H A C .:= ^ ; and proceeding exactly the same mann^ •» hef-nre,
w c have
»■ =
h' . tan » . CM B
sia(«1-»)
, «T = b . sin # . ooa $ . coeoo (> -(' 9).«.>.(4,)
K.etAfi
And y ==
(i-J
cot B + cot ' .....ri...
The only difference being in the u^rna.
Heifce D C -^ A B = height of one object above the level ftf tkt
other.
Pr,.a.
RemoTk. When the angles are taken to f^rondsf U 1«
advn»tii|Cf"<"> t" *>B^ (^) 't'xl (4)i ae tlif i^^e may be, to nuoit
greater accurnct'. To Htdve tlie f<ireKoi<iK qiiettion by the PiiM
Cakc of Plane 1 rignnometry would require thereby mt-re than ta*
ojierutionti : hence Ihe njanifeat vnlur of the above f<frniii]«e.
The subject is a valuable exercise to the yuutig atudent in ar-
veyiiic. as giving hiiu proper ideas of the utility u-i tfifcunomrtrir*!
formuliE fur the mcuns of rcudcilng op cTntiuns ntoro sini|ile lui
computtttiou.
ISOMETRICAL PERSPRCTIVe.
It is to be regretted that iBonicirical pcrspeallve iit not in mote
geuerul une amongst en^eers and architei:!* ; but lie infrrqueat;
of its application to dvaigna of mnchinery imA buildings, nrim in
a great meuaure, perhaps, from the difficulty unmilly experieucMt
in properly rcpretwnling cnned liuca. In this kind of [ic-r«pecti>e,
we know thiil a circle inucribcd within a iipinre is rcpreM-nted bj
an ellipse tuuchiiiK the centre of each ttlile nf an oblique pant
ielogram, as in tlio annexed figure. Now, there is no iMtrv-
mcnt which can be itet to deaqAt
such nn ellipse, unlcw we Cmt^ii-
cover the irannvcntr mid c^niiugxtr
diameters «, h, and i-, rf. — « tune-
wliat trdubtewiiiie prclimiaary. It
■a, therefore, much to be deaircd
tbnt an Inslnimcni rovld he oun-
trived, wiicrehy the drauehtamaii
would be euabled to proiFuce tkt
ellipse witli no outre trouble thaa
the HJnipIc nicwiurcmrnt of thf
radius of the circle to be reprcscnteil. IVrhupt the fulhwW
•u{W««tion may supply that deoidrratum : —
To a hlotk of metnl tt, let there he two projecting piece*, cttA
4, each one carrjing « pair of rHdiii^biir# r,/. and^t, A ; let ihoM
bara exactly iigree in U'liglh, and let eitrh ptiir l>n mi united bra
pin pAMing lootioly through the pnijce^fng piece, that thiir centra
linen fomi an angle of 30^ Then, if c and y be made to r«rry «
rtraight bar *, and/and h an arch /, having a tongue or blade at,
wiiich bears upon *, wo itball hiive an Jn»triinieiil hy tnean* u(
which wo can ilefMribe an ifiontctrical ellipse; and the mode e(
uxing It will he to prew upon a, with the thumb of the left hanil.
and with the lingers of the wimc hand tiirti the arm m, and
thereby the two paim of radiu»- bars— while at the satne limn the
right band \hM* u pencil point in the coiner o, at the t'ri)»<ing«f
m and k. The pencil will thus he nindt; to dcacribe hfJf the t»-
metric&l representation uf a circle, nhuae radius is equal to that of
THE CIVIL EKG1N£ER A^fD ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL.
the mrgM#,.^f, k; and ky torninR- the infitnirnent or the ]i>p«r
iwmA, tbe other half may' be dniwn with eqiukl fneility.
(«R*truntiiir the iiMlnuni^nt wi Hint t)iti itnnti rould be n4-
ti> nny riMliTit nt |ileaAure, we ^liimld (tittii be pnnbW la
sent aciri-Jeiif any dinmfter within iti ranite. Eltlpun, lUii,
rifuld be represented in thi^ khxl nf pcrnpective, by its meui^. If
fit were rctioired to sliow tlie Bumi-t-lliinH.' u, 6, c. rf, the ntily nri-
, juHttiieiil neceMHAry hdieIiI
be to net the radiua uf /and
h (a the line a. 6, and thnt of
« Hiid If to tlie lini- fr. t/,—
Hnil the curve iiwduood
vouM be the true ftcjrt. nc-
Moriwvcrif the iint^li-ii formi-ii
cordinK to tlie mlea nf tlie art.
■by the amw could be iiltcred nt picaaiire, wc Ktimild have at r«in-
mand an iiifitiitr rarirty nf simple curven, eTiilirHciti)r '■'l thiit are
derireil from Uit! iMHiietrictil pTDJection of ropiliir figure* in uny
plane.
The form of the inrtrumi-iit m.ty differ materially from that
_ repreneiited brri' — il may W mndv Ui dniTibe the whole Agure
■ withnut beiuK moved fmiii its fint piMitian : but our sketch nod
■ description will, no doubt, be su£cicnlly luggewtive of all lli«l u
I required h> render it elfioieiit.
I II.B.C
^^^ PORTABLE COFFERDAM,*
trWeULLLV ADAPTED FOB IIABBOUB AyO OTIIKB MASIKft VORKB.
Br TitnMAfl SrsvBNsov, F.K.S.I{., Civil En^rinMr, Rdinburgh.
(Rtad btfore the Rayat ScaUUh Society nf ArU, January 111, \\H«,.)
\Vb«i) il Li neoeiMnry, in the execution of marine workit, lo carry
on founding or eswration iit exposed tltualiong nithin the hi^h-
vBter mark. calTerdamit of the rommun description ure not fooiid
to be uDHwrrabU-. Many cin'iiniBitiiniri^x miixpire in rendering nucli
CrwAions iiiapptiiMthle in nitii»tiii»s where liie'y ar« required lo
Amd for severnl tiileii. The wbvch occasioned by a very modcralo
breeit of wind will, in many caaci" even in the ciiunw iff a few
liotint, either entin-lr hrrak up a well-ruiitilrueted cofleriliun, or
render it leaky and unHtfrviirK^hle, Afi^ain, where there hoppeiiK to
be n cnTcrinx of a few I'cet of imnd above n rocky hutttmi, the uilen
will Ire fgunit, ci'rn whrrc thtn- i» iiheller frimi the waven, tu Iiuve
no 8t«bilitv, and tu fidl iiiwiirda a« the xaiid l» reoiuved fruin the
iat«rior, although fvery care he takea to support them with ihorc*
vr rtrutx.
The tempurjrj dara> whirl) are generally etii|il<iyed in tlie execu-
tion of tid&'Worka are of a very simple eotiutnictioR, and arc in-
tended to be Miiviceahlc during only one or two tidcf. They coimrt
of a row of >hort pilen which are driven iii the line of a runner or
wiUing-piece, and m the uxiyt^aliuci prueeedu, the pilwi are from
time to time driven farther down, uut (JiIh kiiid of croctiou is
very untatiifactury, and in miuiy nituatiuni;!, nnd fur a variety of
pnrpOMv, it it ill fatt i|ULt« u^leM; for 1 buve alway* found that
■t fra« impoaaildo with this dfun to drive thd pilea utraishl, fmm
th«re beine only one waling-piiKC to direct them. But even
although they could he driven, ii farthtfr Huurce of inconvenience
Htitl remAin*, for, ajt the Muff in removed fruiit the interior, there i«
nothirtit left but thu linglr waling In rmiit the )>rv>»-ur<r Irum the
outude, and the bottonu of the pileu keiug ipeecUty forced inwarda,
all sttprapts to carrf the excavation farther must n»c«Marily be
abuidoned.
* AaattliKia(iUipapn«i*ftHDlath> J«urulol VibnurrtiM.p.a.
At llyniih hnrbour, Argyllshire, in 1«U, I had a tnloa-wal) to
fnuiid on uniid, which covered a roeky ht'iich to the depth of from
two to three feet. At another place, the rock was not only to be
liare*!, hut a navitcable rhnntief, twenty fn-t wide, and in nmte
IiUniM iw diH>]i an eiftht fM^t in thn ruk, l«Ki-ther with a imall tiil^
>a<<in. wM-e to he excJivated Ui the level of the loM--water springe*.
TheKhiireit alto wer« frei|uently subject, even during the aummer
mutithx, to a very bvavy iiurf.
The exciivation of the tide-haun, wMch farmed the landward
part uf'tbe work, was effected by meani uf a series ofdanii', cnn-
Hiiting of walls, built of jMjxtulario rubble. Tbene were foiiad to
be ijuita wHter-ti)(ht, and to answer remarkably well In every
respect ; but they required, for the:r protection a^inot the wnTcis
n roiitideruble bulwark or lireakwater of Pirrm ycniuat tu alielter
tlierii from the wavev.
In the excavation, however, which hail lobe undertaken seawaril
of the breakwater vi Fierrr* iifrrtSues, any attempt to eicliidc the
water diiriag the whole of the title, wa^i wlint T iii;ver cnnnidereil
IiracLicahle. A trial was accordiogly made to effect the excavation
ly means of a low wall, composed of a clay-rubhle, rescmhlins in
its obJL'i'rt thii-ne low dams con.ii^tin^ of tngx of woihI beddea in
clav, wliich fire oAen adopted in harbour- worka, and which are
only intended to keep out the tide during the Arst part of the
flood, and to be pumped dry before the opcratiiiiLo uf the next tide
are bexuii. But alter tawny alteinplB with thiit clay-wall, it became
ijuitc evident that it would not he posullile, with its assistance, to
carry the excavations tu near the level of tuw-watcr upriiin, which
was due jirlncipally tu two rjiuHeN. Firwt, becnune luuid and sliiiigle
were, during almost every tide, washed in large i|uautities over
the t<>]> of the wall into our excavation pit ; and, secondly, bccauiK:
the «ave» Hiiahed out the clay frum among the »tone», >u as to
n-ndrr the barrier no lunger w»t it- light.
licing now compelled tu net about some other way of carrying on
the »ork, I had recouriie to the simple method iihwrtly to be ex-
plained, mid which nwre than roaiiied uij eKpectatiuut>. Before
giving H dottcriptiiin of thit method, however, it will he intcrenting,
as welt a««till farther explunatory of the reiiuirtMl objects, to((uottt
n few line» relating to imneivhut •imilnr diHiculliea, from a Report
upon tho llnrhour of I'eterhead, which w»» dmwn up in the year
1806 by the Ute Mr. John Kennie ; — " The next miitnrial iibjeet of
consideration," sayi the Report, "is that of de#p«iirig the harbour,
whi-ch at present canmit well accommodate vetnels drawing more
than IS feet nf water in the «pring-tide«, but in nenpH in not sufR-
cient. To render this harbour more extensively useful, it wouU
br advliiablo to have 17 or 18 feet of water over the freateatuit
of ilii liottom, mill jiiirtieularlr along the weiit ijuay. The mode of
Serforming thin kind of wort: will be different, according to the
ifference of situation. Those places where the tide ebbi from the
anrfa4)p, and continuet so for some time, may be done bfUastiiV,
or by louaening the Htone^t with c|iinrr-*ing liiul* in thft usual man-
lier ; but in thutt fart* irhrre Hit tiitt todatn ttavtt the bottom, and in
other* tnil/ar a thort titiii', d\fftTei\t m&tJmda muft be retvrted to. The
bsftt of all wiiuld lie enclotlng lurgo spaces by eiifferdaRiii, and
working at all limen (if tide by ijuarrviug loiih* or hlaiiting, as
might bL<st suit ; hut in some situattonstlils would be tnconvenient,
as the dams would be in the way of vesBtds going into and coming
out of the harbour. In Mich Kiluntions perliapx the limplext and
most enpi'ditious mode would be to uie eaii-iron cylinders of T or H
feel dismi'ter, hating stnmg e.invas fixed lo the lower llanch,
which iiu(;lit Itn kept to the bottom by haga of sand in places where
there wa« but little agilution ; but where there U much, an oute-
cylinder nii^ht be sunk thereon, to keep them in their sit nations.'*
The rylinden prnpoied by Mr. Kcjiriie were, no doubt, ([uite
adeijunlc to the apecial |iiirpoKemid Im-ulity for which they were
designed, and they unq^uestioualily pusscns some advanta^-s nut to
he gained by other means; but. on the other band, they ure
attended with dillicullie* and disadvantages whidi preclmled their
adoption in the preueiit cane. Those objections were the limited
area, the weigjit and unwieldiness of such r7lindcrs.lhcir inflexible
nature and uiinltenihlv fiirm, nil Nir»nliiig n« miMns in themselves
of adnptuitun to the very irregiiUr mcky huttum wihich a'ns to he
excavated, and whnt was of as much con»eH|uenco, the difficulty
which niu.-<t have ■tieoited the removal uf the ptuiitrnta of rock, or
thoHe piirts which would necessarily he left between the different
conipartmenLs of the cutting. The Inat two objections, it may bo
remarked, refer eiiually to wooden caioaoas, or other conlrivaooea
on the same principle.
In the present caa^ then, the following rci]ulaites were to he
provided for, la the founding of the talus-wall, all that was re-
quired was some method which would euahle lliu fimnd-ftones t«
be laid lu deep in the sand us jiui^ible, for which purpose the dam
did nut require to be absolutely wM«r-tigbt, provided it were
«9
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECT'S JOURNAL.
fABWH
«spHbI« of exHudinir fnm tl>« imide tli« sand trliirh wn so I'ltble
Irt r*plii« wiiat wn» rinnovcil from tho interior, for the cxciivs-
tinn rif th« rock, on the other hand, it wm Rtrx^v^ry that the tlnm
should bp HAtcr-tiirht, unil Buituble fur la-kini; uut ull the parti-
tion< ; aiift toth titiiittii>ns m|uireJ uiles for fittiiiii close to the
hT«ffiiliir Iwttoiii, nnil tli'ine pilf» iicctir<t some eupport flthcr than
the (Ail into whiih tliey were to bo driven.
Tft effect nn-h (.l.jo«t», il »»» clear IHhI the meauB t« b« ndvpted
muBt be at <rnc« •Hi«ily mnnopcd nnd efficient. For sltkoii()rh.
wkars titers IB time for their employment, mmycomplicAte^l ana
trtmblcMmff relinemeiita of eon&truction aT« forced to annwer
r>urpo«M which mi^ht har* b««D attained by eimpler means, or by
MS rumbrouB amnf;etnentit, r«t I mm ■««!] awar* that in the
htirrvanil hustle att^ndinK tidnfoperationii and nij^it- work, iiothiiia
ftan no lolnrnled hut what is in every reapect eanily inaiLaj^eil and
trul]' «flicie»t.
In the accompanying dinfrmmi, A G rf[>ro«ent« a frame of
f((«iM« waling.fiiwM connecled at the ans}c» by tho Tiprights
1 I, and bdund together hy the long bolts L, with ftirelucJc*
anil wseliers, while £Pihoirii timilar 4«uM«-franied vi
the iiiaido of the dam, anil of dinalter diroeiHiuns, with
riijhtH D, and connecting botts K. Tbe^e frames heiH|ir p!
the re(|uired ponition, the one frnmo in«id« of th* other, tbi
C, aru driven down between them with heavy maJts.
The dam waa ]-4 feet lon^ by 10 feet broad iaside, m>
men were able to work in the interior.* If h was to
within low-water murk, the two frames being pU«ed in tli*
were guided to the spot by the men in rharge, and when
were in the desired poailion, tho men at onre moored or fi
fram«i> ti> the bottom, by driving duwn a pile at each comer.
thin waH done, all the pile* wer« placed bettreen the frame* aad
driven down, and keyed up hy the email pile n called '^clMcrt.*
Kwur iron jtimperii J, were then driven down to their proper pjicei
Mitaide of the rrame«. and ed^ planki fur retaiiiiuc tho clay were
•lipped down upon the jumpers thruugh iron etanlei, which w^rt
fixed to the planks. After thin, gmtd clay (which >diould have ••
gravel niiied with it, to protect it frum tna wanh of the sea)
frunned hard between the plmikii and the cofferdam, afler which Ik*
mast N waa erected, and th<i water taken out by meana of tks ir«a
uoopriiown in the drawing, which not only wna used in taldog
out tb* BtiifF, but proved tar more efliocliiua than an^ pump ve
ever had. Indeed, to get the dnm pumped dry was for long tlit
Kvatest dilbculty we had to cimtond with. But Mr. H'lUian
Dwnie, to whom I irai'e the c)i:irge, Miuti removed this difficvlty,
by luing the kCimu iual«ad of a pump. The i-apaclty of the scMf
wai about 37 gajluna, and they generally made nine dclir^riM I
minute, so thnt we found IhiK nirlhod greatly more expedttiowt
than any iilher.
Aa the excavation nra«eeded, the pite« were from time to tiw
driven dawn; and when the rising tide began to ciome over tin
pili''hmide, iir tii riue nliove the etny, tin? men, Uvfitrv leaving tb«it
work, plae«d the di>orin)^ or "dtfk" ua it wax cbI1«hI, «ritht> tks
piling, with Ihe endb uf the planki reiUiig upon tho top of tkt
inner frame, On tliii^ deck, ballnriL (eun^itnliig of Niones nt*a eso-
veiiient niae) wns de|uiiii[ed to pnu'cnt thu whole frame from beaag
floated up, — the iiuanlitv hu dt'iii»iit«!d vnryin^ with the height •»
tide, or appearance of the wentlier. Au Aadi cnrnpnrtment uf tke
oxcavHtioii wa« com plated, and before the dnm wan removed, lit
rock below the twii ruoK of pllt^s uliieh adjoined tfap next cuttiagi
was completely tukvn out, and tlie pileu driven down to the button
of the excaviited pit, and left ^tandiiig.t ^l'hea the dam w«
taken tip, the frfim^'K were, for the next ecimpurtmenc of ntlttnx;
a^aiu KuperjmpoKeil upon ime of the rnws which had boen 1m
standing in the lu^l pit. In Ihiit wayno mek could pn>»ibiy eseafC
being removed ; and when the frnnics were tu \\f put down anew,
there whh no dilHcnlty f although the pit wan entirely eovered vitb
land) in knowing exni^Ily the iiuKitimi which they were to aeeiipr,
aa the piles whicii had been left atmidiii^ uere nn infnUible guide.
The iidvanlHgcK peniHur to thix description of dam arc its cheat-
neM,— its piirtaliilily, — il* ready nilaptRtion toa alopinir, or «*«&!«
a very irregular bottom, -^ihe'fiisii uiid eertainty witli which- "
fiartilionshetween the different pitflar« ri'mnved, — ujid the d'
ranieil walingn that nip{Hirt and direct the driving uf the
Wherever excavations rei]uire to be made in a rocky bench, co
by a stratum uf und, however tliin, \\ivxv need not be any h
tiojt in iidoptinj^ this rorin of dam, a« there is no kind ef li
■ii])povl, Muirli aa iriayx or shores wanted, tho idruetunt coaUuirfq
within itnelf the elemonli nei-ewnry for its stability. It posM^a^
indeed, all the properties of a caiKwiu, iim! has the further advaatui
uf iM:conmii)diili ng itielf tu an irregular hiiltom.J
1 may ohiterve, in conrluiion, thut althongh this form of eoft-
Btru«tion is specially adapted tii niiiiiiie work*, in tiie «xe<;Tition4
which it baa proved a nto^l vidmible nnxiliary. the Mmc prineipb
might iiNo hp carriMl t« a trreater extent, and be rendered tit, wS
htlie trouble, to nniwer fur a variety of works, — such as uiido-
fooliiig quay wall., founding hrid^en, and In removing forda «
olher obstructions from the beds ufrivitrs. Tho appliukliim td »
douhJt'JraiiKd taaiiiig 1 have also found in it«elf a very uuttful »
plication in several ailuatiunii, and for a varli^ly of nnrpoies.
• *lnc» Ibti p»p.rriM»kirim«l. •Marr<l«>ii nn i»ie iim* prln.-liile •iiiiairtr.ni
trrt niiar*. h«« tw'ii nml" tor 111* Varlb Kitiguian w^tkt, ttilrlinf. atacr* £m
lenigriJ or (III " (vrJl." un Irr m; iI»«tliii>L. niiicu illlttciJliy liu illUlerlo M«a '
mcT'l. (mm ih* imhiuih lliw vt Uf ilixr
t «.(..« liliipp; th. taarniMm. thr |,ii wn flilfd iitihBwul, lomniicin lUt nlln i
vtniii r«miiri, «tii.-ti. ir.i.ii ilie imrlia wiif dirif. wii i-l*»*it oat tti irn.n, •>/ « «
»K.ur, pnii.nl»J foririi (pui^.w of li** g i.iri.i4ii.„ilroptii IbraaiUililr Iricl
t In (liiuituni «llo. M-tiftr ifipn: li ■ KiiiaiitrnM* .(-(im oi irii«.4BH »t\tr* <
qMBUir. Ifc-t framH inuil lia ai»U<> ■, l.i iiiriij high .Ijot. ih, «p„u,i.i, n trjij [^
H«™«1 KluuUgc HI iikiiJi tli« nuiilt i>( 111. irvnn KeiwMn a tat ti. Itiit »tu Mi
mil) latU ihtiltia mar* witer-ugiil, but tur* Du tSriilal i— i'-, --i Titninii..^
Ill* (MOKWUrk. ^ ^^ ' •
)»enl«
chtks,
I
THE THEATRES AM) PORTICOS OF ANCIENT ROME.
I^^trrtadat n mff ting vf the liiyai Imtiiat* afBritufi ArrAUectt,
fuiH 12U. Ily the Rev. Ki4!IIaii[> BuR'tRHs, B.D.
la looking nrnon^ my nntiqunrinn tatt] litcrnrr Atnrefl to )in>]>»re
ftMibject for the IiiMitutc-, I iMcuiii fuuiuX tliAt it%rkAHot urceiunry
far tnt to KD out of old Ruiiit\ for althnuifh In n fltrics uf pnpcr*
nreaJd over some twelve yi-arn. I hove led you "oVr nti-jw iif
Irokeii thrones and tctnplt'n," niiil plnMd you In farumi, liuth^ or
^■lls, I havf iwvfr yvt iii'MTilii-d to yihu tlio tbentreA nnii jiorticocs
pUeh formed no important a fojiturc in the ttrcbitcctuntl be»utirs
taf Rome.
, The )>Tii|i}iil!icJitre trnn mi rdidrc itnkii'>wn to the <ireck^ tlio
tlienlra u:i9 liitrill}' ever riHlurulized hiiiodij tiie Itocnan*, and with
the eicv]>tioa orfronic intKvdies, u£rril>ed to ^rnctiiv, wliich nrv Imrtt
h diMM not «))pmr that n»iiii;le Romuii trii|.i:(ly wua ei-ei c(ini|i(M«d
■poD « Roman iiibjuct. P«rtii:if <.■!>, wliicli nvnr ^enerallv ia Iho
nciaity of theiatTea nai circuses ut Kifmc^ nic ttiL- nulural frrt'wth
■T k CURiBto sukJGct ti> KiVRt liciit nnd luddcii r.iina: we lu«C in
ttCM northern rcwiiin* tlmt ipruiit uniunieiit uf » city, the purlieu.
Our wlaiinition M limited tu iirc«dea mid covered nmrkettv whiuh
ft ntwt be Gonfeawd arc mure for una than vmnmeiit. Hut 1
IVtitnttothe IhvatJT. TLc nneirnt nnd modern dtama dilTvr u
indflly ■« the buildinir> in which they wer« re3]>et'tivi-Iy neted, and
tabcU hardly iiui.-ci!«il iii iiinkiii); my Konmn tlK^atnt intelli^hle,
Raleia 1 limt indicate n few of tliO lendititi fcJitiinM "thioh ma
throiU'h the Greek drnmn ntid iti> Rumnn deiieetidniit. The«uliject
it by far too vaiit nint intricate Tor ine to attempt mtytFiini; like nn
•Miy u|)un the (ireek itt»i:e, und ther^fure I iiiiit^t limit iiiy oboer-
vatioas to what i» Htrictly neceiwary for cxplnining the internal
Vmutements of the edifice. The Greek Amma dealt more in act
tocccne> thim in hrukeit dialo^es, itnd did not admit mnre ihtin
UTM interlocutors ut once: th« notion or event re|irejtented was
brought within the epn^ of time in which it Tni);ht in renlity
have been fl^eompliMlted. A* a general rule, there wni no ehunire
^ uxat durinji,' the jiiece. In every trn^eily there wati n Wly
flailed n t^oruiiy who took no |inrt iti the aitinn of (lip piece, but
Mfleeted ujitm wh»t vim (foing on, itnd i^enernlly ex]tro>;Ked whtit
]lii|(ht be iii[>po!ied to ho the ien«e of the uiidienee. The ^^hiirua
did not come upon the stsj^e, but orciiuied thu orchestrit. vuryinif
UM dialogue which thev sometimeA hold with the i><'tnrj« hy ohorjil
■ftOga and dnnein^. i'lieno term* of tlaeie nud wiAi^fra I >hiilt
pbortif b»ve to exjtlAln.
Pmmatic eiitertninments, both in Greece and Rome, formed
part of tht* jiuhlir expenditure, or they were exhihiled ^fnitiiilnitHly
by Mome wealthy or ambition* eititcn. The thisiire*, iherefcire,
were of immense oize, for they were mennt to cuntnin (in Greece,
Bt leasl) the wliule male populntion of jfrent ejlicn. The pcr-
frnnaner u«tinlly loi.ik pluce iiImi in an unenveniil thr^ntre in
Creeec ; hut Rmnnri luxury, nl n Inter period, invented the imninji.
1 once described to yoii, when I rei»l n pnper on the Culuntoum,
ftov Itaifi ■<rniii^ was contrived to cover such nn inimen&e Hpnce;
nnd I mast be nllnwed to Ktippoce thiit yon have not entirely for-
IfOtten that dexoriplt'in. l/ uuy of v<m ure deuiroiia uf uuliKfyin^
mur cariosity upon the Greek stn^e, t must refer you to '* ButetijTRr
a« Thestrii," for I nnw hnstcn tii the huildinf^s themeelves, which it
ii the prioeipiil ol>Ji.-irt uf thi» pii]>er to deucrilH'. The orifrin of
the theatre is rather ipnulile ; — it was originully a wa^nn, in which
The«i>iH conveyed hJH actum hliout, vith their fnces hennenred
vilbleeK uf wine, und from which they upoke their jiiirts to the
iCtmrd wxembled umuint thi*iii. Tu the iimbtilatory wittfon uf
Tbespia succeeded n moveiible ivooiten structure, uhieli whb set up
•ad Uten down at plL>H«iire, and it was in canM<ijiierice of one uf
Kalruuture>' liaviofT ^iven wiiv under lui iinnunul cruwil, that
M atone Iheutre *ii« ereeterl in llreeee, by Themistocli-*, nut
nfter the defeat of Xerxe«. From tlii>> they began to in-
cnmw in numlii-r, iitiH we hnve the remain* of •uvernl yet existing.
both in tiret-ct^ and In th»l pnrt of lliily which uas lireek in
language and eustoma liut^' after it riuiie under tlie Raman
dominion. U'w have alxo thoHe reniaina of Greek thenlref in
Kome, to »hii:h I ahaJI kliortly direct yonr attention. A theatre
iteca ne to necetguiry sii up|>eiid;iK« to a town, that Vitruvlu* ftlvea
^^^tanatic direction* cuncerninii the telectiun of a «ile. In htH
^^^Elrauk, rap. .t, we have the following : — '' When the fonim is
^^^Htd, a healthy aittjjition moKl he iiuu^'ht for, wherein the
^^Hpsmsybc erected, to exiiittit »purt« on ibe festival days of
RBFnnrnnrtft) (Todn, for the k'peclatorii are det.iincd in tbeir scats
f by tlw rntertainrnvnl of the l;am(l>^ and remaininc tiiiiet for a long
time, their poren are opened lud iinhibe the druuulit* of air, which,
if they come from marihy or other wi^ unheal tliy placet, will pour
injurious humour into the liody. Neither muBt it front the sontb^
fur when the nun Dllx the cuncnviir. the rnclo'cd nir, iinalde to
escape or circutate. it hcnted, and tlien extrncti and drie.s up the
juice of the btaW. It !■ nlxo lu he carefully observed that the
pla4:e he not dull, hut one in which the voice may rvpaDd aa
clearly ai poMiible." One connut let pimt thit <iuotalinn from the
irre'it nrcbitvct of the Aaipj^tan bk*'> witliont remarking that the
9>eh-<-tion of a *itr for an impiirtiint public huildinc was ciinbidered
by Vilruiiii* iw falliiiK "itbtn the province of the nrohitett, A
Lenllhy ;>lai;e for the theatre eclcctvd, we I'uine next tu coiixitler it«
ahnnir and di»]>oMtiun.
The form of th« Greek theittre ori;;inatcd, aa is thoii|fht, in the
natuml rece!« of a hill~i>iidc, and most of the thcatrr-s whose
ie<iti)rch I haie vibited in GrccK-. occupy that piuitiiin. Mantenia,
built in a marshy place, i>tfi:-rH an eaceptioit, and I lieiieve there ia
another cxceptiuii io Aula Minor; hut it wnaevidontly the praoticQ
to lih'hten the labour of rrcctiiiK auch lmildiiig« by making' uiio uf a
rnviue, or luculily adapted to the |iiir|Hine. At Me|fitlo|>ulii> I wiw
able to triire the uholemixa or hollow of the theatre, partly cut
out of a bill; hut the scatb are ovcrifTown with thick hnt^shwood.
The fiante economy isob»crved in most of the Greek ttwiin olfo, ami
even the cuiuicil of AcropafruH »at on Bcnts cut out of, or iuwited
into Mar:*' Hill. At N(cu|HdiH,near I'reveiui. the form ufth^ thea-
tre uu the hill-side is preserved, and much of the prose aniuni. At
!>Rivrna I was able to tru«' the rarm in a i>imiliir poiiitiiiii, and also
at EphevUN we rot to the alupe of Mount Prion, which uverlvokcd
tlie Tmnplc of I>i»nn, in the plain of the CavEter, before we find
the theatre. U'hilat the Greeks however, hewed seats out of the
rock, or vacavotod to o depth ouitahle to their purpioe. as the
nuture of the jeround allowed, the Komaiia utiiially built their
llieatred noon arches, and >iiA'4*ive wntk rose (as i«e see the theatre
of Miuxellus btill ci^tslinti: at Rome), with two or three order*,
like the Colos«vum. The hollow which periiap* uri);inalty wiw
adjuciled accoidioff to tht> nature of the ground, in no definite
curve, ended iu a petfect semicircle. This wa« enlled in Greek
■• »i>iA<.i'," nnd in Latin cocmi, and waa the part for the audience.
Tlie other p.irt was devoted to the business of the piny, and thua
we arrive ut the two principal parts or divisions of the theatre.
The «i>tA«>', or cai'eti, is eaiiily de»crihed ; it wa* honndert hy the
»e(nnerils of two coni'itnirie circles, the inner arc eq>aratinp it
from the erch««tra; in the Roman theatre it seldom exceeded a
oetnicinle, but sometioieo the rxtremitien of the acmieireutar arc
were prolonf^d hy straight lines ; the Greekn look more nf the
cireumforenoe of tlie circle, and cut the tuAor by linen drawii from
itn extremities converfring toward* the centre of tJio circle. l<y
which arrangement more (pace waa made in width for thejnenvi
oratnge. The ouiwt wac htted nji with row* of -leats riainf; in
tvecciuivn, wi aa to afford each tier an uninterrii|ited view: the
whole vt\.i divided, as in the amphitheatre, into (liirhtti by iiaawfiaira
or pTWinfiiontJi, which in Iho Vitruviaii tumi fur our hiodinir-
placiit. Tlia prcFi-inftio ran round the whole, and afforded an
aecent from oim> flij^ht lo another. The entire arc w'n« apiiti cut
into Hub-diviaioua, onlled jhpk'Sm, in I.utin, run'>>, fmui hi-in);
formed like wedfrea: the lines which eifeeted those suli-diviHiona
were enlled ix^iitam, ur mil/r ; theae (which in the Roman eircua
were cnlleil r.Vr) led from the bottom to the top of the Ihmtrv,
and they all converged to the cmilre nf thn (rrehe«lm. Tha
loweat Hoats w(>re eousidered tha betd, and were, in fact, the re-
served M.*atH for tho inagiDtrutea and persons of oRice. A% the
audience niM in lieifrht, It dcaeendod in quality, until it reaeheil
the open portiiii at the very lop, wliich hiu itu counterpart in wir
shillinic or slxjienny frallery. Thia portico, however, in on un.
colored biiilUiu); was of mime 'nte, in eonlininu; the aound and
(rivinir hhelter to the spectatorn from a pnaiin)i Mtonn. A mAoi', <rr
frirnt, such uk 1 have now dei^'Hbed. would cuNtuin. in Mime of the
LiCKCil thealren. lu many an Xo.iwio to W.OOi) BiiecUtow, ulm-h ts
about the capacity of tlaiite whose remains are yet to be seen in
Rome. I now come to the other iiart of the theatre, which is
mur^ coniplicalcH] and more difBcult lu deMTthe. In Greek ve
have tudeiJ with the three terms of opwi^rpo, D*itrti. and avoaintm.
In the Roman lang'uage, we have the three correftjiomlin); teriiM of
orehtttra, puljiiluni or acena, and /MafnwnfMm, to which we are to
add the iiartiruu. I shall content mynelf <rith describlniT the
Roman arranKeineuta, and vimply jiointiiiff out where the Greek
theatre differed. Takiug the imi»u to he a aemicireh>, tlie con-
eentric ant whirh Ni*)>anit4>s the audience was abo a seniicircl«i,
and thia Hoace, bounded by the diameter, was the nri^sWra,— nnt
so railed from an)-thin|{ relatint; tu mufdc, hnt hecauae it wna the
place for the damrrrs. In the Greek ihentre the se^ient was leas
than a aeniidrcle; but if the cirrle be ctHDnleted and a si|uare
iiucribcd in it, whose sldea are parailel to the diameter, the aide
TIIK CIVIL ENOINT-ER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL.
LAvoni.
f>rthr<t frnn llie nrrm fixM ihe fnmt of th« «t»(rr; Imt in the
KijniAu theatre the diiuttvtcr tt>eir drtenniriVH tlie fmnt of Xhm
stafte,arfm/p«f«>N. 1*lir migf. tlierefure. In the Roman thnitra,
if liroueht neaivr lu tlr niifliciicr, niM in«ile dreprr, Thf lenxth
of tbp stage WHS twn ilikinetpni ijf the "rrhrrtm. Tlie iiitreated
•leplh a"!!* ri-iidcrcil npcoMarjr on Mi-o>inl uf tlie Kt««icr niimbn'
nf penopit nweniblrd upon it; far ttie Kom^iit put h»tU thr
divrusMit thetnuBirtaiiHn]iiiTi their fttn^r. Tlir point* fruni whKiirr
the Mr»r«l dnircjisen hrmrt to iwrcinl tlie etirni vrrif (iifJ hy the
mtieu of fuur i-i|iiilitt(-rAl trinntcleH. inNirrilied witliiii the rircle
(<r)iMlMiuip!tli.-(l) i>f the orrlicxtis. In tho Hnnian thenlre, «■ we
have already oli^erveil, thr fnitit of the Ktotfe tiu i-alie<l the
jmJpitum; nnd It nas from llmt [lart thnt the intrrliXQlnnt ^polie.
Some think thai the pulpifum wa« a Utile ekvnted above the level
vl th« etaKC ; hut nt all eveiilf^ the word Laa paased into luie fur
d cw ^ pi ating a place l» tt)ti>nlc fri>in in atir Mrred edificen. Tht;
lovreat ranin ur Mats wan mincil nituve the area uf the orrhes'tra
(one-Bisl}i of ita diameter), anil the mhIh themselves did not exn-ed
I ft. ( in. in beig;hl. The xlafro in the KoniAn iheatri- wan inilv
cdcfnled i fert alir-ve tlip stent* in the ortheflni; in ihetirwK
th««tri! it wa* douhle that h^iffht. I have (iiily hinted nt the
^eonietriivl jircdMon with which nil theie thing's were di-linrd,
•nd 1 akall relieve yti from nurh dry detaiU l>y ii rrfcreticr t<i the
dnmioga iMhind me. The jmuljrmittm aovakt fur it!«lf : It wait a
Ivu itarruw gidlcnr hehiiiil the irrnii, where the nctors retired,
aita where npiirtmenttt or cornp-irtmcnta were provided f«r tfann,
Frvra the f/arUreuium acre pii-vviiieH into the purtirue* or iciirdenii,
which (Tcncrally eiirrounded the llieatrex: hut tailheHel bliull have
occasiun tif refer when I httve finiuhod the hiatorj' and dcacriptiou
of the tlieatren at Itume. tu which I now etime.
1 liare already remarked, that thr mrliext theatreu at Rutoe, as
wbU mc at Atbcnit, wore hut temihurnry ervi'^tinub of wood. The
Romans were Miti:>tivd with tt and iiifc- room fur ^0 ycftr*. and no
sealM were allowed ; '' IcKt," na Tacitua Myx, " if the pruple aat,
whole daya niiifht he H|>e»t in IdleiieML" NotwilhitlHitiliuK thia
prohibition to huild permanent theHtrea, the temporary tdificcfl
were ix>»«lrutted with a nuKcni licence which surpawica all helicf.
The wealth whii:h !>ii)))iUi?d lhi.<i>e thmtriral rxhihitiunn vm ifene-
mllj- the plnndcr of rich provinces : eiisily earned, and aa Maily
diiiijinted, merely t« »htain favour with the itcople, and prucuri;
lAill more luci-ativv appaintmentt. .Ml the liriliery and cornjiiliou
that evvr cmae before a ctnnmitlee of uu £ni,'li>li House of Com-
nmnK i^iiik into insirniflcance cuinjiiired witli tliuue times " when
Rume wiiH free." The treutin)! of our " worthy and independent
elector*" at the open ht>u*e of the candidnte. was economy and par-
aimony compnrod Hith th« luvi>li expenditure *)f a cuudidate fvr
the honour* and etni>1iimcnts of a Roman (^vemoraliip ; aud we
cannot doubt, that wliilxt thow wtirthy cilixens weie feuslinK fo'
whole daya ut the expeni4 of a Scnuniit or a Curio, they would be
loud ill the prai*«w of lihi»rty ; nnd had lhe\' known how to put
their t^xclnmation* into the ^lito ItutfiUB^ of mudcni Europe, the
air would liave re'»iinded la the miiUl uf thone enlcrliuiinietitti
u ith " I'll* la ItfiMifJi^^ .'" It wiw nut until the year of Uie city
699 [that is, within i3 yram nf theChri^tinii era], that a theatre of
•olid rnaterinl* waa huilt at Rome, iind thta wn« constructed by
Pompey OD hi* return from A«i«, at the dose uf the .Mithridallc
war ; hut even Pnmpcy found it expedient to pay a deference to
the popular feeling. "Therefore." imy* TertiilHnn, '• l'oiii|ii'y the
Creat, less gn»t by hit (hentre "iilv, when he erected thiit ittronit-
h<iM of wick«dnAM, drendinjT l<^t tl.e rrlnilce of the Ceciwr imjjht
tniiirc hiK tnRmary, hi> imilt a temple to Ventiaon tlio top of it, and
when he invited the peoi>]« to come to the dedication, he did not
ctiU it a Ihestre, hut llie Tempk' of Veniie, to nhicb, he Miid, ' wc
have «uhjoinod tente for weing ahowB.' " The *eata were therefore
ooJuidercd ua the tHefii by which to axeend toth«tfmi>le. U'r may
call tltia either a piviit Iraudor a leeal Action. A pioce of marlilc
vas found, in iiHi, near the site of Prnnpe/a theatre, on which
Mariiano reiul the wontK, " ypnerU Vii4Hfu.' Thin building; ua«
treete^l In the third cunHulate of I'ompey, and when the tnirription
eame to be placed tin the lTieM>, a diHpute btods whetheit it dtiuuld
be «M. tertw »r trrtiwHi. The mjctler wne referred to Cjcero, who
adtificd the didputuitu to settle the cAntrovcirsy by writing cm.
tert.
At thede<lir!itiunnrhi<ifnmnnf^tlientre, Pompey produced twenty
elephantn: and whi'n he wuk at'ctiKcd in the nennie of inlniilncin^
tod much luKiiry into the city, he con vincMl the wmncript fMhcrK
thnt it waa an economy tii h)iild a t.ulid theatre at once uiitlead of
riiiiuiiff a temporary Ktnii:tiir4f on uvery occasion of ifivin^ dtowa.
TIw Temple ofWniis served very well au n pretext for mnbinff
aeaCa, gmdu* »pcclat^tilariim ; hut it cuuld not rtpinlly be atlcf^ed
fur erecting a aulld atn^ It was out tintil the reign of Tiberiua
Ml liennauy to renncr tunmoittion lo <ne ciii|x:ror, were
I'ompcy'a theatre in order thnt they mi|[ht nee the ifrratni
people. It contained, wvotdiiin to Pliny, «).liui) ajiecttit'
when Tindnli-H, kin^ of .\rmciiin, came t<i Kwuie, Nero ca
that thi* part of tlie theatre wa« added, and finally ntmblettd \j
Caliimla. It waa dedicated anew bv the Hn>)>#rur C'laudieti, eh
rcatorcd it aftera fire, and it reaches! it* nrvaieat Hpleadoqrintht
time of Nero. Two vanijuiahed chiefs, who came from tbe n«nk
of Ueftnauv to render »ul>nit*eion to the eiii|>oror, were UkeaU
•ftbt
ectaton; ni
caused tbi
whole to be (fitdcd, to «how off the ma|imfic«nce of the Roman- i-
the vanquished A ninlic. It aaiaed ihrouKh h Buccnnion of c>-
untilTlH-cdoriiHconiniiatinnffclSymmacbiKtorebuild it; butrxi
B^er it shared the fate of the rent of the .plendid ediliceq of I(
and finally came into pouMaion uf the I'riiui family, who occnj >-:
that (juarter of the city in the warn of the iniddfe a^ea, lativ
fifteenth century, an inarription, fuund with the name of Ponpcy,
directed the Bntii|uary to liod out it* aite. .Another iudicattoo*/
the place uhcre thi< theatre atood waaipveii in the lindini; of the
famoni utaliie which i* now in tite Palaaiw ^p»da. That GtMar
wiia found under the partition wall of a houtie, and lyin|[ acroMIS
auch a vn,v ai to ifivc two proprietor* of the houiw a claim to the
ircjthiiro: nol abl<> t» flLTee about dividinjf the ipuil, they i-ame to the
TMolution of cutting Pornpcy in two, and oac-h man laKiag his u«b
half. The niatti>r hai-iiie roached the earn nf (..'ardinal CapodifoK^
he haatened to Pope Ji>liu« HI. to infnrtn him of the jiidcnwat
that hntl been prontiunced unon the statue. Tlie attoaiahed poM
dispatched a meK«enf[pr witli all hnate, and sent MO vcudi to M
divided between the liti^rarita, inrtead of l'om|iey. FlamiiUM
Vacca, who relate* thin anenlute, nays the ataloe waa found near
the Palaxzo della Cancelleria, in the Vieolo dei Si-utnri. Tht
fltatue did not stand in the theatre, hnt in the f'uria which I'ompey
built a« an appendagv to it ; and the belief still obtains thnt il it
the ftatue at the feet of which ('»aar fell. Ileini; thus directed t«
tbe Mite of this famous building, we lind oiintelves in the iaunedtaU
neitrhhuvirhoikd of the Church of Si. Andrea della Voile. Fm
near that church to the I'aliiEKoPio, the aite in marked by a gradiuJ
riainffofihe ffruuiid, but no vesti^^e* meet the eye. In order t«
see the remninj of Pompey's tlieatre, we enter the couK-yardef
the Palareo Pi o, and deee'endinff inln) the vnults upon whiek tW
Palazro ta built, we lind onmelvr*, at tlic depth of 40 Roman pabia
amoHfT tilt' foundation arches. Thcsu havtt been i>rif[iniillv hollo*W
out of the natural rock, and thev ate pointril nt the an^-lea wilfc
Ur^'e blocks nf peperine atone. One of the cumm or sectiont of
tbeciifvii {.elonifin^ to th* lowert tier, m^y be perfectly traced;
and after nsreiidin^ to the cuurt-yard n^in, and upon entcriBf
tlie ttuble*, we see a second stoiy of arihos for »iip{>ortiuK Ih*
seatH, the cornftnicti'm of whieh is remark.iMe for it> i^olidity;
and it would not he difliriilt to trace, amon^ the modem buildbin
and m the cellars of tht Palaxsn, at leant one-half, jK-rhnp* tw»-
Ihirdii, of the whole mcta. I will not stay to describe to rw
[be bloeka uf peperine .ind «/'»« rflieuUiliiih. for the ^vat poiu
ftained ny tntcinj^ the r<in«vi i^ the lixiiiKof the position of thr
tfftut or stage. 'I'liiK nnnenni to have renched v^ry neiir the prtseal
Bile of the church of St. Andrea, lltit th>(i iiimt remarkable cir-
cumRtniice attenditifi an inveati^'ition of th^ build inmii ere«ted It
I'ompo^ in tliia part af Kome. inthe beinK <>bleto uresent nin^niiM-
nhiu of them, idthuu^h they have ntmoiit all vnni^ied from off thf
fnce uf the earth. In the sinteenth century there wn* found beliitd
thfl chiinh of SS. Conrna and I>iimiiuio a plan of andent Ro«f,
done in imirliU', and which hni! nvtwA to encrust the widla of the
Temple (it is luppuietl] of lUimiihia mid Kemnt>, This marble map^
where the j^ound-plan uf all the puMir hiiildin^ra was luid dowa,
WBM found broken into fra^titentii ; some of them irrec^iverabl*;
others, tfiithered up wilh curu nnd nut together, pre»enled nn td(s
of a bnililiiiit. They now encrust the walln of the itaircase of the
(apitolino Aliiseum, iind are known under the de>:i|r>i>^tiun of IIm
PiantaCapitolina.* The two frnfrment* moit perfect happen t*
rejiresi-nt the Theatre of Pompey and the Portico of ( >ct«via. By
a reference to that fragment of the Pianta, you will not only •««
Uiefrniund.plan of tlie theatre, htit aImi of sume other buil(ti]ic>
which were attached to it. VitniWus cites the P«rtii!fi>. Pi>nipeiaM
as an example of what a portico should bo, when nttnchcd to a
theatre fnr tlM convenience of the nctors, or for the people to take
shelter in, In caae of r.tin. We know, from .Vlnrtml, that Paai>
pey'a Portico had a hundred columns. Kusi^hiu* calls it, in cone
queiice., " Hecatoiiiilylon.'' The Pianta <'apitotina ekhibit^ vear
of those columna, but the fragment i« imperfeil. Thix c«lc.-brate4
K)rlicu wns jmintwi hv nrtixts of renown — .\ntiphiliia, I'uuiiaa, bbJ
ieift* — the subjects lieiii^ suited to the atmosphere which Otid'f
loven br«atlit?a. About the portico were rowa of plan* tre<a,
• ThM* rra«tnrnU wen Aisl «igii*«l •nil llluaifsud bj B*Ilatto| usj *>• nModsl^
Ulbtiuilul Mn.lv. «llb( "(intvlui- Uumu aaUqultln."
ItS-J
TlfK CVm tXmXEER ANT) ARCHITECTS JOVHSAL.
sss
int er» pgr»pJ with itone ■tAtu^t ofbriult ; nml n rniinlnin threw ii|v,
ur Miurnl oiit, itx spnrklini; wiiti'm. The I'mntit C':i|iiU)liiia ex-
btbiU two Tovit of cotiimin. running in a direction luH-iirtl" the
nr», and nut unlikHy <'i>ti<lu(-tiii){ iv a irrtive iiltini; Ihw liNiik* i>f
ibe Tibrr. Bc*ideH lliese iijipemUKi-H In the tlicHlre, thetc wbi« llie
Curut. or wnnttvliKiiKP. wiiieli ih, no ilt'Ulit, iilentiiM] ifilli tie
"Resia Tlie*trl" «f Siit* toiiiu* : but I murt forbeir to eKjiiiliJiti'
beyond iW pn»|>er liniitu cif my Kiihierl. A careful iti«|iei.'tiiiii iif
that nart of Ri<me where all lliif«e liiiililin(w utioiil, with the aiil uf
the I'isiitn Ciiiiitolinn nnd the Hiut(|iidniiii iiiitu^e^ whitti I hHve
rited. miKlil »tiU fiirtitili h fine sulijert fur Die treiuun of a re^lorinut
urcliitect : nnd wlicii « e ciirmidrr tliHt titoap extensive tin<l niftiiiii-
ficent Imililiiijrn (vthnibe very roiiiniiu, at. the end of nineteen ueii-
turicH, exriti* "iir wonder) were erected out of tlie ]iriviile resources
of A lin^lc indiviiliuil, it will be Intiir before we find in »iiwt]i*r
rtMUic « jiiiiiuIaj- fii% I lurile:, wlm niny vie in Mwlth, tnntP, und
^leiidour, «kith riliii-n I'limiicy.
I »liidl pui uuirkly uvvr t1>e ne^t tliestre. wlilch time nnd flundi
linvc not »[iiircd. It vsut erertcd in thr twelfth ycnriif tlieCliriMinn
era, hy C'onicliiift UuIIuh, in ciiin]itiiiit'Dt tn Au(^|'*tll^ luid wiia
caimhlc uf i-ontainiit^ S:t.(KK) spettntora. 1 nni nut uriire that a
TMtiKC of thisthentre ri'inainKbut I'ininesi look considerable pain*
lo ■aoertniii tlic fitc.und fimndniime rrnimn*or<ine of ilievnnri.
TTie PaliiuM, and Monle C'cnci, now [mint tn where it Btmjd, Hiid
Cunueci, one tif tin? (itdnit of Iloninn anlii|i:iiries, w!i<ii p-rohnbly
WW «>nio rcniMinit uf it in hi« litne, stfilw tint frimi il» vicinity lii
tht Tiber, it frrt|ueiitly MifTi^nd fnim innnilntimtis. M> «re nut
aware i>f «ny purtico nltuclied to thin theatre, but there wtia a
crypta Bu/^i, wliidi ntuoil near it, and of this there aro some
remaioi.
Tlitt thinl thviitrc wliicli iiiUirtied iniperml Romi! iriis lliiit uf
AlnrcvUuH, nud aJutiic nilh it I take the ]i<irtic(i uf Ihliivia : wlieii
I h«v« given you some account mid ilcscri^ition of thoitc two objects,
I alMll reiiet'c you friHii this terlioun miirrrmzinnr..
The remains of the theatre uf MartcHuK nre worthy of llic archi-
t*ct'» ulmirntiun. Kleven nrehiiH of both orders', tiud purt of n
twelfth, are oonHpiciiuut, lhuu|i:h tnutilntetl and di*%ured by the
dusky liabitationa into "Iiich they htwc been nietainoqihorcd. The
firvt order i« nearly half Interred, but the rniiitaiii uf the Durii;
ealuntos, *« well »» llie entabiiturc. are ivell prei^crved in aeverJil
plaec*. The Mtcond stury exliibit* avperiincn of tlic I»iii<! iirdei,
a* it aai hrdOKbt to perfeitioii in the nijre iif AujruatUB. VVitJiin
tboM itTche« which formed the amfjulami, ua iii the iiiiiphitlmntii',
the fToduA AfiffincrilTtini ro»e, nml some of the rttnc! mny be
tnr*^ to tho Hinblea of the Onteria della Ciimpium. The mii-
terialii are tufo, uiiiijtlcii witli brickwork, re^einbliiit; thiiM iu
Pompey s thoHire, naJ one may perceti-e by n «i>]ili>ry euluinn in
the via Savelli, Hinmlind iit an annlft with n piece i>f wall runiiinK
in the direction »f the trmm^ that the riage and itit outwmrkii inu^t
have iouche<l ihe very hiuik* of the river. The I'alaxxo Ornini,
formiTlr Snvelli, is built upon th<i rtiina of the irtiijie. Piniiiesi
ha» ealcidatvit thtf capacity of ihi* theatre tA contain ^000 jier-
Bom: it WB« tlierefire the smalh-fit of the tlu-e«. Jiiliua C'wMir,
perhaps laid the foun'Ution of tbis cilitiec ; lint tt won left for
AupiKtiiK to r(im])lete it, mmJ lie dclicat^d it with the name of tho
Yoiifi)! Marci-lluN. On the fengt of tbe dedication it i* KHid that
TOO Willi ljen»t» from Africa were ronwined, and then, for the fir-it
time in Itome, llisre ujm »een a tnmed titter. M> bitvc an neomint
of a fir* hiLvjn^ jnivtly ilestroyeil tUi* ihetitre., but we bear very
Uttle of ilK liiktiiry utilil I'iiTtwne, in the twelfth centiirv, made h
m fortreiis. Jt iinniied xucceuively into the poivietiiimi iif tlieSnvelli
andOrxiiii families '■"d there in lio renEoii to cuppoue it hn* nxiited
fur Mverul eenliirieii otbcrwirie than it now presentu ilM-'lf: in
•* C«rnueci'« Anti^iiiities" we h«vc a drawing of it, bearind dnte
IMi, aild it if there exhibited jtiKt au we h(h> it at the pn'Nriit tiini-.
I tmy inenlioii thai iln exterior M'all*iiire of iravwtiiie nloiia. The
£5,000 ii(ieclJitor* are niiw repbeed tiy wjme wurbeiB in cliarcoa],
aoid aome mule*, the I'xrnier oi-cii|)yin^ the ]iI»('dh rc>iervci1 Utr the
nuijrirtnttes 'ind the niiilcu hHvin||C taken potuivsMioti of wbnt wnu
the I in- he* I r*. Near to the ilientre of Mnrrelliii BtnoJ th* fjinmiiM
rorttco of <>i-t»viji, 111 iihii h I have finiilly lo call your nlteution.
And althaii)>li we mnot jieueiriite into tliu Althieiit hnitilntiont in
Rime. amuiiK xtinkin^ hfth, in order to see Ibe remaina of Ibix
•plentlid work, it will am[>ly repay im fur uur eicumion, nnd xtamp
indelibly upon our mcwKirjeii the 'fl;ivonr i>f the t'eecberia and the
c«n«enr(itir« habits uf the Jeuti who livu witliin thu I'urticu of
Oi-uvi».
The lirat marhle building ever erected at Itoine wa* a portico
which slooil on this self-ifume »ite. It wai hnilt Iry .MetelliiK \I»ce-
doniciu: two teinplcA were eomiiri-eii wilbiii it. The ardiilect*
wrr« two StiartauH, wlnnn names were Sauros and Batnchus. They
not only contributed their okill, liiit.iui tliey werp ridi men, theyj
employed their wealth aUa in the iindertakiny. The only rewaril
for thi-ir neruce* which Ihej anked of the Koi»ati« wa^ that their
niuiiex niijiht lie ineritioneil in an iniointion on Ibe teniplea; hut
thi« honour heinjf refuH^d, they mntrived In inlriHliic-tf their names
rit)ri;orii'>!lr : Saurcw meuciiiiir > liiitrd, nnd MatracbuK a fro^^
tlioj-e nnimnl* were intniiluced into the capitaKof Ihe fHilunim.
The architect* of the Portico nf dclai'in were alii^i Spartans, "id
they resjiecteil the warkH of theii dintiniiuUhed countrymen. The
new porlii-o comprised in ila circuit the tno temples, mnde morv
niHtrnificeiit and probnbly miii:h enlnriivd : the frnicnient of the
I'iniitn CapitoliiiH, with the mutilated initcriplion "cv* ot-rAvue,*'
Kivcs us the plan of thote spli-iidid « urk*. Iielhiri, in hi« illustra-
tion, computes nhout VTO culitmns. I confers I i-annnt make out
that niiiiiher with the iiImoKt stretch of my feeble imafiiniitlon. but
1 can pri-senl you wltli a »lan made on the authority of the frai;-
tncnl nml the ruin* whicft ftllll cxtwl, adjuMed on the dark tints,
whivh abow thrm in their pro|jer piftcei. Ur tliit plan it will he
§een that the priitdpal rcinnins rnuisiiil in n'lj inr^v roliiniux of the
vestibule or entrance rant] who tlial ha> xeen Rome han not admired
tim mafnitiide and cleKiincv of those (.'oriiithian (-ultimn^). ei^ht
more culiiniim of the r«crior niw of the iierlMtyle, wbirh are only
to be Boen by cuntemlintf with tht^ fiKli-ntanH made out of the RUoilii
of the portico; and there are also further remaiiui of one uf the
teiii]ih'« to be wen in u Vicolo behind the church of St, Anirelo:
three coluiimN Htaiidinir nt nn nnj;le indicate the pmitioii uf the
frosty le of the Temple uf Juno; the other wan ileiliintcd to Jupiter,
niurt now leave you to rairie up from (bin );Tonnd-phui, ami
frinn the niilemlid vei«li|res which remain, the elevation* »nil archi-
tectural viewH of th« portii'o ainl il.'^ temiilrs; but even your
ini;enuily would not be able l« restore lo llieir pniper niches, or
ai&x on their ri'sprctivcwalls, the worlii of art which once ndonieil
the Portico of()ctnvia. In the Tcm|)lc uf'Junuwa* her slotuv,
made by Dioiiyuiua and Polynle*; ami n Veiuin by Phillncu!! uf
Rhode*. In the cmrrespoiidiiix Temple of Juiiiter was the much
admired statiiv of the uoil. which waii equally well executed by thofC
ttoiiH of Timarcbus. rhfTc was a firouii represuntiiiK Pun and
(Mympiuit wieolliiiK l»K^'ther, the work of lleliudurua ; and [•erhi>|><i
the Venus of exquieitc bcHuty Mhich J'liny tella u» ■donieil thi«
portico {the work of Pliidin») muy bt* Ihe very V<niu de Mediei
uhich Suiito Bartoli dcclurei vms ti'uiid here iu the Pescheriii. hi
a pnrt of the building cnlli'd tbe Scliola Octovia.' wim the famauM
C'lipid of Praxiteles, wliivh vuUed forth the eulo^ia of I'lvero,
Slrabo, and Pauanuiaa. It is more than prribaMo that seveial of
those fttalueA oerii-hed in tbe lire which took place in the r«i|rn of
Titua, and still mure nii^bt be lo»t in that wliicb h.inipeneil uioter
Sep. Severua. The puintin^ uhidi ndorneil the wnllii and Taulta
were not leas e^lehrated. There wa»i the famous work of Artemon
reprenenting Hercules nacendiiiji: from Mount (Ktn to Olympii*,
havini; put off hi* mortnlitv with thr consent of the ^dii ; there
was the painting by Antinb'ilus, where four li)Ci>''^ "f untyrB were
ffruupi^J around the noble Iledion; and Alexander anil Philip, with
Minerva. You mny exhibit to ok an elevation rei^tored ; a few
eohiinnii will direct you to comjdete the poitieo, and a medal will
trive you a finiih for the pediment. Von mnv A<^uare iiko^iIip
laseniecitK, and crown the hnlustrado with oi)1o«iiil statneH and
uriw ; and you may festoon or triply r>b the entabbidire ;— hut you
cannot paint afresh the works of .Artemou and .\nti|>bihis., nor
miiuld H^riiin the formn which the innate Hti^h of the mind of a
Phidiac or a Praxiti'lcK could jiroilnee. Yon miixt tlicrefiire bo
content with the hans reeitaL and innerihe upon tbe »ery be«l
edifice I can deiirribe, '* Slat iiomii^in umlrra." Rut you wilt remark
in the onumeration of the iinmen of tbiise colebrnt'ed artints, tbal
the}' were nil foreigners, aiut Home owed hk>r inoHt splendid works
of art — I may uiy alt of them — to tbe Greekn; and they owed
much of their thentriral aTnusenioiits tn the^trians nml K^yptiatis.
It iji, in fact, a mivtakv to attempt to nationnliKi' either art or
science. If there be Kueh a iliinjr iw fiiuuiitiuism in the world, it
exists in the realms of ^niud, and no petty jealousy Kliould flver
.tttemut to etcludc the foreigi'er who briuirs his originality of
tliouKht and geniua to adorn a i.'otiritr\* of whicb he is not a native.
U wa* urilten over the tomb of LuiUow, in Switzerland, "' (hnmt
tnium jorlipatrin ," and the same miiy be sniil of the man "f tme
;ieniu»^lie helling to everv country : and I should s.ny it generally
helray» a aeiiw uf inferiority wbernver iherv is an Httempt to ex-
elude trom fiiir competition the ^enluft whicli coiiiea from n funii(i>
■hore. Tbe Itiimans did not this, «Ten in the histrionic art ; tliey
excelled in KhidiMlors, but they were inferior iu sculpture, and
phintiuif, and an-biteLture: by admitttuK foreiiraen' they ended by
taking the lend in arcbiti-eture. nt leatt ; and perhaps iliv »tudiu«f
Kiitilius might have furnishetl a work worthy of the heat Ureek
31*
•se
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITEtrs JOCRNAL.
r*
BTuIptor. And M m* rtmnrb, tha* lliere ure Mme xh'utspt which
no pfttrioti^ni or npirit ofiiutioniitily will sc<i\>rn|ili<Oi. It uill rnrvrr
inu(« A mm) of tAntf admiiT an ordiimrjr |iaintin|f or na iiniri'nri'fiil
•tata^ ; it will novor rrirnadle him tu a in«ii(pc «levfttiuti of &a ill-
dwicn^d puUic huildinff.
I hnvo fritnpmllv ])ttctii|>t«H, in my |Mi]<«r« whifh 1 h«p« hnrf the
honour tu n>itrt n't the InEtihit*^, to nhnw the infliiciie« wbidi the
ptihiic institution* under cfviiKitlcnktiim mi$rht hnve u|Kin th0 irliHnit--
taranil di>>>tinj- of the Romttns ; Hnd p«rti4[i4 there i« nitich morv
cunnoetinn Ihnn nt fint «ii;ht ftpjtcar* hrtveen the vork* «f the
srcbltcct niid the natiniinl rliaritctcr of tbe people. The vrhilect
is cslled upon to create only tho«e works which ar« siiitiible to the
bahitK of itip people, and hi« vhjeet ohould he io xtudy to dii these
well ; ami I, for one, do not re|rr<>t th«t he i* now compelled to
study lli4! cornet ru<?t ion of ehurehei imd iwhoolii, rather thitn Ihnt of
thmtres nnd purticoM. 1 am more thnn HntikAed inththe urureki-
teclurul ertu-tionKof Covent-tinrdeii nn<l Dnirv-lAnv for Iheatree;
snd for purtimtM tind ^ove* Vauxlial and tlie Surrey Zoolu^cal
CardetB.
I am Hiill compelled to fipeok only of the rompnmtif* tnnncpnee
of our |iliiri*K of piihli<r resi-rt ; they are immeAKiirably inferior Iji
whitecturul bekuly, but Ihey an* a m^nt improvement upon the
noraj aspeL't, and the retitrainta nnd the relleL-tivie inftoencB of
ChrlMtlanity hare aven reached our pnblic Mmu<ienient>t. Wo caii-
n«t wonder nt the indignation with nrhieh the early Christian
writara vivwed the theatrea iind places of |i(iblic entVrtniumetit
smoilg tlifl Komnii^ wher^ every hrutal pu^on or laBcivioim (Intra
WBB gratifiMl, Olid when* viee in ovm- farm kbk nullironed hy uni-
Tcrral Bulfnme. yVit can exctuai theV' holy nien applying to theso
TwndfxvouK of iruquity the title of *'Uevii'<i hoii«e«, for which I
VDuld hope no niemlier of this Institute will ever have to give a
plan, ll 1* tu my intnd n Imppy cirL-omctaru-n that tlie aiita is
now Imntferred to the lecturo-roout, the orehttlru transfurmed
Into U) Kxol(T-hnll plntfomi, the ttitgf to the floor of lite IIihuo
of Commons, vbero luiint'timeM inemhen nAiir to die, and thapuL
pUum to the place from which the neople uru iiiMrueted in the
tnithtand dutiL>s ufChrigliiuiity. 1 ou uill excuse me, then, if (
rather rejoice over the (p-uiind yon h:ive Kwt iu mortem limn for
the exercise of your heauliftil uri ; nnil tlint mi/ pmreuiou haa so
amply Hiipptied.' by the sacred edifice, the tielil that ia gone from
you in the ]>rofaiie. I rejoice, not because either you or I have a
slai[c more ot less for our exertiun. hut becHiXMe I tbiiLlc that the
br«t interests of mankind and ttie hitppineu' of the human race are
mure likely to ht promoted by a church tbim by a theatre ; and if
we compiire the nutional tnntes of l<ro neiiibbniirint; mid rival
Gountrie^K in this re>]iect. we iit lea*t nhiill he oiitivtied with the
re«iill» ;— and ahhuu^fh I am lo.ilh to end this [laper with a aenti-
nietit th.1t may Kuund harsh to same. I tirituit but be ofopiiiinn,
that aa the infliienee of Cbrixtinnity imnaiK aiiil >uj|jiT-tniude<l
piirT>iiiti follow aa a matter of coiime in it* Irnin, llieatrical repre-
»c«ti«ioH«, except fnr rliildren, will irive plaie: meanwhile, wfi»(-
cvcr tends to purify iiiir plniiev ot iiubtic rexirl, and mnke thi'm
really places of rocreatiuu, ia a beneht conferred on the uiurals of
the riain^ jjcricrutiuo.
THEORY OF STEAM-ENGINES.
Account of the exfmrimentt undrrlakrn b<t nrdrr nf iftc Miniattr
<(/ i'uWio Work*, l-'ranrx, upon /fic Temmvtr-nditthn nf t\m Central
CvrnmUlee upon Stcam-Enginc4, to dcicrmirKf the iiriuripiil hwn aud
rutirmrieul data wAJcA atter into the cahulation qf i>tiam-£tiiiine».
By M. V. RajKauLT.*
fnlroiiwtion. — The theoretic calculation of the work done by
Ktituiii-t'U^ouii is foiiiided tipun M>nie incontettable princtplos of
ireuerAl mechtinieit, and upon sovernl phy-^icJil Inws which ore fnr
from having been, up tu thin time, eiaiililiKkfd U{ion certain baaeii.
Tho auUiunt who have written upon the (licory ot theae iriocliiues,
bare been obli^vtl tu admit an tho ba^i'i of their calciilatiuoK, liiwi^
vhich ODKht only to be eunfidercd uk hypolliciegi t» which phynicAl
phtlosuph»n hare been led, moat fretjueDtly, hy exten^lio)' to
vapour*, laws which are not even HfrnruiuOy exact lor periuaiient
gxees. Tliiui, when this work really duiio by u mnchine i< com-
pared with that deduced from the theory, we always (ind, even in
the brxt machiueti, u conKidernble di'fidl. A ^re:it part of this
deficit Jinuy ho iittributi'd to tho dikturhnnceti prodiiei}d in tho
physical cunditionit, by the very motion of the upparutus; it in
due to the loss of active force f/orce Hvtj ucciuiioned by the
• W» II* ladcliMd W Uu " Fnaktln J«tirB*l" tor ibt uaubUOEil
enolini; nf the Rteam ; to the resittfince which in derelopod 4iirili|
it* roarco throujih tuhc4 nf irrcffiilnr forme, and in lU punji
throu)^ openiitnt, more or Imh contmctcd. Finally, there «n
looneaof aetive force produced by the rrictiun and vibrstien ef lk«
dilTerrnl piecKo of which the machine ia mntposed. Hut agmt
part of the difference mnf well be occa*t»Re>d hy the inaflcuracytf
the fundameolal lava which hare been ndmitted into tlie nlniU-
tion.
Meehanicn have, for a lonj; time, ffreatly <le«irMi agMMfalU-
re<t))t»tion for the puqiose of ecti>hli«hing ihf*t fundamental lin
upon a series of direct ex peri me tit « executed with the foeaiNtf
pny^iKiiin whirh pht'eical scieneed now present. I had forniaa
lime fonned the determination of dovotin^ myself to this work,
and bad several times trieil aome introductory experiment*, iriiid
however served only to show me that precipe results could ooly
heohtiiiried by neatta of Inrffe appnratiis, whuM exp«BW of Mft-
stnictiuo far mifmuued the verr nnmiw meana wbichveluiwM
our diHposition in our physical Inboratoriea, and I abonld lUn
iM-cnvomplctely stopiicd iii the exerutiun of my proKCta, if iht
Mininter of Piilitic M'orka (uimn the soinieation of M. Uegraiid,
under *ecretury of Slate), hail not, with a kindness which wiUte
npprccinteil by all the friends of science, placed iit my dlapuml tto
fuiidx neceusary for tlie execution of ihii^ Inn^i and Inboiiotn woric.
In order to kIiow clearly what are the principal laws upon whM
the theory of stenm-eng'incs rests, it uptieiin> tu me asceasaryto
explain, in a few words, tho prini'iplei of this tbeorv. Ail Icnown
tyrteniiof steam-eninni's imty Im divide'] into four ctacon:
1. Enfrlues without expuosiuii, und without eondenaatioa.
S. Kufpiiea with expanuon, and without eondensatiua.
3. Kii)tiui-K without expansion, but with coi)den«atiuu.
4^ EutT'ues Mrlh both expniuiun anil condcnsaliun.
The first three classet, may, in a Iheuretic point of riew, l*
considered HI pnrtinilur cases of the fourth clawi, which preaeUa
the iDiiit cuniplex cant ; the only one Io which it in necenary fu
us to pay attention. 'We kIuiII ktiiipoie an imauinary enfiin,
which IS not subjected to any external cause of coolTn^, nor Id my
loiH of active force hy friction, contractions of orificea, &<;,&«,
M'e «hall siippoM* the boiler to be of very (Trent cajiarity in cmv
Eiirisun with the cylinder so that the orensure of the sleani may
ronnidcTecl n« a1)w.iluteiy condtant in ttie boiler during the tnoliaa
of the machine ; the heat of the furniice reproducing, coastantl]',
tlie <iuantlty of steam consumed hy the machine.
Let « be the surface of the piston exprewed in aiiuare metm*.
X, the apace dc«cri1ied by the piston from the in>rtant of tb
arrival of the Htenin in the cylinder, with the toiioion which it
ha* in the boiler, until the moment at w hirh we are examiain)); it.
P. the cunctant prewuce of the steam in the boiler, rTjrrami In
kihiKrammeH und referred to a wiuiue metre of surface.
T, the temperature of the «team.
V. the topncitv. in cubic metres, of the part of the cylinden At'
scribed by tlie piMton from its starling; point to the height, .r.
V, the totnl capacity of the cylinder.
1. A first law, which it is iinportiint for ns to know, ia At
hie wAwft connw-f* Wie flartie forctn vith the li-mjieraturea.
We will diittin^iish two periods during' the "troke of the piftoii;
durinff the firrt of these the cylinder communicntes fiwiv with
liic boiler ; the total iiressure of the steam upon the surjiace «f
tliepinton it Ptf.
It the piston ailvancea by a (lunntlty djt, the element of wodi
proilucei.1 wil ho Ptrdjr ~ Vdv.
The whole ipiaiuity uf work produced during the finrt period,
that i*, from the beginning of the motion of the piHon until the
introduction of the steam is »toppe<l (corresponding tu a cnpacitj
V, deorrihed by the piHton in the cylinder), i« P V.
During the stn-ond period, which is that of the cxpansioB, fa
more Htenin conteu from the boiler, hut the steam contained in the
cylinder continues to press upon thv pinton ; nn thiis riaeft, the
strnm occupies a larger epnce, its elastic force diminwhe*, and lU
temjieniture is lowered by ttio absorption of latent heat during to
dilatation.
Kxperiment hat not di-clded what arc the laws which gartia
these I'arialiona; but one of the folio winir casei must hnppen :
riml euir. — The quantity of h^ut absorbed by a kilof.'riimTne of
liquid water at 0' {Slf Fahrenheit^ in tiamiinp into vnpour (which,
forUincakeof itijiplicity, wesliull caJl /4a' totai hmt a/ ikfi tffam),
is the same, whatever may be the pressore, proi-ided the raponr "
at its maximum of density. If this law be exact, tho stenm
• 111 tlir fiilliiwtnimiiiballoiiu* hira irnurvw'l iIih Fr.iicli uiiliaur IrnfUi, w
t.B« Iiniti«»!uj». Th* nttn 1«,1US7I luthn. Tl.» l«U(.[;ni..inir SVvlSlb ,«».
71ieilr|rmi[ Ibc C(Dll|Tail> UicTinumMfr. I nrinrrn Filimlivll.
To relii» L,.nUgmri* t» Itbiuilult iliiten, oiiaUplT Umu by V, lUrU* lh« piadiM
il48.1
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL.
237
wsya remain in i otat* of Mturation durinfr the nbole period of
e expantiim ; thi? i>reMiirCM of ihv Ktcnm u ill van' in the inv»>r>itt
tio »f iu rutuinr*, xnd they will rotiHtatitLy jirrnfiil the rel^lJDCU
the tciiijienture*. which connect the tenqiernturcii of satur:(l«d
nm wilh it* «lnitic forces.
JSicvniaaw.— The tot»l hviit of thu titi'»in inrrpiwM iit projmr-
as it! *liulir force iii tirwater. Ah wi* •tiji[nj5ie Uml tlic ttt'mn
ia not suhjei'ted to any citernal ci)ulin);[ luntieitiT, it i* ei'iiient
Ibat. in proportion nx the Kteain dilute* into h larger spitce, it vill
uire K HnultiT quaulity uf lutal hent to koop it tn thr Htiitr of
>pcHir. Con&Cijueiitly, iturini; t1i« dllntatiiin, there will lie a «l!i^
taent of a certain <iuiintity of iHlent heat, nhioh will
inu; weniiiblcto Uie tliiTindiuirter, and will raiNtrthc ti-mprratnrc
.__ the *t4*ain above the puint whU'li curreNiiouda tn Ho luitunithiiii.
Tbe tenipcratnrc of the steam will then te more shmly reduced
'an in the former aue; the Ntenm will bo found averbented
irioK llii^ mpannitin, ami (he pressure of the i>trnni tipoii the
piston will diiiiiiiisli more aluwly than it would accurdiii^ to tlit)
of Marintte.
oo«r.— Tbc totiil Ii«it of vteam if Ic^ in proportion ns ha
force uk icn-aier. If thin law were true, lliere would be a
lUation of li<iuid naler diirine the expfin^ion, the Ateain
Id mnain con«timtly <atiinited, but the olostie force would de-
mtiTe rapidly than nrcordini; to the law of Mnrititte.
lu tfae ikl-seiiue of deiiBive txperinienca lo 6hi>w the acouraiy of
one of tbeso three hypothcw«, mcchnnicinna have generally
Moptcd %he fitrty wbiuh is at the nuuie time the most eimpte nnii
^e taont preuiAe. This hypotlleI^b a^tmiliiteti the expnnMoa of
«tcaiD to that of a permanent pie, diluting ia a varinhle npwv,
^hotc vAlla constantly rextorc io th.v icm ih^ quaiility of heat
Irlucb in abivrbcd in ttie luteiit alat« during; its ejtpaiisiun, en tlMt
''» t«nptnture remains invflri:ible.
r Tbo work developed durinfi tbc expansion is then ealculjited in
the ftJloviu^ manner: — Let e be the vtilutne of the ftciim, and ;i
|to prCMurt at a civeu uiuitient ; 4* the space de<^rrilted by tlie
]^iiit<in whil^ the volume becrtnie« (; -)j- tf (r; (be tflenieut of work
produced wiU In p" dx =^ pdv. At tbu cvmmeaceineut of the
•spaD«ion, the vulume is V, and the pru^urv V, and as \te nditut
;tk« lair of Mnriott^ between the vulume of tlitt eteun aod ita
ie forec during expiiu&ion, we bhall bnve
tho whole work prodnred, while the volume of the vapour
. f^m V to V*, ia /*^ P V ^ = P V log. ^ = P Vlop. ^
This is Ibe e<Tprefi*((ia for the work prr>dnr«<d dnrinj^ the pcrind
fof thvcspaiisiun. The total qnantity produced duiiiij^a comjileta
latrake uf the ^ct«R, is thea
hid
pv(n.iog.£).
We have heretofore attended only to tlio preaeuro which ia CJt-
#rted upon on« of thti fact* of the piston, but the other face is
loottanlly eubmittt-d to the prwsuro wbiih exists in Ihi; ci>«-
den«er. He will suppose tliia latter preaaurcto hti ci>u»tuni duriitt;
tk« strok* of the piston, and repreuont it by /. The amount of
jCaiittanM which it Mill have produted donuji the ntruku of tbu
VP
^too, will be/V, =/- -. So that the moving power will be
npm«ed by P V (l + log. ^ - ^-).
If M representa the number of strokeii of the piston per minutp,
file power devdaped during tbU unit of time, will \ns rxprCMcd by
«Pv(l+Iog.^ -0.
But the arcurHry of the formula depends upon the aemracy of
3w lifpotheala wiitch w(> have ndniitt«d, iiud It ia iivcvsDary to rl(»-
Itniniw bjr direct eKperinieuts—
JL The /luaiUitifs of hmt vhii^k mutt be given to a ktioframtibs <if
Wal*r, at 0", ta t^apouriti' if, un<fa>r different prmturet,
TfavKC '(uantities of heat nre composed of two distinct parts —
(te hvat necCMutrv to rnito the temperature of the llfjitid Hntcr
imxi 0^ to the poiiit at wbieh the ehantte of state tak<!>i plni^e, und
it* latent heat of vaiiorixation. If we wish to- distinguish thefco
o parta of thv totiU heat of steam, wu muRt determine by ox-
rtUBBt—
III. The capacity f'ir heat of vater at ^ffennl Ifmperature*,
Fioallj, if the total beat of stc«tn ia not conataot under all
pressurea, in order to catculatfl the effiect of expansion, we nist
«till lenm—
IV. The »ptcifif. hfal «f the tnpmir t(f inattr tn dfferent Malta f^
dentity, and at HifffrtiU Uraprraturu.
The thimrotic power of a rteam-engine may he pstimntwl, bv
statins tlie amount uf power which it is capable of iC'ving foi eaca
kiln^nnime of steam consumed.
To do this, let « be tiie weiaht of a cubic metre of steam Dnder
the preMtire I', aad at the temperature T ; > the wviglit uf bteani
consumed by the machine in one mitiutu. We aliall bave
n V = -, and cons«qiieatly the power given by the machine, from
a kilograaimc of steani, will be czpreajod by
p'(.+%.|:,-0
But in nnler to mlculate, under all cirGtimHtniice9,tkc value of
«», we must know—
V. The lav! aetordlni/ la which the density t^f mitvnstvd vapmir o/
teiUer vaTiu under diffrmil prpJtmtrr-i,
VI. Th* m-^fflt»riil of liilataliun uf the vapour 1^ mOer, in til dif-
ffrrenl ttalrt 'f deiisittj.
Mechanical pbilosophera gennrally admit that the weight (w) of
n cubic metre of sti^nm. under the iirexiure P, and at the tem-
tierature T, may be eiileubited by applying to saturated steam the
aw of Mariotto, and the law of the uniform ililatation of ^a«M.
Now, these laws nre not «<vi;n rli^rnrouKly c'xni^t for the pennatirnt
gnseE, nnd it is to bu feared that Ihey are conipletelv fabie for
saturated vapours. Finally, the method nnont grnerxlly adopted
(o compare stenm-engineis coriMistn in ttating the wurk wliieh they
|ierfiinn for entJi kilntframme uf fuel cnnMuraed, To do this; w«
mu«t know the ueit{!it (K) of «team under the pressure P. which
a kilotn'snime of fuel can develope under the cin^umKtanc(ts iR
which it is employed ; and we then have, for tlie wurk pcrfunnsd
by a kilogramme of fuel, I', K — ( 1 + lug. p w- I.
TItc4)UBiitit7 K, depends upon a variety of drcumatoneM which
we cannot now dijcusa, ouch na the quality of tho fuel, tlie nature
of the fiirnfice, the amtasempnta <if the boiler, &e.
To Kiim up then, the theoretic caleuhitinii uT eteam-enginei re-
quires the knowledge of the following lawi; and d»ta : —
I. The law which connerta the tcm|K'ruliires and etnslic forcva
of xaturiiteil KteaTii.
IL The (|uautiti«a of bent which one kilognmine of liquid
water at 0° absorbs, tn being converted intosnturated steam, uuder
different tirt"<9iim.
III. The quantitieii of heat which one kltogrnmme of lltiuid
water at 0" reipiires to elevate its temperature to thtit at whicn it
iiS8um«s the state of stenm. under different prfmiiren.
IV. Tin' Kpet-i^r bent of lu^ueous vapour, iu different states uf
dennitv, and at iJifferi'jii temperatures.
V. The Inw according to which the denuty of Miturat«il steam
rnrietij under diffi-renl pressures.
VI. Tha co-ellicieuta of dibitatioo of steam, at dilferent denai-
ties.
liefore commencinc the search for these dilferent laws, it was
necepoiary to treat several preliminarj- cpiekti'ins, so as to fix with
certainty thn indixpenxiilile auxiliary data, and, nbovc all,
to define clearly the cunditionn which mujit be fulfilled by the
I bcrmo meters, by means of which we mcature the temperatures,
III unli-r that tbesv iustnimeiitt may be rigoruusly comparable.
These prelitiituary researcliei* obliged me to undrrtJdte nucce*-
xivcly. Ions series of experiments, ihp ncrewily of which 1 was
fiir from forenecinc whi?n I undertook the work. 1 was in fact
ohliiied to uiiderliike ibt." n^detennination of a great number of
dnla, which, for the most part, appeared to be f^xed with complete
certainty by the researches of my prcdM-c»iiirs. and as to wlucb
phv!>ical iihil(in»pbert entertained no doubts whatever.
'fhe whole of ibetie re^aearclies will be published in a series uf
detached memoirs, I intend, at the end of my labours, to sum
thi-m up in a report, which will lie addressed to the Minister of
Public Works, in which the rc'ulta » ill be presented under a form
Builfible to the CHpeciid view with which the work wan undertaken
^ibiit is. ihelhforctic calculntion of stcam-cnKiuea.
Mv cAperiments fn:<iHeully rc'iuired the uHiiHtance of a great
number uf oliservem, I waa frciiiieully obliged to avail myuelf of
thckitidnemof several of my students umont; whom it gratifie* me
to cite esperiiilly MM. Bcrtin, Grasni, llerlrand. Liuajoux, Uid
Silbcrman. Let me be puriuittcd tu r«tuia to tbeio, Ihiw publicly^
my tLonks.
7»
THE CIVIL ENGINBEB AND ARCIIITECTS JOURNAL.
t^waii,
•
But I miiKt. in n i-prrff^pprwl nmnnpr. tpxtifv mr ffrwtituii* tn
mv frientl M. It irn, f"r the ihmI unit nmiitlete devotion wHli whiHi
hi has rideil me in tliii lonir <*f ies iif UlnrMn*. wmc of wliii'Ii **««
nnt witho«t (liinifrr, ni)J ntl wpre vcrv inmlj|f'«>nn.\ m well a« in
the lone nnd t«lii<iiH niimrrirnl 41-iIoiilnt intiM wliioli uerc tlie con-
nmnfriif of llipiii. Bv tlie itiil <it liiw ntliie ct>-i)|icrM ion. I t*"*"*
t*eii nhle lit tprrriiii.iif ihene liilioim in much If** lirue thnn it
irituM linve bc*n p"fi»ilile fiit mc t" Iiuvd dtme it if I U*d bc«n ?«-
ilucwi to my own prrMiunl vff>rrls klitnt!.
FiH«T TklKuitiR. — ox rim Dri.ATATiwr c» FT.«rrin ri.rin».
Pari L— AWofion 0/ ^finwiiAn-rf Air^ ttn^tr tht onfJiuirjf
Pramm vf the .4tm'i'fJi<rr.
M, n«cnault coninieiiCM hi» mnnwr, liy irmnrltinir Ihnt Uipib
1*, in tiliysiral Hci^'ncc, no nunipricjl rli-rnfnt wliirh lias bwn miI»-
mittpil t»M KreiiliT iiiimWr iif i-jjierimeiitiil deU'rmiiinlifin« th«ii
llie oo-rSIi'iPiit of ililnlatiun of Htniaii;i1ii'rir nir. «ii<l tliiit never-
thelem we cannot yet s.-iy lh»t tliin ci>-«flicieriT i» known to us "|ith
RiilTti'ieiit prPciBiwii. The njn'rinirntu iif tfii* rliler pliy>iciil I'liil"-
Mi{i)ipr>i IT*''* ntinilten an ilifTerent fmiti e:icli othtr ttmi nn ua«
ran lie nifede »f them. The frreater pirt «f the circiinistancc*
u-hicli Influeneed the pWnoRi«nun vm unknown In them.
Tlie i^ijwrimpnl* of M. <iar I.oijimc f AnnBlet lie Chimin, 1st
Ser'Hii, toni. \Iiii., p, I."!?. JJiot. Trnilt de I'livsiqin-, tuni. i.,
n. It^). iteenietl to huve Hcltleil tlte ({ue^tiun (innlly. He ehowcd
nj- a preHl numlicr of eKpcrinicnt* tlint lirtwwn »' aiiil MMf {SS" t«
tl-f Kjibrenhcit) ttm nhH.'flirifti{ of diUtntiun wm the mnie fnr
all rnwii. und for va|i»)iirsi, when tliey were at some di^lnnce frum
t^eir puiiit of mndeiisatiun. nnd thni jtN value wnn O.IT^.*
TliUixi-rfficirrn «ii^ niloptrtl ly nil plnsic.il idii!ii»ophefi>, »nd
empliiyeil in rii!riiUtiiin«, nritil in these "leiter ycnrs a SHtiliiJi
|tliiliiw>|ihrr. M. Itmlln-rjr. citnl n doulil upon its eiiirtne«^ Uy a
»ertc« of e«pi!nmeni- made with care, M. itudhfrjt eneleiivourtd to
lihiiw ihnt the i-.it-tffineiit of M, fiiiy hn.isiir wii5 much too luruv,
and tliHt its tniB vnliie w»« comprehended between 0'3(I* itiid
The experiments of M, Rudbcre are then deNcrihed at length,
hy M. Re»;nnull. The<ie cicperiinentii were ori|:iiiidly publisheil iu
two mrmiiim coiitnined in rnjtyi'ndorH'n AnniOs, vol*, uli. and ^i\\-i
mid the Sn^Iivh render will ^nd thcni in tho viJiialile Scientitio
Meniuin, editMJ by [tichnrd TiivKtr. vol. i., pticrH 407 and 511.
Rurlbertr teniiiii'iti,-* hin nenond memiiir by lui iini>ortiitit riiinnrk,
whidi hjul alrr*dy Iw^eo made In 1603, by tiilbi-rt ((iilUerl's
AnnnU, vol. xiv., p»^ «6J). but hnd hrcn entirely fortfuttcii. vu :
that the experiments iif Mi-«r<, Djiltim and Clivy Luminr. which
bud been rcicardecl n.i hnvin^f icivcn almuHt iilciillonl reavlt*, iLilTcred,
on the wntniry, very much. In fact, in the memoir of UhUdd
(Memnin Soc. Manchester, let Scr., Vol. v.. Part S, p. WS), fao
Miva: —
'" I Iiavc repmciUy ttmuA that lOOO parte of cammon air, of
the temneralnre Si", and cmnniun pressure, cxp.ititl tci l,3Sl pnrU
»f the ttierniometcr ; to Khith, aiding; fimr piirtfl for the wrrc-
ti|ionding expinisinn of gliu*. we have Sii partu incrunM upini
Uiwi from 3.1" to aia", or from 1J7 of the tlicrmwrncter scolo
jrFohmthfitJ." It is evident ibal tlie volume of air here ussuracd
n* the unit, is that of air nt 6.1" Fahrenhdl. nr 12'7B cent. If, on
the cuntrarj-. wc Inke fur nnit the vdhiino of air at 0' (33^ Fidi-
rvnhvit). and put the diiututiim betn-ecn 0'' and 100" = lOOo, the
rcHuIti of DiilturL^ive
1 + l^TSa : 1 + UTOo ; ; lOW : 13W ; whcnrf lOOa = 0-3!W.
Tilts, then, ii Didlcin'* triir rcxiilt. In truth, L>iUton himself
does lull .iii[>ear to hiive observed the error wUieh hml slipped into
liis CJiIiulutron^, fur he miva in hie nuw system of chcnii-iiC ]>h>-
loxDiihy: — "The volume iif nir, nccordirifcc in the experiments vf
M. Gay LntiMtc and Mini-, beiiifc IDi>0 ut 'iS' Fuhrcnhcit, bci;vmv«
ISIS nt -iVi" FiJirenhiril."
In n note 51. Jle^naull nntieex a serioo of experiments upon th»
■mme subject, mwde about the sitme time vviLli Inn own, hy Pro-
feMor -Miwnius of Berlin. ,\ii extnicl fruni rrufcasor Majpin*'
memoir will be fnnnd in the ArinoLe!* ilo L'himie ct dv rhy»ii]uc,
inl ?er. turn, ii'., ]nn:e AAO ; and a setunil mumoir upon the «am«
KuhjetTt, tarn, vi., pu^io 3A3,
M. lto3;nHult then priiftrdH to give hii invn method of experi-
menting, wid thr de.tiiiU of bin experiments.
TheM- methiidti were five in number. In the (int four, the dila-
tation of the air was deduced from thv obtMsrveJ cliJUigcs iu its
•lustlc force Bt the lomjieraturBS of 0° nail 100= cgnt. , nasuming a*
'• TUtaoIti irrlrtd ni by Itr. DilUin. nlMnil Ilia wmrHnle (lltinoln 1.11. tii<l PhU.
flacor Uonebutof. Uc. Srr., Vol. >.. paH'.'.p. .VXi.apiirin.ltnalnaco-rffli'li-ni. M..n.
iml, or OMfl) to. vKl) in<i( or Uiy Ijniwr, itt.-;Xt, uniI tvnAiuinl lili uaritlvn *■
tu rt,*(qutiiiiiBi*tiun or<itffctMt |twt,*ottwtM(. Uaiun blniHlf (duima ilM m-iffiiUiiit
trne the law at Mnriolte, that the einttic f(ire» of a fti
invenelv M its voliim*, when th« t^mpemture M'main* ti*
The liflh nu'tbod him nn attempt to nie.isure dlreclljr the RilSlHl*
tntion of v<dume ilno to the rhnnire of tempontlarv.
TliejirAi tnrtUffS w»t «iniilar to that u*ed by Kudherg, in bit im
Kpriiii of pxptihtiienli, nnd hv niiloti^ and Petit, in their cmi.
parison of mvri'nrliil and air Uti'rnumieter*.
The appsratuit conninted of 11 pta-ts cyltndric^ reservoir, fkvB
«S to :I0 millimelnps in diameter, and nbimt 110 mtlUmetres )uB|,
cunt aining from AH) to 1,U(IM ^mme« of inertury. To this eu
auUlered a nqrilbiry Mem, of whii^h the diumelvr vnrieil ia tha
different experimenls, from 4 to ^ millimetre*. This was bant it
riplit an^lt'i. at sump diMtitnce nhove llie reservoir, and drainiMl
to a linii jKiint. The rtMervoir nnd Hm irroiiter part of the lUa
were imnieried in a vesiel of water boiling umlrr the umuhI nltaa
s|)heni: premirv, and lilled with perfeirtly iln'air, by exlia inking It
from U to 30 timen. hy meaiia of a Hmnll jnimp, and re-titlici^lt
ein^h time with air nhicli hud puiiKed tlirou^'h two lube«. BadiOM
metr« in lenfjtb, filled vMi ])iiitiiee-sl«ne, siLtuniied witli concot*
Iraled "lutpbiirir arid. Thio bein;r dime, the appnmtua waa auffeKd
tn utiuul Inim half an hour to iin liour, the water being mnintained
in full ebulUtion ; the end of the t'Hjjilbry stem wait then clowd \ff
the blow. pipe, and the heijcbt of^ tlitf barometer mited. Tta
ri'iicn'oir, with it* ntem. waw then inverted upon a tttaiHl, so ihu
the point nf the Mem dipped to mimedistauee in a cup of mercury,
the eup irni brohen off under the mercury, nnd the rmen-oir sai-
rounded with pounded ice. and left in iU condition for au houi «
more, until the wholw nt llie air (now contracted ao as la fill oo^
a portion of the rewjrcoir) was reduttd to the tciniH*ra(ure 0*.
The end of the ateni was then a^nin clowd by a tittle wax, tW
barometer again noted, the po»ition of the snrfai-e of the mereiuj
in the cu.]» marknl hy a point adjiiwled hy a screw — the cup re-
moved, and the reftervoir and it> contents siilTered to talie the
lemperalore of the surroundine air. Tli« height of the mercurial
column nb<ive the level of the menuTy in the cup was then
miNtsured by the catheloineter. The reservoir nnd ita fxintcoli
were then wei(ibed, entirely filled with mercury, first boiln] to free
it from nir and moistttrc. the point njfsiin immersed in meratry,
and the re«erv(iir ■urrourided with ire. At ihe end of one or ten
hour*, when it wat MilUfactorily a*certnincd thdt the whole ^if*-
ratuu hnd taken the lenipcmture 0°. the iiv wiui removed, lite iMf-
fury which wna dist'hiifKed hy tin* rise of tempcnilure w*
received in a trapvule, nnd the appuratus placed in a boiler, at tl
first, and brought to luu\ The iii(7r(?ury expelled waa collm^ed i>
the capsule, and the hci-cht of the bsimni-ter at the mameataf
uhollilioii noted. Ry this means, nil the diita ncceewtr^- to ealei-
hite both the dihitotititi iif the air, utid that of the glam rewtl
which coiiiHined it, were given.
In performing these experiments, M. Ili'unault ohserveJ 1
serinuaruiise of errcir. '\Vhrti the point of the stem waa brokfo
under the mercury, he observed tb»t n smull ((unntity of lir
leaked into the reBcrvolr. even «-hen tho ooint waa plunged U» tht
depth of t^ metre under the mercury. 'Ibis air waa apurtioBof
thitt which rcmuiiied in cimUil with tho gloH tube, whidl aot
beintr welted by the mercury,, hHowciI. •%» it were, « tuTie (if lb
from the point tii tho surface. This dilticully waa ubviHted by it-
tuibitiK to the iiliisK Klrm, nlutes uf well-eleimed hinss. to wbicA
the nu'ri:ury adhered, and tinin the >enlr'i[iee of air wii» prcvctrtei
III iLdditiioii liJ thin, 11 layer uf feulphtiric acid wus mnietinieti potiiti
upon thu surface of the mercury, before the puiat was broken, ani
via* carefully removed before tlic point was nicain closed, liiiui
cnru was taken to prevent the nir onlilmin^ the piucere used**
break the point, from iretliin^ iiccBh* to tli<: interior. la tkii
method fourteen experiments were tried, the nieaD of wliidi fprtm
fur the voliiniu of I.UOU niciMurei uf air, ut the temperature it (T,
when healwl lo HU)', l-ati(ia3.
Tho highest number obtained in any experiment, was I'SfiCS*
Tboluweat l-3«4«
Tho difference is O-OOIW
nr about ^ of the mean.
The lowest number whs ithuve the mcnn result ohtained by Ra^
bertr. M. llegnault believes that this may probiddy be diia to llH
phenomenon of the entriinc^ of the air upon breiiking the polfll
liBvJnir taken place in the experiments of the Swedish profeMCr.
nnd he remarks that the error irould hp greater in proportion 11
the ipmiitity of iiir operated on waj> Ipm. He nl^o »taU-s that bt
believer ihe tir»t experiments uf liin own series were affenietllj
Ibis pjirnomeuon, nnci m an evidence of thi» sLules, thai from lit
moment that hu succeeded iji proveutiog it entirely, no txgtA
nent gave a number below l-3tiA!l.
twai
THE CIVIL KVOTKEEn AND ARCHTTErrS JOVKSKL.
Tkf lAMfid irrin tif t.rfierimfniM wiw Irii^il with nn fip|)nratiiit
differing but little frum thp uiip just ilvsi'dbert. Tlip r^ervoir wa«
k ^MM {flobe of fnim 3.>ii to 44Hi cuUir n-mim(?trcn, MilHen-d tci a
thn'mamrtcr HttMn. nlitnit ^h rerillntt-tTCH lirriix ; ii|i<>(i lliin (liermo-
mrter-talw wa* «l!lIer^^^l, M the ilUlfliic* of II r.enlimetmfroni thi-^
bnlh, a pifve (if tube very rp);iilBr in its (liuneter. xbout >ti>
millirnrtrffs lone. '<>>il nf n tlifltnrtcr oiifTirifiitly tiirite Ui tiri'Ment
haX fcelili* nijiilliu-y iii-tir>n. The iJiennometer-tiilje wtm Ix'rit nt
rieht anifle*, anil ilrawn out irt n |Niiiit. The first opcrRtlon wnH ti>
irauice llic BpiDirtittis carefully, nnd to ii«certnin it* tTif-i'lficienl of
dilatntiiiii. 1 hi* was don* by liltint( it with tiierriiry nl the
t«Tinpcr»liire 0*. then Huliinittinff il Ui n let7i|iL>rAturo nf lOi)' Mil-
ItTtiiie tlir merctiry exiielled, itnd weighing' this, nnd tlie tiuantity
ahirh rrtn»infd in ihe liiilli.
The ill lit tilt ion of the nir nas then detemiined very much as
bfforv. Ki:;liteen exiieriiiietit.i were tried in this way, tlic mean
of )i]1 i>f which nns r3(i(i33 ; tli« tniivirmiit]. r:iVTU4 ; minimum,
rSfUM ; the i)iffer\-nfc, uinil-i1, or ^Vtt "^ *''" mtnn.
Tttf. tkini ffrifn n/ rrjirrintrnU vas per formed with an nppnrstu!i
imitntetl fnim IhAt deficribed hy Itiitllierf; in hi* iecund inL'inoir.
Upon a .shelf within a cnpjicr nlemliic, the rover of whir-h i» firmly
fixed uiiiin nn niii<ni|iriAti' HiiiijiiirL, ix }ili>i:i:il a uliut cyliiiitrica]
rcbcrvuir, 3j tnillinietreH i» diiiTiieter and 170 iiiiilinictrcfl Iciig ;
to ill upper extrunilty ie Mildcred a tliL'rniumetur-tube, wliicli pmuHn
tlirou^ n tiibiilurc in the cover, unit In'iiiliiiic Iwicu at ri^Ht
anfflea, in wlilered tu a luTgur tube, whii^li ilijia ttuwn liitu a ciatern
»f mercury, iiassiii!' air-ti),'ht thraii^li a tiidultire in its cover. On
the iHUiii: shL'lf is pWrcd n prcdacly oimilor reK(.-rvi>Ir, termiitatitig
is a Klraiicht thi-rmnmetfr-tul)!!, wliich |iaH->ft> thnru^h aitothirr
tubuluri! tn the cover, iind tliia fi]ip[iratus heiii^ uroirerly lilled
with mercury, furuitlicH a dclii'iite UiiTiiiumeter fur iiotiiiK' tlio
temjMiraturii' in the iilcmbic. The niercuriul cinterii is furninhed,
in it« lower uMrt, nith a piston, inuveuble by a nrrew. Tlirouj-h n
MCoad tuliuture in the euvtr uf the ci«terii, parses a strui^lit
Kattce-tabe, open alfuve, mid dippiiitr ifil" the mi-rcur)' below, ntid
of tne «aine diametiir lu tlie tube w^i'cli termiitalcn the thermuine-
t«r-«tem. 'Ilie cnpucily uf tlii* .ippHrnluH ImvinK heen KUUKeil,
aftd th« Co-t-Aicient uf dilntiitiiin dctir mined hy a pTeviouK exne-
rttnent, the reservnir ie filled with dry nir, iind tlie ulenibic tilled
with 11-4', fti iiA tu rediire the te-mp^rutore to (1° ; the piiitun in the
mercnrial cixtern is then rained i>r lowered, until the merciir)- in
tbc tnbe eommunii'ating; with the re«ervoir, HtundH exiic^tly at n
KUiric prerinuily ]n»d« upon it, and the difference between tlili
poiot and the tup of the column of nii^rrtiry in the f^aiifre tube, i*
Btfl«sured- The ifc i* tlicn renmvi^d from tlm nlenibie, and
replaci^'l by water, whi«h is boiled, and the lenipernture of tJie
re«ervoir beln^ thu^ broufirht to 1<J()% the pi<^'>n i« agnin ndjusted,
WMtDbrin^ thp mrrniry to the mime liei^fht an befiirp in ih^
tulM eommtiiiicniinfc trith the renervuir, nnd the dilTercncea of itii
keiMht in thin IhIk' ntid the ftnnpe-tiihe afrnin read. Tlieietwo
rMdJnfts of ooiiTie gnve t)ie olaitic foree of the »ir at theae tem-
perslor^ and from theM* tho ■■■t-effirient of dilatiitiim i«
dtduud. The experimi'iit* tried with Dili apparatus, f[\ve a
mtaa of 1'366"9 — lie differeni-e betnpcn tli* mnjimimi, l*3UIt7,
and tli« minimum. l-3ti'>l^, heinp Tiii?i of the menu. M. Ke^nault
don not beli9%*o thiK melhrnl KiiMi^cittible uf the Hiime neeurney a*
ikt other, on aeenuTil of the irivffiiliir action of ciipillaritv in the
ti^e^ nllhoiifrh purposely taken of pmial diameterii. fie aim
Tvmarkii Ihjit the rekults oMiiiiied by liim are lar^rer than thinto
got by Riidberj; from a Hiimewhnt uniiliir apparatus., uliieb he
nelievei mav be attributed tu the InttiT having niH[)t< hiK mark
npon a cnpillary tube, and to hi« negleeliiii( the vttiiill iiiinntlty of
air eunlairied in the thennunieier-tuhe, wliieh Is not heated to
100°, Am however, unfiirlunately, M- Kiidhere lu'i not stated the
diiBen«iniui uf hla iippiinitus, It caunot beanirertniiitHl what influence
this had upon hiii resnltN.
Fartkfjourth utriexn/fjpfrimmUniwm of npparatuf!wa« devised
•imiUr in iiriiieiple tu tli;il jurt ilesrribed, hut free frnm ita ob-
jections. Thia coni^t4ted es^entiiilly of h glasi iftube, uf a ciijiHrity
of from »Q0 to V,<'i>U riihic eeJilinielre", to which was xihled a
capi]l«y (Ivm almiit 20 ceiitimelreii Inn),'. The filubc was plueed
it) an iippnipriiHte metallic rei^sel, to that it coiild he- nhernnlely
brated to 100', and cooled to 0° ; the lube paaniiiK out uf a Interal
OMfling terminated in ii Kriiall nipper pipe which had two other
ojwninpt— <ine nf tliese via* fur the moment closed, the other com-
municated with the appaniliiB for ilryine X.hv air, liy whuMi ni'ftinB
the d^lobe and tube vifTv filled with dry air with the ti>iiial prrcau-
tioru. Another glnn* tube of 16 or 17 miilimcLrc« inteniid dmiucter
wu ctmieiited at its lower end tnloan iron cup terminatnl below
^ « ttiip-cock, and rarrvinK a lalornl brunch dent parallel U> the
udfl of the tube ; into tlii« liitrral branch wan cemented a second
tube, which wa« for a certain dlitance of the urn* diameter aa th«
fir<t. and teritiiniiled above bv a capillary tube, a ]>3rt of that
which fnrmed the neck of the ulobe, wiiirh wa* bent at rijiht angles
Thii Myatem of tubex heinir fimity and caref'illy niljuttml in a ver-
tical puftitton, tJie aecund tube with ita attached euplUarr branch
v/an carefully dried and Ailed with boiled mercury, and tiie upper
pnrt of clw cHpillury tube, which naa of rimrw hiirizontnl. wiw then
lined into the thini opeiiinjc of tlie xiumII copper tube, w> aa to Iw
in immediate cciminuiilcation «ith the neck uf the tclobe. ^t'heIl
linnly Ji\cd, the stop-cui'k at the hut torn of the compound tube
wuM npe lied, and X\iv merciirr tluwinit alowly out wan reptnced by
air driiwn tliroiiKh the drym); a]lllnril1N)^ and the npparHliui tilled
with iiir to a certiiin mark a. plnced upon the vertical tube, where it
wa* of ^eatPKt dinmdcr, the irlnw globe bciofr all tlit time im-
mersed in bfiitiiiK water: the dryintrapiinratiM wan then rcinoveil,
ami ihe brftiiL-h of the ciipjier mbe wttb which it cu mm uiii rated
hermetically sealed, and the hciplit of the brtr<imcler m>Ied. The
hot water na* then ditthnrgcd fnim nruimd the irhtbc. and replaced
first by eold miler nnd ufterwardn by pounded ice, the level of the
mercury heini; kept at >. by aiLircritit,' it to How off when neceuflry
by the stop-cock. When ttic globe has certaiuly reached the tem-
perature of Ihe ice, the h»nimet<-r in read, and the differenne of
the heii;lit!i uf the mercury in the too communicating veitical
tube-* i« measured. M'e have thus all the data for calculntiniT the
ctnellicient of dil'itntioii \)i the air. but another ohscrvntiun mny bu
lijid by reverMiix tlie e.\p<'riiiicnt. Tu do this, rc-conneet the drv-
iriK appiiniliis with the copper tube, the ntcrciuy will fall in tfiu
vertical tube in cunricrtion vith the globe, but muift be kept at «
by pouring nicrnirv into the ntlier vertical tube : when efpiilibriuin
hiiB been attaineil, remote the drying iippnratux, and vlune ita
branch uf the copper t-jbe, then replace the ice by bulling water^
and reprcn" the dil.itaticiL of tlic air by pmiriuir more mercury into
the vertical tube ; when you are aatiafietl that the air bun talcea
thu tciiHicrature of liuiling uatcr, read the bafumeter. and iiieaimre
the ditTcreneo of the heijihta of the mercury in the two vertical
tube*.
The mean of t\x experiinenta tried in tliia wav gave 1*3905 for
the co-eflicieiit of dilatation ; the innaimiim result being l'3<tT1(>;
tlieminimum I'3l!J^(l; ditFerence-n^ ^f the uiciin.
By thin method (he dilatalivn of the uir in determined under
very diHereiil preMureo; ia fuel, during the fint period of every
expi-rimciit, the air i^ under the atmuuphciic i>re«*urii 0'7(tO metro- 1
when at lUU^, and only under the prcMurc of 0-^.^t) metre when at
(1^ In the -lecund peiiod, the uir at U^, i^ under the atniiKpheric
preeaure O-ruOm., and when heated to I0(i" under the prewure of
about I'Otfl. It in even cam' lu iirrnnge the aupuratua ■>> that tlift
experiment may be tried unJer •till greater differcncea of pre«<ure.
Ah the experiments lihowed no dijferenco in the nnmher* oMnined
during t)ie<ie pfriod' (t'$(iii.(.> during the tirat, ntul I'Saut.^ during
Ihe second period, J we mmt ci include that within theic [imita of
pressure, the co-ethcient of dilatation of air iii H>n-iMy constant.
Fiflh MfriM o/ fjperimmit, — In nil the experiment* hithertn
dcftcnbed, the dilatation of the gaa wa* determined inilireclly from
n direct meaiwreincnt of the augmentation of It* elastic fSrce when
brimght tu a cuniitaut volume at a higliOT temperature, nsitimin^
the tnilh uf the Inw of .\Niriotte. I it order to get the dilntaliun
directl)', the gnu eiiilobcd in an eminently elliptic envelope aJiotild
dilute freely without changing ita elaattc force, and the augmenta-
tion of volume mii^t he carefully measured, the gno bciiig all at th«
anme lei tip era lure. It in difficult to M'e hiiw tliene cundiltuna cm
be realieei) in pmelioe, but it may be done aji proximately by fol-
towiiiK the method adopted by M, I'onillet iu his air pynimeter.
(Truili- du t'hyMij^iie. tuie edit, toniii 1, ». 'i^i.') In thii way the
eintitic force of'the gaa rvmaiiiK aeiiKibly the aame:, but a very nDt».
bL« portion in the re«erioir of dilatnlion it> at a temperature but
idiuhtly differing from chat of iJie «urrouuding air.
The nppiirntuK UM-d by M. Ilegiiuult wim tu a ^reat extent limilar
to that junt dcccrilied, but Ihe iron cap into which the tno vertical
tuhea were cemented true differently iidjiitted. It hitd two rtop-
ciH^ka, by [iiu* of which the baromeCrir tube cuuld be made to com-
muuicote ut pleatnre with the exLeriiir, while Ihe other, which waa
E laced under the tube in eontmuuicntion with the globe, waa ho
ored that it might make a communication either between the two
tube* or between thiii ceeond vertical tube and the externid air.
These Iwu ttibei were placed ia a glaM veawl wbich could be filled
with H-uter ao thnt they enuld be maintained at any and n uiiifonn
temperature. The experiment was cundueteil »» fotluwa: The
Stone heiug kurruunded ivilb iLU, ami tlio cunimunic.il ion with the
ryiiigapparntiiiiopeucd, the level of the mcrrur}- muh hrvuKhl tu
tlie mark o on thu vertical liibc; tlie cummunicallan between the
two tubes being upvii, the uereury would uf course be at the stni
fl«9
THS CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL.
LAnm,
hftifrhtin bMhtubM; ()i««omfnunif^Ktion with the ilrjinft ftppftrftttia
WM eUittft\, til* buromrtvr «ti<t the ti'mpcruliir« of the wntrr Bruutnl
the ttibe* not«<L Th« icli>t>« wm th^n bioucht to KhT, tli« mercury
ill the v«rtiud tvlM wm of c«ur«« d«prvMe<l, and in vtiler tu keep
that in the haroin'etn<; tiib« nt about tlie »nnic level with it. its
ctop-cock Ii*ii to be oin-med and ihe mercury mffered U- flo" t>ut ;
th« two columns were thus kept nenrly st llie Mdiie beitiKl, that iu
tke tube iu whidi the air wim clilntiii|r, brin^ broii^ltt t^> > »e<'»n4
mark 9, and the exact diSerence in the heights tf tlic two trahiniii^
WM C&r«fuU]r noted, u veil hh ttie )iei)[ht n( ihe barometer, nitd
4li« te»|i«mture nf thn wittpr in the hurrnunilinn veesel. In «r<ler
from thia experiment tA determine the dil.itution «f the nir, it is
lOiily npceflsary to know the cauaeity of th* glube, and ftfit* rtem
&« fnr M th<^ inftrk>.ivnd thnt or the vertirtit lube between* and ;
IheM nre all eiuily determined by the weight of pur« mercury
neceasan' to fill ihem.
Konr expenmpiiti tried la thlfl way |t«ve a mean dilatation at
1-36706: the maximiin) beinir 1-SI>;1H; the niiniiiiuiii l-3fiSWI;
difference fj^ of the mean. The co-eHiMent of diUtntinn jpvon by
this £fth method la *en*ibly gKitltfT than that f;ut rrcm the otJter*.
ThU rircumBtancfl is not nccidontaL, i>« in the second part of the
memoir aimilar dilTerrneeA are gbown fur utFier c"»^ &nd in cer-
tain eaaw these iliffenmcea are rery cunaiilernblf.*
M. Retn>Ault then proceeda to the dincuiennn of bin fonrnilw^ for
the uurpnaei of detenntninf; the probable errar in his results, and
he Miow> that in the first three Krieiii — prinripally owinf! tu thp
uneertitinty of the readin^pi of the hnmineter within ^ millimetre,
th« maximum probable^rruriaalMiit ^^ which i* about the K^^atest
difference between the maximum and minimum remits in any one
twric*. The tiro taut Keiicii incJiiile the wtme bwutov of error, and
aiinther ariiinu frum the utiferliiinty of the tempcratnre of lie air
in the enpillnry tulip, which, however, ht> Itelievoii may be alto^^her
neglected in hin cipcfimcnts the iipparatus havint- lieen cjircftilly
anrangeit ito n^ tu make thm a very small fraction of the whole
volume of air under experiment.
He finally aaeniBMCHWStitl^inB the mean co-efHcient of dilatation
«f drr atmoi^herie air as determined hr the firtit four «eriea of
•xptninenta, and remarks that thi> numfu-r i>-Cii):t(t7 ^iven W tlie
fifth aeries mtut be adopted in eTperimeiiti wberi; the f^H dilHCef
fresly and proaerwn its oripnni elastic force. He al.xo i^ives an a
fraction easily recollected, the remark of M. JIabinet that
O-OOSSSSiSe should be exjireiHed hy ^.
IfXMT 11. — On tita Ditatatian of «vme olArr Oatt* under Prtmret
near that of the AtnuuifAere.
Fhyiical ptiil(i»>p]icrM admitted thnt nil gasca had the aame cd-
■Koeiit of uUutatiiin, but iiinrf mi neriniii; nil oirOT in Ibe nuniericil
▼aluc of this co-ctHcient hud been tthumi, it was necessary tupubiml
tliit law also tn vcritirntion, the result of which wns to ahaw its
lucurtectneTci. The experLment* >ri:re trivd chicly by the metlivd*
]. nnd IV. uniler uunstant vtdumeK, mid V. iinilcr cotint.iiat pre.intire.
It is iK't nce(-»'*riry to describe thcni in detail, iia M. ltc)^Hult ha^
done, nor t*> giic the mcthoits by which the gH»c* wcie purified ;
•nSce it to tay that all tiftas-yniy precautious wcro tukeu, aud thu
gt&«ral multa we^e as fullowa ;—
rii.Bini-lpnl<'rp[liil«llanrrr>in4° l»19fy>.
HyiJrngfn. 0'3(J07 0-3601
Almoiplitrlc Air, O'.IQGS 3670
Nitrogen, 0'3(i6S
Otiiic of Ctidoo, a-itiHJ 0-3099
Carbonic Acid, 0-3CA8 0'3;i0
Nilroui Oxi<f*, 0-3676 0-};i9
Sulphurnut Acid, U'3»?i5 03003
Cyanogen, 03829 0*3H7r
He al»o deicribed an appnrntus an cinily-imn^ncd moditicatinn
of method IV,, by whivli the dillercuce in the mi- efficient of dilata-
tii>a of any two gnscs may he at oni^B alioitn.
Pabx III. — On tKt Dictation i^Oatet uirf-rr D'lfarciit Fmturet.
It has been g?n(?rally admitted thnt the dilatation of frases ii
eoDStitnt betweej) thit same limita nf tcmper^ttnre, no matter to
what pressure they may ho iiubmitted ; eiinawjuently, thnt it in
alto^ther independent of their initial density. But it is difficult
to cite eoncliieive et|icrim>i'nt<i ii{uin whlrh thii taw i« founded.
Seveial obeeri^ers hawinif obtain ud the name i-iilne lor thii oo-eSicient
of dilatation of air, under different barometric pressures, concluded
* H. lt<«iiaull OHFribMla i bi>M >d laddpiDlanl lariMor n■v»t^B>^a^» Ifitd bf hin
accoHlnit 10 tbt locitiO'.l «( M G>t Lutuc— ilm I*, l»i vtarrtlnf lk> dll aistlotii of a
quuiUIT iJf itrr ■)■' ccinulnrtl In ■ trua ibarniniiiKii anil muaLKl rniu tl» »i*riiii
■LutMplifrc bj • taitl iiiJsi vt mtrcBry. (5li,i. Trtl[|4- Phy*. lam. L, p. [■'J j The
nauila obtilncrl Alil aai ur*> at tit. aiiA •m all firblti Ibao lif auji of Uif oUiat
ncia»il<i Iha lrl|hn(nautlrioi>nladwu Vif>K ,
that th* co-cfKciont of dilatation of ^««cf wRtc«n«tnnt lUidn iB
|>rei>(ur«» ) but the barometric x-nriatioiir in any plan- are not nS-
ciently exteuaire to permit so (ceneral a cvuvIumou tv be Ibv
deduced.
Sir Humphrey Davy i* the only philoMpher who has >tadi«4ti«
dilntntiun of paaci under very diilerent prewurew. (PhiLTiaok
l»#J. vol. ii.j.. WV)
He Ktatoi tliHt he found tlie same diUtntinn for air tiJcen si|h
the densitie" j. {, V, 1, and S; but his experiments were not madt
by a ■uflieieiitiy delicate method to allow his reaultw t« be oea-
aidered exaiA,
The experiments of M. Renault upon this cubjeet wen triad
with nppanitus of the sane character h^ tboae before deacribed, at
niethnds I V. nnd V., with «iicJi moiJilioAtions a« the peculiar dr-
eiimntancpaof the experiment! rendered neceosarv: and tlie coa-
dusion nt whidi he arrived was that ••Iktair dilaltM, mtkin lb
Mtnw timiu of lemfitimture-, bj/ quantititJi vAirA are grrvter in p n f e^
(tiM IU th« dituitf tffthe gwi ut grnaltn- .- IJiat it, itt /rroportion a* ik
motetuiu art brvu^ nearrr (a aaeA other.'
The following tables exhibit the results of his experinenta «pw
air, e-arbonic acid, and sulphurous ncid :
Ditalalion ^ Qa**» muitr Hifferrnl Prttwurtt, dflrmiint 4y /Ae imttktd >/
Conilmt Vniuaut. (II. ind IV.)
ATUOSPHEHIC jtia.
PiwuroalC^.
lliJllawem.
10*73
171-16
»4<«
SktB
rwuu
3141 IS
SOICJ
FrfMnrc ■! \W.
UUilmrtM.
14»at
If 17
MAD?
siuti:
T>vnii^t]r t>f ill* alral
IP, itiiai iifait (I 0>,
uciJ#r ■ prVB«iira or
IflU mllllindtr* ol,
0IM4
OUi I
o-llou
I OtHMI
V-Jll
aM«0
CABBOinO ACIP.
ISv>a7 \-iK9
tttOTi J vies
4;t»a4 4 :ais
Tiliin nl I 111 <«i ■
llK*,tkMa«»>-|.
l'M«l
I-9U41
l-MSfta
i-rna
ta;«»i
iMsta
1 ».*wa
I Aims
Dilatalion t)f Ctttt vmltr rllffrrml Pretturrt, J'tirmintd hg tk* mttktd ^
CtiMtottt pT*»l<irtt. (V.)
Ala'>aphf>!c Jllr. Carbonic AeUI. 1\)Arnfen. Salptkarmw ArW.
' * * _r * ^ J — ' * — ' 1 ' * ^
pManira Vnlnma erHtiiKt Vnkin* Priaiure Vnluine Pnuura I^mom Va)<i»t
Mtlll, at V*t=. Mltll, it KnP. Willi. »l X-i^fi. aili°. at Wi^. at tl«*.
;fi(i I ■.1I77I"! yfifl' t .-cnw) 7r.o i-afrtii "an uo raiHO i-xni
lUj.*! l-.vriOt 2130' I'ltnUS U64i t.-UdlS 9^-:3 S«r4t |-.«*4
■-■fiW IJiWiil ______ „
The e«nernl conclusions of this memoir are m follows : —
Irt. The cfi-eiBcienl of dilatalion nf nir, O-.tia, heretofore ad-
mitted by phiilc)ia(i|iheni from tlie exprrimeiitt nf AI. ti:iy Lussac ll
niuch too (freiit for dry air under the ordinary Atmu«phoric pm-
Kure. The cn-ettident Ii'3(ii6, which is the mean of the exuerimeaU
Sublixhed by M. itudluT^, !■ too Kinrill. '^tlien tha cu-effieiant ef j
ilatallon of air is deduced by calculation, from the cbungca if J
ehiEtie force which the name vuhime nf khs nnderfioes when carried
from n" to liiii', its valu« is O-.triMj. Hut when thi* co>eSiclent ia
deduced from the rhtxuf^v^ nf volume of the same man of gal la,
Sa«Mn|f from 0' to 100'', its eta>itic force remninlnff eooaUnt, v«
nd a value rather hiiehcr : ihiit is — l)*3»i7C). ,'
Snil. The ci>^iiricit!nlM iif dilalalinii of the ilitrrri>nt ffaaea svs Ht
eqiiiJ, B!i hail been hitherto admitted; they present on the contrary,
notable ililfercnccs, as may he seen by the numbers before ril*^
Tliere ia often iihtnined for the same gnu, very dilTercnt valuea farr
its eo-.ellicienl of dilatation, acconlinx a^ tbi^ it deiluced immedi^
atety from the oliaervatioii of the chan^ce of volume which tbe ^*^
miuu of gus under^cH helwcend' anil li.W. Its elliptic force rrmaii^ ,
liiK tbe Mime, or caliuilnted friiin the vtiriation in the rlnKtlu fa
of the j(as between <i'' and lOO". its vuluine reiiiaiaiuK constnnt.
3ril. The air and all other ^iuics except hrdroeen, have jireater \
ci>-«l1ii^ieiitji of ililatatinn in umportiiin as tlii'ir lU-utity increasn.
illi. The co-elflctcnt» urditatncioii of the didTerent ^awa aput
nearer eijuallly as their prc>isiiri-H are lit;bter; so tliat toe lai
which in thiiN rxprenned, *'(jj/yiiirf» hart tiu^ luwie eo-^ffuwnt <
(iuri," nmy be considered ai n liuiitiu},' low nhich i< applicable ttt]
guM:* in a «t«tc of i-xlreme tlltoitntion; but whidi ia fart Iter frofllT
the truth in proportion a-i thu KU'tf are mure compressed, or,
other words, ua Ibeir molecules are hroU|i:ht nearer tujceUier.
f To Ac conttjvutd. J
IStf-l
CIVIL ENGINEER AND AKCHITECrs JOURNAL,
OONTHIBUTrONS TO RAILWAY STATISTICS,
(ir lfl46, Ifi4T, AXB Ifiia.— By Hyi>e Clawce, Esq.
No. L— PASSKSGKR5 AND FAUES.
Havinf pohliahftl na *n»l>Ki» of the R«ilwi»y Return* for IBM,
I h*rt taken ihe earliciat oppoTtiinitx nfter tin- »i|iji*Briin« of thoM
for ISM And 1**7, of icivinK ii aimiUr unulyhi" of llipm, unilpr the
■me title of '^dontriliuliuwa tii lUilwKV Stiktintic*," which I hope
■if proreei|iiall)-ac4:e|iUMe to practical meuaitlie former Kriea.
Tli« foUowinfc ttre thA tot«li of ftsdi cUra of jiMiMngera in the
feora coding 30th June : —
111 I
tldcll»4,
Sf4 Clut,
Uiied
I8.a3:i.6fl6
84S3.06.%|
3,069,i>8i
1S43.
ft,'»74.l63
13,135.g20
laiS.
1G.131.06SJ
I8,S0G.tiari
2,I«3,126
\U7.
6,4 73,7 U
3,2303i7
Alto«etlwT, 27.;63.W2| 33,791.215^ 43.790JI83J ai,332,lM
The unouDt iKeived for each clue, in <af-h year, waa ab fol-
krwa:—
IM(. 1845. 194S. 1847.
iMdiM, Xl.l32eft8 £l,Me.»<>& 4et.GSl,899 £1,67!>,;»9
andtUM. U7S.67B l.i98.1U 1,93;.9*« 2.04B.IW0
3rddua, 4B3,aC9 KM.903 1.D33.2U6 t.tttfi.no
Mixed. 14;.^S8 Sn4.SI9 93.l£'4 146,733
Alt«««thtr, «3.439.294 i:3,9J6,34I J64.721.»li £5,148,002
The yearly increase la numben en each class of paucngcn b as
foUows:—
my 16-16. 1647.
Itt clue. IS per cent. IS fa cent. 7 per cent.
2nd due, 17 „ IS ,. 10 „
3rd ol»>. 50 „ 41 „ 23 „
AhogftWr, 21 .. 2* .. 17 ..
The yearly increai^G in mon^y on each clam of [lUueRgen i» m
ftJJo"*;—
184S.
1B4«.
1847.
1 II elus.
S par oeot.
9 per eeoL
— pereeet.
2nit rltu.
16 ,.
21 „
6 „
3nl dail.
S4 „
AS •
2* „
Alioseitier,
It .,
IS „
9 ..
It is lu be oWrvfd that no deductions can be drawn from thnae
fimirCK, u the lUiliray Department returiiH are defective and
iafnraml.
The irroea returns in each year from pnBBengern, goods, «e,, were
M fuUww* : —
1842-3, £t.SSa.ie9
1843.4. a.074.674
1844.5, 6,209,714
ie45.e. JMiAti
1846-7, B,& 10,88$
Aecnrdinglo Mr. Harkett, in Herapath'n /Idiy«viv ■/Aumo/, the
r«coipU for the yenn eiuUti^ Slxt Pecemlicr, have been as follow* :
l!iH2,
■ 1643,
■ 1844,
^^^^
W ftt the wef rtriinj 1
P JuaaSO. IR4S. /
Mr. llnckett'i totnU <tre taken fmm the truffle retnrn* puklished
in HerapBth's Journal, and do not include mnny miull companies
ahifih make rrtarnn to the R.-tiiwNr ])*pBrtmi>al.
TlwfoUowin): will lihoir tkp lotnlt of the Railway Department
■od ot Mi. Usckett for the M<mci period :—
4M,3U,7B1
4.8Z;,0A5
&.Sat.982
e.e'iy,224
7,G6I,87<
6,919.831
S,423.9S3
1&48-(,
1844.^.
184S-6.
lfM6.7.
I847.S.
II«\l<nr Uapwtnwal.
.£1,3(1,71)1
5.074.674
6.209.7U
7.XU.569
S,5ll),8Be
Hr. BiclMtt.
£l>30.40l
a.U4.!i7a
6,065.956
7.iri9,lB2
8.191.767
9.423.963
Ezeept in the tint two yenrn, it will ha seen thut Mr. Ilaekett'it
totals are below IbuKn of llic Itailway Dejiartment, for the reasoii
,alre«dr men.
1844.5, £142.858
1849-6. 406.007
18t6-7, 316,119
^figure* Khow that any error in Mr. Hackett'a GgMres muM
M1W.
JliU* i>p«a«d.
Truflr p>, all*.
1332
—
£3,036
158S
59
a,6«i
1780
194
8,tft3
3043
263
MM
2010
S93
ajtu
3449
839
sjtta
3830
361
S,71«
b« on the «afe «ide ; and IT wo take tbt dtCucfwe far the year I8tr-B
at .toa.VCHi/., DUm »ill Kive aa the gmm yearly traffic for the year
endinft 3Alh Jan* liwt, »,700fiOOI., ot nearly ten miUiaos eterlii^.
Theincrente of pacMn^r niceipli in eacli yt«r la aa iuUowt : —
IS44.a £537.047
1SI4-4 748,874
1846-7 422.787
The IncreaM la the number of paasen^rs in each year etAads
thns:—
1844.5 £6,027,651
1945-8 9,999.130
1946.7 7,561,180
Thfi gross increase of revenue in each year stands thua:—
1844-S £1.135.4140
1845-6 1^55.855
18t6-7 945.317
1847-6 [,200.000
Mr. Hnrkett has shown (tlerapstlk's Jourtui, 3rd Mrica, vol. X.,
p. 3S), that thi> niimlifr of mileq of railway on whk-h hia figures
are taken, and the nveriige trullir per mile, are as follows : —
1S42,
1843,
1844.
lUi,
1816,
1847,
1847.8,
(Hsir-y«ar.)
The \aai line has bMu made up from uthcr data.
The capital expended on ruiJwura has been likeirise given ty
Mr. Hiurkett, from which vr« can Ivuru the auiuuut expended in
each yenr.
1842, £53JflO,10l>«liolecaiHlal, cxpcaded.
18t3. 5;,63i,11>a „ £5,255,000 „
1814, 63,(89.100 „ 6.841.000 „
1815. ;i.64G,10a „ 8.157.000 „
1846, 83.165.100 ., 12.519,000 „
1847, 109,528.800 „ 26.363,1110 „
Til? total amount of railway expenditure from 1849 to the end
of 1 14*7 wag 57.4M.700/.
The total amount of railway income in those year^ has been —
1842, £4,341. IHl
1843, 4,827,655
1844, 5.584.982
1049, «£49,:24
me, 7.664.874
1847, 8,949.681
Add from Rsilway Betarai 865,984
A1l0B*lh«r, £38,884,181
Of coune the whole of ihls income cannot be treated ai real
ci^tital.nomoro can the whole of the expenditure; but it ia a aigni*
ficani fuel, that while the n-lmlc expcndilure han been 47,5*81,700/^
the whole inniine hna been .')H,H84,1miJL, ur iiifire thiw two-lhirda
of that amount. This It deserving the attention of thnae who
dirixt their iittcntiun tnwardn the subject of rnilwny capital.
It may hi; iifrtcd iipim the deureaae in the miletiiCi; renejnts, that
It is lo be accoLiuleil for from the 'greater economy Id worlciiw ex-
pcnten allowing of lower fares, and from the Drogross of railway
impnivcmeiit allowing linen to he mute rhenply ciinntnicted. It
will be fiJtiiid that tlie net return in not li^na in lBt7 t!iu.n in 1842.
In "Irish Waiil* and I'raetical Kemediee.'' by Humphrey Brown,
Esq,, M. P., (p. 63), is given a tnbla of the o*timated paaaengcr and
Kvod* traffic of several Engli«h line*, aa L-Jveii before the Houae of
CommoDs. This I have extended ax folluwa ; —
N«iB». InHilM. P™ "»«■ T*a»,
Midland. .. I63| 030,985 15134*
Lancathire aad Torkihire, „ 79 207.t»8 m,4»6
York «od North Midland, .. S7i 185,860 5,547
Lon.l£>n sni) Rrighlan, „ (0 226,444 43.765
I.anfton tad Snath Eailere, .. 67 317,352 63^79
Gieat Nurii] of EngUiid, .. 45 75.158 32,136
Cieut Vtritrm. and Hriitol and Exeter, 231 821.145 204.M3
Ijincatlcr snd Preiton, , . 20 100.9.^7
UlufuwaiidAyi. .. lel 597.470 121.027
llutUnd Sdb} 31 19,Ua 93.673
Lnudon apd CaiBbridtc, .. iJi 591,944 72J14
Uui,dce and A>l»aiih, .. I«4 200.727 51.899
&licffi«ldaBdUiact>(aler, .. 441 335,444 84,0M
Altotithar,
851} 4,133.836
1,038,504
■VL
TRS CTVIL EKOIKEBR AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
LA.
1%* trtfli* realiirf on tHe above line* in 1 Ma wm m follow* >—
1,909,145 715,172
1,674.94G WSJihi
46(,;» U1,022
78aJ86 «i.747
;Z8^M H 1,119
19(,;Z2 234.19a
i,99s.'»ni swifts
13ft,344 2fl,09»
84.1,078 109,376
2U,402 227^9
M4,20S 4437?
te»,\B7 8l,4ft4
1,1U.448 32,000
Midlud,
Laueuhire »ai Tartililrat ■•
Turk Bad S'anb Midland, , .
Loodon iiic^ BiijjIiluD,
LoadoB ud Seuth Ea«Mni, ..
GfMl Nortli of l^^;lincl,
nrtftt Wniem. ■oil Brtelol anil Sxtter,
I^ncuWr and rruloi),
GlaiKO* an<l Aur,
HnlUiiJSaij.
l,OQiIon knd CaiulnJ^* ..
Dtini)*!? and Artirmlh, .,
Sheffield uul UiucliutM,*
10,868,503 2.;a 1,180
Altogntbcr,
• PvtUllj «pn«4.
Tli0 multt jre u toUom ;—
P»*ni|«fa. OodA*. Tdm-
Kitimiled triAc on «31 milM, 4.I31,H36 1.IU8.M4
RMllnd traffic. 1849, .. 10.ti&t<,5ll3 3.7)1.180
Bicai otcr nlimite), .. 6,7i2M7 ],7lS,<i7G
Incrnic ftt cent. •• ICO I'O
In Kir. Rrnu-n'a hook on ■ length of Tl>? mUcc th« tame tncroaM>
of per ctntiip; U sbowa, luaielf , 160 jter ceut. on paaspn^rs, ami
170 an poods.
Tho <Tli»k> trnlTic in I8W ww 33,79I.SS.14 pas»enf;era, uid of
g1>udl^ &c. Il,<;oo,(iOO tou*. Buppoijii^ tUe prnportiuns to be the
KMiie, the number of poeecngorE nirricd in ISiS more thiin wm
provided Willi neons ciicunvc)-uiiceWfurcUifcxistL-i)ct)ufTailwa}^
VM 20,800,000, and tlie number of tuna uf (lomln ciinvejwl was
1,900,000. Tiiu tlie railways not only occiininiadnted the full
number of puwcngcrs for nhuro cunvcvuncm nlrcndy rxul«d, bat
CDiried tli« abvv« «Duniitiut« number lu additioti. bcsidm a feteui
quuitily of floods. It will be fuund tlmt IIiIh culculntion is, how-
ever, far from rcprcecattng tho wnouat of accumaoilatiun nvw
afforded.
Taking tbe Uter relunia, vhore tbey are araUable, we ihiU £nd
the increase «till ^catw, oa in iMns for inst«noe:^
Midlind.
Mtnchriter tnr! Ijrrdi, ..
York iugI Notib Midland, and Hall and
Lotiiloii mil Bctglilon,
London tnd South Ifaituit, ..
Gieat Nortli of EBgUnd,
Cnal Wcttern, &c. . .
ijMaHer and PrrviDD, ..
01bi|[o« and Aii,
Londiiii and Laitibiidge, ..
buiidee and Arlitoatb, . . ..
SboBeld and UaDciuater, ,.
2,4G!t.1tO
2,157.173
Stlbr, 933,514
97i.oei
l,074.;3tf
239,597
4,757,193
IIU.012
1,091.371
922.413
317.DQ3
M04,s&;
tiooitt. Tai».
900,895
522,1 77
370.114
93,<07
ne.38&
433,aG7
300,000
2^.5»I5.
2»,3U4
110,348
21.059
135,000
13,n8,&U3 3,:i30,441
1b Ifl4T tlin« wete aeparttoretanufrom mme of tbcae line^
«• th^ fotlDwiog': —
Viar, PtMarnten. Ooedi. Toni.
Great Wfalrni. ft*. ., ,. 2,»"ii,2iJ2 37132»J
QlHgo« md A,fr, ., .. 902,(103 307,515
Idoaiicf and rreiMo, .. .. I0a,473 22,054
Dafiitce axil Arhroaih, ,. ., 960,194 22,354
Sheffield and Miiachciter, .. 1,M9,;07 Slit,7(»
Sttalh, Eailera, .. .. 1,477,8112 204,100
Thp inrrcHMt over th« MtimatM on th« traffic of I84< in atUl
{F«Ater than on 1K4^
Pauentrart. Qoodl. Tddi.
BitlmaUd ttiffii.-. ., 4,135,836 1,038,504
Itoalued traffic IStS, .. 13,7I8,3U3 3,530,441
B*e«M oier utimalct,
Iiicif»« {Mr ccDt.,
9,572,667
230
Tbe traffic on thetie linoa stands i» fnllnwo : —
Ealimatcd
fteaUwd, IS^i,
» lb4«,
10.863,503
44,078,091
3,492,037
2S0
CMdi. Tan*.
1,038,504
2.751.180
The line* for whidi tJicro are aepante returns io tdiT arc »
loUffWfr—
Ctcal Wcctcrn, &c^ 231 mllea.
ClaifiiH ami Air, l.QJ „
L«nc*i(er aad I'rMton, 20 „
Dcndte and Afbtoalb, IGi „
StirCGeld and XlaocbeltrT, 4t{ .
Souih EaaUiD, 67 „
297] nillet.
The trafBc ntiuids tlias —
r—tttn. »»*«. T«ai,
Eitlmal»d 2,378,1KI3 &2a.6l8
BeaUKdlSlS, .. .. 5,138.041 601.6(1
,, 1840, .. .. 7.0M.623 991,333
^ 1817, .. ., ;,382,W6 t.236.0ei
Theart<i»l innense of trnlTii: depends upon the l^ii^rtb of liiw
fiven for itx develotimeiit, lii'gniiiinc at 160 per rent, and (,>»uig ii|
to ZIO p«r cent., and in the uaiouf toOHlwtod railmji-e erenrnare.
Taking thvinrreaaedaooominodalioR to paasangsntKt litOperccnU,
tliin would give llie IdlluKing as the tnereahed number of travtUm
provided with travelling; iicromniodHtion in racli yQar:—
1B44, .. 17,400000
1845, . . S0.8U0.OUG
1S16, .. 2;jiuo,ooo
la«7, .. 30.000,000
If the proportion be taken at 900 per crnt., tlw number menm-
mnditted hv milwnr for whom no ac(«mniaduliua ■an U.'fure pra-
vided, would be 34,'«0O,ono.
The followiofr^iDMi Ilie firaportion of trAffir on railwara iawtl
yenr for wliicli in'coiiiniodntion by eoacli, tie. trim providod^ Mid fit
vhich no aofommodntiou hy eoaeh, &c was provided : —
Trortllm hum New
Old (otch«i, ftc. Tnivllfra.
1844, 10.300.01:10 17.4Iin.O0a
1843, 11.9011.000 20.^00,000
lti4C, IG.UUO.UriO 27.000.004
1847, 21,000,0u0 30,000,000
Reclcnnin^ that eath paweitirt'r U on the avera^ carried ft
miles, cAcb male adult in thin I'oiintry Mill bt- r»rrted that distanM
nit timeff in the ytsir, — im rxtciit of accoRimoitatiitfi whit;h mari
have H creai effect on U*(li- iind ud the di*tribuIion of lalmiir.
It appeiLTA from the averft^H invcn in tbe return* of the Railvij
Department^ that there has been a utill furtlter rt-diu;tii<n in fara
on mif»t (»f the linebs mid .in iiicruase in the average »peed per mile-
The total increase on eiicli cIiim of piMcngers i» an fallowv.^^
1845. 1H4G. 1847.
lit clau. 5119.831 680,191 412.460
2nd dm, 2.190,139 2.615,240 I.7ilB,223
3(d clau, 5,552,733 5,471,71)7 4..'it 1,376
Altogelbtr, 6,0i8,6SI 9,999,730 7,501,180
It ia to be observed that the«c Rgnrixt cannnt be nhsolntely relied
on, m tbp jirojiiirlionH of each claaa eannut be fully NhuwiL oa
accuiint of thi! eonfiiKed rtate of tli« relurna puUithed'by th* HaiL
way DeparLmeot.
The tolAl inr-rease on each elasn of pamonjont between IS44 aad
1847 hiu liven ua foUou-s : —
111 dan,
2ad ettaa,
Srd eta»,
Altuprlher,
This ia probably niitre than tht
l,Mr.382
6,469,602
14,267,718
',(3,588,561
whole traffic of the cOuDtiy 11
I8S£, and It §howii at any rale tliut tlii'rc hat been a |^e«t incrcwt
in ihf accommodation given to the wurkint; eliiitsca.
The number of fint, xveoud, nod third claH pMweogcrs is 1641
OD the leadiuiE lijies waa :—
Name. tiL
l.ondnn and Korlh Wcalarn, 1,112,970
!<oiitli Huttm, .. U7,3H0
Mlillaiio. .. 415;.'60
Lonilan and lilickwall, ti5S.Zai
l,anc«hlrc and Yorksbire, 21S,79I
Great WMicm. ,. 459,754
London and Dflfhlon, 425.1148
Ditbtia ami Kingttoiin, 154,889
EaaKm CoKDiiM, .. K87,&2S
Sooth Heilero, ,. 399,;76
MaiiPhMlM inri Shcffiolil, Ni.2ll|
Yoik »nil Nrwcasllr. ,. 1j2.UB3
Toik and Nonb Midtaod. t(>3.837
Newraatle and Rerwick, 67.734
Sdinburih aad CI«|o«, 105,373
9n<I.
3,3'W,3H0
1,49:1.142
I.2CI>,312
2,2;9,I05
a81.79u
1,99&.824
699.808
l,2iW,002
7il,4M
1 .09^.050
151,606
753,927
309.782
174.890
206,480
3>d.
1,IC3,28I>
2.O08.23O
2.371,836
2.090.<24
419.663
1,469,985
814, %9
l.0Jl.lf<8
472^82
1,333,900
643,203
731.207
944.891
S36.0U
T«lal.
a.»9JSt
4,420,:M
4.277.4)1
3.1 37.767
2.689.2IK
2.876521
2.6)6J1I
2.236.9M
2.074. 1. ■•
l,967,30i
i.&69.;k
1,&S3.3I1
1,204 .KM
1, 187^15
I.U7.US
THB CrVIL ENGINBER AND ABCHITBCT8 JOVKNAIk
SM
On the LA»Aan nnd Nftrth Western, Grent IVerteni, South
W««t«rn, nnd York anil N'rwcaKtlt, ihv prnpi^rlum of Uurd-olMi
pMaMgen i* nmrh U^luv the r«)fuUr proportion.
The Urgettt T<K«i|iU rram iin.-«eEiKenin IStTac« —
Los-loD <•»<! Nortli W«*len^ £1,173,79"
UrMt Uciiera, eT4,Z4l
MmIImk). ... «fT,l3«
&u«ti> EAttera, .• ua.Tct
BriKhioa, 1I4JVS
Bulrm €avilli«a, .. SM.SUS
Bonlh Wttlorn, SM.XT3
Yorkud Nbtlli Miiliuil, llUt^ll
York aiitl Newriullo, )4T.»»
Edioburfib and (iluflaw, I I2,AM
Tie Urgi'it ntnounU rccviveit for Gnt-closa piu^cugen aro —
tciniJun njiil North Wtltmo, £51S.'aS
Grrm HmKid, .. 223 H3I
Midlaml, .. n><,kU
BhiiliiuD, ., ltt.m
Suuih Eiuloni, .. 117.«S9
Soglfa Wrdrn, .. D7fiS9
Eulem CuaatiM, .. 03,304
the largest amounts received from tttlrd-clams pnMien|[era arc—
Lniiiton UDil North Wcitcrii, £209,S'J^
Midland, „ 163,341
Lanckihire and YMhthiM (IO,ltSS
Soulh Kiilprn. .. 85,101
Crtal M'Titpfo, ,. 77,1*9
l:«*lfni tVuntlfS, 74,214
York Ml] Ncnb MidUnil, 6i,M1
Tio. II.— CATTLE TftAFHa
Tbe bat parliatnrntnr;' r«tiifna «re etill more dffiKttre than
thvir pr«ile(««Mrs, M> thftt it is Dcceniary to Mtimate lome of the
numbers.
. The following i«linw» the number of cattle carried in the year
^Ddlnif IrtJoly. 1SI«:—
Susie.
ArdraMao.
C)i«**pr •ii'l nith»B)i«hl,
Dablin aai) Drofheda,
I>aD(h?« ami Atbruaih ..
CtalMa Couutiei : t'ambrlilge,
H Cuirhestcr,
OlaiKOw and Orcenock,
Ola^KO* aid Arr,
Oeaat North of kegtuid,
Gr*«t Mvoipra,
lioadon aivd Itirniiiightin
Loatfoa and briKhlno,
VanioB and Souili Wcalcnii
HiadirHeT and U-rJii,
Maryport and CarLisl«,
Utdlaiid,
fWiau^riO.
BinDioRhaai and llitttol,
NewcaaUeand Cn'lltle,
N«wc<MtlF and t)drlinK'"n,
Ileim*lla and Nonh Shielttf ,
North UuoiL
Noffblk
PrcttiKi aad ITjre. . .
Maacbriicr and Slirflirldt
SotiUt FUtletu,
Sloeklno and I>ailini{loa>
SioekioD kfid Uanlfnool,
WliLtharpa,
York aod Nonh Midlaod,
HiilJ aod Selbj,
ToUl .. 160,314 I,:f09,tl7 8I8.D67
As Uh* iTturiK are inmoiplile, t)ii» iota niit ihuir the whole
IB III! g of catUv, which will lie ufollawB:—
(;4lll«, 370,000
l>h«rp, 1^.'»,(IOO
Kwine, Ht>n,utto
Total, X,<To.eioo
Thic Aam* an iniT#aa« of 25 per ceot. over the unmher of
't.«iitfed in IMS.
CuUr
Sk-v-
S^m.
4117
s.sas
sa«
7.G0y
i;,tci
TIO
4S!>
i.ias
3,SIG
161
iS
M
iGUtH
10II,06S
3,013
17,134
b»,2ll
ll.ltH)
AiO
1.493
2.136
«,SG7
1.4S4
VTiM!3
39,406
6.11 1)£
itU,3ftt)
iC&,hW
8S.J0J
&;i,UI7
S3'J.Ua3
I2UJUI
4I,D;i3
4u,74-J
337,1)^(1
1,079
I«,7H5
tfSS
6,300
03,4^1
5,11 J
1U,44S
Gfi.D20
40,Sifl
UlU
&7S
600
13,D0t
ISJMO
1211,000
3,«4t
«.il74
9GD44
ii,ooa
4».M3
£.291
|II,6V1
U.iai
i.iia
a,ti74
SOHIU
&w
6.096
X6,0?W
7,:!>fl
£1,438
J1,SW
(>27
»es
3.TSG
ia.H»u
416
>|},030
0,1HO
S,fiM
4ft,S4t
iflU
1,310
3fi49
31M)
SOU
»CM
130
990
lilS
:t7.U8
li
10
»7fiai
6i,U»
4,9U
tJBGt
4«,7>«
t,3ll
The number of ralrei carried in 1M6 <ru M fbUo<n : —
ClickCFr aod Ulrkrobrad, S,29tt
Mar^piHtandCarliilo, I.STS
Nonb Unkin, 100
In other returfu they are not dixlinffuiahvci.
The ftinuunt uf revenue <li
BB folio n 8 : —
Anlro«nn, •.
ChcMer nod BirkeahMd,
Dubtin aod Urofhfda,
Uoiidae and ArbriMiih,
EaaieraCuuaiic* : (.'tnibrldjp
„ Cukbtater,
Glatgow aud Grt«BiKh,
01a»Kuvr xnct Ajr,
UrMi North of Eagland,
Greai Wetleni,
LoDdou aod ntrmiOBhaiBi
(■rand Juaeilun,
MancheaKf and BlnniDg^ain
Luodao ■□''I Hrlgblon,
Lumtoo and South U'BiUra,
Haachealar aad Ltvd*,
Marjporl kod C«irli*]«,
Uidland,
Biraiiaghan aod lln'al^,
KawcaaiU aiiHl Orliale,
MewcMtle and Darlinctoo,
Ncvtuatie and North Shlelda,
North Ucioni .•
Norfolk,
PrtTftioLi and Wftf,
Mt!i<:hvflrt and Sbcffiald,
Svulh r.ainlrrD
ttiochion mid Darliaetoo,
(itockluii aod Uanlepoul,
tl later,
York and North Hidknd,
HuU«udS«lbT, ..
TMal £I«T^I
On acrount of the very imjierfrit vUtte of the returiML it ia im-
[Huwible to (pve llitt propnnion paid iii tM6 under each head of
cattle traffic In tSi3 the proportiona wcre-^
Cattle, £30,000
Shri-p, »0,VOO
Stnnii. 30,000
The proportion for cattle must now be larger, ud that forswbie
nmMller.
In 1947 the number of cattle carried by each conipanf vu a«
follows :— .
rrived frum catUi
> traffic waain 18W
CaniF, a
Sh«cp,«
airtattf
Tiini^
30
SO
e
&«
m
4S
If
tM
lift
Of
iw
Ml
28
1
1
SO
9MH
3,603
178
t3,7U
3,037
3,414
330
(,600
99
34
I2S
91S
IS&
U
3ltt
4 tut
T.iOfi
T,4tH)
X.9GS
I7.Stl
11,71 S
8,817
0,101
M,O0S
11,1 W
4.U00
as.300
3a,«M
ON
BOS
3US
fitit
100
l,:(Sl
ijota
470
MIS
710
I,13V
1,030
3,730
XU
10
10
41
—
«,aao
i«a
ISI
000
1,«I9
l,Ud
1,101
930
9,480
3,330
107
IBS
7
tor
» —
30,010
t,U72
4oa
10
a,4H
74
so
8S
i«a
— -
M20
S,OTO
tl7
»
4
m
10
It
«
>s
ISI
21
440
OUO
3,360
l.TW
SM
4WW
7»
1,491
M
MM
KtM.
cwu*.
"TSi
OtriB*.
Afdmiam,
810
700
CbPttrr and Rirltt^nhtad,
1,008
0,682
1,006
Uublici nnit llTu^bicJa,
MO
1,7S4
4,»8
Duudco Bud ArbruHlli,
3S5
ii
Eatlcro Couolita : Cambridge,
14.T93
9Sl,flH0
I0,4S0
,, Colcbeiler,
90,739
107,003
I9.ISI
SO.OTO
F.a»l»m UoioD,
0,661
1,410
Ipuwicb anil Bary,
1,408
4.948
T4»
East I^Doaahirt,
SOT
1,»0
40
Fiirofaa ••
t
41
Ula^Sow and Greenock
000
ovr
(JI«»ntiiT and Ajr,
1,7 so
6,1 S7
U3
OrnkX Koullicru and Weat^ra,
6,013
14,830
tSJMO
Great Wealera,
XB,131
ZOI,SSS
14,300
Keodil and Windermere,
100
1^14
73
Lan(.iifihiceaodYi](k>hirc,(M.aiL.')ai,4tO
7S.01L
S0.7lt
Lunilon oad Nurtb Wnt«n»,
161,171
SW,utm
15»,C*4
IxiiKtoD aud llrightub,
9,611
9s^H
3,010
l^niloiiilrrry aud Jvnnlakilteo,
38
lUtl
47
I^Diiun aud Sunib ^I'ealcro,
13,605
76,1&&
0,409
Mnncltolrr aud Sbcllield,*
0,000
4,000
)O,O0tt
Marypurt and Cariiale,
9H
01 s
3.299
Midland,*
30,000
140.000
30,000
Briiiul uod Hirmiagban,
3>36
19,771
io,vai
Miililletbunjugh tod Urdear,
351
5X5
1
Npn-tuillp uiid L'urlisltf,
ll,6«9
UJM
0.7M
NewciRile and bcrwtckj
1,««0
3i.au
407
North UnioDi *•
OiSBS
ai.iu
7,411
Nurfulk,
lOpSOO
84 ,040
BJB3i
Hinaluu and Wjre, ..
V,245
3,788
0,100
(^•iiiili Eaaitrn, ..
7.000
47,107
2,537
titockUin ami Darliofton,
1,078,
1,131
SW
tuamUKi. uamBU
as*
fiU
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAU
\M
Shr«««itmr)r and Cbnlar,
Soiill'. Drioti,
SlO(.klnD and HwilepiKil
Ultlcr,
Wbilcliaicn, , .
York HDil Nrwfaiilc,
York and Norih Midluiil,
Tolal . , 483,MI l,S9),a:t4 STa.DbT
Tb« wliflle nuinlier of cattle io IS« will tberefoM be u follows,
aUowicig for tho iiKJomplcteneM of th« returns : —
CBitlv, 500,000
Sbcrp, a,uoo,ooo
gniDr, 100,000
we
l^KW
M
BSX
109
aoe
tM^
«M
l^TS
>,31S
is,seo
SI
tu
41 ^W
B«,t87
P.IM
<I.VSI
e4,iu«
T.fll4
Tolkl, 1^00,000
Making nouly thm million tieul of itot^li. The fulling-ofT in
switie »o«v from tlie Irinh fniniiie.
Tbe number of calves carried In IftiT wuu foUowa:-—
Cheater and rtlikfnhrsd, .. tfiH
LundoD and Soiiih Wrr»tcri) 0,999
M*r<rporf and C'ailUlc, .. 8S
South EotcTO, ,. IflU
Stiuih betoo, „ ttT
Tlie Binoiuit of revenue derived from entile traffic wu in lSi7
M foUoirii ;—
HHBa. CUUe. abccp. S«lM. Tvlal.
ArdrMMD, .. £ « £ t £ 3 £ S
Cli»a1(r bdJ BirkenbfaJ, Si? 64 90 SSI
DoUio and DroghMia, 111 OS )SS SIT
DuiMlf« and Artiroath, S8 30
Casieiii Cuunlitfi, Cambridge. 15,118 9Jii9 3W ZS^OGl
Colobmter, S.94D 2,710 4Zi ft.osi
Eulrra t'aioD, ,. 444 158 SO fiS8
Iptwkli anil Burr lUS 40 IS ICS
Ead Uiica>hi», Ills I S6
Clugow and (:r*«oock 99 SI IIS
6la*«<mRnd Afr, S13 13« 33 873
OmiSoutlirni and Wcatrm, T61 5H.1 4$S I.H03
firwt Wr<it(n>. .. 7,&C4 fi,Ml TIfi IT.CCl
Kcodal and V'lniI«nD«n', 1 fi
I^oiavlx and Carliik, 105 076 1,470
L4DfRabiK and Vorkuhire. 1,10) IJtTO 8J4 ft,31»
London aoil tiatlh Wchimo, U.tti 10.033 17,133 SU,3H0
London ami Briithtiin, SAT HW snO 1,797
Loorton and Roiicli ^^V*lKrn, l,M» 3,304 116 4,1S0
LofidooJcrr; and KoDigkilUs, 3 3 1
Jl«iich««ler and Sheffield,
Mary port and C'arli«le,
MMIaad,
Brwlal and ninDingliain,
tltditlr*linrrout!ti and Redcai
JicvTcftMlp Dud Carlisle,
^i^CGixUeaDd Bernick,
UoioB,
lorfclk,
Koril) British, ..
PmioD aad Wjre,
, AiMilh Eulcrn, . .
; VlockloD 4iid DarliDgtDD,
Skrcwaburr aod Clicsler,
So4i(h Devon, ..
8 ruck I uD aciJ HmiMtmol,
UUtar.
Whlubat'n^ ..
Vofk and Ncweuile.
Vork and Norib Midlanil,
71
10
170
38
300
43
«,025
S,OCS
38(1
1,008
Total .. £188,400
Tli« total receipts for cattle traffic in eadi year were isfoUowi :
1B49, £105,000
1M6, 107,800
1847, 183,400
T}|« ^eat HdvMiC« in cattle traffic wns tnnde io 1AM ; but lli«
iirimrHKi wns not ai> (treat in 18V7, as lliere was a poaitive falliiig-oll
m the number of Gwinc cnrrii^il. Thi^ greateat mcrenao la in tlie
convcysnci.* of fnt stuck and Hlm^ii',
Tlie fuUowiim ue the proportLona of cattle carried ia each
year:—
COIIa. BhMp. awtsa.
1846, 3M,000 1.300,000 660.000
IHO, 870,000 1 S&O.OOU 830,000
1047, 900,000 3,00lh,U(IU 390,000
The cattle carried to
reckoaed aa foLlowa :—
the London market In Idir, najr U
C*WI*.
Shtrp.
8»)ei,
LoodoD and North WeaUm,
«»,000
SO0.00O
S4.0M
fireat H>«tarv,
30,01)0
150,000
14JMM
Koiitb U'«atero, ..
18,000
76.00)1
8J>0U
Suuili lUiierD, ..
7jioa
40.000
3600
Eaatcm CoaoUca : Cambildipr,
to.ooo
3(ro,oao
10.0UI>
„ Cukbcalcr,
12,000
TA.uOO
30 1)00
Brisbluo,
3,100
Si ,000
3.0oft
Tnlfll, 133.500 766.000 10S400
Th« mimbcr of cattle sold in SmithAeJd in 1N46 vim eiS,JW,«4
of aheep l,yi7,'J'H), so that the rahlvn^t muHC have eagmmi i
coniideraUk' unrt of the rjittle Iraflii-. J<'nr th« coaveyaim a
cattle t» Uio London murkct the raiiuAy cornpaniea rvceire atlsM
£7^,000. 1
Great reduction* have been made in the cbar^ for the eo B UjJ
anoe of cattle miice I8U. The charges are as followe: — 1
ciui*. saop. SMa*. I
Leadon aad Norih Wcitcro,
ti
Eaatam CoodUm ; Canbridga,
Eaalvrn Caunliaa; Colcheiter,
(•
Oreat WeaUnii
Yotk and North Midland,
H
Lincaabire aod Yorkablre,
».
London and Snulb Weatera,
1B46,
IIM7,
ists,
■ HIT,
IM3,
IMT,
164$,
1W7,
IIU6,
ItUT,
IH6,
IM7,
18tS,
IHT,
I 030
■eso
•MO
■013
•BBO
'BM
1-saa
■610
■&0O
•600
■870
•700
1760
1-400
No reduction haii laki-n place on the York and North Midlta
Rnilwfiy, liec-uusie the ratca werti already low.
The lar^rcBt cattle traffics in 18i<i werU na follow ;—
London and North W«at«ni,
Eastern Couoilet: Norfolk anJ f
Eaiicrn I'oioD, .. )
Cfrnt WeolffD,
York and \ciMb Midland, and I
llulUnd Selbj .. J
Grrat Norih or England,
Lnnca^tiirc and Vorkahire,
South WettGTD, .,
Narth Uuiuo, . ,
NesFcnsUe aad CafU*l«
8(iu(b Eo&Iero,
Nencutl^and Dftrtinglua,
iMancbnoler and ft-licffiold.
Caul*.
I)C,0I3
77JStU
30,tes
40,sig
37.035
10,44S
O.ftDO
S,IKH1
11,009
3.HII3
16.531
410
Bbrca.
snjtoo
3I0.T7S
106,800
io»,g9s
33^68
oe,uH>
03,464
3S,«70
49,3(i3
4^,341
3(S,S05
SU.01U
The gross araounu received ia 1846 for cattle traffic range
follows ;—
Load 04) and Nortii Wealeni,
Ewtero Couoli«af &c.|
North Uoioa ,,
Orral Weatera, ,.
Midland.
Vork. and North Midland, Ate.
Great North of Enilaad,
Loodon and tj-oulti WotOTO,
Laae*iliir« and '^'orkahiNi
Suuih EoilDm,
The Imrgcft cattle traffics to 1847 wei» as follow* :—
Caicle.
LtinduD and North Weiiera, 101,171
EaitcrD C'oiiitiiri, .. 8V,4V1
Great H'coirrp, ., ZH.SII
York and North Midland 41,tt3l
York and Ncnca^tl*, .. 4I,I1HI
Laoeaihire and TorkaLIre (M Jc L) 83(440
Sooth Woiom, .. ll,Mf
MetrruIlrandCaFliBla .. 14,309
Noj-lJi Unmn, „ 5,000
Soulii LaMcrn, „ S,5n
LuoduDand UriKhlon, ,. X,01T
NewcaiCle and lUntick, 1,MS
The following will ■bow the progreet of the catUo traffic ,
principal compiuiieii ; —
Losdon aod NortU W'«»tero, Cattle. Sheep, »wiar
IMS, 61,460 330,345 3l&.9n9
IMS, 1X1,613 8T7.i:<na 35ei,0()7
£02,330
38,971
XOvOIO
IT,SS1
8,900
«,&S4
4.3VI
3,81 S
t.rift
3,079
OTinp,
I0V.908
4G0,T3I
301,001
a4.06(i
8H,3H7
76,011
7S,»S
wjaa
M.fiTD
4SJ44
3(l,IU8
33,334
1847.
101,171
nniftas
IGO.ST-i
THE CIVIL ENOINEER ANI> ARCHlTECrS JOUlLVAi*
m.
Ejotera rosBtlMi
CkUtf.
ShM-p.
8wine>
IMS.
W.Ml
iSi.fia4
4,:l»»
IHtS,
T7>U1
XIC.7IS
14,-110
IMT.
I42.-IUI
4I1U.7S1
«».>JtD
Grui Wtitvrti,
fwllf.
Shc*|>.
Sains.
l»15,
1 <.uaH
iT4,sat
52413
iHlll,
3(l.t^)l
l«S,«60
fta.Tus
iMr,
xe.»i
141,001
ll,3C0
York Md North Midkad,
CbIIIc.
Sh(irp,
8«iu«.
IMS,
i&.>ei
Ii8.t43
SI.TOII
IU6,
W,ll»
109.IHri
S,IU
1847,
41.931
81.Gi>i
7.0 U
Yorii aod Kcvcutle,
Cutile,
StlMJp.
•Some.
^ IM*.
ltf,.i>Sl
SO 000
HMWI
■ IHA,
44.IM
«8,9n
5,131
V IMT.
41,199
l>9,»*7
U.IJJ
ULBCuliirti asd Y«rktblr«,
Canl«
8h.fp.
SiriH.
IHIS,
9.IMI0
1 19,033
n.48S
IS«6.
10,448
ocmv
40.346
IftIT,
SM19
T3 01 1
20,783
SMttWMten,
Ultlr,
»htrp.
SniD'T.
IMS,
«,T«»
43,411
i.«8D
IMS,
B,SMI
l».4S4
3^413
IBlI,
I3.S6S
TS^.SfiS
S,4DS
Nffwcullr kail Ckrliil*.
Caul*.
Shr^p.
Swin*.
]M3,
S.TfiB
iljsii
S.I 10
IMO,
lt,OOV
(9,2GS
8,201
]6(T,
lltStfV
Ga,l1X4
1).Tf>«
Tbe Belffiui cattle tnf&c fri>ni the returmi wa* u foIluwK; —
IMS, SOM S8,3(t3
IS44, lX,«ftl 9tf,U^C
l«4t, 7.5»7 ]t(>,T44
Tftklac tie uvin||[ by eonrej'unce ©r entile «" rtilwuyB «t 10 lb.
rn quarter, 4 lb. for hhecji, aud S lb. for nwine ; oi V) lb. jivr hi^ut,
IV. for »ko«p, &nd 30 lb. for ivum, tW gTOM MviAg in IB46 will
0» 3TA.0UUnittU,
I4.H0n.OV0 lb.
I O.OOU 000
1 T,U0U,OU0
ToBrI, 41M>O.O00lb.
The K7«n nving of uitnial fixHl on the cAtUe ounvef eel by rail-
Wftj in IdiT na oa follows : —
Ob SUO-OOOcaUlf, 94,000 000 lb.
3,000,000 (liccp, lfi,000,0«0
Slia<,000 tvtiao, 7,MIU,(iuo
TkIiI, JS.HOI).(H)(llb.
In tho late report on t^iiiitbfield mnrkel, nrtni* eiidonce I* ^ven
htmriafi im thr i)ur«li<in nf the rnnivjiinte of ciltle by railway >—
Mr. K. Itr.ALV tuirf llint thnre in ii mur.h ^«nt«r i|iiitiilicy of dcnil
nrat broun^t t* t''* Limdon inArkelii in roiiiM'fjiipme of milway
coininiinic«ti»n- By tii«anK of the rnllwuy*, KrL'nt qitautilii>* of
klnd-4]uiirt<>ni of miittnti are wnt up from the countrj-, aa tbe
batcMn tJiere kill luiKf )(uatitili)^ of i>heeip and m]\ the fuie-
f|iiurtcn It home ainonpt the jMijiulHtioii there, And weiul tliv hind
^aart«nby rallnsy to London.
Mr. Laxihah, a biitriicr. luid that country 'killed meat 1« better
than towii-killed meut, and that it come* in excellent condition
ftmn Scotland. It is the franeral ujiinion of butcbtur* ihU this is
tfaeeuc.
Mr. Hu;ui, tlie ulexman, said that he haa a very larg« quantity
ofineMt «ent tip fram Ihn roiintry by railway, and that it is not
dunaAed by the journey even in but weather. He bjut lined tbe
electrtc trlrirniph to obtain a supply of meat from the country. A
cmunuaicatiiiii whm Kent the ume night by the countr)' jailer
that he would »eiid up fiiWor 70(ii utone of meut by the next morn-
log'a train. At 1 o'clock ia the ninniin^ it HtartV>d from Ipswieh,
md before * o'clock it was in hb prenii«* in Newgate market
on aale, haTlnjj: been ulive the day before. Mr. Hickii ktui aoiue-
times aioo cBicaae* on a MornUy.
Iff. Laksham likewise ilAted, that nine* the inilirayi hare been
op«ne<l a cnuiHry tnidr in meat ban been UTowinir up. Beurtx
liave been aent from f^niithfield to Liveriioot, und he baa seen
inuneaw quantities of nieAt ituiugdown to IJirmindhnm. Theaouth
coiintr7 alao i» luputled /rum the I-iindini mnrket with beef —
Bri|(hli>n in pArlinilnr. Tbe Briiflitun butcbem are freinienilv
acen in Smitbiield purcUiuinK caltle, which they take down Mitli
them the same day. Sumeliniea aa many ah Xhi or 40U beaata have
gone down by the UirminKbiini railwaif on a Monday.
These &ct« will show tlie nature ofcattle tnlHc oa railwayt.
THE "WESTMINSTER REVIEW." No. XCTII.:
THB xeu HDusK* or pablujiki«t.
Although politicAl tft])lra and subjects of a KTRve utilitarian oaat
form the staple of thi ; periodical, with only uccaidonally an urticlt
of a lighter ciwt, the '* Wrttminftirr " has in il« time, nnd enpo-
cially under itii praeiit editur, cuntriliuted mure laixvly to archi-
tectural Infonnation and criticlon than cither of its rivals. In
fact, tbe '' Edinburgh" ha* tcarccly once, during the whole <>f its
long career, touched upon aught Cwnnectctl with architecture.
One prevalent fault In Brviev article* of the kind, ta the dull and
impertinent proaiog with which tbey are ckcd out, in order to fill
up n printed afaeet, or a« muoh more oa may be the upace allowed,
nJthinigh all that the writer ban to cummuninate would p«rfaa{Ht
occupy not niorc than a coupio of pages. lu Llic present inrtaaM,
wi- have no such cnmplitint to muke : the writer cornea ut once tO
(he point, and crititise* in Kuccensiun (besides the New iloutee of
PMrlmnieiiit) the New Trenaury Buildings, IJui-kinghum Palace aa
altered by Mr. Illuro, the Uiiciafa Museum, and tlic Royal Ex-
chiinge; nnd hia remarks ore upon the whole so ^uud, as Far aa
they go, ulthougb we do not Mbscribe our own opinion to every
one of them, that we wbh be had entered more into particular!
with regard to Iho three la«t-mcntioned slructurcv. How they
and tbe " Htfusea" themselves are «p«ken of, except no rcKardV
ability on the part of tbe writer, we have not yet said. With
respect to the Piilaoe, indeed, it inny be taken for granted that hi*
opinion is anything but favourable, that unbnppy building being
abandoned to universal derinon; but the writer i» severe upon
the other* also— and nut leant of all, or rather more Mpecialljr
lui, upon the Ilou»e» of IWIlnm^iit, which prove* tbnt he OMssot
Inkelii* cue frvm the mlgor flattvrie* of tne public press, b<ai|ied
upon Mr. Barry nnd bis "great wurk." In nbort, he exprotiMs
himself exceediugly dimatitiBed with that ediiire; nor in he by
many the onlv one who in mi, fur even among oitr own ac<|unlntAnce —
those, too, whose judgment in matten of architeL-t'ire is entitled
to Bom« deference — we have heard opinions eituailv strong in dis-
favour of it. One seriouH c<Mnplaint nlleged againrt it is, that
hAwever well the florid and exuberant etobellijihnient bertowed en
the river-front may shine or sound in description, or Abiiw itMtf
in an elevation drawing, it i« nil but entirely loat in the building
itself 1 — that there is abundant •culpturni decoration of anme sort
or other moy be seen, but it caiincit b^ at all made out. Tbe de-
coration in. betiideH, not only too minute, conrideriag the \-ait
extent of the river-front, and the distance of the nearest aeceaai-
ble point from which it can bo teen by the public, but ia alao m
proniae, as quite to destroy "repose. While this ia to ha f«.
gretted for artistic reasona, it ia also to be condemned fiir financial
onto; an immense expenditure linving being incurred for mere
ornament, to scarcely any purpose nt au. Surely the water-ride of
the building might very properly have been made tome dngreea
lee? ornate thaii the other frontn, and rtil! have been vufficientljr
finiaht'd-up, and mificiontly digniAed and imposing, — nay, cveo
more effective in its maentUi than it now la. Hitherto, rtingv par-
simoniouNnesi has been allowed to betray itself more or leiu in
nearly all our public building", wheri' the effect of wluit i«]>erhnpa
ahanilMime facade in iCBelfin sadly marred by the meanness of
plain brick walls, shabby chimneya, and other eye-«ures tbnt cumv
into Bight in every nnf^iiisr view of tbe building, — na in mort
offenxTvety the cautt in thp new facade of tbe Brtliuh Muacunv,
not with Man ding that it is dncked-out in Ionic pomp, or what is
meant for such. In the Houtea of Parliament, the architect bag
fallen into the contrnry extreme of error ; and anieious to avoid
th-u repruitoh of parhimoniuusneHH, brut incurred that of extrava-
funee.
Besides wastefiil exceoa of decorntian, the writer in the '* Vert-
min*teT~ urges against the "Houies" what he conntderv two
capital ami now irremediable defeats ; one of Ihcm being tbe want
of grenier loftineB* in the river-front, more especially aa the
situation itself is very low • the other, the poiiition of the Victoria
Tower, No doubt, when all the towers in thit rear iif tbe river-
front nhall come to be completed^ and tbe stieds, coffer. dam and
uthvr ubntruetiono an- cliuin'd away, some expression of loftinecf, aa
wdl as variety of outline, wilt be imparted to the general rtitntMr ;
but then that will again be counteracted bv tbe much greater
loftinee? and bulk of the Victoria Tower. If exigences of plaa
required that the royal entrance abiiuld be just at the south-wert
comer of tlmpile,— If it waa impoiwible to bring in that eiitriioce
as the central feature of the west side— «r perhaps the east one.
by forming acummodiouH carriage approaiih to it along the terraoe
— there aas at all ovetita no imperious necessity for carrying up
such an eoormouH tower over it as is now inietidud to be done.
It ii true, in many mediwol edifices which have (^wa up bf
m
rmt ctviL gNGrwKftS Axn AHrirrTBCrs JounVAt.
ftw^TMi, kM mittiat of pnK* itAilei) ta tb* orlitinnl pUn at long
intoTvnl* «f timo. vory irrckt inwuntruitiw itni ili9c»rd*nt pon-
tnutu in*y ha fuunJ. ani) ma/ be (ilnMlod hy s'lmo ■» suHiripnt
prtMii'ut. But the ^ Huumw will hwve lifwi xrn^rtod rniiii iitw
(minpr«K^nsivpnri|rinnl nlon, laid ilotrn bf tb» architect from tlM
very outset ; niid ku far tram aIbud^ at vmnntj aad contrasts in hi*
•teTStlocu, Mr. Ba/iy Ilbs mo«t Htudioiiilf attcntlvH u> pfrfoct
njaLvtl^ of compofition and titiifunnity of featarvii,— ^t Inut,
mub M Ibe cam vith rwud to tJie river-front, whirti. altliDimtb a
■eoondary uno in raiganf to Ita situation, will hnrdly t>« KPcimtary
m Mgaid to display. Neferthclata, so loAy a i4nii-tiir« raim'd at
ooa ODTDer at the ^onpral mast aa th* Vii-tjirin Tiw«r trill tw,
pnuM Inmntably aliov ttx«>lf «h a atrikln^ lrr«trulariiy,— «ii archi-
teotiim] ii«vri(iii;*ii«, ami ajtparently an aftvV-thougnt— at l«>jist
to tliHM' wliu nuy Dot happen to kuuir UiaC it wu w pUoned from
the rery firO.
^Vitli regiird to tli« river-fmnt, the ^jaealion noir ia : How can It
be r*iil«r«d KeeMlble to the public, ao that it« elalwrata ornanun-
•atton ma ba fairly ■«■»» and i-iijo/cd f At no vvry frmt diaUuice of
time, pn'hnp't. mid nmoff to tlio vt-rj' iiuecure cointitiimin which it
BOH- is, \Vi>stinin»t«r Hnil((e will be taken duu-ji, And either consi*
doralily Ihwit^ or rebuilt further off from the IIobm* of Parliii-
OMQl ; m wliicii caite, lt[idi^Htrr«t «l1I b* conrtrtad iato a cmt-df-
Mc, Binularly to tJu> *trMlM wliicli run from the uuth-aide of the
Stnnd dowB to th« rivor; consaqnwitlT, the "ll>joir«'* will no
loRfer he looked down upon from the brid^;i^— but then how !■ thitir
river-frunt to be looked at at all. Picept friim a lirml on the river
Itself^ The only way of enalilinic the puMic to fOdlein^iUte that
facade, will bo tif form a i4icouil terraco or quay for font pajwenirc m,
■dvauntd about tifty feet iiitulbe riTW, and mirhiipaulMiiit a ciiuple
of fwl lower than the terrac* bHwMn the aavaiicad exlremitieii of
Ikeballdliuc iUeir. Unlewaamethlacof that kind irere lo be done.
qtnt« M miirJi u-nuld heluU aMgained by theremovalof theprc^onl
brid^O r to any nuUtiiig of the penX. incann<nienvn nttctidin^ the
diatiubtng w^ a hmg wtablUheJ line of coiiiiuuuiuatiuu and
tnAo.
Tliat w« afree iritli the WtatmintUr" la murh or mo«t nf whftt
it aaya, bath la rcftard to the tfoiifex of rNrlinnioitt and the other
Umctarea which it natir«t, we fnteljr udmit. And it \» pleasant ta
ufl to find opinionn that are upoa the whole in accordance irith our
nwo viitertained by others. Speaking of Uuckingham rnlane, the
" Wrutmi'utrr" oUerveH that ttif Miirlili' Arrh "utiKht h»ve he«ii
Mdvantageoualy incorporated witli thtt itiMiifn by an artliiL of re-
MiUTM and genin* ;' and airiin, »f the British Museum, that the
OWtral mniioo or octAHlyle uu^ht to have been loftier thnn the
OChar cOlvnnadea, both wliich ideal hare been bmuffht forward ia
■Icttchm Ib this very Jourmal. AlUiuiiiih we ■liotilil not have been
lliiplraaoil It hia noticinK that ciri;u(M*tiuu'e, ^uppoMO^ him to hnro
bMQ ftwarauTit w* doiuit accuse the writer of makinjirii*c of " our
thinUlar ;" on the contrary, wo are ri)(ht glnd tu mcut with ihe
Oaineldence of opiniini. and to find tliatne are uot Hlluf^ethe soli-
tary in our own. Ili-n- w« will lunclude, hy earnestly recommend-
ing a pFTiipwl nf the uriii'le in the " VrnSiitnuler" to our rcJnlor«.
It certainly Iiearx rather sawrcly upon Mr. nurrT. hut he, if any
one at all, can very well l>ear on hiH purt to heiir unpalntfiblo
truths. Uf flattery and iwlidiitton he kcU emiutth. or moro th«u
aoouKl^-fniirii than may be altogether wtiale-jonic r->r him. An
oocaaioaal drau([hi of "bitlcra' will therefore do biui aa barm.
XEQISTCa OF HEvr PATCHTS.
RAILWAY LOCOMOTION.
RiciiaU> WuamoN, of Lower Bro«k.>Areet, Gro9venor-ai|Dai«,
for " ImprntfitenU tn nppamivii ta h^ ajijiltnllo r^iUwiy earriaffia ant
«i^4m««."— Grant«d l>e«emher V«, Ist;; Rnrollnd Jnnii «2, Hilt.
The apparatiu cniniistii of live dirtinct applicalioiin to railway
earrinces and vn^nrA for diffurenl pi^poWB, The firal part eoo-
siftA in the c(iiiitriii:tion of appontuB attaclMd to th* »r«ak< of
railway carrinf,-e!t ; iho nctuntlnir foroe upon the brmka bftin^ that
of oteam. The pntenlcc cluim^ under thin htiail of hid vpeciKcat ion,
the comhioBtion and arranipsmont of apparntua, whereby the
■riitton erf a eteanHcylindcr may be made t<> act upon central Imc-
tlon-rods or tihafla, for the porpoHi of workitifr the hr«ak« of car-
riafea and cauring them to act iiimultaaeously upon the wheel*
throughout the whole train ; hImi the eon«tructi«n uf trax-couplini;
for f.iinnff-tinE; the ohaftj, *"<1 Ihe power to the hrcjh'.— Tiie
aecomlimprovi^mmitooiuisla iathoomploymCBt, in railway carriuffet^
nf one eentral buffer in lien of the two dda OBM, u hithnto
uMd; thii the patentee conatrurta in combiaation with the Una-
link. The nnnvied dia^im reprevents this arrangtwnmit. A. A
are ths buffer •jilatw of aiiUoiainf carriagM : tfaay ar* attached u
tho biifer-rnds B. B, tlie ends of which are mad* of the leopif
fiirni Hhi) wn. for the pnrpo&r of lulmitting the loop of the codiimIi
lnj5-linki C. C. Tnv Duffer-platea A, S. are made with boW
through their centrea, thruu^'h which are pmmuhI the dnulile-eoM
hniik* D. when the cnrrinKcs am rr<|uired to l»c connected, vhiA
are hooked tn the iinkn C, ('. upon the biilfer-rnds B, B. Tmmtdi-
alcly behind the lotiji nre cut threiidH, upon which work the diH
E, Yi, *'J|'<'" "I'idi are loose coIIak, that do not revolve with tk
nnU. To the loose coUars are attached bv atudt the links C, l,
\Vhen il is required to ounnud twn r.nrrfag4% the hnffer-plalM
are brmiKht ttiKether, the two nulA an- turned up lo the UkhmJ
etiilH nf the buAlir-rada, and the double houk IfiaerKxl and boeliil
on to the links; the nuts are then tu fie turned back until ik
links and the hmik.i berome titcht. InKteml nf pan^ing'lhe traelM*-
n»h entirely thruush the carriii^e aa hitherto, the patentee pa«a
the nnl II. only through tho enri-fmmes F, P, of the earriacr,
where the helical spring G. it plnccd upon the rods, and aci* ■«
the buffinz-^prinj;.— The patentee cUim^ as hi* third improvemeal, ■
the emph)yiuent ufhellcidaiiiiu)^orolhtrrelaiitio substance:, incnn*
binatliin with adjust infr-scruw«, for making the conplinirn of rail-
way carriages; also the oomhination of n double-joint with tW
8<ljiii'ting-Borow)t, — The patentee* fourth improvement consist* a
ccimtnictin^ the axle-hiix and the nali^ in «uch miinnvr that tW
Inbrlcatint; mnterial employed shall be retained in contact with 1
journal and the bcnrine. and thereby prerent a considerable!
liim of the wantu which hnn hitherto taken place with nxle-l
Ha usually constructed. He couHtructa the axle of one piece i
two pieces, as in the usual way ; the brass formini; the hearing i
properly litted in, and the end of theavle is inserted into the i
bux friim the biM;k ; the axli? innide a^ciin^t thi^ journal is %i
with a ilat or taper nhoulder, a^^nst which is littnd and placed tj
metal ring; between the rtns' and the buck of the axle-baa in
inserted a ring of vnli;nniied indin-rubbrr, or other similar soh*]
■lance, thereby preventinic the iiiciipe from the axln-hni i»t i
ciiniidenilile [Hirtion of the lubricatintc material empKtred.— 1
fifth improvement consista of a meana of eoabling any of ttie p
scDj^'cnt in railwnv tarriagcs of a train to signal and C'>mmnnk__
with the enitine-ilriveror ipianl. by the aid nf electricity. To ll.
middle pnrtition of each railimy carriaKC, naar the roof, ia fiaa4|
small voltaiobattary, by means of which ths nrnwagen ara
ablcd to bring' into netiKii an electro-magnet^ that explodoa a {
cussion-oap or rin^ a bell.
COKE OVENS.
finoHoa AifSBom MinnacT. of Rpiedjt, France, for *'/■
inenfr ru ttu; production anit QpptSeatioit of heat, auA in tk» tnamu^
turf of coAre."— Granted DciTmbcr 1^, Iti>4? ; Enrolled JtuuT
tnw.
The opplicatloa of the heat evotved duria^ thfl formatioa
coke is tUD object of thit invention. ScvcrnI orens are cuonUl
together, which are provided irith fire-bur* thut occupy unlfi
small portion of the area of the bottom, 'J'he uveiu arc nepanri
from each other by paitition^ and in the upper parte thcra
openings to permit tbu flame and products of comututioa to ft
from one oven to nuuther ; mid there are opeatngs in tJu lap
each oven, throuich which the iluuie and hented gaMn nsoeni^
order to heat gas-retorts, lime-kiln% steam or other huilnra,
other apparatua, situated nbove the coke-ovens. The patevl
state*, tttat by mean* of this iavenliou the hcat may be niomj
vaatSgeuu.ily obtained and applied thini before. \rhe(i tlic ove
are at woric, the c!iiir|fe!i of cuoi ore introduced in ^uceeeawo,
luch maavcr that the charge ia two out of three may be la K '
«
MM* of iarnition whvn frtA coal ii )>ut intti tlie other. The
Wfmtar will knuv Mrt»«u to wiltxlruw » diuri^r, by i)if fliime
eauiiiK on tbs mrfiwe ; tu booh ■• thia is the caae. the char^ i» tu
be wichdrawD and cool«d «'ith wal^r : « fn-*li rimrxi' of coal ia
tb«n tu b« pnt into ihn m-fin, luicl. th« firo-dour bctii^ cto§cd. the
diivKV irill Mwn be ignited by thp heat of that oven mid thd tliunt!
the othvr ovvni. The ash-iiit Aoon orr to bv kc|it vla-td nC
tisin. except it be fvunil rr(|uiMle tti irilru(liK« nir ti> eiiiedite
_._liuiitiun ; nii^l the iu>h-ptt duur of ibe oveo, iato which ton air
tto be admitted, is openoa.
STEAM-BOILER FURNACE3.
llEicaT F. Bakcb. of BiMtcin, llmt»l StNtPM of Amwicn, fur a
'^ftrfain iinr aitrf UM/iiI uafintrrmmt im tCtaiit'iniilrr jbrjiMt*."^
4inuit«d lhwi;nil>«v », IMl ; BnroUed June 33, Itt-tH.
The onncjccd dit^wn repr«»eiits a luiiKitf diutd v^rticnl tectioa
of the funtac*^, «a ni>|>littl t« the cylJiiiIricai boiler of a higb-
iure enicine. Tnc Arc-box a, i* pWcd at oao end of the
Jrr. At tho cud uf the fire-bHm there is vlavi'd n vertical ^Tute
iwIUcb reaches nearly to the bult»rti of the WU<r, for th< puq>o§e
|iT«v«Dtuig a«he« frvm bi'ln^ cnrrivd into ths rfv^rbpratory
banbwii; In thf mlilitioii of wliicb, the peiulinrity <tf t1i« iiivcn-
ttoii caiulsts. 1'lie hutToniii of thcsL> rhnnibiTB are placed belnv
^ke level of tbc tire-bar*, and the nuniWr uf thE'm msy he four or
■Krw a> rviiiiiri-d. Thry lire u( a {mrtilxibc fii'rm, for iriviiii; n rc-
^>lrinir Duttiuu to tbe fpum mid other iiiiliiBiniahle miittrrH, tlicrchy
rMfeinini; tltm till eontiURied ; c is a plate of iron plHced ■□ an
iBcLiticd iMutirai, whereby it receiver the direct force of the
entire dmte from tbc fumnr-c. part of whirb i» deflected aKaintt
Uie tKittitiii of tho iKiiler, wliib the reiniiitidor i» turned down*
«rMda,and c^utcd to cLretilnte in the ciiiimbcr below. Opening*
•M liii at tbe unfirr part of the plate e, bctKrni it mtd the bottom
oiler, winch idbiiirx thi- flume to pi»s along' ; y* anil y nnt
. for the HditiiNHtoit of utiiiuiipjieric air or oxyi^B, iu
'to CDSBTC the perfect tombustian of tho gnars. Tbesa eban-
art carried into the brickwork at tJie side of the boilrr,
I whidi they mny ha CDiidiirted, iind fiiritiiibfd with V4ilv«»,
y, for rt'KululitiK the i(Huntily of lur ; A, A, are curved
, which extend itcntss the furnace, thtt opening?^ in which ore
arranced that, while part of the hwit and dnmc piigw-i nliiiijK
mediately in cuntuct with the boiler, jiiirt aim is deflected
ainst the bottom of the boiler, and thi^ remainder is directed
into tbe hollow bottoms of the reverberalory chunbera.
alia|pi i, i, i, are placed in iJie hotlom uf each of the rcvnrhc*
ckaadieni, to allow any nmuU [lurticlm of iiiroinbustible
t« eticape, that niuy be ciirricd o^er by the draught.
hgrwtio^ open into a j>it A, below, whicli muxt be kept
The Are having l>een ivnitcd, the llainc imd gaimt evolved
be carried over and Uiruu^h tlw vertical iHtn c, mid will cirue
ct vitb the plate e, by whjcli Ibcy wiL be deflected H^lost
r, and aImi turucd duwiiwanis into tlic hoUow bvttom of
cbambLT (/, euu.ijiiK them tu rovitlve aiid be retainpfi a
vrt time, to further the conibuatiun. Th<>y then paxa over the
part vl the oir-di«tributiui; hii\, on the further aide of
are ntunbcrs of amnll opciiiu^ wla-nce the Btntvspheric air
«»a, aa indicated by the arroos, tlie cuireut of air or uayoen
the uncoimtmed volatile product to he iwiverted into
ic, which, by the lorce of tbe current, inipiiien on the bottom
the boiler. The |;a«eB are ali>o in thi» next diMuber cHi»ed to
ro|v« by tlie curved ithape ; nitd they are dinturbcd by the plute
I in the next chanib>or, where they are ii)i;aiii r«lnioed a i>1iort
Be. tbe revolving in thene chHtiibeis eauKin^ the heated pArtidot
kbebroufi^it in contact with the boiI«r, the lant reverbemtoiT
' bnng ftUu I'uTttiahed oith an au--dutrib(atii)f box jf, wiiiul
ia tiipplied by channcln tliTonKb the bncknorlt. From the fourth
cliatiiber tbe intMimbii^tlibio prixlucl ia couJiiicted by a lluc at (be
bottoin of tho boiler to the chlniuev.
AXLE GUABDS AND BUFFERS.
Crart.i»i nr. BKHi;afK, of Arthiir-«freet tt'twl. City, ensineer, fot
" }mprui^M»U in i-arriagej virti on to tfiwiy*."— Granted thinuary 4;
Enrolled July <>, IMtt.
The»e iniproteiaeDts ui railiray carriaKes relate only to the
uxle-gunrda and boxes, and to btifTcr^. The patentee (nni>
)tructK hia axlc-^iards in such a mnniicr, thiit a woadcn surface
tJiall he prcitMit^d ah n ijiiiird for the nxle-box (which in of cflot-
iron) to rub it|eaii)«t. For thia pur]Ht»e he aecoree tvfo upritflits tu
the rnain fraininK of tho carriaire, at a diatunce from rnch oilier
(uitable for reoeiving the axle-box. which hiw a finnice. its whole
depth on each »lde einbrnctn),' both »id«« of the upriicht». The««
wood a]«i|;ht8 forming the ^anl, are atrciii.'tiieiied by pinten of
iron, placed on each «ide, the width of trach [jlstee bcinff lena by
the breadth of ftanfte on the uxlc-hox, than tbe u'ood ii^irfiinBt
n-hioh th^ are bolted ; tbu* the face of the asle-bux Uide* Ilu»h
w)th tbe tun of lb« axle-^ard. 'J'he upper parta of there plulen
arc carried up the vidv of the frame, to ivhlch they are secured.
The apnn^ are of Ibe kind previmiidy patented, mid fXHtwrt of «
■erics of india-rubber ritiit-H, eepiirated by plutes of ineltil. This
■pring ia placed betwceii the iipri|(bt« of tho axle-)(iiHnl, the hoi-
ton) plate bcinR Kuitpurled by a vertical rod re<4in|jt in n steji on
tbc nxl^-hoM, ininiciliately above the centre of the bearinj:. beir^
within the ffroaiMvbox, whidi forma part of, and H coat in uue
piec« with^ uii uxle-box. Tbe wood lacea of the Bxli^'-giinrd* aod
tlie chase in the aid«a of the sxle-hoxes munt he rendered |>nriieu-
larly smootb, in order to prevent- abmiiun of tbe ■iirAioe <if the
wood. The aeeond improvement consiatK «f a mode of miikinK
the ooniea] eentreaof ptatea used forBcparnting tbcrinoxif india-
rubber in tbe buffer and otiier spring In making thCM platen
tbe pnteiited forms nthindiic of netnl of the required diameter,
having II hole in the centre larger thfin iii ncrviWAry, to ^ ovm" tlte
buffer-rod ; be then incloaeN thia plate ia a tuitahlr mould, in
ivhich is poured a quantitv- of doft nielid, such ii* line and tin, tn
order to form the conical centre of such Hi>p»rBtin|i-platofi. The
soft motal nnnuld, buing larger in diameter than tbe hole in tbe
centre of the plate, it con«M]u#ntly beeonieii secnrelv itnbcilded in
Ibe Kiift motal centre, which is cast with an opQninf^ suitable to
receive the buffer-rod nr other Koindle, ncivirdin^' in the piirpooo it
may he iiiietii)e<l for. The third part of thw iuvenliun rehilen to
what the patentee defiomiujtteit u lun^-riiiii;e but^iii; iipp.iratu*,
wbieb !« applied to n v»ii or trnck placed between tbe en^ne ami
tender iiutl ihf train of earrixfioic, in order in protect the train as
much aa piwKible from violent concwwioit. The raii);e of ri«iKtnne«
in thiK apparatus is to the extent uf several ynrds, and. unlike
otlivr bn&crs, it is not attended by any reciil. The resist t an ce ie
produced by the friction of i-trupa piuadiig over a drum, ahiek
Btrapi are ku arrantfed in connection with levers and a train of
wheels, that as the (nri'e of the collision increases, tbe sti-aps ar*
tilfhlitned uiid the re>ii6tniice is au^iniuntcd.
SCREW PROPELLERS AND PCMPS.
Edwasd Hvmphhbw, of Ilollaiid-Btreet, Surrey, engineer, fui
** certain imjm'FtfnrrUi iit *lram-*aginfM, and in rniifinm nr npptmtJU
/or niiAiiij/. eriwiuliajf, aitd Jiirvini/ b'iruiU.' — lintiitf-d Jauuiu'y A;
Enrolled July i, IbW.
The im proven) Guti« in ateam-enirinvit have refDrcnoe »clely te
tlie mode u( drivinir tbe ticrew uropcUcrsof ateun-bont^ The ap-
pfiratiu and the driving multiple vtbecls are fit) afraufredT that tfiv
cmnk« iiMiiUIr cmjiloyed are di»pcu»rd with, the plitci; being eap-
plied by tbe itiruix spur-wbeela tbcmaelvea. Tbe iMUato which
the coiincvtioK-rods are attached, and which have Lilherto been
fixed to tho cranks upon tbe endt of the shall, aic. by the
patentee')! urrnnKcnicnt, now fixed to the bowea of tbe drivinfc-
wheela, ubicb take the plueea of tbe cranka. The eeoond part of
the invention conniat*) in tho cont'tructiroi of the <rnlTe* for pump*
for roiuitft or lifting' or forcin)^ water, aa applied to an nir-punjL
The p4itentce propo*ca to form the paaM^o* tbiuu^ib the buukrt,
radiatiujt from tbe centre; the f*tuffi» beini.' ia puira, hiiviiig a
thin partiliuii of nietul U'tween tbanii each pair of the paaiWf^m
bcinit covered by a valve, wbivb i« ooiujtiMcd of a thin piece of
rtecl or other Hexible met*!, ojie end of whidi \^ firmly aecureil I*
tlie inner part of the botket, whito the other part ritei^ from it*
•cat, whou reil,iur«d to aliow iJi« iow «f wittiju Tho ^■t«iU4e
m
THB CJVU. ENGINKEB ANi> ABCUITECTB JOURNAL.
lAWwJ
chlmi In rVRpMt to the fr«t part of his invrntion — Kirst, the
plarint; llic direct-artiiu; rakrinc sleam-rnicinr* between « line
druwii throueh the crntrc of tlit- iiiirtiin-niil, «niL » pM » ll«l l'"*
druMri tlirtiTieh the MdjuiDinK hrnriiii;, »r la ttie spMM WRuUf occu-
pied hy the crank in ordimu-y enxines ; »Iw tbe connecting the
in&toa-rods to the driviag-wheeli, without the iiid uf criuiks.
LAP-WELDED IRON TUBES,
Jaa Cirnjn,of Birmingham, civil en^n««r, for "efrtafn im~
pnMwmmCt in waUaltrcH pifitM or lubtm to bttunltu thefiua Q/rltam-
boUfT*~—GnateiJuimrj 13; Enrolled July 13, IIDI8.
Tbe object nf the p>tente« in to prod'ice U)i-velded Iron lutip*
or ^ipH, Ml fanned w lo give increued itreiiRth to those parta
which are expixwd to wear, without addilinniti wi^ht to thu entire
bngth of the tulie, and thprebf t4> whvinle tli* evilv I41 whicli lioilvr
tub«a are at preaeut iti[iiiunl. IIv maken the internal diameter of
the tube greater nt one end than at tlie other, inntead uf iti bein^
the »ain)>, (If ntiirorm thn>iiB:hnut, us has hitherto Item the OKe ;
the external itiatiiHter remninitiit, hownver. the »iiine. and uniriinn
throughout the entint leiiKtIi of the tube. The tube will, of course,
be cylindrical upon the exterior, and conicul upon I he interior sar-
fiuie. The iIlc^NfU^d thicitnew of metnl at the one end i* to l>e
drawn fram Uie reniainiiiK porliitn »f the entire lenirth of the tube.
And further, the operatiOQ U effected at one heat, lo that the
dnctilttr of the iron of which tbe tubee are campoeed shall remain
on impaired.
Tbe moJvt opmndi in ax fullowa : — The patents employ* a aerirw
of grooved rolls, niiived hy luituble toutlied wheel* and a m.indril,
wiUi a coniml bulb or bead. Hie stem of which la of inrreasing
dixmeter tuwardn tho opixwite end. Tbe Mkelp, after lirinic pm-
perly prepared, an in umial in the niiiniifacture of Up-welded iron
lubes, ii nested and passed lietMeen the lir«t of the series of rolla.
It u then welded over the conical bulb, and forretl, at tbe same
lime, oier the vtem of Ihemnndril. Thia mandril i* held hy a ifrip,
attached by a hinxe therrto in a stop, m> a* to allow of Its MJntc
lowered and passed, after tbe (tonical bulb has been removed between
tlie »e<iinil wries of rolla, the diameter of the griMve of which is
iLinailer than that of the knt twripi. Tbe tube, with the mandril
StUl luiilde, is then jiawied Ihniu^b the third *erie« of roUa, the
groove of which la HmiUler than that of tlie second series. The
object of thene successive rullingi, after the ekelp hajt been welded
on the niandiil, in to remove any irre^ilnritieK 'loiin elthor of the
surfaces, and to make Uie e<i|te» of the tube peilectly smooth and
nnifomi. The tube is then taken to the drawinjf bench, in front
of which la a atop, and agunst which the pipe re^ti. The atop i«
furnUhed with a hole to allow of thi< pawNiKX "f the ^rip of the
mandril, which is held by a pair of pliers; and, the bench being
made to move while the pipe remains stationary, the miuidril is
withdrawn, \11ien it hHiipenn that the miindril Mtlhc pm loct tijrhtly
to tbe tube, it is [>ro|iii4ed to heat it in u niuflle or furnace, then lo
cool the end which rests against tbe stop^ and repent the above
operatiun, »r to roll it cold bcCwgcn three rollers, as 1* uaually
done in strMiglitenin^ shafUiig.
ATMOSPHERIC RAILWAY.
Wiu.iiW FimvnK, uf Dnrlington, Devon, civil cndjnrer, for
" Imprw!«tittnU in the mi/ims uteit in ciotiiif tftc tubes ttf aimaefbgtic
raUwa^."— Granted January S ; Enrolled July A, IHi».
Tie material which ia emf)li>yed in thia invention for closing
tbe atit in the tube, ia vulcanized india>rtibhcr ; and the Bilvnul>Kc
propciacd t» be fciuned ia thu dinpenxins; with any unci iuua sub -
stance for keeping the valve uir-tiicht. KUt valve-eeata are
formed on each side of the ulit, both of which are bounded by
vertical flanges ; the riuhl^anglcs formed by the vertical Aitngea
and the valvo-rente. being rounded off, and the valve-aeata slightly
revesved by shnlluw circular rec«M>e», which tlieteby form the
hinoeanr centres of motion of the valves. Ther« are two valvea
employed, the lower portion ia comuoscd of plate* of iron, of about
cignt inches in length each pUtr, the shape uf the lower Kurfnce of
e'hich agrees in contour with the »e«t upon wliich it is platted ;
the on* edge of the pl«t*s forming, with the shalWw eirciilar re-
cces in the Keat, tbt hinge or centre of motion. The other v<]go
of the plates is nearly over the centre of the line of opening,
thereby nearly meeting the edge of the oppixite plate ufioEi the
Other valve-eeat. The under side of the plute^ 'iver t)ie aperture,
is formed of the same curvature as the inside of the tube. The
upper surfaces of these plates art flat, except that part over the
aperture Immediately adjoining tbe edM, where h fe lower thu
the part ever the sent. Upon theve plxte* arr pinced a CAnliiMtd
sheet of vulcanised india-rubber which ektenda from bvjrMdthi
centre of the line of opeainc or apertvre over ths whola vtxbt*
of the plates up the inner aide, and also on the top of the vvtkil
iai^te. The portiM) of the valeanised iodia-rubber ahnts wUth
are over the hne of opening, are increMed in tbiekseMi and fill th*
whole uf the depressed part of llit plates, thereby forminr at iW
part a thick pad. The upper surface of the iiilwnixM india-
rubber in f^overcd with canvas. Above the vul«*nia*d ladiA-rabW
sheets ar« placed fl»t plateo of iron, of similar lertgth to tht*
beneath and lyinic over them ; thoy are securely rivetted t*gtthii,
thereby holding firmly between them the vuleaniMd india-nahbtr.
The vtilcanized india-rubber is Kecured to the side and top of the
vertical lliinge by means of a series of iron bara, which are bollad
to the fl.iTigc, acid which are to be about \h feet long, which skus
that edge uf Hie valve air-tight, or nearly ao. When the vabts
are firmlv presaed upon theit iieut's the eilgea of the vii1eajua«4
india-mbWr pads in contact are below a line drawn tietween tha
centrea of molinn of the two vivIvch, whereby Ui« tendency of tla
elaxticlty of the pad* will be to further prea* the valves upon tk
seat iniite«d of rniung them tlierern-m. The |<Htentee prv^MMMM
emjdoy, far the pnrpooe of opening the vnlre< for tho p&ocage A
the bar cunnecting the piston anpuratiL* with the carriaf.'eTi. a serin
of not less than lit e wheels placed in ndvance of the coniiectinfi^
bar; the first of the^ wheels being plnced nt uliout nine fttl
before the bar, and the othAr at internals of about two feet bm
cientre to centre. After the pamdng uf the connect inff-sm. tht
valves are lowered and cloiied over the opening by nwhe«l atladM
to the upper part of the onnnectine-bar. or to the carriaga, ia
Kiich mann«T a« to nin over the valves '^nd thereby prena thM
down upon their aeata, where they are securely retained, and efed
an air-^ht, or oearly air-tight, joint.
MINING APPARATUS.
FiRmxE AirsVRtn Puis, of Paris, for " TrnprovrmmU in ojvdrfr
tiiM /or raiting mi kwering keavp hodia in miiiu.' — Granted De-
cember -W, 1847 ; Enrolled June 2«, 18 Mt.
The prineipal feature in this invention Is the spplication fi
atmospheric proMu re to the raising of weights, and lo the draiasr*'
of mines. Tlie lint plan hy which the puteiuee proposes t« ral
bodies is Ity having a vertical air-tiKbt tuiMi in which therttsi
solid piati>n, to the under part of which the weights to be
aretobeattncJicd; and the upper part vf the tubebeiu^eziu
the Btmospherir premure below will force up the piatott.!
Itrnd. In the drawings attached to tho speciAcation, two
are repreaenled. the one following the other in the UMreut.
the upper one reaches the top it it relieved of its loa«l by
n slide, which paMMa in below it. cutting off commiuucft
tbe ri-.it uf the tube, and the weight is removed by a doorl
tilde of the tube; the upper piston is then carried by exhauatsoal
n continuntion of the tube above the idutA. The next one ;'
brought up and unhiaded in a similar manner. The bottoms
tube is closed after the weights are introduced, the nir beta,
ntitted by a small tube proceeding from the top of the mine, fcf
which the admission of the air to the undenide of the piitoosis
regulated. In miother method of applring tUo atmoepheric lata
inHteud of raising the weights within tbe tube, they are etevatfl
on the outside, by means of arms pnijcctiug through a continwsl*
slit. Kvr the {lurpuse of railing wHtor in ruinett, the apparalss
(iiiiBUstn uf a KcricH uf air-eylinders. which arc plikced at ngttll
iuterviUh down the shaft. Ench of these is in o^mmunicMtion will
an cjtbauiit lube. The lower pump draws the iimt lift by
the wiitcr then paxsea tbrouch the bucket, and is furcod up-^
higher tit u small ru>eivi>tr placed for the purpose. The n«i
abuve repeats the operution, drawing the wuter frum the re
lo which it has been previously mixed by the pump below,
on till the water arrives at the top. The actiun of the |>ii
produced by tdternatoly e^hnusting and admitting the
and to, the cylinders, on the upper ude (>f the pi^tuna,
part of this invention relates to the raising weights in mii
series of vertical rvda, wliieh are attached to em^b other,
one coulinuoua rod to the bottom of the pit. Two of tlis
bined rods are placed side by «ide, and suspended at l-he ' ,
two chains, att.ichrd tv, and pussinic ruund, wheels supported 1
the muutb of the sliaft. These wheel» buve « semi-rotary nrt?
uieut inipurted ti> them from n bteani -engine, by nhich means 1
continual reciprocating motion of the two r»d* is Kept up. He
or itotchoa arc formed ou the vertical tuds at regular dis
THB Civil. KKGINEER AND ARCHrTKCTS JOtTRNAL.
mmtRnfc wkh tli« height the rod is lifted at each muvetnpnt.
ucket to bL> rtiMd by Ihpite mdnis furniehed Kitli t"'i.> Kprin^-
whlcli lake into the notrhpH oit the r»ilR nnd gii>i|)Ciii/ thrtn
UCiendin^ ; the hiickH hninpr Eii>.-pi>iidi-ct from ttir lowoit
hi •UvuKxl hy the flrut nuivcmcnt, till the ipriiift-htiuk iWyn
SMcond notch in tht> nther rod. The md hy whirli it hnn
reviansly lifted, d«iiL!?FidFi. therehy IrHnsfcrriiig Hie «h«li'
to the vthpr rod, whiph tmrnrrlinti'ly rui^it it niiothiT Uep,
ungM hving pcrfitriTuiri ftltprnntnly in thi« wny until tlie
ratchcii tli« top.
W STBAM-ENGINKS.
nLes WiujAK SiKMrvfi. <if MurK-lu-Kter, for '^ ImprmrrtnmtU
hm to 6e nw/iM by irlenm anJ iitkrr fia'uU" — 4!raiited I>ec«in-
, tHir ; Enrolled JtiB« t», IM».
chief object wf thi» inveiitio:] i< the Mvici|c of fuel by n
pnmowed for re|;envrii(iiiK tli<^ rtviiin and for cnn<)«nitinK it
;«n>ivo expiwures l*< »Bter of different temptrnturpn. Thrjc
r<|p)Ur hoiier emnUiyrd, hut the htvutn io gHiiTiitisI in the
stance in n «mnll fliit rhumWr, pWi'il rluni; to the rvlirirler;
(Xt action iif the hro I't'iiif* ii^"''"''' ^ c»->t-iroii chnmher ran-
; the huUoni of the evliiider, niid hiivinjr roiiHidcrHble "pni?*"
n the two, whirh ik tilW with ieitd. Thi' &af* nrc rivntinncd
ound the cylinder, mid then carried under the hteam-^nc-
cbiunWr. The cylinder it fitted with h JHcket, thri>u|;h
the itmni has nt'cei^ \n h<,ith sidex of thv ]>i«ton, the nrrn of
per side uf which hi'iiifi iliminii(hcd unD-huIf hy a trunk
irork" throujih n >tiifBri|;-hox in i\\t |4>|>, nnd ndmits of the
tinK-DJil pnxtinfT down (o thcpinUm, the differeni^e of the
UMii; the piston tu ascend. The Atenm hnvin^ hern Ihti^
Fil to t)u- cylinder, i» suffered tn e«cnpc by » (fries of double-
Jvci^ nhich nrc lifted by it *tt'ii* of onnn on the mnin thaft ;
itm i* thut Hdmitted surces^iveij int<>tri|;ht different reftene-
tJwinUer?-, which arc plured imntediiitcly under the gencrfttftr.
>ain,naiidniilted to the itpprr clmmhrr, will be of th<^f(ryIlt^IIt
■*, and the v»lve in HulforM to rrmiiin open a very short
be next in ««ecewiioji opening imincdtiiiely, the duration of
<rill b« <>onie«'hnl longer, which gfoc' «n incrmmn^, tlic
V of llie «tenin hein^' nl>)» ({rnditally rt'dticcd ; the ninth
>penii t<i the ntma*ph<!r« <ir to the coiideii*er, and reinainB
j) the cnpne i* pii*! Ilie crntre. Theae upveml chamherd
eh fiUe<l witli -hnlhtw h«ri«iijiliil Irnys iito «'hi''h wnter
I from thf K*'"*rnt<*r nbi>vc,pH>uing from one to the other.
»t thti* commuiiicntnd to thc»e chnmberi rejfeneratcs the
which in ii|[jiiii iidmiltrd to the name cylinder, or to aniither
ir, fihooM it he n iloiilile- cylinder enjiine, hy the <Jimc <et of
which »rc opcncfl hy imothcr "Ct of cum* on thi^ (i|>po4ilu
tb« tJtaft, in the iitviM^e onlcr to thitt before esplnini^d, the
pressure heiit^ iilluwed to nit iIimI. The hPAt coinmnnirstpd
lire tu the cylinder al>)<) aHHi«t<< in the rcjienenittan of tbn
The acxl p«rt <il' tli» invention relatCH to the eondensatian
n in ordinary oortdeii*inK--«iiginex, The eondeneer is xub-
I by hnriloiitui |iiirtitii'n!i, into four or fivesepaiflto cnmpnrt-
tho ateam hoiii); ndmitted by n coc-lc having n hollow plii)^,
■ opsaedto thctcylindcra. Thin pluf;o»eninif to the lepurnte
toiMte of tbp condenser in HUcc:e^i>ion, heirinnini; nt tho
the injection water i« admitted to thf njipiTino^t, when' il
t*ii thi« condcnanlion of the rtenm, nnd fri>ni which the air-
!xhaii*tj<)i portion ufthi' injection ; nnd the coniienticd water
of being carried off by the iiir-piimj>, i" n-wived betwei'n
itoiiii working in %\ bnrrcl between tlii- iippt-r and HC-cond
ir, by risiiM)n of the upper piston hoinfr above the to|i of the
ir or barrel. Thiii water i.* bv the dou'n stroke of the fiir-
kdniitted to tho rhnmbcr immediately helow the injeetiiin
tr, and in whidi n portion of the •iteiint ih mitTer-eil to e«e.'ipe.
f the partitions i* fitted with *imilar iipiiamlus for trwismit-
te t'UHden»ed wiiter from one chDmlier tu the ntber, till it
r the loweat, where the stenm 19 lirst ndmiltcd. A portion
Ktfiini on etiteriof; that c-hamber Mill l)« condeaued by tho
and *flvr hAi-ijig pimped llirongli idl the iieparHte dinniheni,
iviiifE tho heat derived from iteveral tiiccetiHiV'U cheirgi'ji of
from the cylinder, it will hjive nllaidcd aj(ri'(it hunt, and
introdnred to the hoile'r. The iiuontity of water required
Mtiofi will thiw be materinlly rcdnccd, and mny render it
ble to lucomutiveii for rondiMuing the nlmOHphcrv of the
vhich remaJnA in the<!ylinder after itx high-pn^tttire cfteel
t thmtigh the hliMt-pipe in the cliimnvy. The last part uf
rention relaten to an improtement in the elirooometrii;
or, patented by Mr. Siemens, in Decenibtjr, I8U. The
■mpravement coiuiiats In the ndaptittlan nP an expanding fly-wliMl
to the tfovenior, inr^teud of the pendulunt-bnll with which it wm
uriviiially eunstrttctMl. Tbit; lly-uheel M formed in four ii«fnnefttNi
and by centrifueal aciinn they iire canned to expand or rettAa from
the centre. Whi«n any ejteewiof the centrifufta! force tnkei pIsccL
hy reiiion of the increased velocity, boll-crnnk levers are aetnated
hy tbi> ciepTnent«, so an tu force a cuiiieiit friction- break a^intf a
cone fixed to the franio-work. The friction eatiaed by thin break
tendii tii retard tint velocity of the hhaft nnd KCf^entx, nnd the
power which U exerted to drive the nbaft beinf; conHtnnt and
iiidepondfnt of the velocity of the prime mover, limita the velocity
of the expanditif^-wheel, eaiiHioft nenrly a oniformity of motion, u
sufficient power be at all timeu truiiMiiiltod to the abaft.
REPLY TO THE KKViKW OF DR. (iREOOKVS
" MATHKMATlCa FOR PRACTICAL MKN."
Sia — In thu eriticiiun upon the new edition of Dr. Gregory's
'' Mathematics for Pntcticu] Mon," which appcnred in the laat
number uf your Jmtmaly the writer hax in wich piwilivo (ennB de>
nuiineed as incorrect certuin portion! of that work, involvinj^
principles not however peculiar to ifielf. but which have origi-
nuted with, or been demon Htr:ited hy, all the principal mnthenmtieal
uriterti, that I think myvelf calti-d upon to oiler the fiiilowinf^
remarks, to pre^vent your ruHden licinc miiled upon the kuIijouU
Your reviewer commences hi« crilicitiTn by expre^in^ hiu xur-
pri«o nt my lining the wordn cyrioiVi nnd trodtniit vynuiiymouitly ; I
am not, however, the only perwiii wlim bnx done km, for
Dr. Ilutloii la;*: " rrr)clii>i'l a llm »^ine cuiic m wlial i4 inoro uiuatly
e>ll«dtUi.7-'lai<l."'
Piofntor Dirlaw iiyi: "TMchoid if (lie umeai eyeloid, that term being
dertTcrt in a [Imitar niaaatr from xux^^f. a eJrefe. Il I*, howcvar, by tom^
•uLlion, mn\ la it«nals txclutlv*l<r ili« pioUta c^clniil."''
Your reviewer then proceeds to find fault with my definition of
an epicycloid, which is sh fullowrt; —
"If Ibc grnetaliajc circle, iniici.d uf rolling along)
a rtiuifht liar, j* nitdt to toll upon thr circunifexnne
of anulhtr o'vle, (h« rnivn ■lt*enl)e'] b; any (luint in
il* cireiin>fer«oee ii called sn e/iieyciotif." p. 1 19.
Dr. Iluiton >*Ti :
Your TOfiewcr
wv: "It i» mot
CillfJanepicjclaid.
cx«ept «rli«a tlie
m I'llul if. inHe*d of th* right lioe, j,'*"i"' ■"" ••"
IM citrlo rull abngi Ihc mcuinfeiewcc or aitolhcr * n ■ ii d ^
circle. »(M*r n,ut,t le lk» farmr, or bo(. then tbc *1"^' IL 1^
c«m d*..^i.=e<l b, t-y^"-;'.' i" "• ci.c«B>f«cncc i. ^j.^ .^^^^^ „, ,( ..
what It cullnl ihc rpiefdatit. ' J
Now, ProfewBor Rurluw * givK* the properties of epicycloida
whmt the f(eneratiu|f and qnieiieent circles are not comntenavniUc,
which they always would he if eqii;d .tnd l>r. Youii^,' in an
" KiJJity on Cyclliidfi" (the attentive poruwil of whiiih I wouM
re«riimniend to your reviewer), kpeaku of epicycloids in which,
wliile one circli? remains constant, the other beeumuH either
infinite or evanescent. If, then, your reviewer in rii/Jit, it followa
that Dr. Mutton, Profeu^or llarluw, Ur. Voun^, and many oUiera
(whom I Imvo not Kjiiice lo i|uote), arc vfroug.
He then fp>es on to itfly, th»t I have aggravated tho mistak*
"by representing the rolling curve as much largrr thfin tho fixed
carve,' whereas it in really niiic.b rnnaUiv in both my ti^iireH (liT
and \^*)■, from which it is very evident that he haa mistaken
the fixe« for the rotling circle.
Voor reviewer next finds fault with one of my definitionn, as
being "clumsy uiid incfimplele, at the least ;" and asks, "What
will our niatliwnaliciil readers say of such n definition?" Now,
one of our mowl Justly-esteemetl meehanital wrilerK, PrvfeMOr
Muiieley. hus given a ilcfinition Mr precisely nynunymoiiii, that I
tranucrihe both hiK and my own for tho purpose uf cumpariaon : —
Pra/mer MnuUy'i Df^mliOH. Dtji«ilii>rt Cnlhttfd.
" nixti Biorv FuTcet (I>iii nii# arc "Wbrn Itic ("icei Ibal let upon
npptieil lo a Imily. anil Ihdir rri(iec- a linity, rfet/roy <>' annl/irtata tceA
III" icnitennn tij riimiouairftlc oio- olhtr't optrelitm. *Q thai tkt todg
liriii I'l it euvntrraci ddf eaelAer, to
Itial fbi boilf rrtnaiiu at ml, ibcte
fo'cr* arc »1<I la lie in egviOliTium,
and ita then called |ircttuict.'"
Vour reviewer objects to the senso in which I here UM tbe woi4
' riiJI- ami flUu.b L'l.-Liiriijrt.itjl. d ii-!>it-
> Ntw Malh mil I'hil. I'tiliuiur)-. Atl. ■ Trotliolil,*'
• J'Ltl. anU IllB-ti, llll II '•■■•'). TIK. 1. 11.471.
• ^t« Muih.and I'Mi. Ui(lr<iB*>r,— Art. '*E|ih')(ib[d>'*
* A tmrtr nt l^fOi-wvt'n NbC Pbll-, «til. ff,p. tM.
* Hecbuilnl frliidpln or Uiglorartuf auo AicO-i |l> 1>
3J
rematna ^wnciut, iliry arc isiit lo
Ijc in ftfuitibraim, and ate lUta
calUil prr^nru," p. Ifi7>
TBK CIVIL BNCINKKK AND ARLBlTKCrS JOURNAL.
LA«
** MiNvrw ;' for whieh, bowsver. In uMxiiam ta that «f
MMSler, I hm-rm Ihe utboritjr »( Vt. Wbc-wcU,* «
** AotMo/ fbroH ve called f wi nPti /' ukd Dr. T«ai
** A yntrara k • force oowMmiriirf if tmwH^/tna, m
it fKtdtutd' If, then, YMT fVTivwvr m MfTMri, il feUaws tkM
PrvtCMor M<M»t«r, Dr. U'fc*wrtl, mJ Dr. Tmi^ an vm^
VoiiT rerimr orxt takn op tfac —l i i tcl W ait aiH, •■ «Uck 1
■■ Fu nM*. M Eriai (area, k ins wirf tf U l tmia ta J m i i ibeyVw •■
fawti 9l m b«dr ia —tiaaj ar tfa bna «Ms4 «««U W tqfi ii ad w bfia(
Il ta A MM« af nab" p. IM
rr»r«Mr lUtUv H]n: -n* twa,ac Itwg fcfat,ta aMrf «f Or aM
^WAarrr-ribaiK] l» ^mu tkijWat af paMT «« aia*y ia ■i ti ia."'
Ur. liuUMUT*: •■ ru mm l m, aad n> ««•■,«• imrnrnmr^tj Lfttmti
aad kit FalloiNn tmj^ntt MliWiiaag bj ik> IMlar. ttei .Arw m
pawtr •( a«'u« wWck rartto la a karij la ■etiaa.'***
NotwttluUAdia^ Wwewcr, tWaaitad tartnam af PnAaMu-
fiarluw. Dr. Gnpirj, m4 Dr. Hattaa. that Laitalu aaad tke
t«rai ai* aiaa aa b«r» «Ute< r*ar p»»w«r ia parfMUj aeqitieal
apaa Ifaa MtM, a»l kaUtr aaMMa -thai Leikaiu nrrer did
•Bvilung l^m rfaawl aa m hare «U af kia ;* that br did da w,
h&wnrwanirttartfXIIirterc an lu» «wa wonb :—
~ nine rb «aa«at *#h: alia ih^nlirii. tpia a irft w ape»».
aaU la m aaadaa acfatik mmmt. Md tmte MiSaMi* ad »ata«, qadt
MtlbUka lata, art tafUk ka Ikad^ttiaa da. adbat vtatala laaMar ;
I Wrt "• •^•■••"••i"*
m£ iMi*
aM'ak uaa m iM^aiwJIa
M«a attMB M^ aaal^ ya w teca
las aM %aa alt aaattlftfa, iteaH|tia vn
aMaa fia dMiraa tnaam •« rfttiiaen
» aaMlMrB ftartjaH ali^aaiiidtu c»dtnK,
iteiU caa» ra cat ma, n
BiM. Bt hae (M «<Md
ratiaaa p tn aw ia a b vi« iidaitaa
lii^At* pavitaiM ai*a ca«p««tni. EUi autan
Msar iH c«i^«a«a». d(f«m imdm k«Bc daa, ia£ta
■HNwnn w « fwta . ■■■• •■•"■■-^ •" 7»
^wt«K Iha afynaata «wk of tka aaceWnt
MW at. a«d tlMt of U» iilii* 'n > >»«^ *« •?«
ak a«a» anwmikkitad or luil ia Uw •)>*£»■.
dMilMa*«ML«i
dMI. MilML al na
faayHaa tc« *i «i<a
attaadatar."'*
Not caalaM. kawraa. >ilk denriiMC that Leibnitz uid that,
wktdi hu «*ii wurk« pro** ikal he ilid -ly. jrour rtvicwcr dcniw
Mat «« rMa u a feraa at all. and mj« tkal it ■• n mcrv tcditucal
Mviu • l»r, M'haa»U,*« hpwataa, vq^ "* Thr m« rira «f « IhhIjt in
■HiUwi •• a *Ww ;' a«d fti rf aaw r MoMley,- ' " That ll»o Jiffcmice
w«rk of tha aaceMntuut /■tret* of thr
lual to oiw-tioir the
Therefore, either
Cur t«*la«w U «■««, ar •!• hath Dr. WheweU wtd i'rofe*«r
IWfloi. , , ,
l|» n»vl >!«•*« that. -(• iha iMCoBd prubirm of the chapter on
■talKv, Ik* MWalal^aa ragfCt fa tg ihc strain on tie-bcam« aad
aliwU t« tutklU (•mtimtus;* to wbtch I rnnwertlmt the calmlation
liwaMrt ■n<l that ymr rvTiaaar U tmmg ; as he will ftnd if be
rvfH« *ultw lu Tr«Uold,'* Dr. WheweH,'» Pnifaam- Uiwclcr,'*
at IV>l<<wN>r tftaUaoa,-' ^ada puttim /f*m Dr. Onytvj tht very
Vintr i«%taa«r tki>n eatntrta the fuUwwiaur propoutioH relating to
Um «wttl<» wr iTTiiviljr: —
•■ It Iti* MHMtM •« kodw* af Mr ifMaa ha noTing.
VMrwfttIt tad mtiUawUr. «Uk aay nlooltiti ud «•
ItMMiit «)>•>•«••■< th« Mnti* af cn*>l7 '■ •hncrat
•Mh •» aw*M imiiarailj la a ri|hl 11m " p. 1M
taM«Mata]ri> "If *"» m- aiaro bodm *«*« aah
Ainuli I* axy !>«*" >hr«rtlMia, thth coai«i*n c««'re «f
|ia<ilt "III •libtt t" at latlt ar awv* •■Ifonuly in a
(Uht Hn..'*'* . . ^.
nti, ^h«««tl •*>«< "It lh«r« ••• »awral Iwdtw.
ithWh «t<l''' -" "*' <^ ti"! v« allracied l>; aUnile
Qn, yi ,1. . (ttlitr, ihMa alia «f>l tnovn in
HW * > '»* (aiuiDun canlte uf fiariw
all! . <iu at mh af aiata uuUaral; la a
Ton reriewtr
merely laei : " Tbii
la SOI uaa."
t|utwlttiii ;
he till' line
" l>iii<« the ttiithiir mean to aasert,
Willi (Itfcreril [iiiiifdnii] relocitiet
IX encli ullier, the <.-uminuii crntre
liuo^" To whieh I aiuiwer very
.' a
.a.
.< Ma.
a,|..BM.
V;'
■^f.«
m uia laaamag m wnai i actuaUjr aay.
am that I have pv«a certain upcnmanU (vb*
aa the foiuidatlaa of dynaaiu-V and '* ia place
uf the thrva laws of nattM,' adidk i* aetf thr Ai
ll fl lil l Tt "Tea, 1 do: and if jrou are rtaU niiiliiiil «pw
yaiat, IT roa refer to Eiaereaa'a • Friaciplee oT Nediaiika,' f, i
jM will had the truth uf uj> ajuwar Amomtnilei,'
The arxt ohjrrtioti of your reviewer i« toray uaevf tketen^L
a^ rnpture; «hkrh. baa-efer 1 prefer tAapply t«tht actaal caaefci
nslut of tkapaund, whM^ take, place a'ha« the wall falln aW
wfidi ia than aS*la«iljr the aasM aa th«Nar4irWWtiM.- tbebneda.
tanaiMlf iht wt4gt af ai a aja aa m praantre is only a
Ea% and iwt tbic aa arhich the ground ««uld really aepantk
Tear r^i^wrr hat ijiiit* mionnderHtood Dr. Orcgory, vkenh
■aaert^ thai the ntnditinrw upon wUith he eKaminea the atabillb
of BD arch, are " that there are only two joiota of rupture, ^2
diaAaat froai tb# rnivn, the loadiag »yiaiati<iiial, and the ptenia-
oipahle of aliding,' ao inieh condittoDa b^ng awamed, or iniltri
Tha navt patagrapk af yoar reriaver re^aiica aa vannenl I
me ; the obviooa aua-qoaUtiaa of my werda daea aa mack vial
ta OP tntii n B a an aa and gr awm a l ical conatruetioo, aa it exhUxtal
deaire to pervert the laaaaiag at what 1 actually aay.
He Ukea atata that ' ■
ka extracts)
aa anunciatioa uf the thrva laws of notiaa,'
I have mefel/ empkred ihsn ta tUoatFate the Dcccwitv or~»1
gardinff time In e ati mrti ag the font* af mwvine bodie*: ml
Atwood," Barlow.a* and Huttao.** '
Yuur rvvtewar nrxt finds fault with my urbk the ext
*^ Each particle of nattar raaufj Ma<i*w ,■ is be awan that DrI*
IVkewdi** repeatedly n*«a asiaailar expreawan " the iueniA J
the partieln ta rerisf Ott otmtmt t nk^i^H </ metim ' and thai E
PoHoetut, in the introdactioa ta kia Jf>«an*r«w JmJ^trieiU, has ■■
rived the term ett kurtm^ and haa aawdated with it the deU-
tira idea '^of a faree of ranstaoce opjioscil ta the acwlaratioaa
tfaa retardation of a bodr'« uatiou.'
Your reriawar next takes objectioai t* the aaaerttoo, that (a
leeiut^ the cCku of Metion) if* body •napaulad fmsa af
puiiiL by a desihle xtring, have its path altered by a proje
pill, it will riie to the Lune height as it would hare dene If
utarferod «iUj; Dr. Vouna, lowevcr, apaakiag on ihia
aiym ; " U e may alter the furm of the path ia which it i
by plsf inji; pias at diSerant points, so aa to iatecfere wH
tiirpiul that uippotrta the ball and to form ia iiinciwiiii tempar
ci-iitriMwf motiaa; aadae tkalt fiwtd m «W eaao^ tkmt Iks (sShs
aud$ ta a hei^ afaaf M f&U/ma nbKUl it dwotswlad, wiik a im|^
duftion an aeoMOir ^Metion.''*
A fter Btating that Dr. iirtifciry\ definition of tlw ce^ntre of fm
tion is "Confused and in&ceurat«,' allltou^ Mleutioal (aa he «0
fiud hyraferenc*) with ihatffi'cn by Ih. Mutton,** by RotefBoa,*'
aod hjr Professor Hariow, ' ' he pru«ecd« to hhow by r«fe»«n«e (a ft
"/Ml Iff tV irol/ end IJtt hmh, that one of the propoalliuna r^
lating to the Mntre of gyration cjinnot be correct, aad arrirna
l\ie cfrtaia M.iidii'ion thnt the author (aaalaolfinerwri. rrom vlii
the lanw proposition it taken) did art dearly uiidentand "
■nbject on which he wrote;—
Aawsoa '« Pnpaiif ioa.
** If the nslicr of aajr f jratlng
badywcra iclaallj Id lie placed in
ita ccniK v( ^iialion. it osght
eilhrrtB b« diifoM'l of in the cir-
romrertnee of a <ii<lc, wLoti: nJiui
it S D, or «1>e iuia t«a poinU, dia-
melricilty oppoiit*. e^uAl ladeqai-
dislaot Crsm .S."""
rr^rmtUm CriNeited.
" If the milter ia any fynM^
body were (ttuatly tu l.a plaesin
if in llie cenire e( nmtlns, U SmM
di lier lo be dbpased la the ciiea^^
encc a( ■ drcle whaae radius cK
or »l 1*0 poinia R, R,' diaaittricilto
ojijiotiu, antJ e*.'h al the d
R ttoat the c«aire." p. UM.
Your reviewer next infonna ua thiit rentrifttgal femi is
always "directed towards a 4xed ceiilre," in which I p« '
uree with him, and am not aware that aiiy peiaon has
tnc contrary.
Hcthrn points out an error of Dr. Uref^ory's, relating ta I
whei*U, which had eacapml my otMenatioii, and mie of my own
equation (I) pa^Kr Srs, wlil<h Uiuuld read J LP, =: K{» -(- a);
which furtuiiutely does not ulTetrt nny other jinrt uf ibe nM
He then state* that the lotid Torcw of lofi|fitiidinal comarM
aad tension are eM(iJal and uppotiti!; Uii« is, however, onip '
eua whan the applied forre<iare]>erjM-ii<li<ruUrlotl*b«ain,foiririM]
>> fn MalA.aiiil Friil. DIUMiDUy.— Att.
SI Fhll. SBd Ualh . ttl. Ujimuj, toI. |, p, i^
■* aiBEbaala at Knt\u/rnnt. p. Ui.
*a A Tn*U» iiu Ih* IU«l<ii«ai UuUni •od BotaUnitsr ft rllfllL T '*
,. p. Ui.
S* A nun* or La. Ism « .V^i. l>ftii.,TcL I, p. 41.
»• Phil, inrt MbII., trtnliMiarr, ml. 1, p. JtV,
sa PiiiiL-lpIn at llnhiBici. p al.
SI tttw UMh. suii rtiit t>ieu«BM7.-.afi. "Cenirt afSjauimi** ^^
M l'MllaUc(.-*ri."U«aiaici,~twl.XB. Ul, _^ 4 k
Tmt avn, enotckkr and ARCHrrKcrrs jovrtihv^
I
ladinMl «t any migte, l^rolieuor Moaelrr hu shown iliat the
jyrrrn~ uf the forc«B of comprettitin anJ tfcuinn b (!i|ii.\] tu the
i^Mltanl of tbe apptipd forcrf multiplied by the sine of the
■agle Thicli it makn with th« inirniiil tu the fieutral linv «i lh«
^'mt a>' mpinra.'*
In cnncluMiii, if }rnnr r«vlenr«r i* right, it follovra that Dr.
HuttOR. l>r. Youiw. I'nireKinr Barl«w. Dr. WheweU. Profenar
Mu««leT, l*rii>fe«Kor Wh!1iu-i^. Kmer>ui[i. nnd TrMtrold, one atid all
mf t\ient, HUM be mnmg ; but I tliitik lti»t inij* n-:iiuitiinK mnn will
rai|nirf Mnuthliig more:, tu coaviai^e liim that tli» lattoirrtt ilrmnn-
llimliui of UiBM men, who have hitherto juxlly betMi re^artled as
h%li BBtboritiw on tbr nibject, are falue. th«i the nwre denial nf
Hi tsdividual wriln'. C.'oniridvrin^, theti, with n-bfini il i* that vtiur
ravMnr is at tnme.^nat with Dr. Hrrniiry ami nu-, but witti all
tlM fint RiechaBiou and inslheniBtiral writerH tilii> buve lived, —
wmtM it not have b«en wiser, had he HKsuined a little Imh positive
in hii attempts tu lay down the law ?
1 ramain, ftc,
Jttia 15, IMtL UiKmr Law.
I
I
I
I
• * Mr. Law eannat acnweuxif want of pmrt nMiirr, fnrwr print
hia letter at full leni^th. Wo had iinuri;^'"*' projudii^i' o^ifiKt Dr.
Grefcnrv'^booli. The author han a ktndof r«lebrity from hiH poritlon
at IViXfloii'li, and fmm liaviiiu wrilten rnpiiiiiiily. uliich, tboiigfa h«
hisnat nnde a alugle atep in ihf adwn-iimeiit nf sripncn, IimI »<■
to il— giiK him esfibte of Dompiliii); u hook like thi> pre<ieiit wlth-
ort gran and Binrtcinatii' bliiiiilerinf;. The first txo or three mis-
feakca occniimod ■ little kiiqiriK(>, hut woip rhHiitably iitlrihnted In
inoiwertnce. It waaoiilj' iilunly amt rrlin'tiuillv t'lmt nr yirldi-d
to the emicictiaiu that the book wax milii^allv iinn evcentially erro-
iimi I, and that a real maUiefnal ician I'uuid not by any chance
faave writtrn it.
Mill, wc dung to tho humi thut Mr. Liiw wan (rniltlpw nf the
WuioM driliMtuenoln to whicb he had f^ireiihiit eilitoriat sanction.
It (raa, at least, a ifood-rintured excuse — a pioun frnud. to delude
ounelre* and nrader> with — tliat he hud uttered fnlse coiii, tmt
well knowing it tu hv Kpuriiiun. Alan! even thi>i pleasing «vlf-
deltuiun i« de«traved.
The rariotut tnilijecta of discussion are not tpieatioTiH of autho-
rity, but of rpB*oii- If NVwtun, Lairr^neD, and Laplace were ti>
liriiie from the dead, aiKl axurr itii that Uiey hail tlHin>vi!rt-il llii.'
ordinary multiplication table In ho iiii!urri*i--t, miLi'ven llteir uuili'd
l—tlmony would produce conviction in our niinda. We m.ty «.s
v«li apt mit hy avuwiiiK. that if tlio«e illuFtrioii>i nameK were
t^nntvd in lupport of llr. Iliittnii mill iMr. Law. evrn thi-y wnnld
Rat priidiire the sliithteHt rhaiixit in oiir convirtiimn. We ahould
fepl perfectly certaiit lh.it their wurda were niimiuoted, or ctrained
beyond their intruded xignifiratian, or — (out it miitit come) that
tbey had lo»t their wits !
ttur taak ii a very tiiniple one ax rej^rdx thp dWinltiona ; it ia
to rvfer Mr. Law to bunk< in which he will lind them correctly
laid down. That Barlow, riutlon. and Younu, have fallen into the
BBtne mii'takei' an llr. (iretfiiry, nnly ixirrnborales an opinion inde*
pendentlr arrived at— that tli«y wen- jii»t ttin men to do mk The
lUsttiictiona between the cycloid iirid the Irurhoid are jh^'en
correctly, and in enact arrordance with our rriticlin), in flaH'*
** Different in I Calrolua, and in poffe 1S7 nfthi? " K.iample^on tlie
Dillrrrnt i^il (idculnn," by tli« late I>. K. tln-jtury, rdhiw of Trinity
Otlleite, Cambridge, one of the most prnfoutid anal) hIh in RuropP
— and tlivrerarr a very differeiit niBthematician to Dr. Ore^ry nf
WooUi<Th.
rrtifmmr Peacock, in hi* collection «f Example)' mi the C'al-
cmla't. dirtlnpilaheK in a sinjtiar mHnner. between the cycloid nnd
trocliwid. The other curves in question are thus deAued bv him.
page t« :-
■•If unc circle re*ol*p iipnn unnlhnr tm il* buc, and in lli»*iBie plane
wkh il, II il mltcd *hr. g)iilroelu>iil, nhitU hfcomn llir Eiiittjchid whrn
■WdirwribinK iviiinl 11 in llir rircmnfrrrnrr nf llic rvmlt iii)[ circln. II a
ahull ici»l>c in a (iailir miiiincr utiuti Iti'.- cdocivc |iiut of ih« circumfrt-
not of nixiilirr ciiilc, lb< ru'io dcMrilK'l by a I'Oinl in it* plain! it uHed
t>i« $lfi-atro<heU, which befoniM Ibc J/y^ioryclsid «ii«s lliat poiol Isiu
tkr Fiii:iiiaf«rf BCV.*'
The deAnition of ei|uilil>riuin tfriticixc*! by u-s '>*(('"•' "W'hen
lorMa that act np»n a body destroy or antiihiliile eiteh other'n
opcfalten, so tiiat the body remainH (|ui^M-eiit" fir. If the
worda " Mt that " bate the meaning freiivrnlly xJopted by per<a>n>>
who speak and write the KngLiitli Uit^iaKP. it iN here iiMrrtrd that
if Ihti fuKe* actiiix i>ti n huily tli'itrny i-atli utlier'n upention, the
hodf moat )m> at re>t. It is 'wearying; to hsTe to repeat the cur-
sa MmIi.M*.*! ^i^lateitBf ■.d Arcu.. )>. wt>
rection of so nhvioua a blunder, but wn ha»t ai^ia tAtell Mr.
Law. that the rase of tinlfnrm motinn ban heea '«arcle«tt/ o¥»e-
looked by his author. On Dr. Whew-eH'a authority, it it deelarMi
that Klaiical fon-ei^ are called nre^MirM; bait he doea not den*
what we Miierted, that dtmnniirjil fnrcea are ealliid fHWa^iFea '
repeated iuitaiicetc of Miidi a ime of the expreaalaD, may be
in hi« workK.
Dr, (ire^irj'H awertion as to die manner in whirb Leibnits used
the term ru nni, in aaid to be ronlirined by Riirlnw nnd Huttnn.
However, ve ueed not in4|itire at upcnnd-hand what Leibnitx ssuA,
or did not say, because his very wurdc am quoted at lenfrth. Now,
doen Mr. Law really mean to aBsert tliut in the l.,atin (|nntiiti«t
rt( rim i* rallttd a fan*-*^ If «a. all we can reply tu, that be dis-
piayit cotiitiderable fbrtituilR under trying cireunivtaiiccH.
The l.atin iiuotatlon ArM upeclfirv the raaes in which the two
lhinG[ii called ri* martua and ri* vim renjii'i' lively i'xi=l — the former
where there ia no imhtinn. and I be latter K'liere them is laoUoi
Then it tu added, that " wbitre a body lia^ been Mime time fidlia^
a bow lias been some tune anbmdiiig itxelf, nr in any alrallar eaan^
there is ate vitv, ^neraled from the rontinned iiifiiiite impresaona
«f t^ laortiM.*'^^ perfectly distinct recofriulion nf the truth whieti
weaMened, that ri* rsr« in not force, but aomettiin^ifenerated by it.
Of coiirke, the true itilerpretntinn nf the phrase must be obtained
frtim the context — not fnun an arliitrarv translation of the word
ei*. ubii'h hai ■ great diversity uf meaninga.
Profexwir MiKteW's Mtnlemeiit of the principle of nu ntrw it m
clear, that it is really maivclliiiiK that \lr. Law did not perceive
that he nuoled an authority dedaive againn hitn. lie says nit
viiti ir a force ; Mosele^, th«t it la equal tu a uertain amount Of
ttvrii 'if Jhtrta : ** work being preriously explained Lu be the pro-
duct of force luid dialanr^. It is aleo' import ant to remark, that
vu ntra it nut said to br work, but to be ranat to work. Twenty
ahlllinsa are equivalent to a sovereign, but they nrr not a miverewn,
hut dijfer from it in weight, site, colour, and almost every iitner
particular, cjiccpt rurreut value.
We will follow tlie example at printing the rontradietory Mata-
mcnia side by side. The case then between tlie authority last
quoted tuid nur prrscut oor respondent, stands I bun :—
Jtfr. L*ic.
Vu eirw of a body ■' Is TH»
wiiotr. Ripchsnjcal rlfi!«t which it
will iimitucn in bring brought la a
siala of re»L"
Profimr Jlf«wrlrji.
'^Thc difTkTi'aitf^ hrlurvQ the ag*
f[rtgmtn wntk of Ihe scrHvraiisg
Torvpi of lb* «)itrm sod iliul uf ihe
FTtardlnn fiircr* Is equsl lu osa-
iMir lilt tin f jm Bceaaiulalcd or lost
in ilie ■ytioii."
The difcreimncy between " Ihe whole" in the one quotation, and
the "one-half* in Ihe other, would be a fatal objection to Mr.
Law'« viewH if no other eaiKted.
The following dpfinitions, in which, be it observed, *'lbrre" it
not even mvotioued, are roiirluuive aa to the use of the phrase eit
viva aniuiig modern maUieinatieiana : —
" Tbr wit cim uf s iianictr is ilic iimducl of its niasi apd the aqDtft
of iu rrlucilj." — i^arBtl'uw'e Djiminica, pa.gr 177.
"Since the puiilicslinii of U'Alritibrrt's woik, ihv tinn rj* rjrg baa
fce«B utfd In fignify merely Ihe algibrsicnl piodiict of ibe maM <if a
niovinp; luiily and Ibe square of iu vtlocily." — WalTon'* Mvtbaaical
Prublrini. pn«e S(i7.
" Ibr *iiiii ul^ll I hi' budiCH of a vjitetn escli mulliplird luln lite sqvara
of ila vclaciiy ia cilli^d die tit lirm nf lbs s)kU:ri.'' — M'bewcirA Llenico-
lary Tnuiiic on Meclmnicf, put* 21)3,
*' Thi^ tern) lU rtra \* aldl usrd to rifircM the product of llir mass and
III* iquare uf llie vHacliy."— Hmii's M*cliaoi(*l I'liitufiplij. puKc sOi.
•' (Jn npiiHle/nrtr tire irun point nial^iivl, on. pfna kp '*ciilf iiioiil, d'uo
cnrpK diiiiit iiiiii Ifi puiu<S ool lr» ineiUF viicssc, k- pruduil ile lun nittiar par
leto'riilc ccIIp vilteBc." — Puimuu TmilS d» M^(aiiiqur,lDni, ii„ piiKr 29.
The propimtion rwpectiiigtie-lieacns was condemned byunliecauee
some -if tbe fiirce* acting on t he beam and tt nil are iii?glei:ted ; aii<) we
shimi'il lu 111 irrohnr.it cry proof of the incorrettnc'i'i of the Miliition,
tbiLt it led to an »b>iiirdity. Of ;ill tbia our rorrex|i>iiideiit Lakes
no notice; hut ri-ferK tii" lo I*r<ifei<Mirfc Mii*rley and VI hearll. If
both Ihvfe refiTe»cei> weie relevant, which they crrtaiulv are inrt,
tboy would iiot justiry » palpuble and obviuo* vrnir ; and we oitist
tell Mr. Law plsinly, that we idioiild huve had fir more respert
fur him ns an opponent, if he had made llie iieceMtary i'rrrri>i;tion,
instead of eiideakuuring to transfer the blame tu authuritiMoo
way involved ia it. A<( fur ProfefMor Wallsce's adoption of the
iiroblem, we can only eiiy tbal in thi* iiislancc he hss made an ua-
orlunale selection.
liy inserting the word "anifann." in quoting our rtmarka npen
paua 19:1 uf the "' MalhtnnntiM for Prmtical Mm,'* Mr. Law
QuGies lis tijk nonasiue. However, we freely admit that are I
THE CIVIL ENOINKKR ANO AHCillTECTS JOURNAU
tAoMW
i»Mlv«rt«nUy miitook the purport af ons of Dr. Gr^ry'a mr-
t«iKC«, juid though <*'lM>t we mu'I wmi true, omillin^ the wutd
wliicti Mr. I'Uw Tiirccs njvon nn, IV. GregotyVsenteiiL-e iH/A thHt
wo«l i* |>erfortly ronecl hIm. Sir. Law unnoC'et^ahly injiiree his
c«H»e by n iguo'tiitiiin from l>r. Whpwell, which fans n<it tlip rvmolrst
owiQCciion with the rtiibjpct. Dr. U hi'wcll Kpfhlcs of MmHrmti^d
vdocitiv* ill tlie B^v^ritl hodip* : Kmormin Biid Urirgnrf, uf umf^rn
Tdoatidi only. 'I'hr litw utattd by tbo two Inttcr ili'inMidn fur iU
nnM»r «D wholly (ItlFeront principl^i to tbst pnundnted hy tKe
wnoer. Tin; connection bplwpt-n tliem wtiich Mr, I.nw nttempta
bo cstnblitli, ■■ or Ihnt kind wliicli vxisU bdtwt^rn the tut of
Morcli und the font of Ltrndttn-lind^*'. Wo huve not th* nlightett
objectiuii U> let ttin nhuk- dispute between ua und our corrMpon-
d«nt r«»ttin tht^ reply of <in^ real motheruaticiiiD tii this qiicivtion; —
Docs not thin nttempt to i*onlViund two principli^* ^AAontiitlly
different (ttxplay I'ithfr tht^ moot profound iguuranco or thu mMt
bvpelv^ confusion or thought rftipoctin^ the fwienoe of exact
n)«ckuntc8? If !hlr. Likw can get oiw- competent umpir* to unttter
that (jucrtioii in lii^i Isvunr, wo will xivi* up llio whAie CAntrov^rcy.
Thv idea respe«tin(c the tuttnml lUtpehn* the merit of orif^iinlity.
Mr. Litv '-prrfirt' nWmf it n mcnnin^ which it hun not hitherto
received. lU wiys *'"' oaturiiJ sIo[)ei« the mk.pe iJonir which ruji-
turv would Ukv pUcw if th« rev^KMotnt w.tti wore remiivcd. Now,
tbe 4efinitioa vf naturitl i^Iopc, nx ordinnrilv uM-d, id that it i* tiift
opry ^bpe tJonf; which riiptur«- cjtnnot take plMe — it« friction being
joM ««p«bl« of mistoiniBg the mi perineum bent tnaan milhoul the
■MJilinrf of the vUl.
We are next xuid tu huve micunderatood Dr. firpgory ri^tprtding
tho conditions on whiuh he ditcuawM one of thp caw* of thi! 4>^ui-
bbrium of Archv*. TIiIk in mer« iuu.crtion. We repeat tho couo-
ter-iw»i-rtiuii, that in the i^nw referred \*\ eondition^ are uK-uraed
which, qiiite independently of all ttt^itical (»iisidi'niti"n>>, render it
iinpuwDile llial the ar«h from it? mtr* form fnuXA he overturned.
Mr. Law u'lyvi that " no niitih rnnditionii arc assumed, or indeed
ncoKMry." Not ni'Cetsiiry, indeed ! Why, they make Gregory's
luenbnitionK noiiHcnne. I.lijes Mr. X,t*- inirJin tu infer, that «f>meXiin^«
il in necenmry that firo)(«ry should talk nonsenao?
Then fiillowi nil nct-uiwtion iif^iiin^l u>i, of having niulicioiitdy
misquoted and porvcrtcd the word* of the book under review.
The be.-"! aniwer to jiernouiilily in ■ilence.
With repird tu the '• careful .»nd wften-r*peAtcd experimenu"
which Mr, Law HiiMvrtii to have been n;peat4vdly made, we have
alrewly expUiiied, m clearly ai int.' could, the eonfu^tion here msila
between meuhitniual expemnent tiiid pure geoitietrlcal nu'ssnre-
nient of distancea. The wordji, " uniformly retarding force,"
inrntve the very coni'luNian wliicli is declnrcd to be thi> rex'ilt of
numCToaK trialit; jiitt in the «inic way timt the firiit pro[iu>ilion in
Kuclid is A pure dedut^tiun from his ilclinilionH. KxjivnmenI would
be an pretioKt^roo* in tho one Ra«e hh the other.
The fi>lliiwin|i lJuotntio>I>^, the former friim Mi>>.4^1ey'>' Principle
of {CriKiiiiH'riiif', the latter tranilnti^d litiT.'tlly fiolu I'tiinsaii'H
Traits de Mfciuiiiui.', are offered iii a faint hope of cioarinB Mr.
Lav'e ideiM respecting the resist anc? of inertia ; —
** So niiia> ilinii;iillK'«i hovvrvcr, upjiune liiruitrlvi-!) In tlif iiilruducliuii
of Ibo lorni cm latrliti, uvrociRlc-l wiili ilii- 'JrDiiilivr idt:* "t au oppuiini;
ioitv, Buiii Ihr <l i?i'iit<ion uf •iiirniiuiiB of a'ccI>«ii<cBi tliat il h»s ii|>|>rHr>'(l
tutlioBiilliorof Itiis Hiirkilfiiiabli- luaToiil il." — I'rinciiileauf tiigiafcrinf,
paBevtii.
"Il it li»pun«nl to rrcilfj hii laciattciiircoiuR. wliith is often em-
ployed and I'lidn lo j luiiftiaiijii uf jJrai. ImiiKiDr thai a liott) li |ila(i-il
ou N h'jitxoiilHl plant;, aud lliul il ii uut rcUinnd !iy »ay friaiiiii. If I viinli
111 iiioku It ilifU iMi lUih I'liior, Il il npirrlWIri* iirrrsiaij, oa uiciiunl uT
the incrliH of tlip in^llrr, Ihul I r\trl ■otoi- I'Huri ; if in tl>i» liiidj i't uddcd
II •econd, llirn a il.iril. Sic., It [» orreMiiry iIlhI I employ, lo pruduee Uil-
Haiiw ileuiee ul riiuCiuu, a (uice iiiurp auii iiiun.' i!iiiitiilrnili1ir. I ilinll in
Fdcli uasF I'lpo'icutt^ a rciitaliuu of Ihr < !>url nhkli I iliaLl lii^ uhiistd to
•lei't ; (jul I niiial iiut llitnci' coiicliiilr tliul l!)r nMltii' ci|ipii«r;i iiny ri-.\iil,
■ucn lo tlii« ■■(J^itl, nnil tli"l Ihefp ruins in the hudits "bul is »try iaipro-
psrty Irrineil rtt'ntanct "J tntHia. U'I»>d hii join- •■V]irT»i"-« hnii^i-lfiH 1lii>
miiin«r, l)i< cunloiiiidi lUeieatsliun wlotli be liaa TupFrirnccJ, ajid wliii-li
rr«ulu (loai llie rlfuil ivlikh lie hn* made, witlillic ■•■atudiiiiof ■rcitiil.
■iicrwblch duta tiui ninl."— Trail.- ilr Mi-ciiiiiqm-. Nci, 1-^.
Respnstlnu the problem «if the wei^fht OM-illntin^ at tlie ex-
tromity of aljexible iilrinj;, Mr. Law himaelf ahnll be umjiirp, if he
will pro mi HI! In in uko the tolliiwinir experiment :— Let theoMrillatlng
vreiijlit devi^end a vi'rlii'al diatmice of one fnot, and let the pej;
interfere with the ktring ul ii diutanop of one ineJi from the wi'i|;ht.
If, tiiCTi, be find the Htrin(> nt ai^eommii dating; hb to ttrelrh it*elf
out the odd rievi'n inches, ni'ceiu.'tri' to permit tlie weight to rice
to the former height, we will iu^kriowledfi;e oiirnelve* l.i-nle/i.
The pruponitiuim printed Hide by tilde after the next parain^ph.,
saMuiit tu tbiu : If u body hft in one place, cjuolh ICinerann, itouf^hl
to bo aumewhero uii^e. To whinh Dr. (Jregory reipondx, Amen.
From the manner in which Mr. Iiawneeuouv rritirion «pw
hia author'* erruoeouK definition of c«nlrifu|ral force*, wc isftt
that be liiidii there in no tenable defence. lleaUo candidly acVnov-
ledgeti twn other niigtnkeii, and therefore we have nothinKfortbcr
to say of them. Our remark on the eijualjly of the total fiwetsW
ire-mpn-stinn aad tension in a beam, were manife«lly restricted ta
the parti<!utar eii»e under examination — that where there art ml
appreciable borieimtiil forces acting eKtcrnally on the b«un.
11 M important lo nbnerve, that tbruuKhout Mr. Law'» Ivtter, he
never dincuAiieiii any quoatton on Uk otrn meritt. He conteiita kin-
self with appealin|tlnniithnritie>). Tbi^ course i> at loArt dcxteruna
for with the unlearned an array of itnpiiiiin); names is but tM iM
to eitrry eonvietion. The auUioritiex quoted are, bowever, ea«
disposed of: several of them are of little wei)(bt whenoppMr^
as wc have nhown theiii in Heveral inHtaacen to be, tu the most pro-
found enntinental writorK. The reat of (he citation* nn ettW
irrelevant, or mitke dire^^tly agnimt Mr, Law's tenPla. liW W
suffered the e.oiitruveray to reit on its own abstract merits, ov
tattk would have been mure eaay to ourvdvc*, uid more >atiif«j.
torj- to the ennse of truth. It would bean !dmiH to liia undii-
standing, t» siippoi^c that he did not perceive thai many of tlM
erruK which be defends by i(uul:itiona were, in reality, iiidofcnsiUi
in nny i.ther wny. Cai-ui-try oiid perver** ingenuity, Lowevitrwd
suited for mere diitpulatiun, itre never the wraponp of o uiaa •/
science.
Mr- Lliu xeems very fond of (ippcaling tu Woolwich Pra-
feHaon». Why did he not <piote Mr. Hiiviei' or Mr. Iltilherfurd-
gcntlemen w-lio bare arijoired for themnclvcs reputations not co»
lined to the regions of Woolwich.' Il is veiy unfortunate, tJM
the only two wurku written bv Wmdwich matheiuattuuM wkkk
we hnre lateli^ had to review, have bton luijlhing hal rery credit-
able tn the BCiealiAc character of tliat inntitu-tion ; nnd toisialkl
more to be rcjfretted, einee, as we have already binteU« iiiaccurtn
In Minceiving physical idcaK, and cliimHiiie><% tu devclopiof tfcw
analytically, ore Hot common to all the I'roreesom — nt Icvt tod
lh« 7\vte/u:rt — of the Royal Acndemy.
SANITARY LAWS AT HOMK ANIt ABROAD.
The mo4t destructive econraiea of the human race ore thcepft-
demiea and contagious discnsci' prniluocd by a pallulcd atinospbcK^
■iiid the congregiitioii of men iu crowded cities. Famine and Ihi
tvfiiri tiny t)ieir thuiiitanJ;! — the pesltlenee that wnlketh Mt immb-
day and in darknew^ it<i ten-> of thouMiind-i. The r.iva^ppe of wu
and want are, partially nt leii<^t, within biimnn ccintrol ; but witt
the de:<truyin^ nn^el r-ittrtes borne on tlic- breath of '-* i(tuclc ps-
tiEence." Iniman Hkill and eneri^'y are all lut powerleaH ag«ia(t
him I hilt t^udden Henlruclion, moreover. i» imt all that is CWievi
by the infected air and nrtiticial babitK of popiihiu- pliicem TW
maladies indirectly indui'ed, the reniolr e4>nse<(uenceH of « inurbiJ
habit of body which renders it a kimlly soil for the future m;c4<
of deatli, the def^eiteracy of nickly olTnpriiig who reap in n later
generation the hitter fruit ••ownby their parentis— theau areatnoni
the pena]tie.« which the dcni«i-ns of Inr^e town* too often pay f^r
inhxliiiir the hot vapours of the foundry or fiirimce, or brvathici
tlic^ »^tu^niiiit. air of crowded court)) and lanen, nbere orerbuigisf
hoijiie topii khut out the jture breath of lieaven.
Prevention is iJraosl the Kidc defence .ignitixt tkeie evils; dt
when once developed, they nre eith«'r l()o wndden or loo deeply
routed to admit of elfeutuNi romeily. A curious clmptei in Um
history of tbe internal ecutidtny of nliitea is that uhich the rariow
sntutwry provisions ndopted under tlilftrent form* of gortmmMiL
Nations working for tlie >.iiiih' end, the piiMii: hcidlh, aevk it by tm-
tirbly different menus. (In the ('ontineiit, where the rigbtR aad
lilierties of individimli KcIdiMii couHlitute a "criouH obHiarle tot>taU
purpnse^ the motit ntringeni snnitory regulations have lon^ existed
and the kur^etllnnee of polici-, K-hich is almost uiiknowit laSof-
Innd, oonMituteB the princ-ipiil menns wfeffeirting them. Hm
the tuiblic jeabiuxy of vtiile interference, and a seiLsative r^BM
for thoi rights of property, bnvo iong prevented the institutivntf
a ;f(>nei'iil organised tutnitnrv' system. The I'uhlic llc:ilthA<l|
which »il] iuon be the law.- of the land, makes the Arit provina
for «uch a sytitem in England ; iind it hec^imeii. therefore, interertiig
to compare il with tin* machinery adopted for the aame piirpoveh)
our continental neijrhhoun'.
Tb* I'uhlii^ lleallh Act comprinc* tw<' parts, the c-onntructiuci ef
a new Central Board of llciJth to put it in motion, Aod of L
lioardt, for tbc purpoao of carrying its dctJiiU into effect. As
UW.J
THE CIVIL ENUrNEER ANU ARCHlTECrS JOURNAL.
^Hutions of LhMe former »nil latter ire enUrely diatinct,tliey may
be «tAt«d uppnmlply.
The (:K.^•1l■.ll. BoAftDul* UBAi.Tii«iniuU of tliree connniwioncrci,
and Uie PrcKitlent is tlie tint C'«mmiMiuii«' of tlie Wood* ami
ForwU for the time beia;^. The«o rommtMionffr*, ujkiu Uir ijftl-
^D of onp-tpnth uf t)>i> rnttil inhnbiuuits of Any town, inuy direit
■a eKHiniiiRtiori u* to IIk «4*wurait«\ drjiiriawe, Hupply oT w&ter, &tr. ;
nad kHct hearing tlio repri--seotjition« of parlies Kirnlly intervHt^d,
nay report lo ln-r >lajentj-. An onler in I'ririi Counril raiiy tlifii
be nnae, dirvrtinfr IK? u|iplicHti«ii uf tht* Act in rnM>v wiiiT«
exiMing Iw-nI Arl'^ iirt- iicii inrriiifciHi ii|Kiii,aNd thelociil liutitiilnrieii
are int«iMl«d tu rentaiii uiiiilter^. Tlilx order *impty directK ihut
th* Act. or auy pnrt ther^uf, i» to he put in ogkeratioii.
Where. lio*ever, it apjwars iipci^Ktry to niter ihetoimtilutwl
local boundiirifN fur tlir iiiirpnupu of i)iii Ad, or to uppl}' it in tjim^
•rhcn* Ivcal iin|iniv)>tiumt iu-C>> iilri>uly i-xikI, the urder in counu'il it
DOC BM^e ; hut Thv Ireoi'riil Biiunl uf Health )i;ive pnver to make
mteb m fnvijiouat oritur for ttje .ip)iltc4itioii and eieculinn of thp
Aot aatkey mar deem fit. TIiih itroviuidiiHl order luiniiut tiecorriMl
into efliMl until it liHve hvvn KiiTirtioiii^d by Piirliunienl. The oritem
iiHuiaf^ cither fri>iii th^ Privy Couacil, or fram the (jeneral Ilonrd
at Health niav, frorn time to time, be amended or ettemlrd, iifter
due notice to pertionft loc-nlly iTilereNleil.
The only <>tner fkiii'('ttoi» of the (iennml Uniird lire to detfrniiiie
appcAlH from trj-rtiiiti ■Wi'iioiiH of lucal uenerHl boiirdu, nnii toroKU-
m« intrit-ni'inil ifitermeiit^, by eerlifyin)^ u[ian the repre«entntion
ot the local hoardt, Umt certain places of inteiinciit urr dfliiffuroiis
to health, and apuointiit); a lime nftar whirJi it i-irju«s to lip iHwful
to bury in Hudi pinoeo.
Thk Local HoiAamt have itiui^h more diversified dutien. %Vhen
th« whole of a district fumiei) under tliiti act in within a oorpvrate
Imw— Ith. the eorporatiun conatitutM thi- local lionid. In other
«Mea, it U Mleetcd by ratckpayvni. The oAteex ustiif[iicd to it are
Biindpally lliese — tu ajiiioint iiixpeetoni of nuisaiiL'es and ulIiceR* of
Malth — to prepare iiiup^ exhibiting a Byxtem of ■ieweritge — to as-
aiune the cuntnd uf puMir iewera, and piircliniir phvuti' wu-erii —
to alter, est end. and rk'nnse tlie uunn' — to cleiiiiM' imd waU'r iiubtir
BtrsBtM — lu pruvidi- iiublic nec^riKurieii— to re^i:ili'r ut provide Kiid
regulate Nlaii^hter-nou!ii.>>i — to prcreiit (xuliject tu ii:i appeal tn
the general board) the eHtiildi'O intent of noxioiiK muntifiuTtnrieti.
ttti the erection of rhiir<-lH»^ hospitals rurtoricK. iit uiiy otiivr
larfff building, without proper ineanx of teiitilatiitn — to re^ivter.
aM if necemiary, cleaimi', ur lUniiift'ct wimmon lodgitii;-litiuBes —
to rertriet the u«e of under-frrnuud eellHTti an dwellinir-rucinii^to
level and |kate Hlreet*— to nioie water or ppo. pijx'S provided thai
their n<v and rfiicienry be iin»Aei*ti*it — Ui prevent {iiuliject to ap.
pea] to the t:eneral Boiinl) lliit hiving out new tttroett of oh-
Jeetionable width and luvel— to |iiirt'NFiHe ureiniscA far the purpose
at widening Htrcets— to provide public walku mid pleuitiire.^roundK
— to coiuitruct wuter-vorkw — to rompid ot'eupicr* of hiiuKi^ to
iVMtveM profier ttoppU* of water — to supply ciuternu and eoiiUuitit
fyr ^^nitous ate — hu'A tt> levy rate» for the inirpoiieK of thi-i net.
laeaaeanf damaf^e by the uctK uf the l^nrJil lliiaril, iMiinpenKntlon
iato be made ; mid ii itu nmniitit be di-ipati-d, i( in (o be kettlcd hy
arbitration. The bye lawa of the lociil btixrdo are to be *iib-
mitlcd tu the Secretary of Stale for the Hume Depnrtrnorit fur hiii
apprnTal.
It will h«' Keen that in the :i(a[ial nibtiiniHlrntiiin uf the net, littt^i
or iK>lhini5 i* aaiiffned to the ('I'litrul Hoard. The poMcr !>■ almost
«alirely in the handji of the LurnI Board, wliicli is not amenable
to the tieneral Hoard for act h iif otniwiiuii or 'iiinmi-iHion, eiceiil
in one or two inktnnrvit above referred to, iji uliiuh upneitl iimy he
made. And :ui die L^ieiJ Jliiardx are popularly telecte*!, the power
of putting the act i(i furre iilliinHteiy beloiigR tu the great Iwdy
of inhsbitanUi of the diwtrict-* iifferteil. There neemii, thercfon'
tittle nuuion to feiir that people will br riinipcUed to be clean, iiriu
drink wholeiionie water, ii ml lireutlie fre*li sir, :ii>»in<it their own
fr ee- will and conacat.
Ob the (rontiiient, however, the popular tnitv iu nut heard nn
"dwao qiipuUuni^ ; and the power of enforuing nieaaurei- for public
beallb^ U vevleil almoKt excIuHively in central or goierunieiU
boarda. It muiit be acknowledged that, notvtilli<>it;i tiding Ihc
greater stringency of sanitHry regiilatiiiiw with Krunce and tier-
many, the ptaetical effectit of tbeiii have been even more imperfect
than ill Knjtiand. In Pariv and Vienna, the Me weinge. drainage,
paving, lighting and ele(ins>iiig uf street^ urc far letK complete tbHn
!■ Loiulun, On the other hand, nor neigbbniirt hnvi' local iidvait-
tifiw Mauling hens The tHiiilevurdit, and other public wnlks of
Pahft, are far more ejiteruiiie in relation to the number of the
population, than the parks of Londun ; nnd an- alco mure eaiiily
aiMa OB uocouut of the lean siae of tlio former city. There
S9S
arena cattle miirkeU within Pari*, and the etsu^hter-houBeaaT*
remofed to the cuhurbiL Vitrial m.-innfartdriea, nnil 'dmilar
abomination a, are not miffered tA pour tlieir pest ilen tint ^npoiirg
into the very heart of the eity, nor coniiuine humnn life and vego-
lation HK Ihey do in tlar eliuae vicinity of thig metropoli*. lotra-
mitnil hiirialK hni-e lung been prnhibitud in Parii^ and are of Tcry
rare occurreitee.
The iMnitary state of the capilalH uf Fmnee, Austriu, and Eng-
land, ia nitrtinlly indicated by the rate of Hiinual mortality, it
appeant from the rctiirnB of the KegiHtrar.General. published in
mt5, that the avcmgc nniiual niortniity f^r every hundred inha-
bitants of
Vienna, ii about 4'RBH per ceat.
Paris (department of the Seine) ... S-OHS
Loniliin V'SffS
Bat, of eourye, the rate of mnrlalitv iaiiillueneed by many other
conHiderationu be>lde« !n.iiitury regufntionu ; the viciNititiiden of
dimatc and the habits of the peuple hciviiig iin|i<irtuiit tfffeiHii no
the (lurKliiiii of life.
It iH foinpnnitively recently, that Paris assumed the appearance
of a well-liifbled unil well-paved city. The idea of paving it ia
Mill by roider^, a copiouii writer oa the hygiene of Kriinee, Ui have
originated with I'hilip Augustus, who, looking out of hta palnee
winduwH line rainy morning, and nurveving the marvdte? in whj«h
hiKcripital was liuill, innicnived the hrllliiint idea that it would be
a convenience to biniM'lf and »iibject> tu wiilk iijiun dry grtmnd.
So early 8« HHB an ordunnaiicc of the Preval of Paria prohibitu the
erecticin of notiniKi and otfenxive manufacturieti within the town;
and the reciinlx of Krencb manicijiid law refer to many «iib>ieqiient
regulation!^ of a t^imiUr kind. No very elfwtnal or important
mea«iirei! ^eem, however, to have been tiiken till aher the great
revolatiiirE ; nnd to Napoleon, Ihv mot>t uncompromising of r»-
furmem, ix due tbn eredit of fuuiiding the present lystem of lav
regarding public health. His attention having beon dir«>i!tod to
the inBuAieiency of llie existing latrA nn tlic tiiaieet, the Academy
of SeienceK wdh roiiMilted. nnd the claat of phvneal and malhema.
tical Kcience reported to thel!iivi-niinent, nn Ine elfectn uf various
ntanufacluren tin the health of the pcuplu. On thin niwrt wna
founded an imperiitl decree uf lHHf, aubaequently fonlirmed by a
ruyid ordiiiinniice of I H\ ji, which, with Home modification a siiggeated
by KukM'tiiii-til etpenence, cunstitnlet the modern lanitary code of
Parix. 1-or nn account of it we have ruH>iiilte>l< amonirct ulhor
wurk>, that tif Ko^ilere, last cited ; Tniiiufh«( n Cmlr AitmiriUlralif
ilfit E fluUlitm-in fni ilnngrrriit'i ft innnlitbrtK (Hvo., I'ari^i, lt{39J;
I'ltrent OurknlrM'ic friulilutliin dinxK Ir Vilk dt I'lrrit (Mvo., Paru,
IKlfl) ; and Uie Hj/gimr FatiUqiir, of the same aatbor.
The prini'ijial feature of the decree uf IMIO wuit the diviginn of
naxiuu4 and ntten-ive traden and innnufncttireii into three claAwa,
tlic timl eotiKiuting of thone ho prejudicial to life nnd vegetation aa
to be recjuircd to be moved to a ilmtuncL' from human hnbilationa;
the tecond nnd third of those nuxiouN in the leM dcuree*. The
di«tinctioii<! between tlicne three clasKux are carefully defined, and
the eiactnew of tlii' delinitiun i* pravtieally of great importance,
ax the iiiiide of applving for liceniies for their e>ttahlti>hment are
different fur each. The furmulitie<i nDces«ary previnui to the erec-
tion of a miiiiufaclure of the firi^t »r mo^t dangerous rlaas are very
nnmeriius iitid •itringenl. .\ller notice publicly arivertimd of the
intended ujipliealiun fur lieenMe, the Mayor of the commune (or in
PiiriH the CommiMiary of Poliee), reportH on the nature uf Ike
localities infected, the (Ii>tniice of bntiitatiuni^ and the character
of the pruee>ttt'>j tu be employed. Thti iiive<tii:Htion ix technically
termeil the iiiquirv tie mmmudu rt hifaiiimudu. Htin report iv reri>rred
to the Coiitfii itt Salubrit -, n body wliich taken cu^fnixiuiee of the
extahlishment of all niRnnfacturet, whirh are '* clawiiied,'' or
inehidvd in either of tlic c]]usii>« abuve- men Honed. The C'onMtV rfr
Salitbril^ delctfiiteic a uiib.i'iiiiiniiwiion of itv own tneinberK, to
e.^nmine the Walily of the proposed inanufuctiire, in (vimpany
with the Mayor, nnd to rejiort upon the niitnre nnd importnnee of
the inanufacturc, it>i idilubrity, or iui'onvenienee, the rule of flow
of uater reipnreil iu its procexiicv, the sufficiency of the apparKln«,
the merits uf llie priiici|ilcs on ubieb it i-j constructed and applied,
nnd laatly, on the adini-^ibility of the application. ;iiid the con-
tlitionu nn which liceiiHC vhnuld be granleel. Thia report of tha
Hub.cuinminKion in preiieuted to, and iliHCunced by, the K'^neral
hoard. Among the other functions nf the Cofittil dt Soiuhrite
included the iiibpection of barracki, phiiinis, markets "od otliitr
public buildings. Kevidun the f-'urumf ifr Salubriti- ut I'arit tlnire
areKimilar budii-KOt Manteillc^ Lille, Elurdeuua. and other large
townk
The ArefiiUet-CvrnmiMmrii is another public oHicer who di>u;liargM
niDmt impoitiLQt nnd valBable dnttn. A detailed fitiiii uf the prtt.
THB CIVIL ENGtNERR AND AIICHITECT6 JOURNAL.
fmtd auanftutoTf is snbmittml to lun brfnrc the cominrnrctneBt
»t t^r hiiildinx. "'■d on it* i'limplMiDn, fcr inapeoi* th« ilrtiiili of
the workiilioiJA, furnatCM, r-Jiiinnex)>, and Mher narta, anil AeUi-
miiiiw irltfihiir the lavnand pre*crili«i] condtliniishar? been ktrictlv
ubaerv^il in thrir conitructiun. II<- mast sluo also ik««urr himsrit,
■•far M pomihif, of tha utabilitjr ind secarity of thr baiMinKi,
both intprnRlly Hri<) (■xtemill)', hiiiI aH-^Tlain wheihn' th<! arraufto-
aintK nnd nltiNttun nfftM witli thoitr indirnted npon tli« pbin |ire-
vidtiily df^MMiiled witli him. M. Trelmcliet. who apnks from
prnctical experivace m chief mi ib» ofic« in the Prefei-lure of
Police which liihes mKniunee at MttUuthinrnt* aSorlinir imlilir
health, nvmiiTkii, that this vrriliratioR by t)ii- plnii Hould t>r xre-atly
bcllitale<l if all pUnx wert* riM|uJri>(l Ki Ih; laid dawn to the KHine
scale; for instanre, five n»illimelr«ii to the metre. The Architect-
OMMOinary haa another very important duty. Whenever it be-
•onwiwomiNrf tu dMHiff an allofcether new mannfactur)', ha \»
COnaullMl iw tH the cIku in whirh it in ti> ti(i pjaird. Opoa all
complaintm a^ptoM eiirting inanufuctoriM, liia opintun ti aiao
required.
TbH actual execution of the laws nspM-lin]^ mBnufnctnriw in
aiaigned to the Majrur of th« ciranmiine. ilio viffiUnr«i mnxt tm
«zwci*ed lo Heft that thcjr are nfver infrinftod «r evaded ; Hnd it la
U> Mpccial offiire tu maintain » turveillanre, au tliat no maaufac-
tary W ettHblinhed without the reiiuitite license.
To tli» I'lefMriure of I'olici' the yujireme miiniripal p«wer br-
lanKa. Tlia PiwfMturr iiwtitultw p^riiidirni iiiKpcH-tionn cif authiir-
iiad nanuCaeturcK, aiid on ib. mitlwrily the tuei^utiun of all otlictal
aula 4cp«ndK.
ftt«ani-«>nrin«K are jnit under b pe«uliar s)'«tem of regulation a>
the oriliiiary laws rfupnTting rlamified mannfarturec art* nnt en-
tirely applicable to tboni. A* a ^nvrnl ruK BtatiooMry i-nRinea
■!• raokinl in the third claaa of nuuniriu-tin'ieii. Tbi> rules for hif[b-
pnnnr«>tNun-«)|cim»s hiive been ki> greatly altered from tinw to
liin«, tkat U iaitairceJy worth while loi-pfvr Ui more tliaii one or two
o/ tM nost Impottaul. All hi|th-preia»ir<i en|titu-<i are, tir ummI tu
ha. Mated h^drostatically to triple Uii>jr intended uriirkiiif: pressure
vhieb ia tliifii marked upon them by h giuventment ttannn. Eieiy
new itfaxii-bfiat ic intperted by a eommiskian of eREinoer* ap-
pointed by the prelVcturc of paliev, and in re(|iiirivl tu havo on
(ward a pertton duly (jualifivd lo mipfrintend the mHcbiiu^y, and
aw that it i* in proper wcirkinfj' order. (laplainH of «Gnin<veHiela
are coii)p«Ued tu regiirter the limit of their numbers of pas^engn^
and are made penonally Hablp for Hccidents arising from wrr-
orowdini; or exceasire xpt-rd.
The sewfrage of l'ar« hao been inndn tb* «iihji>i7l of that scien.
tiAc and ■>y>iU'intitir inquiry ifbich el)nrarleriM>« tlie public nd-
nuntiitnit Ion in FraiMV of nil matters relstine tD the uctc. It ii|i-
ptara frum the Hyyi'riw Fubiique uf I'arent Murtiatetpl, publisliod
In 1834. that the tutal Icn^h of M-wort in Purio, w-ac
Befon* l»3« ... ... i3,s»o yards.
Froin IKtH to IM4 ... S3,i»0
In Ihii ... ... £,460
In 1(i:J6 ... ... i,o<iO
SomM of those aewers are nf frrMt Eixe, and have Iwen piccftvaleil
at (rrf^t i-xjirnne. That of thn Kup Riroli win i'xp«vated at an
eipenM of ^.is.oon, nnd with a colidity luiil exirellunoo iif work-
manahi]! Hhirli apjiNirii ertniva^nt. Another of the Inrftest
Mwem, that under tliu> Riii>e St. Denix ami IKi Ponrean. rontniiK
the uipei of pure water which supply ihr* fonntnin of Ihi- Piute
ila4 IniioctfriK. N'apol(>an took frri'at intereMt in thiit work, on ae-
oounl of the novelty nf the npplicalion of the sewer to tJie pur-
pwp of oonveyinf^ water, nnd examined it in all il*i detailii.
Parin stands on a (rruvdly mDuvIhI soil ; iind tbi' ]pvp\ above the
bed of lhn Seine, » so mniill «•< to render inuiidallonii of frenueiat
oecarrence. This drcnmstance inerejikes the difficiiltieH of
emptjrinff the !<eiren! of whirh the river in the i^neral receptitnle.
The impetuosity of lh» vurrent diihni^ wiriti*r hnK, however, the
effect of preveiitLnfi: n permanent ancumnlutiun of trapuritie« In its
channel.
Ill snpplyinfT Parii with wnter, iheoonduits from the ffreat nqii«-
duct pa«s throufch the HC^erH. '["he pnii^ticnlnlitv of retidvritiK
Ihc sewirafte wnire^ble ftir the purpuxes nf ajirictilture. It rocom-
■wnded in h mrmQir pre!i«Dled lo the pnjfeit of puliee in l»3-i, hy
a mib-rommisiion of the Con»rtf ite Sahifiril- It apjii-ars frnm
the «iun« authority. UiNt tho iioHiitity of fcn-nl iiiiilti>r depoxitod
in ihr fivint-, is *ii> Hmall uk In liave no iipiireciable inllupn^e on the
purity of Us ir«ter« ; and in a rcjiort oi the .Irurfifnr/ tif Srif^rca,
It ia atated th»t thi> volume of water supplied hy the fiowing of the
Seise, in a iiiten tiaia, is S,6tHl timea that of the utniMt ameunt
of iiBptir* snbrtancm whit^ can ha depoaitcd ta It
e period.
In Austria the aanitarr instHntknu ef the wbole pmptro
plared under ono prenerat system, which appaara to be rairied
io an eifo-tiial manner. The Invs rdation lo public Iteallh
to Ibr brat nart of lh« imperial rode ; and there are few oouBenai
in the wurM itf whirh the medir-al iirvtitot-intw are rondacted aa
■iK-h K magnifl<;ent vmle. The adminwtration uf them HontrwM
by the AuKthan <tovBmnient to a duly qtmlilied mrp* of nllem
at the head of whom, in every province. t« a chief oAoer, olM
the frtttn. Btrdina : and in every rarrait there are Bnb.affaR
who oonntitiiU- board* of health for their evn dnltriflbL Tm
funriKini of the Pm»'M§dtain are to inspecl OMdical inaUtatba),
hoapilals. lunatic aayluana, and prlaana, to rngnhte tlip laiiTlnl
police, and report on epideniic<>. The poor-law aystea) af AwM
provide* for the nrrHtuitoiia nitiply of raedidne to the poor, mi
Ute altondance u|ion Lhom by the district medicad oScera.
The AuHtrian police inspect all food expoaed for aale, ami bM
tlw power ef examining hooeef and lodginp to aaontatn that t^
an in good and healthy coitdilion. All banal groanda arorvqotnl
to be at a diitanre frcrni town*, and the inii|ancie« in whleb MfM
in family vault* in nerniKted artt exceed inf(ly nre-
The vii'iiuly of Tiiikey renden the cluurnnline law-s of Aartra
very strict. A military cordon of 4,W>0 men t« itlwnvs mninfaiacl
OR the l'iirki«h frontier, and the number t'nn be incroa»ed ta tHj
thiiiiund on occiwionij of danger. Owing to the viwUaoee
exerciaad, it ia aaaserted that the plague hiw not crotvea the
for upwarda of a eenturx-.
On the whole review of the Continental and RngliiA aiiritBT
■ystemK, the ef*«nti«l dictinctiona between them appear to be Ust
tho former are HdmtiiiHtered be central, the latter by real, ffovot-
Bieiii ; the fenaer make>. [nililti'. hnlth a matter nf >^ti((e poBey,M
latter of popular discretion. Our own systejo hiw (he advent^
of pleasing the miverning power in the hsndii of ihoKe whose ptr-
■onal nh«ervBtion rendem them the beet judcreii of local wanti. asJ
genenillT the tniKt »>ji)rH» pmtoKora of local interests. The i|nab
tion wliiHher thpy will pruv^ alw the mo*t atrenooea prontotenif
Hamtary improvenieiitB, mu«t be determined bv eroerience nieaa
In nuiaenaa eaaea, tk« inteUiftmire of the beopfe •rill dictate, tU
C'lie health he TTfrarried an the piiratn<>iint object. (Hherlaol
i<K, fnim inirtiviv of falue eniiinmy. may refUEV to tax iIma-
selre* for providing the meano of hu'alth. or from apathy, a^
decline to exerciie vlgoroimly the pnvierti of the mirct cimlidrdti
them. Yet, theae c-nees will ho exception ed ; for the tnort prm-
diciil unrt the mont indilferent mu<rt learn, Boener or later, iMt
Mirihd neglect iic ni'vi^r cheap. Htwlth in wealth ; for henltb cim
energy and hope ; aad thenie beget indtiirtry aud frugality, nA
are the BonraeB of all weidth. But iti|iiah>r and dtsordirr are KA^
cntiKiiming, nnd the very cnnker-wormB of Hocinl exigence: tb«f
begot uluth and indilfei4>nre — and theae are tip end thrift : llf
beget eHme and dia^aMi — nml thene dairtroy.
VVATRRLfXl KXTENSION OF THE LONlX>N AN»
MJL'TH -WESTERN RAILWAY.
The exlvniion of Ihn l.nadi>n and Saiil)i.\V«tt0rn lUil*sy from
to Wit«r|oo.biii%e-TafttI, was ojicofiI un the lllh uliimo. It app
ibnl it HotiM liave twrn far Lrtirt if Ilin Watedoo Statioo had baea
ll<e raflnl ground irljuining. ni>tlh of the pmtnl Wiivrl«s tmmlaaa.l
piinriptl cntMree in Voikinod. The piiitancc la the rtiliTBy wooll '
hue beta u ncu io U'ritininiler aixl lliiiigcrfard-liridjtrt «i it ia noel
Wttciloa.btid|e. wiihauc increiiing tho itiitaart In tlie laittr place,
lenglli uf the railway. Tliii sUrTniion mifilit now be tasily nutd« ;i
tsvc ikiiiIt hilfa-aiilc, and riiiil miiiuics' nalk. tn fout paste
WrilniiDiti>r and Chttiiig.rrnsi ; ihc pmcnt ■itp'Oichrt nilfht bO'l
fori goods rfrpAt— and if a iiFani-tmii filer were insd* iitjo-ainf
Suripy a|>prDach of 11ii>igtiruriMiri();tt, and arrangemsnli ma>Ie wilb 1
tleam boDi* (o («iDs diftrl rtom London ')>f id ft Iv thtt pier, tho eatc
iht railMar lo Landon-bildge might be ahandencd, and tbcrwby :
millloo itcrlirig isved. This would, weaie icre, enhsnce tba *tloa et I
ihtrei.anJ {iveconAdenMlathaMeipiUlittiin thc«ily whoarrnowi
■t tlio apnitrnt mcklok manner in which fuod* arc beinf expended bfl
wavson hfsnchri and eilrnilons,
'* Thf KDilii or tliii unilertsktni; were eOnimcnMd Hi Jnly IBMll
Meisii. Lee, the eontractort, who eiigagad ta eonplrte the
I
*•*»>}
THE CrVIL BNCINEER AND ABCHITBCTS JOOBNAL..
au
If Uk lu Jtly, 1B4K. Mr. Ttampton Mt«d u tha lupninlmdm
■» tfce Mdlntiorf, ud Mr. Curbri ob Iwhilf ef Mr. Loirkr, tiM m
^MCT. Tk« 1l»pfa of Ihc new line ii neiili ^f miln. TlMlini qufter
if ■ mSt 1* ciriieil a*tr >n tmhinknwni ; ibru ■necndi ■ Tiailoct, ron-
■f lii lukuiie iron gitrfer brittjcvi. ind 300 aickn (ndunic of
'fanDiiK Iha pretent lUiiua in Ihe Waterloo- road). Tbae vclm,
lannpcMM) la fortn k mj <;opM()eralilt iitei 1» tlic rtttipti of the
■pasy, hiT« hen to eucTull; G0f»Uuc4«t), ■■ to ^ ottil^ kp(>>ic«bl«
to vviont fnrpowt, aad tMr ptrp*i«*l d'<n*s> hki l>Nn iDiurril l>7 th«
•pplittli«a of Ue StyMfl itphill*. whloh hit rtiujrml th«m inper>iou« to
«•!. Thvra m four dbtinet tinct aF riir. knd th« qaimit^of iran alanc
eQMUBwi in layini down wmi ii trc]mi«all]r rsltnl tli« ' niruli.' la at ttaal
1200 lout, iadcpcndentlj^ e( abcui SOU torn WRiglit cotiiuuieJ in ttiecrctiiun
of Iha brUfW. In Iha ooaMtuclion of Ibt rlailitcl mil itilinn of ihc Water-
lM>nwil, apwjiriti of HO.OOO.OOO or Liiiki liaie lierii coiiiuiiieil i ind ihe
fRKSt leidiinui. Mhldi LI til on irchri, cotcn a ipacc af tlircr-quarltra of
n acre nf BroDnd, Ui nidlh brin| '2C0 feci. Tbc uiajor |MrC of the p<t*ial
terniiDiH liaa been eoai«d niili LUii'Igt't atpliallc, *« Ibtt ili« aicb** en
irhtcli it r«rt) mtf with mMv bt made ote of m itarthnau*, hf. To the
■rettnl i«ttniiMi* is lh« Wai«(iw».roail there are ao leu tkin (oar appraarliM
Wr nrri*^ and reol-patiengen. Iha prdnlritni lia«ing in each i|)proadi
feoilpalbi 8 frri in nidtb. The Uilionf at liolh WaUiloariiul and
Tauball an onlv tcmpararr. The fam on llw tnaln Una tie incrcaaeil
HfitU***:— nnt dtM.lid.; wcood daa^ 4d. 1 kbird ciaanSd. Tde Ntae
I Maijoa 11 Mil* doacd catirctj lo v rnmafi u traAc"
STEaM-ENCINE UOVEHNOBa
W« |>*e tlk» foUoving nirart of ihe /><n-'y A'm^. from Iha polm niporli
•f lb« Uaniion-llDUM! u( Ifce JZird ultimu. ii toiie nlluiion ii cttde lo
oar Jnrmml. and to itale Ibal we wrrc modi »utp[b«l, aflri Iha tx>
pmntA «( the letlcM Uicmn (iFcn, th*l Mi. Couicn* iboulJ hat's ti*d Ihe
■iilaiiiiwiiiM 10 aenil m ilie pipn for puli1ir*iiun. ImmedUlelir after it*
Mcelpi mt rttarned it to the author, and crdemi to tie cancctUd lui inlra-
dDctocT paper on SIciiO'EnKiDG C')Ternoii, which Mr. Couicni irnt nt
pmi»wilj' to lt>e a^jickiaiice uf the patUc rcpuil. Wa liu»t Ihtl Mr.
Wo*di' praiMWbrIb; rCMluiton tst; dalar Olhar* fro* att«apling a limvlar
proM'diBf. It i* forfnnate for Mr. CouMna that he bad aiieh a leMUail
■tsgiatrata la h««r the eate^
H>hMb.IIs<im. Jnlr SI. I&U— AJIfnd AilemplMl ICaurttoe of UoBtj.—Ul. B. II.
.•rfn 4. B<ii(iifnl-plHv. Old CrDVfMd, apftarad Is ■Marri * thufi trharliii
i«4Mr>***>l>he|<rintliif ind pgblMblD|0(c«nainB<aUa«tDiutiInf tnt idniflilnini
r lain I (> cil»i BtHwy. TW (Imfm *•• braagbi »p*a Ihr <1 ai-l 7 Vlt , cap, vt,
X Md Uwaa auiitil. Ivi il.i i^roKtntbui. Uiai Ihe dxTiiulu i kid br bmsdi o( ttta
•■<B«d(iMd.plw.OL>lK(ukr(Hil.Jxi*a.iaw.-sir,-l tKninlunftr
i.iMB^i"''i "•'' ..^-.--»-f- — J.. .. — _j.-. y.^— — , aadlaianni-
■Mait IAaflBCleWa«<ikt throaaBMrictorniKM. ■Cvbicli ygu are the yalealaa, I tad
■ liJ riM|nriilttr ifiiV nrn MawlTwhlcb nay, pohMia. Imm lla nlwaaaean-
atrtlal apecaleUn. Ntnr, •• I wrltoAnl) Ivt i-rti-^Kt r"'**- ' *■■> wiillna lu "llblitfU
tta BaParft— Iteiiubikr >>*. 1/. urio pmujni th< i iciMiipanflnf ni|ir ol \liu pait af
Ii wbhlt C U » M IIM Id* rtirDaDincLrlc ^*«ri.w. juu Ivl .Tk«f«tAl la punft*** IT «l ■ fkl/
HBOanaUap. I> la qnti* Iminaiidii in eiir vrtitiher it In rrul trr niauT or ti; odt.
■bllbll it 111 IIIIIMIll iDllwpa»>ii(*>rlnillfii.- iwrloOHiar d»lroT«i1. II i pniBt t-y
H. It h HBDrcatHrj to aar mort in ti|iUa*Uun uf or cti|*i-l In traaanlliinc u luii itt*
IM.«ai>r- I aball Banlf tfdIacoaelaalMi. ihii uit* WmiitcJuy. Uic IliD iniujit. I
A«H M«l M ahartf tc torwaid the vVBal t<. Uk |>iiI>ii*Ih'. uiilrx I *.n prniVHd;
~ aaaMd wlib aaoM HmmniLkallaa hsdnda* oi* lu alUiiiniii ii.-.huImii u. Cuuhoi.—
»J«>t|>hW*odhSt4."
Inn ih* ivntpi of ttiaa oaaininilaUou Ur. WimhI* antl lo Uw nllH ■ DOW. to irtilch
F lblllaitlo( aMwir — a titamvil by ITiaL ^cbLic-m«fi^ —
'f^ll^ii! jiImii )iiT| m.— Until. i. WinnU >iiiJCu.— Gciitlirifn.— In nbrilldK* (a rour
; I ban lo vqaa^i^t yna ihtt luj {t^ptt oa' airrtraon.' if puUJItbi^d In ui>* o<r tba
ralBf vHlmvai liliilf ■jjvtw Im iIh ' i-ivill t]i||ii»nr attO AnliUni'i Juuru^l / but
tl a« fM maKtrfti) u ID olicihri it (hali ippairlnB iirrloiJIcJl (ir fuim |inR of a
! f«aplllM on lb*l ■nil inolbrr t«rtel alir tM*a-<i.|^iif tn >ll prvlubllltT 1
iv^w lb* laKn rvuot. at teinii Uia not* imaMTttln — !li>twii B. Ciiiuxih.*'
' ba had mwLrvit lb* ■«ci]i]J Ic lih U-, Wuud* rvnulvt^l nut to •iiNinll la l« vtc^
AoHaMl* aiulfc bifinf tt In bla iw"<«t m iinuimrx itiiucvan Lu tapfhiri u( ibc cTicr^t. *bi
tilaiJ la r*fn**bl III* um al ■^■ UauilSK-Houia. — ll •*> ii«.> iir(*l foi (Iw iiUnti
MiaC IIlt<aM *M<awla ablcli ibc D»xi<irBli; i:*il iiu JuiueIIiIiuUi at ib«an at parlia.
■ IW ll'inTl Ibat, b> CM* al a tjivl.thn ixnun ii-iuud iliirulil bt piaeaada d aialMI lij
ladMMM. yhm^trr matt cnuM nut. li •■•■ ••ni.tvrunii'onl luiaaBaSn to Trfralo
na« pabktWaf a libai gpon lb* pitoaisr— AlJrrinaii <>II>t>« I'M li nat audHilabl* ilitl
likt litlea ■■■ ttvlttan For tb4 piir|OT ot iBiftlng mirur^.-Mr l1iiqij.Lr4p c^uErnd'd
apOBM Mr. Hoblft'i «ttw «( Ibt rear ilial Itit n»al>U*it taul ll» lusrr lu hjihiitI i)i«
df fr»tanl >■ apf 'I" aniHrt in kndlilm'nl ■* ujitm a cbar||a of Many vr v Iad«i31*«tiiir
at aa Ofdtaarr dncrfpunn made arfurr Mm. Tna ritaraa a^BM Ilia dafnidaM •••
*l«Mlf BladriBMiur. natffclarrd hy lh> rttiuif. and iBrfldabiial lira MMani. and ba
aabMlltod tbat Ibr iJiaalauaM bad lull JurueHHivn «• U liuldir* U« deiaadaal lo bail.—
Mr. HoMar ual ■' Ur. Wnidt mnal^xTil tbsi an ollmca haJ bMB nnnaltMil kr kad Ml
jf dy- Ha (uald K° to tba grand )ur-j »kLb itia inLlii;tui*iit. and If thef Vmad s Inio
~~"i ka maU biint tnr OMtUtm trial i and U ib* daraodani vaa fuund talllf. paolab.
b* iBtlklvd, batll maid b* a nrf ditfeall nmiin Ia, •>>u>r hn clUaM'a
rHKb an.-untuncv* — Ur. HumpIiiTn! Tbt ("j't* *talii>i liitn la ihii fee
I lo aald 't mcjwT hy ni»«iiacribr«4il«-— Vr. UoUif uiJ tail If Ur. C^utf^
an, IhM* ihnau sirs by nn mtmia luii'iyrd in laufwiit al xliiib cuniiiMBn
klaibvn.'Alflaiintii l^llifi* uiil ha c^util tnti 14 ilim tbjr latiT ^tai alJUri u^tin
loda. Of ibat ti <Qiitain«d Dtiiirr ff whuh ha muJd i*kr any nouw, *>bato**r
It f and lolaoLtuu 4 injgbc b4¥e bad la tititrt Euuuar. Ba bIiuuUi tbrrtlbra
Atmi
NOTES OF THE MONTH.J
TAr J'Ara«iin and tkt E»ti»tfr». — The Alktinemm of llie tMb nh.
eoOUint foiuf fviDHika in repi} to oiir'a of la*t DaaBtb, will) rr8sr4 lo
Mr. Ckbdwick. tha dliltlarf Eapaeer*, and Uie MetruiivlXaii Suutf,
The Alkramum hat n>|>lled lu uur renarfca, a* if ire adToc«l*d the ciiip|«f-
meal af the Sunrjur'a Anuviulioo : whcreai, ne did ont aJrMata (b«
eniptojfmcBl uf that attuciaiiun, ur of anjt pariicalar indmidual or indi*
Tidaaia. We objected to the emplnyrarnt nf ths roilitar j riijciiwert, awl
oanird •«V''rMl ci*il enginrerr, who were iiiiile coinpeirnt "to randuri
m iri^eaonirincal tuirey, which involiN Ihe nic«<l puiula uf aalronomr,
and fei)ulrra all ih« retooreei of maih«na(ical antljriii*." He atEt'ii refar
to the luioule* of prarrvdibgi uf Uta Inaiiluiiun of Ciul KaeiU'.ert, in tba
cotaitifiH of uur cuQicinporury, at giiins nidrnce of Ibr ailaibnieait of the
mniitwra iu alt nrspectr, nt etrmpllBed tn tbc diacu»ioDi ua 4,lmai|iberie
miaUncn, lb* alnioiiificrio railway (jnlem, and iba laas; IMlb*inalic«l
(kbalrt which ha<« oocupird the lealitulioo of lato jmt, Ve now ivhr
our coDlviaporary to the aecotmt of the Ordnabea aitrre; of Lirerpool,
Iglvra Id a report talely ii*n«d bj the borongh eDginatf,aiid wbicb wetiiall
pobllth Dei I uiODih.
S'mili U^kiKa CAu^A.—Tbia btl been three yean uodcr cuntlruclioD
bj Mr llaKiwili, and wa» cii(iar<n>lvd OQ th« SOtb of July, It j* in Ihc
Etiljr Eiigliih sl>le. and in the ibtpa of a croa*, aoJ ia vieeuted wilb
grvat care aadaglidlty. Tbr oiitl »aa£1&,700, beiiilet land. The lenj^b
loaidc ia III feet ; unttide, \91 feet i widili acrata the n>v« und tiklia CI
ttcl. and Irmoarpia, OS fret ; li«i(lit intido lo roof. Oil fct. ouI«ldi> lu Inp of
aplrt. ISI feet, Th«re are eight belts, and scleral p«iiiicd wluduwi, and a
lar^e Hioi waa laid vnl in deoumtiuo. Thi* it « buildloj; which po»>
taaaea nntidanble m«rit; for Um aucb ha* nol bees Bito«pta}( mait
good cITrct hat been pnxlutrd. The prupMtiona arc wall krpi, and aa air
uf Braodeni and dmi4eDe*i prcMrted.
lmdi}ieutttit Vtiapth —\Vr nre glad Eo Me thtt tocb an adraneo ii being
made Ijy llit Indepondrnl* in ecclumaliod archiUvluic. Mr. Edward
Wilirra, an aichiivct of abilitj at MaBclirttet, ba^ ticeo rtoplDyol la
crrdiDi; a cbapri id C«vendiah'*lrrel, in that qiiy. It ia 111 lb« tncdiwaJ
iljlr, ivith a t^wer and apiro riiiug to Ihc total briglil of ITI feel ftOB
tlia ground, and coil C2I.DO0; su that it will be arcD that ilitaa inpor*
tant ttaitdiu^, ai ii iauav likewite highly arnameatAl and arliilie. Aniklber
chaprl, rrectrd by Mr. Wallrri, at Oarweo, coat ii.WKi. A peculiarity
in this bujlding is a kind of irrccn raited aborc the rmif; wbicb, tbaogb
of Ix-au'.irul driigo, bavins do idea of UKfalacM Bltached lu it, conreyt lo
tbe mind im miprcHi-jn of tupcrOiiity.
.K^iljf Mimng LaHtkirra. — Wr. tJmne, of Birninghani, hai forwarded
to tlie Mtnii<c Joanul ihrfidbwing OeieiiptloD of a miQiog laalham that
ha baa toveoird. Tba anneiml drawing it n repreteDlaliua of the tafoly-
liiidKirn :— ll la adapted to burucoinpfitiitioncaa-
die* tnti mjuirc no attulDng. The nam* priDcl-
ptrt can, b»w«rcr, be applied to ad lamp*, if any
parly prafw oil to eandleo. The front it mad« of
alrong alaw ; the back of pelitbed Un— lb* two
•Idea of wire gauaa. taldMad id the frsmiag, bar-
log MO aperturea to a ai|uarT iaeb of tnrhca. It
oill dd coaner: bat ihe aiie staled is lafnl.
i>ier tbe wire lauM tidei am liird raieri
>1 tin, biagrd to ibe top of the laDlhorB, wblrli
-nlirely cover lb« tadei, aad are kept faal bj •
luialt haap at iha bottom. The lower edge af
HOich tin Dotervide U beM iowardt U mt a|[aiBfl
h« framing— «> ibal the tin phtte nay be krpi al
I dnlancc of 1 ioob from the wire gaune. SoflW
lent tpace is ibii* piuiided la allow of the pat.
<agr of air for Ibe supply of tbo light.— Tb«M
m cottnidea are uteful lo pralect Iha nira gaoM
.rum injury and dirt, aa well an to alop any ear-
.«at, or <■ blower," of giia fmui blowiog out the
light. No direct curmil uf wiud cad knire any
rlTed iipito ihe lii;bl. l>«cauM there ia nu odniiBaiua inlu the lamlinrn but
obllqiirly at racb corner. The «aadlv is bttd betwccu four ibon wirci,
auhlFftd in (he diafa uf a motCuMc socket, wbich liia iiilo a socket loldered
lo ibe btillam ; Ihii candle "itkcl is useful fur retainicg uiiy wbsIa (ut Ibal
may run dawn ; it can be liTlrd out Liy tlio wiie handle, uud cirniscd, wbea
neceMary, Tha inside of tl>e lunlhiiiD U that kepi qaile elaaa. Tba
cbudli< It pnl III tlitounb tlie neck on ili« tup uf ihi laolbani, opna whicb a
biniced M Ut* down tijhly. The liJ it pierced witb two rowt of bolae,
through which tbchraled air and ticioke esMpa; and la tb« top it twd a
large riog, by wbicb tbo taalharD it cariM and bung up. J'bit rin^ ■•
k«pl eool by a tioiple, but rSactive, eontnvtnte. A piece uf tin, heal lato
the forn of an iavrftMl cone, U uddervU iutidc tbe lid, which caaie* tbe
hot attending air lu flow towards Uie tide), where it ininwdialaly atrapea
Ihmugh Ihi-upCDiogt. To preiral any iadtmaiable gaa enivriug Uirou^k
the lid, a circular diic of wire gautr t* soldered iDtidc ibe iini ef tba lid
—to tliat no gti cna eater bul through the wiie g-iuu ; ibi* wire gtuxo
will never bcDuniD rod. bo>,ao that 00 eipfoilaa can p»iiil>l} occur. Tha
rise of laolborat mads it about > inches KjuKre, and Vi luchct lii|;li ; ulbrr
part* ia proporlioa. The inaide of the liu cixcraidet, and tbe uultida ol
tbe lanchurn, are Japanned of any dark colour.
Tftr &<i^ Plml.— lo California tliit pluiit b oied by (be peuple for
wathiug every deteriplLun of cliitbinjt la culd runoins wuurr. lo uiiog il
u aoap, iho women cul tha rooU tntm tbe bultu, and tub tlicm on ihc
THB CIVIL RNGINBBR AND ARCHITBCTS JODRNAL.
deUi««, HkfB « rleh H«il tlmnjt Ulher la hrmni. which clcanan mnai
UiorouKbly. To pntp»g-tl9 ihv |>liinl lb« liuil)* ara Mt in a rich •ml, Knil
gruw liiiurioiiili in Uie ion boluimi of «allc)s or bonJcfiojc ruaniog
■Ireami.
Cvpptr Shtalhimg.—A. «irTf»p(ioJrol of Ih* BttMimg Jtmttl »Ute», *•
the con^^^u^■o«■ of hi* f liii-iiiciKr. Iliit, in \\tv lr»«lm(iil sf Uir iul(>liurcti
of copfrr. (htre elioultl bo on* ciili:>ntn«, *ne maitllnK, oa« lin*lll»C, Bml
one n-iiniDjt — r.iiit ojjrfalion* tii nil ; hdU 'hat cafe tie lakra lliat no Itnn
tOoUtiv ui«l,cXFppllh« lailleirv.- tlw r»(inrin proctai. The caiUioatra
of co|jpFr require only Imu f)|wraliuiif—iait lints and rrflnioi; i but If cop-
pw pjiiii's be ruixtil mjUi liic«iliubale. il will require Uiire oprf«li«u»
■Wieail of Iwo. ISj atlcolioo lo ihcie opefaliwn* all rumgn lujillor "ill bo
diMHCaxcd. Tli« prodavlioa of t/xA malUabU aod piiip mppM drpeoild
ontkercdnar; theouppcriabriiil* fceforc. and iho.ild bo Mirrrtl »iili a
iTOodpn rod. Il rrqiiim coouilMablp car* m krep ibi^ uwtal to a pniper
hral unliltbnmnuklini; » GniiheU. lo givs il due ductiliij. Hurl iimkc 11
aniubln fux lli« Aen\»aiU of totnnirrce. In Xfurral, niu*! oprmtura fio tou
fcr in the r^Bntry, winch rrntlcrs llie in«al Dljrou*, aodilm result is aariom
laoinaliwi oii oaa aide of llic »hrcl. If ll>e copper oie ■* |<rapcrly trrat«(l
In th* above opt-ratii>e>, ibit n><-Ut i> •lrri>Mt> Ihr hftt fur •liips' liottomt.
Th« prrerroUg«ar e«pp«r ta ab« niu<li iaetipa»><l bjr cartful UcainM-al.uDd
Ika acMia oomM ant tlMoer.
JMAorf <^ IVfUinf /nn, Sltrt. and Sittt lr«».—\rt an tjnhfn rewrl
melt bont. and adil lo it ^th of laUaininonitc. Wtitn l1)CH litpie<l'i*iili
■re propcflj funcd inil miieil, pour lt>»'» out upon an iron plate, antl let
ibcm cool. Thcft il thu« oUiainrd a glanx malirr, lo ubicb ti to be gtldcit
■n equal quamit)' of qoicklimc. The iron and ile«t wliitl. aia In be tnlilcnd,
«ra GrtI li«aled lo rcdneii I ibm Ihi* ompound, Krtl r«'!und 10 pandrr, t«
laid npan lh<ni^lV cimpaiili')'" mrlii and luni like itilii.; wki i lh«
pitee* tie. Ili«a («p)ai.-e<] in Kht. 6rt. taking e*'f in hral thern d ■ triuffn-
lotfl far bflow that diUAliji fmplnyrd in iMlding : iliej iro ihen wilhilniwn
and ham me red, and thi? lurfaeM'wlH be fouuil lo lie iliii* p*if*rtly iinlled.
The author aurili thai Ihiipincni.oliicli inaT tic applied to wrlding tbei-t-
iron liibaa, natrt Uiii^—Ktt. d* la Soc. Pofylirc^.
Dttb^ BUcfric nitgrapk. — A patrnt tiai licen rcnnlty ^nnicd in tbii
<«iintt} la M. DujariiiD, of Ultc, fur a ntv kiod of electric lilegrapb in
vhicb tho tignili consiit of ilola mtAt t>n ptpcr. Tbe t«le(ia(>l>i« p«n i*
Gacd to a niagnci, ind il markt dolt on a irviiUiup; ln»er>ii>|[ cjlioder. The
dol», by a pri!riou« ilpliabeiie armnupmenl, are mide in aignify lMI*ri, t»eh
latter hci'i| cliar*ct«rii«d bjr a crrtain gioup of doli. The praeeii i% cum.
ptl(at<i1, and mint nr«etiarilf be a >low ona; nnr rtori the inventor, oho
ia a phjiitiln, teem la have been »mtie irf Itie intealinn of Mr. Morte,
wbicb aircimpUklira the Mmr (ilijtcl mcirc effirariouilv, and irilh a aducIi
leaa cmnplL-aird oiecbinitiii ; Mr. Morie'a ttphahct rnniiiiing of abort and
long iirokcB. I'X nliicb ntcant the leiitia of the alplial-ci niij be iadicalcd
hj a a'nallcr n^imtier of marki lltan lir dolt of tlie aoiiie sixc.
Tiimt Signal*. — Mr. Torrnp, of Eilinln'ritb, bai pilmled an apparatai fot
Sifing aolicc ol ihe ap{Hoac)>inif dri>*iliirt "f iniiwey Iraiua, lo at U anp«-
ladatha oh of belli or hIihiIimi. The apparaiM r^ntnii of a hnllow pate
erected •eitji'ally al any contenienl pari of tl<e atatl'iii whei« il may bo mott
adtanli^euuity leea tialh liy IhntF at Ihe ttation lUrlf. ai aim hy lliuts
hattrninit loHinli Ihr atalinn, llpun Ihe ouliiile of thii pile ik placed a
large liall, [he pole paMlrip! tlirou)i;lia hi>!c iliiouitb the cririre cif the liati,
isfllriciiily lir|;e la alloir fie* nioiion up and down Ilic pole. Tlic 'lallia
Hiipcnili'd by conli, altithrd al the boltom of lh« poic to aclotkwuik
nio*tR)e<-i, having n pendulum, iht illiiRtian* of wluch rc|uUte llie dcicrnt
of Ihe ball upon the puli^. Uhriii IW ipntift nf Ibo eloekwuik i> wniind up,
tha ball il raited Ifl thr tnpnflhn pot*, which then beftint i-i dtteend lo the
bottom of lh« pole, being r«(;ulated In Its i-rlnrity bw Ihe elockMorb ahd
pendulum. The lime nf ill ileirenl iiill lliprcfoii- lie regulaily the (Bme
each time the hill ii laitrd to ibr top am! tiirn allowril In ilcici^iid. The
hall liclnkt ralird lo Ihr top nf Ihr pilf at thr idjtialrd (irdod of 'inir (tay
ten miiiutet bcfora tbrdrpirlurcof each Uiiii). aiid Itirfi alhwcd lodracriid,
lh« poiiliDit of Uie bail upon Ibo pole during iia dctceiil will girt nolicE
of ih* Irii^lli of lime to etapie licfore the il'padiirc of the train. During
tbe night a lump ii id take ihe place of tb* ball.
A/*w Drgrtff ^ Difftmrr.—lti in anion recently Iritd In lh« Court of
Qnun'i Hpnch. the queailmi wai riUed whetliet ihe ririitrnn nf three de-
creet lo the indiiiatirin of a wood patrmenl miiiiiiulRl an in<'rin|ioiner>t of
thr paUnt right. The drfendanti (Iftilaila anil Cn.) were licenif** undi'r
Rankio'i polcnl for snod pavrmeiil, anil Ihii plsinll*l» (Miilir and Cr).).
cnlcrcd intn a cnrenaiit with tbctn lu jiay ctrliin rnyatliei if they iiifringrd
Upon tho priiiviple at I'aikyn'i pnlcni. The principle xrn Ihe indinaliao of
the 6hre of Ibg wood lo the borii^n i and that wai d«icril>cd lo he from 40
de|ree< to JO degrtn. Tbe ilcrftihiliiit* laid di>vrn ptiemtiit In Cornbitl
and at a bridge at Challt-rirm ; and tlia hlockt they laiil diiwn were at an
inetination of 7.1 rlf^re^a. 'Ilie ennienliiin for the plaintiAi wai, X\mX
■llbnuiih the inclinauun nai not •litliin ihe prveiie uorilt uird in Ihe deed,
itill thai fur all practical porpiiiei theie nai nut Ihe tlightnl dilTerrnco
belnern 7.1 dccreea ami JO ilrgrrM, — Mr. Juillrc rtijhiinin. in aumming
ap. obiFrvrd, ibai if pailin ichuie In bargain in ipecilic lerma lliey niuil
abide 1jy ifirir beraain.and thnu|th in praclice tbe two inclinalinnaineiillnflcd
cou'fl make no diSertncc, ititl ibe letnii of tic ciirnanl werecipmii
Ibneforr, unle«> Ihe inclinaiion adnplcd by the dafrndanti waa nilbin Ibat
Unit. Ihe plaintiffa en thai |:rourtd verc not entitled to reeover. Tbe >»(j
thtreforo gai-e a verdict for the dafandant, iba phJnlilTi baeiag libatty lo
■Doae 10 toUr ■ Terdirt of AOt U.
VMtgtfor Cirif Eaxisrrra.— Oa Toatday tbe I8lh nit., lb* jmlyi
anDiualtun uf llie iludcola of the CulleKe fur Citil Ciisineera waab
I'aiiiey, and wa* alU-aJcd by H.R.tl. th« Dokc of Civbrtditr, ud
oF (he ■n^iiicrnvy. Tlia collego neenta to be advuacicK la public apiaiM.
UV in>perlf(l ihi> d»irln|{«, airxleU. workahopi, aad other practietl
drpartiiientt. whieb we are happy to say ihow cunaMlerKble ftdruo,
nirnt in (lie kiiou ledite of vnsiuerriuit. \\t irere Mm m aaiek aa aca-
ikiUD, aiiil in on Inililutiuu lu piuiiii>inc. Id arc >rarefi<r jMr, inlbaooiV'
abupa, BUL'h achrmea aa the lucnninlivc air-engine, and Ibi? inllaiioa rf
Hero'* rotarycnginei for in an cilabliibment like the coikp-, it labrlM
Id be loo fa' brhind-ltaod, (baa Iq b« auipected of raaatax a/iil nlMl
■iKOunof viaioaary projerta.
LIST or NXmr PATEHTS.
oKAKTvii IK KXOLAKO raoM Jqkk 21, to JuLV 18, IMA.
SUt Mortfht allott^/ftT E»rolmrti1, w^tm otktrvitt axfrtmtj.
Prmnc Hiniutl Vft^'wr, vi LiiniIoi>-Lrld|;c,incr(h>u<, fi^r '■ loorOR-nealB la Ibti
taiHiir* ivf biniti oiifapi lar liii*. ci|ii. ihoH, Bnd tiarlu,"— Saalad Joa* SL
ttfnrr Arfher.orilharMliun'-cre-ctnl, nmiUo, MldilleMa. amaniBa. lor "Il
aiFBl* la Bialrhri, and lo Ih* praitortlBn nt llglit. and In tbt apptMlaa %a be UBi Ib^
•run."— June 34.
Wllll>Tn llunt.'or dxtlti-LIII. U'onMtw, chrmliri, fee " IiapvfvowMta la aaiMia^
ettlalii ineiiit ftum rrrtain ininjiiiuiiili conlalolat itieM mrtila.Bad taoMalaiac ■fea
prsdiKli. i-i Ihr nti iiftArUln canpAiiodB conUlDliic ox la!*."— Jan* M.
Illrlianl ritirV.ef Ihi atraurl. VVe*iininil^. (itnp minuraeiarer. ftr" toruia layM*
BMala til a*-* I'O'iX'Vi i*'^*! ti^ rhd^lr laijljn and otbrr Uui|ifr." — JuDV ML
irR-lar-Vk HllliaA Ui>i«1*f«r. of Lvl^xilrr, fiafcf-dealce, fue *' JieprpwoiHita *- •*-
siaiitii'iiiture ol loopeii rabrlcv"— Joae 'H.
Juhn Mclaio*!), oT Olalseir, ■entlaiaiil, tot " lapniTeineiiu Id "^■-'"'"^ - ..
pan ft*' — Junp XI.
Jntrgih HkrrlrlilT. of AniieT. LelmleiitiiiTifenatniiti. fnr " ImprwrtnimU In Vktt.
anil III tlu •nai>i)la(lnM«r uSuro-plpM, anf athM Ilk* anlrlf*.'*^ Jao« 3a.
KllMbllh Ulkln. Bt Mo. 1. Itl. FiiiraCliiwli T»"'. t.""''"!!; vWan-.trr "Ir- ■ ■
mrnia la eltanti>a and roaiilna mStt, In the Bpr>ira'ii> *i'l michinrii to twniM i.
Ldd alaa la llu appan^ui for iniklnf liitiiiluni anrl dFcoctl^iu* ot roflec '^— Julf J.
KiibanrtJ hean'miire, of la. (Iml Culiitr-ilmi, WrilnilMUr, (or "orrlMn lB>|nW'
iKtiit* In '•.'•nillnc ind idnii'M«lii« KaTli. plti*. >nO bitiku itcn. part* of mMAIb.
prornnrntt are apiillnt'li lo utbct imctur<«."~JBl|i S.
Jabo UarllD.of KiHrlriil] IKII*. Ilavni treluidi nanabe'urvr, fin ** Inprvi
In piepiniia and ilimliie ttii, tour, tud Mhft Sbrooa lobManiei, and daobllu. ilf .
■ ni) li>l>ll«B tai, toir. and nlh*! Il^^>ll• luhiliuici*, anil In IhnaacMaarr ta W nrtki
■acb purpuan."— JulyO.
Jowpb CllnionltiilKrla«D. vf flnt-eimt. Lonilna. ilitl riiila<cr,for" lai|wniiaiialifc
the iBBBofafln™ «((!•." (a ramaiiinU^liun.)— ioiir a,
(Imrgr Rtalil*. igt Killiit>iti|tb, buIUlM, ru-r " an Imprortd ai(>apMv aod alBa^ftrt>
jv*Utlafl jiDvvv."— ivly C.
ABlhnny Iv.rtnler. ol Uetl'i bulMlDtn, Sallabaty-uiuaie. CIIt. bsoktaa^ae, fa* 'I*.
provrtneuii Id com liloliia a""* prrcha and «oiit(>i»ii<; o-iUi otbti DalciwU." — lalyt
WIIIIbui KriimnI Nininn. nf r'liiiirfi>ri.Iaiir. Mi'iillrH'i. (ur *■ liii| ■naiaia 6>
lOuaiTiicElonoraioirn. irmifi, nirnAi-Fi.ir itrr.iila<n for vnrioiia iitefuL i nrpnaea " Frt|i
Wllllani Snalo, g( I'lnibTolir, llorifunJ. Irt^cL.mili'i. (<i<- "«rulii tsipfiMi
iht (nDMru.-tlan of klliu fn irir >I'>Imi: ami Ijunilntur liilL'kt. Illri.awl slhaTi
tiitvi'aiiorfk And luf Ihv cfBnvu^jiptiniaof «Riuk* ati:! aide ncjtLaui Na*ra arVainx lliii.i k>*.
and mhli'h lailer loiprordnrnta miT lirappdiil (uall iliiiBiiiiL — Jolj G.
En-xn S rvl.ariij William Brlllei.ur l.aioljrlb, lIuinr.oiaDitfarCurara, ftr •• layMan.
Ricnla In tht (■>anufa<'iare«rielitc«>.iil|>ca. " — Jul) 6.
M'alUr Oft»] PalHitr. uf HDiuhntTr, iiiir 1 Tintiam. rfiirffill'. fin " lai|ii«niw ■
maul^ll^.'r il*' lli( jalBlu|i afi4 ilrta>Mi|f turn. '* — Jcil^ Hi.
Kirhird I'obfrti.ol Ulnlie U'arln. Manthetler. enjTnnr.lar "nrflaia 1 1 j i n 1 1 'i
Ir, (ml a'lJlii'it.uu ti', i1lilI.-i and ullici tlu'C. Iitepf id In uiachluriy or aii|>wtlata>
tilrrfina L<tfrfki aajf huiiMni wrfi hra.Bir] Tor eff^iin/ltlrfraplile eomnmlmloa l<Ciei
dlafianl f liKkai»»<l ^Uca "ili^iwlie tltAo Uj rltvtro nt^nellan.'*— Jiily 11.
It'rn Caatrlnln. nt Pdiiluin.tqmir. 311dille<», (htalal, '" ".'^| 'f •iniiiii Ij mr
Ritnurfacl'irt Dl aalii.''— Jtil) II.
V»tls Alutndfi T»»iiiil ■!• Uratiirrnri, al Pail«, •ng'nwT, tat " Iiii|ihiimmI» n
gmrrallrii ilf.1111, and In Lbn in»ai o'uLiliiglur p>mr (loni ■inot.Raflaa*-** — Jali IL
aCailirw Kiillry. or t'riljj'i ei>it<imr. fit " tuiprovtineoU In lb* ounuRitlnfe of n*
inr.>rKr*li."'JnIir II.
Jwae HUH. of I.rlmlrr. ilienl, for ~ iDVpRiTrineDIi In appaniEia (far AbtiUn^ aaa jdv>
acrl<uliiL-a1 |Hiii4ar*, part er>«1ilcH Improvecnrnia If ai^nbcalilelA propalE^a
.imrii.
Vinlam Bdirarda SttStc. of lAiDtHnl-iDeet. dlj, eriille.-n lo. for '• Imi . .
l^( (onilrixtlin Dfijlvaiilc balUilti. In tlie tomiBUiin ot ninfiirlf. and In Ih* afipUcia*
nt r)f CI richly tiiil iiin(nril>o« i^r t\\p pki^jfinf t-f Hfht\nt tilth iJRnalAala^, «• atoatana^
ur mdil^ or einplofVnj 'he auld ^Llv.inlij ballerle* or lOJiia or ibeni, tor ifip pwp^ d
otiLaliilof (1i4i>ili'Al jiradkicta." [Panl^ a <n,>>niiiiiirrtrliin.1 -July }'i.
ll'dlliDi Strain, at Ptntiirldd*. Rrtlard. bnck.malwr. for '■urlalD ' 'if laiiaiMli K
kilni far bsiulna bnckt, tiln. and oihtc •arLIirn *u1uunc*>." — Julf lf>
Jean Lauta [4rD#ii><>i^*ortU, Paa^pr ^mlTnf. Faria, jahrlJtr, fsa " a wew piveoi if
applftnf or tihii Idlrra or metal apoa glaat. oiarbtt, vnad, and nihil iiiIiwiim^^
Jul|> lli.
Chailn Purnrll, of Lltvrpoal. dDck-inailn. (nr"«rlaln Impraml aniaraaai uv
afiplltd Ui iiLTib«r'lf>a<l^ aiiit atttrw iv*«cU Udr'i w^l^ niBtFr««li ihrb^ariOi: frti^i; -'
whiett I* I1|t»r Ibi^a iratri, profiiiMii cIh iiri-eiiilr ot i imniiliinl nf tinai M ■•• i|
riddlne IhcBu vf Ihr aupriliirumbenl h^Ici. and «fiabJli>» Iberri Ihcveln ta enrrtal!.^—
juir w.
WillUni Kdmrd Kt^rtoa, of Chanrtrrdaiih Ulddlran, (irr "mliJa Iwpi ma u ■>
Biarhlonr foilrliw iiiMaiJilnl"n(."— July I^.
Joarpli HtmiMN.iirNiiiiliiiiniiViu. rnflnn-t, for " laiprdirmrnta In (l(aai><BKliiH aal
bAllvra. parlaof ahlrh HDproTvii^nla ar* alto ap|,licaijle tjt oLher m.'tlrr ■uteainerf.^-
JulT if-
Joham Aniuld Sltlnkaair, o' Lt4CT*l*r*|ri*l. Lrlmla' -i^Bart, UMdlcera, genHaaaa
for " Iffipiufvmeiiti tu ihv nianiifartnit vf iiifiirfniiii iturtaoe "^Jaly Ift
TUB CIVIL EyCINEGEl ASD ARCHITKCTS JOUBXAU
vr
CANDIDUS'S NOTE-BOOK,
FASCICULUS LXXXV.
■■ t noil havi Ubtrtt
Vltbtl. ta larr* ■ chmrur ■• tbc «M
Tg bio* an irh on I pIvHi."
T. AtMt9iH» aiv apt to fhy ^y far too )ittl« Mtention to
loealitj, upecL, nnd other cirdiinKtniicix* vMrh iiifliii<(i<-i< liio
effect of Ituildin^n; — nucIi, fur iiiMancH, n» distsnce — ton little
»omem fur «it>tninin)r b ut»f»<.'tory vieir fititn any point, or §n niucti
tOMt k Uuik* iliminiitivii in onnjuiriKon tritli wlint tht' clc.vitrii,
wlietfaer diDfl-n lit * model or h drawing of it (that is. an ^levntiou),
prdmiv's. N«ithpr the model nor the elevation conveys, or can
cunviry. th« Hlixlilcit idea iif lomlity ; ami wen if rrroiirxf Ui* liad
to iwrc|M>cti<e imd [tinoriiil «[irwentiilinn, the urulKibillty i«,
that thm i* n vast denl of inijiotiition p.'iwed off under the phnsi-
ble and innocmit nanitt of iirli>rtii: lilirrtir*. Liliertiev of tlie kind
are, however, ftumetimftit carrit-d ao far u» to amount to diiwnrlithl
fa ff ■ o n ujrly won], it muitt be confMsed ; but the Imposition ao
practUrd is a far more iijicly (hin^. And miruly it amount* to
nuthin^ )e<i9 than n tie, iilthotigh n»t a apiiken urui, tu reiireaent «
fnint ih.-it will always be in aliadotr ttirouuliout the wliule diir,
fciiidled-ij|) and iUuttmlrd by sun«hinr, with nil its dt-tnll» iipark<
liD^ly loUL-bed and brilliiintiv bniiiftbt out. In Mr. hloire'it vicw
nt the new bulldinic at Btii-tiitii;hi!nt Palace, the nun ia mtule to
^hine from the northM-aiit ; which, not to call it a miracle. U nt any
rntc a jiifct* (if Ki'CHt rompKiiiinn' on ihr |iart of thiil hiniiniry—
adtrrn ir^iiimtuy lo tin- nll-ixiinnumdiiii; tiUt-iit of that Mr. B,
Siicli ilrHRtions are. it irould fwem, not lie*, but merely puelii'jd
■nd nnpliir ArttoriH; and wc oiitrlit to roiiKratuIntc oiirwlvrt upon
^~trttinff wiytliiiiK poetical at all, where the dealf^n itself La «u
irriblT proanic.
Jl. Localitv hiw so very much to do with the nrttial appenranro
wliich a liutldiiiK niukes, llint niileM nome infornuitiuii liii' aJFunU'd
in rejcurd to it. we niay be totally ii;ntirant and uni<u>%piL'ton3 of
Riaiiy cirriimMancee that require to be understood. If a building
baa been seen, it in of foumc- known how it i» mtnatril with
re*pect to other huihUne^ ; whether in lui open Hfuce or in a
street ; and if a street, whether it i^ a wide one or n narrow one;
O* if an oiicn siincc. whether it it a re§:uUr or irre-Knln'" one. It la
d«nnbl« also to know whitt is itn a^pnct, for it luitkci a very
eODsi durable ditTereiieo wlietlier ii portico or eolonnadc facea the
north or the Koutli — the Cii»t or the we-gl. Therefore, if a building:
lla known to u« only hy meanK of filiinn iiiiil ullicr ilnwintipi of that
rltind, coDlined to the eJifirc itnelf, we ttiny form very orroncuua
Mens. Of course, auHi drnwinio) arquaint u« with its nclual
dineniaona, but leave ua in vntiru iKHoranee aa to itn relative size
^in comparison with udjutuinK or DeiichhouHiiic buililin^i. It inay
ehance, for instance, to be ao greatly over-topped by them, that
■ instead of anHwerin^ to the prepowowng nppearaJice which it
,nakea when nhown apart from other ohjects, us to niake but a
ntbcr tuti^ilicant appearance in reolity ; cunoeigueiitly, much aa
the daai^ may b« admired, the structur« diaappi^iiitf nhou seen,
—at leant, at firat, though it mnv recover our firnt Kood opinion,
afterwnrila. The render hnnwa the Btory of the ludy who fell iti
lovo with n portrait, hot wa» cured of her pwuiioD on'lindiog tliat
her Ado»i< worff a wooden l«^. In order to judj^e what fifpxtv a
bnildinir aetiully cut*, it ie necoftHiirr to know noroethinif nmro
nbont it than elevnllon<i, &e. Mhow. The "affxtt U" ih here to be
nnderHtood litemlly ; (ince, with re^rd to effeet, mueh deponda
lipaD acrident4 uf tite urd locjilily — upon aspect, point of view.
Bud ^-MTioUB other eircumxlnnccK, nny one ef which may be more
OP lea inHui'oliiil. oven taken by itaelf alng^y ; therefore, when
combined, mu.t he no in a high degree, either favourably or the
revcrw.
111. Id •ftmcmrin^ent remarka that have ju«t appeared upon
the "Houses of Purliiimotit," in another pablication, it ia hinti-d
that it would not have tjeen uintEi: hud the nteeflaiva decoration of
the rirer<frunt been cimBidernlily inuileriiteil, and the sai*in)^ xo
effected been applittd to lli*i tiniiihinfr-u|> nnulher public and
national edifice — namely, the pile of hnildini^ which are termed
collectively Somenet-plaee, whose now expuued wurt, or rather
■r>uth>west fide, makei a mort mean, though not exactly hOfTfrnrly,
K Bppt'amnce — yet beirirarly aa maniFmin); the mnchinp poverty of
■ ■ government which caiinnt afford to jrel rid of Kiich an imeeemty
Kpubhc exhibition of architeitiiral lanj rnlottinn. It i» no reproach
H^ Cbamben that he did not provide a^in»t an event which he
^"^'could Dot posHJhIy foresee, lie would hava been ret^arded W a
ho. 131— Vol. XI.— SuTuiBiB, IStS.
(nadraan, had he advised that thfl leme^fWtnt ahmiM he ffttnmed
and eontininsd northward, in order to form a west facade that
miirht poiMibly some time or other he espoced la view, on the siil
moit ■)( nl! favoured hy axtiect. He co<ild n« more have any >dc_.
Ihut Wuierlou-hrid^ would be erected, than that aueh iirehitee-
ture aa Kins'ii College would be brought oo clo>ieIy into contact,
tm to be nindo to nppenr part of hiu deulfrn. Thcf hrid^ haarer-
taiitly rendered one eervieo to Somerftet-place, niiico it enables in j
lo obtain a riewcf the river-front and its terrace. Itut the for-j
mutiiin of Iho «tree>t lending to the bridge hns laid open to sigll
what wiia never meant tu he seen at all, and therefore now detract
sadly from the L'randeur of the fa;sde which in beheld in cntinefr>l
tioti with it. The dinpnrity hetwevn thu two is nothing leaa thaaJ
offemive. The feellnf{ It prtxlueei in iikiti to that which we ehouls]
experience on beholdiJl(l « costly aideboard and a kitehcii-drexcafl
cheek -by -jdwl in a diniug-room. The jtixta- position which here
preienta itself i* not like that of " pearl* tiptjn nn .Kihiop'x arm."
but of a blooniin;,' face npon the Klioiildera of a Hlackanmor, — th«
hritd of Hehpiipoti the phrivelli^d carcaw of a ha^ ; — in abort, wfl
perceive Chumbeni and Pec;l^«»iir arm-in-arm together: no disra*
tpcct ia intended lo the former, he hein^ *u(lirieiiily exvuaed h^i
what ha* been stated above. Still, that ia no eicuM for our ne-
Klectinic <■> do what the ffreatly-altered localitv of the buJldiRff
render* CO highly desirable. If it h not worth while, mvrely for
aiipearauru-sake. tti beotow a decent architectural exterior on th«j
exceedingly miaiichtly and di.ifi)(<irinK ran^ of building alluded to, '
how ran we reconcile ourselvca to the enormmis outliiy for meiB
Cinlielljihmcnl in the rirer -front of the llouAe^i of Parliament;
and whiclij after all, docw mtt prndncc any correapondlDg degree i
cll'ect? £illier the " Houaes ecctue ua af the nioft Bigipwd'
meannem for allowing Somerwct-place to remain in the d!*trracef
mid luifliiiihed state which it la ; or Somerset- placv uccusics u* i
ntikurdly wanton extravacance. for cniwdinjc ancli A profusion of ^
minute dctaila and carvod-work Into that front of the "llouAea"
where thi^y are<iuitelo«t,and where a few boldly -touched liui^iDKl
wguld have told quite us well-^perhapK even very much better.
The weot wing of !!fumcrM.-t- place, on thu rontrary, though at
prevent a most offensive cyv-Kore^and perlinpa doomed to remain i
«o — ia moHt adiuirnbly situated fur an^hitcctnral diKplay. There it\
not any flp')t in the whole mctrooolid which affiirili «o many of the
re<{uiBitei> for a fine nrchilci'tural scene. That »ide of lite htiildingi
of Aomer«el-plai>e tit favoured, not only by oepcct, but by due epnoo
before it — neither w great as to take i>ff from the »iw of the
building, nor iiiKolIicient for viewing it aa a whi'lc. To these ad- <
vantnges. other peculiar and ucuidcntui oncd nijiy t)C added : Hl_
building deictndi. scimitch behiw the level of ^Vcllington-* tract, or'
theroftdwayleailingtothebridge.tliut the »treelliecom»an it were
a terrace or elevated irtagintf, fnim which it ahowa — that ia, would
show itaelf, BUMt piirtureHquclv, were it a worthy piece of archi-
tecture, inMead of being the aiioinination tt nowin. When laoked>|
down o|ton from the parapet of the road, it would be Keen rtaiDM
nalelilyfrom a deep unbatructure. AuA that wert front and th#Y
river-front — which liitter «how« at pr^Mfnt only as a mere iii.isk—
««ra together, woiddpr.>duce a line pfd^itial innM, and in combina-
tion with Waterloo-bridge, a most atriking and noble group of j
architecture. The river-front itaelf, which now lwl(» only likai
the fragment of an unfiniabed design, would gain in ImportanoeJ
bv becoming a portion of one consistently grand doaign. B^iiir^
all which — but let uh have dotio with " beaidcw's. We ha«
"Marble Archer," and "Nelton Columns,' anil " Wellington]
StiiluN." and a gixid many other thin^ that ahall be namclcMi, t«
Uiow how freely tcna-uf-thounaud* have been Rung away on very
futile if not absurd objecta. Let uh then have at leaat one publia
edifiaw Uiat will sene w a monument of our notable ei'^nomy and ,
frugality. Therefore, since %a it must be, let it cv*n be SomerseWj
]ila(V. Let the foreigner who gaxev with antonishmenl at sueh .
achit'veinitnt hy irulividuals ns WoteHou-hridgo, hiok with aato-J
nidhnient of a different kind — with worufiU wonder at the pnltrinea
that JHailoned lo disligure and disgrace a government building!
which might, with cuifiparati rely Utile cuet, be rendered » uni-
formly noble pile.
IV. My good friendft, the arch itectj,— the friemUhip belweoo ttt
i« not, pcthapn, of ihc mtwt cordial kind, my owu ahare b*uif]
marked more by hnirterou* freedom than by compliments and mar*
teav— (tlill I <uiy ray very good fricndii, the architect*, moy be antd
to have cimtrived lo outwit and enslave themMilver. So lung have
they gone on preaching up the acoiraed and hidc r^titious ductriM |
tif itK being unlawful to deviate from establinlieil forma and proper- '
tiona, or from the precise Iptler of mcchaotr-emtcted rulea, that
even those who could do «> uucresafuUy. dare not even attempt it, ao
greatly do they etaud in awe of tho tneera of the whole tribe of
34
THK CIVIL EXOINEER AND AltCIIlTECrS JOURXAU
LSI
InnpablM, vha iMiit iht Mm (hit it is wmiible for w other
ithui liHekntyiKl f»rni> lo li« ImniUAil, uid who l«tl)r deajr » tn bs
In the poiri>r of anUiic i-onnption to produce irbot, thoogh diU
/ereiiit in chnriirter, vfintiM bo c<|<i%]|y b^iitiful in iU pMuIiar wa^,
Vahkffy nrcliiltfclN 1 yv hxvt luck«d v»unclviM Ln, ami Aitiig awaj
the key that waald npen Die door ana Mod yau fottb— the ■ortlif
and really gifted aniong you r»j«iciii^ one* mora in liberty aud
[Ultfat. Lnhappjr architiwta I— <inh»ppy architecture, ahuil fur IIkiu
art now fett»^ and delivered aver lo the tender char)^ of thy
JHJlur, I'KECEEMnT!
v. I'FeiM-dvnt it adhrrfd V.t even for tJiat lavleM, hybrid rtylo
rhieh we denuiniiiale Eliuliethun. Ka one, Lideed, has yet at-
npted to draw up a formal cude of rulrs and ri-<ulatii>n» for it—
perhaps, bcoiuw it vuuld l>i> » task of very great labour to at-
tempt to syMeiitalixi- ui rhnotic a niasa aa the vairiouB examples of
it cunititule; iiny oni'of wliich. Iiuvpvcr eccentric nod excrpLiiinnl,
I Vtiy imw be (jiiiiti'd nil Kiifliririilly vjilid nulhurily. lliii muit be
I ■lloweil 111 hare ita MiitYtiileuce; itu more belnji; required thno t<i
ribliuw I'rcccdcnt merely piMe-nical, nnd imtcli up n de^iirn out of
|o«li):f«|]d-«Dds, taken at random, nnd put to^crtber wiibotit any
Ftcirnrd ev«ii In fjciicraJ rtiii.ilsleimr of conipMitlon. The luime
** Eliuhethan," nt uncc sanctifies bU atwnrdUtea and all crudities :
U ajterateii aa a tnlianaa aodan«giaaguD)itthe>ibnft.t of criUrLsm.
It i> in vain to ubjent to that offieiuive Ina^uidity uf deaicn Mbich
Jwulta from plalniicaa and coarseaeasjnEonic rtsatun-s, and etudied
■snialClMn, perhaps fiaicalitv, in «t]i«i». Tlii: greater lliv incnn-
Itniity, the greater, !t u<iiilil deeni, i* the Eiltabelii«n-neH. The
utaioat and mod couvcmuiit latitude ii incU allowod: fvmsand
ily to lie tjio very ccuiu^ of the styw ilnlf. AU^ongh for a
diffrrcnt reavvR, Eliiabethon poatcaaea one ereat rec«nuDend»-
tiuii ill cominui) with the |>ur« (Ireoiiin style. Vr iwt it is yov shall
ricam by-and-by — tiint is, in niy next Fascioulua; till wbicb oppean,
I Iravr you to cvgitato upuu the ntatter, aad solve the riddle, if
riddle it be, fee yountelvcB. Ur, alwuld your curioMty evnporste
in the int<'rini. it «(II »ot greatly matter. Flitting, liiie a fmgnl
hvrtesx, that dainty bit "by for tRipper-time," what I now say i»,
that we do not ot all avail ourselves aawenit^ht do of the opportunity
«hiih EltEabethan architcctur« holds out to ut,— of the convenit'ftt
pretext ubich it iiffordi ui> for working out a style foiimJed upon
the JlalHjt'itm or carlv Cin^*-<fntt idea^ whicli, although tney
, show theniwlvvH only Wr<> and ther« partially, and more or lonn
itperfeiHly, strnnf^ly mark those examples in which they ncrtir
'to any extent. In reverliny to ElUahethan, we have conttiderod
it mther a-t bvini; the latest stage of expiring Gothic, than luc Uip
indpicnt ona uf n i]uite cUfferent nrchit^ctnral svttcm ; whidi, bad
it \>9en allowed to proi?eed as it orlf^ated, and to derelope itself
Irooly and nntiirnlly out of ita Aret rudimentary shootK^ instead
. wf being put into the hut-hiiiiue of Palladia and Joiiiiit, would
I^til>t1ei< have produFi'd ntlier bIo«>:nmH and fruito than tlinse
which bare att en dud Burh " forcing " system. H'ben ElieabDthsn
*M nooramciided as tho style motrt of nil vuiinlile for the new
Houses of Parliament, people— nnd iiri^hilects amoiij; the rest, were
liTiixIed (o kniiu- whiil va^ to be understood by surli nainp. Was
it to be inlcfjireteil litornlly or libcrnJIy? If Iho Ciirnii.T, it of
oouTse excluded everv U^lc that bud been used berare or up to
the period ef ElisnGeths reign, unless Eijzabetlian and AntP-
[Aliiabothaii moan one nnd tli« eamo thing, nnii uiiluss Klizahoth
eigned before <Jie was born — n mystery 1 willinrly leave to iviaer
eadt than mine. Uii the other liand, if Eliaalietlian wna to be
Ijiitsrpreted lilH-r^dly nnd iHtituditisiriidiy, it would tvem to imply
tiliat tho rXy\v to be aduiited might be I'ilhvr that which was aem-
[•■lly employed during; the latter half the laih century, or wjiirh
iftenrocdK came up in the earlier part of the fnllnwiug one : and
Uie way foe which bad hwi opened hy the inriiit-N<'«« and iHsCe*
of the previous Elicabethnn period. It is perlinpn Just as ucll
that tite taotu of liliz:ibeth'« ^randfattier — at leiHt. that of hbt
M^te'—u-itN preferred to tbit iif her uwii. N'eiu'ly all the rompetititrft
fur the " ilouses* esdi^weil Elieubelhaii, and tiu doubt very pru-
riently ; for it would, pcrbapa, have occupiMl them till nuiv to
ptdaburatr out of it nuiibt that would have been both wurtliy uf
nd Kutlulile for the iiccaMon.
VI. Some are so very sensitive and captious aliout terms nod
naoicK, that 1 wonder (boy do not affect to be KCfinJaliscd nt that
of the ~ Lanuet ^tyle." It cannot, imlecd, bn *n:A to be a very
blunt one; nn the ci'titrnrv, It is sharp enou;;h—i-j shari' as to
jiicrce nn <Ar that is at all r«l^ni:d. It must surely hiivr been
iiivviitvil liv Rr. S.iogrndo, or other practitiitncr of plilclHiU'iiiy,
■**- '*,jitustnaveori)puated wUlttbe CvnijMiiiyuf Ikubar-Surgoom^
so truly harhtrau Is it In sound. If not so, U must have been ap- '
plied In itiieoniig derition by «ome such critics as tha«o who majte
themselves nerry with Naili's artiaguiAar in Laughara place, sad
Banye tfuinfr-irawerv in Trafalnr-aqnare. Lauceustrle!— hurribla
name; migf^mting iden« of bloodsoed, at lea^t of tiloud-lettiO({!
Let it be reformed by nil maaiu; more e^peeially nu ptHiplean
DOW endeavourini^ to substitute more appropriate lemu fur those
introduced by llickmnn, iiutwittwta tiding tbnt they have ebtalwd
reneral corremy ainimu; ns. If "Perpemlicular' U to Ite tnns-
formed into '* itectangular "style, surelv " LaDoet'' will nn lud^
be tolerated hy " ears pulitv," ur eara arcnwologioa). Let atieiiaral
Counuil of An^haiolugiatM tw held forthwith ; let the In>>tiluie a»-
semble In solemn or somnolent cuuclnve, to devise soma less odiuailr
vulgar nnmt^ fur what is now called the Lsne«t Style. SbooH
they not be able to think of one, still, they mi|(ht possibly diracp
of one ; or else Uiey p» to sleep to very little purpose Indeed.
VII. Plan*, clevntiuuK, and section* of Stowe, would just mv
poasesi CO iixidf ruble interest, even fur those who wuiild not cxn
for them at anv other time. None, however, are in eu^tence,—
nt lca»t. no published ones. There Is no work whiv^ so describes
that priniii-ly nrnneion ; — no jiluten »f it in any of tbe sei cral cal-
lectiuni which ouiune tbe title of '' Vitrvvius Ilrilauuicus,* tL
thonch they all conluin sulijects of fnr infuriur note, nnd loferiur
nti>rit mImi. nnd more than «M wliich h.i.i nolhinp wlintcrer to
recommend tt. Ahnottt all tlwt is known of the archltectn
authorship of Stowc U, that tho originni house is said to
been designed by Viaouunt Cubham, ami the addiUuiw, CoinuriA
tbe stately south front, by the£r6t Lord Cunelford (about liteyi
I7iJ). Vanbrugh and Kent dcsigncdsomeoflhsKurdcn-huUdiai.
but of the profeMiunal archtteets employed upon the maoslM
itaeli^ tlie onlv namLts which apjrear to bo known are those sf
Bom and Vafdri-. both furcit^nera. Stowe is iufioitdy too modera
to excite any ryupatby anioitg tbe admirers of ruiaa aud mbfa
IV'heu it becomeo an antiquity, and tliereby entitled to the i
of " vencrnhle,' It may acfuire that viduo in the eyes of i
which it has not in our own. And let us hope that it wifj bo per-
initted tu romaiu; oud not doomed, lo be tukeu down and tvjd
piocciaeaJ, as were both Wonstead and tV^rkAop. W'c can ill-
afferd to spare such an example of s polntinl Engliali rcvidcnco,
now tbsl nothing else of the same dase and character is erected.
Scarcely a taaniuon of any architectural note at nil haa been
erected for many year*. What tew larpie country-Itouaea ban
been built, moiftly aifeoc ontiijuity. without either the charm or the
merit of it. Ttit tide now runs in favour of Model Lodificg-
houRCK a:id Iluckingbnm l'aliice>s — i>f Baths and Waahliig-hoiues:
but tirecnwich Iloipital^, and Ulcaheinu and Stowea, ■» quite b^
yoiid <nir mark. Neither tbcarintocracyof rank nor tlie aritloeraey
of wealth nntmniM! such architectural gmndeur as markc the last-
mentioned pile*. Let it nut he Eiipijoied from this, that unquaU&ed
pruiiM! of either Ulonheim or Stowe is intended. In both of tbSBi
there i>! much tu coimure — a grvnt deal that inifiht be many ilefftee*
better: still, there is the niagniflcent and the nohlt^— w-hifh, as
thin^^ non go, is n wry great deal indeed. Ae to the gmaimm,
vliere will yon now find it? (■<■ nnd look for it in the fa^adea «
tbe Untitfli Museum or Bui;kinj;bam Palace; and if you CM
diiMMvcr it thL>rt>, you mny cungrutuloto yourm-If a« beiiig ihU ts
diuiover the longitude abo.
KOTES ON KMJINEKIllNn.— No. S.
By llnuutsii&M Cox, B.A.
Tlie Dytmmieiil Dffirctiim ami Stnin (^f Railwog Girdert.
Tliere is no sutiject in practical science wbtcb baa been innrv
elaborately investigated than the tlieorv' uf tlic statical transretst
strength of beam*. It Imn fortunati-ly liiip[irii('d tli;it twit difTifrent
clawtm uf invektiifutorA— uiatljeumtician* and ex |>eriuien tiding
have cooperated in the research: and the result of their united
Inboura has becu a valuublo and comprehensive system uf kiiaw>
ledge.
Hutth« Dv»jiJctftad<atreDf^iof bewns,or tlicir capability of «■••
tnlaing weights moving rapidly over them, bos never bevn enBi»
fnctority disaiHseiL There does nut appear to be extant a ^ncle
tlie<iretic«l investiiratlnu of tlila subject — and the deficiency it dua
to two causca : It occurs partly because tttc nubjcct has tint ama-
parativcly rccmtly grown into iniptirtancie ; )>iully bcv.auvu of iu
cxceasive and iiHuperiible ttiflicultied when invc^tientcd by the
exact mctltods of theoretical mocbanics. The IoUq" ing p^ter is
a contribution to a more accuratv kaonlcdgu of this iuiportsBl
IBVL}
I
■ yillnri, wlitdi fan at lenfrtb attracted llie attimtinn duo tn its
^TinAuvom on tli« serurity of railviv traffic?. Th? npci-uity of
fiinh«r Uifiuiry wnms tit bo KCnn-iilIy acknovlvclKOil xmonir mf^-
neeni; und liy the nworamendHtion or llio (.'«n)niiitaiimen) ot KaU-
wtf*, iniipfiMiBhediiiinutpDf th«%9thof June 1M7, aaoT«nitnent
eoiBinlnion hw baen RppoinUHl for tho very purnuM^ TIm miniit*
•xfMreMea n d<wbt ** wbetlier th« eipcrimpninl dau and the theo-
rstiexl prinei|ilM it prewnt known ve adequate " for the " dMigo-
ififT ■"■n liridKea, when these nre to be travened by IomJs of Utni-
erdlnarj' nvig'ht at groat ii^loritin."
There seums t'> vxHt grant dii<><rr|iaRi!y of opinion M to the
■IRKt of the V44ti<itv ot traa&it. Some hare imngined that it may
bcvomo n wrnrce o?" «tfi>ty, by caiiNtig \hv rnilomy train to pw*
over hefi-rp the innlor liu'bM time 1o yield. OUien, ajraln, have
,«Aunated the eHect of the moving Wd u hlffhly as mix or seren
IttnOB that of tfao ume load at reat. In the followinit inrontign-
bolh thew opinionii m\\ hr sfanwn to l)i> innn-rert: they are
-- dted merelp ns iodicatioiu of the extreme uncertainty pr^
Jant on the ■iibject.
TbttmethiMl nf Inquiry about to be (!xplBtn4>d oonaistfi, not In
' AMarmlning the dynamical atrain alnoltitety, but by eonipsTWa
with the oormpoiulin^ KtatU-nl atrain. The results wilTconao-
quently he mucli Himider than thev wotild be if the dynamioal atraln
wer« ••tiiaated Imleiieiideiitly. i'he drfti'ctiun which aglTenload
of n>jtf u[<on .1 pnler ]tr<><Iiiceii, irill hr Kliriiyi talccin ns one of the
known data of tlio |it>i1)lnm. The determlnntiuti of thitt stattCAl d(v
flwtiitn, an it furriv* tlie baiia of »U thu rcmaioini; calculationit, b
th» firat point of inquiry.
Wiieo a beam ia not uffected by a permanent set or defect of
t^Mttiritr. it anpear^ l)oth from theory and nrtonl experiment,
tiiat tbn' il^ection by a nei^it resting at itn centre la very nearly
proportional to that weiitht — that ia. If a ffiren number of tona
imeet it one inch, doutle the nuniKer of tons will drfleet it two
InebM, Thii reault liarHvedat by Piofe!««or Mimelcy uili'a " Me-
rrinciples of Ennrinccrinic." and SI. Navier In his
'Bcmoi d» Lvronit de Conalmction," hy independent methoda.
I v*mr acourdiincfl with practical tmtl Ims been abupduiitly con>
firmwl by experiment, M ouy bc verified by reference Ui nuuterous
publiahod BCcnimta of actval olnervatinna on the subject, and es-
paciaily to Mr. llod|[)iia»on'a iavnluablo " EiperimetitAl Re-
•MmliM on the Strength of Cast-iron." Tliia ir»rk irivee the
KRulta of an exceedingly large niimhiT of experiment^ made
by tfa« author and otherx, on the tniniveree Etreiif;th of bi^ama
loaded at tlieir c^-nlreii; and nllliou^h thcau beam* were of very
diSifrent forma and dimensions, the Inw iniliciiteil in nemrly observed
in all of llicm. 'Whether the »fctioii of the bean* be rectan^ar,
trixiiEular, or T-«ba|inI, with the vertie*l rib cither upwurda or
dnvnwnrda, tbe constant ratio. Id eocli bcaoi, of each deflection to
the oarTvepondin^ load is nejirlf maintained : and the uinic remark
oppliea to beams of tho form mont useful for rulivar piirpoaca —
that of an upper and lower flanf:e ennnectcd by a vvrticol rib.
It will lie found, hoirevcr, by rcfcrGnco to tlie table* in J<Ir.
IIndi;kins>>>n'a work, th^t the actUA] deAectiofu arc eotnowhat more
than the throri-tical Inw would miike them. Tbu^tfcrepancy mnv
be accoonti^d fur hy attributing it to the dofoct of clavtidty, vrhioli
the ordinary theory of LDimi> doos not cviutider. As thiadufect
it not generally veiy great, it iriU hero in the first instmice be
aefftecled : the ileflectiona will primarily be ntimnted w if the
elasticity were jierfect ; and cnbi>c<|uent)y the modificotioiu duo
to defect of elaHtidtr ""ill be taken mto cuutudvnttion.
IToric Dtnig on (hit iJ^naion ^ a Bmm.
The " work done" hy a mo>ing force may bo defined to bo the
pn-doct of that forco into the diatancc through which It acta, A
biaiUar inalanee of the ti»e of tlii» meanure i* the Steam-Enffine ;
where the work dona reocivcatke particular name of llorao-Power.
IftJ»epreamufeoalbepi«tonwereuniform,th*tp«*«ure(inpoanda^
multiplied bv the dlatance thnmjfh which it i* exerted (ya fort)
would, if divided by SS,000, give the horse-power. But in tho
•(eam-eai.-ine, and nil otlier practical iDttancea, wh^ro tkoprewuro
b aot uniforiM, hut varying, it ia ImpoaalUa t« ealenlata tha work
dono by thin direct multiplication. WTiCT* the mlua of thfl
BtOTinK force is cwnitnntly .i.lti>rinfri "« may resort to either of the
(hllnwing mcthodi of aacertnining the work dime by il, — wo may
multiply it* ai'WVS'' *aJue by the distarw-c thrdugh which it acta;
oi, when that avera([C cannot bo anwirtained, we mny consider tho
vhoie diitaace divided into elementary portions, so nnBl) that it
nay be &uppOMd without MnRible error — that the prewure Is at
laast uniform while it acta through each portion In succeaaion.
Tba a^tgreot^ work done, is the warn of the work done on each of
tlivae portiooa— that i», it U the eum of tho prodncta of rach por-
uija of the diiMaoe aod the corrve; oLdiiig presnurc
THE CIVIL EXGIYEER ANP ARCniTECTS JODRKAL.
Thia proc«fla of amnmation, when enrried out with the iiTeit««t
poKsible iitfeiirary, in eiiuiralent to that of muthematienl integni-
tion ; In which caao, tho work don^ by a vnrjiii); prc<»ur« rosy b*
defined, in matheraatieal languo)^, tobe theioli-fral of the product
of the pn-MHure, and its " virtiml voloeity." The work done in
dedeetii^f a beam by pfe>«ure at it* centre la catily oacertained, if
that preasiurebe aoaumed pruportinnal ^o the deflection. Calling
tho dofleetinn *, aod thewforo tho prcsinro o .r (where a ia a oon-
fitant dejiendtiig on lb« diiiieuraoaa &c. of the bouni) we hav«^
work dona
= /•
S *
Now -^ is the prewure or wei);ht which would ttaticxlty mnintnio
hnlf tho delleJ^ition jr. Heneo. the uim-k dnnr in prodaeiNg a fim
dfflfptimx U finitl to IK* tpf'^t vhirh tatuM tlatimUg joaitttain )m\f
ttU 4efUittion, nmltiplitd lof thM wAeXe dMonee i(f defitenwR.
I'h'v vuliie of this rule will appnr hereafter.
DutintSion n/Greiiitat attd Inttanlannu* Loadiofi.
When experiments lire mode on tlie ^treiiirth and deJlection of
bcooiB, they bre generally loaded very grudually at their ceiitrea.
Earh addition to the lixid is idloweil to priKluce ita fkill effect
befote nore be impoaed. Cun«es»cntly, at «vcr)' Mnjie of the cx-
perimonl. tha beam la in a &tate uf ataticiJ ci)uiubriuin : the pres-
Hure of tbe lo»d on the beam (a ulwaya just cijuol to its weight,
and in never iucreaaed by any momentum ariMug from dowuwurd
velocity.
But if the whole load be suddenly and at once placed on the
beam, while it i* u yet undcflccted. the cffocts arc entirely altered.
The dcflectiou is greater than the same load would produce if
gradually applied : fur when tho bcua has roacbed the point of
ttaticnl deflect ton, the momentum aeouircd by the downward motion
urge* it furthcri uud the deaceat uf load continue! tilt it bv bnvgU
vp («olo apeak) by the iucreaaed resiittauire of the beam, jVftcr-
warda, the Main and load rice orun, lu the dcficL'tton has been
carried beyond the dagrvo at which it can be Htaticullv maintained.
In the caee here mippuaed of iuatantaiieoua loading, nothing
like imiMict or sudden eol1it«iua occurs. Tbe pre4*uro at the centre
of the bvam i* finite and continuous. The lojid do«i> nf\/<iU uuon
the beam — it ia merely vuppoaed to he niaocd originally in olvw
Contact with the betun, and then suferea to instanta&«ouely reat
u)>on It.
For the ukc of elucidatiou, one or two Instance* of analoooui
action may be cited. If a common balance have its fulcrum above
the point* of euepeniion of the scales, nnd a weight «ud<lonly reft
in one of the scaleii, the lever will turn throiigli a much groatar
an,elc than Lf the suuo weight were applied in small auoccBiive
portiona.
If an elaatic string ntapend vertically n weight from one end of
it, the atring will be more atFetclied if the whole w«i|^ht be aufferod
to act at once, than if applied in nnall portioiiK. It nilt he found,
that if tho pxtenKion of the string he prnpurtional to the I'tretch-
ing force, tlie extenxion produced by the detteendinff weight will
be itdf* that due to tho gradual effect of the sinie weight.
A liglit cylinder of wood, loaded at it" lower end, and Bonting
vertienllr in water, furniabea another illustration. If the cylinder
be raiie<f n little abovo ita position of e«|uilibrinm and then let go,
it will sink twice tha distance it has boon raiei-d. if the motion bo
ao atnall that the tmiatance is (Miuol to the hydnistntifal pro<:tiire.
Iti the aame way, in a nerfeotly elastic horixontnl beam, loaded
at Its centre, the effect of instantaneous loading ix double that of
gradual loading. For, hy a known principle of mecliuniej, wlien a
material OTatem movea from one poHitiun of rest to another ooiltioii
of rest, the work donohy Iho retarding force* it i'i|iiiil to the worlt,
donoliy thoaovdeniting forci's. For any itmall deflect ian of a bean]
bylnalantaneoualooiliiy, itii poaltion of ultimate deHection iaona< ~
intitantaaeoua rest, for immediatetv before it arrive* at that p(
tioti, all the parta uf the bvam ifetrpnd, nnd immediately i
aae^d. Alao, the work done by the accelerating force Is thj
weight aetuallv retting on the beoni, multiplied by the ftpaee of^
deflection : and the work done by the retarding force* i», by xhat
baa fae^'n aaid alHive "erpinl to tlie weight which would iialirally
maintain hair the ilpftwitioii, mulliplieil by the whole diKtanc-e of
deflection," llierefore, putting the iwo amount* of work done equal
to one anothor. we see that tho weight actually upon llae Itaant t«
that which would MaticjUty maintain half tbc defection. In otliae
worda, the deftMion it douAM by iiatantaneoiu tamMMg,
TraiuU <if a Singk Wi^.
We no* proceed to examine the effect of the tranail of • dOflt^
nw
THE CIVU. ENGIN'KEn AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL.
LBsTTBtllB,
■irel|t&l dtmjr Uia ginler, itnd flnt of kll to vhow that its elfi^rb
leannot exceed that whicli it Ims just bc«a eatimated tn pnxliicr. if
ftntioni-d at the centre of thr ^rdcr nnd nJluwii] to descend fr«*ly
/ron) tbeu'iiiellu'ettJ positiun — iiiullicr worJ*, it will be pnn-ed Ibnt
at whatever rate the weiKbt m«y trarel ovor the pirrler, its ulti-
nntc rtnin and deflection cnnnot be more than double the corre-
Bondint; st«tical effects produced when it mtt at the ceatre of
tlie Kifdvr,
Thera w B genenil rule of convtuit «« in emrineerinir *birh,
tL]fl tmtii ill iinciii-ul lanirusge, ttnten that pr>«<T is never Knined.
hut only nodificd. bv tbe ioierAeDtinn of mnchim-ry. Thin rule
may be more fcientlnaJlr eotprrssed anil eiu-iiileil by triMriiiic it ti>
itttoririn — it iit a partirulaT owe of tbe iirinrlple koonn in theo-
kTeticuroechanlc*, m tbe Cooaennukm of Fit fiva. This nrinciple
'nay be very oonreniently enuodated by eAiployituc the lerm
"«ot1( ddnr," an defined alxtvr : and it then awuineB this form of
en It II da I iu II — that tbe ma t>iru i!;»ined orJtiel by neystem in moving
from one position to another, is e4|ua1 to tvice the differeiiee
between the nork dnoc by thcarcrlerntiiijft sod that done by the
retardinir, forren in the name Interval.
Krcini thin it fitl!i>Mn, that vhere there u no^n or In** ol pta
irOy there i* no rlifferenre lieivMa the work dune by the aecele-
Rtlt^ and retarding' forces redpertivelj, lience, if the [inrt« of
Iheqratam bemovine nt thuBauis rel4icity tit ttiD tecuiid |)»«itii>n
M in til* firxt^ir if lid ill jKMition* be jiotitioits Af rest^the kk-
grente work done in the inierva) by the retarding force* U eciual
to that done by tbe nccelprnting forcev.
Arery rimple cnao cill illuritrate thiTi theorem. If a loenmo-
tive-«ngine travel a mile nlonf^ n nilvny, ami its vpli>rity iit tho
end of the mile be tbe Hune a* at the be^nniiii; of the mile, the
VDric done by all the foreea nhieli liave resisted its tnotiun is in
the aggre^i^te just equal ta the horsc-piwer developed in the
I al«aiii-eylinder*. Ami thin (U|unlity holdx ){Ood, boweirer thn
'atgine oave moved in the Interval — irhetberon a straight level
road, or on severe curves and ^rmdieiit^ — vhether the r]1(.>(h1 were
■ nifiirni or verj- irrepiilar — wbrthcr the uteum wor« on lliu whnb'
time, or tlie entrioo diiriii|it Urfr* pan* of the jiiumey moved by ita
nomentiini only. The tiitermisxirrn of the movlnji fitree and nil
otiier irrrKiibihlte<i riisii[iiieiir in the retiiiit. '\'u e«tnbliHh eiiuiJity
betveeii the work done in imivln^, imtl that dune in retardln|C, tlio
engine, all that is nocemuiry in tliat the eiijfine be moving neitlier
fwer our sJuireT at the end of the mile, than at the beeinning
rfit.
Another illiittrntinn will nerve tndiowthe' pitretne f^nentlity of
tlie principle in ^ueAliuu. If a certain qtuintity of witter have tn
r'b«m»vd a e«rtAin height, the amount of work actually roqiiiKite
for effecting tlie objort i« in all cuses ennnl to tho «eitflit of watvr
inultiplied by the vertical height. Thiu nmount of neee«iary
power or work la Incapable of bein^ dimininhed by any inech.initju
<r hydraulic contrivance. The water nijiy he eontained in n venKel
wbloh i< drawn tip [lerjiendii'Mlurly, iix fmrn u well, or whirh in
drawn up an inclined ]ilane or by x vpiral |iiilb ; or the water may
be nitxeiil by an Arehimedian Mvew, or by huck«t>i nttaehed to the
periphery of a revolving wheel, or by a hydraultcnun, ur by n
torce-^unip: or lastly, it may In- Uiroiin up in a jet, lui froni a
fotLiitain or fire-engine. But it ia uhyHically inipoMibte, by these
er any uther inKthodit, to diininiwh the ivijiiintte nmount of labtinr.
It i±, of courM, euay to increaae tho amount hy a waxte or ummi.
fitable expenditure of labour, such a^ is eauaed by friction of^tke
inacbinery, <ir the niiiliial atlion of the jiarticlw of water among
thetiiwlveii. But KU|i]io«inK no waMte of foice to (xctir— ■uppoiing
all the power usefully eniployed in aimply raising the water with-
out doing anything eUe ; then the nmoinit of that power i* In ilII
OMnjiott what hiM lii-fii Hliiti-d — the weight of water miiltipltt^
by tlie vertical distance through which it h rnised.
The nile i* of univurual ii|iplt(!uti«ii, iiml there iu tin other prin-
dpln of dynnmiea of *udi grt>at and constant utility in practioal
■Aience; ror it embraces r11 tho)<e ejifes of mtitioii witli which the
fdgintier hnppeim to be wincerned — urmcm where the inntion either
eaaites, or hua Uie tamo valueii, at regularly-recurring; iiitervnln.
Tbe case before us, of tlio trannit of a voight along a girder,
ii a striking exempli lie at inn of tlii* Priucijilo of lln- (.'oaservntion
uf M'ork. For tills priiici|)te enables ua immediotelr to oomjiaro
the effect of a weight nioviog along the girder, and thntof^tlie
umo weight ctationed at it« centre, and deacendini;. If the de-
fljoctioo be theaame Inlxith caae«, t)io worlc di>ne by tliedeooentof
the load iu both cosea ia the snnto — namely, the weight multiplied
hy the vertical descent ; and thic ia true, whatever he tbe path of
' dwoent. Now, it bati already been iihown, that in the eaae of in-
rtanlaaeotts loading the nork done by the descent of the voight m
^««//0£iwfjrw«aftuy to produce io the beam thu doAeclioo which
twice tbe weight would atatically maintain. Ilraee, the txaTeUtag
weight can du no titore.
The vidue of thi« concltuion apiicar* tlie fjvaer, when it ia een-
sidrre^l tliat it aroidit till haaardous hypotheeea aa to the fontu
ftieumed by the beam during t)u> trawut. Howev^ the baaa
niay be bent — whatever ranv be tk# nature of itd vihralioD* aod
intemnl action, tbia i« certain, — that when its el&tlieitr ti un-
impiiircd, a »rigbt travelling tiiang H cannot, luider anyeircnm.
stances whatever, more Ibnn doubln itu correaponding atalical de-
flect ion. To fltiiiiioao it capable of duin^ mere, ia to auppoae tie
phvisical impruuibility of a gain of power.
tint though the travelling weicht cjinnnt. under ■ny rirenoa.
atflDcea, pmdape tiMre than double the utaticnl deOeelion, it ia
Suite piwi^ihle that it may do It**. A lar^>c nortioD uf tbe work
one hy the weight mav' he absorbed in producing Interal vilm-
ttons and other in-r^laritien uf motion in the Ifeam. All than
cniienmitnnt niiemtions act hy way ofdiminulion, and tend to make
the dynamieal delleetiun lest than double the staticiil central de-
flection.
In determining the actual amount of thia diminution, the ve)o>
city uf tmnoit nnut lie taken into nccounl. For tluit there ia
Rome unrtici liar velocity for uliich the deflection !<> a maxinon,
is obvious from Uiis sitiiplo consideratimi — that when th« weight
travels exceedingly alowly along tlie beam, it alway* exerta a
ataliciil preamire, and does not tend to increnee by moneoUun the
detleetioQ beyood its statical amount ;— anil, on the utiier band,
when the weight travel* with exceaaire lapidity, it may not have
time during the traiuit, to sink even the diatanee of atatleal
deflection. To take the timilinK CUM', when the t'elueily ie inde-
finitely gre»t, tlie deKcent of the weight tnuat be indeliititrjy
cnuill ; for even if it fell freely, and there were no beam to auppun
it, the distance of descent in an indefinitely ehort time iit inap-
preciable.
l\ff>rt «/ thf Infrlia of ih* Btam.
There (a, then, betxeen tbe exceedingly high and the erxeeed>
ingly low velocity, nome narticular intermediate apred which prt>-
diici^Ktbc gri'ate»t |H>iuiltie deflection. Before, however, conatder-
inir what that velocity ia, or endeavouring to eatabliah a lUrect
relation between the velocity and the deft^ctinn, it ia ncceaeaiy to
examine mure particularly the i^iiie Just referred to — where tJ>e
vdiicity of trnnstt ih mt great, thai tbe weight baa out fiauc to
Kiok beyond n certetn degree.
Now, there are two wayn in which thia conaidemtion of time
mifctit lie ■[iiijiiM^d to affect the amount of deflectluiL The flnt b
tlhil already litiiteil, where the iicrtud of tramit is au aliort, thai
oven if the weight descended freely, without aupport from the Immibi
itsdeHceiit would be incousiderabte. Thia caae may, however, be at
onc« exrJiiikd, when it ia considered that ntoll pmcticable railway
velocities, the timi? uf truniit over n long ginder (M tu 90 fn-t)
could nut be miicli Iet« than oni; aecond, that a biidy would fall
freely upnunlii of l(i feet in that time, and tbflt its nctnal deaoeul
(eiiuitl to the delli-'ctiun of tho girder) U only nfew inches.
Itut UiLTe ia another way in which the eunaideration of tUne
might be auppoM-il to aifert tbe deflection: there mlglil nut be
time enoiiKh to nveTcomo the inertia uf tho beam, Tliis cbm
rei|uire9niure particular examinntiun.
A person skating ovt^r n weak piece of ice may tK>n)etiine«, by
moving niiiidly, glide over tl siifoiy Iwforo it have lime to break —
that in, before tbe prosauro uf lii> body have imprvtM>ud on the ice
the downivurd notion aufficteot fur it to attain the point «i
fracture nliile lie It pMilDg oter it. Now, by the general prind-
plcTi of nuM^hatiicB, too aanie preisure which, acting for a i^veo
time, woultl producB a great velocity in a ainall masd;, will prudooe
proiiuniunabljr little velocity In a largo mass. In order then
tbikt the inertia uf the loe may, in tho oaae (uppowd, bo a eaoae of
safetv, it must be large In compnrLton with the prewure acting <■■
it ; tlmt ia, the ma«a of ice acted upoii luunt gveatly exceed the
mam of the man's body.
In the H»me way, in order Uuit the inertia of a ^rder might bt
ncnuse uf security, the moM uf the girder ruui>t be very mudl
greater than tlmt of the train paasing over. Hut it will be shows
that the inaai of the former docs not, for heavy load*, exceed
that of the latter »'■ greatly an to perccjtlibly diminiOi tbe deflec-
tion. It has unmet iiuea been found useful to add to the inertia of
tlie girder by laving on it hoavr ballaatj and by thia m«aiih tlif
atructure is rendered f/ratfi'fr,— tnat i», the aliglit lateral o«^-i)iA-
tioii* and other irreguInritieH of motion are reduced. But it
ia vnl^ thene AmalW or subsidiary movements that cait be
diminiahed by adding to tbe weight of thu girder. Itn maaa, aod
that of lb« permanent iMd upon it, i« not in generalso large aa t«
maleriiiUy InilueQCc the main, or vertical, deffeetion, wJica pro-
duced by ucarly w Leuvy a Juad as it will safely bear.
nan
THE Cn'IL ENGINEER AND ARCmTECTS JOURNAL.
an
Wh«n tti* train |i*mm o*«r the ^n)<-r, tbc renlrc of prAvitr of
|tb« wh'iU <}-<it^m sjnk-i. tlie impreuipd moving force (loirnurBrdB
l>«[ft^ thf wciglit i<f th<< triiin, und tliit nu>ti«n of lli« oentrD of
T gTKvit}' homjr trt.-krd^ii b j- the «lBAic fnrea (if the girder.
Til lake n nuro ^very way iinfavoiinble to thpconcliixion which we
1^^ wiikli lu (Mtiibliiib, lirt the frrciitVKt d«flectinn bi' 3 inrht-i^ nnil thg
j^Lveloettyof th« tritnoii »frri-jit ihnt the wi>i);htn)i>no« over the girder
^f io BBWond of time. Thi^ uuulil be the tiineof tmnBit over n girder
^^ KM fwH ]*>ri^, nt thor&teof AKiilo n-iniDi)t«<. Now, the eitrinne d<v
fletrtiiiD umy lie cupiiinaed to btf Mcciitiitil i>ihr'[l iti hiilF tho tiuir (if
truiiiit, or the iiontre of the ftirder nitut* 3 iiu'Wit in half n uei'ond.
Th» cefitri" of pnivjty <if the whole system ut nu time iiiiiks bo
Imucli lu thr iwdlrii of Ui(< bvaui KinkK, fi>r its two riidii ilit nut vink
at all. On the whule, it aeeina an ample ullnuani'e t'l Kupjione the
■oaxiiniitn vprtical deseent of the centre of ^rnvity of the (leam 1^
inch. Now, to fiiiil Iho wiirk which would aUnr iiriidiiire thin vdn-
ttiy, *e must Itave an equutioii of vit viva, exctudinf; thv letiirdiii^
force.
Ry th» i>nlinary rules for oalciilntin^ th« rectiltnenl motion of
bcidtva, if a ^ven mjiNn M oriftiniilly at re>:t be ncteil ujitin at its
CKOtre of gravity by one uniform force /lauving through a «{>aco
m la the time (,
S M jc ~/P.
Suminae the force to be thai of a Mtiiati weifrhL Tbe maM of lliic
wei^Bt will be foim<l ^on sulixtilutiiig numerical valueii and putting
navity = 'JWl l» be only the Stii pnrt uf .M, if the latter tnovH
Uirntitih ij iiicli in hnlf a vernnil.
TUe beam '» unuuUy conntiiictnl to bear n preuniro conaiderably
sxrMding itn own netght. In that caAe Iftt then one ttd of the
vork actuiilly eicrled by the travelling weight wouhl Fiitlipo for
men ai-ci*leratl»ii uf lli'^ litfnni i and weamieto the coudiitioii,
[that even at the highetit practlrable vetuclty, the power re(]uircit
}to ect tbe beam iii motion t>oblrnct<i very little of the power
rMluciiig deflection. In other wurdo, when the maw of the loud
not amall ronipHred ailh that of the beam, the dellection i»
[ IMV«r materially influenced by the inertia of the beam.
Infiutnte Qf ihe Feladiy of Tramit on thi Ihftciion
in lAe catt qf a Singfe WriffM.
Having arrived at the !in|Kirtatit conuliieitia that when the
trarelilng weight le Large, the uiertiu of tlitt huuii ia iin immaterial
^KiSoiuiilcration, or that the effective muving furcco are j ncunsitlemlilr.
^Haooiinred with tbe imtirv»vd forrcf, we might ciippow the mutual
^BprcMure between the Wani and the weijiht slutinuly cijiial to tho
V^Ktrce which the funner by ita elaiitiaty exerts in an upward
f direction l" rewint deflection.
Bui, in fact, the mutual preHure between the beam and the
wciffbt i« an unknown fore*, not generally sii»cepliMe of exact do-
btormination. During the fir«t part of the moliun, the weight dues
■o to 4pMl(, eiert il* full prwwurc on Ihi; benm, for tliu
yields and recedea before it. Uuring the latter part of the
,^^_. it, «n tho eontrarv, tbe premure in i|ue><liuu exertn s »upe-
riAF ]>ower, to d<«troy tlie momcnlum previously (icquireil by llie
di^-cending wetglil. The weight then muvm downwards, firat
with nn aceelerated, and subsixiuently with a retarded, velocity:
er the pre«Mre on itn under «idc i» in the former »tage of motion,
leM, and in the latter Mng^ greater, than the effect of gravity.
The path of the ueiglit in liUowise unknown, for the motion ia
made up of two parte — the motion along the beam, and the motion
(tf tie beam itKclf. If, indeed, it be nMume*! that the motion in
» always along the benm, or that at every invtant the corvflture of
the beam haa, at the point of mutunil contact, the same tangent n«
Ubc path of tha weight, the proMont would be enpahip of ^dution.
The investigations of Pr.>fe«»..r M<i««]ey and M. Navier have de-
termined the curvature of the beam aufficienlly to nSord meanK of
tracing the curve dexcnlicd by the moving weight ; and therefore
ita preanire, which U pr|iin] to ita ccntrifogal forro -\- the effect of
gravit]', mij^ht be ascertained.
The hypotliMii which would lead to tbew result* 14, how ercr,
vbitrary and unaafe : and be<slde<, tho piirvntiiro of tho beam aa
malbemiitic.illr determined, it not exactly that which Acrun; in
■rtukliinictirr, where the elnsticity iii alwiiy'fi more or leu imperfect.
The dCfflcutly i« howovor of nii grent importanci-, bernoBe, as will
L^be presently shown, il does not occur where thii mnvirjir body ia not
^■B aingte we:ghl. but a long train. And the Auhjcct ia here refiired
^Bln, merely to snow the idmoBt inNiiperahle difRciiltiei of determiu-
^^Bi^ the motion of a aing'le weight along an eltiitic hcJim.
^F Uni/iirmii/ Dixtrihutftt Lmii,
We have hitherto con^idcreil the elfect of a aingle weight prciiir-
lllf only at one point of tbe girder. The more imporlnut practt-
eu caM-, where tbe pre*iur« In applied to ■ GutuuderaMc turlacc,
rtmiiua to b« cxuulied.
In entering upon thi« inquiry, Ike cAnsidoratton of hnnzonlal
motion will be in the first inatanre excluded. The ilistinetuui
between the cKects of gradual and inntantaneoua loading liaa baen
alretidy pointed out, in reference to u «jngle wei^'ht ; and tha
oompariiton mny now be extended to the case of an uniformly
distributed load. If this Iwid be gnidualty laid on, it produrvs leas
deRontion than whan laid on all at once. A aeriea of weighta applievi
almultaneouily allalongtbe undetected girder, will move vertically
downwarda, and ae<{uire msmratam wbteh haa to be dutroved bjr
an incrensed exertion of tho idaKtio forcea of the girder, lu thte
COM, an in that of a clnfrl^ "^iRht, the ultimate dellection at>d
preaiure will bo doubled, as wiQ be demotiatrateil by analopiBt
principles,
Th(t boain being, na before, aunposed to be norfectly elastic, the
central deflection is proportional to the weigitt of the uniformly
diiitributed load. If a do the Ivnglb of the benm, j tho central
deflection, v tho w.right of a unit of length of tbe load, we loajr
put ad ^ ».T, where ■ is a delermlnaie constant.
Let y. </ be co-ordinates of any point in the Eurface nf tba^
beam, which is MippoKod to hnve the same curvature aa itn neutr '
"xiv. Then an tlie currulure Is always exceedingly small, u dy' n^
the weight of an element of the load, nnAiifl^iix' reurewnta
the product of thin weight and itB virtual velocity, when [ha
centre of tho beam is dUplaoed through a amall vertical dlstaoce
4x. The product of nlT the prestores and tbe cairespaodinc
rirtual relocitiea ia aquivslant to
/'
u.fa'tfy',
taking y' between the limiu and a. It may maUiemktlcaUy h«
(hown thot this integral ia equal to if o ri j-, where r is the vertical
ordinate of the centre of grnvlty of the load. AI«o, from tha
eijuationa given by Profesaor .>lo«eley, in his " Prioeiplea nf En-
gineering,' Art. 3~'l, it may be «hown by a timple proces*, vlueh it
here omitted for the lUkkc of brevity, that x » pro_pottiun«] to #,
and may thcrcfuro be put = £-r, where i tRadetcnniiiatc coiutanl.
Hence, u n tl jt =: >i9t iSx.
The inte^rral of this, between limits O and x, is tbe total work
done in producing tbe central deQection. This luteal ia e^nal ta
J* a jp —
Or the " work done* i* e<|uivalent to that produced by a weiglil
which would RLalically raalnlaiii half the deflection, morin^l
thr[>ug)i the Mliole epace which the centre of gravity actually ile- '
seriheil. Hence, by the anme reaaonlog as applied to the case of a
single weight, tlui ttaticat dt^ltxtton and prtMtitn art doubM bg h»~
ttan:4>tuouM loading.
Trtmtal t^ a C'inlinuou* I^ttaJ.
By combining the conclurion juKt arrived at with tbe principta
which has here been lermvl the I'rinciple uf the CWitervaliufl of
Work, it is reiulily Keen IliMl the statical strain and dellection
cannot be more than doubled by the tranait, ut any boriumlal
velocity, of s uniform loud of tbe ttme length a« the girder.
Indeed', tbe dynamicjil will in aeneml be considerably lew than
doubU* the eorrei^iionding iitatical etTectx.
It has been shown that where th<; weight of the load onvtainril
is nearly ns grciit vr grenter Uian tlial uf tlte bcHm, the fort*
rmiuired to produce motion in the beam is Inconsidorable compared
with the actual deflecting forced. The beam it«elf, thereftire, in then
nlwnys nearly in a i4ate of etpiilihrium, and iln fiiriii nearly tha
nine as thnt nhicti would he Matically produced by tbe cxtemat
prexsure*. If this be ossumed lo be strictly true, it follows that
iJie curve of dellection in conciivc in every pMrt.nnd therefore that
no part tif the beam »iiik« while another pnrt is rising— thnt aO
tlie part* aink together, nnil all rise toirether. Thi' vertioJ
motion is so cKtrcntcIr tmM and griidiial, that there can be n»
danger in aMsuniing unit all the jiart* arrive at their loweat
puHltionx Ht the oame iiuUnt. It follows then, ns previously l«
tJiat inutant the motion nas dowiiwurd% and f iiWquently upwards,
the beam in its lowest porition la ac rest, either iuatantaneoudy or
for a definite period.
In thia poMlion of rest, the prcwures on the surface of the
beam are in statical cquiUhrium with ita internal force*. At the
same time, the preasurc nrodnned by the travelling load ia the
aame iia if tbe curve of deneclion were a /istd curve.
^ffrtt •>/ CfKtri/njftii t-'arce.
Wben a body, roovinn; along a fixed curve, is acted upon by ao
force* but the prewtiro of the curve iiud itu own weight, the
preeaure on tho curve (by th« kaowo principles of mccbuucs) i«
aw
TU£ CIVIL BNOINEER AND AHCHITECT'S JOUR.VAL.
fSBTtBtBtt,
eqanl t« the centHreca] forft, pUt the nnnntl compAMnt of the
weiclit. The curvature «f « Acflp^itc'l girder ir in i^envnl bo rx-
fwedinfily Hnatl. thnt it will be quito wife t<> wbutiki llic ii««niro
r«|iii>l to tlic tcntrifuiial fmrce, wn* tlio «eitflil ilfcelf. Tii* ctrro
n-i-umed by tlie sur/ac« of tli« Imin dep^dii on th«> force* KCtinif
«n it ; RDit wc hvn mppotc tbe beam t<> ti« iit rert, Klthaosh tha
liMul ajwin it i» in itiotti'ii, Hotu-e, tbff cltwtic for«« of the beam
are in */«/irri/ equilibrium witb iho iir«i«wiv« im tk* curve.
The origin of co-ordiiintt-" bei»« at one end of the btnm, ami the
luin of lT, menaurrct vertically ilwwnw^ril*, at nny pnJnt (j-, )r)of
the c<irve, the tau^nt «f the nngia of horiznntal incUtutloa b
~. ftliich ii altniyB ver>' rawll. Hence, neglecting the equnre of
that (itiantity m inconitiilcnMe (wntMued with ufUty, vb m&r
put the inrerte of the rBtiiue oi curvatu-o nt the point
(x, y) = — ^. (The (ign nerer ehuses, h the eune »< overy-
irhere concave upirardt.)
From the theory of perfeetly cluttie beams, It appoan thel ^^-—
ia, at CTerjr pari ot tbo beam, pmpvriioual to the moment about
(x, j/j ot nil the pTCaeure utiu;; between that point and either ex-
tre<nily uf the beam. Here, the premurea between (,i, y) anil the
oriffinure the centrifup;*! force* and the veighta aettuif dvoriKtardi*,
WMtheprtOTarevf the abutment acting upwarda. The moment
«/ ill the oentrifufF>l force* may be firat Mcertained.
Eech email portion of the load may be eupposed to act inde-
pendently of the rc<d, er to prcM on the enrre with ite own weight
and it* <>*rn centrifusid force. L>et m he the unit of mASa ; and
therefore, at any point (-I'.v') intermediate between {x.g) and the
the m^a of an element of the load.
end of the beam, m d t/
Callini; V Ita Uneu veJodty,
it appears from what haa been
alnftdf Hid ahont the radtua of cim-ature, that V* j-^nd^ is
_ y
the ccatrifu^ force of that element. The moment of ihia
eentrifupl force ia-V» '— . (jr-y" ) m rfj'.
The moment of all the centrifn^l forc»« about point (.r.ji) will
be found by Inlefrrntinc thia expreMion lwtwe«>n the limitiy =
sndy = y. Soitnuybe ascertained that the iiiomeiit uf th«M>
fitrca Is
« V» (, tan 3-*),
wWe S la the horlsontal Inelinalion of the earve at the orSirin.
t*n 6~M is the lenjfth of n verticjil line dmwn downwnr<U from
point (t. y) to inei<t the tenant drawn from the origin j nnd
wyrninlL
*t\» weitfht of the portion of the Innd npnn the hoTisontal
leurth of the liesm y. la mj^y ; and ita moment about the point
(ir.'y) is the siime na if tlio weight were collected at a point half
way between (x.y) and the origin, end therefoni equela — ^^.
AlK^ if P be the pre«nire of the abutment, P y is its moment ; nnd
representinff theoonfltant,l>y which the radiu* of the curvature bn:*
tri be multiplied to render II e^ual to the sum of tlie momenta,
hy E I, we nave —
^^sl^^"* a "'*y+ "V'(yt«lfl-*).
ThIa c>^uatiDn ia Intem^ble in Its present form ; but as the lost
term or it \n very Hcnnll. wc may mHke an alteration which will
tend very much In the .limplirity of the resiihn. The centrifiJiinl
pre^itres cannot under nny drciimslaiicet he sreat coim>ari?d with
the other fiircen, ae mny readily be foreseen by considering that in
all r.-wejiof actiuil pnicticc, the cTirvoture in very umall on account
nf the very small jin>porti'in which thrt n^ntrul defection bears to
the lengih of the beam. Fir nn'j cmtral itefiwtiwi prtriinuivat^ntd,
the curve would be very little nltcred If thv centrifit^ prcfsure
were omformly dintributed. Thcrefiirc, in the st>ot-e cijuation,
tKe «dim11 term tnV' (y ten £— .t) ia neglected in caliniattnic the
nidiusoftho curvature merely. Now. it appear* frvm the " Me-
chanieal Principle* of Hn^ncerin^," .\Tt. STI, that when the beeia
in Bubject to any uniformly dihii-ibuted pre«sure« whatever,
dT' = 7^ (*»■-•'»)•
where a it half tlie lunirth of the beam, and T> ie its central de-
lectlnn. Tlie curvature of the beam, when It aMumra its permit
aent fonn oader the inSaoaoo of n panlng. load, will not greatly
differ from tliat whleh thia emMtion Indieatee, Of eonrse. (tili
hypothesia dues oot bummia tne distribution of the centnfuigd
preoRira to bo Mtnally uniform — it merely precnmM that dit
curvature of the beam,/or a jfwa diglwUait, la nearly the one at
if the prcworea were aa ilittnbnted.
From the eqnation Wt given, the value of 5—. at the oentftt
84 D
ia - • ■- ■■ ■ -■ Therefore, at the c«i)ti«, » weight morfag with
IOH>
10 a*
timnlu
velocity V, haa a centrifu^l prensure =: V .
To nacertain the whole effect of eeatrifu^l pre«aur<^ we hart
evidently the exprcaalon
iRtetrratinir between limits y = O nnd y ^ 9a.
Vtvm thi«, it appears Uint the tulqt iwutrifufral p fe w ar e
Sfi D I V
c=— K-,W «, whlchheoimeeaiya-j -|P,ify-iSa
Now, if T be the mimber of aecMid* in which ^Ihcr end of l^e
V V' i
load traverwe* the b?un, _. = So:, and — i = ». 9«bstitaHa|
thi» vattir, luid rememhoring' that the total weight oo the bean
\% 2 7ny II, we find ultimately,
Cm/r(/Vjw/ !»«"«« 0" wAoAl fiwnn = - =■, X the wnyW.
What very atronfrly confirma this conciusiun, aad aiiowx tlmt ne
materiiilly Kre^t errvr is Mntaiaad in it, la theeODsldetatlun llMi
If the curve had hceu »uppo«ed to be a cwwiar arc pasaing tfcroueh
tlio middle »ud two end* of tlio cune, the effect of ccatrif <. 1
prejbUTO Mould be almort the snrae ae the above formula girr* f-
J'lieonly difference (a* will be seen hereafter) would be, that ia
tho fonnula we must substituto | fur 1. When it ia coueiilcnd
huw cxceedincly amall the eur>'nture of the beam must neoesnrily
be in all practical casM, it becomes clear thnt n clrcalar an at
lar^ radius would represent tlie curi-c h ith at Icnat toleraUc ac-
curacy. At alt events, that awumption furnishea a saJTe teat of
the foregoing conclusion*.
Kukjhr Calatiuting Ihe Preanin.
The formula thuu fi\ii» all the infnrmation that can be gcnatoUy
rex|iiired, reapectiu^ iim influence of (ha velocity of the train, er
it* preaaure on the dedm'ted ijirder, when the maB« of the fanner
if not HDiali ciHniinre^l with that (if tlio latter. Put into onllnafy
lauguBfjv, Uie furiniilu amdiinlK tti tliic — that infWn bmg un^Ana
load moras orap O girder which it p^rjivtlg ttoHia, ortgin^ig karismUi,
the greateMt pntturt im l/ur girftrr U Ihat ^ Iha might on ittU aag
time -f a ttimll fraction 0/ IJiat umjiU, thich Jhietinn i* fintaA if
dividins oite-Jiflh the detection fin parts (tf a fimtj by tha tgtMrt^
the number iif treondt in *eiidt rtlW end «/ Ue load travtrmu On
girdtT.
In order to itIvb s clear idea of the value of Die formula, and la
■how how tmHil the influence of velocity generally ja, ona or twe
pmcticul applications may he iriien.
A heavy train moves over a trirder 88 feet long, at the rate of •
mile a mtnuto, and the ohaerved deflection la one-tlilrd nf a feoL
To find the preaaitre on Uie ^rder.
In ibis ease, either etid of the train movee t\wr the girder tt
one second. Th« R«|uurc uf tho number of aeconda ia therefore 1.
I'iie dcdccliun in j. Tlienifurr, the fraction of the welnfat hi -^
Or tlie extreme preaaurc on the gri'det is one-fifteenth more thaa
the weight on it at any time,
A train moves off a girder in three^fourtbH of a aecond, and the
observed deflection is one-fourth nf n fiivt.
Ilere the eqnare of 1 is VW- Oue.Hfth the dvHection ia ^; aal
,V divided by -^ civaa A > or the prcHstire is not quite one-twffUkb
more than the weqcht at any time on the girder.
Theac inalancea give the dyiiaRiic«l prtwuure as larm aa It ll
over Ukely to be with a pru)Kirlr-ooiiatrueMd girder-bridtce. Tbqr
consequently nbtiw that the tlynamioal areaeure of heavy laail^
even at bixh velocities, very little exeeeda tlie statical ; and at lav
relocltlM. diflars from it only in an iuappreciable decree.
It win be observed, that if the velocity be iode6nmly Increaaad,
or T in the fornmU indafioitely diminished, tfae dynuUoil pm>
mire is indofinitclv increased. But the formula viiiaallx szcHUai
these hy]iotheticaI coscfl i for the iDvcstifi'Htion proceeded on the
asBiunptioii that the rentrifugal pressures arc comparativelv ana^
I and that the whole prwauxe pnducea tiut u amall dcfiectlni^
I MS. J
TIIR CIVIL EK01N'££El AND ARCHXTECTS /UURNAL.
999
0^k$ ^ Statticitf.
It onv wmftina tlmt ■omethlng be Bud of the defect of elmttirity.
WaS tb« nuidifip-NtioiK of tli« sbor* results whr n nppli?d to joinu-ti
or Wfn|Mmnil «trui^iiTea. The ordinary mnttiemntitruL tli^ury of
Oic ffirtler it l>a»eil oh the Iaw of penert eln<itk'I(y, kiiuwn ns
llooke's Uw — rtnm**!}', that tlic ulustic forre is proportioiul tu th«
«9t^iui'u)ii nr trii!i[nv>Mni).
It a[ipeitra from pineri mental inqnlrlM, RibM!(|ii«nt to, und more
i>1«nBitf« thaii, i>T. Iiiiokir'fi, that tnia law it; not oiiite true. Thi>
da«tt« forct* i* in renlity len than tb« liiw would ani^ it to be.
Mr, llodfrktiitioa. In liii rw«ntlf publitbed "Retearehes oii (.'nst-
Iron." Art, IDK, e«pii)« inclined to think th^t the eUsticforrenin)- be
(•xpremMl by a ,r — bj', where s iit the mp.imi rv nf runipriHKiuri or
eiteniion, and a vtA h constant empirical co-PlIideiil«. That thi*
bypiitbeai* in nrar tbfl truth may be inrerred from the connidera-
tioo, that if tb« claxtic forre he ttxprviiitMl by n tenm in ituci-iid iiig
powcra of x, all teima Lnvalving high porcr* muRl be very HrriHlt,
m th» clastic furc« ia nlimys nearly e<iual to the first term, and ji
ia Tcrjr small. U way, howpver, be »orth while to rcnmrli, that if
ar — bx' he taken to eiprnta Mtrrertlr the elnotic fiirrv, tli«
aame value of t, vhlch reckoned positively ^ve* the teni>tan, nitl
DDt, trhrn ivckoni:>d neRiitivoly, sive the win>» valuo for the preo-
■nre. In onU'r thnt tliia may lie the case, only uneven powent of
x-mnatbe iiivoIv(^.
Bat whntevrr lav of rliifitinty bv muunied, this ia etiaily ntcer-
taincd— that trherc the elnxlicity in iiiiiierfect (thnt t«, whore it it
b«8 tbao in proportion to the extcnaioo or comprea.iti>n^, the de-
flrctiw prr«fi:n' iif n girdrr will he less than in prO[iartion to the
drflfvtion. In ca.it--iroii fcinlen, ca«t in one piece And in mctnl of
foud quality, the defect of etaatJdty U amall ; anil ci>ii*eiiuently
the ilr^rtion in prutty nearly proportional to the pressure. But
in joiated »trurhire», r-ompunnded of Mvcral pnrlx ronncrted by
rivetc or holtf, thipi Eh iiy no nrnna the cnse. in tbem, tb« defect
of elastidty miiftt be grciit ; and the deflection will therefore in-
crawe Ht a conxidiTalily hieher rate tliun in proportion to the
estemal pressure. If a KhuT of 800 toiix produce in a coinpiiiind
^rdcr S inches dcflooUon, 300 tons will priidurc connideralily mure
than 3 inchea deflection. Or, if .100 tons produces inchea de-
flerliun, 400 toaa vil) produce cuuaidvniMy muro th.in i inrliM
dcdectiou. HtrK amch tnoro can be tutcertained only from actual
vxperiiorut.
It ia vtrry iiiiportaoi that thia diitinction between Ritnpk' and
cooipound g'irdersabould be always taken into conaideratioti, fur
thft neglect «f it would l?ad to ^crr crroncoua conclusions reiipect-
«tfae btrniKlh of structure* vt Ihe Intlcr kind. Ar nisrs in
Lmay be instanced calculations rctpectiu^ the atrciiKth of
Pb formed in three piecee and supported by tenilon-roilii.
nlw which determine the ftren^h of nimple, unvointcd
Kinlcro, are imipplicablc to tbeve ntruulucev, and are not likely to
git* even an ap proa imnt ion (<i tl>c nni>>unt of their real «trei<Ktli'
Where, however, the com pound -girder is so wcil mnttructcd,
that it* curvature, when deflected, in r^'guW nnd free from sudden
iaflevtiono, tlie formula fjircn above for the dynamical prevnire uf
Utag Iraiiu on perfectly cIiMtic beami, will apply with eoniitd&rnble
sorur«cy. F<ir the deficctiwn beiofc pre^iooufy ntsiKiied, ia a tafc-
muarJ a^in»t nnv vi>ry great orror. That dett^ctloii heinff small,
the rarraturo will also be amall ; only, oti acrutint of the defact of
«UMtlc)lf. it increncea txtteri^ paribus more rapidly towarda the
entire of tlie beam, than it votild if the benm iverc perfectly
eJutle. I'i>nie4|uentl)r, the preaanre towardi: the centre in compn-
rstively gmier in tlie compound, than in tlie umple girder : and
frasaire tuwnrilx the centre in moro effectual in producing AeS*^
tion than preuurv ricnr the ondd of the girder.
CoiiMequetidy. there are two reasons why velocity hiereaaea tha
defleellon uf nc^jRipuHHid, mora thno thnt of a xiniple, fcirder. In the
int place, an account of tha defect of eliutinty in t)i(!J»iiite(l i^triic-
Isre, Ita dedeetloa increaoet In a hlcfaer decree than in prujiorliun to
the external pruHKure. i^condly, thntexternfdprv(tiinrei>iof necee-
city ereater fur tlic joiiiled thui for tha aimple girder, becau«i} in
the lunneT the euirve Is abacper towarda Ita centre. Velocity of
uwulthaa therefore imteli greater influmce un the security of
guden of the former, than or the latter kind.
It would have been Hiti«factory to have been able to confirm the
reeulta of these investigations, by reference to actual experiments.
Uafectutuitely, hnwever, tbera are at present but v^r^' KcAnty dnld
tar tba purpine. An aecount nf two csperinienta tuade oii the
Dee-bcidtte. of the lloEyliead Itiilway, is nil th.it can he ciud.
Thcec experimenlit dre ile*rril>cd in a Henurl t'> the Coinmissin tiers
of ItailwayiL, IMh June, 1H47. An enifiue and lender, about 3i>
^on* weight, paaalnii over tlie hridjje at 12 miles an hour, produced
■U datortioa tuiaHy the aame aa with tbe engine et rest— via.
fWitn J to t^ of an inch." In another experiment, " an enffine
and train of tS tons, at rost, gave n deflection of 9-1 inches ; while
the defection cauaed by the aame train at a apced of 1.^ to vn
miles an hour, iraa only i| of an inch."
Theiie aocnunts do not however ftimuh much information
auitcd to our present purpose, lu the hret pince, the oxperiRMWt«
were made on a Jointed strurture of a eumpleji nature, and of
which the dcftcf li<iti np]ienris even from this bnef account, to have
folbiwcd no Himple law. Moreover, in the tirct vx]«rimcnt. tha
deflection In not actually determined: it Is merely aald to have been
from 1 of an inch to lhrve-Kixieenth« more; and in both, the
maun of thft girder grcully exceeded the maaa anrtained. All the
Inference that can bedrawnls. that velocity did not very nunerinltjr
influenoe the deflection, but that the deflection was dtminlahed at
tho highest velocity, the luail i.UKluiiied b4-ing iiotnpiarstively light.
Mrtmt of DimmUhhtg (Ac Dynamirai Prrature.
When a ImII moves along a perfectly lioriionla] tmrface, the
pressure uu it* under side is juit diual to its weight, for thin
viinple reaauD — that if the prcMure were greater, the hall would
ri»e ; if leea, aiAk.
In the tame way. if n train mored sloni; tbc surface of a girder
which rdnained perfectly hurituntnl during the Irnnsit, it* pres-
sure would be joNt c<iual to ita wci|i;itt. But tho train generally
sinkn a little, and ac<|uirc« a momentum doutiwiinl«, which ha« to
be dcitroyed by incieaacd pressure. I'he *implr< precnutii>n
ogainat tbi* effect ih — not to remedy it — but to prevent its exitt-
tnco. Suppose it be found tliat^ when a certam wei;;lil travels
along a certain glrtler which ia originAlly perfectly horiruntnl, it
produces a deflection of three inches nt its centre: tl.ei). if the
raiU had n rite given tliem of three inchc* t»wiirdB the centre, it
i« cb^ar, that when the mme weight travelled over them, it would
be DO lowi-r when at the centre, than when at either end, of the
beam.
Suppose now- the reverse cB«&--that there b a hollo* ord#-
preatlon uriginally in the benm. Th4ni, when the wvlght pnwca
over thebearn. it HJnks the dtNtance of thU original denreamos, in
ndditien to tlie deflection produced by preaaore. Henee, the
downward mooieutum is mnterially greater than If the beam bad
been perfectly horisoiilal oriuiniiUy. Or, to take another view cf
tb<- iiuot^lioiL, the original hiiuuw or depreatJon, ndilcd to ihe de-
lte<aiiiii, inereasea the curxature of Uic beain, and lherefi>re Iho
centrifui^l proEsure of tlie load. Either army, then, of viewing
the effrcl of the hullow, either in ioereaaing the tnonientum dimn-
w.ird*, or in increnMng the centrifugal pressure, leada en Ike MiRie
re«ult — thnt the pressiirv is ijicreaaiKL. Mathematically, thete two
vieas of the cii>U coincide.
It in sei'ii, then, how extremely Important it U thnt there •^ould
be no oriulnal hLillow in the beam. On the contrary. It ia adviin-
tageous that itK KiiTfHceiihontd b« convex, tnttead of^roncnve — or
should have a citutbr'r. In tliiit ckiie, the centrifugal precmire would
net upwarda Inntead of dounrards ; so tbul the pressure, instead itf
being grenter than the weight, would he Ivxs iit high cpcedi.
Therff iit » very Muiple way of ciilculutiiiK lliiodiinitniliun. or of
edtiiiiHtiiig the centri iij(.Ml force. And it may be rcinarkwl, p>ren-
theticnlly. Dut the mctliod nbiiut to bt givwi is uM'ful fur many
jiuriKMCK livnide* tlial to which we are t* apply it. For example,
It lurnialiea mast simple nnd n*dr meana of ascertiiining the
horiionta) pressure on tbc fiiingea Oi the wheels of carriage* going
round rtilwny rnrveii.
If a he the length of the chord of n circular are, which ia nf
Urge radius, and .r Ita lineal versed -aiiie, or the length of the per-
peudioulnr dniHii from the centre of the arc to the rhtrrd, it wiU
a*
be fuuud that the radius nearly C4]ual« —„
o*
Now, if V be tha velocity of a buuh n, moving round this currt,
its cenlrirggul force becomes tnV' - - ; and if T be the number U
aeoosda in vhioh any pnrt «f (ho mui describes the ilittaDce tt,
V' 1
— — if.. • 8ul«'»t''ti»g t''« value, and jmttiiig j = 3S, the cen-
trifugal force ia equal to ~ X the w«I^ Tliis formnla applito
to horizontal tailwny cur>-ea, as well as to the vertical cun-es of a
beam. Oonfiniiig attention bowriej* to this iiiiplicMion uf it. we
He« that a very coanidcmble rediirttim of tlie pret<ure of the
weight may be efected by curving,- tho iipjier auriJuc uf the beniiL
Suppuae, Kir instance, tlmt the time ol tranut ucre one M!e<'nd
(T ss 1^, utd that it were4iractkahle to give the rail* uaiib »
SIS
THE Cn'lL ENGLSEER AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL.
^SBPmanfl
SoDtli E«t<ni. ..
U.519
45330
71. )»
D(i|lil<in, , .
3fi.0M
M.<M
10.000
goulh Wollcrn,
1.000
188.10
31, (59
London t*d NmII) Wcttcrn,
ID 000
10,000
10.000
Comnall.
as.ooo
30,0G5
33,Mi
The quantity of cinl carried inlsnd by meuts ormUwafahM
Increased.
The nrin^ in n>]il supplied to the citj' oT Yiirk, in cnnsequence
«f Mr. HqiImiu'i) railwitj mviuninM, U nol lewi llimi £30,000 yearly.
In tti« soulli-msi of EiiKlmid, wlilch U i)U|»pli<:d Riostljr from tjie
North untHrrJuid njid Uurfakm cM]-li«ldB, the iiuouUt)' carried 'up-
luiid by r«ilwtty in&)- be reckoned lu CttUov* :—
1843, 110.000 lOM.
1846. )A2.00I> „
ItH?, 340.0110 „
lloir trivial lbi« is, iniiv be sera from the quantity of coals im*
ported intu London, irhicA is tbuH sbotrn.
1825, 1.921.091 tMi.
18.13, 3,299,BU „
1843. 3.461,199 .,
It will b« DMA that in tbo nipply at the inland dbtrlcts the rail-
whft liave priiveil very effpclive; but tliey li»>'e as yet done »rr^'
little for those diMrict^ whi^h are «upplied from thu Hen. Tliis
must be Attributed to the inubility of the railwiiy i'M>in|iAniea tn
rive tbeir attrutiim nt |ire<tent In tbix braiirli of traffic ; uut vhcn
tliey do, a comidele revrtlution nusi be effected in the lupply of
rnals. The only line-t from which we hare dvtniled returns are tbe
South E;ulrrn and South UVstem. i»hioh riioir a great Incrsase in
thi- iiunntitr of roal carried. Tliere Is every reaaon tobdicvothat
a trreat ira^lc b f^otrint; iip in the Eastern ('nontie* diittrirt — not
lejw tban 8S,aoU Ions ; but the returns do not »hi>ir thi» fully.
No. IV.— COKE TKAFFIC.
TLetrnfRe in cnke muRt be ron<4iderab]e in Mtme diatrieta, faut
there is a want nf delniled returns. It it a liirrative braiicli of
ravenue to UiO Mtillaml Railway Cunipaiiy.
The r«)ltiwii>|f fliioita the traffic in coke in each year oo the
a nder- mentioned liites ; —
1844. 1843. 1S4& 1047.
Ton*. TtM, Tiat. Taoi.
MiclUnd, .. 2^320 29,707 97.013 7B,24ft
klam-liriier and nolton, ^— ^^ S.tOO .— —
Kcirrutk an) C^rhtlc. 3.S04 8.U3 3.&IS 6,221
Yutk an.1 No'th Midland. Ifi.OlS U.'U 93^99
The fvllowinf; ahoiri the rMOipls for ot^t : —
18(6. 1847.
Midland, .. £20,210 £24,139
Uanchattr and Boltnn, 19 .
Newca»lle and Cadiile. 391 4&7
Torli aad Nor Ifa HldUnd, 4.;7S 7,792
Mo-T^IRONSTONB AND IRON TRAPPIC.
These form i^eni brnnrhon of mineral traffic, but the extent of
tiiem JN vury iiujMTrectJy expreiawd in the retnriii.
The traffic in ironstone on the fvUo»mK railways in the years
ending June 30, ISU, li)4G, and IS4T, is »hi)irn below in ton*.
Tha rotes chatg«d fox UiO nonTcyancc of ironstose and
Rr« aa follows : —
ValUebney,
MenUsnd,
NewMtile and Carllile,
Tiff Vale.
Diila. Aberdaie,
Pornest, .•
WhiuiisTen. ..
Withtw and Collncsi,
1843.
239.010
38,830
Tan*.
190,332
7,ti00t
49.2J1
4U
42,231
it(4;.
Ton«.
229,3&2
200,000*
7,000»
31.614
4.M6
106,301
HOt
2rjOOO|
I RiU-fMr, ts.9711.
32.2<0
' RHlBisMiltaounl. T Hair-Tur. 3.»>l Ion. t H*ir-)««r, 72.
Tho return* for the Ballodiney railway inclndo Iran likewise.
The amount received in each of those yearn nas us foUuwa :— .
Bsllocbnajt • •
Purno*.
Keocaiik sod Cailiils,
TaffVile,
DHta. Aberdtra,
\r)iii«biten.
Viitiiw and Coltoeu,
1843.
£6.93 1
late.
£3,353
2,7M«
MO 7
1847.
£8,901
7.391
6,457
170
(Ullocbaer,
Nmcttitle and Cvlitlsi
Tsff Vale.
Wh>t>)iai«n.
Visbaw snd CoUosii,
The traAc in iroa for the three years is as foUotra :
h< loa p«« Mlli.
Z23rf.
13?
116
I-Sft
923
1843,
T..lim.
T,ttSl
33.000
1816
M.OdS
39.619
9.000'
S,937
1847.
TfM.
4 0.000 1
56J23
13,001
l,C63
0,4tM
881
67,039
).»oo:
M,0(IU|
I HMf-T«M.4t,«M.
Ardroaua.
Otasgowand Ayr,
b«nc«abira aod Yorkibire,
Msrypottaud Cailiile,
Shtcwsbur)' anil Ch«»l«r, — —
Stsnannaa . .
T4ffVaI^ .. 88.493 C1.W4
WMtebiTea, . . 1,ZW
WiihiK and CoItntM, 73.429 7r.BS6
• ll^.|»r, *,£o. 1 U>ir-pv. 10.T3a. t tttltfui. GM.
The amaanta received are a< follows :—
184). 1840. l»4r.
Ardrosna, .. £»iS £ 3(6 « 7« i
aUai(o>* nud Ajr, 3,tin
L«..<»*>iir* fta.| Vttrlt«hir«, t.OIl' »,3I»S
Mar;|ii>ttafld Cnilitlu, 337 SOT
Jthrewiliuiy aod CbesUr, — »»1"
StomaimaD, . > 78
TttirVale, .. 4,901 6,074 7,758
Wbitthano, .. ■ 6a »!•
Wisbaw «i>d Collnetf, 9,096 8^71 M4I<
* Iin]>*>fti-l leltraf.
The iron carried is nostly pi^-iron.
The rates for the carriage of iron are as foUowa: —
Bar.Irro. PIv-IraB.
P«t iuil< rd t»ik Ptt M)l> [>c> Mb.
nallochnsj, U. I-OIW.
Lancashire and '^■flrkBbire, 8 23
MaFTport aiid CailiBlvt ' 1 M
TaffValo. »-90
M'iihaw and Colieess, -^ l*ftt
M'hitehayuo, ., I-8S
A cioBsiilerable (]uantity of dross and dap ar» carried, bnt
•re only returns on the Wtshuw and Collnesa railway :—
1840.
1647.
18 U.
1«I7.
Tout.
Tom.
£
£
uo,otu
»0,OO0*
1^8
3,000
Wishaw aud Cultaesa,
Sliig fid C\ar,
Witbaw and CoUocu. 898 I.OOOt SO
• n>lf.rM>,4S,Ml linu, 1/WSt. t HM.rr*T.Ultou*,V).
The rates fur rnrryinif dross are l-lStf. per mile per ton, and li
cnrrying^ vUg 1 '3.W. per mile per ton.
The triiflii: of the tilaagoir iron district in coals, lintSTtomc^ (roi
ntune, iroa dross, and sing cnrried by railway was in ISlfi and 1&
Bs follows ;—
1848. 1817.
Toes, S,U>0,000 3,900,000
Tbe traffie of the Welsh iron district in coals, Hmestoitti, IrOi
(tone, and iron, stands as follows :—
I&44, 1S13, 1816. IBir.
Toof, Sl»,000 S2S,V')0 3*m,O00 44l,ftOO
The traffic of the Knrness iron dtKtricl cousistK nolely in t]
shipment of Ironstone to South VCalen, to the extent uf 106,31
tons in IS 47.
No. VI.-COPPER AND TIN TRAFFIC.
The traffic in copper and tin ores i» couBnvd to the Comiab linL
There are no data now to show this. In 18t3 I e«tijaat«d U
follows ;^
Turn. £ RaU.
Bodnio and Wadebridge, 3,000 ZvD SoM.
Utjle, .. 80,oeu 4,o(H> 4-iU
No. VII,— LIMBSTOSB AND LIME.
TKE CIVIL ENGINEER AXP ARCHITECTS JOntNAL.
MS
THEORY OF STEAM-EN'CINKS.
^V Aeemu iff the tJeperimrftt* to determine tkt jn-fnM/MV iatti «im(
^FvUaurfeai dnla le^ieh eattr into the eaiaiiation e^ SiaMt-Eiifin^,
Sbcoxd Muion.-
me oETKitiuiKAritin or thk dkwiiitv of aASGS.
»
The common method ofili'tenniainff theilensttj-of > gu cotuiBtB
ia wtfighiiig a plaint gtehv of irr«st ttixo: —
lit. Il'licn the ffliibc eoatattis perfectly dry sir of a known tem>
ptnturc, «ud under o known aluioHpbvnc pramirc:
Snil. After liRrin^ exhauatcd it hy mennii of tli* air-pump, to
tliat ihr intlu«»pd air exerts only a very feeble pmaur«, nhicn, u
well iw ibc nom-niKiniliiiy trmp«nitnrr, h nolpil :
Srd. Ah^r haviiij^ filled tht gl(ih« v^th the fpu: p«rfoct!f gmrifivd,
tlie atnosph^ric pressure and tfmpcrature Wing agsin noted :
itb. After hkt-in^ agaui rxbanitod the globe, notiiifTi "* brfurv,
ibv prrsHiire and tempeialure.
Uf viliidi four weigtdngM, and t]i«!r aci-ompanying obwn'atjoiix
nf |»rc>i)<ur«f and ti-mperatarM, all the data nereniiary for deter*
wining tbv deiieily of the itiu an- ^iven. Itiit this niettuxt tcijNirea
the *x*rt knuitled^e of DCveral elnnral^, tbc detenu ioationa of
which present p-nerJIv preat UDcertaioty.
In Uio first place, t'ho Irtii|icrnture9 vblch Uic airanil tlie gn
prtMtit at the inouient^ v{ clontnfi the globe, mast be very exactly
KDOWu; but the methoil (f^^iierallir uned of having a ihernKinieter
elactd near the glohu U very defective ; the tenipemture indicated
B}r the tbertnuRietcr may be totally different from that nf the air
in ohidi it h bathed, aud Btlli m^rv hi fruai that of the ^nw whieli
£11^ the iflobe.
MM. Oumos and fiouMio^iJt, who hare lately (jjjtii. de Chin.
<t dc P/tj/i., 3rf «rrie, feineiii^ p. 370) very tiucreMfiilly endea-
TOiared to determine the denriticn of certain gatten, iiJnce the tber-
tkOineter intended to indicate the trmpernturrs of tlip KHse* in the
r«y centre of the glohe ; and for more Mcnrity, they cause that
t<«npenture tv be almost conriant, by plariuic the globe in an
ioclomtre formed by a large cylindrical vessel of iJac with double
walla. The annuliir spa>-« IpA lelwecn the wnlla !<i filled irith
water, at a temneraturo differing but Utile from that of the »ur-
rvundinK air. With thia arrangement., we niuy admit that the
tempemture of the gs« b known with sufficient accuracy.
But the greatest ancertnintieti exist in the weighing^ of the
iclobe; for we muHt weigh the globe in the air. and, to hare ita
true weight, we must add to iU apparent weight that uf the air
which it (lixpUcev. And, in certain raseii, IIiIk latter weight la
peater tluin thai of the gas which fill* the f lobe, m that it mii«
M known with ai leant enrial eKKCtaess. We are, up tu a certain
point, mastera uf tho gaa which we vbm into the globe, ^'k may
prcparr it au u to be aure of its pnnty ; but it ia not ao with the
external atmosphere ; we arc obliged to take It an it i". In a close
chamber the air may change itacurapoBilion very piirceptibly ; iti
teoiperatarc, and the quantity of muisture wtiicfa it conlaiiiu. very
IncawantJy. M.M. Dumrisaiid UousAingault thought that they hml
eompletely avdiiled iJie i^rrors iirioine from thiK Muirre, by ptaelng
bdow their balance a large cheat lined with lead, in which the
glebe HDiprniletl from one of the sralea of the balance Ouata. A
rery aeoAitive Ihrrmnmuter is placed in thia cheol, and piira tlwj
ianpentureof the air. This arrnngement is certainly far prefer-
able lo allowing the globe to hiiii^' freely in the air uf the room ;
tbe globe KUMprndrd in the chest in kept frorii the currents of air,
which render the weighingn very uncertain, and the temperature
of the air in which it is plurcd chan;:cs hul slowly; but it does
not do away with the errors arioing from the chanpes in tlii< eom-
poajtion of the uir, nnd these are by tki me.inB negligible, espet-ially
-vhflQ wo are working with very light ir«se»— such, for instance, as
hydrogen.
At the aamc time that MM. Duidbs and Doiissingunlt were
W^iag gaaet, M. Re.gnaiih was also engiigvd In the ilelerminatian
« «M deosity of Btenin under different preMnire». and especially
uader rerj- feeble presHures. He was struck with tha unrrrtainties
which the ordinary- mcthoda of weighing gaaea preaeni, raiiecially
owing to the alteration nf the density of th* aurmundin^ air, whieli
•eeins to have atlrucled but little attention from men of science,
and he waa led lo a method which presents a degree of eertaiuty
aud prectaion which thuso heretofore! nwd do not offer.
lie avoida completely, and by a very siniple artiAce, the uncer*
tiUtka which arise from the changea iu the air In which the globe
la weighed. In place nf eijnipniiing it by meant of weights ob the
opposite scale, he haluncea it by means uf a aecood hermetically-
Kaled globe uf the same kind of gtasa. hung from the uppotiit«
scale. All the variutioos which take place in tho air then affect
the two glolieit in the same way, whether tlicy uriMj from changes
of temperature, barometric prctieure, or couipositiuji of the atmo-
sphere. It ii not, therefore, required at the moment uf weighing
tu watch the therm»metor, harouivtcr, and hydrometer ; it is eufS-
cientto wait uuiU the two glolMa are in equilibrium of tenipernttire,
and when this is the case, tt continues iudefiuttdy. M'e have, in
coiweoueoce, a very definite character by which to know when to
reud lii« wetgliingw. Thi* method present* also auvtlicr ndvaiitagCt
tliat ia, of avoiding the error aristug froui the diSereiit ainnunt ut
moisture depontea upon the globe during different welghinga. As
the globes are made of the auae glaaa, and niually dried bcfum the
commencrRMiit of the experlnieata, they may he aaaunied to coa-
(Unat tho MUno amount oi moisture when buthcd in Lhe tame air,
and eoovequenUy will remain in <t{uilibrium.
The globes had a capacity of about 10 litres (3-2 gallons), Th«
globe in which the gaa la to be weighed baa a stop-cock ndjuatod to
it, so Ihiit it may ho txpOMd lo the tcnijwrature of hulling water
without leakage. It ia weiiihed when full of water, lina in the air,
and afterwards in water oftlie anio temperature as that uhirh it
cuntuins; thus ia obluned the weight of water displaced by th«
gluhe.
7*he halancing globe it to aelectisl that the weight nf water dis-
placed by it ia rather leu than that ufthe fin I, even after the
addition ufita metallic mounting by Mhichlt iihemii^licaUy sealeal,
and hung from Llie opposite b.-ilnnre scale : there io then iuhled to
it a glass tube of such cnpaintv a* that the weight of water di».
placed by it ahall just make up the difference.
Before closing the ueeondglobe, a 4Qantity of mereurywRa intro-
duced into it so as to render it about 10 grainnu'* (l.St-.lS gmin«
troy) heavior thjin the other. The two globes thus ndJo->l«d were
siibniitted to »everid teutc, in order to be mre tbiit they t'^ti?lit^ the
re(|uired oonditloiia; tiiey were left hanging for liftei'ii diiyt under
the balance acalea, and the eiiuilibrium "as rigonmsly nui'intnine>t
nil this tjnifl, although in the interval the temneruture ufthe air
IumI ehanged from U" lo 11", (33" to IttA" Falir.,) and the barotne-
trie pressure from 741 to 111 millimetrea («i><l tu.ws indteo.)
The general mode of operating was as follows: — A vseuum as
euniulet« as (WMsihlc being nuuh* in the globe, it is placed in oom-
muntcatlon with tlie apparalus fur prodiu'iiig tbii ga« whoue ilenBly
ia to be detennined, and tlie slop-eoL-k i> opened in such a way that
the gait in the apparatus preaerve« a slight excess of pmssure.
When the ghilM- 't\ tilled wiUi gag, it is again placed in communica-
tion with (he air-pump, a verv perfect vacuum made, and it iSlled
a second time with the gas. In order to avoid any correction for
temperstum — a correction which would re^juire the knowledge of
the co.etlii'ient of iliialittiiin of the gaK, and that uf the gluhe— the
ftlobe is placed in a zinc cover and completely enveloped in melting
ice. Befure dosing the globe, it is pbu'ed in direct c.ommnriiiiailon
with the atmoaphere, so that the gas rn»y place itself in ei|iiiUbrium
with the exteriiir pretmure.
The globe taken out of the ice is carefully waahed and dried, and
hung from the scale of the balance. It requires a long time (often
more than two hours) for the globe to take cxttctly the temperHlure
of the surrounding air, and for lt» surface to cover itaolf with it«
normal amouBt of moisture. The balance urced waa able to appre-
ciate with certainty a half milligramme when charged with on
kiilogramme upon each aeale.' It waa placed over a large ehea _
such nt used by MM. Dumas and Bouwlngault. At the end of tbft^
weighing, the observer did not approach the bnliince, but observed
the (iKciJl&tionK of the index at a iltstance, with a telescope.
M. Kegnault then ncitit^n the elci^tric clfects produced by wiping
the globes, and the cffedsupon the neigh!ng>; he aviiiitrd it hy
wiping the globes with a napkin dipped in diMilled wnter, atid
tcattsi tliein by the giiliUlenf electrometer. The pressures were
measured by an ap)mrittus which he descrthea nniter tlie nnme of a
baron let ric-manometer. It consists of two tuheji, one uf which ia
nn iinlinar>- barometer of VU millim. (U'H in. diameter,) made vei
carcfiitly ; the other m n glasH tube of the seme diaioeter. «Mc
may, by a lead tube, be omnerted with the vesael tn which pica-
fuTCA less than that of nn ain)U6|ihere are to be meuMurcd , they
plunge helow into a cistern of mercury baring a partition, so tl
jlie two instruments may be nepiiruied at plvasuro by drawing
the mercury in the cisteni of the nianuuicter beluw the tup of tho^
• Thai IS. >«nlbl<(aci»ri)Uf.milItBDtli ofllir laial loul. (Jurn. »li*iliar Ikti wtul.
Mlllir "•• 'JrlrrfnldT.! mfUi llM ||Mlbc« Iwl t>«iu hw^tin fiuH Uw Silk*, aiut Iktl
to Kdua fol an«tD ila)i>
THE CIVIL EKCtNEBR AND ARCHITBCTS iOURNAIi.
t
}
pnrtititin; this is n(M*esaBTT dnrinj? tho exhaustion of the filobc,
xiid the rr-fKlmiwHon of iho gnu, for thnw nprnitiuiiH pntdure siicli
great o-cillnttuiLi in (lie IninmirtrT iw ti> iiilrodticc anihll qiuintitics
of air into the inalru merit, and ihtiA vitiate tlic vacuum. Tlic cx-
kanrtcd g^lobc is wnghed witli the prccnutions ttmt hMW been
indicated. If P rt'im^cnt the wvivht of iho kko wbitii tlie barome-
ter stnnda at II. iind ji tUut vte'tf^ii wlioii l)i« elaetic force in tlio
globe corrcHponds to a barometric Iicigbt h, tUfi weight of the gaa
700
at 0*, and under the normal preasure of 190 mil., Is (P— rt~^i — T
To ohtnin a nctr wctgliin<t of iho Gstnc pus. the rxhniKted globe^
vuveliipiM in ic^, is pliifrd in ronncrtion with the aii|MiraluB for
l^enrrBtlDfi: the gsm, and the itvriea of njierallonit vihlcli liavp been
pointed out, repeated. The eaalbus becomes purer at tnvh inten-
tion. M. lU-giiouIt found tniit it i» oiilj' fntn tbr fourth nlltti^
that the K^ tireiteutN ri>:iiniu!ily the Mine weiittil, It i*t de^Irublo
to satisfy one s itelf whether the gaa upon which ne are oprrnting
folloiTf the Inir of Mnriottr, at preasurcs helow those of the .-itmi>-
Biihere; this rcrilintton is nhwliitcly neiewary if the detwiiy of
tne f^ia is to serre fur the dctcrmiiiaiioii of atomic wel|[hts. i'or
the lull' of the vohimcs of ^ases, and the simple ratios which nirt
hetwren their densities and atomic weif^htu, exist rigunmidy only
n( the /inn'/— that in, in a stale of extreme dihitatton ; we tiiuat
therefore see whether tlie anomaly ia llieae laws Aita not MMmncnoo
ilreadx near the utnioaplicrlc pressure.
This l( done by ineaniiriiiir the wei)chl of the aas^ with ^eat rare,
at different decrees of claiiio force, n« morlteif by the comparison
uf the nianomeier niid barumoter.
JTimiiy-, by thin mvnn> wc mi»y determine the wel^t of the nput
wliicit (ills the ittude at the temperature ol 100° and under atmo-
■pbi-ric pressure, and tliue deterniiiie the denMty of Iho |^ when
compared with nir nt 100°. This new dcRKtIy mutt l>c exactly tlie
«a»« u that calculated for 0% in order that it may nerve in tha
Mlciilntioii of the atomic weight* ; for it it neee«aary for this pur-
pose that tlie i^s should liavo llie same co-e8id«»t of diintAtion aa
the atmocpherio nir ; nt all evonta the weiffht of the ga* whJoh fill*
the vessel at 100" compared with that which (ill* it at 0°, pCRnits
uj( to i-alciilale tht eo-effieiettt of tite dilataiion «/ Ui« gM,^
Atroin. in order to determine whether the j^u fuliawa the law of
Mariotte. at the temperature of luu", we have only to repeat the
former cxi>«rimerilti, filluig tiia gluh« at tliia tenipflrature, itiatead
of at 0'.
M. Etegnaalt then recapitulates the adrantajies of thi« metliod,
whieh are,— Ihsit it gives llw density of the jram»* with more preei-
aiun. and far Ihm troable, than tliD method* foi-nu'riy UMd ; it eivea
thKfl densities at identical temperaturea at U^ and luu", Uint », at
the fismi nirints of the thermometer, and eon«e<|iiently i^veii
imniedbtely tlie co-elBoient »f dilatatitm of the gan ; and, finally,
it permits us todotermine uith preat exBel&eaa, whether the gas
foAowit the law of .Mariotte, at the temperaliirteftf melting lee,
and b^iiling water.
lie then proceeds to flin the detail of all hi* experimen1i>, with-
out n einzle exception, in order to all»w the reader to judge of the
de)([rev of prwiston obtained by this method. It is not necessary
tltat we should |ri»-e thcw details — or tho«» of the pr«ew«s by
which M. Itegnault purified his gave* ; they were fuch «s migfit be
expected from one so familiar nith all the minutiK of physical
scienc?e.
He first determined by nine experimenli the weight of pure
atmosphcrir air. freed from carbonic acid and watery vapour, which
fiDcil nia globe at the tempprattiri' nf 0^ and tmder the baromptrjc
preasure of T8fl milliin. (29'H4-t inclie«). Tlie mmn of thest^ expiTi-
Qients was tyTTHI gr. The minitnuni, IS'7>*+. Tiie nmiimiim,
liTBOB. The ditfercncc, I)-V(I6,S or Wp-i very nearly ^^^ of the
niMin : and ho remarks that it is prciharile that a Cerent part of this
error ia due to the varialtonn which occur tn tW roinixiiition of
the atmoaphere. He regnctU it an unfortunate that men of science
should have selected the atmospheric air, whow cnnfttitutton is
known to vary, aa the stanHnrd of drnsities fbrgRxea. in plarc of
Hoaie gaa which could alwaya be obtained perfnitly pure, Nuch fur
liunanee as oxygen, which would be the more convenient since this
gaa b already chosm aa the basis of the tables (adopted by con-
tineotnl chemisia) of dwmtcal eiiuivaleiit*.
Pounded upon this determination of the weipht of a giren
volume of air, hejiroreeds to determine the densities of different
giaes, and fain remits tire at fi>lluwe : —
• Tlila U ih* oalf dirral MMbod uliltL Ma k« u«id fw IhU dctcnaliaUoo^ la (MM
** ri tliatA mtreurj.
l1l'tn>Ttii, H 3 ..
*■)»=». .. ' ••
CH^ah Aril, t „
»li^UKl>74'l»Bltlla.
.. »*ir „
MO* MOM .
. tti-M
Hlrinn
WW
49031
I'ltAtl
OD^IM
eiwwi
flUM
ItMIS
TMi. at tfi
Bw.JMb.
fWUtf
I'lUtt
\-y!MA
I MIU
laMia
I H4I0
/hwlAM dMermlwtf fty Dmn and ibiuriayaatt.
iritronn, (r«a . , 0¥T9 U « K4
HT*iiDe«>. >. ""letx „ o«sM
If we calculate the theoretic density of carhonic acid gai, ad*
mitting for the atomic weight of carWu 7A, (uxygcn = 100, or C tF
hydrugon=: 1.) lately found by M. Duniaa, we get the number
r3^DS4, which approaches the density found for this gaa under th«
presaure of )^t'17 mtllim. (leu than nine iiirJie^.)
The density fimnd at the icinpemture tf' and iinnmil atiniiiipberic
pTMinre K-ads ti) an atomic weight for e«rbon T6'6 which a»
proarhen rerj- nearly the number 7(i -H (fil IJ^i, if hydrogen =■ I
which chwnlstfl for n long time admitted from Llie experiments oi
M. Iterxeliuji.*
We Dee, by ihh example, how much drcumspectlon is necessary
in deducing the ralue of the atomic weight of a gas from it*
density.
Three experiment* to determine the co-efficient of dllatatinn of
the air hrtwi-cn 0' nod 100'', gave as tbr result n-trJfiti3, whirl
differs but little from the rnloe obtained in the First Memoir.
An nttemiit to verify the law of MaHotle showed Jiglit dllTrr-
ences, in which the weiuhls by cxperinicnts were alwaja a little
lower than those got ov calculaiinK: the density by mrana oT'
Mariotte's law from the nhserved elastic force ; hut then* diifcrcaces
were always within the limitii of the errors of ohne nation.
The co-efficiriil of dilatation of carbonic ncid gas between 0" noA
im" was determined to heO-(l03;i9. (In the First Memoir, the
determinntioii by the method V.. in which the giis prrnrrved the
same eUilio force at 0" and \W, na in the present case, was
0tM3S0»».)
The expertmetita to determine whether carbonic add gasobeyi
the law of Miii-iotte at pre«<Hre« lesi tlian Ihat of the atrawphere,
gave the following results : —
Bf fxptrlamt.
UkrtrUc'i law,
esu «
„ .. .. mu .. ffw« „
„ 1(1101" „ »»*;a „ sawa „
RO that it appears that carbonic acid gas deviates notably fram the
law of Mariotte at onlianr)- tempeTiitumt, but c4uforni» lo It witfa
the limits of experimental errors at lou',
Tbibo Memoik. — orrKaviSATiox op the wr.ioHt or the UTSvt
OF jtiK A.'<n or TIlE DKXEIrV OF UEBCunT.
In the preceding memoir, the densities of the different gaset
were determined, referring tSem to thnt of nir aMMmed as tlie unit ;
but ill a great number of circumstaiiocis it is required to know tbe
ahsuluie ucight of tlie*o gtiseii : this it easily obtained «hen we
know the al»olute vrvight of air under the tiArmnl conditionH, that
is at a tcuipwruture of 0^ and uadcr a preuiurt- of 760 millimetrei
of mcftury.
The weight of the litre of dry air under the normal CMtdilioM
was dctcrniined hv MM. Biot and Arago, with ail the care whicft
they could tuke — tiey found thnt nt I'arii, thiu weight nan l'^9Sll
gr. {Mrrnviri if Ihe Aniil€f»y «/ iifitHiii/4 J'vr 180«. BM Traitrii
p/tiiniquf, lot». I, p, 3tj7.> Thic nuuiber has been Kenerally adopted.
I'Jut it wo rvQvct upon the imperfections which the theory of
S rases iind tapuura iitill |>resented at that time, and the gri'at nutn-
ler of uncertain corttctiotis which they were obliged to introduM
into their calculations; und if we note that they operated a|)on sir
charged with atjueous vapour, for whicJi they endcaioared to allor
by a correction ; and that, in spile of the most miniiti^ urecautiMl,
this circuaietance muKt neeewiat^ly introduee great disturbance*
into their cxpcriincnt«s we tilnill underntHnd how ab^ulutely neees-
sarv it wa» to m»l<e new determiuatiuns of thiii important doctritie,
which will he freqaenlly used in the f>.lli>wing invc*tii:»tiftn«."--^
In the preceding memoir, the weight or dry air which Bllcd t>l
globe at 0% and under a premure of 7110 mil., was delermiiied wJT
gre»t cant ; It will be enough then to liud the capacity of tbis g!r
* BmrUi4tilrutctf now tckiinw^til^vt tS« error t>fhli f.jrm<;f ilrtvi roinhl^dA, *««j
IIirsCoinlcimlKl'tol mtion >l i&'JlarlS 01 iB — 1}. vhicli ain^UKii to on hitaiaT
bumat'* i9rt«»<nttlau. tBcilcllu* Tnllc Je (.hlnlr, Sicouili kOtUOB tiUklUMi
IpMS, mm. I,p.ltbi.l
1 ThsrrtatbtlMlseqaslMfnirtlMiinpCTtiinBBa,
IM8.3
r!VIL ENGINEER AND ARCIIITECrS JOURNAL.
7*7
I
Kt 0*, to ilrtJ^minn immmliatpl^ the weiKfit of the lltra at air.
Now, according'' to the |trinciple upon nliicli th« Frrnrh tj-ateni of
mtnuurM wan est^bliEbed, Ihu kilogmntinc u tb« v^ixht or a litre
ofditliltfil watifr. frMNi rruin nir, iit the temperature uf its raaxi-
nmin deiiMtv, whirh t* about i" {3»-2 Fnlir.) ; it i*t1l tuiRc* Ui^n to
drtemiiiie tne weight of irater Ut i" wliidi filli thit C9i|mcity which
th(* ^lube pineM* at 0°.
Tu (In thii M. lU-gnpult opentMl in tb« followinK wny ;~
The o|wii glolw «a« wei^lied upon a (rood bnUncp ; ttti wvi^hl
w«s fouod tn b« I9SH-55 t^., the ^urroimilinp trmpernture beini{
4-Z", will thr hriirhl of th» Iwiromrter rrJure.Ho O". ril-KB mU.
A luiiall i)u:)iith]r of water wu intniduced into the globe, nnd
the pluhe cxtiiiubted by mean* of tlie aiT-[)ump, and at Ute wune
titno hented. In this way th« atmoiiiht-rir nir va« M)m)tl«tdy eX'
]irlleil liy nifaiiH of the vapmir nf water which nns constantly
develrtpoil. Tlie *tin>-riiclc of the clobe w«» tlii-n cliw<d.
On ihe other hand, perfectly jiiire ili^linrd «ater ira» boiW in a
lontr glotM tn free it completely from tlit? air whicb it always holds
iti miliiliuii at iinliiiar}- («!in|i«'niturejL V\Mn the tubuliirfi nf th«
&rst gliibe va« fixe<l fay canutrhauc a ^jlw tube, twin' heiit, one uf
whnae hratMhes deaccmled to the bnltom n( the reBsel in which the
watvr wax k^t bulling. On i>iieiiiiijr the itop-cock uf the globe,
the boUin0 water entered it uluvly, wJihout coming ia contact with
khr : it WW nHMequenttr perfectly free frum tluit t:as>
The gtobe bring completely filled, the reruned tube waa removed,
aivd reidaoed by a tube having a hulh which waa kept fill c«l with
the bfifiug water, and furnished the quantity of water nnsMUiry to
£."' >i^°^ fiUed an its temprrutun? lowered.
When the glohr. £tlril with water, had canto down to the siir-
raanding tempcmtun*, it waa pUced in n xiiic rr«sel. and com-
aleCely inTruunded with melling ice. rare being taken tu pack Uio
■oc in proportion at it incllrd. u|M)ti the wnlN ufthe ^lube.
The slube wiu* left in the ice for a time mrying from <l to IS
famir* ; the ttup-cnck was then rUwcd. the bullied tube detached,
and the tuhiilura above the Mon-roik ciin-fiillr "iiied.
The globe wai plarrd in a larve ve-ael tilled willi water at a
temjierature » little ahuve that of llic cliunbcr in which the haln/ivo
was; it was left for two houriis m that it slnmld take nearly the
tcfopctaliire of the ehntnbor. A« the water contracts in i)ri>piirtiDn
an its temperature riacs rrocn Q" (to it"), the globe could be kept
closed wiiliuut danger nf breaking. When the globe hot) ac<tuircd
the trmperaliirc of tJie chamber, it was weighed, and this wei^'liing
(the teniprraiiire of the room and the height of the barvnioter
Wing notcdj Kiven the nieann of calculating the weight of water at
4% which lllin the capai^ity which the globe prenents at 0°.
Aceor<iiBg to the experiment* of M. Pierre {.innaies tie Chimie rt
it Pismqac, iit *<ri€, tome xv., fi. 346), if the dcMity of water atO=
l«Uk«a.l.ai*-i,i«^-;^^.
Whence we can calculat* Ui« veiglit of the water at 4" (ita
naximum density), which fill* the r^pacitr which the globe pre-
■cota at 0°. Three experiments give the following resolta:^
T. 9ti^ltr<li) graininea.
II. sssi-iia „
III. 9SBI«»9 „
The third weighing gnre a namber pmbnlily a little too high,
beoiuae the globe wud intentionally left but a little lime in the ice,
in ordar to see what influence this eireuatatance would have upon
the reaulu On thi» accouat> H. R^nanlt adopta llie mean vf the
Conucr experioientn, vie. : Sftftt-OBS,
Desiring to ascertain whether the correction made to reduce the
welcht of water from 0'' to 4° was sulSi;ieutly exact, >I. Rcgii&ult
Buaa tvo direct experiments, which gMve a nicaa diferiug only
0-IS9 or , frota tbo reault of tha caleulatioo. The canncilv
ot tha globe at 0^ wai therefor* 9*8S10S8 lit., and iiince (iw
ftecoDd Memoir) the weight of air which lilted it at o', under a
fM«ura of >fiO mlL, was l^-7Tril gr. ; the woiglit of Utolitreof air,
ltf'7701
vaiiu Ibaae normal cir«un»»taoce» ia r-__,— — gr. = l-flsaiS? gr.
a nl«9 notably l»e< than that which was faerotofore admitted from
the experimeDtM of MU. Diut and Arago* (l-^lilli4J }.
* M. lt*(B>iiR fvwa'k*, III ■ Bolt, Ihat *n th* numolnt corT*clIani mait Vf Hit
BIHaad Anga, toi Mr |>ii>p<i«e nf rtiluclne lt>r wclitii o< air lu O", mil in •Iimliii* iliy
■Mi^ MoMMM ta rtnilti tb« nuniliM vtilili Ihtr •'ktiiel luu Liifli. Anoilii'i cirrum.
MBBM Bar bin pnidutvl ■ •( m ilu tffrct. Time uptilmtiictri tiltiiii[r<I itv iili.b*
BMNat UaMWU iTTrvioiKl xtr.ptnap. aod Ibtr ■VppoaMI iBii ih( i[\gt.t iJstiMivhlili
(•■■hud to thdr (lab* VB* HodunKl bf iIm npaur •< HUrr oiii^ii iiie will* vl lb*
alMaakaaaaaa4la>aaM.wtiUbib*]ire.e»D«metataaaibiitrtni^iv<lMi*ln. ]tii.ia
•M,pwb«bl« llwt lUi WM tb*is>* I l»t ll u*m> In Ut tttu ntj probatila llul ■^rn (b<
was aiM wlU Mr Tnjr iwwtr Hlaiued *rtta oolilur*, U f it* a b«« pottloa •(
From this and the number* obtnlned in tlio nrMcding memoir
for the den«il)M of the gaw» n e deduce, that nl Paris
The litre uf Atmo»ph«ne Air weigha l-V!Ktlt:i7 grnmmec
„ „ Nitrogen ^^ I'jMltiT
„ Oxygen „ 1-4S»M«
„ y. Hydrogen „ 0-08IU7a
„ „ 0»rlH>nir Acid „ l-977ili
Strictly coniidered, these valuen are only correct for the locality
In wbirh the experiments were made — that U, for a latitude of
46° SO" 14*, and a b eight of about SO metres above the level of
the sea.
M. Regnault finds the wciicht nf the litre of nir, uiuler the
parallel of latitude 4J^, and at the same distance from the centre
of ibe earth a» timt al which hU experiments were tried. =^ l-wai»7.
And assuming this as the standard number, ho deilucr* for any
other Utitude, and any other distance front the centre of the earth,
the formula
I
w = l-999S»7gr. ()-OO0O1884) 1 + 9A {l-0-(K«63I, C0»2^).
■R
Or, mor* simply I
w=l-S9WT3gr. I +«A (I— 0-MS83T, co»*2a); in wliicti it is
K
the weight «f the litreof air C^« litre it 61-09908 cubic indiM);
R, the toMn radius of the earth = 6,36G,1{)8 metres ; is Die heigot
of the ]tlaco of obserratioa above tWn mean rndiua, expre«s«d In
netrea ; and a^ the latitude uf the place.
Applying this formula lo the level oftlio »en, in Ihe latitude of
Philadelphia (aa" iQ- Jl-y ), and -rr-"''-"i the rudiutof the earth at
this point e^7,»3 metres :
J'he weight of the litre of air will Ita 1-9014309 grammes.
And anuming the litre as 61 -09W8 cubic inehca, aiid tho gramme
as U*4.<)315a grains troy:
The wei^tt uf a euliic inch of air will t>oO-3a<l91 grains troy.
Or, (nsaumiru; Mr. Hauler's dcterniinnlinn of Uio weight of a
cubic inch of water, %SS'8B31 gr.) water i» 37VM times heavier
I ban air.
DetttUff iif ^fermrff.
The density of mercury haK Iwen deterinine^l wveral times W
M. Rocnault, and with the greatest care ; ns he wlsbed to salbfy
himMir whether this li<|uid, piirilied by the mean« employed ordi-
narily in the laboratoricit. preaentiM a cxmptlant deiuity.
A glsMglobe, of a capaoKv uf from25rt toriOOruliic rentiraetre*,
was nlled wilh inerciiry. The globe lerminnled in a capillary lube
of about 4 mil. diameter, upon which a mark wa» made, mid this
tube was surmanded by n larger one whicli was iimmI ns a funnel.
TJio funnel could be liernieiioally closed by a ground gla«s stopper.
The globe being filial with mercury, thi^ liquid was boiled, and
fliitfered to cool. The globe wan then placed in ice for Mveral
hours, and the level of the mercury brooKht eiactly to the mark.
A* noon aa it w<u aati»riirt>irily ascertained that the level of the
mercury did not chaoge. the mercury wiu siifTcted ki tnke iha tietn-
porature of the air, nnd its weiKlit determiiied. The widic globe
was then filled with distilled water, first boiled to deprive it of air.
It waa suffered Ut cool, tlie funnel being kept full of boiled water,
and closed with ita stopper. The globe wan then surrounded with
ice, and when the water had taken exactly the temperature 0\ the
w.Tter leiel was brought to the mark, and the sides of the funnej
wiped with filtering unper. The cIommI irlubr wni then pliiool in
water haying nearly the temperature of the niirniuiidiuir air. w> aa
to bring it more quickly to the temperature of the air in which it
wa* to be weighed.
The three determinations of the density of nercory, whJdi are
reported, were made at very differeot timoa, unon apecimena from
different sources, and m throo different globes: —
I. The fint specimen wns mercury daaignad for ths construction
of » standard baiumeUr fortheotMerratorjof Paria. This mereurv
aime directly from iha nine ; it had been twice distilled in an iri^<n
veaiol. It was then suffered to Mnnd fur suveral day* under weak
nitric acid, to diMolva the oxide of mercury which alwavo forms
diiting dibtillatioD. The metal was tbeo washed with mucb water,
untl iTried in the air-pump. The demsly of the mereury at 0^,
compared with that of water at +', wm IS-A9399.
II. In the second experiment, the mereurv employed waa that
uBod by M. Kegnault, in the construction of his maaometer, This
mercury was diotilled several years ago, in ya iron retort, aod lae
nI*F Id On (tut Thl* partMa. which ma iwl ulm UM aMflBDi, vw rnniUrrcil ■«
nakiiig ■ fui 9t tbr miftii oi tb* wf, and imssiaill) mads itud wtixbl log ■mt/> iSn
UI«t'i"TnlWdtl'aTU.|iii,-'laiB*l,|i.3C7.]
«•
THE CrvrL ENGINEER AND ARCniTECTS JOURNAL.
|,8KPTUtlBE|
The iolAl rpceipu enumrriited in 1FI47 vpm alxiuc ^1S,D00, aod
those for limi-Btoue aad lime i^tl.OoO; laalUsg ahout XSOfiOO
[^ium«ratcd.
TKe rate* for the Movcjruice of building and pariag Btooe* v«
»fvU«vi:—
P«r oilk p*r tM>
ArbTMib Kod Porfir. i SM.
NBTfpon «nd Cnrlitk, 2^4
T.Knci(«Ufi: niiH Vork-iir». I">l
London and Siiulli Wrttrrn, S SQ
I'Kdon and I^iuk'-ii'Iji*, 100
Si. liBlin'ii HnJ HimcorD, 1*13
U'uban and iroiincu, S'MI
Yotk aad Nntlh Midtanil, 1*00
Tbe gnatert tniBc in building, paving, ttn«l lime»tone«, *nd in
lime, 18 curled on by tho fuUuwini; cooipanin: —
Toni. £
Yurfc anJ Norlli Midland, lOl.ono lo.;WlO
Midlanil
N^wratllr antl (Vtr1i>lc,
Mockloa BD<J [>ftrlingti>ii,
I'roaloii sod LonK''><'K<^<
IMoektoo and IIi1(|I«|m<o1,
GO.OOD
6.361
4ri,o(io
a&o«
bV.tlO
I.MO
57.<M)0
S,4II0
»I.3U
160
!(],U«V
MD
PLAN-PRICKING INSTRUMENT.
Sin — AmrinfTot mbrr duties, I am eiif;a^ in makiii); a mnst
eiterisive and minute BuneT of n large city, showing even' Iiuum
^Kid nil the drnina^ throii^huut, the wiile Winy very largr^-
inch to 100 fret ; ami I iiiii |irt-|itirinK duplicate fair coi>te9 of
' each sheet, which is heinf; done 1>>' pricliing through nil the sheets
nl once, the original working drawing being placed uppermost.
In doing thi* with thcrummon |>rirkfi, I found ihnt the draughtH-
■n«n did not hold the pricker' jieriieiidicular; coniie(|iieiit]y, the
lower sheets couhl not lie accunitu copies of the oTit^iiinl. To
obrialo this, I have r^ntiived nn ini<tniiiicnt, hy which any nttcit-
tion on the part of the dniuxht^iniuii in keepinir it perpendiruW
U not rei]iiired: &l] he hna to do Is to be caremi that be prIeliM
through the proper points of the plan correctly ; the hotes are
then sure to be vcrticAlly luider one another, It^ the sheeU «f
paper he ever an iiumeruuii.
Klmiloo.
FUa>
The engmvinfi: is tplan and elevation of the intitrumeni, llie full
alic. I'he arch a, i» of braiM, with a cylindrical crown b, in whlcb
a pbton IT, workH. At the lower end of tho piston the nei^e-
point la tiied ; the arch is moved over the paper ontil the needle-
point in prccioelv- over the Fpot tu he pricked through ; the finger
i/>gapreiaet on a, lAe to^ of the platuti, which effects the pua^
ttire; and upon reUevisK it of th« prc^ture, the spiral iptiag
woiiod round the pi>ton immediately raises it, and m itbdraw* (M
n««d]tvpoiij| from the paper; — in tlita way the w«rk b dvot bvlii
Oiirrectly nnd rapidly.
To prevent the needle pHssing fiir through the paper and iiuUi|
a large hole, or Htickiiig into the drn wing-board. I have IwdailMCI
of vine to cover the Ward, and fn<ilrncd duwn tu it. Th>> itae
■lieec being a little le^ in elxe IImti the drawing-paper, admila if
the latter licinh' all (one npon the other) pinned dcn*Q to the botri
rwund their edges, wbicli nverUp tbr edges of the xinc- I find Ue
zini^ to he very advaiitageDiia in uae, as it causes the ncrdio ta
make u« other ibaii catrcmaly fine holei.
STREET PAVING.
Sra — It is not neccMary at this time to revive the centrnvmr
formerly I Hi lie il bvtwevn the respective HtlviM^stM of wood andstmi
paTing ; rjjicrience nr fjperiment— -that great test of truth— will,
«re this, have determined the opinioni of mo^t perw>iiv as to ths
relative value or candllioiu of opplirnhility of the two syMem.
It may not, hiiwever, have hveii ciiiiKiderL-d how far cumhiiiaiian
(if the two mi^bt be made with advantage— adapted especiiUlyu
certain caaei.
Tho rcpjiiriiig of llulborn-hill, c<in«e(ii)i*nt on the recent renoTil
of the h<>u>e«on the north (tide of llidborn-bridge, brin|t;« to c^mI-
dcratioD the incnnvenienoea— nay, dnngcrs, oeeiirringto the cani^
traffic on declivities snch as this, with any mode of pav-ing hitberli}
adopted.
The placing nf the granite Monesohlit|ueIy to the line of nr&ei^
wherol>y tlie edgCH of the 6loQe:i funned a scricti of sharp angles tr
steps (thtiH giving n rough surface and good fifot-hola fwrlii
drnwiug tip, atid obstruction* to the too rapid alidiog of w
diiwn the hill), np]ie»red a vatt improvement — and truU- woi
HO, if the uneven enirfacc thus obtained were nut rapidly worn ,
the continued traflic, and especially by the artion of the dr«gi (n
thowhoclsof cnrrinfesdnwendlitglhehLJl, Thua the Kurfaoc mod
become:! Kmnuth anil iili|)pery, whatever be the mnteriiil used or
form f>f laying, whenever the material is of one and the Ntme kiad,
and roiisequently of equal wear throughout.
If, however, wc enipluyed nmteriala. In conjimction, of dlffMvnl
chnraetent and rateu of wear, we should then maintain inequalitia
of snrface, affording cuntlnuaus fout-huld for horwa, and obvistiflg
existing defects.
Suppose that between eaeh coum of granite paving there wctt
placed* thin coun^ of wood, thvn the difference in the wear of tke
two would give the effeet desired.
The annexed aketch bhows the arrangement. A course of granite
■tones. A, to be laid lu the u^unl way scroti the road, being abeot
tliree inches in thickneM ; following this with a plank vf wood, B)
one iucli thick, and of the depth of the granite* ; then foUomnf
on with iiouos and plimk* in wlternate coursea.
Let as not stand Hrgiiing doubts and pTobabilitle*, but pat the
(|iie«tion to tb»i true tci"!: — expt-rimuiit. This can he done within a
small space, and at little cost.
Ilampttead^ Avgutt 8, IRIS.
(A plan Hmnaiiic iloilUr to in* li^'ivt tiu \itiv Irwil In Clirtpdilt atiil In nectMfi
bill Ddlh*r mi o( wood, lb(]r talb pnducvl a etn Aluimiei* iMUlna an) Jiillhi fa'
TBS CIVIL ENGINKBK AND ARCOITBCT'S JOURNAL.
Mt
Nortti Union,
M,000*
SO.OOO*
Nonh BHtith,
1,J7I
Prnua iKd iJtnpVht.
iflr
PMlop Mni S)M(h Sbirlrll.
46^S3
— ^
ftoehtoD Mid IMrllniton,
Si .736
n.8<8
8ti>dit«a ami Hatiletiool.
IM
2*7
.. .. (ClwiDw)
80^61
83.473
Slaminnio,
> >
tfia
Eoittli Eaii«rn,
,,
V,U4
Sooiiuli MtdUMl,
■ *
349
Urtwtharr and Cbeitar,
, ,
»&
Si. Ilclen't,
a.
1 0.671
I0.4S9
turVde,
^,
24.417
28.S20
Uliter.
• I
iOti
376
VtBtConvall (najU)
• •
3.220
3.667
Wlihftw and Coltu(M>
, ,
1S,G33
i9,iei
WfailtlilfBO,
_.
14
uot
VilMBloon,
,,
36
t33t
Tork «ntl Newe»t1I«.
^ ^
I11.3M
Tork anil Nmili UiilJanil.
16.179
)9.C37
* Eillmftl^ tmount.
f 1
mpMlrrI rvliin
n.
Thia eonstitult!)) a total of nearly £55(3,000, bo that the prosa
1 la inuit itrubably ne-vtjr £7\)0fi<.>0, beioj^ the sum received h/
Iwaj's on ntvimnt wf the oiiir9]ran<:» o/ OUM. Anwnf th* liOM
" tf« the fuUuwtiig: —
Grttt VrtUm,
B^Lnhnrifh and Glt^ttW,
Glaifow and Ajr.
Loodra ind South Vfttlttn.
Eulera Couiitjni! Coteheatcr,
Monhland anil Kitkinitlloch.
rales of charn vary mucli on tli-e several UnM, depending'
man)- circumttancev, m tliat it i» impoaiible to iaetitute an
te cuitipiiriavD. In aonio uwoo, the coal-ownera (upply thrlr
|wa locomotivea and w^oat, and nre chnrged with toll only. In
^licn, the; auppljr wngom only. In vtherv, they are charted with
Id additioual rent for wan^ua. In many cates the company hauls
id supplies wagon*.
iUtfl per ton per mile for toll only, ud for total charge* —
Toil TiiUI f harBCI,
d. 4,
Weil CaKiwall, — SSS
Danf«rmlinflin<1 Cliarintown,
Bodmin aed Wadehrid^.
NewcaiiU and D«t«ick (North 9ii«Ui) -^
AiliToaili and Futfar,
Cockcrniniith. , .
Scatcti M'l'iIIhulI, >,
Kendal uid Wiutlcrioerai
Ballochncj,
PreatAD and Langridgft,
Furneii, .,
Marjpfirt and Catli)1t, .,
Loodosdeir)' and EnniakiII(D.
Wlihaw and CoKoeti.
BrighMn.
Slamannan, ,.
Zttt l.iiic*aLirc, ..
Londan and Snulli Wnltrn,
Ijnteattn and Catlitlr,
WhlirhaTen.
EdinburgliaadGUigoir, ,.
Cateilanian, >.
St. Ileleo'a,
Uanellr.
Ipokb and BarTi . .
Shrenibur* and Cliratef,
Brittol and [H>mln(ihan,
Eaitern Union, ..
Tork and Ncwculle. ,.
FJFircaillc and Tatliile, ,.
Ctaa^ow and Crcciiocki ..
Han It pool, ••
SUicklon and Ilartlirpooi,
Laaeaihire and Voikiblre,
North Briliih,
Preilnt] and AV^Tf,
Bunm Co^tiUei (Cambridge)
Cla/to<e, ..
Tork and Noitb Midland,
On the whole, the mtei fur th« carriage of coal ar« Uxrer than
•r vsre in IrtiS ; only a Bniall quantity of cual ii earried on ttie
^er priced Uaea.
—
4-29
^.^
4'
)-
3-&D
3
330
_
3U
—
3 07
J-
^_
3*
^
ifW
^
3 so
1-30
!-47
^
2 10
1-60
2U3
ta
2-00
_
1-SS
••
I4»
—
1-77
1-7S
•—
1-60
—,
l>0
-a
1-43
0-7O
1-tO
—
1-33
_
134
1-33
—
1-32
_
126
_
12S
^
1-2J
ODl
1-ii
0-7*
1-2S
DCS
MS
_
1-oe
—
101
—
1-
—
1-
^^
!•
^
0-B9
—
73
The follntrini^ ahftws the (]iiaBlitynr M«l curried In tlw year
ending Juno 3U, Hi47, at each rate of churge : —
Id. and upward*. 3D2.I26taaa.
2d. and uiiwardi, IM.SAi „
Id. and a|)na^d^ 3,930.793 „
Undnld. 629.416 „
Of the 3,930,705 tons carried at pricea between Id. and 9rf.,
S,HI^725 tonx wero cnrrivd at nite* Idma than ll^. jier ton per mile.
It will be »een thiit nearly all the coal carried by railway ia carrivd
for leaa than lijd. per ton per n)ilL\
The mHiirniini rhnrgi.- for oarrving coal i« now i'^id. per ton per
milo, bi'iiift on (hi> M'rM (■«rnwil) or Hayle railway. In IJ*13 the
maiiniuDt charge naa Bd. per ton per mile, being on the Cautrr-
bury and Whitatabia railway.
Many of the conuaniea make nn rettirn of their chareesfar
earrj'lng eenl, which is the more to be rei^retted, aa the anraJ|[aina>
tione have caused gre.it itltt-rntiorat in the carrying rate*.
The chief coal lioec are the following : —
184 4 -a. 1843-ft.
Turn. Tcm*-
1.SIU33 1.9IU,334
900.«)*
7iM86
300.400
492,420
Tork and New cattle,
Slock ton and DarUugtoB,
l!artle|)Oi)l.
Stackton lod Ilartlepoot,
MMUod.
L >nduii and Nortli VTeiterD,
Calvdmiian, ..
TtffVal*.
St. IleUa'a.
Gtatg«w and Ayr,
NtwMMle aodCarliale,
North UniOQ,
904.338
893,701
52i,aoe
393,335
4SUC8
837,183
384,0e«
213,»I3
180.130
im.itm
593.021
1846.7.
i.eM.o»
91I.64&
789,673
644,498
481,344
440.0W
336,319
314,621
247,734
212.443
236.649
<33.137
I
125,064
229.7 TS
120.000
203,300
321. S23
The Balluchiiey, Moiiklond, and other railways in the ii«i(h-
bourhood, have a vaal cfwl tralTic; but from the state of the retunir,
no cnlciilationa CWi b> mado aa to its extent.
Th« following showa tb« linn on which the Wgcat recriptc for
«o&l have been obtained in each of the y«an «udiu(; Juu« 30, 1843,
134<, tad I84T :—
1813.
*.
43,000*
Toffc and Neweaalle,
Stovklon and DarlinMen,
Midland,
Ijondon and Norlh ^\'citeni.
Stock Ion and llanlcjuol.
Kadlcponl,
TaffValf,
Ntwraitle and Carliile.
North Union, .,
Caledonian, ..
32,S27
19,D39
19,4;6
)8|0,
X.
I23,0&0
6j,i35
n.feil
2:1.910
31.043
33.939
24.447
1 8.239
30.000
2,917
1847.
£.
1)2.838
<I.»<I2
G(,2^U
36,037
33,338
31.477
28.620
23.914
90.000
17,338
7.600
a C«Umii1«d ■n«unl,
It cannot be aaid that the ronl traiSc greatly advanced in ike
year endini; June30, ISU. Thoii|^h n tn-cot advance was made in
the prevtoiiB year, there wcni to ha in IS4T symptoms of the effrcta
of the commercial crisitt. A decline took puce in the receipts of
the York and Newcaatle. and Midland, tliungh an increnae took
place on Ibo Stockton and Darlington, and Nowcaetle and Carltale.
The coala conveyed by railway from tho lereral Jielda arc aa
follows ; —
1645.
Tent.
Knrthnmbeilaad nod Dorham, 3.930,000
Cuuibctland, . . 200,000
Leicetler, Nutliagbain dt Detliy, 30i(^,OOO
Lancaaliirc, . . 900,000
Torkihtre, ..
Briatol, .. 30,000
Sauifa ValM, .. S10.00Q
Scotlind, .. :60,U0O
it is inipossilile to tepnrntc the returns arriir.-itcly, b>it it tnnj
bo assumed that the ((uaulityof ciml mrried by railway hjiK tn-
crfatud in the Scotch nnd Cumberlnnd fields. The produce of the
Staifurdslii re fieldii ciinnot he ecpnrnted,
'J'he fullu^ing shows the cinuntity of coals earned inhud from
the a«a iu eaob year :—
lats,
1847.
Ton*.
Tau.
4.300,000
4,230.000
133.000
190.QM
300.003
370,000
1,270.000
1,000,000
210,000
190,009
90.000
100.000
380.000
400.000
l.eao.ooo
2.I0O.00O
lft4S,
I84S.
1B47.
Tail*.
Turn,
Turn.
Battcrn Coentiea : Cambridge,
13.000
13^«
„ Cokhfstar, 20,U00
26.970
ZO;0O8
„ Kaatera Vnioti
1«.0*0
„ Ipiwichand Uurj,
19.000
„ ISotfolk, ^—
6,000
13,000
rs
THE CIVIL ENGIVERR AND ARCHITECrS /OUIWAL.
ISsFmnni
The total rccdpta cniinterat«d in 1B47 «er« ftbout ^16,000, ami
thoaa for Iitncrtoa« ukI Umc £ll,0O0; uukiag ubvut jt30,0W
«nunierate<l.
Thff ratw f«> the wnvej-ance vf buUding ami pitviDgetonM w*
^MfoUowv:—
Fef Bll* p«r to*.
Aibrnfttli and Forbr. 3 Md.
Matipnrt nnd C«rlt>Ic, 3 ai
Liinc**lilrt! »i\4 York'bire. I'll
Lnniloa «o>] Snntli U'ntcra, 3 3(1
I'mlon kiiil I.OBxridge. 3 UO
Hi. Ilvlru'a kotl Uuncan, 1'I3
U'iibHM aaci Culiitew, X 54
Yutk nu*l Nunli MiJUiiil, lOD
The grtatrst traflic In buiJdiiijS, pnvin^, anil limeatones, and in
liniv, i« CAvried on by the toUun'wg tMinyuiieu -. —
Tom. £
Yurk anJ North MiiiUod, 1Dl.Df>D ID.IflO
Mid land
NencBslIc nnil Cnrli-k,
MucLl^iQ auil I>«rliriEiQi>,
I'rtnlon •ocl LonHrir.lgr,
Stockton kn'l llaiil<i)ual,
U Muaw BOtl Collbcw,
1)0,011
6.srr9
4».0«l>
SMm
tUS 10
a.ou
31, MO
il.ius
:ti.xi5
Sill)
ill^UO
btil)
PLAN.PRICKING INSTRUMENT.
Sm — Amoniritt «tlieT duties, I am rniram^ in making n moft
cjitffnsirc utid minute Burvev of a lurRB city, ishuwing every li(ni»c
atid all the dmitiiMC*' thn>u);)i<'uL, llie ttnue l>eiii|r vt;r)' l-trifi- —
I inch to 100 feet ; and i urn prcparinfr du^ilicjile fair cci)iie!t of
each shpet. idiicli is Win^r done hy pricking through all the tdiLtrts
nt once, the onKinal worliinv: ilriiwiuif bciiiK pliwpil iipprrmort.
In dot II IT this with thu ■'Oinimigi prlrki^t, 1 fiitiiid tliat tlie dniiiiflitA.
man did not hold the prtL'kcr' perpendicular; cnnse<|iientlv, the
loner KhecL^ could nut be Hcrurntv copies of ifae oriipnal. To
bviate thitt, I huvu roiitrivi-d nn inatruoivnt, by which imy atten-
tion on tlio part of the drniit;b(Mnan in. keepinjr it perpendiriitiir
is not re4)uim) ; all he has to do ia to be careful that be prick*
through the proper pninte of the plan corredly ; the boles arc
thrn Hure to be tortically under one ikTiuthcr, Ist the efacets uf
paper be ever m numerous
Bimilm.
The cnirraviiiK id apian and elevation of the inetninicnt, iht full
aise. The arch a, is of hta-ss, with a cylindrical cruirn t, in irbich
a piston c, iTorkfl. At the lower end vf the piatvn the needle-
point is fixed ; the arch ia moved over the paper until the needle-
point in precisely over llio apot to he pricked thniiiKh ; the finiter
then preseei OB Bf ihe Xo^ ot Ux piatoo, whitlt e£ecta the puac-
ttir«; nnd upon rinlievlnK it »f lliO prCMvre. tlio ■fitral _^
wound n>u»d the pltton immediately raliea it, and witbdrami
needle-iioint from the pap«r; — ia tlua way Uic work is dvjie Intl
eorrcelly and rwpidly.
To prevent the needle paisin^; fur through tJie paper and du]^ii|
■ iMvebole, or sticking into the draw in): -board, I hare hadarireet
«f HOC to cover the board, and fiuletied down to it. This xjic
abeet beintl a little lenH in nife th>i» the draniac-paper, admiKtf
the latter bcinj{ all (one upon the other) pinned down tu tl>e boai4
round their ed^ee. which overlap the ed^et) of the UDC 1 find tltt
line tn be very adviinlascouit in iim', aa it cotaoi the ncvdk tl
make iio other tiiaii cxtrvniely fine boln.
« • •
STREET PAVING.
Six — U b not oeceaaary at ttdi time to revive the centrarartf
formerly I aiwd between the re«|i«ctive adracaten of vood midstom
pavinpi ; «'«pi-rieiu-e or exjieriment— tlut RTOit lert of Initli— Kill,
ere tin*, have determined the opiclans of moil piT*on<t. m to Ua
relative value or conditions of applienbility of the tun nyfteniL
It mny not, htintever, have been eonudvred how far cuniliiiiatUu
of till) two miifht be niaile with advantage*— nilapted esperlallile
certain ca^es.
Therepairinjf of Hiilbiirn-hill, ri>nKO(]iit>nt <m the recent removal
of the houKMon tho north «idc of Ilolbom-briilfr*'. briufpi (« c«iMi-
deratiun theinemivenienee* — nny, (lanpvr!i,o«etirnn(rtnthe CHrriap
traffic on declivities aiich as this, with nny mode of paving hithert*
adopted.
The placing of the fTvniteMoaesohliquely t<i the line of curbcr,
whereiiy the edifexof the a touen formed a M-rienof idiarn anelcear
steps (thiie p:tviiig n rough eurfscc and goud foot-hold for^oma
drawiDK up. lutd ulstructioii* to (he loo rapid itttdin^ of wheels
duwn the hilt), appeurod a \)wt improvemeni — iind truly would b*
BO, if the uneven surface tbuH ubluincd wore not rapidly worn ud hj
the continued traffic, aud especially by the action of the dra^
the wheels of cnrriagc* dccundinf: Uiu hill. Thu* the anrfaeaa
liecome* Rmouth and aliptiery, uliuteter W tlie material
form of layinir, whenever the material is of one and the nne
and cotisequently of equal wcur thruughuut.
If, howerrr, we etnpluyed material!!, in conjimclinn, of diS^rMt
e.huraeterK and rateti of wear, we should then maintain inequalittti
of surface, affording continuous fout-huld fur hurneo, aud vbvlattag
exifitini; defects.
Suppose that betwe«n eaeh courw of rrnnite paving tber« wen
placed a thin coiir^o of wond, then thp dinerence in the wear of ibi
two would gii-e the effect dMir«d.
1
1
B I
1
> I
K 1
A
_ J
V
I
The annexed sketch ohowa tliearran^etneat. Aeourseof graniia
•tones, A, lu be laid in the usual war across the mad. beinit abwat
three inches in thickncsx ; fvUowinft ibii with a plank of wood, D,
one inch thick, uud of the depth of the ([riuiitesi then foilowing
on with etooee and plank* in alternate euursw.
Let us uol htand arguing doubts and Tuobahilitie*, hut put tke
(jiicHiiiin t» Ihv true text — experiment. I'liis can be done Hitbiaa
small space, and at little coal.
J.
HampHead^ AugMtt S, 134S.
EA plsD WBWthiii« iiiiilUi '» lilt (Lijvr tiuLrrii ir<til InCtiniiaMt tiA In I
but ndibtr mi ot wood, Ibc/ butb imducvl • rtiy dlMfrrtitlt lalUlof uid jtdt
\t% C4>rk(T,l
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
EXPERIMENTfl ON COALS.
ifft m tit Gmb Suiini to the Steam Adiy. By SjtHenby
Bkiik niul Dr. Lyun l*LjtT>'AiK.
inimenU atee^tary to AKrertain the tru« fracticiil ralye of
jvolve a very lorw wri*« of observationa, utcndcd orer n
eraMo p«ri<iJ. ntid diri'<'lc<l to ■pwinl olijeulH of iii<|Hiry.
luUtUii for whii'h {Mirluular kind* of fuel nro prft-«miii«Ht
•v varied, il i» im])<>»^iMi> to deduco f:<^iieriil results from a
i Mrin of olxs^^n-fttioni). Kv#n in tlie (couoinicd apnli-
I of coal*, their cvujtitriitivt! vaIu4>, or their pvvet uf fomunjr
, one vntiMj'of coal «'liit.-h maybe adiiiiraMy lulnptrd from it»
action for raisinfr Bteam in a alinrl jKrioil, niuy bo far oi-
i by anrtthrr variety, infprinr in ibiM r^upcct. but ciipiiblv of
rting a niaeK larj^er iiuaiitity of wat«^r into lAeaux, Aitd there-
rum valimble iu the ]>ri>dii<rtion of forec. A eoiil uniting;
two qiinlitiM in a hiiH) A^tpr^f mitfht otill be umIcm for naval
■««, i>n aRCouat of it* mi^chnnicn! litructure, Ifthe oohMlvn
partJclMbe email, the effe<!t of trHiunort or the nttrition of
■al aj^iniit nnothrr by the motion of a reisel mi^bt no far
im it as materially to re<lur« itt vain?. Kvcn suppoatng thu
qsAliliea iiitlt«fl, ni|i!dlty nnd durntion of action with oouat-
i re^ataDce to brenkacp, there are tunny other pr<i]»ertiet
^ould receive atlrntion in llip Evloction of a fuel without
nbinaUun of which il nii^'ht ht> ralui'l{>u for our steam savy.
mU an imiioitant dilf^renc« csitting: batvpen varieti^a of
ntbe hullc urs^ince occupied by a vrrtaiu u-eif^bt. Forth*
U« of fituw3^-r<Mtm thJH cannot be ascertained bj specific
JaJonp, borau>e thi' meclianinil furmntiiin of the fragments
may enable one of leas denuty to t.nkc up n tmiiller t|Mice
that occupied bv nnuthw of a higher f^rrtvity. Thi« lii far
in inaginarr ililltYi'ncc, Win^r Mimetimes as ^reat as GO per
And not unfrei{uently40|)ei cent. The mer« thetirvticJi) de-
UtloB of the deniity of roalt) would, therefore, fiive re«iilt«
I (tor pneticp. Th« tpncv occDtiied bet ween two rarietlea of
often ei]aally ipod an n>^rtrd* their iiva|i<ir alive value, dilFera
Dtutlly 91) pi.>r cent. — that iv, w here «a Idiih tif one coal eoiild b«
I, 100 taoii of another of equal ei'aporati\'e value mijrht be
Ijbfaelectini^ it with fitteiition to itx mechanical si mcttire.
IM fiicts are meniiuneil merely to uliow thnt a hn^ly gene-
lion iihoiild aot he made, and to account for nnr drawin^f at-
n t« theie variuus poiiiU as a means of prerentin^ the
ioo of & fuel fruiii any one iittiility. We ilo not, in the
It ftaga of thiu incjuir)', cimsudcrit pruperto offer any rei'oni-
itim of our own us to pnrtieiilar kindd of fuel, leaviug the
mental factii to decide for themeelvea.
IF prvJi'ninury expcrimenia had proved that no practical
eould be attained by mere labiimtury rOKoarnh, it was
■Ined to te^t each variety of coal on a scale of kultici^iit
tnde to check thi> ihoireticjil views by the practical results.
was imjKwiible fur i-ithcr of tat to devote our whide time (o
Ufiliiy, our acrvicee bein^; required by oilier rtttici:d ilutien, we
ited *nistanta* to Guperiiitvtid its special parts, under our
il direction.
rill be ebvioua thtit thrro arc *eve«il circumiitancoa which
receive attention befure the true evaporative valui) of a fuel
I obtained. ThiiK, the water iu the tanks has n varying tem-
iro during the day, dependent on Htmu<>i>heric changes, nnd
*y» dilferent from that in the boiler. The temperiitiiro of
ill the boiler also varies with the cxtern.tl temperature, nnd
rciUBStaiicee under whicJi the experiments are made. The
of a (.'orni»h hiiiler favonr* an iiietiualilv in the tenipe-
I of the water in its various iiarts. the cu^der and deUKi-r
rinfcinf; to the bottom, and inving a tendency to remsin
; CO that the tempeniture of water at the surface is far from
the mean IcinponitiiTe of water in thi; liniler, the ditl'ercncv
m the surface and bultum water heiii^, on an uvera^e, 7i}'.
elrcomstsnces naturally alfect the evaporative pon-ers of
t»Laa (breinmple tbi> fact th.it nil the wiiterrxposed to the
of tl>e fire in the boiler t% nut converted Intu Mteam, and
-ood U used to lijjht the fire. Another circumatance of con-
hie importance, is Die expanstun or contrnction of the boiler
ui iiicruaae tir diniiniitii>n »f the teniiiemture. I n the early
3f llie experimeulM, those conducted by Mri«n>. ^V'ilftun and
bnry^ It waa thou^rht unnecessary to make a correction for
iriation in conditions; but on iwcertKiuing experimentally
aMiaUBM tmuloTtd itrTi Mr. M'llins. rtl»tl(iBl •( lti< foiftl Agrlculiurkl Cal-
V KlnisS'iTr. "'- !■ AiUiiii Phlllijii. ■□d Ur. Uuutluaon. Itr. Wf.Kliuan, t
tUUg. ••••valrutud alih ilii >»iilyiHt »r ih( evil. Hi. CaUowij ualfwd tbc
)d Nr. B«<in alio uililcd n Uu uw1}Ms.
that the difTcrence was as much as flflW.* lb. of vxter in tlie con-
tent< of the boiler, between the temperature IW and SI8". it
became derirnble to make an allowance fwr it, oven when the dif-
ference between the initLil and final temperature wa* not jrrcater
than 10". Dther clrcumetanccBof leBdimp<rlan<:e, hut iuflucnt-inir
the reHultB, have been ncglcetcd, beenii^e the ap{iIicHtti>n of sm-h
ri-rreclionit wnuld have ouIt complicutiTd tlic rcwultti. aud would
have had little pructical value when th* erront uf observation in
such appniximative e^tperimcnts remain m> Urice. Amonn tlie^
may be mentioned the quantity of ff»se» evolved during oombua-
tion the elevation inleraperatureoftheiur enlerinK the fire-place,
the liaritmetrica] and hyiiraroetric conditions of the ntmo«plicre.
the radiathm frwm the boiler {very small in amount, owing to it«
brick covering), the hytrMmetric state of the fuel, t-r the heat ne-
eeaaary for ubtnininf; mMhaninal drftU)!:ht in the chimney. In mort
of thew enses the neeoMary obien-atinnn have been made, to en-
able tlie oorrcctioiiB to bo applied, nbould it aiVcrwarda appear
desirable.
In m.ikin|^ the calculatien for the evA]>orative value of a fuel,
the quantity comnimed waa divided into two portinnti, the first
being that neceit«ary to raise the whole miuu of water cxpoced bo
the iiro frwm the mnwi* tfrnymitHrt to ai^', the wcond portion
being that required to evaporate the water taken from the tanks
from a temperature of tf Iii', To enable this to be done, the menu
temperature of the whole man of the water is luncrtaiiicd — that ia,
the temperature of the waUir in the Ivoiler at it* initial tempera-
ture after being mixed with the tank-water at its nverafre tempe-
rature. The averag* of the latter was the mean of several ob»er-
vations taken during the day, and is designated bv ('.
Let u bn the weight of water from the tanks at temperature f ;
W the weight of water in the boili-r at temperature T, thi«
being obtained mnn (urfticv temperature corrected t>y experiment ;
I, temjterature after misturo.
The correnlion for the wood wm made from data procured
by Meur«. tVilson «nd Kingabury, but il c.in only be employed
lor the particular wuod uaed, aa iu suhaeijuent eaperimcntn llie
evapomliTe value was f^und very different from another quality
obtidned. The co-efhciient of the evaptirative power of tbc wood
maybe deduced from exncrinient, in which a certain weight of
wilier was raised from a known temperature to tJie hniling point,
and then a certain portion of it evaporntcd. The fullu wing for-
multe have bc«n uf>ed by .Mr, Kiiiipibury fuir the calculntioa : —
N is the total weight of wiW u^ed in raining fW + le) (the
weight of water in the boiler, and of that let down from the tanks
during the ex|>vriment^ from the menn temperature ( to 8W ;
then It is nMeanry to find tho weight N' necessary to evaitorate
K from 919',
Then ..-, = e, the 0vapomting power.
I<ct m be the weiiibt of wood required \a raise W + te fn>m / to
Sl£\ the number loiiii being luiuiriLii as the latent heat uf slcam.
N to eva)iurati> M" -t- «■ from SIS''
N'to cvnpornleW + w from VW
Then m + N' = N. Now — —^ = " .
/(N-N-) = (•iil~l)H= (91S - () N- (5L±_!?) .
K/=N-{^L±Jf (««.,) + ,}
= i {(«'« - ') (W + «) + /} ;
W (gl8-f)(\V-Hi.) 4fn.
or, introducing the value of ( a« given by the firat formnlA,
(f + ai8 - <) IP -i- (aw - O W' _
If g be Uie quantity of wood u«ed in lighting the fire, fj wlU he
tho weig-ht uf water evnporuted frvm S14' by the wuoil, and must
be deducted from tho weight uf water evapunilcd in cniculathifc
the w'urk done by the coaL
Thi; co-cfficieat of the evaporating power of the cools, or tho
tTfl
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCniTECrs JOPRNAL,
^BCmVBPli
Tke total rorcipte cnuinn-M«d in 19(7 wen about £l6,O0O, uul
tluwe far lnn««tODC and lune illl,<WO; rooking a1>oul 4^30,000
euumvrated,
Tli« nttM for U)t eoavtymact cf building and paving atone* ue
aa followi :—
r«raU*t«rt«i.
Arbraail) •«! Forrar. 2 iOd.
Matjipnn and Carliatc, S Ot
Lauciahini and Vurb'hir*. I'll
I»nilaa Md Snalh U'ralpm, 1j iU
PmliM and Loit|cr*'l|[a. S 00
.Si. ]lnl#n'««iiil Kuocorii, 11:1
U iBlimi* and i'-olrara*. X AO
York and Noiih Mi<I1at>il, I 00
Tl» gntUiiA trafSo in building, pavlnir, and UtnMtones, and in
lime, is carried, on by tbe ftfllowiuK compuuva : —
Ton*.
Vtirk iDd Noftb Midland, lU^.B^O
Midland .. Ofl.WO
Ntwraidr aod Ca>1l-lr, ittMO
Ktu(.'kIuiiHiiil Hii'loipiUn, MJ&IO
I'rcalon anJ l^mj^tiili;', ST.oOO
Hii>ckU)aaB'l Hatilo|>'K>l, VI.2I3
W»liaM and Cditaew. lil^WO
£
ID.100
S&ug
Z.-lllO
AtiU
MO
PLAN-pniCKING INSTRUMENT.
Sia — Amonpct other diitiex, I am enfcaiced in nxikinic a inoat
rxteonvt and minute aun-er nf » larK« citr, sliowiiiff ev«rv faouee
■nd 111) tbe drulna^e ltirou(;hout, the ecnle being very Wg^—
I inch to 100 feet ; nnd I fini pn^pnring dIl|lIicMt«^ fnir oopie* of
e^ch ittiret, H'hii'h in brine dmii' hy jtricWiiiK l)iroui;h iill tlie idtfets
at once, thi? (iriiciiinl nurkttiif dmwiiii; )id[i|; placed uppermost.
In dotnf this with the ronimon prickci, 1 fuand that tho drauxbt*-
raan did not hold tho iirirhtT* peri>eiidicuUr ; roniwqtivntly, th«
Invcr iilie«tx (Miu)d Hilt !>« accurate cvpici of the ori^oal. I'u
obviutp tluH. I have (vnlrived an iaatruntent, by uhich any atten-
tion on tbe part of th« draiigbtaman in keeping it perpendicular
ia tM>t required : all he hna Iw dv i* tu be cure^l that he pricks
thrini^ the proper poinla uf tlie plaii correctly; tlm lioli;^ arc
then Kure lu be vertically under one another, let the abeeta vt
paper be evor so numerous.
BIWBdOD.
d
Km.
The enitravtnKisapUn and elevation of the initniment, the full
aiie. 'J'ho arch a, is of brass, with a oylindrioal crown h, in which
a piston e, works. At the luwer end of the pioton Ibc needle-
point ia fixed ; the arch in moved over the paper until the nerdle-
poLnl la preclaely over the apot to bo pricked through ; the finger
thtapnmea ao 4 Oie top vt tbo piston, which cffecta the puuc-
tnro; and ohmi r«lli't*ing it nf the pr«iiiur«, the sftiral >pri^
wound ronnd the piitun immediately raisva it, and wiUtdrawa tha
needlepoint from the paper; — in t'liifl way the work ta done both
eorrvctiy and rapidly.
To prevent the needle pawdng tar througfa tlie paper and nukiof
a large hole, or sticking into the drawing -board, I have badaaluKt
of liac to cover the hoard, and fnstvncd dovn to it. Tbb tlw
•beet being a little lc« in «ie tli4ii thu ilran ing-papcJ, adtuilair
tbe hitter being all (one upon the other) pinned down to tbe boari
round their ttdgea, which uverUp tbetdgcD of the cine. I fiodtk
■inc to he \cty nd nuitaffcou* in uao, a* it cuuui the needle It
make no other than extremely fine holer.
a • •
STREET PAVING.
Sra — It to not neceaaary at thU time to revive th* oontrovcr^
formerly rained between tlie rnjiectirr adroratei of wood and stool
panng ; oxprricnre or experiment — that great test of trutk^aiD,
ere tnia, havr di-lf nnincd the oiiiuion^j of munt persona, aa to Ai
relative value nr cunditioas af B{»plir4iliility of the tso ajntcni
It may not, however, have been considered bow far ounliitwtisai
of the two might be made with advautiige— adapilede^eclaUyta
certain cases.
The re]>airing of llolbom-hill, conceqiient nn the recent remonl
of the htnwpfion lh« nnrtbtiidii of ll'dUnrn-bridgv, brings to t»n(i-
deration t hit iiii-oiireiiienfeH — nay, dxnirera^nccnrringtothscaniip
traiHc on decticitieB tiuob aa tlib, with any mode of pariD|f Utberta
adopted.
The placing vf the granite tftones obliquely to the Hn* of aurfaMi
whcTeby the edices of the vloue* funned a series of «hnri> anglaacc
atepd (thita giving n rough surface and good foot-btdu for nonM
drawinii up, and obstructions to tho too rapid alidisg of nhnli
down tbe hill), appeared a vaitt imp rove went — and truly would tt
so, if the uneven ■iirfoc^ (hiii ubliiineil «pre not rnpidly wgrn off hj*
the cuutinued traffic, and eepo'iiilly hy Itif avtion of the drags on
tbe wheels ofcarringesdcoi^ndiiig the hill. Thii» the surface soiHl
hocomea smooth and tdippcry, whatever l>c the mntcrinl used in-
form of laying, whenever the material is of one and the s&mi) kiad,
and cottsequenlly of equcl wonr throughout.
If, however, wc rmplnyed materinla, in roiijunclion, of dlbmt
characters and rntiM of weiir, we sltiiuld then nuuittain iii«i]uaUtWt
of surface, affording rontiauous foot-huid for honea, and obritlin(
existing defects.
Suppnae that between each eonrae of granite |iavii^ there wut
pUe«d a thin ooitnte of wood, th^n the dinereaeo in the wear of tbt
two would give the effect desirvd.
12:
The annexed slceCch eboira the arrangement. A course of granite
stones. A, to bo laid in the iixual way bcroi^a the road, being abeirt
thr«e inchi^a in thickncHit ; fidluwing thi« with a plank of wood, B,
one iH'Ch thick, and of the dei>th of the granil«i ; than f^Uvwio^
on with stones and planks in uliernste conned.
Let us not Mand arguing doubt* and iirobabilUica, hut put the
question to the true test — experiment. This can he done wltbln a
amall space, and at little coat.
J. L.
JlampHnJ, AvgvH 8, 1948.
(A phn tontrtlhthc #1111 ikr lu lb* t/b-yrr hu bcvn ir'vd Id Qivtptldcand laftnaAOVt
bui fliubrr ni ol woiij, ibor iMia prwlurrS ■ nqr dla>(n**Cilt niUUv sal jslUuf k
Ui* (■irbgr.]
IW.1
THE CIVIL ENGtNEER ANT> ARCI
JODHNAL.
S^S
EXPERIMENTS ON COALS.
Btfiort M> the CoalM Sailed to the Steam JVavy.
hA Bkciir nnd Dr. Lvns PiJtvrAiii.
By Sir IIenbv
ExpcrimciiLs nccrsMiry U> A.<H'L'rtiiin tho true practicnl value of
Wtl involve « verr liirKC mptip* of itbservaliunit, cstiriHlt'd over a
i>[Mi<lenible jterioi], nnil dirrctPtl to spccto] oliJerU t>F iiiriuiry.
"he ([Unities fur which jiarliculiu' kind» of fuel am prc-cmiiieiit
t'tat; tH) voriecl, it in ImpoKtiltk to <l««luc« fcviicml rvsiilts from a
ntited triit* of i>I>acr vat inns. Kvra in the ecutioiiiii-jil nptili.
klifin uf cojili^, their tviiixirditivr vntur, or thrtr puwor of fnrniinjic
vain, one Viu-ii-ty ufcuiU which may be «t]iiiixali]y ndnptcd from lix
jick lurlidri fcr raiiiiiifc Bteam iii a »iion periml, niny l>iifnr ex-
iled by Hiiolhcr variety, inferior in tliio rea]>c>t'l, iiut niiiiihk- of
jverttug n much largvr i|uaiitity of wiilcr into Etcam, aim there-
are tuoru voliuitile in tb« pniductiun of fvrcv. A cuiJ uniting
1 1»« qualities in a hiijli Afgrta mivht ntill lie u»«leMi for navid
asM, oQ Dctnunl of its mocliiuiical eti'ucture. If the eohoiion
its puticlen bu bm^U, the effort of tniiisportur thv Rtlritiun of
e eonl BB>*>(>3l another 1>y the uiotiun of a ycvhcI u%ht ku for
IretUc it tia in»t«ri»lly to reduce its vnliie. Kvcii Buppoain^ the
litTO qu all Ilea united, npiditjr sad duration of ai'tioa »-ilh t^mti-
' w r««rt»nce to breahii^e, there ari} mnny other {iro|>crtics
i-sbould receive attention in the sslectiun of a fuel without
ahinfttivn uf which it might bo vnluelct* for our steam tiiivy.
ilirre in an importAat difference esifting bctveen varieties i<f
jftte in the hulk or «pnre occu|)!ed hy u certnin weight. For the
ruosc* of stowB^e-ronni this ennnnt be nMcertiiiticd by iijiixific
ivity ulune, bocAu»e the mecliatiioiit formnlion of the frafrmeiite
eonl Riny enftbte Ane of leaa denjtity tit tnkc up n •ntiillcr ^pnce
liau tliAt occupied M' snothoi* of » hij^her nravity. Tlii^ is fur
nun on im*4pnarv dini>ren^c, hoinf^ iu>metime« us ^reat as 60 ner
ent., *nd not unfrequently Uijici tent. Th« mcr« theoretical dfr-
rmlnattan of the density of coals would, therefxrc, jpve rekultit
plea* for prartire. Tho «]mc« occupied b'Vtween two i-nrictie* of
' 1^ often (-iiually )^od ut roffudt thair ovnpomtive valu«, differH
■ionat)y2n per cent. — timtia, « here 6D tons ufenoeoalcnnM be
fed, t<XP Ion* of nnotht'r of equal vvaporative value mig'ht bo
pUoed. by selectiriff it o'itli ttttentiim to itM rodchanieal atnoture.
These fncl9 Are ini?itti(in(-d merely to iibow thiit a haaty gene-
Ji««ti4ni xhould not be made, and to account for our drawing nt-
Bti<yn to these various poiiite as a means of preventing the
on of ■ fuel from any one <|tialitjr. VTr do not, in the
it 8titg;e of tliiii iuijiiiry, cnntiiilur it iirujinr to ihlTer any recom-
■nilation of our own bh Id pnrtieulnr Kinda of fuel, leaving the
sp«riiuental factfl to decide for tbi>ms«lvei.
After preliminnry rt|ieri»ien|ii hud proved thnt no practical
ill eould be iLttuiiied )iy mere Inhoriitury rQHUHrr.)), it wnu
ermlned to tet^ each lariety of eonl on a acale of uufficient
ma^itude to ehvi-k the theonrtioiil views by the pnii-ticnl resultn.
Ab it wan impoiKJIilu for vilher of uo to dcvoto unr who]o time to
this imiutry, our aervices he'mn required hy other oflici.il dutie«, wy
appointed asaiatantH* to supeiiutend its special parts, under our
eoeral direct ii>n.
[t will he ubvioiia tliat thera arc oe^'ernl circumtlances which
Boat receive attention before the true evnporulive valui; of u fuel
_ kB be obtained. TbuK, the niiter iii the tanks hns n rnryinf; lem-
peratun) during the day, dL'pendent on atmu«iihenc changco, and
iialwa}'* dilferejit fniiti thut in thu huilcr. The tempeniUire of
irater in tho boUer alia varies with the external teuipernlure, and
the circunistanres under which ttiu experiments are made. The
sha|»e of a Corniiih boiler favnun* an ineiiuality in the tempe-
ratur* of the water In its variou!) niirts, tiie colder and drniier
water sinklnf; to the buttoni, and having a tendency to remain
there ; so that the temperature of w»tiT at the lurface U far from
bvini; the me:iii teuiperalnre of water in the boiler, the diflVreiicu
helMeen the surface and bottom water bcintr> on an averajce, TO'.
.Other circumstances* naturally affect the evnponitive poweia of
btiw coaL as for i>i:iniptp the ftict thnt all the uati^r expnocd to thu
Pliption or the lire in the boiler in not ronvrrti^l into xteam, and
that wood la used to li^ht the fire. Another circumstance of con-
ucterabtc importance, i* the expansion or cuntrnction of the boiler
trvn an increase or diminution uf tlie temperatiiri^ In the early
tt»fe of the experiments, tho^ conducted by Meiuira. Wilson and
KinitibuTy, it wsa thought unnecessary to make n correction for
III ia variation in cvndilious; but on aacertaining experimentally
■ Tb«*Mt>Un1* «<nfl<>|ttl a*Tt Mr. Wllt.in, Pr1iicl|iat ol lb* I'syil A^nillHrtl C<il-
(lli. KlofiliurT. Uf. J. Aithut I'll UI 1)1 >. >Dd Ur. Ili]li:ainaaii. Ht. Wrl|Mion,a
'' LWiif. ■>■ cntrvilMl Mlh Ihf tnatrw* o( ILt loll, Ur. iiaUmtj aail]r«>l 111*
1 Ml. Hen* alio Mibtcd In Uie aulym.
that the difference was as much as B^Oii lb. of water in the cua-
tents of thu Uiilcr, between the tcnipeniture IW and 212", il
became detirahlc to make an nllowancc for it, even when the dif-
fcrenre between the inlUtit aud final temperature wad »i>l greater
thiin 10". Olhi^r circumstances of le« importance, but inftuencinK
the results, have been neglected, bemuse tho application of such
rorrcetiirnii would have onlv oompHrvtte'l the re»ult^ and would
have hiul little practical value when the ermrH uf oluervaiion in
such approximative experimentit remnio bo larire. Among theae
tuny he mentioned tho quantity of i^nes erolvea during oombuft-
tion, the elevation in temperature of the nir rnteriii|r the fire-plnoc,
the barometrical and hjKTcmctric conditions of the ntjnosphere,
the radintion from the boiler (very umaJl in omount, owing to its
hiick Covering), tho hypfromotric state of tlie fuel, or the heat ue-
ccuary for ohlittning mechanical draught in Uie chimney, la mint
of the** caws the aeceMwy obaenations have been made, to en-
able the corrections to be applied, should it oAvrwarda appiMir
desirable.
In making the eaJouIstion for the evaporative value of a fuel,
the (juantity rnnsumed was divided into two portions, the first
bi'iii^ that neccuary to raise the whole nuus of water expuvcd t*(
the linj from the tnttin ttmperalare to «li(', the second porttou
heing thnt required to evaporate the water taken from the took >
from a tempemture of «)«'. To enable thi* to be done, the niean
temperature of tlio whole man of the water is ascertained— that is,
the temperature of the water in the boiler at its initial teiapcra-
ture after being mi«ed with the tank-water at its averigo tempe-
rat II re. The av«rngo of the Utter was tho mean of aevwal obter-
vatiuiis taJcen during the day, and is designated by I'.
Let le be thu veii.'ht of water from tho tanks at temperature i';
*V' the wei((ht'(if water in the boiler at tempftrature t, this
being obtained iroin surface temperature corrected l>y experiment ;
/, temperature after mixture.
The correction for the wood wiia made from data procured
by Mi.-»*rs. tV ilson and Kingsbury, but il can only be employed
for llie i^artieubr wood used, as in Bub«ieiiuent exiieriincntK the
cv-Rporaiive value wua found very different from another i|uulity
obtained. The c^-«fEcieLil of the evaporative power of the wood
may be dvduc-vd from experiment, in which a certain weight of
water waa raised from a known temperature to the h<ti]iiig point,
and then a certain porttou of it evaporated. The following for-
mula-' have been used hy Mr. KiuKshtiry for the calcuhition ;—
N is the total weight of wood uuid ici raising (\V 4- tr) (the
weight of vaster in the boiler, and of that let down from the tanks
during tho pxperiinent^ from the mean tcmpcratuni Mo 9\'i' ;
then it ia neocMary to uid tho weight N' necessary to evaporate
w from IMsr.
to
Then ..-, ^ e, the evaporating power.
Let m he tlie weight of wood rer|iiired to raise W + in from f to
2IS\ the number I i)ui> being lUMunieil aa tlie laleiie heat of stciun.
N to evaporate \V -\- vt from 9\9'
N'to evaporate W 4* w fwm SIS'
Then m + N' = X. Now -—-^ = " ,
n .. » W -I- to ^,. «P
UN-N") = («Jfl - f) n = (8IS - I) N- (!—^) :
V
Nf ~ '
or, introducing tlie value uf ( an given by the tir^t formula,
{M-ai9-o w + (sia-nw _
Nf '•
If ^ lic the quantity of woo<l uaed in lightiug the fire, «? will he
the weight of water evaporated from 9l«' hy tlie wood, ami niu»t
he deducted from the weight of water evaporated in calculating
tho work done hy the CoaT
The co-efficient of tlu) evaporating power of the cool^ or ths
3i
sr*
TUB CITIL ENGINEER AND ARCHiTBCTS JOURNAL.
[8
iHunlier of IW. of water wbirli om lb. of coal will eraponte from
S12*, may b« calculatod m folluir* :—
Let P M the total qaaiiUty of c<mi1 Oiuntme^, tIi«R the work
< done hj P will be to rai<« AV^ + u of water from t tu 212*, aad to
evaporate u - e^ from KI2'.
Let ni betlie weiffht uf coalrvqiiired to raiae W 4-vto31ij", from t
p n ft cvaporjiietB — rqfrwmSiy
« „ „ „ IV + 10 from 21*'
Tbea =s EfQte evapontiDjc power.
t,iiwP = m+p; — j—=~.
p7 = —^ - ^
Introdacln^ Ibe vbIum from wlilrb tbe laeao temperature t vas
oUained (first formula), wo liave cventu.illy —
{I + gia - f ) w + (gi g - r ) W - fgy
P/ -^
in wbid W is the veigtit of water in the boiler ;
te the wrigbt of water drawn fnmi the taokii;
^ the mean trmpemtiite tif water In the tnnka ;
i* the corrected initinl tmijiernture.if water in tlie boiler.
In the iirm'ding fonniilir, the latent heat of Bioam hiw been
taken at 11)00, the irombcr EeneraUy u«ed in this eounlrj';
)nit after ttU the c«lrulattotia hail been made on tbit; euhjecl from
the r:iptTimcntK hy .Messrs. Wikon and Kti^ibuiy, anil ihc reeults
arnt in to tbe Admiralty, Repiault't excellent memoir on the
'^Latent Ileal oT Steam" ni\s publisWd. It became neceR^arj', tliere-
fore, to use these new reaultx in the future ex[i>>rimenU. These,
■u far an they apply to the present ifl«iuiry, are reduced in the fol-
lowiDg table.
Tabu l.—SlhKma Me ^wifle end latmt fltat qf Waltr and Sttom.
Kiuntcr
d
Xunlfw
U<«i
t'ulllti
of
Snidflc
lt<4t nf
Alf
af
Air
t'nlllfl
SlwISr
tawnl Bmi at
Shtf-
M«ra-
HmI
Tbcim*'
ll«r.
•>(
W.Mf
II nl
RWun MiumMl
■o.
riy
abin-
ni*t*r
cnrlal
HHt
lj#i«##n
nt W*Ur
1* tb* *twtptn-
Mre r.
DWU*
Cmil-
ilo-nriibir
r>hm-
V»h-
«>lM«li.-
l-^ijTdT
(imo T
C«aU-
ftmU.
DDc klla>
IWll,
trn.
«d In «IP
rtn>, or
ID
frwt*.
aTmIm
ltd*
Wt.
poituit fl
b*l*nt«a
af ■nil
T Pitir.
T+rfr.
Aval
CfDtl-
F>lirtii>
TKilA
amlt.
brit.
9
o
a
o
a
..
ftono
119
S-Jltnn
..
I'DMW
Md'S
HW17
1»
>>
I'HMJV
M
,,
10' im
l-BOflS
io(ici:i
»:rj .>
1 (■;!!■ I
a>
,
at'iiiD
!»
,.
fi^UU
i-iMsta
MH^l^t
lli-Jt
UW,7
a»
'•
MOM
■4
,,
86 044
l-UIKIll
I'lMiiiia
1M7
iM4-:i
a*
Mftll
1D4
tMWI
1-001 a
i-noM
K»7
IMt'fl
to
MM
tn^iM?
113
1»W
tniM
V0P17
1-OMl
17I'C
1<MV«
o»
,,
or It?
Ida
, ,
itO'»a
l-UUB
l-OOWl
M47
iei«4
»
._
70-JlO
IM
»»
l,W*tl
1 ooii) , I'lora
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it aiiKt became de>irable to introduce new rorrcctiirn-t, which the
'■KwreMof the iBijwiry elionnl to Jie needful. Thus. Mr. I'hil-
llpss careful cxnrrimcnta determined thcnltcrntion in the N^ucity
Of the boiler iitiiifrrrenttemiterHtiires. and curreirliiiii wns in tutur«
made for thi^ difference. The alteration in Uie utjiacity of tbe
mtosuiiax tanks was also eetiniAted, whenever the teuiperftturc
differed S° fmm thut at which they were ^U);cd. .'\ijtither cauiv
of error, for nbich alltiwanfe tJji'uhl be mnilv', is nny difi-rence
which may eaiil hetneen the initial nod final teniperiiiurL- nt the
lieKinainjr and close of the exjicriincnt. This diUVrencc hcltiiu;
known by obicnntioo, the com-ctiun may be applied fmm the
table of expaiiiuonor tbe water in the hi>iler, riven, liitroduciug
\4^fse Dtvr i'erT«cii«m into tb« cxperimcutd tat oMeitaiuiKg the
. £•.
co-elliclcnt of tbe heatiniK jMiwor of tbe wood, tit* foUowIng i
the fonniilse used by Mr, I'hillipii : —
r/ — - *■
In which W 1* the water let down from the taoka during tt«
experiment.
w = Thv waigbl of water found in the boilen at eomiMa«c-
mMit of experiment.
te' =: The wel^t of water in hoiler nt elotie uf expeHmtnl.
/ =r Co-ellieieiit of the Intent heal of deatn.
( =? Quantity of h*at iteeesury (o ndne the water in taah
from ita mean temperature to that at which it i« evaporated.
f = Quantity of bent nec«narf to raiae tbe water in tba boBs
from the initial to the linal temperature.
C = Quantity of lieut necessary to ral«e water al the t««pcn-
tur« of tiinku to the linal lemnernture of water in the boiler.
P := Weight of cnmbnstibWconi'umed darini^experimeBt.
E := The co-elficient of the heating power* of wood.
But when the Initial is lower than tbe final Innperaian, tkr
form II In bpeumeit—
(w + «■-«■)/ + W f + «e + f ■»•- -) r
p(" - "■
All tbe term" retalnli!^ their ori|rinal wilue exeepi the lait, is
which f in reptHcod by f" (or the heat neeectary to raise the fisit
temprroture to that at which the water was expnnd«d), and mat
be re^t^rded as hiivinff a neintire value, while r beoomeawNitira
If now 7 iH the wekgbl of itaod umvI iu lighting the firft, tb«
formula for estimating the evaporative |Hiver of the coal will be
(W -Eq+ic-"')r+('^' + «'-'*'•)< -ftef +(«■■-»)<!'
And p-^^
As the exi^eriraent) are ilrictly ciimparative, and under like
condition*, tae want of the other correctiona, to wfaich we ban
alluded nlxive, will not Ik- felt in Dxamisiitf the renults; while
thdr execution would have introduced a rcmicment into tbe(K>
perimcnt* which never could be whtntned in practice, and wkkb,
in fact, would be unelcxti and unwarraoUdfle while, an prerknuly
remarked, t)ie errori uf ulHterration in all aocb apprvximatiTe ca*
periraenls remain no Urge.
The only omittetl c»rrectioa which in apnexrance ml|>ht be (■»•
posed neci*a>Ty for tiracticat purpoies, ia tnat for the fay^rOM0|H
condition of the fuel, llnd wood been emploved. thtM mtut tan
been dune ; but the hvfn^Mcopic nature of coal b very much ln>
than that of wtaid. Thv Utter contains 4 itsownweishtof bnm-
Bcopic water; and the beat neceaury for the eraporation of tkil
quantity tiiif,-ht be shown by a simple cftlculation to be nearly eqeal
tn8?2 per cent, of the total heat obtained hy the combustion of ibe
wood. The hyiirnweopie water in coal in however very eniall, as
will be Keen by tbe followintf determinatioiu of aoroa of tb«
Welsli upecimeiifl experimented upon :—
Ilnnwe-ptf wa««r.
CnlfBli Co*) .. .. 1 OC p*r («nt.
AnIhriclM >. .. i'44 .
4;iilruil» .. .. ('74 „
W..J*. PI-tVcIo !■« „
Mr'if'XI N»itttlil .. .. 0-itr .
PiBirruiiilb .. .. D-TR „
rtouo''iiu .. .. u-ra
Had we introdticed eorrortinnH for the«e liinall qnantitiea, pnr-
tice would have been misled; beeuuae the eoala will rarely raaib
n vetMil in the drv ittate thiit they did in the preaeot caae, whn
they were pucked In liof^heads and kept under cover.'— It «ai
found unneceHsnry to corrri-t for anv inllnmmnble rwsea flyi^[iif
tho chimney, becaiiiie repeated aniilyM-u of llie chimney gMH
proved them not to contain any eombuKible conttiluenl; tbi
only products ever found being: carbonic acid, sulpbunnu acid,
oxyjten, and niirugen. The utiuntity of free oay^en ia lb*
cliimnev vtiried Irom ^ to J of the oxygen whid eiuiibincd wilb
the fuel; iu other w<irdi>, nearly twice tlie quantity of air pMN*
throu|^ the firv than tluit which in >.triclly neire^Kary by theory.
With rctrnrd to the selcctiun nf the cnnh for tri4d, wc havet*
refer to Mr. Wilsou's Uller, Thin letlrr give* tho infMmatiea
obtained iu a toiir made by I'rof&ior Wib-un fur the purpoaerf
HHcertsining the best coals titted fnr trial in the South n'alet coal
district, and the ports from which they cen conrcniently be
ebippcil. This diitrict wa* wlected becaufO the vaiying cliarftt-
ter uf the cuuIm, from Ibe bituniinouii to tlie anthrocitir, ufcrvil
those whidi were most likely to eombine the qualities dctired (sr
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOURVAU
^RirpMH. It wttM intrniled, n» beini; roott M>nvement fur
■dqairjr tii h»ve hdti«reil fttrlclly to (liatricts. t» ihc cx|>eri-
b thj> BBB httberto been door, except in qxxtd caics at the
|l*t of the Adtnirnlty.
e falloirinff table (Table 11^) contAins an abstrnct of tbe
to, an far u rej^rili; the evmoratiTo vatiip of tlio fticl. Tliis
r«hilw anly tn tbf 4vnni>micK) viilue of the coal* efaiainml,
10 the eteam j^nerktod by a uDit of the resnective coala,
POt hoirerer implfii^ a unit of timr. Tho details witli refer-
to t'muf, vhirti fonna a mmrt iminirlnnt eletneut in tlie value
b* raapvclive fuela, win be giveu nerejftcr.
Tabls U.—S/Umiv Mf £raaomfo Vatuti qf th» CaaU.
l«fCMl>
Mlauw
■ •* 1
1
i
f
?]
^1
.<= =
e .
Ca
-i;
2^
Ji 1 :i
^
s« tj
1^
it
£
^1
1^
if
-■6
M
ll
LM
Velii,.
MryNin
IKrrt<U
Vfftl..
MdRaplI
)-M
1>.
K.
MDDMiiie
r
; ; I Ai M
IT* 'w«
7'M ua
7-40, MS
M ISJS TTSIW
7»Bt«
7S141
»« Old ni-i>; 'ON M u
lu -M W'U
-^3I«
■7M4IM
•«W 4.V7S
■fwl ^l?
'7b1 3IWI
Ota 4>1»
jeT4 4tlW
■7M Jl'W'
7frl J*«
■71J 4039
« 47*44
-Oil UMS
•Wt AIM
■014 6^7
'IU« Sim
■•17 mi;
■AM U-.l)
'AW 4 -M
'(1:4 WSt
'08 t'lH
'W» 4 4»
KM
|f iM?ll IJ
M-4t
«■»
30-
MM
WS4
43W
4U7I
a-t:
41-14
KM
St' 11
MM
•I'44
£4-
I*?
017
MM 3»l 7> aiuoe
(t'U '4«« 4ai-77
7rtK,4U1NI «*ta
7-91 4III-4* 3W 40
10-411
974
low
4d4'tie 4((7-|V
4^11 4lM)9
u;-« stpii
;ii» 4i7-»4
lO ecoaomiciil results obtained hy ernporatiun in the heat-
ed practice are ascertained tv lie only a nnall nnrX of tho
jVelicaJ renuit foliuwiiig fnim the aotnal (|iiantitj of lient capu-
'of bcin^ K<^nerateil. Still, «a a cotDpnraUre statement, it ii
■Mnrjr lu contrast the economloal iicat given out br n coal with
pkeoretical 4uci»titr. Tfae cbum vf the (lifTereticv'butwveii tlte
led and lheur«tical (juJtiilitiea is, at leant in a ((reat dearee,
nuS and doca not by tlio apparant difference proro the fallacy
leiuation. Ittfore tho cumnariBon cnn be made, it ia neco»-
l« have B lui«wledga of tne coQipoailiun of the n«pectire
: nf thid vc Bubjoin a table. — (.S'« Table 111.)
lemiatM differ as to the mode of calculating iho theoretical
Ing Tiilue« of tittAtt, but, aa m\ approximative rule, without In-
ur on ita absolute accuracy, tbelr calorific values are found to
Bin rolation tv the iiniinlily of oKygen re>tuirp<l for their com-
B com bunt inn. Thi» may be «Mimut«d rxi)i'riiiif!ii tally by
Dg the coal with an excewi of lithur);?; or it may be deter-
I by caleulution from the known eiiuivalenti of tho cum-
U* ingredient* uf the cual. From the (iiuntity uf leoil
sed by the coal, the oxygen empluycil in itv cniubuHtion may
nimated, and the calorific raluea titand in direct relation
iB4|uantlty. The amount ofoiygcnnecraanry to ainnuintt the
innibl* conxtilu«nt)i may more sfcurately be determined
MDCalary aaaly»i> ; and iLui calculated, the results are Kcaa-
Taaii nil — SImmv 'Ac Utan Crav«fJ'J»a ^avtttjt tampiti^ tht Catli^
Latallt} M nam tt Catl.
WCL88 COXLi.
CnlffoU
AsUirmiHU
Oldcnt;* Piny Ttia
Ww^a ncrf Vela
aiau
UMftaawh
PfDMpMh
hainMlB
Tttnc-quHMC Hot* Vata ..
Cm) riwxl il«l< Vrfa ..
C«n Miatr-fva ••
ILMDlnn
Vvaif Peal .. •• ••
Hvcfifu •■ «■ ..
Kb).* Vila
IV»ihDiairr JUck Yds ..
C«l«alkJI
SCOTCH COALS,
I>ilV.lth J«iir«l Smb
Oiliidih COraaaUoa Saam
W^UndKltlB ..
ranlal Vpllat
Gmiftmoutli
EKouae coAU.
Sritanhlll
rirk Kuo, Lrdiifr
Stleranttsb (Irlah) ..
rOKEiO!4 COALII.
FerDMa Uliud
Ssniaa ([«>>u4a ktnii ..
„ 3 fax (am
„llbMM«a
rrrzHT ftjei^
Wjrlani'a
B*l|-t
'Wvliub'a
l'37>
I'M)
1941
iiat
1-31
t-3H
i-tas
l-al
l-M
I-3U
i-aa
i-as
193
V31
1 a?i
i»
i-:iia
i-tt
V3»
13i
I'M]
l-M
t'M
1-J7
l-3t
110
1-14
11»
ftM7
•■'44
INI
]i-9t
S4«
*m
'j:S
S-73
4M
'5'7K
AM
^2
3'M
sat
4-r»
14
mat
MM
7^ia
ia»
Tint
SO'TV
BDtl
J4ru
74-14 11-14
;»»4 a/ii
Te-Mi i-K
TIFM AM
Mtoa taa
«4*« '«74
M-si aut
M'a & 41
7B-B1 a-av
3
G
1
^
^
1
H
s
n
0-41
l»'4(
MS
O-^ll
Ih-li
MS
1-ai
B-W
ii^
na
irvn
»
f4S
I-S3
1-83
l-UT
im
3' 44
V\»
Mi
Tnm.iyi3
4rti
IJi
I-;;
O'flO
15«
l'2l
943
107
-j-ia
fr44
Ml
1-21
a-M
I'BC
TDl
frM
I'M
1HI7
•
|-J»
£'«
■I'M
1-44
n-Mi
i-aa
3Vt
1-01
II' 4U
134
O'Dt
■i-m
147
3-S4
ODI
010
0-as
i>ii
T(at«.
Dm If 17
141
l-M A U
118
l'4S' HU
l'3&
l«
ets
1««
■tmi
+.17
701
ya7
«-4a
0'33
a-7a
■
0-04
D'49
l»B
O'eo
l4i,-J(r;S
O'M
114 at-ra
our
117
IVllI
I'M
ra
CiM
O'Hl
IJTI
D'43
Tnua.
l-M
*
i-4a
■JM
7-W
SIW
*M
■■«
«w
»a<
rw
low
»0»
SfK)
•■41
t-m
R-IU
140
14-7J
4-37
9- 10
Hl-«l
4' on
a'M
ra7
llflB
lo-w
MS
7-7*
14'X>
4-M
4'9f
1-Vl
*5«
(B4
VTD
7»'S
W'tO
lO'CO
w*
ei*
7*«
»»
M-B
04-a
717
77-4
Wl
M-0
H-S
M-41
I41U
Bfl
4»'l
71 '7
tOl
a
• tnrliiildtlnlLcAih.
rally found to be about } ^eater than tbn^o indicnied by experi-
ment with tho lithurgo. 'i'ha ealculntion from the elementary
oiulyitiii depend* upon the ctrciinulancc, that 6 ptrtn, i>r «r« equi-
valent, of carbon rexiuirei 16 fiartfl, nr two v<jitiv3lenl«, «f oxygen
fur combuHtion, while 1 part uf hydrogen r«>]uire4 Si parts of
axygnu ; it in only ueoeiuuiry tbcrerore, to aublrnet from the
hydrogen a nunnlity correBpundlng to thii ()syft«n contained in the
coal to enable tbe i^culation to be made un tbtwe principles.
Ab the calorilic vnluw are only relative, it ia useful to refer
them to tPie heating power of pura carbon, one nart of wbieji
requires S-SSfl pari:* of oxygen for eombuiitton, and U capable, nc-
ciinliiig to l>e«pretx, of hvating 7H-15 parU of water from iti
free£ln>r tu its boiling [luint. The ciileulatioa may he 8imniitie<l
by mulliplyiiig each part of lead ohtiiitiml by VUSS, which gives at
one* tbs weight of water capable of being he-nted between these
t4nnperatw«R by a unit of the coo) used in reducing th^^ lithargv.
On thece principlw th« following ubie u eonittractcd. — (Sm
Table IV.
>Vilh regard to the prsctieal application of fuel, ancb a lablo
could not supersede exparinienl, as the ecooomicul values of Hie
C4wl depend abo on udvemitiuuK clrcnmiilances connMied with
tbeir ph>-B(cal aa well an their chemical condition. Thia tnlle,
whilo on the whole it agreeG with and confirms the prarticul
results of etperiments still differs In a marlced dt-grre m one or
two inBtane«ti : this difTemne« ariHing aa much frtim the chemical
aa from the phyKieat UiffereaceH of the coula. ThuR, if by dMtnic-
tive (lintillaiiiin, which occun; in fiirnaoei befor* combuatton, a
largo ijunntity of tlie constituentx of the coal are rendered raaeoue,
so much heat Is expended In tbia act that the heal devefopei) by
th(-ir nftor-eombtictiun in frequently not gronter than that ab-
rtracted during their forraaiiun, in which cane a thermo- n en trail ty
occum. To ascertain the proportion of fixed and v-uUtile producta
in the vuriuus coalt, a very ililHcnlt and elaborate proceee
was adopted; but the tediuitsoeu and ohancea of failure in this
kind of analysia haro induced ua tn include only a limited number
uf eoak (ihiise given in Table V.), enpecially as for Meuun purptwcs
it wait sufficient to detcmiiue tli« per ceutage of coke, aistattd
in TiUe II.
«70
THE CIVIL ENGINEKR AND AllCHITECTS JOURNAL.
LPi
Taki Vt.—SiairiMf tht CaUtr^c V^tun «/ tie CotU.
nptojwllaiiwExpcHwMU.
VKUH COALS.
Arikrufic rjom and Co.)
MM.^Olt Pl*n Vrla . .
M'^nl'i fitn Vita , .
RIOM
rmlnpoUt .( ,.
ftatnMtn
roirrl'a IfiillVrn .,
ninf-quanvr Ilocit V'ln
Cim riool Rarft Vrln
Dcu'rru . . . .
tartiHifwt Rwk Vda ..
ColWlilU
SCOTCU COAia.
IMlktllh jKot! !>«■« ..
H Cvrniiitlsn Smm
F<ii4>l Splint ..
OctB(«ni(Hiltl ..
Br«mihtll (BaiUib)
»litnrdaib tli|*h}
PATSSfT FUEL
)I-U
■l-iA
■i-m
»■«
ii?«i
»«■;»
M-IO
30-13
81'M
1-M
S-Sl
ir
l?!l
tl 3 „
I!
1-ai
3-18
I- IS
«7
81-™
tW-1
9I'J
X-J
U-4U
M-tl
ar-M
70-41
0*37
71.4
Tabis V — SAovixf lie ^moiMf o/ nm'oM SbtWanwf ^rmfiiMrf fty tit
4Mlntethe DMiUafim iff frt4M It'tM CtaJt.
C<r.
-Sal ph.
Urdnf
OI*a*at
Olb*r
Kan*.
Cokr.
TV.
Vator.
Jinmo-
bonlE
□uiad
OUM
nla.
A lid.
im.
Hplro.
CuMn.
Intain-
nun*.
Gn^folA
ffi-J
l-I
3-1
01 ;
1-79
Tin«»«.
«-ii
TBI
Atiihrvclt* . ..
K«
?<<Nia.
S'ST
*M
DM
(ift4
}
t^H
OMoutJe IttrfWbt
7»e
A-M
asB
I'M
Oi4
Oil
O-ST
»77
U'm4'1 ttrj rrt*
,,
I'ffI
SDl
fU
i-tw
OVI
(tai
, ,
1»IM .. ..
asm
JW
3 0^
O-M
|-(U
o-w
0.1l
4 04
Uminaetk . .
liMB
IIJ
■IV7
•JOM
Stl
0I»
»41
7'W
It Liifi been for mme tUno aaserteil, lljnt tlio evnporative rnlae of
a btttiminous omI is cxpreued by the e^nporative raluc iif ilf
ixlte, the heat of oumbudinn of its volatile productii proviii); in
practice little more thnn that iiecewuiry to voliitiliM tliem. If
this mtppoNition wvre cvcti near the truth, the inoit useful pmctical
re«ult« misht fiillnw from it. By n Ur^r nnd brtter iifiplictl MKtinii
of irait tn»iiitf;ictiire, tlie volatile prodiirtx nf (ItstiiljitiiKi iiilirlil he
mtdr useful not only for the purjioKii tif iiliiiiiiniittuD, but aW for
l^doomtio Iicnt, and the rcnidufil coke mi)tht be used irith nn equal
njrinotir man u furl ure** ; thus preventing the eniiwiwii uf
SDKike wliicti At preaent Is so de«truclire to the comfDrt of
> Inrtcr cities, it is ea&y from nnalyMs to examine whether tha
duty perfarmoil by the ohA in in be nttributed to il« fixed itiere-
■)t(*nti or coke, bv eifitimalintc the work whicJi the Inllrr in i%ip:iI>lM
of performing. "Tiiis may ii« done by srihlracliii!; the amount of
iMhes it) the coo] from it« amount of coke (TBbio 1 1 1.) and c»Ci-
itMtidg th« remitiuder as curbon. Thin cnrbuii muUipIied by ttf
iieUiiijr pvvrer, 13S<i9, »nd divided by fifid-f or the latent lieat of
aieani, indicate* the nunibrr of potiaus of waterwhich the coke by
ilfcif fould vvapfrote, uithout the aid of the combiifitiblu voU-
ljl« iiirn^ifiitiof tbecoal. Tbtwe rcRuibt are placed in ctflumn
H, of 'fiibii.- VI.. in juata-poiiitioit with Uio actual work done by
the am], and it will lie seen, that notwithalandini^ several atriking
• tg IfcH c^w !l would KOl h« nrtrttmrr In c*irj oo tb» -ptni™! of itlaltlUKon to In
flTceptioM. which mucbt have lieen etpeeied, tbey oo ih« wbii,
■ibon' tliHl the work rnpnhle of hein,:: ptrforaied by the coke al-ini
is actually sreuter than that vbtainad by exiwrimeata with '
ori^'nal coal.
The vhole «v*tOTn of manufaclurinft eoke is At preMDl re*T >>■
porfprt- HeMjAiM Ifning the vuliitilc comburtiblo subctaoicca, ml
under new adju«ir»enta inixbt be made of much vnlae, aa Uu
quantitjr of vumoaia ia lout 1<y boin;; thrown into the atouKpfatA
.\mmoais and it* s.-ilt4 ar« daily bocominx mt^rc valuable toarn
cultur«, and it i> Ibotr coinnarative bieb price aloti« wii^
|irefenls thdr univeraal uso to all kinds of cereal cultivation,
a construction of the mont itimple kind, the ookit ovens iiow ia ujl
inif^t lt« made to economise much or the nititit^n wbidi in*ariiUf
eaeapeu In tho form of ammonia. As an inducement l» lit
eewnumy, we havcAi>pendcd to T«bl« VI two columns (H. aad \.\
allowing th« quantity of ammonia (V II,), and ita corrcN)ibn
uuantity of commercial mlpbate (NH,0, SO,), which
liWIb. uf the respective <!oa]s may be made to produce. Wbenl
ia mnnnber&d, that the pHeo of Kulphate of ntnmonin U abo<
£lS per ton, nr tliat KKI iom in coking is ^Jipahle of pnxlucitu^i
tn average, alwut « tonj* of this salt, ita neglect la highly :
h«ii»ble.
Ily thi; preceding data^ the nctual value of the coala will be i
trntted with thai which !• thvanrticnlly piMciblc, EuppiuLng ti
eomhuit'tnn procetdod under drctunvtauccs which preTanterfi
liW'iof heat. The tetual duly ubtaioed by a ouuiid of r^ ft.
the boiler empluyeil miiy be ensily cxprcwed by the number'
jN>im<U raised to tlie btij,ht of uno foot. Thi» rusult may r«a<ID|
be obtained by the simple foriaulft—
yVn X 9M-7 X T8« = -I",
W repreienting wnter, of which « no uada sre evaporated it
pound uf ccal. This formula ii deduced fntm thn fjct U
I) poundt of niilrrniulliplird by SflS'T,* ov the co-efBcietit forL
latent heat of xteiiiu at 2I^\ indiiutes the number of poiuul*!
water which would be mbed I' Fahrenheit ; and the niunkerTS
ariwfl from cxperinictit on the niecbanioHl force denoteil by I
clcvntlon of « pound <if water 1° Fahrenheit: that force Iwiai
e<|ual to TI'J lb„ rmwd to the hciji^t nf oiw foot, according tothi]
careful cxperimciiu of M. Joule, on the friction of oil,'
and uiercury.
I'ho theoretical value of the coala, with rdfercnee to tfte Biiitt(<
of pouiidx of wal«r which one pound of fuel will eonvert itfla\
steam, is obtained by ibu fomiuin —
/ C X 132BH \ l U -h X e2*10 \ _
\ tlOi-r / + \ 96i-T I ~ ''
in which C is the qunnttty of CArhou, H the quantity of hydro^t
In a unit of fuel, and A the iioantitr of h\-i!ri>^(<n curre«pondinir t<i|J
the osygeii contained in the eoal. Timte iiiultiiiUed by "
hmtiiig uiiwefB. nccurdinff to the reaultx of Didonir. and hU...
by the latent heat nf ctoara, indii'at« the mimber of potindx
wnter that can be coiivertod into the Intter by n poimd of maIJ
The number* thou ubtaiued eiin he cbani^ed into the exprenskui > '
nicch.inical force, by the previous furmulffi.
Tlin rcanlt of these crdculativa'* are thrown into Table VI.
The best t 'ondnh engines are stated to rnisc 1 ,000,0011 lli. to the]
bel^fitt of one foot, by every pound of coal cunimnied : *■> th.tt cnlfl
about i of the ueluai force Keneraled becomes available, or only M
tir^uf tbt) furcv theoretically pnasibte, is applied ia prAClit'i]
The various experiment* made .on builcr*, with re^rnrd lo the fva*]
^orntivo power of cual. luivc not K'ven verv uniform result^]
hmciiton. Ill lTi2. nitb one pmmd of Newcastle coal, evaporilri
"■S9 lb. of water fmm ^1^ ; H*ntt. in 17RS cnmc to the conclufi'in
tliiit S'liaib. of wtiter might be fvnponted by the same i|uantitrclj
cod ; aud litter (in 1 >Hv), Wii-k-->tefd found that 1 lb. of Meruyi
oonl could bo tiiade tu evaporate S-49:)lb. of water fmm R0\ wfaick
U iMiual to lO-Mti lb. from 2|*4'. In some esperiraenls made i'8
the lioilcr of the Loam*:* eiiKine. nt the I'nitnl mine^ in Cure
Cflch pound of coal naa found, by a Tri»l of six moiitha, to i
rate IU'29 lb. of water from SIS", this heini^ the rcductioti i
re«ult firen, vb., that 4.11,210 cubic feet «f water nt I'iO'-
eraoorated by TOO tons of coal, Stateinenta have indeed
mane that 1 1 lb, of witter have been evapomted by 1 lb, of
burti«d in Cornifh boiler* ; but as thix m the utmost iiuMitit|
theorertically poMlhle, it i* dilTiutilt to conceive that it b.i> bee
re&Used ia practice^ even in the bent-constnicted ftteani-engineit-
• Tin ™,r(Bdeiil Ur lit* iHi-nl hnl I'f mm™ il Jir" i< itrniiill* Uk«nM I .
u Taut t.
TI.— 51av)kv 'Ae A<^»at IhUg, a»J that vUcA it iSMftlitaUf
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139
• tatllMl. t TlMrHlnl. I Calrfllmtl frant h«M obUiMd.
iMC^rtain lioir far our b»iler was inrrrior to Cornuli lioilt^ra,
ticl|>ally frvo) iU size dqiI le»s vIBcicnt cuntuiK it wna Ukdy
ive, vir'rcqiiotcil Mr. Phillipx t» make aams experimcatu on
the lu^Ht e»<;ii»^!> ■>' <->iruw.ilI. U wu ftnind by tUeH csiie-
lU, tbut tt'lSlb. cif wAter ncTB cviji»nitc(l >>y e'<-cnr puuntl of
conl corrcfpondin^ ia cuinpusitiuii to tli*t of Mynydd
ud ; or, ill otIitT worilii, timt iiiiprovctl (.'oruiali liuilern im a
Btme may be aaHtuncd to have k eupcrivrity «f ncnrly 20 per
^over tlmt u»ci) in the»i> oxporimentt. v\» ttit rcmltit »tiit«il
I Report nre vnly reUitivi-, tW coinpariMni ia not uiTcclvtl by
lifference.
have uixioubly looked to the application of 1 1 lesc vx pen-
to the different v-ntivtiv* of |>aleiit fuel, but u-e Iwn-c nvt
^Ic to carry our obaervaliou!i m tliir^ direction to tliu extent
(old liave de-iirGd, from our innbility to procure pntetit fuel*
BcieDt number, nltlioiigli our nuplicutionx to the pitentcea
hvKti numeroun. Three varieties Imve been nlroiwly eiarnincil.
tliMe mnniif^cl'ired under tiie paleotq vt Me«ti-B. tVylniii,
teh, and Dcll^ nnd the roultd are given in the tnble*. Tho
j« vf patent fuel tun ffvnernlly iniulc tip in the Mhape of
nnd Are therefore wrJl mUpted f»r ntoirn^ ; to that,
tho ayccific gravity of pntcnt fad* ih to<riv titan that of
jr«MM,froin their «hape and mechnnical struetttrc there
irr few coals w-hicb could be stowed in a emallor ipacA per
Wbilo we look to Die diiftrent t-arirtie* of patent fiwl m of
'b*»t importance, and, fn^m their facility of st'twagv, as
peculinrly adapted for n.ival puri]OB<e<>. nnd perlmpi ercn
led to «nppr*ede ordinary coiil, at tho unme tuiie, IliB irrrnter
lu not nppoar t<i h« manitfartured willi a proper re^^ivil tu tk«
U'ini re<(iiired for war steamers It ii usuhI to tniic biltintl-
vr tnrry matt4>r with bituminou»ctiiiI. nnd from this eoinpouiid
kk« till' fuel. An ntoimilitUiin to the boKt cteitin coal wnuld
It*, however, tho verj-reverste process, and point to tbe mixture
More nntbraciti<; conl with the hittjtiiiniitiK cement. As the
cr part in nt present miule, it is olnviul iinpoinuble l» prevent
miMion of ilviiM opaque smoke, a circumttance extremely in-
nleot to ihipa uf war, a* betraying their position at adia-
tance at ttmea when it is desirshlc to conrca] It. Besides this anil
other incdRvcnicncrK, tlic very liitnininrtK varietivv are not veil
Buiteil to hot rlimatrn, mid ure aa liable to tip<in(BneuuscomliitBtii>ii
na certain klndu of coal. To avoid these inoonvrnicnces, Mime
klndit of pntcnt fuel* bnve been vulijcctcd tv • sort of coking, and
thiiK, in a L'rcAt meuMire, obtttiu the desired cunditioiut. Tlci^rir in
lillle diniht, hottevcr. that notnith standing the Inrjns number vt
patents in uperntion for the manufacture of fuel, itn value f<.>r thu
purpoMM of wMTrteninrrB raijcht be mnch c-iihani:cd by itt prrpii'
mUwn brinfC ■Pce-'isUy directed to this object. It «iU be teen, by
reference to Table 11^ tlint the thrvv pntcnt fuel* exnmiiwd rank
amoDfc the hi^hett rc*uJt» obtiuu(^d. Should it b« denrubic to
oontinue this ini|uiry, we conceive lluit it »oold be ailvant«t<eou9
to pay epecinl attention to thia subject, by cxpcrimeutinj^ B]>iin
proiicr mi.vliires of dilfertnt conl*. Even unthrucitc may be in-
troduced into 3ucb mixtures with advMDta^e.
It is of much importnruro in nn erimomical inquiry on cotH*. to
obtaia exact information ai to the effects likely tu Ik- itnxliiced
upon them br atowaffe and continued exposure to hi)^i temi>€ra-
tiure, not only as rcKarda their deterioration, liut niso as to tho
emlanon of daiiycrou* gsae* by their pruKrvuive chanjiifH.
The retention of coal ia iron btinkerA, if iiie-m are likely to bo
inf1iieni*<'d by moiKturc, and npeeiidly when by iiiiy nri-ident
wetteal uitb '«ea-water, wilt oiuflQ a speedy corrouion of tbc iron,
with n rapidilypmpurtionate to its more or Ims efficient prateciinii
from rorrodinif inBoeiici'H. Thin eorroeion uremi duo to the arliini
of rarhoti or con! romiinic "itb tlie Iron a voltaic couple, iiml tbiiH
promoltn); oxidation. The action ia similnr to that of tho
InberrolHr conrrvtion* which nppear an the inudKof iron u-ater-
pi|MH(, when n ptei-e of carbnn, not cliemicallv combincti with tho
metal, and In contact with saline waters, produces n speedy corni-
ston. Where the " msko" of iron shows it tu bi< liable to be thui
enrroded. n nie^hxnlca) protortion ia generally found stifficienl.
Till* ia annietimei given li>y Roman cement, by a lining of wood, tir
by a drying oil driven into the pores of the iron under ^nsit
preasnre.
Recent eeteitrcXe^ on the gt^e* evidred from eoal, prove llutt
enrbonic atid and nitr<>t,'en nre c-onstnntly mixed n-ith tlie ind.toi-
mable portion, dtoiting that tho ooni muft still be tiiiilins with
the oxygen of the atmosphere, nnd enticing into fiirthcr de>:ay.
Decay 1^ merely n combu^on procecdini; without Aame, and m
alwnys attended with the production of heat. The ens ctoKit!
during; the pro|jieMS of decay, in free uir. nin.-ixtt nnnc.ipnlly of
carfaonio acid, a (||aa very injurious tuniiimnl life. It tu well knou'ii
that thia change in conl proceeds more rapidiv at an olcvnlcd tcni-
K'alure, and therefore is lUblo t« take place in but climntes
yneaa is siifarournble to the chamce, vrbUe mohture caunen it to
proceed with rapidity. M''licn sulphur or iron jiyritcs (n coiuikiuwI
of sulphur and iron] i!( pneMiit in c<fnn>lecal>!e f|unntity In a vual
still cbiitiiT'iMC uudi;r the action uf the atmii^pberc, a aeoiinil
powerful hiNitinir c>4usd is introduced, and both actioKtogethpr,
may prodnuo wbut is termed irp9nlanta\tt compilation. The bitter
cause i> in itMrlf sutQcieat, if there be lui uiiukuU prvport.oii <■!
sulphur or iron p}-ritcsprceciit.
The bent method of prevention, in all tnidi ciwM, is to enmre
perfect dry II CM in the conts when they are stowed away, and to
Kc^rct u viiricty of fticl not liable to the progresslrc decomposition
tu wtiidi alluiiuit \ii\b been made. This Is, Iiowcvlm-. a subject of m
much iinportinte to the sttvun nnvy that, it cuntinuen to rcceim
our cirefiil ullcJition ; ami, beyond ItieHe renenil rccommendntiuius
it would be prematuro to offer any decided course for ndoptioii,
from tbc prchcni limited series of observations.
Sevcrai varieties of conl wrre tranxmitteil from PormuM and
from Borneo, for analysis, the renultsi uf which nre coutainni tu
the accompli tiyi 11^ tsble. Tlie quantivy uf eacJi kind vat so sni.-iIL,
thut u(> expei'imei)L4 could hit injide oil thffir i<va|mriitive value.
We extract from the preeedlog table the following rexultai :>—
Kiiin*.
CwbAo.
HriiFD-
B-u.
WlEM.
So^kin.
osn»»
jiabra.
■iKTlAe
(IlKiIltT.
Iiv<or«i l.«lfiisu ktatl
„ 1 1 r«it Man
u-sl
4-74
f4t
UC4
th'je
•-■a
141
1 It
1-17
19 SI
■M7i
8-»«
14-a
O'J*
tit
IM
117
Itl
fl»
THE CIVIL EKGlNESa AND ABCOlTfiCT'S JOUANiVL.
THE HOUSES OF PARLUMENT.
Thit BO imiKtrUnt an edifice nnd national work M the " HtnuM *
Rlhould lie a fWquent subject of discustiuti, both In piirUanieatArjr
dalMteand nut^oMonr rnlicunn,ia unl7n4turm],npeciMllr m omn-
lofl » dividt!ii]. tM>mu ■(x.-nking in terma at uDquMuied lulBalrauoii,
while utbanaettiuuclicautie for diaaatiafactlan, and expreaalc Moord-
iniclj; uidMiiieoftlte rudoMcriiiceof all wham Ur. Iktrry and his
bnilding hari> had tu flncooaler, an> aouuig tlie numWv of Um
" ilooM* itaeir — to wit, MeMn.Urqiihart.(M>amfi, and Home, and
Sir D. KarTeja, whose nnlannmble oftluou gdn fantiiaMxaem
iMcasM tbej go forth to cvory Doek in the klnplom where a new»-
naBer lind« it* way, Ltsrt month we B|»ftke of an arltde on the
" llmiaa* of Pailiamcnt,* whirh had jti»t before appearvd In tlie
" Wtttntailer Arviaw,'— and whitih. hy-the-by, is nw known to
umcccd from the pen of Earl Lovtlaee; and in tbq iiitiirval uniilher
biM appeared in the "* Mochaal^t Magaaine," of tlai'ditr tendency.
Whether tliia Utter will call forth any remonstrnnc-c ii^in»t It
frem tko " fiu'Uer," remains to t>o sch-q; for tit thi- jirvKHt time
uf our wrilinK, apjMirtunily for reply to it hiu not arrived. The
*' JfcveuiM" take* up the "Builder' pretty sharply upon two
poloti. Tiic fiTA of tbem ia the attempt on the part of tha last-
mantioncd publiration to aetaiide Lord Lovela«»*a objectioas to
tha poxition <if the Victoria Tawcr at a oirner, and the mnot remule
OlWBer, (if iho liuildinst ^ ranarkini; tlint such position fur it
raa dictated by the pUii adopted by \fr. H-irry; whrn-iipun the
' SiofajntuT is aumewhat aarCMltu, and tu way the truth, M r, Biirry
_IM DO cauw to feel parlicul&rlv grateful towards a defender who
exculpatea hln, by removing tM fault from him and throwing it
npon-^is design : as if deieota of amnBrment wm to bi^ ikttri-
"bated tu tbe plan itaelf, and not to the ardutaet. If lliu intdriml
raiiiiemeiit which first preMnted itaetf to the architect occasioned
ia an incongruity in the axterior, the very wttunl qutstiuR
Why did he not, instead of adoplintc it, derinto from it « an to
brinft in the lluyal entrance pi)r«li in tame lem ohjectiooable
l^itnation } — and object ionablc it aeems to be, for even hU champion,
. tjio ^'' Mechanic a Moffasine" Kt^ thv *"■ BuiUer^ does not pre-
I'^ttd to aay that it \% not hi, but merely that it ia to be excused
ty Wng attributed to — tbe plan 1
Th« accund point upon which the ^MmAaa^t Magat^M' is
rather atron^ and acvcre with the " BttiUer' n the nnfninrded
niraertiun that, althouxb it is ao nuw, it doei not follow thst the
Victoria Tower will always be at the extreme comer of the edifice.
Thenctiin] postibilitvof extendinKthcbuildingaand carrying then
on farther Nuutbwura, by puUinij;^ down the bouse* on the east side
ofAbinifdon-titrecl iu far as [tut(ht lie required, is not lobe di>puted.
The probnbility is a very different Tiyittei, — iniiro than can now be
forvseet], and is, be«idc«, »hM Mr. B*rrv himself neither does nor
ever haa contemplated; the Victoria Tower beinic ibe concluNva
aodjEiti* of his plnn, (nuthwnrd*. A« the " .V<^intV> MifjVMtite"
rtmarks, the couth-west i« now finivhed, .it Iva^t in its lower part,
eo aa to render it imi>o«»iblc to prolong the building, and thereby
remove that Tower Trom its position as an extreme point in it.
Done it coiild b«, but only by undoing what is equally beautiful
and vovtiy — namely, the fouth wide of the Royal pvrcb, which would
bave lo be M<M-ke<I-up and built up againtit.
Tb« Koynl entrance is now Kxcd beynnd the [MiMihility of chnnfM
for it. Yet, it i* mit even now tiio late to re-comtider itome otbur
|>oinlH in the de«i(rn. ^f*' instaaoe, although the position of that
iifiportnnt entr*nc<> mny bo jnitifiod by neeeMities of internal
arrangement, and although it is verv properly mnite a strikinf;
feature in (ho doiiiirn, the neceidity fvr er^rting ovet it a tower of
very anotual magnitude, itnd ttt'rcby (troj^lniminiz afnr off the
** MMntriCtty," m the " M'yhaniet Alagaaitte' terms It, of that
ponh, Is not »t all apparent ; more especially, as thtit lofty super-
BtmetOM vill be more for si^ht than for i>nv reni eer^'icc. We
indioe, thereforn, to tbe opiniiin of iho " ^fAnurum," thnt it would
h« inoiro adviAc.ilile now to abandon the idva of that ambiti4iiisi
Tower, and t4>rminite the Torch a Ultle above it* pretcnt height.
Either eone cunnilmeat, we fnnk-.y, of Mr. Itnrrj-'^ pUn^ mu9t take
plaw, or the ultimate completion of them mu^t nut be looked for
by tM jmsent generation.
poulo the Tower in question have boen introduced in the centre
nf the fteneral plan, it would have given nut uuJy p)T«midal group*
ini^ to the whole pile, but hurraonlotis coBlrait In its lines to the
compoiltion. Mnrked vertichlity of linoa is such an Irepottin^
feature, eoplaeed, would have been opposed to horisontality of lines
in the principal front. Thp lnftv upright maaa and the honsontnlly-
CXtontlMi facade would haw KUaiit^ed each other, and mutually itet
Mcli Other off. Other towers there now will be, rising up behind
th« rirer-froat; but bow far they will agree with it, and with IbB
laiMr tower aim, is doulitful. If we mLMake not. they are intmdnd
to be tapering and «piry in outline— conteiuentlvofquite a didcreol
character lirom tbe compact solidity which markti thv i'irtoria one;
tbcrofore somewhat at varianeo with tlie character of the &oal
also. At least, tbcre Is rea«on for apprehending tlmt the arraaire.
men! of theaarca^ tower« will appev very irrcgulnr, if not coa-
faaed, and occasion an unploasant discord with tha studied
regubuity and uniformity of tne principal front — )>riiiripid at Inst
in extent, though both it^ situation and its atptct reodsr it ia
•eme degree a merely secondary one. If there must beatowtr
that shall, hy its superior bulk, greatly predominate over tiX tW
others, it surely ought to show itself in some central situation,—
central as regards one of the fronts, if not e^ntnl as regards t^
entire plan ; otherwive, it willappe«r to have bevn l«K to chasn
to determine and "dtctats' t^e respective situationi of tbva
featuri», iuictead of their boin^ arranged with some regard to thd
symmetry whieh is observed in the main, as far aat it wu pouiM*
to do, and which at present stamps tho whole of tbe cwrt side of t^
ediAco.
It will perhaps ho said that the position of the Victoria Tow
was known from the very i\nX ; it has been shown attain and agala
in the various cngravingn xnd ruts innumeroble, c«pie>d or inaden
from thuviwrwfUio future building given bytliearcliilrct himMlf;
its grandeur has been admired, without exception beins taken at ris
situation. Yet, though no objection has been nsde all along, as*
eomcs Rarl Lnvelacc with n very strong nrotesi airainot that Xmp.
Wherefore was his Lardthip so turdv with hi« rrrann«trauc«s? m
how happens it that noone elie could perceive, or perceiving jCarel
to object to what is now alleged to be a most serioDi defect ui th«
ronersl design? The petition of the Tower eoold hardly haia
been overiuoked by, ra indeed luivo failed to strike, the most ea^
less observer who' ^aced at any of the pnbllsheil views. Vsy
true; but merelv seeing with the eyes, is quite n diiferent ntattR
from aoeing witn uriiMic vininn. It ia mit every one who can mb,
In the latter sense of the word, what ts actually hefore their ej«&
Many, again, don't care to aeo, even If tber can do so. Olhsn^
thotigh ttaey may be somewhat Aim-sighted, have very cAnveaisai
■peetaclen of criticism through which thi'ygnze, and perceive ritlff
only all beauty or all deformity — either traosceudaut excellence,
or ridiciiloua monstrosity.
The manv, who have no opinion of their own, are overawed
this kind ot dictntorial, one-Hided Muff whieh eallu itiielf rriticr
and is presented to them in tbe impcwinf; form of type and priu
Saper. While those who are capable of judging for theouelveeeithKr
onol care to raise adissonlientvoiceamidst lheg«ii«nl babbubuf
■pplauM!, or flondcmnalion, ua the case may bo ; or else bare not
tne uppm-tunity of doing so. With rMpcct to the " Houses/ both
tha •' Weitinin»ter Review" and the " Meekamc'a Kaaiuim fciW
vonturcd to diiKcnt from the acclamation* of praue betfowed
upon them in other quartcn. It must he alloweil that boith tbost
artieJes dwell almost exclusively upon defectij, or what their wrftsis
eonitider such ; yet surely them in nothing; piirttculafly strange In
thai, the objnct <if both being to open people's eyes to many cii'
cumstanecii that have all along been kept out of filgkt. If tu nwot
out uidy faults and ubjectiona bo iitvidioai), by the same mle,te
pass thorn entir«ty over, and point out only merits and beaulias
—would that all of them wem whpre they could he seen 1.— msy bs
called sycophantic : so that between the' two we may arrive at ■
tolerably correct and sober judgment.
iiberT
BOROUGH OF LIVERPOOL.
Biptfrt U the HtaUh C^mmHttv qf Me B*r^gh e/ Liitrjvoi, •*
the Snterapr and other uiMitt under the Sanitary Jff, tg the Btfin^
Bnyinter, (Jameh Ni:wLAr<D*,)
The facts detailed in the Ke|H)rt of the engineer nf the l.tverpoal
corporation aSord a strong communLary on the cinims of tbe nifi-
tarv eugiDoers. We have beard a great deal about the irrespocai'
bUfty 01 the Associated Surveyors, and the siijieriur reKponaihUtty
and guaraniM uf tbe military engineers ; and .Mr. Chaawick rest!
Iho defeaoe of his Job on tht^ plea. We iiave always held tht
contrary view, from our experience of tha two ciasaes, and tlui
Liverpool alTair eume^ in cunlirmAtiuti. Tha fad bi, tbe niUitaiy
engineers ure virtually irresponsible — they cannot be nude toper-
form their wnrk properly or punctunllv ; while the civil eogUitcr,
at Liverpool for instance, is reeponaibic in his prafi'Mionnl
Ucb
ter aad capacity, and liable to be dismissed by his employer if bl
A
THE CIVIL £N'aiNE£ft ANI> ARCHITBCTS JOURNAL.
«i
■tla&«U(in. From the mliteondnct cf the Ordnanoe
. tlie wrpontiun ufLirerpiMl are pat to tfae truiiblv,
id doliiy rtf B BMond erirvey — niid, to mnk* it worse, titey
rminly. Whether thft roiitr« soli tun siiney trill turn out
dlinve our iloubts: hul It rPmalns la bp teen. At all ei'^nts,
ary <rill hare t« niske good &ay Bhurt-cvmiiigi of the
mrveyom.
OnlMnc* have been anable to do iheU work properly aod
at LivcrjMWl, what security hare tre ngainat delay in tho
«ad inetroiKilitan Fiirvey* f To tfav ^eat du^^cc of
rerameiit, enKineem hav« lorj; hud to «« the aoKhem
of llr. C'ary'a dvrvey ; and rkow tliia dUntofy body, havini;
iU^f ittMHttpetent in ita ]>a«t duliM, ii to har* muro thnwt
I Why 4i> not the Awociatcd Surveyor* set Mr. Wyld to
nr • pArlJameatary comiuittM of in(|(Ury itito the g4tMnl
tmcat of th* surveys camrd on by the Ordnance ?
Report b a eaflident «)>erimen tii Khoir that cirlt enirlnMrfl
; incumpetrnt for Hinitarr diitica. and we hope it will not bo
ea, (vt d<>iihilr<^ Mr, f hndirick will npit proi>(«'c thnt
ftnfpaefn ahoitld bechotcn to lay down thelmea of drala-
id carry out the details under the " Ilealtli cf TowW Act.
Report may be divided into thr> follnwinfr jinrtii ;—
ife And drainaf^e, what are the neceuary caodltionn to pro*
pprfert wrtpfii.
rtption of thtt bomu^h of I.iverp'H)! in ri'lation to the riv*r
' and the docl^— the effect* of aiMhargtog the scvage into
ki and rirer.
Btee fur mnirtrurting n aew sewage.
I of all ilieexiatiiigtrwers, showing their rise and length— of
rers required.
nat«« for fcinnins the neir aystem of Beware.
be ajiiilicHtiun of thti xen-a^e wnter fur fertilixin^ the soil.
EC form and viie or«Hwerw and draiiui. Prouilhi* jiart vf the
e make the fotloa ing extracts :^
aJ Drciv. — The proper tiK and hnm of Mwrra and draini li ■
«Uch of late h«* eiclttd much coFitro'rerty. In lo far ■« the liouie
I b eoneemed, the quMtioD lie* «r)l(ilii narrow titnilii foTifitllhe
ftiaaef • bottM pa*Mt tbrougha loil'pipcof 3| or 3 invhe* diimeter,
nrtly so and of the dr&ie which rtctiru It b«ing made nuch
If Bore tlian one pi]ie ctiteri i drain, the quttlion il itUi a limjitr
I iltboufb, tiy calculiiian, thf torrfipanding iacrraie ofop^dij
• additionil pipe whlrti cntcn the drala coeld be rtadlly drtcrntned,
will hardly admit of tbe rtCnraitnl which would ao nicely ailjuK
ntenta ; aad it ii eaij to to proporiiDO the dwn pip« ia each cat*
mal«ri«!t in practice at our i]itp<»aT, tl>«t it ahall lie no larger ihtn
ttilyef water avaiUlile uaditr lb« particular eireamUancei of the
1 Ihoreufbty flsih. Piftt sf ftitta three to *li iacbM inlrrnal illi.
re aroplr ivlfieieni fnr Mrvire draint. ai ona af lix inctiet.with a fall
At of onf in foiiy will, accorillng to the ordinary fonnuli, diacharge.
piBieule. aa miKli water at I* ilue to ■ family uf lix imllridtula for a
igr, erca on the liliual icale of fire cubic feel pa head.
_;-„L.— L.X
*
i^ie PaMm«i-t ; h, tii^mirl Sl.mr; e. Curb j if, FoO't-Paiing)
uUVauIi Shoot 1 /, Cat-l'iii^ i f, WuHr-Bpe; A, Stwef t
i, Sjipbon Trap: J. tuIie; ft, Coal- Vault.
in of ilrMi ihould, in my epiriooi be doable in iIL (he itreeli
Ifc yaidi wide; and in nicb cue* I would cooilriKt Ibem in tb*
boUon of the aldi trvMhn for the water and ga> i^pea, ai shown in the
aaoemd et^rttlof. By tlila arranftmeat are intuml diminliked raparily
aod direct comnunkaiion, and Ike other advanttgrii connrded «ltli tbe
paring, t1ie«htre inilileil on. The lirit cnti a( iltr liouble >twer ii Erarly
balaneed by the tanng ia the Mnicc draini ; and iu rtgtid to tbe piriiiE. it
ia itnpOMible aaflcitnllj to rtlimate the aaijog. if, in cuimcction with iliete
M* IrtNcltM, the Biofe dorible manner of paving recoiomcadtd be lelro-
dueed. Tbe lewtr propoMd l« Ite ntcd in tbii c»« eoniiiU c4 a Krai.OTal
■aderparl, foroied of none ware, or oome of the other mii^nali wbieh will
anetwirds be noticed, and a tetnicirtular cuter, ai ahowti in the above
atftatiof, Tbe joiningi 1 propote to form with ibe piieh of eoal.lar, in
rather • aoft ttatc : and when any pan of tlie drain reqoirei to be In-
ipecied, a hot iron or a hute biasing iiraw will soften tbe cement lo muib
a* to Bdmil cf (he cover being retooved. Service draina are connected
with the ilde draini by tntoni of locketa formed in the latter.
The report proceeds to denote the different fomu of sewers aiul
their connections, which are Motnethini; simiUr to those dMcribed
In the JifurHol for Mareb laat, p. 37. It then gires the are* of land
drained into each of the Buln wwera.
Praia obaertaiiuoi made wUle BsMsn'a Cotter aewer (Mi . by 4 fl. ( in.)
wai opened at ila ooilel, for the admiMion of Ibe new Kwer in Gr«al How-
•rd-*trttt, it wu found that the water wat only 20} bchci deep, after
Iwtlre hnnri of h«a>y rain.
The Hteni of drtinage tnte thai wwe« is S83'3 acres; of wbieh abenl
one.feurtlb ii built, aod Ihree-fonrlbi unbuIlL Now, b; tbe fcrntnia meet
tpitroved, tbe i]i*melcr of icwer neceiaii; for tbii diiinaje. with the glirn
fait, would be tea feet, while tlie actual diameter of the irwor at it» lergtit
put la onlj 4 ft. Gin., and ib< drpib of water in it w«a lomenbai irat iIih
t third of ila loaieat aiii, crcn afiu the ccutinuance of hearj- rain for
Iwelie boun. when il may be reatooably leppoeod the whole earth would be
HtBrsted, aod ertry drop of tain wootd flow into ibe lewer. All calcitli-
tioni for itte capacity of aeweri proceed on the aituntption, that it i* nM<s.
■ar; to proTlds for tbt raoUnganey of a rain Snod, rtilmstcd at the cnor-
iQDui fill of tJie-eighlbi of an Inch In hslf-an-honr. Now, ihatsueb a tlood
nisjr occur i> pouille ; but it would be eaiy to ibow, thu if it did occur, it
cnuld not get into tbe icwer. and therefore there ia no oecually to make
protlsioD for It; and it rrqnlrcs merely a glance at tbe etrecK of a town
bnlll on aloplne ground like Liicrpool, daring even • nioderalclj hcarjr rain,
lo be cooiinctd, that a great pari of Ibe riiu diaioi directly bjr Ibn eurfaee
of tbe itreet into Ibe ri*er, and never enter* the Mwert. At all fomutto
then, arc founded on ieiperfeei eijierireenti, ind gire reiolti to far aboie
*liil fipeiieneo tliont to l>e iieeei»»rj, Ihey aie obiiU(itI<r uticertain gnid**,
and it il belter to truat to the otueiiationa ul what actually ukea place.
TbUttn fad, I* capciimciiltng on tlic Urgent and nnoil proper Kale.
Tbe Report nftcrwards mnktn eontc observations on eurfuce draiii-
oc^c) and p.ivinfr- If thoEtrcctaofa town be uiicvrnly pnvcd, putrtil
Cxhiilat;oui> will conntantly nriee. A smooth, iion-abvorbent^ buil
eiirface, nithuut hiilliiwn or juluts, is whnt beiUth detnuidH, Mac-
adnmiiicd streets um llie worst ; the nbfvrbcnt niHtcrJal eoalis tip the
li<|uid filth, which, putrifyinf. ecndnitn noxious exbolstictM into the
atmosphere ; und the road *ean fo«t under great traJllo— in wet
M euther It i* covered wiUi mtid. nnd in dry weather tbe nir is loaded
with dust. It ifi the most expensive to keep in rcpnir, uud coala
four times as much to clcnnie aa a paTed road. Boulder paving is
the next lowest in the stcolc of ronds. Streets formed with wtones
drewied in rccvbr courwe are tbo best : where the road testce^tbe
courfee should be of rtooe 3 incbce wide, »itb jointo I^ inrJi
wide, filled up with ocinentitiou* «ubstiince. inijieTviuus to water.
In vtiecta Icmi rtecp^ the etones nay be incre^ii^d aud the joUit*
dccrea»ed, Ou a level, the stones may be iiicreiised to 5 incfice ia
width.
To ineure itahilily, the eonnei aliould be made nearlr wtdge-'bnDt Tlity
thutild be in contact at tlieir baie and fur about oiie<ihird of their height,
■ nd the wititb of tbe ioint tkoulJ be vbUined by diminiibing Ibe width of
Ibe upi»cr luiface of tbe coaitet. Tbe jointt thould be nnnntd bard wtih
naesdatn or olran ibinglr, and Ihrn blltd wilh a coaiH kind of aepbalte,
compoied of the t'i"b of gai-iir aid icnall gravel. Ibe joint tbonid aot be
fiiitd quiie fluib «'ii h the tuifaee of the ttoata. bot left etighllj hollew, a* in
liie lii^iire [a). If thceipenie oi the siptiallc be objected to, lime gtuutmiy
he uird lo fill the jvlaii. The Imie ibould, fur this purpoM, be »cb ai
will set under wiicr,
Tor the r«<'t-|<nvement, Cailhnete stone, 1^ inch thick, with
eauQ Joints, is xccoaiinejidcd lo prcfercaM to Yoikttiire eteue 5
inches tbtck.
A good foandalioD lo a road is no lets tsteaiial ibin a |oed ■erfaoe i
hiidneH in Ibe litier cannot be iniuerd without Armnes* in Ibe former.
SoClneii or elaiiiciiy m a feuudiljoo nil) iitrinii itie tuiface lo yicM uadrt
Ibe wheeit of a caniage. The tiie and ftU fuinji a new obatacle to be over.
cume. Bud eauiea an inc[e«i<d anoenl of fticlion to be oppoMd to the
moving po«er. Uetiilc*, 1<) ibe ainblng of Ibe paving Bnieiial, the loft
earih ia forced up Ul«t'n tbe Here*, ar.d covri* tbe iomI with n.ud. It i*
worth while, then, to be it a tiitle extra eoit in tbe preparatioD of tb.a
«0
THE CIVIL ENOlNEEtt AND AnCHITKCTS JOURNAL.
ruandBtton. w]i*a m nneh Ae^tniM ttpon l( ; Btut I Ibink the follovJag plan
the bni I'li^fiedloueiraiwrfecl lirnBeM. A IimcJ bcj it prapared fur Ui«
UMletiU), uil no tbU t pkVfmtnl of eominoa toU rock b la^ Iqr b«ML Tbe
deqieit Moon m at«l for Die ccntrr, aail lh« *l» to itnlnMicd UywvAt
Itie Mid«, lo K lo brin; the lop lin« netilr lo tbi faiMaM tnnrfln* MCthw
of the r»kd. The ttonai ue all Uid m tfaeir broadttt •dgw Ungihwayi
ftcroM lb« foti), ■nd th« thickne*> of the upper «dg« >k««M IMl nowd four
InchM. XVhan th<? leliiiig !■ comp1ct«t, lli«irrcf|ukriiie* are hr«kcn otibj
liaoiiotrt. anij ihn inlrrttirtt ni|i>d in with Ibi ebipa. On lb« fnandation ta
prepacnil. a llircw-lnrh tiritum of imiU hroktn itoan ii to he kid, aad ev
tliJa. «b(r« iha r*t« «ill ttturd it, t cuaiin; ure<«tn |ra*el tbouirl be apreul,
and Ihc vliolc m)l«l «iih a beavj toUer until contolidaietl, whea it ii ia a
coailiiiun 111 cKeitG ihe cneering nt patln( iMnea. The und«r parrniciit
vould be itill fanber Iroprartil hj rannlof the jftnlt irilb foai Itine ftoul
before lafiiiK «o Ilia balUiting; anil in (lie CMS ofllMOdaai road*, tb« pr«-
vUut boIUiting Unot re<;u>red, tb< naeaJaoi bttng Uii iinHij om ib»
Tlie otijeelian (a a i!rMt farmed aad pared in a manner 19 permanent
aa thai detcnbed, it, that It reqeina to ba frMia.mtk broken tip fnr la^lagor
nytiriof watsr and g» pipet and making branch lewert, anil ciaoot be
retniUied In *o peifi!(it a ininner. But waier bdiI k*» pijiei tbuiilil oat bo
laid In lh( caiiiate irav, biil la trcnnbei formail along the lidet uf iha
•trwl>ta*ifaa«a in i)iafi>[C|oin)[Cnfrarinst and ihe afwcr* thnuM Iwdonble
and laid in the boit>iD of Ibeae Irvnchei. The admtagn of thii ni^e of
forniajt tireeu I ha«« bsfora p«ni(«l out, «i»d tball now mtr«t<r exbibil a
•UtwoMl of tha eoHparatite cmI of th* ivo mAd«a. The ealenlillOB la
iDMia for « itrMI IftoM jarda wiile, and lh< aciual coat of both model ii
S Trd* Brictwk, iBCnisUneal t>nl,Bl t*. U. Mr nnl MpnAcUl ,. £t I
]» V«r4>lli1f»<nirk <k>L da. •( ^i. M. „ nCe .. 10
CmI Iron lUann it*. Ao. il !••. il^. „ ., ,, S S
HUeXanuDntiTerrOiTHm atU-Od. ■■ .. .. 1 «
Total, ., " « I*
Bttimtttd tath^ im fkf »«ti ^ lofhif itvn gat a»d tr*ltt pipM, «ai
uem^wif/iir ttvtrt if ti*iitg tid»-lmehM.
la Iba Uneal Ten).
Utin Vnrer, IOnrtan«MaUii(,iuoii».tttl/, U 1). Oi ^D ID
'<•• l-v-* do. KM S >
Wii-Kr\i>ta do. ;>. M a s
lloiw li»l.iB dk^ and Pipe* Vi.0.1 » U O
Bnwb r)[ie* ;Gu and WeierJ do. U.iU 1 C 41 8
TntUBirtaea uf riJitiiH .. jt] f 9
Tbe eifc»e of iho coil of ibe Irtncboi it £) per lineal j-ird of >ireel i but
to eoiintrrbalaiicclbatcAit.tlkefeUtb* uviiif in kr<ping Ibe ><r<ec in rrpiir
and clcaniing it— tbe eaartnienee and Ihe non -interrupt tnn of the traOic —
and lo tlieie ii in impu«tible, in Uie pretent itate o( lufurinallon, to lulgn a
nioney telue.
ForclKtHsinff slrccta, th* R<^rt rcenmnienda waahinff thDm with
water, ami corryina; the ulusli off by tlio Bcwew, iiut«Afl of cArtiiiff
Ibp KWKpin^fi ; 'b^u bich means an en onnout saving will bo effected.
Tlie wAlrr cbannclit oui;ht lo be formtA with tsnooth-fuoed itonre
10 iucliea vide iiikI iiicbv« drrp, luii) fmm 2 tn i feel loni;, Uiil tu
llio general curvcil \\n« of the cm«-serti«n of the stroet, which
cui be laid at 6*. 6U. the superficial yard. — [i'cff b in the engraving
on previouE pn^cj
Co/fy-CrvirMahpiiId all ba trappfrd, and Ibe crating-bif* either be ao
9o*t M not to idmit ttooM and otber matlen «h>cli niighi impede the flow
' of water lo ibe drelni, or the I«ngitui1jDiI ojwuin^ may bo crnued umler-
neiih b; email wire*, forming, niih Ibe lian, a lerica of leiiL-uIationi, wlilcb
Kill prere fit the panting of any large tu^iiincc. The kind of irip wbkb
cipcrtcncc prorei to be etTirieni Is alluded lo In tbo next paragraph.
Alt iiapt wbicli depend un iba agenc; of water, arc lia'de to get out of
repair! and require care aad atieotiun to maijiiain their effi'i'ieucy. Fui if
the water be allowed lo dry up, the gaiei have free piaMjie ; and if it be
allowed lo remain long in Ihc trap witliaiit being chang«l, it beeoiuee im.
prMBited with the gatea, and yield* them a^iiin lo the air: eunilanl cbiuge
cf ihe water ii thui eiseoiiat to (be perfect action of inch trapa. Tbe forint
of water irapi are very □uiaerout • but pmbuhly ib>> mott ttmp)>; andcfTirieni
for borne drain*, when ibe dram pipe it not too laige, anil Ihc tupjily of
water abimdani, la the plumbcr'i trap, which i« a pipe beat to ibe tijfiuuiU
carTe. ai in 6g, i.
Where tb« quantity of water patting through a pipe la very troall, inil
yet the pipe rtqoirci to be Urge enough for an occationally. iiier»a«pd liii-
b^barge, lonie trap, which eaii be opened to a.lmit of any dtpoaii being
(cleaned «ol, ii pmb-ibly to he pref'rrrd. and I bave hillieilo t»rd the oiiti
r^rcaenled al g. Ilg. I. This ii mereii a mndiAratinn \>i tbn former, and
aokwert well. Jt it made of eartheiixiie. Wliere the fall of a tewtr ii ool
{real, afld ibe hou^e drtini lie apt to he f.llr.d with b«i:k>Matrr, tbe dtp
■alie ia tlie uott effectual pruttniiic wMcb 1 haic tried, ll anincia ad-
^niiablyfarkeepingout back-waler, anilfiu aa ti^ibtli tint no gai can etcape.
TbcM lalrci caa now be had Dade euiiiely of caitbcnwaic. TU< gull/
/>o.s
■♦f,l'«tt'.
*- - ^
/m.2.
Ae.A
r\
f/o. ff.
flO.l,
fit, . B.
Fid. *.
/.
-^
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AncUITECTS JOURNAU
Ml
I ibwld hm no vkttf Ittpt, bnt in their plac^ •hnnld htx flip val*«t
Ibt Muc kto'l IB tdfl liotite dniti*. Fi(t. 4 »nd 7 than tht kind •>(
.' grata ud Ttln iu«d. Th« grit«, li «UI bo i«rn, ii vnrtiul. the ftee
I being In iIm nine place oa tlie faoe of tliscurb, tod the top of it form-
I paniOD or the curli : the flap lungi Ttrlically. auil telt to pmmpWj,
> the ■tnsllut i|uinLitf of watrf opirni il, Thli [niiii of teiltctl gaUj
Mtwcm *«>■ well tor ilrecU which hiic not a Rreal fall ; but wbsro
I tail It crcal. the nalct would tlioot patt tliera without ctiterins. I lia*e
fttp4u*i acaninp for a ;ull; giate, faUuil on tbc aaine piiociplc, to wit
(t««p itrMta *li*Tunen piltict aie rciquired ; hut to exiitiug gtilli'a 1 pNipoie
10 applf the talrc, in lh< limpla munner «tplBin«d bjr the drawing). Ytg. 'J
■bowl a propoMiI all«nition in a |[ijlly gfitr. which ii rernovcd to a ih<Mt
<tt*nWT fram it* otijiaal ailr. and a lungth uf pipn itilh a flagi alliched
cvnnctu the nrw ajitDin|> wilh Ihe fMiuci ccHponl, whkli ii titicked up
nsUl iti bulloin tutma a conliiitiBlion of the drain ; l)ii» I haii: iMri) i'l a
gull; M tfau fcTcr tlitda wiib perfect ■iiocua. Fi(. 6 iboni tlit propgtvd
uw gnh* for ilecp iltecla.
For fliMhin); oiiil wiLihing tlie itewcn it i« pmpai>e<l to Uy a mnin
■Ionic tbt ■niiiDiit of (he tuHii, kept amtuiualJy full of water froni
■ rcarrvoir : and uhcu n s«irer requires flaahin^:, a sluice in to be
opened, nntl thv Huti^ nlluwed to rush down iu u flood, carrying idl
itnpurities iiIuhk "ith Jt.
Uniiln lUtliiag (or the urtdKt^itnd filth, it i* neeeuary la praiiOe the
mrani of wuhing all imputitiM iioai the auifice of ilieeti and courta. For
llMt pnrppte eicry court thotilJ lia<c a )j(aiicIj. aitli a ilaiid-pipc at tit upper
end nr ike waahing of it dally. Ever)' sireci atiuulil aliu Uaie 9taiiJ< piprii
at ncli diitanon «pvt (li*t ici nliule (utfuc? tuny be wokhtd over with tha
•id of ■ iharl hoae. From theic tlintl.pipct aUa lli« itreeti ahould be
watered. Ultimately founUini thoold he erected in e«ery aiailable litiutlon,
purifying the aLinD>|ilierc liy the motion of lUeir jet>, tad cUaniiDg ttie
water chtnncU and aewori by their conlanl flathlng elTect.
In By former report J auhoiiltcd the fnlluwiiig uietlioil of arranitlnii
■taad pi^ In Itie Mreeii, by wUlcli thdr utuntiuti might be to tcadily
•ad dialtootly indicaleiJ that, in the ciciit of a fliei no loa* of lime wuuH
•aetK from the didiculty of tiiicoTerlsg tbcm. Al preevnt, the walci-pijici
hata three kiadi of a|>paratua la whi'Ch Uote nisy he altauhtd — llic ftirumon
ptai, th* hydrant, aoil the Carln. plug. The CDRinon plug ooniiit* of a
eoiucal Bocktt fitted oo the pipp, which, whto nut in uie, ia cloied by a
wooden ptog. When a boie it to he etlached. the plug it wiihilrawu. and
an apparaina, called a itand*pipe. inirrtcd in it* place. ThU i« a copper
pipe, tapered at its loner end, to tit inio the lackcl, and furnUhcd at its
oppcr cod with one ot luorc acrcwcd nuzxlci, prujecilnj; hoiiaonlally, to
wbicli ibc bote it allaolid ; il bai alio a cock fi>r regutating the diicbatge.
TbMO Btand.piptm are portable, and are carried by the fircmrn to the plug
neareal the place trhere the water m required. The hydrant ii a more
(impie appartlut; it comixtt merely of a branch from the main pipe, with a
ttop-«ock and an upturned enJ, with a ecrow coupling, to which the hoie ia
dtrcctly attached. Tbc tiavin plug difTen from the aiber two in bring alto
• eod( ! a etand-plpc It required in using it. All lhe»e hate their con-
Ttflieacet. ThcCaiin plug is a ready ipparstut i hut hcsidce the ditad-
Taolage of aciiui; loo ijutckly for high picstum, it ii Liable to the vhjeclioni
•( eipoiiag a large lurfirt of metal in the roadway, of being lubject to be
aeted on by frotl; and from ili eoier being stlached to tha pipci. the latter
an apt to be injnrr.d by ribrttjon and concuulon. The Hand-pipe ii liable
to lieraaganiciit from a pebble or dirt getting Into itt looket; anil H Iheic
lodicti arc In boxu under the lurface ufibe ground, there ii tonieiimea not
a Utile difltniliy enperienced iti Unding their placn. Further, the eye which
rcqairca to he farmed ronnd the nvetal box (cldom wtan tinlformly with the
geaeral tortacc of the loid (ia tbc macadiinliod roadi eipecially), bul pro-
ject* abova the lurfaee, and lurnia i very t«iinn« obilacla to Ihe traffic
Uy oplBion ii, that Ihe apparatui.ioaiiy proper lyiteoi of tapply, thonld
he oooipicuoutly placed, readil; diilinguitbable, liy oighl or by day, from
eterythiog elie, and alnayt ready fur ui«, without any n[iplieneet. which
may be mislaid or forgDi nt the lery iuiiant tliry (re wanted. WLib Vih
new, I beg to inhinit the nppaiatui cihihiicil In llgi. 1,2, and 3. I propiie
that acTcral tani|)-poiit iu each iircet ihatild be made rcceplaclet for the
waUr apparatui, the peilcilil being luadcufaaixe tulHciciit to eoulain it.
la each lamp pedettal I propoae thai an tipnghl hydrant be died, with a
eetl of hoie. tuffieient for washing the tireeti, or filling the witering eartt,
Cooitanlly attached. The cock.hoi I would fti in the footway, alsayi on
tbi atme aide of the Ump.poati, and at a conaiaot diattnce from them. In
the c lent of a Are. the ftrcntcu't hoi c would he Iniiaally aliachcd to the
hoae of the itand.pipe by a cotipling acrew. Tbc pedetiila fur the water
■Pfttatu being iquare, and Lbgicfar ibe cuinmon lamp* being ruuud, wt>iild
fMwl oat at once the place of Ihe water appwatut ; and, if n^ccuary, Ibe
fide panea of >aeb lamp) migbl be of coloured glait, ai a (till greater dlt-
tlaetiee nark by nighl. Every tuperinleadent of ieaeengeri and every Qre-
■UB would be provided with a key to the door of the pedeital, and in the
ptduul tbc key of the cock would conilautly remain: Ihui there wotild be
U d^y ill uiiijg ttie wiier for any purpuie. In placci where Lanip-poata
•n aot required, the pednMala merely (fig. 3.) might be uteil, and thms atgbt
•lie be uacd ai guard poali al the enlraoce to oartov itreeli.
ne lavp-ifont Ifau) made prominenl. might he rendetod iliit more nteful
^ ttu label attached to their ti>pt, a> ihown on Iba tketeh. On Iheie would
B| cut tke BUM* of the alnMti, and on Ihe centra panel the dittaoce in
tnilea and fuilongt from the £rehaoj;e. Coach and eat farei might he llin*
regulated. On Ihe plintha loo would he made Ihe petTiiineot bench marks
oecetniy under the Acl, with their heigbl abotetiM dock aill, nprrwed tn
feet and decimal parte. It; thrte ii)eiiii,thQ aiiuplc lamp.potl may be mlda
a TFiy nieful aa well as a *eiy oinamcnlal object.
The Report contatus some jtidldoits mlvico on tho bmt mmle uf
cliMfltiiig atreets, cmptyiiia; MsspnolB, du»t-biu». la^'itnll«, &c. ;
wj^ulnliooa for the width of stre«tB and iieiiflitof houses; limiting
the populntioa.
The limitation of papulation per acre bciagonco etialillshed, I* eadly
coDierlible into s rule to determine the area that a home ahould occwpy.
The widih of i ilrcct due to tlia class of houic* b«i:tg tiled on tbe ptineipU
laid down aboTC, Ihe ictiiUniler should be a'luited to tbe hoatet, Ihe paiaagea
before-meaticaed, and tbc gar dent or hark-iaidi, a< inecaie may he. Oo
eiaminiog the alaiidici of health in Great Uriiain, ve tball had thtl. In
lownt cxhibitiiif; tbe aierage rata of health, ibe ties allowed to eeery ioha-
iMiaiit li ahoul 8S iquare yards. If we aitume 3 5B (tbe Uierpoul aieragt)
to be tbe number of inhabitantt to each bai»c. and allow ii yardi to each
Inbabiinnt, we shall have 15U jardi ai tho minimum area which health
demand! to he allowed to CTCiy liauie. Now boutci of the clait uinally
built In third-taw itreeta arc S yatdi wide in front, and the width 'if tho
sirt-([ due to theic it O'C yards. i)f the quantity allotted lo each houteh^td
we hsTe thn* *H yard) due to the ttreel and lane, and 117^ yardi. or an
area of 331 I""'* ''"P 'T * ?*"*' *"'*• **"' " "** ''"'"* ""' J""*' **'
thia the house will probably oeeupy 10 yards, leaving 13 yard* In depth, oc
6& square ysrdi for ihe garden or baclc.yard and its crcciloni. Thlt. then,
i* what would he required lo Intatcaitato of health of the town dietrietsof
BriUin, when huiitei arR built in tirreu wlthont any other luurce of air and
light than what the tlrcclt sfTjnlj if, h'>wcT<rr, open •t>inTi are tert.siKh
as courta, iqaarea. and Ihe llku, the problem being amply lo allot a eerttin
number of yardi t^ every luhahiiaot, a dadiictioa earn mnni urate with ibat
area mty he niwlc from ihe amount slloiied to the yardi or gardeni, pro.
Tided ibst, la hefoie ttoted. Iha houtee be to arranged in retpect of iheM
open ipaeea at la rcceiee the full beneilt of them.
From the remarks on buildinga we giro the followiag extracts :
Brery house ahHuM hare a water etoaet ; hut the water clotel thonid b«
adapted to the place it it to occupy, and the habiti of the uter*. Water
clouia al preient in commoa ute are etaeiiiially of two klndi, Iha value and
Ihe pan clotet. The former haa been long bold in high caieem and it ei-
pcntire : the lailor i* Ihe cheaper article, aud I Ihiak undearrTCdly unilcr.
valued. Bulb arc open to tbe objociion* which I am about lo poini ouU
Al tbeie tppsrtlus perform an impurianl pari i" lanitar* improiauieiit. it is
nocesisry to inqjiie how they can bo made to fulfll their deiign in tbe bea
poisi'ble uiiunoc, iliat i». to carry away the ami initatiily. not only Into bnt
through the drain and tewer. Thii will obvLoutly depend on the qruniityof
water that it diieharjed along with tbc toll. Now, in the cIobfIi ia use tba
quantity of water returned in tbe batio and ilitQliarged with the toil it aa
■ mail at to be inadequate to carry the toll away, and reliance it generally
placed on the waii or ilrcain that it Mill after it. Thii ttfcaoi ii generaity
diadiaigcd by a IJ inch pipe, while the toil pijK it i inche* in diaoietsr.anil
cooiequenlly It can ha'c Utile llMhing power. This it the defect lo all
ciitting cioteU, the attention of the makcn being dlrcned iortrlahly to ibn
increate of the waih, and not to the mainlainiug a lutHdent quantity el
water in the baiin. When, on the couirary.the hitin rclaint a large quantity
of water, and the opening for ditcharge is raadc wilh the rcq'iitiie ludden.
nets, the full flashing elTeci of Ibe nitrr it obuliicd, and the iiream acis, as
in Ihe olber cloiel'. in riming the boiiri and refilling it. [t it on this pri*.
cipir thai Ibe Mater cloicU abown Iu the figure are deiigued. UoOi bsea
anawercd completely. The^ oombioe the adiantages af cheapneta and (ia>
plkity, aad can hardly be put oat of order.
F!«- 10, rij. II
Figi. IR and II ihow the clsset adapted for the iiilerior of a honae, and
fig. 4 that adapted for a yard, a court, or public neoeaiary. In the Agoret, ■
repreaenl* the buin, which, with ita auppnria and tbe pipes behind, e. are
formed of glaud earthenware in one piece, lo Iha pipe al e it Died s bfi
GonUinlng a collar of leatlwrt, through which a brata or copper tube * ttidttt
%7
m
THJC plVy- ENGiN£Bft AND ABCIlITE^rS JOUKNAL.
tbit lutw li npei it botli tadi. T» the end «r tUt pipe A Ihe mH pipe b
■I'.irliEil. Wlien (tie tljilin; tube U in Lbe ptxttion tUovn In doitcit lino la
£^ 1 1. v«Lcr ailaiUcJ inia the tiuiD «i)l riae in ibc br.isht nf the t«p of
tke l«be, and if note !x added it «i|] ctcapc tbroagh ihc tube, «ihicli tl>u«
fqml ta ovrrfloH. Wliee I'lc IuIm U dfpiYiMd by tlie el<»ct tisixltc to th<
Urel of Ihc boltooi of Ihe liuin, tli« wbole of Ibv water *n<l (oil it iMUnlljr
diaolurmd. Thit tin pic and Ingeriioui >at«r<la*et. «<^ich idb^t alto irrre
U « aifllt for ooUa^ ilnelliup, it ihe iB*eoiian al Mr. KirWoud, pluoibrr
and tnecliauiU, of EdinlHtish. 1 have fltud ap irTrral nr ilicin, and odc
whkli hat beea ia coiuUni uie at the nn« oAoet ia Cornwallit-iUMt aincc
iktit opening, hu gWcn perfect MittCacllon.
I bivG propoteil In titt tulxa at eArtheanre or flan, frauad, in place of
tbe brut tabu, (or the take of cbcapoeu. I bare abo prepMcd to modify
ll »o Tar aa to conrcrl the alidiiif tube into a ttttoing one, w aa in fact to
fern a ttopcock, the lubo of earilicoware being gT<'i»i(I '">to a aorket of ibo
■ame valenal, iliuB ditpeniing with tbe (l(iiBni(-boi. Oth«r modiGcationi
will pre«ent IbemtelvMla thoM nho give attfntien It Ili« lubjcd, tbe prin-
ciple bein^ iteadily krpt ia liMr of raealttnf the anil in a Uige ([uaaiily «f
wUer, vhich, vthcn ditebarged, liiill be eufflcieai to earty It, not only iaio
tbe drain, but through it.
TlieotlKr «tler clbiet Uadaptodfar back fafdi.cnnrta. and paUic necea*
auiea. It la deeigned on the t«me prindple. In if. 4. a a. i> ■ large tank,
fainted or atone. aUu, iron, or olher noa-abaorbeot maKnal. Ita botloin la
taade to tlope to one ood, whore tlie motitb of tlieaoil pipe ft ii iu<rlcil,and
do(H Willi a Io«ded plitg valve r. To Itiit raJTe a cbaia u attache'), aail,
btiu ptMod orer a piillcy. it hat a banJle 6ied to iti olher end. D ii a
mtpfiy pipe, fron ohich ibe lank, may li« filled ; e ia tbe oTeiSow |>ipe : /
tke te« of tha ohMcL The tank in Iho ram of eoita^ dvillioft raajr eiiend
belween twocaltagcai in cuurlt il latj tmt for sa many tcpicstr iralrr
cbncta u thtre are bonae* ; and, En like nunner, for p«blie nec«ii«'it>. anf
maWofacparalecloMtt oaaj be ottr it. The aopptjting ol tbe n'atci, and
the (£i(ltafg« oltb< oowtcnla of the lank are not nnder lbe control uf Ibt
uier, bat in «Terjr tax, of llw tcaicngrr of tbe dtitrict, Tlie c*«k of tbs
nppir pipe a»d Ihe handle of tii« diiehaijie nlre are conltined in a aniall
lock-op eapboard, acceKlbk enl)* hy htm. itn^l once a day. nr nnaner, ae Ihe
oaae maj be, be imUe tbe bandln wblcti hrii the vitve, and allowi tho toil
and waier lo ba diacbanted in a lorretit i tliik being danr, the laUe If allowed
10 drop, and the waier laid oo by ibc iitppljr pipe until the lank it full,
wken il ia again ready for ute. Tbe toll being reccircd into to larp a Ixiciy
.af cold Mater ai tb« lank coDlaioa, U not lUblo to dccompoK ; ftam tbe
Rtine it i* allon^ed to remain il bccomci to a cetttin ealcnl tlitiolvtd an<i
'dUKiaad in Iba micr, and nken the eontODt* of the lank are diteharged,
boiaf maatij finid, l)i>-y pan «ir ailthont Impediment. Su^b mter eloaeU
uric no bad odour, Dtey cunnol go mtoof. and, fron being dtreclly nsikr
itiperiaiCDde(K«, and ilini vmidq being infJependcnt of the aa**, ttaejr cannot
avITer fiom igaotinre or ntglKt. A ctoart oo ihli prlndplo hu bceo liiud
up at tbe public office* for the work people oat of duoia, aad auwen lit
purpoM ad nil ably.
Tothe adioCJitC* for employing: Ihc Orilonnct for making the
SurvPV nf I,oii<1<^n, wo bujj to direct tlil'ir juirti'iiUr iittv«ti"'i to
I following; obiiorvntiona, which oiiclit to have, if tiiiytliitiif would,
le weight with (he ^vornmcnt, in rcfi'renc* to sanctioning the
[employment of tho Ordnance ia doing that wliicli cut le tnucli
Efcattor dono by civil surveyorH tinil enpiieen,
With re{;anl lo ihn aorvry of lite brrvHigb. 1 hte 10 ttale, llmt I baie
bern adivcly rmplojrd no ii, mib a larnr tlalT v{ aorveyorB, eioce June
lIwI (1641.) Tbrn: it now compklcd the IrlanKuUiioo of tlie KrraicT pnrt
t«f lb« whole area niUiiii the furlinmeolurr' bifuoditrji anil ihc iJiitiillcd
rnrre; of nboul two-itiirdi of ihal area ; afciiiit half of nilikeb li [ilutlrd lo
[a aeale of Iwenty ftiel to the inrh. Tbe reainna wMch led to (be adoption
of a acnle au tnutb Inrgpr than Ibal rrconnnpoded by GoTprnmenl arn
Itnoiro lo ilie cuiutuiiiM • bat aa the nrcp»ity for tlis titrge enln Uat beeo
uunt)Dacd,nni), u in tbe iateatiKOlion of tbo aubjcct by the MciropoliUD
JHimUmfj vDoiDiiMioavra, eiidcoce bna bcro ndducrd imolviog n'Ufe
kM)gea agalnal the Corporaiion of L>t<rr|«i«l, I kIi.iII like tbe librrty,
leif, tOKllude Id lliesubjeet, and shall nhow by a aimple auiemcnl of
faela, kow raib aucl grouti<lb»* tbtso oliargc* tim.
I Iwve llrM lo remark, lUat lo the evidenee referred to, Ihere la an
MofouodlDg of ivro Iblngt — iteueral anwcrjcv tcliemea, and the
fMinnigO of n lunn. For the one a cuuiuuted, gcuerul, or Uluck plao, on
R BRisU icile. to thai lbe vhule art* maji be com prt^be mini in uae liew, U
itbol U rtqalred ; and for tlio olbcr, the dvUila uf ihu tiruuiuml armiigu-
rBoata lo a larp acklo— Iha larger the better, no thut cv*r; mionle pvcti-
piarin nay be aeen and provided for. Id deilgning Improetmentf, Ibere-
L Are, Dotb plans an>ncceaaaiT,ilM> amall indeK map for the aaceriaining
tlK- drainage aToiui, the oolfalli, and the main lines of avvreri and t*t and
water pliw ; the large plan for the delalla. For the Oral purpuje, fur
citvotivc «rca», a acolv ilily iochta to the mile It lotally ueeluaa, aa brlag
t>-j largt, n.ii() fui the s«coad, it It cqunlly uirli^u, aa (isiug too afoall, and
itx adoption would oecttailate IIm< re ■urirying of evrry portion! at lb*
lilttH ■■ daUil, ill lbe uuri-i lire turtiorl u». TbiiA, nvrn fur ib» icwrring
, of tba (own olune, the tiily-incb ■cul* would not b* (ufltriciii i but i lie
rCpooell of Llirrpnol, under tlie Sanitary Art, baie not only Die rootrol of
'tbe tewcra, but utc alto auirryora of highwayi, guardians uf public pro-
perly *tid bare lbe <«dUoI of tho wa.cr aupply, Xo adjuilieg tlit leiela
of tfreela, plant and aeelinai ar» re^alr^d dnwB to a tealc ■» brR* aa ttt\
Dibibit. rlrarly nnd ditllndly, Ike deUUa of neae'<Ofa aad appriHicbv* to '
tho bnildinKRuii each aide. :^uch a pl«a twlmile alno of tbe tHundanri
and dumtoDt of property being miniiiely detailed, nod alluwa of iwl
delaiUflf newcrtttcrTice draiut, wator and gat maie^, au'l ^rvicr pipra.1
and in aboti Ibo whole attuclural pc<utiiiritici of ibe luvoliij lo be icprr-
tenlcd wttboiil coorua>oa. Il is in foet a. working pUa. 1 aball Uielj
recapiialate Iheae r«uon«.
I. Il obfiatea the iwoeailiy of wp«ni« detailed sunrajr* tor inpratre*
meote.
II. Il cnablc-t ibo perrcci deiail lo Ir. iihowii uf partt wbkb moai minire
improTcmcnt iu liutt, Levels, aiid Kwense, and alto for Ihe atipply M gai
■ad water,
III. It adoillt of tlie perfeel neaturement of the bonodarlg* nnd diri-
liona of property, rnahliDg tbe autboriliea to guard agajati foiara M*
cn<KCliiJicoU.
IV. Il abows the atraclnnl nrrangemenl of lbe sl(eeta,witli tbe Mtapfl-
cated line* uf waltf and gas-pipct, acwera, on-J Mfrice draiua,
Uoubtleeo, all iIitm miKltt be aliowa an a plan of HO iatho to lb* aailaj
but aucli a plan, like mtny olher cffurta of iageaiuljr, woaid bo More
cnriouB Ihan naeful.
I bere elle the porlloo of Ihr rridnncr referred 10.
CapUlD VoUaod aayi— " Altbr prraentinnoiiMittheCorporalioBof Ure^
Einil, who bre cngn|;ed lu csrryinc oiit saniUry mraiurEt for Ibr town «<
lirerpuul, Lbto abttractcd ■ ouiuber of uaiitaoU from ilic Onloanvt
Surrey ibal will onawcr the piirpaae of carrying on Ibit tcr; neetaaari
work, at tralea of paj varying fniiu ACIO to 7iKi pur cool, uvrr ibal wbub
they receited on Iho OrdNance SuTie>> ; aud llim. alVr baviag bven far-
Dl»hed by tho OrdoaDDO Sorioy Ucimrimci'm, aloiual at a noenioal price,
wlih a akclcton pUn of tbe town of Liverpool on ihia avaloi with aoae
alliludea ln««rted at the corners of atrevla."
** How do Tou aooonnt fbr the Corporation of Liverpool dealrtag to bare
an additional and acemlo turrey, Ibee bavlog alrmJy ikode oailiaea
whii:h am cudicieni for all purpoaea of Jramage t^l imagiiw it ia to pra-
Ject ibeir tchnues.
"Tbe CoiuiaiMiiojim are aaaiout lo nwertaia wbai il would cool In
agrtoy tbe inebvpolia suflicieoUy for the jmrpuse of drainage and newer-
age; Ibcrrfurr it wn* that Ibe queslioa »■■ asked, why Ibe people of
Liverpool abjuld be aniloua to baes a mor« eam|ilele eorvey tbna la aecet*
lary fur tbute piirpoiec r— All I ituled, at having be«n given Iu Ibo Lner-
puul CuTpoialuio, were akelelou plait*, out cmbraclug every alloy and every
court.
" Tbe Literpool Curportlioii owji a great d«al of properly In Livcrpeol,
do Ihoy not ( — I du ugl kDOiv."
piNt, at lo lbe aMraiiltoa of tar*eyort ^— the only anrreyort emptied
In tbe kiKvej of Liverpool, who were known lo me to b< on tbe Onloaan
Survey, ar« lu'u, aud lliaie applied fur eiiipluyiuent, leooranHadcd Ui tbe
favourabk-contidcfiilloD of tbo ConuniUee by tbe oSloer oader ftboa ihcj
were nt tbe lime. One olbar eumvor applied an a peraoo outof eatplttyaeMi
wlium 1 iificrw«rd»tli*cov«tedtob«eD|(agodan tbeOrlaaiicoSvrveyntlM
tlcDC of hit application, aiid wo have otner men who at Mme period or other
have been employed in ibo Ordnanoo anrveyii of England and Ireland, bM
all of whom had berA cngaicod In railway lurvey betwe«a leatiuf ibo
Urduaoccand bring rmplojcd by me. All the aorveyort, nilb itteooaox*
ccptiuu Rlalcd abuic, ni:rc coKagGd on appi Icatiua In writing, nccooipauM
by U'atiuewoiab of Ibclr cli>ira>:irr niid cttptitiilriy ffMia peraiia* U whew
eiijfdoyiiiont th^y bad |ir<viai»ly been. So far tkrn fur lb* trcilb o( tb«
italement aa to Vnp " ub«iniclion of ■ numbor of aMittaolf."
Witli regant lo the aonuuiit of aitlaiy pniil tho aialtlanla. 1 may itkl^
that it iainvHiiably coiiiQiciJiiuniie with Ihe work done, and raogei ffoa
£4b lo £liO per aanuni, Titia highuit amount it, I auppuac, eonowbMO
about liOO per cent, above wbnt ia paid in the Ordoaoco UcputBootM
civiliyina. Capt, Volland oaaerta that the i^Iuriea paid in Li(«(|Moiora
300 per cent, above thoie of the Ordnance ■tiill*; wbern bo gothialoliih
nation aa to the aiuuuai of tbeae aKlariet 1 know not ; iio rcrtaioly did OM
apply for It riiber to lbe ireusurtr or lo nw— the only partiea who Mold
huve informed him rightly.
Tbe whole of lbs evidence relating lo Ihe gelUog op of surveys flir
aanilar; purpi><c» ie an nii^inpl to pr<>ve thai it e«u be more correctly and ]
more eleaiilydiineby Ilia llrJiianc? tbuo by coiporiiliooeorlixalturvpyor
Bui, lo verify catonluliutin uf Ibia kiud, lei tUe oclwif and not Iba rtfiaMltd.i
coal or ilrdnauue nurtey* be proiluced. Ktecy one luiawt tbat to ptudaeoi]
anytliing in eitreiue baaie lufrraara iniineoacly ihe cosi of prodocUoo, ,
Tbe Cuuocil uf Liverpool, Qnjing tbat tbe detailed Ordiianio aurTcy of
Ibo Igwn wo* not eomploltd, and boiug rvfuitd liberty to make a linuiig
of the partKio alleged to be Bniabed, ur^od by Deoe»«ily, bad au alUnw
live bul Iu proceed with n (orvoy of ibeir own, ollhuugh uorfeetly aware
Ibal Hie iipctuary baaic would raucli increnaa the coil. Now. luiwovor, i
Ibal Ihe cipeot*' of what ia doDo la knowu, and Ibe ooal of cumpleaag fl
Ibo wbolc can be ci^rrvcily calculated, it woulil be uteful, aa a leal of ibo ^
compamtive eipaoao of nbatmayb* culled pri vale nod pubUo pkuf,!*
aacerlaln from the proper auiboritict ia Ibo Ordaauce oSce what ibc
cotiolry baa sirmiiiy paij for the lacompluie plan of Liverpool, aud kuw
uiuob It will yel co»t ; how loeit it bat twea la band, and when Uiore » a
rciitoDable protpi-ilof iu being lini»b«d.
In loii moaUi* the work which I liai'u already detailed baabooadoat;
and, Iu oddilion, a map of lbe town and aurruuadiBg diitricl, enbmcing
U aroK of 87 aqnare unlea, bAt beea compiled on a aoale of 10 \ loobM lo
TITE Civil EJsGINEfiR A^^> ARCHrTECTS JOtJRNAL.
sss
the mile, and am llii* contour lint* tt ruor ft*i alliiudes kav» tM^n Inid
■)o«>. ThfM niDiaura iavulvcd the ubirnralion of a gmi niatij level*,
and a liburiuui culculaiiua. A copy or lki» ba« beta Made for Mr.
Hiivkt*!}', tor ilie purpaies or Ibe wau-r supply.
Brmklrs ilii* norb, tirlunciDg especially to tbe aurver irquirad b; ibe
Avli a tery Rrral numlier u( ildaclitd »iir*eyiiaDd Ihv R(-cIk»i#, tn iiip»t llic
rm(rgmci«a ol ll>« lime, working dritniae* ot t*wtn, ■nil of ibt urn
oMeea hi Cortiwallii lXn*H, tad uauy hlghly-flnbht^d ilrawmfi to lllmlnile
III* reporis made by me, hate been execaied lij Iba tatitiyon aoil
(lni«icbtMiira ; aud allbouith ihne arc, fur ili« luuti p»rt, vsliiabk diieu-
H«ols, ibcIriMculinii liiia Qoi a link iaicrfcred vtiili tlm pnigrfM of ibe
laiHer work. The tircct luitcy* nud »r«Uou> required for ibe adjittiflicAt
of lb* levrln in Uyinjtiml new ilicH* alune ainouollo 130.
Th« mtak boiDy nuw so far ndtuDi-pd, and Ihn eompleliun uf ibe cuntniir
plan batiag mabird mc la make ihr aecvaiiary e*iin>Dic» uf ili<? ciu! uf ihc
■aweracc, a rrdiioiion may be uiUiIr in Itic lurteyine sUlfi if ii sliould be
lliaNght dcairable. Tlic ligt of the new tlnfl' 1 bare su*iRill<rd in tbe
••linate of Ibe cip«iiM» of Ike Bogiacet'a Uepurlneat ttr Ibo «ti»nlit;
I
L
raocESOinoa or soicnrirxo socxstxcs.
INSTITUTION OF MKCHAN'ICAL ENGINEERS.
Th* folFowlng papers t>er« read at ibe iatt nwatkli ihmIIbk behl al
BlraUfflgbui i—
BOXE CllUSMISG M\CI!INE.
Mr, Bt'CKLe ptenbcd thni, in twlpclintt his preieut anUJecI. he bad bad
in *let* Ihe dpiirabilily of imparling na sgreeaMe Tari*lj Ui llivir iiriK'Twl,
fngs. The objpol of this eommuoic^tion vtuM to efiilcavoiir in dirrci ib-
aUinUoa of agticullurbti to lb« uiefulDMii of a iitictitne Int preparia*
bone duet, whicb baa been found tu be a inu»i rlliciKinii) nutnurc, t
roaichUie which is alike a<ailable tu ifuurals tbe u'jbicnmu'n ntair or iba
peMnuil*«caltaKo-f:ardeD. An nib pUal, iiilruu bHr,4|ii:blilefr»ni itiebrooke
add a bfltHl *iiie, furnbh bin wiih e b»rjr-iii>ll fur all Ik (vf|uirri. Tbe ar<
ranpnaut nf tbU machine reduet* bone In a tiato uf mral. hdiI thervby
lireparw il far a rapid ehanjv ialo a Btste nfsnlabiliiy — Ibr lapidily of Ibe
elitcta of pboiphale of liinA on Uie urawth of plaDH ilrpcuUiux upon II*
KNatrrorlrMWilubility. loall olh«r milU «hlcli hrbnd rtaiimiiF'!, ibrir
roottmctioa wilt merely crutk ihe baati Into lump* ; auil obeu 1ai<J on ihe
laud id Ihat Kale Ihey rcmniu man]' leartuadceompOMd, with little benefit
tu ifie eropf.
In Ihe year IfiSS lili alleniRn wax directed to t!ii< ititi]ee( \>j tbe il»w-
arti uf a targe eiUie iu Uifoiddiirc n-qur>tini; him ti> cuusiruot a mill to
(Tind baaes aa &ne aa poaaible ; for be found, in prai:iice, iliai tbe bones
pttparcd in the neual mannrr were of little benefit : be elan objeclad Iu
th* uaual ntelhod of boiling Ibe bonee before they vtKe cruahed bf 'be
rullera. Foribl* gentleman be coaiiraeted a iui[l dnvea by two honre,
wliitb tiracMdeJ lo well thai he waa requcaled la iuvreate iu powtn, and
to work II liy a wnler-wliert of liiree-hurM puwer. Tbe but crop of
larulpi Bvctaici-d 47 Incbr* in tircutiirereuce aiid l'i)lb. welftbt,
/foiB »f«d of Ibe red lumipi rtoeiied fruui Mngr«> DruiuiuDnd and Son,
Apicnllural Huarum, Slirlintii eown lu May, mid producing aa abotein
4)elob«r. In the fear ISIO he coDatrueltJ a t^fcoad linoemill, which waa
«-nrclrd on na egtato In Surrey, driven by a wal«r-whrel ilnrteea fret in
iitaBetcr and four fevl wide, with additional canTeolFncca Ui the furoirr
one. After a careful coiirH of eiprntnenla, he recekied a Ipticr ftom Ihe
propridor vl the rtlaie, of nblcb ilia fulIuwloK it au citrHVli— " I nni
NMcfa abUged byull i!>c alien' luo ;eu bare siveo to m} bvnemilt, wiih lb«
unforvaace of ukidi I am nilirdy aaliilir.il. U'e prn'Iuto thirteen
Lnfhdiaf fiue iluit per hour, and tBTraleeu budieU of tine duti aptiear to
ba Ibe product of hntf a ton of raw baoce. Tbut we ahall be able tu iiro-
duce 130 hutbeh uf dust, tbe product uf four inaaof raw boues. perday
vfteo boors." In lbs akclcb of a tolll or macbiiK laid before llie uieetmi;,
Mr. Bnckle made Bcvoral additions and ioiproTeincDt* which werr not in-
Itodaced In ihe furmer one*. Tbe paiiiion* of the slampert wf re altered
til cooae^aenoe uf the remit uf ex pen men I a, and eleijiun were an
ntMltloo of mucb iii«rulnp», at lie tliereby legiened the dtiiiea uf the at-
Ir-ndaiit, whose only care It lu ndmii viater ud Ibe wheel, and ubierTe that
Ike sivrn ol rvugb raw bones t* ample, and tbe machiao prrfortsing salU-
JJMterily. Tlia rough bones are recommended Iw be besprd kip in ■ ilicd
■l^aini Ibe null; lliey are permllled to tiida down Ihe in«lin«(l plalfurm,
mm whaece tboy drop into ilia alaasperlroagb, Tlie tnidiltr ttiainper is
raiaMDineDded In be beuvit-r than (fe« outside ones, to eosbte it ta l^rralt the
Urge Imwcs la piece* ; iliosepleoeapass on la tbe troufth from one stamper
to tbe oosi, and wbun il baa muied to the ouiaide stamper it it icdiivcd
tklo DtPal. It then prLtann IiiId (tie dieftslnK cyliiuJvr*, tvhluhare placed on a
defcent, and by Itu'ir valnclty force tbe Dnh (lu*t tlirniigh llio wires. The
eoane dust falls (rata thn and of Ibecjlindnrs loto a boi, where ills raited
by the elcaiort, and deMrnits into the slam per. trough, lo be eruibed due
euougli tu jxait ttaronicb ibe wire mesltes of the drrssiiiK mncbiue. Mr.
Buckle alio rrcommendrd ihe applicaihia of elevators furconducliag Ihe
f foaad boae diist from the bins or store in tbe cellar into tbe wagD«S| to bs
by Uwm cooTeyed to the drill or sawing mncbiaM.
HmiI-PR£SSt;itB BOILEKS.
" f>>t tligh-PrtUuri Boiltrt, nud en Baihr ErplotwK*." By Me.
Smith. — "At the last meeting I laid before you a Iraeiug and ileicripiiun of
ll>u sleain-liuiler Mblch recently eiploded near Uucltey.aiidthuujli lime did
not periuit any discussiuo ns to the mrrits nr ilfiiicritj uf tlie can:li«ctian
of Ibe Mid boiler, 1 ibink It very evident that boilers of similar <uaB(ru««
lion, (uruialioiii aad dimea*ions, cannot be »-ifrty tiii<'d for higb-preMur*
steam, say 40 lb. ur CO ib. per square inch. 1 make this ataertlon, beeaua ^
the iirval diametEr of the outer shrll rmdefS It very liable to be toTB'
asunder by tbe internal pleasure, and the iuterual vertical'llne ti«li)|c stso
of such dimensions Ibal Jl oiuy l>a fuicad uul of furm and sudJculy cul-
lapecd by ettctnal prcsaure, uud if Ibat system of boiler were lo be madB.
safe by a larjte reduction of Ihe diameter, U would diiiIlo ktuam insl^niflaj
caot in capacity, beating surfaeSgaDd generating power, aad cunsv^ueutlf '
unfit for tbe purpoM Itiey are InleodetU-naroeiy, In use tbe great (luanlity
of lost beat tbat escapes fiom tbe puddliDg famnccs.
" I bare prcpAred Iliu aceumpaayinK dtawlnjc of n boiler which I rtenmaj
mend in preference lo those on the aboic priociple, being mucb bcllaj
ad spied for gcDcralinj; and safely t^nlainiu^ hijih. pressure steam, aad
thiBk nor« e«uieai#nl in rirey other respct-l leir the above tystetn uf
heating. The boiler is S'i feci Inn;, and 4 ft. B in. diatneier, uitli tieif
lube* or llue-plpes under It, each SO fitri tong, and 1 ft. H tu. diauieler, andCI
ailachefl to the Iwilcr by vertical pipes 10 incbea diameter. Tie flue-pipei' >
are n^da fa a bent fonn, lo a* lo be hisbcil in Ibe middle, uud dropping
Bleach end.lo keep circulation in the water, Tlie drawing will talB*
ciMitly Mplaio every otber parliculir cotmceted with Ihli boiler, so tkl
fmihcr drscripiiun is uuiivcesiary ; 1 ahAtl tberefoie nuiv unly pomi out i
ftw uf the HdvBDtagea It posiesaes over the sjaieiu of builci bcfora i
ferred lo :—
■* Isl. Tbe diitneter nf this cylinder beiug smull, tbty n>s> be mads i
inucb tbinarr plates, and still be perfectly >afo with n grcsivr pretsitre i
Moatn.— 3n<I. The hcaliag sorfaee Is large, aud eooc^-ninued wtihou
winding flurs,fo that nuoh steam will be geneniled.— 3rd. Tbe urea of
wattr lurrace being much larger, Ibcre will be lea* dllNcuIty in maiotaio*'^
ing iis proper IeT(!l.—<Ui. The alcani and vrater space? and beniinK sori]
face* liimDoaiae in their proportious.— 3lh. The great lacilny fi>r cItsBbii'
out, which is aa object of tlie Gnt ■inporluiice ia lli« consltoetioa of al]
kinds of sleam boilers, as II Is well known that wher« any dHlicuKy eaista
in performing thai operation, the cliaaces aro that It will vilher be imper-
fectly done or left nnduoe altogether, which b one cause of roaay of tba
fatal expliMiuua Ihat an frtqurnily happen with Uod boilrrs:— 1,
Mal-furuiHiiun for the wothing pressure nod quantity of vapnur re-
quired i 3, U'aul of proper care to fil every bailer with prupvr steao
und vrstcr indiculnrs ; and S, NeRlccI of cleuoiui; out at proper times. II
is a laniealabin fact thai many boilers are still lu use, which are eatreinely
liable to accident from eiilier of ibo atKive>uiiuied causes ; aud I ibtnk the
folluwiDg teasooi will to a great rstool accuuul fur so imd a statu uf tbiaga
eiisttiie in a country where so much ecgiuceilDg skiU may always he pro*
cured to rectify lucb defecti.
" I. Itesp'etiug wnl-fartnatioD, I would tiate that parlies nboot maklDg
erections fcr steam-power, generally make the Itrbt outlay of capital a
lendtDg consideration, aud euusequrnily cramp llio dimenslonv of llietr
engines fo that Ihey are Jusi t;akidaie«l to do the work required, and
Dolhlnglo span. tUiortly afterwards, however, some extra machinerj It
ioiroduccd JOlO Ibe establisboitDt, Hud the eagias beiug foubd defccliv* ta
powrr with Ibo origiual prvisure, an extra load it immedialely put Upoii
Uie ittfc-ty .valves of the boilers, and this praciioo is rrpcalrii Irom time to
lime, ns eticb little addiiiuoal niachlae may rttjuire the extra power. It
rollowt that Ihe bulleis. which were priMenlty aimagcd lo do the work in
llie liisl instance, are al lust a mal-roniiu,Uuu fur Ibe iui:re«£cd piesaure,
and working ia a highly dangerous >tate, while the utMspeeting opera-
iocs may tta seen or«wdlng rouDd lo warn iheuiselre* at loeal UmM^
«hen the dbtiger Is probably at Ibe grratesl pili;b.
" il. Koiprcilue detective sleatii and water indicfcton, I have alwayi
otwerved that land engine lioilera are not sn elBcienlly fitted wiih llietie la-
siruuients of safety a* mariou and locomudvu boiler:, although 1 Ibink it
very oecestary that they should be so, sreiuf; that aDuiiib-vruf lb>in ara
ficqueatly left to the char^lc of one individual, with other daties beeidas
Ibal require niucli of bis lime aud aiieuliuu ; whereas the iodicaloraor
marine and lacomnlive hollers aie cuuslantly under the eyes nf oao oc
mora eajtlDeera of well-proved cliaiacler and ability for ihe duties re*
quired ; and, rooreater, euglneen of a higher class are always tesidcal lo
Ihe prlucipal stalioat, iuteiled with power lu oiaioioo eogiaeers, and
intpicl the wixiln niacbiuery. I have shown, oji the pment drawing, all
ilm iti'licaion which 1 eooMder necessary for a high -pressure boiler in
orttiDury circumttancei, which are as follows:— One feed-cock or valve ;
otie Uont-watcrRauBE, wlUi stand and wheel, aad oouaierbaleiwe weight;
one glaaa water gouge ; one stcaai-wblsllc, also for a nuter gauge ', and
two sofety-ialves, oue locked up. l-'ur luK. pressure boilers, I think Ibe
open lop frcd-pi|>p, with upon pipe alto fur the floal-nire lo work through,
I* a vory perfect uppanttus lo prerant the tteaiu from rising too liigb, or
tho water getting too low.
Srd. ItesptcUng keeping of boiler* clean, I have scro that pmen-st very
Imjirrfeclly performed, and ofleio altogether ni-ilecitd ia rtiBblubmeuLs
where a sufTicicut uuuibcr of tpaie boiler* are out provided, aud liuie not
pctmitiiug lu gel the boiler cooled down for nieu to reosain in it to du the
work properly. But [ believe the greutesi eause of neglect ia this uaost
THE CIVIL EKG]K1!eB AN*D ARCUITECrS JOURNAL.
iponial niallpr 1« its brim K«Dfnll; lookfd upoa m « ikutMeM tort of
bi tke estioc-ioaa bIw>)» coM^ilcrlBi it bi ctira lialj.fur nlilck be
Misit extra allowance. Bod the mut'rr coniidcrinE that be ptfi bin auB-
[itaiill* lo ioclude thai work iritli bii oihtr diiiiei. The muIU cobm^^M
VpM loallvntiou tu boiler cl«aurn|-. rfqnirc no commrni htrv; titttj prae-
Qard «n|tlDr«r liring veil angu'iuled nilh i1i«id, kouwi thai ir actual
■pImIou (k)f» ijoi liopprn. ib<^ lenr auil wear upon ilioAe jiarta matt
ipMtnl to the dm luuai be En«'lT iaomuad, uil so kocp up ■ hcavr «■-
KfMiaa ia ropaira, LDilriiendrnl of Ika imoMM* qnaMilf of eilfa ritul IbAt U
reqattrd lo k*rp up Ihr ■tram.
"I IruitihrMremBrkawlll tudirp to drat* lh( aitnoliod of the Institution
lo tliia rcty impnrlant (ubjpct, anil thai tbn propriclort of tlFHiii-pawer
> be coniincctt ihnt lh« iniati cmra onliny rrc|iiiml la luakr l)ie boJIen
ftcUj Mfe, wilt be Bion than icpaJd b; Ibc Kuugmt} in trMkiuE-**
ON THE PALLACtES OF TIIB ROTA,Ry BNGtSB.
Bcrora •alfring on Ihia cokMilaratian of tbe aubjccl, tbo PrMtd«Dt in-
«)trd Mr. ntilont, wlio Lt ni>t a nirnibax of tb* Innlitutian, to dMrribe a
diAc mKi<"^> "' "hx^li l>* la <l>* inrtnlnr, and to iiaie nlirreiu it differed
, trom olhf-t talmry eD^ittr*, Ha claimrd for hia rngioe a auperiurilr over
HkD c/Bsk principle in poRcr and anvinK of TuH ; ibe chief |tccii1iir)l7,
Etaaretcr, biiag an impravrment In Ibe BioJe of packioKi •<> (ea i*ai
|»ll'C«d} ai lo make il» part* perfccllf tigbt. .Mr. Oniooa ua«rUd, that
' Hi* loti of power in ihe uae of the crank wai eailmated l>j Boma tmioeat
Bm>u al j^ths. Thii, he tialeil, wai tuvcd by bi« eajtlne, ThMvarRtDO
fnciion. and yet b; ihii mode uf pittkinc. all leakage mu obiialnt, —
After a few reinmka couilrDiimlox)' of the priuciple, th« Prtitid«lt pro-
■ Mcded (o tend bia puper on Ihia auluect. An >ho (iplanBlioiit "cfc nv-
LcOMpenied by ri'droicc* lu diasninft we advpl ao nock cf lb* paper aa
^Wlll glre an Idea of Mr. Siepbraioa'i arftuinent He rcroarkMl ibai, aa
^ laien gave out iheir power ai ri|sht angles ti> their falcruiii*, tl would
[fteaMBtbala rifbl^anele liae from the cuunei^iinz-rod in the centre of the
fWam would tir ibr irur iiicesurt ufthe Icnclh of Ibe bean when the crank
twas al bair-itrukc — llicrrfurr, the MU uf liaK Ui« Uagfit at Ibe beam
[ivaDld tte ^incd by Ibc piiloD-cad ol Ibe brani. The craak b«ing 3 fret
'loog, the up and down Uroke of iIm plrion would be 19 feet ; lh« crunk -
pin would, of niuice. baio pau«d laruugh a fpace of nearly 14 frel.
nuv, a weight henifiiig upon n druns Dearly 4 feet diameier, wiitild
kaJwice the same wclfjlil on tbe piston-end of (he braiti; racti wuotd
autve at the lamo vctucit), and peas through thi same space iii tlic Mine
lime. It noiild lis ubeertvd, Itial frvrn C to l> on lh( diagtHin WM a little
mure than one-third lon|ter tban frum U lo D ; it would, Iberefore. be sevu
that the weii;lit Hi the piston end of the beam had a liiile oinre Ihnn vue-
tbtrd adtnoiac* o*er llie wel);lil uf Ibe rlrum. And il would bUo be serii
tiM from C lo E waa half-way frum balf-ilrnhe tu llir bolioni centre i al
' llii* porttMi of the airukc the lencrnge uf the craulw wuuld be nearly i '<-•(-
[The iserettivd |iuaef that pumlrd in Ibr crunk Ir-itn balf-»trake lo Ihit piiliit
woald grariiinlly be lait frnm F. 1" H ; it wat, tliervfore, tleurly pnxM
that no power w«i loti by Ibe crnuk-inoilim. bs ihe weiybl* resolved (lirm-
seUr) iulo a limple letrr. Tlivre wotilil Ite a llllle liwf uf power vihr-ti the
tiigiue wai luriiiiiK ihe oeiitrea,Hhicli i* ci>ni|irn:<uU'il fnr at ihe cuDui'CtinK-
Tod cud of <hp bcnni by Ihc (cgincui of tlic rii^bl sniik liae. Now a rulary
engine ciiuld only gii-o cut ■!■ power on the arm 1<Ll> any other lef rr ; and
If tie piaiua paued ihruugh a apAcc of lu feel, it nouldjust bnlnnrr a
weight equjil to Ibe Uiue power patiins Ibrouiili the laiue apace. The
l^retideui.iu coiitiouali'D, uid ibal no uian totilU impruie Uie Icier; II
was ueoli'M lit lulk ui thai lime of day of the Iom of power by tbe craak ;
tJicra wat no lucb Iom. He asked, what had been the ptrfanuaucc of Mr.
OtiioD*' engine at Derby, wborc it woe tried 1
hlt.OKioim (aid iliai in iboie eipehmfDla the saving WU e<ini«a[«Dl to
M per cent. Would Ibe HreHldnit belieie ihu frnt if lie inw II t
The PtuiDr.xT. wttb euod-huraoiired watniitb, etelaimed, "No, I
WDutdn't, !Sir, I would believe I naa niiul firtl, or thai there wm luaglc
In ibo ciperinem."
Mr. MiLitB, of Ul!ii;k«iittl, renibrketl that Ihete wa« nn Inia of power
by the crank : and ho might alto add thai nobody, be brliovcd. otJL-cU-d
lu tbe priciciple nf the rotary -engln*, except to far as rrHu'dcd Ibr difli-
celty, or rolbrr Uie impowltiillly. of packing i( pfrfrctly lit;bt. No doubt
Uic ralary-uaKine had il* advuntages, aucb as lu iipplicaliun lo the screw
]a inariue eogioecrins, aod wherever tmall spBcc and considerable power
t was Beceuary ; but the ruck, upon which invtnluri •pUl, was the packing.
tie would u MOD think of inventing porpelnal Diultoo u of ov«rcoiniDg
tbat dllllculty.
BRITISH ASSOCIATION.
S«tet,fivm lit Pnctnlinffi ^t^ itttfmg ht!d «t 5e?n«ea, ^HpMt/, IB-IB.
ArpLicAT^'T OP Hbatvd Cask* raoM Fvurxcvs. — At the Yila.larerB
ln)D>Korki netar Sainicj, onder the raxnagement of Mr. Rndd, a valuable
ilipticatloT) hat been made of tbe bested gncs tbJit are vuatly pcmiiited to
(M-a]ie from btaai furtiaL-ra. Tbe heated ^am are in the firti loisiire r«n.
diiried thrauKb horizontal pessagea it the lop inlo a iluve, nl;<re lliey brat
the camprciKd nir in it* pastsge to tbe futuaix to form the hel IjI»I. the
ail which it conveyed to tbe *t<l<c in b coiivolutiOD of pii>eB ii heated in this
KtBocr to about 700° 01 Hff. Tb« beaied gitei aAerbamg dotiedai)>la
the itovB, ut oosducted under the boDen of tke engine emplayed for i
prcMbig Ibc air, and Mperiewce bas prvvtd tbst the boilen can b« bcated i
thit manner more tflectively ihsu by fuel, with the aJdilionaJ advantats'
that there is no coricsian of the iron. Only one of (be l>oilert at ifca
Titalafera wntki h aa yet fitted up ia thii ininner, but Ihe rxprnment his
snatKerrd to well, that all the btiilan rill ihortly b« healed in B llaite
manner ; and Ihui the powti for cnMpreulnK the sir and Ibe dimim of ball-
ing It will be procured by uiltig tbe mere waste heal of the furnacea. Tls
- hoi-bUtt" will by this nieani toit Uicrally nothing, and il is etiiiMid
that if tbe plan be carrird out througb all the iton-woek* in EwgUad mA
Walti, there will be «n snaual saving ofXl, 300,000, witbnnt lakiaf bb
scconnt Ihe uHng arising from lh« diminiahed wear of Ibe Iron la lie
boiltrs and the be«ling tube*. Eitn this savinj; might be incrnitcd, for K
preaent tba heated gases art pencilled to etcape unnmmoied; and b; i
judktMU •(fantallon orctr to BOpply the required oijKen for cnnibuttioa, Uc
healeil gne* might bi •ditatageoutly burned, la ttui maDucr sook of Ibe
furnaua in Belgium wera econDmicallr ntsnagcd Btreral jcara ago, ik but
of the cunauintd gue* being eraployea in vadoM (euceMci.
A DxT CoKDaitaeit.— Mr. Jotepb Price made a comnninUatlon !■ Iha
Mechanical Section, of a plan that he hai lately adopted In tbe omatntciiso
of marine crifiliiei, and which be then nude public for tbe Irsi tim», Tko
engi'i'i (^n»iltui-t«d by Mr. Piic cotnliiuc the eftcL'ti of high presenre and of
condrnsiiig erijihcs. The *t«Di» i> worked at a prrsiute of sIhxiC 20 lb, t«
Ihe icjusre inch., and it ItsuM front the cylindeT, after having done its work
there, into a dry ondcnier. The conitcnver consliit of a charalwr contBiEin|
several pipes, through whii^b the water puses ai the vcstcl is prapclled to-
watd, snd by this meani the ptpn are kept cool. The sietm enilUed Urea
the cylinder meets, u Mr. Tiice cxpirrased it, with a " cold rccniton*' la Ike
cendeoiing chamber, and tbe water of the conilcnsed stesn ew>cta at tkt
boltom, whence it it forced ■g*ia inlo Ihe baiUr by o iitislt farce-pBinp, b
thii manner Iha boiler » ceotttntly lupjillcd with fteth iriter. btcb at s«^
and tbCTeismDiequentlynoineruiiation. Tbli arrangeiuent of ihcoondaaMe
would admit of the aie of ipirita Of wine loslcad ef water, if tbe WMtc If i
lealca|( could bt avoided.
Low-PaBMsirnB Atmosiiibsiq n*iLirjiT. — A larp nwdil of t Itv-I
prftiurc stmoipiieric railway wm eihifaited in ilie Mwhanicil SerUea, 1^ in
inventor, M, Siruid In this pisn the orlgliul node of BiDMipberic piu- '
pulsion it idopled, the carriages and pasiengert being all incloeed withiatbt
atcnosphcrie |tipc. Il iapropaitd,boweter,ta construct theattnaaphrriccBlvirt
of brii'k-nork, and il is to bo illuniinslcd tiy window) i lo that tbe pBBMBgen,
though indotcd, will not be excluded fion dajlight. A shield li bed ts
the esrriagei, sgiirtit which the pressure of Ihe almoipbere It l« act ; ood at
the rer^nitite preuure need only he tery low, there it no ti(>ce*iily la be
pirticultT abnnl tb* ibinid bring sir-tljiht at the trig's — lndeed.it is intewdel
that it ibonld move witbout aui friciian agiiiist tbe aides- Witb on ans
large enough to adniil the railttay ctiiiagci, il is citcutnted that a prmare
of six-tenths of an inch would he BiifTidtnl fur ordinsrr !i|Krds. bmI Ik li
proposed to obtain that arao'iial of cibsuslion bj large pompi foiiked SUBf-
ihiiig like guoia<lcn, which work up snd down in water, and expel tba lit
from ihr Urge pipe. The ettimatc for const lucliog a railway of thii kind is
£7.000 per mil*.
Tub [bon Pbodi;cb of PsmtniTAFiA,— Tl was atste4 by Profeaserj
Roger*, of I'ennvylvania, in tba Ceologinl Section, that the aoaual uwalil
of iron pTodaeed in thil slile esci^edt the whole aooaal prodBoe M Soul
Wales ; ilie eslimated qasniily being T0li,OOD Ions.
Tub CotocHiNc pBOPsaTT ov MAooEa. — Dr. Edward Sebnadi pn-
sented la Ibe Chcniic^al Section his third rrpori on the colouring propwtjflf
(oadder. The exCraclive mallrr of rnsdiirr-roni conlajni irven QifTereol Mk
stances, only oito of wblcb, however— ihe lUiarine — li of value for its eelonr;
bU tbe others, indeed, ttod to Impair the colour yielded by alitaria«i aed
the chief u» in adding lima to tiiidJei in dyeing is, thai it combtnet with
the other stibstaticeii sod rendcn thcia harmlcis. I'otoM, or other alliiifij
would have a limiUr effect; but *> lime is clieaper, there wbuU bt M
sdisata^e gained in tvbttitating alkalies. It was anggetted thai a prBCtieal
application might b» mnde of the analysis, by eitraetiti| tbe aliuriM b b
irparaie itale, freed from the injuiiout idjunets, In which eoadiiioa il MB
hoped a hetirr snd more durable pigiueiit iiDgbt be obtaiUHl. etpccially ia
Ibe msddrr lakes- Tbe etperimenli bate, however, been aa teceiilly nudt,
tbit no practical reiulii can at yet be eipcirlcd.
Tub Evvkct dp I.taiir ik PHUTu(iM*i>ur.—M. Claud rt end Mr. HobI
brought before the Chemical Section tamerurinQi facte relative to ibceAtt
of l^ht on photographic pir.turet. In taking a Iliguerreoiype picture, it is
well known that the plate, after bclngf ct|>o>cd for Ihe proper time in tbe
came's, preienta no image, and Ibal it it not till after espoiure to (be
vapour of merrury that the picture is developed, hi. CUudei has aaccrtaiBod
Ihtt the red, yellow, and orange rayi hare nearly tbe same cfT^t aa iBttearj
vapour ; and thai on ■ pllte expoieii lo Ihoie lays, after having been is tbe
camera, ths picture it developed nearly as powerfully oi where iiierruty il
used. Not only have tbe red, orange, and yellow rayi ibe property ofbiing*
iug out the invkiibic pti;iurn, bui they act bIio at accclleiiiort, iu lb* noiB
way u bioiDlnOi thut. if a prepared plate bo oiiiuied in the camtn toB
I hart a time lo ptodtice • distinct picture by mercury vapour aloac, tbe
effrct may he incr«saed, snd the picitire be rendered distinct by esp<«ure la
yellaw, orange, or red tigbt. Red tight alone, however, teemt lo produeSM
effect on a sentitive Dagtiemalype plale. and loiac cutiooi Lma^M of i ~
THE CmL EKCINEER AND ARCHTTECra JOPHNAL.
«*»
•on, it^^rnrA I j ■ LoixIaB fon, «rtre MfiiSiM hj M. CUiiJct, •hivh »i*tn-
ytiA«d lliai j'RFi in • r<nt4rkable Eitnn», for the aun app«irod at ■ tilwh
ipot w a luminotii ikf. In an image e( the loUr tpei-lrum tbe red rijii
war* lilark. Ih« nrange and fellow daik, ■nd Ibe l>iiglil(«t putli wcrr IbuM
la tht bJiie kiid ibolcl baoilt of tlie RiMciram. and In ■ i|M(» conaid«ral>lf
bejaod Ibe nt(kt of luTiiiuoiia layi. Mr, lliint annoDitced that tl>t rriiiha
of ioveatifaiiona in uliitb lit ii itill <dx*s'i' ''"I ^'i" '° !'■' cuitclutiun
tbsl lifbt baa do pvt in tKe pradudioa of pbotagtapluc pic'uift, ami ilol
fal ftCt ligbt olitlfueta the fDtmalion of incb picture* intlcad df pruduc'iig
Ibcn. In MtiJirmalioii of Ihii cpinion, he tlnUd Ihit nlim alUmpting M
Uka Iba tolar tpcclruni en p]ioIag[a|ihic paper, all parti of tli« paper «er«
Uufcmtil ncrptiRs that wli*rin>n tlin ipuclram fril, ilie paper on tint patt
lUttlDf been protected from change lij tbc action of llgbt.
MfitncAi. Glu.vo.— Ai the tourets of animal giiano heiviir.r cibauttrd.
(raili anpplin of lltal tnonute are dUcorcred in Ihr njincril hinitdom, iitiirh
ptimlia to iMifor agea. The iliai:i>ieiy of ■ large bed of {<ho>pbiie ol lime
H ftpaln «>* two fcari ago cotiililered an hnpoiiant additinn to agriculiural
vMhh, W lincc Ibal tiuie belt of phoipbat* of Ibic hate licen r<iuii<l njudi
■uire avaiUMe, and Captain ll>l>eltnn id a remil eiaminaUoo at lite grern
■•All formilian of the Ilia of ^t't|bt hu diaMvered a rich ilraton o( the
ninvral maDure. conial ning about 30 p«r cent, of phoipbate of time. A* Ihi)
H wj accnaible, itpromiMI to heconie of grtatnlw-, and llierc ia no dniilit
that aJDiilar itorn of the phoipbatc lOMj ba b« found In Btbor patti wLiero
the grcea laoil forinitiaii U iitu*tcd.
K BacRt Wiuav, M. a., fif Grc^nnck, for '* Iinpr^ictmtnt* in tvr-
Ufiim UmU o/ roMrj/ «rMm-fn^im», fxirt i^ vhirh improotnetiU an>
Bpjiplleabb lo rotary tngmM uorked bif uatrr or l,g thi' vtttd; oJao «in
imffovanent fn lafetj-valrew /or <lttim-&iUtrj.~--Cniitcd Joauarr
IS; Korollwl July 13, ittlV.
TIm diii'f iilijwt nf lliU invention i« t<> introdue'ii the principle
flf w(vkiiiKi't<^"inexiiniwii'i<ly intorotnry «fif;loea. Tliii: in prvpo»cd
to b« t^HiH.'t^ by csutiinit the Bt^nin wliich ban fir^t acted liy impact
in ono lUn-rtiurt n^ninat ttio vuiivb ufn wlivtt, to operate a^>in by
reaothui in oppuute dLreeUoDa in iwuing out t>r the i»lerv«^
b«Iw»cn tho vaiim. The Jifpire rppTenmtii a side elet-ktion uf ut
cooftLrticlvd «cour<lii>^ tu Uiix part of lbi> iiireotlon, und
REOIBTER OF ICE^TP PATEnTS.
EXPANSnE HOTARV STEAM-ENGINE.
4
ifl
S
-^
IHvtttir nneJialf of the covct or «de mmm-fd, in ordw- to eihihit
the internal ivn tit ruction. Tiit riri^iilnr ean^ is r^ndcreil xtf^m-
tight, aDtl liHK lit) t'ntruice-paBu^ ttt f, for t)i« Ftoam. Tber« it
■Iw) ail i-diii'Ii»ii~]iiiufig« St K, llirouch which the irtMin in an
•zpKDded itnte )« allowed t» pa*c mtny into tb« air, or «!■« mto a
Mrndsn^r; and sttbotigh the indtirtion-panuigp k iipp«nr« very
oemr to the entraDce-CMmg^ 1. yt-t the «tL>nni doeK nut pnu directly
lu K, hut piifB netrly all muml witliin Ihe rnxi', in order t« impel
ifcr iwfMffg, by ■cticfOTW and over ai;aiu with mwre nr.A mure
expuuivo iKtion at neveral dilTi-n-iit pJaceH srouiid, witliiu Uie
dniunference of the case, in Kuccetiaioti, heforir th« stvnin arrives
a terjr expamled state at the educUoo-paiwa^e K. In a4lditiva
to the CTirved vant*gp, there nre Other mrred vnne«7f, lliadj
within rhanihera n n, which the pnl«nt«e ralU ri>t-eniitiir.4-hambrT% i
and wbtrh with the aaid fixed vnneN are fur giving; Ui the currmfel
of ateam the dir»cti«n« In which it Is to act oter and over agallt*
Bgainat and between tbe enrred vanec; p, of the wheel. Some of
the rvversing-chambeni are dispoMd in au outer eirdo mm,* hicb
are also funitHbed wiUi Ntationary vanet rr; the mo\in^ vaoeajra
therefore revolve between two eeonrntu drcles uf fixed vanek. Al
theso vanm bein^ truly Hraiiged in their Ki*veral eircuhir niw«,
with the edge* of the vanec in eonfonnily therewith, tlie interior
edfnm of the fixed Taoea in fn m, and the exterior edgun of th»
VHiie*! r r, in tbe riiambert n n, are doM to the eilite« of the nuivLnr
vaneKy jr : hut at no part of itacircumfereDce ia it allowed totouiui
or come in eoiitact with the fixed vnnea r r. In order to ^'ive
firmnen to the vatii'K, which are mnde nf thin metal iilHle, they art
uiiitinl bymeuoa of dat circular rinp^whirli are an close ai posalbli
to tlie Diovin^ parts without actuiilly touching. The elfeirt of tht
rinfp) i« not only to atreni^hcti tbe vaiieN, but alM> to oiihrlivide tbe>
nhule of thepaiiaa|:ea into narmw semicirculnr courses, in order to
direct the curreuta of steam. The steam from the Iwilcr enten
Ihv cose Bt I, and is first tlirecteil into a riined i-«ii]n« at nt, which
ioditidrd into three Kpnce* iHor<ler to ccnnpel the Meum to proceed
in three currenta towards the axis of the wheel ; hut owinf to tbe
Eurrature of the ranea, the three curreiitn of nttrani, whro ihcy iirtg,
Saoainc out frani thogie itpaces, are caused to atit^uiiie ueiurly tliS|
irectMa of tangents to the semicircular curvature of the mo*'
vano g g, ngninit which the atcam will first moke ita impact
acting HIcHlaBt the rtincave siiles, which deflect or turn the cotiras]
uf the ttvani whicli now i»«uea from the »pacea between the vane
g g, at the interior circumfcrencn, and is received into the chauiber^
n', when the direction nttiiin hrc<>nie« rviTrrcd owing to the semi-
circular curvature of the bouudsry of thM chamber. 4U that the
flteani will bfi turned towards tho vaaefi y y, proceeding in a tu^j
{cntialdireetion to the wheel in order t« actanin on the raDe«|rj
V- iiiipAct. The aleam, permitted tu esuand whilat in thtt rcvcrau
cfjimlicr r', in its tecond impact will, therefore, be io an expauMlc _
■tate, and will enter iuto a greater number of »pacn between tbt'
vane* s S\ (xertin^ a re-action in so tMuine, ubcn it >• again re-
ceived into another revercing-chnntber m*, wherein the vteam m
still further expanded, and bpt^omcn again reversed in itfl diret^tioit
to the chamber mi*, from which it paiuica im before to dinmhcr n^,
where it is still Jiirtber expanded, reversed, and divided into
nimeroua ttroJuna rnntinuin^ a cimilnrcourM through the different
cbaiDbera mi* n", «n', n", nnd »o on tbroughout tbe cirrumferencc,
being proportionately expanded in each chamlx^r till at laat it
Siicapeii thrimgh ttie ed tiction-pns'uige K. Ry the rontiuiial impacti
and reaniciti of the xtenm, n rapid rotar}' motion is communicataAl
tu the wheel. Another part of this Inv'ention relntee to imprOrft^l
mentit in rutary.enginci4 of impart, thu object of whii-li heing tdl|
combine toj^etber two rcvulviug h heela, haviu^f curved i anec i
to the vheelfl, in circular mwa in a vera* eimilar tunnner to
vanvtgg, alrwdy descrilxMl, hut the circular row of vane* is larmvl
than on tbe other wheel, so that otte cliotilar row it burruuuded oy
the other. These two wheels nre indoced within a rase, the vuin
In thu one biding rOferHeti to that uf the other. The rtirrent afj
■team which has pimmed tlirough the curved spaces between tlavl
vane* of one wheel, and bns chnngiil iti diriM-tinn in so diiinp. will
enter into the curved i|>are* between the vaiien uf the other wheel ;
arid the »tCA]n iu so doing will net by impact and reacliun to turu
liolJi wheels rtiund, but in contrary directions of rolJitiun. The
fourth improvement teUtea to nilary-ciiKinea tu he worhfd by
water or wind, the mode of action being by unpactand by rr-uition.
They are artaii^'rd in a niinilnr miuincr to tie laut descrilted. The .
fifth and last vart of these improvementa relates to safciy-valvi,
for ateam-hiiilcrs which the patenter con)ilroc1» with columns ol
nuoury con tainted with it cluaterof uunivruuii tubea of iron or abaei
dlepoeed »ide by aide, the paa>uii;ee through which tubes are hcpl
cnotiuilly ntopped by having tlie oriiicn at their lower endN int-
nsnedto difleicnt leTelabcnealfa the burface of mercury, contained
In B datero to which tlic ttcam has admiflsion. The mercury will
effedually prevent anv escape of stcoia, ao long aa the prawire m
no greater llian inteniied. Dut if the preacure of the steam deprecM
the level of the mercury below the lower end of one I'f the tuhe«,
then the ttteuui «i]l force its way up that tube; and if Uic »leAni
(till incrrn^es in nre)i«ure, tbe surfnce i* depreuXil Mill Itiuer, Huae
to get below the lei cl of the Iow<t end of aitvlber tube, and mi on ;
mora of the tubi?!i will become opened, one aAer another, aa th«
pressure may rC(|uir«.
Tfra riVIL EKGIVEEK AND ARCHITECTS JOITIWAL.
fSentmfitl
PROPELLIXO BLADES.
Gabdrcek Srair, late or Klnfr-iAreet, Clicapiiiile, noir of New
York, ^mlrmnri. fur '• Impnmnmt* hi apfianitu* /or ptvpuJling
Mpr and athrr rwaWn." (A cuDimuJUClitton.y— Graatcd Januarr II ;
EnnillciIJuly II, MM.
In Una invention an ftttfmpl is nwdo tn comblnf the sTrev-fro-
jieller witli Ihp {MMldle-nli^vl, Jht |iro|ieUvr, thotiu^i plm-cd at the
side* «f tlic v««iid. like the {MdtUe-wfawl, i« funnrd un tlll^ m-ruw
princi)>le. U» fVirm consUt* of a wriea of curved trLkdea, stt at mn
utglt of lA" with th« ^>r<i[<ell«r'sliiiA, wMch i* placed {ittnUlcl with
'•■- vcMcla ettant, rimUat to tlw QrdliiBr)ri)cr«Hr-j)r«»|>e]ier; but
;Md of beinff lubtBcrtted, it U lustninM by bou'inien prajfcltni;
L^Wtm the vMseli) *iil«s (tli<-rc l>ein|r ime on each Hide of tnovoMcl^L
>M taeh a bfitffat from the line of HotfttioiL, thftt simply the ourrcd
(Mntle.ur about oac-Mvenlh of the wlmlr HiAmoler, viu b« iminenetl,
iTtioiw ctirrtA blsdos aro sei-eimlly portirttiK of ii *titvr, nnd art iiiii>-
rted from tbe *baft by mili\l «rnt«, beioc further itreo^thenrd
stajra extending ia tb« dlivrtion af the lenj^h of the sbkft.
ThMs propelier-Bliafla nra carh funiiidied «ilh bevelled wlieeJx,
* leli gnt into eorrmpondin^ wh««]a on the nutin or cnKine-ahaA.
ag a«reaatlie vmm), luiho ordinary raddle-^lmft. M the»e pro-
Hera nr« caused to rotatt, th« curbed hliul>!> nill l>« sucuchitvly
bmugbt into eontxct with thr walsr, one onil tbcreor entering 6r«t,
the ron^urretit angle t> fojwI ling the veawl ana-ardo, and aa it leaves
the water, the nest bUile In •■uwci«4>n will he immenwL, moin-
laioin^ a rontinuous oud uuintemipted projieUing power.
MARINE STEAM-BOILERS.
Thoma^ Babl op PrvnnKALO, Vice-AdmirnI in H^Majnty'a
iKnvy, fur ** frnpnirtinmu in manii<f *iftini~lniikrt. and apparottu
Mmeetad thtretettk." — Granted Febrvaiy 11 ; l^iroUed August 11,
"^ »
Tbe prlndpal featurea of thb Inrentlon are tbeappllratton to
marino-builrrsof the princiiilr adopted fur coniiim!D([ the xmolco
ID other lioiler-fnrnar^s, liy ailmilliiiK a atreura of hot air
tkhlnd the bridge, to hum tbe j^jteuu)* iiniducLi, and the removal
Tof the stcam-r.hcat from the Inn of tho boiler to the end of it,
Itbereby leaaeninr tlie hciKhl, Ifiii lurdxhip chiim* aevea eepanite
r|ttrtB, which may he thus hriedy noticed. I'inlly : — ^Thc more
Etrfect conibuiftion of the f:iw«o)u pradncis at tbcir ciitranuo
Ito a tulM-cJiumber, conntructed nccurdinic to a fonner piiti-nl
granted to bun, by combiaiiiK a stream of undeconipoaed hut air
with anch product*. Secondly, tho GonMructinie boilvrt with tho
eani-reiterroir platrvd below the level of tbe water io the boiler
1 lieu of tbe »tcitui-chci«t as uauuUy cooatructed abo^e tbe botler.
liirdly, the dryiny «f tho rtcam by it!" bcioir esji<'»cd to a portion
nf tbe lire-pUicL', or by piisuiu); the Hue or eluinuer tbiouKh it,
pBc clniiiic, Foiirlhlv, a nioilo of pirvf ntiiis llie priinii)^' uf vlenni-
[^ilvra by niciinn uf^a pliite or Hrparulur pluced within the boiler,
■tbe end heiiiK below the surfnce of tlie w»ter in the boiler,
Fiftlily, the right of mnking nnd iihing n spiral or cenlrtfuf^l Bejin-
rater; whlcb, howitver, niny he made •ijnnrc or oth^r >hiipe, and
atill relaiu the prioriple of the inventioo — iinmely, the Hepiinition
fif the water from the atojim, and iho mode of earrj-ing oHl such
1 separated wuter Itack to the boiler, without hoing obitmctM hy
rM contrary rurrent of etfam, by mcnnii of a ptoe ur cimniiel froi'a
aueh ipiral aopuralor to the hoiler. Sixtltly. ne clitimx a tnmle
«if wonuac tlie propellent of rteHni-retwU hy meani of ihort pro-
peller-sbsrU. Aud, lastly, a mode of constructing buat-buLIen and
^paraliM.
VALVES A}iD PLUGS.
JoHK FnRPKBicv IUtkmak, of ManeheMMT, for "«Waf« fm-
prorentfn/9 tn ivi/rM w phigtf&r the pasta^ r^ mMr or tikerfiuidt."
— (irnnted January IS; Enrolled July IS, IK(9.
'I'lie rbief object of Mi'm invention i* lu make n valve auUnble
for the water-pipes, Iho vujie beinp made of BUialler ttpecifle
gravity thsu water, and being opvned by being foreed down \>y a
^lug. Thv daimu of the p.itvnloi- «iil t-iifltHcnily rxplnin thn
Ittnicture of the vulve. He cbiiiiDi, fir-.l, the auplitatiou for the
passage of watiT and other lifjtitdn, of a gliilxiUr valve, of a
ligbtiT Kfieciftc Kmvity than water, eonstructed of a mating of
Tulcftiiiited India- rubber, giitta verdjii. ur ulber Ruilitble elaitie
■ubnlance, no thut the vaUe sluiii be rloxtl by tlie pre*»iire of the
liquid. Secondly, the uie and ajiplimtiou of n iflohuLur valve of
tbe aauie or a greitler specific Krat-itv ihnii thf fluid, twnslructed
with M coating of vulcanised iudin-rufiber or other clatttic fubstance,
•o that llie v^re iJiidl be cloi>ed wilbout tbe aid of macliiner}', hy
the pre«!>urc of tbe liquid. Thlrdlv, the opening of the tain
i^imt the preMure of the liquid, oy meani of a plug or Itj,
through w|,ii-]i tilt; li<iutd will flow from the ralve, tbe plug i>r kf; '
being attudicd to the fixod part, nithont the aid of any scttwur
thread.
PHEPARATIOX OF BAR-IROX.
U'riJjAx HvtKox^ of Lydbronk. Gloueesterablre, IrDO-aHUrJ
for "on i m pr mxm tmt in thf f reparation qf tvtb AeMnnitMUi
fa the mauttfatturt ^ certain Muds pf nH^trm.**— 4jraiit»d Ja
29: EnniUed July^f, IMH.
Tbit invention may ha rcry briefly dCHcrilKd. Tbe object ia I
remove from thv aurfaco of ordinary bar-iron tbe spill or acalt^j
which i<) found to be very injurious in making the biUetaf^vm which;
wirc-rod-in>ii and hurae-abue-nxil rod-iron are maauiuctundJ
The scale iit removed hy pnasijig the bur-iron throuB|b a k'lai nfi
draw-plate railed « '* el«"n»er," con;>p«»e«l of gr<iovc« fontiwl in the
shape of tho letter " V." In eoaductiug tbe operation, the iron is
Arst mode into lumps of nbout one hundre*! weight and a tjuatter.
It it then removed to tlie hammer, where it i« reduce<l by hantna-
fngto short bar* of lire or six inche* square. It is next paveed
through the rolU in the usual manner, and reduced to unel
about one inch and a quarter square. In pasaing through tbe !■«
last and liutshinggroovea in tbe rolls, op]>o«te mieh IM cleanser
is plaeed, the lower half is slij;hl]y lowered in order to admit of
the etiUance of th(> bar to the roHs which dmw tbe bar through.
During thia lintshiug operation, premiire ii exerted to brio^ up
the clennarr by means of the lever and shalt, therebr aerspiar
the iron ou all iu four sidea, and effectunllj remoring all the ifiiU
and srule from the Kurraca. The bar is tliaa passed over the uner
roll, iuid is introduced throogh a aroallcr groove in the rolls, win
the operation of scraping is repeated, as before.
TUB GKESIIAM PK0FES80RSHIP.
We bare seen with K^at regret the decblon as to tbe PrDfinaar'
sliip of ticometry in lircflfaam L'ollrge, because it la an indicatt
of B return to the old system, which it wan held forth ehoulil he
abandoned, and the College reirtured to Its former eflicirncy and
rank in tbo scientific world. A dccUIon more lamentable (hia
that now ma<le could hnrdlj' have been come to, for It is a total
abnesation of scientific attaionieut and exertion as a qualiGcati
for thg Prufe&sorabtD.
Among the ctuidioates were Professor Mi>»eley, the Rov. AJortan
C'uwit.', }lr. PotttL tbe Rev, I'etbnm Dide, and .Mr. Edkin.
Pntfei^or MoMjIey took high hunonrs in nintb«ni;)tice at Cam-
bridge, is theauthor of a work on the " Mechanical I'rincipk* of
Eiimnecring," and is a wrofetaur in King's Coll^^, Loudon.
The Kev, Morgun Cowie took higher honours, and waa the
senior wrangler of his year. He wna slterwnrds elected Fellow of
St, John's CoUeKe, and Aloderalor of the Exaaiinatiou* in the
Univer«ity of Cnmhridgp. He now holds the appointment vf
Priudpid in the CoUejje for Civil Engineers.
Mr. PoCteand the Kov. I'elhaui Dnle have derated tlienuelvea
to ninlhematical studiits, and have puhlislicd papora on acientllle
subject*.
Mr. Edkin took s law degree at Cambridge, and haa Blnoe beaa
a lencher in the City »f London School.
The (^reitbimi Cummittoo haveuppuinted Mr. EdkIn to tbe va-
cant I'rofenorship.
It i>: not attempted to be put forward that Mr, Edkin is entitli
on the grounil of his sirieiitiiie superiority, but be b said to ha<
given uithifaetion as a muster in the ?i-bool. It may be addedj
that he is related to an iufluentiul member of tha Coraaion-
Couneil
It may happen, albeit Mr. Edkin baa m yet given no proof of
his competency, that he may mnke as g»o<l a profrwtir as .Vr.
Moselev or Iblr. (.'uwle ; but alieUier be do itr not, tbe ap[MHiitm«lt
is equally unjustifiable.
These prefflsaorsbiM are not dimply appointments of mm oaiB-
petent to diacharge tlie dutlea, but tliKy are rttnardK fiirjmrieai
eierllon; and when properly awarded, their betiefioia] inHurAccls
creat, because, «■ all candidates muft comply* with the couditlenaf
having given prurlicul anil public proof* ol roinpeiency and dit-
tinctioii, a powerful Blimului ii given to the industry of thoae
are enterprising, and there is a curb on the indolent.
In Uulvenity College, tbe way in which tbe appoiotintota are
Ma™
*
"H
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCUITECTS JOURN^
W
_ J U vtry iimple. A commlltee ig appointed, nol of mcniHcn
of (he Council, but of the pn>rcxwr» vf the fuculty in imestion,
wl)« dmw UD n repvrt, itutitifC thv ctlucnlivii uf titc CHnditUti!, tlii>
lUkDinin ltd bna tnkciL, tbc H}i|)tiiiittiic»t>j Le hat betd. tht; wvrkd lie
ttM pttMubcJ Knd the chancier oftbirin, and tlio unvultlisJieil mm^
UI«UlTBtiv« of hiB ii1u<lie3 mill rcuMrciio'i. whirh hf liitA tmbmitt^'d
b> tbom> Thus all Xh« materinU Tor comiii); to an impiirtiul fieri-
■ion a« to tde merit* of iht candiiUtM ivr« bid befaio the Council,
&nil their it)>)ii<intnii.'nt it ti»ide in nccurdance with the report,
Tlivm vnn, tbar«fbre, by this ey^iteiti, be no cnnvMsiag una no
jobbery.
The'Truite« of Greshatn Cf>!V^ have not ndopted imy «ieh
cotrm, and they hiive nut even the poor and usaal plen of fmroiir-
iag u n«mber o'f their otrn College, bocnuM tbeir College hM no
■teavaJL
The ■ppoiuitnent re«iU'ea itself into t1ie -rriss br.'srh of a pnMie
tnut, aad it in lu'tvuiiury thiit menitiireii ubntiM bit IiiIil>u to preveiit
Um racurrenee. The Caivcntity of Londmi hnt no lef{al Jiirlitdic-
linn ill tliix votw. hut it has a moral interest in seoinit jiHrtice done ;
and wc^e»|^lIneT^d tbut n ineniorinl Kbonld be nddn-jiEed to tbn
Mnst«, and iinoiher to the Committee of Couadl on Edurntion,
prapn^ tii^it they irill take measures to obtnin relief. Tbne
nemiinuU vtxtntd Uc uiitned niimcniiiKl}' bv liter^rj', kHeiilific, imd
pTofirasioniil men, and by ciii/iniit of London, and they may result
in come better syftem for the future. It irill be ea«y for the Cni-
vernty of London to provide fnr the {■xaiiii nation of future I'andi-
dale*, Iraitiig the a]i|iuinliiii?iit« to the TruKtee«, Mho uilt thus ho
pot voder n moral and public responsibility, to which they ure not
now «ihji-<ied.
If iirenlinin Colle^ were properly ndminiatered, how itaeful
might it bo to tbo younifcr proiessiooal men and mechanico of the
BMrtru[)oli.i. Tin- Chiiir of Gcomi'try. once held liy RriHRH «nd
Wrea, ouxbt not to \t« witliout n conipetuiiC !iLirre<Etor ; iind by
filing nn cveninj; course of ]iroj)er lecturer, crent beucfiia would
M ouiifcrred. niid the very aerioua Hnnt of malhemfiticnl Jiixtnic-
tlon lusuiiie decree Ixtminplird. Thow who kiioir Ihe (rood that
ba» been (lone by Lord BruuKbam'a Kveninjc f '!»*:>«» for School-
mastrrs at IJnirereity College, vould eoraeslly wish the syalem of
cheap ereuitu; initruction to be extended. As a recent example »r
the way In nhich ibeMi rltiMie* u-ork, we may mention tliat a Hiihoul
luu bcca opened in the Mc^hanic'd [□'itltution, under the direction
of ouc of thnw gruduolps, and in which tbc thildrcn of mvmWs
are t<u^t at fuur|)ence per week.
Those who advocate literary iii.ititutiana for the workJnB-classca
]uv« b«cn Kurionsly impresecd by tho evident conscquenceti «f
'rinic devultory iiiftnictiuii, which prevuiU in auiii pWea, und
Icb has the lenilvncy of unsettlint( rather than of »lreiigtlieoinf{
! mind* of youiiif men; but no measures hnvo been tnkcn to
ttliih coltvtrrs <>r iiistitiilionn in which, for ii i^inea a-yeur, onv
Ftwn l«ct(irev ahull he ;;tvei>, lu rej^st co(ir>«e, on the higher
'li>aiich«A of education iu the faculttea uaually known as wits and
j^ikHMphy. Thia can be done uid ougbt t« be done.
" Nf>TE3 OF THE MONTH.
TV Ordmattn J/«pf aicnow utidrrguingtbe procetiof bein^cleriroljpc'l ;
Ihey are (o be ulJ at llie low pricr of S«. per ihrrt, at OJ. per quarier-
•beel, and arc lo be iiioeri a* lUejr are elt^eirolyped. (tunrlfrli'. Tl>« fint
tmnr» bna Juit brro puliliibei3. aiid coniprlies part of Mlddleaet, Kent
Surrey, SuMfX, LaucmUirc. aiid L'lieabire.
Tkt VMra^ifdfl Stmrn Act ha« pOMed tbe Homm or ComniotK, and i*
■ow id the Uinlit. Thf puriiort of llie Act h to amlKUB inio ujif diuiKiif
rfoa all the Ci>iuails»lua> in MiddltMVt Surrey, aod Keitl,ex«;i)liug Iho
City and Ike R«cent'a-p«rk ComralMioii , — why ibe latlci i) to be oniiliir'l,
H« are a) a loW 10 eaaeajv*. The rocnsurc, which we long Hgoadvocaied,
wUI ba loeompUl* if Ihat dltision be not indndcd, hh (beiJ>tlri«l riim
richt Ihrvsch and bi«ecU lli« K nimiimliT divUioD. Ir)iua tewer at
uaple capacity ^nd <lc|tlb tn drain nil ibe upper divitiou of tlic ulil
WMlmlDfter (.'omiuiHiriP, It comnirncen near IVicnroicliil), pOMcs
ttrpai^ Ibe (icinily or ncgcm'ipiirk, I'arilacd'placir, Iti'j^cut airrrl,
aoii Cb*rinx-cra*», aed diacbarge* iti conleoU In lh« Tbamcg arar U'lilt«-
kall and Stulland-yard. If irao^verae <«wtrs be rurineil iu ili« New-
m^. Otforil-ttnvt, and Piccadilly, a«art^ llie whole of ih« IturoUKh of
MarylelKiM: aod H*e»tmiDHkr may t>c draioeil into it, wtUtout any K'«at
(Dia being iacumd. We Irust il Is ol loo lu<e to iDlrodufe ihnt Com-
alofi iolo (be Acl. The dinlricl <•( ilio new Comniiaiiiuu ii tu Mttnil
bed^taace o( IS miles in a itralRtii Una fmrn Si. t'aul'i CaUiecJrul.
fa dt mat like Ibe Idea of Ihe t^>nimiMioD iMjng cgnpnwered to make
• own by c-lai» u Iu peaalU(^~lti» la f cry objccUooable, U> aay Ibe
letal of il.
Paifnr't Prvctn /or re-Jtrins IKwrf Fiffprp^, — On Vedneiday,
Auf[u»l V. an eipi<rlinentwa4etl>ibikil ul ninlcball-vi barf, WMtmiDstor,
for leKtinK Mr. Payae'a patent prtiKKn fur nailpriag woo'l fireproof, aad
for *howin|> ihai bli aooJ prfkrr^rDi; prucpM i* nt elfeeinal for ibe
pieteriatieD of wood from ilrsiruL'iioo lij lire aa from ifae ra«aiea of
inaccta, dry-rol, kc. Tno tiaiill liuu»e) were coailrncted, ouo ofuriliBary
d«a]« well dried, and Ihif (.il>»i «f rfmla prrparrd by Mr. f'njDc'a proceei.
and each Glled with Kre.wtwd nnrl ahatlogi. Bolb nttt> kindhil al ibv
tame tiiuc. The Iiouhi cninpoucl of the uoprolccled wood cau|thl 6r«
very xiou, and in niNiiii half an bour was coniiileiFlj contumFd ■ wbila ibe
Pajaeiitei hoiiae remained atandlujt ararlj as pcrfrct n* r*iT,— di« lira la
it having gone out at iiaclf, and left only surue sllubt luatlt} of ebarrllrx
en the iaaid« of thr buanti. The liiguid rmplujcd by Mt, I'ajae (by
preference) ii tulpburel of Imrium or ciilrium.
Tilt Contvraiim iffDidumid inlo Coke. — I'rofeifor Faraday lately jare m
lertiire on Ihls tul^eet at ihe Hoyal iDitlilulian, in coiiacqaeace of M.
Jar<|uelaln having, in Ibe coerae of taat year, aucceeded ia Mnnrtiaf
diamond luio a anbsiance poMesuoK tbe apptarnace, phjtloal cbo-
raclrr, and rlcctrical prup(ftii«a of eoke by llie foUonlag pruceas^^
Having utlttchcd a pi«* of harj ganmoTl carbon to iIm) posiliie wirt; of
BuoteD's bnllrri of 100 (Icmroiis lie placed ou it a tioatl piece of
iliamond. Hn ilion arfn^d Ilia eegativi* wir« with a (out of (he enme car-
bun, and, by (t^xifruas manipuliLiina. envcEopetl ibedininnnd tviili electrte
Qsnic. Afirr a sliori IcIrrTul. \\tt liinmoiid uiiderwenl a sort of •ballllloe,
brrJime dlainleKmi«i<, »orteiied. eail na> actual coke. ^Ccmft^t Hnin,
Jane l-l. leiT ; An. dt Chu*.u, Xoia. si., p. 410).— Oa Ihls eiperinwnt
Prof. F«rW(tay made tbe fullowiog obaerrationa. 1, Al to Ikt pfOftrtf
ipotu**td by ftrldin ntfrtftmrv-* f« a^Mnw Mallg Jiff4rrnl ftrrm* M-UtoMt
aadcrjioiNg uny thtmUai changt. Tlie l*fuIe«*or adverted (« Ihe D«n
of sulphur, which becomea biiilEe when auddenljr cooled from III BrM
Btalo of fusioo, bul H soft aud pliable viheu aimilafly cooled from Ha
second tUlc of futiun. — i, Aa h t/u mmrtt nf httt tmpiti^rd, Profriaoi
Faraday dwell on (be bruiily nod power u( tbe voltaie are aa a fumacVi
aliuwing by eipprmeel ihai diauioad cuubl be burned into cartraoie ae14
tfi» by nseana of a currvul of oijgca gaa direcied on it whea highly
beitted. The I'tofesaor slated Uial neilber Ibis lirai our any thnrt of thai of
■he vnllalc battery, eic«pl iluit of Ihe lolar len*. wu luHicirnt to coniart
diaiDDOi] into coke. The fualon of ruck cryilal by a curtcai of niyira
seal tbrauKb an albar flamo viaa noiiced; and it wa* ibown Ihat ibia
poweiful ii«at wna iaferior in iolpoaily to that of Ihe ballrry.— 3, Tkt
evKilUion vf Ikt diamaad whiM Ihiu tonrtrleJ i»U tak^. It becomr* ab-
Roloiely lighlcr. Th* spec. nr. ul ordioaty iliamuud ia 3SoH;->«ihta
chaosed into ookc lis spec. i;r. is 3 079. It loaea iu ioauUltng power.
Pfofesior Faraday b«re alluded ii> »um« cxpettneota by M. KtrstcB
Arthirridtf .^ricacM, 1847), protiog thai ccrUiiii cumpuand hodica were
coaduclon or not aecarding le llieir propHralion. He «1a1«d Ihat (bi« was
Ihe ooly case aniJugiittt Iu carbon.— i. A» la thf fhilatajiAy nf tlu ehmg*
<>/' f Ar dMfluait'a itrmrarr. Iti-rnrring to fkl.UAMiui'i ilfaioutinilioa that
tilt heal it greatest nt the pniiiive pnle of Ibc Ifiiltery, I'rufeaior Farailay
aaKKe»led tbe pos.iibilily tliat tbo panicles nf diinioad niighl. under the
iiHutBce of ibe luteaio bcol, lend to forui vapour baling n stnnihle and
a^tiHiiig expaoaite force, and Ihat in Iheir axial )>u*>lion ai rega/dcd tbe
eaitlopiDg diaeliarije they mtghl ataunH u Kale kaimg rctatiuo to a dia-
magueilc coudiiion. He tcijuealad to be undemiood, bowaver, a^olCefiii^
iliis idea luL-rvly A» a pliitoiopliical conjecture. Finally, be referied In
Cintliwui's auppesiliuu, ihai liie difTefeiiGe belwrcu diaODDod and coke
RiiyM depend on thair huuwo clilTercDce of ipecilic heal. In rrfereoc*
lo ihf above ex per in rati of M. Jacqu«Ula, oo tbo cDDrrrsioJi uf dismood
into cuke, Mr. Naamyih stalee, In m commuaioalie]) to the Mining Jimmal,
Ihat be " bad lonn since discovered tUal nkt tea* (/Mmonil. in aa fur an
Ihdl c<jke la pofacsted of one of the nioai u^al aad rroiarkable propertiea
of diamuad in rc»pect to its povtcr ol tulting glaa»— awinc, doubt*
leu, lo the cilrenie hardaeea of it* ulUnule paMickt) or mbale
eryitala of whieb a maas of coke is formed. We are apt to eotttidee
coke as a sofi aubauiice, becnuaa wa caa craib it, and polverise it
Willi facility ; but if we examine into tbe aolail hardueaa of ifae miuutr,
pbilf-foinied cryilala, nhjcli campoac a mus of llmt auiiiiaace, we
shall fiud tbal Iht-y are pOMuricd of a most rcmarkablu drgr«e of hard-
n«sa, Bill] can eul glaia with Ihat clcan-l<iukiag vul ivliicb i* au peculiar to
Ihe dlanaad." He feela oerinin, that whan Ibe eitrenie diatuond-flke
hardness of coke is inude known, that tho fact will be laid hold of, aad
turneii lo good account ai a most cheap inninrial (or all griodlnf pnrjxMee,
such OS reijuired fur many proccaae* In the ails— to saj noihiug of ill
uMful apph<«ti«D to Iha sbarpening of « raaor, as a very lupcrhir strop
pttwderi for which purpMe, however, the <«kc mnil be cedaced by
efg«ti«n to Ibe miMl tnlnule *ad impalpable powder,
liavtr Rtfuft llatbitw. — This grval national work it progreaiieK wifli
much epirli, anil begisa la show wbal il will be. The first poeliou, bOU
feet of a niuaiva sea-wall, bat beeo conirocled lor by Meaara. Lee of Loo.
dnn; end Ibe woiks are cairied on under the supetiuteudcuceof Ibtir
afenC, Mr. Scotl. Tbc plan la that of Mr. James U'alker, Ibe emiaent
cnfiiiiccr; and tbo cxcculiua vf tLa ciigiuewiag depanniealalM devulvcv
on bim uod liU purtoor, Mr. llurgcsa. The w-urka oow ejile&d 190 feet
ioiu Ike MB. and the eurve Iu Uio eaatwanl has beta commeacad- Oae
(liviug-bell was lately put •uiore^uiaiUOD lu liieprDoeasoflevBllingtborocka
for the fouuddUoa, aod aDOthet will be «pi«<lily bfoafbt iolo um. Of ilte
lotoicate gUBlity uf aloae {&fiW loua) which iuu Ikcu laadod here willua
"civil ENOINEER and ARCHITEtTfl JOUBKAL.
k fe«r month!, *»arlr ooe-htlf hu ilrudy hntt pal itown. Ttia falucki
■re uaitiM-mly of Urfr ilimpiukHn, lome nsrcnItDji ID toat ttcicbt.
StrnfUrlamd DotJu. — Tba aileaiiirn wnrkt oui* iu pru^rFU Tur Ihc fi>r-
■anltoB of lli« nvw docks *■ KoDclcrlamJ ore pruiMtnltUK iu ilia auM fapltl
•nd MicrcMful iiiaancr. TK« am kaj been matt cfrcctivclj bMukvd oul »f
lb« Utliil httin, and accrlr lb* whole Uojth of lU l»rg« uoot i Mil Uier*
U Ibe fullett OABfldMce Ibal tliii gigAatk aiul«rtal(in« «lll b4 bnughl tu
N auctFiiful e<HD{iltliaii wrtbJB the lliiw Bicd ; ui|. what l«»iill mora un-
luual. ihrm u a. wrcll-ipiMiulMl aipecUliOB ibal It nill be OoUbed
cuatidemblr wilbia Ihc eitiHiated cost. Tlio work* bofio la iMte « Dobla
■Pjiearanci;. kad wbra flniabvil will b« t UMSuiBoool uodtrtakiui. K
dock vf Ibii iD«K<>>la'Io. B>ii)*d from Ilia ••« wlikiii Ihe ntnge of lb« liik*,
to an enttrprise Saw pro««d Id b« pMcllckbU, ud a tuf* iiiidcr1akiii|.
Biutiig Uatht. — Th« Pfym^HlA Tin€» fftxcrrtt : " The vatt Impratemfm
•C«led io Ilia nKids of blutiag liMMlooerook ia Ihla fiurl. witliifl Ibe tul
S7 rnn, to mlmMt sariiUHiif bcliBf. Lut n«pk. wiili a cli«rge of
1 cwl> of ponder, p1a«M la > faol* in lli« rock, IS Teal drvp. qo 1«im ibaa
I^D ton* of limn>o«e rock were blutri) «t una bliul, and iknt, loo,
witboul an; Bccldenl ooourriag tu ihe mas rntaced ia 6riog Ibe rvck. He
' waa tU houra rnn^fd in Ibe vpvraliuD, and iroj) M*M IIb>«« pvll«d up
ftfim Iho tide of tka h«to Io the lap of Ibe ((aarrJcf, before Ibe G» tovk
•Bed, and thit ha|« blasi was made"
OfKning itj i^itfuMtyt.— Th» Clip»t#r and Holybmd Hailwa; wat, wllh
tb? elMplloQ a\ R} milt« adjuialD; tli« Meaai SinUta, opvnvd on Tumday,
Auguit 111., througbuut, (ur ^ooda aod pMicogn iralBc-— rha Lnndii,
. Dc<r*bury. aad MniicbMler llAdnaf, ktamini the dttlapcc belwcrn the
I Atrmer and laiUt lun'ti 10 mlleii was opcoed for public Irafllc oa tbe 4lli of
I AaguaU — Tbe ftpnlag of ll)« Boom and U>epp« line took ptoceon Saiur-
4aj, Jul/ 10,— The Oaallaeary branob of H>« Caledonian Kailway ima
I opened for pnblie Iraffio en Monday, Aagail 7, thu( enrnplilins lb* djract
line beinecD London, Pertb. Dundoe, Atbnialb. and MuhIium. The
' CIpreM train froui l)und«e arrlred at tbe Ka*U>ci>i<].uatB toniiitiuK io IS
IWDre,aDd (ruoi Arbrunlh ia IA) houn.
A fitw TuTA-Tut/tt bis b«n invealed bj Mr. TahtT, of Ibe Volcaa
Fouadr;, Falilcy. An cnsinc and tender, MtiehiTif; 3tt loan, plucrd on
enf of ihc mrn-lablrSi, t*a be turned try two moo bj •uc4]in of Ino nlirel*
pallcjt, with coinparaliia *«ie, in about a minule anit a holF, mlbixil any
The ^rcul adranlaj^ of Ihi* inicnlion of Mr. TuriiTi U, ttui with
nei> turn uUia Ibaro were two frictiirui, irliiie wiib ibii tiilile tiirre in
enly oan ; i( U rrliated by a poKcrful nelitht nuLiiis on the centre, itliiob
■onlaina foar larE* btilla. tbal lifl the table frtiin tbe aide radi tNinealh.
. Tbe nwicbinery ia eery aimplc. coMpoeed of raawife brama of iroo, and
(mb be wtitkrd by eirdwlar rollerti in t«se» of toierirncy. Tbe lura-Uble
lt»«lf i» SSfecl ia diamclcr, w«igb« 2S toni, and iii>lala4 61 tom rcvuliiO([
weisbl.
tndurtittd tiyfMun.— Il ii known that colcioed gyiHom, aRer bcln^
nnlMened with n intulioo of aluni aod again burnt, ac^uirei mach nrfalDt
hatdneu and uilidily. M. Knsiling recuiui»ruil» for (h« *itme pur|iD«fl a
nlnllon of 1 ib. of buret in 3 lb of nralFC, wliicb ia poured oirr Ib« cal-
cined fracugeu.U of gypaum. Tbey are Uhea kept al a atrun; red hral fur
■is boura, )truuiid Io a ))uwiler aod worked. Tlie effect ia said lo bi- itlll
fbetl«r if « imiiud of UrUr aod twice lh« quantity of waler arc aJded to
jlba aululinn. — Liftiig't AnnaltTi.
SntpfinivnfrriiJfi al Niagitr* FaJU. — Tbe Albany Jaurnal atatea that
' the fbot-bhd^e at the F'a.lU wat to be ready (or crouing mi tli« 4tli of
Jul) ; — " It conaiila of 16 cablra ; the noniber nf airandi In i>aeh eabltr,
BM; uiltmitle trnaina, 0,300 tona; capacity of Hit l>rid/i>, SOU loiu ;
nunliM uf iirindt in the ferry cable, 37 ; diameter of ihe rable, )tbt of
ABiacbi height of stone tower, OH (l. 1 in.i height of wood lowtr fur
ttrrj,M feci; bate of tower, 90 square feet ; liie at the lop, II square
feal I Ipait of tba bridge, 8i>0 r«l ; whole weifbl uf tbe brid|[r, 05(1 luDa {
keigbt fmni ibe walvr. ilO feet ; depth of water under Ihe bridite. HSO
feet. Tbis cuipeuamu bridge it Ibe moat anblitne work of an oti ibe
coniiaent. It intkea the h«Bd dinty to took al it, and yet it ia iriTers«d
rilb as much security u any other bridge rf (be aame width. We were
RVMnI while tbe nurkmi-u were eogased is banging (be plaaka orer ihe
■.rful cbivsm, It luuked like a Work of pent, hot it wb4 pro«eculrd with
eptirn safety. Nut an aceideot baa happeoed aiace the fini rocd waa car-
ried acrus* lb» tl>er at the tail of a ktle. It it impuiaibte lo give the
■ ffMdrr a clear idea of tbe grandeur uf Ibe wurk. Imagine a fDot-bridge
J MO feel in toUf;tb, huog in (he air, at Ihe height of 23(1 feei, ntct a vast
|lh»(fy of laater rusliiuK thruugb a narrow giirge at tlio rate of 30 allies an
'feour. If you ur* below it, it looks like a Stop of papex auapend«d bj a
■obkveb,''
Naliirt'» G-*t Workl.—^' Jkn imraooi* volume of natural gaa, sofllcical
far the suppl} o( a eily, was diacorttred a few days sine*, n»ar Dstroil,
Michitcuo. l>r Ibe >Ua*r«. Qranfer, whilo boring a Aineb ahnfi for water.
Al a depth uf TO feet tbry struck a vcld or caniy, from which issued s
, eMonl currrat uf air, whiab threw up tlonra as large a* hen*' ecgs, 10 or
[10 Irel high, attvinpaniej by a tolnoie of water, rising It or IS feet. On
■P1>'T'"8 * ''E^t *" '''^^ "r, >< burnt ruriuualy, ibe dame riiiog 24 feci. It
'l DtaptiMd lo eonduet ihli gu in pipei lo Ufiroit, and light that cii; wiili
' ' ^A'flD y»th Sw. [Very mneli like a romacoe.]
LIBT or ItEW PATCirri.
ffXAFrrMD %s a.vDLAND rnoM Jdlt 20, TV AroDST 33, IBU,
JU Xonllu oUtMMiJbiF Smlwmit, tmlm ttlmwiM vqm
CtierallfT Altaandie Rdooard It Mett. or CandittUstrtet, Wlililistl, COr «
pranaiaDtatBappitUuarar llftaioeCirtUrUUiiT, pans «( etitk aiay be nad* tNt al I
stli«r applIcallMU slaltelHclty."— ffalail JUf tv.
t>«ld Napier, aad iamta liur^oeb Maplef, «f Tark-iead. LaotpiUi, »ml— i
" Imp rvreaifDiB ID mailciai'a ijinptatti, alao In twiuoicleia, and la earlala eOM
aurtnf inalniDitiiti."— Julj 'K.
Wtlllam Tlinmaa. nl Omualda, rAQilen, mtrchanl. tar " Inprenasnli iBlbtWm.
brtan *<aU|a. t>Dala,aa<l ahota, alaolu faatinli.jaDdiovntiliiiii bbtias ' gl II ' rn *
— Julj 21.
JutiD Xts(, lottiatn Is Uawra. Shaan and Suoa, Banhtldai aad Haaiy Midtiip.
openili* enclunr lo ibe aald Uiaaia. Sbeaia icil eons, Fa ~ iBpntameaB Moa
Dielar*.'*— Ji^j }G
CbaiM Baaaaeb.odlnimcl'in. Mhlillnea, |*nllraun, lof ' Im p rattaiaaM laaffMb
taa «-r fn t c h laa r y tat^ptiti^ bi^^jx ajvU cunfifurvtav lapbtirc nifwi^nnKi" iTirlya
J&hu Orlit. udlu Dun N'jiVi.iwiiI, lilid<lliiHK, tvglnier, lae " Iia p aex iii aais t» *»■
nacca anil Uic.pUicn."— Juif •>.
JmMtm Kcbtiuon, <i/ Urrat Ilmnrd.almt, Ltrertw^l, LaonaUn', eatfer. Mr * 1^
|ir«*tiaiii<* III tbemanuraclura ul CMkt anil sllier woDiMuiteaaFla. and In natbisvi l#
mUlng SDOtl for Ibout p(ir|i-f«*a.*— July 1!V
C«ort* Vltitri Pmu. of Ikt eliy »rlloc^tatte. lUteof Maw Vdib, In IbatTdMI
of AmrniB, (Tuiltanui, tM " lxqir«T«uitDla Iu Itit maculactut* o( pllMlag-lab.*^a
Rlrliiinl AMh7. nr Btiiugli, Biicklnsliaiii. btewrr, fur " leiprorraitsts la
faPiDitnt*!! and aili*i llqulilt aiifl oiiliira la Tcaaak."— Julf 39.
Kil'ard tintiOtn Wllaan. o( Uurr. Lancaitilre. ila.plat* miktr, (Of " (anala I
mtiitftlo th« rootlriMtloo of tin Omav iH iDllsra iih«1 In tba macMHry Sue
•pliainr. donllDC, IwltUnti *^ llvowliv (Ottoait *OaJ, alu, flax, and elbat Bb*
ttaDiH.''— Au(kitt I.
Uuncin Uaekaoala. at doodmaa'a FltUs, inanalhcturfT, for " tvrnla la .
/uijiunl BKtilB«]p fcrSgurlag lUirloaaud Itiaiwa pucnllj', aud appaial'aa fat I
■ilaalua uf dnlgns lenld Jaeqoanl raublncrr, parts ofarblcb snapfilkiMdMi'
niiulul UatruAi ■■>!*, AiiipuaiDf priuoaf l)rpM.and otberlUe puifKuca." (A i
cation.) — AufUtt i.
DhM Nt'ion, of UanlfiBrlJ, Chnrttr, nanhant, fnr " Hdada lnipia»i» m a tt IW
a,tipllrill[)n dI flaaa and HlaKd lurtaL-ta lo oauilnl, irtUUrlural. and oclisa aSBuriaf-
Simiiil Thirnlon. Bf SlrmlBiibain. marchanl. anil Jaraia Edinrd M'CeaaSlU WtS-
rcf UkEi. HuclilatfVamkt]^f.T, trng^iartt^ wr '* J luprwrmFuta In *l<iiiB.«agt*rtt eii4 lo ika
nniia uf raunlmg (111(111(1 ai»l rairLum on lalluiaja. aal Iji caunKtlng railway ilillnii
ur wi^uEii Lu^Llivr i mima Iti^iirufmicul* (n clfvtflhig 4 CL^ulJpultipk'aEJda tetvna a^Baaa
Ola lailoai lialaaiid aiviili»> W aiKiial* o> aihcrwlK."— Aijciiat/.
Jahn Wsdollr, uf LItili lliiltuu. Laiiiaattr, n>acli<nt cnikrr. aud Rabafl HalgaJ. d
Ibeaaiiie place, intvtianii;i lor "cfitalo mulilDtrT oi appuilua lot prapallat aad Ifl* ,
Binff roiLon aiiil oUiar Dbroui iutittancea/'^AQguaa H. J
>l>Mr> fwlf, uf UinOnn. srolirniait, ftir " ItupnitemeiiU Ib the isaauttrtata tf Wlal
and uUur aluiUi unuU of uojit " |A (animuBlMllon.)— AugnalS. '
SBiaoal Leca.flf Ibe Qrin of llannah 1 1 1 1 iiiil Tiiiia uf full hllilna. TanisilSS. )»S
iFikuufuflitrtr, (vr '*cr0laJA Impiwaoarau la tJit muivfaclun of aliJfalila 110^ ^~
Aiiruat S.
Joibkia Couch, of Barleitca, Kanbanpiaublrti KgrWoltatal Imploicol «aMilH
•■ Inpreetntan \a aacUtialdm,"— Aufail IU.
U1lllamTtu>Bi« BwUey, of (XarkanxU, pblloaopblal tnatniBeill loaktr, and
OnrEC Fmarr.crf Cl*rk«i<nll,allar«a^'), Kittil n>rri.'h*nt, far " muio IspnmasBMl
Mleiiajitili: uiucnunlnulon. and In appariiua cBoneC^eil Ibenvltli. pnu of
pni<4iiiuita ar* aba applLcablc 10 tb* uonog uf iflhti muchiuea aad i
AiuoK to.
S^miitl OeoTKt Rtwlll, ef tluchanan-atml, (Slaif <nr, K.II., ingbMtr, br " Iswna j
meuta Iu toeogiiiliucooo dl«rt*jn puu iii nilwar*'"— Augutl 11.
Jotin Varln.or Dur], lAUoairr, «uclii«r, lui "mtaiB ImprerasMM* la
glaai," — AiL^il 14.
Jiinri Hrnilvraun, iif 9|ir>*7 Canal Doi'li. inllliTTlflit, for " ImpraTtintnla tn nafblant
ioi ckanBlng BDd pe]l«hlqf rk^, |>rajl bafUy, anil cjt^iir fralb jitid avvd."— Aa^aaa 14
Jc^tapU fliaipaoo, vf Uancb^sitr, livll vaifliwrr, iijkI Jaiiie«AUWd HbljAa^^ af aha I
place. t<i(ljiccr, (ur " cdUIn Impnirtnianit tti >min.tD(ian,~— Aufual 14.
UilkVlii 'rbpaiuTniuiaD,uf Ihc Bafmi/k^t, Louden, d'uilK, hi aa "lawraveAl
melhwlt at cimatiiii-iinit anil biiaf aiilili:i«ii larlb iiKl|[uiut) and af aopp^tav diAl
la iikp iitL}uLt.*'~Aufu>i n.
/unea Warien, vf MtiniafiK-ltrrac*, MIlEanil-roai], UUillrBci, (tBtltMaa. aa
Imifhby Tlieabalil Muuuiil. <■( n. Jinisa'i.t*iTai.-r, Hluf Anilii.ii.inua, Bernmaflssi. p»
llfnan, fur *' Imj^ovimcuta Id vht LVEj>lruL.iidju ul brlij^'f, a^'xdLH ta« and IvafiaiS^^
AujgiiM 10.
Tlumat I'darur. of BiiiibJll<n]'«, Mldillt*n. naoufacliirer, Ivi " lanvnaaa b
pnnlurlnt oroaiDraial aurtacutu i^apfr loQ oliiaa BuUitaiic«t."'-AU(uai l£.
William UalUiaay and John OiUoiray, ot KaotkUlll Iron-Wnfet, Bulnia, ta tt
burauf|ti uf AldiichauUr, 10(1 <viiatv«l f i d uailitu, aimliuaii, fin "<ai mJ n liiijiiaw— atf
Ui am ai.rnylnta.*'^ Annual 17.
klo«*a llafm PIcvLiiito, Df F\iiftVDrT-k(|iiif*, l^oiidua, morchaal, Aw ^aawbod V w-
IhcHlt uf pnriJTirf anil iI<cii^ifrl(loc certain Kun^l."— Auuiiit 17.
Tbooiai HlttiaidauD.oi Ktmaatle-upau-Tyiir, dirmlBL. lot " ImprDTeaisnU la IJoeM>
dcnaalioii ol inft^llc Cumas, sod In (lie inBuiilBi..iu» ul ohlir 1H<I,''— Aafuat II.
WUIlBin ViiuiiN. o' (Jueen-atrnt. Ctiaapaldt, Itmp inaiiufaclurtr, for ** laiynyraBMIS
la cissliif •i«ir« (lul olflrrtanaor •«•»'(,■'— A n((ijBi 2L
tuut T^tlar, o( MunfunI tUvar*. Kaad, HratlFmaD. for "IiBpnTaaiMilB ta pWfMl^
anil rugratiiig aorfana, alw ib Oir ir>pntiiiit'iiun ui lylmdtri aaapinl for engfaruib aai
alM Id maebinery |pr prtnUuf aud uriHmviniiif lurtacca."— Auniiji 31.
Hlchanl !iba», at Oold'a ttteen.Wiai BrninHicti. Id ItMcaunirof Siallart. rtfhM-ba
Sflliliat. fur " linpomDienia lo lb* maDulacuira M Iroa labi lyic-twra, nmiBl tr—i
Btiuai* ban, auil Aik Uara, r-ln>^aQBlS'tnin< and Irgugb.bMb"— Aogutl 21.
l«\,i' UclWll, Df Pullament-AHl, WnUnlnBta*, HMltoman, fei " lo
ptHcTitnt auiinal aiul n[(U<l>le auMtaniaa. %tui altii slODt, cbalk,
ilmi," Aiifuil 'H.
Alri*"<l«t XngiiB CnilJ, of III* Cia vorkt. TollenhBOi, fea "1n|:rmi— als to^
PiBDufiKUitv «r g», and In ftppa^atiji t« ba B*t<i In tfhuiuiitilEi^ sa*'" — AuyaakgL
Alnatii Diiaupaita IVoo^tock.of Uaa.httifi, lor ' Inii>Fi.Timrut> In (•(■■•vaftaH^
SbO Ui a;^[Hraliia (ur nlslUK, tuning, uiil nianylug «iwi and oibei aulda."— AugaM M.
THE NEW YORK
PUBLIC UBRARY
Arraw, lihwc ANt
TH.OCN peuHVATmNi
views of the steam-cylinder and driving-hammer.
1*|U ^tpaiatua aad machinery conaist of the following partB : —
F^rtUp, the steam-boiler, A, similar to a locomotive-boiler, with
steaOMsheet oa the top. Thu bniler Huida upoa s platform B,
tlo. X33-'Voi- XI.— OcTOBim, 1848.
Lempu oi tne vruinary piie-unviug mftcmiitn ai titysr uenauvH.
It may be proper to observe, that notwithstanding the energetic
blown which this maehine showerd down on the heads of the piles, in
Gonsequeiice of these blows being given by somaeiiive a hammer as
34 cwt., and at tlie moderate vewcity acquired by a fall of only
«M
THE CIVIL ENOIKBER AND ARCHITECrs JOURNAL.
I OcTovn,
3 ffpt, ihtf do not the ilifchtnt dftinkfr« to th« rrilo-hevl : m mneh
in thi« the ch^, thnt th(i i>)Ie-IiM<l8 hav« >«tu*ll^ a nentft app*nr-
«nc* afler Winf; rfrirsn than before.
In rMp«o-t to til* ni*i.n« raiploytMl for fflving to the blow of th«
monkp}- > jfTf«ter d«^e« of onerfrT' thnn such m would be due to
itfi faU through 3 frcl, thiii ohj(-ct i" ncromntinhrit hv hftvinfi the
top of tbe cj'liiiiler II mnde air-tif;ht, and bjr Itnviii^ a *ct of
AfifBiilgB at A. The tnvtHnt the ploton paMcn liieee openinfv in
■tit upward fiction. n)1 furlber moliun in that dirvdinn in term i-
nntMl by the ntroprention of the air then eonfined in the «pn<rQ
between the top of the plifton and under-side of the ejlinder
enver ; vbirh compretMd air. on recuillnp, adds to the foree of
thi! blow all th« «n«Pgy it wnuld have nrijiiircil by fnllinff fmm tho
height to whirh the nionltcy would hnv* hecn rjirried by the mo-
metituni iriven to it in tbe upward diret.-cion by the lifting action
uf thn ttenm nrtiti)^ mi the under-dde «f the piston.
M'v havtr much plrnitiire in appending to our detcriptioD b coff
of a certilicati- by Mr. Ste]ihe»M)n.
" Niaroylh's Steam Pile-Driving Machine haa for aome time paat
beeii emplnrvil in pilin? the foiindation« uf the lli|rh Level Bridge
at N'ewcBttle-upuii.Tvne, and at tbtt Viaduct over the river TwrcnL,
near Berwicl:. It* upernlioti biu been tnumphuiitly «ue«e«»fuL
Piles liBve lipen driven with great economy and remariiabla dt»-
patcli, whi-r(! the ordinary tR«uoda a'ould bave entirely failed.
'■■ I coniiider thin madiina to ha Oiutof tbanuM valuable and im-
purtnot auxiliaries ublch have recently been invented for tiie con-
Rtructiun of en^pneering workf.
RoisxT SrKniKNUK.
H, Gnat Gtory-KtrtH, WMtntiHtler,
CANDIDL-8'8 NOTE-BOOK,
FASCICULUS LXXXVl.
Wllhil, ulugr ■ cbirur at tiM vlndl)
To IjIoo on nhDiB I plEav."
I. The lately. wpcncd Cntholic Cnthirdral of St. Ceor^ce'a doea
not Bay very much for Mr. I'ugiu'a arliatic talent and taitc. Sn-
tikfac-t^ry an are niitoy of the separate partH and oruainenls when
oonaidcred nx-roly bv thenxoltcii, jiikt tin iirlirlei^ of furniture arc
looked at au<l exuniiiicd in a Juivr-riiom where tbtry are cxpoHcd
For sale, — they are there brouvlit together williuut iny irgnrii to
artiiclic kcapingaml effect, 'fne ruiiHCt|uc]irc of whivh tt, llicy in
not MTve to aet cadi other a9 to advantage ; but, on the contrary,
tkere U mucli tlmt is tguite at vjiriiince with nil the rest. Wc dee
a collection of studict of various orimmertnl detail-t, and utber
mere nuitirialnf design, b>tt wc niiw n wcll-dudicd Hnit consintcut
whole. The moM. oppixiitt! and liimflicting Mirta of architecturnl
character wre l>r<iuglit into contact «itli each other. Itom and
bMll-ronm are Btrangely niiaed-uj) tngctber. In the cLauve), and
the two chapeli at that end uf tho church, decorntlon ii« not only
carried to Kucb cxient iw tu cause all the reut tu look unuiiuaUy
cold and Unre, but fails to produo* the amtraiit of richness aimed
at. M'hcn Added up, tbe total dxea not antwer to the value of
the aevera] itcma a% tnken by thcmselvM,
II. In architecture, int^tipai^ity for producing new idcaii tbelters
itself tinder th& piau^ihle pretence of a reverentinl regard for old
UDM. noc-aTiHo excellent ideas bavo b<er produced before our
time, wcare tAld that wcbave nooccaHinn for any ofourown. /Vuglit
that partaken of innoviitinn i* «et dnwn as both unortUudox and
dangerous; which ii< flBiuredly ino»t comfortable dootrine — highly
BcMtvenient, and tljerefure comfurtaMe, hccnu»e merely to copy m
ouy and rafe ; tvlierea^, to attempt to emulate is a ditfieult ns well
a« a doubtful matter. Wcdo well, therefore, to |ir«te4t againxt inno-
vation— that tit, for oumelven, since thoaeu horn weprofe^'ilolook up
to and admire. »ere iu Ibeir day verj' gross innovatrirt ; by grosB, ]
mean wholcKiue innovators. 1 he hiiilory of the nrt tliowi^ a eoriea
of innov.ititiui from firat to last; that ''liwt" — fiiiulc a«d ciknclu-
Dion of it a.i a creutitrarl, >ei>insto tiave been already reached ; and
all that ie no» left fur u» in merely l<i repp'nt. pcrcbiiiicc u> mimic,
what ha« been done before. U'hntcvcr may bt? the caae with the
twentieth, the muitccnlh century \ull not 'ihine in the history of
arcliitecture ; or if it it to du *o, it muBl now set abiiut it in e/irnest,
for half its time ia already gone. IW nr good, the Elizabethan
period had a dittioct ardutectuinl character of its own ; whereas,
the preaant Victorian one has none- b*it ia " evcfytliiog by liimc,'
of mott chamcliun quality, but witiioutany 4iitinct, nrlf-acqaind.
character. The preaeni age ia content wjlb incrv-ly making um
of those hoards of art which its more induntrioui preUecxMin
wrouifht out and acctiraulateri. SatJAtied with being aldi; to lire
npiin the i!it*re»t, we do not eeek to impM.ve the capitnl. In fact,
to «uch a psHi has architecture been brou^t, that further progr^
for it in any direction is impowible, <o long aa ve perM«t ia oar
present pervi>r«« viitwa of it--«f itn nature and powers W sfloe
art. No matter what «tyle we take up, we treat and aj« expected
to treat it literally — to adhere to It wrvilely, intt««d of being
allowed to infuse any frmh ideas into it, or oven, by rarriaffl
ita ioumure, to adapt It tu gntatly-altered piiRioiied and ofe^ifim, ^
I'ntvided the (cparate features and detail* be hut correctly coplnl '
from thone in former building^ we are quite aatitfied, thuugb tbt
ittructure to rnmiwiundcd be full of incongruities *« « wbole,—
proaai« and unartiKtic.
111. One oonvequeooe of thttprewentragc forlbe mere»t copyim
is. that we ouneLrea produce no struoturrn that will deserve w b«
Ktudieil liereafleroB original models andarrhitcrturat records of the
age in which tlicy were erected. Even our mo^i njnitiu mental edificei
will not he monumcntt) uf our v* a tiaie,— of our own ideax mouldi^
and urgaiiining the fabrics _wo rear. Future ant!i]uarie» will be
greatly yutilcd some centuries hence, to determine dates frx>n tlie
nlyles which building* cahibit. Ataiiy rate, they vill !«t dovotlui
nineteenth century n« that in which architectural talent disuUyrd
itself rbietly in niiiiiicry and masquerade. Thin i« what u Mt
particularly pleasant to contemplate tbougb it >» what we have to
(hank the prvHeni race of antiquaries for, and otliera wbacr
opinions and influeure as eniphivern runtrol the free-aicency of
nrchitccta, who, whatever they might have done by timely reaiataoM
t» Hurli domineering dictation, can liardly help thcinxrlves ninr.
Tliey have suflVral their nvckii tube put into tlie joke; mi. Iiowerer.
hnril it mny bi* tu hear, they iiiunt now endure It with what]
patienco they can. All that we can look forward to, in to ita I
^hakcn off by some bold and independent Bpiril, gifted nut wid _
f genius only, but with the oppurtuiuty of manifesting it deridedlf,
lowovrr it may run cminter tu tlio minikin theor)- and ducirine
uf efltabtislied rule*. Hut us miracles are not to be luukcd for end
calculutcd upon like the return of comctii, we cannut with any
sort of rcoron look forward to auch event. Nay, instead of bein^;
luukcd forward tu with aiixioue hone, wen the pon^ibility of lit
occurriiiK is contemplated with leul apTireheuBiou by nuuiy, who
accordingly deprecate moi<t varnvrtly what they are pleiiMd to
cull " tanijtcring " with vatvtiug >tyte». Incapable of form lag a
valid judgment, they take refuge In prejudice. By their croaking
cry of '"rash" — '■absurd" — "extravagant" — " chimerical 1 " they
endeavour to intimidate; and by dcmiuncing before-hand all aim
at originality, and every deviuliun from ordinary cuatom and rul(|
seek to insure the accomplishnicnt uf their ill-omeued predictioab
The merely aiming at it due* not iusurv success in iichicviu^ origi*
nnlity ; but if, iniitead of Itiiiig ainivd at, it i« ncdiilously shujtae^
it " iu never be achieved by fiuy one ; and were therv no poesiblUtr
of fuiliiig, there would be no pnrticuliu- honour gained by sttG<«eit-
ing. Mnny net moft dixcrvctly in nut attempting to aigmliK
themselves and their works at all by any unborrowed ideao — by
whieh are tu be understood not mere fancies for which they cut
asaign no sulGeient reason even to theniKcIveH, much less to any ane
else, but id«ii» that have germinated, huv« been meditated upon uU
mature^ iu their own mrndo. Iu not attempting or uSvctinc to do
what they are conscious lies far beyond their power uf reach, sut\
pt'riions manifest their prudence ; it i», on tiie contrary, vnly dog-
matical presumption, when meaxuritig the powers and abilitieaiJ
Othe^^ by thvir own, they prornmuc* that which i» to thetnMlvM
impoH^ilile to he eijually imjiocKible to overy one and all. Rather
riught they, if at nil Nincere in the regard they profeaa forth*
iiLlererti ot architecture and its advancement, tu wcltoine the
ductriue of its being nus^iblc to enl.trge the present tM/undariM
nf the art almost indelinitcly. How far he as an individual <■■
contribute to sucli progrcxii and am pliti cation, mii«t be left to ead
individual to dodde for liimself. Those who feel no impulue (nm
withiu, may be left to Jog on as they can neeundum artetn — that tM,
ploddinglv and mechanically: but they have no right to prescribe
the same limila to Dthen. As matters arc managed at prevent, t
prohibition in actually biid upon original genius, it being demanded
of it tint it fhould forejro itfc very nature, and exercine it»clf oaiy
in thti same Irnck of idean ai bait heen previou^y trodden: in
other words, it must conform to routine. A guod deal has been
argued about the Emancipation of Woman ; I wiah nonvlHtif W-
iiidm rayiielf, and of fur greater antborfty and iiiftucncc, wottU
Stand Up boldly fur the Einanclpatiou of tho Architect, whv it It
B.3
THB CIVIL EN'<:iNEBa AND ABCllITJSCrs JOUHNAU
»1-
, Gettsred by prrijmliceR — in reality the mfrest cobweliB, but
riatod lonethec till they lieenmeaabulliyaaGableft. If my viewauid
junioDs kro dTnncO'UB, Jet them be opixnvd; Tf t no ooeilBComi
eitiier Ui offott or to wound me. Wel\ I if 1 am iiut
:, even by contradirtiuii. urithcTiiin I dixt'imriict^il. Huppy
e who expect oothin^, fnr they shali not be lUBagijwiutvd ;
tbat rtulc ofbcntitudc in mine.
11. As it IK noif Ivo latu lf> ptolcKt nicniRnt the biirUirimn of
jttiipfiuK the Quadrant of its c-uluniULdtM — and tbvy haw omuredly
ntnbntvd oot a iJttl* t« the arehitectjrnl character of Regeat-
tbo Quadrant Wng by far tbe mvri MTctiic port of the whole
le, — let UK h«p« thut the cvluinnit tbtMiwelvev will be |ir«<ierve^
at ii, r^-ereeled, ao «« to fvnii evni(> oriiamentiil structure el»e-
— on iwmo tipot whrri* they will not tpve any uwilrti^ to
op<t and »}ivp-i(««)icrH — iiii<l the In Iter ■ho'* thtrnnTCNe* to bcKime-
p|i«t unretMunable, bewu»« it wiu tli«v "bo came tt^ Hit vnlvaxutdm,
knd nnt thr ivilnonadc* t" Iheni. Thfiir reuiovMl »vuld W leM
taalter of regret, were wc but aiMiired that the coluinn«> vtmld now
^ W ap|>l>ed. that ample nmenda •ruuld be mndc to us fur what we
^all lime in Kct;cnt-«treet. If nu hcttcraud nmre utilitarian pur-
piM« can l>e mtg^cotod far tbftm, they might be eroplnyi^l In Inrin iin
^penbcri'roof |iiToIiiK:»vf<vluinn«, inrliniini^lhecniirt-ynnlin front
(f th(- llriti-h .MuHi^iim. Sir Robert Smirlcc'ii building' iiwlf would
fain mati-riolly thereby, Inaemach as it wnuld be »eeu frvtu the atreol
nery )>!(?tur«M|iielv through th« rani^ of Doric eolamna in front,
^hich bein;;, be«tte«, on a Ie««cr »ciUe, would Mrrc ti> give ^rcat«r
tnportnn«o to the lunk col(iiiniule« )iehind. To the very excellent
|^|ii^ge*tiiiii hrrc volunteered, it will be objected — and objectiorvs
mn always Bs chwiii «» nujcaciitionii I hrniHol VC4— -tlint the Uiindrnnt
««1uBnng are only fioman-Doric, "hile the fnf ndc of the MiiHeum
pure fireck-loiiic That ultrtL-Urei^iniiinn if affected for it,
not to be denied; but there i? even now a Kreat deal in the
'eneral deii^ that in anythirit; hut )>utp Ctreelc in y>)iy>ti>anomv.
'either the winipt, with their homely and i>niinnry houfe looK,
r the !»'« little bilH between them and the nrniii buildiitK. would
able to rcpronrh the <Jiiiwlrnnl columns with boinit too undigni-
itd and uni'fasiical ti> btnr them crimj>nn}'. Still, mi^' thinjr mnv
CADlidently predicted : 1 therefore frophvcy that my idcJi uill
<t be adopted, nor even tto cnuch us lakeu into con side rat ion.
anpy tlie prophet u-h<i)ie |irediction8 are sure to be verified, and
cli »lal« of bviititude, I rejicat, ia niino.
THE NATION'AL GALLERY.
V^stever [reneral truth there may he in the ptirnfrrnph which
""" d in laat month's Art-Journal, iiifurmiii^; ii» ihjit the prej«xit
' (JallLTj- is til iind^reo extenaii-e alteration by Mr. Barry,
correctness ilk to rmrtieularit mnv he otiC'^ioned- What §.eemH
voach for sucli piere of mtollii^f^nre oeinir mure than a mere
].!l«jru*, unntithnrwed report, ia the exprc** sitattsitient of the nuin
iU> be expended — vit. i»n,owi ; to which the architect is to be
Ibnited. And for that the entire- fnfnde ia to he altered, and
•nwther Htnry ndded to the buildinff. How the letter c(in he nc-
C(ini)dihh<'d nilhdut dertroyin^ the Iiintern liKbtH iu all the roiini*
^rtn- eon.litulinK the upper-floor, puz^tleu both ourselves and
athers to funceiie. There iippeiiru to he no nlher nltcrnative or
JBidile «f alloration in that case, thiui that of lifchtin^* the pre-
ieut ruoiMs from their Kides, or rnther their two ends, in the front
Mid bark of the building'; which wmild hardly be any improve-
ment aa far ns I hoy are concerned, nor purhap*! niiicli, if nny at
bll, to the eKterior.
It ha* all iiloiid hm'M i\\v fniJiinn — we can call it nothinffelBe — to
jdecM- and abuse the N'littoniil Gallery, more t'speeinlly its fa^'ade,
iw if that were not merelj^' the chief, but the uole diKfijciiruineiit
|»f Trafalfriir.s(|Tjnre,— us if St. Martina Church, and the other
buUdiiiga on Llie euKt mid wi'nI gidee of tbc '' 8i]iinre," were abso.
lute para^onii of arebiteetiirul tnnte and excelivnct). Kven those
^bu affect exceuiive admiration fur the ''(.'hurch,' alfect to be
idalinMl at U'llkins's fa;ade of the "Gallery.' Aik them,
\gf and tlicy Hoar iioM-ardo — lly into a luwerin); pftssion. — and
)m that altitude, loot doieii upon yini with worn most Biipreme.
Even tliat lunio oT nrchitectural eoekiieylMit und diilnens, (Ik'
^CoUeffc of Phynieiatik and Union Club-houae,' if it doen not
Mtun admlmliofi, at lewjt eKrapea eentiiire. which is levelled
nclosively a^inut that Maiie-iFoiit of Trafalgar-Kan are, the
Katiiinal (iailery. However, the falter in to beeume ■ ''iJefomu'd
Transformed ;" and |i«ar St. Martin will need the whole of hi*
■lock to apread over sad ibcltcr the lneigTii&e.8iice of liis Church.
As to one material point coonected nitli the purposed nltcration
we arc left in entire onubt, not heintf iitfoniied irlieiher the whole
of tlic odditiunu] ntory in to be appropriated to the " liallery," or
the portion of it at the Ciut-vud of the plun, bealowcd upon the
IWal Academy.
Whatever may be done to it, the building can never, !n our
opinion, be rendered adequate to tUo now fircatly -increased, and
hencefvrlU likely tu bevoine vtill t;reuler, reijuireincRtK fur tlie
national collection of pictures, unless the whole of it he K^vtai up
to the '• (Jallery," and the Academy turned out to provide for
it»elf eleeuliere. For eahibitiou rooms, the Academy needs only
loagitudinul extent of plan at the rear of a very inodcriite-sixed
front toward* llio utrect, fur the walk being invarinhly covered
from top (o bottom with pictures, the romna thrniaelvca might be
of the very plainest descri[ition,^«oth in comtrjction Had ap-
pearance not at iill ■uperLur to ordinary »'hov-roou)(i, uuctiun-
roonu, and umilar places, llierefore, if the tpace now reijuired
for the "fiallery " demandn it, we should any, turn the Aendemy
adrift to Khift for itaelf. It does not throw open it» door* jtr*-
tiiitously tu the public: why then ohoold it expect to be lu any
way Hupported by the public, — or, what io juat the «uoe thin^, bv
government i At any rate, there is uu uvceMity for the Acvdemye
continuing to oc^^upy co cfmsideiiihle » portion ita it doeawf toe
building in Trarulktir-siiuiire, now that tliu whole of it ia re<{iiired
for the national collection uf picturea.
Tiie jinragmpli in the ATl-Juuyiiat dae« not menk at ail doubt-
inf^ly, lu of rumour that miuireu coniinnation ; therefore, unjewt it
should be control dieted, we may ]ire*ume that there really exinta a
definite inteiilion uf enlargini; luid *ithGrwi>c aileriuji H'ilkina'a
ediAt-e ; and that, comeonently, ifovernnient do not entertain any
idea of erectio|r n new National tiallcry, as ha« been talked of by
many, and by sonic fully expected. There have been rarioue
rumours oii the aubjei^t, one of them being that a atritcturo
for the pupoM> was to he built upon the inclosed area ill
LeiceKter-Hi|uan>. In ivhat i* now Kiatcil, tlieire it> far wore of
prubahilily and likelllioud, alUiouifh the Airt-JiMnuit apeaks
only upon a "we nnder^tund." Let it be ItMied upon what it
may, tint " iindi-ntatiiltng' iitniimes tome dej^'ee of ^ape and
colour, oeveral parlicuJaM beinp dmtinrtly tonehed upon. Mr.
bnrry't deKign baa been "tubmilted to the proper niithnrilien,"
and not only approved of, biit, as it would seem, actually deter-
mined upon before the pnblin wen> awure that anything of the
kind was in contemplation. It i* not. indeed, very etisy to recon-
cile tbiE with what I' i^irl in another prifje of the loime puhlientVon,
where we are UAA tluit Mr. I'enncthorne hein^ directed to examine
the lower rooms of the preaent (ialliTj-, with a viewto the Vernon
Coileelion being deposited there, reported their total ontilneui for
Kueh iiuriwMff, and reexnnmendett that a plain teiTi|H>r>ry buildinji,
calculated to laMt aliout n dnr.en yexr<;, nhioild be erected, and that
in the interim parliament kIioiiIiI make an aiiitiiiil irrant of fr«>m
£ti,uii() to i,'Vli.{i()U for a ]iermuoeDt ediHie. One tale cnntradicta
tlie other : either Mr. IJjrry'u deAign, or Mr. Fen net borne' i «ug-
gestioti. tt thrown out. If there i^ to he » new building in «ome
other situation, the present (iailery will remain untouched; and
I'l'rw trrs.- , if the latter is to be greatly eiilikri;ed, and to liave
X.30,<KiCi t*xpt'iideil ujNiii it, another Mnicture will uul be ereeied,
Detneen the two Ncliemea [ivN doubt: error there is an tu oae uf
them, and error there may be aa to both. St ill, Mimpthiiig appean
tu be in agitation or ronlemjdatioii ; tlierelVre, it is not at all
luiiiaM that ptiMic attention should be directMl to it at an early
st^ge of proceed it If,')*.
i^liiht may he of opinion, and some are or hare been in fnll fx-
nectatiiiti, thrtt let bo done uhalevcr mifht — whether a new
Kaiional Gallery 1* to he huilt, or Ihe pre«ent buildinp enlarged,
the work would, like the "lloiiBes «f I'nrliameiit.'' be made the
siihjctl of rum petition, The occasion liwlf ik apubliewne. and
of a kind to e^eiciike talent in Do ordinnry decree ; n ttrueturu
for the purpose being lomething altogellier j-u; jr»cn«. Of almost
every other kind of buildin^i the examples and inKtanees are ao
numeruux, that general conveotmnal ideas may be taken from
them ; but with respect lu Ficturv (ialleries the caie ia ijuite
different. For them there are no models; neither have any
atudiea been provided, ur aught uf any moment on the oubject
been written and publiKhed. Some of the moid celebrated public
I'ollectiona of pictureit iu ICiirope are in biiildinga which, beaide*
being tavtelew or iu exreediii^ii bad t.ii4o tbemMdvea, are «e
budly arrjnge<l and devoid of all contrivaiicr, that they du not
Mteni to have ever been intended for the purpose to which they
are applied. Jleudea acconiinodation with re^pird to actual >ipiu-e,
effe<;tite lightiug the nionia, and other obvioui matters of that
kind, the providing for a judicioits arratigemcut of the pietores ia
mt'
THE CIVIL £NOIN£ER ANl> AaCHITEOTB JOtRNAL.
[Oem>,
wlial require* n)nfiiil«rHl1« tinij «nd forf«i^hl. In t^rnponirjr
^i;hibiti»ii<^ |iirtijr«ii mti>l l>« tiunff u{> n* ■ i^ll n* tliey can li«. Tbc
iiafoting thttn on lh« waIIb h of necMml^ » wnrfc of such hun-y,
titvt it U littJi> tA bft wnndered lit if it ia frMiiienlljr ntt<^iMe<l with
■wIcwbH mistalcM, such » puttinff a gtwd pnintins nearly out of
^^Itfit, and «n inforinr Ano juat iipn-n thf lin*. Ki-en if it !■«•)«-
teirled, there ic nn tinM! for rorrvctinp Xht ^rror, b^MUM) tA do
Kn Riiirht render it ntetmary to »lt«r the aituotiuiu of a turn of
othoT pirtiirpB.
In a pcrntnnont gnllrry, «ii t!i? ^nntrniy, more i>«{»eci(illv an«
rlaimin^ to he M)n«i(Iered rt nuhtii; muMHitn rtf ail, nhorr notiiin^
it h U) prmiiiKMl, in admitted but whnt ii worttir i^f teiiig (tudlM
—at Icakt, nf lH<iR^ tiolired ■« « irork of 4irt, — the«tmo«t (itteMiao
wil|^t to til- ftivi^n befure-hanij to whM in i^iiirM hy the i^ollMtton
itMlf. Should this last be already fully fi>rme(l, to provida pw-
|»rrly for it heconiTO a eotn para lively eaiiy tuiik ; whema, toe
one that in iiir-rewdn;, repird ahuuM 'he had to fiitur« rrowth.
H'lien Mr. Wilkina — nr ratlier, nerhji]!*. thnee whiirmployod him —
tonk niARsure of it, our natioii:U coltt^rtioii uil< tnen>lr in iti
infanev. I'hnnkN to Mr. Vrrnon. the rhil<) ha^ nearly all at once
BtartM Bii intn a tall Mriplinp, — hmi qiiilp ntttfirnwn his former
••fit." whtcli Buil <niitd him no looiirer ; to Mr. Bsrr)- in now it
Mwn« 10 (iTilnrgp it, nnd convert it ad well an he can into a bpetiming
toffat'irUit. If he fan do wi without ret^lnimin^ from the Academy
till) plere of tluff they liarx ^>t pcuuu-n'ion <if, be muat hava hr
nmrn tnlent in point of «oiitriruiic« tliau moat uf hi* jirofCHdonal
lirethrrn.
AAer all, wo may pnnsiUly hnv« bepn put quite on a wronf^
acpnt. Sh>uuld whifli turn nut li> bo thn nuto, nU wo mn aar ix,
that thi' iTii>-taki< does doc tie at our door. We ■■•hvi> IhoM' rrom
whom we got it lu tra<w o«t the author of it ; nor should we be
gently Biirjifitnl to fiiMl it tmrpd hiinie — if niiiHake it renlly be —
to that coEifuuiided, ttnivrrKalminuhief-malter, Mr. Nuininv!
COLLISION OF TRAIN'9.— No. U.
In our la<<t paper (p. 191). we conaiilered th<> law and arntiirnl uf
t'litlinioii in n train of carria^a of equal welshtt, atiil j)r»vii]i>i]
villi a uiiicle eiiuinein fniiit. U'« now pn>|iui<e to examine the
effect of an engine behind, the athi*r I'ircumict Alices of the prgblem
mnaining the winie.
Aa a fir<t and intrnduetnry example, lot nn 9Uppn«e a sinfle ear-
riaf^, weifflit I torn, havin^E a pair of buffer* in front, with a foot
play to cii<rh. and mch vith an extreme strent^h of 1 1i>n« (lb« taw
uf re*iiitHne« of tb« huffcru lining aiwunied to vnry kh their com-
presMon), to impinge on a fixed onrtacle with n rvlonty t>f no f«et
Kr secand. Let tu now det«rrntne how muirh of tht* veloeity will
dfwtroyed by the timv the buffers hnve ceased to net.
Let ni be the mnHn iif the I'jtrriuKv; p, the pmsiirc on the henil
of cither buffer when it ia oitnpreHned tu .tii extent x -. r. tho
vrliKity, ill ireoiiilH, of the eaxriap;;— then, the mntis uf the buffer
hetiiK tK-t^lentdd a.i nrnall in compariaon with the maaa of the
carriage,
Now, 1 tons is the ralu* o{ p when jr = 1 ; 'and since p has
bcCD oMumed tu vary an j-
p~ •';
t>i c' = < — B J-'.
If the aeeeleraiing force of g^mvity be taken at 32 feet per
aecuiid,
S9 8' 8 •
^VTien x=rO. ti = 60: .■.»(; = 3600.
Whan i- — I, the buffer* ceaie to act, nnd r-' = 36(M> - 6»;
or, n :^ .$tlj nearly ; eonaequeiitly, only hiilf-a-foot of velocity ia
dwtroyed.
Let u* next consider the ea«e of n train nf n earrinjtea, each
provideil oith a ]i(iir of buffera before anil behind ; and with an
engine, weiftht r tont, attached to the Inot carriacie ; nnd let n*
■ttpnone this train to impinjre on a Axed obstacle at the rate
of V feet per toe nnd ; and from the«L> dnta M-ek np|irnxinintelr
the amount of velocity destroyed in the rearward enpne by the
time all the hiifferKnm n«ed iip.'
Jn nrili*r tu muko the prulilcm ^leral, w« will aasuTne the
weif^ht of the earria^i^ea eaeh =^ «-, mid lh« «tlreme i^renj^h of
the bufiers^A ttiBS; aba their extreme ploy A feet. Ity the time
the engine behind hao mored forward a apcea r, after eoUl
eommenced, letvphe the preaaure on the buffers of tb«
•ngliM. 'Weahall now abow tbat^b alwaji lew than ,,"kcn
n
n' ia tb« Dumber of pain of buffers, and P the preamre on any
buffer compreMed t» an extent ^r. For let «., x„ «„&«., be
the extent to which the biiSera are HiaiultatieouHly eomormtrd,
reckoning from the carriage whieh firet kuBtsim the iii(>r£ ; ^^^
fiiTrt Vti &C., (he prewurca vf the bviTcr-liradii curreapoad
the «i>nii>reMiunii4^,, j-„ x„ Sec, Now wc h»ve aliuwa m oi
Kiper that the pre««ma of the buffem, uid therefon; x,, t^^al
c., d<.*ereu»e aa we r«c«de from the cjid of the Lnuu oearait
oullifiou.
.•. «, M > «,; «^, la > 4-, ; &«.!•> &e.
»'=Miir^! Fi»<»»«»'-i; pM<»i*,.-j; &c is < Ac
.-, n> tt < *. (j4' + *,•-! 4- &c.) ia < ^ « b < P J
. ^ P
.: pa < 3.
n*d»
u <
8
..Pp^. b<r ^x «<r
J •■* J «'» n' J a'A
Therefore, if v be llie relocity of the rearwud engine, by tlia timt
the buffer* ure all usml up,
^(V-V)b<9^nV.
An an example, letA=l, aa before; 11= IP; .'.n''stt(iB-
cludiiig buffers of eiigiues before and behind) ; f = 80; V^M;
»• = 4.
.-. V — «* i» < - X S«0 ia < 99 X 18 b < il&
vy
If V = m. :. v' ia > 3D8S; .■_*■ ia > fiS. Or, the veloeityof
the rearward engine baa been dunlnlahed by leas tliao & feet a
•econd.
If V had been put = 90, whidi b equivalent to about 90 nilii
an hour, rtill e wnuld have liJid a v&lue of SiCi feet a aecoiMLM
twelve mile* nn hour. In either caac, it b olear that the ahociof
the enjfiue behind would have beet) moat deetmctive— in the fait
cate fri^htfoJIv *v,
To reeapitiiliite the remlta of our investigation, it appeara, £rft,
thut when n trnin with a sinKleoDgiDoia violently checked, the dot
rnrririite will auntnin the grcnleiit dninaice, aud the effect <
ImirciTA will he to iovrease the number of blows on the
(urceedin^ cnrrin^es, but to UiiiiiniHli thnir intensity,
tliut wlicn an engine ia attached Irelitiid ; the luvt cnrringc
the buffers ate used up — having Krut to vtiKtaiii the Hhuck «f
rearwisrd enj-ine protei-diiiif wiUi a diminiHlicd but "till couaiden-
ble vcloi'ity. if the ungiiiul velocity of the tniiii \\aA bccu p^st,—
will iinibiil'ly be the meet serioualy injured of idl the curria^-s. K
douhle bIhick will in thi» ruse hnve put»e(l nloii(r the troin — at fint,
by the sudden itupuafe of the first carri»geii ftr/W all the boflcn
are txt,fA up; and llieri from the blow {r*tm tho rearward engiot
ttfii-r ait the buffer.* arc iiacd up.
l^irice writing the fvnncr paper on thw vubjeet, w« have msa
model of a break, by Mr. Jli^hop, which by an iitKeuioita and oiinp)*
eontrivniive tu cupablo uf Itintf npplied to all Ilia carriagee MiBi^
tanei>u«Iy, and almuHt iualautaneuualy. ^Ve cnrnettly recommeDl
the adimtion of »oinL' auch method of suddenly occaaiuning ■
powerful redirding force, an a niu»t efficieut means vf avvidinf
caaualtiea aud uuruuers' iuqueat«.
J. u. a
NOTES ON ENGINEER INC.— No. XI.
By IIonEHaUAM Cox, B.A.
Thi' Strength of tlungivfard ffridgn.
The aeeurity of nSaspenniort itridgo erected in the very etsM
of UiL> metropolis, and liable to mikCjuo the weight of a ttry hifi
iiumUer of pertniiK, it a subject poiseiMin^ a acientilia iatieail
cutnnienMiiriile with iti pnu-tical importance^ 'Hie moment of ikc
question liiia brr-ii greiitly inereiuied hy two inili'pendent eircun-
KtiineeK — first, that it has been the aiibjeet if seriouit doubAioi
atieiitilic di«i!UKKiuM ; nnd neirondly, that the traffic of the biidtf
ha<i rereritly received an lm|iiirlaiit ncce«iiioD by the opening in ■
railwiiy terminuit in itB immediate vicinity.
Tliere are fioine purti^ of the theory or4uc]>cn(inn bridge* t*«mi
in(;ljr complicated and diUicult, and uUiers perfectly simplp, AtBMg
the Ult^r i* the iNstimntiiin nT fhd ttntirni atraln to irhicli n chain ii
niTijectpil wlioii iU w^ifilit mill nil itn dimeiidionH are known. Thin
Satticular bniDch of the aue'tion miy be set « re«t wiUmtit nmdi
iffieulty. Tho nhjivt nf the iin-sriit jmjier in to tlo Uiisi by niellnni«
distinct from thoM which have been adopted in the previous di»-
CURnioiKi of the quest inn.
L Sir Hoirard Duu^Ixk, who fimt piihlidy miiiiil th<s nihject of the
■Rilfl«iencj-«f HunK«rr<inl Itrtdjii*, )iiw ulily cnl).- it luted the strenffth
of the chain*, on the iwaumjition that the furm of tltem in thn
"cdmmuti oitenjirj':" this methurl, thp nioiit urii-ntifii: mid fxurl
of nnr, iiivolvn hirwpver <r»nxicIiTidile niEitheintilicul «Vill in llfl
Rpplicatlon. The rao-tle shout tn be employed may be readily nDcd
in p-nernl practice, a» it does not require a knowlcdei- wf mathc-ina-
tin; And the «|trecmi>nt »f it* remilt with that ohtAitied by the
proTPss referred to, leiidH In their inuttial conllmmtion.
In snfiientiiin hrid^eK, the centrnl dcflettiun isnlwnyA ninnll coin-
pared with the iipan between the jinint* «f »u»pen«i<ni. !t fullowii
thai the rtimituru of the chnin u very Mimll ; and whether It he
considered a catenary, a parabola, or even tbc arc of a rirrlc, lh«
dcvlntinii fnini the real form will not be rnn*idcr«hle. It in very
usob], for the mikr of ^inipliritv, to nuiiniK t)ie curve to he « ptirn-
bola, and that kiMitinption will he here adopted after a few rcraarlis
tcndinjrto prove its accuracy.
If the hoTiKdntnl di<tribii.tii>n of the weight of the rhaia anil itH
load were unifnmi, the rurve wmild be aini'^/sr a iiarahntn, as may
be cnsily nurertaincd hy reference to unv stitrdard trcBtivc an
■ni<cbanic» which rcfern to the tiuhject. Mow, wlifn the hrtdiiv in
crowded], thv load on the plBtform i> uniformly diHlrilutted liori-
sontally. This la altto the case with the wclKhte of titc platform
ai«t the parapet, which are considerable. Tlic only niiiHfi not ko
dictrihuted !■ that of tlie chaiRH tbnn<elve«, of wliich the liuhn a.re
borieimtal ul the centre, and iiidined more and more up ti> the
trainta of suspension. Hut |iraclictilly this Jnclinnti'Oti is never
large; forinKtiuicc, in llunircrford Hridiri' at the points of >UKtien-
■teOi AM will Ihi pre.->enllv »htiwn, the tunicnnt of the angle of in-
dimtion Is about ^^f . 'i'liia iriven the cosiue of the an^le less than
^; «r IS fcrt mennured al^njc the ehain there, nrnrly correnpond*
with 17 feet mcixiirecl borixuntnlly. Thi* Hhon^ that the hytHithenin
fif horizoiittil di.itributioij, even fur tbe<'baiii alone, does nut involve
any CMliidvnble error ; and when tlie additional ciTcct <j{ the [i>n»%
of tbc load and platform, whiih in really i>o dintributcd, i» tnltcu
hwith il. the deviation from the truth niu^ he iucouaidvrnhle,
||- On this auiinipliua, then, the vertical lino thToufth tbc centra of
StvityofbnIftUe chain and its load is t^ituntcd midway bctwvpn
t Motre of the chain and the extrtrmity of the plnlfurm ; or the
barisuntal lii^tuot'e of thi» centre vf K''a^)ty frum th« abiitmiiiit is
e<]uftl to onc-fuarth the span. Therefore, the moment nlK»it the
[mint of nifucnhion of tlie wci(;ht of half the chain "ud loail, is the
product of that Heij^iit iicid une-fourth the npnci.
At the centre of the fliai n the ten*ion is Imriiontnl ; ita verticiil
distance bcldw the point of sii»pcn»ion is c^nnl to the liefiectiun of
th« chain. Therefore, the moment of lliia teiiiioii about the point
of suKpeo^iou in Ihe product of the leniiioo and the dcrtwlion,
Tlw montentti juit dctcrniined i>re C'luul, the total elTeet to turn
the lulf-cbBin about the jioint of ■iicpvnniin beiii^ produced hy the
wei^t, and thin effect lieirid resisted^ by the effect vf the lioriiontal
t«nsJOu. (The platfcnn nut being nj^d. eontribiiteii nothing to
tbo ultinuite »ii|>port of the lond.) AUo, in Huii^i'rfurd SuipiMiiion
Brid^ the deflection i>^0 teet, and the 4)uart«r-span 16!) feet.
Conaequeiitly,
HorixfuivJ tmMoft x so :^ leeight tifhnlf-tpan X 16^-
Hence the wei({hl of the hiilf-span is tVV, or very OBarly firc-seren-
rleentha of the tcntiion at the centre of the ch.iin.
r On the authority of Mr. (.'owprr, who in he.lieveil to have oh-
'^tntned aiithentii-: and necurate iiifonnation, It in stated, in fart &3
of thi4 JiiuriHii (June, IK-tA), that the total sectional area of
the chains at their centre is iSCi »qnarr inchc.i. The Bridge is
•upportod by four clminn, two on each side of the olutforin, and
the Bbi>ve is the sum of the sectional area of all four together.
TI>e horizontal tension is supposed to bo utufvnnly dialrihutcd
OVTT these S 96 inches.
i Wrourhl-in>n bnrn become sentiibly stretched and impaired
ptrhiNi nuhject U> a tension of IT tonii per Miunre inch. They will
not hear that strain pcnnuncntly i and in practice it in uut con-
sldorcd Kife to nubjvcl them lo a (greater teuuile forec thnn 9 ton^
prraqiiare inch. Taking ^hc Irittcr measure, the gretitcst boriioiital
tenuoa which the four chnio'^ to|;i>(hercan i^afrly brar is vyti x 9 =^
0064 tons; and the |;rcu(e^t Height of the balf-apan tnuiit, by
vhat hn» already been ssid, be I'Aths of thi«, or very ae«rly
, 188 tons, C»nse<iuentJy, for the whole-»ipan.
The yrtataC total load = 167(j tow.
Thii Is, in fact, nearly the load to which the hrid^ In actually
lialihi to br sii I'jrrted. The weight of the chains (715 tons) added
to that of Ihe platform, jiarapet, nxla, &c., and a crowd eoweruL((
tho platform with a wetfcht of 100 Ih. to 1}i« Mjiiarn fiMit, xivvN,
aci'urdinj; to Mr. Cowper, the maximum load al altuut fiflMu
hundred tuiin^ We oonie to the conclusion, then, that when Ihe
hridffe h&a ita full loud, the wtatical tuiidmi at its centre la Dine
tons to the square inch.
The followinj! method wan adapted to t«it the accuracy of the
hyiJotheii.s on which thin conclusion i* founded. By a Icnown
principle which applies to catenaries of every fomi, the tangpnCt
at any two pointi of the curve meet in the vertical hiw through
tJie dciitre of gravity of tht- irtencning portion of the chain.
Canaei|ueutty, if the aasunipliuu he true that tho vertiral throuch
the centre of gravity of the half-i;buiu bittecta the half-*p«in. ih*
tannrnt st the point of suspemion ought, if produced, to raeet the
platfonn midway hftween it* centre and extremity. The observa-
tion of thin fact would be a tTurioJ teat of the above conclusian*.
This test wBs sal iufnctorily performed in the followinjc manner.
The inclinntion of the rhuin at it» nimmit was observed with a
telescofie from variuuH ponitionitoij the Rridicr, and that position
was noted in which the inclination of the chain at it« hiubeNt point
ctnncided with the axis of the telescope. That poe^itioit of the ub-
MrverN eye fur which one end of the highert linlc weerrrf the link,
was of coume in llio line of that link produced, ])y these means
(npplieil for the sake of mutual confirmution to the pointa of nu«>
pen»ion nt bntli towen), il via iwcerUiincd that the centre of
l^rtn'ily of cwh liulf-rhiiin wiw almut six fert nearer tbu end. than
the centre, of the platform. The advanttwe of tliis method uf
obscrvslion was, that it did not require particular accuracy : an
error of 10 or even SO feet w<iiilil not have made a eoRsidrrahle
difference in the reault, while tlie errum uf ubKrrvntioii weic cer-
tainly far within those Umits.
It is important to observe, that if the Brldtfe were loaded wilh
itK full veigbt, tht: actual punitioji of tho centre of gravitv would
eoinride w ith that above aaaunied, even mure ciincly than il did nt
the time of the observation.
To a^^ccrtnin the tension nt the points of suspension, we have
the folliiwJDjc rule, apjiUcahli; to catenaries of erery form. Add
Ihe wjuares of the horixonlal tennion luid of tlie weight vn the
half-span: the square root of this sum is the teoHiun at the
auDimtls of the chain — which, therefore, in the caeo bcforo us, b
= V { {iti^ty + {nny } t«n»,
AAer obtaining this ^iiuare root, divide it by !>, and the result is
309, for the number of mjubtv inches over which tho tension at tlie
Nuniniit mimt be distributed if the tenHinn ho 9 toni per Mjuare
inch. The actual sectional area of tho chain nt the points iu
question is very near tJiii' — namely, 31^ gqiiare inches.
In the above caculations, the Ktractnre biu been siippoted to he
in a state of ei|uilibriuni. The vibrations of the several parts of
the ahain, anting from the rapid motion of traffic, or the ortion of
the wind, would certainty increone the atrBins irreatly, Ihuuith no
means uf calculatini; that increase have been yel ascertained. The
foregoing method xIiowk, witli all the precision reiiuisite for practi-
cal pnTpottcs that both nt the centre and extremitii-n of the chain
the tensiun of the metiil in 9 tniiH per aquitre inch, Mlien the bridge
is fully loaded. The fairest way of stntlnc the eunchision frvni
these invest igHlioiis appear* to he this:— If the iiemianenl tenacity
of the nielal be «> great that it mav he xafely nubjccied to a greater
fitrain tliau 9 tons per snjuare iiicfi, ihen the excess is a provision
a^rainit accidental disturbances. If, however. 9 too> per Mjuartt
inch be the utmont utraici which the metal will uifely bewr, n«
marfcin i* left for security against tlie effects of rapid moUoii.
THE WATER-GAS.
Some time lias elapsed fiinc« a iiatent wm obUined ftir *
proceN of niukiog illuminatinj; gaa from water ; but th* plati
wan not carried into practical eflect, aiid dropped out uf public
notice. The invention ht>« once more been brought bcfnie tbu
public, and iu u manner cidciLlatcd to nttrnct altentiuD, by b«in^
mudc the siil-joct of lectures dehvered by Mr. Uyan at the Poljr-
tediuic Institution. The proce« il*elf is n very curious one; and
though tho expeune may probably render il a leas aoonamieal mnde
of supplying gua than e<.ialit, wbrro thny are to be purchased at »
cheap rjile, yet, in many part* of the country, it is probable that
the watcr-gio" niuy bo the chesper of tho two; and u iU purity
and iUiuniuntiDg power «xc«e4 tboe« of the corburettcd bydrogou
THE CIVIL ENCINBRR AND ARCHITECT JOITRKAL
[OORH,
■vlttslneil from rmh. tt \s well that tbe node of making it sbouM
l>C mrnprnlly knnwn.
Tn thciite wh« ATt iinawiiminteil with the chemiciil compiwition nf
wkter, it mny atem ftrMigie that vatfT fhouM be rrndetrd (he
Miurcc of fire ; btil tn mort of our rondrm it murt be well known
thitt «>tvr i* mmiKHml of hydnwfu. t}ip most inflammabl* of
bodiM, and nf oiyi^n, w)iirh, wWn in the fonn of eim, i$ the
■DMi active supponer of rnrntiiiMinn. A plan of ubUininif hvijro-
gea ffu from WAtrr, by pauInK Meiim tbroa|[li a liot tuba irwiitikiniRic
iron bas been Ions Ieiiowii. The ntfMndb of that proc>eM is. thnt
the Htcnni when iti contart with lirated Iron booamn dcoomp'MP'l,
the oxrtren unitii^ with tlte iron to form an raide of tlint metal,
and thv h)fdr<v«i i» liWrnted in the form of km. This indj^ed,
Ik Ihf bet>t niiide nf nhtainine hydroiten Km in n state of purity ;
but for the uurjiiwe of illuminiitioa, wch (tw i* of no value.
Tho HomCi thouffli emilting ^pat hcnt, ix ncarcely I'iaiblo. Th«
illuniiiiatinfr power of cnal-p»> depend* on th# mtIhoii it contain* ;
iumI the mnre raHton is rontained in «ajburetled brdrocpn, ihv
greater ii Its tllumlnatin^ power. It ia- owin^t to the grejit jmi-
portion of oarhon in turpentine, that it afford* such a brilli.int
licbt in the "cainphlne" lmn)>«. the only difficulty in theburniofi
of that substance heinir to pniduee perfect comhurti"!! ; <>ther»iBe
the abiindan<T of carbon cause* Tobimr" "f <lon»o wn'ilse. To
r<!ndw the watcr-iriiK illuTninatiuif, it i> nectiwary, therefor*, to
c-ointiioe with it a portion of carbon ; and it i* (hi* part nf th*
procOM in which the principnl novelty of the invention crtnat^ts.
TheappatntuE employed in the mnnofaetore of the (fABi^eiihi-
Irited at work at the Polrtwhnic Institution. It eonsitta of a
furnac«, in which »re three lt>n([ irwn retorts placed perpend ieiUarl jr.
Two of these are nearly filled with eohe and .old iri-n chains, or
pii-'^cii of tr(>n. Water is admittcfl into th* (irrt of Uipao. and
Mine coiii-erted into rienm. it i* then de<'Ompo««d hy the iron,
and the hvdroftvn icaa which ia libernted, alMorha iit the uinie tim«
»mc portion of carbon from tho heated coko. The (jaa and w".i-
dual Btenm .-in' then p««i>cd intt> the iwcond retort, wher* a umilnr
pmeeM of decompovitiun and of further carbonixntion taken place ;
and it then imuef into the tKird retort, where it in brought into
contact a-ith heated tar, and slmorbfi from it a larfw piirtinn of
carbon. Tbe carhurctted k"» ih then forced through some vertical
tahea, ta permit the deposation of anperfliioii* tar. anil iii eanducled
into the (faaometcr readv for u<*. The illuminatinp power of this
(Tsa is Mlmated to eicoeed that of ordinary coaUf^a.'ZS per rent. ; and
its freedom from sulphur and other impiirilie' renders it far pri'fer-
able toeonl'^M. Keepeclin^lhee^ronomyof theprotetfi*, l>r. Ryan
luys nothing ; and wo believe that it wui on tbin point that the
ini-eotiun failed to be practically useful when firrt inlrodurml.
The WMt of the fuel to hent the retorta, of the iron to de«otnpO!ie
the ateam, and of the tar to rnrhonine the f^as woiJd, we fear,
amount to more thnn the cost of cnal. in most parts of Rn^Iand,
for making' the ordinary kind of eonl-fras. In munv Hrrttmiclaiici'u,
however, we eoneeive this mode of penerntinf* illuminating ru
may be adrantng^eoua, CHpeeinlly when the purity of the gas c-on-
sumed is an object of importance.
ON I50MKTRICAL PERSPECTIVE.
By R. G. Ci^iut.
The object of this article is to rommunicote an cany method, by
Mmstniction. for drtfmilniHjc the trunsverwe and cunjusate
diamctm of an ellipae tuucliiiitf the videa of an obU'gue parHllelo-
gnun, beinp the bometricaJ projection of a circle inacrihcd ina
square.
Draw thi' ii>onielriral pRrallelofrram A D C D, and its two
diatronals A C, and B D ; bmcct O in m. nlna blucct A m in K,
and then with the nditiM A N and centnf N, describe n ■cmicirde
cuttinjt B, prpdured in R. Affain, with centre O. niditia O R,
deocribe h iwmlcircte a R c rutting A C in n and r ; then will a c he
the Iraniveiae diumeter rcquirefl of the c]lip*c. In like mannrr,
biaecl O D in ji, untl R« in r, and with tbe cfntrn r, and raJiu* r 11,
dee c r i be a i>einirircle cuttini; OCin ( ; aKuin. with centre and
radiiuOr. detcrihe an arc aitting D B in i and d, then will iiibe
the conjugate diamctrr required.
The above may be demonirtmti^d thits : — Becaune the sidet of the
oblique pamllelo^am r»Hpectivft!y touch th« eurvr, llicy are tan-
Biiln tn it. Ky the jiropertiea of the Conie Sections fsee Dr.
jrmer* cl«rant treatise), wB have, AOXMO =atj^; but
MO = m O, therefore « (>" = A O x m O. A leo, by the property
of the Circle, w« hare a 0* = O R*. A timiUr mode of proof
applies to the coi^ugate diameter. After the tUameiera ire that
dMcrmined, the curve can be Muuly trammelled in the uaual air.
It would sltu) be well to slate vn easy rule, by calculatlwn, fotiarfel
on tbe above cuuMruollon.
M
Ri'i.K. — Multiply the diunetcr of tbe circle by |-2Sb Far lbs
trannvente diami-tcr, and by '707 for the roitjusstc diametat.
£>. — <iiven the diameter of a circular turn-table = H' f.
to find the tmnsvorae and couju^te dinmelen of ita iaonetaal
ropreaentatiun.
Here, by the rule, U-A X i-^SA = I7'7« transverse diameter
1 1-3 X -707 =; m-^i conjiisatc diaonvtcr.
The previous method of conMructioo, however luiiiple, 1 baiV
not before met with in anv work un isomvtrical pempective. The
rule by CHlculation i* eaxily deduced from the coni^tnictivn. n>ak-
inji the iaometrical diameter, or the |,-iveia diameter, of the tirtic
ccfiml to unity; Thu%becauae the itfomotrical aiifcle <> A U := W,
therefore B <I = ^ A C. Hence O A = V ( I ' — •**) =«» J
Ibprefore, « O' = A O X M O = -8611 X -433 = -37 19. By
ralrncting the Dijuare root of each side, we have a O s= -613 ; con-
seouenlly, the imEiKvcrae diameter oc =: 1-^1. Also, BO =
iHC = -S; therefore, BO X^BO = iO'; bcnc«AO = -SiW;
con>)ei)uently, the conjugate diameter bd ^ '707. These aretbc
numberftea]{iven in the rule. I have not »eeu thi* rule in Joplu^'l
trentike, but there 14 a table given of diamet«r«, with the aiBt
ti^iircH to the Diamet<rr 1, It will bv observed, thnt all the fines
thnt are in the lif^ire are not rcouircd in the count ruction, bat
only the two (tinj^nuln : the other linen are only draw^ Ut aaaislin
the dei»un«trntion. Tbf^ method ffiven by ProfcBsiir b'arieb in bis
SiBper on Ii-^mrlriiai t'rritpcri'mr, in liregory'n '* Vnthrinatift fst
*racticAl Men," ix very t^iou*, butli by couotructioo and ealcab-
tiiin.
EXPERIMENTS ON CEMENT.
A ^(id detil of att«>titinn hna recently bec^n dirf>rte<t to the nttitl
of a renifnt failed " Portland " cement, manufactured by Menm
Atpdea and Robins, of Northlleet : and on Monday, the l!ith alt.
a numerous body of ari:liitect>i, hniblerK. Ac. Hurmbled at the
toan premivi'H of theHu itKutletiK-n, in Gretit ficotlxnd'yan). la
wilneoa a number of experinientit with the cement, both alose
and in eombiiiation with sand, in different proportions ; the foUoa-
ing are some uf (he trialx titaile :—
BmI Sfoele BrUfai C<nnmti<d againit thf fFail.
Experiment I.— 1* stock bricks were cemenlcil toother wM
romait cemeut (all cement) anil jinrjerteil before tbe face uf a WlA
aa fig. 1. They broke donn with I lb. placed on tho cnil.
Pl,.l.
E^tpcriinmt S. — II atock bricka, cemented tof^ther with I nai
and 1 niman cement, broke down with 7 lb. placed «» the end.
Experiment S.— 3« brirku, ccmentrd with neat, patent fwrtfas'
oemniC, broke down with It lb. planed on the end.
Bxptrimmt 4. — "Vi iirirka. rementeil to(fethft' with 1 portlanJ
cement and 1 aand, broke down with IS lb. at end.
Exptriinmi i.— « brick" crmcnlciL toifcther with 1 portland
cement and 2 Mind, broke down with IfjH lb. xt cud.
Eiperintrnt Ii. — ¥•! brickM, with 1 portlaiid i.-ei|]eiit fett^ 4 Mttl
broke down with 60 tb. at end.
tsis.*]
THE^VUrENOINEBR AND AECHITKt;T'8 JOURNAL.
V*'**')^!
£.xptriinaU Ij—M bri^k*, «Htk 1 pottUnd cownt and & uad,
rtik« dova with 74 lb. i>t «n<l.
Esftritnent »■— 1« bricks, oil portUnd cement, witU a wbecl ftf
• cwt. in th« unlrr, lirokr doirti Mith 17 lb. ut end.
FTpfrimntt 9.— 16 bricks, pffmentpd tditrtiwr with 1 purllniirf
fement iind 1 fwnd, »nd ttiKpniitt^il iil birth end«, lirok* Ainrn wilb
Brperimtnt 10.— A block of portland Btone, «ft. 11 in. lonjt,
and ft by It inuhtai, brulce with ft ww-rM of S8 fiwt. (.Vwfig.S.)
;«W«.— A bli>ck,»nieuleil wi()> n^nian ccnwul, Kuuld oat bcu Ids
««i|hlof Uitt tiuuD, iji a iiiutitar pMilioD.
Fit. 3.
I
TVio/» fa n Jlj/draulie Fnu.
Expnmntt 11.— A 1ili>rk, all imrtlnnd lament, IR inHip!* hi^b
niid tt X 9 iiiclitx, liurv a))rc.4.sure «qunl ta hts\ tons an lJi« iiquarf!
foul.
ICrfil. ISl— A mixture, 1 «atid and 1 c«tnei]t, ... SO taiui *q. foot.
ExpC. 13. — A mixture, 4 „ 1 „ ... SO „ „
Expt. 14.— A mixture, 7 „ 1 „ ... 44^ „ „
ExparimaU IS. — A blucli, all ruinitii i-(«mHiil, bmlte at e^i toux.
EJiperimetU 16. — A mixture, i pnxta ftiuid «ud 1 nfoiiui cQni«nl,
would nut be»r aoy prcwun.'.
Expefinient 17. — A block gf partland itoDf, ij in. X I in., broke
tip at ^ cwt.
Krperimmt IS. — A btfick of tllB porlluid cement, the ume
dim«iuduofl, truke with IS tons.
AVir Scrxn<'Cultiny Mte^int, — A |>Uu of culliaf iron Krcwi ii tlMcd to
liare becD iovrnicd l>v M(. I'. l\. UiiM, of Ciica^o. Illini>ii, I))- which the
IKiww ftf ona man will cut put Jay, ;UI) half-iiicli, &00 Ihree-ijuailef tiiuli,
40U OB* inch, and 30U oaa-aiul'R-liair inch holla. Tba ailrinu^rt CliLnicd
(or thia plan oier tlic cniuiDan liin arn. iu Jlipiioh In doing work t itt dun.
bility, biiiug CU1 oter (.DUO liiilii witli ons dir. wiihuttt any r«p«iti: iiiiiFail
et janblng ar diivicu lite llireiid inlu i!>ii)i« it nil* it out, llii? (ame «> in a
Uthe> leamc ihc ilirnd of boliJ irun, whicli cinnot be >tn|>pr>l olf w i*
ohm) vllb Ihmc cut lii iN comrnvn die, anii it mil <lo \he wurk hy uiicc
Mttiog kJon^lbe bolt, i»»tici( iht ihi«i<) |jttftct. Tbe die, it j& »iiicJ, can
be aid* bj onlintrj wnrkmcii, witli lar l(i( «i)»*Dte lima (be comfciqlt dm,
and wbea nadt, li not at all liable to gtl out of Kpair.
BEVXEWS.
TJW I*atac« «/ IKtsilmiruIn'. Imperlul tjuarto, Pert 1. London :
Wiirriutfton luid Sun, Ifitf,
At prenent, we can hnrdly pretend to ftive «ii opinion u to the
nwrlta of s Bcrios nf uroliitifcluntl illuHtratiana from tli« three en-
)Fnvin(^ in thiK tirist Fart ; our are we kble even no mucli tie to aajr
li> what «ictent it i* intended to carry the puliliCHtiun, aud what will
be the cutire imiober of pifttm, t)i«ri> bt^tiui; iictittier prospMtua iK»r
odvertiMtneiit <>ii thv wnipper to eSurd that wmewhnt desirablu in>
formation. M'tiiil vtriku at the very fint as ot^e^itionable U, not
that the pUtei nre piibli«hed miscflllnneoualy while Uie work Is
evniititf out, but tlmt it wtem* lh«y arc intended to be bound up w,
inirtvnd uf b^ing duly iirrau^jed aucurdrng to ttame Mort of »nUr and
)ifM)UL'tirtf. The Nubjects contained in Ibis i'ort I. are: Plan of the
I'nncipal Fluor, ttie Kiiyal (.'otirt (a pertpeulive t-iew). and an £]».
vntioii of th«> luwitr part nf lUe Victoria 'i'uwer, whidi arvi dttsignated
in tbo bi-adlnguf tliede^L-riDtlveletter-preu accompanyiiiM «ucli »r
them, AH I'liite I., il., Ill-, rwpBCtively. Whjfrefore, alibouf^h
the dei^chptive letter-prpiui iiwlf in iu)t paut^d — winch looks as
if it bttd bnrii intended tu leave it to purchaaerit to arnui^w the
KiiliJRi-tn ultimately to their own fancy^iich accommodation bt
tioir fruUrated by the ptat«« being niuiiljered iu the letter-pre»s.
and in our opinion quite iwelewly, there Wing no conv>i[iondiiir
niimbttPi iin the \ilm»t ibemstlves, »o that the binder can be frn'ded
only by their title^t. We almost fancy that the " iiumberiug' ' inunt
have occurred lliEuugh mere uvnnifrht ; and if m, now that the
very great inconvenience attending it ih pointed out, it ought to
bi abaniliined aC once^-^hcMild which be dune, canc^ ought to be
^veii of the descriptloDii already publiiibed.
A<t matter* have been mannpred, J'late I. la a Plan of th« Prind-
pnl F]»»r ; but anrely lliat will not b« the oidy illustration of the
kind, or el«e the worK will ho ;:tngiilnrly dcfoctiv(> and UBRalisfac*
tory. tlurdly can we hvlieve that it U not intended tu give Home
other pliinii— at any rate that of the (jroand-lloor, it being quite io-
dixpenituble for properly undt^rslandmg th« «tru<:ture. 'I he flour
imoiediattdy ubuie ihp |irincip»l umt iniglit alao to do Hhowii. tie-
•tidex which, there are many portloiu of the Principal Fluur
it«elf whidi require tu be exhibited upon a larg'er iM^e, and much
mure in detail ; the hctdu of tbo |;imeral plan lii'ing nu more than
that of an inch to I'iO feet, which in «o mnnll tli:it it in tm{ii>«d>le tu
niL'tuurft Iruin it with any sort of accuracj^ Moine of ilie lewuir
ro»in«; — ^wherefore it would nut have been amiss had the revpective
dimeiuiuns, accordinj^ tu actual mvanurenient, been in4erted in the
" Kvy to Itiii Plan." With revard to the plan itcelf, it d»CH not
extend tieyund U'estminster IlaU ; connetiuently, it does not *b«w
irliHl is Iu tie dune on the wont nide of the Hall, alonj; Margaret-
street and New Piilace-yard. Nor i* the plan iiiiite mi dintini't im
it mi|;bt bic, owiit^f toall thepartittiatire under roof hein^ ahuded,
and only the open ixiurl« and area* left plain or white. So for
indeed dixlinction is made brttmen the covered and uncovered
parts of thu plan, bat ihnro might juitt aa well have been greater
diHtinetncM uUo prudtK-ed by making the walla cDimidenbl^
darker than llie re>l. In our opiuioii, shading of the kind inijfht
have been di<i[iea(>ed with altogether in whatii> an upper-Hour p&n,
it being ijuLle lulliciutit to treat the gruuiid-ttuor one in that oiiui-
uer, l)r— for Uie diHHgreeable doulil im* cuuivb at:ro>i u»— ia
ilui pUn tu be the only ill u strati un of the kind.^ \Ve will uut
bebeve that it is until we can no lungei dialxrlieve it. f-ivcua
gruund-flour plan will uut be quite iKiti.-d'aclury uidewi il be made
t4) xhow — except that be done in a separate situutiouVplaJi, uci a
leiMer scale— 'tiic relative position of v\'o»tmiu)ti'r BridgcL Henry
VII.'s ChapL'l, and otlier ciri:iimHlikni;u]i nf the jieouliar locality,
EIkv, how ure thoae whu ore iiuiie unaci|UBlnted with that locality,
to form any notion of It ^ A piihiiciktiun like the prc^nl, iui>re
espeaally iki subjeot Liciog taken into account, i» nut likely tubs
conlined to tliia country, but wUI be eagerly turned to abruad,
whereirer the funic of the Palac*: uf W'eiiminiter and it» archiiecl
haa reached : and how are tliu»e who puaietM nu other iufornuitioii
than what lliey cm derive fmm pliui», to underHland the diffii.ulties
imposed upun the architect by the site, and miike due allowance
fur what niu.nt strike them as being defective aud utudittafactory in
the diaposillon of the west or principal liuid-tiidc of tke edUicc .'
Fur our part we sbuuld say, tliat be»idt» a gciter^ ititiiatiuiiVpUuu
tberu ou);ht nlxo tu be a iitnn uf all tho buildini^ as they exi.itetl
bcfurc the lire. Atid unduublinlly a plan uf tlie kind ought to 1m
irinerted In this publication, if unty as a hiawricid ducumeut.
Plate II. ahflwa, in a perspective view, a part uf what is called
the Uuyal Court, it being tiiat into which tiie rtate carriaj^ oaA
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AKD ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
rOoraM.'
oihttT ToytA eqiiipncM drive nnil turn mund irlipn tbe aovfnlun
({OM ta porliBinent. Ilcnt «c s^e on tiip eiut side, llic lari;t> buy
wiodow nnd r*nirr cT umirr windovs of the Royiil (ikUerjr, «nd
iwrt iif iTir Hiiiih n'lAn uf thr nwirt, whpre ihe wiuknra an the
priii<rl|iitt fliHir bi>li)ii}; tu itic nSlce of the Lord Grmt ChaiuberliUn.
The arriiiTJi}- thTuu^h which thp ouriagea ptua from the porth
benrntli the ^'fc.liiri* Towrr in qDite in k cflmtT. at UiB »nulli-
iTMt Mnjclv iif till- oiitrt. 'riie architecture! <if the cuitrl in ^imkI,
but not al Ml reiiiarkuble, exrejtt on tliu wr^l or irnllrry-udo of it,
where the two archwaj-s heliiw (one of them li'^dind; into the
Ch«iiC«llor*ii Cpnrt^ till' iminll octnfcimitl HtnirciuH' turret, the oriel
wltidow with Milid wall la Uio camparlmetil between the but-
tntmes on each aio of it, broken onlj' by nrrbod and Rplaycd
pAnelii, cont'iinins' roynl amivnial bearings, lorm, toicctbrr witli the
ranfTc nf Itiftr wiiid»irs above (Uirae in the upiier jfart of that
aiileef the jmller)-), form a sufficiently picturetM|ue itiul pi>|unnt eom-
binatiOD, — such aacnn hardly fuit U> ruptivatc the admircrii nf llio
uldeo time. M'hiit the other elrvntiiim nf tlie rourt, which art;
not ahijwu in the vivY. niny hv. tlie <leiicri|itiun does m>t inform ug.
Til aaytlie truth, the ilcscripti le Ictlrr-preMia eicrcdiiurly mcafrc,
dry, and bold; mid hni, beside*, the diaadvanta^ vf «t>n>i>t(i;g
unly of detndiird HcraiiN.
rUte UI^ the elevation of the myal portal nr entrance-porrh
in tbe lower tun of the V'ictoria Tuwer, exhibiti^, (in a tolerably
adequat« arjile, the eireediiiKly rich deialiji of tlmt part of the
rtruettire ; in the charncter of whoM* open arch we uiiry we re-
i*«frniM a reseniblnnce lu that of the beautiful Krjiniiihiuii date at
Norwich. Satiifiirtory tw it ia in other respect*, the prim hardly
de««Juitic« to the atructure Itself; for it convey* iii> idea of the
Ctriklngly-fine elFect pniduced by an i^ien nrcb uf xucli niii^nicuile
(mi fe«t ntfth t(i il* Bpex),4iii thevxt^'rior of a huildinir. The plate
Mnff a mere outline ode, the i>ietur«!M[ue c«ntra«t of liKht and
■hade in ijuite )o«t ; therefore, allhougli it U not likely tltnt imv
one will aetually make mir-U ii minl^ike n» U> aiippfMe thnt the tirrfi
it>rlf !■ Iil1eil-up by the I^w«r Hrcli und ifntc iceii on the further
iiliuie of the elevaliaii, it would have been better had that plaiie
leen entirely, though ftlightly. Khmleil— bomuM tkei) llie opening
of the nrch would have been ilinlini^tly deiined. lliere will, «re
hn|K% W M oection iif thin i>i>rL-h drawn to the «ame acaleuthe ele-
vation ; and we also ilealderalo n fully detailed plan, to ahow tlie
groining of it* ruult.
Iloweter iiitere.iiii(i; and exeelleotthe materiala for it furnished
by Mr. Itarry may be. the publication dues nut teem to have
been planned wiUi mu<*-b jintitnii'iit or foretiubt. The itenarute
" Hutory" of tb« Palace of \l'i^tmiii»ter in bv Mr. 11. T. Kyde ;
but who i« the fienoTal editor, or who write* tne desrrijitive )>or-
liun of the Irtler-presH i>t not said — it in ciTlaiiilv ii(jthin(( to
boaatof. Ax tu what cull« tthuU' " liilroduction." lliat mi};ht, in
our opinion, very well have been spared, for it strikes u" n* bein^
In wretdiedljr bad taste— a tissue of vulgar botnbMtic cuminvu-
pUc^ and puff.
Since tbe above W1U put into the printer's hands, wo h«v« aeen
Part I!., whith t-anie out only a vcrj few duys after Part I., ond
which gites u* tluco mure pUte*. The fimt of them exhibits ti>
on iu uer*pectivc a portion of the eitcrior — viz., the " Sriutli-
Wiiift rotrent" of the prinripul or «a«t front; yot, although care-
fully dune by a very c«nipctcnt architectural drnu(rbt»man (Mr. ■'.
JohiuoD), and although «re cannot l>ut commend the diti£eiic« he-
atowed upon the dnwloff, the enf^vis); ii nnt nlld^^ther iuitii>fae-
tory. U^iat has been aueged by »omc n(fulnsl the building iliflf,
maKe« itteir here felt; for th« multiplicity of the detaild and en-
richment fprend over every jiart, i* nuch aa to oeesiMKn no emal!
itfttt of oorif<ii>io» and iu<ttittinctn»if). Thin 14 cii.pcciUly the
cane wiUi rejfard to the upuer part — the tower* nnd the roof,
where the different formn and «urfaee« do not deline themnelve^ iit
all clearly. More decided general effect as to light and (hnde, and
greater rigour of touch, are required. In fact, the ordinarv mode
of lithography — thiit hero emjdoyod— i« hurdlv ((ipahle of doin^
Jurtic* to fut'b n Hiibject, for it Knows iioor ana flat in eompnrinwa
with that improved method in which the wft«*», nu thry are teeh-
nicjtlly termed, are printed; therefore, lifter bi-ing niiw accustomed
to that mortf enerftetic and pictonivl mode of lithography, we feel
diuatiitfied with the «ne here nmctised. With the neit pbrti* —
the Interior ef the llojal Pwcn — we are made to feel v^ry much
ao; for whether it h« that the im|irei">i'>n wo have g^it is a (defec-
tive one, it i* nnrticiilnrly feeble nnd t.ime, nml must nf nil <-o in
thoae parts wbieh re.|uire some of the deepest toar.hee uf vbttduw.
While there i« tittle or no truth ua to the genemi effbet of liiEht
in audi a (ituativn, the uliofts and mouldings of the wcoad or f
•nailer, immedtatelr inoloaitif tbe (lird uid mullcat ucli,m
■carcely definsd at all below, on tbe side which is in the diadw.
It nwy alao be ohjecteil that this suliject abow* us very Utile ■>««
than wbat ]■ seen in Plate 111. bmrtnad tbe open arch b lb*
elevatiAn of the exterior of the itorcb, tlio t'ww beinc eonfinad
merely to that rn-t »ide. without shoving anything at th<? rauJtad
roof, or of the lli^lit of HtejM on the north side It'oilinr up tolht
rnyiil entniDoe into tbe building ; which li oonanquentry not eres
so much Ml indicated, although it might very easily have beca ■
bv juit redtii'ing the scale h triUe. and bringing a little monnf
the interior into view. Thi« plate nKkreorer confinoa. what ■>
have snid sa to the Ijijadiciousnesa of numbering the subjects ao-
curdin;! to the order in which they happen to be jiubliahed, met
this view !■ partly identical in subject with Plate ill., acmrdlntly
oucbt to Imve immeiliatcly followed it; imlcnd of wliicJi, PUlc
IV. IK jilioKetherdiAereul in subject — one, besides, whkli interra^
the nniiirnlaequeaca of the aubjcct*. for all the rcafwctiTc rim
of the exleriiir ought to comi> together, and ft^low eadi olbtr ig
«onie re;;uUr onler ; yet nosnch arrsnicemrnt can pov be adopted.
rtccpt by <li« regarding the immeriral order of the platea, mi
thereby giving the letter- [ircvi Uie ap|M-Hrnnce of bein^ alraDirlT
ahuffleil-up. Plato VI., however, ilom really follow PInte V. villi
great propriety ; it allowing uu a larger strale the sutues ol the
three popular Saints, Andrew, George, and Palriok. in the nicktt
over the gate Icitding to the royal court, Wbetlicr they an
worthy iifhnTiiiu n plnte devoted to them Li a ditTen-nt nutter:
as mere architectural areenurieK, they may be privileged to |«i
muster without criticism ; but if they chnlleiige lulmimttvo ng
their own account n* works of art, tiiey are not likcJy tovliaiB
it— ut least, uut OS bcre reprcoentcd, wliich Is but in ■ rcrji*-
so-ish uiatiuer.
A Gtntrat Sheet r«We fir FaeiliMiwt tkt CaUfHlalim <^ jKMi-
wfirk" fvr itaiiwayr, Canalt, i(i: By FnAScts UASuroaTW, MA,
Fellow of St. John'* College, Cambridge, — C'kaik or IDO l^t.
.Mr. Un^hforth't previously -published table of eanhwurkim
calcutaled to a ehAiii of OB feet, lie hnu nuw extended lb
utility of hiu laliuuni hy en.! en In ting tlie prei.»nt table for <
uf 100 feet; the mothiid of apjilvini; the figures rMsal
same as boTure. As we liavo alreudy re'^ieuied at IeB_
Baahfoith's syiitem, which i^ distinctly nnd jieculiarly fala o«
have had occasion to decry an utleiupt to rob biui of liUl
feisihlo ri|rht and property in bis own labours, it is nut ueeei
now to Kpc^ik fiirlhpr, dther in the way of eicplnnatiun or mm-^
mendutiim. In the preM^nt table the pniporlional inrEK, inriraj
uf beiji^ oDutained oti a se|iarQte cnrd, are printe<l beside the i&-
tej(Tiil number*. By thU nminsem'i'nt sjiaee and trouble iill
saved, and all Uio iiifurmution which is usually reuui«ite is r«a-l
denaed and presented at one view. We are afmiif to >ny mutk j
in praise of the improvernenta wbivh tbe author lias cUTeiTted ii
tho cuIciilMtion of enrthworkii, le^^t our obsi.'rvnl ions should ft#-
voke the cupidity of ainiv litcmry burglnt : property in tnMetf^
eurthwitrki is found tu he so insecure. Hint the only anfu *a]rtf|
retainiuf; it secmi to be by cu»eeiilin){ it.
TnciUmfHti to StwiUt iff Simm aw! Ikt Slram-EwnM { or,
tiral Fai-U nJativi' Uwrrto Profirrlu Afipnurrialeii. By W. Tl
rux, ll-N". Woolwich. London: John MriUium's l»W.
The object of this little bmk is to diffuBC infonnalion on nurioe .
eugiueerinjf, particulnriy to enable persons to prejiarL* for ih* f»-
minntiooA fiir cngiueers'in the navy. Of course, such a work "i'
he eiiu.tlly iituful fur engineera in the eoini»er(-ial oteam servtfA
We think' it likely to be very s«rrie«abk> for those cisaaes to wb*
it is addre-sril, and wo therefore recommend it to oar readv* i^ 1
feel an interc«t in the nukjecti to n'hich it refrnt.
Mr, Templeton auggesta as one of the use* of this little itik,
that altlinnoh it ia not prnfeaBedly iu«trnctive for tbe fat^ 1
hrancheM oi the pnifcssion, it may he fotind availiible as a rwjjf 1
iiriiuipter, for refreshing the memory on poiiita of practice, Ij
Keeping up the tlnitdnru of attainmcuiB ainon^ workinf-mcD. **
think Mr. Tcmplctou will do suinc ^od.
-J
THE CIVIL KNGINEEa AND ARCHITECTa JOURNAL.
89
GEORGE STEPHENSON.
t<>n the dcalli of a Kreat man it if ^grntd time to tliink of wiuA
\nvt iaue. U'e ara strurk hj tbeluiut: the Ihun^lit romea
clooniUy tlwt he who n httciy itood nniang ue. whiwc smile still
beams u|*gn un, whu.'x: Myi»^« arr frcsb in our unrit. anil whose
look* have not faileil (nm oar aiKht, hu ended ht.t daya here aiul
Wucht anollier vorld. HV bepii to tell over his word» and dceda,
the grmt and good tbinio< he ha« done, his atrmirth ond his fail-
iD|c», hi' KimiffH and hi» JDyi; — we liaitca tu matcli a ln«l luulc
before Die liri^ciit rcmciabmioe la dimmed.
GeoFEc 8tcphtMtKi>n wm m lately amidst ua, in strength nf bodf
ukd iniiid utibrukeii, that it i* lijird to bdiuvc he iics in the cold
crafC ; »iid the mere su whili; hia u-urkv ipe-ak tn> Ivudlf of him.
la mind he is amonjr bb. if not in body — indeed, hi* retneaibniuce
caniKit w foon leave. The U*t dutiv« have been paid — the earth
ho» been laid xtyjit lum, hi<t name is written on hi* ooSn. and the
new i)t>a|>«r» 1isr( luld of lii« birth aiid hi* ilvuth : but his lirethrcn
h«ve yet much to tliinti vver. He has xivcn tbe cn^ineen uf
Kuc'and a EiiropMR wune ; be ho* opened for them n new lield of
«Dipluyi>icnt at home, a »ider field orhonuur and of wealth abruud,
and tlti^v owe liini hrJ>rtfirlt th«nk<i.
U'facn wc look to tbe mao, viir heart* are stirred within ub. U'o
begio with bii lowly birtli, we witnovi hi? Ereal nM;, bia wonderful
«ork«, but still mure Wit kindly fcciinfH i wu winder 1k/w be did
•o nui^h from amail bettiuniogw, and evory youn); man burns lo
follow in the fo«t«t«p* of one to truly greit and g>^od. We havo
thought, tberefufv, a few wordamay be In koixI lime aov, (.'nthercd
Iroiii the Mveral book" and papAm in uhich they lie scattered, and
wlufbnuty pcrhapa bi! uipur to tho«o able to dototnetbin^ worthier
uf the maa.
Hia lif»iaiMne tlt« ]ft« naeful no bnin^ that of a wiirkiiiir-mnn,
wliu by bii; own «trni^hC>.''orwardne» raised himacif to lh<> t<>|'m(Mt
hei^t ; and iii ho iitftn without scbooU learning, and in a privato
way. it npeiiA many of thoce oneetions whi<?h h«.r0 been much
written tip..n nf Ute yeiw rtn to tW te.irhing of pn^ineer^L, «nd how-
far they looiitd be under tbe awny of ■ pjvernment. InaBmucJt,
too, ai, unlike many men of learnlnfr, he wu moit happy in enrninff
waulth, and in koepinf; it, in a j^ood Dame, and in the love of hM
liLiuaebold, it may he worth whiln to a«k why he ahould Itnve lutd a
I'tftter lot thaii Other me.u, and irhtt ahnri- an uprijrbt and nianlir
IB lid bad in hflpiof; on a<|uick andready «il. Mnny, indeotl, think
t at a etvver man may do an he likm, and that he ne^'d put no
fc idle on bin niik^A, nnr trouble bimaelf wheth<>r hiadeeilH U« ri£,hl
ur wniiic, but miiv he u rikmI and aufCMsful enfrlneer notu-it!i':tind-
i.i^. tlte{)beniM>iig life will tell or tomethlnf; on alt the«e bcvU.
»i, EovMoon.
Gbobob SrecHBNsoN wna born in ITGO, at a nnall nni^loneeot*
t*g« boLwoen C'luse-lloufie and WyUw. in Nortliumberland, and
«iihin niiio mile« of Newcmitle, in the colliery divtrict. Ho
wan f-nt of sever^ children, tbe aon of poor people, who hn J Inn,;
•<welt in Ibe same noiKhbouiho'<d, and who wore vmv rotpivlxMr.
The elder MejiheMon is tald to have been a collierj hut by other
mtiT* likely aceounU' an eofine tenter at a eolliery. Tliat tiie
ii.irfnta were people of hi^h character is best praxW by the early
(;■> "f tbe aon, hot t!io<t bv hia behftvii>ur tonard« Ihem.
.■■.■linnlinft they were ilf abia to pve him, and it it not certain
tliAt be learned to rend before be bcinn to labour ; but lie had that
b^st kind of tcNie.hinfr uhtch eomea from the heart. An npon and
afiri^lit mind was thi> true grttundwork (in trhidi h'l* ^nutnMi waa
b Jilt, and lie owed it to the buinble homo in which he waa broufcht
^a. Wo pride ourseli-e> nnv-a-dn)-s that we have spread nntioiial
(dIiooIs ovvr tho land, and that ko have taken pare for thn
firbt brinirin^ up of vntilh; and we think il much better that all
■■.ii no<r K'arn to read and arite. It may however well be asked,
h<-ar far this alone is pood: fur we have «triiek » blow at that home-
drhunlinff, nadoi* which fur *a many hundred yenra Enfj^liahnien
bmro been bred. Formerly, the colter hail Ibe whole care of hit
vbildreo; the father and the Tnctther were held nnsworabli! fur their
ofCifnag, and if thr-^* endivl ill, th<t fihamn wac a hy-word amnng
th« Dtti^boura. Now, the child it handed over to the kchoolmaBter,
without whose teachini;; life is held as itou);tat^ and whose rending
■ad •rritinjr are tii bre.ithii worth into tbe btiyiiih mind. It in no
iDti^ur uiiri iearninff is better tlian hoiiae or land, hut that it aianda
i 1 the stead of evurjthiDfr, and is worth itself. The work of
ti.lher and mother is now at an end; and if any ill hefai), they
answer thoy oenl the nhild to Mhoot, and if any he in the wrung it
tna>t tjp the widioolm:ister. This ia tellinff more than is believed,
is one of tliMie Ihingi which ia ^ppini; England. How otien
must it he aaid that readlnffand writing are not to bring a child up.
while il« bddr and tia soul are uiitauKht r and better it it to httru
tbe huoiely l^nelish hrvi'dinfr uf Gcoritv Slephetuou than tlie muck'
af«ful-knawledi:f>ii'honltni: nf Dr. Hell or the Frussiaos.
If nift taiiijht tu write, ireoiffe ^luphonaon was taueht to be ■
ffood aim. and on npriKbi man; and Ihn* in .-iftrr-timo to find in hia
own ann n true helpmate, and I'nr Hhn fondly luted him. It is
not likely liinl the lad frll any rcpinini;, but enrnestty took up —
what nhould be the lot in life of nil—to work for bta bread by the
Bweal nf his hrow. lie ncvi;r lixik^d loranythinK else, — he haduo
yrarninf; fortrlleneB,aiid hii>miiid ne^ er^ave nay under theburtben
whirh wiui laid upon him in aAcr-lifc. In common with hi* brvlher*
lie was early ael tu work to rum hta vbare of the houaehuld food—
so early, that hi* lirrt carninjta were only two-pence a day. H*
led thr horte at the iilunuh when almoal too youn^ to stride acrof*
the furrow ;« ridinff Iiim to his work kctimca in the miming, when
many cldidren were atill aalcep, and had not be^n their boyiah
play.
9o lowly were hta lir»l eudeavonrs, that they were giicn to the
Cluuirhnbare or the coai-hcap. Sonictiinet he wrou^tbt at ]iii'kin|[
kta and droae from the cool ; and he waa ao yuuui;, and eo youn;^-
lookinir, that he had often to hide himself when the overseer went
Tonnd. le«t he ahuuld be thuuj<ht U'o little to earn his amall lii-in^r-*
Front twi»[i«noe a day he rate tu fourpencv, and at leiiKth to stw
Iienre a day, — ax ^cat a riae, and perbiipa as fraught with bri|chl*>Kt
iiipos and awelliu(t pride, aa when in »fter-yonr« hi* l.ifonnpliv^a
moved fmm miles to wwrca, and when the maker of a short tram-
war became the undertaker of irwi roads between Lwodon and the
aiiilioiis of the north, and kinpi and ttateamen smiled on tbo won-
der* ho had »Touirht.
In hiK biiybiiud he was most marked amon^ the playmates of tbe
hamlet aa foremoiit iu their sport* and paotimes, — and indeed we
need not wi>h for more. Hia roiud waa not tasked beyond ita
strength, nor made to yield uuripe fruit. The healthy (irowth of
ht« body enabled him' tu work Otit whatever his powerful mind
spurred him tu do ; and lor twenty venm of liis life (fri>m fertv lo
sikty), he never Qa^^rd in taika which the unbroken atrengtk of
youth can selduui inaater.
It i* Mid that ho early showed a mechnnleal turn, and that he
mended the clocks and watches of the uitmeii, and even made their
■hoti^* tvckevuthi>boyitheari>inf,t; but il «ecm< more likely that
the n-Btch aud cluck Rivnding b«hm|t«d to a later time of his life,
for hud he abown »i:ch a hiippy kuuwledKe, it is hardly likely that
his skill cbouJd bare been so'little thuught of, ah until his man-
bood it teem* to have been.
Shortly aAer he had come into hia teena, he worked as hreakeman
fur Walerrtiw pit, on the Iramwav between Wylnm and Newbum.
Bythiatimv hia f.ithvr hnd moved from >fylamto WalboUle. The
lad now set up hi* tinl aervant, which was no other than a great
doir. wIiMin iw taught to bring hia dinner daily Irom WalbuttU
e<ii!:crv' 10 the tramway.'*
II- 1-^ *nid even at thia time lr> have helped in keeping hia &tber
and niKther,' — a homely deed, but one of which he had a greater
right to be proud than of aiiv enffineerinff undrrtakinK. A ri^ht
Ensliah fcelin)r in hia love uf kindred was alwnyi; lively I'n his mind,
and it afaoited itself in hia fonducta for hia father, his son, sud the
ehildren uf hia brothers, and in every deed of hi« life. While
eanieat to ntnke hLf own way, he wss no leaa mi th;it those about
kirn should g*l forward — nny, if it mivht be, even before itim; and
while his mind waa dill unbroken, he left hit son to cany out atone
the grcfLl WDikN in whi^b they had begun together.
ti, KiLLiMiwuarii.
The Stephensona went to Willinirton andKillin^Drth,at whieh
latter ix a cullierv belonging to Lord Ra Tens worth and hii. partnerf.
Young Gourde waa now put to be atoker to a colliery engine, at
cue Hbilling a-day, and aa he himself told — " In my younger daya
] wurked at an e'njiine in acont-pit. I bad then to work early and
late, often rising l« my labour at one and two o'clock ia the morn-
ing. ' It waa at Killinj-wurtb, however, that his lot in the world
was settled, for there he made hit jjoffinning us an engineer.
As bin ttrength grew sii did his work, and he went on until be
became an eii^ioenian at IS*, a- week. This waa a great step, aa
he never forL'ut, for some monthn ago bein^at Newcastle, he aent
for an old fellow- workman tu dine with him at tlie QueenVIJeMi
hotel, and ttdk over old limes. — " Do you renirnilMT, tieorRe."
anki'd his friend after dinner, "when you got your wages raised?"
"Well," aaid Stephenton, "what about thai?" "You came out
a Uritir B«puit«.
LfW'tiMiaif* Uarcurr.
■ £i«tli)isbm C«urwr.
i>rit.,*liln CouMir, xci|u>I IV, IMS.
t tiiuMMie UMirn'. Ati(uii 19. IsM.
Sinta 11 .VriNuUc, Jiu* IS, IMt.
38
THE CIVIL £NOINEF.R AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL.
[OnoBi,1
of tKc afflcc all «milo«, an^ told a> )^a'<l ^t four vajce* raj»«4 1«
in*. «-veek, mid ruu were a auin for life. Nuv, y<m wouM find it
liard to tell wliat vou liiivc a-Mcck.' " Ycs,''aD*vGrcd he, Uoghing',
* I dim wiy I iibo'nW."'
It wa>, hvoever, a icreat «tep, for U had a dbare in hb teacbinK.
He was at Itonie with the «t«ain'«nfiioe. and with lu« aearfhing
mind he vm ftnriufc up tlint ktiii» Intfic nhich wa» to bfl mott
nacliil to him. It wii9A(iUud ti-ur)cinC')<.'b(>oIfora irreat encfin^Cr —
as Kvod ait Brindle/o in n inill, «r H'slt'o in hi» wurV<'Ii«p nt GUs*
(TOW. Ilia miod was HWikkenod; he did not ttand littlo't^ly hv to
(tvd thff lirn, — but tbc rti^H'i' lay hefurv him a* a book whi^rcin to
read iu wvihjnpi, td mailer iu jiowertt, to knoMr ita iTMikne(H>e«,
t<> task its cunning. Th«re is fK>motliin|f in tha etaaoi •engine
which ill a nitvll and » chnrm tatJin behulder, — •amething more and
avmethin^ eW than the hive of the (hiIut fur hin sliip ; lurh «■ tb«
ireav«r fe<e]a uat at h>8 litom, nor th« smith h^roiv hi« anvil. The
Oftith or lh« weaver is the maker — the hammer or the ohtittip work*
Ml bin )tand li«ta; but tb'' «U'iun-«i)^ne ataDda aa with life and
hreath witluriit — wurkinicof it»elf,eanie«tly,>t«adily,aii(l niniifully ;
hf day and hy ni^tht, in its youth and in it« «]<i@r ycnnt. when
iMmrr« of mrn wiui wrAught with it hnrc aickcriM aiid hrrathril
their lout. To the wurkinK-mnn it in u thiiif of rare and lov^, nnd
ita si^ht Beeni« to fjive mijclit t*> those who tivhuld it, Hiid to tCitch
them tlie rnnnini;; whieh i« in ita own make. Thus, bi^y« who
watched Ktrencthoiii>(l it with cords niid rods of iron;^thuii, a toy in
tbebanda of Watt, it eliiimed hi* life for ita care, and ^rew to
unwonted growth; — thuB, time aftertime,hflvemtkster and workman
niirii^H itn childhood, and belpM it ontrnrda to its miahtieat
tircngth— and SteiiluMieon hna not been among the lenat of thtna.
The weaver doM Bot better the loom ; hut day-hy-day M>me hiwly
workman ipveo hia small meed of help to the rteam-enfrine.
The nirxt «tep that we knew of in ^tephcnBon'i onwatd path was
hia petting ceventi'en ihilliniri a-wc^ek.' Whether thia was at
Willinf^on or Killin^orth ii< not itettled ; hut soon afterwards lie
wiw nl Killirpi-iirth. with n «hilli:i)c "-week more, and wimelimeti
puttinfc to hu (lender earning a little for his over-time or for
IMo^-e-work.
He had new fn'own up t« mnnhood, and to a ptoA name am«n^
hia neighheiin, hein);, an thoBci wh^i now live rememher. a hnnU
vnTking and npriiebt man, having the trust of hi* mnAterii and of
his fellow u'orkmeu.
Une of the lirBt deedn in which he ia uid to have shown hia skill
wais at Killiiigworlh. The lOiearei; over which the rupee work at
the pit were much fretted ne they were then made, and the rayna
were (|uickly away. Iiideed.the ropes which elaea'here lacted three
monthti, wore out nt that pit id a month. This wrh a heavy oatlay to
the owjti'Ts iind mui^h tninhle to the work pcuple. Mnny wnyx
were tried, hut fruitlessly; and at length they (fuve up iJl hope of
a eure. t^mn^^ the evil vaa firent, Stepheiiiwn i;nve his mind to
fiiul out whenfp it aroKO ; nnd hfivin/r done bo, he gel to work and put
the uhfaveM to right>^ *n that a ropt; was anved in two or three
mnntli*.'*'
By this time he heprnn to feel hi* own worth, nnd to yearn after
Mtmetbin^ better tlinn hix then way of living ; hut he thought that
to better hU meiinu, no other wny wna mi guod nit to leiLrii miirit, and
fit liitnaelf for hiirher tauk*. He hnd it in hand moreover to fr» to
New Enpliind,wliilhcr the rtrenm of aettlers did not How no fast sa
it doi'ii now, anil njtere tlierefore fp^ater Ikjjkii wero li^ld nut
to tbo nkilful workitmn wlin rhoKe to leave the Old Wiirhl no
far behind. In the he'^'iuiiiiif of Uiia iige, it uas a greater t^sk to
go to America tbnn it lunv i'^ to f>o to New Zealand ; nnd it lihawB
foung Sti-plii-iittiin'n l>iddui-K4 tbiil he underLunk it. NeverthelefJi,
t- is not liKely tbnt it wuu Ium own thoiiKht, but th-4t of one of the
two men who were to he bin rellowH in the uiidertitkinj^. One of
tlieoe, nfuned Woml. pave Stephenson akii(iH'ledi;e iif writing and of
numlieriE, wbirh it tlu'refoni KeMUK lie did not leurii until hi* niiin-
bood. It WHS the wiitli of Wood itiid Slephenson to try their hiutds
iu the New World at niechanirs and farming, fur which latter
he bad at nil Linieti n luve.' ■ If we reniemdier tlint in thove duya
the trip tn Americn wu* cvtly, nnd that no one eould ^u free, we
may see that Stephen»iin mnut luivu hnd some thrift, when lie was
Bble from bis slight eurniugs to ttave wejilth enough for Kuch a task.
It showR, toil, thnt be was not given to drinking or to wilkIc, hut
had steered free of tlmt iJionl on which too many worklitic-nien iiro
wrecked — the put-houne. in whiirh their uages are swaHoued up,
their minds blasted, and their health nenioiit. ^I'e know, indeed,
there vere few eveningii af^aeorge ^^tt'|Ibl.■nKc>n'li eitrl^ life H'hii-h
weie idly Kpcnt. Firxt, he wan kept lutu at bis engine; afterwards
his niglita were apent in learning ; by-and-by in eaniiug the means
• (ialHliru] Utinmr. a Utcbpblwt'au'lrr.
■• l>ffl>f BepgiMr— Cul3»blr* Oiukr. • > l>trlor ft>p«n*r.
for bi» sou's acbooling, and afterwards in working aoil learning hj
bis side.
Beyend the pivrnptlng of U'ood or bis other mate-, there
much in tbc times to work upon the mind of aar thoughlfti)
in the luwer walknof life. In 1800, n fearful dearth spread tbr
out linrope, anil the want uf bread wan Mircly felt among ue.
»iir, t'lo, hftd full gwny — waget were low, food deu*, and what wis
worse, the 1ft of the working-man was caft under the hittemt
thrnldoin wliieh ever befell Knglivlimcn. George Stepbcnsoii, to
common with every poor luid friendlem mnu in kvvtx Inunlet
throughout the land, mi^t have been torn from hia home aad
kindred at any hour by a prew^-gang ; hurried off to («a, and kept b
bondiige, B9 many goad tradeviieu now in London have been, fin
ten long yean or more without netting foot on KngUab grwond.
He was open to the lot of tbc niilil.iaand the local militia, and
enuld only find some one in bis steuid at a very great outlay. 1a
manv townships, wa^os were made up by the punsh-boBrd, and tbt
banl-working man waamade a beggar againat his will, ^cb was
llie lot of the working-man, were^ie even bueband or fatlier: hit
lite wn« not bis own; bis freedom bung by a tbretid, at the breatl)
nnd will of others. Geotve Stephenson, loo, niiiEbt ban bca
pressed, am others were. These were the good old times— goM^ it
lit to be hoped, never to cume again ; now almost foi^olteo, and era
when rend here it will hardly be believed that in bo>astu^ £b^u4
•ueb thingt were.
It could hardly be otherwise tlian that the manly KngUeb niod
of tieorge i^tephenson should spurn the lot in which he sccunl It
be east, and yearn for the freedom whidi was held out tobtin
among our brethren on thi> other aide of the great eea; and badbe
gone, we should have lotit him aa we have ao manv other mcii of
great mind^loct t» Kngland, and gone to *weU tlie wealth ni
fume of .America, and keep up the race of life against us. TbeM
who know <iur best working-men, are well aware bow wistfully tbe;
look to thiise lands where they can share in tlie birthright of tbcir
fiillii-ric, and how often thev give up a gocd livelihood at hoax (v
the love of thnt freedom wliich in withheld from ihent in iSugbad
by the working of the laws. IrtKhmen go to CatuuU Or N««
Jininswiek ; but the Knglinhmnn wliu leaves home, goes not lOow
M-tllementit, hut to the L'uite«l Ktaten — for he seeks more flaa
bread. If. tmi, a man of quick mind, he In not aliut out by burtbtft-
seme patent-laws from renpiugtbe fruits of his skdl ; and th«bM
wealth he tnko with him in often nume bright thought, wUA
riiionn in Uio new land he hns cboivn. We maj' follow in ear
mind's eye Ceorge Stephenson acrnas the seaa, and behold hia
building Ht I'hiludelphiii the engines and railways of which bt las
herL> made ns pnmd. Thl'al^ nrr tliingi: little thought of — bvt Mill
worth thinking about, for they <Mmie. home to the bueom of evny
free-minded working-miin ninoiig us.
It was unwillingly, HtuI with sorrow. Stephenson thongbl if
Icuviug hie kindred and hit \niA beloved, hiM homextend and lbs
land of bis birth, of bis bovmh gameu and of hii curly manhsoJ.
It went against his heart ; but be felt upon bim the strong call ta
free himwif from the thraldum wbb'h be^t him round. Thusbr
told tiClerwards to one who knew him ; be aaid, "Von know ths
road friJin uiy houBe at KiUinguurth tu »udi a xpot, — HTien 1 lift
hnme and came down thut road, 1 wept, for 1 knew not where af
lot would be cast."'" lluw bitter must have been the tbuo^t Is
one who felt fu d<>eply.
It wait not, hnwever, to he sn — we were nut to lose hltn. WUb
his lot htuig by a tbie:>d, ftiid day by day the time for letriug
drew nejirer, he bad every morning aa he went to hi« work to pass
neu'ly-sunk pit, whence they ware eiiilenvouring to draw ibe waUi;
and time nAer time did he M'e the pit overseers sod engUlfat
Htriving liiuitleKsly to git lhrou;i;h their work. In one of li»
wiilk* he stonped tu look, and could not lit'lp saying tU soatsf
those ar&unil, lliat if lliev would let him, he could, to use bis own
wordii, ** itet thcJn to the noilom.' He was at lirst laughed at, hH
at letigtli they left lum to ha»e his way; and he went tbraoj^
with it so as fiiliy to answer Id wliai be hud bold forth.'"
Thli gave him a Tuinid lunong the neigblHiuriJ as a skilful mifi;
and he was no less happy u iib iin engine which hnd been put ii|i Is
pump wiiter ut n pit, but would not do its work, fur it cunlJ sot
he made to pump. As is Enid at all nueh tinK^s, the »kill of the
wboli> iieii:lihiiurhm)d was nvemimi^ and Stephenson canie ins*
the last doctor, to lunke the cure, snil make it more wonderful. He
said be could make the engines pump in a few boiirH ; and Itioufh
not believed, he did mi, to the delight of the overseers. ' • Whetbn
this was the same work as that already iiiuned we cannot ny, tor
by some it iu told as two things. Une writer" says it wac a laj{T
>■ Dnbr Itriiorur •■ DcrbpUtr CmiWr.
)4 Ocrtrri)t'*C«aricr-l>nl>rl>«P*ltw. ■• CawitiHd Otwwns^
18W.J
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOnRKAI*
fit*
»
coadeaaiafr-e&trine, tatiAe %o dmw n-itur (rom the pit> Knd vhinh
lud ffonc irrim^. After •ereral fruilleM trlab to mend it, Ste-
pbcruoii hitd the nuhne«e to undertake the joli. which ho did fully
— tuii] nuitcovei" mndc e«nMtimprovompnt*iii thi* ituuiat, Stejilien-
M>n lii7ii**!r «aid'" that h« had made lome improveniprtg in etipiiu'
work. Thi'f, ho«reveT,i«!nire— ttmt heliJidi-dt ihetnistf'f the pit-
cnrnen ; And, hnvin^ n hotter ho^ic of livelihood^ he f^wa up ths
thought of Dcttkmtfat ahmod, and nuulo Killiiigtrortb liis huin9
for Mime tims-
Wlien hp was twfT(ty-t«ro years old, he wedded n yoniift wntnnn
4f the n«i|!hhntirhnnd ; nnd in mn.l, hin snn Itnhi^rt wnii bura ; hut
h* h»d no Dthw tfhild. lii the life «f another nmn, the birth of n
ehUd irould not be worth n^iminf: ; hut with his fatherly fpndneon,
the child be*flme the iipple (if hin life, until he p^w up tit he hli
fvUgw-mtrkmiin, t« cam a tfrniit name, .iiid to hold that standing
unonff the mi^t)' of the land whJL-h the f^ither vould not lnb<>.
AU »eiil so Mppily with fJenrire Steiiheiiwin, thnt i-iprvtliiuff
■Mnwd to fit him. Ho wn* ahlo tn pvit ni* on!v Kim thitt hreediiig
■nd that«e)iA(>)inf(, whii'h. If he hnd had m&ny e)iildreii, would per-
hxpii have been hevond his reach — tboDph it ia hnrd to ojiell wli^it
nevet hapgtened. 'fh\<i, hoirevvr, vtv mity r»y — thnt itnlji'rt Steidieii-
nui iiweB liiv (Tri'atiieii* t» theuiwhared fjirr of hi« father, wlio slinped
hi« mind from e^irHest years to the full strcng'th of mnnhtiiiit.
Faintinirs have Iwen drawn uf the fandnose felt liy » mrhthrr in
wat^hitifi ihit irniwlh of nil only Min ; but thern U luimethiii^
dparvr in the father, like fioorgc Stephenunn, who, In the son of
his youth, not only «ee^ but (hares, lu the growth uf ii ^rreat and
manly mind. 'I'he mtitha-r ran hut be »b a looKer-on. anil rHnnnl feel
llii dwalf to the full ; i>ut the fjillier, while watuhin^ with the eye
of m nutter, taketi share Hiid part In the tolL To few men this
happeiw; for, in the cumrrgiiii way of thing*, a nui wod>4 late in
lifip.iind th« «>n r<>niei> upon t)ie wnrhl only m the father is leaiinjj
it, and hefore the nirenirlh of nihilhood hxi ripened In It* full.
Tlie entjineman had now become a itr!p)in|f ent^ineer, and beirnn
to hwk nut fur a wider field. lie teems to hare tried hi* hand on
moat kiodH uf mllier)' wurk. It ii nid that he laid down Mime
tramanys, or nai^n-wflys a« they are named In ttta nurth, and
nude some improvements in them."
jle wan nnw irettinK a ^oixl name amonjir the neiRhhoiiringr land
and coal owner*, and had pit on the hijih-roud to enuiiieerinx.
Inatead of bt-iiio; pinned tu the utake, an a wnrktii.in by the day ur
week. It wan i.i]irn to him to rise an other* had dime around him,
and to m:ihe lii« way lut a nninin(ienirineer. Thecullierj- si-honl wax
abetter one for hre«dinK icreitt eiicirieen ihnn even thitt uf ('oru-
wall; for it had all that Cnnnfiili hnd, and more too. The Com-
iahman i'oiild Irani the steam-ensine. pump-nork, and mine t.ur-
Tfyinc; he »aw enouich of finking, nnd iirivins, and dmininj^.
The Northtunhriiin. honever, nhilet he hud all ilienf to Wm hy,
baring n ^enlrr hulk to move, liod to ]<joh inure tn the roadii and
vays on which »i> mnny thounnTid rhaldrona were home to the
Bhlu-eidc. Hence, in Northumherhind, mnny men had turnnl their
eklll liiwards the roads and wat;i>D-wny^ to the raiU and HlL-epen,
and to the wnrks and brideea hy ahich they "uere borne over the
rivern and licllow*. Bdth h;id the »jime achool in tlic wtprhs of the
niiUwrickt (iiid the iron-foundt-r, Imt the Northumbrian w«» better
elf; because. inKteAd of the initawny, nmoll towiw of Trum, Red-
ruth, and CambiinK*, he had nenr him Newwisllr, ou the Uiifh rond
from London to Sc»tlninl ; mtd linrin^ iu huokiiellcrs, schouK 'md
niMl of IcarninK, Jle wna mudi tienrer to the world than hi*
Coniiib brother, truly at the LnndVEnd. The north, therefore,
baa ftSveii us nuire civil rnirincent than the west, though the latter
has tt!t Trevitliick and iLt Wimlf.
By Lfjrd Ravemsworth, and others, Stcnhenaim wns emjiliiycd in
patting up vteam-enitiDca, nnd dlopini; plftnea under-Krumnl ; nnd
in one pit, two ur turee engines were made to do tlio work of
nearly IMI horses.'*
W'c hiivc "een that Slephenwin had a lore of knowledee, liy
what he h»d It'nrncd with ^> ood ; and we know that he must have
schooled bimnelf much at thin time, from what he soon nftcrward*
did. It i* true, he was not fond of rcndiuj;. hut he ulwa)** liked to
kiww everrthiog thoroufrhly ; and Im did not leave out anythinK
whereby what he nndcrtwk cvitid be well done. It was alwHva
kia wifib to go t« the ground-work, iind to build tteadily up ; and
he had a gre»t di*Uk« for those engineers who undertake anything
eardcaaly or ra^lilr. As he himBcIf said,'" he hod too ''freiiueatJy
liotieed the mijti'nIculatiouH of hundrcdn (>f engineers, for want of
ctudyine the hi«r» of mechnnietk, and knowing thnt n pound could
only nef^i a pound." It wne on that sound knowledge that hia trust
ia nimMlf in after-life was built, and that be was able fearlcstly tv
)• Ti«>( V-ll.j UiKlliig,
1 • Utiij llipoiici-
'» Tiuit Vallrj Opmtnl,
(land up before the Hoiiaaof Caminonsandtheseopl«,ia]iiigr«at
ttruggle for the looontDtlve agaiiut the lii;ht» of^the day.
in. TliB iftcoxoTivr.
StCphcn»on wan now ^ttinff beyond hi? thirtieth year, his mind
*treiiKUieii>-d by knuwledjre, and hy the tru*t that whnl he niijibt
dv would rc«p its full rownnl. llin child «.-!.'< urowiii^ up to boy-
hood, while h>« ciu-ninpi were still bo slender that he irutild do but
little for bis M-hutdini,'. He bad at this time felt bitterly bin onn
want of learninft, nnd he injide up hiu mind thnt he would put hia
•OD to a frood school, and give him good breedinif. *'■ I wiut, l)»w-
ever,"«aid he afterward* at amcetiuKat Newcaktlej"" "a poor man;
and how do you think I did? — 1 betook myself to mending my
neighbours' ch'ckn imd watches at aigbt, after my duy's work waa
done; and thu<t I f^ot the means of bringing up my son." This be
might well My with boaating, for it is one uf the hriglit lights in
hid life.
Th* great draught of coal ot> the tramways, and the heavy trains
whieh went forth from the pits, had »et the minds of many at wcrk
to UBO rteam inxteAd of honea to draw the londi. The stttionary
engine worked well on the incliin', but the »team-bor<e was called
f(ir to run throuiihout from thr pitVmonth to the ^hipV-tiide. In
17S8 or ITi!», Dr. l{4>bLdon, then a young man, had hinted to H'att
to put Hteaiu to work wheel- car riage^.'* Wait, however, hwl other
thingm on hia mind. thnuKh he named it in hi< jtnteutH of llUXt
and lT84;but us Wutt h.iil a ditlike for higlupreMure steMm, that
nuiY l>e one muKL' why he never made x locomotiee."
About I7D3, John Theophilus Cugnot, a Lomlner, showed a
model of a 6tesm>carriace tfl the Count deSaxe. He afterwarda
went to Paris, and got the help of the Duke de C'lioiM>ul. In ITSO
ho built an viigiiie at the coirt of the king, and it wmt tried in 1770.
It m^ived with nueh strength, that it knocked down nurt of a wall
whJcli stood in its way ; therefore Mime tbntight thnt the power was
too strung to be kept within boundi, and not fit for vomnion u«e.*»
It is KHid tliv engine wn« given up and put in the .Anenut .Museum,
and I* now kept in the ([iiiKervaUnre dea .\rtg el Metierai It
would be worlh while fur any engineer who may bo in Puiia to
look after it.
In 1T8'2 ur 179^ Murdoch made a model of n tteflm-cirrtnffe at
Redruth. This wa« perhiipn the lu'giiining of Trevith irk ., uno ia
said to have been bruugbt up under Muriltich, and who knew him
well.
lu 1786, Oliver Bran* laid a nlnn for steam-wagons before the
commonwealths of Pennsylinnui and Maryland, and the Intler
gave him a priiilege for fourteen yearn — yet lie wiu never able to
gel money enough tu build a wupon. All thnt he did wan in
Itioi to put wheelo on a Kteam dreifging-mschiiie he had made for
cleansing docks, and nbidi he made tu move slowly, thoti^ in
a nimheroomv way,"*
On March it, l!W«, Trevithick and Andrew Vivian liiok out a
palent," which amongothertliingiiswM fur the useof high.preuure
Ktenm for carriages, and by wbtch Die weight of thi- engine waa
brought rery low. A r^irriage wai made and run in [.'oniwiill, nnd
aAerwarda in London. Anoiherwasmnde in 1804 in South M'ale*,
which was worked on the Merthyr Tydvi! Railway, and "drew
aArr it ak mony carriages as carried ten tuns of bar-inin, from a
distance of nine milcK, which it performed wlthmit any uupply of
water to that conUined in the Iwiler at the time of setting out ;
trnvclling nt the rale of five miles an hour."** The encine had an
eight'inch cylinder, and the piston a fuur-feel aux-incbeN iitruke."
These cncines fell into diidike, from the one on the Merlhyp
Tydvil railway blowingup,*' hii>fiugbeenniiulc(ngninslTrcvitbick'ft
orders) without a luifrty- valve, and likewi^ from the wrong belief
which got about that the wheels hnd no bite on the rails, and oould
nut work up a slope.""
One of Trevitbick's engines was sent, aingularlv enough, to
George Steplieiuum's birth-plure, to Mr. Blackelt, of Wylam ; and
thuK it came within bis sight. ThiK hiipp^ned nio^l stningety. and
mu«l luckily, forthe mind of Slejihen>.i)n wuitnou- brouglii to be&r
on the vrent wurk of hit life. The finding of Treviihick'K modal
bv Uville wan strange, and mrnit fruitful in the deeds it brought
atmut ; hut perhaps we one more tu the U'yiiini engine. Ou some
gnnind or other, the engine does not »eem to bnve Ihtu put to
work on llie tramway, but was used to blow a cupola in nu iron-
fuundry at Newcastle." Thi* engine had one cylinder onlj-. atid a
•a Ntwoulle uid Uarllnstan Opcnlar- ■> Rotilua'i HKhiiiirainilliNapaf.
ti Pfony C^lvtMdlB,— All "tUrmia.Vuriw" "■ -1ii»n"» ■' !t«.«Hi-Kr^n»."
'* Mf«lMDlta* Ma|>ilM>Ka.«rX *• Ktpntorro' An&3iil«ri., tnl.li^ p.Ut,
I* Wsoa on B iUwai. iHedUlOD.p. IZ;. »t BtOMf* IIhib.KdaIu. s.Mft,
»* bllMy a*|tu*', nJ. r. •• UrdnwM tht SIcsb-KmIm. lr(». p.lM.
»" StiMTft Aaniliiw* (ir th* fltnra.£ii«lDr.— Cl'll Ea|liiivr*i JMrMJ,
TiMVtUilcb,"— Ii4JlmrU«|M*i,vel. >.
■ • WaoaeDJUii(u«M,lii,iiid,wNl3rd(dlU9ii.— ::iidriiUQo,p.lJ».
IK*
aoo
Tire CIVIL ENGiyEBR A\D ARCTIITKCrS JOCRXAl.
tOnan.
fljr-whMl to Mcura n mt.iUtry million in the cmnk at ths cad of
fhch ttTvkv. If Mr. BUcVell did not liowKver wurk ihia enj^ne,
behMl anutber nftlie Min« kind nrnde »nd net ut>on hi* trKinwajr
(■t Wvlum ; anil in 1913 it worked by the adheMon i»( it* wbeeJt •a
ihfi tViU, Cbua upMtiii^c the WItef tliat the rnginc cotild not as
wwrk.
On the 30th Decemhrr, 1^19, ^'ilUiiin And Bilvar>I CliApman
took out ■ pntrot for an cnfnotN *ith udditionU whwl* to work
ii|Kin K chain (trt-tirhi'd idonc tlie niiddlc of the rftiliray \ht wliolo
Itngth. Thin engine was iried un the Huatun Uwuway, near Nuw-
cwtJe, but Ri^tD u{i.
On lh« VinA May, IS13. Williiun Bninton, of Buttvrler, took out
a pntsnt for it Wijinotive with legs. ThU w»» tried nnd warkpd.
In iHll, Mr. Dleukiato[i had hit ujion the tiluu of having a wg-
nheel und cog-rnil tii uviTcnrne the atRiosion.
At thi« lime. Jfr. Rladtett was fulij- at work oiperiincntinff on
the WyUni ritilwa}' with an ill-nuulc cnjcine uf Trciitfaick')^ which
was fuutid to he very trouhl^-Miae, aa iht im^uW action of th«
■laflc crlindcr made jcrkst in iht tna«hlncr)-. «u u toakake it in
uiccm. Stilt llie whole of the coala were takes down the traJnway
tty tlila kitid i>f eopne."
hy tills tiint>G(.-iirue Sti']>hrntK>n «ru likawiaaat work; nai Lord
RavcntTorth and the KililiiK worth owncn bad *uch tru*t in kin,
that lliey pite Mm the niDiie/ to make nn viih-ine in the oi)ciiing
of l»M, and on the SSth or STth Julv, ISU," it w«* iripd i-n the
tramwa]'. At Ste|<hi-iiiiiin uid Lord lUi-«iuworth and hi* pnrtiiort
wCTo the fint t'l iiilru-t hini with mvnty Ut make a l-irttmotin-e
en^nnp, " We called it Mu Lord. I wud ti> my frietidi>, tJiwv i* no
bound Vt the apted of fuca no enfjine, if the work* tan be made to
»t«idit."»'
Tkcsogins Tiod two crlindcris eath cteht inches di«m*t*r and
two feet Rtrske; the boUcr wu cylindricul, ei|cl>t f»et lon^ and
thlrtj-four inches dinmeler; the tiil>« twenty inehe* diJuneter,
paaainf thrmi^li the Wtlet. The cylinders warked two pairs of
wheel* liy cranks uUcpd at right angle«, •» that "hen th* one wna
in full oim-alion, t&c oUicr was ut its de«d {luiots, — by which means
the pro|icIling power wa» alwav* in actino. The crank« were held
io tnie poailioo hy aa cndlcxa cliain, whioh pa«»d round t«n enniKod
whuels iilaeed under the engine, and which were fiiPd on the s*me
lales on which the wheel" wore plnc«d. The wheel* in thi« eaae
were fixed on the uxles and tamed with th<im.>*
The trial was initdeoa n pi«« of road bud with the ed((P-rail, ria-
inff about one in four hundrvd snd forty, and wm found to drag after
it, Msidn ita own weight, ei(tbt laden wn(ton«, weighing altogether
«bMit thirty ton*, at the r;ito of four mitM; and after that timfl it
kept uteadily at work. The apuUcntion of the two eylindwa mads
the working of the «nginc regular, and seemed the rteady progrea-
sive motion which was ««nt«d in the Wylain engine, there being
only the single cylinder and fly-wheel,"*
It was not till the nest year that Stepbffnson took out a patent
hx hia locomotive, and here we find the oad working of the jiatent
lawt M bearing upon our poor workmen, find it not boen that
Ilia firwt engine was not perfMt, he eould hnva had no jiulenl, and
would have reaped no fruit from hix dny« und nights at toil, ne he
eould not rniae the money to pay the heavv fees which are drawn
from the patentee. Kvcn for h» firit tri.tf he wanted money, and
f(>r which he was brholden to the kindly feeling of l^ird ILivent-
worth : much happier than Oliver Evajis, who fruillessly sought in
America and England for the means wherewith to BUrt htn frtenm-
iBeio wo may rent for a time, and think a little ns to what led
Stephenson on in the world. No man could he worse otT for money
or means : he had do powerful kinsmen, no wealth left him by a
father; his enniings wore barely enough for tho wnrils of himself
and hie son ; hJH «tnnding was lowly ; he had no rich achoolfc41ows
or friends who hiul known him from childhood. Within twonty
yimn from thi» time he hnd, however, got lugpther hmom and land,
and at his death left behind him wealth whieh he never dur»t have
hoped for. Brindlcy was not so happy in tlie end, neither wan
TrflvitMck, nor Do«d. Watt lieguA in a atiuil] shoji — hut ho be-
iMlged to the middle elnwes. and had not the bnrd tii»k of workiuR
himself up from tho lowert depths of life. If, huacver, he gathered
ri«ho*, ho owed it tu the fu'Stering enre of Ituulton, wilhout whom
he would have spent hi* inromL' in undertakings which had not
within them the seed* of weidtb, whatever eliui could be aaid for
them. He would have mnde tho finert machinery for copying
SB Waadiw KU twit*, and rtlUSB.p-IM.
■ s Wiaoiloa h^uifl^**, <r«s wiBion, f h** IMand »M.wb<#»difffTTnirt*i#»»f» #lrsn-
ISIIk•rt|■Wtora••p^*BUl>,'• ifrtrh M Stirt**>'t In tnM. Itr la mxl* (g tj UiBl Um
lljwacjj 1WI Inlvr, wliut iinnM lu »■ liltX Thla la * inkUati.
** !lp«*ib Bl Itif Ci tiiiiiillt aiiit I'arllnnIuD Ujituluf,
■ a l.u<liwt CB U>* Hlia>n-i:r<|IIM. (.. .H4A.
■tatuary ; he would have tried to the iitntMl eurea fur tllnewvs i.^
tbc luiua by brcatking gaau, — but he would kkva died worth aa
one halfpcany.
Fulton wandered through the Old World and the New, hegflaf
hinipi and common woaltha tu eive him the meian* of building atcaa-
■hi)>>. We have seen that tne utmost luck of Oliver Evans >ith
his sleam-wMKon was to get rights whieh were of no uae to kin.
and to turn the wheels uf a hallttft-enKine. Dodd. after tilanulw
two of the greateet bridge* on the Thaines, and spcndiug inoDsara
in hriufrinK sieanihiwta into use, died unliapptly.
Trevithtrk. after trying one thing nfler another, and findia;
friend iiftvr friend to help him, did, two yean aner Stephm-
eon's beginning at Killingworth, leave England for the wett
Indies; whence he did tiut eumo hack, and that pennileai, aiili]
StepkeaaoB had laid down the Stockton and Dnrlingtun Kailnr
Trevitbiek waa taken np by Mi. Bladcelt, a bcdd and danug aiin.
and eent a locomotive to Wylam, which, like nii>it things a
which he had a hand, waa ao wretchedly made that it was put to
other uies. Mr. Blackett made another, and Stephensun had It u
a model to ihape something hotter. Trerithick began better tkai
Steuhenson : he had friends In l-omwAll and in I^uimIwii ; aad Iw
ougbt out to liave IftfV tu Siephenaon to work out tho luniMDiitl'*
engine and the railway. Trevitliick was always uiihappji tod
always unlucky; alwaya beginning iometliiDgnew.acd never endiiM
whnt he had in hand. The world ever want wrong witli him, aska
said, — but in truth, he always went wrong with the world. ThesutX
had done enough for him, h.td he known or had he chucen to makea
right useof any one thinft. He found a partner for hi* higt>>prMa«jf
ciiirine, — behuilt alucoinotive,— hehadordersfurothemfurMertHr
Tydvil and for Wylam, — beset hlshalbut-engiiie to work,— andw
drove his tiinnd iiiidrr tbeThames for a thousand feet : — but no sat
Ihlng did well: all wen' nt'iaid, and at lenj^h no one would bin
anyihing to do with him. It waa not that his mind wa* nnrt
fruitful tlisn that of Stephenson, who in this short time had nsda
improriTTOcnls in iiit-work and railways, built a loruniotive. seJ
found out the uuetV'lauip, and who throughout bis lif« waseid
working out aoinethiiig new. Wlutt it waa, waa this— fitephaaiM
never hist a friend, and Trevithick never kept one. To the diyaf
hii detith, ^trpheiiinin had among hia friends those who had inren
him a helpiui; hand in early liff; and from year to year lie wcnlaa
atrenKtheiiint; the bonds uf friendship with them nnd the.ir ax^
and tlie younger men who ^rrew uparound him. The RnienseedkL
the Peaaea, the Hraiidrelhs Matthew Ih-ll. the .Meynella, *m
otbera of hia earlier frieiida, uill be found with him thnMgkaat,
standing hv hun an direclurH iu hiit great railway uiidertakinga, m
they h;id befriended him in Wit small beK<"»>nga- Thia wu a
great strength tu him, and though poor he had a mine uf wealth ia
the purMa of hi* friends. A manly and upright Kn^liahtnan, apm
ill apeecb, steady, straiglil-forward, and hard -work iitg. ho eaiiiid
their friendship ntid never loat their truat ;aiid if to other* hena
known n> « great engineer, to them be wna better known m M
iiprixhC man. This made the poor working>mnn the rick naae-
faclurer and greiit mine-owner. This ^tve him the means of d«lW
what Trovilhick and Bvana could only talk of.
fn ie M(i/ffitied^
WnOLGHT.IRON BOWSTRING GIRDERS FOR BRIDGES.
Some expcrimenu have been lately made at the eetaMishment *l
Meiara. Fox. Heudorwii, and C"., at SmMhwiyk, near Iltrmiw-
ham on a wrongbt-iron BuwBtniiir Tiihulor drder Dridge, efi
slmiiar roiwlrui'tiiin to the one designed by Mr. Ilarrisuo, lad
given in our Juarnai in January luft.
Th* experiment* were mude on a wrought- iron rib or gir^fti
12U feet clwir span, in tbc pri.-i>vnve of Ihe tioiornmcnt In^pecUn
of Railwayl^^l«dt^overnmelll Hoard of Cummiwioner. forinquiiiM
into the Strength of Iron. The girder is ci<n»tructcd entirely i
wroufiht-iron, luid consiHU of an arch of boiler-plates and atwl^
iron, tied orroM at the ends by horiiowtal bars ; and the tifr-Mn
are omiiected with the arch by vertical etandards, and by • doubb
syatera of diag-malsi, which have the effect of distributing over tk#
whole cunc of the arcii tho action of weight* plnced on, oc paa-
A
tllE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITBCrs JOtmyAL"
301
ow. MIT point of the bridge. The pwof wm «ppli«d b/
dinp the Wi'Iite rib with «W Wni flf rwl*, b«M,*c; and il
iduc«d the following KUiafucWry rflsulta, M Iho weigM wm
plied:—
■MicnItiB IIh cr«H-(<nltri.
Ml ttfiii ..'
10» 1'
iSi: ::
BHram* ■nenni of itfamian
ymhw ,.
1 » l«UW H
3 I (»h ,.
FTbe pronf weifiht wb» fixed 4it «10 totis, »» beinj? donWt the
^r««u«t ln«id which ihe hridgr- <■*« by any possibility he tviir re-
quired 10 hc«r. A hciivjr icuud* traia trcigh* li-** Hian hnlf u ton
Iter foot lineal ; Jt train, eonairting witirel)- uf Woniftlive enicinm
which would be lie»ri«t uf idl piiwiWe Irnins) would »tilT w*igh
U»n per fool linntl, nnd. rim«tMiueiiUv, would pUc* u l<'«d of not
re ihiiii IStJ t..iini.ii n hridReuf I'iO fevi upan. I'hf "'•w bowstriiiir
rfae bHU-thfU-fiire, been prorcd to tw ice the weiiilit wineh ever win
placed iii»"n tl, and to fuur time-' tbe Mpiidit which it !>: ever
e\y to h»ve Iw bcnr. It jn wjircely dcccwhtj- tn ndd, that the
lri«l 'it»ve mrnl !«i I is/action to all purtict.. Tbew Hha are adaplv.i
for 1-ir^ MM)!*, ill cases ifherc either hiUMlwiiy >» *'f impof tnnce, ut
■whrre HnSltiriit ftbiitment Ciiiitwt be .■blaim-il without very h«avy
M|ienae. Uridm-s wmslmtU-d of tboi-* riln niny b« t'mpli-ywl
with perfect sifiiy fur very Urge intiui*, in |ir*ci«oly llie »inio
mnnner tu urdintiry girder* iirc u»cd fvr trnftll onw. '1 he Ktrtmirln
of the bridge depend* upon the rib«.r urch, mid «n thu tii«-l»«r*
by which thceitn-milie- are held toftctltcr. The v*rtii-«Utiind»nIe
• re introduced, (lartly to suspend the load from the arch, «ri<t
fiut]y l'> obtrtiii lonftitudlnal aod transv^i'so firnmeM ; they hIk"
i.«i>|Hirl ibc lic-bnr». The diiH««"»U »r* employed for the purpow!
uf (.rerentinff undue deflectii-n in the rib, when Um liridjje i>i urt-
eilitallr loaded. The rib it-clf U constructed of boiler-j>!»le.8 «nd
■axl^-iroo- rivftwd up in the form of a sqimre hollow tnnk ; it in
strongly ti«l t.w-lhw, «> that the full M-i-tion of the pUteannd
•iMzle-irnn may be degwaded ui>'>ii tv ri.''i»t the cruMhinjt Btrain.
In order to k«'8 tliifl trunk additioiuil l«ter»il iitiflne»< the wdi»-
pUtCA, which form the top, ovcrhMiK- *'"1 »*'0 «tr*Ji^heii*d on llie
edliee hy Mule-iroii, &c. The tif-bnr« meiuiure about 8 inches,
by 1 incB cnch. wid "re intri«dueed in suliiciout numlier to lake
the wliule Btr&in. The rib* iire ntipiiorteil »t each end on cn»t-iriin
•boee, fixed »t one eud to ihe «>if r«. nnd mimiited at the othor on
»lidin4{-friuii«« and niUern. Thih nrrnngemeiit proriiU-n, rj)t unly
r>r cspauioii ««nl contention, hut uUn for motion under a ver>'
henvf load. Tie nrtion of thesv part» under prtuif hat lieen fimtid
to he perfect. CrwuB-Rirder*, ci.riilriifltod entirely of wrogght-
iron, are nunpeiidt'd bet*e*n ihe rihii.
U«»ide« the ii(H>ve Miicrlmenla oa llie BIhcIcwiiII Extension
bridee, the two ribs for a bn.lKe. I3li feet «|.«n, h«ve been prored
„«ltb a wtiitbt of wen t-LHi". — th»l is, 2 Ion* jior foot lineal earii,
kwt on in d«ad »eit:ht, by i><iii]i«ndin^ cAst-iron erMC-^rders un-
Bcrucuth the [loiiitJi wh<>ie tho «Ti>u)(ht-iron jorder* niffl Inteniled
la be attached, and by plneiu^ thereon au'i ("n« of railii. pijiB, bar*,
itc In proviuK, the'lond wiis first put tin two points at one end,
ibcD on the next two pointi^nnd *o oti, in order to pTriduce im
iiMrly aa po^Mihti- th4.> latiie elT^t U the puwui^i of u- lieAvily-
loaded troin. In the caw nf one Hh, the liiad wa« alloired to
remain wernl diiy», unil then remove.!. After the lapw- i>f a few
^■ya, tfae nine load wan ropUccd, and a^uii ailuwed tu n.^inniii
Etne day*. The renult* were aati^factory.
■ ^Dtiriod the pro««i of proving, obnervatiorm wero taken with a
■•vel, placed Ml a iliatunce ; nnd the i.inkinK of th(> henrin|;-pl>ilea
"W the pvund tki observed and noted. The bridges liBinfriiiiw
voittitrocted, arc inlendod to carry a double line of raiK ; and the
lestapiilied i*. therefore, eijiinl to « Ion* to each foot lineal of
aingle line of wny. Thin tcHl wmi tixed upon In theheliL'f thiit
|h« frreate^t p'»r>>ib)o load which eua in wurkini^ be pliured upon
' lacb line of riiiU in about 1 titn per foot lineal ; and tbiil, lu |ir»-
id« for the addlti'Onal strain cstiBcd by the rapid inuliun, &e,, of
e prticticHl )«>wl of trninn pAuiR^, the' proof weight oueht to lie
:ea«it <h>ublc the grcatext |iuiMib!e loud. In very lam' >piiii>,
(r-iiy 400 feet, and uawardi), it would bo neeesnnry, on many ac-
counts, to UM four ribo, ia*tend of two, und tu hmce oil the four
ibn tu|;ether uvcrbend, ao ftri to ohtulii additional traniferte stllT-
We underttnnd that several irirder-trtd^ea of the above con-
jruction are to be erected on the KluckwnJl Extei)«dvu Railway,
■nder tht Miperinteudence of Jofiejih Locke, E»i{.
DUAINING MARSHES BV STEAM.
The fullawing paper, **.)>« . the application of Slatm-poKer to tka
Dniiiiaije nf MuTdm and f m LavU, wan read at the recent meet*
in^ of ttie Briti^ Aaaocialioti, hy Mr. Ulyk.
The niimlier of dbtricta in wfiicb t 1ia\-g nuccettfuUy amlieil
the Hteani-ent^lne to drainagv ia fifteen, and the i^uButity oitlwid
Nu drained antounta to mere than l.U,W)0 acrw!; tbe eiiinne* em-
ployed beinji IT in number, aiul tb^ afnpVR'ate pow^ STO homev.
the ni&e of liie eiixinea vitryiag from 4D to 80 hors«-p«wcr. 1 wm
bUo cn^A^ed in draining the Ilnnimcrbruk Dirtrict, cJimc by the
city of Jlamburg:; and in unuther distriet nesr to Itirtteidam, aa
engine and machinery with the requisite buildings were erected
from my ulum by the Chevalier Coortd. In many of the swampy
levels of Linculiikliire nnd C'ambrid|jVihire much had been done to
citrry uff the water by natural meaiia ; and inmi)' larp; cut* had
liceii made and etnhaokmentti formed — cepcdally in the lledfun]>
level, which alone contains about 300,001) acre* of fen land ; und
the Krcat level of the Fen* contains about 4tW,(Kii) acn^x, now rich
in com and cattle. The Dutch eui^iiieera who hud been en^aicecl
in theM workn h»d erected a number of windmills tu tbiow uf) the
water wbeu the sluices could not cnrrv it awny, Bv the aid nf
theae machine* the luiid wna mi fur re<:himed a« to be brought into
piMturetind cultivation, ori«lucing «ci;uflionid cropw of wheat. The
waten from the uplands and bij^her Utcla were intercepted h/
ratch-wnter drains, which carried nwaj aa far as ought be practi-
calde (lie highland water*, and preveuted them from running down
upon the fen ; but a« it often hapncned, when there waa moitt ruin
there was lea^t wind, and Iho winu-enKin^' were uiteleat when ^heir
heip was most needed, and the crops were lo»t.
In this state was tlie fen country when the steam-engine waa
introduced; and hy its aid the farmer may venture to »ow wheat
uiMin thene rieh leveUwith ai> much confidence and even nicire than
upon higher ^>und ; for not only eun he throw olT at uleasure the
Bupt-rliuvus wjitcr, hut in dry Heather a fupplycan be admitted
from the rivem— mi that fnrmin^ In Kuch dues i> rendered Icua
trecrinutiB than in i>itria.lioiin oriipually mere favoured W wtltirG,
t ie, however, to be reuiarkcd that the quantity of raiu Mblclifali^
in the«>c levels on the eastern side of En^lnnd being much bclovr
the (Teneral u^erapaof the kiufrdom, the power required to throw
off (he >ioperi0ui-ui water i» wnall compared with the breadth of
land to be drained ; the proportion seldom hcini; );realer than 10-
hornc iwwer tu 1,000 arrvs, and in some case* considenibly lei",
1'lie (feneral plan 19 to carry away the water cvining off the
higher If rounds and as far as may be prscticable prereiit it from
runninif down into the marah by means of the cntch-water drains
be fiiire- mentioned, leavinii the rain water idune to be dciilt with hy
mechunieul i>u«er. Ai the t|uuntity of riiiu fining in the (.'''eat
level of the I''eTi« HC-ldom excced» tweuly-ijiK iocho*, and about two-
thirds of this ((oiintity is curried olf by evaporation and absorption,
or the (crowth of pliiiilK, it i» oiJy in exlrrnie canc" that two inchca
in de{»th rei|iiire W be thro»n vS by the enK'nvs in any one month
— wluc-h amounts to 1^ cubic fout upon every nqunre yard uf laud,
or 1,2611 cubic feet to the acre. The ttnmlnrd and accepted mea>
BUie of a home's power i« S^ffOO lb. niived one fiKit in n minute, or
3,300 lb. raised ten f««t in the same timo ; and us n <.-uhic foot of
water wei)fh>t C9^ lb. and a gallon of water 10 Ih., so a horve'* power
will raise and dinchnrge at a height of ten feet 33V gnllun^, or i^'f
cubic feet of water in a minute. Cotii*e<|uently thi* assumed excvvn
uf 7,V6(i cubic feet of water iollen dpon an acre of land will he
rallied and diiicharge<l at an elovutioo of lU fcct in about two hours
and ten minutes.
Ef the <nLftnlily of land be 1,000 acre* "f fen or man h, with the
uphmd waters nil banked out, the exces* of rain, accordini; to the
aW>e»limiitr, will onmunt to T,<i2i),<>fii) cubic ftfU A utram-enpne
uf lo-hi'rif power will throw off ihiK water in 2J* hour*, or io less
than 'io dnvs, wurkiiiM; 11 hours a dny ; and I have found thii cal-
cnlntiuu fully supported in practieo,
Althouddi the min due to any given month may fall in a few
■lays, yet In such a oaae the ground will ahwirl) a f^>od deal of it,
and the drains must be made of a capacity lurge enough to receive
and contain the rain ns it falU ; — he«idei>, in cisei of ueceioity. the
engine may he made to work SO hours n day iattend vf 1% until
th<.- danjB;cr is ]>a£t. I have fteneratlv caused the main drains to be
cut Jii feet decjv and of width HitHtcietit t" give them the required
capacity to reeeive the rain water lui it fatl« and bring it down to
the engine. I" some imtanceii — where the dintricls Hree:(lcnsivc
and their length great— It has been found re<)ui»ite to make them
Humewhkt deeper.
In all cwwa where I hare found it necessary tu xtK fteam-^owa* .,
SM
THE CIVIL EKGINEEB AND AHCHITECrrS JOUBMAL.
^lOcnn,
wheel* •ODiAvhat rwemWe t!io undprdtrt-wlie*! ofa wnter-mill;
but itutcad of beiny turanl by the uapuW of tbc watvr. they are
lucd to lift it. uti an kept in mottnn by rtt«ni-power. The AmU
boanl* (>r InHlc-bMrda of the wliMla are made vf wood, knd fittinl
to work ill II tn>u^ «r tnok of maMinrjr ; and thejr w ^n«r»lly
mnde 5 f«t in lenKtti— that Is to eay, they «* iiiiin«n«d S f<e*t in
ih« wntcT — (ind ihrir width or horixontnl dimviuiun Tiiri«i, with th«
pyicnif tho cii^rim- and tht> hwd of wjit<rto Wovercome^frum 90
indiea to 5 /ei-t, Thtr wlieel-tracfc at the lower tod c«inmutuf«tes
with the mjin drain, nnd tho hiitlicr end Tith the rivpr, the wnler
iti the river bctn^ kept out hy n pnir of pointing doors, like th«i
lock Kstra of a canal, wbich clv«e whtfn lliv «nKine C«a*m to nurk.
Th« wh«e]d IbeniMlves arv in«de of ca^t-iron, tiirm^d in {tarts, tor
convenience of traniiport. The lloat-bonts arc cunneclt^d with th«
(■iuit-ir»n port of the wheel hy incmi* of oiik rttirt*, which are
•tep|ied i«l« K>ekcts cii»t in the circumference of the wheel to
renenc theui. 'I'here are ca»t-iron toothei] nepjient* fitted to the
wliccl, into wluch works n pinion upon tho craak-«hsft of the
eitiEine.
When the head of wnter in the river or deliv«rin|f drain doea
not vnrj- much, it i* sufficient to have i>fi« upeod for the wheel ;
but when the tide riBc* in the river, it i» dvnirnble to have two
fjieeiln or powrr* of wherl-work — the one to he used «t low-water,
and the other wore powerful comtiiaation to act aitain«l the ri*ing
tide. Dut, in most i-wtv*, it i" not re^iiiutetoraiM* the walermvre
thftn three or foor/eet hinhcrthmi the wirfaceof the Inndintanded
to be drained — and even thHt i* untj- iiere«tarj when the rivem aro
full betwMn their hanks, from a continuflnre of wet weather or
from upland flood*. In «wme inctntieec, the heicht of the water in
the river bcln*t affected by the tide, the drainage hj- tintiirni iml-
fall <itii take place uiily OuriuK the ebli ; and here, in caM> of l»n^-
rnntiniunu rains, the natural drainage rciiiiren the bMistance of
nieduutical poncr.
I liave itated that the main drainii have f^enerally been made 7 J
feel deep, or more in InrKer dintricta — m that the water mny never
riw higher than within IS ine-he« orS feet cf the *urface of the
(tronnd, and the Indie or float-Sonrd dip S feet lielow the water,
leavinii' a foot below the dip of the wheel, ft thnt the wntcr itiny
rua froely to it, and to allow fur the enniiat ohntnietion of woedt in
the mflin dnun— whirh if it he (iiffidnntly eiipaeinu^ and well-
fornied, will bring down the water to the enjiino with a duwent of
3 inche<i in a mile. Suppose, then, that tho wheel dip i feel below
the *urface of the water in the main dr^in, and that the water tn
the river into whii^h thin wntcr murt be rained and diseharged has
it« level S feet above that in the drain, the wheel in ourh cife will
be uid to have 10 feet head and dip, nnd ought to he made 'W or
3l> feet in diameter. 1 have fonnd it prarticahle to Uirow ont the
water ngainct n head of 10 feet, with a dip of .> feet,— Hint in lo
■ay, 1,^ feet heud and dip with a wheel 3.f feet in diameter; hut in
another enjrinc more recently erected I hnve made the wheel 40
feet in diaineter. Tho engine thnt drive* that wheel is of HO-h»r«e
;ower, and i* vituated on the tea-mile bank near Liliiv|iurt, tn the
ale of Ely,
IHie largwit ijuantity of water delivered by one engine ic from
1>eeping Fen, near Spalding. Tliia fen contains W,()(MI aenw. and
ic drutned hy two tleam-engine^ — one of >I0 nnd one of 60-bor«e
power. The t^O-horse engine h»K a whi'el of 2tt feet in diameter,
with fleat-bonrdN or ladlru* meaniiring 5^ by 5 feet, and moving with
a Rtenn velocity of S feet |>er second. 'So that the «ei'liiin of the
ttream, when the engine has its full dip, ia '27j feet, nnd the quan-
tity discharged per wewjfjd is UlJ culiie feet— equal to more than
4^ tons of watyr in a srcond. or about Ki.KiW tons of water
in nn hour. Il wan in the year l(tW.i that these two eiigiiieii
were erected, and at that time the district wan kept in a half-
cultivated state hy the help of ♦! nindinilla — the land at
timen heing whidly ilnder water. It now grows eKCellent when^—
{rodiiciiig from * to 6 i|uarters to the Jicre, In many diiitricts land
nt been pnri'haaed at from ml. in'ii)!. nn acre liyuprsoiia who
foresaw the eonRpquenees of the*e improvenit'tit*, una which they
eonld now sell at from SOI. to TO/, an acre. This increase in vidiirt
has nriticn irot only from the land being cleared frtim the injurious
eff*ct« of the water upon it. hut from the improved uyiitem of cul-
tlVBtlon which it ha^ enabled the t'lirjnera to ndrjpt.
The fen land* in (^itmhridgeahire iiud in jifu-t nf the neighbour-
ing counticH are formed of a rich bhick earth, eon<i>tiug of detom-
MMcd ve^i-taMe mutter, generally from 6 to 10 feet thick. nllh">iKh
la Mme places much thicker, rertiiig upon a bed of blue gault,
containing clay, lime, and wind. When at e»m -drainage wn» first
introducvd. it wai the practice to pare the laud mid burn it ; then
tn WW rape-aeed, and to feed thccp upon the green crop; after
whidi wheat waa sown. The wh«at grown upon this land had a
Iwg weak atraw. cattily t>«nt and brokett, carrylnir «*re of eorn nS
■mall ai3«, and having but a weok and uncertain hold by tt« reotia
the black Kdl. Latterly, however, chemiotry havin|;
greater light upon tho nperationn of ngrieiilture', it baa I
practlee to sink pitt, at regular dittancw, throu)H) the blark
and to bring up the blue gault, which i* apvead upon the mirfue
ht a manure. The straw — by tkds mean* taking op an'addltkul
quantity ofailex — boenmeitfirm, strong, and not *o tall aa formerly,
earrj'ing larger and heavier corn; and the mixture of cJ»ygt»«
a heiter hold to the roote, rendering the crops !»*< liable to belaid
hrthc wind aad rain; whilrt the produce ia moat liuturiant u)4
abuDd&nt. .
REaXSTBR OF ttEVT PATEWTS.
THE STEAM I^.^:MMER.
JaMrjt NasKVTM, and Uoluhwik (r,iiiKi:LU of >ranchest«r, ifr
gineera, for " rrrfn in intpmvmentt in nttuAiae-rt/ ttr amaratm Jit
JitrgittS, ttanijiiiw. and rutting iron anrt other tui^tatetd. —Gniltti
I'ebruary 'iA ; Enrolled Aufwl S3, IB48.
TIda patent a for improvementa in the eteam-Iifunmer. bt
which invention patents irero granted to the liame pnrticit in \f>K,
1843, and ISVk The principal object of thcHe improvement* i) ta
reguiato the orlion of the hammer willi greater facility, by wmi-
ing the lifting-cylinder by meant of an Additional email ■!<«••
cylinder. The general arrangeroont of the primary parts rontin
very similar to the hammers now in general use.' As it well-
understood, the hammer is lifted hy admilling the dteam below the
Iiirton in the cylinder, and, hy allowing theatcfim to ewape, tte
lammer, by its own gravity, falls and gixo* the re<)uir«d hUrw. lo
tho preient invention, the force of the blt^w ii r^rulated mf
conveniently than before. For this purpose, there la a ~
frteam-cylindcr for working the main glide-valve- Thia «y]
in fitted with a piston, connected bv means of a rod to the
slide, to whirh the steam is admitted from the boUer. Tho
cylinder is furnished with three «teani-paftatgfis similar to oi
high-prescure rngtneik, admitting steam alternately above
below the piston, and regiil.ited by the slide-vnlve. This valveit
connected by a rod tu the pinton of another cylinder, whiet ti
subject to the pressure of the stenm from the main cylinder on th«
nnder-j^de, and Is dei>rt's«ed hy steam entering from a tnbc
municflting with the valve -jacket* of the slides, ftteun '
been admitted to the working- cylinder, the pi-ton i« elevM
tn regulate the height of the fall, » cocL- or valve if opened, om-
municating with an opening in the cylinder. This permit*
of steam to flow into a pipe, which cniivej's it thence be'
niston, raising it hy the pressure of the stejiinon the under i
The etFcct of this movement is to proiluce the requisite eh:
tho position of the valve, so as tn sufferthe steam which
the small cyhnder above the piston, to escape into the atmt
and hy the eutmner of steam below the piston, it eleir«{telfte
valve, so as to cover the steam-pnssnge to the cylinder and tW
eduction- port, thereby suffering the steam to escape from the
rylinder; conseiiiienllv the hamnior, hy its own gravity,
from the heiirlit to wliiiOi it has hoeii raised. There are
passages, each furniahed with a valve or hlop-cock, the 1b'
which are connected by rods lo hand-leven, hy wliich they
opened or shut nt pleasure ; therefore, if the hammer is
quired to full frum a height gri>Hter than the tint n|iem»s, ih*
valve connected therewith must be closed and the one above it
opened, when tho samo action will be produced wbenever At
piston is elevated ahiivn eui-h opening by the eacape of C —
Two nther tnethotU of reifiiluting tho aetion of the hnmm
shown in the specificalion, nut the one wehave noticed is bi
to show the nature of the invention.
The pittentees claim ; — Kind, the npniicntion nnd uae of n
additinnni slide-valve, piston, mid cylinders, or any of theee pait*
tennrately, fur the purpose nf working Che piston of the
cvlinder, and thereby H4-tuating the ninin slide, an an to n
tfie alterrinte nilniinviou and ei^cujie <.if '^tenm In nnd from tli
cylindee. — Sewujdiy, the employment of apertures in thi
cylinder, for the purpose of working the piston and mail
tnereby effecting the motion of the hammer and n'giilnlii
vHrJuuH heights to wbich is rnis<-il. — Thirdly, the use of a
with its plug or eeek, in as to regulate the interval of
({uired far the falling of the hammer from the various b
which it ia elevated. — Fourthly, the iipplicntJon of a ralv
in the eductiuu-purt of the tnaiii cylinder, fur aclualinf the nlrBi'^
1»W.]
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOVRSKL.
SOS
•o u to effect the recjiitrvil rhangp of the |iiston. nnd with it thv.
iiuiii uliilr-valvi', tbrrcliy aciuatintc Iho btimmcr, hiiii] hIni for the
imrjxne of oblaiiiinf; tli* Ihijap «!' the requireil interval of time
for the fall of the hnmmrr. — Fifthly, the nnpIicBlion of d latch-
l*rer motion to Ihrinoviiitf nf the »niitll fli»ie-vnlri< in one rfircc-
lion. — ^islVily, tlifi «>nibtiiati<iii of the latch Irvrr-riiotiim witb the
arm, ami otlier jMrts conaecteil thereMUb. hy which motion is (iImi
tnuumilted to thu ralvr, in the rrrcnie direction, iiirteml of cm-
ploying! tlir nmull cylitiilfr fur that pt.irjxidt.-.— Si'vt-nlhly, the ai»>
plication of the fccrew, and parts cotmetteil therewith, for the
purpose of regulating the height to nMch thcr hftmmcr is rlcvntcd.
—And, liuttiv, tliey oluivn the moving of the main »Iiilc-valve,
direct from ihn pistan, and ahu without the utterventiun of ihe
aaio >Ud&
r DECORATIVE ARTS.
MiM ELtZAiiKTR Wiij.iCE, ftf Laiirpl-lodjf*, rhcltenham, i^ins-
tcr, for " /ftiprofetrieiil* in facing, fyurinff. lUjiiffnaling. liemnili'ip,
plmnitg, oJid tithiTiritr fitting nfi luninrx ami !niiMinj/s, mrtii of trAii?i
«r» aiwlKakl/r to artirlm iij' /urniturf.' — (innted Fchmary htn;
EaroUed August 88, l^itl^.
The iin|>rov«!meiiti in the detioriilive arts pnt«nte(l fcy Misa
Wallace are divided id the specilicatian intni ten lilnda, though
the distinguishing fpAturc in the invention is the production of
the elfecln of marliV. innlachittf, &c, by ctUftinK tnt>lpl4 of jtlaater
nf Pariv on to tctaM, iLe ^wa vt plaater heiiiK culoiired or dec<v
rated to Ki> ^ tho rcijuired clTect. These tablets are intended to
be applied both rxtermilly rittd intrrnaDv, the internal deci^ralioim
bciotf of rounte iiiorcr nrnntnentnl than the t.-ilih'tx ii^rd Lo imitiile
marble, Ac, on the eiterlura, nnd they are to be liieJ lo llie wjlIIh
by orment and long copper nail n. Among other ii a rt^ of the inven-
tion in a mfiilv of pntdiit^in^ tha- apm-.imnru <ii gold without vmpluy-
tng anj- metal, and it i:? thus deHiTihcd : — "Td iiiiikB OifliittHlilei iif
thla description, 1 lukc a pliilc of li(;<ircd yellow glaas (the nearer
the colour of gold the better^ : to the bark of thi» I sttnch n pints
id plain yelliiu ([hiss silvereil; and 1 unite the two pUten uf ifliKw
by oeneutinir Ibeiii nt the ed^et witli Kutta iterrhu, or any other
atltablfl cement. The result of t!he cunihi nation is, tlmt the
figured part> of the upper gloss exhibit the iippc-Brani:!* of
rtfdrnwl or frotiti't] iiola, with a groundwork <if liurtii.ihed |.i>ld,
ore4Mf«mf. SumctimcH I Bubnliluie for the frontpluteuf liirtired
y^ow glasA, fl plMc of ubitc f:la»s, figured or ground (the whole
of it, or pnrtii only) ; and mmctimi;* I also dispcniw with the
aecoud theet of etaiw altogeUivr, iind npjdy the ulverin^ at onc«
to Uie back of the figurtnl or ground front plule."
In nnother paTt of the f|ictiticntion is described the following
proceav for giving ndilitinuul brillinucy to pniated (rlutw: — "A*
regordn stniued, ur painted, or other Ji^red n\avt — I take a eb«et
uf plain white k'»b>s pve it a coating of gum. then aprinkU over
it a^uuntityof what ar« known in the sUss trade by thv nnra« of
'■frovMo^r*' ■"'hich arc readily Inid hold of by Ibcini'"; and the glass
tliuB prepared 1 attadi lo the uliiiiied, or pHiuled, or other ligiirpd
a^MMOQ the inside, or th'it fide wliicli i« next tt>th« interior of the
bnna* or building, bynieaiJeof gutta pcrchadolutii^n, or »uii)<.>uther
LcaitNblv cement, apvlivd to the vdgvs. The fri>»tin({it have nn lb?
linside th« effect of ijiving a boautiful I««tro to all the lighter
kvta of th«i design on the rtnin*^, or pnintod, or other figured
tnw, withuut impntring in the K'ajt the strength of ton« of the
laric«r or coloured pvrtiniis ; while they imjinrt tu the glaM, wbon
vftwcd from th» ouli-ide, much th« f-nmt^ clfcct as if a ilood of
li^t w«r« Klrf'nming throogh from witliiii.'
Jn all the otlu-r diffMSut mode* proposed for deeorating housea
by the pat«ntee, the plan of giving a gla"a snrfape ih ndupted «o ng
lA produe« the ofl«<et of n miMt hrillinnt poliiih, and nt the ftnm«
tine to HffV'e a« a j)rot«ction agaimut damp and atmonpheiit: cvr-
yCONOMY OF FUEL IN 8TEAM-FVRNACES.
DocrnR, of Rouen, France, merchant, fur " trrtain mMn»,
, and afifiaralut luftl for Having and afiplifinii Ifi* tout heat in
y,^„_., JTNrf Minef(flM> iir«ethml^ to many uttfulparjiotej." (A com-
niuUcation.|— Granted February 10 ; Enrolled August 10, !«*(*.
Tlii« Invention rctate«. jiret, to an improvement in the feeding np-
paratUM far iiuiijdying the feed-water to steam -hoi l*ni, nnd i« con-
Ktrurted a«follnuM. A niiiulierof tube* or pipe* uro placed in a ver-
tical paiaition within a cylindrical retuel, the eiidH of the tube* being
aecured tu two chamberii, one at each of the ends of the tubes, the
interior of the tubes formiag a comBiunicatian between the charo-
bera, which have no rummunicntion wjthtbc irxtcnprnf the tube*;
there arc two communicating pipe:) from the cylindrirnl vntel,
one at the tup and the other ni the Imttom ; there are nlfto pipiw
of communication from the two chsimbern. The upper pJi'e of
the L'ylindriral vr^rl communirJitrs with the boiler, and Ihe lower
with the fred-putnu; thu6 the supply of feed-water will ptias
thnmgh the cvllDoricfll vcb>c1 amongst the tubca. and lake
up the heat given off by Ihe wantc stvntn, whicfi is pnsaed
through the tubc4 and chambers for that purjiuMu The Krcosd
improvement conaiata of a alight modification of the above, Uir
the purpose of heating air by pwnng itcam or fire through the
tubM, Inc air being iu cviilaot wilh the exterior of the tube*;
the piiti'iitce give* tliia apparatu* the oame of »rifor or caloridur.
The third improvement relates to a strctcliing apparatus for
ftretr.hing the timuo or fubrica aa uinnufacturcd by machinery.
The fourth improvement consiHl* in allvwiijg tJi« wante ntciun to
iluu- through u piue into a Inrge square receiver, where it i» coo-
deuaed. The tirth impruveinent contiili in the application to
cxtcmid surfaci')', for the purpoiw of retaiuiag Lhe h«ot therein, of
«uve3ope»vr wrappers.
TURN-TABLES.
Wii.i.i*M Thobold, of Norwich, engineer, for " ImjyTotvmefit4 in
ttirn-tabipt." — Uranted January 13; Enrolled July 13, ISltt.
TliiN Kpecilicativn in ver}- voluminotis, as the patentee clnima
eleven d life rent improvements in the construction of tunM.iMes.
The firxl relates to itn improved cciitre-piti, which improvement
consist* in fitrmiiig on it a projeiting Hange or colbr, the upper cur-
fiicc uf whitli in an incline iir» nail piece on which the centre of the
table rests. The upper part of the pin hasaralcliel-wbeel attached,
whith is level with the wirfnre of the labl^, iind titled with a click
or null attached tu the tiiMe, which presents it turning round
witlioui the l«hle, vibile, at the game time, tin? mtcliet and pin may
be turned round by inserting a spanner in two holes in the upper
side of the nilrhcl, thu incline plune at the lower end raising the
tiible when fu<^h elevation ut required. Se<^ni])v, the pntentee
claims & mode of constructing the centre s(|uare8 uf the too frame,
having the mils Inid thereon, and indqiendent uf the other part
of the frnme-work. Tliinlty, different moden uf (''instructing and
arranging Ihe workini; rollers thai form the .lupvort of the circum-
ference of the turn-tubles. Fourthly, a method of diverting the dtui,
rain. Mitl all eslnmeous matter*, und ulxo for dMrlng away such
extraueouii matters from Ibo circuinfireiice. Fifthly, a mode of
constructing turn-tables without eentre-piiiN &ud, i-unKei|uently.
without the utiinl parts connected with centre-pintt and other
bearings. For tliis purpote lie employs bcnma or girders of a
stronger devcriptiou than usual, fur vupportiuu tlie raUi and plat-
forms of tables of a corrcHpondiiig tizo. These girdent being
ettnchcd at ench end to the upper hearing-surface of the circum-
ference, which is Bupporled on rullera lu uatial from the under
surface. The axes ol the«e rollers inttead of being attached to a
*«pRrnte frame revolving round the centre-pin, have their axca
planed between two coiicvntric belln or lingA, whicb maintain the
position of the rollers in a circle eipial lo the diameter of the bcaring-
surfnce». The under boaring-surface hu it* inner drcumferenco
rendered truly circular, and form* a aurface on which horttontal
guides or fnct'ton-roUern Irnvel, TheM roUcrt arc tupported fron
ajces pendent from the under-vide of the table, nnd coniivijnently
maintain the noAition nf the t.ih1e concentric with the beariog-nur-
faeen. The lUKth improvement conM*t» in a mode of const ructing
the top frame in levernl divl»ionii or compart men ti, and of vnrioua
kinds of maleriat. The seventh etnim in torthe evckisive prii-Jegc
of cnsting the hsnritigsi and all norking partn of tnm-tablea ob
ehilln, the name never Tiuving Iwen heretofore praetiiwd. EighlUy,
the method of consiructing single-line tablea in such a manner ua
to render them more ecomimi™! than uncb tables hnve hitherto
beun. Ninthly, the contlnirtiiig larger kind* of turn-taMea, with
moveable joint* in tlie beams or girders which smpport the rnilB ;
aleu for the more perfect modeofi^toppiiigsauh tables at thepmpee
point fur elTecting a junctiun with the linig of rails. Tenthly, a
method oreon«truL-i[iig the larger kinds of turn-tnbieii, ko tbnt the
power of a Icicomutive can be >ipplied to the turning uf such tnM«
when it is loaded uitli tlu> engine nnd ita tetider, nnd when they
ri'ipiire reveraing on the line of miU. Luutly, the patentee daima
a method ^f railing and locking the centre of turn-Cttblet, when
they require to be turned.
I
TIIK CIVIL ENtilNKER AND AOCHITfiCrS JOURNAL.
STEAM-BOILERS.
HoAAno Black, of Nuttinpftmn, Urc-miileep, for ** tmpivrenimU
ii* «eafM>vwtf toil.'— Cmitcd Fvliru*ry It; KnrullMl Auf^^t It, IM4h.
Thi* iflv<-nti«a relatea to » niodei nf iiD|iplfin)r wfiler tn stciun
and oOtti Iwilers, b^ pasftin^ it thmu^h a cuivcMion nf ItaUiiw
fire-b«rB, of oroii^lit-iixiii, britsf^ cofiprr, or mallNblv ciwt>irua.
ptwrigof to aalvring tb* boiler.
Tlie u)n»x4>d encrntiii); ia « plan nf » Mt of lire-liAr*. « i* the
•Mip|il)'-pi|i^ through Khieli the wutrr la fnrvl>4 into tk* tubular
f:rr-Mr«, kb : l]i« wMor bnt enter* tli« middle bar« b' ft', M«d, after
clrculiitini; tbrou^b the abole Beriea of bare, )MtM««, in » bi^hly-
lie«t«il Mtate, through th« pi|>M ce, into tho buiW. It i* not e«»0n-
tUl U>Ktth« witter HtiaotdW divided into tiro nreunc, m lb« wb«l«
*uff\y nifey enter into «iie bur, and ctn'ulflte tJiroafih ili« *^rio ol
btrs IB the Mine direction; or mere tlinn Ivu divisitioi «t bar*
tiiHy be u*ed in largr furtwcM. d ii a cuck on the *i'|-l''y-p>P^< 'o
regulate tbe ouaniity of water admitted, t it tt )ii)w, (urniahed
D'lili A eoek X wbich u to be upoiked wlioti the uipply uf wioer to
the boiler IB not fcoini! on ; ns othcririMi thp heat of the fire would
tend Id ftirc* Ibp wati-r out of tlic tubulur lum; but by tho w«'I(/
being oprnud nufficiently to permit the eaoape of a »m.iU >)u«iitity
of water, such a cirruialion will he ki'pt up as will prevent tbd
water being driven out of tbu barn bb, wLcu Uio cupply of water to
the boiler is atoppud.
Tbe above arrai^ement is suitable either for hl^b or low prM-
fuxe boiler* ; but, iteoenilly, for law-pn*«»tiro, a ri-iiifr pipe ii> at-
lacbvd, with a small dst«rii at the ufipir P<irt, to ttiu KUpply-pipe
0. near the force-pump ; aud a valve \t pluced <iver the iipi>iiiug
through which tbe wiil*r enters tbu i:i«ieiii ; — "llie valve pieveut-
itm the water fn»n floviof^ fruni tin* ri«U'rn to the builit, by the
valve iiciii^ wci^titt'd, emvt4m a pri-i>kuro Kufli^it-iit to inrce tbe
water into thi<r pi|>t.- h. und tlienre lliruuffli the bolluw Lur> t>i, ititit
the boil(.-r ; the <|UHiitUy ndmiUed to the boilpr being re^niliited by
tho cwk on the pipe a." By in(-ati<> "f tiiit arriifigt-inviil, the
wati'r, forced into tlie pipv n, will IIum lut'i the boiler »<< li>ii)t nit it
is retjuirifd ; but tiny vxreiut will pavft uii the rikin|i-pi|'t^> into iha
rifttern, which la pruvidi^d with an oTernuw-pipi,': the boiler will
UiUK work, at all lime*, subject to the prv»o.urtt i>f tho rolunin of
wtltr IB thu riKii));-]ii|ie and •.':i>l4'rn. It kLautd tu'vLatiMl thai there
Us valve in the pipe a, between the rining-pipe and tiie force-
pump; which valve opena towards tbe buUer, and prrmita the
water to flow in that directiou, but closM ■gxinst any Row of «ator
from Uiu boiler.
REVERBEBATORY FURNACES.
Jamim Timhimi CuAMot, and Eowatm Chakctk. uf Uirmin^cham.
Gx "" ImprnpftHfttU In JmianM, and in Ute mnnu/artun c/yAur."
Granted February It ; Enrolled August U, 1M8.
Thii in<rent!an, as the title imports, rclutes to improTcmcjits in
t«o distinct dcpHTtmcnls of tht' ninnufiictiirr-t. Tin? f!r>t, which
reff^rs to reYcrbemtory fiirnarrn, bait for il-s oliittt llie irreater
•ronomy of fuel, !>)- re-conduclinir the bested uaw^ iai the furnace.
In tlie uKunl cuRNt ruction uf ttimfumscrs, tlit hcot from the fire,
dftcr fltrtk big against the arch iibiive tlu* furniu'c, I'uTil liciiiK' re-
vwt wited dowDward.-t, putaes off to the cliimiicy. Tlie patentee),
instMil of thus passing the heat direct into Uie chimney, render it
further avnlliihlc to bratinff the funtace by retnminc tb« h»
and rart;-iii|| it back ovrr tlte rererlirmtin^ arch, and tlieil da«ti-
wtuils and tn >he I'liimoey, wlierrby the heat io tMrrintr thTinii;ti
tbe return-Hue is reverberated doanw^s upon the top nf :l ■ -
vcrbrrntin^ aitb of tbe furnace itself, and tliua aasiala iu h i :
that portion of the furnac*^ Th« svoond part nf tlie inw..: .
coiiiittis in a mode of paniuy sheet* of |[Ihsb into aiini'.ilfr^ i.i
nace* or kilns. By the urdiaary method the glaas to be aci '■ i< i
is pushed into the kiln, and bcfure this can be dune tb« Kla>« •■!■'
luMj a grmt portioa of its heat, to enable it to posaOM (zit^i.
ftrmnesa aud Mjlidity tu bear the pu*biii|[ strain to wbii'li i\ u • .
jecied. The |Mtenteea make in the aide nail nf the furu^'t' < I'l < -
site to that aheir the entrance for the slieels nl' ^ilHHi ioIk ^
fantace is aituntcd, a hole or opening through which the «i<rknu^.
paasea an instrnmeiit which, [Msaiiuc acroas thv furnare and takiot;
nold of the edge of the sheet of glaao, pulls and draws it iatotfca
kiln : by this mode the temperature may not be ao nudi nMlaad
aa wiieti the old mode of imsbit^c is adopted, inaamticfa at llw
•train attMdiof the pulliaj^ >* cun^derably leaa tbu' tkat of
puahinK.
RAILMAV-BREAKS.
RonssT IIestei, uf Ilealhfiidd, Mnndiester, geDtleaaa, fur
" eertiUrt inijHWWiiwnfs in Ms ni«Uarf ttf apitfyinf and warkiitgfHitm
hrmka to mgtHn o'lrf nirn'd^ used Vfvtt nn/mjpr."— ^inint*!! Jibb'
ary 13 ; Enrolled July la, li)«0.
The object of this invention is to brinft a lieavy wei^-bt, altaiM
to a lever, to bear ntrninBt the> frietiou broali, ao aa tu render ti>*
action mure ocrtnin and regular than whan BMuiual force aluat »
exerted, Thv lever )■ pU<i-(l under the oontrol of the iiuacd, nkx
by turoiiitf u v'lach plac-Ml in the onlinary inaniter, inny ko^tke
wviirht to benr upon tlie peripheries of the wheeio, or r«ilM*t »i
with very little effort.
SaMtiEL Ci-r(t.iFrB LtsTKR,of Manningham-haU, Bradfont, |*B-
tlenian, for " impi-aoeBwafs m ttvpyint/ rttUavy traitu tm4 i/lur
carrMgrii, aiul ffuncnil^ ir/krv a li/lint/ fvtetr or pit**vn w rcfirirW.'
Graiitt^d Januiiry lb ; HiirxlW July IS, ldt6.
In this railway-hreak thvriroiitin^ force is atmospheric prw roi i ;
or the prmijn! uf coropresHed air, bearin^r scaiuit the bTVak\
ubii-b, aa uiual, act on tbe circuiuferencea of Uie alieela. T)m
spparslufi con^Lsof an air-ehambor, piiircd below the fnml&l'sf
the carriage. It is provided with a piston ur pistuua, to the rod>
of whicJi are attached llie bliickii, learinfc a^iMb tlie wlxab. Dm
air is condensed iulo tbe air>ehfu»ber by al>-puiq|i», worked by the
ailes of the carriages: and, by mums of the pistons aod rodKths
pressure is communicated to tlie wlievU. The mode to b« adcpptnl
whm the breaks are required to be thrown iulu action, is forilir
)[uard, by uieMiia of suitable cooDccting apphratua. l«i open tlir
VjUven, by vbich means the ntoio»pbrri« air will bu admitted to tkr
pumps, a few stntkvs of whicli will then m> cituipreiulhc air wiUna
the receiver a« to press tlie breaks acaiimt the wheels. Smuur
effects arc produced by making the pumps act us vi^aual«ns i»
stead of coiupresM-rs.
RAILWAY KKY5.
WiLUAU Hi:.'<BV Bahijuw, of Derby, civil engineer, for "io-
firM<tinmU i» the tuanujui-ture t^ niilvay kef*,~ — iiratited Jaaary
v; ; Enrolled Jul)- VI, tttta.
In tlioae itiipruved wuudeu keys, the inconvenience nriain^ fi***
eapiinsiun aiiii e>,>ri traction is nttenipted tu be ubiiuted, by ren4fff-
tng tlie wooti iBipeTviuus to moirturo. This is dotic by iiitrtMliK'nc
into the porcK of the momI, fntty nrotlier matters that art' iiiwUM'
in water. The pateutee first prepareo the key* of the req'mt'
proportion*, after Mhich they ore subJtKted to heat for the piiii-*^
of expellinc tl4e moisture. This he ofieels by pUcinfr tbcn i' •
oven for Vl-houns which is maintainvd ul a ivmpcrature of*!'
alter which tbey are immersed in a solution by vrefercnre cumputo^
uf tour oalioDsof crconule, onu ifallon of napl.tba, V4 lb. of aitek.
nod half a K^dlon »f boiJid linsted oil. The pn>portion M tW
minlure used to iiiipreifnatc tho wood is aWut one ^ullontotfc'
riihic foot, and the keys should be immer-<ed t)ierein «b«ul Vt
hours. Tbey oro then ready for uw, unless It be doeuied neceartfy
to Hubject thnn to the pnirew of ci>m]ireiuiion. Instead t>f ainf^
imnirmion in these inirtiluMe niatlen^ the prvcets may b* ^reatlr
faeiltlnti'd by exhnu^tinii the air from the ww>d in a clv*« vtsML
and afterwards forcing the fat com]»Oaition in under pr«a»ure.
(
WM4
THE CIVa ENGINKER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL.
«f
IJIPllOVEMKNTS ly MARINE ENGINES AND PROI'ELLERS.
Jofira Madmilay, of thir firm of Mai>dii]«y. Sdrh, anfl Fielil, of Ijambetl), piieineert, for " /mpfwuowm/j ia tAtainittij tnd appii/ijig
mAiiKr p0Micr ant/ in tAe nrnchiarTy and apparaiuj erajJoi/ed fA«Erein-'«GnuiteiI hhuch »; Eiirullvd &iH>t4inibar B, 19*8. [.UfjKirl«ii in
Pif. I.
ng.2.
Rf. &.
1. The ntvr elenm prop*U(rr whioh form* ih*
Jm<Ui>i; &utjc«t nf Mr. MauiIiiUv'ii prrvoiit patent,
obvitin one of tin* )^««teiti>lm&cl«ji that hav«
kitlivrto vtovd in llie wsy of nlMHn iir.>["eilirig,
trbetlicir bjr m&knx »f ocruw blndc* nr nnt Made*,
or UmIm of uny ulLor d»cnj)tion ; viz., lh« Oilll-
cultjr of shipping and unshipping the propeller,
Sir. MaudHluj affixr? the hliu!«« of liis pr«ppll«r
(which mity, he ^lyit, bit of '*ui^ nppfni-i<d or
Kaitjiblo form") to nucb ■ manner to tlie driving,
thafl that the propeller utamtn of ileelf. aa it
were, the proper iin^t« for prnpiiUion, the in*tant
th^ ilriviiiK-ihnft i- put in motion, »nd return* ta
Inatiuitly into a neiitrul or inoperative poflitioA
when the drivio^-chnft e^nsfn to rotftl<>.
Fiz. 1 r^pn<«nnta pitrt iit' the- *torn of a r()ttM>l
6tl«ririth thititnpwu-ed propeller; (iff. a, a fro«t
ri^w of th<^ instTument detarned from iltt pluoe is
the re4M<l; and dft. 3, a nwtiona] plan of iFifl
prupoUer, aud it« t'otiiiectiunN ou the line o A of
4g. I.
'■A' A* are the hindec of the propeller, trhi^
are ioHerted at their inner or narrow ends Inlfl
MwketuB* W, in the end of the propeller-aliaftS,
In which aockets they are free to turn lu the ex-
tent to be tiTMentljr dvliiied. To Ihe&liunli of
each propeller blade there arc Inu tuiillied «eff-
nunte (J* C, C C*, attached one at the top uf
taxh aoehet, and ths other at the biilUiin uf
it ; and the two m-W of nvffmenla wiirk tlip one
into Uiu other within the limit* determined by
the Ktnpx//, ao that the propeller-bladei miu^
alvtnya move in perfect unison, and cna oiilj' turn
round in tlivir siic^ketii to the i»U>ut alhiwnil by
the Nlnps. H i* a Blidin^ clutch, iiltised t» thti
driviii^-KhAft inaide urthepropeller-blaJe^ which
tnav be moved iitcmwnrilti, eo (u« to l»v hold of
mtlipr of Iwo ii>>t>i of pin*, «(rf and « 0, wbii'h pro-
JGi^t from the 1iui!]( utthe wheek of the innennoaC
priipeller-l)Ude A^ F tt a rertical rod, hj- meane
of u'liirh the cliitirh K, iiiay be wnrked rnmi the
dwk of tlit^ vi'VKi-l; llilk rod lermlnatin)! at boltom
in n HiTtvir, whit^h lakea into a suiielled nut n,
whii'h i« attatheil tii one nrm of a l>ell-rnink tJ,
t]R> other arm of «hi4di i* forked no aii to enibraeo
tln> oUiti'h F^ when brought down upon tt. Thft
miide ill uhii^h the propeller, as thus lilted, acta,
lit ad follows : — ^iippoiiinK the i-hiteh to be diiten-
friig«d, and ttiit dnviiiu;-sUHft to he put in motioii,
tilt' hludeM are immediBtety throMn out into tJis
anvular pnsitionfi propur for prirpelliiifi:. and they
will roniitiue in thi-mi poiticionii a> lonu nu the
timtt I'ontinueH to rutule. Should occakion Brlao
fur hnekiiij^ llie vewM>l, the blades !ire then se^
cured in their i-Kteiided piwition* by inlrrlorking
t)i8 clutch with the pin* d <l, xl llie buck of the
wheeU of the inueriuoil blade A", a* rcpreacntod
in tig. 3. ^\ hen the enfrine i« f1op[)«>d, and th»
diiving-Nhafl cfjo-w to roliiie, nnd the ilulrh U
wiihdmwn, the pnl|H^lle^-hlndea nlU, by the actioii
uf tiir wiiter tiiiou tlieni, bo tnriieil round in tbelr
eocketa until tbey cumv into a line with ihr cauree
of the vetutel, and prr»ent their oharp eilKca only
lo the water, n> eiempMed in tig.*; aud, far
(freater wcunty, ihry mar be madofivstin this
ptwilion by interliKkiiig the rlutdi K, withthv
iiins e e, at the back uf t)ie who«lit uf the inuecuMt
lade."
From the iusUnUneouaneu with wltich thia
poculiarly tixed screw prupellor can lit- tunttal
to account, from it* iivvrr bein)C re(|iiiied to be
raised nut of the water, tiud iieter ulTeriii^, wlieti
in the water and nl reht, any mnteriid obstruction
to the dteeniig or prufpreHifion uf the rrmel, it
aeemn to posMU m> far a ^reat auperiurity over
309
THB CIVIL ENGINKBR AND A RCIIITECrs JOURNAL
all the screw propellers hithrrto in lue; bat
it promlaes to be mnrfl ritpttciftUjr advaoUgeoos
in the caw; of vm-itrl* gi'iiiK loij? voj-ogi;*, with
■mull nlure rtf fuel. &ad employing Btenin m U
ftUKillary power only, when the wiud ii Dot fiir
fur th« u»c uf MiU. Witli a |iropcller of tkia
deacriptioii.mit* minute need be lost in chaoKinc
fmin HKilinK to steaming, or from steauiinK ti>
milinf, nnJ consequently, nitt h pound moro of
fuel need he vxiiviided Llisn b •baolutdy re-
quirud.
8. The peculiar fentiire of Mr. Maudsliy'* new
fumacu citiiMitii la the employment of nilotinf;
tubular icrei* bnra, and hvnce the the naiDB
(" ArcliimedJan") liy irhicb we (not Mr, Mnods-
lajr) h»v« ventured (o disiinRuish it. Fig. A in ft
lonfptudlnal aectioD of the luruuct: ; nod fig. 6 a
/mnt view.
II n, are tha fire-bara, whieb, in«tefii) oFbein^
u u«ual solid fiirturefi, condiKit (ifuKerien of tube ■
whicb are frwe to ruvulve in th»ir bearings, are
«pen fri>nn end to end, »crc«-threaded on the oiit-
ndcyniul perftinited with niimeroi.ifi nir-hulex. On
ik* iront md of eacb bur tht-rir in u broad flange
\.W ■faoolder /, whidi projeeljt beyond ttie )r<^nenil
Una <if tbe furnace, and has a worm-wtivut W,
farmed upon it. An endle<iR scrvw-thaft K,
which pniige^ ncrosn the ff'tiiit of the fuinae^, and
ia workixl fr»m thi! eni^iii! (hr^uglt the medium
«r the bevil-wheelH Nj O, take^ into tlie whole
>eriM of woim-wheelE \V. and e«uKC« thereby
the eofiBtunt rntAtion of tne 6re-ban. L ie a
tbrDtttc-vulvv hopiior by which the eonlis nre »uii-
plied to the furnuee. Aa tlie conh dni|> rroin the
bopper tiiey full upon an itielined ahoat M,
which pnijei'iK thiiin upon thv fruul end of the
furniicu Ihim, wheitci' they are cniTied ^ailually
forward to the back, by the rot.-itii.n of the bars and the ar-tion of tbeir screwed surfncct on the maas of fuel,
In c(in»e(|ueuee of the bitre Wuig in lhi» constant state of rotation it in (ilmotit iuipOMiblc that either cUliki;n
Mpou thttm.
or aahes should socvraslai*
LOCOlfOTIVE ENGINES.
CHAnr-BsRiTcnii^ -of Aherdepn, S^ntbnd, ctieineei', for ^e^rfaim
lrnyrv*V"fnt* in liicomalirt rnfjinrn." — tiriiiilod MartL y; Enrolled
Septcmlwr 2, 11*48, [_ Reported in the Mining Jounial.]
TliiR invention eniuifitA in, and hoa referen'Re to, certain tm-
provemenlit in locomotive and other engine*, carried iiil^o practical
dTect by the means, or through tho agency, of certain iii^w <ir
improved inechnoical combiiutioiM and .irrang^menlH. having for
their object tJie tiinplification of the curiKtructioa, and tlie augmen-
tation of the efficiency, of nuch engines.
The finit part consists in the application of S rylinder, or
cylinders, with two diitim.-t niid •epamte jiinttmN in each cylinder,
to whii'h we affised j»ii.ton-ri)ds, for inipartiQ^ motion to the
cranked -axles and driving-wheels txed thereon, whereby the roi-k-
ing, or oscillating, motion atli>mlin)i Uicnmiiliveenginei' an hiUierlo
cootttructeit, ix ('(jitKiiic-rably diminished, and jireater (teadinecs
of motion obtained, as, by tlii* arrangement, the momentum of
one piston, together with itH criuikK, and other coTincrtions, is
at all times exactly balaiiceil, or Tirarly m, by that of the other,
in cunxeqiiencti of the appruadiing or receUinvc of the pistons to
and from each other heiii^ always Bimiiltaneoiis. The securid [i»rt
relates to an improved mode of working tho slide-valveH of loco-
motive and other eriginex, liv rendering tlie ecc*!iitric, which
imparti motion thweiis ainilalde for the jiiirpone of reversing the
engiiie. Tlie third part relatei to nn improved valre for regiihitinir
the aduuBsion of rtenm, or other motive power, to the working
cylinders of locomotive aod other engiiii.»s and to im|irot-ementri
io sxfety-valvea, to be applied to tlit< liuilerM of engin>:!i, or othor
reaervoin of power. The fourth part relates to an imprnvcil
anti-primer. or steam-collector, to beojtplied to the boiIiT» of kleam-
enginc*. The fifth part rehitewto an improved M-lf-ailiiiK feeding
appiiratiiH, for Miipptying wnler to the tioilers of iiteam>engincs.
And the aixtli and taut part conusts In the npplicBtion to tho
wheels of locomotive engines of an Improved guard, or safety-
break.
The dntwing twhihits a fide elevation of a locomotive engine,
ronttruct^l aciordiiijr to Ihi* invention. A marks the boiler of
the engine; li, the dnviug-wheels fixed uijon the rnink-axleis C;
the boss, or nave, U, of each of such wlieeU serriug an the crank,
to which one end iif the connecting-rod E, is attaehed by a cnok-
pin, or §tud, n, itenured to the stLid nave, and the opposite end «f
the rod K, in connected to the piston-rod F, in the usual way of
fiintiiua: ftuch connections, ti, G, two pistons, to which are at-
tached the rwU F, F — the tiaid niitoiis working stennk-tight ia iJw
cylinder H, by moans of meCalJir, or other packing. The crlio-
der^ ore fixed to each side of the boiler. Intteiul of having tW
fixed cylinder and coniierling-nDd«, m abme denerilied, Ofrillatiiir-
cylinderit may he uned, with their tiiKton-rods connected direeUf
with the crunk-aA.le ; or where Axed cylinderH arc used, und spar*
in HO uUJect, the coiiiiectiiig-rodi E, E, may b« dinnonM.'d with, bf
ultarhtng (o thv jiiKton-nxU u cnicn frame, in which there is a tlM
formed, into which a crank-pin, or »Uid, takes. The outer en*
uf the frame works through a truide-liule, ti.vi-d to Uie side of tbr
engine, anfl thus the rectilineiir motion of the uivton-md>> impart*
rotary mulion to the crank-aile and driving-uiieels fixed thereon.
The ^tciuii may be admitted through iht* ports, into the cylindir.
by 11 voinmon slidej in the following manner: — Upon the hindn-
most dri ling-axle m fixed an eccentric, upon whlrh is a caiu, of He
following ptfTulinr conntnictlon : — Two rods are fixed to, «
U]Hiti, the oaid com ; or it may be conipused of one doubl
rtid, onegah beiiijr employed for elfecttn^ the bsckwiird,
other the forwiinl. ntoiion of the slide-valve, through the inter-
vention of :i diiiihle lever, which ha* itx fiilcrnm upon a sduil, fiud
til the Hide of the holler, as &howi) by tho draivlni;, and this leirr
in connected to tho tJide-Aalve by a rod r. Tlie Icnj^h of this
lever, as also thv aiiglu of inclination of the pnrt« O, (>, vJiouU be
in ncoordawce with tlie lead of the valve — the one or other of Iht
inclined parts O, being caused to net upon the [ever by a hwd
lever, connected to the wiid cam in any convenifiit nisoner, *u »
to enable the enginoilriv<-r to titart, reverse, and stop the (ti
readily, by the name eccentric which girws motion to the
vatve. By making the end of the valve-rod moveablo, as i]
in the lever P, the steam may lie worked eiiia naively at pi _
ImproTod spring N«fety-v»]ves ore exhibited iiy other drawing?
taclied to this Kpecilicat ion, from which it will appear i here ait
two fiiritis of const ruction, xlinwiuK u valve with a conical-dia;
Meat, being a Aat-vnlvc, and conMruclcd with a dHnge, which
inventor terms a comiK-nxiition HaniEC— HUch daoge bemaletiui
thv ««it vertically, aliout ooe^xtfa of the diiuneter of the ettton-'
.Of
w»f in the vslve.wat. TIii« valve in w«ifr)it«d liy a heliritl Rprin);,
of suffirifnt pdror,' dcrurding to the retjuiivi) prKNiire iif tlie
vtearn; and when it Ik intitmti-tt to lin iim'iI hh » ri'Mcrvc uifpty-
vhIvv, Ibe vr'tBg [■ «> I"" plitced itround that ]>arc uf the Hem
hvlow the valve — that is to say, within the boiler. The ailviiiitag«
«f this forai wf toii«lruttnin of viilvc «v«r Hip (irflinnry vslvo i« ait
folhiwR : — Ax Hioii lu tk<4 prouurc til' t}ie i1(>hiu ruikM thi> I'nIvA
frt)in ita Mat, the finnge, bpiii^ etpoKed to the prpssure of the
•taun, nrewota an increased turfiife. which rompeiiBfili^ for the
inerMnap rwistaiu'v nl' thp hi'hcnl '•■ylng. until thi; vatvu hnw li^ni
mh«il to a livight itquul to tlKt area a( thu Ht^iun-wa)', triieii it
slIuvK the b(«uii, or vapi>ur, to oifjuie fruelv. M'hen not inlend^ed
■0 & reserve safety-valve, thin valve may iinv«i the »priii^ pliH'eil
above it. Another v;ilve, irhiuh in cjitlt-il an ijiilii-atiir i>af<^y- valve,
is eihihilod, roMM!>tiriu: of a {uHton, which i* ftiml Intn .1 ttilie,
hntin^ a iiiririK attni^hed to it — Uteral openinpn l>ein|.' made in the
tube, la allou' the )^teiini to e^c-aiie when the piNtun becomr* riii>«d
abtive Euch u|ietiiii|^ ; antl by maKina thv wiiil tiibi! miiviwhltf within
snothpr unx, thu " hli>winK-f9'* ]tomt may he varied at pleasure.
An indctt, like that of a horumeter, may then be attarhed to tlie
stem, or rod, of the piston, unil »ill initicnttt very Hligbt vnriatintu
of prvKure. A rvguIiLiiiiu-Viilve i« attached, tlie tou'itniction aitd
arrnngtnienl of whii-ii is as follows : — Tliere is a short socket-pipe,
havio); In'u c»nii!ul vnlve-i>eatB formed therein. Into wliirh the vnlvo
lit — sui'h valves beiii^ ccumt'rted tofieihtrr, or fnmieil ii|Hiit one
■Mtn, into which onw end of » rod in si-rewed. ur olh^rwiie made
CMt| uul the DpiKidte end of tlie !Uiid rod nitadied to an eccentric
•plndle, workinK Ihroufrh 3 ^iiffine-hox. to which a hand-lever i*
fixed — such lever and rod beinu; tiir the purjiuku of opening, or
clomn^, Iho rccolitor- valve at jilea.-iure.
Tht! luitt-priiiiei before-mentioned i( formed in the foUovini;^
manner:— Two dislinLt and seriHriitc plntea of xhret tnelHl, the
outer ed^s of wliirh aro McnirMy fixed ti> the irntiile nC the hiiiler,.
by rivclling, or otlierwine, the said plates being inclined towards
tie centre of the lioiler, care heiof; taken to leave a (>p[ice between
the inner ed|,'e4 of tlie two plHten, no sk to reserve a channel
leogthwiKe of the boilt'r, fur tlif pnoMiifit of Hteiiin into the steniii-
cliunbfT thii* formed, and within, or in c^iniieclion with which the
rc^pibiting- valve, i.s tituutp the fiteam-piprs which lend tut hi' cylin-
ders being connected thereU'. [nulciid of forming the Hoti^nriiner
oF tvo separate Htrijisi, ur piei^'n, of inotii), the itjime teittill may
>e obtained by furwing it of one strip, or piece, uf metal, of the
•luipe shown— the siiid plute being pierced with nil infinite nnmher
of aniall holes. The conslnirtion nnd arrangement of the fepdtrii:-
•pparxtns are iiK f(dloHs : — There is a metal cylinder, whlnli should
L bv horpd perfectly true and cylindrical, fitted with a piston, the
f rod of «ic)i piitton forming the plimgcr, or rum. iif the coM water
uump. the barrel of which »rrvea m a compounit irhuid for the
■tulnng-tHix of tin* lyliiider and pump-barrt'I, The slidc-Talve,
which rnay be made to cover or uncover the ports, or pnNsngeM, in
the cylinder, by ihc opouiiite sidea of ihe piitUm nmiing into coti-
t«ct widi the leviTK, wtiich are connected tn the slidc-vidve by a
rod or nxN, There are ••pherical-vulveM (ihe seats of which src
knife>edgeil), fomieil wilhin the spherical fiance pieces, which
have openings forc»tabli«hinK " lommoniiiit inn between the ten-
der, the piimp-liarrcl, and the nteairi-hoilcr, ai exhibited. The
modoM ofirraitiii of this feeding- apparatus is as follows : — Upon
_, steam being admitted from the Liuiler into the cylinder. thnniKh
! steaoi-port. or pasMigc. the pi«lon will he acted upon, and the
lia,or plunger, be withilrawii, tlie water fruiii the tenders will
fraiw; the valve, and enter tlio barrel, to supply the spac* previously
,octttpied by the plunger, or rasa ; by this Umv tLe pistuo will have
acted upon the lever, nt nn to rAuse the Filide-valve to uncover the
[lort, or pnssnge, ami cover the port, or jinsaage, P„ thereby sl-
owing the ifleam on the other side of the piMon to escapo through
thv rxhnust-pipe ; the piston will non be Imoelled in u eoatrary
diroi^tinn. ami the plunger, or ram, ertffring the hnrrel. will cauee
the one valve to he eliHied, and the other to be opened by pre»«ure
of tlie water therein, which as the plunger, or ram, advanees, will
he fiireod into the boiler, to supply the deficienrv of that water
which hiu; been converted into "teum ; R,, R,, marlt wheel-guanls,
or snfetv 'breaks, which are each composed of a irlrnnglMnri, or
strap, o^ iron, placed liko a splasher over the wheel to l>e pro-
tei'teil ; the inner Kurfnee of the said guard, or hntak, \* formed of
the eoiivepiie uhape to that of the tyre, mid fixed securely to the
framing^ or boiler, or both, as near to the too of the wheel as the
play of the bearing -springs will admit of, and as ncJir In the back
of each wlicel rh pOEEilile. without touching it.
To each side of the engine a bar of iron i* placed, and serurely
lixed in a longituilinsl direction — such arrangement being inteiuleit
to prpwrve such wheels in n vertical poMtion, mid ibereby support
the engine, in the civont of the axtes breaking, and to operate at
the same time os a hrealj, to retard the motion of the cngioe, in
thw event of any such accident. Another improvement in focomo-
tiio engines rousists in arranging that purl or the boiler known as
the fire-hox, in »iich manner thai the height of the water in this
part of the boiler shall at all limes be at a proper Wei, wkidi is
effected by what is culled an an tl-fl net na tor, which is a separata
pnrtilion-plate across the wfitcr Bpace, ur an exleoMon of the plate
to which the tubiw are fixed as nhown ; ami, by causing the. water
to be fed to the bailer at that part which surrounds the lire, it will
appear evident that the barrel of the boiler CJin only receive Its
«upply uf wnler from tlint which overflows the «aiil partition-plate.
Having described tlto nature of his iuventlon, the patcnlee re-
marks, thnt he does not claim the exclimive nae of any of the
iie|mratP parts above-mentioned and referred to, when considcrrd
}^fp 4ir and apart from the piiriioses uf the said invention, as
Iiereial>efore set forth and described.
I HPBovFMtrNTS tx Pebporattwo Qlabb poa VRtcrri-ATin.y.
PatenlCfl by Mr. J. LocKUKjtti, of Milton, (Jraveacnd, — In forming
plates sheets, lenses, or other forms of glftM, the glass, when in a
semi-fluid state, is poured from the pot on to the castin^'table —
the rtrcfim being followcii by n presaure- roller, for the piirjtose of
flattening it ; and, while the glnss ia in a plustic state, u metal
mould, ultb teeth or projection* on its undor-side, aoconiingto
the pattern required, la applied to the eurlw;«, forcibly pressed
dowa, nnd left in that ponition until the gtau hflc net ; after which
it is to lie removMl, nnd the gla^* will he found to be perforated,
iiv corresponding shapes to the projections on the mould. To elWt
this in the most complete manner, a acrew-prcUB, maila to the sixe
of the CKBti rig ■table-, \* n»i-d, very similar to u common copying-
preu, and diffi-rent patlem-mouldB being fiaed to the lower end of
the itcrew, nnd worked by a crusa handle.
iMi'HovrwKN-m If* onracMrto Oxioe or Zn«c raoM tiie Ore,
Patented by M. C A, V. lUiciiAt, uf Paris.— liv thi» pmiT-iw, llie
cmplnyment of retorts, an by the old method, is dinjiensed with,
the ftifl and labour economised, the operation completely Inde-
IMmdent of the skill of the workman, and the l»»s of metal, inci-
dental to tlie old mctliod, prevented. Ores of lead and xinc may
THE CIVIL BNGINT.ER AXP ARCSiTECfs JOCnNAL.
LOewii^j
i>4 OB ii tmet. Hie principal faiture coaaisu in Om
•C iW Balm mlpkurel of linc (Mcndv). iin<i of tli«
faai «^n, MoA olicBtM of sine, and tuljibureta miti oiidea
i, hf iW actioit of the ndadng fcascs of b blaU-furiiac*, by
tW soDVM, or da^ h tami, aod the xinc voUtiliHsd ; the
n atv tfcaa fwo J g i i oei. and «oiuliii-led into » nwiu-rQir,
l«rer«WHM«th ort&« furnace, 111111 )iMt«>d by the (nun
The fiuBBM havinr brcn heated to the rexiulred tern-
hf the MoibuatitfD of fuel alone, a charge of »af kind
rf tWato n imc orca, mixed with a auitable flux, in intnidiiccd
mearui of a cover aliuve, mid a
I arc nlloired to escape. The
larer of iiir>ii<lr»ccnt furl ; a layer of
. . - vpOB the ore ; then nnuther charfrvi of nrv,
I tW f a n ia cw ia fnu, aad it U to he replenished at the chnrtfe
Maw a certain depth. The tine » thus volatilised by the
amA the aetfria Ula into the lowrr part uf tbrt famatx ;
EMea aad TTrlatJlliil zine pau tfarouxh proper u]>rninir*
^^ ^ a hjdnalM mill, aod there depoait any aJuc carried
m lae aawc amc area, mtxea with
Mto tJba cfcaniag apertere, aod, hy 1
rittif H>** Velev, ooM of the gaaai
* 1 thwa falb npoo a larer of i
BRITISH ASSOCIATION.
a^ttU raatf t tA» Uttlimg hU at Si^ntrt, JUfiUt, 1818.
Rmlwat STATtmC*.
- FatU tttriKf e« llm Ptvfnm ^ tht JCaitwtf Sfitem." By Mr. VT.
BAa^ias.
fho Botes iMtwaj tjMeoi of Earapt nay he uiit to dite ham 1H.1I>,
feai ihs eaaatnotioD, by Hr.G. SttplicnHn. of the Liieriiciol bii<I Mm-
heiMr Raflvay.wlth lla loeDmollTc eii|inM. mm com pi etc it. Aiier tim
4Ma *• haard ao tn<ir« «f inch pfopheci» m ilt fuLluwing ([ruta llie Qunr-
liWy tU^irw, in 1S3&), vbkh it ii not Diclc»to(cF«[<l *> a Ituaa a( caution
to u f ,fr Oit futate : — " Ai to IhoM pciiooi vbo ipcculaC* on oiakiDg r«il-
«ty* |«acrally tbfouthaut II10 liiagiiom, «iid lupcfsrcling tl) tbo eaoali, all
bt WBpoai, DUilt. and iiagv.coarhei. poit-cbaliM, and, la ihorl.eiery othtr
■eda M 00at«yaiM« by land aail M iiaier.we dMmtbero and tliHr liiiunary
AoBaa Baaartliy al notice. U'Uat, for tnitance, can be aiatt p/t/paily
•(•■rd aid r^Araiaw thin the foLloving ptiaB'apl>r"^in "bicb a pruiprrt
la haU oat of liKonwdTta Irttrlling mice 11 TmI m lUtc-coachct. " Wc
■baeld •• foea," addi the retJswer, "ei|ivclthc (ica)>!««f VYooIwicIi 10 tuiTcr
Ibavaeltn ta b* fired off upon oat of Congrtic'i ncuchcl nickett, at iruit
IkMaaelrei t« ih< uttcj of tuth a (ita«bin«. gaiog at tueh a Tat«." The
' twdctil railway lyiUim ha*. Kowainr, not only daa« Ihii, but it bai p*ea
Hh to aaw bablU In Ihv prfvrni gftieraiion, and hia provnd in b* thr pral
BHktaleBl tavantloo oT tli« iiiii,«IeentL ctaturj'. Bi the ileaiD -engine nat of
Iha dcMetalb. A* it ia alill in in infancy, il ia ei^iccially Ilie proiinLt of
MllKka] io^nlry to walcb ill grnatli. »n (hat on tlic one IkdiI timely
ranedka may b« applied to It* defci-l*K bikI on the other tttx icnpc may he
KiTcn Ui iti bcneAdaJ landcnclca. Valuable pnpeii bare beco contributed by
MtMfi. Laiag, Potter, Graham, anil olhcn, malyiing Itje ttaSc on railoiyi
dariof it>« Infaoiry of th« ty»t4m to the year 18(3. Siiortly before that
Cat there had bMn a paute in railway*. Duiini; Iwa yean, only Aie mil«
been lanotionHl, but ili* pariod ivhich h*i linc* alipicd cutqpriira ihi!
BanoraliU minja yt^ii of IHti and l!)ll). Un<li>r thin rxcitemcnt inCrlLi-
|taOe and cuutalivn haic bern ■limulaied amoNg Ilic tiiaiiigcrt of riil»aj>
to Iba Ulinoal, and the (jtiiriD hm rijiidly adtan-ctJ. The cuii^uliiUlioo ut
HdM andn a fsw (treat cnmiiaiile*, by the proccta atylEd araalgaiuaiiaa, bat
Coceaded i — the atnotpbtnc, an anilrcly atw tyitciD of itBctioni, hu been
OUfht forward ;— tbe cl«clric tel({(ti|)ii, eonvrying ielelbgeiice tt the rate
of SHO.MlO orilM • MOOad, bai li«*ti widrly inirorinrt^d ; — cipriui traini,
travelling at seirly tba hlgbcat atttlnabU ipeedi. bare been ennt'htiini , —
aad Uie length of railwayi in upetaiion hn* been (Ioiit>1eil. li ibeieloie
bHOne* a mitCer of mttrul to inquire to vhal the rraulli of *u active a
period point. Have Ion firci antntrcd ?— llai the tbint-cliii uafllc, t'le
ID0*I inipartanl to the hulk of tlie peuple, beco racouniged, and ha> it been
found <tii«, not only for tht men but fur the ownei* of railwayi, tg CQCDur-
■(« it or the rcicrie ? — Ilai Iha incrcaic of ipced been lucceMfal, and are
We lilrly to IrRTcl fatter or (lower bereafler ^ — How liare the r«>.'eipt( kept
ap wbilo tho laoBth of railoay ha* been doiibleit ^— Hiil tlio tint 2.000 mile*
gatlba srua eftbe traffle, t* hai often been ihoughl. and hat tbn aifrngn
receipt per mile eonsrqnemly Mien oil ^— ShouliB ttie eajperienra of (lie p»i,
in tbori, flte u> oooCdEnee in tirjfing nn tliexTitrin at tbe etirautilijiaiy late
at Mtiich we are now d»in[ it, oi nut ! In tlie follo'ifing iiiveetigntiua anit
collection of fact* it haa lictn lUempled to throw *miic liyhi ujion ibc*o
polotii — the recent |iulilicailoii u( ibeolScial railway rcturut fet 1S4G and
1817 affording prvuhai fii'ililio fvt the parpoic. The fulluoing pajirc r«fri*
ta Bagllab, Scotch, and WeliU liuet on!y,— the Inih line* are pKluded, the
eeonoinieal condition of Ireland being different froH that of Ibif eouauy,
and thi^re brin.([ liut feiv railway* np*n In that country : —
Ceinp»rali*^ Ltnjl^* if Uaiiva^ opm m lS-13 i( 1847 and Keeripti f Arrae*.
Tfi* laogtla dT Krgllth, Si-uirh, niir! W>Uli rullnyi <i|ito June 1»49 wtn IJHO
UlUOiOpfnal ine minin«i)«iDrnt of 1U« HJ'VJ
VlwppBiBiKtIpu rvlurSHt fnc <l>*in> IMl irtt* ., .. je4,'4(KH>0
IMIUilMlbainaitiKUiiiJuiie JV, 1M7 ., .. B.aw,7Ji
After making tba iwe w y correcliani in the ibon SfOrta, Ihe aman
recripu per mile nf railwaya in UI2 ttcte 2.4ft9I.; ia 1847, S.SMJ. v<
ibcrefore arrire at the impottant fact that, allbODgb tho milaafa of oar Baa
haa been doubled, the rrcdpit haee been more thu doablad. TU« BOilb*
rcKarded a* a fBTOurahic geniTal featuir in the iiite of railway*. TtkerevB
niacin rcaiOQ to fear that, ta llie firit railwaj* ran brtneea the great tovnt
or traiened the toanufacturiDt; diitrirt), the railwiji wbicb veer Mil
opancd Kould iliow ■ f^rut falling ciif in tcc«ipti. Ilitlicito, tbta, •« U
Ibat thi* it not to, — a iaci wliiirh ia»j give oa conHdenoe aa rffatda ibe giM
length of railway which haa bcea aaoctiuoed by parliament but whieb laaM
yet open.
Unfi ttacliiMeJ bul not opn. — The If n gib of railway aandioBerf ^7 P*r-
liamrnt at Ihe coniiienceinent of IttlS. bat not then open, waa 7,1^0 niba
A ooaiideraMe portion of thi* ia in progira*. more nr lea* rapid. Ua the itt
uf May 1)^17. .'■.209 milei were rtiumrd a* In progreai, on which 2ltjft
pcnon* were craploycd. or 42 per mile.* Tlicie iirw railway* ate priodptUi
deiigncd fur tbo acraoiniodaiiun of the agrifiilluril pacta of the oaaalir.
He will preienlly refer to the prntpccti of tailnayt in aucb dlilricta. Vbra
the railway* now in cantcvpUlion arc conplctcd, aud il la probable ihat tit
gr<-*ier portion will b« to in Ilia eourie ol ib« neat five yean, «r« iball ba^
tipwardt of 10,000 mile* of railvray open,— on which, judging fraai Iha a^-
brn employed on tine* now open, (ria., U per mile). UO.OOO paftemid
tie ptriuanenily employed, at good tiaje*,— rcpreaentiuf, at Ava to a tUiOf,
tliree iLUirtcn of i miilinn of the gtou populaiinn. Tba laDpOttaaec of M
ailditinn to onr inicrnil cotrimniiir*ttona will be appreciated vhan
remembered that lliccc are uiilji aliout i,WO miles uf inland
30,000 mile* of Inrnpike toad open (ur traffic In the rouDtry.
dlt^tiM q/' Tiafpc, — (ienrtal t'ea/um. — The grois traffic for
ending Jane 30, liit7, oai, ai we hare seen, a..1li6,IKH){. Then
acyed during that year, from llic icliirni of the Ooferd of Trade,t il
tmiubrrt, 7,000,000 Iod* of nierchindiic and Roodt, 8,000,000 lOM
^U(],U()0 hocaed nttle, 3.ill0,00a ahe^-p, and IliO.OOO buraea.
Of III. giu*a*um, »',3llll,ailUI.. Iha)iiu»ii«n nctlpla irrra ., ^Mijtt
Tlie leccljiu trum all oltiei Miuiiaa— |iH»la> talUi, ruriafe*. |>arcala,
auili,ke. S,ltlfm
Total CMM,M
In every lOOf. of receipt*, the piiienger iraUte therefore fomi SO peranLi
the traffic raceipt from olticf tourer* II). In IH42 lliosa proportiOM am
at 04 to 3<i. The proportloEi* of ir*IHc tcceipla (roio other aooicn Haa
paiBcnger* (being pilntipally good* and caitle traffic) hare tliiu incnaal
aince 1912 at lO to 3£, or 11 pet cent. The tolal namber of panuftn
ciicicd in ibe year (endisg June 30) IStT wa* 47.481,134. aa compared *)lk^
ill 1)^12, 22,4U3,t;8. The areiage diUancR lI■^elled by each
In 18-12, 13 mill* ; ia 1017 it wat Iti miloi. fbo nuubera and
uf clauM were
In 1M7. Id ua.
nf«a«iui .. .. .. u'2 303
Hrraiin-ciMa .. .. .. 38-a 41 '4
'I litnl-ctiua .. (.'-a .'44
Thui, the third-claH paiKngen {which hate incrcaied in n amberiioee iUU
tiuni 6,U0U,UUI) annually to :!l,ll(jO,bOO.j now fotu nearly half of the aWi
uuiutier tiivelUog, wliereaiin IK42 tbe} formed only about ooc.third. Otlf
one-third of Ihe third ■data putengerii have aviiled Ihtmatlvoa of tbe pvUa>
meniary Iraiiii, arbitranty (and. at iL appear* to me, unfairly) lDpot«d tfta
rillviji ciimpaDlea in l\H*. Tbe following table, coiupaiing ilic farvi etibt
aietruptilitaii iail»*yi in the year ending June 1X43, with Ibove la Ibf JBT
ending June 1»<>, ibowt tbe great leduciiun nbicli ha* lakrn place in m
duilng the lait tour jean. To make the compailaon mote apprecuUe. the
fare! ar« takcu at for IW mile* in pence
I
Part ta l(N Uilv.
Ntmeat Ballway-l
1*1 Ctaa*.
loa Claa.
art Clan
IM),
in;.
lini.
iim;.
lata.
VC-
iMiidoH mill NoFlb.WrtlrrD -.
irr-rat Vp'taMra .,
IjtbAvttmaA houlb.U'flAlem ..
EMlcra LsuailH .. ••
Nunhim and Kaalern
ttvuth - 1 A»i«ni . , . ■
IdlDlUJll Ullt BtlBfalOIl ..
SUA
ami
SIU-U
XIM\
117 4
JM-O
:iIiM
^'4-4
»t4-0
241-1
ii'ea
Siu'i)
168-
IM-0
144-e
tIl7B
141 »
ll>»
1710
iai-3
IIB-S
IW-O
iio-e
IM-O
■1
MM
*n
1*1
ie«
U iSci au<e (er enl.
joa-A
BlJ-4
310-4
lemi
UM
irr
Ttii* reduction ia farta, coupled with the incrcue in the number of travi
*nd (hcijwed of Iraicljiog, ujuil tic regarded at tbe priocipaj cauM«IU<
great incrrate of Ihe numbrr iil ptitenjteri lince I ^43.
We bate already icen that ih« numbtn in 1H4; and 1B43 are aitT.IBI.i}*
to 22.403,4 :tt. If we lake iulo aeeouni the number o( mile* opened at IkiM
dale* teipectivcly. tho annual ouQibir pet uUe «u, in 1&4Z, 11,772, lalii
1847, 14,^06.
• 111 Uil* crtura tilt niimberof siiln irtutunt it lii |iii>f;ma ara mor* thas ilaimTt
to cAnhinielion. Hie m metier oil mm ■ ni^tJu^-k-e []*r nlta ^a l«ai E^lm lb* tiulk.
T Thnw muma wt ikui itiEn|jltWi*i«l lury iiquii* auuiriainwuuu. I« iccfeat if A*
•am* uiic)H ItfiDi luujeunineotietjea owr tcrxaJ dllCiiaci Ugm, aad (fanM* «am*rt
uter mvtt xhaa vuc*.
I
The frroporlEen of tbIrd-diM paun^en hw. wc bare Kto, tbni ulit-
faclotilr incmteil benreeo 1fi43 ■nil iBI7. The Diiril-clku trtfflc bli.
tiowtitr, developed iU«ir Tcrf dilTfrcntl}' on diScient linr* ; ami ii u>a; (k
*t«ll to ini^iiifA into lliii. Tli< *U(rni«'iit iuIi]oin«d iboni tti« ll>irtl-i'lM»
tTk0le«f <«a inttrapoliUii cORi|>ktitM ((l» Eulrrn CouiitiM *nd the Great
W«aUn)— two Norlli e( En|lMd ci)ni|»iTii«i (ih* Lancaitilm anit Ynrkiliire
and tin N«>ca>ile and B«ri*ii:l) — and i«i> Scotcb oimpaalai (tbeJLdia-
bnrgb ud GlMgo* and the UIubui* anil GtMnock).
Year rndmff June 30. 18J7.
KiiiDbfr or
Propvrlloa
LCDflh
TMril.i^Uu
In evrij
H*»i »r Rsllnr-
in
I'UMii|*r(
llundrvd 0f
klJIta
I'UUVtlltl.
Tlilnl cliH
ruMugfn.
Olacfini, Pklslnr. tntl Dnaiisck
..
v^'.a 4
as-a
flSi
»**.«n
THJ
LMBMUn and YukibUB
41
ue.u^t
"•J-8
Ivti
2 oix-.ait
Ji-a
■HMM
3W
U(».m}
m'4
SMMaCanMhs
i;r
l,Mt.tM
MM
Onm Vaaun
HM
4i»j«<a
I4fl
Frotn tUi it appears that wbile the Crett Wcatcra Conpur, on a Hoc 241
nilu long, bavc only ctiiicd 419, CG3, thf Bdinburgb and Gliiggw Cumpaajr.
«(t a lino (G mile* Ung, liatn ciirixl B36,03S ; tb« Midland Comptn;, 28i
nUM la<i|, 3^66,692 ; and thil nbils on tb» Great Weilera only IS out a(
c*«ry lOQ paaHDj;ert cuD<re%-ed ire ibird-ctat*. ah the EaMeni Canntinv &0
out or ncry 100. and on ihe Glaagow. Tiltley. and Grcrncirk. 03 niK of
«cry 100 UK tfam!-d*» yiauifngn*. Althoiiali It ii troo tint tiie iJlfffieui
character of the pngiulaitou and oihcr elrcuiniiani--fi nlll afTetn to lonie
•Xtcnl ttie (clatitt suimbci of lliiid cUm paatctigm aa didtienC linn, (h«
ditparilT h«re i« to |rcat that we can come to no oilier ^0B<lutioD than that
the arran^enicDta of lucb a line u Ibt Great Wtalc'u u to Ibtid-claM pa*-
■ntjrn tstut be laeh » to preclude hnndrrdi of tbouuoda of thitd-ctaii
■— ingin J**t]j from uiin; tha railnav who. niih gr«al«r farllitiei, would
M glU to uae U. I laj' Ihla ultb coliG(Ifi>c«, bei-auiic ■■ ituna^tr of the
OIm^OW and GrtCDOck Railiaa*. vtirre Ihe Ihird-clKi lyitcm bai brrn more
dntiopcd than on at^f line in llie ronnlry (and wbrrc wr caiitrd (latKngcti
■I a ptoGt fof one fnriliinx a tnilr). I had an opporiuijiiy of obaettinf ihe
real adrantafo aod cotufott which i*ry cbca|> IravnlliDg i» to the nctkinK
riat*. At ll<« rrtulla of the workirg of Ihat line afforded a reioarlublo
tattatiHofth«<Beet««f low far«t. I bare thought tbat it nii^bt not be unLo.
IcrHling to rtcnrd then. The Kiver Clyde runi bfaide th« Cliignn, I'aliify,
■nd Grrrnock Kiilnay. «blch ia 2.1 milet lonig. Ibe ilMinboati have long
•(Tuidml an emltFoi tnode of iianapoit betaeen GlatROw and Girenuck. the
f»m by bual lirfoie the railway opened being rrnm It to 2i.. and Ihe time
occupied Ha* about two houri. CiLaiBoii,iriih a pnpntallODOf 2i4,0UV, «at
at one end of ibe lioc, Gietoock, niih a population of 3G,aOO, at tlis other
and of tb« line, and TarJoui aunitoti watering placet lie at the mouth of ibc
Clyde, hftow Cr^nnock. Oii Ihe line were i'aisley (populatioa 60,0CO} and
fort Glaignw (popuialioa 7,000). II«(«een Glai^nw and Paitley wai a
caaal en which there aere paiKeg«r'boalt drawn by ihnrara at a apcrd of 6
■niln per hoar. Tlieie faeiliiirt giro (iie to a great tramc ticfDre ll:e railway
a^ai opcnrd.— the yearly numlier cmT«1Il!iig ilonit ilie couke of lite railway
bring l.l^a.3(0. and th« aierage fare It. id. Nalaithiianding thii, after
the railway was opened (in 1S43) the aunbcra tnrtiling by all mraiia of
eoBieyance irtre found to exceed 2,000,000, nr to bavc iutteaard 10l> per
cent, the average fare hafing in tbe mean liaic fftlLen to lOif. Thia waa tbe
prou tciult ; hut lli« fgrra nf the railway (originally 2*. Cif. fint-claai aod
I*. M. •rcond-e'lait fnr 23 inilot) were varied from time to time ; and at I
cloMly obaeiTed (lie elfecl* of tliete variatioiii. hBiin); rmttd an acrovtit to
txt ulen of Ibe aurabcr traieiling hy aieamhnat anil eanal aa arell aa by rail-
way, it Diay be aril to lUle tlio ictulu of IhcM variationa of faiei.
finl ttltrralum. — In 1SJ2. uneoinred. open, third.claia carriaget, at a
far* of M for ibe 1^3 milet (or alwul {d. per miU), aere ititrniliiced on Ihe
railway between Glaigow and Grtenoc-k, wtiereupan tbn annual number of
fmilway paaaengerj lirlwten tlioiie placn inerraacd 2'iiAW, being nn iocieate
trf 38 per cent, of ibc lotal Dumbei traiellina (cithtr by raLlvay or iieain-
tioai], Tbe TiMiilher of drat and tecond-claaafcll vfTat lh« arnne time 3li per
Mat,, the ptiii-ng«i* liavmg traniffned Ihemaeltet from the tii|;bcr clui-
ra/riaaM into llio oj^n tbl'd-rlati eaiiiagta, (erupted liy ibo ditfrirnn of
fara* Mtwecn |tf. per mite aud Id. per mile. The grnii receipia, bowerer,
increaaed nmuluneouily 1& per ccnL; iho wor);i»g etpenaet on the aiher
hand, did nnl ag^prerlaldy inrrrat*. allboogb Ihe average number of pat-
a«ngera prr train incrciacd front JZ to 111 .—Stemtd alttralian. The third.
tlaaa farea were iub>Fi{iieoLly (in ISti) raiaed from Gif. Xn It. witli the hope
«f tncreaiing the reitiitic. The whole uumber IraTtDIng by rail¥ay and
ateanboit iunnediatcly Ml off IS per cent. Tie GrtI and lecond data rail-
way pataeogt'ra iucr«B*ed by 1U per rent,, liiil Ihr gioo recripli lelt of more
tbaa 10 per cent. 1 h< elTecl wia alio tried of making Ihe lhird-cla*i rar-
ti«g«« more cumfarlable 1)4 covering thtni ia. Thii iiaa foond not lu in-
creaae the nunibrf traTilling. but it did reduce the nitm^er oF finl and tecond
claaa paaaenicn liy 16 per ccni.. and therefore cauacd eonaidcrable Inta to
the oompaoy. Tbe tame etpeiinieut waa repeated un the acrond-clait car-
liign: Ibey wtrt ntde mare cotnfortable by laterilD| glus wLodowi
Inalead of waadn ahntttr*. uid hj curylDg the totcrlof putltioa falgbcr.
The iiuail<erofSrtt-«laM pMMDgan aboiil; till cilT hv IV per otol., bm b«-
yiind Ibia tbe aeeond.^aa« paaaeagem did net appreciably ini;ieai« : thia
tiperinitol. therefore, also resulted in luat. Tbe retulta of ih«*e evpMi-
menia were then — lit. That ■ rcduL-lion of (area to \d. per mile oven (rotn
•o low a rate u ^d. par mile mctesacd the niimbrr uavolliiig by nearly a
^uailer uf a niiUiou or by two-Cblidt of the wbnle pupulalian of the diKncl.
Aa thetc peaple were generally of the Icaa affluent claiaet, it apiieara that
Ihcy were actually drawn out of tbe noiaoiDc ilteet* of Glaifow to tha
NuMb of ibe Clyde by llie Icmptaliun of a terj low fare, and iratuediatetv
that ilie fain wat raited Ihny atro dritcn back again into tlie city. SniL
Thil under the circumitancca of the Una in quettion, cheap and rapid tra>
telling Locreiaed tbe uumber traeelUng) bnl improving the lower-prieed
caniagfi did not, however, appear to net in tbe aame way, but merr.'jr
tempted pa*aeo|er* froni the bigber dtai carriages— ihoae from tbe Mcoad-
claiB into tbelbird-clati caniagrt, and from the Ant to the arcond claia:—
of (ourve it by :io meant folloaa that ainullar rcaulla wuiild eniue on bva ia
other localiiica-. each cMe luutt be detetioiued by iti peculiar cgnditianai
3rd. That no limit can be aaaigned to tbe number of traiellera whieh
cliMpeuiiia and (juickeaing Iho tneint of eaQiejaoct will ereaia. Tbe Intra,
duclion of the railway, ttren wliere iteamboali already alllordfd a moiI
pleiaaol, ra^id, and cheap coiuniauicaiiion, Incteated, ne tee. iho number
tinTdling Itom 1 10,000 t(i 2.OOU,UCIO—i.O0O,OOD being Gie liinea tbewbola
population of the diiirict. 1 doubt whether cither at bonic or abroad h>
lt(|ie a proportion of iiarellera to tbe whole popalailoo li to befoand. Tlia
traffic beiwecn CLatgow and Faitlcy It probably Ihe moat lenttkablc iiitUn«e
on record u( the iixreaie of Iravrihng cauied by iBcmeed facilitiea. In
tSIl tbfre waa only one coaeh ■ week between Glaigow and l'ai>icy, con-
veying aboui 2,000 pf non* per annotn ; if we luuiiiply ibia by f> to allot*
for the greater number of gi;» and prlraio rehie!« Ibcn in uw, we only get
10,000 pataengera per annum conteyeU beiwe«n the two placet. In ItitZ
the numliera trarelitng by public cunreianca betaecn Glaiguw and Pauley
were iipwardi of 9bD,.U0(). .Sow as the fiof'tiUlion betweicii IH14 and 1812
bad only abijut doubled iticlf. while tbe trilSc. aa "c aee, had multiplied
iltelf uinety-foid, it followi that iLc incrcaxd faciliiict of ttaniporl had
inneufd ihe number traieltiiig lelatiTrlj to Ifap papulation 4^) imxti : ibal
ia to lay, that for every journey whieh an inliabllant of Glaagow or I'aitley
took in 1814 he look 45 journejt in 1843- Tbeie retulti, I eonceice, plica
it beyond a doubt that at ahould apare no effon to make railway iiavtlling
cheap and within the reach of all claite*.
Now, there ii only unt true way of encouraging cbeap travelling, end Dial
it by keeping dnwn the urigiiial coal, and Itie annual eipruaft of tailwayt.
All the other contrivancet which ibc pulilin ore iudiucd lu trtial, tucli aa
Icgtitative realtictiou on pcofil*. and ao on, arc mcft quacbtrj. Even com-
peiition i« inapplieabla to railwayt, and it no! to be relied on.' Mr. H,
Stephenaon, the engineer, put the wbole eaae Inlo one aentenee when he
Mid, to ■■ bare eocibinaiion u prseiieabte — conpciilion ti impoaaible.*' Tba
niperienca of all railway coinpeiiiian ahowa that Ibia 1) true; when, tiwr*'
fore, under the pica of com pel I lion nnncceaiary outlay ia being incairtd, tba
public may real atiurcd that llicy will uliinaicly auSer foe it ia tbe charge*
they will haie to pay.
Mr. Hill Williaiot, the actuary, baa compiled aomc uacful tablee.t to abov
atithinelicsl!) "bow tar a rciuuneraiirc cbirgefurtbe cunteyauve of paa-
lengert and goodi on riilwayt u nodifitd by tba origlaal coti" aad Mbtr
eireumitancei.
The following ia an eslract abowinf Ibc cITaet of iacreaaed eoit of cob-
■truriian.—
Total yearly irafflc, cucnbcr of patiengBi or torn of good*. 9'0.000.
Original
(Ml of
Celulrurtloo
•CIS.OVV
par mUt.
Orltlnal
iMior
ConttruetlOQ
par DI ilr.
Driflnal
tuta «(
Conilructleft
fur fo He-
»l1ftuil
tlMlul
Conti'uctloa
*J".D»0
|iii inn*.
Fiatd rfcarye per nillr onierrrT^
[iaaavB|«r or inn or i<',:At tt^
qulalle 10 vnler lo glvr luinmQii
liilercal.kp. rint. culh* oslUf J
d.
1-00
a.
i-itf
ll.
Its
A.
lao
We aee from tbii thai the Bt«d cbaigo on every ton t>rgoodt or pii e oger
tnual avera^ id. per mile to ntum rommon inteieat on • railway coiitnf
30,000/., whereat if the railway mhI '.'U.U0»'. 1 jif. per tulle would he *ufli4
ciem, and if it coat l^.tHKIi. id. per mite wouM be lufilcienl.
After a leiiea of tiutilar olitetTitioni, Ihn author conclodet aa follow* ;^
The reauli of the preceding inquiry it. It appear* to me. on the whole aaili*
factiijy. The railw«y aytiDoi baa doubled itacU In tbe laat three year*.
Fare* bai« been greatly reduced. Tbirit-daia ptuengera bare largely in>
creaaed. Tbo iinpuitanoe and laloe of the traffic in goodt and cattle re)»-
lirely to the paaienger traffic bara bccan* more appafml. The nuiobar of
tralni ia greater and the iprcd of aone of Ibe Iraina but been ai^cdoraleri )
Hid ill tbii baa been etfecied wiibout any falling off in ihn average recMpta
on each mile of raltwty in wotkliig. but wiih an Invreiie jirobaUy auflpieiit
to tneet the liicrraae uf Ihe vtoiking etl>enioa attendant on the incieated
accom modal ion now alToirded by lallaaj* : wbaum falling off la rilTideiMla
* Kiliinn brlrrl Cuminllm on Oallnr Act KMctairoW. IMS.
T Appenilli Ma, 7, Stleei ComslIM* oo K^tavj Att EMCMitota, tSM.
3t(1
THE CIVIL fXGINEER AND AHCHITECTS JOUONAL-
r<
IbtM mif tt*M b«M, it, th«r*fAfA, tn be atirtbuled in a general ticw of th«
mbjaet to thtnpalitlialLo* of taam ind the creaiian at (ictiiiaiit e*piUl hv
Uit purekua nt rtilMif i >i pnrminnit, «ad, thi^Kforc. U mmt btyani ohat
ibej: actiull; coaL Tbete I>msk protlubla apMuUtlooa nben aliuea wvr«
bi|h, were pmhcd to anrh an citoai ai now to pmai •evetel; on tbe otigiiiat
•hart capital of railway mmpaniei. Tbc gieat eril of the Ia>[ three yrara u
tbc cxlratiKanl oultar of money vhiclk has takco place: ao oiiilaT illicit,
(••Itad of being cbcct^ed b; ili« IcfUUCuTC, Laa bacD eocoaraiail la iha
Mtaioat bf llx oiaJe of iix^uiiy adopted. Tliii Iim inflicltii on Utv railwaT
BfateH a bDrdea wWh it x ill nevar be alile to thraw ofT, and which thV
pabUe will aJwaja bar« to b«af wiih then in a higher fate of «ba(f;« far
aaaT«JViC« tliui would with oominon prudouM hava bMn nrcrtaary. It
ohI; remaiat to ilop tlin oitriTjganoa nttli • strong haod. The veij
ctiaMnre of tbc railway coiupaalra dependa on the eooDomy the; can pftc.
tiaa (It miking and workinK >lKir lailwaxi ; and nolbiag wbicti aa ih< lace
of it iarolra inotaaMd outlay, be it diTcnity of gaUKR and it* coniRquence
khe Hiiseil |t>ap, oc ibe more plaavilile pica of compctitioa, tliould b« cimn-
taAaneed aitber hy rtilw>)r coiuponif* or liy t1ia logidalure, if w« wiih lo
iacafafafaarwltaa tbefullfruiuof that admirable imteutiODntiich England
tad Engllab eoflaeen whi> have loUowed in the atepi of Ctorgc St«|ihentoD
ba*a gitcB lo Uia world.
AxiMnumtv.
■• Rrparl nf /mrOrr progrtu if AncmomeiriCttl Jtaetrt^ei," By Pro-
fsaaoi Puibura.
ReCerrini to cfa< report on thit lubjact prctanted to tha Southaniptnn
Hwtinff. Ilic autlior rccaplKilitcd ilic tupt of the tn vest i gat Ion b; which lie
had been coailucinl lu propuw the CYapotaitan of wain aa a lueaiure of
Iba Tclocil; of air-mnieiucnl. In iha fortacr reaearclic*. the Gun-cluiion
wbieh nay ha drann a priori from Vi. Apjibn's formula for Ihe relation of
the tetnfKirtliirc of tlii^ diw point lo tint of an evaporating lurfact! waa
vtiiil*)! i anil tha rat* f^ffcolia^ of s wni liulb in Um opan airVat found to
ha ewi.^r. limply proportional lor — ->' (' belof; Ihe ttmpciratare of Ihe
sir, I' thai of an cvapuraliug mrface). The air-oioveuieiit wai found to
adTett the rate of canllng nearlr in proportion to Ibe iquare root of the
relacltr ; and Ihui hy atmply obterrlng the rate of contini of n wet bulb
cipoied lo a current of air, and also tbc lalut of / — F, ihe Telocity of tlie
air tuniat becumea canity cakulible. But this iiDtruiucnl Li uiiLy an <>■(•
MM<y/v, of ellrciDe dtticncy anil viriQUt ipplii^ibility iodcfd, hut mcapubte
of beirig convtrled to a ■clf-ragiitcting atttirutatrfrr. — It appetieil lo ibe
U Aor ftrobabla that the raft ^ ttaporalian followed nearly or rxaiilly tha
■■■u ttw u tha rate of cooling, — tlie tarns reiioeiing in fact applying lo
ea«h caie. Thit waa leiieil liy eiperiraem in a great *atiety of wajn, «ilb
iniirumenta of citrrmcly Tatinui form*, and with (clociliei of air-inuvemcnt
from 40D yvrdt to S'.OOO jardi in the bonr. The «r1ociiic] of the wind
wore BDcaaitrtd by ■ itry Uglitly-poiieil macliinc tocmotncter of Dr. Rabin-
aon't eonttiiictioti, but without any Ttbeel-woili, the ritvuhiliuut being
c«uiit«i) by t)ie obicner. — In tbe course of tbcio oprriDitnU lainc ippa-
rently annmatou* circnmitamce* in the rate of eraparation occurred to the
author t hilt Ihric hn hopM to b« abla lo interpret by (urthrr carrfu) rc>
anarch, and finally to preicnt iothe compaia of a tew cubic Inchca ari anemO'
meter tpccially iuil«d lo mtuure aait record the low leloLliiea of wind, and
fumiali a ciieful Gomplement to tha larger macbiuci oLieaJy cateemed lo be
H inpottaiit in meteorology.
Heioot or Watbs.
" On fht Fetoei'ly snrf lltiffhi t^flfartt" ai ohaened hy Capl. SrASLsr;
beSog tbe tcauk of expcrioicnli made on bnaril II.M.S. Ratttemakc,
The method adopted for the il!i^ term inBt ion of thv l«n|;th and uperi! of Ihr
Ma wat lo Trrr a ipnr attcrn liy ibc markcJ Irait line, when tlie thip wai
going dead before the wind anit bcb, until the spar wai on tlie crnt of one
wan, while Ihe ahip'a atern wat on the crcJt of Ibe prccciting one. After a
few trial*, 11 wat found that when tbc aca waa at all rcKular, (bit duiancc
could bo obtainiiil within two it tbrea fathom), when tbe lengLb of *ave wai
&0. In order to tiMrlaln the (peed of the tea, th* lime waa notad vhen
tbe creit of the adrancinj; wave puied the ipar ailorn, ond alio Ibe tine
whea it reacbeil Ibe nhip ; am) by taking « iitimber of obsecvatiuni, thpie
ia every reatoo lo believe reaiilli have hcim obtained nni very fur frmn the
tralb, The oHlccr noting the titueinall tlieie obiervations hating only to
lagitter the indacatiitni of the watch wben Ihe obiencr called " Stop," had
no bin* lo induce hita to raakc the difTcrtncci more regular. For meaturing
the height of tho wave*, a plan re com men dad by llrr. Somerrille wai
adopttd— which CapL Staalny hai tried for ten yean with graat auceeaa.
When Iba ahlp ia in tbe Irongh of the aea. ibe peraon obiervlng aaoeadt th«
n^ng until be can jutt lee tbe crc^i of the romtng ware on wiih tbe horl-
xon. aiul tbe haight of bit eye above the Khip'a water. Line will give a very
fair meatnrs of tbe difTctence of letel between itic crat and boHon of a aca.
Of conrae. In all theic obterrationg. tbe mean of a treat tnany have been
l«kea 1 for even when Ibe aea la moit regular, appafenlly tbrro le a change
ill the height of Ibe indi«idaal wuwi. In ordnr lo »ho« how oloaely the
'Afferent reaidia came, obterratioat on tUITMent dayaaie given from which
*Kf were dediiMd,^
E*ftrhit»t, f-'f. \.
le^thof aea, •'i&bihomi! tpccd of ibip, 7-2knaiti hright oJ»>te,j
fed 1 tinic the wave took in paiaiag from apar to iictn, ID accoadai :
of *ea dcJuod, i}' pet hoar.
Etperitittnt, So. Z,
TiaiM otill n vl of mn
pualo) tn^ ■«# ID Mara.
8*e.
IjcdsiIi orwi*»k4S Ihlboaa.
Jtm wr hvlabt. » (ML
epM^or inrp, s knot*-
Bt>a»dormnil*dimd.3ManlUiIaiMa*p*r haw.
XylUO
S'V NcnD lime Of wate itolac bom Ifiu toitna.
Erprrimtnl, So, 3.
l^n^h «t mw, 10 raituma
n.Ljht vl nri. 'JO fnl.
flprn uliriir. it k'nin.
B|M*a of win dcduDKl, 3a niatleal mltoa p«« 1
10'
UaaiL tloM of van paidDg tna ifar to lUm.
EjrperimnU, A'o. t.
I^Rifih (if wu*. 30 ta m Aihama.
tlatifht of wmY*,—
Hpenl 111 (Itlp, i liiifil*-
bpMd of mn dfilucwl, 2M naallcal bUh pat I
B/nM
7-V Uaaa Una »r wan puiln( rran ipat (o tUra.
KiptrhHtnl. So, i.
Lenfth nf van, W raUiuina.
SpHH of sbip, a knot*.
8p«d of wavi daducad, 23*1 nautical mllca per bow.
£.tyerTnien^, X». G.
l.en«tti of wim..V(iiliaua. y Sm lrr*«<ilari
lltijlit of xari, ij ftri. k DbMVratfoD*
npHil a( ibip, 7 tnoti. J nat wy Roarf.
Spnd of ana** dedumd, 9t-3 Baiilieal nltoa jmr boi
t/at-i
liH Uean lima ef oaw gslnit ftom *pat l« attm.
Srperiatfml, JVa. 7.
Iirnfih eriiBTr, I'll ruhaina.
Htlfhlatwa**, i; tMI.
t>(i4*d (ir»hl|i, 7't>kuiil>.
Spfcd ot wan dadimd, 23 nautkiJ mllta par ba*r.
Sat.
IIS
ca
M'n
7-0
1M
lO'O
;;tiMi
S't UeaDdneafaeapaaalar ftaniapir loaum.
Swmmory iif Oiftrwationr. 1
4,
a
eg
g
"5
a,
3
n
a
1
o
1
■s
■EbS
RtakUtw. ■
3i
IB'"
P.
i
as
1^^
1
lifV.
'o
&
a,
o
'6
m
J
a
1
Ai.r(l
K<ii>la
FtiU
PlKh
1lff<.n4la
KlloU,/«l>ll>lwr«* li.. Wliatf -^kj
K, , \ btmxj loIlalrtBC Sm. i|
6
;j
fa
.IA
lli-O
UJ
H
t
to
30
M
it-n
■lA-It
imto. m
2i
11
4
ao
SO
i\>
lu-o
M'«
lifllo. fl
•J*
u
4
S'U
aiiou]
'■«
-J J' I
ila* lT?T|vl«e. 1
■it
4
«*
u
•■♦
»l
llviiry ffiltowtliB S«a. I
n.,
«
M*J
r-0
•a
«7
in-i
3C-3
r au Inrtular-otnemll^^H
I **rt aeodlBeoiiMM^^^I
i tfinif aiiil »n ■ llltM^^H
I
7
S
r-H
17
M
»-o
•»
Kola.— Tb* Dntabm dauUnt Uii airaniiii o( tbe wind arclboaa aaadl
flnuTort.
THE CIVIL ENGINEER A>n) ARCHITECrS JODRNAt,
311
** lUpm im AtwfipluTie WaM." By Mr. Birt.
Tto rMKitt«oiial»i>fibrt«p»rt»i— Tli«t«tdeDot»ogtheliifonn«ioowe
DW^MBCM
relative to «ti«h w**c« ft> have br«n delvrmlDMl ; tliv M-cuad
trealMg of th« taixwnttria eur*c« which riwult from tlie croMtng of (he
DpftifWWiulV Hd Mu(h'«>i»l">r WBiPt, the iw<i priUGi|iaI tjateoi*
nn^mnn to Eanpa— dw mml prutnlMcnl fuVjcci beiDS iLal partkulBr
anrra kaowo •• Hi* "great »jiiimcuic«l wave of Novcmbeti" ■nd 'h«
tltM •MbodfliiK tbe retolu that ba^e becu obUiord (lunog (ha la*t jeu-
i]lti«r«il»o of >he tjrametrj of iho " BW»t wa»e," more particalarljr iho
locatiiy of KTcatMt MmniPtry kUd the daparluro from Rymn>«lrr ia crrlnta
dirvclwnn. Under llm »»cnnd Imd. (lie author hna tlirowu logeUicr ibe
KmII of hi« inquirieg inio Ihn /onni (>i«»oiilcil tiv Itir ImnKiiitlrlc eniTM at
sarlalB ittliooi, and I>m ilfiiii«l mieulloii la IW «juini«lTi«Bl onMeof
Ko*«nbOT U il baa been obMined al llje ObMtTalgry at (irMawricb in llie
je*n ISIL In IMS. Id coddccIioh nilli tliik «ub|ect, lb« uulhor reniarkcd
*' il bas bMn ii»u«n»d Ibat lh« *j(ant(lrlcat warn o( Kovember coouaU of
J(i# »uboidiu»l8wav«a giving ri»o to tli* Uw maxima which chaiacteriae
il, lb* (♦nltal maiimum forming lh« a[iex of the ijinraetrical tnrie, the
nnaloder being »ub«n]ioite Ibcrclo. f" Aiweialiun IteputW," IB14,
LIW.) Upon It close iDBprclian nf ibe curtca of the "gretil »a*c u
1 down from Ibfl GrMuwich obscc*»liun», in »ubordinnW maxima can
b« Inced. tbrcc vo cacli *i<lc Uic ccnlral ap«i, nhicb in ull (be f earn is by
fcrlbe niort pforaioi*nt, Tbe iopm curve Umls to Itia cancIuhloD Ibiil
GrttatrUh U aot (A/ ;io(i« of unalnl tj/mmtiry, ita cloeiDg porliuii beiDg
d«pr«Meid mur« (ban two incbFi b<lc>w ibe comincncrincol. Tbo next
feuare i» Ihe decided riiu; of the mtrrcurial ccLiiiiiD during a pcriuil of
tltbl boors preceJiDB the Iraoiit <;if tiie cretl : ihe value of Ibii rite
■CD oralmnl '4)10 inch pel bikur. Tlie fait ii nnt «o precipiCuut; the
H«r appc*ra to bo lupt vp ia Ihii looality by tb» jlrit lubnrdinatt
wuiimitm mcceeding tbe creal. »u ibal at (be epocb of suiy-pigbt licuc*
aftor traaail ibe value of Ibe reading i( more iban 1 iscbea hiibcr tknii at
■txir-eiehi hour* before tmnilt. Airighty hoursftfifr iranwia prtcipiloua
lell cummpQcrn, wliicb contiDucl dunog Ibe neit lwoiityfo<ir b.>ijii, Ibo
BMcCUfT »iiikiiig "W ioeb or about '01 S per hour, Tlip fn!! »fli'ivi*rd« ton-
ttoOM with t»u sligbi inierruptioDa, aniweritig to Ihe «ut)ordinaIr mKiiin*,
mtil Ibe clo4e of Ibe nave U»t houn after traoiit." Tbe peculiar filature*
of Ihe mean curve, eapecmllj Iho dineriUL'B belweco [lie tniiisi noil
tenuinHl teaillugs. 'S41 inch, combincil wilb ci^rUla foalurc»Cxhibilcd by
the "grval v»a«e"at ila li»l rftnfo, hrin tuggcBlcd tbe poaaibililr of «-
pivHinc naniprically ibe <lcperl<ir« from »j niijirtrj' fov any iialion that
nftr tc fclcclcd. 'l'bi» depariure from »)mmeiry la airikingly manifested
by tbe ob*ervatlOD9 of IH'l'i, cipccintly as we proceed from HruuHa, tbe
European notlul paint, to war il> Ireland and liio curtb-wealuf Scolland,
and it well leen lu Ihe aerlei (if cunee illiiBlraling Ute sulUur'a report io
lb* latl volume iif Ihe " Aafoclallnn Itrporle." Tbtcc priocipal iiiaiimB!
cbarnrleriBr three curveeoo tbc Sib, ihe 'Jtb, and tbe I'iUi oS Novi'mlwr ;
and the dilTcrtDcev uf altiludi! belwccn Ihoie of the Stb aod I'iih huve
been cniploied to iadlcain ihc deviation from symmetry in Ihe direct i«n
already alluded to. Thp di»cauian of thcMe diirercoce* nud llie reiulls
deduced from Item farm Ihe thiid part nf the report. The nuttiur baa laid
down an a map uf llie Uriilab liiica these dilTcnrDceB, and frum Ihein con-
alracted a clmrt of the lines of equal deviation from rj'mmelr]' ; these
BtM isoge from *IOO loch — vibicb pastes uaflh.wr»l of (lie Ubanni^l
Manda, proceed* lowarile ibe lile at Wiglit, skirts tiio sborea of !^ul««I
»i»d Kenl, and paiiea through Raaii>gale — to -SSCi iiieh, nhiih pute't
tfcrougb Limerick, is Kligbily curved Ha It crottes Ireland, and pruceedia
BMirIx in * alraiglit line acrusa tbe Scolliftb Istnodi to the nortli-vieHl of
Grral Itritain. The valurB of [he« hues exptcaa ibc tltprttKi of llio
naiimum of tbn &ib beluw that of the 12lb. Among Ibeso lino tbe
author regardi Ihc dirrctiuu uf llml rc^rearuliog -VIM inch as ihe beitde-
Icrmioed. It uppeara to have passed near and Io Ihe nest of Hrlilotie,
Ibii tflnlion exhibitiuK u d(<tia1luii of '358 IDch ; It then pnKerded olacig
Ihe cuuit of QirDmHilaud Ueiuiialiire, cruaaed tbo Brlstid CliannrI, rnlerrd
WsIps, und c;iiitiiiuci] its courac ocrusi fJlamorganahlro lowurda Urccon,
wbicb it left to ibe nortb-weat aa it niihcr abruptly cbaogcd its direolioa
»ad proceeded lowardi (ilouctster, vbich it paated 111 rough. Il appears
la bare Dudergouc foutiderahltfi iallfclJOD as il iravtried the central parlaof
England, risicg agaiu luwurds NoitiDgbAia. which la removed 'OU inch
Crsoi it lu Ihe weil : it liuully left the iliurea uf Koglaod at tbo aoutb-
eaelcrn angle of Yuiktbire and euttri'd vu Ibo IJerman Ucriin. Tbo
anlbor solicited ■ilrniiuu <u a firmiure wbich cbaracteriiies all tlicsc Hoes,
e^redally tbo oue just travvd, vis., tbe d««i<ted inflecUan Ihey undergo us
U(j paai over Ihe Uod. The chart «ibibil« (uv syslema of infleetion, ons
being peculiar to Iretund atiil Eagland ; the generidl dlrtellon at Ibe lines
■Mdergoiug a cb.iage na Iba line u( urralpsl lyuiiuetry li appiouched, llie
tatecliuu bcuifi (tuierurd uppnrrully by the msairs of laud : aoii Ihe other
tci :iciilland, ibr iiillcctiDo twing very decidrd (ivcr ibi- lutid uurlbnnrJ of
Ibe Fhib of l''urlh. From ihe ri»^-'< inglaace dieoustrd hy Ihe nullmr, ibo
ro»«lt Mppeara lo be (bal thr iTmoicIrj of Ibe Inronselric curve it dapartod
finia in a greater degree ut inlanit atutioos, a greater dlirerenca belwemi
tbe poInU selected being eiibibiled at lucb atatinns than al Ihe a*a coast
041 either side. Tbe report closed vrllh muih remarks oa tbe aun-prr-
•IMICT of tbe dirrctian of lbr» linea uf devioiion from aymmeiry, and
■ llw higb probabilil; that Ibe; revulie nboul tbo nudol puiul uf lite Itru
pnac^l siitemv of ntmoiphene wave*, UruNeln,
IUaltv Df Terya,
"fleporfoalfcc/liriDid Walt">f Tufa*," By Dr. SJitTW.
Id rommrnnng bis report Ihe author saye. It has lung been bellered tital
the air and the water liBvo the moat Importuil iDfluenoe on our own he*Itk,
—and superetitiana have ILcrcfore cooslanlly •ttBeh*d ibeinseltea to recep-
taclea of Ibo one and emsnaliana of ttie Mbor. The tunn has slwaya
been found to differ from thn country : ibts g«oer«l feeling is a more deci-
sive vvperiment ibau nny ibnt can be made ID a Inbomlory. Tbenutbor
prooaeds toviamine all th* source* from whieb the air or ibe water can
be rantiminaled. Tbo various mannfacturea of lar^ tonna, tbe necessary
cundltlOM In which tbe iDhabilnola ure «ubj*«lrd, And Ibe deteriorating
influcDCCS of man himself are ei|>laii>ed. 11 air be pawed through water
a certaiu luuouol of Ih* organic mailer poured oH from the Inoga i* lo b«
detecud m it. Ity eoniinuing Wiit eajjerliuent for three mnntha, Dr.
Smilh di-lected Bulphbiic acid, chlorioe, aud a lobHancc reserabliDg ln»-
pure albuoicn. Theee aubsUiicei arc ooDitaolly being coadcDsed upoa
cold bodtel, and io a wann ntmuspbuni tb* slbumiaou* matter very aooa
puirlftna and emits diaagreeable odoun. The change wbicbtbt«aubstanc«
undergwa by oxidation, (tc, i* u«t eiamlned,— and shown to givo riaa lo
carboDie acid, ammonia, sulphureiud bjfdroKsn, and probably olber gaaaa.
Thaammoota, generated fortunHtely from IfacaAmc sources Mlhoaolpbv
reltpd hjdrogeu, malftlally luiMliJita its iuQueucea. The congequcDCc* of
the varying pressure of ibc otnioftpherc liare bi^a observed ; and il is
abuwn that the cxbaUttoDt of sewers^ &c., are poured out iaabundanee
from ettry outlet when the barometric preiaure 1» lowered. By collecting
the iiLuialnre of a crowded room by uieaus uf cold glaSMM and alto dew In
ibeopenair, it waa found lliat one wa» thick, ody, atid smelling nfpcr*
iipirallon, mpable of decompoaiiuiii mid production of aniinalDiilcs and
cuoferiw,— but llie dew bcaulifally clear and limpid. Large quanlltief
of rain-water bate [rciiuoolly hreu cttllcoted and eianuncd by Dr. Smilh (
Odd be *aya,— I am now caiUlied that duM really cumoa down with Ihe
purirsi rain, and that it ia simply ooal aahes. No dovht this accounts for
Ihe quantity of sultihlles and chlorides In tbe rain, and for the tont, which
ar« the chief ingredicnU, Tbe ruin isaleo uflrii uHvalinc— Bri«iiiB probably
fron Ibo ammonia vf tbe burnt coal, nbich ii uo doubt a vnliiablc ngoot
for nentralialag the <ulphiiric acid ao oll.?u fouud. The mio-waMr of
niatichcslor ia aboul aj of Imrduoaa, — harder, in fact, than Ihc water
fruin Ihe aeighbouring iidls which Ihe town Inteod* to IIS*. This can oDlf
ariae from llie iogredieins obinined in the lowo atmospbere. Itnt the most
corious point is Itie fact Itiyt organic niutm ia uever abiciil, althouEh liio
rsla be contiuurd for wlmlc iliiys. Tbe aiHtu uf the air la closely <od«
neclcd witb that uf Uio vratet; what llic air coutalne the water maf
absorb — what tbo water ha* dissolted ur absorbed, it P»y give out to tbo
aJr,
Tbn enormous ({uantily of impure matter lilCeriag from all partaof a
large tonii luio its many natural nod artiDeinl uutlcis, duet at hrM view
present u« with a Wrnblc pictaro of our undergiouoil euufoua of naler.
Hut when we examlna ibo soil of a town we J" iiol f«id lb« itnle of
matters to proaeat tb«l exaggerated ehii,nuter which we miglil suppose.
Tbo aaad al Ibo Cbalaea \l atcrworkjt eaotaios only 1-41 per caul. o(
orgtuiie matter aflar bal Dg iiwd (ur wreki. In Ib37 Liebijj found nitrates
In inelvo walla in Giessau, but none in wells two or three fauudied yarda
froin tbe lawn. Ur. Siullb ha* examined thirty welle in Manchenicr, and
lielliids niirairsln Uieiu all. Many cootainrd ■ eoprising quiuillty and
wrrc very nauteous. The examination of vnrioua welils io Ihe mctropoli*
aUowod tbo coDstaht funiialjoa of nitric acid ; and in many wells an «ll^
uriiioui (juantiiy wai delected. It vumi discuveicd ihm all urgaulo niaUtr, j
in filimting through the sol!, was very rapidly uiiiii£«i. Tbe prearaco «r
the nitrates in ihe London walcr prevents tbe formuiion of any vc)telabl«
nailer,— no vcgelatiuu can be detected, even by a inicroacupc, nfler a long
period, Tbo Thsiues walar baa been examined from near iti Murae i«
Ibe metropolia, and an increutnganount of impurity delected.
In Ibe summary lothia report, Ur. Smith •tatoaihal the pollution of air la
crowded room* ii really owing lo orgaolc wattaratid nui inirely carlHiiiic
acid,— that all Ibe wat«r of [unu Iowm coolaios urgnuic inauer,— thai
walar purtlies itself from organic nvattrr in varionn «b)«, but partioulorly
by canvertlng it into aitraios, — tbai nutci can never stand loug with ad-
vaolagc uoksaon a largo au^, and abould be used wl>«u ooUeclod 4r ai
aouu as filtered.
Stxax NavinATioK.
"O* tht fatpraivnnii uMtk hart beem made <■ AMm fitmifwU M ."
By Mr. Scinr HutsCLL.
Tie 6rtt great inprovement that bad been made wasin the bollvrt. For*
marly, the bodar-Bues Were euiDinitied uf grmt length, so thai iha tmolccj
was bept winding ronml and cuuiud ui ihc tan aod ut laM was allowed !•
eacapo Wllh difficulty. Now, howeter, they b»d aduplcd ibc plan of
getting as mnch Cre as pe>«iblo in ibo gbortcat space of lime, — sod Ibid
had t»oca nceoffipllskcd by imitaliog aa nearly as Uiey could Ihe loeomalivo
oogiiio but I* r, by having lubea of Ihia meUi which wnuld evaporate a
much grealet iiuBiility of water iu Ibe sama linio ua Duet of Iho daunl
ibicknfSA ; now, alio, imtead of Uiking Ibe smoke a long dance at in tbs
old fasbioni Ibry used abort dues of four lo su feci iulrnglh) aud by having
a great many of as thin metal u> puuililc Ihvy bcated ibe grealeat <|uaotil)r
of water, and bad tbe addltioaal udvnatage of keeping the metal «uo1,—
la cooaequoace of nhi£h a boiler of amallu extent uul turfaea was uf
9»
^HB CIVIL ENGlNHEtt AND ARCHITECTa JOURNAL.
niMh icmtBT rifid'Bfy irltli l*si wf tjrht of mrUl. Tbp ntxt point of Im-
protfmrBl wa» fa l>i« «DffiiK ; io ihc cooBtruclioa tif nrbich, boniicr,
Ufra bid t>»«>o l«H ehai(a ih«b laotbvr MaU«r«. Tb» fonoitr b«*a»^iic>n«
lud ben <li«n^ far Ik* dlr«ct-»eliai> MflM, whlcb wuof varlou* Iclnila ;
butlte jtraUMi cbBBga which had ban mada wUhla Iba lultaa jnn
WUlUed ia dw •wplaynrat of RraaMr fnaaUlMa of ■rrouf ht-lroo la iba
TOMlrMlleB af the eagliMa, iiMnd of the aiaM af caat^lroo formeilj astd,
Tlit wu Ibe oalr gnnt cItaaKO.—far tb« mircU llallfai alcamcn wera
•Ull SIImI np witli ihe old-faa)ii«a*d or le>ir-onKlsc». Th« atsi tnipro*a>
n*et eaaiiiled ta workia); tteaip ei(>*iiii*aly to a mick gnttrt niloni
thao haraiar«rc. Ii wu onlir within iha iMt t«a jetn ilgal Uiry had
adoplad Ihii principlti : the rffrri of vbkb wu that lufl^td uf completrlr
flUiaf tba cjiiodcr with ■tram. ihcT Bllrd nnly lo th« etiral of mc-rourlb
—a volume vf ilcam not of coaria of equal Jtatitj', bul bj which ibtf
Rat two-tbinU of tjic nork d<iDc aad at ooc-roudb (rf iba coat, Tbe iivxt
llDpn>t«n»Dl had hp/'n mtdn in th* padill* i ant to aioch, |i«Hian«, ia tha
whirel ltM>tr — fur he itki itill iQclinnd io favoor af th* old paidl«-i>bv*t,
allliiiaicli Tur iharl Tuyjiifii fas sdmiltad Ibo adraiilBAa of the ftatbartnK
padJIr-Mbcrl Mhtch had bma ad tooled by Mr. Prioe at IbelrMMllai;
•oTDe jcars ngD, and h« bad Ih^ n opp'wrd hi^> . — bul of ttiit by-amt'ti).
AaoMifr great iTiipro*cni«n( vibich had bees niAde naa llie driilnKtbr
pl'ldl«-<Tlk«eU faster. Tbrjr bad on uld maiim which wa*, wharrai a
gnod olil hoFM tpMttg H milM an hour cauld aot draw adTtotagroiisly at
our* ihan 2i0 fed per miniilr. nail Ibal as iba atMID'CBgln* nai (inly a
■ubMilute fur bnrH-n. and rrcLonrd «a ini ■nch ban»-P<nrcr, II oushi nol
l« gQ falter ibau iti milct prr liour— itad IblsOM IhlDf had hcjit thani bark
for half* cputury, Ifcdid poliscaa ihaiibcmullihouldDutbofaalarCbaa
H mil.«( ptr hour, bul ihat (lie pitton ahould aot riM up and dvwa In th*
eyiiudrr fuler Ihan S^ mile* an hour, which waa aitljr foar f*at la a
*MODd, while iho mciliiin of slaam nf 15 lb. waa 1 ,100 fast in a aacood.
FortDBatelv, bowarnr, ihiK old matim bad ban abaw) toed. aad Iha platoo
■9W BW*tilfroB)2«>ar iTCifl iOO feel loamloula. PorihinlmprarBRUiot
ibaj w«rc indebted to do nr w princtple, bul lotheapplicatlait ormathFinatical
l>rintlpl«> of icirDce. 1ft now va<oo to «a«lh«t Rrtat ItaprovvEDCot, which
was Iha change in the fiiriiialioo of •tramboala, which bad bv<rn radical —
bt tneaat the Ptiiire alirratioo of Iha form of th* ahips. A faw yoara ago
d'aitt-veiael* whirh would go tun or twrlro miiPH aa hi>ur w*n> d««ro'rd
fital ships; uuw, bnnater. wa liad altuinrd a much hit[tt*r rale of ipped,
VcMoli wprr Ihrn biii)l on lh>c «ld-fa.thiiincd pri iiimpk' ilint ilip wakr-liae
•bould he Dearly alraiiibt, aod Ibal tbo run of tbc ii-Mrl tlnfuld be a due
llo«, and that thrre ahould ae>«r be a hollow line, vxcepl a lillla in iba run
of lb* ihip, bul that IheM moM dtrtaialy ahouUI nul h« taj bolluw linH in
tb* bow. fur liiutn Ihr w>iIiT'ltn« should ba Blraijtht or a liitt* convM.
RetCHtcbr'* and inc|iiiriea wt'rr, bnwvvvr, made by a C-omnilltM of ihe
Uritiafa Aatocinlian as to Ihe fcrin which would oaaLle ihr netwl to itu
hileal ihrciui[h Ibr water. Tfaew laquirir* lasird for yrari, nnU lliry n>
,|lH>ah*d, bi( a Kric* uf axpciiniTiil*, a xt of *ef; cuHuua fuels. Fur-
taf, every bnildrr af aliij» bud liU iiutinn uf |>ro|ivrliou j toniti Ibat tlia
■ph uliould be four lim(M the brrudlh^th^ra lh»l II thnutd b« 4^ or i,
— aod *orue w*nt an far aa to lay thai ih« Icnglb tliould M »ix ilmita Ihe
breadib, but ihran worn de«Died ioaoiatioQa ; cu Ebal HlibouKh the prapur-
li«iaa of widlb aa comparnl wilb breadth wore laid to be liied oari, yet
NntDKely roouHb every udc diSerad M to UiMe prupurltuns. Auulbrr
4]u#BltO[> wai wlikt putof tlieieiael *ho<ildh»** the grvaUwt width, aod
il nan grufrally lliauj[hl that the gtmttvl width abuuld be uean-kt lb? bow.
Some (lanuK ptrniiu* had, howf vtr, put It buck ai far U tha CMtr* of the
Hhip. This wa», buwnTcr, Iha aic»plioD,Bod not ih* iiile. Then Iheru
waji anuthcr gml prknctpir, which wa* Ibat the bow and ateru ahuutd
exactly balnacc rach ollirr, — ilial ia, ihnt l!>« vcs»d tliuuld bi- equally
balanced; bmt the now lulc* which lLrl)ri<J»b A»ucialiuu bud calabliahed
wara aa folio wi : — Tbey tM>f>u by ujiMiltmg lliti old rule wtlh miprcl ti> Ibe
prapurliJini wliie.h thn 1i<oKth choold bfar to th« braidth, fleeting thitl Iho
Kmitrr tbiraptwil miuirrd tho ipcater thoold bo Iho iaopb. aud tbui thn
vciael ahuuld be built martly of tbe breadth Deceiaary to enable Ibu
CDKincn to be pat In, and to alow tbc rrqulailecaricu. Tbea tbc Jiecuad
KCpal in>pro>ciu<^nl made by Ibein waa that Ibe greuleit width uf wntrr-
line, ifl]tea.d of tieioK turorc the Diddle, abnol J bo abuA ihu middk of the
fcturl, anil ia fact Ino-gfUii; from Ihe alRrn, and thr^e-U'Tth* froiii th« bow.
Tlie nrxl gri^xi impmiroipnt wa* that, inii^'ad of bevioi; the bow bnijid
■□d bluir, or ■ cod'ibhead bom, for lb* pnr|K>i« of (iiiu||; over Ihp wnie,
yoa Diiftht have hollow walrr-lirra, or wbat were calll^d wav« liue* frtinv
their particular form, and with that form Ibc tcsed would be propelkil
w ith tos power nod Krealcr vvtoclly, — and alfto that ioitcad of kcepInK In
Ihe old lioe run nbnft mid milium it *w*y yon nii|;ht with grral a'lvBn(B|(e
have u fuller Nqi! nbaTl, providnd It wat linii iind«r tlie waltrr. Thua by
tlieao improipuiruta the form of Ih* old ve«iM>t vut pr*tty uearly revenivd,
t'l ihc great aonojjince of the old school, and tbr tlrnniifrs weroKivea
largo and cumntoilioua cobina and aflrr-bolilB, Inntrail uf hnvio)- cMbtu* ao
piodied io IbBl you coutd hardly atuiiil m lUtiai. Atiolhtr hcrca; ialci).
dueed by the lirilitb .\iikui;iiits.>ii waa, Ihal of Iho priuciple aa to the
balance uf th* ttirn ntid Ihn how npoo nhicih tb*y noiv reslfd ; bul wUich
waa fooodnd )□ a moat Mniiulitr prror, for Ih-ey left oal aomcttiinR whinh
MB» v«ry malarial. They cinncluded that the wavc! mled erjtiully uii Ixiih
eittU of tho vrasrt io ilrikinE It ; but Ibt^y dJd out tnkti into otuiiilrrauim
the inpwfJblJily of thii wben a Teaaol waa utotins, nol bariris lakco into
calcultitioD tbc 'cloeity of the wava or of tbo veatrl, and that fn>m ihia
Circomdaiioo Uia corn: uitioa from a wars alrikiug Ihe bow wool d be a
luual iiuwerful out, white il could not b« to wilh rcgiu'd to the alcra, be-
cause if Ihe vrlocllp of the wave nwrihig it waa 6fWa tdIIm, the t
would be at of thirty mile* ; aad, therefore, it becama aaoti plain that I
bow WODid gi** the K^rcai*it rMlstance to ibe wave. H« bad nai
alllhafaitaam— >crj whichhaJ acoumpliBhed froMfiftaenlaaaT*«i*««niiM
an hoof^Hmd in ■□■ouih water aixbtrto mitu an boor; and be wnaU
vrDturo to■lal■^ Ibat there was not one of Ibvin whtih accompllalicri Htaaa
to aeicotctii utiln an hoar, which had not all Ihenr allcraltMi to ana|
panicolar, and that the wave form and wave priociplc wcfs bvw t-tnytri
ttf all the Kr*«l ■I«am-*bip builder*, and thai all the faal alewaabeata M
what Was railed the wave-bow. Now, of Ihe cigbl boat* an ilie 11*1)-
bpHil nnd Iltiblin >t<tiuti», if eianined. It would b« fuuad Ibat all nf ibrM
nc-ro built an ihrse |>r laci pies, all haugb in aome of Ihem Iber* waaslill
left a liillr of ibe old principle, sane of Ihe bunts being nadB a IMt
fuller Bi>d more straight ; aod if any ooc would look at one of tbaae baMb
it would be perceived that ibc moineiit they rnoted the very wavaiUaV
rebelled aftainst ihera and bruhe agaiast Ibeir bowi, — *ud that taa*^
queall^ these were slower than auy of the eUu ; and be ga*a the drtdb
of IbcircoMtrnclioa, — for whicb mc bate uul ipace. All at IhiiM Mwa
eiaoiplra uf Ih* ralue of ihc form aail the principle* nhjclt Iba Bnlbbj
AisiicUtioB had advocated and iulroduGcd at a very early peiiodiai
history.
Mr. S. Tatloh slated, that as Trraaurcr of tbe Aafoejatran. ha coaH
bear witoMt lo the value uf ibe effona of tlia Ataociaiiao ia tbiadtM^
lion ; and be felt bouoJ in Jualico Io tlalo Uiat tho credit Mr. Bnwrll lal
(iv«n to the Asaocialion waa chirfly du* to hioitvlf, at the individual ab^
wilb Ihe lata Sir J. BobloaoDf had eoaductod tha lavaatiBatioaa oa llib
•ubjKl.
'• On Coamoa Salt at a Poiron to Plantt" By W. B. Raniull.
The fotlowioft notice ii prea«Dted as beinx likely Io aUonl
pradical caution to ihose inierestod in lbs cuttivatiua of pl«»ta, !■
tnuntb of Jiepianiber last, threa or (oar aiuall plants In pot* wero ahoval
Ibc writer, neatly or iiuilr dead ; and bo wan, at the tame Uraia, infnraall
that their (Icfliuciioo was a coinitlelc luyMery to th« parly to wbon IbCf
bclooiEcd, and that l>r. Lindley had ciprcaaeil lila opiuioo, froa th*
oiauilnalioa of ■ porlLou of uno scot Io Uliu, that they were piuald.
Hating *«arch«d in vaio far suy strong poiuio la tlie aoil,and in Ibe pkM
thiiina*lve«, h* inquired muru minutely into Ui* clrcumttaaoea of iha ^m,
and foand that these were only apecimeos of many buodi«l* of pluu
boib Id the open air and in green- house* (but all Io puts) wfatcb eabibMiri,
io a grtmler or leai drgiec, the same charauieriBiics. The ruuta wer« to»>
pl«laily rettn, to as |t> be eaail) cruuibbd ttctwpen lli« flugera i tbc *t«H,
errn to youag plaols, nisuined lbs apj>eantiice <Ff old Wood i the liaiW-J
bAcam* browD. first at the puinl. llieii ru^iud tho edg*, aad afterwvdb l&|
ovtr ; wbilp thp whole plaut drvoped anU ilird. At ttaat, g.lMW call
10 varioua itaiai of progresi, aod 1,UD0 airong, healthy plaota had h*u
reduced Io this condiiioai iucludiDK dillVrcnl varieties uf ihs fit, cedu,
gcrauiuui, fucbiia, ro»c, Jasniue, oud licalb. Tlio aishi of thU wbakaak
dentructiou, coupled with tbc fa«l Ihot tbc wholt were daily waicnj few
OBH paHicular *ouri:*,*ugK''a''d the couclusiuo tbil ibe cause of tb* (ril
muBt reside in the water ihiii used ; anil Ihia wa« accordingly ciuaiasd.
11 yielded tha following cooUiliirnU, niukiog io ench I'lipcrial pial at M
dmd uiiDces.ueBily W^ graios of aotid uia iter «Dtl rely aaliue, without sj)
organic adniiHurc : —
Cartidnai* a( lira* .. .. 0*M
Uuipiiti* or iiuii .. .. ,, ., o*«Q
Cbluilileol cslcium .. .. .. ,. OWD
Ch^uffldevf ifiaMO^'uin ., ., .* „ l^M
ClilofUlt or sodluni .. .. ., I-Mt
The cnoold arouod the plaols and an elTuaiaD of Ihe d*ad Meat mi
leavrs also alTorded abundatit evidence of the presence of ranch chloride tf
todluni. >'orlbor iDijuiry abowed dial tho well frum which tbe water «a(
procured had up uccidvutal comuiuuiculioo, by uieaai of a draia, wilh ^
MB ; uud tind thus become inii«d witli tlie suit water front that aa*R*i
and Imd been UJied in tbii ntntu, fur aomo weeks, prubably frqca twala
Ihren laonlba. Fruni about tbut time Ilie plants bad brou oba«r*ad to
droop; but It was not until nearly the whole of a raluableatnelL had tMia
deiiroyed, Ihnt any cxIi^uTdiaisty cau»e nf Ihe rvil was siispected. T»
piaoc it beyond doubt ibal the watrr wo* really the cause uf the miachirf,
iwetve bcaltby foi^bsiBS were procured from a dlslaitce and divided ialr
two parts 1 half bcin;; watered mornins and evening with lb* water iS
qucHliun, and the otiii-ni with ruiu water. In u week, Iha tic pU*b
w air red f mill (be well bad turned brown, ami ultiiiiately diail, whikall
the ti-st rcflininrd pcrrecdy dourinhini;. Assuming from th«*e facta. tkM
ibo GoniniuD anlt in ihia water was Ibe cbicf cbiik of the rrnulla detcribi^
il if proved tUat water cuntainiog ab^ul *«vea grains of salt in each pat
is, in lis c»Dt>aued use, an eifeclDal pniscrn to the weaker form* of vt(<*a-
lion ; or thut when a «ii1 is coutinuully tvatoriMl with a wsak tolutioaef
salt It gmdually srcuinulBti.-s iu it until Ilin noil lipcomaa fufllcienUy Oi^
taminalrd to be nnUi to supLiiirl vrKslablu lito. Io either cbmmi iatM>
esiing auli^rct of lutjuiry ia snsi{rilr<l — Vt'hat it Ibn woaketl tolnUaaat
salt which cau pruduoe in any mcature this poiaouout effuctt^^c, la
olhef word*, at what degree of dilutiua duo* the dnnitirr coast f For aril
is an important nalurnl c»n>tiluent o( much ■peiog water. i|uile iaJ^ft^
deal of any ioliliraliou fruui the tea, a> in ibia matBocn. Thu*:— Ikt
THE CIVIL ENGINKKR AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
3tl
•nMbn nvtl, TraftJatr-tquare, LonituD. coutain* in nth
out to itriiio): Ihkt nl ('omlw and UdalicM'a Krcnt^ry. 13 7;
ulirrtikniploQ Railvta; 9utiiiti Oi out latFly luuk «l Suuiliamp-
»np|il)iD( ■ piifUn ixoufacIorT) 40. May it n<pl ix aikeU,
ibv tuhjvcl of liit< DuiliibkaMs of nal^rs in g^ncml tar the
urpo««a to w)]i«h llirj ■» appli^'l — b« il In maDur4Cl<>rl«a or (or
[toM, daiUMtk purpoRi-i ur drinkitiR — is nui norilijr of a greater
KientlDo Btl*DliDn ihmo it baa bitbrrto ciimniaaidtd !
GioljOGT o* Soittb Wales.
ffnlgfy 9f Ptrtiana <tf SohH fPafei, GhuenlenAirt, and Semtr-
By Sir U. T. I>c la Bkchk.
eki of thii drtrki hare ori|iDileil in trrera? iHilinct «*Tt : aonio
I • iBVcliaiikal nrifln, ttti eant'M of i)i« deltilut of oldtr rocka
nU frtfinm* «r reductd !■> |>nwil«r, iii<l Ur&ught d«wn frooi tlio
i«ni Ot worn b* tlic brtiliprt frniD lti« comI i olhtn btve heea
I from a ilBl» of chrmietl tolulian, like *unie of (liv limeatAnn]
I hart b»n f»rtE«'< almott «ntir?ly frnin Ibo agfrrgaliiia of oryiuii:
Tha nattriali obiaicieil from (tie dnliuciion of ilie oldtr rocic*
I «Dplofcd ovrt and over agaia in ibe loriatiioa of iboie of lutr
• inoti andnil ilrtta of ihr dUtrlrt hove been dennninatti} Cam-
d Silurian : the former mtf be Kcn io Prmbrckt^liiT?, tanardi 3t.
TIkj eoniiin the carlicrt fo«»il ramiint which li«»e been di».
Nunrcoii* ■iilcaaoct apppir to bat« bMn actirt at this ptriod,
|uaniiii«* of atli'i shirh, fillinfi iniu (ha lea. eniomlied (be ani-
If on Hi bed. K>en at lM« rarly pRfiod thnrr mif lie dUcarered
tl of pnrliont of Lli« lea'a bfd litiring brrn optiravrd lO at to
' land or lilandi. Subipqueiittr a dejiraaiion tooli pltce. and an
iljon of >and wai iprrad ovrr tbe nholt, cnniiituling dhal i> called
idoc aandil<>ne. Aflfr man; Ihnaiandi of feet of mateiiala had
n IcnniiUlcd and liccome contglidattil, loutticr contoiiion and
r ibaairala lank place, followed bj' ■ cltinjc in the nature of llie
<lepotil«d in (be aea.
I Mcnnd arrin of depoaiti Muttitiitft tbe Old Red SaBdiCane, wlileh
noallr of deirjtnl matter, but contain* occaiional beda of tinpute
t (nrtiilM*}. and in iia lottei pan thcra i* I gmt Ihicknua of
onltturvd rrd by pfr-oxide of iron, mil iiccailonatly xicaked with
pvra arhaie tbe Iron hi> heen rcdm^cd to a lowi^r ilalr of oxidii-
tha pmMice of dL-caiu(}ii)ing TrgHnble mattei'. The upper b«da
4 roanir aind aTid g^*rr\ ceuiciilcd lD);ttbcr and forniing a bud
crate i llic iijullilude oF quirli pebblrt, drriood from erint, indicate*
nie dni'iu'lun of oldei lotki. No fouiia are found lo tbii foniia-
Hi« tandi lie ilwiyt haixn, and prr-oiide of tron la fatal to anl-
irhrn it exiiti in et(e«*; bul in Ihn eonulunt* a few reoiarkatile
tfliatiaf-i; 6r^.) haie btfo obtained, Thtie rorka appear to hate
ned near a coaal. Khilit at a iiuall diitinte In ConiwuU and Deron
raa dcpoiiiing lint «edi)iiciil. wa> free rruin ibe injuriuui pcr-oiide,
Bd«d m organic life. Tbe OM Red Sandatoas ia lanclirnea cou-
lo llic ondcrlylas Silurian rocka, — at ollicn unconforiDabU ; aad
ille; of tbe Towy it begirtt to oretUp ibc L'ppcc Siluriao and rait
LoKCr Silurian rockti further weat, it ti luaff ovarlappad by tbe
anm which there rait nn th« Silnriana.
ar Ihii anol^rr ptii chnn^p tonk plirr, aoil the tea depoailed car-
r lime, fnfmiiig tlie eBftjoiiifetoin limrtione, Wfll ilimrn on tbe
Fembrokrdiice. The luwrr part of Ihli *cttr» coniiatt of tand-
id (baJe. iu which the rrmaina of Tiklira occur iu abundanM. Uol-
a appear; and soiin llir abmidance of organic remain) bccoioei ao
II whole >(raia are furuit'd of ibcli rcmainii iodced, the carlionate
i«cn« to have bctu ehieflv pioibicni hj the agency of animal lifs.
leatonc, itbich it aometiaifi -2,(100 ttH thick, itvmdlai to 70 or 80
irdi llacerfuxlw rat, and doci not appear (o have eitendtd far lo
b. lUre a change of minrial character (aket plaice in the coal-
I, orljpnall}' cunmling a( roiid, ixnd, graiet. and accuDiuUtiuua of
■natter. Thr lowetl ditislbn, niillKunc k''' or (oicnrti rnck, is
I wliiie quirlLoic laod, bul. annictiitiM a ealnrtoua mudttono with
rttnains, tbe cquiratent of Ibe colro of Dctod. Abore Ilila were
nda of mud atkd aanil. witli occaalonal bedi of regtiablo matler and
■ of Irani Ibcae bed* diniiniib in tbiiknei) from Merlbyr Tydvil to
HMli and aic wauling in Dvin t'oreit, 'jtit caiil in the Ilrittol field,
ipecl to tbe oiifin of the coal in Ihii diitnet, there » rrt.lenrT that
Ucd HI accumulailont of legetatitc matter which gtrv! m Iht tpot.
Alloiia under which ihe bed* of coal occur bate been deicribcd
r bj M(. Logan : uoxlcr eacb coal irain la ■ bed of undy clay, full
baail planta known ii .Sii^pnaria. aod wbtcb Mr. biiincy ha* ibown
c niuti of anuther plant, tbe SigiUaria, equally abundunt lu the coal,
lilac haie srowa in sw&iii)ia near tbe ici. After each gicai accumu-
' legtlablc nHlter, tbe land a<eu>a t« bare lutuidcd, md (he sea
Hi bringiag aand and mud and niaiine (belli i again oiaribc) were
■ad (read aeruiiivl)lii>n of peat and ptinti. to bo in liirn cnicrnd by
I Uie aca. Evidence of the local otigm a[ (he coal ia alto aiTordod
rt^u*«l occurrence of foaiit treet wiiti their trii.nki ercci and Ibcir
reading out in the clay below ; aetetal of theie treea, each U or 13
I, wae diMovercd at the bead of (he Taw Valley i tibc ovMida of
their trunk* appear* to have been nriginilly hard and lo hara rrtiilcd the
■CtlOD of water for inme time, hut their Inlerlor wai lofl aiid loon bccinis
bntlow and miad with mud, whlcti ia rrgulady itrattlicd : Ibe aandtlunc on
the outtide of Um Iccea alao bear* IcacM of the tippling of xW. viaiet around
them. The iron ore of the diitrict oocnr* in the fonu of noilulei of argil-
laceooi ironatooe, lyinjt in conraei ; the crack* In thc*o nodule* being filled
with carhi>nite of iron jutt a* thoao in th« cement-alone* {tr/itona) of tbe
llaa are tilled with carbonate of lime. One of tbe pbetiomena of the coal dii-
triec II tbe aci'orreflce of cracli, titended with the ditpUcement of tbe
L«il( on eidter aide: ibeae /evllt are nuinerou*. and amnnut in one i»ilance
to '2.4QO feet ; the ctacki arc lomeliiiiei irirlr. whiltl ai nihri* the tidrj are
In dote CDiitoci. Many of the faiilia appear to bavc been (unncd before the
depoait of tbe nia^neiian con^loiiierale ; but other* apfiear tu have been
formed at altnost e*cry )ti1i*eij;ueni period. In aome inttaocc* bed* of coal
•ccm to hai^c been partially waibFiI awa* before the accumulation of Ihi
anccMdin^ bc'), ((ivlng riie to apurioui fault*, »uch a* thai called tb<
" llorto" in Ihe Kv.reit of Oean.
4. At the eonclutino of lite coat period, all the eiiaiing (ocba appear to
bi<e been a(|ueeud and conlurted n.ui only in Britain, hut ornr ■ tnAX. part
of Kuropr. a new drpoiii of iletriial matter brgan tn be fnmird, limilar lo
ihoae before Ilir coal period, and caileil by way of dlailnclion tb« }/tw Red
Sindatone. Where thli formation approachc* ihe older tock> it poll on the
appearance of a thingle bed, in which the delritna of Ihe older rocki ii ca-
mcnled togelhrr by carbonate of lirne and ma^eiia, bence (crined tbe mag-
nctian eonglocbcrate. Theae fo*iil beacbt* are Ihickrti ort (he touth-weat
and tr rat flank* of the Mendip md other hill*, indicating an nprn ocean
and preraleiil wind* In iliat direcirun. ]n the red tandttone aiid marl*
formed ii ihe uine lime, bul further fruot ihe coaii, ihere are no iracra of
animal life; but as tbe red italn diuppeari from ih< rncki, loward) the
concluiinn of ihc period, remnini of tlahrt and abclli appear.
Q. Farther *ub«lilcncet took place; ilie Ka, now frtrd from the par-
oaide of iron, *wariacd with unimata of ex i rear di nary form and Mructure.
We atill iricc it* lioiindaric* in Olamorganihlrc and the Mcndlpi by bedt of
rolled pebble* from the tubjacent tatVi, atid cloie to ihetr ibrlurin]; coatt*
lb* r*tn*in* of mannp laurtani ahiiaiid lo the coninli'Iatt^l niuil and Uitie-
tlone (ii"), llnng wiih the htinei of the dying PleradaflyU-. Sumewbat
later, great bed* uf ouhtm liiueitone were accumuUted in the tea, which
now ooD*tilule the Cotteiwold llilla and their titeoaion to ilaih aod Donct-
ihiie.
fi. No further hl*torj laafTurdcd by ihii diiliict antil cornptialivcly Ido-
crn tiiuea, when we find ctidcoce of aubiidente beneath tl.ic *ca and of
agcncin hi whieh th« preicut form of (he lurface «a* acCOmplLtbed, Thi
pretcni land rauit hare been al jeail l.^'OO firt lower ; and, therefore, ntarly
all nodar th" art. There iaalio oitdeoce I hat the cllmaic bccamt cold, that
there trere glacier* in the innuiiialn* of .Nurtb VValei nttd icnbergi floating'
round Ihe tborei, carrying blucki of atone and grace! ami pieteuliug all the
pbrnoniena of polar regions. The lea alao accumuhted betl* of clay, in
winch Lhr Ur^ dialing ahclla are of Arctic character. Still laur, the land
must bare riten again ahoTc the aea lo an cUvation gtealnr thaa it now haa,
for we llnd niimariiw fart*U frinf;ing all Ihc iburra of Kurope troai S^ain
to Norway, Of Ihii, one of the betl example* occur) in Sotniea llaj,
where the ituinpi of oak and alder may be tccu at low water, 2U or 30 feet
lower than they conid have grown.
" 0.11 Ik* R'lttliM Potilian <if tht zariota QaaUlin qf Coal in th» Smih
Walrt foiti-firUl." Ily S. BsNiox. Eiij.
Tlie coat ia of ihree kind* i 1. hLiurainoui. the amalt of which will coke;
2. free-burning, tbe ataull of which will not cuke, but which burnt
with great rapidity and a cooiidcrable vcluoie of Same; 3. anthracite or
atone coil. Tbeac ihrec paia into one another Impcrcepiiblr i the lame
vein of coal changing giadoally trooi biiuuiiDOUt to free- hurt) Ing. and front
tfaia to anthracite.
1. The coal bed* which crop out on Ihe louth tide of tbe batin are highly
bitumlnont, becoming ten *o toward* lb* north. Tlic five-foot v*in, exteH'
aivnly wnrkrd near Snantea on the aoDlb riac, i* highly biluminoui. — on the
DUrtb ri*e, wilbtn a dliUnce of mo nillr*. it becouira )ree.liiirnin||. The
varioni bed* alio diffei couaidcrably in their biluminout qualiuca and com-
mercial value.
'£. The free-burning coal* occupy a tract runnlnfc north -eaat and aoath-
wtal througli Ibc centre of tbv coal-flctd- Thote nhicli are inlcrnicdiatc
between the fTeo-hurning and hiluintnout are ptrhapi better adapted than
any for loieliinj purponet, — and in <bf attghboutbood of Molbyr form the
chief *upp]y for the blait furnace, being either itied ravr or tbp large only
being eoVed in lb« open air. Tlie pure free-burning oali are l«c* adapted
for iiueltittg, but are preferred fnr itoamcr* from tboir roadinm of combaa.
tior) and the abtence of clinker* in (he grate. Ftee-tiurnlDg mala arc
admitti^d to government contnu:!* from the fullDwtni; place*: Llangennccli,
Camerani, Grugola, Etrindowey, Reaalvcn, aod Abcnlarc.
3. Tbe notthsru lids of ibc batin ii occupied by (be anthracite, wklch
graduate* through Ifat variou* " culiiii" into th* frte- binning «ual. la
Pciobrokcihire the coal is all anlhrsrite. Taking tbe area of Ihe (ilainurgan-
abiro coat-fii!ld at /^9 E<]uare milei. it 1* eitimtted that f^th-i uf thi* area la
occupied by hiluminnui and frce-hurning eoxU. and the reiuaindcr by cula
and an ihra'cite. It appeiri that Die brdi of coal oo the aouth crop loae
tbeir bitumiiioui (jualitiea gradoally a* tbey dip lo Ihe nonit i m llial if on
a tection line* arc drawo tu ahoir the boundarici of tbe yualilie* of oool
41
314
THE CIVIL ENOINEBH AND AHCHITECT8 JODRNAl.
jOcnvnK,
Ihr? will not b« Nrtict) bal incUiiel l« Ibe novth. If Um A»t»f« m tU
V«ili(T *f Ibc Mai U aUnbotad U) Ui« m ll tt Mi w o( mbttrwiMii kMt, ihttt
lb* indiniiion «f ihcic linM oUl Mmtvyoiniout Ibi itlr*ctlen fniBi vhleh
ih>t kMt kimI, nnineli'. from Ihc M(lb-«m o( ih« oeal-lleM.
Mr- RuoKis, UJsg tailed itm hf Ihc Pretadtnt for i«ni« italUtlnl tnforint.
cion, tUIrd tl>»l UictB «i<r» ISO blt«l fumacM ie Ihfl ditlritt (mplnTCd in
iBwIIiDf inn. inJ Ibtl UO.OOO totii of iion HKto «iintiBlly oMnufRctitnd.
Ttia coal niand in Uie dlilriet ou nnployed m (oUowi : —
l,UOMV taoi iuiaU4llr ia Uw «iunibcliti« oT Iras.
3M.*H ...... copfMt.
;m.ON • «ti»iilap4 !■ daacMk nipMa u* Is ifilcBlnn.
UW.W> ISO* pM inasm.
At thii r«l«, »kI aappoiinir ibe eott to ciiti iwtf orrr 100 Miqirt nit)**,
thvn «M (vSeiral fof t .400 jtu* to MIX:. Thc t*lM of ib« «speft* fraiH
lb«diii/ict.coDtUiiBgi>Iiron,&c.,iaa*Ute«f rau|h iDaniifiuUtt, knounitd
10 4,0OO.0OUi: > rear.
■• Oa f A« .SoiawycMM ^ Anrirmi Uiutl m FTalw ; /*# .tfivuMadaMaa t/"
Bf o Strata ennmi amd •Avw i/ ; aid Ik* KfOfiftnrmicf i)f IJit itmt LmnJ
if Kbwatum *ntl DfsvUtiom." by PrufetMr A. C R«)i*at.
Tbi* «*nvikiii>»r*lioit «u jtliiiiraltd hgr a Mctinn, en a troa anlt, af Iba
Mclia near BiUlUi. in Ktrfaonhlrp. mhtrt Ibe U'fiilork ibalet ml vtttoa.
Ifamablj an tba UandHln flag!. Tbe Iuh» inihi diiuI htia been clctainl
pnvlMi^j to (bn fonMiton «f Iba upirn, and their nplurned cdgpa niiitt
ham bccB worn anar b; ifaa im «b«ii the npjitt mtk* mere ArpoaMed ar
ptvnnualj. No poner i* knawn to citu far btlow the Icvtl of tW tea. b;
wUch ibia iKoerM cdhU ban been cffecied : it nuat have laktn pl«T« at
iba Ma't IcTcl. Thiongbout Wale* the Lowet Silarian locki appt*i to ba'a
Ik*ii di>turb«'l *> ona |iailiciil«r |icru»l, to baie bctn kravpil thart safer
aa^l foraiMl a <"MI. around which tha an^rriliag rncki wtt* aMWDnlatnl.
Maar Hib«p** C'■>■I^ ibe afibeaoal of the LlandaUo flaga via fslluwKl hgr iha
4tpoiAtkio of thr Caiadac iMulatana, «hk1i i* lull o( pa«bln of Die abler
totka. After ihii a aiitiildetice apprait la have laken plaM. the area of ihe
lea waa iBtieaieil, and Ihe Wralork alule ■» dcpotilr<l not nnlr oter Uie
CbtmIdc (andalune. litit lirjonil Ic. ai at Buillh. Ufioii the LlanJrilo t*t% ;
ind In iAine plana Ibc i^ale r«al> Oi> grtenilont ivck* itid cedaiu pebblei
fioni It. bdnf in fact a yrattll; tea Vollain. Thi* dcpittitaa uf tlie litd of
Ilia »ta tevliaiwd alto duiin| Ibe deponlian «f llie I.adiow rock*, wlilch ax
conlo<n>abie In iba Wrnlork ahale ; and there ia no marked atlrriiion in Ihe
ariianie rtmaitia «< the two rorki. The Wenlock thale li I ^'lOn (pel thick.
and Ibe lAdtaw rwki S.JOO feel • aad I* il ii cerluii Ibil ibeir or^atiif
reintlni tonld not ha«* nined at the depth of 3,000 (ept. we mutt icippme
a ftidual lubaldcncv of ibc area, inch at It btlltTcd to tw now taking plaoc
■noapl tone of Ihe cuni ialanili, until &;DOI)feci ol lochj was aMnmulalcd
•ear what had hecn dry land. The dIiI red tandatone, which haa a itiKimuui
ihlrkncia of 8, 000 feet, appcari alio to have citendtd oTcr tliit country,
iodfinf by Ihe outlien, at a cnnaiderable diilaxce tu Ihe notlh and weil.
Sobveqtwntlf, the wbuln of (hi* ten**, from thaCaradoe randatone agiwaiilt,
wu reanoved. and tbe ancient Sllttrian ilrala became the tirface of drt lan-rl
M Uiay had been to Inng before. It onw beeime a (iDUCion, what amounl
of alteration niBjr the Silurian tnckt haTii nndrritnnn dnnn^ ihr licne Ihiy
were lo ooYetcil up .' If ilie tame lawi rejtulaied ibe aicent of [fan iQtemal
letapetaluie at at preieiiL, nimet*. 1° for avei; &t feet, ilien tlin aililliiun of
MXlO feet of rack would haie raiacJ the tempcralute by 02^, wbiUt 9.000
feet would have aililnl lCO°.and with 11,000 of luiitiiuettoilKnt amtta the
Lowtr Slluiiaii luciki niuki bait enJuivd an Incrcaaed temperature of 212".
To infliioicet of tb>> kinil mil, pfihapt, be attributed tbaerjtitallia* or
metatnorphlc eondiuan of aanje of the nor* andenc raelti,— u luggnted bj
Sir J, llencbel, in a [lapet wmmuniealed j**n ago to thc GovbiBieal Society
of London.
Thc PBAM of WKarMfirm leferred to the I'ortland rock, in which a
had of tegiiablo nil oernra, full at tniaka of tree*, and ejeadilei ; tbii bed
reau on hmetlona eoniaiiiiof anmoBttca. and h eoeeied hjr ainilar marine
dcpoaita. A|ain in ttt« Weald, (oHil fomii and htilt of (rMhwater ahalla
are fouiiil above marine aecuntulatitina. and fulluwed Iijr tbe ireeouud and
chllk. At the picacnt imie wc tnd ptau. «di1 aalleri of ilie rcii dcvt. in
Uifhcdcif the Clianncl, trveral milea olT Swanara. On ihc Norfolk cciut,
■ml ill (lie £i]i(liih C'liaiiiitl, aic found Uic bonca of thc clcpliani, aud fottil
wooiJ, diaiutcrrcd fruin luituet cIiITb bj Ilia ouiiuii of tbe >«a, Tbeae, with
niany other circuanlincea, were quoted aa ahowing that whilit the ac*-l«Tel
w«t Axed, Ihe land had luffeted dcpreattoot and elevalUtot at many pertoda
of U»e.
Prefeuor ]*tuu,irs poinlcil out Ihe eatcal of lAmt of thctc aoWidcnMa
of tbe land i fat eiample, tbe old red aaniltlone, S,(1CJU feel thick, all lurnied
ia ahallow water, and tbe <n»! neuurea 1 1,000 (eet thick, and added under
aUnllar eircutntUneee ; and inquirtd what condition of the inteiior of the
earth can bate adniilted of tl>e fjriJuRl aubiidtnte of aurh great mauai of
Urnta f Aecafding to \\r. llopktni'* aiateruent. it wai iniprubable that Uio
intentir wnutd noEt admit u( il. Witli rcapect lu tlie au^ mentation of tent-
peratitTB which woold follnw nn tho addition of leocral Uiouaaad feel of
atiaiB, it aboiild be ientciuhcre<l ibai the eomiiiuDicatioii e( beat from )icl»w,
UKougb amth rccka, na» reiuaikahly ilowj and the law of Iha diatohuiion
of iiittinal tempeialnie. coald not be Mtniued the *amc in ancient aa in
mtttmt tiaaa. At td tha U*el of tha mi fMDtlniiag aMlia>|ed, tkia m
oidr aiaiMaeJ lar aaeatity in gcatogieal eeaaania| i there waa eviit>«4a ka ik*
MaJaarai of a aaa.l«e«t 600 feat aboec Ibe praaaail, but it «>a« iw [ aa i blt to
aay whether that anctant laetl waa Mirar tba tmtrt •/* rA* mrtk aha
formed thin now.
Cooaf Z.t«e<*. — Ucal.-C<d. PoaTLocs conmanlcated aoa« tiliiiaialiiw
ap^rent changat in Ibe U<al of Ihe eoatt near PerlMDUWth, and nialinfcd
thai, aa theie eriitence* of inbaldanea oouM be traced bnch t* Ikt an*
nnetent tinea, ao tbey bad cODilnuad op to the preient daf , and ti|nMi4
hit conTictiun that a parallel aii|hl be foond in exiiliof nalntw lo all Ik
pheiinineria of ancirni iimi>>. It app<*n llial Fort CurnbcrlnDd. near Pana-
Qioutb. aland* on a bank of giavol and laod, aMl that owioig In aooa la*
mD SMda to protect ii (roaiiho tea, a (rtib diraciioB ««i givaci to tbaiMi;
asd a portion of tbt bank lioderuincd and waabed away, in tbe nva tf
which a thick pUnh*ilbaboU "at diKOTercd, th'>wiag tlut itit baaiaif tie
foit liad no t'eat antiqoily. Aa artcuan well k» altu been maila t« aafflj
UlMkhaiMe Kart. which ahowt, tor tbe flnl 60 feet antUng hat d^a
ahliiBle. aad then a layer of aacdy ttajr. full of nnrnDU ojUer-ahallB.
•' On (Ar tAentcaJ Cluraettr uf Slt*L" By Mr. NANiTTa.
Were we to aatuoic. at Mir ataodard at tbe importance of uy InM^
lion, the rrlatinn nhidi iba •ub}cci of il bcari to the pr^raan wf citlkaMiaa.
tlwre i* no one whidi wonld teach bishet than ituit whicli rdert i* tte
luhject of aiecl : ii^elng ibat il i* to oar pot«e**)on o( ibe nrt of prodanaf
thai loesutuable loatedal that ire owe aeaely the whole of Ihe art^ I *■
dniraiu of eonliibuting ■ few tdM* on tha tubjert. with a elewlaew
anirin; at more diitintt knowleilge aa in what [in a chemienl tanM)MMl k
and in lay tha traa haaia (or improteiuent in the praceu of ita mnaalictM:.
Il Btay be proper to oame ibat •larl iafotnird byauiiciuntllag baraafmai^
iroai wilb charcoal placed in Are*hrkk uougbi, frooj vtbieh iJi la iiiliihil
and kerpiag thc inin bare and rbaemal in cuataci, and at a full red htil fct
aettral dayt : at Iba and of which lime the iioa bara aic foutNl w beaa>
TCrlcd iaio al«al. What ia tbe nature of tbe cliangc wbi«b ibaitanbi
t»ider|otte we lia*e no ccttaio knowUitg* ; thc ordma/y eipUnatioa la, lln
I'le iron baa a'lioibeJ and cooiljined with a pertMa of tbo chMCPll «
rarbon, anil bat in cnnirijuencc been roDvrtted iatoa carliDnrt of )ni> !■
It hai cTCf been a myttery that on analjaia. to eery minute and qaeetiaoillt
a portion of carbon >> eilnblied. It appran ihat ihe giaiitl error in A*
abort view of tbe aii^ect tuiianla in ■■ur nut duly uudci atandiiig Iba mIm
of tberhaafCC which carbon nniiergoca in ita roaliinalion with Iron in Ibl
foiuiitiO'ii of tuel. 'Ilicte wbi> aie familiar «i>h the ptncca* uf lbeCMWa>
kiiio of iron into ileel. mutt li*>e obaond the icmarkaUe cliangalate
outward aapect of tbe ban of iruci, alt'r their conictiioii — naaely, iKatlkf
are covered with blolcrt. Tbeae lliaun Liidictia Die etsluiivn of a *ay
claWe gaa, whIdi U ael tree from itie cailma in Ihe act of ita *ffiaWarfn
with t)ie iron. I have Ihe aiiongnit reatoni to think ibnt ibeae MiamM
the rciuli of iho decouipuiiiion of tha cu bon ; wheia maialUe baaa MM
into union wuh iron, and forma with il,«ni elfoy. while Ibe oth«r ixMapHM
cteoienl of tbe carbon it (ii«n furib, and *u prodnoea in IIJ cacapt tto
bliMtn in queition. On thit aaivinption we come to a very iuitrcMJaf
qucttiwn— What ia tbe nature of Ibia gaa? In order to ucamine tks. '
that it rcquiaitt ia to Slla wToutbi-iron retuilwithBotiature of famo^ta
aiiJ iioo llliiiga, •ukjoci it to « l*o{[-caBiiiiiJed red heat, aad taeeaea Ik*
evdUeil g(t over mercury. Haeing obtained the gaa la fucaiioa iaUn
manner, then permit a pltco of poliaharl Ueel lo com* in contact with lUi
gai. and in all probaliiliiy we thall then hafe rryrodueft on tbe mftaef
lliH alrrl a Coat of carlion teiultias (iDoi the re'Uniuii uf ita tws alaBOih
iiatu«1y. tbit of the meullii; baae of ibe carbon Ihca cxiitinc in Um ttad.
with Ibe, M j^ei, unknown gti ; iboi lyntbeticallj. aawella* by analytkfn-
oeat, eliminating (be Uuo naluie of ataal, aad tiut »f Ida clenoBla Of i
poneat* of fiarbon.
•• On Itgdrautk Prtuaat Fjuint*." By \U. 3. CiVJi.
This papT draorihed the luudu of tuiplu|iu)( the powet of
a uiost um(uI and importaal aiiiuacr — lov lung oeglev^lvJ in thi* cvoti
eixividrriBf the adiaalagei it allurdi in bill) districla for Ibe Jrainj^
loinee. Mr. (ilya brought uuiIit ibeir uolicu th(.< lueaus uf eiu)>lojicr i
fallaof water lo ptnduce n iccipruciititie niutluu by aiean* u(a " p^^^
euflLiie-" The preiaure-ceismc aclcil b; Ihi- puwtr uf a deaccDding cuil
uf water npoti the piilon of ■ cylinder to k''* uiuiluu la ""
rAiiiuf nalor lo a differcot Ic'el.or lo produce a rroproiatiaci
otber purpoeee. The pfCMtire-euRine waa olculuird to gi»c gr
tbanical (Ifcot lo c«m>i> nlivre nalrrfalls may bo found of mach loo pml
a hci^lit BUfi too email a (juantily to be practically brought lo ban* il a
t<j(bi'ii-iil degree 00 nater-nheela wiihia tbe onliiiary Uhuib uf dtamtW-
'Ibe HutUor pruduced loatancca nf thc dciired pi etiute-eitgiiie, nae 4
wliicb wna curialtuctcd about fuciy ymrs ago in Dcrbyabirc — and wkict
be believed was atill at work in Alport Mioev, to which it wk* ia«eirf
from ita original eituiitivd. The cjlindn wm, be believed, SO ioekatil
diameter. lo Itttl Mr. John Taylor ailviifd tbe applifalioa of noolkt
aud more powerfol *iipa« at the Alport .Mioea, wbicb was oudr nndarlil
(Mr. UljD'aJ diii^cliou at (be Uullerley IroiiwoTk* in Derbyalitre. TU
waa tbe [iinat pQwerful ecgioe Ilial bad been made. The cjlloder titlH
iuchra in diameter, aoil tbe Mruko 1« fret. It waa worked by acolaBttf
water of US fret in height, ao Ibat Ui« pro|ivriioa uf power lo •€(<«>■
waa aa Ibe nre« of a pitloo to that vf tbe plunger— aaineiy, l,Ma la I.Bi.
u, I ^ ,
ling c m™* I
IU9.]
TUE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCUITECrs JODRNAL.
3I&
or fall; T9 fir rrnl. Tlic iu|ictinlrnilf-Dt or llie miuthineiy ntnarrd bim
ik*t iliT riiiciiii> liiil never mil Itiriii I'lu a->e<r atntr it Mn> prvclrri. It«
UHial tprcd was aliiuut i ilrukr* per uiiaale ; but it was CAiiBtitr uf nark-
iiilt al 7 alrokc* fat miuule wilboul au; coacuiiiou ia Ilia dr»ci>iiiiioK
prtiamn, Iha dutf actunily duue lirinx cquiil tu 1G3 hnne-iuwer :— Ar«> uf
plunrQ-Hlfofl X )Or«-IX Titraii,aj-<IT3'II. (17141 x sa-3 X 1111 =
*tWU* — ICS h«r«n-p<iwrr. The aullinr ronrlnilrd by ronAiklQK thai,
In Ibii OM u In all oilicn itKcn water nct» by it* gniiily or prcwurr,
■base iBac41an ili> ibc be*t nurk nlitn ilie vtatcr colrra tbe nikcbiiw
witboat abovk ur impulBe' aod quit* it vritUoiit Tolucily. Tbt; tbc(*b]i
nblaiD all ihe ■(Hilnblc pi«*r Itaftt lh« natrr will yir\d wiib tliA iPitt Iom
of cllfct; and tlila ri»ult it beat acconipliHlird by mahinz tlkx plprf nnd
^u»agri uf tuOlcltDl and ample aiiv to preivot sccaturaUoo uf tb« b^ro-
■uUt culuoin.
" Jnnfymi iff n'Toagkl-lran iiToduud by CtmenUt ion from Cmlliti»."
Kj ProfuHor MiLLtH.
It is to be ootiMd ilul cnniiidwnUa ahugc in Ik* aprciliir f;r>i**>'y "^^
curred la Iht Iraa aftrr crmcntotiOD ; it ws* furgnl, and ibrti fuunil t»
haw kncrtaaeiJ io dtotiiy ; thn brittle iron liad a ipcciISc iravilj of ''AM.
Ibe nalleablt 7-116- The iv«ulu of amtliui •^cre WkOj the*« : — Tbe
<|uua(ily both of caibon nod «iltc<in am tnitrrtallr dimiaithcd bjr iLe
MaMnulloB, Itiough still Iha |inipnrlti>n uf bulh in ■■lalcriallf grDiiIrr Ihaa
la (uod bar-lruo. It aUo a)ip>ari that (ha ponioa of caibon vtliicl) i* io-
MtNble iu acld» It parllT tt>« aamc buih before and nflrr the iron liaa treii
RadcrnI mallcablF, ihe dlinlouilon btlne oooAord alamsl tu Ibal ponlnD
of carbon which wm ch«mically combiard vriih thn mtlal, anil which,
Iharcfurv, w*n1d be In a *Uta tat propagaiioii lhraa|;h lb* naM more
rdtly bj Mmaotitiftii.
' O* (An Drainagt ^ « Pcrfioa (/ Chat-iVoM." By 6. W. Obm«RO».
Tb« nn/<uec( the iniiH *arif» rruni 80 feel Io 100 f«rt above I hr MR
ICTrl ; its haltem M the iln^fiifBi pud in IDO feet bcluw th« era line. Pad
of U>U mis* i> now bviog laid dry \tj mvHai u( up*n ilnilii*, Doder llr*
<lir«cti»N«->f Mr. Urm#r<Ml. Aflerotltng Ibe drains, th^ Ivral of lh« p«al
fatUrapiiIly; near the maio Iradtr it u.Blt p^rpendicnlari; S fl. U in. k
niaa monlba. aad io una part 9 ft. fl in. ia a tingle neck.
" Exlrattien if Sllr4r frnvt »ame »f ilt Orct by the Wtt Way, with a
Sttk* ^ a ProMU at a Sulutitatf for Itiat of Liifiiatioa." OommuDlcaled
^lyUt. PrncT.
B» Tbi* ooainiiioicntiuD prupoitrs to tr«al ail*er ore* with hypotulphale oT
Rnp and chlurile uf litue ; and fruni «xpr(im«Q[* detailed by Dr. Percy
Ibare apppiTH overy rvaiuii lu brlii-ve tbal llieie mbittaiirpB may bsciii-
ptnyml rconaniically, aaj Uilli ^v\<l and >il>tt ritracleil by an i-as) and
cffeciive ntcLh'id. A prucea* al a aubttilulr fur time uf liquatiun wai alio
•uggMtcd. Mr Hunt prufHweilt troia the inijKirlaiic* iii a (vraclitxl puicil
of thli eomDUuicaiioD, that it b» prtnled eolire in ibo vclucu« of Trtmsac-
tlon*. UoL Yurkt: secuuded ihii prtipailliua l uod tl nas ndupted.
"A »iw llydnzrapliic Map o/ iht Britith t»Ut" bj Hkkh PrrunAxn,
waa nhibilrd.
Da tbJn map abuut 1,S10 rivvm are disllnsuUhed bjr naniei, JBO Iiik«a
sad poodl, and 40 walrrfalU ; lite laiiali with tt>eir alliludF. lU well ai
that of lbs tfm nnd lnkc». and the Krriil drniua in ihe fra dialricla, ll
was »iat*J dial tlicra wrre 30 riven in LIqrIudiJ, lU in Suutliuiij. anil 10 in
Inlutljvacb draiDiug iUD t^uare niilp* aiiii upwardi, Uf Ihne —
^^^B U drain ID am eich — AOo lo litOOMiaarr mUm.
^^^" e „ - •t.vui „ vi,vw
H Tbcae lui ti|{tit are — Tbe
ItBnbw finilad)n({ TiFii I uiil Oatr) to spam Potnl ..' .. II,U0
btremdonil Hflmrv 93^
fltwnfHtt (id fwp lJ««i1 Aiifl KtrrjMttkA\ , i. .k iUMi
TMam ^IniluiiUii linlnT I ta Nuri Ufbt .. ■< .. .. 4,iM
MwfO* *.«1U
OrMlOaae .. W<U
Hub .. .. tM
Tay. tafki u Wifad 3^X1
^t Tbe river Aain»in dmlns a truct of 2,2Tfi,t>D0 square ciiles.
^r >• Om a A'tv iTIcRimf n,r !\tieha>\i*m." Ily Mr. R, Roiii.ktb.
^■te wrMrr rtplaiiKit the cnnxniciion uf u coniHiaucc by which hr
^BHM Id a Trry •implr miuinrr muvcmenlii tar nblch iui>i* cuin|>1ical«d
^E^lAnUn was fffiiuruily «-uiplo)<d. The nbud«l coDtioi*'! uf a al«sl
■litck-ibaft, on wliirb veer (nu-d i«o briiis A\tc* in such a way as to-b*
k«pl*lMMly. {fneof lb* diic* bud akTro leeih roiind«d Bllhatopaail
budom III lit circilmfcrcncn, and «riis plxeed on tha hody of Iha ahnft.
Tbe oih*r disr, whMh wa* raihor 'hn lars-r, nus in the eccentric pMiiinn
of tbe MiafI, witli ttt fncr lu Ibtil of tbr IcKithrd dii^c. 'flie plata diac bad
foarBluda riTCludinlfr itdt i qnal dislouceB froii) cacb lAhrr Hnd at *ucli
OtstaucM aaleadinil uf tbrir tJcmti brouuht tuccfriilvdj, by the r^iajulioa
nf Ihe MCeolfie, la the battotn of lli« bi.lliiw» ia th« luuthed diM. Ibn
l»IloiilBf nnvpmeiii* nay ho i-ircctid by this rtiudd .^vti, if lite bIibCi
be li«]d tialionary and Ihe ditcs lie made lu re(«Ue upon tl. ui>e (if tlir
diacB will niaho iwchc icr»lutlcinii wliilal ihr ulbcr ouly malitiB docn.
A(4in, if tli« tiMlhcd disc be hdil ivltlat tbe shaft he mmlu lu looNc
tMSdtv tiiBM, Ihv plain 'tiic wiU rcvulre, io llie ••me itit*ciioo, mt« rrvolo-
I oaly ; and if ibe plain diac b* be!<l, Ibo looUied Am will perToini ocin
mention in llm mnimry direeil<in, for eUvvn revotoiinn* of ih« tliafL Ii
Mould beeiideni ilial aliiiodl any other au in t>rr uf rrvoluLKini may Im pro-
duced by rin))ltiyin|;u (inaitfr onnibefuf Binds, nut few^r tbnii Ihrev, wbltk
will n«i ditiile (be uumbar of uwlb in Ibii diM. Tho idea uf thia iMvri
el»n>*iit in mochneioi waa auggetted lo Mr. itobert* by b diaJ momimil
In SB AMCriean eluek.
MINTS.'
Tli« ttulijw't of mints ia one on wliieb there i* little nriiilcil. hut
Major Sniitb-iif .Mudra>i,hB*brDUgbt aiit AconaidcraLlrbouk. Thia
wnrk is moetlir itirertetl tn tb« subject of mint arcounta, but with
this (ilijpm H clusc invettjgatiun is iiMdMary iiitn tho pnH^MM*
afTixrlJiifr ibcoondititin nf t&e prMloun metaU In the ipcmtion af
poininjr. nnd thit may bp ronnll of int«r^. Major Smith'* gr«at
Siirpose LAta cstaMlkfi thai iin loiw «f rnlurof gitM or ti[ver cnn or
(IKE lake plaw in coininp, mid thnt thewt is therefore nadiffienlty,
uiidi-r » iiri>{ier eystem of management, of providing un adei|utitc
cheek, lie uay* —
\Vr eoBiider il beyond doiibl, jud|)in| from tbe rnulth uf actual experi-
ence, lliat Ih^rc nusbt lo ha no liia» whatetor by llin |»iicr<t uf cin>er*ioo,
iu any u( Ihe ludian Mints; un III* <>nntniry, ns we hitve visffnlirTe e«-
plaiuf^d, there ouKbt to be a small surplus in Ih« uol'turn. In the diarus-
■ion. Ibererure, pf the dnCleB and rr>|)ousihLliltei of the diOetrnt uUictn
■if Iha eslabliBlimtat, we shall oooiid^r lliit as faeto( adniilled, b«c«use
■lur object is t>i dciennioe what Ihe rrauiaile cbeuks are to iusurt tbe Ixisi-
nes* being pn>p««ly m«Aul«d ; not what may aullico if >l be iuip«rf«(tly
done, or alumd over.
Before pnxwediot!, hnwatpr. It maybe adilsahle thai we thoitld Ursl
OoUce aua obriatc a m i sconce pi to u nbich kaa birru 8u|tt;L-fttcd lu us in
reference to iJic above nsMrlliHi, at il strikfS at tbe lesy luul uf nil 1^
l>enefi( uf the imporUol principle iuKoIrcd in iL ll bus bren auid, tkat U
may be very true lh*f*oo|[ht lo bo no waste, ur even a bI'kI'I SurplM in
Ihe re-<kli*ery of (bo pnciunB mrtul <Dtratleit t« a Mint, provided il were
pussibie to eilraci all die pariide* frum lb» naaa of rsfnie whorvla Ibey
nre bunei); Ihal by pushinK tho rvcuverioB lo as eitieme leuKtl'. iudv
Canco vf alt ma] oronomy, ll may bo iu fad pussitiio to exiiibil a inlliit);
urer-pluB, Ijioogh the cost of the aatractiuu uf Lht last imrticki ui«y bare
far ex<ced«d Ibe talun <>f the uipIhI ; but (lial uiiIbib till* r«ckle*« cuDlenpt
of true ec^oiiuoij bo systcmalioally persetered in, at II is cltar thai a cer-
tain aaiuuul of bullion mint, of DeoMsiiy, be bIIowmI loreinaia uolooHjIied,
uu Rccuuoi of tbe ciprni* of eitiacliooi I waste luugt be unavoidable ; bo
that how ottr true in ibrory, it aiiist be a fallacy In pracllve In say.lhai
IhMCunglit to be a neli surplus vf delivery, andanaciual tuna fide rtttM.
This ar^iimeat it, Iiomhiit, based upoo a luinapprvkvusiua uf ilic trutli It
il iiitundetl tu oppoie, far the asMrllon is not, thai Ibtre should bs BO
metal nut recovered, but Ilial ibsre should be ua meial lost whose exltlsaoe
cuuld nut be proved, and lis value recovi>rvd, if ueceSMii). Further, thai
at a niulli-r of adual practice, there oujcbl to bo a uett surjiIuB uf drtivtry,
iacludins tbe parlidoa in the druncd, wheilici they be rttuvund thorefruni
or whether III r J bo uul, which ia toljilly iiunialensl lo ihe tiurstioa ; lo
whioli il may ho Hild»j, Ihsl this ricess uuglil to ti» bo iiiutb larger than
the value of all the pariiclei which are not eitracted from the rtfuie, lliai
even iskloK Ihe matter la Ihe senie tn which it la viewed ■□ Ibe objectloo,
Iheaasortlon silll remains practically true.
TIm principle aud the practice we cuotriid fori*, that llieoal'tum of a
NIdI fa coins, bullion, and drosser, oui^ht lo htr (jartly eitiiualtd, sod
CMBpaMkd with il* reoeiptsi and wv alRrin that if this he correctly doMe,
and the diiiie« of tU Mint have be^n strictly and Caiihfally pwformad
tlirtiuiEhnul, the former onKht lo exreed ihe htier, whenever thn bulltuu is
debited nt the " trade As«ay." Which beloe Ihe case, we are of oplnino
ihsl, AS a matter of system, the coaijiHtiion vu^hi (o be made, and the
cbcck thereby Dalablishtd, iu prefereui'i' tu Ibi.- mure las proceeding of
o(iiiiCiti]{ Ibr coiupBnsoo, and wrilin^^ vH all tlcDci^octffs lu firofil and loss
as '* nnsTdldable w^Mein Ihe opera) i^ii- k,f ec-lnsge-'' Tho divnt lo wbiek
Uir rxlracllnu of Ihe bullion out of tbu ilroeses oniihl lo be earned, I*
anoiberand a very simple luesciciii i Ihe answer to wbir.h obviously ts, ibai
II should bo carried to far, and no farlher, Ibao It would he allnudcd by ■
okar prudi to do ho. In lliii w<y i[ ii Ibat the buslDor* Is carried vn la
MattrM*, lliP rvfui^, wbrii no liitincr cnjioblr of beiun '' recovered" oa
account a! GovorDnieol wilb proBI, bring mild, and Ihe proeei^ils carried
lo account; and II is aeoordlni; tn iiiit ^cneniv uf praciiec, Ibat the a^iutl
rrsulti which luve been n-fened to bars pniduced a neit surplus aoiuunt-
lOK to ^ prrnitlle.
If, however, there ought to be no d«ficiencf of tho precioun
miaols, it do«ii aomelimes hnpfien ; it sevniN thnt cobis are sent out
of tliu iniiilA ttii) gund. Thui it w Mild —
Wo bate beea iofurniad, li>4t ia the }car IMS, tbe coint iMOed by lb«
• •■Ob«M**ilTini U1I tile Ilullrt bikI RMii<iMa<litIitlni litealtMllii the Uanuananl Of
MlnWi ebltn» iritli rtf.reaie lo ibe lUil-n lu.il Ptnilc of idun of IndU. With m-
SMItaOifiir Uieli iisprixemtai. " Ut Uajot J. 1. .SUITH, K.K.I.C r.n|iei*(n,F,a^..
A.I,C-K, HMerarth* Uadrta lllut. ll(4nu, IMa
4I*
31 s
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AM) ARCHITECrs JOURNAL.
Boali*} Mint wvtVM much ab«T« SlMidanl, Ikal iflhcy nay beauiioMfd
M halBf imitif npr—taUd ty M p;i anuji madn nf tben al IW Rojal
HlDl. ud tks rahw ol Iha ant-iuni nlcultinl ilirrvti<r, Ibe; naat han
CMtalMd Torr Marlr 96jM0 nip«u noitb man purs wltrr ihaa Ui*y
oaghl lo ba*e don* ; • mm Id palai ifcaMiBi the inpoMibtlitv of tbc Mloi
aSocn |p«rdIn4(a||aiMt1oH,beca«Mir It b* MatuBtdUiBiUic nercbaota
wcK /Unpaid for tlwir bnlUan. the Uiat anM fa«*s auflvrcd tkc l«wof
tha Bba*« (unt.
With rofiu-il tn the prolialtility of Inst of nirtiil.'the Mtlmr
exuninn whcthtrr it couM lakr plnct in tlie meltintc. wtd be men-
tions—
Tbn* IK a gmiRr probaliilitf In tliii proem, thit a real loM, in
actual ilimloutiao of *alu« ahutilrl (ccur, than in anr olhrr. I haip
aboir alaird Ibal a chnngr of ralue ca.iinn( puBsility br cffr<ted, ciccpt by
a literal abatriolioa of ihe prroinu* mrtsl, noil we can eatilj uiidmlaiiil
wbj audi i* tfia ea*«. If ■ pnuii<l at purr Bilr'Tr, for miUiicr, niTF
I9#ll«d a thaoMad timra, and if topper were addnl lo and lublracKd from
it bf aucrptsix porliooa ; at e\rry itrp of thein pfuc«aaei, provldtd nunc
of the parliclt* «f purv id«UiI hail btru aDuwed to ticapr, lh« reatili uf
eTrrjr tru« aaaajr of tbt nalal, tnbiribri' ia il> coarae or lia« tondiiion, ouchl
to l»e aucb aa la Bake Ita valae rnua\ \« Ibal of a puand of piirv titter.
Tlirr* ia nfttbloK la incre naDlpntalion to atler *ala«. uuIi-m (K)»i« uf th-*
pryri-Mii parlii;lM Br« diMipalHl', bat we mii^hl br inclined lo luipeut
tbit thii DiiKhl attitr datiogfatioa. Itii n«t inpoiiibl?, oi>« would ihlali,
tbal ^Ifpr mifhl b» (olalillKKl. aad thu> Iht preciuui m^lal be dlniitil>b«l
lo quanlilT. Il in rrrtain llial if any May be ni«llpd. ila wiittbl aflM
faaioo 1> coniHlrratil; reduced ; but U ia alia rqalljr certain that) practi>
call;', not a pariific of til>er cfcnpci tram tbe foraacc,
Tbia b<i(i)| tbe oalj poiat on whicb (be itnall«->t doaU ouald rMJoQabljr
be Mtertaiaed, I bate )t'>Fa it Ibe mtitt itlcntiT* ctamlnallon, U'h«a
I «aa in Calcaita in Jannar;, IMV. and viiited ihe Mini tber«, I idmIb
particulir iai|uiripa at to ttin iniUiiliaaliua uf lilver. Tba verj td«a uf
inch a ihing nrrmpd lo br roD^idorcd abaard , and I WB* aMDtnl lliBI iiii
aucb ihiacaii tolatltiealinniif »il*rr had errt bena HprriMicrcI, 1 1 was
■i«l tti« <«it(rin lo twc'p out the cbimneya. brooM) ib« valaiiliaatioD of
allver wai out of (lie (|ue>lioii, but 1 no* lold that wImh (hat niFtal waa
Bdilllfnilrd ttitb fnerciirj' ilierr iraa a )d». aiiJ ^irllrlra of tbe merrufjr
IBlf bt be etapurnlrd. Thm ia Iruo aliu in regard to lead, funtPI of wbicb
(•capo from lilrrr vvrjr rrvqoenllr. Bui nettber of tbcte wonld at all
cblDSB ibe m/h« of tbe tuBM In ftiil-nn.
Tbe mnie iiueatinn baa aUo been practiMlljr lr*ted al Mndra* — and
though no *Dcli IbiofC a* fvorpinj; (bg obiniDc]* for Ibr purpnie at rem-
tftrtn^ volatilixrd tiller had *\er bcc-n brard of pr«*iDiiitly. I det*nivined
npon hariug il dona, in ordtr to obtain lipciiirr p»ideii»e uiioii n puiul uf
>o much innporlance. Thn tptull t*a>, Iliat in Ibe cbimnc) uf h (urnacn
wblch had brrn in C0D*tan( diilv n»f for abnnl la jcart, and in whlrh
n>aaf crarea nf ropree norlb of bullion must have bc«D mrlCed, Ibcre were
*a11»c(«d punidca »f aiUer wbkh alloitelhcr nrislifd about 70 yrirnw.
Tbl« eiptrimcul Ukrn id ooonnctioD with tba ai|>erief>oe of the Cakulla
Mini, aeema lo nj aind lo be tjoita cnocIuaiT* a* lo Ihe fact thai Ibera la
no real lute in niullinit. by aaj diaiipnlioa of lb* praciuua nitUl.
Tho follnu-in^ it a prncticfti oxpUnation of one nf tiie «atieM of
Bppxrciit llHW ; —
Il is DoiuriDUi, boifcvcri that wbro (iUer i« nttlted fir coinage, tbe
nci;;bt after ftuva i> tonaidcrablj lo* Omo bcffirci ckd ufler niakiiit; this
reetittry and cverj allowance. It i» nrtiuitled uJio thul lb* nieUI uodrr-
({OM nSueneot, and conaoqaKDily Ihai il ba* become purer In quality Ihan
tl wa*. All lhnl I wiifa tn add m, liial iii value after fuaioa aiighl lu ba
preciar-'ly r<|ual lo irbnt II nna oiijiiiiHlly, and ibal there in no iircriaarj
oiuic for wnaiagc or Inai ; and Ihiai because it ia aimply copper, and
noUiinK besides bul copper, or baac mclal, nhich la injuied by Ihe bent, soaa
IB be *<?paruli-d rroin Ihe all^y and li»l id Ibc refine, nbtnce it it nut Wurlh
vliile to rrcoier il, ll ia umng lu Ihe abiencL* nl uuy uieatm uf recuKUia-
iuj; ilie lujnuti- fibangea of Gnrn>*« in ibn xilier a]lu)', and Ibe eiwietjueiit
adupUon uf a ayilem of accuunt indcpeodeul of Ibrtn, thai it baa been im*
praclitable loelliiliit ibi* Irulb, tit lo lake adronlaee uf it, in Ibc tnannrr
indi»peaMbIt lo STuid naalc ; and tlic allculion beioi; Ibercfore etclu»|vely
paid lo Ihat chsiigc in the metal wtvicb alone i< pnlpiiblc, •iz,, in lli laeiglii,
It one of lh,> jtirui cAiii«ea of Ibc r^'at Ion whicb 1 in^quiivd iui.]. I propiute
hefrafler In drlni) llio mean* by nhicb Iliia ni d bii* b«u iet;ltlieU i ia Ibe
oje-an iimc I inuti ioriln allrnlion lo aoolher,
II brn ilic niini rcccttri bullion. II ii mppoied in rrceiie o«lbini; bul
folld mtial, vtbicli ia cliarKcd lu it accordine tu ita weUlii mad actual Gnc-
ecM, but I futiud ibal llirF« *u|ipaird cuuditiuiit did out nlwaja ttitt, and
Ibal iha bullion wa* not alwBjl tiiadr ixrr In ibo Mini lU llx aolid aiale.
in autlia caMicoina were recalVfd, whicb wre alwaji moteur leu diriy.
and lhi>M> wervcakolaled in (he accoiini* by iiiul(ipl)ing tbe srtiki tteiitht
of dirt and *llver by Ibe a>er«K' It^^oei* uf ' aampln melted for ■■■ny.
Tbc c»D»«qucoc« luanifcsily wa* an uuamdable Iom, corrcapondiiis
wilh Ihu Biuuuut itt dirl vrblch had bceu reckoned as ailvcr, *ad tbe
rriiifd]! waa pitiio, vi»,, tultin); CBTV tu inell lli« coiO* alwati in future. In
thin ftay noB uf Ihe piincipal churf* nf lliit prtvinua toil «i»a got rid uf.
Anutlicr cnsc was murf serious to thi- pnrtirs.
W*inay alMclleacaae wbich occurred in Itombay, where there tvai
BdeOclrocy bctnceo iba produca and Taluatlon uf a pariiculnr p-nrcd uf
biillloa rrceirtd lolu the niial, to tb« atuouut of about l,rlDUnipee*. A
coBtmltlaB beins appainUd lo jaquirv ivlo tb«dclteieacy. alBtBil.thBtel
diBCrBpascr WBt appBreot, bat MB it wovld never do lu doubt iW aM*rih|
lh«y nail ccuidwie Um fraud bad been praeUwd by ihc nB-iim. n«
head bbMbt traa aecordlBfly ordend tu pay tbe aaoMy, aud dm w: btt
II WBB Bflorwwd* plBloljr thoMB UiBl Ue laluallon hBd bsMi Mad* wMnt
propBT pn«a«tioM amuat mliuie.awl tkai la ao tar >b tba Bttbav
neut, (here waa nol (be le«*t rcaaoa W bdieie tbal ibc iiuantitj orballaa
for Hbicb Ibe mrller bad bcea h«ld BAeonBUble bad ever been n««i(ci hj
bim.
Ill aimealiuir, aa ajiparvnt incnaae of weif^tit txlcM piMC, <
ft thus ex])Uliied.—
The proccM oT bbomIibk it for tbe purpoar «f autiniat Um
and icakiaic tbcin >iore fit lo recear* Ibe impreaMun of Ihedw, It
BKiiAta Ibe oparaiioa of tbc acid in eleaninf. Tba Manic* ar«
lo a reierbaralory furaacn and brnugbl t« a red beat, aftcrj
I Iher ara ooolBd, ailhef by iinmrniion in Mater, or by expoaurc tof
' The elFiCl »f Ihii procraa it a Blight intrcaac a( weiiibl, uMing tol"
binaiiuu i>f cijKen niib Ihc alloy in ibe mrlal ; and aa ii la eoUr
ficist, il farirf lo ila propOrliuo according lo Ibt fotm awl bu{
of Ihe piurrn expcMicd lo iU acliiin. W* have no! wade Bay etperi
with miouie accuracy nil tbii poiat, sa Ib* pieceii after leavlag ibal
DBling and itdjutting drpartmeal aro omnlrd on Iriinarer, ami Uuu |
from bacid lo hand tiy lair, tn (hal triliinc varuilunt ixi tbe croa* »«^
ceaiB (a be af any linpnriuicc; bul froui (he eiprrlmeuts ivhKh ne hot
niadc, ibe direreace of nelibl lu rupMt haa been thowa to be itoBi
aaamaTI pie pemiille, u-4j pla pvrcaaU A* (fait locretve of i>a|biN
occatMBBd Merely by tbn addition of a forBipi anbalaace (asyfeo) wtta
m«lBl, itcaoDot of cuur>a,b} any puaaibiiiij, be lbs cmuM of any loa rf
value.
Ill btonchioif, a alight differt^nca in the Apparent wetrbt
plac4^ Uecauic in toinc miiita ftrciuc aiid oil an uactl in uibib
wbicli adhrrcB to the inet^l ainl in remured by tbe acid.
Difference of tufijfht mny taka place, tint difference of
Oinnol; and it in Uy a«loptin2 this latter tmt Iti^it ;> proper i
of accounta chi) aluiin bti aiiO(ile<l. We inwr rrmnrk, in r
>iun. thnt llie author ha> laboitrMl very hard and c<iiiM!tf
in (wtnbliahing the (urrMtnnB of faia views; and, which etouil
the more ndniiriition. an havinff been done under tbo hot hb 4 J
llindostan »i>d in a klate of ill-health.
THE PLATE-CLASS TRADE.
The alAlittinor the raanufoctuir of pUte-tliui Id KnyUnd, Jinl paMH
ioBiabular foriD>«iih B (en remi/ki appended, on a foUo abtd. bf lb.
Henry Howard, of Plaitt«ir, in Emci, arc itiy IniiruciiTe.
In I Rill Ihft txcike duly nii ptatc-gUx* wai '.)f>. per <*t. t none wu ■
in K-ngUnd larger (bin l^tl m«lir« by 72, (lie quiliiy wat iadiVerTali thr
prict oben 13 inehei iijuBre vu 134. Id. per foot, ttbea 130 iBcWabyTl
it f»t 1 ftOii. per fnat.
In ini' tbaexciM doty «u fiOi. p«r rut. ; plate.glin U4 hicbat by **.
wai manuficlured : the qualiCf irai onniiilerably icnproted; tba prig* rf i
ptaie-glaM, when 12 iiicbe» i^uare, nai be. ttif. per foot, titica Itl lacbatj
1 5, il «t« iOa. per fool.
In llj(7 Ibcrc wai do excite duly on plaic-glaM; plalei IK InrhM h? K
were maiiufaclurrd ; tba ^uatily wa* roty much ioiproied : Uia uiii tt
pUiei Ii mrlict i^uare wta3«. id. per foot; pUiet 114 iu<fac« by Tt^Mrt
'iit. €il. per fiMit.
In 1819, when the oxdie duly wit 0l4r. per nwt., the quality of ibe|l
w»i indiiTerent. (he BTCTRge price per faoi '^Ur. lo '£bi , ilie i|iuniiij Mld|B
week alioul 3,U00 feci, md ihe tu|jpty appareuily equal m tb« deaiial
In 1627, when (be duty wai fiOd. |iercwt., the quality -wtt lmpevnd,lkBi
aT>rr(j[c pries per fooi IDr. to 12^., the qiiiniily totd pti week abBBt S|M '
fed. Bod (he ti)|<plr intdcqu»i« lu ibc dcuiaad.
In 184', whrn tlic cxi^itO dutv bid been ttken off, lb* quality wn WJ
much improttd, Ibe irerage prica per foot 4i. to i>t., the quantity mU |H
week about lO.OOOfeet. Bad the iupply lery inadeqotiB to Ibe dentiid.
In 1^3(i, when 1he eicit» duly wu GOi. per owt., lb« eathaatcd tnaitt
of hand) dircrtly and indirectly employee in Ibe muiafaclurB, wai ata^
2.S00. tbe capiial iurratcd iu ii abuu 230.000/.
In lii-i7. when ihc duly hid been ukeii oflT, the number of baadt W
about 12.040, the dainial abont 1 MOfiVdl.
No eommcnl it required on tbe lecidaiicy of ihctc facta In tbow how emit
tbe maniifacltirB ww b«Dcl)ttcd by ibc rcductioo afexciic duiiei; bawnadl
more it hat been bcuefitted by eolire emueipatiou frou Ihe Iramacltofibt
etciM.
ainet 181S foreign pUle-gliia had been allowed to be iai|iorl«d line 4 '
duty, in July 1X17, Lord (ienrge Itentinck undertook to provd (ia 9wt '
liamtol) Ihat tbe reiunvil nf the glau diiiiei had been a failort^ flkj
Mated Ibal the declared (tine of rIih e:ipottcd in tbe (Inl fire meatti rf!
Id4» wu 213,(301. i in Ibt lUii five uioniba uf 1S4C. only 13I,;3U M
J
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AHCHITECTS JOURNAL
3I7
I lenlihip omllieil to tttte in impoftut npUnfttary flirt polnud oat bjr
V*. Hawarrt t— " II «M )■ At flnl 1i\* momlit ol 1845 Ikkt llie dut; aat
rvtciiud, •nil dDTinf tbal ptrliculu periail Ibe ranktri inij ilralert expnnni
•OonaoD* qiMslKkta of picff dMcHptinn. not on ■reonnt of inrTrocil <!«•
Koanit tram thraad, but for thr eiprcM paijioK of otrUlniTifr il^c lii^ Jraw-
backi (aniDuniiiig to twunUiaJ wlnvli weiQ llico, (at 1|l« lut lime, »lWaii
by itit eiel»t."
' Th' f*ci ii. that la official rattirn, dBi«d Mbv h. tS4S, priaicd hj atStr of
th« lloui^ of Commmtl, shawi th« IdUI amount nf foreign plaie-jlaM.
enterml (or Mntamptloii In England, lo li*<<i htra 9'J,T<4 1 fMl. TtiU it at
th« rate of i.9t0 feel pef week. Tlie nuciber of fwi of Engliih make told
per vrrk during lUt timi! bcintt ro.OOO, wliilt in Ifl-i) It «aa aalf 2.1,000.
Tbe ii)port4tiaD,m*i«><l of niinn[ adiiphccmrnt nrBtiilith lalHour, hat,
bf atimulaiinf campoiition, Iniptovtd i^uality tiid lowered prirc, inil b;
tbaa incteaaiog can«um|itiun, caused mure £nglitti l%hiim lu be ttuplajreii.
The note of tbe etporti, ai ihown by ibn retutfi itr«ii[T rcfTted to, ia
«(|tia!l; utitfaelory. The exiiortt of EnglithgUii in 1^17 eieeedfd thniecf
184 G, In flliil-|la>*, hjr 20 per rftil-i in eommon wIndoir-'Blau. bt 4'i', m
tmtlle*. by 3 1 In looklng-gltiiet. h; 49; and in piatentaM, by liV [iercenl.
Well ma; Mr. llnKird rtmail:, "Loukiiig at the unexanipleil cunimcrdal
dilBcoltiei of 1917. Ibii incicaie it nlrnoit iaciedihle."
Two fact* rrlltiie to the trade in plBie-i;laii, itilcil bjt Mr. Ilnward. have
■ Ix-ari'ig ii9ia iliete paeral reiiilta tun impnrtAnt i<> be omitted, Of tira
•geaciei uialilisbcd lieie, ticlutirtljr fur Iha nile uf foreign plaie-glati, one
bM been ccirpcllcd to rrUn<iuitli tbe ■a.le of it, timplj from inabiliijr to
willt*<*<"l It'^iitli compeliiinn. Tbern vai no Engliih p!ate-Kl*H eipniteil
t« th« United Staiea in IMS ; «bil«, ia lH-17, it eipilled in araounl the tx-
p»ri» to all tbe Korld in 1846.
HoK. Lben. are we 10 aceauTil for com pi lints mtiit botb inandontof
PvlURirnt thai Btltifh ititrtnli hare auflVireil rmni the irmliiinn of tlie
gUu dolira.' Mr. llovanl ttirooi tomr liybt on lhiii|»r>tion : — "la 1SI3,
wben tbe eictx dui^f «iu rrniilted, tlic Etigliali tnakcra icdueed ilit price of
MmII plaui (ntiir.h foreigner* could not ifTurd to tend liere at all) lo a fair
UhI eqailable vrale, bat Ibe large platei (•bicli. poradoxieal ai it m»f appear,
CO«% la*> per 'out llitn Ilia ■maU unri) ncie kept up at tbe uiireatoiiahle
nlu queted above. Our neighl)iiurt, the Frenrh and Itetjiaiii. attracted and
•Beoura^td bj the aimpiiritjr vhich th«i Inrited then bere. under eoeer «f
Mir «icn(ive priea, aevordia;l< btiiiig:bl. uter and aold llieir larger falirin at
toorvooa pToflta, trhtlit nur mDimfairtureii. rFiliiing ilill gtrt\rt advanUgei.
■ffd tupporicd by an ifninenie drntand. relutcd to mniliry tliii rilriDnJirjary
larilT. althuugb ili ruanifcet injuatlcB 10 the public, and direct leinii'ni:! lo
lD}ure the icrr inierciC it wu intended to pnituule, liave bitea alinoii u.ni-
Tcraklt; condemned u the clioiax ot DWirdity,"
L«b«u' (ortna directly indiiidireclly nRa>l}-80per«ent.of thecoit of pUtO-
gUu. The rate mtteriil It nearly all Kngliih produn*. la thort, it ia »
■Aioral Rianufanure. Aa inch it waa dcpreued h; liMvy excite dntlei, lad
not reJievi-J by piotectioQ fioru (ureijn curiipetition. Since il lui bean
etHBiBcipalcil hotli Itaat the npptnitiii! atid the jirolectire influenci-i of lUcal
n^UliODa, It bai dmlj grown in atrenjclti and proiperiljr. In deltance of
eompelition. It it oiity uniJcr such a lyti^m that braDcbei of iiidu^iiy, na-
ival Ia a cciualt;, can fluutiili, and lucb bjiacbca of induilrj oaly uc
mUf Mdtaniagcoui to « nation.
THE CttEAT VIADUCT ACIIOSS THE DEE, IN THE
VALE OF LL.ANGOLLEN.
WhilB ihe speed to be aiialned by aeclianical ingenuity it being intemely
«0iuiidercd, Ihie architecture of our rnilwnyi i> unI foignlirn, and we feel
ViMMd lo bare It in our power to notice one of the moat daririK and atupen-
aooaaCbrlaof akilland ari lo irbicl] Ibe rail way bat given rite. \Ve refer la the
peat riailnct taow in courts of complelion aerau the tallry of the Dec, in Ibc
Vale of Llangollen-'lhe (llmeoiiani of nhieb lurpaia anf thing of the kiad
1(1 Ih* world. U'hile tbe tuboltr bridget aeron the Menai Straits and Con.
way RlTararc. frnm tbeir naTtlly.nitnetinj miirh itlnntlnn. tba enilertaking
Trfaired to hax proceeded nearly to conipletiixi. nttboul any eouiidembla
Jtotice being taken of ii. lu vailneii of proporlioni may lie better con -
<«Jie<l, when il it aiiied iUat,in riiagnitude it far eaoredi what la conaldered
the icreatril effort of human ikill in cotinccliun wilh raitnair comniunicalion
— ttic Stockport tladuct. The Dee riadact (for thta ia tbe t-rrrti giren
to th« «i>« at Llan);"ll'n) it upMardi of l&U feet alwre the level of the
vi*«r— beta; 10 feel bibber than me St«ckpon liaduel, and 34 leet bigher
Ibaa Menai ilndge. It ia lupported b; 19 archet of 90 f««l ipao, aad iu
len^h ia upKaidt of lii'M feet, or nearly nnn-tbird of a mile. The eutllae
itf Ibe airuL-ivre la. [leihapa. one of tbe handiomett that eoutd ba*e been
eoneeircd, tMIl) a* regnrdt ili chute ilyle end attracliie finiab ; and iti
general appearance i> cuaiideraljl)' enhanced by the roundneii of tbe archra,
vhlch are eorichcd by mitiivc i(uaini, and the curvilinear batter of the piert :
tbia ityk of aicLiiedtare impart* • fiace and beauty Lo Ibe atiucture wiibuul
iljip*irlng ita tlreogth. The greaicat altention aeemt Co have beeu paid to
tkc abut mentt— the only part of the ereetioo, in reality, vhere any decora-
ti*« diaplajr could be made, lo the niddic of both, oa each aide, tbeie are
beautifully eiecuted nichei ta tba Corinthiui order, in addition lo aome
highly. Gniihed tnainnrT. Tbe piera are nutljr erioaubt al tbe anplei. and
at the bate of nearly each there li a bedding of npwarda of 400 uintn Uti
o( maaanrv. With the eiccptiun of the eniraduei of the arrhr*. whKfe tie
conipoted of • blue »prt of brick, tbe whoto itruclurt tt built af heaitiiful
itine — if not u durable, equal in riehneia and hriUtaacD lu Darlydale. Tbe
viaduei hai an inclintll-An from find ta ei.d nf (0 frrt, and connrcta that part
of lbs Shrpwghtirj- and Chester Railway between Klioi.y.Medre and Cliitk.
Viewed frou beneath, the raal atroctur* preiuntt a nohle ariid irul^ granil
appearance, and ill bold proportioni.wiih ita height, ean not fall lr> i?all turlh
admiration from the moit indiffcrmi beholder. Vr'hlle (lie vi«w b*la«
develnpci irhat art can accomplith, that from tbe lucnRitt lurpniiei in rich,
ueti and luiariance of lh« pLcluresqua anf landicape in the kingdoni,
Siiualrtt in ih< middlo of the far-faned Vale of LUniollen, theie ia all tbal
nature and art can lieilow to make the vi«n chtrtoing and beaulifal. On
one aide are bi>;d and iveiling billi, on tbe other a plain teemini; nith
luxnrianee far and wide. Within rion are Cittf II Uinai Bran, or, aa it i*
ronmonk called, " Crnw Cattle," which li tititile on the etown of a eDnirtI
hill — tbe glaciated rocki, M'ynnilay. and Ponl.y.Cyaiyllle, or the Den Aqoe.
duct. This latt atructnre, wliieh conteyt the: Rlletcnftis Canal, ii within a
ihorC dlitanr« fram the tiaduct, and, from Ita beamy and tatcnl, imparls
additional intcrcat to the locality.
Tbe viaduct ha^ been erected by Metin, MaLin, MackeDzic, and Braaty,
conltactoii, at a coil of upward* of 100,000/., being upwarda of 30,ri00(.
mere than the Stockport Tiadiiet. The eait of ihe tinVr reifuiied la form
the acalfolding, iie.. for iti erection wai l&.ClOOC, and between SUd or 400
maiO'nt alone weio employed during tbe wbolf time of cOBitruclion. Within
I few miln (littanK tbero it anutber viaduct in coarae of building acron ibe
valleji of Ceiriog. Thia atniclure will be upwardi of 130 fret high, and will
have 10 artbea, of 4S feet ipan, and one nf ItO let'. The entire length
will be at leait EiO feet, and will coat, when coaplcted, a large lura of
mooef.
NOTES OF THE MONTH.
Thr Copfiny EUctrie Trkgraph. — Wo mcotioncil in a former imioher
(p. ]'J1 unit) that an electric telegraph bad been iuiciited by Air. Dakeocll,
by meant ol winch a written couiniunicalioi) could be copied al a dialuit
town, to u to enable enrrcipondtnta to recognite Ihe handwriting of each
other, Tbii lelcgraiih haa. during the put moi.th. had leveral trial* be.
twMn Loudon and ^luuitli. Itiat liue of wire bring (he nnl; one thit vin Im
Ipared by the Kleclric Telegraph Company fur eaiienmenti. Tbe retulta nf
tbaac triala bare proied (bat tlic power Iraniniilterl along ihc wire* ii i)iiite
luficieat for tbe copying prncett. at only the taiue batinics were eiupltiycil
a* ore necctiary lo work i1i< needle tolegrapL We iiave teen several apeci*
iiieni of the wilting copied aliing 10 rniUa uf wire, vrnicb prut's that wneu
tbe initrumenla ai« aceuiatrly comlrucled, eopict of any willing may be
taken by meana of Ihii telegraph. With the mndel malruniimta and a amgla
mre, the copying «it. «* underiland, done twiee at i[Ulekly aa erxnnvinKa.
tioui can be made by the needle wtlti a tingle wire, and llr. UakevveU vi-
pccta lo be able to incrcaae llie apotd ten. (old with larffer iiiilrumcutt.
Inilepetideutly uf the gain nf ipeed hy thi* mean*, there would be greater
cnnfldcncc giren to telegraphic communicati'ona, if ilio iiiletii|enco (cceite>l
were written In the handwriting ef Borrcapandenia, since by the prttcnt
node of 00111 muni eating there it no proof that the iarormatioo reccirtti i*
lutbealici and at the mMiig«i tranamttted by the eopjing ptocett are
traced from the original writing, there can be na errort comeniCted by tbn
miiunderilaniling of itgnala.
?*/ jVtw /Iro.'ifinoi Wor-Stntmir " Affenuo." — The Cril pair (if marine
steani.riiiciEiea built in (tollou. were cirDitrucied by llleMra. lleujimiu
Hick nnij Sun, fur tbe Ajfaa$a, DrHadiuu whT' sloanier, nliich baa uUimuol
■uch h'uauurable nolorivly by llie aerricei il rvuder«<J to the pkiacut^ota and
crew vf th* Oteaa Mantrck, Thr»e mginea are luaile uu the direcl^Lcliog
priaeiple, an SOO-tiorae pover, and aeveral Improvementt hwve bi>en iaVu-
(lueed in ibeir oonstrucllon. The< framing (or aupporling tbe pHildle^ and
intermedlain ibafla is made of furgje ur wnMii|[ht>iroa, and airme idea iriHy
iio fonued uf (he value of ibis imptuiemenl, by comparing It nilh [be ordi-
uarynsl-iruu framing generally aduuti^d. One of tbeae pLiinlal blocka,
of whiub there are four, wbcn tbaped nuJ l]i]iali«il, weighed K4 cvrl. ; but
■r malls u< cast ■ I nm, soil •qually (Irung, Ibe vifi|^b( wouM hate h»<n
80 cwL, andefoa tboa the llabJlty lo fraeKire woubl he uiitnci than trebly
buaarduus. There I*, also, in Ibe conatructiun of IlieM engine*, a simple
and lutprvveJ arrauitinriii of tbo eccentric and retcrsins niuilou, nhich
ruubks the Talvea lu be rcTetaeJ for gola,^ abcad or oatcio leltb tliu
greatcat cuae, au(I by whjch (Lc labour of three men lo oitch engiue ia
saved when rerersiOK. The mudo of introducing thn iiij>'ctiun wnivr ia
alio uf'W, aimple, ana elT^CllTa. The Affonna wai built fi>r navi^utlng Ihe
ahullow riBcri i>( tbe Itranils, .ind ihe la well armed (ur Iho prut'ctiun of
Ibeir trade, huting a 61. pounder for« and aft, wbicb bwIwI uo carnngea,
and aUitfuut St'|iuuudcrs in her aide )juns. The irHcl and cnginrs were
built under tbe otdcra aud inspoctiun of Adwiral tiienfcll. lbs Braailian
cuuaul at Liverpuo], and though fru'm tier euaalrBclion all* wa* not ex-
peolcd totad mure than U knot! per hour, ab« aeeonplished llf oit face
trial Mp.— UeetfMf ifereiiry
318
THE CIVIL ENOINKBR AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
rOttOl
n« Aritnaiii mi Conirav ilrMnt.— Ttit npan of Mr. fl(e|>hm«m.
pn-vctrd to thp iixvtiiii: of ike ChmCPr »nd Haljhrad Railnij, na ihr
X4lh uU., «1«in) (hut llifl contUnolioa ot l\i* MCMd IvW of lh«- C'lnnTay
biidct U far adtaocrti, *ad Itiert if do doobl il will !>• rMi); for tni«i(i<r«l
bj Diir uiitJIp of Clclatmr. 1'hF p<iDlM)a«La«' bfHii tilr«oEth<-»Hl. (ha ca|>-
■I*ai re-«rcctMl, Kod «VMy olher ■mofipmt'Dl In a furoNrd tiWlii for ill
pmliua. Alimt thmNfoarltMof (he mauMirf «rilip BrlUnnin-lirKlcr Iut#
br'-n cnmplrlnl : awl, IkkinH Ihe iirocrM^ Duwroakiniask tttiaW.II Ileal-
(tiliiir>J ihat thf flrtt iiibc will be nmij far liftinc K* Im Wk« iu Ibe courat
«f Acit Maroh or April. Tb« iroo-woii at tli* BriUDiiin-briJ|c* baa pro-
irrrainl B*cn mon ripidly tban wa* etp«clnl, and Iha (aur largr tube* an
JdM appKiaehiti)! «an(>lelioa. Tte whole ol Ihe unlrsl poriiaii of ttis lubM
U finbhrd, aail tha caaliaci at Ihc rait urn now b«noB iowTlcd. Tbe
•C4lfa1<liDt; flit tlir i-iid lubn im ibc Aaglmea aide 1* ramplpb;, aod ■ larfi
propoitiitn a[ Ihe troR i* «lrra>j) pigncheil for llirir iroDmllalf caoiimaca-
(DfUt. Tfie KatTiilditis at^Jfuj (or tbe lubes vd lh« Carvarvoo »J<I» will
b? creeled tmiDodiatctj, to opcB tha llaa liiroug>btiul a> rKj>iilly aa piiMibli-,
httty arfaagemcDt ia beiog inKl« (or SMtioc Uia tubas af Moa at tti«
tnawnry ia nadj. ■ Tbe woilia ibnostevt IIm what* of ika line ar* tiaml-
iDg in Iha moat aalbfaclory nUDcr. Tbs dallf piauM vf bFii; Iralna
through ihc Conmy lube for four nioaiba, togclber wiu ■ trtit* of care-
fal obtcrralioni m% to ihr rIEcrls tuiidaceil, haie euoplelals cslablitbcd the
cwrcctsfsa «f ibc ijcwi up«Q nbich the dcaiKoa for tbia and lb* ItritannU
w«i« baaed, Tifl coti icf <li>-« *iru(iur*» ba* »*ry mach upwded what
wnt urtgiiuUj ealtnlatMl uiran ; ao r».eoD*ld«nD|;, bnwoirr, the whol*
■uUjdcl. Mr. SUphMMD it aaliilipd Ibut the oieitiwl wlikb bat been
adopted ia cf«Uinlj tb* moat aligible, if out tbr untj praclicalllc ooa.
JOioit ^ Krr^a^tfJUnv f^bw <i/ &«.— Tht: follaninE leitcr bu been ad>
draiaed b; Dr. Reld tu a Jail; monilBs pa|ier i— " Aa ibc daii(tr from lite
at aea il attenJeil «iib ■<> vi\a^ appalling drciiuiiunc«a [of which «c hare
bad • rwcrt intlanct ip Ibt mtluitbolf oatastropb« of Ihc Ot*a» M<m*nA),
I beg to tubmit for Ibo public eoaiideralion. ood eipcelalty tmdprwritrrt, lli«
follOKlDJ pttn, at 1 Chnp, tifnpk, and c!l)cii<nt method i>( prei«ctiiig tb-t
oecurtBOM of ineb tuei>lanU. FUtne or combuation cannot ga on obare
tbcie i« carbunie acid gu. Thit it one vf ili« aleuicotir; pttncLpIra o( chc
laiaUy. k ntj b« ihaiiTi in tuiou* wtjrt. A lifhted Uper pluniif i1 into a
jttoi carbonic add gu U inManianeoutljr eiiiniuiabod t (>'■ if xe take ibe
glan of a eonimoo argtnd biitnor, and dote tbe upper cod af it bj' a Sat
pUte of glau, or ertn b; a pitcc o( card or pailcboard, firmk, %•> cou-
pletolf U to prcTeut an* current of aii ihrongh tbe lubci un inltadocing for
about ID inch or v> th« Bamc at a eiaAXe at the Other extreuil; (the gtau
of Uiaarpnd buiner beinj; hEld upright) it «ill, uaaallTin Ihe t^tn ot little
mare tbau ■ mlnm«, Im emnfUitliKJ. morale b; the aeeuiauUliiin of Ibc
earbonic acid gu produced bf it* own combuatlon. The pfciduiiion of
etrbonie arid gu il comphleljr at our coromaad, fur un adding dJiiie ml*
phinic acid lo cbitk. «c can tet at libetty, in tbe >iiace of two or tbice
■lioviea, tnunuDus Tolumca of ibh ao-callcd tied air. The coit of miterial
tot a (hip of 1,000 torn would oot acced HI. or SO/, tleilin^ Vj mcini
of tube* proceeilinif frgm t1i« spper JtcIi in counectiun wilb a eiilerii
Mnlaitting the dilute lul^hutic wid. lo Ihc quirtirs bclO'V where there i«
moil likelihood uf dan^rr frnro lira, nr oiovcjiliic bote {mtdt of g-ilta
percha), *hicli can be introdiined Into anj p*rt ot the leuel — Ihe oil of
vitiint. pmioiiilv diluted witli water, eiD be at ones potired o«ar ih« ebalk
(which II tn lie ih.ra«n down in tbe place wbere the Qro rageej, and Imme-
diainly, the nrbotiic acid Iwinii wil ai lilMfl;, tbe lire 1» exiioguiahed : fur
Mrabuttion cinnul go on In an ilinotpbere of cerbonio acid gu. 1 have
been much occiipieil ctperlmcnting on this tuhjeet, ant) find Ibat from fire
ton* of chalk, at nucb catbvnio acid gio maf be abtaioail la will bn *uS-
oenl lo cQoipletel? All a *(a>elo( MOO ton* burden. Ttit expenieof jafing
the luliM w{ll not exceed 30f. or *SU. ; and, one* Uid, lh«rf it no foftbor
iroabte or expeoM. I may obierre alM (fiw fx|ierlnirnt« art nc variance on
Ibii lubjc:^!) that it ii noirequitiie tu htie an ainiuipliere abtolately coiiUit>
iiig nf c«rhgnic icid gai lo extin^uiih flime, for »onie eipeiimcoie abow
tbet a laper doe* not hum in sa utmoiipherr nf thrrr pari* almotphcrtc air
and one pert carbonic acid (U. Li^hl«iu):.conduclor* ate piavidcO (or abipa
— mrgrons altia id Uli« care of the lirslih oi Ihe crew — M»urcrily at «i-
pcDic (and it ii but a lrifl«) wouid be gnidKcd to iccuie a tliip and itt pw
teofcrt from llic contingency of auch a latlaiieholy mithop ai th»( of flrr.
If thii itiFthufl «il> <!u — end ihcr* ■csidi tn hn eTrr;iIiioa in ita favour — nil
our emigrant ihlpi. indeed exerr *blp. ought to be lecurei a^init a ealuniiy
wbieb reillj niu*l be held aa tbe moit dreadful that can oeear to a t«n«l ai
lea."
South-Eaittrn RxiJuvirr.— The norke at (.nnilon Rtiilge lor eolareinE
lb* sUlluu and widcniDE the Orrcunlcb ltitiliTii> undurt, taspcndcd
duHoK Ibe muurlar; panic nf 16l7. hnvo bucn roxinicd. Tbe bnd^o tu
creaa BcrtDOodhi-v-*'rrM it r«(>i<tlj progtcnaiog. 'liie (ifuinriid l>nioi;h ii
alio in a verr fL.iuatd iiaie. It t« eipectad to be opened fur public Iraltio
eirl^ la Ihe ipnnii.
AoiAroy 5fjmalr.— Anotlier of the manf contrlranots anggeited fur en-
abling puiengeri in railway tiaini la cutaiQUiiicate with iho cnginc-dritrr
or guard, IiBt t<crn rctrnily pei^ntcd, lhiiD£h it ditfen little from tc'?cral
eiber* oS the Miiie kind. Tbe piicnlcc i* Mr, RicliBrd Raird, of Dundee,
aoil he claiiDi llii; ipjilicfltiiuii uf tuhti to railway eairiigci, anil ihr cona-
blnation of corJi. "im, or chains with the tulw*. in tucb iit»nner th»t
eilbei the putengcn or guard ta^y lound tbe iteaoi-wtiiitle. Il U prnpotf d
lo «i>ivRei-t the cord* paiiing throiij^h th4 lubei under each carrlige hj
iprittg booki.
GrMi IFeatrn* DocJu. Plyatoaf* — TfaeMt dixka an brwB
wlib impldlj. and, when cuwpkird acourdioi; to ilie decjan. mI
■ccoumodaiion tuprrior lo ibai >IFi>r()ed by any rfurkt -f fioi'le
The inner baKio- or Ooatlog (h>rk, will ^ taiKibleof roiiiaini
inc ample whurfac* (or IS i4«ainer> o( the ldrai'*t *<sr.
believe, equal lo lint arvonnnixlateil by tlie Kreal huio ai t'^iuvMsiL
reerDlly upeoed. Then will l>e two entianrr* lu Uiii boaia ; one •■
adinil iMrcikaillloeo of the lartril aiu, and ateaaiboaia uf aidlaarji illi*
aioB«, fur iwu or three boon btfore anil afirrbiifk waier— ihnncbtWetbv
111* tiirg*«l *ere«-el*anirr c«u pa** ot high natrr. Tbe anea of tWeaw
iMaia ntll be nearly SOaeree. If Ihia bafin Blioald Im dceiicacd lo (bt n-
leal propoMit, Toiaei* can Miier and be afluni in it nt all liwr* of thr tih
wltbuoltbo delay of paaloK iliroujh « lurk. Tliia !■ an •d*au(a|;>M
poateoted bj Uirrpoul. and iitaoyolher porta. Tli<f aotirBciipat of «ta(
■IC* will eioeed a mile, aud Ibe arva uf Ktiiund fur atom it oilc^aaitB
ine Km'vtl poaiible trade. — Dcronforl Ch'onich,
Birkt'litud £lnrJt«— tiapprtri by tlie Lirtriuml Tlawa. Ikal iW ms
■ctii-e preparaliuoi are filing us In ibe ruj;iaert'a drparmrat of ibttr
wci>l<t>> in ihe |>nipar«liiiii uf norkiiig 'inmiof^t, j(c,, for ibe II r imrimi
ai*Bl of tbe tooeliucliuii uf the dock* (urlhwilh, Arrausrmrala, Il if md,
have beea Bide for niiaiag Ihr reijulBlU eapltaJ, aed oodoubl nm^mt u b
theeacceaafulsccampliabiueut of tbeobjeolof the aewireiL An imponui
trade ii opening up in Ibe cipurCudoo of roal Truin Ihe Wptih aiait,
n hick can he brought, il ia laid, lu Bitkeubead docks, aod putoabeatd
rcMcti at very considerably Icaa eoet, aod wilb far (reater facilli],ttia
freim tbe Lantaahire coal-ScM.
Thr Gtimtki) Docbi,— Thus* are nilghly worksi unJ ore pracBdiif
with oiual aatisfacliTy rapidity, Mtik« creditable lo all coDcerocd, Tk
chief rn^ioBfr, Mr. Kroilell, ia oxpecled eliortly ; but Ihe rDttsver. Mr,
Adam Kmiih, Who la vtty properly called the resident eogin^er, is altn]a
aa the worka. There i« a dijifeel, or rather a tiukiu);, in one ponioa of lb*
pilea from the "blow laoda''^^ uaine upun which lladiliun ba« etbsaMd
ill ingrnuily, anil has luniiued up all by asciibiog lu deniuniiu: asrocf ik
-' fslboalcs* pit." Sbakspears wsa ri|hl ia pulliug iatu Itamltl'itiUf
quisiai Iboufbta, " Oh, wbat a loiRhly pic^ uf work ii mun I'aaikal
hcbved Iv i«* Ihc mi^bty piectra of work whicb aaa acbioeca, sane oAtf
aa appropriair eachiiuutiaa wuulil by him hare been fomiabad. dt
hundred and fifty acre* lakoo fruin tin- sea, sud defcnrea rKicad lopmMl
the mlKbly ocean clalniinK beck ''its own." aud sucb dcfeDoeaaawtf
rcsUi It* foamlni niie, let its ballcrlng wa>ee laah it lu lfa»; laoy— bv
ronlDit from aoino of Ita lister land cbnik a* Ibe meana of defeace, <(
wbkbuulcsf a quantity IbuD 10,000 ton* ate every week eoo<r)HeB«
riidd of imn, Ry n<ilnb«r, Il it *\pirc(pil all will be reidj In reeeiwl*
Hoynl HlghuoM frincK Albert, tu l.iy (he fiitl ttiiue uf (I>i.- iiiifodtd R*yti
Albert Grluiiby D«rh»; and. fltilhtn ihren jrars, adock of STai ~
be ready tu receive veaiels Indrn with (breiEU sloree, 6a mocih]
ruutd uul hare been oiaiiii bill fur Iho prrtrYrranro of Mr. Alf
and lbi>M under big dirrcliune.— iVol'ii|r^'>''irJ><T Joimof.
L'fifton Su»ptnM«ii ilritlfc— I'pwirda uf £40.000 have alrcadr I
eiprniltid upuu ihi* undrrukinjE, and no uuro luvuey being T
Uie Works are nu^v at a tUiidaCill.
iaij>r(rr«mentt in ffridxr fiaUiJinr, — A fine woiflcn bridge ha*
breii erected by llio CsiobuilnaK-ri^ad Irustres, ocrtigs ibc n<er
DalniMrouvk, lo auppl; tha pLace al Ihi- old ooe, vthKb ia Adw SO ]
oh I, and vnr) iiiuj^h dm^aji'ii. T hi- new bridge wa* comtneiMied ualy In
inciulhs ago, and wan built rrnmadeeixo by Mr. UubluD, Cti. Tb« aMi
lensili of Ibe bridue is 355 feet, and Ihn iviJIb wllbln the sutrn"
23 fcPt There If a firalpuCii i>a each side, entered wiib aapfeafcl
nttnt, and the rood-way It coiapo«*d of a miilure af uphalir sad i
ilooe uicinl, brt>kcD, T IdcIms deep, and laid oo the t»p -jf \i<e |jiabkk
which hail b-eo prriiiniiilj welt caulked with oakum, and coaled'
pitch and land, for the purpoi* of rothing it water light.
CireaJar ^eienijr — An etpsriioeal liis bcao lately maJe at Ihe Si«.i
Wool wich- dot: k yard, witli IUf vie* nf letting tlia (fficieuty of circuUf aiai
io cutting ihrongli the eeeite »( roufh timber of a diameter nearl; ■aas' M
Ibat of the iiie itieK. An elm tree — ana end uf which wsa of i
dlatoetor of the uw — wa* placed upon one of the circular sawing i
having a aiw 4 feet ttimueLer, and a self-feedioii motion, in ihe wn
By tbii mutton the uoe was hrought luwsidi the *aw. aud patecd «h
and by a reiertc motino, it wai tnrucd bark. The uul uimIo ia iba
paailng aver the saw, was m iluaJ wood all tie way, ao*! fallj 'M ia
detp. Ailer the tree wat iuti back, ii xas ludiod orer, aod adjii»ie4l
iccondeut. to line Kilh the lir*t ; and in llii> {lotition II wa* broagbtl
sold, sa lie(Dre. and coioiiletcly divide<i in two.
Mrthiid e/ H'eislmg Irtm, SM, aail S-StrUrm. — In an earthera i
melt biiiai. anil add to it oiin-itnth of sal.amOLOnia^. When ihete
dienU ere properly fused and niiied, pour Ihein out upnn aa iron plMe.
let ibem eool. There ia thui obtained a giasiy matter, lu which i« M b
sdd*d an cijiiiil qtiioliiy of quickiim*. Tbe iron and steel wbich aren ti
•oldered. tn llrtt healed to ledneu, tlmn thii cumpuund. brat ralncc4H
powder. i( laid upon ihrm : the cuuiputilion inelM and runs like lahi^
Kux. Ilic piece.* are then replsircd in the Aire, taking tare to boat ihcaM
a tempera 111 re (ai belnw that iianslly employed In wcldinf[ j Uie; aia IM
wLtbdraxri aud baniinrrod, and the surfaces will be feuad lo be Uiwp*'
foGtly united. The aulhor aiaeiia thai this procaaa. wbich maybcMifMB
welding *hcel-iioa labct, aever (alli. — .V«cAbb»cs' Jriofaiiiie.
-nikl
rr.;
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECTS JOURNAL.
aw
Tkr lt»Hlli-Foritiild UthlkttHift.^ThpM rAi6crt •« now onniplcttii,
Ibrir u^|««taii<r rrlli-cls tmllt oo all psitirt coricrrnril id ih'ir rroc-
TbncwiMii — ibc an* calliil tbr L'pp((,iiiKl liic ether liic Lowrr
Suiilk.Fur(laiHl lJ)chlbuvM. '11>b Ii»<IIuiJ on irbioh thejr lUod in (h«
»*«mt potui III KB)(laniJ to lb« cOMt uf Fi«ae«, lh« dwt«iie« htiag bnrv-ly
SI Biilns aeiom ibo Cbaom). Th« upper ligbilioDj* mmuU or a inu«li«
low«r (ciipcmji; ocujoOi Inlfrnatly circular), ihti bntliom nf »htcti i»
nboui ITi Cfrt abo*« higli-itaitt mark, lra>ii>K ■ pcr|i(iiillciiliir hriKlii uf
the cliff on oliich it ia ultialcJ uf atuut IIW fi't-l, Tbc Uatliora it rou-
atrsttcd oa a utfTcl priactpk. It Ja fuiuUhcd nitb 3C< nmT<:>[f, which &«■
iiicliiui«<l en <l>r aide v|>poai(«>lbD twn bjr «ii Irnii'it. Tiixr mitrirn. ckBhii^
■ multilmllnout KlIecUonoD fach otbf r, afTonl n slnng and lirilJiaut Jl,;hl,
brin|[ tiparly vit-iblr uii Uie npitufilie ooagt, ihrouKhout (he Down*, Rami-
Kair, am) rxu MuTKa'c. tuiil Ibe la'alcal porliou of Ihe Ulo uf Tbnncl.
(Thr lamp, whicli it m llierrurri' i>rili>:Uulb(iru,ton«ittB(>rnDeUn[c »ockcl,
nta'uiDf; har burpers ; auil It Bupptiel ilacIT wilb ull by mf*"* I'f • hiaii
^ftf ■■Ivck-wurL iiiiicbiu«(7, *>tiicti, wliilv il pump* up ihr ml Ui lli« «ii:k,
*Uo Mlaniit ll»« turptut <)Uftoliij' lo lbs rvatrvoir ; and la caM uf any
d*fi>cla. ur aail of itupply, by a imall bjdmulli; balanci*. ilnkpt n (liarp
linklioe bclj.aa ■ i^aruini; lu llic kMpi>r. Tlie macl>ln«rj imfiry »imple,
»>dal th« Mnirtitti« ruriuu*. Tbr luiiihonicoualaiaofacupnln, tborutirmul
•iitca or which ara cumpnaed gr ucaily viiuiijiliMrgn rrawcf, npparolly
l^hU but »uSlci«iilly tliunn Ic ttnnJ iKuiiiil iha Unprat. It ii puclotrd
by W atUtag puM or pUieglaia, from V| ir> i r«»i long. Arouad iha
mpol*, oD th* rsirrfor, li a balMDy, reailrreij Ml* tiy ■ ratlulliitad para-
ii froB whicli, in ftrar «eailHr,a iplruitid vl»i* la oblalned. TuiiaitiK
llie Dpptr lifchiliuiiMr, aLiuui « quartr-r of ft mile raiierly, ia ihe bwtr
■BTi Kandlag ua lli« virri;r uf tbe [JilT, The luwcr ia out m biith a« ibc
ii*r, iipilhrr i> it linbtrJ nu ib« naiur ptintlp'Ht. U'itbm ihe luutliarti
r« aagpvndcd from cupppr tiraucbrs li Antaoil lniiip4, tHrli Iihvihk a
irner of ralbet Utge diuicDiioDti uiih ii cuci^avr rf flrciur of Iho grnxli-at
I>rilliaDc.->. aud abnul IjO indirt in dlaoiFler. Il apprarg lliat it l» in ii
mailer of duubl wliicb ijaepiii of lijbtiuj^ is piYfcrablr, bul llic C-orpura-
Itou at Triuity are kivIak eadk a fair trial.
71« " AVv Slar," Siraaioat, — Sninc rupnimrnta ftcra tried on thb tc*-
el, DA tbc rivci Ttiiiuci, uti ibc 3'lh nit,, pic)jaralarv lo Ibc buildinfi of a
rnvw iroa •(««»». Tbn Criali wcie bigtil^ lulisfaeluty, in avc(>))e ipcrd
being attained, aflcf Hvcral tiiali i.t tbe mile ditlanre ai Northllfrc, »f 13
aiilet pef bour ia deail waiftr. Tbe engiiiet and vmi^I «»re naimriaurcO
by tlniri. Miller and Kivrnhill. Tonnage. 3i>^ ; uicilIallDg tiiginei of 6S-
bat«« ponrr ; duiiiiriri uf i.'>liiirffr«, 34 iiirliM: ttngUi of tirokc, 'i'^ iOOiS*
brr i>( rtvolntiuni per mlaucr, ts.
IrftucA ••/ a Sitam r/i»rl in lite ThuHtt* /tr Sertic* ia SmIIiiiuI, — A
*rrj biindK»itr>liuiJI im>i biMl u-m launi^hrd, on Saturday. (U<i ISIh alt.,
froai 1)1* l]iiilili»^->urd ol nillkr, Bavpniiill, and Cu., Urclmrd-uburr,
Starkwall, Th» i» the thinl tr«»rl liirncd mil by Ihe uliuve finn for Ibc
lisNntcli 10") Nortbcrii Itiiilwnv Cumpiiti) ; thr iwii fumirr rrisrlt bring
jtMinu iL* Ibe Auld Fltikit, uiid TKant i/ f'irr. The ocw cinft ii ctprciailf
ptc<l for Ibn puSMgv auruia (bni Fntli uf f orCh, and u ill have a vpced
Upvrio* (o Itiv tuiiiirr iii]iiii<lioii. Sb* Wan oliritlrocd Ihe F-rprtit, »tid
rill b« furoithMl wlib n pair nf OMtlLaling vUKinea uf rjl)-bur>>c potrar,
I [mir at (»t>llt«(liie wlivrl*. Iiibiilar bnilpra, he, nhtcb are not* erMtlog
tmard. Iter icij|>ili is ISO feet between bcr pcrprniliculnn ; bmillh,
I4t) ferial lotdlinv; ilcplJi, 11 fcel; draught of «r»lrr, A f«cU
Allrgtil Prviiuttion irf « l'r*Kl 4j/ Stiam in llir Year 1S13. — M.
(U4ml«>, 'Iiri'clurol tbe Uuyal Amli.iirca of ^ininiic'r m (>p»in, pnljliBlicd
HI ISi6 an iiccouDt of nu Iniruliua by UiAicu du liHmj, > oavil caplain,
iliu,tl » iiuLtd, R>li)t>iicd lu ^piiiu, in 1&I3 no engiiir, by wliicb ftbips of
liugrti itur otiuUl Ih' piMprllHl lu u c;iliii wiiliDut tlie Mid o( (lacs Uf
atla. He uiiule aneapprinicot liefvre cniumiMiuiierB, appuiiilcd fur Uie
parposc nf DtaminiuK hia iniecliDa ut HartclDUU, uu ibe 17ib uf June,
IMS— Ibo •oxl uaed being d ahip of iW Xtat, Uany, «e an infuitued,
[wttlicd l-> keep bt» niccbaniiio u Mcrvi; but it wasobierv«d iucuii«iM
iitly of A Urg« cauldroe, at venMl af bi^lling wftter, and of Inn niove-
blc whcrli, one OD saeb Kids of ilic tbip. The«iii»ritiiMi luccerdtd *u fur,
liKt the *(»f] ■*» pfDpalled at Iho rale of iwu Jraguea in llirre buunt ;
I tbo inTculiir iiii.i rrtranlrd by retreiving • toot uf 2IM>,<II>0 inaraTrdl*,
«Mc* baiisK bii cipcoicf defrayal from lb« public treaiury. It la
ddtd, thai Ibc invvuiioD houIcI haie brm furtlirr viicuuraged had ool
Ktatc Mpediiioni of i^r^ ai c<iiriie<{iience claimed lt># inioiiMllali! sllMilioa of
aperor. Autl it i> inapuitaiii la meutiiiri, tlial Ibe auttif Dlicily of the
iMitirv hintnry cif liaray'i ■□(rntioo. ai publiilit^d by UoDittlra, baa beeii
[wlkrd Inln ((orstitii), mid that Du practical iraulla uf «uy ulibty followad,
r'a itofmUM.
0»tla Pirtka thaU.—kt Snemnht, a No- 1 pilot boat, built of gutU
. bai bo«n if«l«ri. it U ITj Utl long, *ail ifauugb ivearly illled with
[»•!««■, Kud bavioK four man im Ita BUiLwaie, kept ii* liuujiuicy. It
weiglia IWlb. and lutlaliM a preatum of 13 curt. It nut only auiwer*
Uw porp««eaf a pituC-bMt, bat is hUo conicftiblE iutu » lifn-fawt. Tbia
■ubaUAca mu»t luiike au rIcdIel^l tift-bool ; and befurr w> »aw lltu sbuvc
Kcmnl, >*e ImJ iljuii^lit III chIIiiik utimiiouto Ihe (eiuibilily ol thiii nppll-
(■ti'in. 1'tie loiighiiif^f, vUttirdj, auil Ii^itucua vf thl& ntaivrijil, fur ibe
pnryo^ei of bi>al-budditi{(, Ik uu'|iital ablv. Tlie price t« out^ dollar prr
pound, and SO puund* juuM make a biiat of K muleiale Sirar. i'lit' old
(uUn pctcba caa be tuld at « redu«td prKc— 6cMii(r>le Ajutritvit.
fadina Wvttr/alL—kaumf lh« cllITt of the E««l»ni Ohanta, about niid>
way btiwren Rocnbay and up* Cunrorio, riMa the riier Sbiranati, which
fall* iniu ibe Arabiaa Sro. The b.<d uf ibu rlror m OM-duurtfc uf a mile
ill dirrcl brcaddt ; but Ibo rdjitt ii( llio fall ia riliplioaJ, wllli K sweep ol
half ■ iiiit*. Tliin budy nf water ruth* ■ al Gnt, for MO feot, on** a alopa
ai an anil* of 45", In « abw\ of wKiU fflsoi, and la thtm pr«eipltated to
th« (leptb of S9U fMt mora luio a black abyai. wliha<bu<ideri»gaoi«e. It
has, ibcrefore, the depth of 1 ,150 fuet \ In tbe raluy lentuu ilie river ap>
pear* lo b* about SO f<rcl id depth si the fall i in the dry seaton it ia lower,
and la divided iiM* tbrco ciucauc* of I'aried Iwauly and aaioniabing grui-
doar. Jain oM All of Gene*** In that «f Iba ht. Lawrrocc, aad lk«a
ti>bl« lh« Iww »tili«d, and w* bare the diatsacc of the SbimwaU cattraoi.
Wilde vr» allow lo Niagar* a ruM Bup«'riDrily ia bulk.jM lu mp«ti (n
dlitance uf rlrKrat itiibuta mouoUin rillcumpared with lla lodiiB rival.
— Hnduittr Hemacrml.
Tke AinmcHH t^ki*. — Profrxaor Dmlir, of Cinelanali-h**b#en making
•omn i>l)i«rvati(>n( apov ihtue inland >i>at, and (ivf* iho rr«ult* lo ihr
public. Tbe cbalo of lit** nitend* over nearly ri|[bi and ■ half dvurves
of IcinKJludc in Icnjith. Tbc ellrnt of their mirface is riUmaltd at 03,000
Nquftre inllea; and the irra of cotinliy drained by tbem ia compoiml «i
400,000 t()a arc railes. Tli«ir rolalix aitca vo a* f»llon'*: — ** Ustariu,
6,SUU Mfunri) Killeti Eri^,V,GOD; SI. Clair, SGO ; lluruD, 811,400; Supe.
ritir, £i,Ul>il. Tlie artmge depth of waler in th« diffrrani likct i» a(|uei>
liun upon which lb«r* I* 00 certain InrormaiKio. Autbomle* dl0*r. Ur.
Dmke Kite* II B» follow*:— »t. Cluir, ICO feel; Erie, U; Ouiailo, 300 ;
Supc^rbr, ifO'O I Huron, and Mlvhlgao, 1,000. lu aiaudafd worha, Lake
Erie la ti*iiiilly staieO tu haie a depth of 120 feet, Tho depml uiuidlnia
haro brvu luadv in Liike Huron. Off Snginaw Bay, 1,600 f««t of lioc
hare br«n tont doita w ithoD i fliiditig ibe bottom, Th* alilcude ol tb«ie Jake*
rariea tmp by step from Ontnnci lo Superior. Lake Onlano 1* 133 feet
atKiin Ihe tiilV. water of Ihe St. L*nren«>. Erie iiSSSfeei ibuve Ontarki,
and r>6S fert above tbi- tiiitf-waler at Albany. Si. Clair U fl feel higher
than I'^riT) lludio aod MivbUaii are 13 fcrt abmo Si. ('lair, rnij Sup«rlar
\\6% il fcfl <tii»v tlifiii. TbiK >hiiw» tlie curiuu) fact lliHt nhile tlw BUr*
facr of Huniu is 6M4 'rel aticiia tli« Ivtil of the oiesii, lU ballom, al
Saginnff lisy, 18 more tbun 1,10(1 below the lam* level. The water* of
tlirae lake*, with the eicrptioo of Krie and St. Clair.are remarkable for
ihrir Iranspareniy and dclinuui flavour. Uf Lake Huruu, I'rofrMor
Drake aaccnaliiril lliul tbe watif at the inrfiicc, aod 200 fert briow Ihe
esiue place, Indic&icd prccitd) the aanie icinprraikre, — Dtiriicly, lliy*,
Hia i-xplHuatiuQ uf ihi* fact i( : llie watera arc bu pure Ibui the raja of
(he ann meet with no idld mailer to lucpMitliMi lo arrest and retiun the
h»al."
Stw Ctmtnt.—Xim BuffVU Journal tJewribes a valuablit oetDCDl, which
was tint ducovered in aliaiou, Medina cotioty, Ohio, and, after imiier*
going IliD luoat DioFouuh Ir>l, Ii4* bcoa prooouneeil of |{rt«t value for
ceiu<.-u1iuit mor* of building*, *tMiuboal decks, ^-c. Tbo mine ilsrif (lays
llir I'ituiand tirraU) I* one of th* mottainsiilur depoailoriei to be fouuil.
It icciu* aa if p'Mirnl lulu a large land'Slune basia, Coveriue louie font
■crca, I* fi>und ut tbe ilepih of 20 fed, prrsenU an cvco le>rl surlace, is
abiMii fi feet thick, and wbtn dug out la aa harder than tallvx, auil ia en-
tirely ffcf from dif t uiid iilhi-r iiopurilin. Ao pipiHurv of Iwg wtvks lo
the air r.hiii<(;(> the rcRieni lo iiltine, to hard, that it la diMeull la grind,
la prrparinit II, tit* cemoul is llral ground wb«ii grven, and after It ha*
bren bardenad. It Is Krouod SitaiD, and reinaius lo a powdered state until
nilKnd with oil for use, Wbsu applied to roufs, It becumra hard and
durable Baalata, and iaacrtiaia flrr-prwf,and i* lu nu way airsoledby Ifae
wvather. W* ba*o been abowu «*p>«iineu(if ilie teoiaot tbat baa beea en
wood n)De noiilbs, wbuh udhar** closely, i* as hard a* tbo slate* naod la
schools, show* pencil mark* eqnslly lu wall, and ba* the grit of a Sue
hone. The cost li small, beinu 9 dollars per cwt., which, wilb tJw laow
auiuuDt of oil, iaauAlclcttt to cover l,:iUU Mjuarafoct.
A Pifrlrail o/ Ur. T. Ciiilt, by Pickersgill, hu been labscribed for by
lh« Ltuildct** Society.
Salt. — A apring of brino boa ju*t been ■' lapped," by Mr. H. Smllh, at
t>mitwich, (^beabiie, al the di^plh of 91T feet— briog ■ gri^alar dvpth tlian
aoy before discovered i itie uiual depth tiriii£ ITU or leo fcel.
On llir OecHrrnuf o/ Vanadium iii tlu R/fintty Siag <//' A'tajfvrdtkirt^-'
Mr. Deck, ID a GujuniuntcatUio U lb* tjkrimieat liaiitU, Huy*— ~ lleing
couiiultsluDtd by an eniiueui Knsllsh railway Hociueer, who has direried
mncb aitentiuo towards the (lunlities ol itua employed in bhdgn, 8(C., tu
cxaa^ne turue rciiDviy nUg, tvbicb, wiilivui any aa»i|iwUa rmsuB, liad
the property of uupaii;ng cKlraui diuary dutUlily to Ihie irm with whi-di
it wa* Dii»od, 1 bate nuccceiJcrd in dhwoveriog a \»rf,t ,|uiiutity uf vaoadiuai,
etiMing aa dllcala ol vauadie acid, corobinod wiili sDiail gioruaoa of
aiulybdena, cbruoie, aud tbe uioal quaatliie* of pliosphonc actd aiiU sili.
caie», T'ho Dmi metal tKiug cuttflaed lo few Iticaliiiu, ha* bad it* pro-
pertiea but little sindioil by Engtiab cbenilsts, aod liaa hllherio been found
ill nu ullier >lag tlua that from lbs 'J'abe(|j uiiue lu Sncdva, lliu irou uf
vtLwIi ID rvaia^kable fur ila ductility ; aud nu ic-uiiiin in made of il in Dr.
I'erey'aclabuTBte analyse* of slags for th« llriiidi A^otiaiion. Thofoaa.
Illy of *Ib( at my oooimaiid operaied upon was tery musiII ; but ibe vana-
dium existed lu a noch large* profottiun ilian in the Swodiib slsg, wbich
1 bate alaoe exaniaed \ ud It it, doubileae, iho cauo of tlia anjiefiur
duotUity i»t both."
320
THE CIVIL ENGJNEER AND ARCUITBCrs JOURNAL.
lOmwK,
hj Mr. U'bii*, «r KcDnioKUa-Mtd ; it li far tli« purpaM of *lkiait-aDt lh«
MIth. of juit Kulhcirdl widili fiir ibo biIitiImIoii at lli« ptpN. lotlnit <if
lb« unknrrkwrr iDcl niprniir* plan at potral (fron) ntCMUtr) M Ui*. af
dtgginc • UrntJi larKt nioiigh (or Ihr aico lo unfh la, prrltftp*, Z fr^t
WitM. when it may rvijuirc only n 4 incb, or, at ■lusl, a 6-tDch dnlii.
Tli« atcliinii contiMt or Iwv lac^c wn)U|tht-irva wlirvla, «f lay rrqulred
(liMi*t«r, 14 tocb thick at (he f«ii1>i- (i>r Vt tarh** dtatnvlor, Ihen lapninn
lu a knifn-eitg*, «hk]i i« (n bn harririicd (reel. TLtiM am (ilti>d id a
bwu*, louiinllalclj beUinil rKcb iillirr. but ildawaj*, »uch a di>Uim> apart
U Id mil tbr dUmelrr of ihr pi|w inlmdrij to be fiupluycd. Thf y turn,
linwrirrt mlbcr clw«r at bultoin than at thr lop, ia ortirr l<i rtudrr the rul
of B tapcriDS Fvrni »inatlr*t at battam, tot llie nivrr rca<ly rruii^al of th«
(Mlb. Tlie iiii)>liMii<-al it drana by tior»a'|»>Mrr bt'^Lwitnlt nii-J forwanln,
ia tlie dirrrtion or llii- culliiij, until tbn D««ruarj di-ptb t« t«<ioirMl, Aa
IbVM kuiie'Vrhn-li would put much better, by baving ■ j>t «( tral*r drip-
irinx Bpiiii Iht mrlh tu he rut, a cidrrn )■ prupnard la bt c&rrifd ttpon the
Intne. To ctr« iucrpawil— inilfpil, doublr— povrtr tci the honr*, nhea
tl>r frictioQ nould t>« •try grcai, bbuibII aach^jristobc Citd In the fitaunil,
at any Jiiiiiocf, for a amitle piece of mitiog — a rope Iroin which w«uld
jiaM Ihroujh a piillfjr on the macl.lne, and tltr \mnnt poll ffoni that and of
Ihr rnpp : the <anb 19 artrrwarili rrioaied by a poiulisr plobRh. Siippoi-
ioK Uie iiriplfiarnl lu trafpl al Ihe rale of I ) milo per hour, and thai it bad
to pat* (ivrrtlic cruuod ibrrellint* to prndurv \t» rrfgiiirtd d«pih, and that
llie dUiimce betweea the drains U>0 ft,, lo 10 boara it would eul 16 acrra.
NmiUiug Capfttr, — A corrMpoiKletit of tba Mtmng Journai t,iiti the
fdlluniac piucrM as udopltd at Tumas, tn Norway :— Tbr are, nhiclt la
lh« commuo copper pynlci. cunUlniog a lari;c prDpurti«D of tuipbur,
wli^D tirou|hl frotn Ihe miap, ii (palled to about lie aixe ot a, walniil. A
roiiud Itlln, built of dry *loa«a, about S l«rt hii^fi, nilh aprrlum al thort
la(«rval*, ii conttmcled ; two nbic fathom uf wood ure laid id tbe boi-
lum ; va lint the ure ii pUcvd • Ihfi qaantiljr of wood, in grneral, U aup>
po«ed l4 be sudltient fur the calcination of 100 ion* of orr. U'ben lit,
the niaas k<"'">'1)' biirtin fur tbrte leeekt ; toiracdvlhe dare of the opera,
liOB, tiualls nr« llimnB ou the pUci to picieal tbe 100 rapid calcioalion of
the ore. A* *«an a* the Bre ha* ceated, the kiln U opciiril, aad iIip urc i*
then whMted lo lb* imHtin)[-norka; if prnptrl} cakiiied. It haodark
rvd iippe«rance, mnil i« ctcectJiogt; friable ; jrvat care 1* requiti-d io thin
npvralion. ■» luo nDdi beat will caiiiw the ore ti> mrll, nnd a rcgulua wilt
lir formed. Tbe ore ia, ia seirrnl, allowed lo remain ibrae or four ilay»,
imtiout to ila beiiD): lorwarded lo the ulterior opcr«lloii*. It i* ition
iiielted iu n coinicuo lilaal-fufuaco. ilnilat tv tbu*e i>»cd lo the Ilarls, and
xthtr paria of (irrmiiDy ; it requirva ilier* about 70 tubic feet of ch«r(«al
le Miirli A cubic fp<i uf t-'ifpiwr. Th»rFfuluspraduei>d rroni thiKupermiiun
t» frnm IS lo :tU (vr cent, produce, bu a Ctwri* open ffraiii, and. Id Ecnrral,
B deep purple apprarxiire. Tills to aubcequetiilj calcined aix ttae* ) b
tmiiclrCLUlar kitii, ahoul n fed toajt by % feri bnwd.wilh anapenureBl
the cod, )■ built ; 4 (■»>. vl wvod i* (0 xeotral required lo the produce of
163 loan of arr ; mcb cblviaalioa laki>a about Ul hours. After aadergu-
tDf liiM* cniniialioa*, the regulni B*(ume|, when liroken, a while ap-
imraoee, vilh a cluw grain, uimonhHt gimilur lo wliitn lurtil. From
lben«* It li lakro to Ihe copper ruma<:e, and afirr rruaiaing ihcrR 12
liour«, it lapped onl in ihe form of rote copper (gukn keb^r), Tht; pro-
d«ce of il>i> l» aiout 94 per reaU
H'ovJ Ctrhitiitd if l/iffh Prtwnrt Slrom — M. VLoleIt«, conniaiary of
the noTtnniint guspowdFr Horki at Btqueinn, h*i entnanuBiritnd tn the
Vuit Kctitmjtif SclentM * pronn h» ktil adopted for makUg cliarenal
fOiublc to the mauufieturt of the be«l kinda uf i^unpuwdc . He Gndi that
U a temperilurr ol 20(1* cenllprade = tn ^M Fall., itnoil doei not cu-
boniie : ilial at 2J(f' i-eniignilr •• 10 iS'J." fab., an iiuperfeci rh»i(-oal atone
tt DllnDieil, furnierly rallrd brulati, or Iiurnt Wdoil ; lliat at 300° crnligtade
a to i'i' Fdli., ihc red charcnil ia jiioAucrA ; and iIibl, at ih<t" cuntigradc
m to G02'' Fih„ and above, lh« opcrallon JiiTariably fumlitiei ibe black or
rompletc cbticeal. The tiniti Dccetairy fm ctibouiuiion, Lc founil lo itiy
from ihree liouri to half m bour, amt ilii- piciluel'i paue.l from it-d c)]8r<;oal
to black protreimtt;*. He b1>o laok ae^aunt of liic produi^a of tb« ehar.
<ob1, and fotind it in dlmiuith in inanlily ia prnpnrtioD at the rarboniialion
wai eariled to a more adtaricrd align. The quantity of Haiad uiually oj)e-
jaied iipi>n by .M. Violcite wii 2j kllog. * ) c«l.. and Ibe «ooU emplaytd,
Ibt hlnrklhorn (rltamitiu /rengulii).
Faiiii Trtt.—\ few day* ><liia;r. ibr wtirkmen employed in llie railnBy'
cutlluji urar (be Coalbouro Brook, tiluifluidsliirc, discu'ered a fngvil irce,
IB a purpeodivular poaiiiOD. iu ■!•'' liRkc and iron-aliine romialiun railed
tiunrll. ll «*■ SO inflie* in dinniclrr, and tbe lop aa fial aa if ffgulBrly
aawn <:(r, while, in tirifiht nnd ImrdiirM. ilmeriibled iritualoue. A piecr.
Ii! 1 fri'i in lenKlb, liaa biva aeiit li) Knville<hall. Id enrich Ihe t^arl o(
Mamfiird'a musrom ; the luM«r pari atlli reniain»,liul ila leoglb hna nol
yei lieri oaceriairir'd.
^ Cuel BfJ an Firr. — llDtler tlie rltltie of Lower ilaugli. near Itather-
bxiD, Voikahire, an enleciive bed of ci.al baa been huTiiing for twenty rran,
Btid t)ir<aleai to destroy tb« aillage by undermining tht foundalioni of tbe
houam- Tlie haat ia lery Mnildlir peieapiible m the turfacf, and the In-
ttabiianta take adtunlage of it «« a nainml lint-brd for tailing: early v^ge-
Ikhlea. Tlis aulphuioua aiuell and tmake, baneTcr, form a trrai dmnboik
1(1 Ibii pill ilfge, and imietd render aunie of (b( hoUKa tcnriTly babitiblc.
Tlie coal wai if nitcd at a pan nbrrr it "bancta ant." by making b large
flic tbeie far tlic {lurpaac of bucning atones iateniltd (ur toBii marcriali.
Tht " Ortti BrtWm" a'«aai..$ll{p.— Thii otleWated nfla«l. •rWi W m-
ihlaerT, aaiti. aMhot*. eatlw. <M . waa B"* tpit* aale tij incSaai, •■ UaempaL ai lfa»
<uy, ihtir«ban,(i*hklip<>ftaa«liatbtiiialD«»«pwH»trlM<. Tha "OnaaHtane'
ma hvili M Kruiol. In I'M. bf On t}r*al WnMra Mr^-HMp Cooapanr. aat iBt »«
rMktttilai all* OH »,4a IMB. nlaHrad M aiaaa HWau ti her l*Maft g< UdM
fort-iakr, T^trH. dtuo OTvrall. ai» n. Sla.i btan, M ft.4l|ki dapakMBM. iM
■raa l>n)ptlt«t brMi^a«ar aawlr lAO lwraH'-pM>«i, »4 AtWd wtik tVMMvd
l>aatai arma pivpHlpi i ami kaa anouiaiodallon for ItU eabm panescrr*. MA BBMp
•o«a tor MO tana aania Imaaaaienaf Dt*. lad I.HO tenacoat. Her ffaal B<MM||fe*MlM
b>r tB HliliWBirl the abort* «< IM baarloa aaaa. wWa Mnadad la tHiaifcaai t*r> <■<*
iioiihfni (MM of lielatiil. ibroualiml a vliel* wtnur, withoal In ate aUehtaaaBy
fclEariuf h«r Uaaa. Th* daeaaf* doaa lolhr eo^pavamj ■hlp'a b«aof» baatw^nfW^
ntimitad, aftae aomja lif coinpatafll a^iiiietr* am) «blir-t*illdtta. aiu). Bat a ■■•■••
«itai, il» vbaleahip met vAchliiBry iDilflidl la taat^, b* t«aaaire4 lo llaa aatftnal ao^
[luo. Wllbaanallatiidi of cniiiira, capaBIc at |inv*lllDC ha M a allfUlf Mdaaat
afirfft. liT which bn ami atawat* waald Itt tadiicad dim hilt, alw ««>U ■eaamate
vtcr l,^«iroil(raBta toradlalaiit rura**- lb* aiixtaun nM-rvtsia olIteaManaBK
uid CurTT. ni* tttnttr erovdad irfdi manhaBU Eiain itl jiaeta of tM felapBaaa— ttoa
I>«Ibj| ak laaat JWUps.jllriniti pnKSI. Mr. Cgnyaild. tx vaa lualniacdM |Ma AaaMBi
up al 1 canaln prtca. Tor itn fjtillii tij virgin li* laaa eiii[i>irpr<l, M b* sW«d pidie ■
DBrr ftmna thr contrtiiy |ifTHn(. 1i-nut Ui-n* a^tfa^ «inpMd, tJie anctjgiaaaa taiutmti 4a
tompaai Ibat XflivLwrn Dltrieil (ft bri. AbMInt iiaanc iben a iaa u iC bI b b »» mt ^
aMoIdialn btrln, on aaeiiBt of Ida nnera, at t^fiOOL Uuili^ (B* BiBfraaa W tta
aaJ*, It waa atalc4 I a ibe roani, llial it ttoai H.OMf. l«a»,Wt(. had beaa Md Idt Ila mat
aba waalit have bran aolit. Hhe nrltliullfeMt laS.Oini.
Tki Amp Part bI ISatlcrm.—Hw new park at RatlettPB, wMek k» bNB
for aoBK UiuelD aHerancc, ulll Ut tanmsuMil wiitxmi ilrlai, milcva BanaBbwaai*
nyad nn (t* litth Itll. la alt Vit nalJlMilaan tba ifnl, Ibtl IBty Butt quit paaaaHta^Ot
IniTO'liKi bring at ODC* ID r'Riroc lilt bu-UK*. Tl 1 In aiiiilii mil iiwiaai TtapM
■ 111 (sianillbr wtiDledlatann teiuven Htttiran ■•Vf* ■"'* '*^'* RIau. aaJ ba* tt
luuli <if <h< rixT U tha iiubUi: ntmd acma Bat w iaaa n«lda< maklcfi >^i k»fili<w le*
parli atwut two mllea aad a quarter, and Ila widih a Utile incir* lluii ■ nil1>, A (tir^p
iin>G rvrly r*et In brtailLh will Ur rufmvrl ilontf lb* hmAtt thtthmai^, *Bd tHoyn.
alnn.l>tld(c iill be ibruirn atniu Iht ilirr >■• iliPi^ioi wltrretlir Rol IIOBM aaaauaaa
Towardailiecnniinji'lin" al tlili hrXit' in> UsT^nti rf Wnlnlnaaw BaaMBIiMaaMlla
aum at f^,'iVil. Al itia iDuiti'imtiiii 'uiuuawj at IIk parti aaittrganl tkoiek laaha
arreted, aikd *UI ^a leaii; (or caaaacTatleai Id alia roataa a/ tba praaaat aotusa.
X.X8T OF ICSV7 FATEHTS.
eaaxTKB IK BMbLAHD rsoii Avqvat ii, to SeireMBsa 21, IM.
Sir JtfM/A* tOuMd/or Ennlamtl, unU*$ e/AnviM tj^ntti,
riuihLae Paldaaoo, of Waablstloa-bDoae, Oatctbaadi, I>n>taB, tbisikal 1
lor. ror " Iiii|in>i«in*iiiU In tnaiiurielurlDir a tanaliteoinpDUtiil or cenala Mail
cl leait. anil tl;r iiipltollcit al llili and cafUln othai canpvuuj* sf Iflplta '
uaelni puipuara."— IMalKl AuKiiit ;:!.
AIIYad Vincent Newloa, of CliancarT'laac. Ulildlcsca. nnhaakal diaa^lM
" leriafn loirrorfiDtnU In dnialiif or cli;inlci||irBlii.and to aaparaDaf latraBBW
Ihvr*li4m." fA cDiDinunlcallonJ— Ao^fjKr.^
Cdward Pnth. of tluraliMiioilnt. ltiiM«. hnl-hauae balldar, <M ** ImpraiaMaaB k|
Ibe nvfiu( tunaeiTBlanta, li«t-lHi'i«ta, awl vthar Ilka auuclnrea."— AOffaal '
VTIIllaiD Touni. pluobei, iDd Henir fiuiKaia Tpuut. railixT). buab af .
DtTuti. tur " triiiiro-ramtala ta availing anil feUnlnit laad opm."— Aucoaa W.
Oiuira Ilimliy. of BlmlDfliain, Waruirk, litiitiiD-oianufaelurar. (Or " la
la the maiiii/actaAC- gf bulleQa.*'— Aufual ^
Eiiubei)! Chiwa.nr tlcRDartsn C«aU*. tiDKieTMa, UMdlaaai, f-ir * lapieaawBla I
Ibe mamifaclain vt aeaU«| a-ai."— Au|[ii>l ^.
F«UT tfdgbl, of tiadlaj, U'ormltr, vtieaud anrtl maaiilbtaweT, ta "
ptotamanta Id th* inaDuruiura at iirt.boira. aud In (bemacBBDaairfari
aane.**— Aii|ual It.
llantgi Numrth. ar Eliuiy.alraat Plnllio. UliHliaaa, ciiW anelntet. tat *
|iTu>ciu>iii> In ilir i-uiialtucil«a ot drr-uroof (aoHncaad miriiiit. nhiid loipra
alio tppllEibl'i to Ihf eanaltunlan oT eiadnrta. aqueduct*, and {ulraria.*— ^aawtea
WllUacn WhaldoD. (nRinrap tn Bttaaia. Julio U'ltart and Hona, ol Je
l.orHtDi«, brai*-ri>u'K]eri «Dcl fii^ar«n. tbr " ImpruvriiiDDta to putaf9 mw DackJaarf I
ralalpirin foicltiit flulda."— Srpatnbcr 4
lo-tiii I,ewla Kltanlo, or Lowndte-aquare, Klddlrati, Bk|. . H.F., (ai ' luf
In electric lelefnpha. and in a^iparalua (Qnii.aclcd thefemll "— fleplHibM <.
William EilJard KuilanilB. ol iJ. Ilrcmi-qMailrBiii. Uiddleaei, drnUat, toi
n'lil laker <',ht*it,ol II, Wiiioih ^■,..'4. flipJitf*. ^riitlviTiait, tor **ai»ew aiaaiaAaMai
>Ttl(li.Ui lud in lilutk) 01 lain pa,"— Grille nitwr 4 1 (sur montlta.
trilllaui ),vah, a( NaMnttlc'upDB'Tyur, tor " Inprurnneala In BttaBi.«aiii
Sapiiiiilitr 4.
IIti»7 Smltli.of Valcan-Torai, W'eat llroloialcti, for " Ivpltrmnenl* In Ita
lacl<jr* i>(nill«5 irbnla." — Hrplainbarfi,
nnillani IllMilnaiia. of Rlarkbuni. Lanraater. marhlna^aiialier, (br*'(«tUBla
mnila In, and Bp|ill<a1ilaia, IvDDa Im ireartDi,"— SepMMba' II,
HutirM Wilier tVliifiilil, of BltmlnghaiB, raetehulaud cninulicliirn.aadJahaVM
a(liliailii|ttiani, atoraaall. a a-urkman tn iheeaipler^f Iba lald Bolxrl Wallet WMl
fnr " larulB IraiirAramcuii In ■)■■ matin Sutor* ot tutiea aeS to IB* taooalatnartf a
lain anil lea uaic lu ^ari vl iiitxa."— !i*|iLaiDbar 14.
nnUlain Svrr.flf B>r^dBlT. I«n(«tl*r. ttool-iltalar, for "cerlaJn tapavradi
a^ipttrami fur rirerllnf ilw iraniiitir nrnreyaitceof iBOda, BaaaeaBera,aH ooreH,
hj land ar water, aii<1 fur i^Lh^f sucb iijrjt.iaa*, |.aa1 orparta ofvliich neaoaaaja
nmailtiiir I iirw anil lini>ruVT(1 nirihnd »f teaerallOf eleara. Bbleh liniaina— alBa
gillcabia In oibrr iMiipaita la which alMm la grnfrallT appUad a* a (Doaiv* pane."
uinb r 1£.
WII1)«ni Sroirii lUwr, af Slanhnpt-alrtd, Bafanl'a-iiark, <licBlal, for "C
plofMDenta in tba lonairucttou of iraplraton "-^leptaaibri 31-
lltntT WDmd, iDrrman id Ueaara. Vllllaca Crtefea and Soa, et the
SNtfllalr!, tot " 1 mpraremtnla In ItiBinaiiufatiuftof chlaela and fangaa.'* — 1
Jaaepli t.lllia. ol Uinctiaiin, *iigli>t«r,(ur " i-rilaln nacblonroc anporatoal.
hir pk^rifflua audiuvlljig Ilq.jlUf, urjil tur purlfjlnir, readajaaiuf, aM cetUail
Stpiroilirr I'l.
JqUd Ir'rraraon, afDlrmUiihiBi.oiKlilnlil. lur " ImproTeDicDU la bvdlater I
Iron at ileal, aud athar nuti-ta."— iaptambet 71.
TBIi CIVIL ENGINBBR AND ARCIIITliCT'9 JOURNAL.
Ml
CANDIDUS'S NOTE-BOOK,
FASCICULUS LXXXViL
" I man hn« llt«nf
Tb bla* an Hboiu ) plmc."
I. I Idtfly cat]e<l fttUntion t* ft vrrj fcuible Improvempnt, or
rather, highly (l(>sirablff com]iIclion, of *ii imporUnt piiblii^ colirit^e
- — mun^lj-, SomenM-plHf« ; and my remnrkfl appwr to hnve been
not entirely thrown nwav, sinrv th»y have hern miticcul bv (ithurn.
I -will nnw mralinn «notfior huildin^r^a public one. of cuitiddenlilK
trnportant'e, itnd ndmlrablv aitust^ in m«ny ivepecU, it having
nmoncr other ndvnnMgN tut of bointc pluri'd ilirtwtly at thd luc-
trvRiitirnf It viktiifrononeof themo«irrpquen(eillharouglifar«aln
th« vhulo tn«tn>puli£ NatirithBtandiii); all whjcit, U u in iUelf a
mo«t flacitiuuaarchitMtuml muni^lriiKity. Can wtr one, aftBr(hi«,
heal nliutto pintt irhftt id the bnildlntr vhich 1 allude ti>^ I
mytelf Itnow of iki other uDHJtunted, prcrisoly :it the end xf n vista
whow iid«« ifiiulMeit. Afti?rlhiti,»riil my (■ailing; it n prrfwt niut)-
BtruKity, ran ymi pucdhly he tiny hinicer in doubt? Thaw who ■till
areau. (itighl'tobeleft Btiokin^fastin it, and left to help thenuelcai)
out of it aa well at they cao. D'in't li« in almrry, ^uoilfdlki.; tike
S>ur lime, or take a majt iif Lotiilon, and eiaiuliie it, and tlien—
h! you nave found it out, have you? you rueas that 1 allude.
afler my owa ri^nnarole foshiin, to the front of Uuil'llixll. Well !
since thi^rp in no denying it, I cimreui if : It in tli<i front iif (>uild-
hall that I mean, — and biitli nienn and unmeaninjc enuufih it it in
itself. Civic tiute runs more in f;iv(jur of turtle tM)iip than arclil-
tiMilure, or the rttiienn wotilil ahridici* iho number of their annual
titreeiifultt of thut luxurioua fiirt', in order to HCcumuInte fundia
for n northv extfrior to thrir t>BDquetliig-hnll. A* far a» it jCvn,
their taste 1* uiirsiepti'inidiU', hut it dues not go far enuuf^a: it
is very pilaUhle. hut mil at aJl piilulial. — at least, not extemtklly
tbc exterior itf their Dull of Huilil bcinjir aa ta»tv1eiM aa ran irisU
be conceired. Instcud af turtle, venbun, anil iiluunpi^nc, it an-
□ouneea water-gruc] and CBg-uag ; it bring the mort veritable
artdiitcctiiral rag-miie ever produced. Some uf the city fHlks
mu»t, i think, have Iiui^imI to cniry off tlie Victoria porch from
tJbe I'aloceof ne»tiuintitcr, and plant it ai a portal teforv their
Outldhali, with auch additiim ah mi^ht he found re«|uisit« for
fillinK up the entire fninla^e. ^Viiut that laat may be. 1 cannot
undcrtoke to say, — there beuw DO published plan from which mes-
curcinciita can he awcrtnioed. H(iw«rer, that wc ahould there
lkBTaa/nc«ir»i>«r iIupliiMtteof the Victoria porck at \^eiilniiiiater,
il not *l all to be desired, ^Ve migtit bo very •"eU content with
something of (inular chamcter in regard to nobleneu of idea and
vraiidetir of deaijcu. Yet, *v htng nn there ia no abNuIutfl ocoiaaion
for doing aaytkjng to the huildiiig, nvtiiing is likely lo bo done;
whercftire, one i* nlmoil tempted tv rvgreV that it was not burnt
down by the lire that broke out close \y it eome titnc ago, nnd
threateited to lay hold of it ; but <riu, unforlunutrlv, liuil ti>'ld uf
itaelf, iiimI arreitcd before it cotild perform the good ofli<,N; of
ridding ui> of that scandal to City tsKle, I'ity ibnt Hint tiuite i>
more Apiciaa than Vitnivinn, — tlint it pnlroniu^ turtl-e soup so
much, AC to hare no pntrona^ left for arehiCe«tur«.
II. Thpro are huildinfta which seem to have been intendeil to
.exemplify errors and defceta, and thereby deter from anything
cimilar liein^; attempted. Among Kuch monitory and well-
inlenti'ined work», ue may niaca tha front of the Itoynl Institu-
tion, in Albcmarlc-iitrcet, wnieb look* like a huge liidging-bousv,
with as mnnv eyes as Ar^ivs, p>eepin|; out from between the fulumna
of a Coriiilliian temple, — perhaps that uf Argtitt himself. In-
structive it nmy fairly be colled, Inaamuch as it makea manifiMt
at a glance the utter prepoatcronineaa of atteraipting to unite
toother, :iK is there done, two ttirhirreroncileiibleayKtAmsof eun-
poiition us Are ihnse of L'ohininlation and Feneittration. Now, I
, am not (juit** >''> lii might- hired in tny opinjonti as to object to an
[order beinir employed asdeeurailon, but then it «kuuM in every ciist
[•coommodalc itself to the strticlure which b so ornsmented,
HJHtead of afTerting to producw the same ejcpreaaion as a simple
'open colonnade, mbere the columns and their entablature aliine
coMtitute the exterior of the fsbric. When first seen In ^uch a
fofMhcirteneiL view of it that the windown within the intcrcolumni
•re cdoeealed, the front of the Royal Institution nuf^geKti the idra
ef an opeii cxiloimade upion a noble scale ; but the very next minute
we are undeceiviMi, disnppoinlcd, — even dtsgiixti'd. Instead uf
finding iiiiytliin;; like nQhloneea or nvndeur, veare shurkcdnt the
riHMitivc littlcncw and mcnoneaa which pnivnU in everything but
;ito. 131.— Vol. XL— KoTUisaa, ISlS,
the ooluAiw thesueleea. Not only is there a mo«t iHolcnt and
vflTeiiaive contindictioo occasioned bv the adoption of cuudictiiic
modes and idca^ buttherets no aortof kt^cpingn-hateverastoet^-lc..
After the c»luntti>% there ix notbinic irhiitever of Corinth iaoiniAJ
in the ulher featimw and details. We And the munt fiorid order
applied bd dwomtion to wluit is itself kept nu'it pcnunously barv;
so that riulineaa and poterty of Atvln — vr, I might •■/, *tylv aiu| ■
u^atyle— are (<>upk-d together. With aui^h ahacnce ol all artiatiel
fceJing ia that pretentious fajade treated, that what is meant farf
ita decorutioii, enures the building iliietf to appeur most in<iKiii&>J
Cant, or even w-.ritn. Although both the eidumiu them^elvc? andl
the front are lar^e enough, the whole is a moju of littlenea* nnjj
prosaic aameness ; fur, naif there a-ero rather a paucity thai
tuperabunditnce of windoirs, the eery doora nre made to rewemblL
tha windown an much aa ^ouible : tberefotre, ao far, the dr^ign niaj
be uid to be all ef n ptaca tbroughuut — yet after ut unlueky »]
fashion, that instead of Ming a ment, that eircumstnnce heoomf
a defact.
III. Taate is subjeet, ni>t only tu wholesale revolution*, but to
strange ^Dctaationa and relapiea. Une day we are di«[Mied to
think tliat Caaie has taken u Dotter dirvctiuu thiui htifure, anil ia
liki-'ly to adeanee in it if allowed to tuive it4 free cuurne; when,,
the very neat, perhaps., we are startled and shocked, punled anil
perplexed, by unne architectural nion*tnwitv which niud quit
counter to, and upmAs imr calculations. Altbuugh snah is
fact, it *e«u>s hardly credible that two structuies which ore alo!
within kight of each other, and erected in the very same year,
should exhibit audi diametrically oppunite taxtet an do Uriilgvwaier-
houoa and Mr. Hope's new manuvn in riccaililly. The latter klii
such a rile compound uf unrnulhucia and deformity, as to bsj
Dutliing lata than marvellous. That prechios sample uf de^gn il*
uid to be by aome foreign arehitect, — which !■ the only thing te
console us; yet, let whoerer may be n.-gpou]iible fur tliede9igii<
itself, Ibc diiicredil uf adopting il falli ujmn no other tlun Mr.
Ili))i« himj<eif. Had an ignarant emplorer — une compelled tn
Inisl entirely to the taste and judgment of othcri, been prerailed
upon tu make chuiire of audi a piece of htudicd ugliue(«.he would
have been to be pitied, and our astonialunent would have been
greatly dimini»lied. But Mr. Hope is not the man tu be >o In>.
posed upun ; he lias the reputation — the hereditary reputation
at K-Atit, of being an authority in maUera of art and tiule,
wherefore ho is auioai the very laat peraon from wlinm so public J
a display of bad la.sttt waato be apprcliciided. Uesjdca marvellir
muuli, there is nlso room for fearing that, through Uic influence l^
Ilia name, hi» example may bei:»u)0 contagious, mid eiicouragaj
othem to perpetrate BiiiiilAr architcclural euurmitics. One com-J
fort is, the building seems to be universiiHy dialikfd and rondemnedfl
while the oriL cUe lo be apprehended from Much exmnule uill now
be greatly coLuileractcd by tlic very opposite one of uridgewnlcr-
houM'. Wh-it ifi to bnj regrttted ik that iuHtead of occupjini; as
public a situation at the other, the latter mansion ia comparatively
se«lud«d from notice. Even iU Park-^nt cannot be neen very
satisfnetorily, all the lower part being completely serwiie.1 by the
garden, with its ferice and shmhbery ; ana of as much iff it ne is
risible, the rich nnd delicate detail IteiMimee almost loal, owing to
the inipvAsibility of approaching sufficiently close to ioapoct it as
it dcM-rves. .And the other, or huh th. front, which is H^mciihat Um
longer of the two. i« where it in alnuivt concealed from public ob-l
servation, — t'levf(und-row being no thoroughfare into tite tireen-
park, but a mere e«(/-de-*ie.
IV. Brldge*ater-hooise putt iU neiglibnur, "Sutherland," quito
out of countenance. The two building* eontnut vorv •iriklngly^
with ench other, and atfurd n vory good lesson, and mole mnuilest '
that decided improvement upon the whole hxn taken pI>t-« within
the last fivc-und-tweuty yeara. In point of architect iirnl ijuality,
Sutherhnd-house is a very ordinary production fby two of tHv
Wyatts); pnetguin in ita eninnWe, and insipid am) t]Avourlei>» at
the heel. There is nothing about it that can riuilly ho called stylo:
It has none of the alamina of •lyle, but merely foeble, lu.' man^ '
nerism, without a single touch of geuuiue artistic feelin^' or la*te
or of oon (laiun diligence. Undoubtedly there ant many things
•juite as poor, or even very much worse; therefore, if it ba any
pniiie to say that of it, to such pralae i>utberland-houM is rni-J
e«|uivucMlly entitled. SuchpriuK, however, is only condemnation
id a milder shape : nnd if the atructure in question ia not to be
callril a failure, it i> oidy becauae nothing more than dull rautmigr
mediocrity aeems to have been aimed at — and ithat been produced. i
Ajisley-housG is another piece of Wyattitnt, and la aueh u tol
make us hone that that um i» now departed from among va for]
ever. In ihoae dav-s Sanaorino Beema to have been tiuiteunkDuwq
here, or ebe must nave been put into an Jndas Ex^ntryittonut.
TlllE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITBCTS JOURNAL.
[Nor EM
V, la tli« niln«ct8|renerallr proposed to BrchitecturHl stiirlenU
in cotnpotiticii fur •cniicmlcMl mcdNla «r otlicr prtriDiumf, no very
ffTMt jufiictacat i» »hown. Ili«j bciiie nltnurt mv»ri«bly wf a cUm
«Jl"Bvtti(;r uut of tliC a|i!i«r« of d>ii;i1 pmclW. Sudl MlbJMta ■•
rojru pbUccsi. KnBtL*-liotMC«( ciithnlrAjf, And vth«n of it Hitnilnrlr
^kmbitioiia kind, do mit vivrcin.' those F*culti<M >nil nbililic" (•liicli
%rc HHMt of all ne4;««iaiy, Wc«u«e tbeopportuniliev fur enoKing
Ukrm Are c>,i(n|>4ratit I'ly bf rvrr)'-d«y ACCiirrcii<-o. ]!«' wlio c.in
^Wplay talent, inicf^nuilv, nnd tantp, on mcami'IU vliU'h se«(n to
k^drd kardly »ny r("itn fur <liK)iUviiij; th^ra, will li« at no loes for
Itaii on inorft inijHirlnnt f>«i*.-wioR<i that mny rcmiire liiin to ]tut
, furth hi* atrcnf^tb, at the it*tnt time tbat tbcv afford areat scope
I for hU imajrinntlon. The convene Aoea not bold gwti t Ihv pro-
I duftion of an ^ttravax*nt ohimrriral prtgM a* an aeadcmieal
tb«BM>, i* no iikdifL* fur ibi^ «ort of tulont wbi«h Ib really wanted,
any BHire thiin the '>tilainini{ a Gnld Medal Is Hiiy pledi^ for afttrr-
diHtiiirliun. !Suliji'rt>i *o rare ami rxr^eptionul (bat they miiy be
rank<^d nmana tbv phenomena of the art, are hardly the viiry beet
Srejuratory themHandescTciae^ Eveuftranliiifcthut tlicv lend to
evelope and ounfirm nrtUtin t«]eiil of a h));her(|;nide, if tne talent
ibwlf M of a kind tli»t n^qtiirM extrHvidiiiarv' enierseociec and
Uliraitable reaource* for exerting «nil disnla^ing it, it beeooMa, in
a manner, n Mijiprfliinus »ne. UnloM ne at the aame time bas
pdvam uMirc f Diienilly available, the possessor of It is likely to
Eove in Ibec^iidition of llerctile* i'ni|ilnyr(l in K|iinruitir uitb a
Htaff, at which l.iluKir hi* gigaiitir tlieMx mid liuew* could have
,k««n of little wrvke to him. Of Ilercnlet' haiidiwotk of that
^■Ott, no " lone yarna" have been pmarvrd a* rrliiTx ; but no doubt
they were rallier clnmsy onm — aa cliimiiy oa tliiD fantaatic compa-
riimn will |)itIi»|>ii be rouiideretl by many. 3u I drop it, and r^
•ume with a fresh j^aragraiib.
VI, Such ambitiniiA efforta in architectural devifm aa thMfl abov*
alluded to, do nut at all utrv^ to call into play wliat ia a mnat va-
luable apecie? of Hbilily, that whii'h can accomraodale Itself to un-
toward nircuRMtanMB,' and nvrrrome dlffleiUliM. Where a eart^
■'Uanehf ia offered, all tlioie Ihwartinif and f«lieriii)( nooditiona
wbieh the architect niuat e!C|H>rt tn meet and contend with, are gut
rid of Kt one*. ( 'ompiiriilii tdy little eiertiou of tliniight in re-
({Uirrd where wliat may be called dreamiiiff will Kulfice. Were
earte MtnrJU matter of miirKO oil all urcaaiona, imaftinalion might
be left to run riot nt will. Though as toimaginatiun. it may
be doubled whether even that is mneh eaerci*«d and diaciplined by
the kind of subjects proiMnnl for Onnit Prix and Gold Medalf.
They gemravlly ahuw inure of hiyb-Hown btit ernptr nnhilcctiiral
riOMMaf, than of fertile imention. When exnniined, they may be
found to be nuulo ii|> out uf the iixiial ktock ideas— sunic of them
rather worn out, or at leHit the wor<e fut the wear. It rei|uire«
no itrent exertion of iniaifiiiKlion, or powrr uf fanev, to dravr out
tiiion pH)it'r mik'-loii); mlunniidei, ur apirea thnt wiall pirrcf the
rloudx. Hctween huc>i mere eatrat-a^nnce and the artistic and
|>i<eticul, there is a wide diiTereiice. Moreover, it b very pueuble
lobe eacvedinicly extra vajTiixt and exceedin^y dull at the aame
time. Sunii! of Sonne's ui-cliilectural '~ vi«inn>, lu it ple^ited him
to call tbem. pnrtook of ihnl double ijualily. Tliere wm ciiuugh
of tbefn ■■ to nu-ajture and ciuiintUy. but the stuff ituclf of whitli
they » err fonned waa very ordinar)- and li«nic«piin — fax more prosaic
than piielicol in Ivatiire. Siliemea of ^utli ninf.'Bitudc hnve ere
now been pnidiii-.i'd ii|jiiii jiajier, tlmt Uarrj'a " I'alafeof Wealiniu-
aier" wutitil nlii'ink into luai^iiiticance in «>mpiiri-.ow with tbtm;
i-et, tliuuph thr thliMca tbunadvea luvve been of moiitter »iitc, Ihey
invc ol^rner ll;au not been madii up of rather d»nrliah ideiii.
Kveii empty eomnion -place uiuy be iimnted to vncli bulk, as to look
not only larf^i-, but nolid too, But nn n mniwter ^ro^ propOHod
by an Amdniiy is roiiutrcd for producing Ibc iiiflntion, the bladder
eniptlea ItKlf, and fnlU to Ihv ^ruund again. U'ere eolonnl mo-
numental edifice* reared by us avcry Any, tbiire would be some
rvaaOD in proposing them um aubjects to iludents ; although evvii
tbcn tliey oUKbl to be accompanied by some nurl of condition*,
wliicb would hnre to be observed ; but as micb i> not the case, it
would •ureJy be better to direct study with more regard to tho np-
E'iciition of^it un ordinnry occa^ionii. And the tiilent wbii-h can
Splay itself upon tnu'h ocrnHioiiK, — wbich in t-;ip«b[e of elevating
■what seems to fie aooromun-plm^e aulject into the sphfre of art, by
happinew of treatment imd Hkiltul touchw. — ii', tbouuili it way seem
ft comparativelv humble, an exceedingly rare one. ll is one that
dcmnndri ortinti" feeling, iind a Uiorough knowledge of Hrlirtic
character und effect. It workiiout, an it were intuitively, rules for
itself, which unlike ordinary lL*cliiiical ouea, do not admit of being
formally and cleiirly expressed Id words.
VII, Ordinary rules have, na doubt, their ler^ireableneiw, but it
is ratliei uf a ocgativo sort: Uic observance of them will prevent
fanlta, hut will nut Cnmre poiitif e beaiitiM, or olber ineritt Ihn
those whirlt partuke of mere routine, and arethervfore equall y it J
every one's rotamand-— of tbu novice as well as t>f the
Uulcn are iudiapeDiiable, linre they constitute the very grai
th& art ; but from its grammar to ita poetry the dittance » ,
pou* — at least, av grcnt that ninety-nine out vf a hnndrrdneverl
advance beyuod the former so as to reaeh the litter. Ulut
dune by nii're rule* and routine, can bo aceniiiplisbi-d by one SUM
ju<t ai well n* by another. It is the sonetbiiil; more — the undc-
finable and individual non miehf, wbii-b lying Keyoiid Ibe rc*ch of
rule*, is not to he overtaken and caught by them. Ah fkr aa (hi*
finer quality of art oan be ctudied and learnt at all, it ia what ereiy
one must study for himBelf ; for it Ik not to be learnt fn>iu general
preecpl* and rules but from n careful and diligent examinatioi ot \
examples marked by meh felleltiwii ijuslity. Rulea tench aniol, |
but they do not teu«h aU. Vet, ini^'ad of being frankly a«kTM«-
ledgsd, this is a truth which ia thrust aside and kept out uf dgM ;
whereas it i« nne that ought to be strongly iiupresia.'rf uponeveiyj
attident. Kules aud the obsen-anee of prmdent will «u(G<4 (In-
mere mechanicnl nipying, but if orehiteetnre need mit, or caimet
DOW advance beyond that, it ought to furfeil all prelensiun to tks
character and title uf Fine Art. And why eliould it or its M-
Iiiven for it be ambiliout of sui'h title, if it cannot Huppert it W
acting up to it? If we are content with It in lt£ present c«a-
diliou an a mechanical art, wherefore not ronfess as much by ealt.
iug it sii, instead of claiming for it an eninty title, which »iilr re-
minds ua of what it no lunger li« ? As a Flue .^rt, ail ito privilc^
seem to be gone ; Iberefure. they and its power being gone. It
would lo«« nothing by being deprivMl of its nominal rank. ThU
will, no dtnibt, be counlilnred very harsh and unurlconie adviea
Well, then, if ita rank must not be given up, let ua emlenvonr la
rtnder it worthy of surb rank, and to rc-iiwtate it in Ita (|iiBlitv of
Pine Art, eiidowrri with all those prerogativeM and privilegti «f j
which in Iheie latter d»ya it has been des:p«iled and tMfgti,
and forced to subsist upon the remnants of its former treasarM
VIII. Mnnv, it might be snpjtosed, would be really^lad, «at
theideaof Ai-c^iitertiin? being a Fine Art to be allogctbo'r renounced,
sinceartdueu not seem to beat all their element. 1'hey are safer «■
drjf bind — on the honeict lerrajtmia ot practical routine. Art iia
treacherous element to thoae unprenarttd fur and inexperierxed iA
it- If, according to the opinion which, thougli twt furmullvei-
Ereued, is to be gathered from the remarks of certain writen, «t
ave DO further occasion fornrtiKtic invention, or any actual)]- «|m-
raling and crsnlire principle in iircliiteitlure, but may get all theait
tlmt in required for it at secondhand, and would tlierefi.re do wsD
to confine ourselves exrluMvely to Ir;iditioniiI forms and ideas, — if
such be the ewe, iind we cun now dispenita with art itself, we tu>
surely dispense with tlie name of it. Ur, If we must call it ait,
let us call arcbilecturv! the art of muking new buildiitgv if
ciipytng or haKhliig-np old ones. Bui to alfect to coiinideT **i
stylo it II fine art, when we make it in praetii:e jukt the revem^
partakes too much of quackery. Architects are now such a nv
rous clasH. that it would be strange if there were not sonw i
Ihem whu might fairly aspire to the honourable name of at
but the majority have very i|ue«tionHbIe claim to It, and soot'
none at a1 1 ; nor ev en so much as aiu* genuine relish for their *^ut':
and tlie wunt uf earnest affection (or it, is of itaelf a proof of tfc*
wiint of Ihc talent requisite fur it.
IX. TbiML- who admire one »tyte of architecture, are apt lo
be not meiely indifferent to, but intolerant of every other. Ths
lover of pure Urerk orchitecturc aces only the corruption of it is
the Itomnn »tylc ; and of thiR latter, the degriidiition in tbe
ItuliiiiL. ]lis titniidard of excellence is ttic Partlicuon ; anid hf
tbnl etandiird be tries rvcrythinc cNe, no mutter bow different
niny be the pnnri|ilesupun woicb JtiscunHlituted. He would lisvt
Greek-Ooric (cmplrG spring up everywhere lliruuicboiit the length
and bicndth of Europe, and of America alw. lie la willing 10
extend nunie degree of favour to luuic, lh:it bmng at all ckenls
Ureciau i but Coriikthion i* Romiin, and shone u sod fatling-off ,
from tho n;nu]y aimolicity of the earlier style. On thetMhsj
hand, tbc luver of llomau nnd It.ilinii dcMgn is e4|ually Btnoij
both in his liking and bi^ antipntby, holding U reek urchiLectu
be frigidly i>i^*ere and monoloiiouE, exceedingly borni withal^
Gutiiic, together with nil other mcliirv»l sty lee, to exhibit t_^
the borliHrou* conceit* of the dark agCf),~lo tie utterly clevoidul
'•proporiionB," Inwlces, extravagant, and Irreducible to "rules.'
Such nt lenht loied to he the ease, for at the uretent day, sucfc
tweeping enndemnation and insolent conlenijit of mcdioivar atthi-
lecture cannot be expressed with impunity. 7Vmp>i-u mutantKrti
(lOthio mjiy be said to have now the an:endiincy, und its ikdMimfi
and devotees repay with eonpound interest the intultA and indlf*'!
ie»8,T
THE CIVIL EN'OINEER AND AUCBITECTS JOURNAL.
an
lt«« which it fivTBiprly worived from l>ie Il»li«n nch™! and its
ilowrro. OpiHiMi* M tlmy we in their ta)rt*». nil Uimc pnrtin
. m\,k« in on* rwinul, they heme »U *like i»ne-*id«i, prejudiced,
.1 iDtnlrmnt in their «iilip»UiiH«, and che*tinj|r ihi-norlvee «ul
muvli rwicd enjoymvnt hr limliitiff the mhere of it to the
itp*«d of a Binjilr rtrle of iW art ; inilMil of tyrapnIhUine with
"tke wJiutifnl nnd ininnsicnlly n^thetir in nrcliilrctiirr, whulevcr
may *>t ihv purticiilNr form under which it prncnto itoelf, ur tJie
aame ta vrhicb it uuwon.
8TUDT OF MECHANICS.*
MecIiAiiiciil Kcieut-e Ib certniiily llie most nncicnt br&nc]i of
Btvni) philoBUphy. Thr vi*rj- tommenccmritt of vxisleiice is the
icrtiite of fore* ; »ndof nil hi« physiwil powers, the first "hitli
mn nut? into on*r»lion t& hi« ittreii«th : the 'xhwlc buHnwKi of hi»
sniitia] life cotuUi in ibe cxcrebc of It. uid fr.»m the beKiuuinn of
the wtwid until now, every htiin*n bciiie. fn>m his cradle to hi<
gnrt, hHi be*ii iimkin;: repMUM cxpcrlmeuU in that kno«lciIg«
which only iivttilerii pLilusi>iilivn [imresa to tench witli perfect
^Kcuncy.
W Why has a stiitly, of which the rtudy ha* been unir«r«nl and
UiialerniiitMl. advanced with "ih^Ii bIow und uncertain »t«iiii?
Thi» titrily development !» ii"t the hiiitory pf all other Hcieiicei.
Geometry — thr exiurt kiiowled^ of furms iiud dimeiiHiontt — lhi>u|j[h
ita applicntiiHiH tii llie piirposci of life are mmh fewer, nnil mii^h
lofrr rt'ipiirifl. became a tntfthodic >cie>ice, while mcclmnic-* xtil)
renaiued a crude collrctioii nf fiuti^. Si> lute a» the vod <>( the
aUtecnth century, the verr Hiniplei't pheiiumtrna of fallint; hudiu*
were in iltniht. A ln-avy Iw^y fiilLt l>i tlic irroujiil more ntptdJ]- than
a liicht buily, aaid the oji]H>nr»l3 of (iulilec. — The wei)cht of the
bodies makes ao difference !ii their motion, wa* bis couiitvr-asser-
Hoti. Now, here was n question which the world niiKht be pre»uinwl
to hare M-ttle<d for itfrlf before it wa^ five thou*aiid six hundred
nnrs old. If there he any upemtiou of nature more fre<]ucntly
K obterrcd than anntber, it is thi* very one of the diwcent to the
HgTOniid of un«iiipur1vd bodie*. Yet, iii>twith<(t.^uditi|: the incal-
Hpalable Dumber of proviou* ub9vrvatloti>t, il irua iieceasnry thst
Hpalileo sboiilil appeal to direct e\|ieriineiit to support hia vjswi.
]^He a-wended li> the top of the Jetiniii); tower of Pimi, with two
bolls differinjf verr much in wciKht. yet botli of such n denttily ii«
not to be much n^ccted by the .-icliuti of the air. The ItaUit were
■midtBoeuualy ditmiiMed from hia huode, aiid reu*^hed the tcroucd
St the Huoe moment^ or nt Iciwl wilhiiut iivrceptililv interval.
■ This was conclusive ? — On lliv coiitniry, the diacuMiou trained
■In vehemence what it Irnl in ar^'umrntntive reasoning'. Galileo's
BBpjpoaeiitit were itol convinced, but merely irritated. From timo
HJlBUDeDiorial. it bud been believed tliut the ^renter the mow of a
"body, the greater was the acceleration of nMvity. Witu it to be
cap ported —they imked — that they and all preceiiinc pIitlijiiopherH,
from the lime of Aristotle, had been niistaken on this ftindumental
point? Rnlher tbim concede that, they chot« to di>beUov« the
evidence of their own nennen.
The raomentiiin of miml ojieinlea aa manifMitly as that of
nsattef. Thi.' illriicully which Lialilco had to combat, aroM not
from the nstiire nf his subject, but from the necessity of oi'ereuminif
the previoim tendencv of men's mitidn, and moving them in a
conlmry dirMtion. 'ThU difficulty has existed throuichout the
history nf mechanical science : noio, kImo, it is the greatest ohhtacle
to the attiilant's pro^ressL
If there were no previous errors and prejudices to be overeome,
no previous misconceptions to he unlRsriied. meehsaics would be
on* of the most easily- ae<iuinH I hritnclicx of human knowlerfffe. If
»the brain were na an unwritten, unMilliitd scroll, ready to receive
those fair churaclers which hove been traced and perfected by the
ro-»rerMion 'if the most "tupendous efforti of human intellect —
the liability to error und eotifiision would atmu>t eeH«e to oaiitt.
I But this e»*n never be the case. The hLudent bat been learutD^
mvehanjcs loiijf before he commenced the study of its systematic
laws. Me bax, an was hefom kiUI, been mjturitnoiitinic on the
tnibject froin bi^ iiifaTiey ; ami hut experiment* have lieen ko crude
mnd trrefrular, that almost every coiichision derived from them
involves a rt'rtuin amount of error.
Not until a very ctiuKiderable progrc«* be made in the study of
* frcnn itw lBtn>4>i[llnii id fail (..Jiit I'utilltlitd. ulthf "Clrtl Ei^nnrMid AnH'
wn'iCaBrust UwauUs •»llr*M« to StniciuiM ud MuUiim-'' Ut HooianLMk
6siS.a,A.
raechaoics. i» the full extent of this disadianiaffc ptrceived. Tl»
•cienec may he approached with a perlccl willingtieiMt tu aciiuicsce
in its doctrincss but th* parrerBioii of unili(;e>'U-ii eiiiericnte oroatce
difbfiiltic* and prejudMies which not the will merely, btil jtreal
menial strength and lonit-oontinui-^l menlnl lj.*bit alw., are re^juuod
(o .jv-rrcome. It hccdiries. then, it matter of err«l imiiorlance to tli«
student to aMemiin bifone-hand the prefix! iwture of tlicw preju-
dices and dirticiiltiee. They are manilold : and before they can be
fully underwood, iwrae idiSa must be ac«juired of the rhaructcr of
the evidence on which the cooelusloDS of th* theory of aoecbaiucs
are fotmded.
This evidence is of several kinda : that which will mort inBucnee
the tVTo — that which will alwaj-a be most valid in |n.|.ul«r ettima-
tion— w the vti^U of tinlhorUiet. The tiwtiminiy. however, of i(re»t
name*, hiith as it is in itself, is by ftr the lowest kind of eviilenco
of the truths of raeetmiucs. A actollst will stop tlie mouths of
those who know as little or lew than himself, by quoting the
authority of Newtoti, Leibnitz, Enter, tho UernouilliN Ln<rran|CO
Lapinc*, or I'oiMon. Tlw man of leience cannot be «» answered.
To him~t« no one eke ■■• nmch — the idena uf iheae nastcr-niinda
are of the hig^hest importance ; but they do not work conviction.
Between tho effect of Newton's dtclutii, nnd of the inx-ater j.arl of
Sewloirsreruminj;, there exista that immeasurable Jiirereucc which
intervenes between a very hijih probability and absolute certainty
In the absence of mure exact information, the mere knowled^
that a certain conclusion is *iippiirled by tlio opinion "f one or
more of the p-eai foundewof the science, "ill aJul ought of itMlf
be a strong ar^ment, but not an insuperable one. To oMcrt that
the iinth»mties were fallible, i* merely to assert that they were
huniau. and that science is pni(tre«ive,
.Another, and a higher, though not (bo hiirfac"t, evtdooce, la that
derived fivm cnmpariiiK the remote jiredictionB of theory with
actual olwi^rvatious. Let us cite an inAtance. Malhematiciatia
infer from the law of (rravitation, that the earth moves roond the
Buo in an elliptic orliH, If the ^-ery n&all perlurbutions »ri»iii(|[
from the intluenoe of other ccleetial bodies be ucglectird. Thia
prediction as tu tbe enrth's course it so remote a coiiwituener of
theory, that it could not have been immediately fore«o«i— ^a
theory muld not liave be«ii shnpoil martg to meet this particular
case. Now, the know ledpe of the earth'* actual «o<ir»« depends on
the evidence of mere eye-ainlt. Jind may be awerUined, inde-
pcndently of all theorv, by purely pructioal observiitit.ns. How
far, then, do these obwrved reaulU verify the theoreliciil nnticn.a-
tioiu ? " If wo iruoo on paper," says Sir J. Iler»chi-1, " an ellipse,
ten feft in diameter, to icpn-sent tho orbit in which the oarth ib
movinic about the sun, and if v-e truce by its oidc tho path actually
tlcitcribed tn its re^oliitton around the sun, the diflfepPBCe betwcflo
he ori^nal ellipse and the ourvo actually di-wribed iaso «<eaa valj
tminute, that the nfeesl «raau«aiio« vnlh miewwwoes eoBtinii«a
alonii ihe outlines of tlM two cunes, wuuld hardly delect any
perceptible interval Wlweea them." ',
Aicain. it if known tliat the solar orbit slowly changes from aM
to OKe. Thoeifect of this variation, Laplace sliuwed to Ike thut lh«
inoou moves more rapidly aroutid tbe eiirtb now than it did In
remote times. This result of theory ia CJiuclly verified by obser-
vatioii. It has been noocrtained, from the records of ancient luom
eclipses observed by the Chaldean aatronoioera, and subwquently
br the .Arubiun utronumers in the ei|thth and ninth centuries, that
the moon's mocui motion is iocreasiDg by about elereo eeconds in
B century.
The action of jienduluma, tlie most deliento and refined Uistrtt-
meul« used for r^cientific pur[io»e<i, ejieinplilies '" * wonderful
manner, tho predictive (io»er of mecbamcat philosophy. I he
earth'n rntntion causes bodies at th* eipiitlor tn b« acted upon
by a c«utrirugal force, in tbe contrary diri.'cti»n to their weight;
it is cleiir, therefore, that their tendency towards tbe earto
diminiiilied. 'fhe »-aIo« of thin diminution, as alio of lla •*« -
on the I ibration of pendiilutiis i« determined by theoretical cat.
eulationti. wbieii take int» sccount a larf;e numher of imiepi ndent
fomidcrntiont — tbe earth's radius, sphcroidiil sttriLction, the iQ>
ertia of the pendnlum, the eHivm iif therautmetrie e^twuaion,
tbv banimetriciil prriaiiire, the rckistiince of tbe air; «c. 'By
most elalHirate |iniceM!ie«. then, it is determined tlntt the Same
pendulum wbirh bents sccundK in l.oudim (tliat is, vihratM
8it,UiO times in the twenty-hiur hours), oiiKbt lo m.ike few^r
vtbrstiuiiB by about 140 at the etiuatttr. Also, the number of
vibrntions which this penduhim ou^iht to make in various other
Ulitudett, aorlh aiid Muth uf Eni^taiid, have been nomputed ;
aiid Ihe results bare been confirmed by observation, in a it-
markable manner. I'mdulums, constnicteil with tbe greatest
care, have buoii curriod from Londuii tu many placea oa tba
9M
THE CIVIL ENtilKEKR AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
CNoY
enth'* inrfMe, uid their ]>prforman««» ob^crrH irtih ezlfCTiH*
cnutioD. Tfae diKrepaades ohKcrrH brtwemi the^^ rr«iilt* »niL
tliM« ijf Ihpnr]' n» eo n)inut4>, thnt no one but a mktbrmittlciHii
ivohIiI ri^tprd them: Mid ho <iiirtec;<fullr ftw^rtniiu tbut th*]'
xrise fntm iiiciii«ntu circumKftiiicvti, whoUy in(l«p«iiilent of ihva-
»tiua1 L-vtn))iitiitioiis.
$Lrh TMultK u» mn)^ilic«nt cshibitioBR of the {tonreni of th«
mechanical «cien(««. The t«ft» of (hMr aeeiiraer "M inimpft-
Minbly mart varied, more niimennifi, and nuiro niiiiiit#, ii»vi>n>r,
loag*r cnntinumi, atxl execiiteA on r praiider *c&li>, thait thuae
to trhich any otiwr mitural sHpiu-e le subjected. But the neiru-
rncy of a <)^tetn is not abMtluUiljr proved bv tbe drcnniRtanAO
thai in any^ Anit« number of inataneea it fend* tn risht «ni-
duHiima. It In pmsiMe — though oxceMjvely iinprobable — that
this afcuraqr h. In every cat*, nwrely the reimit of furtu-
niite ptesM*. And thia view of the Hubjvct to mil «» very
iionutural, when it im n-initnlipred thst fiui'h fortuitous ant)(-i|t»-
tlaoa, tbougli very rem ark nb lit, are tiy no nrnnt tineommtit, iind
tliat •ome of the moxt important I:iiih of riuvhaiilos were won-
derfully flelidtonfe conjectures long before they were demoiistrxted
tnilba.
Tbe abwlute certainty, then, of mechanical ccianee rnuct rect
on yet hijcUer ground*. lt« Hipreme nittboTJty conittiitc in tlilt —
tlial all ita conclualaRR are rigorou'Iy logiciil inferviirM from
indiBputablc rlrairntuy Isitb. The pliiltMoiiher lin> a rinlil to
tttmaud iinrfsfrvrd cre<]rnce so far, and only no fur, a<) be eon
ntabliili aiicli infercncei. TIte dfntonntmtive Inith of liin rcmltK
depeiiilg on the nnsirei<i to tbeite two qiii><1iun»— Are the el^
llientnry Inwx inrlinjiiitiiblc ? — Are llie deduction* fn>in tliem
rittY>niu»lT lii;;ii.'-al ? Tbf«e arc Ibo two biur* of the whole I'vi-
pencc. Lei thL-m be cousidirrcd in their renpeftivc iirtli-i-, fi-r \he
ri|;ht COTn{ir('hrn!<ioii of them uill greatlr fni'ililiitc lIkt ohii^i-t
pTopoaed in llic jirerwiiC in(}u in'— namely, to eijilniu the pTcUmi-
nanr dlfflcultirfe of the itiiily tif ineHinnics.
I^rst, ii»ta the elementary law*: their peculiar chamrterisllM
coiuAitute the very pi-rfection of the ertencc. tn number llio'
are so few, that <i priori it neenm impiKKihle to biiilil iiniin thi'm
any system of Rrcnt eitcut : in nature they nre m -iimple and
apparent, tlint iW nirrr rnunrintinn of them neccwarlly oanies
with It iumicdiate an.^enti Tlieiu fniiilnmentnl prinriplers reim-
Intinir tho minutest and the grande»t iilienomcnii of the inatrriai
world, arc yvt d<1vclc<l at once on the nucnt imperfect and i-areleas
observation uf the upemtionii tif nature. They are inJiictionK.
either from the rndctit. nr from the iiiimI n-liiii-ii, vx in- ri mentis
Indeed, it i« MimetimeK dllficiiH to perceive tluit our Ktinwledge
of them ia G N per imci> till nl all. and not intititirc; — at this very
moment, there are eontroversialiata who lieliwe them tn he niorit
HXJonii or iielf-vbviiiuie trutlis innotoly perceived in the mind,
ami not acquired from sourcn external to it.
And here it t« neceoMry to establish n distinction between these
full dame ntat laws and their idtimnlc causea, U'itb the latter, (he
mcchiuiic«J ubilo9K>pher has no concern ; ho «erlii> only to ascertain
and tfftoe tli« ^m4 of the rule* by which material botlicn arc
olMtrrcd t* operate on ench othor ; but cniisittion or •peculation
a» to the moiii* fif.tniH'ti, form* no part of hia inquiry. That
heavy liodiei are Atun n toward* the earth when unsupported, in *
faet, (if which, nntnitli standing its conMant occurrence, no expla-
nntion haa et'er yet be«n given. U'cre we not so familiar with
thin iihenomenon, it w(>u.M appear v^ry irondcrfiil, that one body
ohniilil approach oniithcr wiliioul nny eonimuniciiliun between the
two, or any vicible eaurtc of the motion. To Mty thnt it is duo to
the earth'^ altrnction or gravity, i« merely to give a nnme to,
not an explnnntiun of. the myntery. Again, who can tell what
mighty, unncen chaiin Itindic tbi« earth to move for ever in a cer-
tain orbit round a body ninety.five million* of milex dtnDint?
Plancta and l'atl'llite■^ apparently isolated In apaee, Kepamtcd from
nil other Wdieit by dintuiicei* whieJi the mind ie oltcrly jncapahle
(tf reeoj^nifling. move on from age to ago in Lhi^ir predc-'tlned
•onraaa ; yot. an rilcntly, that no mortal ear ever yet ln'ird the
aonnd of thfir mighty m^phaninn. M.in, indeed, (li4«eniB it*
minuteH oueraliona, and from their rcguliir n't^nrrcnrc li-arn*
to Mwdirt tnem with nnffiiling accuracy; but the «ei;ret ngency
which pervadeic and rntdni the whole systom, remainB nn ua-
Marclicd, nn unaearcliable, myalery for ever.
The bamionious concord of nature, however— her consiBtency
and never -f:iiling regiiliirily — thene are (iu(>«ilinni> within the pro-
viiicu uf matbematieal reiuoniDK, ftnd tbe>i« are Lho ([ueKtionc upnn
which the evidenren of mechnmcnl ecience rest. Let it be nitcer-
tJiiiH>d that the Iuwk <if mntter ure unchangeable and iinii'er<in1,
■nd a xyitem may b« founded on tlioae lawn, which can never
he ibakea by apeculattona u to tlieir ultimate c:iusea.
Hach,'thett, are the prfmi*f» fr»ira whieli the mechanieal
plier reasona. The only n'iniilniiig<|ui>sti<>ri nn to ci-idcuc« ig
^^re the inforenrea from them rigoroualv togicjil >
1'he premiiiM are obUiiiiiNl by induction, the infcnne«a W
duetion. The preniiMoit, sn has Juol been *ai<l, ar« arrival lU
compwring n gJTHt number of luilurid phenamcoa, mid eKtmcti
the nimplo prinrlplr< commiin tu them all. Thif in the wiao.
of iuduetiun, which reasons by analogy from ecample*. All |l
jihy*icHl triencc« derive tlieir origin Iron) lliiii ttttirrt ; for ft
are we to contrive a phyidcnl nctvnca — that ia, how are we
reduce any clawi of natural phenomena to n Kgular
unl««fs by ai>.vrtnining. from nature herself, thii prii
hy which abe :icU? It in dear, that if a man did not ^
of himself, into the enteriul world, for thiu elementnrv In?
ledge, hix synteni would bo tiutliiiig mure than nn iogeirious
meiit lit Ills own brain.
Kilt the afpiiealiou nf the primary laws depends nn anoi
kind uf logic than that uf induction. Now, we no longer nx
hy unalojiy— no lutigcr refer to rianiples — no longer, indeed, drat
Lnowtedge from the external world. N'atnre has furnlsjied thi
JiremvMv ; ihr mitid of mnn depends on ll»elf alone for the Ia-
creiice*. These are deduct ire from thai application of lu)HeaIsyl.
logltmato abstract proiMiintions, which is no other than the
wss ft cvmttt(ui-«aim—tLe very highest kind uf reasoning of a
the human mind it capnhlc. It i> not within our present
to discuss the princiiile on which dciloctive reasoning del-
further than by explaining that it may always be iintnetbaltfi
referred, or ultiniAtiitly rciiuccd, to the Aristuteliao tlictun, *
omiif el nvUo — what It unireniilly tru« of a dam of thinn,
true of anything in thnt clasa. It is not nceeWHtiy, huwer
to exiiminr minutely here ibis log^ical, or rather melapfci
wicjil. igucBtton: it ia entiugh for our parpuac that there ai^
certain primnry truths which the minil universally recaKnioe^ cff-
tiun elementary mvthiids of combining them, the validity of which
i% us (-crtuin In crerj man nt his own ouiiscionsnesi^— and (hil
oa these unuinry trulbs and these elemcnlary mcthuds the
fcrunccs of mcchaiiicnl science exclusively depend.
Of courve, the full effect of these cnni^derations cna be per-
ceived only in the actual sLiidy of the science itaeli'. H<it n
arc now In position to expluiu the dilliculties which orixiiully
retarded its progress, and which, even now eoostittiie ^
greateat vbstncies to the student's progreu. (i«o»etry, it aat
mentioned, became a systcmatii; »cii-nr«, while niecliantu tt^
mained obscure and confused. If the preceding aiiem[il la
ejiplnin the foundatiun« on which the latter seiencf dcpendi,Iutc
been at all Hxiccessful, the renMin of the earlier dcvcloptMiit^
geometry will readily suggest its«lf. One nf tho cluneali ul
ineehsniral iiive>tigalion— experiinentid induction — wbb wMli
wanting in geometry. It is Uce(lleg« here to in<|uiiv wktlhci
any oftbe primjirj- ideait of this acienco also be derived hm
etpcricnce: w« may uell be nnxious to OYoid « disccMioa «(
tbflso essential afKnities and distinction* between the «hierth(
science*, rcsiiecting which such men as Bncon, U'.llembul.
Diderot, Locke, Adam Smith, Dugnid Stewart, Turgot. St.
have been unable to agree. But thi* is readily si-rn, and i<
of itself quite nufKcicnt to exiiliiiii the conipHrntiiely neid
dev«li>pment of gconielry— that its progress wnit not iinp«M
hy ditni-ultiea incident to the advancement of meclmnica— tia
neceMsity uf mnking esporimonts, and of selecting, from tn
oretwhelming nbuudaiicc of roenlts^ those which, from iWil
universality and precision, might be made the fouiidutiMi if
the new seieiK*.
The 5uune dilSciiltie* occur to the etndent now. Ha V*
pToaehes the study of geometry with an unprejudiced mm:
whatever prvviuiiK idi-iw uf space, form, nnd distance he h»*
neijuireil, niuy be roiifimed and imperfect, but they iMiuit
be poMtively erroneous. Geometry contains no secret prindpICi
drtei-ted only by their effects; all its subjects are f.i abtiM*
and pulpahio, that any direct mititnke respectinf them wosld
be certain to soon detect iturlf. Hut of mechanics, skwiit
every ductrine is imconsciously priejudicated before the «»•
meiicement of iti« syxtemMtic study: here i* a secret printipU^
undetected, exrejit by its eire(!ts — an invisible agent, fc«U
of whirh the existenco is ascertained only by experience
iu iiperHiioiiK, and of which the nltinialc nature is allege'
uiikjiawn.
The great tnsk, then, which the ntudetit of mechanies
iierform, is to refer ei'ery problem to fintt principles: ta n]
rain from appealing to his own nhysical notions, acqnirM
occidcntdly and without method. Not thst he is reijuired !•
give up the right of private judgment, or aubject it^
■]
THE CIVIL ENOIVEER AXD ABCUITECrS JOUILNML.
8es
rlsr^d, to n Kx«d Mandanl. Thuc Iht only !■ be ctJIed *\>»a
Id yutld to tbo eiperlPDw nf hi* prede««iaion in il>« icuna
Imrtuit— tn ^re m-dfrirf to their WMrrtiim that all the know-
edge which he rt^tiin-* nwy bo drrived Crom the clcmL-ntnrjr
pnnci{ilM which they \»f down. 'I'he aeeitncy nf tlxxc |)nri-
cfplM, and lh» Itr^timnry nf the infvn-iim Trom ihtm, he must
dietenntne for liini**ir hy (h« e^ort of htn own nlnd, indrpni-
dcnily of— if lie please, in d^Hitiice of— the infliieaco of Hlan-
dftid sullioritiM.
By iid(>|>linii the nu-lhod, lierr inntiitetl upiiii a» all -important,
of rcferrinir every <|iie4lina to a few tnt prinrlpltr*, liU fcieitcie
beonmc* n cimnrrlis] chnin of reasoning, am] m-iiiiiren tli« tvii
ICreiit Htlvantiiccs <if methwl, eertaintr mid racilitv—ocnauity of
the Mccuncy of his knowledfte, fMility Id kpplying it. Thin
power, however, of tracing the tniitiinl eoDiiiKtioii of the
•everal ptirt* of in^i^linritCN. und tlie iiUimnte de|ien<Ience of
enrh i>an uimii element:! ouminnn in them all, is to^ be nc~
qiiired only by long-continiinl Iiniit. There arc certain prac-
tiiMl diftirulticA liiiirevrr in the rxercWof it, of n'hicb llic ^Indent
ought tu lie fiire^ariied, hikI whiHt art os snares upon lii> judg-
ment ; oftrntiinr8 initminK liini to tielievo thnt ho tniccii a logical
c«nHe<|urnre where nunc in rtiilitr exists
Of thoie autirccA of emir in the puniiit uf inecliamcnl science,
tbe Diirat infpnrtant are included ankone Uucnn's idola /ori—iAiAt ur
falUrirK, uf whirh the pntrrr Ariaca in the forum or ooinmoii inter-
conrKC uf inaiikiiid — Ihc defixt* of wordi* — tlie name* of non-exi»l-
encir^ «r «>afuMdiiuncaur eslfteiides. Lanauagc cnn riwcrbe
cnperfertiyrcfiiiHlas to avoid entirely thisdi«aviuita«e, forwliile
the suhtlrty vf nnturc is infinite, the nubtlcty of word* is finit*,
and, in i;ViierHl, wrvoti only to iioniiuute K^iicral ideo^ uid riot
llieir minntcrt distinct iuiis. In erecting thu loftj edifice of «-ieuce
on »o nariixr a butu iw a few rlcnicnlnry delinitiun* and axioms,
extreme exnctness in the dm; of wurd.i in llierefwre n;qui»il9 ; and
lieautifuUy is it mid. thnt when we attempt ti> rear n temple to
heaven, we must not 1>c unmindful of the coiifuMon pf InngtiHgi's.
Of no Kieiice lia*e llii> prinripli-n bwn Hulijeet to mwre veliemcnt
and learned delate Ihnn niei'liiinir* ; yet moat of thcw debattN
liar« been iihimnlely diMwverod to be mere logtuniLcliiw— di»piitf«
alxxtt worilit^whJcli, il i* therefure reaiuinablc to aiippow, would
never liuve an»en hud it bei-ii powilite originally to give strict de-
Anitiiimi of the term* invidved. Feilmpi the moKt iiistnictive
eiampli- (if a learned controrersy turning out to he a mem "trifc
of wiirdi. b that n'uppi'tinif Vi* virn— .a term relxined in niiHlern
•rWnce an a tnere teeluiirnfity, uf whicli the interi) relation does nut
depend on any mechanicfil knuwleilge, but is purely ronrcntional
anil arliitrary. The ftdlnwinx iwcount of the rnntniverny ia taken
from ^Viilton's '■ Meehaiik-nl rri>bleni»," » work, the »olue of which
to tbe Kngli^h ttiidenl of the physical applicalions of mntbe-
matirn, it wimid In- dii^ciilt to o>-t:r-estini«lc ; —
"l.eihnit« contended, in opposition to Iho received doctrines of
llie C'lirti-MHiiu. that the proper measure of the Vis Viva, or
Ifovin*; Force uf a huily. i» tlio pntduct of the itiMni into the Hi)uara
of tb«> vciucitv; the meaiiure ailupted by the iliKcitileH uf OetcartM
having bi-rn l)iv unte aa that uf tJie (Quantity uf Alution — namely,
the product uf the nuua utd the first powt^r of the velocity. Thu
contrariety of oplnian i» rospeel to th«i e«limntii>n uf Afuvin^
Force, ««* e rine to one of Ihn nio*t mum oroide •Hititnivcrfcien in the
annals of phibwopfay ; almott nil the mntheni.'iticianii of Kurope
allimnlelr arr-inging thraiMlvvs aa partiaana, either of UiD Cnr-
4eM«ii ur Leihnitzinn duclrine. Amunv the adheiCJita uf Leibnitz
may be menii'ineil John and Daniel BemouilK. I'oleoi, 'ttirave-
aande, l"nniu<, MuH-henhroek. i'apin. llermnnn, Ituilinger, Kcenig,
and ereiiliiiilly Miiclitnii* ihi Chi'tlelct ; while in the oppotito ranks
niT be n^imi'i) MHclnurin. Clarke, SiirJinu, DeMgulhni, Catalan,
Rollins, Muiran. «iid Voltaire. J ■ • • ^ho memorablD
controversy of \'iii \'iva, after raginff for the apace of about thirty
fear*, una linallv aet at reitt by tiie luinimniK obuurvHtiuna of
y'AlemWrt, in tJ>e preface to his ' DgnaniiijnA,' who declared the
wbulcdii<|jule to beu mere ciuMtion uf terms, and a« having do
poH*>ibIe iiinnection with the fat>damental principh* of mi'dianica.
Since the publiiration of D'AIemhertE work, the term Yin Viva has
been used l<i Htgnify merely the id^reliraical prmlufit of the moas of
a moving body anil the Hipiare of its velor.ity; u' bile the word*
Maviiit; >'i,rc« have been imiverHilly employed, ajrreeably to the
deftnition kivch by Newton in the * rrinrtiiin,' in tho Ki^iiiicatjon
of the imxluct of the maw of n body and the aeceleratiiig foree
to which it in conceived Uihe miliject: no phycical theory nlialerer,
in regard In the absnlnte nature of the force, being rappoawd to be
iavi'lvcd in the« deli nit ion*."
Teduti Kill ties eiprewing the elemeiitBrj' idoaa of miKhauic* are
iA)b»/vrt belooiring to the commeocement of Uie Bcience : other
aod dlffierentdimcDlticsaf langungr occur in ItM uhintnte conclu-
inms. Atnons tite remote reaulta of elaborate inveBtigation Ktt
certain general theurema, exceedingly extensive and uarfnl In their
applicAlion ; bat which, if inaocunitcly cnunciitteil, may he made
to in<^liidi- cane^ which do not Ireluiig tn them, and exclude irtJien
IdKitirnately witiiin tiieJr province. 'I'hv^e diffiaJticM may be
termed *|u est ioun of juriMlictloiif. H'hcn tjjc Inncuaicm uf a gcnernl
theorem Aok* out iiidicitte with precicavii its )uriiidii-tion n«er any
iMrticularcaae, or its proper mode of application to it, the only
Icgitimntcmodvof amvingat n decision is bTlraciuictbe procrwea
by which the theorem itc«lf hnn been arrived at, and conudering
whether the pnrtieuW vaoo in (|iiestH>ii wat contemplated in /ftoR.
The general mechanical theorems have so vast ami variecl applies
tiun>,that the l>iireei]uuciatM>nufthem,hoi< ever carefully expresM^d,
is utterly imiufhcieot tn convey to the ttudeiit'e mind an idea of
all their contei^uoncetn. Their actual operatioa, dnd the boundariea
which dvliiie their puwer,f"a« wfra ciVrafwc luyfutl wiuMete rwtum,
can be fiillv learned oidy by actual jiraetice. In this respect, tbfl
hcienco »t'}uricprudenc« priiMintii a striking analog, tfearcaccili-
tomedtu revereB«etheconimonlav nf Englund m tlie accumulated
wi-dom of ages — the combination of tiie rnont subtle sagacity ami
the miMt enenaive expitriencc. Itut who dues nut know tliat a
bare acquaintance with thl^ general principles of law U practically
in><ntBcient for the Mlution of particular ca ^ea thnt nmidit the
inliriitH variMy of curabinationa to which the btiliDees of life gives
rUe, the ahatrart rule cannot be euoeeettully applied wilhuut a eer :
tain intellectual dexterity, which long cxi>enenea and conetacC
practice atone confer?
'I'he imporlanee to the mechanind student of expertMM
aimilarjv acquired, can acareel^ be over-rated. Jit* eflortv
should he ineew<anlly i^xerted tn the applieatlun of awchaiii-
cal prinoiplM ti> the iliret-t mlution ot problems ; and it it
acaieety too mticli to »Mert~ that hia knowledge of |||« aoleoee
will be pmpurtiunnl to the number of prohleua wbi«h Iw
nihru. Die riMMt trivial incidents of hie every-day life— every
W4>!t;bl which he moves, every action of his muecteei, sugge«t
caiies fruitful with inrtrurtiun respecting tho lan-a of torw.
There is not a single Hpot in the m»terial world, frt« front
thn iritfuence uf forcv ; aiul bo hau Inil to look around him,
tu difcerii innumerable instancn in which tho ntiouate of
their action may be iuve«tjgated, and the oooaiipionceii uf
thi'iii prfdicted. Tbia uiiiutermitlwl habit of ransacking the
tturea uf nature, of tracing the most trivial and the (rrandeat
of her opcraUona to first principles, slreugtlien* bihI eonflnMn
the power of inveatigatiun, and reduces those effects of the
material lawa whleh on a nuperttcbl view appear eontu'sed and
discorinected. to one harmonjuus and aimpLe httttan.
AnulhiT cijiaa of emm |>eculiar)y incident to our M'ience^ is
that Brining fnicn Incorrectaewi uf diila^the neglect uf uperuitii^
caufes, either from absolute oversight or from an impression that
their effect is inconsiderable. Thu lint of theae rnixtakrs will
aeldom be inade, exre|it by an luexperienoed student ; and may
be altogether avoided by practice and care in cx^neeirin^ the
exact nature of the ipiestioc bufurc him. Ai a iiiiefbl pr»-
cautiun agninwl thiit difficulty, he ahoiilil habituate htmaeU tu
teat the accuracy uf his cooduiuons by partirubr instancea, and
hy rarj'ing this lest within the widcit lenilini.Hle limit*. If, in
any ono iiinlancr, hin general iiitesligotiuna le^ud tu an abourd
conseijuence, they are thcmMlvea erroneous; and it uill lie tie-
oewnr^- to re-exaniiiic them, luid ascertain at what step the
tm>r aruM.
There are mure dilliinilt ca.ici>, however, where tho neglect
of data arises, not from oversight, but from necvaaity— w^iere
the nmiplexilir-s uf the ((ucsUon are such, m to render its
Milution impracticable without lijpotheiicnl aimpliflcatitmo. In
all such instaiKca, the iineiitigatur mu»t remember that he is
fiolriog, not a question of real existence, hut an artificial
making the neitre«t ajiproat^i to it which hii jMiwent of inrea.
tigiititin permit. In practical mocbamcs, tbU coiuiideration i>
especially important; and, aa a general rule, no such hyputlie-
ticnl eimpliticstion should be admitted — or at least acted upun—
without »uRifl estimate of the &aU« of U« emr whidt it may
poe^bly induce.
Complicated mathematical fcrnulie are wholly unsuited for the
practical application of mecJianicn, on account of the relUie-
ment and ejutctneaa of both wurkmanaliip and computation whidi
they require. The only furmuUe which tlie practical artiMn
or mechanic ■"Ul tnut, are thoiw which he cnn readily apply,
and which alTurd a margin fur nil the ditenified circumstaucew
of practice, uaaroidabk iiud luikaowii Imperfectiutia of materialK^
an
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITBCTS JOUBNAU
[N.
and other Im^uloritloa of dttAil. Th« netbod of doterminhig
ntulta belveeu certain liinitt, baa ttie advantage of leaving
■uch o marcfiii, anil will ihorvfurv bv frptiueatly employed in
the f(ill<>iiin(: luigvu. AriiunK itn jiivideiital rutrummenuatioBi
b thi!), — tliat u (ofitinJl^ givsi great simiilii-ity lo fonaulB
which Qtheraiw woula t^^ceediDrif corn (>lirji led.
It ID not within the conipaas of the preM-til work, n^ntrictcd
In ihe UM of mathematical laniruBge, to ^Ive a ayiteauitic de-
velopment of the «hulc wricnce iif mn-hnnini : it* priiiciiMl aim
U tn expldin tho» partu u^ the »ciiMice which are uf the moNt
'direct ecoaomical impoTtancc, and to assume as little nrevioua
koewledfv u poMible on tliu pAtt uf the reader. lie must
be furewariM.')!, howerer, that in auhinjj nm^haiiicnl pruhlenix,
the difGcully doe* iiot whuUy constat in deterraining the lutture
«f t)iu t'uTntt ttuppuMTil to Ml— but> in a peat Aegiw. in as-
cert;iiiuii|[ the pMitiun «f the several parta of tltC system at
which they are applied. Tbia Utter diiEculty la, of cuune,
Oiily to b« ovcTDome by a coatprteiit tiauwled^ of pure gvo-
Laetry. (inliloi, the fntber uf imidrm ti)ei'h«iiieiil piiilunuphy,
bu expUiued thin piiint with like ac^uTM-y and eli>i|iieiice. Ln
eay» he, In hla SAbuuToso— ^ tenHu tm qwuta gnadU-
'tirna lUtra, (4e cmliuiiafaeMtt d ata amrla Jaiuuuj agti acAi^ ma
-Non W fui iute'iJerr, w pWmo iwa tbttfara a inlauler la lingua
» WAMceri cartillrri, nJ jatUi i tcriUo. £gti r itrillo in Unfiui
nuitamt/ica, e i earaiteri mm triaiuivii, cenAi, nt altrt figun feo-
vutrid^: mam juerto i ut' ug/jirarti vanaitivtitt per un 9i€tiro
taUrinto.*
Tlie Elements of Euclid are, and it miiv be aarely aHumcd
■IwavK will be, the bml fvundiiti«n of the ntitdy of Kvowetry. Un-
rivalltd •iiii pi icily and pemjiicuity reuunnncri'l tiiin work an an
«lMnent«ry treatise ; its method and precision claim for it the
IiijgbeU jHMilino among work* devoted to the exact (ciencM.
The fmt finir nnd the timh bo»k« fthould bo tlivrou^lr maa-
t«red ; and^ aliovc all, the intelliccnl BtiideTit will oiideavuur
to imbue htmaelf with the tftihl of Euclid, — to trace the uniu-
tarmpted eurrent of hid reaMiiini;, from the foontain-head (the
•jrionm and definition) to tho Kcud eonclunion*. 1( ia the djo-
tinct dependence of iufcTeueed on theii nretitiitea, which renders
Eu«lid invkluAhle in JittcipUninit the oiinu into a hiibit of luncioil
umI coiMoeutive r«naonin^. The baf:ianer will gometimea meet
with prapiHitioiu w> simple and obvwiu, that it appoara an idle
' wnite of time to prore them — let fJUee propoaitioiu he hia en-
^peeiiil »ttidv : when he htm maiitered tlunr demonstrntioni, be will
W» that Euclid* intention wtu — not to explain tnt-ial truth*,
but to ahow how they might be deduced aa nece>>4ary eonse-
quvncM of hit principluH. The fAmiliar study of this ancient
work— it biu stood itd ground i^roinitt all utteitiptu nt iinprov-
ment for two thouiaiia year»— will gradually induce u ma^
tiiamaticiU hiihit uf ninil, »nd n rii;ht apiirocintion of the real
xulure of vaaap — ^nf ihut wlilch nut merely doea, but ought to,
produce conviction. .
An preliniiiiiir}' to thi> Etudy of mechnnica, some knowledge
of the elements of tri^ronuinetry i« reijtiiMie. Thi< hiiitory
of mecbanicHl science Kill also afforda inipi>rtiuit fn^ilitiev fur
tnaaUirin^ ito priiuiptiff. The full v.-due of u acicntilic
tbeorem ia nut ii|iprk^<:iMti^d without cumv kiuiwivdgv of the
hard HtnigKle by which — ao to apeik — it has been Mfiirij; from
nature. The wimdennftv of the earlier mat hematic inns, their
frultleaa Isboura and conlrovenueK. their tdow and ^rnilual ap-
proximatioiiE to right rcculta, rev««] the aubtJe nature of phy-
Kicul Inilh, the n»Trair boundnrien which aepiurHte it from error,
and the iiet^e&.'tity nf niuiiiiiiinitift thoM huuiidarlM inviolate.
_ Dispute respectint^ the lawa of niechanlca ia no leoiier iioa-
luhle. I1iey are denionotrated; and to nttempt to mnke tliem
matters of cuntniveroy, ix tu exhildt JKunriiiice »f the pniceitaeB
by which they have been aacertuined. "IVe have, tberiifore,"
it bu well been «iid, " no gect» nor jKiTlkt in mathcmuticH ; but
they abound in i -ry other d('|virtiiieiit of humiin ii|iirii«n." And
S;aiii, ''In niutliematical qiientions, where relatioim uf iiuiintity
uno ore concerned, a dispute cnn bo cumplelely ternilunted ;
liecauKC, fruiH wrong iireiniara, or fidse riMaoiiing, a coiitrudio
tiou can he at leaat eliu«n tu reBult."
If, then, the liibotins which perfected the acience of mechanica
^fiir it i» now perfect — h;i>o heeu icreiit. if it4 ntudy iiuir ta»k
Heverrly the highest effortxuf the 8tudciit'a niiud, are not iherexullo
GommenaurntD f The rerclAtiona of rvaa ibiitu in ita most
* riiili>-vi>l'T !■ Tniun Iti lliBl I 'Mini gf liiiclc> nbltb iMndi rantlnnnUT apinliftao
ihr iryri of lutri fffui ki. lUr ujikrrw]. tiui tatiiiul l>« lufooJ wllliinit |k>VTIaui prvr^M^
tion 11 iiEtilrrattnd Iba 1iifi(tii(i|;r viid drdgih't litv rh*tsv-(t'ra ta vrlititi It !■ nritlvn. It It
■iliun In iht LMi(ii«Ke ui nttilieniiilrt. aii'I l<* tlian«rn sn Itttiivlti. dtrln. idiI
aUisr (Mtufulcal bfmit wttbonlwhrdi, ■■■)vauliIwui(L*rb«iiln, Hirauehniiirt and
•biciactlj.
altractire fiirni*— it* manifrntalinna in t^ frandeat phwiuflHUJ
of nature, and the pruuilect aeUevemeDta of art—than
Uie wa^tex of philoaophio toll. So vast are the duniatn* of
aclence, that every vear hriii|pi tidinpi uf new iiiid rieh diieo*]
veriea within it : vlule ita n|>|>ticationa to the practical waniu
of men are ever iwwivine frvnh mid more important develop-
menta — ever creating rct'iilutiiin« mure extenaive^ tnore *"*' 'ligj
and more noble than those of politics or war.
ARE WE TO HAVE AN ARCIIITECTDRAL EXIirBITrOX
Siimcthinjt of the kind aeeniH to lie dawniiij; upon us : ther« it
wliat ju^L nt prooent ltHjk« like lie proxtiect of aiicti exhibltiv^J
thougn it nuiy after all turn out to iinvc Wen a mere unauhi
lial and deceitful minv^r. In pnijHirtion >t» we are aaxlou
tlw viaion liJiould be realiaod, wa feel u|iprehctiMve of its Gi__ .
away into n»th'U£. Wv learn from a oontempuTMry, that tfl
" Arcbitecturnl .'Vaanciation'' purpiiwe to ''get up au annual arcbl*
lecturml exhibition.' Uctweeti uurnoaiiu: and firmly delcvmiuiiM^
upon a »^ heme, there i* a good deal of difference, nture eigw^^M
wbeu the purposed "gettiuK up' ■> likely to prove ver>' a|i>hiQi|
work. Thot remark i* iiieoiit not Iv diocuuru^ »o much aa toati* J
mulate. In order to overcome difficulties, it is neceviar}' to laekr)
them boldly in the face at once, and he prepared to enoouAtCr''
them.
The " ArchitM'tur«l AMOi^alion" ia a junior aociety, wbkli i
yet hardly utiindit hefure the public nt all,— oartataly nut in uny tDK^
poaing sttitiiile. It has no royal standard lo boitt in the f»nn uf
■ cbartor — the chief priiile^o conferred by which i>cvnis to be ihu ,
of indulging in indolence and doing nuthioft. Yet, if it tiais m
charter, > junior and youthful society )ia.->. or ought to have, wm^
tiling greatly in ito favour; for it msy be pniumvd that ttpi»
seMca zeal and energy, of both which mucli will be letfuire^ ia.
order to carry properly into effect the achi^mc Ihoy nre aaid I
ditnle. One (lueslion for cnnsideriition in, how !■ it likely
liKikeit upon by th« Inatitutc^ Ak tn tho Royal Acaderav,
hady iroiild. no doubt, he ezcendinfly veil plcaaed at « veiratiM
exhibition for arc hit eel n nil drawing? And models heing cwt^hl^
tattet thw would tlierebv benlmoKt enlirrly relieved from iru
that kind, which it is evident enou{,'h tber take in vfry reluct.
and treat very glightini;ly. That the Institute wniitd mrt
umhrnge at that being done liy a junior aociety whii'h Ibey hai*
left undone (althoii^jb their meana for effitdingit are as jcreal, w
much greater), is not quite M certain. Apatitetioduit ia,llieliMi-
tute might yet feel aoniething iikii awkward compunction aa4
Mb»me, were others to hevlir theni^elvea diligently, and vrnlvrf
upon an experinicnt which, should it aucoeeil, would pLaoe ifcCM
before the piihlic miiru prominently than the Initttiiti} itaeir<
boxat of being.
7'he auceesa of the experiment, however, will depend veryi
upon the manner in which it shall be mnde. If it be mad« ■
it it to be hopeil that it will luit lie timidly and feebly. — Asill
here atrikei ua that we have poasihly fiillen into ii mtMUOcepIxt) I
Kiiice what the " ArchileitiirHl .-VKwtTintion" contem|ilate«nM|li
something very far short of the kinil of exhibition that laneMlL
If it is to he one confined to ihal aociety'a uun niPniberrL, infilail
of heing open to contributors generally, and l)e al«» upon mjiA a
foiitiiig as to admit arehilectiirMl anhjecti without distinction w te
the nature and mode of them— ^uch teciinicjd illuKlrntiau M
plnnx. wctiona. and details, ai well as thine more jiiciurial rmff*
■euLstions whicli are the only ones rei'cired hy the Uoyul Ao*
demy— if, we sny, it Is not to do this, it will fall far "ihorl of «p*
plying n mRin ile»tdcratum. Renting' entirely upon the abilitiM rf
the jneinlifrx llLeuinelvpit, without aid from other (ju.irterc, Uwj
posed eihibilion could liurdlv lime suDloient ■tamina and))
stance to come properly Wfore the public, ami ho ha to aB
notice and daiin nitiiport. Neither would anything at all twl
towsrtls atTiirding the opportunity of eshibiling their prndii <j
lo the many who nre excluded from the Ac.tdemy on account of
the exceexlingly limited iKTomniodatian there for nrchilectiiral d^
sixin and models. At present, there is only Mobaon's chuiivfor
nrchilcctural cxkihitors, — either Uie Royul Ai-jidcmy or nowbcit.J
And the aocommodation at the Acatlemy for wurka of tbo k
tuuilly inndei|Ui>te ; Ivr while only a comparatively small aii
of them can he huni: up, nut atiove a third of them can l>e hi
that lliey can rcntiy he looked at. Therefore, shnt witL
cbaaco of btujig luniedawfty for waul of room, or ela« ofl
Tim CmL ByCINEER AND ARCITITECI
»»
tlinivt out of siglil. it U not prowtly to 1>* vnn<Ipr«il nt if m^tny
WT drtetrnl frcnn iruilinir niiTtliiiiir *t nil. To mnth, iilhvr npiiiir-
lunity of rxlilliitin^' wniild b« H^lr'tine ; and ttieir coiilriliuliong
would, it may Im- iirc^iitnrd. W cqiinlly nrlrniin- and •orvk^Mblr to
thr " A«M>riflliiiTi. M'itbotit ntii'jiort of t)i« kiiiil from ollit-n, imd
llie extended interest tm rrcatcd for thestirctM of thcundtrrlukin^,
tlirrc mtetit not ht nttmrtion imffini-rjl to pruilurr extraction — to
wit, nf Bliilliiijrii fmni tlie i>nrki-l-i iif tlie I'lfKes. We sfieak itiowly
o[Hin our own (wnjrcture. riat tnlip for erantcd thiit the exhikitEoii
in question nniild n'qnlrc tin- iimihI nhilfini: pii.««i|>c>rl fur iidin'mion
to it ; b<'cati>« iilherwUe, Ihi; jiiiMic nould t)« I'xi^lmlcd, Hiiil the
exltibitino be meirlv n private one, nprn only tn the members uid
tlieir friend*, mt tdat any ffiiod riMtult m< to diffuning nttwtefor
ftrvhittiHure mi a bnuidi of aeniirn would be fnMl^ult^d.
WLat leuden It so hij^hly det-irablc- tbitt b speciaj exhibition of
•rchitcrtur^l drawinsv and modcU of eviTy cUm Khould be cstMlt-
lisbed i>, tlitti prvductioue of (li? Itind hav« no chance of ob-
talaiDg any attention so lonti: ns painting are to bo seen at tbe
Bomc place. It wonld be *tmv«t utire*«"iiiib]c to expect that they
■kould, Mpcciflily ut tli« Aoulemy, where tlic pictured are so nu-
nverous thut Ihev nh>i>Ci nfford i|iiilo o^rupntinn enoiiffh for MV«ral
TMits. There, the archit^^ctnrnl aubjtM't* arc wcnrcely li>f<k«d at at
all, except Just by lh«*e who make ih^m tlivir chief ohj^t. I<«t it
then be fairly (riod, wh*thcr, when withdrawn from itn e«lipM
at thfi AriuU-my, and alIoir«d to dinplay itoelf in a different orbit,
it hai renlly no power of nttraction fiT the niAny — we dn not meftn
tite moh, but thM» (and tticy tint many) whn, if tbey pOAM« not,
kffect nt Iflut to have a tn>te f<>r art ernrrally.
Sappoain^ that the ^' Association " now Intend to heilir them-
mIvm in gooA earnOTt, «n» thinar which they nuftht et-p<*cinllr
lo (^nnciiter befnrehand in, thnt archilwturnJ drawinjrn require jtro-
portionuMy a much fireater space fur exhibiting; them than pictvirei
of the usnnl kind do, — beesnue they require tn be iniipertrd ait
C-ln^ioly n« miniiitnrru nr ensravini^ ; coiitefjiiently, little more than
the direct /me of wull on the level of the eye cun bo made avail-
able for lb< purpoae. It in of no uep — rnther n mere moekvry — to
profoH, na the Academy dix'o, t<> exhibit praduetians of the kind,
and then hsntr the majority of tliein where It is only by ^eat
effort thai thi<ir subjeets can' be made out, and sll detail in rnm-
plrtely lost. Mr. Hiilintts — nhn, by-the-by, at the ojii'iiing meet-
■ni; of Uie prei<ent tCAMon, hl^nified the A«Aoeiatlun's intention to
1^ up the exhibition in qtiiMlon, — observed (hnt he hit]i*«lf had
DO rieht perhaps to grumble at the Academy, berniiic, of eif-ht
drawing which he «ent In thih year, veven were hunp- up^bat four
near tbe veiling, and three near the HiKir. Cimsidering how muny
flnhiMts uf liii were admitted, he luul reaxon to luiik upon bimifell
U alglily favoured — If it he any favour or compliment al all to
hare drawings rereireid mervly bWau^e their frames happen to be
juat tbe Hixe to lit in *' rery nirrly" with otherson the wune part of
the whU. Such luuiit ever l>e the conieijiicnce of the abominnble
dove-lailintf syHtem in hanging: pictures nnd dmwings, which fre-
quently rendent it necenxary to put a jroud xuhject or production
in an uufavuurable iiluittion, or else nn Inferinr one In a good
■Itualton, merely hrcnune nu other plnces where they mould so well
fit in can be found fur them. Pnwiibly. luiwever, oiir advice may
be allorether superHuous, since it is possible that the pitrpufcd
oduUtion will turn out to have been a miire Suh in the pan.
I.^._
^V tance from the top of the pee to the intereeclinn of (he iiloties to
^K b6 given. Let A be n cenlrc-itiike. Jit wliidi thir balf-wiilths are
V to be determined ; It, the intemeclioii uf the fcloi>e« produced ; nnd
r to I, their ratio. The level must be placed at some point D, and
the line of colli mat lou adjutltt:^<1 so ns t«) describe a hiiriinntsl plnne
ot a distance a D above the point B (llg. 1), for a cutting. B A =
K; Aa = &: re' ^ao = h', the reading uf the ataff when stationed
■t c*. Then we have,
Bc=lld-ac=BA-f-Aa — aes=K + A-A', and the
iMCth of the horixontaJ linit through c* = co' = f ^ r x Be =
r(K+A-A') =: r (K ■+■ A) -rV sou' - rV (])
Thv horiitonLa] distance of e' from a B, must also be measured with
the chain, and this we will ■uppose to be y. It is evident, that at
the point ^, where the slope 11 u' uivDts the sitrfacu of the ground,
r
ON A HKADY METHOD OP DETERMINING THE
WIDTHS OF LAND REtiUIREL) FOR THE
FORMATION OF A RAILIVAY.
the condition y ^ ' muot be satiKfitid ; and for no other point can
it be satisfied. Thia point tf mu«t be foiund by repeated trials.
nt-ii-Cvtamg,
In the case of an embankment (flg. 9),
r = rx Be = r(K-A + A) = r(K— A)4eV =
rBo + rh' = aa' + rh' (2)
Hence, whrtli«r there be cutting or emhaiilLnient, we must deter-
mine the half- width (ao ) at the (etrl uf the time 4if tolUiuititm ; and
in mnking repented trials, we have nutbing moire to do lliko miilii.
ply the readtiiK of the levrUHtall (A) for the slope by r, and atlil ,
the product to na' for enibankmento, or mhlract it for cuttings, t "
oblAin the mine of *, irhkh must he e<mi|ured with the horiionts
duitance (y), found by measurement Mith thn chain. RcMatCi
trials muit he made until a point is discovered which satbne* tin
condition j/^g.
FIf. 9. — SnIiaitkmmL
Take, ai an oiampk, fig. I. which is a cutting.
BA=K = 2S-2ft.; A=(M3; r=H;
■"»'= rXBB = r(K4-A)=: li(S6'9 + 9-13) = «■« ;
let tbe 3talf hi- held at /*, and aupiiose the reading to be fi-S = A' ;
thenrA' = »I4; andjr ;=//" = no' — rA' = 42-i — &-7i = 311-T».
By measurement with the ffhain, y is fouod = 391W;
.'. y i« not equal to .r.
Again, auftpoiKi the reading c' < of the it.iff al c* to be 10-7 s A' ;
then rA' = iaOi; nud a ss M& ^ r h'
= +*5 — 16-04 = 9G'U)
and jr Is found by nioniiiirement lo lie VS-liJ
.*. £ = f ; and v' is the point sought.
Saampie q/* on £mlianhmmt. — Slope* I j to I. Let K = <9-3« ;
A = S'i3. Then (K - A) =; B a = 4f3a — S-*3 = SSM ;
•ad a fl' = r X R « = ij x 3»«3 =: a9-».
Suppose the reading e' e of the slaff at tf to he 10-03 = A',
then rh' = 15-07;
« = oo* + rA' = 6Sa + rA' = S9-9 + 14-07 = 7i-97l
and suppose that ji, found hy measurement, it = rvnT )
then r' will be the required point.
These neceuwry c.iJcuUliona are very Hiniple, but they at« alae
very numorou*, and I have found it adi-iaiible t«i •uhrtitule a kind
of sliding nile, which nt once performs the iiiultiplic-alion of r and
A', and adds tti« product to, ox mblracts it mim, a «*. (A««
fig*. 3 and ».J
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECFS JOURNAL.
LVrtvi
A long* Mile (if Mual pytn (H) i* fatmtA at lli« Mm of *
irnwvp. And iinat)i»r (V) ^ide* in conUct tritb Uita, u nbova In
the lijrunM- tl iv|>n>«!iiu t)i« horiKiiiUl in«amrementi communly
tukea with the cimlii, and bIiouIi) extend fh>n tu about ISO (veU
i t
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8lld>*mtw*<]r«d*t*nnlt)la(
Mr Wtdtli af • CnlllilC>
ni-'i.
Elide amnctd t>r dftffoiMiif
Uu Width tt ID Kmbanknmt.
If the iiirtnimeiit be made of box, II may ■^ontnin 10 feet to the
Inch, and each foot may be dirid^ into i equk) parts. The slide
V correspotide tu, and nrnxt ot leiint cnntain a» many feet an are
marked on tie k-vellitijT'-etafr. The scale on V, u *)iown in the
fiffUTM, id for a (il<>(>e of 1 1 to 1 ; for 1 ^ foot on H ia equnl to 1 foot
on V. Other tlidM «iU be re^tdred for oth«r alopm.
In tlie example of a cutting |>ravioa>]jr caleulated, we found tliat
na' = W-i feet. Uring O, mi tdide V, npporite 49*S on H (liir. a).
The atnlT i« «et iip at/', ami the rcadini^ io fimnd to bo C'i. Rvfcr
to V with 6:i, and o|t])i>aito thin point M'e find r := 3i'S on II,
irithodt nnv cjil<^u1alion.
But tne menmired dhtance j/ if) 92-00 ; .'. g'm not = m.
Again, tbe staff ii net up at other poiiiti, and tbe trial regieatvd
tin we couie t« llic jwint p', where tho rcndinir of the rtiiff (A ) i«
10-7 feet. Refer to V with lO-T. ami opposite it we find '^'5 on H,
which dilFera onlr bj the j^tb of a foot from the reaolt prcviounljr
giren hy nilcuJatiuu.
As rA' haa tu be fiififTacredCrom a«' in tvttingty it is necMtnry
for the Kcalei V and H Ia lie numbered in aj^^tt direetinna, m* in
(iff. 3. Ilitl in fmhantinmUji rh muirt biia>Med tons', and the nraled
V and II Muirt increMe in the ttme direction, m in fiff- *. Thi" in
the re.tiion irhv th« slid^ biM lirn aiialcK, ditferentl]' immbori'd.
Fiff. 4 n>rri>ii{ioiidii tit the niundriral e>ai)t|ile f;lvea nbavo for an
embankment : o on V bcine placed opposite M'9 on H ; and lO'OJ
OH V fallii oppoate TJ on It.
Wo liavv hitherto nippoaed that lero on the wnle V ispliiced
n]>poalte a a', the horisraiitsl width nt the levirl of thit line of imI-
limalion. Now tho value of on- i< dependent on the amdeotal
poellion uf the level, and nniitt be calculated in tho field. Sup-
pose, however, that the half-oridths at lliv levoU of tbe centra
pcga hare b«en drtermined, and reffiwtered previuualv to oommenc-
■agopentivDs. In thvuAmple of a cutting (%. l), venipposed
B A III Ite = K =90-8; ;. thshalf-width, aappoidng the Kruvod
to be level, z^ r K = 1 j X M^ = 39-3 ; luid * waa taken = fM.
And the rccult ia the unw,
wknher »■« [dace 21S (w h) on V oppooite 3!)-3 on H,
or on V uppuait* ¥i-h wi H.
The lirxt method will bs found Uie beat, becauae aO iJw
widthi at the li-.veU of the atakea mxj have becii prffrtonalf
mined in the office. The aame may be said of Ag. k
It will br found convenient to have an inde.x cafiablie of
alunir H. indcpeudentK uf V, and capable of bGiou fixed
aurc, Tiiia majr be forniLil tiartly itf a piur« of hunt,
tnuiaparent auManoe, having a line tuImI parallel to the
of tbe HsaleBi. Tfab will be of iirrai. Hrrrice where tlie gx<
vi-rr sloping, and it becomes Incuutcnieot to hold tlis itn
BtiiH on crcry peg.
if, iiiji£s. 1, and % thofiroand had [lecn m low tb«t tli« X*
tho fttAif d'c ffU bcluir the line of cullimitiurL, it would hate
ncccMar)' to ti-tveahiAcd Uiu level, and no' wuuld b»ve
saw poattiou And ralae. li will, himuver, be fmind aa «un
to dct«nuuu) B tf, M)d therefore aliui n a', in all cAaea; aiw
muat tlKii he plac«d oppu»ite tfal^f value of a a' on l\.
Or, ciduuUiliuu may bu avuided even in thin ea«e. Fiff. 1. 9a[u.
foge th« lirat reading at a tu be «-U. and i)ie balJ'.widLh at tfc«
Jevel of A, 3»-3 f»et. Briti^ S-IJ on V iipp«>»it(> :iu-3 on 11. L«|
tbe ataff bu held at anv putnt^ nod tuke tbe reading 8-AS, ■appve,
Slido tiio indfj- aluog 11 U> point tu 9'il un V,
Remuvv ilio le>«l u « new poiiitiuii U', and ndjust It, and lap*
poae tlie baik Mght tukeii in Ibv ordinary w»v iw Ijo 3-4 Uint
tho *vtU V. bv tbut tiiv index puiola to S'i ua \' ; lutd tlie lluiru*
ment ia adjoftwl for thi CTuat-awttion ul A, so long- oa tlie lertl it
nut distiirheil.
Tlieindrx will be found very servlcMUe wheri) it ia noteentr-
nicrit to codimcitco loirllintf front cvcrjr oentTe<aLake. Sappna
tbe eentre-M^ to be one ebain apart, and Uiat tbe gradient ntn
t in every cbain.
Wo have Men tliat the dJaU nce Ro of the horizontal pku
thriiufth HO' from B Li = 11 -f A (fig. l), m llio p-adlent ii mf-
piJBtd to rite S foet in a rJisin, at a point oorn-s ponding to D; but
B chabi from it, the new value of o B becomes (K^P* — I) ;
and the now half-width a a' becomei r (K + A) - rl,
If we tiike an eml>uiikm(>nt {6g.'2), the n«w value of aBh-
cume* (K — Jk + t) iit Ihi; distance of one diain ;
and lbt> new ralue of tho hulf-iridth ao' ~ r (K — A) -frlk
Thus, in a ririM grodieat, i fur every chain, we mual niB»tde
■Ude by Uc teak H, a dirtaaoc r 9 upwards fur C4iltingi 1
and u dtataiice r > downwnrda for embunkmentt f
But r I on the sodc il ii^ the uune in nuucnitude aa B on tbe K>tf
V, and thorefore it will he most convetueot to employ tlie index lo
moving the slide V upward* or dawnwards, thrunjcn a qiacc >&'
every cliun.
It may bo useful to remark tliat fur a rijniy gradient t1ic iliJe V
baa to be mov«d in that direction in which the numbcrx wf thr 'tft
on V iiK-mwf, aa denoted by the arruwa, whether tho case fcp flW
«f exiting or irntbankiiient. ]f there bo a fulling gradient, tl?
alidc V muit bo moved in the opposito direction.
It will bo fuund convenient tu b« provided witli tbelwi^l*'
cncli stake above some common datum ; the hnlf-aidlh, Euppeaif
the (ground to be level ; tho number* and diotaacc* uf the iIiJm
with particulaiH respecting tbe gradient-*, MloLitii, Sic Ala's vaCMl
oolunina nnniit bo prepared to receive the hidf-iridtha on car^ ti4f|
aa they are determineil, and the rorrenponding rcitdini: of ll*
level. The point on II to which the aero on \'' is oppuiuie, oa^
at»o to be regialerud. Thin lust in very useful wbori: » uniabfr rf
conuL'oulive side-Uaked are determint^d without atartini; from H*
centre; aiid doubts migtit utheruise nrlae aa; to whether the finpv
correction hnd bn-rn raiido for the gradient in every en««.
A» tbia aJide-rule b^a been used whern the ground wa« rtouik-
nbly uneven, both for determining ths widihn of cuttings and *ot-
baukmenls, and the limita of nmbankment^ iit the end's of vtadiKtv
I can Htron^Iy reeunimend il to the ntlontion of thou pnt-tiMllT
eiuoged on im(\\ work, as it avoids muoli trouble and unc^riaititT,
and the result it aa ncrurate as ciui tie desired by tho miMt fMtis-
oufl. All addition to the widtha above fuund m'lst be made I*
allow fur the ditches and feooee.
S(, John* CoOya, ComMdgt,
Oct. 81, 18t«.
FaaMas Basbfobtb-
iei9.j
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
399
GKOROB STEPHEXSOV.
fOmtmatd Aran paft SOOj
I
IT. TIIR RXrWTT LtllP.
onp Is one ot tlie tcreateit tvih liii|>p«ii!nir to rr»i1-inlnf%
ftiid aae vliicli » too well known to all having aoytliin); to tin with
litem. Thirty or forty ytajn ago, this km to *\nmitiy frit tlint
in«nj miRM hwil re*dml their furthMt workinK*^ tiecniise tlic men
had no food meaiu of fptlng or, for ili« leiut llnine w«h enougli to
Mt the nre-<lainp btinung, and tlie ateel niill gave littlo li)(lii, nntl
warn nnufe.
In IH3. the Armlemf nf Si-.i^nrM iT«r« (Iriiwii to look into tlila
matter, Kvernl cxMl-mlnes iit Brian :-on, in Dati[iUiiiy, liavlitK firtd.
All that the Academy did wu to recammend ■ belter iray of airiag
the mine*.'
AhoY« a kiiiidred yean aifo. Sir .ranii'H liOwlher hnd Men that
rommun lirf-danipdftetinoti'ati-ti fire frum spiifka of flint and steel;
anii onn nf Iii* mermen, said to Ire Mr. Speddinr. tnnde n mill fur
[tivinirlixhi Ijjf utriking flint and bIpcI.' Thi» wan iriirkcd by a
boy, Bud «»■ ua^d in the Rit|{liiih rollierivii. It tn, liowever,
knoWn, that with the itteel mill wime mine* have bwsi set on fire.
In Httinaitlt, amadou, or funiruii tinder, wna somellmes uned ; hut
h giras M liltlt- lijiht. tliat t)ic mm i-milil not work hy it, nnd nil
that the)- conld do hiih tn find their way by it t>imetime!i fnim one
■idi? of the rit to nnuther, vrhere (ire-damp waa IilovinK-
lii liQti, lliiraboldl made a lump' far^vins liirhl in minr^ where
■ eotnmfiii oindle would imt hum, or wimld net lire to tlie niiiii*.
It iron foiiiidMl on the iibin ■>/ keeping the ]i);ht away from the
air, and could only bum a short timo— that is, ao bog aa tbe air
Willi in it lantnl.
In I&13, Ur.riannr miule ninmp. to whiHi lie irarcairfnim the
nine, throtitfli water, by beliuw», ThU Inmn went out cif Itself In
exulofirc mixture!*. It was to hv workril by hand or by mo-
Dfaiaery, but wxi tun beary tn l>e moved about reiidilv.
Prom what Ur. CUuimy liad done, and from a fearful loss of life
In the Pcllinff Colliery, whereby 101 men, women, and children
died, tiw mimU of many were tunu-d t" "umc way of Irxai'nine
the fearful evil of (ir«-dnm|>. At SniudirrtaHd .1 tneetint; wan held,
wherein Mr. Huddle. Mr. Dunn, Mr. Cntlibert EtliBoti, M.P.,
Biahop (inir. Dr. Clanny, and otht'm, hnd a xharc, and who
••Ilea Upon mr Humphrey i>ary tv aearcli into the wfavlc mutter.'
■ llawlihiHii'* HIpiDiy or Cumbrrlanri. iro«lt4b7 D«*f.
■ /ooiMldH llln», iriil. lUQ, ^uslMl by t>iTr,
t« toa Sir 0n«t>iirn n^tj't M**r«] wort* la 1H1K, Ivit, l)U. nS IBSS. Inl irb>eh
■« BMrtf Ih* PMw. 'n4Dn«b(i« quiM l( ltia<vf ISii.
Sir Humphrey looked at I>r. Ctanny'ti lamp, but h« wna told it
waa t4o heavy aod toii coaIIv to Hn uiu^fnl. H« tiied pliocpboritB
and the ct^ctrieal light; but at length he found out ttint a lamp
eiiiild be made atr-1i|[bt, and to which tlie .lir eould be sent in
Ihrouifh vtrv amnll pip#a or Inlie", or frum smnll opiminpi in wire
^auco put ^elotr thf Hamc, and having n rbimnrv at top of the
tame kind, for earryina off the fmil air. Tbii he afterwarda ,
brouifht tu b^ar in th« anape H^w ■■> oell known n< lh(i Davy Lamj
or I'lii'v, in whic^h he wsa greatly bidpfd bv Dr. F.iraday.
Motiinwhilc, othern nrrt^ no )c^ bony : Mr. K. \V. Krandlinif, Dr.
M array, and Mr. John Murray made lampit, andaodidGeorffeSt*.
fifaccMoa; andatlen^^h there was very in^'at ^nfe betwoen Ibf
Hends ef Davy and Stephenson, ax lo who wu* the lira. We havi
here a email bivik, written by ii«eirgt> &tephen«i>n, in bis own beha
and which m the only work of his whieh it printed, other than 1
ports. Hercittiwelltoaar, thalitwnujd lie worth white to print tbe
reparle of (ienrpe Stephenson, !•> bind with thun^ uf Smeaion, for
thrr are written in fl very elear, tboiiahtfitl, and btudneM wa)^ ;
and are of f^rrat worth forthehinloryofeaKinecring, nSteiiheiMon
waa called upon lo h^bt for the locomotive en^ne and the railw^
in their childhood. a^in«t the world, haviiii^ fuw to back him
or help him in hi« hard *tr■af^g^^^.
Stephensonc book 1« r.nlled " A I)e*eription of the Safety LamB,j
invented by {.ieorife Stephenoon. and now in use in Killingworth'
Cidltery ; tu whi4:h is added, an aremmtofthe Lamp conxtrveted by
Sir Hiirnpbrny Darr, with Rn|tnivin|i«L London: Baldwin, Cra-
durk, and Joy ; Areliibald ronntable iind Co.. Edinburgh ; and £.
C'harnley, Newcastle, ISIT." It U only about eJKteeti sidee, and
was printed by S. Hod^r«on, of Newrimtle. and has foor engraving.
Another very inl<>n»tin|i luHik ik the " Report upon the Claims
of Mr. George Sti.'phen«(>n reUtive to the Invention of hie Safety^
Lamp. By th« I'ummittee appointed at a meetint; holden in Nei
caatle un the Iflt Nov., i»ti;. with an appendiT eontainins
I'viili-nire," Thiii whu printifl at Newriutle, and has three pla
which are the uime as in Suipltensun's bitok.
Stephenson says : ■* Sevenl of mv friend« havinir exprMSMl
wish that 1 would lay an enfrraved plan of my Safety Lamp befor
the public, with as cnnvrt an aicennnt of the dates of the inven-
tion a« 1 am able, I have resulv«d to do «o. I waa, at tlie same
lime. advlMd to publish tbe steps by which 1 wbn Itnl lu Ihin dts-
i;overy, and the theory I had formed in mr own mind upon the
tiibject. whirh, with the fitcta from whieh I drew my coneluaioita,
were freely eommuntoated to sereral eersons during.' the timel wm
eOi^Kfted in the pursuit. With this I cannot persuade myself to
comply; my habita, aa a practiail m«rhnnie, make me afmid of
puhliatiintf the^irirs ; and 1 am tiy no menna satisfied that my own
reasons, or any of tbi>*e 1 have seen published, why hydriiffen ifaa
will not explode tfiroufth small aperture^ are the true one*. It is
tuflSeient, fur nor pre«ent purpose, that that faet has been ilisco-
vered, and that it fins hmn siiecewrnlly applied in the construc-
tion of n lamp that may be carried with perfect safety into the
most explosive atmosphere."
" Diirin)^ the four yearn," Stephenaon goee on te aay, "that I
have Ix-eti employed to wiperintend the en^tinea at Ktllinifworlh
Colliery, one uf the moat exten«ive mines in North umberl and,
where there is a considerable quantity of muchinery underuround.
I have lind fre(|uent opportiiiiitie<uf employ iui; my leisure hunrt in
makin^c esueriments upon hydru}(eu gns. The result of thotie ex-
periments nas been the diiicovery uf the faet above stated, and the
eoneeqnent formation uf n Safety Lamp, whieh has been, and is
still used, in tlut coiieern, and wbieh my friends cunitider (with
what Justice the public niutit deride) ak preeiiely the unme in prin.
ciple with that subseijuently presented tu their notice by SirHum-
phrey Unvy."
The first thought of the safety lamp had been Iwn^ In St*-
phenvon's mind; and in Auf;u«1, IKl j,' he mnde a drawini; uf it,
whicJi was shown to several people im ttie wnrka—amonir otheia. to
.\lr. NieWlaa Wmxl." whose name is now, fcir the firai time, aeen
aluRK with that of Slephensnu. He was then a viewer at Kil-
linf;worth, nnd seems to have taken a ^reat share and delight In
all that Stephenson did, as is shown hy the wurks of huth. Ste-
phvnuon told WimhI that he thoit^it a lamp miiiht be nuule whtdi
would hum the (ire-danip without blnwin^-up. Tlie way was this,—
to make a tube in the bottom of the tnmp,ana he thought the attrac-
tion of the? dame uptrnrds wuuld bo sreeter than the force down-
nanls. U'uiid drew uul the plan under ^ephenaon'a eve, and in
October, l>tlA, they went to Mr. floui. a tinman, at S'ewcastle,
and hnd a iamp made, whiL'h a furtni^^ht after was put into Ste-
pheiMon's handa. Wlien Stephensiiii first spoke about it, he asked
s (UflisasaB, p-
• iter«ft. p. U.
tS^
THE CIVIL ENGIKEER AND AHCHITBCTS JODRNAL.
lli«t the tube migbt he made k tiunrtpr of nn ini-h in diameter, Ititt
Ur. Kiwg hsvinft 8ug|rt«t«il tlml it prutuiMy wimlil itul burn. It
WH mmiSi halt an inch' in dimmoUir, and a vlide attached to It In
' Bvdrr to lenceo It if awd were.
Tkia fint lump had hh apen (op and conical Khiipe, and wu siven
to Stephenson unthf^UtoT Ooliibfr, ISli, Tin* *«( on a Sattir-
da;*, nn<l in lln^ duiik, SiejihenMiri. U'lMtt, and Mr. John Moodie,
•II uni!er-vi«wer, uent dtiwn to th* A pit to try it. StvpbMMOD
li^hK^tlielnmpand went lonliloirpr of lirp-dnmp inth«> roof, froinst
t« it fruiri thp U'iridu-.ard, and kcppiii^* tltvr^ndlt'iilHiiit (oeitcyyard!!
off. ity Mimo dentK, they niadi! a yart of tlie mine faid. fur the
|iurpw«i>l' hitvinfr a trial uitli the Ump'. About nn liour tifti-r-
wwds, Moodie went into the part «» made fmil, and fmitid hy the
sntdl. Ste. (of whicJi, from bn(iirlMl)r^, hi* wan a totiBd Jadjie) that
U( nir wM. in >.iich a Ktalc, that if n riindl« had been tak^ii in. tti«
nlace wotiJd have caufiht tire, uhirh vould have h«en very frarfu).
vioodle luld ^lC]>hFnKon it wni ftml, and liintrd at thr daiiicer ;
nevi^rthplFw^ Stcjihi-iii'itn wottlil try thf lump, truKtinf; in its safety.
^U-jihunitdn totik thi' liinip and irf-nt with it to the niot in irbich
MiMidie iiad h(«n, and Nicholas Wood and MotMliu, Irarfu), wrnt
Lfbrtho' off. 9tn>lipniion triivl t)i(t lamp, and it wi-ot out wit)i*mt
making nnf pspfiKion— h>d wliich, Stcphptmin a{{a)ii held forth the
ttfoty nf 1ii« lamp. It hns 1i«en «»id, IwfuTe now, that there is as
nucli bravery in the engineer an In the uaman or thi* warrior^
aye, and as much rail for it, too ; and oflpn in thv ranmwn work-
man will there be m. Ntuut and bold » heart in the ftreateat
■iTnitK, nnd bi the utmon fear of life and limb, m there is in
Uie leader who ctorins a hre«<:h, or heads the bloodirtt iight.
Stephenson was a« ftind n hiwbiuid as a father, hut ho did itut want
l^aring whtn he thmi^ht the call was on him ; ami althouitli death
VlDomed liefore him, he did not turn back from wbHt he felt to be
l^iiduty. Here we hai-e (lie witnt'M of thoie who Hrre Mitli Lint,
and we may stand h; him in thi* time of trial, and wnlch hi« every
step.
■' Stephenson." saya Moodie, *' apiin lif'hled theUtnp, and Wood,
who had now more tniit in it. went with him to tlie former spot,
and even held the lamp— they tried it afraiii, and with the fame
end. When the Lamp was put liuhtcd in the gaa, there was n
great flame, the lamp wan almost full of Are, and then it smothered
out. Stephenmm then siud that he could so shift it, that he could
make it bum heit«r,"
'I'liis first Inmp wn* msde with a slide, to retfulate the openinff of
thi! pipe through which air was sent into the lamp. The slide was
partly shut before the lamp was brmii(ht near the blast of the
blower — im1reil,h wiusofarnhut, thMtttteUmp burneil but wpjikly
in fiuod air ; and when the lamp was brati|rlit to the blower, the
^^ame grew htf.'i:er. ax alrrady said, nnd then went out.* An ex-
plosion, indeed, took plnro within, hilt it did not pnitt cmlwArds.
Tlie xlide was severaf times shifted, and tri:UH ninile sfterwHrdx
with bliidilers filled with air from the blowers. The tirst trial was
with the pipe i)uite open, and the expl'Mion pas^eil donnwards.
Trials were thvrrnfter inaite will) tlip idide mi shifted, that at k-nxch
itiieopeniiitt wait •(> otnall, the eiploijon no lun^fr )>aiued dnwn-
' VHrda, and the lump kept alight ; out it was to weak, tint it caaily
vent out by being moveil. It was therefore thought, that by
makinir mnr« pipes of ihinsinallneNs, air enouKb for htiminii and
for ket-ping up the Iii;ht iiiii^ht he let In; and yet the holes or
fij>enin;^ be ho small, ss ntill to stop the explosion fromgulnj; down-
WHl'ds,"
The Inmp wax now sent to Matthews, a tinman, in Newnintle,
and the three pl|>eB put to it, hut outside the burner. On Satur-
day, the 4tb of November. thi« was tried in the oil, and found to
b'irn belter than the other, but still nut well. Nctcrthclei'*, thp
iCxploaion did mil (tii downward*. A ipiit in th-e mine had boon
[«(niu made foul by Moodie, and Steiihemton, Niclioliis Wood. John
''Hoodie, his fion of the same name-, an overman. andOeorKi' Wailcs,
an uvcrman, went down and made further trials, whii^ as they all
tliotigbt, turned out htrtter thou the (int. Moodie here says,"
that three month* beifore the first lamp was tried. Stephennon wm
often making trials with a candle near the hbiwprs, for which
^■iMoodie, who was frarful. reproved him. Steiilieitson then told
AJoodit^ that hn thouK'n a laiithorii eoiUd he made so as to be taken
ill safely amongat the foul air ; but Moodie did not think it could
1>« dunc.^ >
AfU-r this, two liim|)*i of the second juitlern were made and
f[lven to the uaisttrnen in Killinfrworlh pit. A few days after —
namely, on the ftli of NuvomtiLT, a boy wan killed in thu A pit, at
KillinKworth, on th« spot whore the triubi were mado nith the
* ll*parl,U«oill*'a vIIims*, ^.10. S aUjiliM***, In Ih* R*piirl,fi, U.
W n'ond'a wllnist, In thr lUiurt. p. 17. id llcparl. i>. II).
It WiiatM«r illcliuij Tljuin|i'«a, *i\ vtmata. lUpuit, p, ai.
first lamp. Stephenson unid. on that day, if the boy had ludl
lamp, he would iml havo been burned."'
John M'Crie, ii sinker, telb the same Inle. Me myv, that In thi
summer of 181 J, Stepheosoa was settin)r up tlopin^ planrs uiidep
grnumilf and often as he was comlnff out. he set the blower on it
and by lightiNl cAndles pat to windward, put the blower nut
Steulienaon said that lie oould make it unefal In save men's livi
Thki lie 8ud, when M'Crle spoke against what he vm doing i
liunful.
Lp tn this lime, Stepheninn knew nothing of what Sir Hura^
phrey l>ary had found out or done, iir uf what he had writtfii i
the coal tnde thereupon. lie now madehis third lamp, whlefa ha
more pipes, mi as to get a better draught of air. He aftenrard _
thoufilit," that if he cut ulf the middle of the pipes, or nadt'
holes in metal plates, set Konie way from eaidi other, as far ai
the itiiies, that the air would ^et in better, and that there vmld
be tlie Mni« safety against explusioiu Another lamp waa tlienAr*
m.tde and tried.
This third lamp did ao well, that it vas long used In Klllingwnrtlil
pits, and workmen were bound to it under a ftoe of half-a>rRni
for usin||[ a mndle. This lamp was tried alongiide wJUtUar^'i^j
and found to d<i as well.
The tint trimmer was a wire down the chimney of the luipj
hilt .-ifterwards ^ir llnlnphrey Uavy'g ttimmer was used. Nle'
las Wood wrote mi lhi'!i in the Tuae Mrrtury.
On the V4th of Nuvemher, IHI.S. ^tephenmn showed hit kaf
to Mr. Hobert William Uraiidliiifr, and tu Mr. Murny itf Siudfr-l
liuid, both well able to icive a iiid^nnent upon lU T
On Tuesday, the Atlt of Ilcrember, IHI.% Stenheftsoa's liapij
vas bsought before the meeting of the Literary and I'hile«o|iluau J
Society of Newcastle, the same evoiiing IhutDr. John ktnmT*]
gaper olioiit his own lamp was reud. I'rials were nude uf ,
tephensoii's lump with Maddens holding the fire-damp, put beli>«', ,
and the liee-dnnip let into the lamp.'*
The dilference between Stephenson's lamp and Sir llunplmy
Davy's whh, that t>Ie{ihen»on used a plate in which hole* were tut,
and Davy hit upon the hajipy thoii^'ht of ucin^ a wire anuie
screen ; hut Stephenson Be«iiis to have boen the first who nstil
that the explvnon would not pass outwards, and upon this >U
depended.— fur wire piute instead of a metal pUte was a am
cliaiiKO of thiipe, Ihoufrh for the letter.
M*hethcr Sleph en son's )ani^ it still used, we do not know ; hit,
as shown above, it was kept in use till 1SI8, and v«ry likriftiU
loiitc after, for Htephenxon's friendii were so tteadfast they nuulil
not give In to what they said u-us a cojty of their lamp.
V, TDB cirr.
In 1814, Iho«e nho had ealU-d in Sir Humphrey Da^y, thooiM
it time to give him some reward, and therefore c.-tUed a meetiu^
ciialou'uers, at N'ewoaslle, on the Slst of October, when Mr. Ki-
Ihaniel CUyton took the chair. The meeting u-a* to reward Sir
Humphrey Darj% "for the Invention of the Safety Lamp.'" Bj
lliiii time, a paper war had ariiien, mid while Kiahop Gmy and -Uf-
Itnddle felt rjilivd ii|ioii to stand by Sir iJuDiphrey DNivy, a firHl
Huniher held tn Ciiiwgo Stopheneun, and much bitterness of fetkif
wfis tihowrL Neither were there wMUtinz tliiKe who upheld IV.
('hiniiv, IJr. Murray of Ediohnr^li, Mr. Jiihn Murray of (lull, ut*
Mr. Robert ^V'illium Brandling. Dr. Clanny wiis the lirst-S*
Humphicy Davy and Sli^pheuMiD acknowledged this; hut tk
lamps of the two latter h:id been brought into work, and ibt
struggle lay between them. Dr. Clanny heljied Sir llumphtfy
Daw, and Mr. Hrandliug'" tsded with Stephenson. Davy wusi
much the strouKer than Sleiibeiuun, that he was better' kncii
aad had all the men of leanitti^ on his Kido, while SlvphenMin *i*
bucked by tlie Killiii^worth men, and all those who thought bifihlv
of what the !ictf-taujtl>t wurkniaii had done with the locoiuotive tM
thcsiifcty lamp. Sir lhiiii|ihrey'» frieaiU were angry llial oM st
lowly should be set up a^aimit him — Stejihenmiu's, that uaeao lus'f
aliould be put down, and kept out of his fair Skhare of Die wok. U
bolster up a great name. lloCh sides wMtt great leDfthB,liMi
went too far. «nd now it is easy to do right by all.
IVrhaps AVntl took a jwrt, for lie was an wwly patmn of DbIi
who was t^mployrd in the I'tieuniHtic institutioD, at Uriatol, tipkl
Dr. Beddoes, in wliidi Watt look a great shaie.
flo much W3s said and done by Geurge Stephen icon's friends, ibtT
fought so bard fur him, and against Davy, UM. tlio mwctiiig oe U*
)B ltfi>«tt,|).2l. •■ Hapotl, p. 16.
I ■ Wltneti or Mr. Henry Kdmanitas. Bwretsrr. snd nt Mr. IImut All
Mr. amhimi Oiiiliun. Rrpiil, |i. 'J"!.
1 a Tbt nhole at Oil* !• wril gma la Itie <ia(Mliead Obsimr, nt Jlsnll I
to DiiT, om tli( aatrli Limji.
I
19i8,3
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AXP AnCHITECT'S JOUILVAL.
P
I
31st of Aajpitt vfl< |]«I<1 aver till the lltli or Oetot>er, «h«n John
Ofioi^e Lftm^ltt>1t, ihi* Inti* Karl nf Durh^nt, took tli£ chnlr. Mr.
UrsiMllin^ then movMl thnt the meFttnjt nhonid li« u^iin put oJf,
that Iniiutry niL^ht be made, whetlier ''' tbe merit uf the invetilton
of the SRfotr lump wnx due l« Sir Humphpcy Hnvj-, or licor^
Sui|»h»tMAn. Mr. Arthur .Mi>wbra}- likrwiKC «tt>«<l up fitr thil^
but it wax set asiile by a gnat nuuiber af liniidB. A ptirae of voe
hundred ^iDiia^ wa^ Ww^rn' ^ven to i^tepheitBun.
StL')ibpiuuu's fripuil* voru very wroth iit hciii^f lliu* braton, and
Rtfnhonitm hjnuelf thuut()il tliiil the DieetiiiK liuit tlealt very un-
/ainy with him in noanliDg the mvoA to l)aTy. " Whether ot
not, »ay» 8lpph*n«in, in d letter nTtrrirartl* printed, " Mr,
Bnuulliii^ iv juntified iu the vpiniuii hu ha* c^xpreaveil [thnt Me-
{rheunuii wn« ilie iniAnlof'], it i)>|>e-ir>> Iv me iimy W OA'oly dcciiled ;
•nil 1 bball only Add, that if it cnn be proved thut 1 took Milvnn-
ta^Of in Uie rariiintiuii of thtf KnTcty liimp, uf any 8Ufrf;««tions,
«xcept the printed oiiiuion* vT scientific men, I dpscrre to lv««
tiie CQufiiteilCC of (Rv liuniitii'iiMt' rniplnyi^rc, mid tllO good opinion
of iny fellotr-incn,w'liii!li 1 feel iia hu nest pride iii, nndwhii'h even in
my humble niluxliun in life in uf mure vulue in my extinuition thun
ftny re«Ard tlmt generous, but indiscriminntin^ nfHuffiico can
b**to«'"
Davy'* friend* tliotifitit thev did not do enoiif^fa in upholding
htm, hut they must fnrtlier txiU down Slephen<«n ; and tnnteMt of
ehoo^inf; the likely patli, that both niicnt have gone on without
knowing each other, they njvenly wiid that Stephenson had taken
ur atoleii the thought from Davy." Here uiks the Btluf; — and hence
tbe manly iind eameiit ipeech of 6tei>hent«n, pivmi uboi-e, which
fiillv* shovM what hiA feelinijr* were — bi>* love of stnndins: well with
III' felloir.nicti— hi«earnestnea£ t^ be worthy of the trust bestowed
upon hill). From the time lie )i»t net foot in the great uurld, to
the duy of hit death, thene vne hie stroDjr feeling* ; and luhan
been before Khuuii, they give the key to liui life, and lay open to
B3 Ihc spring's of liia »ell-doin(f,
no wsf quilu ri){ht in thinking that (ho good-will of bi* ncigb-
bounn, and the tru>i uf hi* fvlltiw-meti, were worth more thuu any
Divney whi>-h could lie bvalowed; for they were to htm m» llie land
which yields a yearly hiir^esl, whJe the latter it but a crop
which is iincc gntlivrcd in, and there in no more of it. The harvest
may fall nhorl *(inictiin«-s, but there !* the land to ffive a better
cr«I" in eUicr years, mid tw tjive n good income for whatever is
Iftid oat upon it ; h> is it with a gooa name — it in n liiitinj^ mia«
of wriillh to th<: owner, the yida vf which ia the (greater the
loiw^r it id wrouj;ht.
The friend* of I>avy i^ ere none the lew angry that a eamnMii
workman vm net up ng^intt one of hin great name, aa if it were
likely that one of U»vy';< ^funding iJwmld be beltoldeiied for any-
thiuK I" A lovuly pitman. Tliey were muddened at the thniight of
one of the grojttest men of his lUv being eo set down. How tittle
did they thiiitc or dream tlmt the drudge they then linked down
upon wiis tu ibine upon the world m one no lets great than Dave —
aft oneuf tlio brightest lights nf hiaday — tM one of whom even Xh«v
luiw feci proud. Such in the worth of a name, meh i* it to weigh
with an untrue beam, and to set down wrung weights. The greut
man of to-day soon sinka Into the dust, — the lowlv of yestenUy is
tho mighty i-f tlif morrow ; hut let one h ho weighed by bin deed<,
atid not by hiH name ; by his own work*, and not by the itline^i of
Ids friendi.
The writings whicli were nut forth In Stephenson'^ name are by
atu« hand ; bat ihniigh they nre.nthe hit Ihoughla, it dneii not Mcm
likely thai lliey ore hit. In that laxt given, the earuenluess of
thought LB hii, oat it i* not his speech. Ther« is loo mtieJi I^tin
— thvra arc too nuuiy of tha ehosem words of the n-bonlman, and
too mudi of hi* eralc, to let uh believo that they cunie froui a free-
kpokeu KngUaliinaB. In l;ilkl!ig, Steplienaoii alwciys bad the
bomelv 6{)cedt of nn EngUshniun, as indeed it now t>Ki uflen Iiap-
nena thai among e4)mmou men our mother tongue iH beat Kuoken.
IVith them, the u ell of Englivb iw briglit and ncrung ; abereat
boukm?n. intitead of speaking better English for their ifreater
knowledge, iiiily learn L«tin and Ureek to bring them into KugliiJi,
•G If uur Eiigliith were a warM spcfieh, and the iitJierii belter ; or,
at if a word were the better UluwfMood by beinz swaddled in out-
Undiab clulhe*. ^tepheiiton must often bad the pen of another,
else we might have: bail fnmi hiit hatnl Kunietbing wiirtby of oar
be*t writers ; for it tuu been often iteen, that thow bar*
written ibe freeiit who Iiav« riien as he did, from amoag those
vh» kiKio no other tongue but their own. The cneiaabetter
schoul fur aiieeeh than the college— there is a urenter ft«shiieis iu
Its Mjlugs: a strength and eamestnen ana licartiacM wlucli
I* TTi>cai(n<ur<H«r.J>, leu.— HtwuiUiCMiMIt Hor.ar, HIT,
come home to our bosootf ; Kniething wliich breathes sweetly uF
our ehildhood, and tHkes oh back bvyuoij our school jenra^
IVhethcr in the Bible, in Shak^peAre, our be^l-lovcd books and
writer*. tboM> luyingi alwivs delight ue most which nm mo»fc
homely; and yet. niure care i* gnen to eke out a Ivuk with btv
word*, borrowed from every Uml but our own, than to write avui
things AM every one may readily underslnnd.
If IHvy's friends spared itn'ihing far bini, Stephenson's were as
h-teadfnrt; the war went on, and the XewcTstle i»iper> were full of
writing*, for and ngninst. The Itev. Jubn Ilo^xiton, Mr. Uiiddle,
Mr. Brandling, and the full number of " Friends to .luttice,
strove together; Imt netthcr«dv would give in, or own that it was
in aught wrong: they were too busy in Middling thing* on eadi
othei to take off one hit from themselve:!. If Davy Imil the meet-
ing of Goalowners on bit nide, St<phvniuin was nyi to be left bnrrea,
and therefore lii?9 friends mude up their mindx that he idraald
ha*e ameoiiiig of his own, and ihat plate thmitd be given to iiim
as a ftet-oir agaiiuct what had been done for Sir Ilumplirey I>*i'y,
It should, however, he said that, having lieen beaten in getting mi
Iiiijiiiry from the meeting of (■(ialowneri, thev had a mvetiiig of tneir
own, to look into wiiat Mtepben<4nh»d done, and wbitb enoedin tbe
Iteport, "bicb ban been alri'udy nnmed. Stepbencim, Nicliol.ig
Wovil, and the others who had u hand in the buuness, were ealleil
together, and gave witness as to wbat they had seen or dune.
This WM written down and jirinted at the end of lh« Report, and
it showed tbe faltb the meeting had in the goodnea^ aad rightful-
ness uf the side they had taken uii. The members were, the Earl
of Strathmore, V. J. Itrandling, Esq., C. W. lligg, E^j., Matthew
Bell, E*u., H. W. Grey, Ehj., Artlior Mowbrav, Emi Janw« i^th,
Ew).," T. 11. liigg. E*q_, Dr. HewlUm,- V. N. Wawn. E«q^
.\nlhony Claphnni. Ksi)., and U. Charnley, Eki. Ilichurd Lam-
bert, Em|., was Uic TreiUHirer, and Holiert Hilliani Hriuidliug,
Esq., the Secrctarv.
On the 1st of November, I8t7, the furtJier step wns taken, and
a meeting wa« held in tbe Assembly -loo mo, Keweithtle; at wl|ieh
(-'. J. Brandling, Eoq. tonk the chair, "for the pur|HMieof reinu-
uerating Sir. (icorge Stepliensoo, for the valuiible service lie hml
rendered to mankind by the inreulion of hi* :?«rety l^mp," The
firiit reM>ltili<in held fiwth, "that Mr. Ueorge Sti'phenKim, b.iving
ilisrovcred the fact that expluiion of hydrtigeii gas would not pain
Uiruiigh tubes and apenureo of lonall ilimeniciont, and having licen
the first Iu apply that principle in tbe t^onnlnietion of a tSafely
Lflinp, wai eiitiili-d to ■ puhlii- reward." A cunmiitiee, beaded by
the Earl of Stttithmiire, wta named to c^rrr this out.
iJavy's friends wwe anew stirred up, and they sent to the news-
naperia wrilinir. mk'"-"! by ^ir •ToscijIi Utnkw, l*re»jdi>nt nf the
Itoynl Society, ^Villium Thcimai BranJe. Llmrlei llatchett, II. \V.
WuUaston, and 7'bomaa Voung, tetring forth their comletioii,
"' that Mr. Stephenson was cot the author uf liw discovery uf the
fact In qneation, and was not the first to apply that principle in
tbe conotruotJon nf tbe Safety I^amti."
The otber committer printed ibeir report in answer, setting
forth the whide truth, and ended by saying, "Afler a carefiU
uii]uiry into the merits of the crntc, conductntt aa they truited. iu
a spirit of fairness and modemtion, Ihey could i>ereeive no natls-
favtor;- reaifon forchaagingtlieiropiniun." The dead set made by
the men of learning who Htfxxl by their friend, l>a«y, did not frighten
tiieothera,niid ilidnot put astop to tbdr work. Tbeir minds were
mad< upf and the (ubscriptiooB set afoot by Uu-m wont on iteadtly.
Lord Hareovworth (then Sir I'kumas Henry l.tildcll, Bart.) nod
partnensKHveotK- hundred guineas; C.J. Brandling, and iiartocn,
gave the like,'" .Matthew Ikll," lutdpartncrH, ^veHftyguInn*;
and John Brandling, and partnen, gave the like. Thus, a goodly
purve wa. bllcd ; and the great gifte of liiv LiddeiL^ and the otber
ctialou ners, are a very good earnest of how Steplicnfioa was lookud
'ipon in hit own ncigUboiirhootl, and tbe puth which lay o)Mfu
bvforc him. It was tiot bard to tell wbat be would do witb lua
inbiim skill.
In January, 1819, a djnaer was given to George Stcphcoaon, at
• • n(D(arawrwllb9M9hcw«sla tkt raitalbflka lalti ind cLilrst
• • ilWmrda ■ dinclwsf tb* MawcuUf anil Ciillaif IU>l<r>T.
•9 RabMl Wtlllaa Rnadllnc, Bi^., I« I^* uii al ih« I*i« Cbarc* BfSiidaiv, Sif,
H.r., anil MiiiHCI*^ vl'a ohai u( tha Wwtlni cmlawncn IRallwiT PoabOSM
tnrttiorr, UHt.}. Wla« broltai m.U* ul HjMlui Bardm. K14., nnti* ar llMia*w
Sill, lt«{., U.P, *aS couIb ul U. U'. ai.y. Rw,,. U.P. 11* mi tlwretor* wiU aWt W
htlpt)mrf*9«*|triinB>u.tOHauiii ha iru a (imI Mtnd. Mt Is ■ bariliMr bf pNtmlis.
IbE haa teb*D a grrat *har« la all mitlaH^lrliaflt la bla n*4|libatitbBad| auHMif Mbtr
Ihlngt. Iu UiaBnudllu) JunEUon Oallirtr- aatf >•• Itc aaritrLamp.
S< T1.« B«lli •nrt IllinU* r*>* (rtiada tt tfUptiruaw. Uutbiw Ball, Eaf,. tt
WcnlalnittDa. la Uia oiw aiiMd atum. Tb> ado, »arn ■■ irSO, I* now U.P, An Imlk
Muitl>uinli<rlaiid, and hastcae a iltntaf «f the ftmciBIt* aud Caitlal* Hal bray Mon
iFU». tuaninr Fmi-oBcc virNtMT. tHe.1 ta iei«,iM tMi Wca ai|bStanB*(
NaifbaabatlHiid.
43"
SM
THB CIVIL ENGINKER AND AHCHITBCT'S JOURNAL.
|Dift AMUnhly-nemn, StweaMt, when « it)Lvn> tankard vram pat
' hb luuuu. tuf^ether vlth one tfauusHnd kuibciu.
" 1 flhaQ rver reflect with pride «nd ftratitoUv,' mM he, **thut
my liilMlun have Ul-cii hviiuureU with the ii|>prt>h«()on of audi •
jiatinfcttialied meetingf uid fou ma^ rcrt wmircd that m^ time,
\mai any tnlcnt 1 owy poiw w , shall boreafWr be nnploj-rd m r»cb
[■initnnrra* nut to pne jon. K»ntl«n«a, Mij* cauW to rc^et Ibe
Lcuunlvtiatir? itod i"ip|>«rt v«« have w> i{en«mutilr aflVirdwl me,"
Thi^ |>)cil^c, ai) in well tiivwii, Stc|>ti«R»on fulliliKl.
Of the feeling i>f thi" (wminilti-e, thehril enritwHl ih th« Miow-
iof( wurils, Riteu in their ltp|M>it :— *" When thp fr\nii* of Mr.
Stcph^ni')!! rcuiCiiilM^r thf humble luid luhorioiut Etntion in ahlch
ht hue hiM'n b<irn and lived ; wh#n they •^onoider the aeanty in«ana
and iippwrttinilj- which he bii» had fwr pursuing the ref*«rchei» of
Kienoe ; urid look to the JmpirovernOTitii and dim-merien whicli, nftt-
«rilh standi lie «o ninii]* dii>aiIvBiiti4[i4, he hkji beefl onaMed to make,
by the judiuiiiun and unremiltio^ exeri'ise of the eneryij and amte-
nei* of hi* iiutiiralDnderKlHitdina, they cannnt {lennatletheniiietvM
thnt they hnie Haid anything more than every liberal aiid feeling
loind will mcwt willinp;ly ailmit."
Thirty yearn aflernards, a third iiiece of plate wb» giren to the
" Icit'cntor of tho Safety Lamp," which thU tiBM) «•• l>r. Claony,*'
who has bnrii already (uuncd.
. Althou|r)i so tnufii naice was mnde tit the time, and each said
that the titlier had stolen the tlimiKht frttm him, it ix not hard, iiuw
UiHt angry fevliii^ hate softeiietl itonn, to *ee the truth. It kms
held hy thpRi that one murt be the lirttt linder: but there is nu
need til beliei-e anything uf the liinil, tor two or Ihrea might an
Uwdily hnny theniT^lvex o ith a >afety liuii|» >■ inie. Why, iodeed,
^Viu Sir Humphrey D.ivy rjilled In? iVhy did Stephenion giie his
mind Co it but from the want of eiu-h a Utin^. the fearful kms of
hfe whirh had fullifwed fnim takiiiff rjindhnt inKi Rre-daoi^, and
the little ((iHid of the »lerl mill ? Many, therefore, wl their nils
to uurk to liud out n t>nfety lump. 'We have named live, and it was
in no way odd that two shuiilil hit u|>»ii the name thing.
Throughout the field of leamtn^ we have found this happen.
Wm thcr« hot the verv tame thing w-ith Nes-ton and Lcihnitx
alivut fluxions? Did not Xl'ntt, Cavendich, and Lavutoier ea«h lake
Aahiu-e in liruling out the coinpoaitlun of water? At the same
^ttme, Fulton iind Bell were at work on the Bteambust, — Trerithiek
uid Oliver Evans on the steam-wagan, — and in our dayc, them
hasbwu axtruggl« between hn Vurriur itnd Admiiit, by which the
le&rned world has been turn, lu to who found out Neptune. There
are HiVL>nil |iut forward m the fiist lighters of gas. Young and
('hiimpollioii Aght I'Verthe KuHettii stiinc ; wu have not yet awarded
the meed In the man who fir^t vet railwnyii going : Juakes and Gray
'{tliouffh dead) are Hlill in the field, with many niiire who strive to
wreuirn fronilhi'ni the nsoieof "Father of Itailways," Thi» will ever
he, for ulieie there is H want, the reiidy witof Diany men will be ever
ready to find out the right way. U there anj'th'ing new brought
furwuril. straight every one niHhee into that path. Thvra ia not
mueh mistake in K»yitig, Ihiit llien! wi-re a thtiaitaud rlever In-
Tentor^ whufutiad uut atuioipheric r^iilunys. The heinU of railways
uiihajipily know hus' many makers there ure of new huffers, bre.tks,
links, whwla, railu, uud rhair^— eiu'h goi'd. and each thv bi.*iil. The
Cutta Pereha Cuinpuny liuvu Itefuri- them a tiHt uf tuo hundred
hints for making eterytliirii; uf gtilta uercha, from ear-tntmpets
to bome-idiorK. It is vood that it hhould W mi, rather than thul
we altould liig behind, uuitiiig fur ihd klow wurk. uf a f«w mindj^
wben we niiiy lirin^ to bear the fruitful neu of m^uy.
Stephenson avcnu to have been iho limt to try a lamp with holes
>e snail that ecpli-sion uf (ire-tl«m|i did not pa»4 dtiivnwarda ; but
Davy had nothtiiK to do with him, ntiJ whk nut far behind, and he
made a mueh better lamp by taking wire gnuicc i»i,-te«d of pipes or
hales.
The foUowiag, from the tfth page of the Report of the Com-
mittee, shuH'B wliAt etii-h did : —
I8iy MS. sTKPMCfisaii. *ia HimrflKaT njLTT.
AVf. U Oct. Uutf Willi tliute ripprl- Tlic luijcet occupied hii
tnent* upnfi bbiners in Kil- sttcnii'in, •« an olijtct of
lin|<tnrtb Unlllro't wliich led ipecuUtiuD,
Id the tuuiifttuloe «( lut
Ulll|H.
Ill g:lDning of (>di!ied bli llrti lamp, Ctimmtncei his eiptri.
INji, wtiKb ftt Irird In the cul. nienlK on Src-dsmp, mil l«.
Iieij on tlie 21it of Ibac U-tt Iha ISih vf ttisl monlh
Boaib. htd dMcoieied oextin rarii
[the facts in qurtiiun] le-
sped ins tbst luAinituatilc
BB C^taLud ObHn.r.AugMl 19, WU.
Be^innina of
Osl.
MS. tTarnaKROii.
Bod of Oel. OHsred bU seeead Ismp.
No<. 4.
Kar. 9.
TriFd hi* seMcd lamp io
KilliugwMtb Colliery.
II a niTMpnuir' navr.
snbslaa^, (nd •latn, in (I
l*U«i daied Oct. 19. ihaf 1/ s
Itinp or lanlliAra Iw inait w.
lifht on tha UJm, sad te.
■iihed wilb ai>enurti (a wL
Mil ihetlr, ii will not ei*.
uunicaie tsne la Ui oM*
wsnl alntiNplicre,
Id a tdMr, 4sl«d Ork M,
deioibei to Mr. Ilolpo* i
lamp, in which he sd^wj
iHbrt emJ eaaalr obcm ltd
bclnw.
Mr. Bsllrr noticed Kr
llunplirrj Dsvj'a diuonria
In tn otsiloB.
Rnd to th« Roys! SodMf jj
a p>pcr KiiinK a dct»W i
count of liii Kprnairnl*,*
the vsrioui appItralMHU
liid niMle of bi* dtuutatik
but «iibout ucHiuBiMg&lak ,
Nor. ISor ZO. Ordrrrd hli third tamja
Hot. to. Tried liii thud iauip In the
ntnt.
Dk. a. EihibiUd bis third lamp
Ia the hilc'ujr and Phila«o-
phical fiociety in NewcoitU,
Dee. 31. Jt^f/r* tlitt period -'bsl'
preiciiled l.i tl>« nil
wire gaua!ljn|t.''*i
What mnde the stniKgle wns, that (he meeting uf ca«]<
had railed in Sir numphrev Davy, and while be wiks busy, Gcmfl'
Steiiheiisoii, a ciniiiniui workman, of his own free will, st«|i)iedlB
between the meeting and Davy. The coHlowiier* did nut dnd
fairly with Stephenson, for nftcr cullinc n meeting tu thank Sir
Ilninplircy Davy fur ''the Invention of hi* Safety Lampi,* and
throwing utr frie|ilieh»on, on the i;roitnd that the mtt-tiitg waaM
thank Davyimly fur whut/ie hnddone, free frimi what any uimi rilf
hod dune, they made it to thutik Ihivy " fnr hi) inTentnm sif Ifcl
Safety Laiii|)" — nhith wiu uniither thing altogethtT. Having dune
tliiis they gave, as n sop, the hundred t;uineaa to SK-tihniwn ; hut
he and his friende would nut stand still under thih slight. They
could have nitthinK to nay as to what might be given t4» Oovy, b«>t
tbey had when Stepheiinoa was set onide.
VI. EHOlXREU.tC J
In 1813, when he was lhirty-thre«, Stephensoa had been set, ■
we have "*eii, to overlook the engine* nt Killingworth, in wUcb
hi)i^ier berth he hruu^'hl out his looowotivc cngimt and bis aafirtf
lamp; no thnt Killiri^worth had its own works, aa weil as H'yliM
or tiny other i-olliery. IVm Kori u-ns lieiiig brought np i*t Neweaxli^
and a'fteruurd.s he «eiit liim to Eilinhiir)|;li, that he might be bI ill
Lnlvertiity — then at its height, and one of the greatest wchiMk of
its day.
Ill 1^1 1 ho hrpught out his first luei>motir». and in IHI5 k« na
buay with the safely lamp, and the sei'wnd I u<'<> motive. H* U
lihewise some work in laying down shtpes and ruilwaya.
He had not been able, ns we have mwv, to tshe out a pitMt'
when be made hi^i fint engine, but he sunn after beennte knowit*
Air. II. Dudd, and with him took out a putent on theS'tth Felmiaiy,]
tHI.% for a nielhiid of rommuninitiitg power to the engine withuut
tho cog-wheels u>>eJ in the f.nX engine.**
The plmi propoiied wa<i the application of a pin miun one of <
Bpakes uf the engine-tiheolit ; the connecting-rod flxed lu
cross-lieani uf Uin engine, and moving with the piston, beint
attnclicd at the lower end to the sjMike uf Ihn » beirlH, and wurkiaJF 1
In a ball -and 'ttucket Joint. Thus the reciprocating motion of tbt]
{UKton wus converted, by the pin Hiting as a crank, into a rotatsry
niotiou. Tu keep the rrHnkk .it right angles with ench othv,
Stepiienson used an cndleui chain of one broad and two uarrv*
links, vibirh lay upon a touthpd wheel fixed to ench axle;. The
teeth stood out iihout an invh fri)in the wheel, and went in bvtuwn
ttie two narrow links, leavin;( a bruod link between eri^ry two cop.
and resting on the rim of the* heel. Thus the chain moved nwnd
with the wheel, anil one wht-el ctinld not )>e inured rvand
the other. This chain he afterttords gave up.
»' Dlocoing Clironlik, Ok. IS, il)l».— KrirCMlIf Cbroulclr, On. St, lAU.
>• La'il -rr on (Ur Stc>ui. EiigiiM i Rllcliic Dii iUllntp. |t.Xa,Sl^i^ AosnlOMsl
Uu ^lettt ZiiijJii.'.
fSls.7
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AM> ABCTIlTECrs JOURNAL.
933
I This cdfrinv *M lint to vnrk nn the Killineworth Raltimr.
' In 1816, TiYtithirk left EiiKinml for ihe Wcxt liiiltiw, luirinK
the lur<it»(>tivf Ui look itAcr tU-elf, for wrbnt he hni-w. Steplieosoo,
hovevpi', IiMk('<t al^cr it. In thii^ yrar ha loob out a pntcnt with
iMr. WtlHittii Lonh, n i^TVftt viifcicirer uMViillM-nd nnil Newcastle.
I Am'tiiic »l)irr iinjiruveRieiitit wtu tlial uf " nunUiniiii; the Meit{lit,
lor n jinipurttim i>f the neiclit, of the engine upon giUtun^, movcnblc
'wlthiii l)io cylintli-rA, Into wiiicli the vtewm t>r water of the hoilcr
U ullowcd to rritcr, ttt iinlcr Id |irr.-s ujiuii Hui:h pUtonti, «i)d which
piirtoaM uri-, by tlie iiitonriMttiuii of c«rtaiii levers nnd oonuecUiiK-
toAu, or hy Biir uttirr effective contrivnuci', niikde to bcur upon tJiii
axled uf thti whiK'li' vf thir carrii^tc iiikih which the cnKinc rrst«.'
The rrlindiTK wrre «uva at thu bottom ami 9>frew<-il ti|i<in the
frame of the ciiKUtc '1 lie f>Utvii, which wrb wlid aod packed in
the conimoD wny, dus furnished with an invprled rod, tltc lower
rod of which i»a«fed throujch a hole in the rritmr. and •uppurted
the en^rine. iind prc»ned iiitmi the chair, wliidi rLi>teil >iii the axes
of tlte whiseia tipun whii^h the carriaue moved. Thin chair had
motion op and down the pistvn-rud. The preMore uf the st4-atn
upon the |ii«ti>n traiiamitlol the wcijiht to the axle, nod the re-
action tmik lui filial weight from the c'lf-tDc, and tlw etMun Mrved
Uie VurjMue of nii elastic Durinic.'*
. Mr. Kitubie ohjcctit to this iovention, tbiit it aimed at too much,
^LiraB too coiiipli4»tcd., and not precipe i^niruKh to he of much use.
^B UcMTt. ^tephctuun and Luali bud llii^ir patunt likrwi«« for a
^Bcoflt-iron rail, which wa* held to he aJi impiuvemeiit on the riiilit
^ttlirii u«ed.'* Ab rnllwiiifb were then lj>id, the na^ivn-wheela met
^wilh n hindrance at the jt.>int*, uimI a ihwck iroti irtven. anil (he
rnilK put oiil and broken, titephenoon therefore wished tu &k the
mi]!i fik^l in (he chain*. Iliii ruiU were iiiudc with aliaJf-ljip joint,
bavinx 11 pin or L»>It, 'nliich li&cd thcui, »o thut the end uf one rail
tfionid not ri>>e itt>oi c the end of the next one, uud to that tlie ralla
abould not yield if the block Mink.
We have iteen that lu 1S17. Stepht^nsDo wu busy in hlH stru(r)[]e
with Davy ubvut the ral'ety lamp. In the iieJit year, the diuaer
was trivcn to him^ nad he wm laj'iujj dvwu raitivay work* and
laakinK en^nae*.
In tlint year (Ifllfi), and in the next, be gave hia time, uNlchola*
M'ood ■eknuwlcd)(e«." to experinieiits with M^oud ou railwaya,
which have been printed.
Ilia Mm had now hecoine an under-riewer, and wan a helper to
h» fnthtsr.
Perhaps ahout thia lime I<« Arrt came up to London for the
patenL§.
We have followed Stephenson >o far until he ia upioti the ere of
Btnrtinff in a ac<r path, and we find hiiu in a new walk of life, and
much hotter off. We hai-e oeeu hi* bepnnin^ from hiii fiither'i
cot, bi« ><trui;>;lett as a workman, hii eure ae a father, and the
•preadini; of hid itnme after niiikinif the hioomotive and the safety
»Jamp. lie had bv\taa tu r«*p tonie reward from his toil, and
IriHtead of hvii>|! |»>or and pennilew, he had had el«>-eD bondrcd
(piiocM iciven to hira beyuinL whut lie hud enrned. Kn>m heiuf( the
man, be Imd l>e\-u»ie the miLhter ; frum t>eiii|; the learner, he wua to
be beneefvrth a teacher. He had a nlutre in two pntcot*, utid
thtnt «ns a cull for his work, for bc»idfH hi-i old manterv at Kil-
linifworth, the iiM(;hhaurin(; conlutrnern were now amon^ hif
friends,
A* hi" rise Imd be«n quick, and h« wati brought at once into the
fellowship of tlie iiortborn )cciilri', liiii hunuunf came hlovliing thick
Upon him. He did not ho fully fritl hioown weight, but havinj; been
kept down *o lull);, he hniled wiUinf,'ly the handi ahirh wore
■tretched forth toxunls him ; tAkin^,' everything iw a kiDdn^st hold
out to him, iiinteiid of looking upon it »■* n right. Ills ereiitneiAt hud
DOt ifrown grnditallv upim him, --he did not i;etlte hlowly it) his B«til;
bewiM nuirkt-d oi n new man, nudalwayt through life he hadnquivk
{•ding of hid lowly bef^nnin^. It was better, perhana, that it wii*
ao, for he kept up a kindly fueling with all itroiind; ^t'ller«ll'S had he
taken on him Uie bearing uf a great man, lui many do, he might
havo lorded it over the world hut he would have milled wlLat waa
dbirer to him thnn thi^* — the l«vi> of hit) feliou-inen. lie wnsthnnk-
fui for ererjtbitur, uiid therefore kinilly to every one. An lie did
I But look for much, or *tand upon Lis TiffAty he wa* seldom n-runged
ad olwiiyd happy.
■• W cblt an BUlw*Tlk p. 2:*. ■' Hitahll so II«II«ap. f . tt-t7.
9f irihJ aa Balhnf •.
CONTRIUl'TIONS TO RAILWAY STATISTICS,
iM 1M6, 1817, Axo IfltS.— By Htm Cl*«.s«. U*^-
(Ctntlimtdfntn p^i i't)
N0.IX.-SANO TRATyiC.
Sand IxalatY^ artieleof irmffie. The amount detailed in each
yumj •uding June 30, stand* Ihua^
COBDUIV. Tuiu.
IMS.
Arbrotth *nd Forfar, ■-
D«ilii.iD tad Waildiridgf, 13.2X7
London atiil Craidon, 3,01)4
httttflrt ■nJ S Manning ISO, ^—
Wmi Cofnwill (lUyltJ,
Wialuw anil CoIincM. S.921
The reteipte ia each year «taad thuo-
CoiDpanr. 18 li,
ArbroMh anil Forfar. £ 1,310
Boiluilii tntl WtilebriJge,
Lomkira aiifJ Crrt^df^Ji, 4AtJ
I>'irt.t«r IFK) SwaioiinglOO, ■ ■
\Ve.t CMnnall [Hnylf),
Wiiliow anil CDllmui. 31
Some of the returns mix up Kr«veT, ballnrt, and mnd.
The Mild on the liwlmin and Wadchridtte, and Ilayle Ilttilway»|
flA.SHt iwn» inin*i), U aea-aand \n>r*\ aa manure. Suid ia u»ed (<.>t\
building, aftrli-'ultural, and dome»tic purpoBC*. That carried »A
the Croydon ia partly for miidiii]; floors.
The ratea are a» follH«» ;—
TrM.
Tae*.
isie.
MH.
11.113
12.619
%A-ta
UJZO
\.m
31
2.M4
2.761
ISlfi.
1847.
£«!«
£4*7
«ti2
1.293
MB
32
London and Crnjdnn,
BodmiD and Wii<tf>'riilfa,
LdeeaiM and Swaimjiigion,
Wiihaw and Cnllneai,
Arhroalh and forfar,
Lancathlre and Vofkiblre.
X'T^d. per ton per mile.
3-00 „ ..
2 20
197
1-33
On the r)»irhaiTj and Sunderland iUilway. biina*t ia carried for
shipping purpofei!. The return stands tbui^—
ims. lets. 181^ iw*.
30.3J6 tona. 36.S6J lona. £^06 £609
No. X.— SLUE TRAFFIC.
There la lUtlo informnlion aa to tlte quantity of alate carried.
In the year vndinK IHta, there were carricil on tlio Wbhaw and
Coltuew Railway 1,2S0 tona, for which .ttl waa re«ei«ed.
The r»t«( for carrying tdntesi per ton per mile are or follow* :-•
BilloL'tioey, .. 3-flrf.
JlfwcatUt a<i<l Carlitte, 2-M.
Wuhaw and CoUntia, 1'34.
Ho. XI.— BRICKS AND TILES.
That railwava cauec a large Bovinj- in many places in th« earriuM
of bricks ia Jjown bv the quantities carried. Many new brick-
lieltla aad tUfr-worka nave been opened to tnke Mlvantai^ of these
fiwililica, «4 well aa of the choap Cool,— in the snm^- miinjior aa thpf J
lire i>|iei9ud near canals.
The <(uantitiea detailed ia each year ending June SO, are
follow* : —
Ltncsthtre and Toikihlrc (Preiloa and Wjrr),
l^ricciUt anil SwaniiingiOOf > •
Lnuduii and Croydon, •>
M*'i|iiirt aii<l C«tli,|v, ..
U'kIibm and Colt n«ai,
Whllehacrn,
The amounts received witc—
Lancaahire and Yorkiliire (Pretlon and VCyte),
Leic!«tlcr and Swanoinglon, .■
Lendun aO'il Cruyiinn,
Miry|iuri mid Cafliile,
WjaliaK asil Collneii, ■■
WUItcbaTcn, .. ■.
• Vnt hmll x-m nnly.
The rates of carriage per mile per ton ore
Uoilmin aad Wadebridf*,
Batla<tin«y.
LEiMttct and Swanningtun,
Linilon aiiil Cioytlon, ..
L''nilon aail S'ltitli WMlcrn>
Mary port and C. tlial 0,
Wiihaw aaJ Co1ta«tif
WtuUfaafcn, ■• ■
Torn.
Toni.
TODi.
iai&.
184$.
1847.
1,000
746
303
SOU
370
1.209
29 1
2,0a I
•I .Ml
44
'dii
IMS.
IBtS.
1817.
£ —
£ —
£ 117
»2
W
^
»»
^
^
40
99
_
U
9S
•iiJ
—
9
■ *
OS follows : —
40(id.
3-00
300
a -00
2 09
2 09
\-»
IBO
SS4
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECrS JOURNAL.
[NoTzvna^
The only return of tiles carried for buildtnff or agricult urol
purposes is that of the ^Vishaw and Coltnesa Railway for the year
ending June 30, 184S, 502 tons. Receipts £20.
The only return of clay carried for brick-makinff, pottery, or
other purposes, is that of the Wishaw and Coltness ^ilway, 1846,
SIS tons; and 184T, ITS tons. Receipts, 1846 £a, and 184T £s.
The rates fur the carriage of bricks are generally too high, and
are exclusive of loading. Twopence per ton per mile would be
mough.
The above returns give no tneans of cnlculatinff the quantity of
bricks and tiles carried on the whole length of raUway.
Nr>. XII.— MISCELLANEOUS MINERAL TRAFFIC.
Besides the articles already enumerated are many others, as lead
ores, copper, brass, lead and tin manufactured, salt, sulphur, roman
cement, glass, pottery, fuUers'-earth, &g., but as to which no in-
formation is to be got.
The rates for carrying salt are as follows, per ton per mile >~
Bodmin and Wadebndge, 4-OOif.
Newcutle ind CarlUle, 2-50
London and DrighioD, 2'24
Ltncaihire and Yorkibire, 1'32
The rate for carrying fullers'-earth on the London and Brighton
Railway is 2-2id. per ton per mile.
No. XIII.— MINERAL TRAFPia
The whole mineral traffic shows the following results in tons :—
1845.
1846.
1847.
Coil and Coke,
7,000,000
8,SOO,000
8,900,000
Iron-itone,
400.000
500,000
600,000
Iron,
230,000
230,000
300,000
DroM,
Copper ind Tin,
110.000
23,000
110,000
23,000
23,000
Umettone and Lime,
200,000
250.000
300,000
Building Stonei,
200,000
400,000
600,000
Sand,
30,000
30,000
37,000
UilUit,
30,000
36,000
36,000
Bricki and Tilei,
2,000
5,000
5,000
MiicelUneoui,
280,000
300,000
All these amounts, except for coal, are far below tho mark ; but
they establish a total mineral traffic in 184T of not less than
11,800,000 tons, besides unenumerated articles.
Besides the returns already given are the following miscellaneous
returns, of Minerals and Stones (I); Stones and Timber (S);
titone and Coal (3) ; Stone and Bricks (4).
(1) Hrighton,
(1) Lancubire and Yorkibirs,
(I) Norfolk,
(1) St.HeIen'i,
(2) Dublin and Drogheda,
(2) Greit Noith of EngUnd,
(2) London and South Weitsro,
(2) Eastern Union, ..
(3) London ind Brighton,
(4) Weit Cornwall (Ha^le),
The amounts received were as follows :—
Com pan y.
(1) Brighton,
(]) Lanruhire and Yorkabire,
(1) Norfolk,
(1) Saint Helen'i,
(2) Dublin and Droghedi,
(2] Great North of England,
(2^ London and Soutb Weitern,
(2) Eastern Union,
(3) London and Brighton,
(4) Weat Cornwall (fUyle)
No. XIV.— TIMBER TRAFFIC.
The quantity of timber carried in each year eoding June 30, at
detailed in the returns, is as follows :—
Toat. Tool. Tom.
1845. 1846. 1847.
Great North of England, 1,000
Lancashire and Yorktbire, *S67 4,837
llaryport and Carliile, . 2,434 1,774
Whitby and Pickering, 911
Whitehaven, — *303 *I98
Wiihaw andColtneii, 148 1,435 •2,451
__ . _____
Tbbi.
Tom.
1846.
1847.
95,315
10,660
33,177
■5,800
11.659
25,060
9,686
3,745
8,298
•4,984
•5,951
55.747
42,795
1846.
1847.
£
£9,095
'2,024
S,S32
•716
1,184
1,002
726
£49
• 2,720
•4,981
•305
4,287
6,304
The amounts received are aa follows :—
Great North of England, £160 £ £
Lanciihire and Ynrkihire, ■ *G67 1,435
Martport and Carliile, ^39 331
Whittty and Pickering, 506 *S7
Whitehaven, .. "20 '15
^Yilbaw and CollneK, 130 117 'SI
The rates for the carriage of timber are as follows : —
Whitby and Pickering, 5'00(f. per ton per mile.
Ballochney, .. 300 „ „
WhilehsTcn, . . 3 00 „ „
Bodmin and Wadebndge, 2'50 „ „
London and South Weitern, 250 „ „
Wiiliaw and Coltneu, 2-35 „ „
Maryport and Carliile, 2-33 „ „
Lanfaihire and Yorkithire, 9*24 „ „
Timber is in some returns mixed up with stone traffic, as seen in
No. XIII.
On the Cornish and yorthem lines, timber is carried forminiof;
purposes; in the agricultural districts, for hop-poles and fencea;
on all lines for building. Bark is carried on the Southern rul-
ways.
In 1845, I estimated the quantity of timber carried at 40,000
tons, and there seems no reason for duubtiog that this is a safe
estimate.
No. XV.— BUILDING TRAFFIC.
On the whole, railways afford great accommodation to the bnlld-
ing interests, though not to that extent which they may and will
do when the traftic is more developed.
The following is an estimate of the traffic carried on for building
purpmes under each head :—
Ton). T;ni. Torn.
1813. 1846. 1617.
Stone, 200.000 400,000 600,000
BrirkiandTilei, 2.000 5,000 5.000
Timber, 40,000 40,000 50,000
Lime, 50.000 50.000 50,000
Sand, 10,000 10,000 10,000
Total, 300.000 400,000 715,000
The rates for the carriage of each of these articles, though below
those on roads and canals, are still too high for the development of
the traffic. It is a great disadvantage that most of these articlea—
stone, timber, and bricks— give much trouble in loading and un-
loading.
No. XVL— FISH TRAFFIC.
This traffic is of the greater importance, aa it gives a poatire
addition to the supply of food in the country, and is therefore of
great national benefit. Railways stimulate tfae production, or
economise the cost of production, of grain, meat, ana other article
of food; but all lish that can be carried inland, is so much added to
the resources of the country. In this respect, railways have dou
much and can do more, boti) for the supply of food to the coiuitfy,
and the promotion of tho fisheries.
In the beginning of last year, I laid before Mr. Hudson a tuf-
gestion for extending the carriage of Jish, as a means of reliev-iq
the famine, and to which he gave his approval. In the last sesdoa,
Mr. Wyld, M.P., called the attention of the House of Common* to
my plan for increasing the consumption of fish, by adopting it u
an article of occasional diet in workhouses and prisons. Tbii
wuiild cause an increased consumption of at least 20,000 tons ot
fish. Sir George Grey said there was no objection to the adoptioo
of this plan, provided enough lisb were given.
In consequence of the progress of the railway traffic, there hu
been a great increase in the consumption of fish inland. A very
strong proof of this is given in the case of Birmingham, where
they find it necessary greatly to enlarge the fish market.
On the South- Western, Eastern Counties, and other metropolitan
railways, great numbers of fish hawkers go down by the early
trains.
It is very much to be regretted that there is a great dearth of
information on this very important subject; iind it is very desirable,
in consequence of the ansence of definite information, that a parlia-
mentsry return should be obtained of the quantities of fish carried
by railway. This, however, can only be obtained by approximation,
as all the fish is not carried in bulk, but very mucli is carried u
parcel traffic, and some by passengers as luggage.
• Hair-jcir.
9-J
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ABCHITECTS JOURNAL.
3S<
'be only returns are the following :—
Tom,
Tom.
la-is.
Tool.
1846.
•5,100
Comptny.
utera Coontiet (Cimbriilge)
reat North of £i)(Uiid, 1,218 B67
orfi.lk, . . ■ •
Ibitbj tnd Pickering, 777 1,109
'he receipts stand aa follows ;—
1844. 184S. 1846.
real North of Englend, £1,378 £1,020 £
orfolk, .. tl,730
'hitb; sail Pickering, 777 330 :156
• Eillmalnl. t Ha!f-Tf(r. t Two moBttu.
Tdm.
Id47.
t7.I02
1B47.
£
t3,895
'he
rates are high. The following are the rates per ton per
London ind Briihton, i'69ii.
Great North of England, 555
Whitliv and Pickering, 5-00
Preato'n ind Wyre, 400
London and South Wettern, 3-
Norfolk, . . 2-3
'he Great Western are known to carry a great quantitr of fish
r the South Devon line. The receipts are said to be £350 per
ik.
'he traffic of the lines g^iven abore may be estimated M follows :
Ei«Urn CouDtie* (Cambridge) 5.100 torn.
Great North of Eatilaad, 1,000 „
Norfolk, .. 12,000 „
WLiiby and Pickeriag, 1,100 „
Total, 19,200
'hia Is oeariy 20,000 tons on four lines of railway, and not
uding the Eastern Counties (Colchester), Brighton, South-
stem, Great Western, South-Eastem, Hull and Selby, Liver-
1 and Manchester, and Preston and Wyre.
n 1615, I estimated the railway traffic in fiah at 13,000 tons,
ch must have been much below the mark,
'he following is an estimate of the amount now conveyed :—
DIatricU.
Toni.
Scotland,
2,000
Northern,
4,000
Midland,
2,000
'Weilern,
2,000
South Wettern,
4,000
Southern,
4.000
Eatlern,
25,000
ToUl, 43.000
'his traffic is very remunerative, and does not bring less than
.per ton. If parcels were taken into the account, the gross
nage of fish carried may be reckoned as 70,000 tons ; or, go the
eat computation, the food of as mauy individuals.
No. XVII.— GRAIN TRAFFIC.
Ite conveyance of grain and flour is irregular ; for though there
I fixed quantity carried to the local markets, the import of
dgn com is fluctuating.
'he returaa for the years ending June SO, are as follows :-~
Companr.
Tons.
Turn.
Tool.
1S15.
1846.
1847.
Great North of England,
5,901
Lancubire and Yorkibire,
■39,083
117,312
Londan and Croydon,
ti
Manchester aod Bolton,
•4,3S!
Ha ry port and Carliile,
229
2,434
120
Norfolk,
•8,796
•17,771
Blamannao, ■•
2,624
Whitby and Pickering,
407
•89
WbitebavcD,
27
•44
Withaw and Coltoen,
1,333
amounts received in each of the years are as
follows ;—
Company.
1845.
1846.
1B47.
Great North of England,
£1,281
£
£
Lancashire and Yorkthire
1
•13,176
•36,260
London and Croydon,
5
Uancheeter and Bolton,
•415
Uary port and Carlisle,
31
97
13
Norfolk,
•1,001
■2,082
Slaniannan • >
282
'Whitby and Pickering,
142
4
Whitehaven,
3
•4
Wisbaw and Colt on*.
_-— .
48
• Brtorn to tin bOl-fU «t fnl» mi pri M UgsMi
The rates are as follows, per ton per mile : —
Bodmin, .. 4004.
Maryport and Carlisle, 4-00
Whitby and Pickering, 4-00
Whitebaien, .. 310
Ballochney, .. 3-0O
Wisbiw and Coltness, 232
Lancasbice and Yorkshire, 2-29
Arbroath and Forfar, 212
Norfolk, . . 1-25
The amount of grain and nteal carried by railway is certainly
not under a quarter of a milliua of tons, and most probably exceeds
three hundred thousand tons.
Through the kindness of Mr. Waddingtoo, I have been favoured
with the fullowing return of grun, flour, and seed, carried for the
LoDdoQ markets by the Eastern Counties Railway.
H>If-)mr
Plaar.
Sack!.
MkIL Wh«t.
Qn. Qri.
Qn.
Oita.
Qn.
Bnni.
Qn.
P<ai.
Qr,.
SMd.
6*cki.
June 3S, 1
llM7. /
Dk. SS, \
1S47. /
JaotU, \
ISIS, to /
^?Sis!^' }
113,>U
I49,W7
4S,3fia
M.IU 30,8»
81,688 ' I4,3lJ7
m,078 36,M8
1
i8,300 14,847
4,400
U,B8S
S,9M
7a»
11,3211
2,S34
16.428
2,m
8,M2
8.SS9
t,6iS
407
1,079
i,Me
S31
140
11,099
9,»04
11,44a
2,971
Tool. Tods.
1846. 1847.
30,000
t3,968 117.312
8,412 5,220
3.632
40.655
■1-8,796 tl7,;71
Not knowing the average weights of the above, they cannot be
reduced into tons.
No. XVIII.— PROVISION TBAFFIC.
There are no means of estimating the provision traffic on rail-
ways ; but such returns as there are, show that it is very great.
The following are returns of the number of tons of provisions
carried in each of the vears ending June 30. The Lancashire and
Yorkshire, and Norfolk returns, already given, include corn ; the
Eastern Counties return is from Mr. Moseley, through Mr, Wad-
dington, and includes fish.
Canpaoy. Tom.
1845.
Eastern Coonties, .. —
Laocashire and Yorkshire, ,. '^ .
Lancashire and Yorkshire (Pieston & Wyre), 8,521
London and Brighton, ., .
Londun and South Western,
Norfolk. ..
Sooth Eastern, .. "10,000
* Pmlt, mrat, and regetablcs, halt year, 3,563 toni, besides fish, bacon, hams, Ac.
t a$lt.jtmr.
The amounts received are as follows :—
1845. 1846. 1S47.
Lancuhire and Yorkihire (Preston &. Wyre), £2,591 £2fili £1.740
London and BrightoOf .. '-■- 4,373 ■' ■ ■■
The rates charged are as follows per ton per mile :—
London and Brighton, &-69(f.
PreitoD and Wyr>, 400
Loudon and Sonth Western, 257
Ale and beer are carried largely on the South Western, New-
castle and Carlisle, and other lines. The rates on the London and
South ^I'eBtern are 8-09(f. per ton per mile, and on the Durham
and Sunderland, 9d.
To the tonnage of provisions must be added that of fish and
grain, which gives the luUowing returns for 1847 : —
jFlisA.— Great North of England, 1,000 tons.
Norfolk, .. 12,000 „
Whitby and Pickering, I.IOO „
Grain. — Great North of Eagland, 6,000 „
SUmannan, .. 2,600 „
Wishaw and Coltness, 1,300 „
froeuibM.— Eastern Counties, 30,000 , ,
Lancashire and Yorkshire, 117,312 „
„ Prcslon and Wyre, 5,220 „
London and Brighton, 3,632 „
London and Sooth Western, 40,655 „
Norfolk, ., S5,000 „
South Eastern, .. 10,000 „
In 1845, I estimated the supply of provisions to the London
markets by railway as follows, to which I lubjois a neir estimate.
This doei not include cattle.
THE CIVIL ENGINBER AND ARCHITECTS JOORNAL.
pfOTSMm,
Too*.
Tool.
1845.
1848.
SoDth Euten,
T,l>«>
10.000
Brighloa, ..
B,MM
MOOO
SootliWnIm,
M,000
X0,000
Gwal Wntern,
»0,MD
40,000
Loiidaa Bad North Weitont,
30 000
SO 000
EuterD Connliet,
16.000
100.000
Among these articlea nre fresh fish, meat, milk, butter, fniit,
&G., which GBimot be bruurht from great distances except by rail-
way. Milk is now largely carried on the Eaxtern Counties and
other railways, under arrangements by which the companies take
back the empty cans.
The metropolis is now the seat of a considerable trade in provi-
atons, supplying to the country towns, fish, prime beef, poultry,
fruits, and articles of foreign provision.
The whole provision traffic of each district, including fish and
grain, may be estimated as under.
DlilHct. Ton*.
NorlherD, 100,000
North Weslero, 200,000
Midlaod, SO.OOO
WeiittrD, 5i),000
Bouih U'estera, 30,000
SoDiWra, S0.Ooa
Easipra, 200.000
Tbis estimate does not include Scotland. It is very vague and
much under the mark.
No. XtX.— MANURE TRAFnC.
Tbis traffic is of great value to the agricultural interests, but
there is a want of adequate information respecting it.
The following are returns of manures carried for the years
ending June 30.
CoMpuy.
Tori,
184S.
496
1,056
Tom.
1K4S.
2-Jl
2,M6
•S,943
Tana.
1847.
"1,727
Leicester and SwanoiDgtos,
WUhaw and CultnrM,
York and North Midlaod,
• Hair-TMT.
The tonnage on the two former lines is chiefly guano. On the
Wishaw and Coltness, 1,043 tons were carried in 1846.
The amounts received are trifling. They are as follows :—
OoQipao;. 1845. 1846. 1847.
Leicester and SwanniiiBtoii, £49 £ ID £
Wishaw BO<l Collness, 27 140 *BS
York aud North Midlaod, HU
• Hiir-rcar.
The rates are as under, per ton per mile.
Newcastle md Cartiate (guano) S'S (f.
LnodoD and BriKhton, 2'24
Arbrualh and PoKar, 2 12
Leicester and Swaoaington, 2*00
LancBihire BDd Yorkshire, 1-33
Wishaw and Colloess, I-IO
York and North Midland, 1-00
Lime and sand are likewise carried as manures.
It is much to be regretted that no adequate measures are taken
for applying the manure of towns. In the metropolis alone, the
waste cannot be less than what would be equivalent to raising food
for a million of people.
The following ia an estimate of the whole amount of manura
carried.
Lime, 210,000 tons.
SiiDd, 10,000 „
Manure, 40,000 ,,
The whole quantity Is perhaps about three hundred thousand
tons, and it may be safely taken that there is a production of food
for a hundred thousand individuals effected by means of riulway
transit.
Bones form a regular article of transit on some of the railways.
The charge on the Arbroath and Forfar RaUway is 8d. per ton
per mile.
No. XX.— MISCELLANEOUS AGRICULTURAL TRAFFIC.
Many small articles are included under the head of agricultural
traffic, as to which there are a few scattered details in the re-
turns. J
Oa the South-Eastem Railway hops are carried. This is a season
traffic, carried on oae-half year only. The number of tons in
1847 was 7,248, and the receipts £7,741.
The rate of charge on the London and Brighton is 2-Sd, per too
per mile.
Malt ii not carried so mnch by r^wyy u miglit be expected,
because the malt gets shaken up, and then measures lew on de~
livery, because it cannot be ao well heaped up. Aa the quality nf
the malt is not affected, tbis ia only a temporary prejudice on the
part of the dealers.
The charges for carrying malt are on the London and South
Western Railway 3d. per ton per mile, and on the London and
Brighton 8-«8d.
Bark is carried on most of the Southern lines. The rates are
on the London and Brighton, S'68i^, and on the London and Soath
Western, S,S7d.
Brooms are manufactured near the London and South Western
Railway, and are carried at the rate of S-09(f. per ton per mile.
Hay is reckoned hazardous from its liability to catch fire fhna
the engine sparks. The quantities carried and amounts receiied
on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway are —
1846. 1817. 1816. 1847.
068 (ODS.. 1,001 tons. £892 £ K79
The rate of carriage on the above railway is 5d. per ton pci
mile.
Tliere are no details as to wool traffic, though wool of hoiae ud
foreign growth ia carried. The rate is 3d. per ton per mile.
There is a return of potatoes carried in 1846 on the Wishiw
and Coltness Railway, 43 tons at 2-3Sd. per ton per mile, tlie
receipts being £2 only.
The rates for hides are, on the London and South Western ("5^.
per ton per mile, and on the London and Brighton, S'Sd.
The following are mixed returns of agricultural produce for tlie
years ending June 30.
Com pan y. Tods. Torn.
1846. 1817.
Dnblin and Drogheda. S,324 G.0ii4
Great North of England, 63 3^3 6,061
WestCurawalHHajie), 1,l>m
London and Brigiitoo. 26,604
The receipts were as follows:—
Dubtio ind Drogheda, £1^67 £1,823
Great North of Koglind, 4,718
We»t Cornwall (Hajlej, 288
London and Brigbiuo, 11,201
No. XXI.— AGRICULTURAL TRAFFIC.
The preceding sections show the services rendered to agricoltan
by railways. The accommodation may he classed under the fi^
lowing heads : —
Brought to the Farm.
Tooi.
15.1,000
SOU 000
Bnildhif; materials, draining tiles, hop- poles, &c,,
Manures, lime, bene*, sand, &c.,
Hay, tnmips, oil-cake, he, fur feeding stork,
Clover and other seed*, . . is ot)0
Sah, .. ..
Coals, 4 500,000
Lean slock, 100,000 cattle ; 250,000 sheep,
Impleiuentiand iron, ,. ,, , ■_
Fiib, .. .. 10,000
Foreign proTlsions and groceries, .. _ ^_
The whole weight carried by railway to the farms cannot be
less than 6,000,000 tons, on which a very great saving has been
effected.
Produce carried to Market,
I'ODI.
700,000
Othflr prodace, hiilea. hams, wool, hops, malt, ale, beer, cjder, pefij,
bay and aoimal food, timber, bark.
No. XXU.— PARCELS TRAFFIC.
This is a well-paving branch of revenue, connected with the
passenger traffic, ami has been latterly much improved. The sub^
joined accounts do not, however, show the full extent of the pared
traffic, as a great portion of it is still included in the general
account for goods, the carriera making up parcels aa goods. The
results are therefore "linimum resulta.
Hnd.
CaUle,
400,000
Calres,
Sheep,
1,750,000
Swine,
100,000
Horses,
Provi ioDS,
Grain,
Tbe foUovinir HhnvR tlie nrtmbor of ]>«rcek carried in exch jw
idioK June 30, w f at u tli«y are detuUvd in tlio nituriu : —
1&42.
IMO.
181.343 IH^SS
IftlT.
■21,731
B,8»7
8MT1
MAIS
S,1W
40,<Ma
C0,8M
■I0,U2U
H.B7C
Zt,728
■3,394
11-017
Coni|MUi]r.
Eul LukMihira,
Eutern CooDtiea (Colckeilvr)
XmaWn Vaimt,
„ Ipufiohand Bury,
Eul Anglian,
Kvndtl aai] Wiademeia,
LMKMlrT aud I'rrituu,
hKUlcr itn(l Cartialc,
UaimII]' an<l Llaml'llo,
Laad««d«Tr; ftud Rani«klll«l,
L«ii(«*hire anil Yorkihire,
Nawnulo aod Carliil*,
Haocbetltr ftud liMwdMd,
Soutb Detoa,
• Halt-TVu.
The QUDiben f«r 1817 may be tnAd« out Uius: —
But-L>DC«*hire,
Ewttro Coaaljes : C«1chR*ler,
„ L'*mhri4gr,
Eultft) UnukD,
„ Ipiwicb anil Bury,
Eut Antliaa,
Kendal mill U'lotlennerc,
LkoCMtcr Bud I'retloai ,.
Laocutcf aitd CarlUle, . .
LUnrlly,
LoadnadKrry,
Lanruhirc and ^'urkiihire,
Newcatllr and ('arlivln,
Maocbralcf aud SlicOicId,
Soalh D«*on,
The «m(nint« received for ihe carriage of parcels In each yenr
■tend thuK ; the ammintit for IHU being obtained by duubling the
isjf-year ending June 30, ISM ;— .
■10,900
1hl),i»u<)
eo,ow
30.000
8.97 G
CODO
4,(KM
400.004)
SMI 7
4O,00«
ISAi.
700
I,8UI
4TI
31(1
36
S.OOO
6,984
Attfoath aod Forfar,
AidroMaa. •>
Btllorboey. > •
ChcaUraod Blrkenbrad,
CaMoDJau (Ghrokirk) .,
Cwkcrmoulh aaci IVorkiDslou,
Uablinand Drogheda,
l>ub1in and Kiiagalowa, . ,
Dundee and Arbroath, .,
„ Perth,
„ Ncv>lyl«, . ,
EaaUn CouBtiea : CambriJg«,
,, OilrbNUr,
Eaatcm Union,
„ Ipiirich and Durf,
East AncUut,
EmI LawMbirt. . .
Ediiibur(h and GUifew,
„ I>itlh«ilfe,
FuniNt,
Glucow and GtMnock,
Grtet SoDiheni aod M'evtero,
Uroat Wettcm,
Kendal anil M'i.ndcrmrrt,
LancatUr and FrciitoD,
S^BCiutcr and (.'urlid*,
lADcatlilrc aod T'orkihirn, 4,074
„ Mancb. and Bollun, KOU
I'rcnon miij Wyrt, 34U
ISIS.
l,»Q
U4
733
52
&,4t4
1,IU
IGO
1,88)
Sa,<IDO aUiQU
1,300 t,370
LtaD«ilj and Llnodillo,
Loodoa and Nuftb W«»i«ra,
„ (iratid Jiin^ilJon,
„ Maoch, mill Birni.
London and Itlacknall.
Luoduu and llrifiiiluD,
„ Crojdoo,
LoQ'Joa and SuuLli MValern,
Londuodcrry aod Ennialdlleo,
HaathMter aod SlirRivId,
Maripon and Carliile,
Midland,
Newcaalle and Carlilts,
K«rtb I'uion, ..
South Kail»ra,
„ Urnanvieh, ..
„ UravRfrad and Roche»tpr,
Soutcb Midland (Canpar and Aoguf),^^
G0.0UO
tO.OOO
SnO
700
31.000
l.sel
S.liOU
G,4<10
It
4.309
1.021
'JJJ
417
60,n7 ^
80.5-J7 J.
5,741 >
163
e.ouo
•181
10.fl7S
•878
306
U^70
l,3ni>
t.bM
7,035
US
SQ
i3r
IM7.
£410
•38
71
Bsa
•au
•II
1,377
S78
•48
Gl
10,908
1,7G7
I.IUO
"m3
131
1,140
S,7U
•3
1.H)U
!t,3l3
i4,Ua
107
•2ii
5.321
TOO
104,748
201
10,630
'13
1,679
114
»9,!>S6
i.3(i;
1,096
B|4M
331
•U
390
t aut-jtut.
1 TWa M iMi 10 bt t rroai OM .
Slatnaanu), .. ^—
Siockioa and Darllngloa, 360 47P
SlookloB and Har1le|Mi«l, 173 "JO
„ ^Clurence, "H
SL Hdfn'e. 70 •«
Sbrewftbiiry and CteaLer, —
Sualli Dvd^ti, .. '41
WbiKhavru. ,. "IS
WUhiwanil C«llo«M,
WMiCornviHl] (Httjla) in) SS
York anil Nonb Midland. H>fii»
„ lluliaodSel&y, 3,S0e
York and NcwckiII^ ifiOO
KliJillitaburDUgti, ,, ■
North Sbirld*, ,. 1,340 1,493
DurbaiD and Snoderluid, xto IW
• Rtir-Taan.
The total receipt* in eadi year are aa followa :—
ISta. 1046.
Detailed rcluro*, £I5U,91« £S0S.M8
Add for hulf-fcam nmittrd, I0,SOO
Add for cuuiiianiei omtUad, 40.000 8,000
•U
(9S
83
IS9
no
•313
l,0«6
•40
•so
U
1S,47«
d,3dfl
114
"344
iBtr.
1,100
S400
Tolal, £190.910 £333.433 £30».&4S
The return* of ]>are«) tnUfii; arc the only retutno «'hich thow
any improvement; the othon afford litst inri>rinati<in in iMicJt year.
Krani the alxivc amuuiitK a correction hiw to W made fur piw-
Kiijrere' lug'soKe charged tn excess, included tit Ihi- jiarcek retamti.
Thu is uaually about 6 per cent, of the grosi returns ; but «a it la
ileilucted ill kontt? rjiAcs. A per cent, is n aufficirnt cx>inucniiatian.
It must he ohnerved that in aome cuirea parcels are induaed in the
goodi return.
The South Deroo return laclndee ree«pta far telegfraphio m««-
flailing the above oorrectioi), the net roooiptsfor parcels will to
leiS. 1810. It>l7.
£ISO,000 £123/100 £3SS,0Q0
It ia not neccssnry to give the detailed obBrma for parcels, u
they ittf.ludo 9umrtiini:ii elmrges oFboolciii^ and ddiTvry.
In lS4(-2 the number of parcels enumersted wss 363,30^ and
the receipts £l4,03(, which gives nn avcnuu rate of B-Hid^ or a
little more than 9^. per parceJ, or rather more than 28 iiarcela per
pound. Taking t)u« as tbe averajj«, the total numlier of {larDela
carried in IH^^-S would be about i.MO.DOti.
In 1S*4^ tlic number of parcels enumerated wu SSt^S, and
the receipts £11,5.^9, wMrh j^ives on avernKe r»te of 7^., or
TKnrly T J-f. per parc<'), or mnrtt thntt 33 per ponnd. Talcing this
as thu average, the telAl number of psroeu carried in I8ii-6 vould
b« about T.ilMJjOOO.
In 1646-7 the number of paroels enumerated vas 530,611, ond
the rcveiptK £6,6Sd, which gives an avera^ vf 3'9d., ur nearly U.
per parcel.
ll is iiueMtinnable, hovever, whether the average is *o low in
any of the years, ati tlie London and N'orlh Western, which has in
Ifirire an amount of the parcvN traffic, in not taken tu form part of
the itven^rw. It in, however, crrlain that the itvoru^ rates for tbe
conveyance of oarcebi have been much reduced. A fair average
will be IH pitrceu pcrpouod fur ISVt-.!, 19 far It^U-Q, and SO for
lttttt-7. This will give the whole number of purcels carried by
railway in each year a* under.
IftlS, 3.350,000,
1840. 43DO00O.
1IM7. 5,000.000.
The number uf parcels carried both ways to each town may be
reckoned thus: —
Ijondon,
1. 500,000
Mnncb««ier,
a(iu.uait
LiTcfpaol,
ZOD.VUO
Licds,
800 .000
UtrniDgfaam,
300,000
Glaigow,
lOOOOO
Brislol,
100,000
Vork,
100.000
Bath,
100,000
Csmbridge,
100,000
Sou than) pioo,
100.000
Uar«f,
8(1.000
UrijibiuD,
60.000
Sbtmrld,
flO.OOO
PrckluD,
JO.UUO
Edinburgh,
40,000
41
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
[Nununo,
Bun,
E»*ttr,
u,ooa
34.000
xu.ooa
IO.OM
10 000
New nuttm,
Ca/li>l'.
Chnic-r,
Ipiwieli,
In caiiAeiiti(«!ii?0 of iipw aminirpmentK mad* bf tlio compuilM, •
grent i^t^4^.l!le uf bunincitM hnx tnkvii pl«r«> in th« carrUiKa uf book-
■^'Jem' parcela. There U a ipvat tendency in Xht parwV tnillir i>>
ereoM in n)nimiuence of the csoenalon uf the Hiipiily <>r the
local ^rocen, llnn»-4tnip«n, &c from London and the ^at tuvrnn,
for it i» well known that tnntead aT talcing ttock a few timcej-rnrtjr,
they now receive frequent supplies.
The ^ef parcels inXe i« nn the following lines : —
H*. tt rvmi*. RMdvt*.
LaniliMi and North n'Mtera, S,00aflM £101.719
Ureal U'rOito, 700,000 M.ias
MyJIanil. 00(9 000 2A,9M
Euicru Coantlet, 4Sa.un« 10,009
jUncaiMn aad YorkililRi, 400,001) 5,323
Yorkwd Noflb MiJlasd, lOD.UOO 1M7tt
Tort aod N«WL-utl«, SOO.Otffl H,7<(1
LondoD and Snutb WMlem, lUW.WKI lOfi-tO
LuodoB and Brighuo, SOOJMW O.sgs
SuDili Eaateni, «i»,mft 8.T!ia
NouXXIIL-MAILS.
The receipts for mnila in ench of tho jreart ending June SO, i* aa
foliiiwu; thu Rtnoiirt for l«'t5 being nade up by doubling tbe
return for thii Knif-year esding June SO, ISM : —
Cum pan;.
Arbroath and t'urfkr,
Ant'MMii,
CalctMima (namkirk),
C'lif^ttr tuJ blibrnbrnj,
Publiu atjtl DroKbcd*,
Dundv* aod Artiraalh.
EutaiB Couoileai CMaibridite,
„ Cnlebnlrr,
>■ Karfulli,
E«*tem C II inn,
r, Ips»ich and Durj,
Katl Lanraghirc,
K'tiuljurjli .icil lilai'nw,
(•laiguw and i;ri«uock,
(■la>4[uv( aiiil i\rr.
Keudal and U'liiilixnif rr,
liuadoD and Nunh UVnlfrii,
„ (inad
„ Li
LoodoD and llUckwull,
l^DdVD and Bnicliioii,
Londun and SvuiiJ IVraicm,
LanMHirt aod I'mitoo,
LKac«*hirc aud Yi>rkilii>«,
„ Manctt. & BnlUiB,
,, I'miua an
>laDdie*1«r and tibrftlciJ,
MidluaJ,
Newcaille and Carlisle,
Norlh I'aion,
B«uib lutalem,
„ tlruefltrkb,
StocklDD anil DiirliiiKiua,
Blockton and HHrilrjjiiwl,
n Clare ac«,
TairVdc,
Vurkand Nonh Midland,
Vork aad Ncvrcuilv,
„ NuriU Sbidds,
The total receipt detailed in ISU wu ^77,000, to wbidi hn« to
be addi'd for nmiuioti* iY%UOO, inKkiii^ a eros* tvtitl of XluO,i>llfl.
Tbe total receipt detailed in ttsi? wua ^lOS.HTtf, to wbicb liaa to
be added for omiiisioiid £vS,UUO, nwkins a gri»>a total of illSO.WV.
ists.
miff.
1817.
IfJH
£-10
f-IO
»
10
30
^__
13
■a
es7
Ml
fiU
1,«M
l,dfli>
LflMI
es«
nie
ftl6
ISO
4ah8
COM
S.O(H)
MIM
SJW
— ^_
4,tft0
^B_
i^sse
•«l
•<«
l,WO
i,mo
AVO
«M
4»T
497
•M
•lunh UVfilrm, 15,11011 ll.ttlS*)
inad Jubctioa, 30,(KH> 33,4TO f m .04
iiMpuol it Miofb. i,mi.) / '*'•■'■"
UDch. niLil ttirtn. 4^3
m
03
flt
SM
S37
•01
0.)U>
a,iTS
4,M«
s,uco
3,179
S,4»
«, 101
101
rr, ITO
170
MT
•M
tad
HOOD
ll,&12
II.WW
4.700
Ttili
TOO
4^4a
4,11)
4 441
7^U0
7,Si«
7,100
»a
GO
60
«T5
STS
sia
^^
6!(
^^
*3a
M
aoi
4,1CI»
S 111
2,8110
e,&(M
iV
SD
au
THEORY OF STEAM.ENGTNE8.
^MMinf of Oe experiment* to itftrrmlne the printifol
nvpterieat data wkkA mtcr into the caicvlatint ^ Steam'
By M. V. RnoMAVbT.
((^MintteAfrem page TBS. J
FouiiTH MRMuia.^KM 1HB xKJiautiKiiKXT or rEMrtOLLrnw.
Wc do not aa yet pofseis any direct mean* of meBMirinK ihe
ilU3ntitie« uf beat alimirbrd by 11 body nnder tfiven circunutaotei,
and we reeiijrnlw thla abattrption of heRt only by the chanirva wMcb
occur In the atate of tho body, or by it* diliiiMt<m. The rwdc
Ih&rmomttrr i» pvta to the indnitiient whuae object U to iniUnue
the variation* Iti the iiuantltlea of heat In any meditim. Tkm
inatruroenta are geneisllv fmiDdrd uptin the diUlnti[>n which ioiia
uiidoT^ by the action i)i heat, or upon tbe cJihiiki!^ in eUitic fnrea
which t)M> ume l>iilk of a syis experiences onder the circiuntanti
to which the medium is submitted.
A perfect thimnoineter iroiild he one whnae indicatina* wtn
alwayt |iniprirti(inal tti the iiiiniititv of beat which It had abwtbtd,
or, in other words, one in whicli too addition of vr|unl ijuaiiUtia
of heat produced nlway^tr^innl dilatation*. To Ttilfil tliin Ct'iiilIUoa
It is RcrcnMiry, eiUivr ihnt the cupiuity fur heal, and Ihc diintaUM
uf tJie tbenaometrlc suhflancc, shauld remain inviiriable darl^
the experiment, or that thotw two etcnicuta otiuuld vary »trictly i»-
vuTvely lis each utber.
Nur wuuld the perfect Llienngnietcr yet indicate thu quantity «f
heat absorbed by tbe inediiim under given circ'imstnm-f», Uiim
thisntcdium prenentcd tlic mmic advanta^'o as thu themiunietria
subatiinoe — that i*| inilenH it abwrbed cuual (luantities of heat ttt
equal rariatiooa of lempcniturc as auted by the thcnnumetcr.
But • comparative study uf the dilatations of difforeot nV
itances undor the nine circumnttince*, oulckly chow* tlmt they ai4
far fruin t'ulluwini; tlio nanie law : and if we cvHipiiro tvi^cthn Ibe
qaaatltirs uf heat absorbed by ttic«c different boiliex « hen broi^l
succoaeively to different teiiipcrutures, measured by the diiatatioM
of one of them, we see tbut theae iiunnlitied are ra/tablu, and un-
equally riu-iable in wck one of them, without our havLu; b«ca
able hcrctcfure to vbuw the rchitiumi which exliit between tbatt
variatiuDt uf capacity and tbe changes of bulk.
The Krent preciMoii nhirli <-nn b« obtnincl in tho eonrtructiM of
the mercurifll thormumotcr, the facility with which the tkcnMb
metric liquid Bi.->y be ubtiiiied of tbe aaroe degree of pn^tT,
the great extoat of t«niporattirc through which thin ii<ititii;
MTvoa the aatne gtatft. hnve giteo to the mercurial thermoiB
the profercncc over all oth«r iastrvments uf the same kind, nat
have caused its adaption almost oxctusively for all pie«lM t^m^
mente.
Hut there ia an eucntlal condition which ererv apnanUitsftr
neastirenicnt ought to satisfy; it is, that it sfiouH nut niJr
remain ri';«roii5ly compnrnbT* with itself — that i*, th^tt il fbnalo
hlwayp mark tho same d^ree under the same rlrcuniKtan^iea,— bat it
ia moreover neccaaurthat we should be able to repmdnceitil
will, nzid obtain always instrtunents rigorouriy cum unr able.
Physical pblloaonhen! have thought that they hiul eomjMetlljr
attained thu end, by making the acalm of the mercnriiil toirmo-
meters agree nt certAln normTil temjienrturen which an' easily P«-
Crodueed and alwiiyii perfectly idi-iiliciil ; fur tbiii purpoie, tbn
avoiidopted the conctiint tcmiiemture at which lea melt*, an
tlut not leas constant which satumted steum presents wbao it
exerta an ehicitic furco of 76 milliinetros. But 1 have sSon
f^nnoto de Ckimie et riti Phj/si^ita, Srd St'rie, tame v^pafitt lOOtf
Kq.^) that two mercuriiJ therm (tmetem, iidjusted fur the same Ills'
points uf molting ica and boiling water under a prRMiire of II
mm., may Hhow vory cDiiKidcriible differences in their moveaMM
boyond these Axed piiintu, \f they arc not made of glass af te
Bbme nature. Even when th« glju^«« of the rwrrvotrs preoi ^ "
nine chemical eompuiitiun, Iherf may still he verv Mnsiblt
mces in their indications acicordin); to the way in wlitdi 1
servoLrs have been worked in the glnss-bluwer's Um\<. the mol
state uf the glass andvrgoing ver}' iiutnble oltenliuiiH duri
workiiijjc.
The mercurial thermometer, then, aa it has been constructed vf
to the itrexent time, is defuctive in one uf the must essential —
ditlons whicli uuebt to be reijuired of tui apparatus fnrnii
nient — it cannot he alwafu repntduced in the uiiiie mate; a
different in«1ruTnenla of the same kind are rarely cumparabia'
each other buyuiiil ttui fiied points of their seaJes.
Physical tiLilusophen thought that they had observed that
tliogasM dilate exactly the tame fmctlou of their volume atO°,»
JOURNAL.
/aracBrried from the tamperntnre 0^ to tliat of 100° (3%° to
iff* Faliranbrit). ThU Uw, ho nnnarkalilo fur iU sim|>licit}',
'itanlly t«l them to think tbaC tbe diUutiaii oT tlic gmum uuglit
ib« in > more Rimplfi rxtio to the aiiantities of heit tlkan lh:tt
'n>liils(ir liijuiiU. Smnv, niuru bold, even mncludvd Ihht Ihp
Jatatton of gate* must be rlj-oruuiily prnpurliaaed tu tbe qtian-
ty of faiut, nnd lli^t the gas thermoincler wm tbe true normnl
kennMneter to which *ll tbe pheoumvDii of be«t oui(Ut tu tie
■ferred.
Wu now know thnt this ^eat Himplicjt)* is the Uw of tbe dilo-
ioD at tbe saae* ia far fniin exUtin;. I have sliowii in tbe
air upon tlie dilatation of g^aea tiiat not only the dilTereiit
; hnvv not the nmc fucXcicnt of dilatation, but tfant oven for
^e aAme fprn thi« coefficient rantM nitli iln density. The initint-
tiuns of gia chemiometera then, can Mily be comiiTered, like ibo>e
other thenDomctrr*, u functiuna moni ot leu complicated of
_e qiiantiticH of heat.
But ttiCKas iberninriietert) present an advanta^ over tbe mer-
, wtn in Kcnerul over «11 liiiuid ot xilid theiniomrter«, nn
Ivuitage «bic)i arises from tbe KreHtiieiu of Uie dUaLation of the
aetric Mbitanrv. In any therm onictcr formed by a li(|Hid
19 s<ibklance, the i:iilic.itii>ns of tbo in»lninient ilepeiid
dilaiaiiun of thia liubntimce, and of that of the atibatance
Ich it i* inclosed. Now. the dilatation of mercury is only
out leieu time* KTcater tliati tbiit of tbe j^Iiim irhirb hulds it ;
■d the Tariat ions wblch we remark in the law of the dilattttinn
the different glwwet, form very appreciable fractions of tbe
pDt ditatatiun nf the mercury, and coiwrqncnlly influence In
maoaertlie liultcuionit of the iuBttumeul. In tbe icaa
netcr, on tbe contrary, the dilatntion uf the pas hoing onv
1 and aiity tinu-A ^tratvr thiin tbut of the kIoj^ the vtria-
»aa of the Uw of diliitntiun of tbe diiferent irlaatiea no loncer
asibly ioftucnru the indications of the auDarntus, and do «ut
prevent the inntmnteritn fnmi ht;in|; comparnnle,
^^fc tben, we wish to pruAt by this ioijKirtwit property, and ndopl
^^^Hl thennometcr as a stancUrd, we iu>ist study several impoi-
m^^nevtiona, wo ii» to fix the oonditiona under which the iii»tru-
nent vill remain oomparahle.
The present memoir has for It* object tbe study of the different
ethods which hni'0 b»en iniafiined for mesiavrinji; temperatures in
"pcrimenta whinb r^i^uire grcAt precisinn, I will divide it into
re« part*: in the fir^t port, I will treat of tbe pw thermometer;
I tfco mcoihI, of the mtrctirtiil thermometer ; and in the third, of
men<uremcnt of temperature* by means of thenao-elcetric
irrenls.
Past l.—O/ Gfu ThmuomeUrt.
\Vhta a f^s encloMd in n mathemntifally-eliudie envelope is
litted to nn cleviitiim of t<;m(>(^nitiir#, it* volume iocreniiea, and
[he eaa retAina tbe same elastic forec. Uul if we prevent this
dilfltstioQ ot the gas, by exerting a prApnr degree of preiuiurc over
whole surfiiee of the ei!velupe,tiie^ti retains the same volume,
: jta elastic foree increasee. *
Thee* are then two mode* of omployinft a^uaaa thermomelric
nbstance. The f;aa may be placed under circumstances such,
■t the pressure which retaiiu it rcnininKciinstM.nt, and ilK increnKe
bulk M oiiserved ; or the gu may be conipelled to keep tlie
I bulk, and its increwe of elastic force be examined.
Firtt MtHtod. — In order that a g^a should rciilino the conditinns
reoeribed by thii) method, wliirh are very nearly thooo found in
le mercurial thermometer, it would be requi^te that the fnii *ub-
iitt«d always to tbe same pressure, shuuld expand fresly in a
' reservoir, kept thri>u^haut lit the iiume tcmnerutun'. Kut
idicatiomi cannot be fulfilled in practice — at least, if the np-
. I is to be submitted to biyh teinpfriiturci:.
P^The Ihermiimi'ter munt therefore be compmed of a reservoir
rliich is to be exposed to the temperature which it is deslreit to
■eamre, and a ^lu^i-d tube, unileit in the rcMrvoir t>v n eapillury
~ e, which removes the other from the place where t)ic Lempera-
F> IS to be measured. This ^H(re tube fulfils the purpose of
I pa4ual«d Mem of the mercurial iherwometer, and sertea to
Itlie ^B which the riiiiuj; uf the temperature driven out of
ivrvotr. This tulw may also be kept at n cimalant terupera-
Iflerinic but little from ihul of the surrounding air. At any
piument during the experiment, the gas Is cnmpoMrd uf two parts :
^e liriit, contained in the resurvvir, ia nt tlie temperature to be
land, the other in the tube is at tJlO turrounding temperature.
~liese two portions arc ntthenmepiessuie, which mavbc brought
I nearly a^ i* drained of thtit of the atoiosphere. The e<|uaiii>nH
rived from these cooditiuna permit ua tu oulcuUte the required
nperatoro.
This amngmunt is the one adopted by M. Pouillat, in hie air
pyrometer, uid M. R«^oault himself employed it in his lifth
series of experlmenu made to detarmine the dilatation of gaoes.
It prcMnts » very serious Incont'eoience when the apparatus is to
be used fur lhem(uuiurt>mentof hi^h tempeniluros. In fact, it will
easily be seen that in this casu the fur ^rrralcr purt nf the air will
alnewly be in tho gauged tube, and but Utile will remain in tho
reiervotr, ao that a further elevation of the temperature will cause
but a very small portion to pius over into the tube, ;ind this will
with difficulty be measured with the proper de^'ree of accuracy.
In fact it can be esisilv shown that, calling the temperature J",
and the coelTlcient of dilatation of the {[as a, the seusibdity of the
apparatus will vary very nearly iDveraely aa (I 4- a*)'. This dr-
cum*tance li-d .M. Regnault to r^ect thia arrangement for a gas
thermometer.
Seroiuf 3fer/uMf.— In tlie second method the g^as ia kept conntanily
uf the snmc vnlume, and ibe elastic force which it preaents under
different circuuutances is measured ; then from these, by tbe taw ot
Marriotte, we may calculate the ditatatiuiiN whidi tbe saa would
hove undergone if the pressure bad been kept cuni^lant.
The apparuhis founded upon this second method iirc much ntore
easily mHiiimeil, -Mid trivn icri-^ater precision than those cnurtrurted
according to the firsi method : they hove moreorer the advantage
of prrMinting the same semlhility at high aa at low trmpcrntiires.
By plat'in^in these nppiiratus uir of Btiaoqiberic prensure when
tlie reeerroir is aurruunded by melting ice, we are sure to have In*
stnimenta rigorously comparable. Nevertheless, if wc desire
to ineaaure very high temperatures — if t'nr instance the inntrnmeut
is to he uaed aa an air pynuiieter — it is lu be fearcil that (he elaalic
force nf the gas within, becomiog very coiuddcrahlc. the carelopc
piay experience a permanent chnnge of form under the irrcat
interior pressures. Tliia inconvenience may be avoideil by i»lro>
ducing into the appnratua, air under an initial pi'cssurc less than
that uf the atmuNpherr, when the reservoir U at 0'. In thiti way
the clastic force may be kept within limila as low tta may be de-
sired, but it is ovident thnt the aipparatua becomes less wntsitivo in
proportion aa the cU«tic force vt the gas at 0° is feebler ; »ttU, aa
the nieasurenaent of the elaatic force may be made with extreme
precision, the indications of the nppAratvs will be in the gientcr
number of cases suffidently exact, wtni thuugb the initial i>res«ur«
of the gas At U' was but »oe-fuurtb of that of the ntmosplierc.
But here a very important tiuestion prcseiits itself: are air Ihet-
momtUrt fikd with air <»t very differtnl denvUiw cvmpartMe vilH toth
ollttrY rhiit is, will tuch instmnienta ngrwt at nil tcmperaturea
when their scale* have been made to accord at O"-" and 1(HJ' ? We
have before seen (p.WtO) that tbe absolute value of the coefficient
of dilatation ot a gas cbFuiECs very ni>tably with it* density ; it is
required to know whether tTie chan^>«s of density will not ^roduc«
besides, sansible diffeiences in the Uw of (lilstntinn. It m abso-
lutely IJi dispensable tu decide thik qui'Ktiuii lu order to fix Ihe con-
rlilions under which air thermometen stiall be estnblished in order
to be compiirnblo with eacli other. M. Kcgnault also proposed for
himself a second queutiiiu, which he thinks not less importaut than
the lirit— vii., do gat thermmnelerayfiUvt VHlh gotta ttf aifffrtnl kiiuU
accord with each ittlutr U'h-n Ihi-y hart hfm ndptjittd at 0" and lOOf 9
The apparatus used in ibe>e investi^tions consisted ewentially
of two ipm tht'rmomptcrjs placed side by side is the simie huiler.
Each uf iheitt ih'ermLiitit.-iers was composed of a globe uf dint
glass (crystal), of from 700 Co bOO cubic centimetres cnnteut, t«r-
niiiiated by a re-curved capillary tube, and a mauometric appnrattu.
The two ({lobes were kept, by copper wire!, side i>y aide on a
metallic support, conHisting of two mfliillir- plate uf lnuenge foriD
placed, one below, the iither above ihtr (^liiben, nnd united by ixoa
rods which were permanently fixed to thu cover uf the hi/ilt^r ; the
upper plntv wns pivrced with two holes tliruugh which passed the
alumn of the air tliermometers, and with two other holes, situnted
in a line at right angles to that Joining the lint, throuj^h which
|iiuBi«d the stents of two mercurial thennoiuetera.
The boiler-corer wm pennancnlly fixed to a solid partition, and
the copper boiler was attached to it by screw bolts, so that it could
be removed or replaced without diaturbiog the thermometers.
The mauoOKlnc appnriitua wu compoeed of two glass tubes of
19 or U mm. iiiu-rior diameter, cemented into an <i>d piei^ of
ciMt-irou provided with a etop-cock, so arranged, that hy properly
turning it, you could at pleasure either cause the two tulmto
communicate together, or dichnrgo tho mercury from either of
them, or intercept the communication uf Ihe tubes with e^kch other
and with the open air. The manometers were fixed to the wdu of
the partition oppoiiite to thu boiler.
The capillary tuboa of the air reservoir were connet**! with
the capillary tubes of the manometers, by bringing ih^M tulm^
THE CIVIL ENGIKEER AND ARCniTECTS JOnWAL.
INot
into exact pontntt &t tlieir end*, ki>d eem^ntlnc; ov^r them a imss
tnlmlnre gri>OTe<l tn fit tliem (wmirfe. TItis brxM lulmliirr hml »
recMDAiLir tub« openiitg intA it, into irhiek iru cpmenlMt n en)sil~
Jary tub», bjr mcuis of wLlch cnmranniHtion wm mnde with «n
air-poniD, m> u to dry tkft npparittua uid introduco tli« g w w to b«
operalca on.
The boiler eoiit«fned «il, which wu MOBtuitiy uittted bo u to
vuintKin nn unifarm t«mpernltire thron|^aat tM wBolo bath.
Tbe method nf optratlng i* iw fullowa :—
In th« ftnt pUce, to dry the opnaratui, n little mercury i> pot
into tlie inner mnnonieter tube, luta the (top-OKk nn plmceil na to
cut off thi* tab9 tram roinmiinieiitlon fritli the ullier uiul with
the opening. The laternl tulie of the tubuliire in then put into
twmmuni cation with an nir-pomp fumishivl with tevcrii! mbw
filled trith ntimire Msikril iti iriitu'eut ruled ittilphtirir arid, which
are inteniled to »biioth (lie moifiture. A rocuuin i« made a |^e>l
number of times, and each time the air ia allowed to enter very
■lowly. To be «iire tb«t tbu drying i« eomplne. the |; lobes are
heated to AO" or 60" (IW tu MO ' Faftrcnheil). The pump )■ then
removed, bat the tnbea are left open in eonununi cation with the
drying tiibee. Suppoee now that it i« deained to compare the
rapTcment or a thcrauimeler rontainlofr air whose elastic force
St O^it 7<r nun., with that of anotlier containing air of a lew elastic
ftirce.
The two globes are nirrotindnd with mettinji ice, and the atop.
cock of the fimt manometer beiDjO; ao placed as to make a comniu-
ajcatton between the two ninncimeter tubL>ii. mertHtry U poured in
«D aa tn rxise its k'vel to i murk placed near the top of tbe inner
tube (llul ■«, the one ■rammunicatinfr "ith the rpMrvoir). The
two mercorial columns will be nereasMrily at the ume level,
buoiiiae the appantlus communicate* freely with the air by the
tubiilure.
On the other hand, n partial ramum ia made in the vrnnd globe,
and the rarefaction of the air in it i« determined by the differeuoe
of heicbt nf it* mantimetrif tolumns ; when a proper rnrcfaction
ha* Iwen attnined. tlie aoparatua In rlnoed by hrmietirjJly nnaJing
the lulrrnl irnpilliiry tube of the iiibulure. and mercury ia then
IKiiirctl into the main^meter until il« surfacr stands at a mark
made near tbe top of tlir inner mitiiomi'trr tiil>e.
The cLtitiG forces are meanured bv four |iropeTly-|iIaced catheto-
meters, each one being m pUceil as to be able lo follow the
auntaciifl in one of the tuties.
Tbe ntc wa ry obHervotionK of the height of the barometer, and
tbt portion of the meniscus of each of the monotncter tubes being
nade, tiic lateral tube of the first rm;n uir is then hermetimlly
cloHii, the ioe removed and repluced by oil uhirb i* hrnl^d by a
furnere pieced under it. Tbo oU bnth is hcjilol until the tem-
pcrnture nt whicli the two inntrumenlti are to be w>mpMred ia at-
tJiinrd, theair-holo of the furuuce «re then m"rc ut 1i;« cloKod
hiiil ibo i-'il kept ID cnnktmit Bgilation ; anil tbe therninmeteri are
adiiiBtcd for otscrvnlion by pouring mi-rcary into tb? mnnomoter
ttibcK, w •" to brini; back tlie level "f the efllumn* in the inner
tubee to tbe marknmnde upon them. The temperature then rigini;
only vcrr alowly, tbe movements of the fowr ooiumtin M' mcnriiry
are nmultnneou^lr watched, find trhrn they are perfertiy atiition-
ary, at « ■ignni given bjr one of the observers tbe bnrometer ia
rend, and the temperataies of the air in the vidnity of the mnno-
meter tubes, and of tbo lateral tube* attached to the re^ertuira,
noted.
A(it i« eaaential in tbie mode of experiment ing to keep the
temperatures ttntlonary as long na ptMOiible, they should lie laiaed
very slowly when appruncltiag the maximum at wbirb the obaerva-
tloni are to be made, and by n little pnirtice a aeries of obaerva-
tiona may be got at temperatures not diffeiing more than I"
from ench other, iind the observer be H»uTrcl ihnt one inntrunienl
iu not behind the otb*>r in tl« indication*. Thi* precaution is
above hII i ml isjie usable when Lbeiurtbermometrr ia compared with
the DiimericaL
It Is not necpnnry, and would be very difficult to brinj^ tl>c
merwiry in the manometer* exnctlr lo the mnrk«. It i» suHicient
to brinK them nearly Ihcrr, nnd a* tlie ub.-^rvHtiona (five eiacliy
their difierencea of level, the volume* can easily be cnlcubilcd
when the tubit have been gnnpcd in the vicinity of thi- markii.
The experiment! upon therm i)iiieter« Slled with different gases
are conduclt-d C«actJy In the sdnio way.
These globen wen too thin to pi-nnit tbe pKpenmcnta upon
tbermometers filled villi air ut a louch hi|,'hcr presvure tnaa
' T6 mm. to be tried with them ; recourse wan hiid lo uthers similar,
' Imt harinf their walis 3 or ^ mm. thick. T]ie!>e globes were nf
rather leas capiw^ily Uiaa the former, holding only ubvut $00 cubic
ceiUlmetrcs.
A irreat number of expcrimenti were made by M. Regnan
with the apparntut in which air uf ordiounr dendty was compar
with tlutt i>f much Ices, and with that of much greater dfln*itr,1
as well aa with hydrogen gaa, carbonic and aulpburou* arid, and tli^l
principal eoncliuions which lie draws frum them are ar* follnws;— ]
1. The atmospheric air follows the same law of dilatation fToni''
0» to SSO° (S»= to eca* Fahrenheit) of tempcratMre, even when ita
initial alastie force at 0° varies from 0'<b4 to l*a>S, (1*33 te
i^Sft.). So that in the construction of an air thermoneter, no
attention need lie paid to the denaiiy of the air inlriNluccd,— ihf
inHtrumenIs will be rom]varab1e whatever may be the density.
V. AlmoKphorie air, hydrogen gas, and carbonic acid, follov
between 0^ and350', seus-'ibly the anine liitr of dilatntion, although
their rtK'fficivnte of dilatation nre sen aibly different. SothailXe
tlicrmumete-n made with these ditferent paae* will aceord, praviM
the tenperaturea are calculuicd from ihcir pitiper eoMBdeata
From this It follows that tbe coeSeients of dilatation of tfcne
gaaca presant tensibtir tbe aau« ratio at every tempemlure;
S. Sulpbnroui aeiu gaa departa notably from the law of dilata-j
tion which the preceding gases preeeot. The coefficient of dJIata-j
tion of atilnhurouM cicid dimiuisnee with the tempemture at marked
by an air tfierinomeier. I
It is important to remark that in these eiperimeiits the relative j
dilatatiooa of the gaaea were not measured directly, but were it- i
dnced by calculation from the observation of the elaHlic forcea whkkj
the«e gates pr«aeial at the same teroperaturea, iheir t olutne ren»iii<
lug constant. It apne.im very probable that nmilar conclanna
would be arrived aL ny meaituriiig directly the Increaae in bulk <tf
the different gnscs for the samelcniperaturas, their etaslir force re*
mniuingnmstant, by a method analMKiuato that of tbe tiflh teila
of exueriments upon ibe dilatation of gaae<; but thrHe ex|icrinint*
woula not be susceptible of equid precision in Lite meftsitremnits,
for renaoua alreiKly given nt the commenocmnit of this memoir.
COPPER SMELTING FURNACE.
A carretttondent of the Miainj Journal ;ivt* tb» followiag totlaalt Ibr
the coaalraciiou of a icieibtraiorj furnace for fmeltiag copper oa ifa
Snantci plan. The stack of tbe furnace wai tingle, 10 feet high, aod ibl
furuaces llfeei by S, Tbe foliowitig tie the details:—
13,000 con>DeBbrklB~«IW*.p«(jiiIt:a ., £U » B
13 UnvliorUme— •14* ,, > t
a.OOll Ktmutltbrlrks— Its', in*, paimllto. .. 17 I* •
i.aoo i>Tnuiiiiio-*(-ii. ifl*. inRdiito ft tr 9
%000 Stovirt«1il(*iliUo-«». _ ,. H « »
Jf Iqd CTA«]t cWy".iil \l- ITa. ., 3 1^ t
3 Unu Urujii inilv— ■( It*. 1 I* «
* IS tomnFllnUtilrebrmrv-attM. • U •
s tMuiirtdcc aiii»-*i ii. Id. .. eat
tsldd-airj. ,. I S
21 <wl-lntn>tiiiU.ti(>c«.-al7t.e.l. .. IB It S
I wroiii1it-<n>ii dlllo, £i 111,. 1 cirl.— at lAs. 1 A #
B (IcagKr*, caiulnnii 1 1^, i iwl. — ■( 7* H. I 17 1
Bcpr*' 41111 tnmf, nmnd Iron lor mmp*, tqiHi« |Jmd t>t
*tiuli nxfca. <Ul I M U for itacli crMspt, flr».bBis aad
Md|taa,ibi»t I [DD—il 101. IIM. .. tO It •
For ftDd toDcin anil iUiuiiilDipUlcs .. 7 4 e
CeoUaffiiclw •< •• 3 • S
Uabing * talat of l»7 < d
To Ihii mutt be added, about 141. for (ho maiona' labour, and 27. for Ibd <d '
the smilhs', vhlch, added to the coit of the farnace, 107/. tt. Bd., win nali
a tattl cost of i'iZi. 6$. f,H. The prices (ivea are iboao of the period obtt
tbs furnace wu c^nitructcd ;— «f coori(,atdiir«rent linicitltCT wlUvairna-
siderablyi any oac, howarcr, nill be abk fioui Ihtu to calcutaie whM ihi
prrtnnl ouUay would imoual to. By buildlug two fumacei, with a dMtk
■tack to lerve bolb, and nting clay in tbu ddM, instead ot briekt, a las
cuomupllon ofmaleriali wonld tike jilact, wMdi woiild necesMtil; bt ftt-
lo'TFcd by a CDUCQ-cnsuiste reduction la the expenditure, ibereb; caaUoi
ibecoolractorta const met bu furnacoi oa • aiM c ccoaoalcal piineiptt Una
above daitilod.
THE CrVIL ES'OtVKKR AND ARCHTTECTS JOURNAL.
S«
ATJIOSPHERIC PILE-DHIVING MACHINE.
PiTBirrKD BY CfcAmtE AUD VlkLCr.
i-
rf'"i."1
rui. 1,
lUe BlaniiuD uf ■ mii|!< tliKblnt-
Thlt sppitrktuf hM be«n liitHy um4 for driving the pil<w of the
CoffenlMm Tor Ininiraio, Si. Kutlierine'a Duck*. The Inventors
■tute ttiAt W tbU mnrliinp, pilra mnf be driven at luiirthe rxpi-nM
of driving Uiein bv tkr oTointtty muchiiw worked tiy liand, and in
■bout one-Mjitii «? the lime. Mr, Crale, the clerk of the works
at the above dockn. irtnlM thnt ^L^ drove forty-tmi jiilcs, \A feet
deep, int4» n Wil uf vnry hard cotrijiai^t crarel, at the rate of three
pile* eiiHi tide of uhooi 3) hours ; and to drive one pile only, hy
the ordinary hnnd-engiiir, occupird five tides before it cuiild he
finiKht-d. and even then was left 8 feel above tlio heisht required
to be driven. Mr. llnrrison, the engineer, id»» rertttiea that the
AtmOEphcric Pile-Driver g>tvt: hini entire BntiHfttctioti.
TbiH maehiiie consiHte of a vacuum cylinder of wrougfat-iron
(A)t dosed at the bottom and open at the tup, havioiK an uir-tiirht
piston, niid >elf-«ctinic idid&-([«iu-, fixed to any convenient part of
i^tb« frune of a eommun pile-ennne. The |>i>ti>n-rod it eonneeted
1 chain which puwn over o nxeil pulley (B) on the top of th^
ia« ; lo the end of this chain i« euApended n piillm' (C) ; ovot
'ibu pawed a ■trennil chain, one end of wbicb iit att.tched to Ihc
run, Bitd the other, pasainr down undE'r the bottom of the frame,
ia brousht up nnA affixed to the head of the pile. The power iii
JeHved'from a cinall tteam-cfigine, fixed at any convenient spot,
which ir<.rk« fin nir-pump for producinjr the prhntwlifin. Com-
munication ia mnile li«tween tno air-pump and the File-driving
Maehioe by nnnll wroupht-iron ttihcit, connmted tofcether by fie«i-
blv joint* of vtiicftniied india-rubber. Thut the (Rcichine jittuset
~7^
ii-- :.
itf'
mat et«niluuu(ii llouU« JJmIiIik.
Ihe inmlcuiiMe advoJUajft (ff M«9 uwkenl at anji reqiiind di^tana
ftvm the ttritm-^ttgint, and nunwl atmul teilk m miiHi fueiiHg at Vi
cvnivufi t^nA-engine. The mode of action ii bb followH ; the mm '
heinK itipptMed down on the |ri!e-head. and the pifUm consequently
at the top of ilie vacuum cylinder, cominiinication lit opened by
the valve gcnr with the atr-piimp, exhaustion then takes place la
the cylinder, the piAt>n dc»c«nda by the t-xtcrrial premiire of the
atmosphere, and raitten the ram; when the piston BTrivea at the
boltoin of the cylinder, the vnlves reverse tiicmevlvea, eommufuca-
lion with the air-pump is then nbtit off, and the external air ad-
Riittud under the piston ', equilibrium bcins now restored, the ram
falln viih the full effect of gravity on tne pile; the t^vex are
B^nin reversed, and the naie O^ralion i» reiieated. Thus a suc-
cession uf abort heavy blows ti ffivoD, rapid of course in proportion
to the power of thu atcam-eagine ; and, as by the arrangement uf
the pulteya, ti>e dt«(aiice between the pile-bend and the Ince of the
rem ia nl««y» the »i>ine, a rcfpiliu-ity of nrtivn is ubtainvd, quite
unlcnAwn to the old uile-drjver, the injurious effect «n t)ie head of
the pile, and rebnund of the ram, c«n(e<iiirnt upon great height «f
fall, avoided; and the ram being peminn^ntly fast«aed to the
chiiin, the whole lime lost by th« re-att«clinient after every blaw is
saved. TK» maefiiiu U M wnjUrv^frtt^ tluit it may bn fixed in a /ne
hours tn IhfifiwHf «/ o oomnum pHe-mgitw,
Fig. 2 sihiiwK an nrraBf^menl by which one vw^uum rylin/!^ can
be made to work ttn ntmt, and, consMUcntly, dWi^ Iteo pilen at ikr
tame lime. A puUej' (Ai) li attaobed to the piston-rod of the
-jw-
THE CIVn. ENGIVEER AND AHCHITECrs JOCTIMAL.
{yonatmm^
vMtiiim e^lindw ; raand thk pwowa ■ dioin vUph gioca ovn the
two |>allera (B' B'), havioff tbo «nilB faateaed to the tw» am-
peoded pulleys (C< C'). Tbo ■minMinent of tlie second chain is
■imilar to that ot thu air^cU nuuthine. Tlio two niinti, Ihiih^ rx-
■etlf the unixi^ weight, wUI, of courB& riie uid fall kt the tame
tbn« vith each stroke of tho pi^itun. If it Hboiild h« found thiit
on* pt]« i> driving fmtter than tha oili«r, «nil for tliis or nuy olhtir
rWBOn It ahoiUd be deiurahle to give a tihorler blaur to one pile
ban to the other, it caa bo Atum in tho foUouin^ siinpie manim :
i tmall cltain or ropii in attached to ench nun, linauiiitl freel j ; the
^niMi in atlend«nce c»n at any time, without Hopping the machine,
fasten the end of thin chain »r rn\w >i) iim to auick the rii^ of one
ram to atijr tixtnit— a very small force u-ilL ilo thiA, ait the two nun*
OJcnctl}' oounterlulance one another ; the other ram will, of course,
then make n strnko Imtgrr in proportion to tlm vkortrniny of thi*
rone. Or thr vorkin)( of one run may, l>r the Dane nuftan, 1m en-
Ptlrely ttopped, the other th«ii maktitf n blow tirice (be length that
it did whi-ti both i'-<!ru workiriK fiiuaOjr.
A wut^LiOK model of the machine m«y be teen at 31, Parlianieut-
ttreat, Weiiuaiiuter.
HEQisTsn or hsw patents.
8BLK-ACTING »JAS AITABATUS.
John* M'atmi^', tnerchaal, and BowAmn Cast, nntleniAn, both
of Hull, for '* imjRwnnnmlf (n Ae man^flHCl^ro q/^jo»." — tirutt«d
February H; Enrolled Ati|:ait li, 1816.
The palenteea describe tbe oliject of tbia invention to be the
.eooilH nation of nppArotus irith nn ordinary hot>air titovc, for
'-eneTBling gu in proportion to the «iipply re<|uired, aail no to
mngc the jMrta that the supply of material to tlie n-tort will be
ntoB by tbe filling of thu gtM-hoIder. m ibM if ifie supjily of
fgM fwtn the retort be not cotisumeil, the further feed to the retort
rin be cut off. Tk« figurc repreeenta a tectioa of tlw app«ratua.
■■;/"
o, b an ordinary liot-«lr atove, with t1ie retort tct therein, or
the retort may be wt in brick-nurk or iiiaMinry, in lieu of the Iron
fltuvo : r, feed-pipe, to conduct the li<{utd fur gas inanufactiir*
tiie lioltler jr. to tbe retort i: k, tap opcuod and sbut at tlio
leneement and conclusion of thu proci'u ; /, atflf-actiiiK tap
eonarctrd with Oit; |[»ii-hi>Kler tiy inr^ita iif the two rods, mand
», and •hith are moved toKOtiicr at the joint o. Tho vulunie of
gnu rei|uiicd for combustion being supported by a qiiaiititr of the
liquiil lliiwiiit; into ihe reUirt. the prupi>rtliia ia nt^liitcJ by the
tap ly iu exia-t rulio with tlio current eoiututnpUon, luid whatever
jittnaae or increase in made in thu number of liKlits during the
•|»par«tuM boiii^ in o]i(^r»tion, eauuett the ffae-holder to aaoend or
deecend, until the itclf-«ctin|{ tap I, admits only the quantity of
liquid to the retort eummonaiirate with thu Haaiea burning ; f>,
wuhur vr puriAvr ; q, worm-pipe 6x«d in a cylindrieal ve^el con-
talnintc wid wator for coQd«aMt(On, Tho wvrm-pipe oonve)-8 tho
, (ma from llio woaher or purtlUr, and teraiuutea with a bend which
dips into the water contained in the ry1indri«s] reaae) ; the gu
hsvinic foreed ilaelT through the surfuee of iJija water, riaeelnta
the )^s-holder. whose sidoa dip into wator r4>Btained in the tank
mirroundiii); thti rylindrical veaucl vhorein tbo worm-pipi' i« ficpd ;
thus it will l>e ueteeived there are two <rylindrieal vcMeU, one tks
longer n« a tank for the trnt-holder, and another the smallevt la
Mintnin wati-r for eon ilv mat ion only.
The heal used in generating fpia may he employed to theerdf-
nnry purpiweof heating air, la additioB to geiientlBf g»S Of il Huy
he applied to other u»c».
8TKAM-B01LERS ANTJ ENGINES.
WttUAU ExAU^ of Rendlnir, eB|r<Beer, for "retain ijwp w>.
mffRfj tn tAraabiny mofkinM, and lit Htom-Mtert. ntfintt, mtdaOur
apfaraltti for driving Ue Mtine, wkiek apporuttu it afpIitMr t*
drtring alfcw- maalfnery." — Granted March ft; EnroUed Septeaitor
8, l*tn.
Thisi* a very comprehensire tpeelfication, and inf1nde« niM
daimH, the eoiimemlion of which will suHiriently explain lk«
nature of the improveinenta patented. — The fiml ntid fvoonil claiaa
refer to thraahing BMchioes and to a mode uf rwnUttnc tX
diataitce of the conrare from the drum that carries the thn^en.
In the third, tlie patentee claim<t the ein piny intent of two pttfoo-
ruils to cich piiitun in what are known as the Bnmoll eninoe, witfa
a cranked onxv-head, and the forming a recess in the tup of tht
cylioden and piBtan&, thereby obtaining a greater descent of Utt
crws-heads and their conneetintf-rod*. Fourthly, the loode of
adjuKtin^f the er^Tntrics which work the valrex or «tide« (withmit
ttoppiuK tlic on)ciiien) br meanf of a rack, acted upon hv a ptniun
contained within the tiiafL, itiia giving motion to anotiier piniea
that Kear* into the toothed rinir or arc on the aide of thc'eecentric
Fifthly, in rea^ect to *' Heru's engine," he claims the intrralnrltM
of tho «team into the arms througli a hollow neck uf prepand
india-rubber, with melal witshcrt, employed to make the rrrolrlog
joiiit steam-ti)chl. toptther with the partial or total doAin^c of the
cniimion aperturea, and tbo rei ernal uf the motion of the ermine,
by ineatm of vhIv« or »lide» reeeirina motion thmnirh the hollow
asle of the eneino. Sixthly, the comhiiiing of n »erliea] ci-Undri-
c»l boiler and hro-box, having radiated horisonlal fluwi, with a 6m
mrruundim; the butler, which ia buund^d by the external cuug of
the boiler, and nivo the plaeioj; the aurface of the fire-bars tonu-
wbat below the bottom of the boiler, for the admiMion of airoa
all iddea of the fire. The aerenlh claim refors to an impn>r«d
borae-gearing for driving machinery. Eighth, tho application of
compressed wood to the mnnufndure of the teeth oi wheels, to
that when the teeth aru driren into the reeesMtfi or Mivitieit of the
periphery of the wheel, tho aubHei|uent expansion wil! r<4ju'n tli«fn
sflojrely therein. Ninth, the forming of dove-tailed or nthrr
auiultte nhaned groove* extending acrou thi> face to receive teeth
of a luitable aha^ furnied uf wood wbieb has been prerioudy
ComprBssed.
HIOH-PRESSUKE AND EXPANSIVE STEAM-ENGINES.
Jons Lawr* Cole, of Ltican-Etreet, .Vfiddlesex, eni(ii)e«r, for
**crrbtin imprtunvKnls in rleam-tttginet." — Granted .Uarch !H ; En-
rolled September 29, lUH.
Thi* invention has for ita object a better arrangement of pwu
in the coBubiiiutiiin of higfa-pruasure and expan>ii('e dteam-ennnai^
wherein two cyllnden are uited. In the hrst proposed arraage-
meiil, the two crlinder* nre placed above one another, and the m
pistoua are 6xeu to the same pinton-rotl. the higb>pre«eure cylindtt
being above, and the lar^rer cylinder for the expanded steun being
below. The pi-tttin^rod pUMca throngb aitulSng-bos between thi
two cylindcm which separate* them frum each other. TbiBatuffinir-
hi)i ia packed hyincan» of two hoHiontnl openinjpi in the pliie
furminjc the ntuiVuig-bux. oppoiitc to each other, by which packlat
is introduced, the p.iokiiiu' beliiK forced into contact with the rod
by blocks premidg hehind by means of acrevrs. In aooth«
arrangeBient, twu |>ti< ton-rods are employed to the piston ia
tho expansive cylinder, nnconnecteil with the piatoo-red of
the hJKh-prcouro cylinder. I'heao two pistoa-roda paaa up
tliiough the cover of the ex jtauai on -cylinder and on each aide
of the hi^-prcaaure cvliuder to the croas-head or beam above,
to which they m weU aa tlio piston-rod of the high-]ireB*urc
cylimler ore aeeured. The other parta of the cnijiDo are eoa-
ftnieWd in the uual manner, or ao modi&ed aa to be anitablc te
the present arrangement of tne cyliuder* . Another inprovcoMitt
I
1
THE CIVIL ENOINEER AND ARCHITECrS JOOltNAL.
I tli* adiiptatiuii to ilirect-acting ttram-mginM or liiKh-))r««siira
»d exiiuisian cyllndera, which are plieed aidfl by tide ujmn the
Die plat9, tko tVD pifton-rndi nf thne bi>tng attachiol nbore to a
rom-brail, cvRimoii ti> hotb ; rn>m the r^ntre of th«t crdxii-lieJiil
c»nrifi-tiui;-nid pittuef down betwre^o the two cyliodern to a
rank placed upon the Khaft below. To prpfi^ve the pHrallellirm
"of tht' iiiiton-rodn, a nj-irtcm <»f lever* in placed above, in cutirit'c-
tion Kith the crow-lie.id. Tlieaa leven and rods tinv« hIhii the
effect tjf equilULng the ttraiii of the tn-o pistoiM. Another piirt
of the invention ronxiirtH in the ndnntatioii to doubh^-nctiog air-
Eampit (if ulide-valves instead of the rlacV- valves, the Hlide^vulvea
einc worked by an eccentric or cmnk in the mnnner of the
laT ilide-vnlTF of ulciim-Qlindcrii. Kxrimsire njide-rnlvcn nrn
.,jieil hv plaring on the evlinder-fdce loow blockii, wtiu-Ji are
Dnnrcleii to the valve it8clf by mean* of two rode, one on each
ide. Upon which are plnce<l nut» for the piirpoite of ndjusting the
iltance of thv blocV* friini the vnlve ; and tliua, hy i^cr<^aIling or
jntiiiinliin^ that dbUnce, to varr the exputtion of the Hteam in
liD cylinder. A further impnivcment connfts in the cnnftructlon
f Mifrly-valvtit for xteam-liiitler*, hy MintbininK' witli the ordinary
niiicaltfafely-Tulve, A piMon wiltiln a cylinder bo aminfreil that
rbenever, from iu ticuing to net, the preMurc «f ntcam Id the
eiler iocrciuca beyoud thv required iirauunt. the rise of the pinion
rlil open the valve mid tlius relieve Uie pre»ure.
FURNACES AND BLOll'ING MACHINES.
of Stepney, Middlesex, iron-founder, fur "t»r~
y in /umace* and hOioAnff marJtiim, and in fuffinm
fybr drieiHfi Iht lamt : irAick imfmvmunU nm atto
to ofAer piir/Mwv where nialir^ ftmer b vrquirtd.''—
Inuited Uarch H; Enmlted S^-plember H, 1840.
This ia a multifarious nirrificfttiDii, mmpriring so many aeparate
^laprDveniealii,'' tiat it m difftcult, wtthuiit occupying more npace
JO w«are willing to betlow, to glveaiiydeweriptionof ihv whole ;
must tfaervforo cvndno our notice lo a few nf the letwliaf:
intit. The jirincitxil part of the invention relates to fimMCes
h«atio|r stenin-tioUerfl. The furnare rbambi'T diMM Dot pun
idcr the boiler, hut is at the eAlreme end. The fire-bnnt are
>c«il in « vertical pwitiun, al>vut the aame sltimtlnn as uaualty
cupied by the lire-duuD; whilu tliu fuel it inwrtnl at a hopper-
loutn at the end of the buUer, which, in thta i^iwe, in rcprc«imtrd
■s bcinK 'inti with the fuvl chunib'Cr cxtcndinff partly up the end.
TbU chamber i« about the usual width of furnaces ; nut in ita
length, ittsconfintHl to ablaut the u»ual depth uf fuel by mean* of a
number of fire-brick lumpfi, extendlnig from the hearth to tlio
bottom vf tlie boiler, and pluccd nu as to present their cdcea to the
fuel in (lie maimer of bars. The fuel betnir ig^mted, ii piled within
^tio eiiamber till quite full, the only civcriri^ beinir the uneoa-
uuied fuel which extend* in the hopper-ni-juth above the bam,
The produrts of cnmbuHtioii paBB between (he lirv-lunips, in con-
kct with the botlcm of tb« boiler, and break into a cluiinbcr tm-
iately in front «f tlie bridge, where a «erie* of piuen are pUreil
'""B (KlmiMtiou of air. The ^««t hcnt attiuneil by the fire-
^^., iPABarU a Kufficient dr^ree of heal lo the (pucous products
><eBtne Ihom to flnsh into fl&me on beinj; mlxfrd with a due pro-
trtloa of iitmo«pheri<^ lur. TIiih llame is ewnducted vver the
id|^ anil throuf;h the flues in the ordiniry niaancr. In Uie
atutmction of tlio blowine mncliine^ the %l»de« are Inpcred
award* the points, and are plnecd at angles of 60 de^irees i>a<:k-
rarda, by which nttranA the inventor piv>pu«e« to overoome the di»-
Ivajits^C which blowing m.ic-hinei^ ustiallr pfriMM »r vnate of
Dwer, by the fnna Mrikin^ the air within the «ase that is not ez-
'lled. The blade* kre confined nt the >iid«* by diMfl of metal ex-
uding to the point of tlie blade, and bavins lU) openinv in tfac
(ntro, of the tame area m the openinfrs in the aidei of tne caae.
~1)D air driven aft nt the perinherr )<: limitA'l by tliei entire arcn
tween Uio bludMi beia^ equal to t)ie area of the tide inleta, and
(tbeaame time attainaaanperierUaslwithleas power, without thbt
_ liagre oa ble beating nuiM,eonee<juent on a rapid moilon bvin^
"^vea ia tho ordinary fanner. Another blowing machine, de-
Mribed in the specification, condat^ of a aerie* of b«ltowa placed
within an oetngonitl roHP, each nf t ho eight aidea forming a baw for
one belldwit. The other buurdit nf the lieltowa are placed in a
ndial line, each of the upper or moving boiirda bmng attached tv
s cnnk in Ihe centre of the case by a, suilntile eAnnecting-rod ;
thin crajik b«ing actuated by a cliafl passing out at the sides of
the ease, wbieh la eloaed quite air-tight. On mnt ion being glvAn
£the abafl, the bellowa will be sncceBaiTely acted upon, m the
nk perforraa ita revelutioo. The air eateriog from the outtjde
bj- Inlet valve*, wlien the Mlnwa are expanded and dUrh-irged
inalde the case, when collaiwed by the moltoa of the cr;ink, a
tinifomn prewareuf air ia thua kejit up, whirl) may Iw cnnducted
by Kuitable ptjies or cliannels fromthecaainsto the point rfi^uired.
The following clidms of the patentee set forth the variont inveii-
tiona included in thin upcfififiitjiin :— Firrt, the construction of a
Kteam-lHiiler fumare, in su far m reganU the coin bin;it ion nf ver-
tical ftre-bars made in two niecei, tOigether witli vertical fire-clay
lumuH behind the fuel-chamber, uid verlicjJ air-tubes behind the
lirfwurnps- SeemKliy, the employinent in fumncea of evpr)' de-
scription of fire-bars made in two pieces. Thirdly, the mode of
Bjiplring the vajHiura arising firom the chimneys of cupolas for the
heating of hoilcnt, Fuurtlily, the runttnirlivn and nrrangrment
of the fan blowing-maclilne, in so fnr aa regurda the employment
of nn inner cosing with openings of small area in ita periphery-
Pifthlv, tho gnnrml amin^-inent am) rombinntion of parts con-
stituting the bellowfl IJuwing-machlne. Siathly, improvements in
rotary ateam-engines, in so ftir as regards the employment of twii
or more cbambens. and two or more set* of arms and steam-jets or
aperturea in such amis of suone«airely increnatiigarea, ficTcnthly.
an iinprnved epindle or shaft-beartDg lo which the enil or juumiu
of the shaft works in a collnr or socket of phimtngo. Lastly,
the construction of vlrap-ri^gere of • canibinnlioa of iron and
gut la penJu.
ZINC ORES,
CiuaLKo A?(»»* Fbmk Hociia*. of Paris, France, merchant,
for "cwfai'a improwm^n'* "i ffMli«g n'Me ore*, and in nmnnjiif-
turitig <tJtitk *>/ Mme." — tVranled l)ec«mber9U, 1847; EomlledJune
3^ I^it*. [Reported in Newton's LoniUin ./•vunHi/.]
This inrcntioQ consists, firttlv, in improvementn in the treat-
ment of cine ores; and, eeoondly, in impruveinentsln mnaufRc-
turing oxide of sine.
Firit, as regards the treatment of the ores of aine : — This prv*.
cess has iiaually been eflecJed by find converting them into tho
statv nf oxide, by runatinu or cnkinntinn, and aftern-ardu reducing
and distilling thu oxide*, by niixinu thctii with eoiil, and submitting
them to great lieut. In close veseeU or letorta. Thtu mode uf ope-
ration is attended with great disadvantagps, for, heiildeK ocrasion-
ing gn^at eouaumption of fuel, and rapid deNtruction of the re-
tr>rts, the product obtained u by no means jirojtortioDatc to the
ricimess of the ore.
By thin improved prncMa the employment of retorts is entirely
dispensed with, and the fuel and l.-itioiir are greatly ecoDomifttfd;
the operation Im aUo completely indetjendent of il)e lilcill of the
workman or nttendanl ; and, laxtly. tiie loss of metal ineidenial
to the (irdiniiry method is prevented. Retides these advanlairea.
the patentee obMurea, that ores of lead »ud tine may both be ope-
rated Upon at once by bis improved metho<t.
FIM.
The principal feature of tlic invention connisis in the rvdoetien
of roasted bitnd'ore (native snlpburet of zinc), jiitd of tbe «•»-
bonstea, oxides, or silicates of sine, and also of the euljihurets mhI
wudee of lead, by tli« adioa of the reducing gisei oif a blaat fut.
*
.au
THB CIVn. ENGIKKEa AND AECinTECT'S JOURNAL.
[N*
tuioe ; by wUeh the icorb or lUg U fuMd. tlw reduced line toU-
liUied, aitd Ihe vspotm oondeiMM, and raniluctml into s receiver
: of kpecnlUr form, nitiMtvd over the tnouUi of the rnrancr. and
bsued b]' the fu** therefrom.
Fig. 1 reprewnU b venkal uctian of the furnace, tnkrti in a
line with the tayrn hole* ; Af. 3 i« an elpvuliuii nf the winir^ on
that «iij0 where the a|iertur(5 for charging la liiualed, the con-
deiwun beinx ^own in sci'tion ; and fi^, 3 ta m rlovnljon vf the
fiinuM, oD the w\v wtfaL-ra the tuyrru fi^n are aituatetl. a, n the
aperture or channd fur dmrionjc; a*, ia a alldinic partition ; A, the
•outer duor or cover for eluding the cbarginj; channel ; c,c,c, are
auertures,throu2h which the w,-nriarnn«: cf, tn no openinshrtween
tne hod)' of the furnnre and the receiver t, the lower fiart of which
|> formed by the cover or partition Jt at the top of the furnace;
«id the D))|)er part by anotlier cover y*', Ijir^iccr thnn the lower one,
forming; a kind of channel. In which the sine ia cotuleiiHed. p,g,
i^ic-'i") tu-e npeningH for the escape of (It gHwe: A, is no hydraulic
main ; b, is the tuyere or blast-pipe ; and ft, ft, are openio^a for
eitracting the line nnd any eatrauooua mattera ; tlieao upeniDgn
ue luted every lime the metal, &«^ b ruo otL
~^JiX^':^^.
lEI
1^3^
iV-«.
The mode of operoMon la fii follow* : — The fumaee havlnp been
'bMbd to the required temperatore by the eaabugtion of fitei
■leoe, a charice of iiii« ore, either in the Mate of oxide, carbonate,
or«ilicAt*, niiieJ with any tuitaWo flux, acrordinfc tn lUe nature
of the ore, iBJiitroduped into the ch&r^u>; apt'Ttitre o, betww-n
the aliding-pUli^'i*, anil the door * ; ta that by drawing out tho
elide a*, the churjre "ill clewend by iU own ^avity into Um liody
of tlie furnnee, wilhotit allowing the (fwes to escaiHi Ihrouch the
eharipn; aperture i. The charfre thus falls upon ilayer of incan-
deteent fud , rilling to a cert«in heif^lit iibove the toy^re u. A
layer of fuel i« then poured upon the ore, then anothtT charge of
«T«, and >o on alternately until the fiirna4;e is full ; and it is to be
ffl
M
i^l'/'-llj
OL
Jif.«.
Plt-O.
r«p]cjiiHh«d inthetuime niannor. when the ch«>f;« sinkb below a
certain depth, which eim bo eaaiJy ascertained by cspecieucc.
The zinc i* volatilised by the heat, and the scoria fnlU into the
lower tt»rt of the furnace, and is run out at the aperturea (% e, f.
The volatiliiied sine U carried off with the ^lue* nri«ing from eom-
hiution, and pa««M tbmu^ the openinK if, into the receiver t,
above. The guea ttom the fire-place eaca|ie thruugh tbe apaninp
S> : and at thece Utter might carry off particlm of itnc with them,
they are pasted through an hydrNiiHc main A, before beine allowed
to escape into the atmoaphere. By thin ineuu all soUtf matters
are retained, and tbe sine, tofcelher with any dust or extrauMitt
particles, is extracted through the upeuiugsA. When tbe uretn
tie operated iiputi i* in n comminuted state, it i* aili iiabte to males
it up Into a paste, together with the dux, by the addition of water,
so that it may be Uiarged in pieces of auch eiso n* nol to paw
ihriiuch tbe ^el. Zinc ore is ufteii mixed willi milphiirel of lead,
and bv tkiM mode of operation Utesiw! It obtained by tolHtilixation.
and t^c lend by fusion (this latter running to the bottom of the
furnace hclow the seorix), if, by prcviuuH rinatiD^, a pwtion of
the sulphur ban been driven off from the ore.
The second part of the invention consists in a novel eomUue-
tion of nppnrntiiH for the mnnnfacturo of oxido of xiae. Fig. (
ia a vertical i^iAion of the furmiee, and of the chamber for tlif
reception of the oxide of zinc ; li^. & is a homonlil aection ri
lh» nirnnce, taken in the lino e. it, of Gg. t ; and fig. S is a vertical
aoelioii, tuken in the >ini> a, 6, of lig. t. a,.i, are the retorta ar
subliminp.ijoti (of which there may he any couveaicnt number),
placed in itie «ale of the furnace; n, n, ore the covers of the re-
tortK, which are perforated ; c, U the dcHir of the oxidl^ng.
chamber; f, upper flue, tlirough which the gaiea and other pnv
ducts of ooinbuitlon pass fnta the fire-place to the eUnuK-r; k,x,
are vessels for receiving tin zinc. In caiie of rupture of the'returu
or potH, in which r-nso Ine lii{)i)d metal would run down on the Hour
a, a, iind fnin) tlience into tlii;*e vessels ; l. Is tbe flue or chimnef
of the furnace; oi,nt, fig. 6, are verticul fines in the wall, for ihi
pa«s>ire of the waste gitses of comlutiition ; x, b a top partllhia,
dividing the (ixidiuiig-cluunber k, from the hortaoBtaJ lluer^
M, M, ic a clitunlier fur receiving the oxide of zinc; o, a cbimnsy
for creating a drrtught, and thus drawing the oxide of xinu, toge-
ther with air and gues, through the chamber m, and alternalely
over and tmiler the upper and lower pnrtilicmK e, and <f. Then
may be any number of thettc partitious, acci:irding to tho an tt
the apparatus, and the qunotitv of oxide to be majiufacturcd. «',
is a wire-cloth, or other «tiitable sifting partition, at the endef tw
chanilier ir, fur reuiiniiig llic oxide of lAtia^ and, at tbe ssnte tiOH,
allowing the air and frases to paas through to the chimney o. It
will he seen that the furnace is dinded into three separate ehu-
bers or coinpiirtmenlx; t\iifi lower one, whiiib miiy properlv Im
tnWftA the furiiuire or heaiiiig-ilue, contains the returtK x. whicli sn
charged wilb the zinc to be operated upon. The volatiltMd tJOE
escapes through the orificeii in tbe cuvent u, tif the retorta, anil
enters the middle or oxidintng-tiiamber k. The lioc vapour it
oxidisoil and forces! through tbe chamber ji, either by meaiu of i
blower or by the druught crexlcd by tbe chimney o,'at the end of
the chamber m. The upper corri|mrtmetit r, is nothing more tlua
a iiorniw channel or flue, for the pauioge of the unoke and nm
from the Are-place to tbe chimney l. These gasee heat the d«SM
K, snd thus keeji the oxiiLiHing-chamher at n sufficiently high (en-
perature lu burn the elnc viigiimrH with fatiUity and rapidity. Tb«
EnrUtiiiun p, and o. In the chnmber M, are for tbe piirpOM of check*
ig ihe powoT of the current nnd forilitnting the denosit nf tW
oKide in the chamber m, from wbenoe it i% withdrawn by me&os rf
openings st the sides.
The patentee, in eondusion, states that he i« aware of oxide af
eine having hecn heretofore obtained by dintillation, and brfmiiif
the viilatiliiietl metal into conlnat with atm^^^pheric oxvgen in sa
nxfdlalng-chamber ; he do^s nol, therefore, intend to claim, einfr'
rally, producing oxide of sine in thi« manner; but be euin^
firstly — obtaining metallic cine in the manner and by raejinsoftjit
appikratus abnve set forth and described, or any mere m<)(!ilieati«e
thereof. And, seoondly — producing oxide of tine by dirtiUing tht
metal, or mnlterc ciintaining mHiil, in Hubliming-pots or venelit
furnixhcd with perforated covers, lliroueh which the voLailbitl
metal may liisue into an oxidlMng- chamber, where It is iniC
brought into contact with the oxygen of the atmotphen^
becomes converted into oxide of zinc.
4
THE CIVIL £NGINliER ANJJ AftCUITfitTS JOURNAL.
MS
M cors*ca of hkai.tii op pabis.
^ Tlic muRt ^leH'ectli,' ofKvriined MontcijKtl Board «f Hiwltli
hixhnto tuXMMn'ii is tlmt of tlii< city «f Fitriii. The comprr-
bviHiTc eystcm »i thr d'liccil Ov iNtliibiilc of Pariii. the itdL-Blilic
nbility nitd ciier^-i'f il» tni-mWr*, kBtl tb«ir i«wr)rHinces and tlevv-
t)on ill iiiv'»(liii|f I lie lun-t (i'lnu^rt'uB ^nd olFenaivv hidiue-placcs of
■di w c , rvnilor inviiliiitbU' tiir <'<)|>iou)i «tnr«a«r aMuUrjrknowled^
coBtuncd in tltc U'Og tvtie- uf [lf)>i>rU of thtir rCMUclie«.
B«furc Xht rvvvlultun, tliv iulmiiiitti-ativc nml judicial iiolieo of
French lu»n« wa» under tLe cvnlrvl of ^eveTa) autlivritin. «nil had
notlliiit uikityf>fii«ti«>n so n«ce«*nty in Inrgc^cilie*. Tbellinitlvraf
t)i« IiitiM-iori th(> I'refcl «f P«>lie«, utul llti> I'rcoit ilvo MtiKbMub
hwl, f»ch arcoriitut t^thUjumdittiun, pAi-t^f t)te*urveilLutce re-
quired for the piilitic heiilrli of ilie iiietri>|;iiili«. Hence, tlie inipvn-
fibilitr of iREtttutinc n mmplctf^ "vAt^m uf r«ituUr juriij>rudci)c«,
tiurh as (hat uliich tin' (.Viiiiu-il •!« StJiihriu- ottiililisliinl Mtmc ycare
later. AVith the powth »r tlt« popul&tiun. tlio niultiiilicvtion of
mxiu failures, null the KeiierHl iiitredute of cuininvrcr, thr dutitfa uf
sftmitiirv Hun-nilluiw hocJimo mnre nii<l nmro iniportiiiit, nt the
HUne tmi« tlittt thi^y bocuntfi tnort and tunm dilTiciilt.
At the rloite uf the hut (.'entiiry, th«ai! ttuttc* wcr^ ileletratvd by
the Lieutenant of Police to twro able fltfaiciaiu, M. Tin itrid M.
IJidrl a VniiK, to the latter of irhofa n due the NKfil of wprpreas-
in^the Prtit Ch&tAlot, the ACMlioration of priMn diwiplinc. the
KupprewMiii uf c«nieteri«k in tltc interior of ]'«»«. mid of bcduI-
ture in rhun-hi-a, in nddiliun to m»ny other ttlutjiry refvnnii.
The venr \Hiri wu IliP ojHich of the crvatiou of the LoumiI de
Salnhrltii. Uci'ore that titne, the |*r«>fect, Hi)i«f>Ov«.T he bad to gire
a dcciaion on a (ubjri't oaiinit^ted with the public hoiiUh, took the
advico of a ]itiy>>iL-ikii, tuiftoa, a^tculturint, rJirmiil. or vet«riiiMrv
sutp'oii, nivordlti^ tu the nature of the objoct whii-h nitiH^i-d hi'^
iUl*ntian. The inronvenieiicen of this method kvtv *ijch, that iu
Julv of the ysiir ahoi f-niftntiimcd, the Prefoet Uuhuix invtitutvd
the CanseiL, which he c<>nipo>'eil of four memben, uhu ware to
«snrniti« the .adulteration of li()uida, diiciiMs of nniinah^ and
nixiouM niiiti'i fuctun**. In IkOT, the power* of th<' CuuMil were
•xtended, iind tha iiiimhor of m^mhors w;u iocreii*vd tv mtcq,
who were requirvd to meet re^lnrlv twii^e a oiontli. To them
waaaxigned t)ieinve«ti;;nlioii9respei.'tiQ(:ep!donitc>^ the rotfuliition
of marlcvti^ ri>'er«, cemeteries, 'tlHti^hter-hutiKO*, ■(•'■■■ntge, puMIi;
batlu, &e., meitioal Ktntial.ira, and the tnhlesnf iitortality, the cleans-
ing of puWic pluoct, the provention atid rrpnrntion of the effects of
inundiition»,trierepre>i4itiTioretinr1iLlaiU!iiti,nniltheltfrhtiii^or<<lreel3.
The itecMsjtyof pnrtirlfir nltention to epideiuii-K, uidiircil the IVe-
feet to add two |ilivvti*iniit to the ti'imher of the tnenibers uf thv
Council; other additloiH h:ive ht«pri made from lim* lit time. In
ordcrtondd tolheHutlioritj'aiidimpurtunceufthi«lK)dy, it h.-isfruin
itH uriffiii had tha uominntion of its o«-n pre>idciit iind scrret.try,
aod Uie prifilc^of nwnmmendinir to the Prefect perMtna (jiialilied
t» cupplv any vacaocii.>4 whieli may ocior in the Council.
Some idea of the impurtiineo and number of the invent iiffit ion h
BodeTtak^ri by tlio Coiteeil de Salubrilt.' duriuf; the timt ipiurter of
a eentury ufter iLa ealahliiUiRwnt, nia^ be (thtntned from the fact
that the number of repiirtu made frimi \H1S t« IKJ», vaa upiriirds
vl fimr aunnMiut Ihree hundr(!4 nnd t/tirti/. The ntimher uf thete
nporta aventffril, nnnnally, two hundred and twenty-five; and in
the yearn IHiJt, ISI9. and IW9, respective! y, eKceoded 3«i, aso,
and MU. The l»enellelKl elfMCtii which hai-e resulted from the eit-
tabltahmeot of Ihia inatitulino, have led ti> the eetablishment of
Rimjlar hoardH, under difr«rent nameit, in faroiirn eoiintries ^ andiu
France, the Vttfvtibt of veveral defaitmenta have created provin-
eial Cuunciln of Uealtli, trliich. but for the diatractiuu of puliticnl
«v«nt«, voald iioir probably exut la every imporUtut town la that
country-.
Tbe funetimn of the Council are caniultativi^^ not adminivtra-
Ure ; but It aaauraea ttts rOKnun«ibiIity of inenuure^ of (lovernmeut
feunded on K« reportii. It was re-orftanised in 18S3, by an
srdoBnance of the Prefect, nhioh dirvRt« the rediielion oV its
Biunber to l!jtitiiLiry memherarecelvinjr Etiiiendx, and A ndditiotuU
liOD<ali|>endia.ry meniherw, Tlie I'refoci of Polico u president of
the Council, and to litm the Cuunoil itddresdea annnnl report*,
vhich are printed.
The numhnr t.f reporta addreemd to the (rovemmeTtt, from the
fear Itiat to 1H39, was /Otir IA»uand /mtr Au>uf>y«f aitrfMirfy
|^y«. Uurinj; the utircineding ni yearl^ ibe mitobor ro«c to
^Wre* thatnand and nifltlif-M-t-m. The auffmenlatioit of the annual
VBvanfe ix aroouiiled for by tho gma-th of the population,
vhlch in Ifldi whs l,i)3i,w<, Kliowini^ an incrcaae of U)W,«io
an the return of the census five yeara previoody. Another con-
■ideration, which iodlcatu the unportuice aad difficulty of the
duties of tkft Couooil of Health of TafU, is. that the metntpuUa
affurdri faeilitiw for oommenciiii,* many new manufacturea Wik b8>
fore Ibo)' can be (uoMaafully intrudtit^d into tlm proTincce. Vans
tHlhooeutie of MtieBlJAc aakociutionii nud enlerprisv i and in di-
reclinf the dnveUomoKt of nn-chnnicttl and chemical arU in thio
capital, the Council of HealtJi doex, in fact, Golro problenw wUdl
aMfid the health uf the whole country.
In the prcsonl rapid iiirv»y of the reecnt report* of the Mwocia-
tion, their niitnher niul diveraitf render it nwe»Mir)- tn mnline the
selection tu a few nf the more importnot eubjectfe. The pritictpal
reports relate to thtf udiilteratiuu uf fwwd. tho nnulyiiia of bread,
the filtra^ of water, the r>i«ape of wiMt« Uiiuida t-f maniifiwitorie^
bath*, am) waah-houteA, the refu>e of •laujiiiter-huuKn, taUuw-
nieltiiifp, glua-nuihiiL^, &c,, il,e .moke of kiliMiiud veinent-wurks.
tanneriee, and foundrie-^, Iho eleaiiiiriK ff <<cH«p«oIa, methods of
liciitinffond ventilation, the rci;ol.itioi> of l.tlho, the puriAcatmo
of struet pis, nrecnultonn tu thr munufiMrture Hnd evnvvyatice of
chemical matcheA, fof^eA, and fulmiofelin^; powders, atoMn-eufriiief,
the pale of antonic, motal-tEikliuj;, dixlillurii;*, rcmcdie* aniurt
ilrowiiini;and iitfft»futii>n, epidt^miM, oiid a larK« number of4|u«»-
tion» reujiectiiiK the mLvIicai police.
■SuA.— In attinole year the Council anidyved nearly d,UOi)»>ainplea
uf aalt, whidi had bifen taken from diS^oreul d*»k-r» by tho pulice,
and fuund «,M1 sanplae to he ddulleraled, the priiivipal inicre-
dioolK for tho purpuee heiafc planter and potasli. After exHmtinng
other lUunpluM taken directly from the salt-pitn, the Cuuucii re-
purled, tliaL whuit white s.ilt contain- putuli, oalcnreom matter, ot .
taint, it ii arlifidally ndiilteratc-l i tJiul ncrey nil apiiear* tu Mfn-
tain iiatumlly m little jMitagih or r^lcareoua aul|ilMte ; but that tlia
furei^naubalMiOM always exi^t rtatumlly in wry minute qiinntitioa,
HWrr.— In IH4I, the' Council reported on the dilfornnt iiyaome
of niirifytfiK' t''" watow of the Seine; » matter of viwt iup<>rtaoc«
ill iWiK nhere a largt part of tho population u>« uatcr uhtAined
fruin piihlir roDdiiits nnd fountaina anppliod froai that river. Tw»
pub]i4i c>im|MiiiM employed Saiith'a proi-o*a, with lilt«r» of kand
and diarcoal in upuo vr>Mels, and under a unidl pn^aauro. Tfaa
layer of charcoal i> bein<>eti two InyeTii of tend, which u^ain are
between twu beds uf (Itnbi. A thini company uked tbv HJtore
henriuf the name of Fuui'ielle, which conuct ol several alternate
layer* of spoii)^ lunit, and i-luircoal, contained in a cloaed vMial,
Mihjecl to a preeaure of one almubpliere, for the purpose uf la-
cmfiii^ the rajiidity of filtration. .Vnother procent, moat exteil-
siiely uM-d, i* that of Soachon's, which con^iMn tu ftlterinf tha
wnier through a number of Inyprn of s woollen tissue, funned of
wool clippiiigfi placed on the fnuneic forming tho Itottniii of the
Alter, ninl ipreAd, by the action of the water iUelf, in a compact
uiiifiirm liijer. The wiiu-r passes lliruufrli five meh layen, Dt
which the two IoM-e>.i am thi; thickest nud remain 'ludkanitBd f*w
live or vi* daya ; the others arc cluuiged two or three timet a-^lny.
The public conduit of Notre l>au)e i» iiupplied by five of the above
deacribcd A Item.
On a. microacopic exiunination of water filtered by the three dif-
fi-rrnt proceMoa, the Council uf Health found the writer rfmlaining
the leiul imtiurity to be that filtered by the Funviclle iiroeom! 1
tu which came that of the .Souchon filters The tmrity u?
of matlera
k
next tu
water depends, however, not i-ntirely on the absence
held III tii«peniii»i, hut aluu <>f ilitwolved or^nic ^iibirtaiicea^
which after a time give a disa^cpable taale to the he* t filtore^
water, lu thia resiJeot, the water filtered by the procefn lirat de-
fi-ribcd WAD fuund tu be by far the bett, as it remained a raucll
lunger time without altumtium;. This result is attrihuted to tliA
uxt uf charrwal. which in frequently runewed, washed, and dried.'
The quantity uf water filtered daily by Soucbuu'e proceaa in atate^l
at about ItftfiHUaKalliiiu; hj, Konviclle'iiproceHs at HH.tKHi tu I10,MO
gallons. The relative rapidity of tho iilber metliixl* i* fur alower.
Slnim-flngiita. — >'um«tm9i inenioriahi hare been addreued to
tlie Couni^il reapectioe the amoke, diadiarge of waite water, iiols^
and daiiffer uf es]tloaii>nit of «team-eiiginei>. ^Vith reopecl to thf
amoke, the (Juuucit have {•riiicijMilly cxiiifiiietl theni»«he>> to pr«>
»crihinj( the u»o of fael ffivmg euuiiiarstivoly little Muuke. *uch ag
nemi-hiliiniiiiuiiKConl; the improve*! cuiulruction and re^iubition oJF
furnaccH, bo a« lo inaure a» complete conibustiun as pwaaible ; axM^
lastly, incTcaaed elevution of the fiiriiHcv chiuiucyi.
GUditig OA Meiol. — In ItilO, the muniliwut piUe of :1,(N>0&
(£190) waa (itfered by a private individaal, and awarded hy tha
Academy of S«:i<Mice> to M. D'.Vrcet, for a moat succemful methuA
of removiuf the injuriiM to health produ4^ by the operatioo «
plditi^c with mercury. The principal sourcea uf tlieae lujurieaars'
the vulatilisatiiin of the mercury, the diaeugagemeni of hypooitrlo
acid, and the rimtact of nitric, atilphuric, and hydrochloric acida,
mercury, and nilrata of marcury, with the hands of tJie werknto
ii
S46
THE CIVIL ENGINKER AM> ARCHITECTS JOL'RNAU
|K«rEMB^
Tha CooBcil praviJe ngnintt tlie effect of peroi«iouf> rapmirn, }>y
requtring (ftceording to \t. D'.VrMt'i mtem) th« eonstructian, for
all tlkp opcratlniu In vliich vapour is mun^mf^, nf n flue fakvinj^
a stronfC upwird dnuf^t, knil nn aliening unly jnrt Inrge vttoui^i lo
Rdmit the execulian of tlii< work. Air-vnlvex )u-e l« be u»tA lo
prvvont dovD-dnught in the diimneyi, whicti iir« coated wJtli a
mercurial aoot, and often filled with ncidormeirnri&l mpaiu' ; and
the hi'ipltt of the ehimney it rei{Qin-d to bo nitJSdimt t» pravent
the dpkterious effects of tho vit|iuiin( upon tb« inhalittaDtN of the
nei(;)ilio<irhood of the inuuifMlory.
AVrwf friM. — ThedJagTHMMendinir of street gas isdtielohydro-
•ulphuiic acid, fr«e or mmhine'l with aininoDiii or pj-rareneane
prwhieta. M'hcn the nulphtirwttfd hydronn and hj-dnt-wuluhuret
of aiBRionift r^avh (he burner, the conbuttlon converts the «ul-
plinr into sulphuric ndd, vhich ezerdsea n deleterioni influencean
faeallh.
It if) curiouA, thnt in thi« ro«p*ct, thv provincial tnwnn of Frnnce
oshiblt nil Kdvaiiiu^oover therKpital. In many of the former, gA*
i» delivered to the cuniumer free from sulphuretted hjdrofen and
ammoniacal gtiv. By proppr mnnHKement, th(> procvM »f uiirili-
CDtion majr be ri^ndered (■nniplcte, nnd will giv<i, in pliire of a re-
•idii««f valueleMlioif, H prodtici valuiiblK for chemical and n|rri-
eulturnl purpoies. A commiR^ion appointed trv cv^miiie the pro-
eeaa of M. Mnllt;t, which hut been ^ucres-ifidly emplojod it ilmi-
Zogne, Abboville. and other tewn*, reportn. that hiK muihud c«ii-
sisUi in paaaing tag vas, before it rcadiea the Umc, thraugti chloride
of mnn^neM, or siupkate of iron, which rob it of the timmonUcnl
anlts by a double decnmpo«ition ; preripitatinf; witntn productn,
and lexvinff nthere in ludution in the li<iuor in wliioli the gnu i«
wadied, Tha «eparutioii of the «ulpliiiriu iind free carbonic ai-ida
it tnibfcqueotly effected by lime, of which a imirh snialler quantity
la required tlinn by the old method. 31, Miillet'e procctiH hm the
advantiwo of iitilioing a tubntance ot)ivrwi>u> viilucleiui ; for tlie
Stltx of mnnganciie vtb'u-h he recpiire* are (he refuse of nunieroui
kinds of manufacturer, where it lias bven hitherto a uselen in-
eDnbnince. In loi-nlities however, nherp it cHnnot liv pniciirei),
■nlphate of iron, the product of alnm-work^, muy he uiiWituted.
Sforem-er, either Rubttanee, after bein^ used at the Rn«-w«rk«,
furnithm a valaaUo ehemlcal product — nuriate of ammonia, or
sulphate of ammonia.
SrinHarg PoUct. — At the institnce of tbe hlininleror Agriculture
and Commerce, the Prefect of Polieo tubntitled to the Council the
Xjtniit qiitfitiuii whether the bodies of persons decemod in the
kica, of tucli dltcavcs as pludrue, typhus, j'ellow fever, or
Cbolero, could be coui-eyed to I'rnnce with Hafcly. The Council
replied tiiianimoiiBly in the alfirmntivc ; pointing out, at the same
time, certain mcatuiea of precaution, founded on a lingular espe-
rinicut mndc by »ome of it» member* who had been sent to Rgypt
upon a cuniniicnon for the purpose of examining the nature of
tue pliigue. Jit the piemni an Ihit mnitnifiiait trorf "ftr* l/ieir Mt^
fvra vih'tk dait, vitkout inconvftiiencf, f/«Wf< in/ifffd fty the J^juf,
end imi/rryimicJ K4tS p»ff — the i>nly precsution taken being Co enak
(not ua^h) the clothes for n cerliiin time in chloride of itoda.
A JtfiMirtoii thr fffifU of the Ch<Jera Morliu in I'arin was made by
Bpeciol commiiisioa, coufisting piincipntly ff members of the
Cwacil of IliMilth. Fnini thin ducumi.-iil, ptiblinked in IBH, niid
returns made to the commiMioii, the fullowing pnrtiriiiart are dc>
dnoeil: — 'I'lie cholcru appeared nearly s»multft««;"vi«Jy in Pari* and
the deportment*, nnd ilii duration ira« the same in both (March to
August, 183&.) Tlie mortality wot grentvr among nonien than
men. The ages which flufTereii Icnot were those fmm ti In '2i> yrnre.
Tlie total morlftlily in Paris due to cholera wao iei,4<)9 perMim*,'
or 23-15 ill n thoiiRAiid ; ntid thn malady vft« nwMt fatal during the
month of July, and in lociilitie* where the population was pt-nr
and llio air coiilined. The exce«W!i lo which tlie working popii-
laLion of I'arix give themfclvcs no on Sunday, appcai- to have pm-
duced mi augmentation of 1T») in tlic nnnitn'r >if iidmi«iiiond into
the htiintitalH on Monday, The militnr}- thmucliout thtr country
mifferea in the proportiun Vi-GG to a tlionifnid, uhich exceeds the
corresponding proportion (Vl'l^^) of thv civil population^ lu some
district* iafe«tGd by putrid ern:<iiiitinn>i, the diAcaae was not more
destructive than where the air wa» purer, t'p to the lat of August,
lb« number of death* wni 17,i>'G, or 1 in Ifl. In the Ciltr and the
vicinity of the Hotel de ViJp the mortality «•«« truly frightful, and
may be readily traced to the filthy eoiiditi'm ut those part* of
Paris. In many of the house*, the wall* were bfackenea by tlic
damp exhalations of uiLcl<>!iedceMpunl!i ; the pi\n^>i from these were
Id Otner cn»ca choked, and diseharge<l their coutcntg on the ruined
■taircaccs. In name cb«c« these pollutions mcspcd into the living-
Iht total Bonbcr of ilMlkt in Piiii. Id IKK. truHM^i>f whlib IP.^blirrttilucU
ebalrr% l<a*lii( !b,7V trlUnf liom oibtr (»u»t>.
roiimit, and, in many, the only aerosa nf air and light wa* from a
court, :i feet in diameter, the bottom of which wu uted w a
coinmou receptacle. Added to this, a Urge part of Ibe populallAB
of these quarters constitutes the very ilregv of w>ciety, and snliaila
on the fruit* of di«honc»ty or debauchery.' The retribation whitk
in tbf caae of thasa peraoiu followed the violation nf the laws
of sodctv, may be estimated by the faet, tlint in the lodgti^-
iiousec or the 9tb, 9th, and 19th ArrondUiementa (tbc wont pam
of PariR), the number of eaan of cholera was l io 9, uw tke
death* t in 19.
Tbc annual mortality for 10 years previously wnsQS,.')00 ; salkit
the mortality in IKSK, ATciMM'ra of cases of eholera, «xc<«ded tits
annnal avcrngi*. The total duration of the dlieaie was 37 *«eki^
from thu aoib of Ttlarch to the notb of September (from om
e«]uinox to the otlier).
Tlie report fi-nm wliieh the above particulars ar« taken, coa*
dudes with an earncit appeal on the part of the commtsaioii Jir
tho«n Minitnry reforme iif which their in^iniries have revealed tkt
nc^csaity. The statical returns furnished tltem with appsUii^
details respecting tlie £lth, indigence, nnd neglect of a lai^ part
of the population. Among the measures speci^cklly reeomraenda4
are, that no new ctreH should be built less than td feet wide (tha
1ire*ent average i* 2£ fisct) ; that the height of the bousM should
>e limited; that public conveniences sliould be coflstrncted ; for
open gutter*, under-ground pipe* communicating with the sewers
Hhuuld b(> tiiib«titiitt'(l ; thiit there should be an inereased cop]^ af
water, which it ctated to be supplied to the inbobitanta of raif
at the rate of } lilrca for each penson, tbo correcponding rate In
London bein^ 6W litres ; and finally, that as far as possible tk«
centre of Pans should be rendered mors open, by new streets and
public promenades, aufliciently spacious to be planted with tree*.
The fimowing summary of tha proceeding* of the Conccil in taa
parlicnLnr class of their duties, will jfive some idea of the exteat
of tlieir whole labours : —
Vnr. >l(nurut«rl«i Indadliif liRStn
lltvuHil. itMio eartar*. rtifioad.
1840 199 „ ei- SS
1641 194 _ S8 S3
1849 361 H 9r «
1013 400 q 9« IT
18U i07 _ IDS 81
1845 397 _ 90 30
1848 W9 H 130 »
RAILWAY RESCUE.*
It U a gratifying proof of railway progress, that attention it
now mure strongly directed to the means of running' light tratai.
It ix true thai in the beginning, ia the Liverpool and ManehesUr
Railway content, liglitnecs of the engine wa* considered tbe gitst
easenttalj but for a long lime, there was an exigency wbidi dt-
nanded nil the energieii of engineers, .ind that was — tnmnce <f
sneed. AV'hon we recollect how very moderate were the expMt»>
tmnH of nioKt parlies, as to the rate to he run by a loceiBativs;
w)ii*n me recollect that ten miles an honr waa tre(ite>d as an extra*
vnsance, and thnt Miperiority uter good coarbm waa doubtfil.
Wlien rniiwuys were Ktnrtcil, twelve luilea an hour wa* gut by
giiiiil niincho:, and for jtaiiling a higher xpeed ; and the loeomutiie
engineer had lo get such a velocity fur the railway, as should gin
it a decided superiority over all rival*, and nvercnme by force tbt
prejudice)! which wem entertaitied agal(j>^l railway travelling alui>
getlicr. Till? engincerx put Iheir strength in getting a htftbcr
speeil, and it mtiiit be borne in mind that Ihey were tbe mine
preswed to do so, as propositiotM were then put f'lrward and Bi*
rierimentH mnde, i^hnwing that a high xpwd fur |iii)v>engcr tran^
ing could be got hm caniUK,'ind there were several plans fur putUnf
lucumotivei on tint tow-paths of tbe canals. The 8teBm-carna|l
wHii then on the rood, and in better favour : and it was neceessiy
In get on tbe rnilway a speed beyond that at whidi stoam-canlagM
could safelv be run un the turnpike roadn.
ProvidiMj sprrd wm: gut, uhcther by an increase of woi|^«r
espeuNe, it muttered not: and it was got, and every year bie sddid
to the weight ; bill we are prepared thereby fur a new era. Bf
these great exertions, not merely the weight liau been increaso^
but the W'orking power, and the economy of workiitg has bsH
grOHtly prumoted.
If the Irioomotive engineer bad his altcntinn absorbed an d
• Londsu. SAiwhaD WIlMn. IMS!
THE CIVIL ENGINEKR AND ARCniTIXTS JOCRNAlj.
%wn in nn» direction, so it wu with the rniliraY maiuffer. He
id to provide for tlte trnffir irhidi fir>t riun« inliu wny, and for
t* dniUndi of tlm wftilthr and cAntniordnl eUstM, far grtitift
awomnocUlion. Asr^t. tliis b ntl tlint liflabeend»ne; and al-
eiicli eniruj Mv'mp: li'ua boon mnde, yit one of tho orifTiniU obJFctA
the rnilimy t:yct«iu — chokp trnniut — hn* not yet Wen ncc«ni~
hed.
A eolBMratLTely low «tt«ed i* Ihc mo^t pconomicid fur |>a«*eFii.*n'*
■tid gn^Qt. kut milwsvB (ihvp not j-ot l>*en Hble t" jri''e the »cf«m-
Btodattnn ittiplicrl V>y ihia coni1itii>n. To suit tbcir jfoncni) tniEe,
*std to work with wifetv, they hove liecn obliged to wctI: at a
oenrly iinircrm sptfpd — wfiifh has, of eaune, bMti a high one ; hut
Tith the rt'«>iiri'o« nffonlivl by the elcetric telegranh, it now ap.
peari poaiihlc to istrodurc aloic and cheap train*. We iot^g sinoo
poiotvd uut ill thi§ Jountal^ the pUn of rutiniiijc tr^ini at v.irloux
n«m)«, which was tume ypara after advocated by (he Hailieaff
Cironiet* : and wo are glail to mu that (hs principlv of it luw now
fce«n more fully a«knnwl«d^rd.
The pHinphlet naw before us advoentM lighter enf^nM, U|^C«F
stock, and Ilirhtcr "orlfi ; but t( le^tns that thii is to be areom-
panicd liyfreiliiiffrid :i!ti)get!ier «f llip present hii^i apewl. Thwe
ewi ho no doubt thrtt expreui traint dam;if^<! the rail*, polntii, and
Bwitvhe^ Tno^t «eriou»!y; but ire rannul ntnr turn back.
Thp iireAcnt pamphlet, althouf^h it is crude and short-Hlj[li'*d in
Mome of it! vieu'ii, conlainu a f^at deal of vahiabte matter, and
Id thetnaln point of lig^liter nlock nnd cheaper traiiii, in eakuluted
io do Tery much pK>d. We, therefore, particularly recommend it
to our «iifinifri»)t readers.
The fullowing are tb* author's opinionB at to tba diiterqiaiiey
betveen rolling slodc and mlbi: —
If ihcra be any doubt txjinnitd M lo tbs diacrtpancy rfilMnath betirefa
tb« rollinj; iinck ami the radt, • v«:y plain ani»<t may Ic foonij in lb* fact
ef lb« |(i><r>1 rrn«vil of ralli new t«iuired. If Hit b« not cnau^li, tpl the
proportion* at tha periphery of a loi'(imcitL<niIri«iii^.wli»l l)ccnm|>afeJ tiilh
tlie rail btncaih it. The fuiiatr wrigtii ii|mnrilt of 2<](J lb. per yaid ; the
btter from lO lli. to 80 Itj. Vet the former li of an arch roim, lupporied by
the ipokc* at inictnU of nine hicliti, nbile tli« UiL«r in ■ ■laipl* tiriiglit
beara, HtppprMd at lalrrT4l* uf filiuii re», nl^ldi iaTarialily deflta btaeaili
(he p«t«ing load and dntrc'y ili« cantinaiiy of iDjppi>rt. To make a pnrfifCl
Taili*jy, the rail-bar ihould lit of lulScieut vcrlicti depth to ic*iit all iltllec-
tiOB, wiih the h,can^it load pouiiig civar it. )lorr tbtn lliin, it tliauld be
■nffieienily bard to prevent Umlnaiion. .^nd tb« jolnli of ilie raili thould
1m >a re-inforccd ai lo be equally inileiiible niili ilic luliil pan of the r«i1.
Koae of Ibtie conJitioni art yd allaiiicd ni rcgiiili tUe muiiern dai* of
enginet, aud it it a problrm iibelhtr they can bo alliined at all. Evra
■t tlineUahinitto the bright of arcljitecluril aliucturci relntivdy (o tlieir
b«»e, by rciion of lli« frlabijily of the matcrtal, to lliera i«a limit to iltc
weiglit of cugiuta, by tcuon uf the cnioprutiliilily of iroa anJ tho itcpogti*
Wily of incrtaiiitg lurfsri?- tearing ; C,t w>ii'tli>-r ■ druin^-Hlifcl bo o( tbrtc
feet or right ltd in diiuiacr, tUn conlact uicb tli« iiil c^ii only be a point
or Ihil whifh gtometcr* cnli 3 " Honing point," lii., a line. Iron, according,
to it* ileniity. vill brar a given weight tcithonl compreaaiBg, the poiot of
conlaci bring a line. When iiun hii dune itt niniati, ateel may be leaorted
to ; and, pjiijbiy, a rail of 201) lli. ptt yani, of ilerji Trtiii^al teciion, with a
■urfaec uf lurit ilcel llirce inchci In nldlb and Ihfce qiiirtcri of an inch ia
depth, auppottcd bj croai tlceiiera ai tiitcn nit of etgktecci incbet, iclfbt bo
■vailal'le lo cgniduct a real " iwrtnancnl nayt'^for the modern tiisiuM.
*Paf»tni!nt wajr" ii at picieii.l a iturm a non lut»nd«, " rcrmancnt oviiii-
pMncc of way" ii a pracliial fal, ■• »liitrc1iold«n pack«l>' can XtiUlf.
Yuu, icnliemen, will dauhtI''U bo itarlltd at tbe Cftatcmplalion of tho
entUy of capital tnTolveil in tiie real permantnt way before dcicribed. If
JOB will not (free to tbia proiiOMtiuti, ;ou niual " Irjr back." If you canoot
auii tht load lu ilie wheel, you muit luit tbe wlierl to Iheioad. Hoirtg
tba fear of " uu dLiidsndi" before jour cjca, tou inurt luin lo the pradical
maaliti of Ibc Maochcitci and Llrcrijool dirccioia of olil, gathered from the
tij'Ci'cn^e of the road, aud keep du'Ha your ncigbtg. Lij^hL borici for the
Liyh ipccdi -. tiifntn' hone* for Ibc diaia, Spall trains and ficiiutnl,
wtlh taiill ItalioD roora, few police aud pgilm, and fewer clerka, a alight
aacf«aie of driven and tlokera, and a huge drrrcaie of pUle-Iayrn, and a
leductjon ill iron Inioii^i. noith) do more (or your dlTiilende and ibc public
sccoraiaodaEion than ibe preieot afiiem of elephanUnE ujrtion, with a yitlil-
lo| footliold— a power dertbped and waited. For it null be oh^iDtit that
a, ttiti upending niillioni Co tecere " good gradleata," a dettecling rail bs
Ud down, il Li eijiiivalral to conretiing ihciii iiiio bad fradieriu. In walci-
Iraniit a (lciriibi>al lirii'Ci a greater or letiii ware uf irttcr bufurc her bowi.
]b rad-trtnul, a locomolivc diivei a Tavo of rail bcfoce her dilting-wlieeU
d^uinlent to aictnttiog a coiutant ioclint, ami licisanding a far greater ex.
p«BdiiB» of aleam-power to lorniDDnt ic. The diiTrrnnc* ia the two euee
it, that it il iuipodilile wholly la auraiount. though we taodlfy, the difficulty,
wtib Ibe itcamlioal. wlierea* in the caie of the rail it it practical to lur-
iDOunt iKc dutlcutir altosether by propoiUoning iht load on the wheel to the
StfeD|tb cf ilie rail,
Tbe naie lint of the ratia might fairly be adopted u a ilaodard In ctti-
loMing tbo tUiu of a railway ; for in propoction to the Japlh of the wave
I will br, cc/rr/f jiarttui, (lie panrr «f iteattt and Ibc coit of coke. Yon
amtt be aware ibtl, to aaccad a eonslact hill, requirta more hone power
ih»o to ttaifl aitfupt a level, Vour bone-power ia atcam, and the railway
uJl il eohr. If toui diivrit and oidcrt and roiil Imttees increase tbe c»n>
tiiiupilon of eatt, llic ena^ wi]l ansn he run olTihe road.
Itut e«B wa*o Utiti rory. For example, raill laid on lonjittndinal limberi,
u the Oreat Western, jiield an eqiialile war* line. ItaiU imd ea rhain and
Unntrene akeptri make earqnal watta at their nvld.lenglh and at their
j'>iiili. The remit iiconroulon ai well ai ainking, and the leit of power it
lErcetcr. Mechanical men having tbn'r liTini; to set by the preTenlion of
waile. and )Iic tuonotny of Meani •power, renrlily apprehend all this, for they
earrr llie aafelT-talTe in llrf;ir own biecclit*' pockets ; but iL doe* not ao
readily oeeur lo rmtnay lilrecloit. Let th<.-M maintain a itaadard gauiC'—
llio ware r,r Die raili. iwhaji* ai an additional flimulaot yon will lake into
yoar thougliU the aooiewliai startling fact that a pair of the largitt rmlway
lacomothtM woalJ fbmitb power en uugh losupply the Inrymt puntpin* uater-
works in Lximloft. Another pair lusght aehieto the taiki uf drUxetiiig it
into their allies instead of the ground-fk}ori of the London dnrllingi.
Anotlier pair miitbl pnrop up all the sewage water loutb of tbe Thamn, BB
Mr. Chadwicfc will infurui you.
SMELTING COPPER ORES,
Dfitrijiliiin of th» proetu if M.H. Rivor nnd rillI.UP». /«r tmtltii^
i/yi«r orrt. (From a piper read before lb* Soeiet; for th* Bncoorascaent
c«pptr itrrf. (From a pipe
o( Am aiid Jlaiiufaelurei,Pa tis.)
Ill a vifii lo ro-Iaad in Itil.'i. one of ui becainr arqunlnled with ilin
«l'crtiuciiiB mnde in an l^nelisb copper- Vforks, to cxtmct ibe mclallic
r"Ii[ier bjr ritani of tbe nclian of foHaic elcetricitj, from previously masted
(Utp1«irorei r>r copper. Tho infurninliiio w« obtnioi'd wa* Ihe Mime aa
wi« laid bcfcnv the Surieiy as dcfcrip'ire of the proreaa enplojed by M
Nupler.
The aulpbiir orra were firitwell nnulrd, then sneliFd in a revetberatory
furnace, and iho copper brnUBhl to a mcialllo stale by paasinx Ihrnnih lb*
fused iDcinlliciilicalen very powcrfBlTulUicc«rreot; the grmf bile li earth
of the turiiBcr, and ii plale of cast-iroo kept at (be upper part of the
oelieii mail, farminK Uie rrntainlnK partof the tollaie eurreat,
^lariini; from tiietn ^ivta polnte.we firat tried to reduce by a Tollelo
cutrriii. Dot lite lilicate of eoppcr, but the pure lutpburet of copper.
After several fDefrrc'.;>alaltesnp(*, ive lucccedvi) in paiiiiit doriafl man
than two hours, a coniiuat current tliruugb a crucible cuotaintn^ solpberct
of oopper at a red heat.
Id a cotBmon llcatiaa crocibic, wo placed two smsll picees of compact
coke, krpi at a lillln distance l>y ncll coinprrMtd luting ; and in lliaee
we plunged two pUtinum wirea eeiomuaieaiing with iha two pulei of Ibe
hatlery. The pUtinum Hires were pliserted fnini lite itcliun of llie anK
phnr by the piece* uf cuke and the loitng. Wc fnunJ in tbeae direct
ripcrlmcata. Iliai coke ia a i:oo(l cnndurlor nl n red heal, and that tbe
luting conducts but a very little at that lomperalurc.
Tubes, filed in two aolchesuf ibL'crucihK-.hnd For llicir d1>Jc<I tbe pre-
vention of eonlacl l>ct»een (be eharcoul and the pUiinitm wires, a point
of esuenlUl iniporlnnce oa tieo aocouola :— FJr«t, tbe bi)miog cbareeal
would hkie cstabliKbcd u comninolniloo betwrrn the two poles of the
bnllcrj oiilaiJc the cninble, and con5(r|nrnlly, a larRe pnrlkin, If aol the
w hot* of ibe current would have been deriaird, and not h«<c trareraed
the fuicd loasa, — Secondly, ilic alknllne atbtt of tbe wood charcoal would
bare rapiJI j altncked the plaliiiuMi winf, and the eorrent thus \ntve been
intfrrnpted. The copper wires clnslnr the eircuil conmuniealed wtib a
galraoometer, the needle of which indicated by iit deviation tbe *ner)ty
of Ihe current. We emtiluifed constant balleriet with ropprr nnil line
cleroeciti, and aolulioaauf sulphale of copper aod common salt, of eii lo
Iwcniy-four couplca, and aonctiniea only one lluaicn bntiery of thirty
rlemeulj. M'o always ainulinoeously made two cosaparalitc experineole,
irj pUciag in Ibe foroaoe (no crucibles eiacUy aianiUr, Ibe one tmvetted,
and the other aot traeersed, by the current.
We fouuil, after several experio>enl«, that the sulphnrrt of copper nnt
drci>iu|io*«d liy the cuke, is boi <ery ■lightly decomposed by a constant
current of tweuly-fonr couples uf the eultaic bsttcrj, pruducioE edcrialioa
of the needle of the enlvDnu meter of 33 to '10 dcgrtc*.
By cniployiatc a IJuosen battery of thirty eleineat*, prodncioft a de«hl>
lion or Ihe needle of Ihe ;>al<iatiomelerof IS(o6(id*f:rce*, we have reduced
a noUble i|iianlily of cupper ia a state of fusion ; bat iho laruest proper.
tion of ibo sulphuret rouinlned undecuin posed.
These reaulla coniinced us llmt tbe nctlou of the bnltery is feeble as
rcsardsKulphurvl of cnppcr, and that the tery puwcrful eollale ourrcnl
requitile for cITeolInK Ibe deoompoaitioo, as well as Ibe dilGeally of eou-
reoicully djs|>»siaj[ ihe eppani>tus. would prerenl lb* enploymeot of ibis
proceat' for the Irralmenl of lolphoret of oopper, end a pcrtim forlbat
of pyrillc copper, which is the must eummoB ore of copper.
EiperimenU analosoui to the preceding. In the which wc replarrd Ihc
two pules of cake by rods of iron, hare indicated lo u* ih^it tbe action of
llie twtlery rentier* mure rapid, but not cumplete, ibc rcdocUoa of sul-
phuret of copper by the iron. It always form* a mas*, rich in copper.
L
MS
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOtTRNAL.
LNo,
Til* action tt As h«n«ry. ai<1«d hy thai of (he iron, Mpanlca Utm llie
salpbuicl«f mpprr ImI ■ err; tniaJI propnrlian of tnffar.
In wiftUcaBi riperlmrnu made on ^Ifo* (*ii)pbar«i of Itad}. Ihia
nlMnil prreratftl iba Mne diara«trr« m» Ibc (Dlpttmci of copper. Wr
Kb» found alwayt a iiroal Iom to Ike enieibt* traver«Mt b; lUt vollaic
camni, due l« itia voUIiDmImm of (Kc ntcUl. Thrtc exptfinMil* ckarly
dCMoJialratrd to ii« Ibal lh« artiaa of itm ballvfy, Bid*d r«ra hr llol u(
tno, cutilil not MTV* na a pranaa for the dinct (rraUncDi of iko >u!|)hnf
oua omiif )Fad or ai oopprr.
We iben trpraicd ibc ripcrlairnU of Mi Nnpitr, and rndrarourcd to
radure ilir fuMd liticair of mpper asd iron, b; a cnrrat broiicbt b; Ihq
pwir*, ihv oap of itcn, Iha nllirr af piDnlNtito, in inmcduttr tua (aft with
ibe imttA OMai BmI w* **rr Mxia roavtiKnl aarsrU**, ibai ot Ihe
lbrc« aEfola eaplojcd for Ihn rediKlian of Ib* oxide of capprr (ihc plum-
bago, lh« iroa. BOd lb« <urr*iit), Ihn Cnt Iwa, rapaciallr ihr Iroo. were
fMilc aufficiraU and nunirriius eipclinir»t« prnrcil Co uft> lh<tt bjr Ibr
Mtiao af iriM alooe, » iilicalc uf Cwpp«r, c«ata>ainK betidea osidea »f
tOfyert vlhar baae>, tucb b> <ada, )iiBf,oiii]c vf in>a, fuc . guvr up in le»
than oa* Wnui'a atiion of iba ftr«, Uia ubola of il* (tippef aaited in a
bviroo of (oraplfie poritf.
llli (but ibul ne h**e b«mi led to warcb ia the «rlio» of tton, th*
priaciplr of the r«tiicli«n of ntidc nf cogiprr. n'e Sral made aetrral cx-
CTiiDeuls ku rruiiblcs, \n order to dctcrmiac Ifac circvmfUloce* nocl
fu«tabl« to llie adioa of ifon. T)i<- fiilloviing a'e ihe principal rt-tulu
wbtcb we ebidiiird. Id Aur true i Lie vremrrttgtA two or mor* iron rod*.
dipploK almo-t to Ibc bollaro, aod hcpl >l Ihe uyper pari by • bed of
IlitioK. Thf nialfrial anplofed «ai eiiber riHuted jiyriloua mpprr.or a,
■lllur« of oiide of (wpper, oiido tii iron and sau'l ; In iltnc kc aililrtl
MlaiM. aodn, M-llnir, or rvra chalk onlf. H]r cm|i(n)lnc aodaaalb*
laSi tbe leductiuii uf >bo oxnlc of «opprr nna roniplde in ■ very tbgft
Ubmi> Ala qui>rl<r of aa huut't futioo.lbe copper obtaibn J waicbcaiicallj
Mr*. Will) chalk, (he cotnplcle reduclioo required oae boai'* fuaion.
Tba cap|M<r pr»ijured contained luucii iruii (uflro IS pererni.) ubio ih«
IrDli-tuda dipped (Uinii to Itie bdltoin of ibe crucible; and, on Iba roa-
Irarj, wa> aiway* >rry pare vilirn ibe nuts traclied but a liitit naj aboxe
Ibc bulloM. 'Ihc time neceaHri for tbt coniplrtc reductiuii of the osidc
tH cuppar, «a* tnorf «r Ic** srral ia proporliou to the nuoiber of icon rudt
••ployed.
I>jiii<Urd uitb ibesp roitilu, m* eonilrucleil a reterbcralary funiae*
capHl'lr of r>iiii«iiiiii|i about iM kilti||raiiiiiita (6 cwl.) of fuwj isrinIIic
aUlCBira, and iMMCutiox on other ]>r<uliHril| of oaasiniciiiMi ibno liaiiajt
■is Kivoves or vertical boUuHcd-nut places in tbc null oppttiite lu the
daw of ibe furoaM. Tbcir aic «-■« tu nulnlaiD lo ibv futcd luaM
•ix bara uf iron vf 6 ia U (calime'tei [2\ lo 3J in<h>») Hid«>, aod
70 rraliB)plri'a(W ioehra) long. I'iieu! burn llioi ccleJon alar^r portloo
of the nicltril ma<i, werr out in mnUct nilli the coppar, wer* raadllf pot
inand rrtaairil,ahd ire nrrr able to >lir tlie lucllcd raaaa balwrcn ilie
lu*) In auch a war aa la render il bomufeneoui, and renew ll>« pans la
WBlacl a>ilb iliH irua. Wc l'a<c treated ia Ihii fiituace, oiorc tbaa tbrcc
loiu of Ibo iijialii: urn* of Cam null, (lerDianf, aad tipaia, ail preiiuuolji
earcfiilly coiKird Tbi* camijlcte Kimiing ia eaij eaaujk »htn the mv i>
nDiinil nilb line Band ; Il ii done wilb oriliuary prrcaution, bui ilniinld ha
2ottli«d Willi a lirisk beat. In ll»e &n,t RI])erinie«t, wis comniencnl by
fnsitiK Ibe (oailMl ore wiib lliiir anil piior alas ; and ViKttn ihr fiiiirjD WRf
Mnptvle, «r a|>plk-d >it t>uis uf jniii, whirli nrre nllnwed to rcinnin dutiuj;
Jbur boura. Afltr ibit lime, vt rcinoved the bars and ran out tlie imlaj.
Ia operatuiK ihui, we alnaj* fininil the cnaanmption uf iron lo be much
(traier than theory, p«lAlod out n« solticlenc for Ibc rediieiiaii of ihr niide
M («pp*r. 1'tte siHg rclalueil frvni 2 to S per rcflt of tripper. We iit-
lampLrtl l</ cuieli ihi> tluB bj itaplt, aud attrd upon it wiib ban af lion
iaa fiiur liours : Ibe mull was thai we ubUlntd Dcn alng, rqiiallj rich la
copper wiib iIm) fornJt-r i uod iliia,(ii)LKrilbalMiidi(i([lbal Ibc bun Kiiilac^cral
kilu^raiuiiiri ni irrii^l.t. Thi^ <-«ldatioii of tbc bim of iron luuM uul l)c
Kltlibule<l lo Ibe xr uf the furi>a<e wbicb had not tervad fur cifUibutllan,
aleoH lh« bars were coiMianily and entirely pliinjieil inlo ibe fused ma.
twial, but wa« evidvuUy iluv to ilie peroxide of Irun conlained lu lli«
UMlallic aili'caie, aud <ihii.li would be tituujibt by tbc licti to ibt- ttale uf
wotuaidr befure Ihe oxide of <:oppcr could be (oinplelilr reduced by ihe
Iruo. U't ilieoendenioured to rediKC tb« VDOeumplivnof iroti,uiid recover
Ihe copper ti»t In Ibe tiafft by adding lu Ibe iiHioa of Ibe irnn thai of
cbarcwaJ vt coaI. The cailiuuuceou* iiulcrial Biij;hl be employed In two
way*. Kii>i. iiJtied «iih ibe niutrd uru ; iiecoiidly, added after coraplele
Aiiiuu, to ili« cviDpuuiKl funuad of iba fused tiliuilM. Id •>j>erHiinfi in
llria laal nianncr, we nerr aoon cud tinted that ibc charcoal actril liutalowiy
Uid feebly in ibc fnved iiticatc*. herauic it Bunted on tlie irurfncu vf Uie
li»Ma,iu>d ounld D«t be kept nilbiu it. NcTcrUlclew), iUacitoii ii of CQiue
acoounl ; for, ivheii wc Ibrciv ui> ibu nielUd iua*> in th« ruron«e a vtrlun
Suaatily ivf poor caaJ, we alxaji »b>cn'td a niptd au; meiiinlJuD of I'a
llidily, rxpiauied outy by llxi rrductiuii lu the ilale u[ iiriiloiide of iijd.
of a uicetiicrable quaoliiy of ibn pcruiide. Tlie oiiu>tiu>pliuii uf iroa
bciag *litl very grrai, nc neat prDcv<-ded to naininn ilio avtiuD of lli«
•arbanacvona ■alter, itlien miicd niib lEie roatted ore bcfure (huixmg Ihe
fvrnacc. AftiT K*eral Inalf, no bavc adopted ai lite iDuat ciuiieiiieat
yioparliaa uf cLitrcual dii»I, or (mail poor coal, Ibal whidi ia required lo
prodaec otiu-kiilf carbolic acid, and one-half turbanic utidc, iu nunibioiiig
wlUi (bir otygru ol titp otiile uf copper, and thai runitiiDed with Ibe prut-
oiWc of irun 10 ibc roaaieil uie. Ihis propurtinn KMirr ni, nilhouleni-
p}t>jwil ibr actiuu of iron, a slag luataiuiu^ 3J per ccul. of cujipcr. Wt
tave pco«(d by Hvcfal Irith (I.) iIibI Ihia prnperttod of ebaccaal Mad'
BOl Im) riuoroocly adhrred lu : ■ ad that ii maybe rilbw TutiiiiJ<irfc
BMalak>d titaMne esleat, wiibiHit tbc elai beiai either poorer ar rtehs- It
cepfier. «r (be quality of tbe copper aliened, (t.) TlM(iBiaB«vajJB|»a^
the pvaporlioa of (hkn-oal Mtied wiib tke ore, aiMl in raiaiaii lb* ii wpaaa
lure of Ibe faraaee lo a lirighl white beat, w* ooald alweya b«i>c Ida laM
*Uii Cwltbcul ibi> aciian of iron) lo lurh a point. Ibal il iiboiild enl eaaMia
uuce Ihaa fi^ of copper : bat ibenlhc roppi-r ronlainvd M la lOpvf ■aMLif
iroo. By apctatuix at a loner Icmprrature to Ibal alrtclly aewaaryftr
fiMloD,ire ohtaiard a »la|t rich coiNitliincti;ipirr,8nd M>llc«atainlt>cl<nt
prricnl, of in>e> (l.)Thiil llie act iofi of the bar* oriroo ua lhef«t"i (ilitaMi
cQDUiDirs *J In S per crol. of c«pper, t> powerful aikd rapid: avi Ibal
three hour* are anflieitnl to bri!>( llie *lac lo auclt a atau thai )i iJull cat*
taki only y^ (o j^^ of copper, tha copper nbcaiard being at IhvcaM
lime frMifrviTi iron. The foikiwing liiha madaof ofwnrila*.** wmixIrMB
lively led lo adutit : — He (tiarje the healed furMKa wllb ■ Mtature at
r«DBled -ore (X lo S^cwt )Bndluiieor»iBd, acd IbcflaRCf ■ pnFCr>twD«p»
nlioo, ia^iianllty coaifoieBl for 4cleriuiaiu|| ibo fuiioa of Ih* onlmal. aa4
charcoal or tmall ri-al inlheproporltun piRvioBcly indicated. In radUMi^f
■wly am bawa ia iko eliariica. the proiuaido of uob and Um Im#, tacai-
doavoiir lo pMutc a bwdicalr, coDiBininB i: to i:* per cent, uf Hat,
Etpertcore baa puiulnl out. thai a biitliCAtcnf pn>ti»ide of iroo.ooabata
only, turlta reiy (juivkly Atid acquire* a grtal fluidity, but readily fiveia
cofiiier Gonlaiaiag niucb irou.
After cliBTKias ">■ fotnacc, we Ibrow on Ihc curfac* of IhrnuMcac
or two hhoTrkfu] of iniall coal, for Ika pnrpoaa of preserclaf; ihe balHtal
fiDiD ei lilaiioa by tlie DaiBrc of the fttmace. We iiir the maK from Uiaa
lu lini«. in nrder lo enable II to hral nK>re uoiformty, and niell qukekclv
U'r ■iifneiiinea ■ucceed in ntntllng roMplcleJj iu funr hour*. A* noa a*
ibi' uiiuri nisimeticea lo n|{|(lua}erale, tlii; paiti whkb al'arh Uirni*elf»
lo Iba lakcacootain a orrlaia <)->«aliIy of cvpper Kale* ; hIk* ihe faalea
lacomplele, the iikIi pluiified inin Iba laclled iwua ladlcale Ih* rc-waii*
ot Ihe topper at the lowtdt poiot of Ihe bfarlh of Ui« furaace ncvifcc
diavharfo hole.
We hare slnaya cianiined ih« clag iwimmiaff on the 9oipprv al IUb
mottcat of Ifaa opct*li>rn, aAcr Imimg carrfuTly Biirrrd the nNias m aitt
produce cJagt of a homogcacout tjujilii), and found il to coouin 3 la tjpr
ccoU of copper, When ibo uh-^la is viell ni-lied, wo place >ia fcan tt
iron, weiichiui; a1loi(Hher from 16 to Xi ItiJofiranifliea (S4 lo lOS Ih.^
fliiag llieir eodt in Ihr grouiei in ibv aide of Iba furnace op|io»l>« U tb
door, taking care lo plange tbem I'dticel) itilu tlio nvlkd aiHa. Vn (ha
BKHIB tluuw OD Ihe (UrfacY of llie sloe a •mall quanlit]' of coal, lo prctcat
the peiuiiiJalion uf tUi; pmKrtide of irna uf liic lUf by the llaiura i (hoy
fruiu balf-liuur la half-Iiour, weatir with a iwo-prooBcd rake (very caam-
uicnl lo clcun) the ciirface of the iroD'biirv imiuriaeil ia the alAJt. Ue alw
ecnploy »t a powerful mrantt of tinntuffing the mittur*. a woedaa paM^
whivh, plnnged Into Die i.Ug, Riiei n cuotiilerable di»ca|a(*meBI a( |bi^
and prodores a iircine froihmg up. The appearaace of tbe Ua« fumiikn
bul tltltc indicBTiuD of Ihrpmei-cainf Ibr reduclioaar Ibc metal; we ban
liuwrter, pruird that ti'iaU mode with a cold rnkc, plunged fot a mifral
inlu Ike fused uiaac, hl»ay* ri^'cntt on coiitacl »ith tbc iruo, « redditi
■netitlttc liiit, tlronitly mnrked where Ibe ilai; wai rather rich; ■ (ial
which, oo ihccontrary, wan (cnrealy diteefoabje when Ibc alag coataiMd
not ntore than |^ lu jj^ <'f rnppirr.
M> bac« itttayi fouuU thai three to four bonn ars niffldCBt lo retaare Hi
cnppcr from Che »lag up In tA? '<> y J l ra - Aflcr IfaH inlcnal of litM M
dtaw ouubc bars, ind run oirihntnctai. TbediirainnolaaoentlfroKruin
it thua about eight hour*, and three operation! nay be readily cooiJacid
in one iliy. The Inu in wctilil uf the irpn bart variti in out capetmicali M
from I to kilaitranimct {'H (o 13 lb,), lor <iu«ii(iti«i of copf«r «f B
(o 12 kiloKrcni'Df* V-^ ^'* ^* ""O obtained from orct of varieiia qadl-
tie*. Tbi* to t» it tadr prudent of the riehnrtiof tb« ore, and iha connf
(lea of the irun ii proporl lonally Ipfi for (ho ricti Iban Ihe poor orea. nr
tliR pyrilie orni of Spain, coiiiainini; 21 per cent, of copper, we bat* eM>
■umed II pill* of Iron for 100 of copper obtained. The BofHifa ma
wbich we have melted conicincd 7 per cent, of copper, 4 to d yar cnL ((
Dncnic, a small portion of antimony, and lome tracct oftlai frowlbrten
baTCobuiocd an impuic bUi^k on])per,contaiiiing3 tu & peroenLof ai wc i ' t
Si lo 3 per cent, of tin, and only a few ihouiaadtbs of tttlpliiii eMl Ina.
'ilii* re»ull baa not iiirpiited ut j Ihc artenic can only he cnwpjctely 4>i«
away by aaretl number of Mfcruive openlion? cnil allMnaiioai of raail-
Ingand redaoKon. Tbu, we da not propaie ifaeappliciiianof ourprunaaftf
thelrtalnentof uk* con lain mg mui-h irtenicor aniimoay— a*, for >uit](i^
Ihe grey copper otm. AViih Ibe pyiitio ore* iroI coniaining aficux: n
bare atwari obigineil I very pure black copper, coniainfng onlj Irttra-T^
to tAv "' 'u'li'ia' and iroo.
The ruiutiiiK liai a tciiain inniicnce on Ibr ijvallty of ibt ccpper, aad at
the conaumptiim of iron. ^VIIll vicll rotttitd orci wc nortr had a dtpcdl
uiitlcfiKBth tbc copper, which wni Ibe eoie with ore* imperfectly »o«*lct
The Go^pvr cujitalncd not llie Irttt lion, and UMthBiijAB"' •■•'iMt.
The coaitimpiiinof iron wn* moch IfM viih well routed ore>, and (It _
(Inal tla^ leti (i<-lj in eopjier. Tba tempera lure wbleb we have adopted i ~
Iha untt cnmenient, li ihal which Ic ttriccty neeeiwry for the fuiion of th
co|i|Mir and tho ila;. Too liijh a (cinperainre reoden Ihe action <>f thein
oil ih<^ liiii^te of copper mnio rapid anil encrgciic: hnt the coal ir '
note rttily a ptit of the otidc of iron combincil with iho tilica. In
retiiiB ill tlie tame niaancr, ou the lamc mlnctal, at a welt-rcsulatcd lcare>
THE CIVIL ENGINBBR ANP ARCHITECra JOURNAL
Mr
I, lid M a M|ltt red hnt, nthlalned fnm tiM eonnefiMncftt •f tbi
ayentiafi, me hare obiUSmti. in Itic rottntrcne. ■ capprraf lUttciaai pnrii; ;
!■ Ibv Itlter n«r. a ropprr conMrniaHrd witli 3 ptt owt. of iron.
The roii*nin;tt<on of en»[ rmplniril in our ntfnaev »il1 not giTca gTMlln-
Acation II tu the quanlilj which would be rrquirfd in a Utge tru-rbfttMTJ
fnraace kept in cammnt npFrilian. Vlt ctn, borcTtr, ^lir « c*lrul(i)ion of
wffip iCTit >pproiimBliot> (lom ihg c«Diuniplioa »f the large coppti fumacet
^BTalaa.
^Hnw em t« trlilrh oar procfi^ mtj b« applitd with tk« pmtMi MltaitUgc
^Vtha Biidet arpjrritic om trith ■ ginptic of pyiilM or eiid* of Irani i)**?
H^Aer.ti; our mad* of irvalmrnt, cn(i|>*( of rtivllcnt qnitity. Thtii oraa,
^VM prewnt IrraliHl, yIrM * black i^pprr tonlatning niuc(i rron. Oar pra.
CNa ii alw iraiMj' ipplkaiilr lo til i)ie orci of copi'cr vliicli do not (ontun
iOD mach ineiiic ik jiilimuny. Thf proccM which, we fiavp dcacrUiril oOori
^■Ml narttd adtantagea atcr the ni«thodi oiilinaiity roipIojTd. Ii It
^|M and eronnininl, ftn«« h^ one linjtk faiion ne obia'iu a *Ug tulDcjcntly
^ao'r to he rrjcctcd, *nd ill Ac <«pp«r in a il^le of irifficirni puritjr t« b«
Mid aftProna smalilaf, or at tb« imU a ttiatt leflni-'g tt r^iuirM no
Afleolt mantpulttUn, and ihc workman etm ttiiilj und^nund \t\<! way at
eovdnettag lh< opergfieni. The complete roiilin^ of the nrr in nnl a np«
Bpavalion in m«IillnriiT ; it is ruilt Bcrnin|)lii!i«it nhcn llie ar« i( |;rDUBd
wHh t,iBd of ivlHiiciii tlnrncH ; li rtqulrti luct and altemiun on the pari
of l)i< voiLintD, arid ihculil be itniili^ \ij a gnod alioke of the llrr, in
•rdarto decotnpMa tha jolphai'M formed at a lower lemperBturc. Vc haic
fvaviaaalr poinled oat thai the prtncipU incunTcaiencc of an incompMa
MMaliag i>, ill llic incllinf, a gr'atrr coaiumpltsn of imti, and ii]ntcaia.
pletc remoTil r<( the coppM frntn tli« *1*it in B gl*fn line. A good roatting
mrax* ibould tontain about 1} tan of groand ore ; Ifae operUion ihonM
ba oontiiuad from 15 to 2i fcoart. l^r the iireliini;. the furnaera ibonld he
limilar to die larfo rtvatberalotv fnniatvi of Wairt, itiil rnnialn (ora cItiTge
M VNt. of ore. There tfaoutd bo three tmelling farnacn for foor raaiiiag
hrnaccs, supfmiin; Chat three uprrallam may be conduFled in rach *mdt-
iag furnace dailr. The raining of copper of the firit itneltinit may he dimo
ia a fuinacc coataiinnB taun torn; an operation vhich dnet nm teqeiremore
tbaa 12 iKHjri. Tn gir* an idea of the prinripsl itrtA'irt neerttai^ for ttw
y(i>dticiliMi of a eertaiti qainiitf of ecpper, *» mid tuppoM that we haTa
lo ttaal a pvrilie nrc of eepper «ri( h a gangne of pf ritei or qnarti, «oDtaici-
Inf at ibeniMi 15 per cant, of capper. Tn produce per annimt 100 inna
at Mppcr.ihrmnill lie rrt]air*.l toro pair nf itanipmn inilU, tnelte roullnj
hniaata, right intelllof fnrnaee*, and one c«pi>eT rrflninf furnam.
It will aim be vrrjr ailvaiiligeous to annex to Ibe no|>pet-worln an iron*
VwL, which WDuiil imiduce al « low price lite trrtn neceMtiy for the tonlt
and impknienti coiplajtd. Ilic hirt. Sec, and to use up the old bar* whkh
mil no lnng«r iriie is Iho VTii-llivg furnaee*. We have alio applieil tho
■Bkba of Iron an th* metailic tirtritet in failon to Ibo Irettcnent oi tatptiata
of laad, bM I»ai tuceeHFult; ibin in ihe cata of «opf«r otm. Theie itida
htva be«n Diada an a Itrni teate Jn a reverberatary furnace capihla of con-
taining 24 ewi. of miteriali.
To tbc dry (ulphaie of lead, we added tand, a liltle chalk, Ihe lUf of a
fTMadlnf; iH>eratiun, and ■bout three per cent, of chaicu*!. A larger pro*
MTtJon vf diatcoal alwtjrt |;aie a tillle aulphutet of lead with the maUllic
1mhI< Wc I'haFjfc i)ie fornacc. «nd brat it to a* lo dbcl an entire fualon for
tfaa apnea of t*i- lt»uri. \Vr l)irn tlimw iota lb*: fluid maai, al three or four
itaaa, iron tarnin^, whith replace lo grtat adiaiilsga Ihe bar* nl iron. The
pnpa*tl«D of eiii-iron tumtnja oeceaairir it about Mie<ei^tli of the weigttt
of tba dry lulphate of lead. Wc iiir ih« m*ai Tcry frtquenti}', and alter
fbor or 6nt hour*' aolino of tlio iron, ma off the moiil. Wn liaia olilaiuctl,
ta tbila nanafr, li lu tH parta of lead ftoiu 100 of lulphate of laad. Tlie
loHi tberefore, of meul nai contidetible, »hicb mat due in great part lo
Die Tolalilitatian of Itaa lead, tbr fumca of which were riiJcnl at tbc lop of
tbacbiunrji iI4j voUtiluitiuii |>rjnclpallj t«ok placa during tbc alirritig
and Ihe c)imiging. Vie nalic-a tliia appliralioii of our ['rui:<a* to llic reduc-
ItOB af aulplialt of Itad, hccauie lbal,it proro* thai iron acta tery ra)>tdly oa
Iht allieale of lead, and thai ibia action might be emploreil under earialti
etovninUineca.
To cotnplate ih«detrription of tht proceit for the tnatallorfiatl lr*at-
nent whi<ti we piopoie. we nnw proceed lo gica an Fiilmaie u( the piubable
eoat ot Iha liealairat of copper urea. VTc baiD' Ihia citiiniic on tile diirti-
lion of thcoperalioiii in Ihe icrrrbcralory fmnacca in whicli wr have tncatcil
tbo orti of cn|>pcr and Ihe )n]|iliaie of Itad ) on the cona«impiion of coal iu
tbe large •ineltni]; rurnacct in Wilei; and on Ibe Dansuniption indi«aleil
Irotn our own eipotimenli.
To eompare oar proceia with that adopleit in Iha graaiar nnmher of cop.
Mr-woilu in KiigUod, we ban adopted tite figtiret giaeo by MM. Dn'renoy,
BUa da Deaunxint, Cotta, and fftdunni^l, in their " Voyajt iWlailnryifue
e» A»9li"rm." We will reeion Iha coat foi 1 ton of pyritteore bating a
logue uf quirtr aod iron p]riic«. For Ibareflctirg, teecalculato theo|i«nat
>na too of cupper.
Kivor AKA rntuwa' nwcxao.
C^era/i'oihi— Grinding of tbe ora.
For one ton, ,, ,. \fi: iOc, •> !«• id.
Ojitralion. — Roailin); of Ihe ore in furnace* coittainiug 36cwt.
Ouralina of roaating proem, l» bourt. (We nay itmark i)iii lur the
roaaliag, tbe lott beat fiotn ibe amcltift( foniicn ma; be very well era-
plojod, aa a* dooe in auuio EngUtii weiba.)
Labour, 1 ) dar @ 2 fnaei
Coal, 6 cwt. (^IjH-.TSe**.
TotM
• A
nfr* (>fra/fM_SmelKng of Ihe rnaaled one. PamacM eootalnlng U
ton of ote (weight of crude ore). Duration of operation, CMbt honra.
Canmnption of eoal per bour. on an average, ISOItUo. =.2 cwt. tor. IGlb.
The itOD ia put at 2ft fr. the 100 XUa. - 2ae, tbe 2 cm.
Ubiiur. 0-87 day @ 2 ft. .. „ l" ji
Caal, 640 Icilagranmisi (£ I fr. .. S tO
Iron, ac 9 00
Spacial Bipeaaei
17 14
13a. 94.
TltU operation glvra all the eopper contained lo Ibe ore ia the itale of
blacli copper, coniaining bui a Tery lUlIe iron and lulphor.
The tpccial ripEmct ni llie Irealraant of one Ion of eopper ore of ordi-
nary Reality, B to 30 per peat. aecordiAg to our proceM,
I*, f.
Crfnding i fto
Roaaliag 6 IKI
Smelting ]? 14
Total Zi 61 - 19a. BdL
FoitrfA O/pn-afiM,— Refilling of the hUek eopper oblained by *McWa^
tn a furnace cooiaining 4 Iowa of eopper. Uaratioii of the operatteni IS
houn. Mean mnnamption of coal per buur, Z cwt.
yor one Ion of capper : —
h. e. t. d.
T..abeur, I half-day (g 3 frmci .. .. 1 &0 13
CtiaMi cwt. « I franc 1 SO IS
Total
2 6
For an ore rendering 8 t« 10 per eeal. of copper, the reHaliig will add about
30 per cent, to Ibe expeaaea.
In adding to ihcie cipenaea 3 franei (2m. M.) thr repairs of inplemenCa,
fte., tra arilre at a aum of 27 /V- ^tc. for the cipcntea of the treaiment of
one Ion of ore, conipriilng Ihe refining — wy in round nutnbert, £4 franca
('J3«, Crf.) For B rHum of 9 to ID per eeni., the special rxprnac* fat I ton
of refinerf eopper will be 350 ftanw (HfO > for a return of 25 per cent.,
1 12 francs (II. lOa.)
wn4N FROCVM.
Tbc aprcial cxpcnae of tbe trealnarnl of ooc ton of ore> containing or
rendering S per cent, of copper, ia ai foUowa .-—
Coal, 1.600 ktlagiaraiDea @ I fraoc .. .. 16jt.
Uboor, Ac, *«. ,. M
Total ,. ., afi. » 33a. 2tf.
Ditrereoee in faeour of otir preeeis, 14 fraitet (ll*. e<f.}
Tor one ton of copper and for tbe ore* ordinarily Itealcd in Wilef, tho
difhrence in Ihe tpenal rxpeoaea of tbe Ircatmant I* 175 fnuci (*'.)
The Soclclj for the Unaouragcnienl of tlw \tt> and Mannraclurr*. and
the Academy of S«lcn«a, bare bolb Teporled faxourably on tbo pioceu of
UM. KitolaiidPhULipa.
FALL OF RAIN.
jia AtWMtl qT to«M {Maerrorieiw mvlt om tkt DtfUk ^ SaU vAic^/Uii
in Ihe tarn* tomtitin, at differtnl attilmda, m (ie Afffy dUtriett nf loo.
tanhirr, Chtt\irr. ff>itf Dn^yihir*. Of S. C. lioMaoaUAai, C.G.— (Uead
bcfotc tbe Itoyat S»ciclj of London. May 23, 1849).
Having been preient nt a meniini; u4 tbe lloyiJ Society of Looiloa cm
tha eveuing uf tho IWb of May latl, when a valnabte nod iniertating
p«pprna> reud, " Uo tbc Mcieonilofy of the Lake Di«lricls of Weal>
mitn-hnd and (dumber laodi" by J. i\ Milicr, Etq., of WbilcLavco, la
which paper ibe fuUuwiog remark oe«urrtd :— *' it vrould be prematoret
frwo Ibe teaoly data bafoeo m«, to draw any conelotion aa to liio gratia*
tioe In Ibo qnaoiUy of raid, al ibeMi ureal elnvoliona above Ibe aea.
Bui it ntun pnbablt Ihal, in aaomluinDUj tli»trltU, llu nnoual nf mim
i/trrnttf* J'Ttm tkt vallry n/ittflnfi, to an altUuiie 4/ uJwaf 2,0i>D/rr/, trirra
if rea^Aef a «tiui>aaum : nad that atnuie Ihia eietation the qoanuiy rapliUr
(Iccreaacs. Tbe Uble for 1h|i( eibibita the rain fall of ibo fuoiner BMMrllw
only; bul tho additional lelums vl' ltt47, ubtaiued io ovary laiiety of
»eii>vD,[ooQriu Ihv abate dcductioua m t^vcrj- cMential fiartkalar, an that
wo may fairly aaaBOia Iha oonbioed rcaulta to be indicative of a pbytical
laiT, 10 far at lout ai relates lo tlic paiticnlar locality in ijuealioo.
«s»
THE CIVIL ENGINEER ANU ARCHITECT'^ JOURNAI..
I tm dutinn of lnyiiK befinw ihr Rot«1 Sodeljr ceH«in ol>i*rr«fi<iM
I BBile unOtr mv own direclion, "likh Icrl ">• lu 'liff i from lh« «ulhor ftf
, thai paiMT ia tB* MDClwun he h*t dt^luced froai bli f^cU.
Mr. Miller kiaiUjr (nraUlieil me tone Umc »I»co i»ilh niMjr, if Ml Ike
wkolr o( ilic irtDlti of U» ci[>«rini(DU in th«ti diiditii up lo Ih* bcgin-
nioK of Mmiib U»t. 1 b«t« Wen ««fol lo »i«rUi« i»li»lK»r Sir. Miller'*
ona c»ix'i'n-nl» fuHj 'w*'" out the condii»ioiii tuggethd in lU qvvtKtlon
aboK nitJr, btcaut' ihii canduilna U In illrrcl appu^Mioa tn Uir rcconJeO
obMrnliontof Ibo HaDoiir»U« Dalnn Itatrinslaa, K.R 3., !>'• I>»lt«li
rpfor«fle>>rU*ui*n,SNiii[K'IM«rslM]|,Esq,ofKF*<tat,aBd,IvbuFlriD»«K,K4q ,
or ManehcMier; and also m elMerviili»n» mxic in rsti li> Cap'uxi Ufroj,
lOcn DlK<ti>r of Uie Obi*r»«i«ry m Si. Url«na: the rrtoltj i>f wlnftholi.
aerTaU<M»we'« |>oUUbed in 1847, bj enierof Het M'Jf'.ty"! GoiMnawnl,
' Bsdet Ibc •«p«fUleniien*'e of Lltol. Col. Soliioc. F.S.U.S., In a volume
mtilM ■'Ubirrtatioa* made at ibe Ma|a(l>cai and Memialatlcal Ob-
HTvalary at SI. Ilrton."
Tfce H»iwu'»W'' Dnine) BwrlnKlon, F.R.3., »UtM in Ike "Phil.ao.
' pW**! Traawctioni" fat 1711. papi 39*. Ihntin 1711) bc<ou«*I two rain
Ingn* U> be placed, oae on atuuai lltnluc, in U'alca, 1,3G{1 feet abo'e
rue Mtel of tU« m. and \ke tAittt up«a tba pUlo ImIow. Kn>in Jal^r '^l>
tatliUjcU'toOGlobcrS9lb,ll)ef»us«on tl« top of ihc iMflcUin uu(lil
ft-IAff JBtbe* of rain ; ib« one at Ibc bottom K-7(Ki incbn. Khuwioc half an
laeb Mere ruiM fa Anrr /a//«)i m ifk* totleai Uutn m lAd lojiuf tbc racaa-
tain.
Dr. Dalloa, in the " Menmi* uT ibe Ulervr; and Pliilowpliical Scr-
atetror Maneh#»ter"'«il.»., New Series, p. MO,a«j»;-"P»«« ifce »*-
■cmllon* made In Great Untain, it appear* tu be an efcUbli»h»d fi«l, that
More rsia fall* in lb« billf pari of ttie «ieDti7 than in l!ie pUia ; but U
■l«o appftrs IImI llr ^uiiiii/y </ r«ia ia a letc MlMlieti u greabr than ia aa
WrenKilii'i'alten in Iftr ri^iHity."
Profeseor Daniell, in hn " El*ta*n« of M«lMr(ilojj,"Tt)l, i., p. SM,
■tatci, " 1( ha* bf >B aiorrlJiinpil mure rala fall* ai Iht bnlloni of a moun-
talDthaD the top. Samnrl Har&ball. Eaq , of Kendal, alto «iale*, in a
eonmnnicalim publiihrd in 16)9 ; in the TraoaaclioDS of ibc MeWnro-
loilcal SiKiclT." rol. I., p. 1 1), Ihal. " ll b a fact tofficicnill well esiab-
Ibbed, that uore rain fall* in l«w Mtvaliona tbaa in mora ckvattd aan,
|< CTCD«ben cODtiKuoni.
And tnorp rrrnolly, John Flefliinir, l^iq., aUlM, In the "Memoir* of
tbe Literary and Pbilnuiphiea! Socitijr of Maocbeater," *ol. t., Seooiid
Seriea, p. '2i3, thxt, ~ On itic drtrcnt of the bill, and probably alraul tbe
lb«t uf ilf tbe benvirst niiii »ill IaII." In the " Obwrtatioua mtdc at the
Mas"^^' *"*' Mctcoiolosicdl OtucrralatT of St. llclcna<" before alluded
Id, If Is aUled at p. 1D3 of the iudeK:^"ln 1811, (.'apUio Lefroy, IIi«d
director of Ite otiMf *atory at St. lUlena, oitabli^ed rain gnuj^i at three
Olbrr pulnlt of the iFlind, for Ibe purpate of ateenalDlni; a comparative
eatiniato of Ihe qosniiij of r»io, Thnalatiao* were— I. NeartkA- biicliest
KOBcleuf (he lilaad, an a irty oamiw ridge or rock ; 3. loner down on
sane ridge «rhilli; 8. LoBftwood ahxnratoty ; 4. Jamca Vnllrj. TUe
three drat muiioDi n>)e1il be eiMnprcheiidcd inn circle of oat luilt rndio*,
ud the fuiiitli it. but lltUe ware diilant. Tbe qaanlilie* of rain receleed
•t IbsK altttion*, diirinc niiie monlh* of 1841, iff le a^ fcJlov* t^
1, At 2«l'l feel of cltralioD, 33-aS inchee.
S. At l'J91 „ 87-11 „
X. At 17tlX „ 4S-43 „
4. At 414 „ 70> r,
Tbi* table (lioirtlhatatlTSafcel clcTHlioo.tnnch merv rain fell in a given
lintc lliftu al (4f AijrA/r rlKvaiiiiii ut lOUl fci-t. Tlie reaioa why ao iinAll
-k ^aanlitj ea7'03 lacbec only niu recorded In the lame tirue at 411 feet
rie*iitiue,ii iio4very appnrrnt ; but it eroutd probably be fuood, opoa ri-
wnjnatiiiD, thai Ibis rciult i* due la vome local circun»l«iioe hi the pniiilon
of tbe guuge, and out toileclevDtioD— a conclusion lu which 1 am led by
u eiaminalipu of ilio l<>cat>ti««, compared with (he quanlitiei of rtio col.
eeied ia Mr. niill<r'ii eiperinienti.
la a Rc|iurt which [ bnvc recently pubt)»lied, "On the Supply of
Sarplu* Vf tier V> Mooehefttrr, StLlford, and Slockporl/'p. 30, I hare
•bown Ihal, during tlie p»t year uf 1847, I huJ four ruin gaagca fiitd,
one at the bo(lc>m of ToiM'* Brook ^'alley, tiluaied Id Clieahire, nrar
Whaley. 030 frel aboTC ihc letel of thn lea ; another at Brink*, the top of
U)0 hill hordi^rtng Ihia vAllry, l,&00 frrt aboic the IctcI oI ilic aen, aod
that SB'IU iiichra lu dopib wai rccejied at the bottom of the hill, aud ooly
39'9 •iicbe* nt till; Inii of the hill. A third ([""S' ^'^ fixed at (lie l>ottuu]
«r Ibe Comb'* Ilrouk Valley, all uated in Uorbynliiie, ii<'.tr Cliipflrn-le-
Frilb, 790 f<«l aboia tbe lerel of the tt>«, and itsal 5l'3i> inirlii.-» in deplfa
w«i eaufht at Uie bottom of Ibe hlli, and only 33*85 Inchei at the top of
the hill.
Since the report JubI referred lo naa pobllthet], 1 hare been favoured
by Tboiiiat IIaHrk*ti^y,KM)., C. 1^., uilb tbe teaultaAl fome Impurlaiit un-
publiibed eiperiiueuls m&de by bini fur the CurporalioD of Literpuul, on
the nniguDl of the falluf rain at Hiviugton, and in the Valley uf R-mlille*-
wottb, near I'restuo, in Lancashire. Six rain gaugrs, placed near tbe
Bronnd, nere Gtr'I ia theie locolilirs at Ibo beKinuios of January, tU7,
Uirce at Hivioston, and three in the Vnlley o( Uaddletnorlh.
Tbe qnantltici falling per monlb are thonn in ibe fulloiring table, and
aleo (III nonllily fall (or JiDunry, Fcbrnar;. and Maicb, I84S, all of nbicb
nintti prore the aamc gencial fact, that mace taio talla at Ibc bollom tliu
Ik* to of tbe hilt* ta tbe tasie lonlitie*.
Tablb.^— $tomnjr '^ fmamliHM ^ fm /aDrn fr iMviA la iArae nit
fsf; f-nd ftar lie grtund, in tki ilUlrtrl iff Xiiiuftan, eml la (it
MMUUnrorlA VnU»f, tMOt^kirt. durny the ftar 1 S IT and /tree mml it
^ 1846, irtM thtW rr^^titt keightt ai«»9 tie ItttI of Ih* tee.
KlvlaiUM MiUkt,
m
i i
isir.
»»~ R.
1^410
a.-TU
tS*t.
I — 110
i!:-;i«
a:.-:w
a-ir*
a— rni
C-tou
IMS.
4.-aM
*.— 'M
6.— tM
lot. tw.
17» IHW
>-0> AM
»-\i 71(1
ira S41
>i* loss
irw aM
TIM
HoddlMvortb VaUn.
>SI t<B «« it& fTt e-tut C-»
fTt OM 4M l» B-U Mu 1-n
ittt e-M 441 I'M i-ai (!«s *m
iii 7-U »CI
«U »K IMt
l-w ;■» am
1J«
IID
The f»ut« at the loweat eleitlion Is tbfl Urtasln Jiitriel (410 feci)
recelred 48't<3 inctici of raiu during the year 1817 ; the fivfc at 710 feK
clerailon 46-tti idcIki during the aame time ; and the fUge U 7^0 it», tte
Ugbeat etcTaliov, only 't&-9S lachca,
Tbe s*«|« at tbe l«ir««t cUtalien in llie Roddleiwsrili locality (UO fed)
receiTed ^12 incbea of rain during lh« yen 1S4* i tbesaagc at tOO feet
tlevatina &*'10 iacbei daring Ibe >*ne liinci and the gauge at 900 feet, tic
higbett (tflTation. &2-&3 iarbea. Here it <rlll be obaereed, that tbe gauje tt
DOO feet elevation received, aa before, a conaideraUe fen amount d< nit
than tbe gauge at the lovrer elevation of 700 feel, but ihal the gauga at lb*
loweit cIrTation (•( 3&0 feet farmi an ricr|>iion, aa this gaoge receieed abM
X^ tncbei lew In depth during iheaame time iban (he gange at 900 Km titf
raiian, and nearly 7 iocbea leu than the gauge at 700 feci cletaiion.
A pcraonat knevrledge of tbia locality, or a glance at tbe mop, may icm
to cxplait) ihii deputnrc from tbe general rule obaervtd, for ihia gaagt ii
placed St tb« boliont of a alec)i talliy, bordered to tbe vrr*| by rely yta-
cipiioH* and l>ke>i land, and It la Id Ihta manlier abelteted, to a oonaidentb
eiteal, from tbe pretailiag rainy windt.
Tto rain gtugu which I bate vauaed to bn fixed, on* in the ntighbop*
hood of the Boslry Raermir, aiinaied near Conjleies, Chethire. 69Aftit
■buie the leicl of Ihc aea. and Iho other at Doalcy Minn*, i.2£j (e«t aban
the level of ilic sea. in ihe *a'»a locality, ahuw thai, during tbe Atat Jser
montba, January, February, March and April «f Ihe prcteai year, ll'il
iiichi) fell on Ihe Lottom of tbe bill, and onlj' ILCS iocltcs on titalea it
Ibe ht!l.
The amount of rain necivfid in Ihe rain gang* placed near Ibe bollo* *l
a hill at Tatiil a Uraoli. (Iitfore referred !<),) (luting ttii penud, w» 1349
Incbei in ileplb, ami at BniiLa, llie tup of ibe umr hill, only 1 1-51 ineh<&
Th« amnntil t^teived in thin lime al Comb't gaiiie at llie bottom a( ttl
bill, wai I'J'iO Inchrt, and ia titc tavge al Ihc lop uf ibe bQioaljr INl
inchei.aa shown in ihe tuoinUly r^^piiit of ih« obaerratiusiiudt vttkl *
tbcae gauget nhich arc given in lb* following lable.-—
TkBi-a t\ovntg tht quaalHitt ^ rain /aUtm ptr mcnlH in certain _fiin>tlr
ffmigrt. 9 tneJitM diameitr. and piaerd %Jttt 6 fncAi-j aU,r* the narAjM
the ground, al Todd"' SmrJi. near ft'Aalty. CMnlnrr : al Vonft
*tmr Cha^ttft-te-fytlh., lUrbj/Mtt; and Hoidry.tttOT Conslelim,{
with Ihrir raficHhi hriijhU airier Iht ttrtt (•/ Iht ita.
Sltuatlou noil tielitii iturc Ihc Irnt a( Ihe m.
TaIiI'i Brook. 5nnta, up othllli IJOOrivt,
TailiriltiinkHmnaittMMLoDi ufbLILItWIetl,
(ruiinli'i Hirtfi, MP ol bill, l.itn Cmi.
Comb'i RuHTolr, botian of Mil. 7ID ftel' -.
BiMtev Minna. io|>oi bili, 1,VIU !**>, .,
SMiry lli*emilr. bollom of lull. i'JI) ftet,
A knowledge of tlis facta before mentioned induced ne to uaioin* Mb
Uiller'i eiiieiliiieiitt aoon after receicing Hiem. wiih a view to aiceetala taB
far they conrtrnied or were in oppniitioa lo the rtcntdcd oba«T\ali«o* Mt
focU slated by llio many cmloctit me (eoro logical autboriitra before qooltA
for which pur|iuie 1 procured itie beat map of the lake dittrici 1 could ab>
tain, and maikrc] upon it the titiutinn of Mr, lliller'a rain gaogo, aad IfaB
comparcil logeilicr tbe leatilu oUaincil by the lain gaugea pUced aa tb
valleys or tlie liultutii uf thr hilla wiib the nin gaugia placrd BpoB the lep
of fA* t4»te hilit or bordering lAt tame taJhyt. Uy proceodtng wilh rdi-
rence to locality in Ihia manner, it aooti brcamn apparent thai il>e valuaUt
and Intatriting facii coUoclcd and recorded by Mr. Miller, wiilt very fm
eiceptiotK. nrliicb it ai>ptsn to nie may be easily accoonied for, agreed w4b
llic ol»ervaliuui of aiher meiBotoIogical vriiiera. Indeed. Ihia cuuJii uttfl,
lo be Ihc caae, nnlett Itie generally received and admiiied ibrorfj
fotmatioo and diitributioii of rain, aa laid doira by Dr. Rallon, i
ditf/roTtd.
■The laop al Conib*! Ilnrmlt It ■ oUnitrlnl isuf). 7 loTlite dlaa*ta>iiMlU
Intbn abn* 1^ Icnl of tii< riuuHt, aitrl hu ■ Ban m6 utH u Indleaae Uie araeoat rf
nlD lUllaf i Uila (ugt ptvbaL-ljr ataowi an ucesaci Ite uaeant «f rate.
Jin.
Feb.
Uircb.
April
Mfe!
Ini.
till.
Int.
Ih*.
i»^
r;*
A'U
231
*M
it«
!■;«
»ftti
»n
9'M
\i9
IM
aat
x-»
I'M
lU
litO
9-30
4M
n-M
nf>
I'M
are
»?»
YS)
!<•
■i-sa
411
.I'M
IC
ItCt
Id Mtflg., ,|
teM
IMS.)
Upon minhlng \ft. MIDcr'i ftcli. It «tll b# foond, from April to D«e«in.
Wr. IMS, tiotli incluiira, that *l WhilrtiRvcn, 90 tett ibore ihe Icrel of tha
Ma, 38-063 iocbM ffll : wh^r* tt Round dote, 4^0 fctl abort iIm ki, ■nd
BOl fardUtant.oalf 36195 inclia felMn lb« lanailni: ■nil durjnj 18 IT.
that 12-02 iacbn tre reoonled te htre ftUcn U Whitdikf (D. anJ ouTjr
4S-923 at Round Cliue.
On aimining viih lefercncit to loaltlj )■ a timiUr manner ths raia
Saps plarc'l ill Itic Vallr; vt Blirowililc^. or Drrnrnl Water, in wUirli tale
B quantity nf water revived bf fuur rain ;iiUK<t 'i 'liiTcrtnt aliltudri are
reconIe4 bj Mr. Milkr, naniolr, one at Seatlixaiie. 'i\i (ret abmc the acaj
aoe at Sly lluci, l,'2!]g f^t high; »ii« al Seal«ltar, 1,3:11 ((-«i >>>ghi and
Buc at Spafklin; Tarn, 1,006, feet high ; it will ke found, a* ihoirn in tha
fotUiwinj labia, whii^h 1 liaie drawn tip from a earaful analym ef Mr.
Mlllpr'* fixppriTii«nt( at oonimiiniratod la m« liy MmitV, takinit ilm tonunt
period tluilnji; wliicli li« liaa ievEiit«teJ tipMiiiuctiU at tacli of Ilie localltiei,
Ikal frotx) Juue IttiG. to KuTcmlii^r IS4* ini^luittc. ISyei} Inclira frll al t
Inel of 212 fMt abate tlic tea ; at the grcntitr rlnvaiian of 1,230 feel a leu
qnantiiy. Of 1(1-12 iaeliei, frll ; at Die greater clcTatioa )liU of 1.331 feci.
• j«l iiBalUr qaaktily, or 1&5'*S tncli««. Tbt laii ciamplt, boveter, at an
tteratton of 1,906 feet, iliam that It)3--I7 inobei fell in Iha Mn^a li«n',
being, in ihii iDi<in». leai by 10 inehe* than Ihe quantity whkh fell at the
(leraiian of 2t'2 ftet. bnt mueh more than the quanlitin which fell at ilie
eleraiiani of 1,29A and 1,331 feel. Thi* 1a*l fii^i I think nujt ija accountnl
tat hf reference lo the pecaliar pi>iilian of Sparktliii^ Tarn (the inotmiaia on
Which Una laal $M%t h fiictl). This niointaiii ii unlj^ l,9U6 fnt high, hut
ia in Ibe intmetfidfe tirinily, that i<, «itlkln a mile and a quarter tu a nvile
and a half of the moD-iaJna Scaofdl Pitic and Ittxrfcll to the aouth, and
arithtn a t&tk and a quttl«i of Grrat Cavel t<j the narlh. Thcic mounUirii
*M7 from 2,0(10 to 3,IS6 fnl in iitighl, tlie Inwnt of them bnog upward*
ef 1,000 feet higher than Spatkling Tarn, white Sparkllag Tarn H foil; ex-
pauit lo the B>rueTl}> «indi ; and the claiidi being carried inland hf llii*
wind, bctttran Ihe |Orje faiitiiril hjr ihaM high mouniaina, it may b« caiily
OOBCtiTtd tbil i U'Re porilflo of r^tn in the iraniit of the cloudt "oulil be
drpoiiidl on ihe top uf Sparkliuf Tatii : sa that the large aoouoi of raia
fallins at Uiit aliilude in Ihu luuliljr Kauld appear to lit the ciccpllun and
wt tbe nk.
lAWL*.'-Borr«vitale, op DenrmI Waltr.
MHIha.
matbvaUtk
sty ftMd
Sr*in!l*r,
Sptr)iUn«T(rn,
MIIM.
\.W (m.
i,s,-u rnt.
l.!<(« In*.
fc Tim,
In.
IlU.
In*.
lu.
«■«
R36
b-ia
SU
wR
a»M
i7-;e
18-ae
a-n
■Ll^ ..
to-is
Il-Kl
R'U
I2«a
4*1
«s
»7»
M«
Ofiabar,
»**
»-u
ir-*i
sru
Hvmnbtr, ..'
Uacnktor, ..
Mtf.
Janoarj, ..
4t-M
xtia
17-11
ti-n
VaWOMT. ..
Mirrt.
SC ::■■
MS
r-M
7-18
w#
jMt
j-a
7-11
•71
»!■
laiy.
s-si
>«
9-JiO
4-U
Anint.
lD-«
wv
l0-»
1»0
Scptnbcr, ..
is-n
l»vt
ivoa
IMS
OcMtWf,
30M
U-M
Urou
1*«
KeinntHr. .,
»■»
9iHn
UXKT
«-«!
DtccaitHr, .1
1M«
lM-13
1M-7fi
ium;
^Bb tko Tatley of Wmi Water, the amount «f rain falling at Waitdalt, \M
Vet above the level of the leai from March 1816, to Novemhrr 1^17, both
incloiitc, ia ibovtn to be 170-^5 inclifi; and al Scawfrll Pike, ohicb botderi
thii tatley lo tha rail, 3,166 feet high. on>y V1^\S inihei felt in the laioe
Uinr. In the Talli>y of ICantr<lBte, it GlUorthwaite, 2^6 fi>et above Ihe aea.
lS3-eG Incbet fell ;' while at Uieat Gatel, 2.923 feel liigli, iltjriiig Ihe same
tim«. only I24-6H tncbca fell.
All the taluable facit here alluded to, inpplied hy Mr. l^liller itiih one
kiceptioa only, proie that tho ereatnt amount of rain fatU in Ihe aame
locamiet al or nni the bate at a bill, and not al «a Rrrai in altitude it
S,O00 fed ahavt the ati; and the one ricepllnn, namely. Itiat i1 Spaikliiig
Tarn, l.MS feci high, slinwB that frnm June 1(116, to November ll*^7 (both
ladnuvt), 1B3-1* indin fell ; ntiile al Staltknaite, the bottom of the lallcy,
iMunded by SparkUng Tarn, juring the tunc tiioc, aa much m I93-69Ini:hta
lUl, or 10 tachc* more at Ihe lower than at lite highM lucatiiy, tbu* con-
Innilig the eonclmion arnved at b}> my ohierrtlioai, which *Uo fully accord
wilb Ihe iDeleorotogictl auihoritlea 1 hat« qaotcd.
Aa the ataounl or ilepth of rain faLliog In a gLven time In Ortat Dritain,
in different locallliei and under diffciont cir<;ucii»lanc4«, ii a luillet of lery
mtl ^ctieal importuice lo eivil engineen gen«r«Ily. and tipe^ially to
Ban Mgaged in dHigving workt lo tupply large lowoa niih water, lo
ngnlite the flow of rirMi, or to drain lar^n InieU of land. indrpenHeni of
llmr liDpnrlanoe In a pliiioiophical polni of riow, I baie item umtllllnj; to
■How Ihe valuable fad* i;ollecled tiy Mr. Miller, vtiih tucb pencterauie and
iadiwtrr, to paat witliniii a few comnicnta, which, aa it appean to me, may
tod to make them more teaerally uiefuJi by riptaining tbeir luppoied
diierepucy with the generally [ceeivcil tiewa, of euch accurate obfttrcn m
I>r. Dallon. Profetior Danlell, Captatn I.error, md tbe other iwDioritiai
i|tiot«d in Ihia paper, eonfirtncd aa the ohtervDtioni and reeorded eipcri-
raenia of thtae latt-nam^d gtnlUmeii ate aliowu lo tM by Uia siore neeal
eiperimeitta lierelo dttailed.
NOTES OF THE MONTH.
AVtc Sifsm w HjiAvutic IfAtfl.—Xt m nKcllrtg of ibc Royal Coramll
I'olytttbnic Society, an intention by Mr. Janet Sinia, oflledrutb, wu «•
ptaincil, Ihe ohjr«t of wbi«h wa« to cttrty out fintpjkity and portabitily to •
gteat't extent than had hilherro heen elfefled in uteh enjinei. It waa
iiilrncleJ to be worked eilhor by tteaiD or waler-|vn«(r. Ai a ttwn-whael
or rniiry engine. h« coimived it ttirpaaMd all former atlempta at lUi
pnndplt. at tbe motiie power it in the pUton and cylinder of Ihe oedinarr
conitiiictinn of [lontlon and Wait'i engiou, and Ibe cipantive priatiple ot
cnKiiig uirtliealean) it carried to a greater eitcnt thm in thnie engloea-*
the motion of the plitun being iadependent of the motlan of the vliccl, and
almott ioalinlaneaoi. In all tbe rotary or ateaia-wbceb biihclo before Iha
puhllr, be w»( not aware tbat any of Ibe intenlon had aralted tlieraeeKea
of the beaetlt of worliing vtch the ordinary cylinder and piilon ( Ihey bate,
therefoM, failed to carry out the etpanure principle, and alto lo prevent
Ihe Icaicige ofiieani. In tome, packing hat lir«in ailempKd, hut bere tba
friction it to greal, and the w«r to rapid, that not one on lliii ptin htf
tucetedid welt. In IhLt eoginc, on ibe rcvoluUon of tbe wheel, wbrn tbe
cylinder coniea to a pci pendicular poaiiinn, tbr il cam it ad mil ted under-
ncalU the piiton, at tbe lamc time it tacapti froiD the top aide, iherriiy
tbiftin): ibt wcigiit to the lap of tl'C wheel, and camiog it to revolte by ila
pfepoiidefanc*, Iho power of Ihe engioe being ibt amount of weight niOvo4
a Ctitain number of feet in a given time, lUgulnrily of motion being ream
Ual, it might be iceomplithed by a good gottrnor. The Mow agtintl Uio
bulTeta it in proputtimi lo the extra qnantliy ofatcara admiltrtl, and ia oa
Ibe laoia principle ai the otdiniiy leciprueaiing or pumping engine. Ai an
hydraulic engiDC, It la well adapted for liiualiona wbrreagood height of
water can lie ubiainrd, but riot lufflcicnt for the orilinort wiici-wboalL
The water might be conveyed in pipci, when a vciy tmall alttani could be
made available to an c-tlent in pruportlon lo its btighi and iiuinlity. It
wonld 1^1! »'loiitl«d into thccylimterin thejime way at tteam, ibcicbj )bifUag
the weighu, and nuking a very HTeetlve and ecoiiomical »>lcr-wheel, ai
every pound of water would be Uied. The velocity of the wIimI would ba
roueli tuperior to llie ordinary water-wheel, heing in pmportion lo the height
and contequent pcr-taure, and Ibe qaanljty ef water lo be oUtaiaed. So altft
it! iclo'-iiy ai a ttcaia-wheel would depend on the pictiure of ilea id. ad*
laitling Ihe ihifting of weiglila. howeicr quick the paaamg of Ihe apcrtara
for theadmiuian (jf the iCeam. The engine wai ii present In iit infancyi
and altlioujh It w«iked well, there wai, no doubi, laom for further iin>
proreioenl. The principle being good, at regatdi the appliciiion of ctenaa
and wtter-pDwee, and ita economy and poilatjility being conipicuout, it
ihould not be loii tight of } he ihould, therefore, proceed with hit eipari>
menia. and hoped at Ibc nett meeting to report more fully of ill aif tantagea.
Ill application ntay be general, and he thought more adtuilageuni thin
almoii any other enf;ine. at in ihe abarnce of the crank, each end of the
ahafl ii at liberty ftr any altachtncnt. The imall amount of friction,
conicqucnt on iti timpliclty, ii tceo at once, ai.ii aUo itie small anoanl
of liability to deiaiifeiBent-
7Ae Anicair l^itutar Bridgt, — The tecond great tobe of the bridge o*tx
the Cvnway Stralti Kai floated on Ihe pontoODt lo the pleti, on the 12tk
utt. The Operation, conihined with the itupemloui miclilnety employed
in the proccat. oiinclvt targe erowda from Conway and other parti of the
priori pality. Eterytblng fatoored the lifting of the leviathan tltudnre.
At prrdxly 9 a'clock, or 60 minuiet before hijii water, Cnptain Clailon,
R.N., gate the lignal to pipe all bindi, anil alrnott immediately tbe trameu-
(tout (irlghl waa teen creeping tiealthity to iti detttuatltiii. .Neat him waa
Mr. R. Stf-plicnion, M.?., the celebrated engineer, and dcaigncr of thia
new feature in engineering art i Mr. E, CUrke, C E„ bit head utiilanl j
»Ir. A. M. Koii.C. E.i Mr. W. livaat, thscoatractori Mr.F. rotttor.C.S. i
and Mr. Amoi, of Ibe firm of Eaat«n and \rioi, who conttruetod Ihe lifting
machinery t and near it Sir C. itmith, Bart.; Itliliop »f Ilangor, Rev. Mr.
Morcio, Mr. J. 0. Burger, and a number of Ihe gentry. The tu>>« waa
lified tbe height of 2 feel in about 60 miniilea, and u'th ill weight of 1.300
tontwatgot tafely home at a few minuiet put 10, aiuidti enthuiiaitio
butili from Iho byitaiilni. anil a ulvo of artillery fiom tbe caiUe walla.
Tbe entire operation waa elTectrd without the tlightul accident.
Opntmg ^ the Skrnaiiurif and Ch*ittr AsfJwdy. — TbU Use dI r^wajr,
which ii 11 mllet in esKiil, waa opened ibroughoul on Thurtday, IStk nit.
The piennt line ii an amalgamation of Ihe North Walet Alineral, and tb4
Shrtwibory.OiwcttTy.and Cheater Junction Rail wai t ; IS ntiteiof IheUne—
namely, from Cheilef to Ruttion, have l>Kn cptned for nearly two years,
and llic r?c«iptt during thai lime btve been about £10 per mile per week.
The toil of the enliie line hai been about £L7,U00 [ler mile, and the work*
log acock will be abuut i:i.000 pet mile more. The traffic on tbe liM ia
cbieSy minerit. In honour of tbe opening, the occaaion waa ohteiied at m
icn«fil holiday along ibe line, and levnal Uaiua ran both way*, coaritrbs
Uio Inkabitaoli gralii.
h
i
«w
THE Civa EStilNEEH ANI> AftCHITBCrS JOURNAL.
LN*o«
to.— The iBtrioak vilae «f ke. Ilk* thai af •rial*, do^ndi en ib*
iBTcttttaiKiD of ao asM>«r. Tliat la to wTi a snliic fool of Lower
C4»i»la l<c, it toiliiilcl]! were toU iJiui * cubic AmI of Upprr Canada
dfctch cuolnint mom toli lh*a a «ubie foot of Weabam ic»,
rkleb MBlaiiM infinilcij moM ecJ4 Ikan a <ubic fool of F.nj;lUI> ice ; and
'^tbiil, •1tbo«(h racli of Itioi* (our onbic (m< of Irv ha* pr«t<i*rly Uie aniue
ahape, IIif| firh.a* >uion)ara|)prowhM,dimiDlatila viliir~-(hHi in louy,
thtj radi «railiially Ium ■ porlluo iif ihcir cold, UDiil, Iork before llic
Lower Caoada l«« has oiclicd, tli- Ent;li*h ice lia* bceu Guarcrted ioto
lulcpvArai Hnlrr. — Ckmmbrrt' £(finiti>xJ> JaamaJ.
Ah Eif.-rimtnUI Vt*Ml, — Tberru now loudiM l« ika Noftb DmiIc*,
8«odertitii<l, no ri|ierliiiMtial veaaal. aaaied tb« Mary Carmiinf, boilt bj
Hr. iLidiloo, uf Roi:hM{er, hIio la alto lbs onner. Sh* ku no krcl, but ii
ktboUoiurd, and built in Ilia barcc iiyie. Neitber la tlir c«Dlkcvl— ihc
■muaanrl(U4d niiti frli. Sbo » 321 unit n^icistrr, and farric*4,VO0 yaiJi
of caovM nli^n <u full MJI ; aaU whca full bJeu wilL 30 ki-uia of cuali,
■bvilfaw* coif t^Jfrvl of waltr, Sb^ ii intvuitrd fot llir Pi«i>ch Iradc.
On th* tun da«i>, wiib h. N.N.W. wio(t,&ka oaUlrippnl 40 collien. —
Dmrham Adrrrtiirr.
Bailu-ay la &';iru>..-An ritiFrirDpQial trip Hat made ua lb* 8lh of
Oblubet.vu ihir lailnaf from Hnirelutm In Halaio.bi llie dlrecUm Ul<l
Ifcrir [rinida. Tiir jaaintj friioi HurcFluna tu Mularti wu BAdehlali
Ltour< cxalu*i<« of tluppacea, aoJ lh« journcT back in M niinnlcn — tLr
^4t*<Aite« U iff le»tn<t. Tke Birithttti ate lery prood of Catalotiia biding
> BrM In Kpsln to poMcaa a railway. The line wat lo be opened to tl>«
Mtcon tbe IQiti.
The fiailiriiji Inintit.—A* llicra appear* lo be a lood deal of roiaap>
[.prcheuiiun and loissUirnirnt ttiaat wilb rcfrrrncr to Ihc ol^rctof the
Rpetioi:* i>t Ihirlhrrr grral rnitnn) compaiiir«, nnd Ihrtr coa»rqiictit negg-
lialiosr, *p bate rndcarourtd Id aRccrlaiii thv real facia, and ttc hate
I to b<^lk*e that Ih^am aa fallawa; — TbediiiincI objrriof (kp con-
Ute is nol (o intrnaM Carea or tmaft Iniinii, but it la 'or cffcdiBK a
ampIHe oaiun of rupilal ol tha Ihme fE'fal compnniM — lli* ^oItb•
(%e*lmi. Ibp Soiilh MastrrD, and Ihr Grrat Wealetn, and the cooTaraton
Ike lliree ln>o noc urtmt oamiiauy, UDrJerooo coatralliaK bodyi Icnelng
"Ibe w«rkii>sdeial)i wllb ilia mpecilTr boarda. The dcl«f aiea conaiat t^
B«fl Oircctur* liom each rompany, kpudvd bj their toaprclivB oViaimcn,
7h*)r havF KMxMally met Iwic^a *Mpk at Mr. OI>a*a hnuiia, Mljotniiiit tka
baufc. U'n underalund llial eooe f>f n* rnl principles nf union haie been
feffiruied a«il tt'a detail* lefi lu llt^ onntid-rJitlon of lli« aolicllora of lite
mpetrlive oi>ni))aiiie*. nho will bn\e lo coQtidcr of lh«t penprr BOlicp* (■>
l^uliamrm ) for, of cnurar, nulhini; can be done wtlboul ilia coatciit uf
'Ike piofeirtor* of all tlie MiiDpaiiina aod l«itioIatl*« aaoclion. We
have beard tkat »otar oliatnele* liair ariMn fnivi Ihe dMRiuainn lalruiJiic^d
by thai triTd i|aa*liua — iha htoHit (iBiHgr and narnw |ia*i|te loiervai* —
jlfeiil mote pameularlj frun Uir (lithcnliy of aMedaininf ihi> retulivi- iiluea
nf Ibainal )al«r«ala wbub ll la prupoird *liutild bv united. We liave,
Ffcawr^cr (ootl muon Ui liope ihat itarau diiliculiirs mil be aurniuuiitcd.-—
filtrnmg Cttrwuitlt.
Ua/euHun/ ll'ireaoif Utmfr Rafrtt, — Ao etperimuiil «»» lalclj Iricil iu
H'ouIwitIi Dtfckf uid, lo BBCon^iii the cewparaiiie alr«ngtli of wire and
kcaipMpec. A wire r^pe. 8 Inebea round, and a benp rupe of llitee
tfranda. hawarr laid, <«n>iiiiJB make. } iucbeamuDd. wereipliced ItigMiictf
•ad plated lo the itMiait mnctiinr. aid on Ilin lijdiaulic power beinK np-
flkd, Itia ktiufi lupe liruki^ iu tlio luiildlc uu llic *trMm reaubiiiK U) tona,
\ Ike "ic lepe iciiiaiuiui: uppumilljr lu *lrauK u*«1itu i1i« oprrincni citni-
Biraced. A IV ire rupe, S) lUiliPti ruiiuil, irvB ibcD Bjilicrd ii itli an Siuell
txmp shmud rope, aud on ihe powrr tieini; applied Ilic hemp rope biuke
lo ili« iiiidrite', wtib a tinaiu tk 10) tuna, the wire rupe eoatiuuiug ojipn-
^nalll uninjured.
iSletiM I'outr Q/'/'ruNK.^Aer.ordinK to a Jala alalUlical tepOTi, made
10 ibe Kutciuoieul, itte Duinlier tit lominoliie eOKioea C04iatruel«l la
[France, and euiplLijed (rj tlie cuuuli) lo 1041, cqiialkd Ui« niiJiibar Im-
(torled fiODi ahri.ad ; m IKill, Ikcrc were twu luvfo fVriiclj Ibau furriga
euRiuea: In 1841, tl>e mrplu* wa* Jl ; la IStJ, 7«i ; lU 1MI>, br|iiod
Wbkli fear tlie irptirl ttid Dal go, Ihii nici*** waa Kit. lu UIB, Ihere
were zil4 alniiiliuiiti, betonjiiiu In piivale ladivlduala aorl coinpauic*,
OBtigaiiaK iliF liver* and »cai. Tlic number* and furce uf iLe eUK'oea iu
nae uii lund. and nclini an lucomuliici in the ilenuiers. wi-rt', in 1646, aa
foilvwiy— 111. ; j.soa 4-nKinet ai wwtk no land, eciuaJliuK lt)3flflS4ior»c
power; lAI IcumotiveB, uf 60 I'Oiae power encli, u^on the avemgc
BnuutillDi; to 37.MH hnrte-poner ; i%» engine* used iu ateim-tliip* aod
boai*. aniodiiiiita to l(m,013lioiae power. Tbi-ae, lugelhpir give a force
•f X99,Jl<&-hiiiM- power. Cumpannti the ittroglh of mau to hnrM-pnwer,
11 will be fuiiiid itiHL 11)0 ttc-am-rui;iae» rmplojcd In l-'rauco in 164(t were
■utieiilufe' for 2.0I>I,6m nii-o.
yrgtt»tla War.— M, Julta Rouignon tuttmlltcil to tho A«i1«inr of
Bcianeo a tpecimen of *e|clable waa, txtiartei] (min tlio berriet of a com.
Ban lauirl gmwn ob the ■i.aonliint of Vera-Pu, in tho Republic of Cutti-
ball. Tliaanalytii of Ibla wal gave, Ctitiurt, ;e'39 i Iljdragcn, t&'08 (
Oimen, 8-G3. K U nf t green rolonr, and eihalea a tllghllj aromatic
<Ntuui whrn ruMied or melted. Tbe candlea whicb have been Enada with
Ibi* wai giie a Ijeinlifutir clear liylil. and ditTiiie a pleaunt aromatic odour.
11iR laurel whnie lierrlea luinith lliii wax, bulbs chaiacter and leafB^e uf
JLauru' nubtlit ; \\ fi.tmii ntimernm ihti-k foreili iu the mouiitiin* uf Vera-
Pat, il.nl h, thiounliiiut Iht wbulo of ibat part of the CiualiHiilian icriltoi;
■bitb comiDGDce* at Rio Potocliif , and rprcada lo tbeliuilD of Yuclan.
CrtUfUml t>Ucat*rif, — A cotrrapandeat af tba Fift Htrald Matnlte
" a aecliou of Uncsion* rock boa been laicly laid opea by Ibe rulimitf
Ibi' F.Oiebu()(h avl Narllirm llailway, at lite Ncwbur{h ilalina. «kkt
betuap i« Iha obrnaloat o( tbe old red aaadiloac foennaiioe. Tbr fm
aipoaed to about 100 feel in leantli, by upwafda of SI fret in tkltlot^
aad very diatinctly itfntillMl. Tlw bcdi ate bruken near the ceuirc. itUk
canee* iheir (dgra to alip down aud dip in uppiuiic direction*. locUaMf
on unc tide nt uu aligla of tS" luivarda llie nnrlb-ea*l, and ca Itealkr
approaohiug (k> Dtarlif a *«riical pvxilon luwardi the aorih-ae*!. W|U
addato il>e ee<>1w^(ul imporlHUc^ of thediKyxcrj.i* the fact Ihal Atfitf
MDdalone, or Cariajlie fua*dlir«r»D* pavo«en( (tone, i* fuaad te k*
lanoiediate viciaiif of the cuttireoiin depociL The rvpraaenlaltt* ef it
ConisiiiBe ill tuclaiid, it i* well hoowa, i> eitmscly rtcfa in AMrib; fw
liEolarly of tbe ccona c<j)h»la»fU. while not n frajairnl boiaafeltM
drletlrd ta BS) uf tis nanierva) lecdliltc* id 8collaud,- The cohwr «f itt
biup*I(inr IB lhal of a dark liulj prey, with iauuntrrBble while UtnW-
like veio* c^ earboaaia of lime, baih v-enifal and loDKilndloal, Bod «Lki
caaaa Ibe foek (o aplit up iain thin buodi «r inTp-ritrl iirnlh-rrtratmiiil
IBawea. Tlw depoatl is •ubcijtiullinr. »[ aa riiraaaaly liard aadclMV
lelUire; il i* imt Budiilar or couipouad. at ia ao luaaj other pUota,k(ttf
a aloaa, uBiforai, boiaageBcotia altacUira,"
UUr or UBW rATEHTS.
oajtimD IK B.ioLAMo rHDU SirrEuaaa 38, to Ocroaaa tt, IM
SU if on /At aUoiMtf fyr enrotmtnf, inieu otitneim tfrtmti.
Habwl SdrUaa Kaasll, Omtmtntd, DaihuD.rar ~ t ntinnvniMiM \m lodb ^m^
endlaUi* meant of raMenlni and actlini up IherlaalaaortlUpa."— SealBdaiiiirjt
Aoilieie Pilaa RalUilar. Waocbnler, mnniifBcturtoc lamit*). fti "" 1 1 1 lala lapw
nantilB it* »uiiui.>(tiii«flr|)tnalt|nnjiiiaeU,''-Sepl.M.
Pennell Alluian. of Cb«ilM-(ln«t.Saltil iiinr«'*-*qawc. WetUaloMar. for "eaM
tuipiuiiHiMul* la appBiMiiB fer tlw prsilBialeii af U|fit Intia •iHDtdiir."— a>}4. H.
MllllBiB WIIUnHM NIrlMUeD, «f ae>o«4ire*l, GMy-i tatntmi. cirll (Dgta^b
' IwnnmawMt Id ■i^a ar y iataanptattlBt aaeil, tod oilMa naiarlal* (HaalpaMl
aiiieem-'-a«i>i.a<.
Joteph GlUuiand JaliD Uarri*on, IDriiilnctiitn, for *• I mpmeecBtaaa IB iiiiil^lb|
cylindrical antt ulfi<r tiirfuta of vTUDd and olhtT aiat«rtal.*'— ftppufH.
Tlianiu lli-lcalr. tf IBli aom. Cimncii Tcm.UUldlaati, aeWleniiji . Cw " IbtHk
mcnli III [bw<uii<(iui'iii>4i of iWiB. tui4>, anil vUiM acudtiar (nmliiirc liw tlW^ 111
tvcIlBlDf on."— Ucubrc i,
Kdaaid Joba &Ii»f][. LtTcr)K»l, fui " In ptuvnnarl* In afitwatui for mcaitAttt
tpHd it y*uttt :,n4 airennH. and tuiunfiilsluf ilia daptlia «f imtte.'*— Oai>«t t,
.laivjih aliiip KsllFi. llmltgiil, Vaik. ijilaner. (or •■mtala loiptavawtBla f tnpt.
Inf. (imLInf, and ijri>lnf[ wool, al|iBc>i luebalr, and »ltier AbeniM aalailB)*.*'— mi.1.
Juhi> UVijibt, f'fcin hrrwrd. Kurrpj, tnflbwr, l»r ** InpmeBarblB In [aaiiBlin MMa
uiJ aniKiratiuc DultLt."— (Jet. 1^.
Cliaiiiadf Biiiuv, d( Aittiui-itieei. Weit, Lendun, csflaMr, to ~ tiiiniatiita li
tijWgei. Blrtpt*. anil baani*."— Ucl. II.
Aribur Dunn, ol Dilttnn. (brmiii. tut " Iiii|iTnrgiB(nt> It Mcenalalog aadMlaM
Iba ttniMtalBr* lad ihmibh at utili."— OeU 19.
J»liii IJiile liloiilB Sin linn, at ■H'"''' (■""Re. N.B-, Keq., for " I ai p e»ve» (Bli hi*
manurdtttui* of tr«o aiir] uxMtilJc coiniii.iii,,!*."— OcV. 1?.
K11*> Itnblnu<n DaniliM'li, «( Id. Uafml-alfnt. Laiulen, and llathiBarh>V^^
Qimn'a Coiinit, Irriaiiil, Kh].. far"cetiBla lapinTtaienu In Bmliaalaoi ■piilnUi B
itiiiFVlllnitaiii] tidliiailne iti* |i>n)fUlalau DFeMtaii In iba mier, wbicb !■! t ii ii^liai
aijiEinbla la JocomuUvr aaaiova Tof fa^lvaj*, nad ntber al^llf pur| n i*»e."-.OeWtt
JbiTin Aahbf, ill raKhnl^ia, jiumr, u^illrr. fiir "ccriain JnipraveiBeBla In oaMaBf
■Pl>llc4ble M (Jnoliia ttsiu Mid dn«*liiR nraal."— Oit. Vi.
Vaoivl WMucT.DrWimnaffanli. Sdikt. diillJo, anJ Jaine* Jobii Wtolaaelk. '«^
•■111* nlicc. fM " loipnivinicnu IB maFlitnoy fsr drilllai neiaU (sd olliir i i' n-r"*
(x-t. la.
Baihu'I Cuhli!!' l.blT, of llannlngbam, V,)j1g. gtnlLi-lnan, tor " rniieoriBinli U p^
pHluK. lia(liIiii|,*n(lnM><<>liiainiul,BfiilMI«r Dbruija auDMance* "—Oct. tfl
F(ai>k ClarlH HlUa. d( Ptfiifurd. hml, nunutoetanna chaiUb ft* " I
IcaUUif «iL>ln Mill atiil faor*, nr tapuur*."— UM. 1^
llobeii Ans'i* Amlili, ut MBactiattr. lur *' ImftiMnoMnt* In Uie appllcaltanatd p^ '
ptrBtlaii ol >«•! lar."— O1.1. IV,
Ejilwrt William Slivlrr. o« Vp\>n lUllouay. Ulddleni. (taliaaiaD, f "I ^m
noBlalailii BiMiiast ■nipiDf *ua imvlDg plain lad DCBrtiKBbiic*.''- Od. tf.
J^rpb E"si>Qo A.»m, of Uil», In ihe rtjiubUr o( TVanorf tiaaUnlal, tm " livPil
uraii* ut vLiiaititut ciwLIVfl |kiik[."— UcL IV.
Wililtn Uiuttii. of CtiDbnrtac Iteiili. UiddlriFti *nier, for *' lai^iroe^aaaft
mannfuturief (latdc aUiklnp ■ml .illxt (Utile bandj^ti inri fabric*. "—Oct, 'Jt,
iom HJorlh. cif ifwrr-itml. Aldiiiir. for "crFIaln ImproTaiDraU la lie wrd |
•Unra magnriiim, auO 111 (piilliaiiun aaa molirc pawt*. oh at** atber Inp«an*M
>u IU ii'pllcatlus Ktneiajf. In aualUH. *b1pi, and >aJMlia.">«OcL 9.
Jamn Claik. o[ UlnaMiibury. Samrnel, nanUbKtafer, tat ~ lil|liliBiiiali M *>
maotiftstun of bH>l>. tbuca, and (lu(t."— Uc(. '10.
William LoDgmtld. of UneuiDal aquiH. Ulddlewi. teDlltDJij. <ar "Inpr
Id Uaiiliiy Iba oifdaa of Uvu.aud Iu olitaUilDf produ«u ibartnoia,'' — Pet. M.
WllllaaiCbHrth.cMlditlnnr. and Tlloiiaa Lntli, woollr n.drtBS, baih af Mial*]
ham, isi ■' ■ (rruln ImpiDrtuimtor (iilaln loiprBVtaitDli In matUiMrr, tata**#OTl
In naliiiiE pla]lng icd M>i*t «rdi. and alao otbar artlclt* Biail* wballf, ei la ftfta
piperer p>Hvlioard,pBit«ipaiUal ivblili (aid nacblaerriiiiy beitipUid k (Mf*
|WMt Bhar* pinaure la requlnd."— Oct. Jf.
Fttrr fthttlin, iil Lerdi. York, nuchln* maker, for " Inprorrmeiil* la
fw itMjUHuf, <BBili„u^ dr*>.iLi(, rvvii^ux^ ai^wnlfiji dtJ^ bcoi]), Ufw, ■flh,
Ab'uut •iilitiiiiin."— Uii. 11).
Jau» Butrvv», o[ llul*b. near tVimii, Lanmtlilre, taclntte and draaflU—^
Orurie Iliiltnin. at U<D(b«ti^, ci>n*iiltlDf tDHlatrr. for " MRalB loiprwvMasBlalill
appllfubla tuauam rnfpiK* In Ibe niacbluif f .>r i|,paraiui bflofkflnf laarrta. ha Ufa
BleiKtlOn and BnaDfemeatt of boklan. Vrr ttrr amcvailuTi of itaaDi. laal la iWl
tad Inai 4ia«il tmiMuaeUfro ibriawllhi parta ut alutli uuimrTtuiBOlt BMalai 1
10 otber ilmllar purpcan."— tM. W.
It^E WEW TOW
■;blic ubrart
MTea, L(M«« AM
181&J
TIIK CIVIL EXGINEER AND ABClllTECrS JOURNAL.
S4S
THE CBNTRAI- rutLHAV STATION, NEWCASTLE-
UPON-TVNE.
Jtia.1 DbB«o!', E^., Arcliitcct-
( WUli «» EAgrwing, Fhtt Xni.)
RttlliTBy buildinifH ouxht to ilo mmli fvr krcliitccture: lielnff
quite » D«w rlam vf atrurtiircii, eivctc'l fur purpvMM unknwii
until l)lt^ iirvHCiiI Heft "'*< ^* ■"'>y '"fi ^'■<: )>rciH.-iit i{en«rntiuii.
tliey sut.'tft«t, or vii^ht to BinttjOi.( ft clitirai-trr of tliclr oun, 4ud
tmh cgmbiiutwnii in dts^ii;!) ; lind boinggcucrHlly uiiun an extciiaivi;
scale, th*)" fcfforil opi«)rluoiti«* tb*t have kithirtu Wen of r.ir«
uccurrcno.'. They nre. moroovw, wjwcisllj' piitli*: «<irk»— »trxiL--
turct ct>i»tiiiitly Htfn liv thoufitniU anil ten* of tliOUHnnili ■>/ jivr-
Miia ; luiii niiifht, thcn-'fuiv, do much tuwardii ituji raving the tA*le
of lli« public. Thkl th«y hiti-tf doiip in, or have been cjtlcul-jtM
t& do v>, cannot, «« fi'iir, Imi uMTlvd uf tlii'tn i:»n#ra]li-. In more
tlinn oii« iattaiiM, exprcMon kaa been /altified or forfriti-d l>y f he-
kdopUoH nf tome slytv intmded ti>b» r«mintHM*nt of medt»\iUiMn —
of ttmei trhow npirit iind whu«e iiiitttiitionN runlriint very ttroii^lr
with thf) iireseut railway aj;^. In whkli it U either our tt^iixl )»pk
vr our mtnttirliine to livv. All th« vuriiutii muiles of Gulliic are
rery ill ndii]iti>d to buildiup> tulallv lUKiTont in imrpoAP, nnd,
therefore nt(u[rtii-^ ti» be differently to ii«.ti tilled tmrn thnto in
wlii«fa <U('li iiiudp4 lire exem|i]itie<l. Kitber violence — or wliiit \*
likely U btf llmuiiUL siirb~iiiu«t he di>iie to tlm i>lyl(< ilii^If, hy iIh^
vutiug pvally fruit) itstnidilimial jihytiiofaioniy, i^r iiifdiii-va) pliy-
■logoomy will W in rontrnditliim to imxli'iri purjroiic. The cha-
racter .-limeil lit niny be well kejit ii]> ; but in |ir»piirtti>n that it i«
•», it will be furet^ii froin the exprtiMi ucCHsion— rnr whnl cImh of
mediwal Mnicturi-iiare lliirc! that hate au/^ht i» common with
railway «tati<in<i uml lennim? 1h it the i:ai>ti'IlBtiMl with it*
feudal furireMies.^— «r the crcleiiiiuiticnl with iti churclienandt'on-
veatitnl btiililiiifru, iti {iriurica and ahUeyii ?— K)r the )hil.-itia], nr
tin oollr4[u>tf. or llie dumestici? ts there any une uf thii»e >tyl««
orclsnet which aupplics wh.it i* m|iiircii for railway Nlnictum as
■ ■pcciJicDlnm.tlitit iiui;hl to niny with them a divtinctniid appto-
priutn churaeter of their own ? The (nitliii: »lyle diie» not rendilv
Itrovide open c\tprnnl hnlU or ambulatoricii, nbicli. if iiul imli-
MMiiMhlv d(-niaiidi-d, utv hi^hty deiinihle jiiljutirti to every prin-
cipal railwuy ntiiliiiu where there id a (rrcat coiifliicnrv of pjiMCii-
gera. It Is onty in the form of the <:l<iirti-r that tiothic exuuiple^
aiipply any aminitnotUitiini uf that kind ; anil. bc»idcH thnt the
cloister or arcade wax hardly ever mitdc an externa] featun*. it i«
one that citrrics with jt BMuciatiiinii that, unless it were tu be
grcmtly modified, mtber uiiTii tbuii at all rvcummcnd it.
The accoinpnnyin^ rnffrnvinK (Pirate XIII.) ia a phin of the
mag^nificent tHatUtii thiit U»* lately been citiiilriicti'd at Newratttll^•
Ution-Tj'ne (under the direction oi Mr, Jolin Ui>bMin, architect of
(f««oaiAle), tat %ht York, Ncwcuatle, aiid Iferwick JUUway Cani-
tit will be ia Iho r«ealleetion at our reader*, tbnt at Newentde
tho rreal vnxteni trunk line of nUXwaj from L<indon to Kdin-
tMtrgu it inteisectMl by a main line oi railway eitendiiif^ acnHM
tli9 nland, from mw to kvh ; that it tn Miy, fmm Maryporl, on the
Iriitli ('hunurl, to TvHemautb. on the Uerman Oreiin. Tht- traffic
nf tbiit cnta* line haii Intely been added b* that uf the orij^itol line
fruin York to Berwlik, by the l«ii<iiiK of the N'eirriirtle nnd Car-
ILcle, uud C-urli^le and Marrport ItnilH-nya, to the Vurk, NewcMiitle,
and Berwick I'ompany; aiid Hit- local trallic of the great northern
iniiiinft distrirt irivm «mpK>yiiieut (n britneb«a fnim Newciittle to
North Sbieldii and Tyueniouth, to South Shi'elda aud to Sunder-
• land. Thus, with the dropatch of the throuKh trninn, at Imat
liO arrtvnls and deiiurturca of pasicnger traiiu will take plioo
daily At the ccniriil (tation ; nnd it ia to nrnvidt^ fur tliik imnienBe
accumulation uf trnlltr'that the iiresriit buitdiiiL' i" rrquircl. It
will readily be imagined, tlicret'uic. thnt the sTieil!! mid erectioiio
must urci!«snrily be ypao n >cul« of no ordiiiiiry mugiiitude. In
the infancy of tJie nulway ay«tem, lut one could hnvir ventured to
predict the extent to nhicfi the inland trulBc hna inrreaneil; and
we hove, therefore, »ecii the crviit vxpeuxe which hiu been incurred
by llie London and North We±<tcru and other itway cunpiuiiea
to obtain iidditionul room fur their principal stn 'uid (bedrest
»«acrifice of valuable jn'uperty which Ims in con»c>i,vvDOC taken
place. The Wrk, NcwcAt-lle, anil )t«rvvic-k llailwH/ C'viiipauy,
n«wevi-r, tiiiviiiK biul the herielit of thv experience of later years,
Itave Itikeii ^reiit paio* to ii'lect a Mile where the tivuvwuiry extent
of griiund ctiii l>c obtnined, with thir lotiHt letidy accetw to the ccutro
of the town ; nnd tbey have been fortunate ouounrh to find « epot
wbieb, at A very r««eonabIe cost, and with the dettrudiou vf rcrj-
No. IM.— Vol. XI^DaoiiiuaL, t84H^
few biiildinini. rcmbinea iMth tbfM aitrsntww. The manner ia
wbieb the junetiiin of ike nurtliern and cuiitneni with tlie enalera
and westerii line« baa been effected, — and lhe;;reBt worku re(|uiie4
to mnplete the nnioit uf the whole, hy ineauH of the hiRh level
bridge over the Tyne < iadiifH, through NewcastU and (JHtmdiead,
frma the detiitfim »f Mr. Itobert Stq>beiiMon, and under tke abw (
maoagyment of Mr. J'honiaii llarri4on,^furtD too uteiuire a rat**
Jei-1 to be treated of here, aud will probnhly be tfa« ebjact of &
se^nmto notict'.
Ilie identity of the rentrnl point* of the ([rent railway arrtenk-i
of thiH period with the central puiiitu nf the mililu'y nccupatloD o^
the cu4intry hy the NurmaiiA, hai beeu, to many iuHtuncea, Htrik-
iiitfly exemplified : and in none wore au than at York. Newcaatle,
nnd llerwirk. in each vf which tuwna tlie railway atntioii closely
ndjoina the Castle. The station at Ncwnutic estendn from We«t-
ntort-Unil-pliice, tlie andent town-liuwie of llie illuHtriiiiit family of
the Nevilltr^ Kiirl« of Wedtraoreland, xiluate In M' en tKi>le- street ; |
tnke!> in the site of the eonvrnt and garden uf the Cunuclitc4 or
White Frinm, known rm the ^pilal^ tisT mnny yeanorcnpicd na the
ItuYal l-'ree lirairniiiir t>chool, the it/nw motor of Lord Mtowell, Lord
Eldon, anil Li)n) t'ulJiiiicwood ; crosBcathc town-wall and ditch]
at M'est Spitid Tuirrr, and terminaten at the Kirth. aa open pieiA
of ground formerly in the out-kirta of the town, aud whid) waa
heqiir^ithcd by avnie worthy of former diiys to the borKpeMca of
Newcastle, *' to walk abrotMl and recreate themaeke*," a cireuo^
itlanre which ha« hitherto prevented \\a \M:\n^ built upon, J
The f"vade or priiicipal front, excluijvc <if the hold, i» WOfeeHj
ill length. The riyle of the I'uildiiif; iA Riunsn. and the m<M '
(triking feature iti the dc^i^n i« the portico in the centre,
feet in len^h by TO feet in width, flunked on each ^de by on nreada]
tho fc.'tnie leii|;tb, by 33 feet in width, allowing aullieient rotnit fo
enrrtogeit to drire in at tho end of each areode, to turn, and ff> OB
at each end of tli« prujeoting jiart of the portieo. Tbeooavs-'
nieaeo «f this plan in surh a elimate aa oura, allowing pa«feiigvr«
aad lugigBge to he Iniuled nnd unloaded under cover, will at vnceba
apparent; and the grandeur of the effect produced by an arcada,
a»d jMtrtieo of tliif length will readily be eomprehended, even b|r|
the ^eneml render, altbough no drawing will convey an ade^uut
iden of that effect.
The exterior front of thi- jMirtieo i* eomontM of seven nrchet,
each 1 1 fi^el in width by 'il feel in hoiglit, divided by coupled iu-
Kul^ted Ourie eolumns, "iS feel in height, elevated on a baaement
of ij frri, und suppurting a bmkrn ent^hlnture and atliouf tht
lanie ilyle. The arcadoa on each side ore formed iif arehes, of the
KAme width as the portico, divided by coupled inserted columoa.
Theae colimmx, witti the key-»tone« of the archen, »upport a cutw
tinued unbroken Mit.iblature, without an attic. The enda of Llie
arrudeit terminate in front in a iiiche, havitig coupled in«ulal«d oh
Inmn^ on rncb side, Kupportiiig an entablature and low attic. The
entrance to the end of eadt aromle it by an arch ti foet in width ,
anrl the arcndea will lit^ covcri-d witii groined ceilings uf stone,
wiih n rircuhir li;{ht nt each i ulrrBecliuu.
The fruiit of the station. houKe fucing the ptatfornt i« concave,
forming the acgnieot of a circle of !«iH> feet riutius. Thia furin wae
rendered neoeeaary by the junction of the varioiu lines of railway
at this point ; and the elevation ia of rukble stooe, from I'rudham
Quarry, of a (ilain nnd bold Homan rharncter, the duon and win-
dows uavlag arched heads, with moulded imposts and iirchivolts;
and the long-eontiuued line of tb»c circular arcbva, with Uieir
deep revwdfl, produre.i a Mtrikiii^ effect.
The shed itt 23ii yardo long, nnd SI yardc wide, covering an are«
of 1 t,l2C ynrd", or about three acre*. Tliu roof is composed of
iron, divided iiit" Ibre* coinoiirtmeut*. and *u]>portfd by eotumiw
33 feet apart, hiid V3 feet hiah from tlie pUtf«nn to the Hpriiiginf
of the roi>f. The v»riuu« otfiees wailiujl-rmiiiiii, and wfre-limont-
rOouiB front the pUtform, with the exception of the buoklng-
ofEoe nnd pareeU-oflteec, which extend the ItiU width of the
building.
'■"he entrance to the ched I*, fnitn the eentre of the portico, W
feet wide, with ii stone vaulted ceiling, supported bv two row* vf
eolumni^i, which lend* direct to tho centre of the pdilform, about
19(> feet uipure. On the right hand is the booking-office, TO feec
long bv 36 feet wide: adjoining which are the two parecw-oSeoi,
the tefegriiph-oflire, lamp-rouin, and other rooms and ofllMa et-
tending iveiitwiird, for the en^ineerc, guards, portent, and Olhvr
oSoerv of the rompnnr. A bouse for the vtHticm-maiitrreoncliulw
the front mnife uf building* to the wetL
On the left of the entrmire i« the station -mast era office, first,
lecond, and third cJa»i waiting-rooms, (containing separate aparW
metita for ladieaand gentlemen), w»ablng>rooma, attendaulV ruona,
aud other re^uiait«a. Adjoining this siiit* of rouma U ibe fint-
4ft
SM
THK CIVIL EKGJNEER AND ARCniTRCrS JODHXAL.
|Onana«ii,
MM Kf^cohmmt-raom. Si> f(«t lonp bv 33 fwt widp. At one end
|J| A duiliurl rrfri'Khmi'nt-miin fur liufipo, mi'l nt t1>i> ntltm* end a
mm>«)M>ndiii^> tooiii fur Uie bar, eacii JA fi*t liv 23 (vvt, divid»«l
fftiiit thi* liiritT ■vfresliirent-rMiin by rolumiw (>»ly, iitid rtirminj^
witJi it cue l»r^e »|iartnii-:it, 94 fwl in Ivn^th. AdJ»iiiin^ ibf bur
ia Uw wonnd-cliiM rorrMJinn'iit-nMim. xlilcli tcrmitiatn on Eb«
ail tlie ntn|Ftt of building fHciiig t>i« platlurni. The kllrltpns
lorin ihe ««)>tirrn »nd nf (b« fintit biiildmjji, inini4>di airly hHiind
the refrmhniirnt-ruoDia, mid Kdjoiiiinic the hotel ; nad are |>rui ided
tilth larden, nlorp-rxtinifi. nnd KvnafltJt'nwiRs, on th« ume Jlvur,
with alceitini; npiinRitiilk abovr.
In Addition lo the aWie exteit«ivL> nn(r« of buildintf, it ia |ini-
pnttrd Iti rri-rt »n hiitcl. cutniniinii-ntinr with the iitRtiun, foimin(c a
•Pparntc raiixe 1 94) f(vl in lnt|;th by tfff fn-t in dqtlh ; In n>ntain
70 livd-njums. «itb a propurtionate nunilwr uf utiwr ii|>iirtRii-tiiit;
mi In the h«.-ii-mi-nt Mun-, tap-nwmi and rrrrHhment-roumi fur
•crvaiita and ixliirr pi-runix.
Tht mnitruction vf ilii* bitildinir entirely of Htiine, wuuld. in
any vllier liH-iilily, hv iittciidod villi i-n«inn«u« expen**: IjiH the
nountr vf Nitrlliurnberiniul nflnrit* Hurh un Ahunduit :iiip|i1y of tli«
linent rrcfrtonr, Ihiil lltin nmii'tuil lie(;i>iiirs there uut only liy far
the Dioat durable, hut rcotly thv lc(i«t exitvnHic
Jbt^mm to fVan, PU>u XII J.
tkVtOf CKTRAHCB.
■ Slalton Hutrr^ USivl
-D WuncloHiM mil U>]ihI(.
K lu* l.'l«* (•-ntirorn'i Wallli'f lt(H«.
y Itrt ClH* Uaif>' illKa rillu
iMCUll lixillrinrirl mil-). I
B lMtt>» Lodin' d>Uo diiitf.
1 l>l(-balAdm-a>liMhntii( HOTm. I
S Bm.
I, ?Brt Plu« R*rn«h»«al Rooa.
M Kllcbtn uul Stullrrr,
H hairv aiul Bioia Hmhb.
' O Ibi aiiiini ll«vin.
F mot* llarrai.
H Wnlltci* lltti IIOOID
91 l.ulirt* Alirndi-'nta' Sanm.
T WHhlm Hvcoi tor it* Clu* LadlM.
L~ W*irrclw*ta «ih1 U'whinr Hum (Br
VrU(n.-t«ti*r(i( Ui Clat* tMM.
[W> bul IhIiiuIhI I« hnr glwi ■ PTriiiMdM Vtm «f iht )»IUIi>|, but tli* GniinT-
■•^•■M>h Hikriiiiiiti'il III in rninnr il NfsvuiIi. ha* iiininl uul htcit drtcdtor,
IhM w* l4*ttf rvtn ('LlljT'^ lo pA>tfiutif cltfii»ir tl '■'' tnnlh'' ^I'l-tiftita-tf, Cb*l i*e ntfdo
)l>tU»IVIb(luiuWHl liwanblml.— tM.C.K * A. Jsitfiul.i
U'EBT OP CKTaUtCE.
A KMnnr*.
B Bw>ltl(« OOcaL
CC Pwtva'^orBc*.
I> L«pR>.4..
JC Oil Boxn.
F Pnlara* HiMvi.
O KratBra^t OOcn.
U KaihHVf ■» riT OHm.
J Cbtha' one*.
X rnn>i> iM H'airrctnt*M.
L HutUn U»t"*( Ilaut*.
W U niurr llniri-*.
If Ttl«cnpb Ofiet.
CANDIDUS'S N'OTE-DOOKt
FASCICULI'S LXXXVIII.
" 1 Riuil harrillitrrT
trillm), a* Ui)ir a (ftuuc •- tti< htIwI^
I. TIiv<>rK»Bor7>f-,at««U Hstlintof Cun-i.tructivcnc.*\ (iprmrs
Iq be iionCMcd by Uurry aud Mine other arvhitvcL*. AfU-r IhiIiik
taken down and pulled (« j>ici;e<> by critica vbile living, NaUi »iul
, 6o«ne nre nw lilcrnliy taken dtiwu und pulled tv nieccti by thrir
HiicoctiHurti, — by " lil«ritlly," howeier, ie not Iti ho uiiJcrtitviid " per-
•viiidiy." Th« ** Dvard vi Trndv" vf the viic, and the Geur^inji
palace uf the uther, hnie ei^uatly diMi>]ieared, ultlnmuli Uie Utter
u merely blurted Qtbbrtd out. Itut then, t>ut>r NubIi flan Wen dis-
ntantled of Kit (juudnmt 4y<Ii<nnndc*, wlmh M'rvcd an a in>>»tl«
thiit (<Uiiike(l It jiviiil niBiiy uf hia urehit«i;tiiriil iiiiift ; Uciilcv whidi,
hifl Brighton iiii I I'ltvilioii in now ii irrvi'k, — »l>rthvr it is to gruvT
inter<^Hli)'>lC '■]' frtiwinn; iitto a ruin, ri-iaAiim to tiv M.-«a. Nor diiex
the V'.Tk uf lU'-triirtiiiii Bt'ip here, for ne are now told hv Ihi?
iiDVH|3a)ierR thul Doivr-hutiM) is tu he tukrn duwti, iti onier 1<>
, maJce WW fttr a new CuluuinI- office, ti> be creited on ila rilv by .Mr.
lUrrv; m> <*« luuid jin-tinrn tu bid uilieii tu its charming ftcrevii
facaae — un arch itei^tu rid ut'iit^imt iiidi-eet uf the frst Biiignitude,
IhiI of the first "water, ^pictureaque, cliisnie, and elegant, al-
thoiigli igiiorrd by tliiwu whu jnvifih thi'ir htalv mid eci'ond.h.ind
ealxies uu St. .Murtiu'm Churtli. Mmt iinrurtHimlti Ilollnnd !
thy I)iury>lane TiiBHtre expiiW. like Semele, lnflaiue« ; thy upleri-
did C'jirliuK'hiHi
hlXit cunipositioj
did C'jiiliuii'hoiixe |iiirt)oi i> da-ntiiliithud, and now thy extjiiisite
un lit U'littehall id duomed tu deiitructiun ! U'ere
ther« no other ute to be hnd in the n«ighhourh<Mid, necessity mlriit
pir<-v«e the ad uf VHiidalivm ; hut on'iiKe for it therr is uime^ «Iiila
ihrro i»i a " hoafdrd-up" gap jii»l by, heiweeii Uuniiiinr and
Fludyer Ntreels, — irhirh gap u apnaiently not only hoiirdediip. hut
trpHtiired-upi, M Himvchitig inlintteljr tim jirei-iiiii* to he parlfd
Mith. Therefore the (rap la likely tu remviin. and Uuter-huuMta
be cacrifired to it,— which is only an exemplificatioa of the fecUag
and nout hiwtDwed by ui upon itrdiU'^ct iire.
II. I am no higotlvd udmiror of Hnlland; if I think thai be
id<o««d himself a oluudc and an artiat in the portico of CarltaD-
huii»e., the facade of the ri-dfrartt York, now lAjver-bouae, I
freely admit thnt hit Ghimed hiinwlf tu be no better than an arrant
rn-kMiiff in uhal he did at tlie I'avillon at Bnghloti, h4-fnre NmJi
tuok it >u hand ; as id ahuKii in thw dmgii urv>ierved, moat unfor-
tiinutuly for hificmdit ill the ''New VitrLiiiiik BrilBiiiiieuM.'' V»
look on it uith a fit of shuddering, and ><hudder at the " prinr-nk"
tu«te which could adupt anytliiiigi'o vulgiir and jdcbeian, — and twt
only Kit riilgiir, but KuatroiiumJy cile. But Urorgi* <iiaH then "the
IViuce ;" luul hud he Inken n faixy to have c^diimn* turiMwl upahle-
dtivii, his Iskte WMuld have been rrinl up by his flunky Aattetcn.
That xuc-h a Inily miserable deiiign— if denign it can be called—
Khoiild hHve proceeded from the architect who, in the two otlm
works here mentinn«<l, gave evhli-nre «f more than ordinary- guile,
i« hardly crrdible,^^ all evetit^ itiiiie iiu«rcuuntHhle. It oeghtl
however, to teach ua something, — namely, to judue of wtM^af^|
art (be they huildiiip<, picturcH, ur anything eW) by ibelr Intriiw ^
»ic merit*,— arrordin^ to what they are in ihein»elveK, and not »t-
mrding to exirlnnc eirciin)«tiin(«». Thi* opiniun ihni U influenord
hv the prt-sti^e of a name ta ciiwnrdly and wonhU-M. Krea
Itnmrr Minirtiniex nude, but wc nre not therefore to nod *pbi
when he due^ no, in affected apprub.iti^in iind delirht. nven
lUiffaellc Dometinii'a daubed — at lennl, whiit would clfrc he calledl
danhv. have been pneHcd o3 under bin nnnnc, and have, in cun)C<-j
queiice, been admired and extolled for rxrellcncrs freely imputed!
ttt thfm hythr iinitfcindl tun or else byt)iee»rs»rHnertatorii: whrreu,'
dniibo they triiuld hiive been pronounced to be,]iad it hevii k iiowo that
they tirucHcded fruiii the ntWiVr (j^, gai ret) of Mine Jack t^niith, who
lives ny nuuufactuniiK Kcuuiuu epecijueiu of the Old Masters, A
hungry belly — thnt grent iirtu mag'tittT, as we are B»miml by mint
cltuaical authority it !«, may ho that mme Ja(k'» excuse foi the d»-
eeptiuti. llut what excuoe xt there for tlioM who KulTer OiemeclTa
iit he deceived, to he imposed iip»n and hutnbti^Ked by uamea, aad
whu affect tianf^purts which thvy du nut /ccl ^ Give nie the hunot
critic, him who in nut nt all hia«ed by mi in ex, hut who wuuM aa
freely condeum rilher Jonpa or Wren where thfy have idiuwathem-
selvvM PeckbnilKanin ta(tc,aahe wt>uld IVi-kHiiid himHvlf. '^ Sfb^t
a ittninge man you tire, Mr. C'ftiididust And k> you really think
Hat butli June« and Wren vt-rit aoinetinioa I'ecKiunllian lu their
tute." Kvcn *o: nothing would induce me tu praiae, ur rather,
tu cundeniu and turn away in dift^ust from some uf ihcir doit
Few will ^onfefls m much, iHtCHUw very few h.we the moral cout
of CandidiiB, who ii in that recpect libertiiie in the extreme. — ■
14 not only nuliiui addiettiMJarare in verba magittri, but wttuU i
advert juAt >m freely on ii rHllnditk a JotieH, nr a Wren, ae oa Mme
poor di>vil of a ** Jack Smith !" Let o I hen affect Diilk-and-vater
raiidetty : 1 am eouteut to be anoere in opinion, aud fearleaa in
the csprewiioii of it.
III. A nioKt curioua accident, and one recutded with bingnlar
fitt.r*/-, in that which hnppcucd t<» a cortnin urchitcct in a bookoif,
deaigDB publiifbod by hitii ; it beinit «xprn«Jy ^tJitcd in the letter
trcfS that, in one uf l)i« elevntiana, the offices which ought
nvc been ohuwn, «Me " omitted by accident." Very much neai
the iTiiirk would it have been to day, Ibnt Uio ooiiaMoi) waa oc*
liioned hy ^om stupidity and uupard>>iiahle blundering. **By
accident, furnoinh I Would "accident" he received ns an ezcvM
fur u painter sending home your portrait vitbotit a nose to yn*^!
face, ne having through ^heer forget fuinets omitted that iutcre«t-^|
iiig, ur «t any rate indioiienKible, ftraiure ? Certain it is tliut, «ilh i
regard to the uiilucky elei'iition liere alhidrd to, the omi<aaio» was
d)iM>vered heftiro the uhit« wsa puhli^bed, sin«e otberwiae, >l
would nut hn(-« been apologised fur; which being the i^nse, why wu
not the error itself corrected ? One, and indeed the unly valid
reason mny liavit been, that the design liHiked all the better Ua
the iicddeiit. If that wuh not the real rvivpmi, the only othf
imngiitJibte one is, thnt the exneiise uf allfritig the j^nte oottl
not be nfTurdi-d by the jiiHtr devil wli» piibliiibed his desigrifi, Th
r«>udpr will .lutee "ilh thii lait hyputheiiiE, when infumeil that \\
uork here referred to wan byt^uane! Thnt poor man aeenia '
have been not nirrely the npurt, hut the very victim '
"accident*:" lor, un the very ueal page of Uiut book, wo read
*> the arched recesses were aeinicarcuW in lite droning, but by a^
THE Cn'IL ENGIN'EER AND ARCHITECTS JOL'RyAU
9SS
I
irIc(<iA0 nf the cngrarrr, arc made cansidcnililf mora r* KorMtliat
the Ji»u viilh nptri to ini«t«k«>. fur th« printer — or el*e 8o«i»e
luiiuwir, cuutmlttfid miiny more, by '*oinittin^by accident' the ex-
sUoAtions of the letlcrt of rcf^rL-ncD in 8nni« of lh,c plans. And
in th«ir nlaiia, ur in vrkut is d«)>eii(lciit un and Kriies out oi plarus
tlie chii^f, »r, tu apeak oiOTe correctly, the «<>It! merit uF Dial coUfi:-
tion ofSuaiioHn di-elifMCvonrt*; mnny of tli0c1cv^itii>iia bdng little
tihort Iff the iliiviirik'lit ufily and Iiideuu*, Sniinr iihould }i»ve con-
Govd lutritvtf lo plnii a»j cuntrit'nocp: they were lint foK«>, II'ih
ground > ork <raa ofton truly iflmirahl^ ; hia euncrotructure gt«e-
rallf iiiiit* the revemi;. The «<irk i>f S'jo(ii;'ii Ihtc referred to is
remnrkiilile of it* kind ; for, pi^fea^irir In i*how i>nly " eoltftifp*,
vtllnM, and otH«r uneful biiildiu^" it inctiidn* n d^Mcn for nh^it
it nvilhiT a *«ry cutt^e-like nor ver)- utiUturiaii edifice, to wit,
a Natiounl MHusnle-ini. Sonne x^eiM t>t hnre hnd a jiiuits ptatitant.
fartmrrin;; pro|il(>: for tho ninttcr of thnt, hn would not hitve
■eniple'd to bitry llic whole nation tilivc, itothathe had the erectlnt;
tta mausoleum, or mMiffoleiim, as terraatt; which la«t, 1
I tap pose, mfrana nothing more nor Iom than a moiiac-'tTftp.
IV. Puf;in doet not at :t1l fhine in the parliamentsry "bliieibook"
which showfi hi* il<H(i(n) for M^iyiionth Colli^ifo, anA tho«« by dif-
furriit arrhitei'tn of Bitine otijvr [iu1>ti<i buildinjr> that are now in
tiroirre*!* in Ireland. *" M^ynrinth" irould furniib an tllnstnition
«r Mr. IV* own wurk nilitlH ■■ t'oiitrart*," it hein^nsufBciently
strikinK mniiile of (iw^udn-iinthic, niin* imidern Gotbtciaingf. It
i« oflly PuK>»" profeued adniir^rfi— thufle «ho make it a point of
honour ti> admire whatever pmi'eed* from him, whu rMi look with
CompUrvncv on luch i> dnwity mid pruivuc di-«iiru, wliirh poMM^iuo
neither rtyfe, nor nuality that tilonea for the dereliction of ntyle.
Still it nuy, on that very Ji'r«>uiil, prove not a liltic mcisfactory
to lome. — thtme, tn wit. anutiiK hix nrofviMioiial brethren wh» ni»y
have taken ull'euce at Welhv Pu^iua «u|>erciliouH tune toward*
them in U\* '' Conlrattt" ana other writingn. Perhaps they will
retort upon him, and n.tk if Miiynooth in to be reifanlitl an nn i-x<
•inpl« of whnt nnii be arhieved by tlioM wliobiiastof beiiiic in*
spired by *' the faith of our forefathers,"
' V. Pkux aus dame* ! A ln(ir-« riCer on nrclut«tture U to great a
plion'Oiiienon — nucb a veritnhlv b/urA tuyan (n]Ji>liM to one of the
,fWr aex the siratlo wundt totnowhnt tintithctii^al), thut Mr<^. TutliiU
deserves t« h=ive a aeparnteiirtirle, or at luift an entire Fanciuulm
devdtcd to her, more espectatly a« hIic t.1ios« hcroelfto be n render
of Cnndiilux, and kai paid him the romplim^nt of tn>n*JVrrin(( tu
her own [>n^e» one or two of hit pithy prini^raph^. Still I tun not
%0 much indebted tu her for tho c»rnplinii>nt, as she is to me fnr
tfaOM little bit4 of nrtihiti^ctural philonopby which opnrkle tike
f^OM amid the (tulneM nf her hook, since she haa not had the ffrace
to acknowlcd|[re to whom Xhvv Mnng, Inv-ertpd commnn murk
them for (luntttionn, and that i> nil ; otrept it be that they are
jitmhicd up with cxtmetn frirm other writer*, without the dilTercilc*
of »roprie(or«hi p bein|* hinted at. Situm eiiiqut^ ray (piad lady, is
an none-it mnxim, and tht' bi'irt policy; fi»r vmr own tiiucnipti-
Ioii«ne-> now relieves me from all acruples and qualms of ({Altantry,
abd embolden:! me to spenk out somewliut frt^^ly. Prtiile^ of
MS cannot be allowed ynti : run arc of thf fominino ^ri'nder, — mid
W are *^tnan-of-war" ships ; wu niiio ata amaionK, but their «Ap-
■hip did not ithield thoito bellii^rent Indipi from wound- in the
brunt of battle. 1 do not dvny you the ri^ht nf wioldinv thut
feminine implement th* nL-isniri! ; hut I du diiiaiiprove of your
nuking ime oC the pmtte-pol al tho utmo time ; anil your bonk i« a
notable aample of that «p<.'<'i<>s of llti'r.irv ninnul'iuaure which goes
bv the name of " ><ciui>orw.nri(I.pftHiL* worK." Perlinp* you ivill lay
that it is frenitini* pntcli-Mork, and, as such, it n eery snilnble occu-
{lation fur your sex. That a good deal biixheen erenow writlvn upon
■ri^hitecture by women I do not dixpute ; but then, till now ttioy
have ini-ariHlily lioen (dit tMmirn. and of the man-kiriil, whereat you
■ro neitbi'r the one nor the othM, " IVbat then," you will say,
I **inBy notladipi^ whixireniit old niieK, turnllieir aiteiilioii to iirchi-
tacture? Why <ihimld they bo interdicted from culliviitin;r!»t*»te for
that hrnnrh of line art which hii«si.i much tn do with t^ite cvne-
rally?" Why, indeerl. should tliey ? Arrhitwture h;iK, u* you
obaerve. been utroiiKlr recoTninr-iided in a |>ft|iiir in the "Foreign
Qaartfrhf," k> a ituily particiilnrly Hdnpti-d lo enter into the liiil
of fsinalB accompliohmentx ; and you mif^ht alw have bnuij>(lit for-
ward Wif^htwick'x opinion tu the **a\e effect. Nor do I diia«ut
from them : there certaloly is nothine to hinder a woman from
undentau din IT architecture— that i», then-^thetics of building, just
■a well as a man. or indeed a irrenl iI<mI better than many men,
since some of thum mistake mere building for archiiculure. Pro-
ficiency in the fttudy is quite irrespective »f st'x : it dcpunds upon
the tnteUiijeQce, the ap|iliuatioD, noi the relish bruu^cht to it. Sin-
cerity of study, diligence of reflccti<in, are the eJne tpm nm :
whereas yon ^ae«ta to tiave urerlooked HOine of the mimt indixfien-
sable qualitieatiunf for the proper execution of the in»k wliich yua
undertook ; aiid which, in the vaytnewt of roiir ambition, you ex-
tended to every known style of the art, iucfnditie some that no one
knows anything alK>ut at all. Vuu npnc&r to have net up for a
teacher, while y"U younielf were only a learner, and not very per-
fect in yiHir I««4ons. Vou show th-it you have npvken by book and
bv rote, feeling oetmre in, nrnl tni'iting tn, (lie greuter i(cnor.inca
ot your readers. Come, ch*er up, my (food Mrf. Tuthill ; tUi>ugh
you get no Hattery from me, you may «till gel plenty of puff from
other erities; thc>reforo th^ acidity of my remnrk<s may be useful
to you, by correcting the fulsomeneM of theirs. ('onuiJcring— you
mast evcuoe the iingrariousness of thnt <[ualifying expression,— con-
sidering, 1 say, that it is the production of a female pen on a ma*-
culine subject, your hook i* not so very poor a book nflcr all. At
nil events, it ts something in the bodily «bape of a hook — tgooilly-
uiieil oRlaru valnme, with your name on the title-page ; which la
far more than Cnndldus can boa<t of having ever sent forth to tin
public, Yonri; is, besides, a funny book — funnier perhaps than
vou iiitiindi>d it to be. t>ne of its drolleries is that of omitting
lu the list of tliose who Imve distinguished them'ielves in nre.hitMt-
tiire, Huch reeent celebrities as Cagnola, Scbinkel, Oiirtn^r, and
ei!ver»I itthern, and inimurtalisinir such olm-nrilki m Joel Juhuson,
and John Linnell Uimd. Oh! Mrx. Tiilbill, Mnq. Tuthill, you arc
a very roguish ereature! To think of your immortalixing— and
immortal they now will be in your book— such poor ileriU in all
their littteanwi, isnodnnbt very laughable, but partakes too much
uf a tnatti<aue jilaltruiltrit.
VI. Loudon's " Architet^tura) Magazine," and otliern »f liiK itnb-
lieal(ou«, hitve been very freely laid under contribution hy Aim.
Tuthill, who ha* copied sevHrul wiMidcuta from thi*m, lint without
any ncknowledimient of their being cople*, ami without even men-
tioning the names of those by whom they were deaigned. At
L'iQl, for iiutancp, she hai re-priNluced from the Supplement to
udoa'n -' Eneyclopiitdia," what she veryjustly ealls "a iMWutiful
English villa in the JCIiiabethanstyle,''ana rMOiiiin«nd«BBaTR0d«I
for residences uf that class in "the northern, middle, and western
states ;" but very ungraciou«ly withholds from Mr. K. It. I.iimh tlie
credit of having; designed it. althoueh his name in ntt^idied to it
ill the publication frimi which shi- pirated— or, to speak more pret-
tily — borrowed it. The siuppression of its author's iiumy is per-
haps less unjust than it otherwise would be, because Khe ethlbils a
far-nimite of the nriginnl rut, with all the vexation* blunders which
Mr. If. complained of and pointed out in the letterprew accompany-
ing his design, obserrin<!, that owing to the ignorance of the en-
griiver, " the panipct appear* like a tlrerino guillochc instead of Go-
thic perforated p:iiiclling ; the arches do nut present the casv curve
of the (iQthic four-centred arch ; nnd the scroll label over Oie prtM
jeclinglMysassujDesalavndiirorent character." Yet, notwithstand-
iof; Ili4t tnese provnkiug inlidelitiea of lUdineation were plainly
enough pointed out by the nuthor of the design, they are not cor>
n^:lcd, neither is there nsylliible of caution agahi-tt them ; so that
the stTioiin uilec'iMnt and error.-i in ibe cot may iiMwitlinsly lie co-
Iiied together nilb the rejl mmts of the design, (.'alt you that
lonerty, Mrs. Tuthill, — or «na you fairly oalt yourself an honest
tv UlIUUI ?
VII. "Ktmplieity of style in nrflhit^oture,' says Mrs. Tuthill —
Mrs. Tuthill again !— '*is in itself a beauty. Tltc dUtiint refjiiiren,
however, to be qualified by adding, provided the simjilicily ititelf
be nithettc, and aecompaaied by othnr mthetii? qualities. " A
Doric temple,' ihe observes, "is |h>rfectlv simple; yet wh.tt ob-
JL>«t of art is more imposing and beautiful^'" No doubt : theGreek
Doric temple wsj) worked by re5nad and truly nrtittie simplicity,
iinil by perfect consirteticy and eomjileteuess of exproision. Tho
difficulty i^ to infuse an eijuivalent degree of similarlv-refioed >tm-
ptieily intostrncture-i very differently eonstitntwl, anil which, there-
fore, ought to be stamped' by appropriate eharaoier of their own.
Hardly cnn .Mn. T. mean to recommend the antique Doric temple
lu a model nC the preiiint day, it hein;^ on« which it is ntteriv im-
Eossible to adhere lo. In fact, Itrut'k temples are the ttnmdling-
lock agairul which many .American architects — of English ones I
sav nothing — have tripped tbemstdves up. A mi're porticu has gene-
nilly been uiuile liv them their .\lpha and tlinrga of deniitu. They
hnveaceordin^y Allowed their elasnicultiste and uller luck of inven-
tion by applying that ounvenient rervdy-miLde feature, the iiortieo,
and lurking it on to most Pecksnlllian bniblinirs, without tne least
siuiiicinn tii»t they were thereby »ut-Pecksnllh/in^ Pecksnil)' him-
selT. Mrs. T.'s own book gives us a simple uf the kind at p.!ige SOf)^
assuring us that "' tho beautiful purticu it copied from the Krech*
».s^
«M
TIIE rrVlL CNOtKEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
V>'
tltcnra ." All the mar* pity t)i«) thnt it ilintild b« ttucU nn to •
littl* nmiit Hwh-winiloveil liduK^. tt M-eni>, buvrrrr, that " tbo
fronC it nf white marble.* All the more pilT mfraiii. thiit >rliUe
■Mt^lc shoulil liBvr bn-n wiUFtrd upon a dmipi fur irhii'li Inth and
plutrr vonlil li«ve been quite itiiod rnaiiirh. Tb<- tunitnjr Krech-
tfaeunu sad Pulhenaiui into prtMc U « ootahle Birhievrinent, Irulf !
VIM. Attliinmb iiUe iiiilnlgM ia apNMt deal of younf^-lwly-like
frritiiif khd feminine •eiitiintBliJitjr. inucli mAv'Tatde viiihuuaiuii
(but uf nrslber thresdhiirp fwrt) tncluded. Mn.T. it aver)' niattfi-
(if-fiirt M>rt (if l»ily,— II mrrr tnolrrialhl in rrilirimn. Arliiilic idea
luid de«i|,-n. or tht^ ab»enre uf ihf in, lae to her an nutliinK in ernn-
pviion withlhrmerililcrlfed frutnauchmnterialt-ajt wliitt^ intirblvur
grxnitr. The wlvrrtjnjctu the mere circiiinslanrpiirmiitcriiil. when
everj other is paawd orer, don nut IteKpeiik irnK-h niituirtciiry ti) tli«
tack In one woo prafeiwr* to instruct olheri in ai'cli I lecture, niiil
dirrrt thrir liwtr. Mo. T.'* critiriinn never venliin-* hryiiiiil d poor,
acilitarv, nuildr^ rurluru-uld-LacheW, celilMliuiiui epithet; nni]
even tlial it not miIv riceedingljr lixise and vafue, hut aomelitna
ouite RiiMpplicd itUv. )f ite maj- brlii-vc vhat she aa.vx. Yale
College Libmn' ia a " liMalifuI edihire ,~ hut if we lire t<i Ix-Iietr
«iial abe «Aoic'«, and to trui>t to uur unn eyes nlher thiiii l<:i lii^r
vorilK, it miirit i-r tmly extt^rnblF in ererj reapect. Thai Imildiiig
and ilurtriinl Atheiia-iini (of wliich ii print i«iiJ«o|rirrn) nre both by
tht Mine archliei-l (II. Austin), and are both iiieunl Co lie in the
ijotbic *tyl(> — uf the Stranterry Hill period, it niav he prr-unied.
WhirJi in the iiHut hiileiiuii »t ihe lno — (o wliiili of ihcm the
" Dttur TurgivrC vufcht t« be utu^iit^, it wimM he iliflirnll, per-
bap* iinpoMKile. lo dfciilc. Their bimihirily of merit — or di-imril,
' J»M (treut, thnt Mr*. T. hi-ri«lf ha* been forced to employ pre*i?'cly
the Mnit; icmM for (heir cliarscicrizntinn, rnilini: llir imc nii<l the
«tlicr "a •ynnngtrical and effective huiJdiriK,"— " jinnif thul hirr
flork of cxprcHiiMiii in hut a very seanly one. *' Klfective" enmiffh
llicy both ore, nu doubt, and so ia — an efnetic : nnil iiirt like on
cauctir, it iii,tliat lliey operate ; utleasl^If tliey reaenlblethe^lr|lrl■-
MnUlti«ns of tbetn in the book. Sonio time h^ an American
Journal made ntention of a fi*h vitliout eyn ; and it would ocem
that tli« Anteneiin- th«inKlre«ar«all«0ctkerwitkBt eye4(oreyc}
for tivtbic ari'hitecture.
IX. It was til he MipjKi.ted that Mrs. T. would avail heradf
lir^'ly tif the nppt>rtuiiity of rhrnntrlinf: for f^ine liouie uf her
•wii ooumrjuien, in her "Chntnolopical Tjiblc of the Princiiml
Architects i iiutead uf whirb, nhe does nut thrn* iniiert the name
of a rinfilc one, lU'M^ning for the oinitAJon the following nut ^ery
tcgieal rvaiou :—•■'• It would he very drarahlo to add here n liht of
vninent American srchilects; hut hO many of tin; iniMt distill-
■tnishcd nre el ill li>in^', that we muit deny ourwlieii the pletMuret"
(■h, }In>, T.! Mrs. T.l What a wotnaii'* reason! Vou arc
wofnan wU ov^r )
Dead woTthinc, it tefmn, lu-f not to be tpokm of, berauae the
racr is not extiuel, ntid oihtr uorthii^* nru tilitl nitre. Very
mrilv might yon have helped yourtelf to M>nie nulim tif Amerieati
arGhllpeitt, igtiitc sijffirieitt ff>r your puriwse, from l>uii)op'>
*'ll)stor>- uf tli« Art* of Deaipn in Ihi> UuitMl MlaUw"; hut you
from to borrow or pilfer from anybody.
X. At any rate, it cannnt he aald that Mrs. TuthitI liaa fniW
lo enrich htrr vohiiii« with a glotiMiry ; nml » narticiilnrly ri<'h
tmt tl in til the lover* i>f fun ami laufthter. 1, for one. wait cer-
tainly guilty of vian'»-lttti^litrr, when I read h^r tleliiiititui of
" verticil!." I would take n thousanil hett that no one Houlit evi-r
poeM it. She diM-w not ini!e(>d «rtiiHlly wy that "»ertiral"
nienna " horiniintal ;" hut >1ie iiayi>-~iieM-r uiiulil )oii fii)d it luit
of yourself — thnt it mrnnii "oppo<iiie ;" vhirh liein^ the cai>4% I
lun quite frrt<<ni/^in opinion 1 Tneiiti, and in opininn only — to
Mr*. 'I*. How furtuniiti', ur cKe hour un fort nti ale, it is that tlie
AtUntic ifi bi-twecn us I
XI. Aoion^ tboae wi!h wboin Mrv. T. ha* (prt into debt by her
)il«ruTy tiorrowiofni from thein, in Mr*. Jiiniewin : of whnoe d e*cri|^
tiun of ihe Kriniinbau. at Munich, she linnavailod liemelf, without
ti>viri)r the ^are to iicknowlr^l^ jih anthdrthip, or the policy to
tjuute it in evidence of (ha ctnnpHi'nry of a feninle pen. Iltiw-
*rer, if Bhe hii» rfefrauded "ome of her literory cnilitorB, she- hns
paid off one <>f the umallnt vt theni wrth DNiiriouit interest;
Dmni'ly, the irenilcnuiii to «!nnn she has thoojrhl prnper lt> apply
the epithet "l«amrd," r< the moHt chanirterittic one which the
OTMild nelect. — or tt wan the one perhup* wh'ti-h wnit jukI then nt
the point uf her pen.— wtylinir him einpliutirally "the learned
Britou'! Tunihly. such epithet may, a» a gmentl o»^ he well
inerlled hy the irhnt-ahall-I-rall-liirn to vhom it la applied ; yrt
hardly nppruuriate to the actual «ccat-ion. btocv the word* iLe
ounlea are only a umpio uf what San Stick call* " voft Miwd<r.'
Go to. Mr». T.', — where you de»erve to «» to, I dwi't *«yi butfg
t», for a very ^uixaical aid rvguish mmma.
OCCASIONAL NOTES UPON ART.
By FnEDKUcx Lrtn.
I. IVe admire tni* art, on acenunt of Us ennobling lenilpar].!
This ha* itcoriKin inprinciplvs which. fuiinde«l in the ooniilituliuaj
nf oar ualure. are the foundation of Pxcettenro. It would OMI b«
a difliciilt, though a very interewtin^ tn^k, from the varied and
lioiioure<) lahourii of Ihe itniit, lo ritnw that curei-M demanda, opoa
hi< part, tl»e oserciw of the Ki)tti««L metiiiil fjirnliiea. Real art bj
nn evidence of the«»— a tnanifestattoH of »kil) iind manly eiier|
It prochiinm with elw|ueii(w iU intrinntr ili^nily. Mow (tft«n,
initJince, do the stalely DHUitiineiils which her GrenluRluHi n
force themwlvea on our refcanl, riveltinf: our Hitentinn, and i
mandinr tnir admiration, even when men are iolentlir ncrvpM la
the buminit transactions and excilintc titimiiu of liJe ! Whan tke
ajijieaU of art are no |H>Merful, it would Ire idle to uay anythliif la
nndication of iti cluirarter. were it not thai thna are rrealatv
upon whow iniiKU they ■rem tii ntake nu imjiliaiiiiii, and wbo
rudely paM tliem )iy, or only ciut npoii iliem a look nf odd indif-
ference. To writi*. however, on subjects ul pure and eubUow Ht,
in to euliigiiur ihein, and at the tuunc time, to ^ve tn the ««iU
a htitur>' of ilie gittd they have effrrted ; hiit tbia ban hvmfcll
and Bck now led (red, fiom time imnternorial, byidl personfi wbahaw
claims to uurtcupect for their (luick seii»it<ility to beauty andWty
elevation of inlfllcct : for, to the jH>et they have ever nlTordcd a
conicenial and favonrite theme; to the wealthy an opptirtnnlty of
gratifying their own tantc in a judicious encouragement of talent j
nor han posterity ever forji:otten thotc artLi48 »luKe wrvires i
heaiitiful emanation* have thrown inich a piorj' over their vn
tiun, but have recorded their name>t tin the mil uf fame, aa l>eiw>^
facte rs l« their r.ice. Therein no render nf thane n-mafkablepocOK,
Ihe Iliad and Odytney, li<it rauA remrmher the frequent HlJusiaBt,
uhlch Homer mnkr« to the works of t)ie nltillcd .^idunian artiHAj
and eiinnin}; urtiUcrnf ; nith what warm sympathy, but, at thtl
name time, with what propriety he inln'duren deacriptinna of va-
rtuus iitairamcnta and accoutrements of wjir — roynl and uacerilotal
vestments i:unoiu>ly wovcn^thc iihield of the hem Aihille*— with
works of larjcer conetmctioii — arrhiteutural fahrick — •nch at in
after a^'e* were conceited by a FaJliidiu, or by a ftjr Cliriiil»pb<r
Wren. He consiilcrc all thcw; ne i^rowiiu; under tlic mprriDiend-
ins eye und int-piriitifu of perxunifici] DivInUy— he it PuUas m
other nudilesr, the beuutv uf their ruuttivnncc and the tmntcead*
ancy of their invention Wing refcrrcil lo a Huperiur power, wlw
ftrcnglheiicd the artida' ciicr^c*. Moreuver, he remind* u« bow
the nvrkmau-i'hip added iiiinieiiBurably to the value of the male-
rial, by the »uperioritv of mind oier matter. Vet, whctbei U
the ari'hitvct who built the l«fty pile, or the potter uIhj fasliionei
iitctiMls vf domestic a?e into forra> of beauty, racli, by tlie selro- i
tivn uf the niu>'t durable ninterinlA, iumrcd to his work the greottd '
[lerniiiiicnci; pOMiblc. The lower departments uf iirt rrceiied a
licli dek'ree of arttalicid elf««t from llic refined feeJin); and know-
ledce ofhiimirtniows conipo^itiuu applied to them ; it hcinj;:an im-
portant aim in tliAcc demrative an J urnamental arts wtiich sdomnl
the puUce or the temple to cultivate beauty of deeiKii in thri
fullest extent ; so M Inert a ■» repreecntcd tt% watching ot'tt and
Icciclf oe<!iipied in the " illiistriou* Inboura of the loom ;" but it
Mi.« not the Kli^ff' of the tajiertry, nor the preciuu* stonea that
compoited the floor of rich inhy', but the dceijcn ibat grar«dit,
uKich wAindmirod ai>il eommeniJed. In wnrks of fivtile mannfac-
lorc, where the finer nnil moat delicate slilll of the li'inda w as vi-
mIjIc, the splendid vnite i» praiM^il, not becauvc itx material was
costly, but lieomiiie it WHS '■ figured with arttlmt ditiniEcd Ibeaold,
and reHtff-teA the image of a master-mind. M'e witncu, in all tbi
a mott eunsummate taste and judirment. Si Ot id, in the vpeoii
of lii. gluuing description of Pba'tun ;—
"S'siia Suli* erat tuilimibtai alta fo.'nm»n,
C'liara at(coa/c onri?,jfamiw^* tutilonlt pffOpm
('Bjat e4«r nilidum Jiuttgi* •irnnw leftiml :
4rgmti ttfvm r^UtmU Aiaunw nfca,
iiatrtim tnfitrahai yrur."
Tlie banl of the Iliad says, the inventor of these elc^nl arteTaT"
ISSCl
II hnoinber and architects journal.
saf
• wtM nmn, and tbat he mutt li»-« sctsd from pr«<C|iU delivered
to bim l>f Mini^rva: —
the wort
*7iru ■ viic «nltl frua'd, fat* ^idon Isiight
fi* |iT«cc[tU fr«D HioerTL"
II. Lord Bai-uii'a tl«fiiiilii>n of »rt — namely, "a proper dispoaition
of tbe ttiiiure of Dftture, by liunitin lli<mirlit_si><l cnj-rrinn^p, ra »*
Ut uiawcr the Kvernl {inrpo^cfl of maDkind." dcnrlj' futitetnei thut
tliemicceM witli wlik'li tli« mind ucliivvM that deMiro)>l^ ^nd, mid
theineana it ad<>|>U for tlio prodtirtion «r the b^fliilif^il. de[iciids
upon •uch liigb ■tlHinnicnti' oh tun W expected only after a lung
cAur«e of ul>i«rvfttii>n and ex|ierienoc. Art will eiert a UpnoHi-inl
inllttenoe upon society, *nd he k ivnliaatinn of bonuty, nccnr<lin^
t« tlio wise nnd "proiwr ditpoiittiiin of tlti' thiiijf'i of nntur*.'
Renin ia pointed out the nec*»*ity of a knowlcdce of first prin-
aiples, trliii'h, vlien fi/EteniHtiMed by renMiiIng mid tiuto, furm a
CDFA roundAlion vphrr^^Ti ttio artist mny securely niit lu alt lila
epcratiotiK. The nrnnitaiiijB; tof-elher m vnriety of perceptiimKre-
quirec tlie perfection nnd nrlivity i>f the or^n «f viFdon, luid tho
power of combining ond rriiri-nrMtin^ ftnari^n in their ckmI nuturiil
Mid n»iropriate fnrni)*,— U nci|iiiri'd imly iifti?r a repetition oF m»-
nital enortii, aided I>y the rn-upernt ion of the mind, ntid addiil In
mticli priM'tii'Jil wi*<lnin. Such rvpriiB^nlntion of wtiijhle objeelti —
not, )i«»pviT, mrii-tly a)pie<l a* tlii'v lire, bill improved to what
they tdiotild be — purlrnyed truly, yet poeticullv, demands n sy>itein
of various nnd well-»pi>n>vi-d |iriN-c|>tK, for iriBtriirtinn in whidi
mail mtitt look nitli uie rautiomt and careful eye of observation
Into the biwt which have governed tho woika of the Divint? arlitt.
The words of l*a!ey. when ar^ning the eiist^nce and attribiiteii of
■Gmt from bin workK, — "(.'uTilriviitire prtivru design, Mid the pre-
~' nlDaut tendeiicv of the rontriinrice Indira ten the disposition of
■deiJgner.'' apply eqiinllj' to humun produclionit; and we cor-
rectly inrw fmiii their elfj^nt b«nuly or impuning grandeur, tbe
utittt'a enduwinent!!.
ni. The well-uiiderstandini; of the sound principle" of art (by
nhidi onlv it can lie lenrnt iitid apjirrriiited) prevents the c»mnii»-
xlon of sciWism^ and harbaritiit;!. I'umied on principles contrary
to oalurc and just rcasoniiii;. it« result* are grniTidly absurttitiei, •
and aometiniM Uiot>e one-ndi-d, partial, and iRipfrfect view«, which
are Dothlng less than proofit «f iriitaaily. U hoe^ llorroniiiii in
arcbitccture ; or, who n'lm 'vonic, ['athcr (lunrinif thv Kiwciracns of
whose architfcturnl HchlrvcnieiitH in Turin Imik mure like the
wutrar-and-pjaaiercompoiitiumof a pastry-cook and confectioner ;
or Ucrnini, who in sculpture, imitatud the style of Rubens; and
sorely nvthina could be «o bud in la*ti.' as to make the drapery of
fib oculpturc resemble that of puiritini,', ur nuylbuij^ It la reality is
not ; for in the imitative arts, ns In morality, the advice afv ^uod
r»*t vitltrit, rdiould be recollected. Tlie« are namplci of an in-
dividual caprive. of a luve of estriivu|n>uce, and of a npirit vo
oppoflcd to all truth, that they deserve cen§ure; and the more ao,
beeauw Ibvy arc* apt to captivntc the itinorant and unrrftcctinf.
St ne<'eti>^ry i* it that all ibuuld be under tbe fruidance of reovon
and intention, that he vtho does not attend to what Ihcue f^oyeru-
ing faculties prencrile as binding and imperative, hut acta only
from impulse or ehanc*, forfeitt ail rii-bt to the title of artist.
Hut worthy of all admiration is be who exhibits a control over
biRi^fand hia, perhaps, too ardent imapnation ; who regulates
bia vntbunasRi b^ renton ; who niaki^a hi>4 ceniiia conform to the
hiIm of art ; nnd ri»in^ above evi^ry pnrticolnr and partiiil. re|>re-
aenU only the universal truth. For in thia, aw moA other piintuita,
it will be beit to preserve a medium. Kxtremes on either aide are
ta be aliuuned.
" jfliiiu ffrnmt, calmtia Ireta crwrnlHt :
inftruH, ItTTOt ; mrdio tutiutmut itii."
Ovio.
ON THK STAHILITy OF FLOATING BODIKS.
The doctrine of utahilitit \» of niurfi nrreiiter imimrtance in tbe
constructive art* than U commonly Imagined ; It ia, moreuvei, o
difficult Ruhject. and when considered tn nil ils generality, it re-
(|iiireii a miirli more eitcnKire kmiwlriltce of mathrmoticul invrsti-
^ittiouA, than in pnicteiMed by the in'eater part of that rlna* of
individuals en^Bf'ed In mechanical pursuits ; henee the reason
why the iHibjol, not withstanding Jts importance, is so little wniJer-
Btuud. But nltboutrh the iceneral invetiliKution of the theory In
attended with consideraltle dinieulty, yet there are coses of a
biKhly intcre«tiiig and practical chancter, in which the difficulties
are but alight, and which tnny conNranently bft lutdctatood b]r
every peraon ntoderatdy wiiuainted with tbe elementary depurt-
meata of ficieace ; and it Is to those catcs which, in the prCMB'
instance, wo intend the more especiidly to direct the attention (
uur nWert. The fultowiufc ure Uio conditions on which the cuul-
Itbrlum of flot«tii>n depends. A solid bodv, floating on a fluid
which is tpccitically ht-avicr than it»elf, will remain in * rtate of
et|uilibrium or hulaiiced rest, when it has sunk •" far below tha|
surface, that tho weiffht of the fiuid di#plnced by the immeraed
portion of tbe body, is exactly cqnul to iIb whole veijiht, and when
(he centre of ffravitr of tho whole floating maos, and that of the
immer-^cd portion oi it, are ut>utc^d in thd same vertical line.
If the tluntiof; body he inclined from the position of eifoilihriun
throufib a very oniall sTtjcle, fcy tli« action of some extetnal forotJ
any hotv applied, tho q.iestion of Ktability conjusta in deternuninf I
whether tne bodv, wheu left to itself under uch condiliimc, will
continually reiWe farther and farther from iU pnntion »f e<)uUi-
briiim iinlii it finally oversets, or whether It will librate about
MHne a^is, until it ultimately roiiturei itself to the pnuition whieh
it occupied previously to the action of the diBlurhiufc force.
In tho foIlowinjK iui|uiry we aliall ctMifine ourselves to that p«r-
ticular caae of the problem, in which the first condition of c^iuili-
brium is supposed to be sati*lie<l, in wbale'cr poyilion the floatinfl
body may be placed : that i», whcji the weight of the whole floating ■
inaas ia exactly equal tu tbe weight of tlie fluid displaced by the
iruDtereed portion of it.
Every sidid which is peoeratcd by the revolution of some plane
about a fiaed axis, aud in ffcnera), every solid body having an axia
about wbleh the opposite part* are uymmetricidly arranged, if it
be specifically lifrhter than the fluid on uhich it floats, and if it b«
placed in the flutd with it" ix'tn perpendicnUr to the horison, majr
sink to a position in the fluid, where it will r*'Tnain in a state of
quie*cciiee or balanced rest. In all nuch bodies, there are tw»-
opposiie positions iu vbicli the equilibrium oMains; but there i^
only one jHWitiori in which a permanency of flotation can tukS'
plaee.
If the Hontinfc body l>e homogeneoua, or uniform in densitf
throujfh'iut the whole of the mdw, the centre of gravity of the
entire body will be situated nbove that of the part immersed, or^
which U the tiamc thing, that of the diiplaced lluid ; but if tbvJ
density of that part of the body which is heb>w the fJant ^'J(ota'\
lion' !>e grc-ater than that of the part above it, the cwntre of
sravity of the whole floating maH mar be lower than that of the
immer'ied part, or of the diiipliteed fluid. Indeed, (he centiy of
gravity of the whole fliuiting nia>M may always he phced below
thut tir the immer^d jjortion of It, by increasing the deiksity of
the lovrev, and dirnirishiu)? tbnt uf Uie upper portions; and in this
war mar the Klahility be uugmeutt-d in anv ratio at pleasure.
If a floatin)^ liody be anylinwcut by a plane, in resipeet of which
the opposite parts are syni'metrical, or similarly placed ; then, anjr
portion of the body cut ufl" liy nplime per)tendieuliir to tbe former,
will vIho be symmetrical in re^rard to tbe same plane; hence,
we Infer, that 'if a body, symmetiical with respect to a cerl.iin
plane passing tbnnigb it, be partially inunrrsed inn fluid with tbe
said plane vertical, the ininiened portion of the body will alw> be
Kvmmetrlcal as regards that plane ; and tbe centre of gravity of
tne whole floating body, and that »f tliv purl below the surface of
the fluid will lie iu that plane; couaeqneiitly, for every lucfa plane
as that bcre si>eci&cd. wfiieb ciin be ttlirn in a floating body, there
nill he at lenaC uae poiiLion tif equilibriuni. These tliiugo being
premtMd, we are now in a conditiun tu investigate same of the,
simpler cases of (Ac liability 0" Jlolalioiu
fniblrrn.—U a uniform priumMtit body whose Iransverae tertiiNl'
M n triangle, he made to fluiil upon a Rind speeiiieatly heavier thaa
Itself in a given ratio, with doc of ll« angles downwurtK it is ro-
qnired to determine tbu different poiiitioua iu wbidi it will float io
a stnle of ouiescenee.
Let A B v', in ilio anncJ^ed engraving, be ii transverse svelion nf
the prifniutie hudy, fluaiing on the fluid with the angle A V U
dowHwarda, and let the straight line C 1> be the line of eomiBoa
inteneetioD uf the ptnnp nf tbe triangle with the Hurfacoof the
fluid, or that which, by the writers uu nieehaniea, has lte«n called
iJif wulrr-iinr.
Then, tiuee the speeilic gravity of tbe fluid, as well as that of
the floating body ia known, the area of the triangle ('OV ia
known, being tu that of the triangle A U \, a« the i>|iecific ^'catitf ,
uf the lluatiiig body is tu that uf the fiuid on which it fUmtc
Let the floating hinly Im) a prism uf fir, of ufaii^h tlm vpecilii
* I'tir iitnnr or I1iil*i|qs, \n Ihc bdrlirmisl sn^klun of ^i^r Icnlr, (□lr.r)rimt qua Uiaj
•urCiictal ihr duM i ut li is tlisi [ifnHiDi*! SHMa wliUlt •c,ar«ln ifat UcmrMil suS'
THE CIVIL ENGIXEEB A^a> ARCHITBCrS JOURNAL.
LDt
ivitT, Alt rompnrri) with that nf wnt^r i<i, u 11 to K> ; and l«t
btf eidn of tliv lr»n*rrr>c (liiiniiiilar rurtioii be reiiptftlvAy >9
'fUUrvs :— vis., A B = Sfl-6 todies ; A V s U^ iached ; and
BV = 43-1 Uiclc*.
.tB
\
V
% . :
Then, tinet th« jiriiun u nnifurm tlimuifliout the whnle iMifirth,
the neifilic* and Miliililieti ur thi.> fl<i»iiiii; bcily and the imm«f-
Md pHrt of it. will Im iriily rt-pr^'Hoiili'il hy'iht- nros <vf llie
triaiwlea A B V nnd C D V,' Nuw, by the riik-* of mriKiuniltDn
aiHl by lugnrithintt, the urn ol* the triiingle A B V in I'uund lui
MlawB.
H-il> H V -
MIlW A II —
'tW liitllr*)
rtfrc'no nf ifivprtm ;
nr-*\V*»V » laAR.iQin of Itieildnaf llir lilanealtri
I II V4 AV4. ab;— iW ti. niir lum of t « iUm l>|!. 1 -:ui>.i
IX-», half tun tniDiK ■> V lag, | isiirirvt
B-r. l*ir luinntnui^V Isf. I'3MUIPS
)v^,bM *uiB Bluiu AS .. Id« t-WMi'M
t»«-
Mid, MOBMnentIf , the areit of the Inunened trinagle C I> V, l>cing
t« ibe whole area m II tu 'JO, is)
80; II :: TM-163 : WftOOOiJJ pqiiarc incliw.
BiMcltliondntif the trianftln A it lutd C l>, i» the poinlM itt F
and P ; drnw V F nnd V P. miU frvm tliu vertex V, sot uff V (J
and V'y rwjieclivel)'*^!!!!! tol«rt-tl>iri|« «f V P und VT; then, hy
niecliiiiiica, (• U the paMtion or the ccriitre of ^ronty of the
Irintislc A U V, nod y. Hint at tho trituifcle C 1> V ; juin the vfiilrc-*
Gnaajf by th« Hlraijikt line Cg; then. Mrcurdin^ tw the Mcotul
(wndjtioo of eiiuililimim, Gg ii u rertUnl Jiuu.
Since the arrJi of the trinnslitCUV' ts kiiowti, tlie horiMiilHl line
C D toiirlieii a u\yea hyinrrlitila deKrib»l wild the aayiiipUile* A V
and B V; and C U i* liWcled hy that curve in P, ihe jHiiiit nf r«n-
tnct. Juin Pi:*, then P K ix parallel lu Gt/, and Itt'i-uiu'e O ■; in
vertical, P V \n nUo verti^nl, Hnd c<iii>*(nieiitly perperidiculfir to
C D, whii'h i^ horisriiiLiil ; it ia lild'wiii- pi-riictidiriilur tn tlic Iiyper-
hula Q P K »hii-ii C U ttmches tn P. Tht-rf t'i>rt, »iiice the iiniit ion
of the jMjinl K is knuwa. the poi<ilion of the straifflit line V F cnn
lie found ; and f->r rnrJi perpemlinilar thiit can be dfuwci to the
rurve oS tUe hyiii-rhiiln from the piiiiit F, thi^rx' will he a puoltiiMi
In whiflh the prir^ir). who've trfinsvcnte Bectimi in Llietrianitle A i) V,
can float in c(|uilihrio with the vertex duwiivrard;!; nnd iJie differ-
ent piirtillun* "f P F H'hirh nntiify the mnditiDiis of ef|(ulibrluin,
iTiny he drtrrniiiiKiI, either liy the Holution »f ati alicebraiti e<(iiMi»it
of the fourth dr^free ; or pcomotricnlly, by the Interi^cction of lito
hyperbolas, of whirb the vlcmcnte of conttruutiuD nrc known,
il'lien a Iwnly, llontirur ijermiiiienlly on the aurface of a fluid
^tecifically heavier than itself, hai ita equilibrium of flotation dis-
parbed by the action of Komv I'xtr.-ineoiiH fnrre— 'tliat in, when the
cmtmof ftravilv uf tin.' nhulo iIuiiIitik iniiKK. ^ndof the iniuivniwl
jiart, are nut in tiie siime verlicU line ; if a vertical plane be made
to pHSB through thcwK ciMitrtw, the h«<iy will revolve upon an axis
perjiendiciilar to thai |)Iane, and patiiuK thnni^h it* ccnlru of
Eravity; for when lh« imputie communicated tun bndy ix in a
oe famiag througb its centre of gravity, all the parta of th«
hody m*»vc forward with the name Telocity, and in liiiea paralM
to the direction of the impulne couimuuicJited. Hut wlien the di-
rection of the impulf« docH not p^^ through the centre of graiily,
aa U the Ciuc in llie prevent iiutiiiicc, the tM>dy ac<iuire« * rotalioa
on an ujiih, and alnu a proKreMivc laoiiou, by which tliu centre of
§:mvity it carried forward in the lanae straight line, and with Ike
Maine velocity, at if the direction of the impulse coram uni cat ei
hod act'JHllv pAeoed (liruiiKti the ceuire of p-svity ; and tt ua
curiou* uicc^iaiiictd fact, Umt the rotatory and }iro)pwaive motiooi
tho* coDiinunicated, lire wholly independent of cm- another, nek
bein^i; the Hanie in ititelf vt if the other did not t»Le place.
Tliix fnlhiws fniht the p;neral mecluuiical prinnple or law, tbt
the (jiiuntity of niotioo In budtea estimated in n ^iven dirertjoa, it
mA affected or changed by the action of the bodies on one aaotlMT.
The revolution of a ImkIv on it* axin u produced by an action of
thii kind, and therefore it can neittier increase nor ilintintd) the
pro^eacire motion of the whole maaa moved. M'hen a ein^e
imptilwnnly iit cummuTiic4ited to the body, the aiix on which it
begins to n^ulve in a line drawn tliroiiifh ita centre of icntvitj,
and perpendinitar to the piano uhicJi [lassce throuKh that centre
and the direction in which the impulx; U communicated.
It ii the nature of wtme floating; bodies, when ihinr eniiilihriam
of fiotiitinn haH hoei) dirtiirbt^, to return to their ori|.'inai jMHittoo,
after inakiiiira faw <ncillation> hnckwarila and fonrnrda, u|>irn aa
axil aimilar to tliat above alluded tu. llitl othera, afain, when
their equilibrium of Hotiilion la ever so little diiturbed, do not
rexiine llu-ir oriLrinnl poiiilion, but nintinuc to revolve on an aiia
pawiirif; tlirooKh their centres of icntvitr. until they attain asatW
pofiitiun. when they are aipun In e^iuilibrio. In the former catt,
the eiioilihrium i» it laid to be ttiMt, and in the latter it is nnabiAft^
and the hody otenela.
When the flo.itinfi; body ia made to rerolre from the poaitian of
equilibrium, by the artioa of Homu exteninl force; i/ fh* tint t/
ttipfhtrl' niu>e, BO at ta be on the lame aido of rt< fiiw q/* fM-«urvf«,t
>K that iinrt of the body, which becomes dejireifei] below the aurftMe
uf tho lluid in conieijiirnre of the inrtlnntion fmni thentnt^of eiial-
llbritim ; then, the eiioilihrium it ituliK', and the liody will rssten
itself; that in, it irill r^iiunie the |ii>«itinii which it oeeupled before
H wiiK Kubmitted to the action of the di'fli'ctinu: force. But if the
line of buoyniit'y, or t)i« line of support, lie on the «aino side of
the line of pres-tiire, aa the emerged or elevated imrt of the
fl'Mting body, then th<> etpiilibriiim Is unstable, ami tlie liodv aiU
receile furtlier and farther from iti ori([iiini puuition, until it linaUy
oremeta.
When a b»dy Roata upon the Kurface of a fluid speci&callr
heavier than it«elf, tho force which tcndi to luflke the V>dy revolve
alKiut ita centra of fcrnvily, ii e(]unl to the wvi|;ht of the body,
acting en a le^^er, tlic len^.'th of wlikh is eijual to tlie horizontal
didtanee between the line or prciuure nnd the line of biKiyaiicr;
and when this dintaoce vanishes, that ia, when the cenireiaf
l(ravity of tho whole body nnd the immersed pari of it are lo the
■.ame vortical line, the force tending to eaunc the Ikody to reveire
is equal to nolbiiii;.
When tho floAtinx body is any hew inclined or deflectod from
the position of ei|tiilihniim, aiiil when tlie line uf bmiyiiiiry falU
on the Mnic tide of the centre of gravity of Ibe whirle floatinff
niaiut, UK that piirt ol the bixly which hcoomes dcpreased belon- the
«urfui;« of the fluid in cuni>vt|uenc« of the defiection, the lever by
which the fiirce acta in 8.iid tu be afUmintJve, and tlie force leoan
tu e«ti>b]i»h the equilibrium, or to rectors the hvdr to Hi orii^nal
poiitiuii. But on the other htind, when the line of^ buoyancy i» vd
the same aide of the centre of );ruvity of the ubule body, a.* that
part of it which becomes elevated above the surfuce of the fluid ia
coti*eiiucnvc of the (lefleetion, the lever by whicb the force acts, il
tuid tu be nofiullvc, and the force lendii to overset ihe body,
Thrtc are tho chief principles necessary to be known in taklof*
a ciifHor}- view of tliu KiibJiH't ; and we unall now prurweii to ^luw
in wliHt liintiner the imimeiilum of xtability i.t to be calcuUited.
Let the verticid tran>iveriEe sivtion of tbp floating body be ani-
furni, or the same from end to end ; then pat —
= area of ibe iran(iei>o srctiun uf Iba iuiin«r«cd pari of the bodjr ;
d zi di»laacii belwvru coKe i/f KraviCf of Uie wbnle aud iniiiwraed put ;
( = IcQKili "f till' wni'T-lm-, or (liB buir of Ibe immencd >«cti«u i
f. = tiiiiill an^lr nf indimiliuD or dc<n<^«(iuD ;
le = whole weight of (li» flimiiag iqsm ;
Ml — moHMDiuaior stabitlly.
• Th< nrllol Uni whlrh |1mih Itinxigh ihf notr* *t fn*IIy of lh# lin<»«r*<id ptrt«f
Ihe llaktini lively, iinllvl "lIii (Hit of tmnrincr," «r " >h( Hue «l ■upirxl."
f Til* Ttrtlttl ll'i* whltti |nna» thniii«a ibt ewtr* i>[ (inrliy at the wtiole luulif
mio*, is oUcU "Ibe fliif of pf A'urf/'
U480
THE CIVIL EXClNlfEK AND ARCHITECrS JOURNAL,
Si*
\
I
I
Tbrn. on thp fiu|)))odllon th*t tlw angle of iIwAn-tion i« v<>ry
tniall. lu it miiKt be in nil practieil cmw, the momentum of (he
force teuiliiiK u» rn>ti>rfl tliu equ{Ilbrium nf nutation i«, by ibe
priociplea of niecInuiicH, —
Thii equntion in Rcnonil. vrhMrvor miiy ht the f«m i\t ihe
floating body ; but the «ulM)ilurv rulculationi iiri> mnre iiitrtr;ite in
■ums CAwm thnn in i>th«ns. niuf in cotiKcniierit-p, thp formuU in
thoac cii«H vill be mori' dinit-ult in iti npiilirntioii, ajiil tlie labour
will be much ■nnr(> leilimiH and irk^nnie.
By *ltMilivi>ly cKHniiniriKlliccoiK^titiitionnf tlii>»bovee<|iiati»n,
there are cerlMin iiir^reiiivii thnt titfttw t^enmelveK, kIufIi it may be
uaefu] to apedfy. They are as under : —
It If tfati 6rat term of tho |>Bfcathetical itxprcsMon t^— he
Xrealer tbfii the seconA,d,t}ie )eTer!ifft> t« affirmative, and the
Yvne tpniU to restore the body to it^ orifcirml Mtal<<.
fi. When tliv lu-o parenthi-tical temvii ure i>iiui], ttiero Im no tom
tcudingeitlicr to re«ture or tlet^iroy tlie equiUbrium; for. In tbnt
eas*, the m'mieMtiim U nolliini;.
3. M'lieii the frnt uf tlie jj;irfnthelirfll Icrmn in le«* thttn the
BMOiid, the leveriige is n^ji^utit'e, uod tlie tWc« Ivuda to dettruy
therfltiililiriuni niitl oicrwl tlieboily.
i. M'beu tde wntijiht of the hoity reiDAina conitaat, the BtabiUly
in prvporttouul to (he cxprnMJoii [— rfl sin f.
i. Wh?n lhi> cfiitrr tif cravity nf the whole taaiina mntm is
lower thiin the Mntre t>( bimyiinpy, or thAt of the part iDinicrced,
tke term d, or tlie dutan^e between the centrm uf gravity, is negB-
tire, and th« wbo]p parrnlhrtiral quimtity I d J becomea
nfGnnative; a circtiirititiince which f[Teu\iy iucroniie* the vtnbility
of £vtiition, aa we linve alrcnty iiitlmntcd.
If, in the Trrtiral line jiiining tliiotigh the ri<ntre nf grnvttr of
tlic whole body nnd thiit i-f llic immersed portion, there lie tnVcn
a |K>iat dititaut fruit) the ceutre of kuoynncy, by a quantity e4|»»l
p
to — , that point i> called th« mftacetttrt by naval architects,
becanne it muM iilwaya be situated nlmve tlie emlre of gntvity nf
the man. In untci thnt the Imily msy fluut with !«lJiliility. Tiiese
thingB bein^ prrmiM-tl, we liiull now pvc un eaumiiie iif the njeth»d
uf calculiitiiiR the monientum of Htnhilitv, nccurding to the nhovo
fommla ; auil If the ]>r<>ri-«( he well nmtiidrml in thin jinrtivultvr
case, there can hi! little ilifGnilty in up(tlyiiiK the aanne principles
tn •iinil.ir oideH, even wlicn tJiO KCtiun of tlio bu<ly ia uf a very
different form.
Ejconijilr. — In tlie iiriMniitie Iwdy of fir formerlv mentionei!, nnd
of whirh we have iri^en a trstiiveno eeetivn, tfic Icni^h of tbe
wRtcr-liiie C D i» 2J-S inrbcn ; the rerttiral iliBlauce C g. HS inches,
and the tihole weight uf the Rvnt'ing body 5,W) It>. ; whnt i* tho
motneiitum i)f itability* cr with uhnt force doca t)i(^ W-dy endea-
vour tu mtort itadf, when dellected frum the ciiuilihriimi thri>U|;h
an angle of S deffTeea.
By a (ircviuim c-ali'iilntion, vo hnve found the urea of the im-
n»et»«d trianfiuliir iteciion lo be i:ii> <^uare inchest omitting tho
fi-a«tioB ; lieiioe, by the foniiala, we have —
(O '~itt "v
y ^ -- ^ — S-i ) X iWO X ain 5°.
The leni'thof the wat(r>UiicirBSJ-8ia lag.
I-iliaiB7
3
2J-9<s i;ir3-jD9 log. 4-9348591
Area of tho immmi'd wectiuii = -t^Snq.iu, BT.co.laK. TSSIiSiS
Conittant uumlier* IS ar.co.log. S-l)S0H18»
Natural number, 3-fiW* .
Conutquentiy, we hate
19 ~X"43(>
log. 0*5139134
a 3-9JMI ; which.
l9Xa
IieliiK lew than lie term d = H-A incbeiL the third infi'reiice Khona
Ihiit till- leviTitgr nt wliicli the ueixht »r ihe body iitts Is licgntiyc,
and tbe force tend* to overnel it, tlie municntun of intiuulity
being (— e-4 4 S-1U9D)x 4^00 XO-OSTID =£ — SSTt'DSl pfluadi.
FIRE-PROOF BUILDINGS.
Th« adrantacM of huildins "ur dweilin^n fire-iiriiof i« an gene-
rally arliiKtwleas|Ml, thm it t» needles to aay a i>urd in Iti favour;
but the fn'eat difficulty in the way hai Wen the expense in con-
vtnictinji the Aotint iiml t^iUttitK. To Dr. Fui, of BrJKtol, tiri> ire
iiiilebied .for the ere<:tinn of building that are lire-proof, and at
the i«mc time i|iiilc nt economtral ai the ordinnry timtier-built
fl(Kir>. About 1^ veHn Ninre, Dr. Fox built a private aayttim at
Ni>rthv(ou<l», nriir IlriHtol. on h Inrge MHle. conuiinini,'iiu Ipiu than
IVO f\H>m«. Hxternnlly. it is built in the urdiniiry wny with brick-
wurk, but the ilourn ftre con>truc:ted aa idiown in the unneaed en-
crrivtni? ; and in order to make our deMTiption practical, we thall
de^ribe the weight and nice of the be<-irerK n» iitUiptt-d to one uf
the rtioniH at Nurtbwtiod*. The floor to 18 feet by 13 feet ; the
JuibI.-i, whirh ATO placed lengthwise, arc of cast-iron, of the x~
Rhope, and are 3 incbci deep ut the beurinms and ili incho deeo
in the middle; ?tliti of an inch thit-k at the )iiitiv»>, and ^ inch
at the top. The depth include* the ftnnsc at the buttoni. which ii
9.^ inches wide, and^lhsuf an iiKh thictt. ou the utidenide. Each
juUt weighs li^ lb. per fuol, «ud they are placed Hi iiwho* hgnit.
J
Upon the fljinfri'i iirc luiil stunt ii1k>ti of wood, aliimi 1 inch »|uare,
clave out of elitirt endK of deiiN. wiih ii cpiici^rif nhmit half an inch
between eacli »lip. Upun tin-.! (i!liH iu Iuld a thirknetK of eonnra
morlar, portions of which ii.i-^- ilir.nijrii the Kpnce;^ and fiirm a key
for llic ceitinir. Upon tlit' t<i,ir>i- iiinrtiir i* plaireil a layer of
pii^^inp or cviirrete, and finiilly n composition ctinigKHMl ol lime,
nolies, nnd tnnd, we]l benten down, nnd trowelled on the face.
After the whole hax )>i>r<>me lolernhlr diy, liiiM'cd oil is rubbed
over the surrore. whith renders the Door perfeetlv non-iib»orhi'nt
of moisture. The ceiling i« then put on below — int a coJitiog of
lime and hair, tbmi a lUialintc coat, and al the eonclutiion the wt-
tiiifirruut. When the whole Iiaa stood fur a few day*, the flnor
forms a wdid ninH. and i» very stiif nnd strong.
.MiidclK. iilt(i<(inL' tho fortn of construction, may ba iteen nt
Mewrv. Fvx and Barret t'l offices', itf, Leicerter-»{iiare^
Jlffnt»eft to Engratinf.
a, nitt«r Cri'tinp, fnnttrd in iheontinary wir. — A, 4. A. CMl-lren Jnltir.
e, Strl)>( ni Wctii). Slalf, at ollirr ntlettal, with ntrriiw tpuret Ixtxcea
evil — rf, a (OBl of ct»i« Mnrlar. fnrinini i tiril Terr thr coDcrcte aboK,
BRi) 1 krj Tor ibe 'ntlni bclnw.— r. Layer af concrete or pu|igi«f.~'/> a
fxliig ItTrr of cunip^iiitioo. fvtruiiii * doof of great hardatM, tvi^liNeH»
■utl durabililf, auii pcifeelly fitc fium abtoryliuii.
ntc*lF*iriueft. — Bemarti< .1etidenl.— \t one (rf oar blul-furnicet,
lilo«<i will) hr*ttd air, wl'ilc Uie t>tui «u tliui off for ■ few Riiiiiiici, m \t
uiu»l after CMtidg, aa (ipletion louk ylact intidn iIk pipei, which, Trum ill
ttfccti, WD Mt>*i<]rT olraaidinaij. lu ihc pi|ii» imBtiliakljr outiiilebnc uf
111* Uo<M lor beailnj ih« blail, and at itie ciiil n< it ihv fmnace, » a dop-
*tl»e — a elrcultr diao of cait.tron, I { inch ihlck. and 12 inch#i dtaaieier,
cuittDK oir the conoecilon Ixlwcen i line uf rolil-blut plp» anil ilia hut-air
pipe). Thii tat*c, ttj llic (iMce or Ibe eipluaiun, nu literally itullerrd.
Scleral nf the joinls in the line of oulil'lilut pipe*, with which Ihc brcalili<g
of ilila iiNe opened a eonnecliun, wer« tilown out, aud anoiUet iiop-itlte,
In the Uift mtla, at a diilanca «f 'iO y«>cl(, km alio Itmkcn in piccei j
tlif re 1li« fxplmir* niiatore eicapfrif in flkni« at tlie wule. Thi* futnicv, at
th« aaoia time, helehad ont a gnti qutatiij of thn miierlal* in froai. WiU
■n^ of fonr loieniilio correipnndeati bate the kindneM lo explain the all are
of UieeiplotlTe eompuond likelj to be formed in ilie hol.air pipet? It ap-
pean to btre gtii'taicil in ibe furnace, and fired liy t<ie pipet of the atote
hcini red-hnt, nlilih Ihry rery tuua become (if the AteoiaB ia al all cart>
Ic*)) when ibc M«tt ii not pniing lliiougk thciB. — &M Oui SuH<imj.Wk&t
TUE CIVIL EKtilNEER ANl» ARCIHTECTft JOURNAL.
CDnBOB^J
IIIGII-PRESSrRE STFAM GENERATOR.
IsvKh-nto ur J. A. Leon, C.E.
To the befciimlng of thin centurv the tubulnr hotlen nt Woolf
•fid RumrnH wvre a*ti fur gpiipratin^ tt«nni. ^Ktna nftw Trewi-
ttiick'n fliii!il-li(iilrr« nvnt iiitntilui^^il, it was fimnit (liHt iiti'Ullte
fiiiM Burri>iiiide4 vciih wii(«r were murp efierlu.il titnn lube^ filled
villi TTiitfr. anii MirriiiinilH )>r t)ii> |>ri>il>irtii iir'nimliuGtitni. i>ini'e,
ihe iHinilieror ttiu'* in « hmli^ iiiiTMiKed ■uce^uirelj' unlit Ibey
foroiFil the niultiHit.t loromotlve boilpr.
Fined bailrn on^iht tu b« iiafi] unty wh«re tln-y rnnniit he
*V4tid«il, M on nllway* nr fur nsvlfatioo. The tpnce i>i-<-u{)li-d by
Um flue* reduce* the Kite uf tlir utMnt-chaniber. Tlip u iter nt iu
iniixiniiini helj^ht mvprintt thrw (iMm imly a ftv ini^mt, do« not
)>eniiil the tme of llie t}(«t-»ti>iie. the bevt wnt^r Indicjitiir on utii-
tianar)' Wilen. The metallk flue* nre Bumotimeii tellt dry, nnd
burnt. IWileri of tliut ileacriiitiun are nrit easily denned, free
cecM* to the iniJde Wini; Blinost irajKiasible ; the retult uf Mii^h
ne^lcet, if it cnusc^ tin riphMon, it inrrwet gently llie tear nnd
wear, ami the eapeiiHe n( exlrii fuel U very cim^tiderakle.
ThecDBiinon cyllndricHl lioriiontal Iioilrr, In-iiu; the simplettt, tke
■nfcst, and the nm<t r^xily rlraii«d, ought tv W preferred m ■ »la>
tlaoiiry genenititr. The unly olijection aKStudl ita me wa» its ■Ball
Bren or neatiuif surface i but the trreateiil part of tho irasted hot
atr ImvinfT the buiK-r vtut be ab^c^rbi-*! before reochiii^r the chimney
by an appeiidis TvtK-<.'l, i-ontaiuiii|C w»ter fur feediii^r tlie boiler.
To obviate the defective mcthtKl «f cixilin^ the cylinder by in-
jecting ctild vntci ill it, Wull cundenied the ateaiu iu a •epsratv
reaool. Here, in pbtre <if iojectinf; ««id wnter, muA and all, iiit'.-
tHc boiler, this compound i* primitivoly received into the henter.
wbrre the vater, befuti* leix^hini; Uie l>ui)er, drp»t<it« ild iiHuluble
mntter, »nd ac<|iiirc* an elerates) temjioeature. The grn(-i»tvr
receiving by tUt« prooftu a eoiiiitunt auppty of liot enter, keeping
the iitMpt etMily, no perturbkt iuri u fell, na when injpctins cold
, WMer.
Thbi lunter re<)itire« ni>«xtraroom: ita pUee !■ belov the beiler,
%tul behind the fire^tfrale bridfn>,a ttpac« commonly filled with riib-
bi><)i. A jfreiit nilvnntnfte of thin hmter !■■, ta keep llie siijiply of
water in nlmud a ijuieticeDt Mate, whieh given the effertuiJ meanx
of obviating the evil uf bud water. TLe sedJineat areiimiilated, in
na» '>r nntre hea]is, in the frunt of the buitor, where the wiiter
ipeuii to be ihu leiinl afriUlcd. Thuiw deUMits nre reeeived in
le rceipienl^ plaeeil near the man-hute. The gvueratur, fed with
VkUr aliDosl clem, it i>o mtim liable tu burn.
Rr-i-
^'gr^ V ^' ^\
^
,i-"i
13
-F
Fig. a.
TliB hMter iB oompanttlvely of n small Riie. In the engravlDjif
lie RCttentor'e uxic haK 19 fret, its dinineter i fii't, while Ihe
nfUi of it« beHter in only It feel, ita diaiiieler 4^. fi in., dinl,
^notwUhstuidiDg tliiH. itn heJiliiit^iiirfiire ii twiet.> us much »« tlm
heating wirbee of the builer itHelf. vtliich i* here IJo ■i4|iiiirH feet.
In reducing tlie 300 square feet uf the inner and ittiier nurfiee uf
the heiiler to I'fii iiiuAre feet «f elFectire lieatinj|(«iirfiice, the whule
utparatuK bun IM and IW, or 870 Hqtiare feel uf heatinff HtirfAi-H
Thm divided by nnc wjiinrc yurd, or 9 squnrc feet, per lierse power,
vill prove « 3U-lkurso power for tli« capwUity uf tlie eleaui gean-
ntiiT. The irrate, .J by « feet, or 30 wiiinre feet, harmonlie* per<
fectly with a SU-hi>nic htKh-prc**urr Lxiilcr.
The upper and lower brick tmm are very Urfre, and uiawn fxr
burning kU kiaAa of combiutlbla — iro^ablev •• "(^U ^ miBcnl
fuel.
The bi>iler and its faenler are »rrewe<1 nnd ecnieiiteil toj^ether.
vben Bet on the furruioe. If Hrelted toi;ctlier, tht'it traiujiautby
land Rod mw would not be ao easy.
fW. a.
nn.
^^.
=n:i
1=3=:
Refermet to Ettgravinipt'
r>B. I. Loagiludinal (cdiuD.— Fig. 2, Tap vie it of Furnace tad Boiler^-
Fig. 3, Vittlic*! t«ai.»n Ihruugb hue 1—2, 65, I. -I'tj. (, VnUcal w«liko
lliiounh Una 3 — I. 6g. 1.
A A', CyUnitricd tioilcr, will) heiiiiiph«ric«I end*, conUinlag aaly ibe ilaia-
chimliRr, and ib« wttcr tu gtntnlt ttca-ro.
B B' Horitonlal r*»etvi>ir, foin[M>i<E] of tvo coneentriekl tfVmivn, iMviof
■aaiinutu tp*t« QIIpiI witti vMn. tupplying Ihe ^neritor AA'.by
luFBiii i>r Ibe tliurl ti!(Lral i)i|>» b b', in Inln (■»« aoekelt a a'.
ce*, Joint hnllt fatirnlng A lo U wiilj cuned ctaiup-Lrun*. Tlic aaaels
(pace bctne«n i 6' and a a' I* AUrd 011 Ibe ipui wiib iron ccneol.
d, l>tinpcr, wiih p'ulltj if and w«i|hl it".
e, Sl»p-talTe btlvitit (U fc«<l>|ie «* acid ihc ptunjter-pipc r".
//', Twa ererl rut iron tfgiDMiU, rciiiiig upon i:at|.in>ii |iUI** V, «a tha
lop of ihfl furnace. Uii ilioie cutvrd ginivu ih< boiler AJL' it M**
pfni1«d I'j lit liiacketi;. with bolu, pegi, and nuu, ^, y*.^.
A A'l Mail) tleaiii-pijit inil tiop-riUi;.
I, Whliile leguluici hf the Runt f, to give Ihe iluffn wbeu Ihe aaUf hDi
lirbw iu laiDimuni l«icl.
* f , Man-bolM t« bmlct A and to htlter B.
/, Sar«ty.«alTe.
m m', OaufiV'Coek and pipc-lnfllMtor of maxiiaiKe of )l«tra.
n n.'. Ditto, dlila, cf miiiitiiurti ol niur.
o tf*, Di«cli4tge-ci)irk and pipe for empLfir.g Ihe «ii»f (mm both
and II, inil fur ntlini; ilirm by mcaai of a pcijifiiclicalai pipe coaaeil.
iiK o' «iib an (Ivisttil watcctaiik.
/•, Paisag* from th<r fa mace-door to tbe flrc-|Talt 7.
p', Mov«ahl« tlre-moulh, in the thape of an iichoil-lop bayed wjadre,
placed In 1l>e lire dooiway, lla narrow part in»>(te the Carnste, for bani-
iDg tiuTidlta of Uagau, or drird ii]iieFvd *u|*r-c*n« ; each biwdl* ii
prcurd into the rKO-moiith, nnd acta 'ly luriia 11 a furnace-door. Tbit
intC «( bopp«r ii icoiuteJ nheii wood or nral ii tiicd.
fi Fire-|nitc.
r, MoKabIc plate, ibifled wlicn neccMtry to clean the dun,
*, Pire-lirirlii tixruiiniltBg Ilia locktti a a', not iboan ia iIm engrttiai
t. Two Sre.brick ltin>pi, on <*hi«li rcitt the heater 11.
H. Two return brlrlc flue*, }uinUg before retctiiiig itis ilanp«r d.
c, JnierritlFil archfil bni||p.
u; PaiiiiioH lictwMii uppri leading rinn .r, and lower reiuia fluei «.
V. Cail-iion plaios, ou wbielt ajc placed U>e girden//'.
.-. Aab-pit.
* We *R liiilctitnl Inr IliF ririTlnii loa woili Ititl U(. Lvan U almvl pal
"ColoiiUlUichtii«i7 (crU4iiLU>c(tirlDg*ii<t lUHikluf Hutu."
18(11.1
THE CrVTL EVtilXEEB A?n) ARCmTECTS JOURNAL.
981
I
L
GKORGE STEPHENSON.
COuUimutJ fnm fagt Hi.j
rii. vrEPQEXBoN, anjiT, asd jambs.
The share vliirli tttejiheoflOD li»d in briiurSajr nilimya to the
liet|rtit at vhM\ Iho' nvn nrc)in» been much fought nlraiit. Hu
hki hL-ea iimnvd tlie '' Father of Ituilwny*' W mntiy of hii< friends ;
but there arc vtbem who are jiut furnard. Ity n-lmt he did with
the loi'onHili'C hv hud mndc n •<1cp unwunls. nnd this ho follvwcd
up by the Stvcklon ujul Dailiuictvn Rnilwor. Thooe »crv gnat
yrork*; but no <itir nlio falrljr lu"ka nl it taiiWlievL'tlmttoOecrKQ
Stophcnmo only i« onina our wide uet-torfc of rttilwkys. At fortv,
Steiihenmn wh bardlj- more thno a working num, vilh litliu
vr(;i;;ht «ven aitiuii): lua own friendo ; and he hod uo ueiuis, had be
hnd tlie wi>b nf ni'ii'iii^ tlii> world to the RTeitt step, whcrebjr the
bounds ff nvijchhf^urhijtvl nrcrv to he widi^ued, the furlhcft thire^
of £[iKl'nd and So-itlaiiJ liroug^ht ""ilhin « few hmim reiich, nnd
the hiiiisehivldere of London i»rid of I'uria, Aiindercd fmm the he-
etniiiiiK «f the world, mitil« to know cnch oilier im IVirndit and oa
brothers. He had hi* shai-e, itnd n BTtnt shnr*. hut no more, in
tht4 niifibty Htrid? townnlv tliv feM^wihip and brolh(-r)i<>od »f idl
mATikinil. which Ihn wiiM> of old have sii;hed for and dtviuncd of,
but which they dunt never hojio ohould be so nearly brought
nbout.
The earth hw tht« yw»r taken to it«elf Thomna fimf, w» well na
Slepheiu«n. >ji tltnt each i^mn be n« fairly brAiiffht to dii'un. ITid
not the fnrmer «inte forward while liviiiii;. perhapii bi« name would
have nevi'r bwn lictird, nor would he bnve I.een called the " llailwsy
Pioneer." It «eein*d Imrd, however, tliM n prfy-hMded old mnn,
who, in his youth, had M>en an far beyond his fellows, ohauld be
left to ftiirre In the <iisht of the wonderi which he had foretold.
There Is alwayn a feclini^ fnr the wcr who is happy in his hoilinfr" ;
more, twrhap, than fop (he workmnn who hna slowly wroiij^ht out
the tnak witii which he set forth. There i« a feellnif of kindneas,
l«4», fitr one whn hut wished to do well, and on whom ptod luck
has tint Einiied. There wnn ii forbonrance, therefore, in wnrHiinf;
into what Thomas Unvy hnd done, and melinf; it out narrowly by
the waad of triilh. yel the minm«t af what rotild be mid of him
ma, that he wax one of thuKc who, like Sir Kirhard PhilHpa' and
Othen, but later, had laid down what wan within the bnundw of
ikilltitilo. tV'h;it Thomas Gray wrote and Hjinke in IHV(>, hun-
dredn had uid when Trvrithick run hii first steatn-eniiiiia on the
Mertbyr Railway : to have aeen hiaen^inn and thi* (rovdon tram-
way wiw oiioiig^h : any man of cnntmun darinpr would /oretell thn
[freaier iiteed nnd might of the iron horse, which would prow with
hia (croHTtn. To nuip out the ruilwnyu im I'hiiranK (iray did iiet'ildd
no ikill. fur they muat be made where the trade already flowed,
and not oi rr the hiKhtands of ^rotliind. the wastes of Oartmoor,
or tbe beigfata of Snowdon, That (.iray did rood in wntini; hi*
book no on« will gainsay, for it awakened otliera to the worth of
railways, m for n% it went ; hut others did the tiame uork, and
Ot&an did atill moru. Trevithirk. HIenkinMip. ^Vm. thapman,
DJMkett of Wylam, nnd Ueurfre ^tephi-tiuin, kK Uie Inin )i<ir*e
OOinr, OtheTH Uid down tramw.ir«: in tKlti. R. Stevenson, uf l->iin-
borgfa, wnile for a irrrat railway from £dinbLirf;li ; am! later, Wm.
Jamea broii)*ht furwiird iii> ftn-nt railway undertiikiniP'.
On Ffbninry 11. ISDU. Mr. Thomaa, of Denton, read before the
Literarj- and PI lilowm Ideal Soelety of Newcastle a paper, atyled
'^l>b*cr»«linnii (III tlie Propriety nf intnidiidiiK K<mdn on the
Priiidplc of the Coal U'aKon-wuya, for tiw Oeiiisral Carriaue uf
(tooda, i>ec.~ Thin i.t the ^nrt proposition that we know of fur a
^neral railway ayMem, and neiirlr twenty ytan before Oray'a,
In li^K. tieorgc Stephenson IimI in hi* muid'a we a l>elt«r mad,
and .1 greater Hpced. and he vHin brought iheiD to bear ; the others,
each ill their wiiv, did »oinethinir; btit Thiiinna firny imly wrote,
a« Sir Richard I'hillipH liad done. By urititiK, Gniy mijtht have
dene much, lind he. without doini.'' enylhin^'. only .hIidwr to others
■onethitig new, which niiKht he done : but thin cannot be anid for
him ; and he stands aa • writer and talker, while the utben were
doen.
Noteo, however, with ^'illinm Jomc4, of Warwick. Ifp not
onl^ Ciw what railwayn ritiild do, hut he MX to work to make thrni.
Itii now almost forsotten that the busy time of J*4A teemed with
railwuy uiidertnkiiitri. !» much aa IBM or IBH. Then wcrn biid
dvwQ iJl the tfrcul nurks, whiirh hiivc i>inre been niiidi*. nnd these,
in ■ frcat way. through the earne^tnes!) of Jjunen. The I.iverunol
and M«iH-h«ater Railway, nnd the Lundon and Uirmiii^liiun Itail-
t •■U*iaiiiili>'ll4«<Biu>." OcioWIl. ■•?>, wWcli 4>Din 81» UltL»M"i ~ Mornlnr
Vila Is Kt«. ' pQDIitlltd In Wa. ■ii-l Itknritf it-roixl bt tlw " llamanlEr Eianliin.''
tir Blttanl «M u ul>b(itd<re[8lnJllaup>*>n,ki*.
way, mnrt be looked upon a* hif ofldprJn^; and had it nut iH>enf»r
bU tinwoaried eiirnestneiB, they mi^ht have heeti hiiijrtir put off.
Ab it il^ we are now only daing in W-iA what miffht have been done
in 1NS.J ; nnd in the outcrv a^n*t r»d«ay calls and works, many
raiUnys, the want of whtoh was seen in 18tJ. will not bemnde
unlit IMS or IMS. We hear a great talk abuut mod-braiited
uudertidcin^; hut the cool bMiker-»)n nm^t weep to see how, by blind-
nekf, the worka most needful for tbe g<iod of Knglnnd iire hindered
and kept back, flow mnrh better should w» be noii if the worka
liiid d»wn in lh9.S had then been Iwtfun nnd aet out! All that
good to whidi we bow own in better huabandry, cheaper coal, nnd
nuirkcr trade, would now have reached a gn-aler heiffht. Had
Briiidley ur Stepheanoa beea lixtened lu when they first Bpoke nf
canals and railwayiL Kngland would have been much more forwnrd
(ban sfie is, and etiR more a-head of other landif. We may Htill
hnirii from wliat has gone by, but it does not seem aa if we were
Milling to Ao 90.
tl'e are not cidled upon to teareh why James did not fully fol-
low up his great railwny undertakings, uor why he did not reap a
belter or ^eater reward. Two little in known about him ; hia life
has yet to be writlifn ; and, until then, we cannot coolly settle
whether he uere the loser by the cAreteiaoeaa and unlhntikful-
nem of Iho world, or. like TreviUiick. by hb awn want of utradi-
noH. That to him very inucli i* owinjrougtit tobe acknowledged ;
nnd now. that dealh dueH not hinder uh from speaking freely, the
works of James are likely to be set in a higher lii(ht. By dt-orge
^U'ldiciuiiii and hi* hod they were aeknowlediceif ; nnd the lalter
took, tbe lead when a rail wan made on railway shareholders and
engineers for the widow and children uf Jnmcs, who are lelt be-
hind to witnewi his wurko. but without >1iiiring in thewuallh which
they have yielded to ulliera. The Mephensona, however, aAer-
wards wttbdrew, and the subscription fell to tbe ground.
William JnmeK laid duwn tbe fint railway of any ienpA in
England, the Stratford and Moreton Railway,' flnished In IS91 ;
the London and Jtriehl^in Hallway, which he surveyed in li^lV.*
the Livernoal and .Xl ,iiieheiiter Kailwiiy;' Ihu London and Bir-
mintrhiim Kailw.iy;' nnd tliei.'aiitorbuty and VVhitMable Railway.*
We miiy, without nnv ver^ great wrflnff, believe that twosneh men
Bt Kalnh Dodd and Willnun Jameii imi«t hnv« dune ntueb iu
Klrengttientii)^ the mind, and awakening the hopex of tti'iiriio Ste-
phenson. The former hud a share in fostering the steam-boat, ns
well oa the hicomotive ; hi>i engineering work* were daring. James
drew the ontlineK nf our great iron niada. The former waa un-
timely In hi* end; both iinhnppy in their lives, and ever beset hy
ill-luck. With thewe two Stephenson was in fellowship ; but hn»-
fiier in his lot, and happier than Treiilhick, in nhoKe path he fid-
iiwed, and carried out what the iither )tad left uudone. It is not
needful now to B»y anything of the others' ill-luck ; it i« enough to
far iigiiin, that the rotil of Stephenson's happinesa lay within him-
kelf. He, ton, hnd a titriiggte with the world. Hi! had been in
want of work and brend : be could not get a patent for his fir«t
engine; and for his next, he had no good partner in Dodd ; and
with hiaimfety lamp he 'oim ovenhndowed hy the greater name of
IJitvy, and reiiped but ii blender reward. He was laughed at by
the mighty, nnd set down ns a <iu»ck and a cheat; but be looked
inoTo to hiinHelf than the world, and he oven-nme it.
It uiuitt be iHinie in mind, tliat before Jamcv and he net
about the Ljvei^MKd and Manchester Railwar, Stephenson had set
the locomotive coing. and wa.s busy on the ^ocktoii nnd Darling-
ton Railway. Stepben*on was ready for hi* tank ; hut the atrong'
hand of a man w ho knew the world well nmsi bare been n ut^at
hi;lp tobini, nnd the time wan most smiling. It wnsnhenProa-
iirrity Ri)!iinMm hnd fanned the flame of itreedinesw; and when the
fulness of weullh sent n Htrcam of English gold to the mine* of
Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. Ten yean before, hml there been such
an openinjf, f^trphentmn would have been found iirin-iiily fnr it :
be bad not got his euKine in full work ; he knew little of rail-
way n ; nnd he had not put off his wurkman't apron. He had
neither tbe Ktrength nor Iniil within him ; and though be iind
Ou'Id may have talked uver what wad tu he thereafter, yet ihe
mind of Dodd, daring as it was, does not sconi to have been
awakened fully fi whnt was to do greater wondcrv. nnd bnn^
greater wealth than even the ateamlraat. lu taking a Khare with
SlCpben^on in tbe pntenl for the loconinti le, Dodd inu»it have seen
its worth, nnd may have looked forwnrd to itx hi,H.-flming the iron
horse, nbieh it ban bet-n fund!y named ; hut be did not feel the
time coma to a»k for railways all over the land, as Jaine« did, vviiu
* RJlf hlr DO a«ll«i>, p. t.'. • W(>k'> EuHmp-ln ttj IUt|ini|«, f, 4,
* KUchl* on Balluar*. p- V^ * lliiih'* en ltiltini)m. f "M.
« Kallm-n «t Ofmi Bntilc. by F>«nrt* Whufcaw, CK,,— AK. CinMtlirt awt
■a
3S
THE CIVIL EKGISEER AND ARCfUTBCrS JODRNAL.
[Dtxi
WW ■ buq^ railwny cncpnm' hcfare he knsw Btflphenflon. vlien he
bel|i«dluin to tie purtafnliip «iilh Lmh, aod fur which Jamoi liad
n fuurUi nhan) of the fMteat.' In Iffi*. the TolReM nf I'une hail
cvuif ; iberv wu ihu tine, «ad there were ttie mea, an4 the
stJttt wu ouule. It » Irar, that all which might thrti havfl
bc«ii done was not done— liut therr wm a beginoinf:: and in
IKU Sfephcnaon had ehowa hi» akill, and had grMler «cti:ht
and tMm« in the «rvr]d, a» that he could Piuh railways on —
or ntb«r hinder tliein rruin b«in|; lont light uf, as tbry might Itavr
bMn even then ; (ov ihere was uu want uf cmahrr) — lliv bttckrrn iif
£»li«lit wcr« l'<u<) .ind «tronp, and the f«ar or r«tlwii)'a Iteuct all thv
old vtunicn and «oiuuni»h nivn UirouiEhoiit the land.
or the tua men who liuve btwn uaiDed with &teph«naoii— Trerl-
thich and Dodd — it hao never been »h«wa what a utrantie likcitna
tii«r« «ii4 between them in ouiny thiovs. This went b» fur. that
each had hi« t'innel under tltc Thnincii. Trcvithick at Htithcrhitli«,
Dodd nt Grnv(>s«nd ; e«ch had » putviit for the lucumutivo eoKine ;
Mcli left Sti>phciii>9a to reap what gu«d was to bs K^ &<■>» it.
IXidd well knew Tr«vithick'i n-orks ; and, wbco BUyVaoiua and
he met in IHM, thfj muvtbave talked ubuut them; but I>odd did
U4 feal strong anough to set up a« u i^rvat rait way 'UiaJter.
Tin. KTiXTXTOTt awn DiiHLix<rrox naiLWAT.
The SbockKin and Darlington nulwojr waa one of oar first mmt
railwny w(>^k^ but it Lb thai aa to whidi the least has been wnlteti.
Ver>- littif fjin therefore lie aaid aa tn (rcorice SteftbenanD'a ahare
in it ; thouKb it in miirh Ci> be winked wc kjiew more about it, that
wo niifflitte« llie working of hiH mind in hts stuly ■ndrrtukiiiK.
li'batever Stepltcnwa undertoolt waa, au far an lie C'tiuld, th(>-
roaiEhlj- dtiue; and ha was always seekinff for the best way. flo
thcr«fure, in toakinic the Stm-kton and Parliogton Railway,
brifu^ht into ux) many tliintr< which w«re iiuite new,
NtclwW y\ uvfl. who could licat hftce dttne it, t^ya R<>thin); of
the Stockton and tfurlin^m lUiU»y in his book.* Trcd§:nl>t
dtfd not (cem tu liave necu it, tkuui;b he nntim iL* I'ranoiit
Whtahaw, in the "Analrfais of ItnilwAyH,"" often names the Sttick-
tvn and JJarliiiKtou Itulway, and HieiUis about it at length in his
"lUjIwaya of Ureal Britain."' > Thla, however, does not nhsw it
a* it tirft was; nod ao eye-witness like Nichiilaa Wvudt could hare
don« much fvT u*>
M'o liAve BouKht ia the British Mneciim. without Anding them,
Tliomiw Gray's " ObiervalJvns on a General Iron Railway;" T. C.
Cumriiings' "AtxouDt of Railways;" C'harltte SUvenlerM " Report;"
and Joseph fiandarii's " Rc|>ort." MiMt of what was written
belwecQ 1090 aai laso, vn the St^kton and Uorliii^aton, and
Lii'i^jiKMil and Mnnclie«l«r Itailways, in not to be found in the
Drili^-h Muicuin, n« ouch tbln^ were not thought of any worth:
bad they hevn a few »hi:vt3 iibuiit a Urcek play, they would bare
had a lirippii-r h»t.
In tiiii d.'iy we know n4>thing of the nten to «hotn. le« than
thirty yeaM :i«u, uc w^rc beholden for bringing forward our great
railway wi>rk«. Some, as Joseph Suu'liir*, Robert H'illium Urnnd-
lliu, and Uciirj- IWirlh, titill live ; hut uimiy have mnak to the grave.
anknwvn and unthnnkcd. Two biHiks are wanted before it i« too
lat« to It^nrn all tb« truth,— the Hiotory uf Rnilwnye, and the Lives
of Engineenc Thereareljre<i of »uel>s iRuntens dwtum, and law-
rertij but nut of enginMn, bMwnd Smeaton, RrindJer, Watl, and
Telrord. Stuart has done the most in hiN **Anei.'d<>t«a of ih«
Sleani-enginv.' Tlie Institution of Ci^'il Engioeers dvcfl medals
for the live* of TKtvilhick, and others; but no one seKS for them,
(ieorge SlejiheitHin will not be forgrttten hv them ; and, bftfor^ tho
Iiuititiitiiin of .MerhnjiicjJ Kngioeer*, a lifft of him wMt read by
JohiiStMkIt Ru>Mdl.
Stephenson um ubuvut forty whan he was fimt eallrd on to bo
AOgineer to tlie Stockton aud D&rlingtun R&Uwny. Thiw could
hardly be named nt. m«te tbitn a trnniwHy ; and, althoufrh travellers
wer« carried by cimcii, it wnn only n ciial line, made to draw the
conlu fmm the pits In Sotitb Ihirbum. Somenf these pits belon^d
to Me^nr*. I'eaw aud Kackhuuse, members of the Society of
Friend*, and jiowerful hankt'm.
The McMxrii. I'ease were jiMrliiorsi as bntikeiv with the Liddells,
the nw Item of Killingwurtli Pit; and thi^, uvrhap-i, led tu Georgs
Steplieiifcon being iixQieil au originoer, tH) far away from bis ova
nai^hlKiiirbood. 'I*he Meunt. Pi-auo thiiught m highly of Stephen-
son, thai they afterwArdu found tlie nbiiney fur a luoumotire work-
Mhop, iKiw known «« that of Robert Stephsiimn aitd C^., of New-
castle. The brotlient and their cliihlren iMiiCsfrirth t»ok a great
tlnre In nilwayx, not only in the nurtli, but likewise in the mld-
* Oamaaalcnlnl Lit J.C. IlebtrttOQ. Eiq,. ol (Iib Uecbanhs' UaswlBS.
• Vmd, on Ballnwii, ia3S. • InritoM. oa Kallroada. lrat.p.».
1 Aaml-pU of lUItnf*- LniilvD. U37. > i Bitlnti of C:nt liMtio, f. 4M,
land, and thry are ntill great hoUrrs in the nnrlhern Hat*.
</iiM-]ili PexH: nna a very great Iwliler in the London and Itinalnc-
hMn, in the Maodiealcr and Leeds, and other* uf t^lrpheaann^ii
raiIwn>'B. Joeeph Pease, hi» nephew, forxaerly M.I', for Sustli
Durham, i* now Ireasarer and deputy-chaUman of the ^ocktoa
and I>arIington Railwur, and treasurer of the Great Kmrlb of
England, the Wear Vallev, and the Middloaho rough and Redoar
Rflilwayx. ■" Joncfih Rvi)iii»»a Pe»»e in deputy dtain»aa«f the
Hull and Selbr Uiulway, John P&ue and Hcary ¥t»im are dilw
ton of the iitockton aud Darlington and oilier magfabonini;
railways.
The Uackhousee are no loiwer on the Bo«rd of the Stncktoa
and Darlington Kailnny, but Uward lUchhuuBC it* adirsctarsd^
the Durham aud Sunderland Railway; and John Church BackjMMs
uf the Gri-iit North of Koflaod lUdway.'*
Tite tleyuelU, of VArm, took lik«wit« a biivy share In the
Stockton Hiid lUrliiigtun Kadway, n« did the llvbnrts of ^hcrly
I'll. Both are still directon.
The main line was only tvcntj-lwo miles long, and waa to Mf
coal* from tb« dale of the Tees, b*tw«en Darlington and 8|n^
ton. The money to be raised was only about a hundred thonaad
nounda, and tlie'Act wasgolLu IMl. The works hmhI likely begaa
in UiB neat ye<ar. The fir*t linn wsk from from U'iitou.psA
colliery, to Stocktoa-on-Toes, and the n>i>ney lu be raisedby
share* waa S'i^nool., and bv loan, %i,000l. ThiH w uu ibea thmii^i
a great deal to be raised ny thu I'oasu, Liddelis, and Uackhousei,
who had it montly on their own bands. In l>tl.4,'< tbo abam
were ST^OOOl., nno thelounjt llCUiau/. ; and the shareholders lewd
at 6 per cent, the Wear Valley Railway, whieb cont llo.DOOL; and
the Middleeborousb and R«dear, which anx 7u,cmil.. Theearlisat
dividend on the shares of the Stockton and Dirlingtim Railway
was 4 per cent. ; tltis rose to 11 percent., and aftrruiuds to 14 per
cent. ; but it wns lowerwl to lu per cent,, and i per cent, put by
as a sinking funel. Theao shares do nut come mto the market
now, but Imte been sold for more tlian V&oi. far * h«ndrod panad
thnre. They ure now in a fete hande; and Mr. Tuck sara, ^Tbs
directoni refuse to publiah auy uccuuntH whatever.'
The gauge uf this raUway waa * ft. tl^ '•'■» "hat U now named
the narrow or national gnuge, which had lieen taken np as the
cnuunon width of wugon-whvel>t. The rails were at first 98 lb. In
the yard." Tlieae weru afterwards made 3d lb., and at lenfftb,
Oklb. They were tish-belliedf" oaJessop'it plnii, which wasOen
held belter than parallel rails. Btcphensou wnn in favour of
wrought-iron mil*, u ml of 1^1 r. Birkcisbaw's system, as Is shown
bj* a wcll-writleu report given in ^I'ood on Railroads, ■ ■ and one of
his earbest writingw, printed »ft«r that on the *afety lamp, here-
tofore tiamcd. In tijif.," he speaks of the non-runlinguf wroughl-
iroa rails when kept in work, and of the rusting uf unused
wro«ght-iron rniia i»id alongtidc ; but be gives no good mnon fiw
thie. He tliinks that there i< a change i» the chemic3vl conditiOQ
of the surface of the rail. The nubt were laid luidcr the p.itent
taken out with Mr. Look, in t)4ie;'* but N'icholng Udud thought
thftt the chair micht he si> mado as to get rid of the jolting vhert
t)i« chairK wtre pinned tuuiether. Thia was, tu 1939, done oiHlerft
patent of Xvwir*. Lu^i, WiImiii, and Bell.
Part of the rniht were Inid donn on square htocks of vrnod,**
and tiitrt uii stone hltirk». Nit^holas Wood" vrrote rerommending
the taller, ^leplioiuon, perhaps, wished to get a 6niootlier rou
for the sake of his rnginns which hnd beon one uf his ends In bii
patent with Lirsh. The old way of netting the blocks was by
mnllet?! aii'l Hhuvels, beaCing tlio blocks till thrv cnme Co the rtuht
level ; but IJtepfaeosoQ set up another way, wlitrJi i* that now (ol-
lowed, lie hod n portable lever, nbuut titenty feet lung, wlUrh
lifted uj> Lite block by tlie dwrt end, abi>ul a foot hi);h ; and by
letting It ^ sereral tinea upon the coAltng i-f Uie rond in the
inlondcd seat, thmwing at the Muncttmc gmtel or fine sand nnder
it, made n nuliil bed tor it. It in then set to its right l«vd,
both leogthwiiKt and crosswise, by squares and sightn.*'
Tlie tine wiu fenced with hedge-rows over a greater part, wUdt
was then rather a new kind of rencing."'
«• Past (MSw Hsllwsr OinOmr. IMi.^
• > F«M (NSta IMlasv VU^htrj, Is4/, ISM.
I * Tuk'* Ralliniy Sbwlujlcbr'* Uaimjl, |>. 'iSO.
!■ Hillwayi ofdnu llrlUJn. tiir F. Wh!>l.>«, p. 4».— !«l(h.tTu Wtod, Id cMfMi.
t, (0.-»tWlik, on ;ull<H|», f. M.-'lt» wci(lil gim la liti Audita af MmiSi Ss
. U'liUbait, (•■ 77.1. II. <ir trtor, iHtM m iSt ill.
• « KiUlik.aB lUimy*. |i. SK, \t not rtfinoD. IKta
>• Wood au Itillruadi. Ill vKtUan, p. M. •■ Wuvd. Ul nliUoa. pp. M. ■*.
■ " KIUhlBuu Ruilroiili. p.W. ■■ WiwdvnIUnmf*, lalKhl**.
■> Ultclilr. on Kallmyi, p. CO.~T)lla mf OU Bnc Lrotif In la I7 flMft )l>|>h«MM,
bvc U U BUI •on wttaUiR ud U1( S-cckni aul IJvll^iuD KiUmst> V •ficnsids.
T1i« Bnginnikrt Mid, hy FrnnrU Mliifbnw, «Iid hud iKti man]*
af tlic aid onei, tabe "[imiilvnniH nnd cliimxy, but Mill iKnrfrful."'*
Maay of the old one* were on the line in lt(3T. The Lord
Brooghain was I <S fna long, with cix irhee-ls ; ench thr«« being con-
iMCtcd by milk*. Th« ffiigine-drivpr mni; n brl) nil cotnintr ataa
• itMioo. About 183$. the Ktniiii-wIiUtle uune Into use ^r the
MBHR^vr-ffn^nM ; but the bell wns used for the roal-cniniim."
WhiRtivw tliiiuttbt thiit it «»« bettpr tn hnvu Mveral kinilM of
■IcoaU, rather tlmn the «tcain-wliiEtli> nn]y.
ht\e\ niad-rronnnga were tlieii ihoiiftlit' to be vilhoiit uny harm ;
■cm) th«refurt! ttu-re wrr» (iftveii un the S^tncltton and Dnrliiigton
bBC" This kind of cruwilRfr wm, mi i« kimwci, afterwnntM put a
■lop to bvlnw, bnt h now flomeitimM allowed. In \»39 thrrv
wen no Kote* on tlie liiw, biit merely ■Ignal-poitx, vitb the word
*■ SigniO.'
In l»V3 and ln?4. fwrther nrta of parliament were fiil ; and the
Cuninmiy were allovetl In mn locomotives and carrj' paitornefnt,
Oa tie 171U of Se|>trnil>Kr, lHi.>. the line wm opened.*' 8te|ilien-
■on now tried on a Urite scale, (in the IlaHser L«wwm branch of
tbe fltorkuin nnd Darlinpon Kallway, hiit lucumuti^-es, whirb wrrc
iIioiikIiI I" be icrjr iHicc«Miful. By this lime, the Wj-lam, Killiii|c-
wonli. ami Iletton tmmwars were worked hy HteMti-|iiiw«r.
The KTiiilicntB on the ^tucktou ami I>iirlin^on RjlIIwa)' nr«
nuNttly sleep, I in ISW, «P», XS.S. and *V7. The line ri»CT from
Stnckton ; mid was wiirkei) bv ditiiinarv en^inm M tlie inclines,
wfaicb are 1 in 30, 32. 33, ami lot.'* 'The lenicth of I lie main
liue is 2J miles, but the nholc len^li It now AA miles S furlonK«;'*
and there arc eiylit p:iut-nin*r mid goodi itntivnx. Tin* whole cart
pertnilo ta now »,<iOOl i,064 periionti are nnployed on ibc line.
FasMngvrs wcro first carried in ^Xn^^ cnactieti, drawn by horven ;
and it was Kime t!ni« before the locomotive wm broiiglit lulo play,
while the npeed was low. In IftST, Whinbaw found the speed of
tfa« pane ofer' trains onlr 13 milea |ierhcur.*" Aa (his wan mostly
a Ouitl line, it will he Keen that the speed of the locomotive wuutd
never hove been bruuifht <iiit hcrf. allh<mj|{h itii pnwer waa fully
tiird by Stephenson and Nii-holaa Wuud.
W'hi^haw duennul think that the earth worka are heavy, nor doe*
he name any Rreat work. Rotne of the curvr« on the mnin line are
gihtirv, bring much uuder a radius uf a tjuarti^ uf a mile. There
Art thirteen bridges under, aad eleven bridg'os over, the main line.
Tbe klopee of >uinc of the embonknienta tpwardu the top of the
line are plnniod with fir*.' ' The line i» bullarted with miiaII <«ii1.
Thia is uDDH-d a> the first liue on which houses for the workmen
wtm built oti the side of the rnilway,*" and Whi»hnw fore«»w that
it would be rwlh»>ed elsewhere. The end for which these cots
were built waji t4> kwp the Havmen oad other workmen near ttieir
work, nnd away from the ale-house.
In l!i39, there were J 000 cgol-vngon^i at "Ork on tbe line,**
At that time, ttiore were ihirty eiijcUieA, wry few of wliieh were by
the Ktepkeniuina, M>me were hy Timothy ilnckworth, of Shildon,
by the KitehenH of Darlington, now directors of the line, and tUe
Ilawthnrnt. 'Hie works of Timotliy Hackworth ure at tshildon,
oa tbe line ; and thu« he wan «t(muUted to the l>)verp»ol and M&n-
cliflater strufff^le by seeing tbe ix^cincs of &leplien*»n runoing on
the lin« Ueiore him. Al Shildon ure likewise Uie engine work-
■hoiw of the Stockton and IJArlington IliiilwAy.
Tlie tendcn were two weterliuttn «ct on a wagoti frame, and
holding toother l,Wo pallant of water. Beside them was the
coke or roal for the engineti. The whole mounted on four
wheel*.** Thi* wad the rough beginning of the tender. <'a»l
waa burned in the conj -engine*, and eoal and coke, mixed, in the
paueiiger-enginef. The coke wa« rande ftt 8t. Helen' ri pit, on the
line, atul waa cuLed for eight-aiul-forty hours. Tlie cent was lOt.
per ton.
Inttie year ending the SOth of June, 1H47, the grow reeeipta
were 1I3,V2U/. for the Stoeklon and Uarlington. and Hiihop Auck-
land and U'vardiile Hailnavii.*' Of thin, Id.lidf. wai; for pntaen*
gem, H,»VH. fur cojil.1, Vl.iSBl. for good*, and 3,030/. fur lime and
atvne. Tbe number nl tr»veller>i was 4UK,.fM. Of theoe, it i«
aaid, 33,9^ were hy hunte-caachea (ahowing th«t wime «titl nut on
the line), and 1,8Ui by cAAl-traUis. Kuch pnaieiiger travels aoout
(1^ miles, anil jmya about t«ritiene« as n fare. flll,6:t& ton*, or
nearly a niilliun of tonx of cuiilii arc eartied, ahawlng hnw great la
the yield of the ooal field. Tbe number of tons of goods is
t* «li«tiw-> Aiuirtb, p. Ml. as nu«ikaw'«Aii4lT>l«^ltu?.i>.3(r.
as WUibait^ BUlanr* af OmI Brililn, )>. 41^.
a* RlwWt DB Ball<nyi>. p. 3f3. ■■ \ri)MMW ou Ballmra-— Bllcbl* «o S^mi*.
•• TBHl.Ri4lB>fSI.(nbalilf>*iUti'n*Mi MS.
so Aiulr>lt Df Billv>t«. P'l"^— <tU'Mil]r Ittvlt*. ral. 31.
SI WLIitiaiion n«Uv*TS. p-4tl. •• Wri1>b*voD Ilallinrt, p. 4ta.
■ ■ AliUlia.ionUiJIi'iyi.r.lli!, ■* WUaluiroa flaltoaTS. p. Oi.
■I PulS4ai»lar7 Rriaina, lt>ai.
ISi.SAS. It maf safely be aaid, that no siich number wa« carried
before the rfulway was opened. The number of tun* of lime and
ftoRO if )^9,SiU, which litevtse shows a great trade, and which ii
mui'h Iteyond what it formerly was. The rattle Ciirrird are few;
I,87B beiHtft,'X,l«l sheep, and%ss nrine. JJT/. ia paid for piu-ceU.
While the works were goinf on, Stephenson W2s beset in the
'' Nfttcaiitle Magasiue,"** by Mr. It. Thompson, of Ayton Banks,
who wished to thaw that lur'omotive-enginm would never pay, and
that Stephenson had reehnned wronjjly. Thctm]>son said that
loci>moi ivex were not equal to horaes.
He further naid, thai, the breaking of rnilt at KilUniprorth was
very g^ieat, and that horvea were iiswl to help the engines on. If
Htcam n'crc to be used, he thought itBtionary engines better than
lociniKitire*.
Mr B. Thompson w&a ttie maker of a new kind of rail,*' whli^
wiw tried on the Rninton and Shields Railway, but was not found
tu aotwrr. It wa* numcthing like Slephcnauii's, but the rail was
fastened to the chair by a m^rew Imlt.
Nicholas Wood took the nideof Stephenann, — said that Thomi>-
eon'n tale about the mils nnd horws was untrue, and gave other
reckonioici to show that ThompMin hnd made thu cost of tlie
loromotlvps too much.
ThiK Ttiomiifon answered; and a pn per war went on, In which
Thoini'Miu laid aguitiit Nicholas Wood, thai he hud mMlumany
mi^akc^as to horse-pawer and tn forth. Wood tcenu to hav*
had the better of the fight.
These were amnnit the e,-irly writings of Nicholas Wood, unil in
all likelihood led to the work un railways, u-ritten hy him in 1A25,
and in which, as is well known, he tiehl forth tlmt it was wrong to
look foraapeed of ten miles &n hour. Wood doe» not seem to
have hod at firdta very reiuly belief in ^tephenvon, eithrrin thU ot
in the i^afety Lamp ; but he has lived km;; enough to find Stephen-
ton in the ritcht, iuid to bo himself tlie maker of the Brandling
Junction Kailiiay, which was mostly done hy the mcntw of Riilteri
Willifim UrAudlIng, alre&dy named as un old friend uf Stephenson,
and likewise as the maker of a S.'kfety L&mp. Another great
work doue by a vingle hand in the nurth, it Sunderhind-bridge,
built in ITffO by Kowhnd Burdon. Thi«, and the Brandling J uug-
tion Railway, show the bolducsa of the Nurth umbrlansi.
Stephenson may bo looked upon us one of the maker? of Nicho-
las Wood's book ou milwari, for he m>wle oil that bvlongs lo
loi^umtitive-^nrine^, and on the Stockton and Darllnuton Kailway,
he h.-id net forth tho best way of making railways. This is the fint
great book un railway*, and which wt Tredgold writing, IV'oed
gives a report by Stephenson, and acknowledues his help in the
experiments to discover the precise amount of rc^i»tniice o]ipo«ed
1o the motion of carriitgvs vi railways, and the rc*iiitaiice 10
different form* of eiirria^-e*. ' • Tbe*e, uiiderliihen seven vears
li«fcire, nhow how cjirefvil Wood had been in getting hiw boOK up.
The book i* worth tbe more, from George Stcjihcnuon'ii iJinre in it.
H'rt.>il imiHt hare been "f great help to Stephenson many other
time* l>e«ldes this; and hU reading nnd mAthematicul knowledge
must have atood Stephenson in gimd «tead. Jl is enid" that the
Kev. tVilliam Turner, of Newcastle, wax a great helper of Ste-
phenson utitli book's ™'th instruuieut*. and advice,
As an pnd to this long tale about the Stockton and Darlington
Railwny, it mar be said that the manager in now ^Ir. l*eorge Ste-
fhengon, nephew of the engineer, bu that tb« name la »tlll kept up.
t ill hoped, howRver, thai itnme more lasting remembr«»ce of tbo
sreal man will be tet up on this first of hia rnilw.tT worka. Mr.
Meyni-ll. of Yarm,*" who laid the first rail at Stuctcton-on-Tees,
i>; still a director, and should tiot let his old friend be forgoltea.
IX. LOOOMOntTB r,tCTORT.
Before 1985 Stephenson laid down the Stockton and Darlington,
Ileltxii and SpriiiKwell Railways, and iiet the lucumutive at work
on them. He had now two loarners under him. his son Itobert,
born in IHOS, nnd brought up at Newea»t]e ond Edinburgh; aad
J<i««ph Locke, born in 1^<U, at AtlercliSe, utar Shctfield, and
brought un III llarnsloy (iranimar School. The latter laid nut the
SpriDgwell tramway, from SpriogwiiU to Jarrow,'* which is aoid
to be a good work.
Both Robert StepheniiiMi and Locke are now meaiboni of the
House ofCommons; the former a Kitight of Leopold, and the lat-
ter of the Legion of Honour, TheM were the fint odFujinng of
what baa since been found n great scbout of etigineeriiig. By
■ • KtirnuU* Uaguto*. tdL I.
■ T tUuhl(,an1lillir*Ti,ti. 3:(. otisn Ihcr* li>ilnirla(.
a • Wood. DS KWroadK 1*1 oUUdo, p. uy
•• 0Ur»l>»4 OOHmr. 4v Q mrt ss* (Hmrrtr, ai^tul 10, IM^
Si UalnbMd CHiMnnr, AB|.IB, ISIS,
ticnrfx StPjiliPHson were ninrfe Ihe rBllways of the nortliMMiil, l»y
Kubrrt i^tqihrnson ihiue of tli« fM>iith-rn<4, unil by Lux-litf ihiime of
thv wfnt, rriim Si u( ham (It oil Lii(ilius!»<r, lenvinff unly oue lEreut
ahare fur Bniitel. Tlien'hire, lu tin- llirce named Jo nc own miHt
of our THiluap. At Binitincfaani their irork> mvet ; nnil hrre, ttOMa
d>T, will W n fitliiu^ Koiil for Koini! irnii'mlrraiirt* uf lliellir«e.
lriKV(^ wan of i;r^iit lifl|> tii (Ivor^.'e Ste)jheftMin, hdiI niiwt in the
•Drwrr to llio repfrrt of M'lilkcr ami IWlnck. A ft lt the Liver-
panl antl Mnnclit*^lrr itm il'in«, (••■ckr iindMiuuk nvrkji ofbiit timi,
vkich WM nut t«keii well liy ^tfiilieniiin.
In If** there wer« two iircat things in Gcoi^u Stetrhrnnon'*
lif« — thu KcttiiiK ui> «f the Locomoti'T: Fuctorj-, on 4 hi" Wiug
named k-b eii);tneer vf lUo Liveiu<H>l anil Miiii>'lii->-tfr Ituilvnr.
It liiK twcn aJniady seen h"v he becatrvc kncn to the Mcwra,
PoiiM', vf I>»rlin8ti>ni nnd they art up (ho fnct>>ry at SVwi^abUc,
for the huildiiiif of locomotive eitKtiies, of *hiiili there «.»« now
wtme want. SIrssr*. Miirrav, Feiitftn, lUii %t'o(H), seem to hwve
bwii hiiildcr* of ciis)n«i> then.'* Mr. Michaei I^ntftidg* hiul •
fthareiii the new (aeiory; i>[i<l afterwiu-iJd ItoWrt StPphen«on.** It
ti-a* first knnwit na the fiictoi'v of tiu^itfie Stephenson and Co^ And
sflerv-at<l«of Rohi-rt Ste]iheaKon anil Co. IthtiU flouriiJiM^nndw
tlio rare i>f Mr. []ut>.-hins»ri.
Th« fiirt l<ii»m«liv« u^^il on the Ktocktan and Darlinfjtnn Rait-
way wan built hy (n-orgc Stejihenum, and, we heliev*, at Ih* New-
castle factory. Thi« oaa the first Iwcotnulive vmA &r dmwing
fawngen* on a railway, winch it did in IB^i. and N said to he
still in WiiifT- In IKti> il wi>« decked cut. and bma^ht fbrlb tu
head the tr:iin at the itpeiiiik^ bf the Middlet^huiuufb and R«di-.ar
Itailwuy, M that it h»s had a hiisy life fur a laconiotiTe. It in S
uhamu to an that there in net [tiigli>ih mnccum for xncli things, ur it
mlfrl't be n* proudly ki-pt m wu are told that uf Ciij^nvt i>, iu the
C#iUfinaMre iter ArU ft .>f . tim^ m Pnri".
From the Neuri'Aallv factiiry have heoti «ent forth engines for the
old wurtd rind the new; and there is hardly a land on the nilwsjra
nf Khii;b Slepheuwin'slonuDotire^ will titjt (h- found. From lit*
iH'eat iiame^ these> lonimiitii-es vvrv niiteh Kuu^ht fur on the open-
Fog of nulvM-* ahroitd, and fn>m ihein t)ie Fraiich, FleminijK, and
Hull Duteh learned (u rankelo^oinoliiei.
(Jjitu IMIQ. above two hundred and fifty uf thew enfines luul
been fi»nt forth, and as the price va^ thpn ni|rh, it will hcMeenlinw
much muney miiut haw come intti the haniU of the makers.
tVbether in railways or In the faetory, the Mes«rH. I*e««e h.-id no
nc«l to M>rrim f<ir finrtliinji they did with Kte[iheiiM>» ; whereia
few bad anythiii); to ilo with Ihu other ^reat 1ight« of enftinuerin^
without mnkinif up their niinilx rivver ti» ww them again. The
Iwvers of knowleilf^e may uverlouk the wandering of ureal men, —
they nuiy look to their heads, itnd nut l» their hvsittK; but when
llie Iriist of men of bu»inecs bus keen i»ue« broken it can iiuier h«
made wIhiId. The earntngv of a good undeitakini; are » fair
ftroiind fur duini; iinmethiii); ^eatrr,— ih)^ are looked upon as an
earneA; even where there hi a lii», it is (airly looked upon ; but*
breach uf trust is never tbausht oT but with sorrow.
The Rocket, the winner of the .SHO/. un the Lirerjinul snd Mnn-
cheitrr, wiu ha ill at Neweantle. and k''^<k^ K'"^^ name to the fai-
tary, to that orders poured In from abroad.
^teuhenni'ii niixl prided hirn^elf that Urnnel had had to nuikr
use i»r hi« eiii,'ine!>. If iu anything Ste)ihen»on ihiiweds littlene.-ui
uf feeliilf!, it was ahnut Itniuel. Ho wa^t too miieh (;<*''') '" ''" ""
ulhcndid nhouV him, to look upon railwayji andrnjtidesiifeljelonp-
in^ t» hiniM-If uliinr,aiiil that no nue elNL-hiid h ri^htto oicddlcvtith
them, lie hud »o oftcu liad ti> fi^'hl fur liis railuny^ »ikI eniiiiics,
tliuthc tnight Htdl have a fondness for ihcin, and tluiik ho was
made up with them ; hiivinK. from :32ii to tMi>, lonie«t thPHtmwt
(mposition, not uiily from Huch itienas Mr. U. Thonipsnui and Mr.
Fruncis Giles." hut likeniMT of euch as Mr. Jamen Walker, uud
Wr. J. V. lUslrirk. ForceUitijt that hv hiniiwlf was the follower
of Trtivilhick, >Ie»iit>, ond CliaiJintin, — ihe helpmate- of James, Bir-
ken^aw. Booth, and other;), he could not Wnr e<>ully ntiythiQg
whii-Ji was mil uf his school. He never fiircave Bruuol for tnkinfc
another B^uj;e, iJthmitfh the narniw s^nif:*: was not set up hy hini-
seir, but found hy him iilrcady set up. In ihespccih st Tawworlh
tliis wrenew breaks oul stroiiidy, and he pves wny to very coarJO
wiirdK. He sjiid of the atiuoMiherii; railway, that he hiwl never
bren to lotkk on il, '* hecousc 1 toiifiidcr it humbug from bcitin-
tiiiig to end But it is not the only humbug. The hr^iad
|[au|{C in anotlidr inii>u>»i'*-[>iitiH, tut erruaeous m the syitem of
the attuoipheric rnU*iav, oulv tbey have p>l my eufiineK to carry
them tlirough." If wc 'wi«hcd to draw Georpe Stepltciw"n as any-
thing but what be waa in t*T«th, wc thoiii d be very glad to leav e
' «• H«iriMUc Ufgmilo*. Vol. 1. « • CunbMd OIhrw, Aii(. H^ lUS.
4« WbUhaw'a RallwaiFt af Cr«ai Brtitla.
out all thii>, fur it shows an utter want uf rieht ferliut;. and an
utter forKetfuliieMuf hisown etu-ly life. The atim>spherif rail-
wav or the broad gaii^c were as well worth tryiufc as t&« twe-
cyliniler toconoUre or tuhular builer; they held forth anmeUuiif
which luitfhl be done, and il It yet to he se«n whether they are tn
far behiud oifi Stephenson says. The loconiutivc wna twenty yran
old befure Stephenson col it to draw passettjfcrt on the St^>cktoD
and DarliuKtvn; and it lias not yet r«cetred its full iiii«:ht. after
ftfur-and- forty years since it was first set giving by Trevithick.
At the Trent Vidley opening there w;i» iii> eatl f»r this chaw i>[
tli-feeliii^ un the behalf of Stephensuu, whkh iu«k<« il the worse.
He g»es on to say, ** The Great U'e»lcrii Itjulway liegnn with en-
gine* diffcriii); as much as possihlo from mine. They put the bailer
OH one eArriu^e and the eof^ine on another ; they Lad the ubMU
ten feet in diameter, and were determined ti> jro one hundred nub*
an hour; but what heeame of these enjjiiieif The)- recjuired
porters to help them out oT the station, and they were oldi^vd to
ejdl the N'orlli Stnr, which I had cent them fmm Newcastle, to
earry on the iruiii, and thouj^h it wanted re<t, it wait obli^d to ^
out aj^in. and do the ilxty for which Mr. UrunelV Urge engiae
was JHcapnliie.*
(ieorfte Stephenson had in all likeUhoad MiMd b^ the Wylooa
tramway when Trevilhivk's lucomoti ve w:iii helped on uy men ; and
he might have owned, th:it if Brunei made up his niind to have a
speed of one hundred miles no hour, he gut it in the end. Vl'bat-
evcr Stvphenmn mif^ht eboow to say, England owes touch tu
Brunei for Hjiurring' on SiephvniHin ; for hnd it nut been fur tile
(ireat Western we shuiJd never have got the f(n-dl ujiecd whieli wv
now have. Brunei fought against the Slephen^uns, and they
ngainxt him; and in the eiid, we have higher spwd and cheaper
working.
In *- nliishaw's Itaitways of Great Britain" will be found a li^t
of all the loeoniiilives in 1t).19, and in it are many of Stephenson'a,
Mnne as old as It^io, which were still nt work. There wa« one oo the
Bolton and Leiifb, and two on ibv Liverpool and Maiieheatef. Of
the year I8.ll, thenr wiumut un the Liverpool and Manchester, and
Mime on American raiJwayi. Of ItUZ, Uiriw un the Livorpuol
and Manchester.
(T^ 'if prnli'HItd.J
THE BTRENGTH OF UUNGERFORO BRIDGE.
The pap«r, b^ Mr. noraer«bam Cm, on the "Slren^h of IImi-
gorford Bridge," whieb appeared in the part of tlie €»•*! Engiiuer
aiuS Arihittvi* Journal for Uctober (p. SOS), hne nu di^uht httn
read with inlcrv«t and with pleasure. The neat applicAllon
which ho make« of the doctrine of mvuienta to the statical con-
dilioiis of the bridge, caanot fall tv Kriilify every profcnojviul
reader. He ^iven trfiiind rcnifonK, too, wtiy the subiecl is at tht*
moment of the hi)(hest nmeticjil importance. Ifit calculation*
exhibit the power io Uio eiiaina of thelirid)!* lo »tipport a certain
weight, with all necessary aecurncy, it may bo admitted ;* but, *«
one part of the <|uesti(>u — namely, the load which it is probable
will ever be brought upon the structure— claims a wider comiidera-
tton than be haa given to it, and affect* the ronctusion he has
drawn — that "if 9 tonaper ftqnnre inch be the utmost Mr ain wUrfc
the metal will safely bear, nu marein is left for security aj^inst
tbt; effet^ts of rapid motion" — it is lioped that some fuither iniiutry
■ iitfk that part may rewiU in advanlafie.
Afr. Cox computes the greatest gross load which the Boapeitawn
chains can support, without eiceocditi^ a stniin of Si Ions per s^uar4
inch of iron, as e4|uivideul to a weiffht of 1,17K tons uniformly
distributed, and exerting n tension of V.HiH ton*. He adds, that
^' this is in fact the load to which tho hriilge is actually liable to
be sulijeetcd The nel^'ht uf the chainit {; li tont), added to
that uf tlie platfurm, parapet, rods, &e., and a crowd ooverlnf; Ike
platform with a nnifthl of 100 lb. per vrjuKre foot, gives, aero
to Mr. Cowper, the niaxiroum Iriad nt atimit I,SO{> tons.'
The seuteuce ijuolerl enibn-urei tlie poiut which needs examl:
tion.
• Id rod. IHb t«n*<aii *( tli* tonnt pirioi afi nlenur la (etH'ion. In'-nKrlaum
C(rni«0> D< Umirtwi*," p. HI") T •- j tittprmtlr^ •rrighl t tattnr, ttii dHla*, ■■>■
pvDtlaii rui.lf. iil*iriiiiii,»i>l laid miklflf llir vilniii. aiut r Iit1i>| iW anfti MUMfrtBI
ut nujt'itlim, (otmtA iy (Hf harUqnti] diBPd Willi ill* Uu^m ■" Itt* cor**.
It III* eurra I* cnixklewt u a vitubjla, llili bccDniM T — — , > Uliic Uw span or
chart) llnr. »it ililw ddtrrilOBi an ri|>r*nlnii lilnnlliwl irliti tint slwm bj Wr. Caa.
It Hi llir »u.|iFilal4Ji> c1*feldi4 I'u BOt form pn raaci <:mt4. th^lr fl^v^ i* 4 |i«l)gvn. «f ivhkh
■hr miiilri linn Ihili Incl In • I'tnliuli, smitilliiii to III* niiiriiiliiM (Wiiaitd : bihI ■
tfaon-g* In tlir form if mliiilKlan lullom Is ««a*r^(KDn, wlltitnil Iismrw aay dltar*!
la Um rasuli abwli U aurUi aoUoi Mn.
m
uus.^
rL E*rGI?fEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL.
sss
I
I
It«f4UTliifr to the JigBmfll for June, l)^u {y6\, vm., p. IKJ), there
woulil v|>|>viir t(> ba tin KCiilRntiil (-rror, m rnllinr tli« weight of
tfic chain* 1 1d tWM : thfl linka of tliouc niKpended bfftirMn t)io
pi«T«, which nloite eat»r inio the cnlcutation, Hre alated l>r Mr-
CAoper to wpiph niilv 3^^ tonw. It U tn hr r9OTPlt«<i, thnt in the
extriii't siruii from tba genilemnii'ii paper, re»3 boTord thn Ritynl
iitotitiitii'ii, ull mention uf thp rcmiiiniiiir ■rcig'htii which oorwtitTite
the pcrm.-inpiit liui). na well a« the [iiirlirtibnt whirh would fscUi-
tat« nil ii[>|intKini;itiun, ar« rimiKi-il.
Mr. Ciiu yfr apjienrs to pxtiiliit th» figurc«, 39(1 X 4 = ItsO tniu;
and these are citi*il by Mr. I'm, in niund numbers, bm "about 1,300
tone." Bnt tbrre ii this very Krioni ili/Terence betwmn whiit it
KMin* pnibnhle the former mcnnt to convrf by tbem, and the In-
terpretation given to them by thn Inttvr^— thnt Jlr. rmrper would
appenr to )iavo rnlculaled ujion a tension of i tonn ftr wjuure iiirh
■a tba frexl«>st Ihat could be thrown upon tlic chnim bj the liexrt*
m ptiMttilc ncridcntnl loud nf I IM lb. prr Miiinn.' foot of platform,
added to th« prrmiinrut lu.iil of chniiDi, nids Arc, whii'n triinioii
would wtioiint in all to l.lttfl ton*;— whcrrpfts Mr. Coi lias railed
tbix the vahic of iht- lond itwlf fmm whirh thi- tention nritcK
If Mr. Cnx hilt mi»inlcriiri-ti-d Mr. Cuwper, lii» riincluiion »» tn
the prCn'Til i-Htiral nlate of Itiiii^crr'.ird Driilge fails inilantone-
ooitljr. If Mr. CowpL*r'^ mrnninK Inn hwn tnintnki-ii ln;rc. whut
remains to he Miid «ill lio lm< forrililf appliritbln U} Ibut iK^rcnt
Mnirtiiri' a* iiiHiiitiiialni; Its sufficiency of fttrcn^tli, but will rein&iii
to inrile tonic notice a» n ecoitiiI <|ur*tion.
Nn eiplaniiti<iii i" ^ivvii in tlie Joaranl Ui vhow v\iy ^tr. ('owricr
adopted a trnnion of 5 tona per t«iiiare inch, as the in^ate^t lliM
would prnbnhlj arise ; and it i* dodrablc to unnlysc hitt process of
calculation, as fnr a» tliu impiTfcct dita irbich arc on ttic imtniit
■OWtrildc will ppmiit.
6ucli an amount of t«nsioa would be the effect of a gross toad of
9IA tons, unlfonuly distribulrd, and HU|iport«d by tl>e daaina
between the piers. It would be niadi; up of
W«i([blof cliniiu SSH tons
,, loud ... ... ... ... 39ft „
Ectiniat«d wvi([ht of platform 100 „
„ „ auHpeQHioD rods ... U „
Total ... WS UiKK
There may bo inacnurary in tb« eatimate of ths two laat items: it
csniwt, Imtrever, b« very mtterial. and the meagre meaos at com-
mand admit of no more certaiii mull.
The prii)ci|ial ((TieMtion now for investigation in.wbeiher It be
poaailde llial the bridge la linblc to n load of 100 lb. per M|uaTe
loot from the asfembly of » cmwd i>f persons on (he platform.
This will iMt auiwerMl when wo nscerlain how many perHUin nn
ba crowdril into a civen space, and what the aggregate weight ot
that fliiDiher of peranns mny smouiit tii.
It is Kelt Icn^Kn to military men, that, taking the averaj^re of
large bodiea of infantry when eloxr puckt-d, each man envoni with
Ma €wn person » «iwtf of 20 x Ii = soo Miutire incliM. We
diould therefore find 0'18 men in n square foot.
Mr. Jsmes M'alkcr, who, by dirceliDU of fiovflrnmcnl, invcsti-
cated IliC circum^tjiuce* onnoctcd with K\\t fall nf thv imijH-niiiHt
briilf^est V'nrnioiith, in May. Ibil, sls(<4l in t-tldeiice before (he
ctiraner, th:it he c-alciiliited (a« weight of people, ^*pii('kcd tu mii—*
upon tbo brid|[r,'' nt *iK persons per stjuarc yard, cc>n>ia1inf; <tiieily
of women, atu) children under 1 1 yeani of nye, each pernun bci»tt
of the fiiir nvemf^e weight of 7 xtone; whtch, he ndd<, might !«.■
n hrgt AverAgo, Imt iini> iitluptiMl by hini, partly btiCJiuM it ba» Xi^tn
freijuentty employed before. This would frive it of an indlfidiial
b«|o«MirtK to sijcli n description of persona, as cliiefly women, imd
children ond«r 1( yenr* of a^, for each ttqunrA foot; and, f<illuw.
ing Mr. ^^^alkcr's averago of weight, it would amount to VS lb, per
aqunre foot.
Ilerr Von Mitis, -who nonstrnrted the i<t«el suspenninii bridKO
acraas Ihu DnnuW at Vienna, iwiuputed its tirobnble load ns nriiiiih'
from the occupation of a st(UBre fathom (of Vienna) by 1^ mcit,
cocb wcifcbiii^ 11^ Vieumi pmiada. Ilcnre, per unit of one »<|uarv
fuot £nKlish, ve sliould bare O'St nieji, and HO ll>.
Drur}-, in his work on SuapensEon MridtrM, Ib.i-« down an arbi-
trary standard of 2 uquare feel ]>er man wei|{liiiiK lu stone. Thi^
per aquare foot, is etjuivHlcnt to 0-i men, and u wei);)it of 70 lb.
It Is fumitiar informiition, that in France the rondltions Imposed
by government on the ivhhI ru<'tf)r« of Bunjien'rion hridges, require
that, bWore t)u* public; in ndniittcd In the n&e of any siirh Imdfre,
the chains shnll undergo tbe proof of cnrryint; fur SI liours, an
Imnosed load of UPO kiluirranimes per square' nit^lre of nlnlform in
uduitiun to tlut weight orcluuns^ rodx, putfurm, &e. Tata is tifnal
to 41 lb. per square foot. The ri^ir of thin eondilinn Is miuiifietli
too, in practice, by jiermiltinfr tho use of the bridge, siibiect tn
special police regulations, for uix months after its compli'lioii. if
priHif to tho extent i>f one-half this weight has been Mnlitrm-iorily
made; but at the end of that time, proof t« the foil weight of *)Il
kilosnimmaa per square metre must tnke pisce.
TheorjMCMirHiiiiMintU reijiiSn^ abtu l» maintain the bridjre in
cood order, which thall be done by the authoritios, at bis eipunw.
tn r.ist* of neglect. Annual surveys of th« trorks take placv ; and
tlie Prefect may order a fresh proof to Iw madn whenever any
irroiind for fear arbea, u to the atability of the bridge, or as to th«
safety of tiring it.
\*'ith respect to tho average weight of a numVer tf perwms
axsemliled accidentally, we may form ^»ine prei^tse jiidp{ment. with
asttistaiice from the reiwarclies of Quetelvt, published in hit "Tren-
tiBC on .Man," in which he gives a table of the average weifthiit and
xixeK of men and wimaen nt diSrrent perlrals of life,— eulEcient for
our purpose being found in the fallowing extract.
s
10
l&
30
to
SO
Hilx. Pent In.
KllOfiUiinn
l»'38
SI-J8
u-es
M-oa
«3'M
1-3 S)
0-3;)
5-83 >
0-1 «)
I Ma\v, 61-53 IV. amnL
r Male, l»5-i9 „
" U'emales 110-33 „
fMulo, )40'91 „
" iFeouUe, 181-6 „
To apply this tsUe, —
From military expernenco, and aaauming the age of Boldiers
raii|:e between 80 and io. ue nhtwld get a weight p«r »i)asre fo<it.
arising fnmi a packed crowd, thus—
fi-fc!4 X 131-9 = 00-18 lb.
According to .^Ir. Walker's estimate of Uie nitrabcr of persons
on the Yarmouth Kridg^, thoro would bo a weight per equare foot
of I X M-99 = A9-53 lb.
Taking; the cMimatc of Herr Von Mili.s «» to nura!>erv, t!i*
weiKbt per siiuoro foot would be 0-39 X 137-9 = *J-IS lb.
And, upon the arbitrary standard of Mr. Drury, that weight
would lie 0-2 X 13T-S = 6H-9 lb.
By brin^njr all our results together, the conclusion to be dfriveJ
from them will be moreobvioun:—
Mr. ^ralkcr's estimate of weight per squAre foot is RA lb.
llcrr Vou Mitis ,, „ Ai
i>ruTr „ ^ 70
Fri.K.<f load by French (luvemmeat „ 41
A packed bo^y of Infantry „ fiA
Fniiu the nuiabun on Vartnouth Jtriigv tio
,1 H "s per Von Mitis „ H
., „ M per Drury „ ««
Ikt oiwsjr* tf the whvk twuW U „ to
But nipiiote we adopt that number which is derivml from facts
npiwreotly the bent s»cerl«ined— vis., iwlb. per Mjuare fuoi — iIim<s
it not wem to be inadmiMible thnt on tncreaM of 3(1 per emi.
idiould be made to it when we are about tu ridcutat« uhnt mar^iit
may lie leit for continRnricK. in the iitrcnt;tb of a material nu'm-
her of a aufqwntiioo bridge? If this he w, let u> ret-iw the virtl-
mate of strain when shorn ot so considerable an eiccso.
The distance between renlre and oentrw nf piem being taken at
67«l4 fcrt, the lenjrth of |iIatforni supiiiirted by tho ehnins would
ajipear [from the application of a scale to thv plates given in lh»
Journal for June, IS-U,) to he-
0I6i — 89^ — 13 = 031 feet.
Hence, straining- weight of olatform would b* H tvns
„ „ ausnension roils B3 „
„ „ ohains wouW b« 3W
T«tfll ... 737 tons.
Kquii-alont to a tension of i-Q tons per sqtiare ioch on the lowest
jMirt of the fUttpetisiun chaina.
Before |>r"iH>uucine any jodirmmt on the cufllrtenry of tbe
IlunfTei-loi-d HridKc, it wvuld b« rt.-<|utsil<; to know what weijrhts
the »utipf n*ion rodi', the timbers, and the pliutkio^ of the plnlfomi
nre capable of suiilitininir. Indeed, it it not iaipuaetble ihsl in the
latter wo nii|fht (iiid a limit which would oct ax a nafcty-vaKe for
otliei- parta of the strurtiire. \l oil c«cnl-<, we ahuuld not forget
thsl dense crowd* of pcnwnf ^nvnite a lateral prcasure, such as
the parapet railing Ma s^spcuMon bridge is untnlly tuic<t^t^i^
I
3011
THE CIVIL ENGI^JEBR AST} ARCIIlTEcra JOURNAL.
[l>KcnaeB,
reeist. And tbe iofercnce misht be fnirly dnwn, that indicalions
pf dui^r nould be tostifinl bj lvu4iii|>urk-int mumbcn of thU
bridj^c than iti sutpctuinn ckaioa, befure Iie»i« ueed be eiiterUiiitfJ
«f Ibvir bviti^ urihiuilI to tlicir purpawk
Tlut COiDcIusiuDS we itrrite at ore tlieie :—
trt. That trhun the bridge is fully loaded, tlte Rtrain na th« m^
|)«0^oik diatiu u 4i tviu per Ri]iMrc inch, or la tba motC extrenu;
■»«« -S ton* per euiinrv ia<:li, — I'eicm: oIu^4u]f tbc atnia under wbich
iron u coatideiti to be porfecUy aafa, muI rMerriog uiie-liair ittt
jiuKcr to nMet contin^Doicn.
Vnd. That 6S lb. p«r *quar« foot of pUtfwnn is luffictcnl Ulow-
luicft in caiinintirii; tito wvtght vf ftD vvtideutal crawd of pttnoas
upon ftiupeusiun bridge*.
Ortnter SOfA, I8i». J. H.
rrbe «borc le11»r linvins bwn referred to (be wrlt«r of tho
" Notu on GnglReeiinx," )■•) «i>|)i!nda the followirift ncrt« :—
Th« reuaivlKui of "J. 11 ." wtta ttt prove MlHrMctorily that the
weil^ht of Uunjferford Brid|;e hiu hc^n ovor-Mtimatod in'thf- paper
Unte p. %U, Ocu IMtJi) on the strcni^lt of thjtt ttruftur«. In col-
iBCtinrttw dat> of that pflpsr, eoaaidersbla pMta were taken to
rweneilc the apparenti)' catttradietnrjr aeeoiiRti) of tiio wcift^it of
tbe brid|re, givt^n in the extract f vol. viiu p. 16i.) from Sir. Coir-
{itrfnappr, which cuntnicu the folltivifijrwordj: — "We h;iv«> th«re-
ttftr. Fur tliu weight the hri>l;fe will actually benr, SSI6 X 174 tons =
i,im tonii, while 199 X S ton< =: l,i8U tttaa U Vtt grtaSent had that
can bf ticiually put Upon it." — Wss it not natural to infer from thia,
that Mr. ('oxiiitr had ajtecrtaiinud thnt thu weight which tlie main
dmina wuuld Lat'e to Rujitain uaa I,i8t) toiiii^
Iluwevi-r, thv above Ivttrr shows that lite wordi Jurt quoted are
not the Btatemont of an ucvrtninwl fuct, but probabtjr the infer-
ence from wirae theoretical comput&tiotu not oivflH. The main
chaioB of tbe matrji] ipan conaist of 1,^IH0 linka, of whieh oa«h
ireiglu A| cvl., uul therefore the wimlo tiispt?if>r Si'i tuns. Thii
it«m, however, doe* not include Uie wfif^ht of tlio ooiiplin^-bultti,
pins, «Dd Buspenuon pLates : with respect to theie, and tho woight
of tho pUtfottn mid jiJir;i|mt. which are m;i«i*e and stn>n)0,hened
by iron utityii, wa liave u» lialii. Tli«ra are certvnly nu «iiiU«iUi(i
grounds for ottjectlou to the estimate of " J. U.," but in the ab-
•anoeof morecertJitiiiaforinalion, thi> following seotos a Ie(ritiiniit«
mode of ui^tiniiitiiiij; thif ti>t;il wt-iitht of the xtriicture- Mr. Cowper
remarlca, that *' the entire wei|rbl of the cliuin. platforin, and full
load upon It would mnke s load of about 1,001) tonti on mch pior."
This ^T«e t-OOi) tonii total wtitfht of the whole briit^ ; and ad the
centre tpan Ik on»>half the total leni^li of the ilructure, it apiicurs
■afe to uaume that tho whole weight of the centre ap^n, platrorro,
and load is l.OOU tuna. Tliin would mako the burizontal teailon
lier *i|ii«re inch at the iwntre of tho ntuin chnin = 6 lona.
It munt he riMiitirkedj that the worda, '' tho present crtttcid state
of IIaii(rerfoEd Urid^u,' itre uitcd by "J, It," on hia own authority,
nod we fuC to be found in t]i« "Not«« of EatriortrriHit-" It was
not taiA, nor mifntcateil In theni, that llua/^ertoid Driit(<ti wjw in a
"critical condition ;' all that waa naeerted was thnt whicJi HdmitM
oTatrict proof— ibnt. tuiiiiiiing certuiii appMreiitly actiiratu datn
for the w£ij(ht e^nd ilimeuHluna of the structure, the metal was
Bttbject to a toniiton of 9 toiis per squnre inch. It now, however,
■ppeara that the data thonuclvea were inoorroct, »nd that the
tuwinm is consequently lem ; but even the crentar Bmouiic would
br Mme piM'tiuiI moa be deemed within the Itmlta of security.
Tbe error in <iuc.«tiun, whioh, rr^poctin j; a point of fact, ia nut. how-
ever, to be re^cretteil, in it h«n occtttiuuetl au iniiuiryaiid revi»iun. of
whioh tlie rtwulut are by their near Mreemeot reoommeoded to tfene-
rai coartdeoce. vVuuthor benofit of the diMuwiou hu been, tnut it
hu 4JicUed on one nide » display of intere«ttHi( and «xtttn»ivc re-
WArch which, It ta tu be hojieo, will be ntnewod to other tnvcitifca-
tlotuof that imporianl clou of wbittb the above letter indicates
Um JaBulioT iituUy.]
Tht "T»mm" — On Monday, the 13tb tilt., thlt iron il««m>)r wat launched
from tbe worict of Mattri. Itobintoa and itvitell. tl Millw^ll. Slio U 17S
feel lon^ 26 (eel beam, and ri to hare engiaes o( IHO-hune puner. IIh
Ilaet are by Mr. Ditctiburn, lud the hull ii very ainuetlily fmtihad. Tbe
T^MOe it built fur ttic Rtiitiaa gaTernmeal, la be eraplnyrj on tli* Dlack
flea. Sht it io be hani)M»acly lilted by Mntra. Piul. On llit noit *U|> i»
ao irou tl«»nier fui the Nibob Nallm, ene d( tbe niediatUcil priucai ul India.
She i* to BO fuu'Uea luilc* an hour on ibc Gtogoa, aad a la be uted hy tbe
nabob ID hit tiunting itipi. Tliiialiawa t)ia iirogrtuuf Gaiupcan lutiity in
t)ie Eail, ai li>e Tamia pravM liiat Boiiliih ikill It not yel luipuscd on th«
frvraiag iliurei al llic BUck Sea. Tbe naboti'i iletm«t will raike tbit
acTtnih buili by Mrxri. RobiDioa for tlic CaitBea. An iteo ticataboat far
/^e Jlamber ii to ba laid dawn on tbe slip of tbe Toxaa.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO RAILWAY STATISTICS,
Im 1M6, IU7, AM» IMS^By HTse Uuki. Btq.
fCueludtd/nm pitgt Zi».J
No. XX I V^ MISCELLANEOUS 00OD3.
Amonft other article eatunerated in tie retnnu, are fumilBre
and i^tnol.
In the year ending ^th Jan£, l^Wf, then wb« cwriod on ll>e
Mnnche«t«r aad Uwlton, SU4 tonn of furiiitarv; uu tho SotUh-
Woatern, Sas tooa (h»lf-yeer) ; ajid on tho iBrijthtuti, ?,»^ tow.
The receipu were, Mo n aheiter and Roltua iSiH.- end Urttfikfaw
In the yw endioff 30th Juno, 1S47, there wu carried un tbe
RriKhlon Railway 4,fiGa too*, tho reocipt* tot which were 9,6WL
'llio earrioge of furniture la now oouiiderable, tbe railway hattf
prefern'd to tho canal for lone diaUuicoa. The ralea per ton per
mile are hif(Iu On the Maneheater aiid Roltnn tho r«te i» ISiL ;
on the LoiiiioD and Soutb-Wenern, T-weJ:. ; and ou the London
and Orixbtoii, l-t9d.
Vitriol ie eurriod on the Newcastle and {^li«l« Riulway.
tlio year andlo^ 30tli June, IHtti, 17 ton^, bringloff 11/. ; and
ISiT, S9 tonSfbrini^ngSW. Vitriol is clai4wd oe datii^eroua,
the rate for carrying it ia ijif. per ton per miU.
Ko. XXV.— GOODS.
Tho groa tonnage of goods in the year^ ending 30th June, lew,
I8tj, IHiti, and LaiT, is as follows, includiug erory description d
traffic:—
ArtmnUi and For/ar ,. »,
Ardnnaan ., .,
., Uonliluiil .. ..
SluiUBn>n .. ..
Baiiala maWtdtMdgt ,, .,
Calrdgnlin lUnmklik)
OhMUt ■im) ItlillrKllTail . .
Cockinn nutii and Woikloitan ..
Uulkllo (nd Dratthtda .. ..
UuuiiH and Aivreiitli ., ..
., tuil Vtwtfit .,
Dun far mi tq* aid Lbuiv»tniril ,«
EulrrD tiuuuUci (CignbitJi*) ..
„ „ (CdlnhMUr)
.. (NarTal*) .
Euura IIbIdd ..
„ lIpnitcbudBury) ,,
fC'lluUiBrjjh aLiit I^Lifaw ( Wilton towu]
rinnvoad aad W. niiUui (Ixiuitldgaj
Purnaia
Uitytiav iad Oittt,itk ., „
ClBifow infl Afr ., ..
Or^jiT SiMiilkfm aud W«jlcni ■■
GrvftL WritvTTi .. ,, .,
Kfnil'l t^nil Wiairnnm .. ..
Ucilt Si IlilriJi iSi«-kkin A HottllfiMO
LftDCMUi Hid I'm lOd ., ,,
and C>rll<)«
LsBMlhtw anil Tollnhliv.. ..
,. i:Miai'liMI«r(nd)t«llaB) ..
„ (I*r>*laa and U'ri*; „
f Jan^IlT and l.laiKtLUii .. 4.
H llM'itluu inil BlimlDfliam)
„ (Ortiiil Jum'llunl
„ (Untt'uiM (nd ttEnshatMil
„ [RuiliKi inil Lrtel')
., f UBEi<-lL*i(«r atiij Bitmiagw^)
LatiilaiiBiMl filw-lmiiU
„ aiiil Bxiibtun
■ h ai»] ilfuyiltiii . , ..
,, lad 4iMi.[fi-IVaaItfni ..
Loaaeoitnj »<> EmilikLllHi
Minctiattat iiKl ^lirfflild ..
M^ry^Hrrl Mriil C4^ll■]« .. ..
Uldliud
,. fBlrstlnghunand D^rbj] ..
,, (Nunb Hiillan<ll ..
,1 (LtlMMaraod avunnlnflaa)
H |l>lrmliiglMai and Olu'iwrj, .
„ CHiitutl «Dd (ilo'iuil
„ {Hilthtl Hid BlrmlBtbaBi} ,.
NnmiUt uid C«tllile
North HiltOh 'Ktiobarfb and Kalktiiti)
MotUt tfnldo . . .. ..
., raaltOD and Pis*Wn)
Soutli-Rulirni ..
(Caiitrilniry auil WhllilMblv]
ecuUIi Wdlasa (N'twtTi* ud C. Aagu^
SI. Rcteit'i anil Huriconi „ „
atocklaD inr] DjLrlln^Da .. ,. f
HAiTinbgiT an<l ClitiMr .. ..
T.rt V.le
VMtr
vrmCimwtma^it: ..
1
1>114
L-tU
nut
1*17 ~
torn.
Tvcii,
Tool.
TettL.
41.4I
».-U
*i.(9a
roM*
«t,eni
lff»*
Ill.liU
•77,*aj
m.MH
xnfio!
afi.aK)
vijm
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hm/iit
l.iwiira
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ea.nu
CUM
77.M1
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iut-nn
1M.UI ■
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II.M ■
^■^
K^B
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*_^
4.601
SI,MI7
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lli«M
ZMU
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nam
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S^33
3i.wa
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x».tia
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10,H»
ai/n
47JSI
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ft,iNe
•iB,au
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— ,
3MB
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_
ll<MM 1
len^om
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eajsM
KUW a
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leiX'
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I3II.383
3M,tea
tMOAOO
^Atf ■
M.1TS
110.000
M.04
tijua 1
fSUiMW)
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MMM
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XUKtt
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tTi,l7T
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21.161
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11.174
71.IM
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«*40« 51
1170,000
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tSHMOQ
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■ ^ i
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■ ■
*i«Mi
— ■
•I.I7<
2atf2
Mi.lUl
4».U7
CKlae
b^n.
eM73
^—
M^i
«*^
7WM
MW.T
THE CIVIL ENGlSEKll A\D ARCHITECTS JOrilNAL.
W
»W
IMft
IN*
isir
Tmu.
Tokiw
TlHl*.
TaM.
imidtavm •• ■•
•a.«ii
1MI*
WtihtvaDd CMtfMM
4*I.?T7
sto.ut
mttj03
»M.«M
r*rli aiul Nottb MiiIUmI ..
W.M7
Wt^M
»fi.u*
4M.m
., „ 'Hull udStlbj) ..
.. ,. I'H'Iiltliy auil PiclBrrtug)
9A.10I
^~^
Tort aiKt Nmcwil*
fc ■ -
IJWM»
„ _ tUl. Narihel enalnufl)
IM.IM1
iai.)w
4.<tt.«C7
u ■• iNr«Lk«le A I'ullnfton)
-^^—
W^tMl
7a;.M7
„ . '.rtmnkitkA K. BtiliMi)
JI.OM
9I.9X:
JM.Hjg
MM»
■ H (UarlMB at Modnluid]
Mvmi
4t3A«
4M^t
„ taatBp » a. XUtldM
, _ lUnlffKMl}
KIMAI
7IU.m
8IM7a
«U,U7
iei,>oi
III9,el3
tujei
Tlic totnl toDoiige In each f esr wu as foUowi :—
IHM l»» ItM 1M7
«32I>M 18^22.0:6 t&,e7l.l79 I6,*W^a
The hUowiag shown tho iliHtribvtlon of the traffic in 1847, in
Coilt ind Cokt .. .. 8JHKI.000
IronttODB .. .. 600.000
Iran .. iMfiW
Iron Drtin
*
110,000
Copper and Tta . .
13/100
LimeitoMc knd Ubm
300,000
BaililliigSl«nH ,.
600^00
Sand
9;jooo
lUllMt
}G.OO0
Uricki tnd TilM ..
6.000
Xlicellaaeoui UJncraU
300,000
Tiih ..
4».000
C»in
S0O.O0O
Frovitioni . .
400.000
Maaui« , ,
40,000
Goodi, Timber, and Sur
■if ica . .
4,Ttl5.3S2
Toul .. 10,699^82 Mni
Tfl rfiow how mnhll this traffic U rplnlivolj' to tho total carriwl,
tb« r<illi>witif; il«-nis in tti« convvjiiptiou of tli« ptopleof thia inUnd,
to too^ may l>e noted : —
C«fn..
i>iiut»et
Sogir
Tm, CoffM, and ToImcco
Molt ..
Spkfiu ..
Paptr .. ..
Suap.. •« •
Canills
Cnitan Qoodl
Woolleni
Uoena
If an ..
Olui
C«ali
Salt ..
TimUr
$,000,000
3,000.000
300^)00
&0.000
40lt.OCO
mo.ooo
40.000
90,000
1 00.000
2&0,000
1 lift ,(100
100,000
1,600.000
40,000
30,000^00
VMfm
I.900MO
Total .. 41.720.000 Inni
This pnumorat ion of tI,TVOuDatonB la anderthp ninrk, i^nil only
givmllie total C4>nciim)itii»n or thia tnltinil, rontcAniii^ the artitilt^it
as only carriMi one wny. and not Includio^ many articles of h^^-
RilturiU produre, — ma'n-irea, lentlipr (eD.OOO), flah, atone, load,
mpiier. vartbpimnrt'. nil (0(1,000), fruito, Ac, ; bark, 50.1100 ; ilye-
atuAs, 70,000 ; hoiiij>. 30,000 ; cHlitnnt •rrtiida, 30,000 ; rk-c, «>,<I00 ;
tnr, 40,000 ; turperititw. Vli,<iOO; &p. Tlie railwavR at preaent do
not eorry more thnti ii fotirtb of thu traffic of tlie oountry, if M
much.
Tbe laripwt tonnimon in ISH wore the folio w lajt ^—
Toik and Ncwcadle ,. ^,70i•,^9^
JlalltKhiie/ .. .. 1,716.333
Midland „ 1,449.219
^^^—^ LnDjInn attft NoTifi-WMtem 1,111,090
^^^■r fltorkl'iii anil l>ii!inglaa \WK>t
^^^^ Viahaw ana Cnltncis 924,421
^^■f LaMMhlfc and Yoikabtra r«3,01ft
^■V LMdt and Tbiiak .. etO,33!i
^^ Horlb Union M9,HI3
■ The lotnl rer^ipta for minentla Ottd floods in It^-iT werf 2,600,0001. ^
I of wbich for minrrnle T.j<),OtH)/.
I '*
No. XXVI.~AVEKAGK BATE AND Mll.BAOB.
It la of aome imitortanoe for enpinwra to knnw tho average di*.
binoe tliot (.-ach cinaa ofiirndiice in cirried, and tho avwrt)^ r(«*ipt,
vbicb are for bolun- what la believed.
I 90,405, atld
Mvwt.
m.
27,714
»,it9ft
11.734
12.788
12J7S
1I.7B4
8,154
e,09l
«.44»
4.901
4.813
2.fil3
4,447
43}»
3.7B2
a^Tt
3.4&S
^mungtrt. — Tie t«RTB|e nllMfe nf all ibe poaMngeri in 1917 ini IS
altea,* and Iht avtrage Kvatpt b. Tbe aTcragc receipt on (ha lyteilaa and
North-\Vrit«<n la ti.; (Ir«al Wratetn, 4t. •)<f.i Midland, Sa. ~4J. i Snnlb-
Bauarn, It. 6<f.i ttnghtnn. 2a. Irf.; Eaitarn Cwiaiiaa, 3*,; Soutb-WMiarn,
%». J and Lancuhiic and Tofluhlra. It. \d.
/jfoift.— Ttie artraRc recei|it for bntita o« the London and NoKh-Vaita '
era U 41<f., aul«*47 i Baatera CouoCmi, «SJ., roiUa 76; Great Wcaleta, S4<f.,
nitea 44.
Stt^p.— London and Korth-Veatem, lOiL f mile* ; Cutera Counllni iWt j
74 milei ; Oreal M'c*\crn. lOii. CO mtlea.
SvJM.— l^ndon and North.^Veiiem. 18d. ISO mtlei; Eaaltru Coostltl)
6dL 48 iDiki ; Great Woram, \M. 74 milea.
OMia.— York and Neireiutle. IM.; Siockton end DaiUogton, ISdL ; Wd-
land, 27('. ; Lonilon and Nonh>Wealem, 20'f.
Jr«iMtm». — BatloehQcr. 9^.: TalT Vale, 28dL. 25 nikt.
limnlont amJ Limr.— Uidtuid, 22<f. ] NaneaKle and Carlule, SOJ. 16
m>l«a i York end Nofib Midland, li<l 9 milea.
Duildh^ St«iM.—^oi\ and NwtbUi<BaDd,3J<I.24mll««; Mldkad,20d.i
NccBtlle aad Carlitit, ild.
Sand. — DodmlD and Waibbridee. 24<L 9 nlln.
/ia4.— York and Nawcaitl*. 81a. 40 JDtlea: Noifork, 13t. Cfl mttca
Whitbjr and I>iclieTiDg, 9«. 25 niilea.
Panrlt. — Average at enumerated liaea, 3'9<.
/y«rMa.— Atenge of all Unea, lU.—CtrriayM, ditle, >4«.
No. X^^VII^HQItSg TRAFPIC.
Tfae total nnmber of horsM carried in 1M7
toUl re«i;i]itaMi.2IW.
Tbe greuteet boraa tnffioa are tli« following ; —
London and Nortb-Weatcra . .
Great Weatera .. >.
Midland ..
Eailtm Counllea . . . •
Brighton
York aitd North Midland
Smith -Wetttrn ..
S«uth<Kaiiein ..
York and ^circaalle
Tho charge for Imruca jivr mile in, London and Xorth-IVmleim,
Sd. ; Great Western, 5*4i<. ; MldWid, *-VM. ; Eastern Cotiaiiex,
S-M.
Many dny-ttcketfl are takoii out fur hnraea on tin Lofidon and
North -^f'evtera and other llnoa, by per«uoi ffnng out htintlag.
No. IXVU1.—CA BRUCE TRAFFIC.
The total number of cnrringpa in IH4T wna 'V1.IS4, and the total
reeoipta Al,733f. The freatcMt triiffie* am m followa ; —
Ctnlai;**. £.
London and Norib-^Tnttrn .. 8.790 I2,7&4
Orrat Weaicru .. .. S.SIZ 9,452
Midland .. .. 4,7*4 £.892
Eaitcra CoDatta.. .. 3.2M 3,717
Btlghion .. .. 3.010 3.220
S««thArr<tfra .. ., S,904 4.294
South-Kaitern .. .. 3.448 4,f>24
The aremf^ obiirge per mile ia, on t1i<^ London and North -
Weirteru, M, ; uu the Great ^Vntern and MitUaod, Oif.
No. XX13C— DOG TR.VPPIC.
Dopi arc eaumernted unly in a few returns. The tt'^^^c^a rate
per mile ia trf. The number r.irriiv! in I*<-t7 on the Soutli heron
Uno waa 1,C«4, 3U.; on tho Marfport and Carlisle 33tt, All. ; nnd
OQ the Whitebaveo, 930.
Ho, KXX^-CABRTING-STOCK.
The fullowinjT i« an enumernlioa of the carn'in|p-rtnck of ibe
London ami Ncrlh-Wwirm Hailwiiy in ibtH, suilnhle for w|i<>r)al
traffipr— -Horse Iwxea, SIO (honen rnrrird, ^fT,7H); cirrin^'i-
trucha, 917 (carried 8.700^ ; bullion tnn«, 9 ; poi.t 'iHit-cit, 8 ; ditto
tender*, 13; milk tnirkg (north division), « ; convict van, 1 ; rat-
tle wauona, 494 (cattle, 101,171) ; »heep wof^ns, 117 (Alieep or-
ried, 3fl9,»9M); eofll wagona, 043 (iU),0(k) Unw) ; timber track*,
19 ; powder magasinea, 4 ; iron Iroll^yti, 4.
Na.X:UtL— MANCIIKSTER AND SIIEFFIBLD.
The foUovtng, coramuntrated by the kir)dn««> of Mr. Meadows,
BMretary af the company, (rives aotne partiniUra as to the traffic
af the Mnntbevter, Shcffirld, and Linrolnshlre Kallwty:^
• 8n a Tiluabk |>ii<i>t l>]i Ur. Wpiilliiiin Uuilliif , >Md btfOic l!W BrllUk AaaitMloa,
ai Smian. aod atos* i«. ptitDalit^.
THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECrs JOURNAL.
C
Jmfyiii ^ Utfchm»iim 7V«^.
Om*.
Oo^
Slav.
i
SbrScU nowBd
Uoad*. Onla.
Gn*nl
TMtf.
IMS.
Uw«ti
AprU
Mar
Ton*.
12334
9.6S9
8.673
6.T76
7.530
8.S61
TiHU. . To**. Tom. | Tom. )
1.791 ; 1.159 a.S50 ; 27,010 j
1.8S4 1.61d 1 4,699 \ 23.119 i
2.2£2 2.663 1 5,443 ! 27,602 '
Tottl ..
M,6W
S2.267
5,937 5.440
;
15,691
80,031
mGauFTSK OF msw fa<
GAS-METERS.
Samvkl Cleoo, of 81, R«gviit-s4]iiu«, London, dril eneinMr.
For ** nvton* imprvwme n tt m gtu-mettrt'—Gnnttd April fiO ; En-
rolled OctcAwr 90. 1M«.
Tbe patentee rluns. in tlits inrention. the dividing of the gu
which passK throueh a meter into two or more portions and asrer-
taioin^ the whole quantitr br measuring a part when under pm-
mm, ioftead of meamring all the f«s which panes thrxneh tbe meter.
Another portion of the invention claimed as new, is tbe making of
the inatf circle of the drum of a water-meter water-tight, that
being in water it mar be bnorant. andprevent the weixhl of the
divn £nmi pressing upon the axii^ The principle on which the
fint part of this indention depends, b the well known law, that
the disdiarges of the same fluid through diflerent openings at the
■ante prewure are proportional to the areas of the openings. The
amngnnent of the apparatus is as follows : — The mcuvrinE'-drun:
of a wet meter consists of a hollow concentric ring and corcr.
The dram, revolving npm an axis in water, is divided into com-
Jpaitmeats «■> ammged that. «s the g*s enters, it shall in sncres-
nm fill all the chamber^ and be tUschaixod measured. The inner
cittle c. e, 1^ the drum » made water-tight, so that when the
mMee is filled t<> a certain level with ««ter. the drT:m is buoyed
ap, and wouM oeariv doal if otherwise unnipported ; comv^Tiently.
thcR b little or no ^cti<.>a upi.«n tbe axi& Toe gas from the service
eaters the neter-«a$e thraugh the pipe k. ajoi after pawinc a
nive. — wUch. when the meter is sumcientlv ailed with water, is
opened br a S<«t in the usual war. — h diii^ed into two siream^
ud Acxrs ihn>uch the pipes c and m\ the latter stream bMag the
one mMsnred. and it disx-haived so m«u«:^red tn>m the drvm-cover
br the pipe r. thrvtugh tlw opeaiw n. Now this di^hirge being
known, the iiuantilr of gas toM paj«es throcfh the other oMrdag
K, it known alstx. and the s«m «{ the twv disehances is marked on
the bee of an index arranged in the usual war.
To et|iudise the prfw ru re. the toUowing appaistas is used : m and
a. are twvi hoUow vetwels cvmncvted with one another at their
lower pans^ opea at the bottiMa. waled br water, and free to
nhratr ah«Mt a roouMa c«nti« x ; t is n sl>Ac^ cerciiaf the tw
openings x uid x, attached to the hood h. in cnch a manno' that
as it rises or falls, it Uiall move the slide r, and open or eloae
these openings. The pipes a and b, lead into these reasds or
hoods, and the gas di^arged into them is of the came premue
as that which flows into the meter ; so that, if the regnlating-boods
were of the same weight, and at equal distances on each ode of
the centre x, they would balance eurh other. Orn- the hood e.
is fixed immoveably another and larger vemel c, open at the
bottom and sealed by water, havinz communication wiiii the dnoa
of the meter, or rather with the drum-cover at f. The openinci
M and N, adjusted br the movement of the hood b. arc by its
descent partially closed, and the pressure of the gas flowing
through them is' reduced by so much as exists between the gas
flowing into the meter-dnim through the pipe s', or the initial
tressure, — or that between the interior or exterior surfaces of the
ood E, vix., one-tenth ; so that the ras now flows through both
openings, v And x, with the same relative velocities, the dischai^
bein^ in proportion to their areas.
Supposing that the meaearing-dmm required a pr essu re of two-
tenths head of wato- to work it. and that the initinl presenre wa^
four-tenths, the pressure in the cover of the dram and in the fixed
hood c. will then be two-tenths. The gas wW issae irmn the
openiojc n. with a pressure also of two-tenths ; and the diflerences
of pressure between the interior of the hoods ■ and b, and the
exterior of the hood e, being two^tenthju the hood b. will have a
deseendinc power of two-tenths, and thus the velocities with which
the gas issues through m and n. will be e<inallsed ; and so for any
other pressure. The same prinriple of measarcmait may be ap-
plied to dry meters.
TTBULAR FLCES,
Thomas Pom. of Birminzbam. braas tabe maker, for
menu im tie w»amm*9etmr* «f tii\mJar 4ww *f hetmot m mitd offto- i
MJm.'— Granted April 'lO ; EnroDed bctobo' 10, 1S48.
The object of this invention is to protect the floes of ImmUts, by
lining them with a composition resembling that used for brasing.
In forming this materiiJ. ten ounoes of refined tin aiv added to a
hundredweight of " bath metaL' which is composed of two parts
of forelirn zinc and three pans of gxwd copper. This componnd
metal is rxdled and formed into a tubslar shape of the nae re-
quired ; after vbich. the t&be» are anaenled aoi stretched, so a*
to straifhtea them and bring the edfes cvneetly together. On
each of these tabes is placed a tube K^zatd of ct^po- or an allov
of copper : and the compound tshe is nut on to a steel mandril,
made with a taper of ahoct one-«ixt0FSl& of an inch into its whole
lenzth. which not o&lr faeililates the withdrawal of the mandril,
but aliik> gives additU>aal thickness to that end of the tnlnilar flue
which is to be fixed to the ire-box of tbe ac»m- boiler. The com-
po^ind t-.ihes« each having a mandril within them, air then drawn
thK>.ii;h draw-plates. It i« Oit neveasarr to sdUct tngethn- the
ed^es of the Inser tcbe. as it will Kc ssJEcieoUy strong without.
The li::ir.g shiKild be made twice u thick as the oater tu>e.
The patentee claims the Kse oc a lia^ng of s«ch a pc^aration
of meu,:. £\'r .iairj t-.:Velar £b«s cf ci>f|^ aad of coppCT alloyed ;
the t-^u^vt be:n£ to obti^ a Vr.iag o: metal which shall be' lest
pre-:id:<r:allr acted <« by the [«4we «f sharp crit from the fire,
thjs if the whole t:ihe were made of rapper or of ca pp er alloyed.
iu%.y
THE C1\'IL ENGIXEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
9M
ti AXLE-BOXES AXD JOURNALS.
WtLUAH Jmin Nobxanvilui, of Park Vlllngr. Miildlesex,
gBatl«niBii, fifr " errtain imprmmenU in rvUirnij or nfher oarriiyet,
partig eontUIIng qf new madit iff eonntrvKling fkr luik-^iojiet andjaitr-
Halt 0/ wlt«rit ; aimt an imprmitd melhod qf iaUricaihig tht mid Jmtr-
mtt or other jiarlion* of waAtntry. by (hr iiUrarlur.lion 1^ aquantt,
oUalfau; ofmgtaov*, or Mpanaaoiu Mr/uriimj'.'* — Uiantca \Iay 8 ;
BoroUedNuve-mbcrS, 1946.
The cUimi of the patentee do not carTvupood in lerj:th with
ttutt of lIiu tiili:^ iif the inTention, aa tlieyare *itnp)y for a ueRullir
oonbinntion of vimoui rliuUr Mnrf olhrr malnrinlH with the ailr-
box and jmirnHl, lot tho purpow iif renileriOK thu liihrkAtiott of
the janniaU uf raitimy'-whewU and other moving jiarlit of nia>
chinery more perfcrl ; iiMd, >rcotid1y. for «rrRii)cemviit$i fur onolo»-
ing the lubriiuitor nLihln b vvuml, whii^h hIiuII contain it nnd fx-
olnde the dirt. In L-oirj-ing into effect the Am pari of the
UiroDtlDti, aa rexftrdi tliR iislis-hities of railwHy-i-arriagett, a shield
orMllar of vulcanised india -rubber, or oilier suitable t;l«atio nult-
•Uuce, ia made of the form Khown in ihc cn^uvin^, innrkeil A, A,
aitd attached to the ailc<lKix ntitx oiiterrilice. Thid Hkit'ld ia ptr-
fornted in il* c-cntra; auch perforation hein|< cut to a perfectly
Binuoth mirfatie, to nllon' the pauage of the j»iirn«l throuch it.
Ths perfaretioii in mmle of lem ilinmeter thnn the diiimeter uf tUv
{ounul, and by the tendenny of the niiiterinl of whieh the oliicld
1 made to cotlapve, it pmau so di»ely to the jvuruul, thut au
■ir-tight joint ia maintaitiod.
f The diameter of the perfnrntinn in the vhield for s fauNbtcb
axle Hhoiild be three inchen and Ave-eighthfi. the outer ilinmeter of
the shield should he nne-Hitblhof an inch )■'<<« thnn the tliw? uf the
axle-hoi into whii'h it in to ftl. and it will ilieii he found to com-
pletely till il. Al>cr hnvine been (ttrelchcd over the usle, the
eliield tapent fr<)ni it* <-entre t« it" imler od^-. For the protection
of tUeelwitic shield, and behind it, ia pUiTeit u thin cji:<t-irnn or
• Other metiil •diicld It (<«oircd to the nxir-bnx by four iHtlts) which
bcini: moreor \r** tiithtened, jireH-Hes upon the outer periphery of
the elatitie shield aud accaniotm preAaiire as required to mainlnin
the joint u]i«n the itxlc. In niiju<tt>n|? this hot upon the j'niirns).
no mure coinpre*ji<in ahould lie put upon the outer diHmcler of
the elastic siiield tinin is neceiisary to make un nir-ti|;ht joint,
nthenvive there would be onsidcrnblc risk of the pbield niinK,
before it could becuroe properly lubriciited. U'ben by conlinuwl
wear the air-tiffht joint <an be no lonjjer maintaiijc<l, a Ioom rin^
of indja-cubbcr. of the sitme dinmeter as the axle, and about »
quarter uf nn inch in tbi<'koe«, mny be pliiccd upon the axle.
The onirinnl shield, «hn»iO orilic« hiw become enhii-fiMl by wear,
is ibco litri^i-hi^il upon thiK rin^, and by its rontrnclile furcc elaitpK
it tK> ti^htlv, tUnt a perfect joint U muinlained between the two
Surface* of th» indin-rublier, while the axle revolve* within the
inner or loo** rin(r ; and the operation of tiji;hlenin({ by the menns
of tbo four bolts II repeated lu reoiiirL-d. Or by another modifi-
cation of thie arran^rement, a metal riaff is introduced in contHct
with the axle, uting the contractile force of tho iiidia-robber
ahiiild to keep the rinf in cIom eoutnet nrith the pnlUhed aile.
These atle-boxe< (hould be Riled with a sapnnncmtii* grcnae In •
Bemi-tliiid rtntp, no tluit it may Hdic to«'iiril« the 'Shield, and lubri'
cntc it irithnut delay. The lop of the axle i< of a eirculnr fortu,
with a lid rurnifheo with » small air-bule sereifcd thereon, and
elfeetuuUy cloxiiiu the box. The grensu ia introduced through tlic
a|M!nure whenever rei^ulred.
MAMUFACTDRE OF WHEELS.
JoiiK AmBvnr. of 0|icn>Jinw, aear ihlaachester, for ''eertdJafM-
pnnvmriili' in the euiurraetwn and mant^fiutMn Q^ vAeeltJbr tut MfMt
ruilwaifM and common roadt, and in the Btettada ^ prnmring aai
tmutmctiits Ihc tgrt* u»cd thcrton.' — Granted March, II ; Enrolled
Beptember U, laV8.
Fitf. 1. in the annexed woodeiila i* a side elevation and a lon-
gitnduial flection, tfaowin); the 6n\ part of the patcotoo's ioven-
tioD.
*v...^
Pii, 1.
n..!.
Thft nave a b mad« of caat-lron, and present* the «trac appear-
ance oaeavh aide of the wheel, having fix pTojectiiiK-ormH a', «■,
withsnfficient opace between them trnnBverBely to admit of the
iiEitertion of the wooden piece* d, h . They are nW ilivided in tho
AAMie direction by thu radinl ]diitc» a', a\ while the circuniferen-
tittl portiunna*, a\ «rt> of e<]iiul hrendth and extend traosierwljr
hMweeii tbeni iu the rc<«H> thus formed. On each ndv of th«
radial plnten u', «', are placed wie of the wooden piecea ft, ft. nn«
aid* of each of which in prepared ho aa to abut upon the radtat
platea a\ a', and being fumlabed with a notch, by which the pm-
jeetionsuf tho circumferential plate* it", a', are cleared, tiiey im-
]iin)ire upon each other radially, till they reach the peiiphery of the
wheel ; all lateral action boinc prevented by do"-el% inserted be-
tween them. The apposite iiitie« of the pieces fr, ft, direri.'ei>lLuhtly
from thv riidiul line ; and between them the wooden wed^en d, d,
which Hre prepared to a corrccpuDding angle, are inserted, and
drivau on towards the nave. The piece* ft. ft, are brougbl tirmly
into ooatsot with the nulial plates <i% a', their Mcsp« outwardlf
beintr prevented by the plnte* a\ a>. \t'hftn tbeae wedgea are
driven up. they ftre "eeured to the nave by the boitarf', d', paaalns
throuKb them trausvernely, any lateral motion between tbem ana
the pieces ft, 6. being prevented by metal toneue*. The wheel
then Npuenri' like a dtiie of wood with an iron nave; and in tbik
Mate it IS placed in a lathe, and the periphery trimmed luid turned
to the rei]nired diameter. A wheel tbuji comiirueled, ahhoiifrh
without n tyre, could Ktilfer no diiimemlkernieiit until the removiil
of the bolla. The methitds whieli thp putentce employe ftir up-
ciitini; the tyren to the wlu'el, furin the third und fourth K^rien nf
imprniemAiitN. The tyre / upon this wheel is fdi^htly coneex
upon iln inner cirmimfereni^e, and when it Inu been put upon the
w'tieel in a heated xtiite, and nllooed Lo contract iu eitolin^f, lbi«
cuHvexiiy eitableo it to auume and retain a more effet-tual bold
upon the wooden portion of the periphery, than if it>i inner cir-
cumference wvrp a flat aurface of llio ordiitiiry kind. The tyre ia
uvcure'l to the nnve a by mivani of the bolt« y, g.
Fig. e, i* a front elevation and lori^tudinal section, illustratinc
the method of comtructlnK the wheel accurding iv nauthDr Im-
proremcut. p i« Ihc tvrc, furnished with two iaatr Saafn p\ f^,
the space between which in ei^ual to the Ihicknens of the ipuke*
r, r, traoHvertieiy : thik tyre, it munt be underHloud, ■■ laid down
cold, and the i<pokei< are then utranged in order witliin it, their
motion Interully beiiitf prevetited by flan^ at a sliorl di^ance
from the point of abutment of the iijiokoB. Upon the nnve « Iher
converge on each aide in linen nidiutin^tothe eeulre of the wbert,
or to >ome centre determined by practice as the moat suitable,
but in either cfwe ^ulKcioiitty to nilmit of the in^-rlinn of the
wedges r, t, botwecn them. Thcae wed^ei are driven up hy a
tapering mandril and by other mnndrils of increasing diameter
succeMrvely until the etfectual contact of the xuoki-a with the
inner circumference of the tyro and with tho wed^ett la effectod.
The wheel ik then placed in a lathe, and the ends of the apokea
and wedj.'Vti prepnred for the rvception of the nave, which may be
of cast or wrought-irun. The nava ta made in two equal part*,
eonaiittinfi' of aa many arms «*, >', as there are wooden spoken to
TM£ CIVIL KNGINBRR ANU ARCEHTECTS JOUKKAL.
Ih<?nti<-cl; irhilf^lhc boM. or thnt |>nrt of rnrh irhich [t Innrrlrd
>ii ihc wlierl iratifverM-ly, in nuulc iti^ttUT l«|irrii)ii titnarit* ilic
Otiier : the luirt ar |irujevtions 4', «' wliich (:urrrt<i>uiiil wil)i iht
nomticr of vrign t, I, mrt made M|ually ta|Hrrin^, tnc bGniI» of tbe
' vrJirm brinf: out nwuy t<> nxdw Uicn, and tbr n-rvwn thim
Pibrnied !n th« boM implnfrlnft iipoD the ends uf tlie spokett.
Whenever the bnlts which secure the two portionit of the nnve
vith eticli other and t^ the ajKike*. »n ncTi-wed up hy the tiiTt*,
their actiun ujion the aurfHCM of the buM of eacli purttou wf tUe
niiTc CBuees the wedjics ti> bctlrivcn up iiirtber between the »]voke«
r, r, which are *Ihi linxiubt intu mur« cffeclual contnct uith tli9
inner rirciimference of the tyre, •« n »niMU upMce is left betw^^u
tlic IwA portiniiH 4if the nave in tli« niiitdlr of tho wh«el. In thit
L.wheel the tyre is thowii nttftclied 1^ jofifC^ Spike*, one of vhich
*iB driven into e*eh Npolie.
The next iinpnneineitl foniiifttH of n rjist-irun wheel ; the nave
fmm uhii'h the arms rsdlnle. and the iniicr or coHt-lriin lyrK ia
fDrmrd in Ihc neUHlmnnniT.llic outer tvrc being made (if wrdiifrlit-
iron. Thcarmsiof the tthfrl hare it hollow ujx-ninirorslut, extend-
inf; from the inner tyre to the nave; dovn tbi;) ojrenini; tiie biilU
whirh »«currthe outer lyre to the wheel, pow, mid are held by
coltem driven triiunveruelv throuKh the nave, under ibe fir>t
terie^ of ini|iroveiiirntB. One great advnntBfcc of UiU method ia,
thnt an the Quier tyre beeMnea hnim; by irontinonl wear, it can be
lightened and held fa^t to the «<bee) by merely dririnfr up the
<<ottero. <4ithvut involving lhrnece?«ity of re-tyring tbcvliceli und
thisnpplit-* etiiudly l« wooden tu to iron »-hw!l». The Aftb jiart
of the iiiiproreineiifc* referi to a iDeth<>d of prepariiifc, dreasine, und
Ant-hin^ ibe outer Hurfiice of tyref> fur railway wheclii, by i(riiidiiij|f
them with bard ttonc, initcad of drCMiag them Ui tn« Jatlic
in the Dnliniiry niaituer.
HEATIN'O AND \'ENTILATIOX.
Tom* BairTraK, of BiTminf^hAni, onnehiniit, for '*^wlaat fm-
jertfYfmrtitt in hfattng, iig^tiny, walil'ttoiy, and oUfing tt/td trrfwing
Uu- dotrrtt of aftarlintnla ; aUa in lighting nnd ivttlUaliaf mrriagft J
tfrnrt* r>/ I'Jtifli iiiifrvtvmtti/* arf af/plifuUf lit ollmr likt jturftottv." —
Granted April W ; Krirollcd October 30, LKM.
Thb npneilieation iu so n>ni|>reheR«lve, thitt «re enn only iiutlee
tlie principal ubjectH wblcli the invention is intended to accxmipli>Ui.
In tlie first pince, the fttunttt ehiirn* a iniidfl i>f i-li»in(i lire-
plaeen or itovex with uronnd (rlv*, InlroilucMl lilte paueU into the
iron frame. The door i» plnced in front of the nre, and i« not
hiiiKed to the frnme of the rfuvr in the ii*iinl munn^r, but recta
upon n j>]idiiiir danijier behm the (juiioni of llie lire ; ihn* hy uitb-
dniirint; the damper, the door is nl«o withdrawn ot tlie »ame time
for the adminsion of air to tlie fire. Tlie door i* kept rhme to the
frame at the top hy means of a weSjrbled latch. The aevund iisrt
of the invention reWei to the ventilating of apiirtments. Thin
the patentee propose* to do hy closinir up the fire-place by a iliMir,
and aupplyifitf the firr with air hjr nieiins of a pi|je fmm the toii of
tlie rvum. The pipe eonveyinctlienjria divided intotno hrjtnclies,
one of whirh delivers the nir alnive the fire dirertly into the rhim-
ney, anil the other delivern it below tho fire to aid the conibu-iiun
of the fuel : it if pr'ivided with a vnlre or damjtcr, hy which the
iiitrii*ily I'f thit fire ran be rei;iil.->ti-<l at required. Aiicilber part
of ihe iiireiitiun cointiatsof a entidle-puArd to prevent caiidlei from
l^utterini;. It i» fumird hy n unp, which ik pinced upon the tup of
the cntidle, the upper part of the cap fornitnt; u rini; round tlie
mdteil iMxt of the tiiUow, and, ta the candle biiruti away, the eap
deacendJ with it by its own wcii^ht. Improvrnionta in the
windows of carriogea arc eomprived i» thi» (peeilication : tlie ini-
provemcnta pTO|io«ed winaiHtiuK in having the windows to open
uutwarda wita hingca. like French window* of liouoei^; and a pro-
jeetin^ rwf to tbecarrinye i« proponed, fur the purpime of uvniiltng
dnfii'. The hinjces and i<>ck« of dourn come next within the ncvue
of the pateoteoo imprDveniont*. Anion^ other altemtionc, he
propoee» tu ploee the common ftrni-«|ving on Ui« oppoeit^ tide of
the dftiir to that on which tt ia ueiially placed. The two laot parta
of the invention r«Iat« to Uie Inteh'en and birka nf docira. llie
]>at«ntee (leseribMi « variety of nethoda of clfei^inff the lining of
the Jnteh or other fitalenitiffs of door*, by simply pulling the door-
knob oil wne Hide of the door, or hy pushing in on the otiigr,
Tlio pin ft rod ronneeling the two knolM in an ounneeted hy levera
or nther apparntiis Co (he latch or bolt, that any motion ^ven to
it will lift the latch. The last part cenniot* in a modv uf liiekiu);
lock* without the aid of the opening key. It oonKi«ta in fornuiig
the pin* upon the tumblers bevelled on one Kide, an that hr dtafilr
Envhin); furward the btdt, hr meiinN of a titnati ie\ nr altacbcd t« a
an die, the pins will he raised from their rc»pective twlchnby
their iH-culiar ahape, and thus allow the b(>lt to pa>»; but the tct-
liral tar«« uf the pins fully Ivck the bolt^ u)d prevent its being
forced back without tfac key.
ROTARV STEAM-ENOTOE.
InAiAit Davih, of Birmiaghun, engineer, for " tutprotwwwift
arMiiii-^njn'ia and iacowwWga-ea i Ti m itfa .• jturU 0/ irhirK art almt^
plieMf to aUtgr maeAtiMTji." — Grmuted ilayS; Enrolled Norenber
The improvements in itoBm-enginca cotDprlsedln ihi* ■peeifiea-
tion have rbiefly refrrenre to rnlary-engiiiea, and to a new kilid
uf aluiBn^-box adnpted to the ahnfla of nm-h enginr*, for the pur-
pose of keeping them stenm-ti^bt, where ihe shaft* paiw thmBcIi
the nirves, with little fnctjon. The pnteotro uses » metalEc
psii-kini;, which conid>>1a of several seKmenl.i, the larg-er wt uf
which arc adnpted to tho axe of the liojc, and are fnrntj'hed with «
flniiire flwo projecting inwnrda »u a* to lil the shaft; uhilr tte
inner !>et of itepinenla are placed within, was lii rc«t on this llaaKe
piece: the whole are prevented tiirnin;; by twa fixed nlr» nianing I
panltel uilh the iihaJt. Thexe nc^enta arc cut bo a» to lr«T«
about oae-ci;{hth uf an int^h belm-eii the endii. and are ploced an at
tu "break joinlj" as it Utcebnirully termed. The whole are forMd
up hy e|>iriit spnnpi, placed in tccc»rcs catt in the hux : Ihe *tcain
baa access to the Iwuk, niid uIkd act.i nn n spring thereto. Metal
difCf arc pinced above and b^Iow lb!d pacxing, and the whole is
secured in the usual m.-imicr. Another improvement rnntisli ia
fitting Ihe pistou of rutary-enifiuo to the abaft, by uiettns uf ^
three feathcrt let into the ihuft, itinteiul of keying it fast. ThU H
h to prevent the piston turning on the shaft, aiid at the Kume time ™
to admit of any HtiKbt end-muvemeiit cunnequenl on ilo ajipliralion
lu n motive-power, uithiimt t:>^>'>K rise to a great an>ount of
friction, which *<>nld othcmisc be produced in the cylinder.
Another part of tfae iiiventivii coiiitirta in working the expajuir^
VAlre« of Kteam-nnginec by a double-aetiag cam. »» that by moving
a lever, whiuh changei. the poailLon of the dilTereut C'Uu.iiectJODa,
the si\entn ia cut off at a different point of tho htrwke,
The mode of connecting tlie engine in IneoBiotiTe-caniuM ta
the dri V iug- wheels funnn another part of the iMt en tee's daittut.
Tho engine id placed mtdnay between the uneels, withia Hit
framing:. The axle pnijerting tiirough has a Huitobie cmnk af-
fixed lit each cod; thene Wing connected by the rudH tu oimilar
cmnk* on the drinng-axle, dercribiiig s rinlc of the yruptr
rjidiuB from the centre. Aecordiiifr to the ordinary method of
omKtr noting theHe ciirriages, (the engine being a Asture to tie
fruoiiuK, and Ibe driviDK-iude nioviuK vrrtirallvin the oxle-cuanl*
r>r f{>>bi), the distance of thw centres must be inc^ea^ed or dimlo-
ii.}ird, lut the puiiitv are nearer or farther from a stratgbt line : !■
prevent whitfi, the patentee ct>n»lrui-ta Ibe uxle-guards in portion*
of circles, struck from the centres of the engiiie-aliaft amfi-rank-
pin; conflCi|Uflntly the nxle-boxvn are kept at the same dixtann-,
whatever may be the rise and fall of the fnuntiig «a the driring-
axle*.
LAYIX<;-1)0\VN OF RAILS.
4
I
Lkvis Dt-NBAB BanniK G»niH>v, of Ahiii),'<lon-<lrcct, WeH-
minuter, for "an im/^rat^ment or impron^ifalt in miJwage.'—
Uraiiteu Miy ; Ejirolled Novembers, 1M8.
The patentee putt in tiet> claims for improvements intheccm-
striietiim of railways. The fir*t is for forming tbc ends of rails
in such mniiner that the end of one ahtdl rest upon the end oT the
next. Second, tbe ndnptntt»n of thin mallMhlo phite-iruu to fonn
the »leeper* fur xupportmg the rwils, combined with n mvie of
fscteitiiig the ehidr.* to the steeperc Third, a mode of -upport-
Uiff the end* of adjoining mile by a trough or gipder. Fuurth, •
mode of faxtening the rails in tlie chairs. And lastly^ a mxle
uf |ire|>ariBg the keys of railway-cliiiin,
Th« first of theHe improvementa consists in forming the end« of
the abutting r«il» in such manner, that Uie end uf one of them
shall rest u|>on the other ; the end of one rail being cut so that,
when laid in the chair, it ahull rest as well upun the cud of the
TAil as ni>on the chair. In the second improvement, \ite [uitentM
"THK CIVIL EKOI>'£ER ANU ARCHlTBCrS JOURNAL.
«r
ilii»inode«r forming' th« sleeper at ftilloirM. Tlie ctiairU
; npon Ike aleeper. A |>lHtr nf imii of iiboiit 13 or 16 inriit» ia
vidtb. nnil (if rriim oi)e-«ixih to ontf-founh of an inrh in (liick-
nru, in ihtn tu l>r liciit in the rlircctinn nt its brcadtli into a circu-
lu- rurcf, having n ntiliutt of fn>m ulxiut Mi In :i6 inchca im luotit
dosirnb]!*. The moulds for the chairs ore plnct^ in thd ftinndiy in
thr rsiu't r«-t:)(ive jiiKitinii l<i rat'ti other thnt thry nlinuld rtcctiiijr
whi^ii iitTiniinently InM, and iiiiim tlicm U |>liice<l llie brut pliit«,
»tth titr ciinvci 'iilc ilitwDwariM to the moulds. Thv cuvt-iruo is
tb«n lun into the irauiil<ls '"""i in mch manner an to imbed in tbu
miHal t>f the rhiur ituRlf a [iiirtiini of the curved plate ; the ctul
metal bcioK of aWiii the thicJoiraa of half nn inch ufou the upper
•ids uf the t>lat«. Tlius n-ill the cluir be mxurvly ca«l upon thfi
curbed {likle. and finnly fixed withimt any bolts or wiiii. In
carrfiii^ into effect the third iiiitrnvtmcot, upon the mAv*. of th«
chain arc projediiie pieces or ied>^«, ujion which tho ^rder U
Disced. The one stiown by th* pntenlee in bin drdwiin;*, i* of a
|rvuti;b-«hni>c, that im it paacva along beiieiith the rftil to be »«n-
ported, •■nd kNo iihMt;; the aides, so MS effertiinl ly to mipfiort tlie
ml. The mode of fi(»teniR)[ the rntli to the «hnir ■> etfected by
means <>f a fi^rewcd holt piMiin^; throuf^h one of the rheelcit »f Uin
ehairft, and thn>t>^b « nut ; it in Rcrewed tbroiifrh the nut, and not
tlirouKh the chnir, the nut fitting into a receun on lhi< iniude of the
cheek to reeeir« it, and prevent It from turning irhen the pin lit
•crewed un. In the fifth improvement, for the rnoda of prepurin);
thu iriiod Koy*, tlin p^ateiiter proeuodt Uiua. He makes a Tsrniftii
hj- eoRihinlnff with any of the dryinff mis red load, in the prupor-
lion of about tV lo ^ "f *be Utter : lhe»fl un^ to be »;uhjecie<l to
heat for iiereriJhoiir*, nnd while nt the tcmperulure of about i.Mi"
Fahrenheic, the noori keys are immereeil therein, nnd the wood
^■baeoBUie lJuirvii|thl}' im}iri>f{niit(>d, nn at, tu atth«tiuid llie tendency
^nf tk« dryneaa or momture uf the atinoi>])here to elTeeC its bulk.
■ Bo
mwwki
m miter
MEASURINC WATER.
CowAan HAitin, of IVakeRHd, pliimher, and wannper of ilie
Walcetield Waterworks Company, for " n« immliau/nr mraturing
maier or any other fiuid^ — Granted May 9 ; Knrollcd NoTembcr 9,
This invention ftirmcuaiirinicvftter or otherli<|ind«, con«ttB«f a
wheel or drum, divided vertirally by h |»3iiition, wliich contninn
on wch idde three menaurinif ehnmbern. Aiiove the drnm is a
"preparatory eistern," into which the li'tjuld How* from two feed-
pipes, and which is ilividod into four parts. The water flow* from
thi« ciiitern in two streiims into one of the measurinj^ chambcn on
either side of the pFirtition alternately ; so that while one chamber
is lillinfr. th4> liipiid IIowk tlirnniih trie mncJilne: but the ganpe-
eodcHund other ]i[irtB of the machine beiof; so nleely adjusted, and
its heiu); made to regiHtvr twir« as much aa is aetiinlly menBiired,
no error it U i-l.^ted cun OL-eur. This dnim ia mounted on n hori-
sontal spindle, nnd carries at one end a toothed wheel which (fears
into ntiiothed piuioii, and cummunic^tiM its revolving motion to nn
ordioary indicating apparatus as iitual. On the periphery nf the
Tertical partition arv six projecting pins (e'lual to the number of
imnHnriiig rhamhvrv^ which caldi against and real ujion thtt extre-
mity of a tuniblins lever, vbieh is weighted at tlie other end by
n ball ; •»> thnt when tlio weight of the water In tlie meai>tinnK
cIiAmlter exrei-dn that of the rc^rilslor, It gives way, aUows the pin
to fall, the I'liiiinber to t'lrn, anil the water connrijnrntly to Adw out.
The patentee claims — " An apparatus or mactiine cunsintintt of a
'prcpanLtory rintcru' in cotinectiun with a drum or wheel contain-
ing two Kfls of nicas4irintt cbamburM, into which the water flows
alternately from openingK in the ' preparatory rixtern,' and mode
to revolve by the liijuid ; uud alio tlio tinplwymviit of tlic tumbliug-
Ifirer, or regulator, k« bofwrD described.
MANUFACTURE OF IRON'.
K
^ C'iiaiu.ES ArrwooD, of WolsinKltam, Durham, Es«(,, for a '•oer-
tiiia intfirowment or jnij>rvrrmrnf« in tAc mann/'aeture qf mm."-'
Granted April 18; Emulled Octolier LS, IBtS.
The object of thin invention is to obtain a tetter reduction of
■mall pieces of the una whidi at present run through the coke,
&C. to the hcittom of the furnace, williuul having come sufficiently
loBoalact with the litnestoiMt luid other substiuictni usually mixed
with the ore in bUst-fumacw. Tlrt wnall pieces of ore to he opft>
rated on are mixed uith a hilominous coal, which will ag^lulinat«
in thu pro<.'««« of coking, in the proportion of nbuut one-fourth' of
the weiitbt of the coal. > The maaa so mixed ts aflerw^irds e»ked in
the oc^innry way of coking coal forsmeltinccpiirpcMCH, nnd th<! ore
liecuineM involved in the body of the coke, by which it it retaim^d,
till fr**d, by the»ubwnuentprocei«of 3ineltin|;. (_)>e no i-um blued
cannot fall through the blast fiim»i^e fs«t<>r than the coke with
which it is combined; it will therefore have abundance of time
to combine with carbon to the required extent, before it reach M
the bottom of the furnace. With rrgiird tu the kIm* of the parti-
cles of ore Hint will be benefited by auch trealEuent, auylhittg
from the «ixe of a hen'n egg or large walnut, doun to the cniallest
particles of dust, it will he proper lu Ktibicet to siicJi cainl>i nation
with eoiil previooK toeokittg; but anyttiia)^ materially larger. It
would be iiniieccMiary to suhject to xuch treatment, »« it becomes
pri'porly reduced iti the ordinary method of iimeltin{; iron.
The pntenteo findn that coke formMl of the kind of coal found
in Durliam nnd North iimbcrland will, after having hceo ruked
and coitihinfd with oue cjunrter of its weight of ore. bear a burden
of ore, in the ordinary manner of charging the hlnat funince,
e^nal to the uime weight of coke without Kueh cunihination of
ir<m ore ; it therefore becomes improved to a very conaidenblfl
ilesree, independently of the mlvnnlagie derived from a pmpvr
reduetioD uf thu snialler particles uf ore effected by tliia fiocem.
SELF-ACTING 8AKKTY-VALVE.
Enwann Wai.Mu.BT, of Ileiaton Norrie, LancasMre, cottoQ
spinner, fur " rcrfnin impmwd apjtnratn4 for vrrrmtiwj the iapknitM
af stautt-boHeri'—Qrt^ted April 37 ; Eutolled Ortobcr27, IfltS.
This invention i» chiefly anplicoble to low-prc«*um builcris tb*
aafety-valvCM of which ore lifted, wbcn the prraniire becomes too
great, by a weight of water forced out of the baUcraitd actinia at
the end of n lever.
This app:iratut mnsirta of a vertical tube, containing a colnmn
(if water, whioh may he tlie ordinary fee<l-he«d. In thin the water
is vtihCnined at n certain faeigbl. according to the pretisiire uf lbs
steam. A little hiirhcr thiin the inirfnce uf tlic water ia placed ii
noriauritol braiich-]>Ii>e, leadiu)? to n dcHCcndiiiK-tube, down whicli
the water flow; when forced over by any nndiio pressure in thv
iiiiler. Immediately under the de«^nndinic pipe ia placed n amall
circular pan with a bottom alighily cunical, Hu_-peiided on tlic end
of a lung lever. This lever forms a continuation ol tbo safrtv-
vaKe lever from thu fulcrum in an uppuvite direction tu Itifl
weighted end, and is so adjusted, tliat when tlie preimire of
the steam i!> at the proper height, it will be nearly in et|uilibrium,
the preponderance uelug alightly in favour of the ncighted end wf
the lover. When the prosiurc becomeii too liigb. the wntar
ctJumn will be elvvaled so aa tu run down the pipe, and will b«
cttii)jbt ill the pan. Tilt* addltiuniU w«i|^it of wnter cnuMs thai
end of U»e Jever tv preponderate, whiclj will immedLttely (le*eend,
thereby niiniug the Mtrety-valve. The |iiin in fiirninhed uith a
nnnll valve in the bottom, having a short Ktem projc-itiDg thnitiyh,
■Hk that on completing' its descent this pin comenin contact with the
bottom of a n^ceivrr, lhu« raising the valve and allowing tlm water
to flow nut. The steam in the mean time having beeti reduecd to
its ordinary pre>iiure, the whot« assumes itH original position.
A seouDd iniprovemvat consist* of nn apparatus for openinK n
valvo in a channel leading into tlio iire-place, ilirertly al>cive the
dead plate, The cover of ttuj channel is cvnuetted with the op-
posite end of a lever f'rcim whicli the Host is snapended. In the
event of the water falling below the proper level in the boiler, tlM
float w'lll coD«e^ucntly sinlt, thereby causing the opiiciniie end of
the lever to remove the cover from the air-channel, and idhiw a
current of culd air to paits throujufb the fire. The auiiie principle
if Rcnreely applienblo to bigli-prewiire boih>rK, because lbs
column ur wiLter would revjuire to be ineouvenieiilly hiffh. Tu
obviate this dilTieulty, tlte iiatenlav employs only a siioit length nf
vertical tulw, through whieb huwnver the water due» uul rise
until the safety-valve hni been raised by the pre«»nre nf the
Kteam ; the weight uf water being in thiaruKe only » KUpptenHMital
aMNistaiit in opening iha valve farther after it has l>e«u ralicd by
the steam- pressure.
ii*
ST<
TIIB CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARC-niTE0T*8 JOURNAL.
COUPLING IRONS.
I>i.intb Bm Pkjut, of Worcr-tiT, Tnitwl State* of Amflrira^
for " madUmry ^rr twintctiug raUitag carfiaga.'' — Grantnl April
4» : FnroIW October iJ. 1»t».
Thi« apecificalioi] detrrlbca ■ moAv of C9D«lrw;ting whnt the
]Mit«file« oJU II tvlf-actiD|; dmplinjc, Tot cvnnvcliikg tosvlher
railway cAtT>ajt««. The ■>l>ject to l>« vir«cloi1 by th« uM BtH li,
tiiat whrn too ckniagn W whkh It i* Bi'i'licd are brfiujEtit toffc-
tii«r, ^nd t^ end, tbc conpling conned* uiid aMuriw itaelf. It i*
fnnn«d of n moveable iittd pecu]ii>rly-«hB|)«il hot']t, to vhicb the
draw-link att&ciie* ilitrlf. It i' tcyri*eat^ to Uib annexed tigurs,
I!
hi
A, A', Mag thp two ends of the draw-bacs of two utunratf cnr-
riafK*. Tli« end* of tbe draw-bam are prwidi-d witli the concnre
buffinff-pUte U, B' i a bvle natuies Ibrouifb tbc centre of ea«b
bu£Bnic-i>Utc and into tbo endn i<f tbc draw-bnra, tlirousb which
|tiMa«B the cut! plin^- link ('. Ilonkit V, !>, are joiiiK-d to Itie drav
l>ar> by fukruia-piiu, upon which tlie hooka an at liberty to moTc.
Tbcy arc of tb« peculiar dtapa nbown, and the ende «o formed,
that when th« end «f the eoutiliD^-liuk f w eei tlkrougk Uie hole
int« the interior of the draw-bar, it ee«iM againal tb« eod liook
If, and thereby rsiM« it fuiEeiently to allow the end of ibe
ir<Mipling-link to paM under the end of it; ao toon, however, aa
tha md of tbo link hai tbui paned, it eomea In contact with the
other end 1>" of th(< hook, and di^jiriiiMN it. and nliu> the other
end ir takea hold at the link and retninii it fant. The hook ro»y
h« releoaed by means of a eurd ur cbniii nltaclied to the up{ter
Cart of it beinir pulled, and thereby raided. The putentee aUtM,
U inpruveiiient may be attached to all deBcHptioiia of milway
•urUgM, whether with or without HpringbulTere sod draw-roda;
sad be clainiH the hook, in conjunction aiUi tlie ooupUog-lljik
'M^aibtA,-- Patau Journal.
THE BLAST OF ENGINE- FfRNACES.
Evuritb Abum*. of Pnnton-atieet. llaymHikel, for "mprwrniniM
in itwrtiuiny the drqyT in fhimnfj/t i)f leromolive and other enf/iaM." —
Grant4)d April H - Knrolled Octobrr N, 1848.
Tlic object of tbta invention U to produce a eieady draft or
blakt in the furnHcm of lucnniiitire enjrinea more pBrticulnrlv, by
MKuing a quanlHt' of atmoii[<ht'ric air to be drawn into Uio chimney
by tbc nction ol the eavapc-ctoam. In Ibe aunescd woodcut,
e c, c, repreaentii the form of the pipe by which the air ii admitted
into the chimney. llie mouth d bein^ enlnrceil fur the entrance of
the air. 7 be following arc the pn)|>ortion» of the pipe, tn which
conaideiable iuipurtauce ia atlai.'li«d by tltu putcutco :— The opca-
infc of the escape-pipe bein; cirrutsr, to aseertajn Ita nrtttee mud
it« diameter it ii necCMan- to mfinmro the «ii« of one of the
eylindem of th^ enj^nea of the locomotlvo in cubk iaeben, and hy
deductin^r the <uhe uf the plMon (meaaured in the auae vnyj the
nnnib«r of ruhimt JnchM remaining bring dividad by thrve hun-
dred and ninety-four, the i^aolient of that dirialufl will iiidJ«Bt«
the nnmher of nauare inches tlmt llie opening uf the eaoipe-plpe
•hoiild hare. 'I he diatnei«r of tlie openiitff of the eac«p«-pitn
ia to the diiimeter or the «ylindn«d [Mrl aa fonr la to flv& The
beisht h'y V, of that cyliinlricwl pari is iKjiint to Rvo tines the
dinmeter V, i", T)i« diameter &', (/■, of Uie part ii*. ia to the
diameter of the part ', ^ na fire is to seven, and lt« ket^
A, d', is equal to tltc diameter b, b, iif tlit* opniin^ of tbe wope
pipe B. Tbe loeomotire-enfrine heing put into motion, the (team
from the boiler paiaea ihraiigh the eMCi4>e-pip«> u. and produce* In
it a powerful imction of air, whic4> flow* into tliat pip* thmogb ilt
mouth d; and ita aniuired speed, it is stated, rcnialDa in it cttnatant
on account of ita Inertia, and althoagh th« action of the escape of
■team be latcrmitteni. Then a powerful current of air muid
with Meant eacapea In the cUmney. and produota a powerful u-
intcrroptcd drnft. The pipe throujch which the air paaaca naj be
arranircd in any other form arouud the chimney, and raayeattt-
into the anioke-bon by one of iu lateral ndta instead of eatcviog
by the front. Tbc juitentce claiinH the mode of arrangiof ■IV*'
ratON whvrHiy currents of steam wm) air are brought to act toga
ther in the cliintneya of loeomotive and other ciigiuca, to M to
acoelerate tJie draf^ tbercto.
i
IMPROVEMENTS IN SEWERS.
Dnignfor a lyiaplmgtn DoaUt .Veww, /or fpanling of nm U n h g
flotat^minagt and .Viir/ni^-^frafitajir.^Reglatered by W. B. Uer-
rATT, Em[„ of Spring- -giinlens.
The annexed ci^raving rejtrc^enla a deiiiicii for a mAin Kim.
the novelty of whiw consista in forming il in two separate chan-
bera, till! upper or Urgcff portion A f»nniiig a aubwny for TTrirt'
of occcas to tho lower sewer I), anil houae-draimt E, K, and also
fur the poesage of anrface-walcr from inleta D,P. It taaj aW ha
uiicd for elecuic tele^nph, giui, or water pipoM, so m to prevent
the breaking up of the pitrunioiil. A tub« may alao be tnacctod
aboTo the uivel of tho inlet D, for pUciog acrvico-water ot (u-
pipca to faouBca, &c.
The engraving representa a transrerae vortinl Mctlon «( a
Mwer conttructvd on the principle deevribcd, showleg the dia-
phragm and trap.
A, tbesubwny. B, the main aewer, which la separated by the
dinphDigm C Thi* dinpbragm u continued throngliout the entire
length of the sewer, hut ha* inaerled «t intcrrala a moveable trap
F, whivh miiy ho rained for cEciinin); t)ie house-drains and main
sewer, if rei^iiired, and may W iiiicd fur flushins witli waxf^u
wuter. K, K, inlot for house-druinage. D, P, inlet foe aerikoe-
drainage.
Protection has hem obtained for the diaphragm C, Utd tnp F,
which, together with the separate pntntgeri A, 1). are new, aa v^
pliod in the maaner herein shown. — I'ataii J^)uma^,
R^T]
"^HE CIVIL ENGINEBR AND ARCHITECrs JOURKaL,
Hi
JOINTING CLASH'.
Jitinliny ffix' C«mprttaiag S^rfv Cr»mp. — Pntonted bj- Mr. Jahu
KuuuuiLev, cf Inge-KtrMt, Birininglinm.
'■If, I*—-
(The Kcompnnjing mp-nvind fnllv rxplaina Iho itMiir^ of rni
iDKcniouf cliinip. lu l>* apiiliod f^r joint i lift of floon, Ste. lU fion-
Hlructiou id exUemetv «inij>l*, nna il' powtp !?f tti ""il It can be
emily fiKCil ftml rtmo'vi'd. It it ttpylittahle in nil cau-n vhtre two
1>odio( r«<iuire a fixity nni] nrrfnct union, nnd in the Invin^ iif
fl<)cnt it ci>tnpr«««e« the boftrda ven- (jrailMftlly and truly togetHer.
It do*" not ri^qiiin^ the workman to ri"i" "II liin kuet% when uwinR
it fiu in »]1 former onpd) to cffiwt it levempe, one progreMivB unrt
wnintcrniptod ni»ti«n iinly bein|; wnntod; nmrpiivpr, it can be left,
with itn full pri^vHure ujion its wnrk when nect^snry, nnntlvnded,
ntid vith jierfect xafpty. Ami;>nff«t builderv, ohipvrlgbta, coKch-
rnnkers, mihI cnhirs, n cramp to improve iitinii the ponderous mai
tedifliiii aetion of the prwient kind* in u«e, liiit been an ohjpct Inna
lofiked for, Hiiti the oub dwcribed appenrs to be an inventinii whii-Ji
}
t^difliiii action of the prwietit kind* in u«e, liiit been an object Inni
:K>k^ for. Hud the oub dwcribed appenrs to be an inventinu whwl
ril) pn>ve! n ^rrtit nitilliAry to the txirkinff d<-{iiirtineiit of every
iin« ciijCHired in the nhttve pHnmilK,— ai niulliplyinK |iowrr, re-
dudns labour, and iiiereatiin^ di»pntch. It in rnotrit'etl in Imt
duelDfc
few part*, nnil breakatre or derannem^nt appran impiiMible.
H)Bt of the Inatrumtnt ii tvo jpiinnu.
The
NEW LEVER VICE.
The aMompanyinii: cut and <ie»tri|ili<m will explain the prindpU
of a new lever y'ur, patented by M«»#ri«. J- r<*k and L. Pardee,
i>f the United StttlfB. The Wiowing <ju«lities, it w i-laim«d, give
it M decided fupcriority over all over view: —
L
Greater Btreof^h than any other vice of equal wiught p(>«iie*iw«.
(•renter pdwr, and m) applied lut ta save., ia work r»qulrlnR friv
quent rhan^ev, at leant one hour in ten, aa it ts worked ontirely br
the fovt, wrthout the necemity of laying down a file, ur other KhiI,
i>r without any iixe of t]i« hand, whatever. It can be ehnn|Ted to
receive work m>m nne-tiixteenth of an infh, ti> eight or ten iiirhes
in width, ac easily and ax iiiiickly an nny iillier vice ran he moved
uiiv-fauith uf an iiiclu And heavy work, requlrixt^ both banda to
llti, can be esMity placcsl in the vice, irlthnDt calling: the aaaiNtance
uf n M-roiid roan ; tt wiU Mtnn par for itm-lf in luirinK uf time. It
in murh easier for the labu'ircr, ine atraiu upon the breast in turn-
injt up a »err" i» cnlirrly aroideil, and tlie vi«e cm be do»«ly ap-
pruaclied without hein^ obliged tn bend the body over the eiid of
the "crew, ns in other vice*. When the vice ia forced up, it be-
comes more firmly nttadiH to the bench than any other vice can
be, icodertoK the whole murh more aolid, which in vbippiiig, and
other hcdvy work, ic very dcniriihle.
o. Hlidiri^ jaw. b, jainted, or VKlnging jaw. c, rail on which the
eliding Jaw' motes, d, click which catciivit in rntchet on rail e, and
bold* the xlidinic jaw ^tmly where placed. <% jviiited lever (elbow
joint), which turtiH on pii» e*, arid ia attached to prong of rail <^
and the lower end of the swinginj: jaw. o, foot-fever with jointi
attached to IcK of bench, and Coiinefled by rod i with jointrfl
lever. A, click ibich catcher in ratoliM at the foot of the forward
benr-h l«a, and hold* th<^ jawH (imUy as forced up by the combined
Icvt-rn; it ia eM>ily tripped witb the foot. / » a spiral cprinf
wliich lifia the fool-lever, and thrown open the jaw.
THE GREAT AMALGAMATION.
Tlie ^reat nmalKaniation of the three comp«nie«, the London
and North -Went cm Ilailwiiy, the Great Wpstcrn Roilnny. mid the
Sduth-^^'estem Railway, ii attrartinfc tbc tittrntion not only of
railway men, but uf the public at Inrfce. Toni^idered oa nn amalT-
ganiatinn of fifty millions of capitnl, it is certainly the largeat
fintuiLial (iperutiiiii of the kind yel effected. The capital of the
Dank of hn^lnnd is not a third part of tliat of the Ureal Amal^^
mation; tlie union of the two Eaat liidLa C'onipBoici>, which re-
aulted in that which now exi»t.-s waa cnt e<|ual in ini|Hirtaii«:e ; the
South 9ea Company did not propose to touch so lur^ an amount
of capital. Abroad no rjinmnlc ia to be found of n private cuter-
priM ao nvat. Yet, considered in it* individual features, the
sieaiwre docs not bear that unprecedented cbaracter. The an-
neaAtion of the Creiit Western to the London and Nortb-
Wentern, U not trreater tbnn the annexation of the Grand Junction
to the LondoQ and Birminiiham ; and the annexation of tlie South-
Western ia of utill ler-s in>]ionnnce. It iii therefore tlic aggregate
to li* ronKtituled which given charncter to the mensure.
To hold forth any certain views with reganl tu the cxiurac likely
to be followed by the manaf^s of this nyatem uf policy ia in au
fur futile, a» it in by no mvnnn euro that they have a de«gn uf
ultimately carrying it out in ffotid faith. When we conaidcr what
tcoiporory obiccta tbe propusitton of eucb a pltui ia cHlculated to
een'e, regardlees of ita execution, it is prudent to hesitate before
we Hfeumc too hastily how it wiU be carried tint. If we re<«llect
that there is no compulHon on one of Ibo chief niemherit uf the
league (namely, the Great Western,) to amal^ftnate i if wc recol-
lect thnt a purpoHcd oiutcet haw been long osmed ou, nnd haa ended
intheadiievement of the object* by the purtv last-named; when we
eonniiler the ambition of Ihcir views, nnd the indi«po«itit>n of the
London and North- Western nharehoMcra townrds them, we mi't
feel bow tinwrtnin ia it, «o far a* the parlies themxelvcs are con-
cerned, whether they will persevere, — and still more uncertain,
whether they will be allowed by the legislature, in opponitiou lo
tEie publie. voire and intereeti. to eitrry out the mensure in tha
fomn in which the several boardH may settle it with eaeb other.
It happens (not uneipeclediy tu thuwe who know onjtbing of
the parlien) tbot the avowed object of thi» league b to raiae fares,
and eon-,titTile a monopoly; and no lime coultl be more unluckily
chosen fvr the promotion of such deaigim. Three yciu^ »gi^ the
higb-faro pnrty were beaten by the conclu'-ivo evidence of Jiictfi,
and forwd to pice way to a policy which gained neither their con-
viction nor til fir n^pnthirs. And a« they have ever »ince been on
the look-oDt for the opportunity of reverting to their old course,
the moment a decline took place in railway dividends, it waa
inst:intly n&«erte(t that it kiik owing to tbe lower fare* and In-
eroMKi-d acr<immodation : nnd tbe directors, seconded by the eym-
pathiet of vharehuldcn. of their own school, have iuat no time in
doing nwny with the day-lieliet«, raining the fnreFL nnd diminiahiitg
the tiiimbt^r of trains,— and thia ia but the hej^nmitg.
It h»» not been a!.ked, uhjit were tbe reasoni which led to (ht
ndoption (.f the low-fare eytitem,— il i* quite foigollen Uiat it was
theexperieneeof its mccoAs which was tliOCBUoeolita adoption; and
some ini|uiry it would be thought might be made, before ita ftlijuiduii-
munt wa* deteraiiRed on. At any rate, while tie country was in it*
371
THE CIVIL EN'GINEEK AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
[incBSBMi
oHinnry (rtste. Ihe)'>w-f!ipei»y^*in wasfullfromji^tpnl toiriv^gooil
divi<l('nd« ; knil it U lliffi-pfAr^ (|riit? ^rmiiiillbM to Bui'rt tlial it liaa
eoueil Id lietiM« to ita«<i,orthat tt i« thn «auiii> uf lowr divide ihIs.
No OM ever atippaswl or aaiwrteU that llmt sy^tfin wm fiomjMtcnt
U |ri«i> ■ nnuitntim ilii-ii]pti(l, irrvw)ti>otivi! '<i iJI ulher cautm ; and
MtU le« that thi' lo^-fare «)'«toni, or the Iiiiih-fare system, iir «iiy
■yatflin, could |riv«th«i uune amount of dividend, in defiance «f the
d«(HrcMiHin Nwultiof (torn 1h« gmuat finnneiul >nd imUUcbI nriiu
whJob the <*urld hu yet aettL, — moH (If ue uike iiitu wconnt th«
Mara of th« fTrnin. potnio, cotton, aujrar, wid othrr 4Va|i«,uiil the
preralentu! or nli»)«m, inflnpRu) iind tKa grenleit physical crhU.
Ifwewftroto ait down nnd estimatft bofoMs-huid what wonM
be tJte re«iitt««F nuch • rriMx, ire •urt'ly eould not be turpriMd
Hi A fHlliri^ off i>r dii-idviid* from ton t» H^von ^r <-ifnt. ; nnd if
«r« bod n for<>-lcno»lH^e of Micb it mnii^ trit nnould be nble to
dtwidu thflt t)icr« mimt W n fkllinfc-o'f In th« busintNi of the
Rountry, sufh tn nfti>r-k(M)tfl<>dire proves. Tliin i» n triiiiini : >nrf
it ia pi^f««tly idU to rhar^p thci liiminutiAa of rcvcnu* on tJ»e
ftre Kj-atom. Thnt tbi'M* hat bwn n diminution conBeqiieiit on the
Opening of n f^rMit number of brAndhea, «r« b«ltevp ; but that i» to
It gTMt pxt«nt > HMMmrrevil, and i* tem|Mkrary in itK apcratlon ;
St ell event*, tbe puMlc nni not to *uf«r. ThoM f^ntl«nf>n
who vr«re very iiiucIuua for '^ftdm' nnd new ehnnxi in 1HU, mid
"he pock^lod th«i premiums upon them, mw not to turn round In
lBt!(, and miUce tlio public |uiy, liccani« their brano>ie« are not yM
yietdJnf; the full t«D \*vt wnl. At tho siune timn wn Miere, as
»aid ill mmo l«tti>rfi in the Martiiiuj HvriM nn "Railcrar Le^alatlon
and Itnllway AdmititNtrntiiiiir* tli.it ibeuiiirorm farealure prnaed
heavily on aume of the branch lines ; for with n nv<r ana iindc-
vidopi-d tmHic, an iib«nlut«ly Inn-farc imif ooipiud: bccauee It hM
uo eft'wl in diriTliiiji tlii' nld trurtir on to tbe line of railway, und
which time l«t)a' chief ii^eiit in eifetlinir, A reiliiction in fare*
will HtimtilMe a traffic alrp.idy exirtinic. but haa nut sucb great
eft-iit In diverting tratliR from ai^ciutomcd roatet, and In vrrrcom-
luc: tbe urcjodicHof old women and obstinate men, ThR remedy
progiuM-d for thiols a pntctiiMl onn; and thai in, to cive tbe Rail-
May lloarit tbe power of ultuwint; alleratiuni In the tariffs of fare*
betiefidal to the companitM and to the publiL*. The writer jnH
ninied lian pointed out tbnt, «o far from fjire* bi-iiij; raised, they
mlylit, if till' L-ompnnies bad the power, be henefii-i^lly lowered to
many of the irrent loif ns nnd plannt uf chief n-Tiurt ; uhcn-by the
reremae* of Iho companin would be much in<.-nriinwl. A Kaflway
Board, to br kooiI for atiythliur, nhould have the power of miti-
gatlajt tho^e re^ulutinns which press hanbly on ihr piiblicand the
OHBpanics: and. n« thp vrilrr in i)iir<tioii ba-iniiown, there '\a ^rc^at
room for the e»erci»i' uf siicb discrelluniiry fun«tioTi% in lb« caao
ti atiialifnindlionii. loaiiji, new titHlioriQ, farl^s prrfirrcnne nbarea,
and nianv minor amnKOnenl.i for wiiirh the eapciiM) atid delay of
an act of pHrlianieiit in now needle»ly riM|'iired.
If, every timp there i« a ninimerciid ii»tiii!, Oie buMneat and
eaertfie* of the cmiulry are to be still further dfpi^uvd by the
railways putting tbe ncrew on to the mei»n« of ciinveyance, Ibo
public will ftiid tbe iieeil of riddinn themselves uf •uch an opprca-
■ion; and an additional arKuntciit will be funiithcd for taltinji:
railways into the hands of the pivi>rnmcnL
Altogether, the policy of ahridinn^ tlic tinbiiu nciiuramndation in
undiniinati it ih iiiiproiitahle, bitl it in liolra by a certain ■chogl who
are amonnt the wopii enemies the rnilway syrteni bax erer had.
Mr. Glyn has always adrocaled monopoly, bi(th iate*^ :irid gnvern-
m'nt rnpilillinir; utidbia brother thuinncu have much tbe satne
rlew*. They have .ilready met severe rebuffs in Uip n.irron- policy
to n-hicb they are ntt.irhi>d; btil io \\iv present iiitiaciri' i«ilure in
•urv to nllrnd them, whether sui^tremfiil or iiiiKticceiuiful in carrying
a bill tbniuub pHrliameiit. The public are fully avcare of the nii»-
titen on which it i« founded ; and either a hill will be iiranteJ, hc-
eonipanieri hy mich iiipulatiouH hji periiiiini-ntly to reituce the income
of the companies, or free competition in mlwnys will bo allowed,
the n'«nlt of whicli will be. hI an early date, n cheap line betweeu
Ltinituii nnd Birmingham. t>neniilway man already lulks of a line
at i;.3,t>O0 per mile ; and it la practlcjtMe. In either caeo the ca-
]>ectationa of the »hareholik-r« will be greviousdy deceived; and
tlicreri>re wcsoiy, falhiru must result.
Mr. (tlyn is bimKplf nnd of the nuthnra of the preaeiit diOicullLes,
for it was he who advocated the limitation of dividends to ten per
cent., and its enactment by the legislature ; a measure nm^alli'd lor
And iiijudiciomi, fur while it did nut propitiate ibuse who objected
to railway profits. It Iramnielled the companies. M'bile then; iirc
faminea nnd panirtL, trafGc must ductuate, — and therefore jimlits
must Huetuate. ^Vhile the object i« to declare a tuaslmum divi-
dend often per cent., there are no mean* nf forming a reaerre to
eqoaliae the dividends; hut. wer«> there no restriction, orofitaafcufo
ten per cent, would lie reaerved to keep up tbe dividend* in on-
favuurable rears. This ia now rendvml inipiMMhIe, wli«reby vary
frreat harddiips are iiiAtcieil on railway aibarchulden. The least
that idguiild have been ^ven ia an average ten per ceot. from Ikt
lime of opening.
The rulway system is yet in its infancy ; and nothing ean W
more unwise thnn the cxitie<tant effort* to shackle it and to cmnp
it ; and tbe more •lirettunt attempt to do so, tbe more they Mfil
the existence of the undertaking to which they belonc lnt»-
rcsted and prejudiced parties may cliooae (o »»»eri Uml nothiair
muio can bo aooe; but whoever Inxk* nt tbo biwlory of the last
twenty years will never dure to lie himtelf down to any mcli oini-
ditions. It ia the very result of improvement, that it alluwa far-
ther improvements to be made. It would neter answer to make a
tnncbiite for halfadnxeit pins; but when thuuiands are wanted
machine* are act uw. A Rreat traffic m^ke* eKpeniive en^nei
cheap ; M hi|i;h Speed authorisMt Ihnce incnn< which were before un-
tbooifbt of. AUeral], dare any one ssy that en^nes cannot be
made li^btcr, rails cbai per, bridj^and Viaducts of readier cob>
structlon, and iri'^'^ienta of greater inclinntiou ? The claimants ta
effect these thinj^s — naVj who are row doin^ them,— xre already at
tbe doors; tbe mind* of thousands uf ingenious men aro nt w'nrit
in inventing new and cheaper mudoii of traction; the reaouree* of
sdeuce an-d aily beeomin^ )n«Bter ; and, since light and electrlnty
have been enlisted among the aervants uf mas, a new impulse has
been given tu the appticationn of art.
Tbe demand for a monopoly forcibly recalls all the evils at nar
present aystem of U'lcislutioii uu pubUe wurKs^ The MoriMniaa
anil Doctrinaire calls out for a go% cmmcnt system of rnilwaya, and
relies on the Amal^Hmalionists to prove hiit cane : ihone who ad*o*
cate freedom in public works equally profit by tlie name i-ircasv
stances, (.'onvictton is gaining ground, rveo among the railway
press, who have hitherto been utaunch advocates of the old ooid-
pnaies, luid opposed the iulriHinctien of nevp ones, flerafatk'*
Jouraat* very well points out, tli;it in ilie distrkt of the Orcot
Amalgamntinn thrrc is room for tbrire or fi>tir-f>dd the tiumbrrof
nulwayn. And urKn that tbe niuiio|)o lists will acittcr make tbm
themselves nor allow othcrt to make tbcm. It sliould br added,
neither will the government make them, thould il Kct bold of the
ruilwars ; and thus thi> pru|;reiMi of the country in it« atni^le witi fl
maniiiacturingnndcommcrciidn>*nlHmiiy bn irretrievnbly impc4c4; ^
for if we stand still, other countries witl not; and as it is, weara
already too much fettered. Nothing uliort of freedom in the C0i>-
struction of public woika can secure us agiiiniit high charge«or in-
adequate acoomiuodation - mid let us have bii t tliat freedom, and tbe
Ureal Aoialgnmalion ni»y be allowed to chnr^fe whatever fares tbey
like. It is not true tbut competition in rati ways can net exi*l : the
question has never been i^srofiilly discnsAeil : furtiio railway partieii
who have di>-i:u»»eil it have thought tberoselTea bound to monopohr.
Till the powrcr cbuites of ibi* country can be conveyed on anitaUe
terma, we shall not h.ive rendiod tint limits of fair accommoda-
tion ; and we want thousand^' uf uiilea of railway* to do this, la
another part of this Journal it isehown that the trtiflie uf the ex-
isting railways is but a fniction of the whole traffic of ibe coimiry;
indeed, the eAl«nsti>Q uf the means of economical conveyance m
niokt urf^ent.
When the Amalgamntioo Bill comes to be dii^uaied in ptirlia*
metit, it is vi-ry likely itn mipjiorlera may he littloinclioed l« go oo
with it. Tbeir strength in tlie llou»i< i>f Commome is great ; hut
the exposure of the diseuition will of itnelf i>e a severe shock,
while the poisihle pcilitir-sl opor.itions ure nicnacing. Tu a buY*
party in the liouae a tempting; Hpportnnity i* offered, of (fratifrtai;
the people at the expense uf the shsroliolders : cheap iravellio^
will save the members frtmt potting lanatiun on a fair liasts, or
givina the pocvple a xham in the government. The Cheap Travel.
liuft Bill wtU bo the measure of tbe M^ion ; inrmliers may [wik
llieir constituents in tbe face, and say they have done>a>metliiii$;
and tbit character of the Do-nutbing I'nrUnroi'nl will be retrieved.
The teniputioii to the government is very »i>re : financial reforms
deprive tliem uf pntronagii in thi> cuvtoms, dockyards, and excise;
and tiikin^; puasesaion of the Great liiiJlwny AnialgHmation will
give them com pmis.it ion, <rithiiiit abirming the opponeiila nt |tatrot>-
iigii and prvrogatiie, and M tbe griitincHtjon of those who think
that tlie govi^rnnient should have legttinuite means of securin{C a
majority. Neither Whigs uor Tiirit^s can withstand such uibance,
in wliicti both bate an interest,— one contingent, the other Im-
mediate.
lMt.3
THE Cn'Il- KNGTNI
SnD ARCHlTECrfi JOURNAL.
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I
Tli« catwtropb* of n uovcmreont-purchaM Mr. Glyn miij' «nli-
«lp«t«, »na miiy huve Uii! thi« trnp to effect, for h« lia« slwiiyii
b*Pii • connirttnt tuippttrt^-r of Mich & c<wrw ; but tlieae mi* rather
dunncrouii time* in whit-li to try midi ctrokea of policy. If b sop
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iiud«r the aniinM* ilo«ire to ffrstify the people atlbewpeme
anybody. And Knirliuh mpiUliKtu have iilreiMiy mueh niserco,
. KJthvngh the nhulf mnunirc ha* not bMn ntrried out.
I The piMiti»it of the Cmtt ^rwttni B»iU-n!r under iU shrewd
leader, Mr. Siiundt-r*, is Iho great element in the proWem. lie
hu Bucceeded in KvtlioK tht me»n» of cocrcinj? the Lmidun snd
NorUt-Wextem after bard %bling: ; and hu iu mil likely now to
rate pence » hijfhly u to give up for it the fttiita of virtftry.
whkh offer thcmwlvcfl to his hands. WTiat, too, i« to be dune
with the Imnd druuKe? After all the Mrvioe it haa done tn the
pnbUe, ia it to be wtt aside? What compeMalion ore the lireat
^F«tcrn t« (tct fvr their varied elaitn* > Theee are all iiuenlleM
to be Mtlved, ntid tu be solved mtinfaetorily in » peeuniary tmiw,
or it is very wrtain amnltfni nation will not go 00. Mr, ^uudera
Itat fev^t to ;ct tomethiti^, and he «ill have It.
Mr. Olyn's motives in brin^tinK about the amalpitnatifln are ajv-
predahlr. He efferted thnt with the Orand Junction— he «ayed
the diaaenflien : and to wirry out a further mnalgamntion, and to
appewo a moat dnn^roua competition are still greater RieaHiirpa.
Can he pay the prin- ? Hiii sharrholdcra have fur years bften plied
with the moHl raiKomua iusinuntiune by the narrow-gauge advo-
cates; and will t her in this duy iiecvde to th«»e terms, without
whith the Gn-at Wi-rtern will »'»t kx"*: «p their vantaga- ([round.
The South-\V extern dirw^tum and aliftreholil<;ra arc glad to snap at
anything; but the Old Grand Junetiva •har*b"l<ier«, and theshariN
boldcrs in the Livcriioul and MaucheaterlUilwayw, (who have had
their divideiidB cut down), are iiotlikely to hear calmly any propo-
sition for j(iviii(r hiffh terms to a company which they have been
taught to bclicrei* overcharged with liabilities, pajinB dividend*
out of oapitaJ, and {iuri)iuii|{ a ruinoaa eyrtem of nnaiiagcnient.
ThoKO faWhooda have been widely iiropa([atcd, and have bei-u
countenanced by thuao who ought to h»»'o known better. Now
they will reap the fmit^of f)il*«h(ioil. The narrow-fcnu^ partiaana,
oditora, and pampbMecrf, nill find it hard ftmakethoabareholders
1»«li«re a new tale, alter what they have heard for yenn.
It wema to hare h«jn left out of acnwnt hy mort p>rtle«, that
the anialjpimii.tii)n will remit in an itiereuee of income and eeononiy
of expeiidiliire; alTiirding a buriilus ftu>d which under aliheral
ty«tcni would go partly to extend public Bccomniodation, but
which in the preacnt cane will bo divided between the three piir-
tiM to the amal^aination. ThU ia the point fwr iieiprtiation. The
Great Wcrtorn may any, -'Witboiil u» thia ainBtaamnlion cannot
b« carried out. an'd thercftire it in fair we -houlJ have the lurgw
ahare ;' and ua thia ia true, they are not oblijced tn necede to a
division iu pniportioa to ca^Lal, and the greedineat of the others
niurt give way.
So far ns we regard the public intercstta, w« arc mtwt heartily
gUd that ihia mrantire han hren prttptwed ; for wc arc I'unvinced
lUat the ultinifite rei-iill mum be for the ruhlic hrnefit, notnith-
atandlng what dircftom may believe. The imier niny plume tli^rti-
celvcs tnat they have wmrrd dear fares ; hut Me do not fear that
we ahnll hnve not only i:liea|» ffireii, hut chcapei- fwcii and greater
nceoniniodat ton. DihcuRsii'n must do gntid ; and diacusaion will
nr>w lake phtcc on a wider and mure liberal haaia than it hao herc-
t II fore done.
What the end of the bill will be no one ean an^ ; but mennwhilc
the diarehcihli'TK Mill hai-emnnethin^ to think of, and MMnelliiiiKto
t^lkof at the meeting; andUie directors a ill have lime to biokahout
them. The T^niMand i'tfiiWihnvegiit atfood cauw ; the public will
get excited ; nni! lli« hill m.iy lie jio»tpoued till another «-ssii>n,—w
may get into pnrllauieDt, an'd the whole basis of railway legialatioD
be upset.
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Skipt mlftouf JTnJt.— Caplaia Jean Kafioteon Zemin, of lUe Prnrb
Dn>r. b*t rem'tly takrn oni a ptirnt in thii C'ounlry far the conii'udion
of Mpt « iihuiil ktrlt, nil ililpt aic In br n4t-l)r>lii:i[n<:i! i and lliruu|h lli<
TCUel, fratii •lem lo llera, ihric ia In be an np«ning or UDUgli ; tlic tax
being ahont ti.e widlh of unctliicd llie yrvaleti brtsiltli of beam of tl>«
vewel. aoil the hdglit to much ai juji to l/u (Uw ilie lo*-w«ier bne. The
pat«nte« ilatei lit ol.jrcl lo he. iiiada|itiiig ihii niAd4 of conilruction, Bti-
al'tlng Die vpui-l lo rinw lr» walcr, and lake a greater hold of ilie water.
T)>« vr»i>liaiekoconttfUGted>i lo ge (icb wi;, anil ntclo b4ve a rudder at
each (Dil.
nxviE-ws.
TJitartlicatnnd Prartiml JlfwA/jnfw, d«»i>ned priiteiiiitUy Jbr Prae-
tiealMen. Bv Jakisi Ha.vv, A.I.t .K^ .Vlatbematieal -Master of
King's College School, London. >Veale, 18*>l, Bvo.; pp.3«*.
We Bte scarcely in the ponlion to review a book written by
Mr. ilann aa fmpiininl critir-t. A pre-disposition in favour of hn
new work, ariunfc from a strung impromion of the nicriln of thoMj
Hiddi prei-Mled it, will he ndmitted hy tb« reader to be, « ithiu
certain limitu, a fair ground of vrilicism. Uut ae hav* other
motiveM for a pnTtiui verdit^t, I>e»ides those putcut to all who bavo
re.id Mr. llann"» former publicntiuna. Tb« eattraordinary Mal,^
which pnimpteil him to tlie study of mechanical and aatbcmatiflal,
science — tlie ucrifices which he naa offered lo hix favourite acicucd
-^heae arc conaiderationH, derived from penuual ku»»led^, whicll
ca use admiration, niiiielcd niUi somctbiui{ like Burprisc, U'o ar*
too much accustomed to think that academic diacijjliRC is almost
indtopensablo for tJie attainment of that M;vcrf ]>re«iaion of thought
niid language which is prc-cmiiieully required in nuihenuitical
studiea. Mere, huvrcvvr, Uiote etudic* have been punucd in far
other acenes than the vecluniun of a college, and with far other
meana than thu appliances of the professor's lacture, the tutor't
prirntc iriBiructlon, the diacusaiun with cautonipornry atudenta,
and the powerful stimulwBof a univer»ity examinatioii.
In Mr. Ilaun'e wurk we occtuionally meet with deliuitionB and
exprewiona which se«m to lark the proeJicion of our aeeu»>
touted elaxa-books. (.}ur author in ibcae caaei, is not alwaya, as it
nppenr* to iia, uninfluenced hy ioiprea&ioiiB derived from (he works
ot inferior writers, — men who address themselvrs to practical ru-
gineerv, and have been too long deemed matbematieiani becausfl'
they uae mathematical aymhola. But if Mr, Eiann and ouTselrefl
be at issue respeeting the value of tb* diun of auttiorH referred tn,
llii«, at leiMt, wB concede^that if ho som»time< hoi row from men
hooka their unstdentifie phmneii, he dues not borrow tlielr blunders
in the eonuptioo and application of principles, hi turning over
Knglitih books on eii^rineering and analogims subjects^ we uHuully
aditpt a rule, derived from vpiatloua ejiperience, never lo trust lo
the re«ult of^a liitigle Inveatigatlon till aAer having worked il over
a^-ain for oiirselviu. In luuklny over the pages of IkU book we
do Bothing of the kind ; we dg mtt expect to find at every turn nu
eritir of principle. On the contrary, we have not yet found but
one reanlt which we are (Uapoied to ilisjiut* : this occur* at page
•iOS.
" SoiipAt', by mtuareneat, IE be fovad tliat a roin.of.war, with ill nnl-
nan«F, "gitnj, anil iiiixiintnients, link sn dorp u in dnjiJacR 1.300 lout of
lea-watcr.— whai Is tbc wlislu wetgM of the tliip. tuppoeiiig a cable lacboC
Ma-wat«r lo wetjli ■5'J«il of an ounce avuiidupoli?
" Tlia w«i(|lit uf ibe water riiipLsocd i» equal to tits weight of the skll
2l(>|Sllani = 1 ton. 1301} x 31i> = 2'>0,800 (allons; sad if wc tskl4
zr;z?3a cuWc inch** l* Uw |allo». ihtn WO.BOO X 87'-a7S8 =
77S,S81 i 83-01 cuhio inche* i and lliis m[ilii)tli«d by ■SB<3 give
-1(13,180, 1 1-5307 uunco* = 13D3-3& torn, llie weight of lh« (hip."
Surely there in an error in this pusage. If the dinjiUcemenl of'
the shin be 1,300 tons, it will wi;igh 1,300 tonif— not on ounce, not
the millioulh-part of s gndDi more or leas. Here, however, with-j
nut anv apparent nuuu>u, the dbpUcement is reduced trttm torr*
to cubic incJuii, and then brought baci again to tons; nnd th
several mutlipUcations with deeimahi aooouul for the eight ton
hwi in this uunectwsary pmeeaa. The error us, hovcvcr, evidcDlIf"^
accidental.
About one-thiTtl of Mr. Hnnn'R work Is devoted tn the tbentv of,
statics ; and eonsidcring the class of reader* for whom bis work il
iuteoded, he has acted juiliciiiuKly In avoldin(i, as far aa poidb)^
complicated matheinnticnl operations. We with tliiit it could liavt
been found prni-ticablo to subititute arithmetical methods for the
uimeirhat diificult aiialyus wliieh ocnini in the sulisoqueut pai;e«.
The ebflpter upon Hovct.enwMUs (p. t09-*!3), foi example, consists
nlmoEt entirely of matliematical symbols, and is not, therefore,
likely lo have much pnu-licnj utility. Bv^des, we have strung
doubts whether anil <:ystem of tlieuie ileal eumputatioo will exprea^
even spproxinuUcry Ibo pressure of enrih upon siixtainiiig vraUll
Couliimb'K idi'u of the wedge of maximum prpMure is, iu a scien-^
tifii^ view, eitremoly beautiful; but in practice many thiiifTs eon-
cur to vitiate nil de'luetioox from the theory. In railway ciillingi,
stratified formations which di^ to the horlioti will lie liable to
elide forward where the inclination is lowarda the fate of iho cut-
ting; and when the inctiufttiun is in lite reverse direction, ike stTsts
may suMnin each other by tlioir mutual action. In this way il will
hspjica that, in a railwaf cattiug thruugli inclined strata, the
THE ClVlt BSGI.S'ERR AND ARCHITECTS JODRN'AL.
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rii;ht-]ianit Wik may rr^ulro tho Htijipoit iif a Ktroii^ revetenest
wall, while the left -liaud bunk Is alile lu lupiMri itwif. j^fCkiD,lbff
•^Uiif rammtng ar tunding Che c«Tth of an rmlMnkmrni, nnd of
imperfect draimf^ &c^ nltucttbrr rttiatv muthi-irmtical fiiimiilnr.
H'e da not in^«t u|ion tli!* jiotnt to tbe dbadvantage of .Mr.
Hofui's bui)k, but u s gcncni tntth. It miglit Iw eitonilrd to
MHibei- iniDurtJuit mbject — tho thmtrynt the Arcli. There aUo we
WMtisfiva that Hract ice and niadcra theory ur« wideljrat variance.
Petit and Caridel'ff Ubies (n. 214-li) mny hv cmrvct klwtniclcdlv ;
but w* liBAgliM Ihiit it would be dimoall to pviut oat one BCtiudIr
exialing rtnictttre for which they vould iitdicAtc oven approxj-
m»tely rurrcct result*. Thcra do not crUt any of thow " nrcbe*
with pjimllvl extradv«,' and '^xrche* witb hvriwnt«l uctmduw,"
for whititi the tables ue computed. Rmt bridge* uid arcbea are
nut the hi^Diu^-L-neoiu uniform strucltirew berc aappowd : on tbe
oootrMy, tbey are coinpvncd of materuila of very variable vpecifio
f^avttiea ; tbe voiiuoir« may be of ({rnnitc or I'orllnitd rtoive, tbe
•paiidnla toay be cither iilJcd in with solid mbblu, or partly oecu-
ped by abattio^ or inverted nrcht.-«. and the rvadwsy and jrarapet
nuf H ooinpo«cd of mattitialn »1iU Rkorc heterojfcnoiu. No fee-
nanl fomtilte will meet Mch oanet. If thtru ha any ln>tance-«
whore Petit and Onrider* t«bl«t (founded «o the aasumption that
all tbe niAteriabi of the arch nre honiof^oaeoua, and untfonnly
distributed) apply with anytliing like accuracy, we atlcMt are Dot
ftwars of their existence.
In the prewnt irentiie, the mathematical thMtries «f the
Arcli and Revetenunta are prcaented with an much «irnpUcity
arul analytical «le|^ce m tbe ftubieetK probably permit, but
en^noen navor ean, and never will, trust to lon^r mathematical
furmulv. la abatrute tbeorotieal pAlcnIntion*, Iho orrom uriidnff
firam tMffleet of practical contiiuvReieM inereiaje mid multiply at
•very step of tliu invetli^liou ; to thai Ihoadoplion in practice of
nmote remits of tbeory id generally innilraimoible, aad alwaye ba-
urdous. The more riUue, Uiorefuio, attiu-)ie« to the numtrima
■ImpIiActalloas tffmtetl in thi> prettent wutk. The mathematical
bicience of eiulneering >•■ daily liecoming more simplu and esHOt ;
' tu Mr. lunu belooga a Ini^ abare uf tbe merit of tbeae im-
rtuat improvements.
On thf /wpor/aiwe 0/ SiwJj/inf Abittwt Sfimtt^ Mh a flfiett lit
Future ffifiicnl A^•y^icaltoM^l — An IiUrwIinUorji Ltrinrf, tiiiwjt at
Puinry cwtyf, .ScW- lH*t. By LroM TuyrAia, F.R.S, F.U.8.—
[Primed for private ciri-ulutiuu.]
This Wtiirc of Dr. Plnyfiiir'* ia of mora ext«nEive ute thnn it
would appear to W frwm il* title. Tbera ii a ^t-nwriil di»incliui-
tlon im the piJirL of priu:tiral mrn who have not been educated
acieittiiirjilly tu allow thai nucIi invest ixaLicniii a« thiiM^ which take
place ill the lnltorNtur>- of the ctiomiHl, or the e a peri mental iihilix
MOpbrr. arc practicnily unefiil. It may take more or lew time to bririK
Uicir d!w;iiveri{'H into wc for tbe IiencHt of man, but Dr. Plnyfiiir
' bia abuwQ tlutt Mtme of the Irait-proiiuKing diacuveriet have even-
lually been made extreinelr usi'fiil — poUriintion of lirlil, for e\-
Wple, and^^lranistn. flii text isi the idt-Ji on wTiicli Itoylc
rrwle : — '" There ii n» one thing in nature tlie uaes of which are
hocxrutcfaly uadcmtiKid." Niitbtiiy about or around us but what
a^ eveuluaUy be found to be of bervice tu uian in muny iruya, of
ItMih nt preaciit be ia iffoomot.
The cvrtaintjr of tbia truth U undoubtedly « great incentive U>
all to persevere la acquiring a koowledice of the intimate conntitu-
lion of bodies, aud the do-clop men to of their kno>rn <iualitiiM.
Dr.PIayfair alnn guvo excellunt advice tv the itiidenta bo wiu iid-
dreMinir, ou the uocwnty of ijitenae noplication, ami ciin«UiRt por-
flOrcrance in studious and indnftrioiu nabit», lu the present diiy,
'Iheesamplo* of fortuii^e rapidly made by men eminent in their
Lprofeesion, and Komi'timM even by le^ cvnipeteut pcrnouK, have
'sn tnjoriouaelTeGt on the riling geuerdtiou—nkukiuK Ihciii eapeil
to adranee more rnptdlv than la either i;<t^id for tht-ui vr their em-
ployer«. However well •jualilied to eiil*ir ou tlic practice uf their
arofenion, no youbji; mi»n uu);ht t-) look to lei-uriii);, «t sUrtin); in
, iife, poailtnns or emolument* which are the le^itimuto prize of
~*engtiiened tervieiM, and yenr^ of labiiriouii iiwtiduity.
To return to Dr. PUyfair'n lecture, which will he read aith
plcnuturo by idl who take an intcreat in the practicMl Appjicatioud
Df science, wo would only further hint, thai a little more cure
should be taken in corrcctm)^ tho yf*"*^ even tlioujcb the lecture ii
printed for "jirieate eirculution tinly." Sumo eentencee are ««-
Ip-aiiimatioaL, and wmv unintelligible ; but we Ojpkiu mua eapre"
our opiiiiun, that the main idea uf tbe lecturfl is excellent, ana t)i4
advicu given w«U deserving the enrefol attention of tbe aludcuts.
A rery good inustratlon of tbo progress, from tbe dlscoTuy i-f
an abstract Bhilmophical theory to its practical application ii
givra in the lollowinR extrtkct* :—
'■ It It btrt ibe onilkiiting* ol ■ckocc wbidi tbai cater jalo aad animau
ladulry. la itsitadjr jrou arc newr tare ibal Ibe aiorrow may not ibdd'n
Iba wofid wiih an ayv'iGatkiD of a prisciplc wbicb u.iU; itat abttraa taj
appMisd rcinala from piaciitc. TbW ii a liulh tliat I wtab ibmi parties.
Uriy to imprsH opoa yoa wbo arc l« devoir vn>ir Iko tv ita practical appJ.-
catieoi. la ^oor atiLdtas you wdl eoni-tantlj met with tUtract tnitlii
which yau migbtthlak it was aoncceaiary to iniuire, b««am« foo did •«!
*a( their practicil ttadency. Tbi* tiellng in iiteir it wtong, eilueaUaa
farlOK a cniirte of nenlal iliidpline flilcd to fraoii tlvc miod to liatilU tt ta-
Juciion aivd liiic*ii|4iian -. and liictcfure, if 11 were tltoufht Dcceaaan I1
ttBcci jrou trui)i«, which from Ilir>r nature ncrrr could be piacticallv appfenl,
their am woulJ »tlll be ■'«■! in eii>tti<JiiiK and luloriog your lal«lMGti« (ad
Guabliitg them lu grstp diffioultirt ultcii Uicr pre«<at (hemwlna."
" An ulEccr of iiiilkry, diiecUn| sq cpiicsl iaiUUBitnl to ibe wfadAin «(
Veraaillei, which ncra illuitiiaod l>y Ibt luu, «u tiruck with tb« facttktt
tn one (mfilioa Ihvj iliuifiNteil fraRi LU *icw, Tbi* wat the first dawn «J
Ibe diieavery of polirticJ light,— of light whleb had aofftred a rhiigr,
aimilir la that wbith ii etiMrieBce* wbea it hat pawrd tbroaeli dontaly r*
fraoUng Icrtand ■par. Wlirn ■ rt; of Uiia ligbi waa pasMd Ibraogb Sal
I
plate* of ceruin crytlaUicd luhitanct*. Ibe OMil btllliant ooia
aerted. Tlitae ptienoncna vere rcataik^Ie, aad were wdl worthy o( Um
atication of •cieniifie obacricrt. Noibiag, iMwertx. could appear awre ar-
niote Irvm practice IIibd tlm tXaij of an altered beam of lighi. It was mat
inlereitiug, indeed, ibai, at in ih« caie oF lound, where two minds raaeb-
iDg the *ar either etalt or Ae\Uoj lb« elTfet, i« in llaht. two rayk ialsrfMing
wtlh each oilier may produce daikneit. Uul wlia iiofD thi* abttract aMef-
isiisu would hiTc dresmt rliat nut of it would corae useful appUealioai ? It
was foand tliat ihe ll^bt whkli reached reflcciiag turfacea ai a parUcvlar
V\%\< MM polamed iu cuaiini fioia lliem ; lliat, for uanple, aioch of I&a
%hl leflrcied Uom walcr U ia lliia cviiditian. Thus, (uppose, yoa lookwtlh
■ Sicbul'i priini, lb< comaioa polsriter, al tbe ihadow of a utta OB • inoeltl
Ukfi by turniag round the priim in * ceitaio dtri«li'>n tbe ihadow wtU dn-
appear, becauM much of Iha light it polarited, wlitle Iha man wen by oow*
■Don tight will reoisla vlalbia ; tbut rralixinf the Uaraian fahle of ibe buji
without a ahaduw. ThU prsptrly of ttie pulailiing pritn wu after > tins
appliad to the innpurtint purpoie uf deiccuiig thuali and rocfca at aia. li
had baeo lonft tlir praclitv (or mnncn, whrn tlicjr iut|iccted Itaaexlaiaace
of Uieali.io lend a Qisn to tbe hcsd of the niiti 10 delect Ibem; for the
outlouk (ianing lira water from a vtnical pouiion thut out wudi of the rt*
Heeled li|[Ut, whiohdaxzled and ohiiru(;ted liit*i«v, Mow, ai a great (art
of lliti rcAcMtd U(sht 11 pulari2«d, ll waa ubvkout that by l»ok>«g tbraagb a
polariting pnifn from the de^k, tb« dtpiha of the sctaa could be aeaaa*>l
without tba Islairiuptjon of the glare, whkb had fofiutily tendered tbia ta
dilBcult : aud tbut tliia s1)atrBct tiuih u( tl» alterailoD of li^bi by teSeetioa
became practically applied to the prctcitaiiua «l mariacra from tbe baiarda
of th> Ka. Anutber uacful application was now made to aalnoa fiaberiti, to
enable Ihe •praruiicn to aee Ibe llali at couaidrrabic deptba, where detcciioa
«ai hcfort iinpoitiblc. Tbe singular inaigbl nhicb jiolarEMd llgbt gsteiala
Ihe ina<r cnuililulion of bodies, waa mefull; cmploj td to dii«u*ei IheUai
of leniion in bcanu, thui ahawing that il might ha made tu aid ID Ibe p«-
moiioQ of madiaairs. Uadsr Iba bandi of a Uiol, a ray of poIaxUcd ll|hi
purfaimed with lusjlca] quickneii tlie uioii rinird liui tediout operatiaoa of
tlie analjliral chcmjil. by enal>lii^g liiiu tu uceriain tli< auiouiil of aaftr la
«ariijui' lacrharinc tuliatancca. IU waa cnnliled to follow the iacrcaalig
ricbiicat of augai in the juioei of lariou* plaiiis at dilTer«iit aiagca otf tfeiir
growth, to a* to iudicaic wben tbey are nimt Aitcd to be gathered faifa lie
purpoica «( the tugar loanufictuieti and hj the aaiiir ray ulvnlly per(iN«<
iog lU quicli analjiii, be waaab!* to make improrement* la tbe eooooMy tf
labour. Tbaa, when beet It readjr to be gailiered, labour ia in demsad for
the harraaling of other eiopa, and oomequeDlly is cxpeaaiva. It waoU aoi
do then to tske inottter crop, auch a* pannip*. tadotor in its snaoaat a(
aiigar. ai iliu eoit u( p'Qduclinn wntild oulmclili itic returns. But ptecaittf
at the time that hurtca and carit aic diaeniiajed, and labour ia chcapt par^
nipt conUun uiuit of lUcir aacchariDe iiigioiJiaiLU, ao Ibal il u ibea uicfal la
•ni(>li>y tbe idle ullla to the production of kujar (tom thia plast. Tbaa •
ra^rof 1>j;bl hai pioduceil good alio to tbe farnin, aa well a* tu tbe *cafami|
man and ihe engineer. Or to take 1 eate of the n*e of polirited bgbl u>
acieiKre, who cuuld have dreamt ibat thn culouri 11 eihibiit in Inaapirul
autiiiance* wuuld reuder ii piittihii-. by ineana ol a minetal. 10 dtiernine
aut-h queilinnt ai to wlidlicr the hght of Ihe lua proceeded (rooi a tolld
mats or fiim a Kaacaua canopy, or vhetber the coineti ei^oyed light ol Ibtv
own, or only tcfl«cicd Ihe Ug''l from utb<r b«die> (Itumbwldt) i
There ara olbcr appttoitioni of polariicd light to t<t« Ictetcope for Ium-
auring Ibe (it* of dliunt nhjeeU ; but la Ibeu I will ant al |>ret«iit dr^w
your BilcDtion, mantioniiig oiilir one other laaiance, iha rrceni bcaoitfal d».
corny of XVheaistone, wliu bai imeiiied a tltnple Bieant, far more aciraikl*
and uaaful tliaci the aitn.dial, of ileleiniiiiiiig the apparent auiar linie b} tke
diurual changei ol Itie plane of pulaiualion al tbe mirth |«)l( uf Ibe it'.
U][ aralling bimielf of ibe fact ihai the pUnea of putaciiatiun m iite audi
pule of the aky change eaactly aa ibe puiiiluu uf Uia buur cbcle alu.<i,
Wbeatatonc baa adapted a litiiple and ingcnioua a)ipar*lua, bywblcfalW
true Utne may be tuld wilUia three uiiinicr. 1 bia alrgant apiiUcatMa el laa
EVOIXtiER A>m ARCHITBCrS JOURNAL
ITT
I
lawi ot piiluIuUan t* oal^ OM of otlitn wkieli m msynpect from the
••IDC philn»n|ib«r."
The folln-inic inicmti* vDicni bciidcF Btmlcnto of the Collect
for Civil Krijciiieer*, nrid iu tbc |ir«9eiit dc-irth vf vmpluym^tit nt
homo will t»c«t Willi AtUotioH from irwuy of our icddcra ; and the
num •», M it «>me» from itnv who haa m practicftl knowloJgO of
wbnt lie Hiya : —
*' It ii trarcrlf krcmarf toari:i an ^u ibt deiiralilcDeu i>f k pradlnl
adunlloa. *ii«h u )uu will fMcUc at tbii College. I lta*e Miid caoujtii '«
•bow fouthkl II it tii(ll*|>onublo in Ihi* caunlrjr, if joo irUli IvouietripltK
eonpclilion nlnchnow, kapi^ly fur tb« world, prttaila id alt d«p«Lrtm«aI>
«f fuduMrj. If it ha rpqiiiiitii hprv, il it farnar* ai'truftr^ lo tb« tw(klrint
cdonUt abroad. TUa Brid ojiaci fur Hel|.«diirtlF<l nira iD ibe coImHoh it
Ml Krcat. tliHl 1 iJiiiihi niX ibvrv witi bemaay of }du «Iiu will trj tb«ir for-
tonci ill httisv land*. 1 njttlf, havins Iieen barn in a colanjr, and all mr
relationa haTlng t|iciit lliair IItc* and tti-qui>«) Ihrir forlDnct in colflniii. 1
Bslurally knnw tomvwbU of lt<« life and of (be |ir«ipeCU of intelligent
cmigrtnt*. Tbii I can «iiDra fon, that 1 hart nc«ti knuwn an in«t<nc« pf
fallurf, wher« a mm vtni out vitb i orll.^rouixlcd tornliltc Imoolrdgt,
and wiib a pamtt of ipjilying ii in i iprcikl dir««li6th. I ba<« many fricnili
in th« colinirt. nho liavx |[nn« out hiIIi no other rMDmmenitation Chtn
that— a Terr biali one tvrliinljr— of ieiii; pn>Ildrnt in tomn one of Cti«
solcticcti 1 rpciil U>nij niiml at llic picKnt momrnt ntnrn of men who 1
am p'ciul tu call mjr filcndi — mrn who arc {iow all in ttie mjorm^nt of
lucratire paiU abroad, from haiinc Rona oal, lome «ilb a kooitledc* of
f*olafj, bihrrt of chcmiilry, anil olbnrt of nalaral biator;. It H true ihat
ioicnliAe nca art rara ui our colimiti -, tnd it it iKcauie practical irimtific
rducatiim to rarv, — the laora the chin» for j-no wkn avail vaarMlvet of
jouT pniOt and r«nr advanlagn. ijyak al the irfMiirci o|i*n*d in Aaitralil
bjr the diioaierjr of coal iml of i-altiablf minvral orn. What a Rtrand irid
far Ibe niiRcrilngiat, ths mctallorftil. tht itaaiogi*!, dimitl, and practical
rnginMr! When wc tirar of men wbo hate laleir nadE Upte forlunet in
tbc CDirie of IbrM ycara. br a happy ilcrelapnieMl of fotmeily.iieglKtcd
>mii«tal weatlh, ii tl>«n- n>>( bcre cncDumscmcnl to Uini« whs hav« • aonnd
linowJ^gvof ih« appbed •nenott to <]rv<)t« (I.«tr lite* 1« tb« dxtlopvcnt
of eiir colonial induilr^ ? lint io altxupU Ic lio ao. Ibere will be, of courtc,
diineiiliiM to arrrciiint. lucb aa etaoot eM«r ia Ihb land, when all hioda
uf prufciiicKinl taltiii i« aiailabls. It ia for Ihla Ibat i*fl fin J ernrral
practical cducaiion aacbaswcitfl. Arr^roo tobe a hrmiT iii thFculoolnr
TIms kam before Too <n io undcrBlaiiil ihc p-rinrlptpa of niRrliiaFfjrt io ■•
iDDWkDand repair your implrnirolB ; Irani hnn lo titrvry ; how b; xcv-
logy and cbfinitt/; io eUux- jour Uud; bnw In culiiiair it «bM pM-
•wmhI— tonrn Io tbink bow ihfl rtMUre4« of the rounlry arr Io be »«iito«-
mised. Ilecotltct, Ihit in lioitinv iloM-a irhurp flm^k* of ■h«'Fp hir ia<ir
Mllttw onlf. ID tiniialMin nF yuiir brwil>rrfar«ii>ri, you n>ii[t>t at Ihp Hinf
Unie make tbc miul ndniirabtf anil nnitiiinui poriablr ni«al and laupa for
■naicK a»d naiic* — a procrM, if carriw) out, which t*, T am iitrr, Ucaluivd
to bMotne ouo of Ibe looit (aluable, l|iou{;h jvl tiDlrjed manufaciiir''* ut
Anatralla— and «hf untf iad f HruDM lh«rv la no fcicn<e to suidv ll>*ai
Id a mannfaclorir ln*ulvin|t a kaowUdfta uf aeimal rKfniilrir. na ucll >■
of a wile •ilapiuliiio of uiNi'hiiiriy. anil un aci]iiBinUi>CD wilb wliit ha*
been duoe m tbc anmc wii; in other counrrlra. And if you |o ool as a
kurrexor. huw iovuluablBio (aln Iho ifeulogical knowlrdKenhkb yuu majr
«Im bBrTacqii>rr;how ln<'«>cribably uaernljotir clieuiloal power of ilrtrcl ■
irgaad aaaajinf- laluable urea and miatralat Ar« jou de»lin<sl for Ibo
■rai; abruud r Th" b^Jl way of jt'llinfcsiaH-appoinlnieoi* or tu(raliv»
■mployinenii, i« Iu havn 1h> piiwnr of mnkiiiK yuiiraelf ua»fiil wilh your
adcDIilic bnowlrdtP. 1 uk"" •■>'. that in Ihli urrtiire lii our colonta-a 1
Lata neier known an ttislinic whfre a rcatli dearriini; sci«'ntifiG man
fallvd io bniDS aprtddy admnctd to a uicful and bunuontble poaitioa.
But do nut Ibink that In iWiie Cay* farivnp* or tioouure arr fvtily ae-
()Ulrml. Ii ii nut niF<liacriiy iu jour pur«iiti( llial wilt eanbla you to vul-
tun ih» niais*:! itruKgliaic i« puili forwant. Th* RRe H an mff of aellun ;
aad if juii are Iu ■uc»:eil iu fiilur« liT*. you Bii.ial now bttt* and pr«t>ara
jouracif for ibe atrunuk. If jrou fiill a*krp ouw wbilo yon are youuK.
id tiguur, and able Io jirrporr jouraclf for future life, tli« world will not
know whrn >oo awuke, and >( will !>« a loDg aod a i*d Mruirale for you to
urpnake lbM<^ wbo nerp aclive when you ware pBMiv*. Rvcullcet, Ihiit
it iaonlj fey alitily. downriKhl burd *tndy, that you eaaBr<|nir* Ibitmrniul
Mrauslh aul •liour ibai will enablv yuu to orciconi*! tb« incrcnainK diRl-
cnkleaof pnignna Io life."
Hittory of ArchUi>rtnrr./rom thu fTnrfwuf Titnr» ; Ut PrttnU C4m~
diti^n in Etmpr nnd the L'nilftf SMr*. By Mm. L. C TimiiLL.
rhiladi'I|ihiH ; Llndu}- and Blakiston, IHidl.
Aa there nre «ntne rematka on tbU wurk in tli« F<uriruhi« uf
** Ca rid ill ']■«>' we ilioll not trouble uiir roadcra much further aa to
its critiinl mrrit*. It u-a* iiitiMiilciI ^r a poptilnr wurk in the
L'nilcd Stateti, hut, unliajipily, it K^rti% little ili-linit'^ infomi'ilion
u to ihv buildings then-, nnd Is ten ycnrn hi-)iiuil hand as t» Lliuao
of £unipi?, Uie "Architectural Mu^taziue' haiiii); hvoo the chief
.iitliwrity.
It aeems front the remark* of the anthoreM that Gothic
Klizabetiiaii are now thi» fmhinn. inotitad >if (ireek, but xhm W%*
fi-w fnvuuTable Ain«ricau examjilea uf any atyle Kiven by the
Atithurem, thoufrh there are many Americaa huildinifs of flreat
mn-it. We fhall try snd jytleiin what «C am m U> biiililiiiiCK in th«
Uaitm] t>tate» uf which any imrticiilan are given by the writer.
At Boarton iimong thu nui-i-ltien nru nasuid —
*' Trmil) CAnnA, in Soainicr-i tract, a Uolhia nJi&c*, of granite, built
in 18-2V.
Tht TVmmoI iloKat la a Iar|« and hMaiiful bnildiiig, of graaite, with k
fine Doric pottjci in front. J. Rogeri. areliiiect.
Two brauiiful Gutbic cburdiea, of Inettoae, ware biiill in 1847. Dilli.np,
arcblleci."
At New York—
" Ti« CMureh fa ITiiiiUivfna-afiMr*, belonKlajc U ■ conirrfillon of tb«
Dutch RafonnctI danomiMlloni ia laid to be one of ibc nioii paifcci Oolble
■Irnclarca hi the United Stilav L: Ferre, uobitcct.
IVvtUy Chitrrh wni commenced io IBtl, on the aita of the old choreh ta
Broadway, nnd ootnplettd In IBtS. It ia bnilt of a brantiful flne-grdaad '
frMitone, ia the Piir|)«ndirii1ar Oothic atyla. it it 192 feet long, and 84
wide. Ill graeeful, »f iriRietrieal tpirt (a 2(H feet higb. It It l>y niiny onn.
ilderH the laeit apeoiiiKa of wdetitiiical arcbiteLtare in this conniry.
Hr. Utqohn. arehiMct.
Grace CMmrtA, on Broadway, b bnilt in the form of a con, in the Colluo
(tyle, and ia of white marUc. The wlndowt are of gained ^Ibm, and th* '
«difiMc«*l l-l»,OOI>d«Uan (£3«.0OU). It wat oompUted in ItiJA. Mr.
Itrnwick.atrhiirci.
ni Oititm Htum, In Wilt-aireet, fa a buntlfat UoHe building. 117 «M
king, and S9 feet wide. Tbe arehitcicta were llhiel Town and AlMinder J.
Oaria.
Tk0 Efii»rvpal TAiireA «' lAt llolf Triai/f, at Orooltlyn. »« York, U ant
of the AiKii tpccMiiena of Golble archlttcturt in Ihia country, A <.'ilib«n of 1
Droakljii, wilb a muiulleenn abovn conroendatiua, bai eiectcd ihit nobU
•diftrr, at a coat of abudt iSO.OOO dollar* (aOfifiO), Lefene, areUiasL"
At Philadelphia—
Tkt I'mfrJ Slattt BanA, now tbe V'alted St«tci Cutlom lla««e for |ho
pod «f Phil add |>hia, ia oue of tbc moit iieautitul buLldiofci in thlt tvunlry.
It i* ctoiely eapied frun a perfefi model, ib« Pailhenon. It* InnKtb i* 16 1
(eel ; it* brradih 87 fevl. Tbe bet maitlte Doric coUmnt of tha porilco
itand u|Mn a pUifarm of white ma/hle, the aicenl to which ■« by a bi(h
Aifbi of uiiibtt «teps. Thin lifleil up away frein the itreet it bM a tcry
impoalng appcaraace. The baokint-rooia I* 81 feet Inni and ii feet wide.
The new Bank *f Peniiijltaiiia it eopled frotu the Ionic Temple of lfaA.|
Muic*, upon ifac IILtaui; It ia built of naiblai and ii a Uik* and handiome
•difii-e.
Tht Oirard CoUtg*. — The main bultdiag, wkieh ii Iha aohjeei «f thla
deteriplion, it eomputed in the (.'orinlluaa oeder of GrediB archileclure i Lt
eovon a apae* of 181 feet b^ 239J feet, and eontlilt of an 0Liaii;le pafip-
laril fuixntructurc, rr*iin( upon a baiemrnt of 8 foei In bright, rompoaed J
cMirely af ntepa Mlendini around the whole edlQce ; by wliiirti a i>T'a''>'d|ei|1
appraiance it ^inn te ibe tubalrLiction, and a nietna uf ipixoach BlTi>rd«d lal
Ibe panicDC) fruiD every tide. Tbe diuicmioni of ibe itylobnte (or pUlfoiai _'
on which Ibd columnt tlinil] are 159 feel on ihe fronit, by 211 leil on tht
Baak* ; and Ihc cell, or body of tbc buitdinj;, iDeatbtei ill (^.-l, by lfi9 feel.
Tbe whnli) heijhl, frnrn the ground to tbc apex of the rool, it 100 (eel.
TTifl coliinint are 34 In iMimbtr ; ih* illdnaur ot tbc tbaft al the top of .
the btie ia 6 feet, anil at the boltora of i)ie capital. 3 feet ; the hfighi of thfl
ciFuUl), inclnding tbeabncut, ti 9 feet, and the width, frotn the eslrciH
comera of ibe atncm, 10 feet -. tbe whale height of ibc columiii Inclinfiac
eapilal and bate, b &5 feet. Tlic cnlablalurc U IS feet 3 Jncbei bigbi and
tbc gteaiett projection of the cornlet, from the fact of ibt fiicte, ia 4 ft.
9 in. I (h* eloviiion of ihc peditiMnl ii 'in ft. ^ in., bcmg on«-iiinih of Ihe
aptn. The eapiUli of the coUntna art proportiniied from thoie of Iha
nivttumcDl of Lyiicatei at Aiheni ■ ihe^ are of Aiuriican marble, and were
wrought upon ibe |{round* uf tint college.
The building ia three alories in hf i(bi. etch of which it 25 feet fram ttuor
to Hoof; there arc four roomi of .W fen wjotre m each ttnry. Thotcof tbe
lint and accond ttory ara lauticd wiih |;roia archrt. and Iboie of tbe tUid
ilory wtlh dtfiuea lupportcd on pendeiiti>C(, wbidi ipiiug Irooi the COfnaa
of Ibe icjoii at the Oiioi, and auuiDo Ihe form ul a circle on the lioriaoalal
teetioa, at tbe belgbt of 19 feel. Theae rooeat are bghied by taeaM of thy-
hghta of 16 feet In dlaneter. All the d»mei are terniinated behiw me pttne
of tbe iDof, and the akylfghl* project bat one foot above it, in at not tig tn-
lerfare with tli« character of the architectur*.
Ihc roof It covered with marble lUca, ao nicely aitrlapping rach otbct aa
10 defy the mail beaiini atorma.
Uetiile the main edilice, llierc are four olbcr huildingi beloa^ing to
inilimiloo, each 53 ftet wide, 12S feet long, and four •loric* bigb. Ao
U. Walter, arebitact."
At Waahlngton, amon{( other bnildtnpi, ar»—
" Tht prtmdmi'i Hetat. of Poiomae frteiione. It haa two franli with
pottliwi, and ia IKO feet ia leufth by 89 foet In width.
7A« fnfrar OjIIh Ib itlU uuUaiehed ; it U deaigucd, wbet eomiileteil. It
tbtl
878
THE CIVIL EXfllNEER AND ARCHITECT' 3 JOUKN'AL.
fnonuA tli9 M|Bir« ob •hlch it tUn4t. h it of tlic daik fierjlont of lli«
FotttiiMC. The l>«ildiD| alira'!} (wiii{'l«t«d ka* • lupcib {wtiiM «( ibc Uoiic
order.
Ti* Gmrral Post Ofiet. of >tij|« marble, it ■ oii^niftNiii (lalMing, omi-
meiilrd Kith iiilHiM), and ui cntabUlim iif tha Codntbiia order. The
«difi<v alicaily i>(cii|n«t Ihv Irani knd pirl of tmtMher lldM of ■ tquar*. It
i* unaiiiilicl.but w Ilea completed will 1» ooe uf Ibe idmI iple^did liuiMing*
la ibe t.'nitrd Sulci.
The CtfiUI V* flnvlj iiliultdi tomiMindinf a tit* of the cIIt, vitti ilia
■airaundinK oovuirr, ■h'I tbc n^rt IVionui. Ii ■■ Z'tl f«% I'-n; In tnni,
ai»d lU gr«at«U height Il$ ftel. Tk< lla;[ of tl>« RtjutiriiUtKri i* «f a
htlf-drmlir form. The doiae rim abnw an rniahlainr*, mpportcd I15 24
Cortuhian rolnmii* of tvifyMtd ii.uUe (»oiMlioi«t nllnd iiitildinB ttone),
Ihiai tbc tuuk* of tbn PolvmK."
At Bkltinum we find —
>• Ti* X«B<n CkMcAc Ctttkr^rat, plannrd fa; Ulrnbf. It ll of Ui«
Ionic orikr 1 190 fen la Itngih. 1 1 i f(«t aiJe, and 127 f<«l bigb, to the lop
of tllC dORM."
Fi>r wimt of noiiitUiinit irettcr we »1ihU rslnct whnt \t itaid uf
\}>t |iiiblio ^unreasod walks of th« United StatcH, to whicli mure
•tlentioo ia now paid, a grati^inK pravf i>f the prvgrvw of tosto,
"TbecittuniDt N«r\oilc have at iMgth be«ifn« avar* of tli« heaai; and
lalnbritf of puhlir- ic{iiaret. St. Jt>tin'i-|iBit(. Wathingloa-iiiiurr, I'nion.
■qiiwf, and iptfial otlxit in rKcalljr -built patU of ihe cilji. aro tatlrfDllji
iirDamtmcd with irtn *nd »Iiru)ilirrj, alTordmc iwccl frcce if>i>t» fat tlie
rjc to icsi ii|ioD, u a relief fiom liir glan of brick naiU and <liii; giaie-
■uenth
Bmj dlf ibould make ampte proiiiion for (poctoiu public tquam. Tnt*
kCf QtKT lariL-tf, thiub*. Ruwrrt, *ad tveigrceiM, akonld decorate tb«*a
ffroniMli, and fountiin* llirov np ihrir ipttklinf; walin, conlrasliiif lh«ir
plfa «blt« tnaihlfl «ilti ttti iarp gnwn foliJce. li«rf. hen«a(U tha tkaded
Killu, tlic inbabiiaDit Dl|bt onjo; ibo twe«i air, lh« chlldreaapottupon tbe
frMh grnM. aed all l« i«fiMhed and cheered It; the a)|hl nf beautiful nalural
Otifrct*. llrre itic jfiing and old mitchl uieel to ' drive dull care awa;r.' and
lUK foi a fe« lifl«f nioiucnia the cnKulaiiiifC man t]r- making plaoi that aliuoat
cootlaiillj uiuiv Atiictican Ihi^ujhl and feeling.
Tlic ituvlun Cuiiiii'tiJi i) ll>e ummI ipacioui |ilM>urc ground in th« United
LbkUk £»rniv fite acr*i wrro ajiproptiaiid \>f itie (aily 'ftthcn of ih«
|i|oii(i' for tbva jjurpoic, on th« condition ibal it ihoiild tirr reitiain devolcd
~ . thil waj to iul>ltc eouvriiifuM and eomfoit. Ttie atnie veurrabl* elmi
■hich ihaded iLc patriot! uf ilii moltitioo, aiill vtate o\ti ilie hcaili of
khcif aucceaaoii, and fmh joung trcra ate planted fiun ycai tn yen b/ tlic
aide af the new gravellcl nalka, rendered ucocHarr by llie napidlf fnrrcating
populaEion of ilie i-Aj, Tbc uodiiUilng ground of tbc comnioo ^kci ii a
pl'*»iiigditenilYof hdl and val*, and ilia littla IJia or pond near tha renlre
•dib lo ill piclumque beauty.
Tut New Yi>ik lUltrry, lliotigh nacb (nailer, ii very deligbtrnl. affording
a i^ew cf tlie magmticcnt burbour. gpinnied Kith it* lieuutirul iilinili. Con.
reulent u^ata aie placed a!i<iiit the battcrf. that ili numeK-n* iniloti iiiajr
^uietlj enjof the cuoliug brerira from the iKeai>( beivaih ibc grateful ibade
of the ticet. It It one of ibt loiclieat ip«l* In iho world.
Tb« public aquajci uf I'liiladelpbia arc iiitali'Dlabl; irii)jurtinl la llic health
of the rilr. Dcocalh the dei»« fnliigo of WMliingloo.iqiiair, crcindi of
nicrt} eliilrlrcD cnjiiV, unnsolMtfil, Ihtii healthrul iporti. WJtliifi llie inctn-
■ur« of liiJf)>''nd#n(<->()nBn vii firit priiBiulgaied (>>« Drrliration nf Intle-
pendeiu'e. fiaiiklin-aiiuarc ho* in ili« penlcc n fniiutain. Ijllinp )ii.io a liand-
lomt nhilc niaible Uiaia. Pcnn. Logan, aj>d Rillcnihuijie-iituaitri are lUu'
otnamcntal to tbc ciif.
The New llaven-gtrr-u baa been juillf ecltliratcd as nne nf tbe molt Vati-
tii'ul public tquarcB in tbii tount'}-. It* clmt arc rrn'orkiMf flue ; it hoi
■cootilljr baea ciitloicd iviili a lijht uid lolclul irva tailing, wbith addt
nmch to il) brtuiy.
Slatiji' of our large eltlet ar« pntliFl}> dtitilntt of iiieh grpcn retreala.
Garden* arid iijuarti ai« lu nveFtt«i> to tli« bt^lib. at «e]l aa the enju^nieal
of tfauae Kbo are aliul up in tbc cigie ilii'etf of a cilf, lliut it ahould be
coniUered an linpcratire rlaijr 10 provide ibcni (or all clauea of ibt iDba-
bltanta."
Tbe folluHuifr sliuna tte roovrces svalUbI« to the lurclulfct in
t^ Catted States : —
■■ Griniifr, a prmitirjr rnili, ni«y bo called \\\c fuHndaiioH *('\Ht <.ii i\\r
rnrth, Itscuiiiiliiurut |iutlk an- quatti, frldi-pur, aiitl mien, li U a bard
nnii Iwittln Hvui-, but xilli intiib ln)ii»i( ma) tin wnrl>cd in'O vaplIiiU uful
Other urnKiLJOLilal puta nf h buildiiii{. It kbflvnda id lh« Kew iLtjgluid
Hiatra, wpi>ciBll> in Nnv* IInui|ii>Iiirnunil MaaMohuMtla. A beautiful
•rhilai Sfanllo I* tbFrv i|ii*iilf il, amJ rmiiluTcd la btiildiuc al hofflr.nnd
aeul to dtMut paria of the t^niun. TIip Uuiled Stale* Brnik )a of lliia
Kbile (ranlu; tbc market b»u*c at lluilun, aurue Qitn liHclliDg-LiuuKa in
Ar* Vurki and man) olhei tdibcr* there add ■^l*c»hrie,
SirMilt il ofirn culled Rraoite, fruin ila icaemblnuc* tu il ) fetdapar aod
liornbleadc iHciJoiniuaie io ila comptftilion- It ia even n(<ir* diOiiull Ibao
Itraaite la chincl Into urnamt'Olal worU. Tba 6ii« (jUHrr] oflbiaaitine at
Qiilocy, Di-ar Ituiluti, but giv^in it Ibe naiuo of Quiiirf rlnrio. bjr wlilch II
ia valcnaiiely kuuwa. 1Ii« Aalor U. uta lu N«w Yuik it b<jill cutlrely of
iieaitCi and la Oniioa ifaere are many alractunw wbkfa ha*e amr bna
alaodiac for aoojc jcara i ahvwiuK tbsl il bcara «i|H>aure li> lb* •«
oKbout injurf lo ila a|>fi<-arauc«. I'hi Uuukcr btti Mouuuieiit la of ibiaJ
aloneL
Marbh ia oa« of tJio motl darable of itoae*. Tli« ba«uiirul
marble uf tbe farHicnun baa alood Ibe alorau of mtn Iban S.4W0
wiihtioi tajat}. Happil) for ut,lhi* itKuaaiMialabuwida In ■Inaoai'etvr'
pHrt wf tbe cotiDlrjr. Th« black, jtray. aud while iiuilile of VrriiMHil an
rtlaaaivalr known. MaiMKhuietli furuishc* HptciiBciM of tariaaakiadi,
The iplendld oolumna of tlie Oirard Coll'K* were bruothl frviu Slieflekl
in Rarkthlfpcoiiolj, in that Slate. Nrw Hanipabtte ha* aevcml <|u«mta|
In CoiiMcli«ul, near Stvi Hateii, Kierci inaibre abouiKbi, iwannbliox tb<
terdo BOti^uc. Maujr apeciiui'ns of ihtt mutblc faafo been a«Dl lu Ruru»-.
aad be«n much adoiiiid la ll>« ct>l>iu«la uf tbe curjoua aaNJ acicalitic. Neai
tbe lame place anilhif qiwrrr j^ fuuud, iq wbicb jelli>w prrdiianiaaUf.
Hbiie marble abuumli in Funnijlvunia. In abort, luarfile it aoabao'
dBMll; iupplipd, that UiHf and durability luuj be oimbUiad b; Ibe bm J
ibii niatrriuJ in c^tritnnt rili[|««.
Tbc L'luted Siaica Miui, ('utluiii-bi}u»e, end Ptntifrltanla Oaak ti
Pbiladelphia. are all of FcDnajlvauiaa marble i tbc Waabiortou Mooa-
neni, Hallitnare, i* aUo of wbilc n.atbtc.
SaHilUo^t, uatiiilly railed franslone, li found of ntiegalad oohiort, froa
gru) lu (e<t.aud daik bruMU. Il la easily wruuj^t, wod lonth lUfd in
buildiiii:. CktriiAi¥F quarriea of red frveiioue are' worked at Ckatkaai, ia
l'uiLUv>cl>ctit. The I'ulomaa fteaalutie lit eitriniirl; aard ; the I'iMideul't
fiimac, ibpCHpiivl at HubiDgton, aud a\. VuuVe Cborch, Boatoo. at*
biull of il. S^meltaiva il i> employed witbuut gnoolhia^ and ia ibtM >
durable aiKl ecuDomlcal inatcfial forcollngoa, alabli»,&c. Il it jji eeacral
uae for iba baaemei]!, nlinluw^ailla, anil capa of brick hoildiuita.
On*u; a alone coataiuiog a large propwUnm of ouea, ipliii wltk aaae
and alToida a beautiful paiiag-ttone. '
Sialt !■ found io gtinl abundaoco to this eouolry ; il ia aacd for oorarlBf
ruofa, aod altuuld do umverMiltj tnbalitutcd Jo ciiica for abluglea or tiiber
cambuatibln nialerialt.
Nooouolry in Ihe wurld ia more abundaall; auppliedwitk (rood of riWT
taricty Ibaa the failed Slate*.
Tbc KhiU MiA gfiiwa to u great heiichi Id the Middle Slalt* and to Tin
giuja. it I* iiiuug Odd durable, and allbuugb aumetin»ea eniptuted m
doni«trc arthiieeture, ia ukhi* K'r»eraJb "»«d (ut ship buildioit. Tbe
black uak n»i lu a attll graalor he.ght, but la out *u |ars« in flpninifcn
euce. Seiriul uibec kiniJa of otdt abound, all of ibem durable, asil aM»
oftbrni eltflitul far limber.
Tbc tJoit: irainat ia a br'iullful wood for ihn inttiior, being anacarptfble
•jf a fine puliab, and not liable to warp, nur in iplil. In Ukio aiul Ken-
luck; tbIH (Vuud ia uacd fi» llio abiiigliiift of bouac*, and oce^awiially ttt
llnibcnf. It if adiiiirabljr adapted ti,i dinirt anil wiudvW'franc*.
.Vejifc, of aaier*! tarieiiea. la al^ auacepliblc uf a f.iefiuli.h. TU
culled BAd biiU's-eya maple are *erj baadaume for iHrr.ur fialtbiag.
Mapici grvw in alniust overf part of ibo Lniwi ; tba) are nunierooa attl
luiutiaul lu the ll'ratvrn Slatct.
Pinr ia B ai.ft fvu<i, ra* itj worked, atnl haa far iki* rvaaoo been bitfatrte
quiia i»o Riui^h uaoil fur buildinn. Il ig, buwexr, a valuable woodi and
will luniE cuntinua lu be uaeil far the inliTiur, nltr^r loorc dantbia matcfleli
are a>i)i»miitcil for (be eilrriur of bulldiuga. Frum Maine bt Vlanda
pinri uf •■iicuakioda at>i>uiid, aod tn eapuited in large quaailtiea ta
Euri'|ig and tbe Wial ludtca.
The u/iid wA 1* a atfuug aod durable wo«l, viblch aomrtJiBn ktowi t»
Ihe bright iif bU fovi. It .pliis .iiaij^Li, ^ud le not apt to abritik. 11
abouniJa luuai in tbe ^vitlirru iiiutei.
Uiuk It nui mutb »ied lu buildiDg, althuufh ilaboundi in Neo Ea^
land uod iW M idiitc OUtea.
The dioili birch (uiuttlitaabard,dNrk-rnlaurcd MOud,tIiBlfvC«l*aaalB«
puliib, oud it tuiy bBu<I*»iu( for itilotiur lloitbiuK.
The .■I,;'".-, gruwa lu n great Biu io Ike SuutLero Statee, and « fra-
queuil) iitcO fur l>uilJin|[.
The ([AitedJurKnjMaibuiidaiill; in tlie Middle and Soutbera Sloies,
nnd Imiiik a suft tiKbt wuud ta uatd fur ahingle* uml inlaiMr lltuaUof . Tha
rnJ icdiir ia a dur«(>le wood, uacd fur puata anil ftiicra."
It will lie aeon frvm the e.vtrucla we have riven thiit Mnne vorr
ree^pccl»ble woi-ks hiwo been lately eiuicute^ or aie in pm^m^
but tlici« U no gr«al uxcfaitccturiii munuaKMU on hand.
Syllabui 0/ lActurea on Civil Enginftring^fir lie vtt qf iXe Stw-
denlt lit I'ulnrif (.'oUfoe. By W. Kavokr, C.'.E., I«ctiirerun Ciril
Kn^neerliiK ""d Ar<^iJl«:ttire at Putney CuUoge, ni^d on OikH
KnfiiiK^ptiiig to tbp H.K.E.C. Officers at the Roj-al Kngiiwoiay
EHlMblisdiment, Cliatbntu. London: Taylor, I8t&
This is nolliiiiii; but whHt it niirportfl lo be— the tyllabtuof Ite-
turca ; vet it amy be rery uaeiully rf-fi-rrfit t« by tlip |»roreaalnt»J
man. It sc-rins very ^aay to put down the tieitila of lectum ; Wl
Air. RuiifciT hn* «)iiiwti in the nnvmiicntcnt tbe re«niirci>«i of ■
logical mind, niid hia itittninic iiriiuaititance uitlt tJie itnbjvet
TllB CIVIL ENGIMEEn AVD ARCHITBrTS JOVftS.KU
^vblcb he tenche*. It in in thnac ()ui>)itio* llint (^>ii«ii>t)t ttit' ii»« for
Ibe pTvfcrtUmni mitn, olio ia able practicftllf lo «iip{>Iy ttic <!«-
tftilcd inr'imijilitjii, *iti] iimy i-^froeJi nin tnettU'ry by it^idinK, utuI^t
rch head, t)ie ^nuinonition of th« Vkrious rc^taurcp^ *[<]•) i<-iibl« lo
HYDROGEN GAS A9 A MOTIVE POWER.
AfUAne the pntpnts for ntw invvntions iit Ikiit roiintn' «nwjfi«l
iritbin tfio liiat tnutitli, ii; tint ((ibtuiued by llie iriduw of a r rmtcJi
eafpne«r, at the r(>f|ti«iit of h«r Ute husbaiid,) far emploj-inf; the
«xpio«ivc fi>ree»f hydrogen gas uamuCivtpuwvr. In ttii'imin^t--
^ in«Rlk Tur effiwliit); thi* nhjprt there U nothhiK dcnen iii|i urspedjtl
H Bottcp, tlip rxiiiorivo fiirte lieing msde to net ARKimt pistons wofk-
^rini; in two rjunders, wlieinn th« pxplnniotiii ni thp fut^ mixed Mitb
atmuvpbcric nir takr plncv nlteniuiely, either (iv the nKPnrjr «f
eleetricity <>t by the fUme of a ^iw-liifbt. Tu wLnt extent how-
ever inch un explonive lurce u-oiild bo iivnilftblr, 6iipp«i-^ii|r it could
b* mrilated to act with uiiirorDi pn-uure, i> « uiieitimi di-Mrviiitf
ounalSenitiun, x« the Attempt ha« l»eea preTiouiJy made, and may
be acsin aud afraio rcpeati-d.
Tnere t» a pet-uliarity in the Mwer gerit^raled by nil expkifionx,
which rendrr* it iilmuHl iinpowibleio employ it uM-rully in working
machinery: iuaiiinucJi nathcgrealeat part of tbr force exerted de-
pend* on the lnitantanp<ni)i or pemitMive action, which cn.iblrs it
In averrome reniiitaiirea that would not yiehl lu the name amuiirit
of force MeiMlily iipiOied. In the exploftinn of hydrogen ipu thero
ia the further pecutiiirity, thnt thu rvsuiting product occupies tm
murJi leMs spnoe than ike orijciual gtmea aa tu rcntult in a pnrtial
vncHiim; and we bate heard a popular lecturer when nuiicina
tills retiiitt oAMTt, thnt in mich explostons the force is directed
altogether iiiinirrf*. and Uial tht-nj in no external forfi- whutcver:
this aaitertluii, too, km inaile io defiance of the rommun experi-
ment of the electrical piatol, with which be must have been faini-
Ilir, The external force is imleed only mumenlarr, and dcprmls
upon the iilMtuutaneous expaiiKion uf the pueu hy the heat mused
by tlielr ijfnition ; conseiutfntly, the dilBciiltv of rcKuUtitiK "nrh a
power it iirrail)' incroiiscd ; hut thnt there u powi-r exerted there
can b« tu) doubt, though the amount of it <re hrlicvu to be too
amall to be ever prnclimlly available.
With a view to nAi-erlain tlie amount of force (jeneruted by the
eiploduf] uf hydrutfen i^ai we nonic ye»n since made KCveial cxpo-
rioKnta, wbica, if not xtriuly accurate, were milEcieiitly en lo
enable ua to coiicludv that llie force generated is much too »itiatJ
to tw of uae, and amounts only to the expanaion of the gases em-
ployed Into fthoiit eight time* their nri^-iiial volume ^ or to the
exerlton of n tnomenlary preaaiire of eiKlit atmospbcre*. The ex-
periments were arran);ed in two dilTvient wnyA, but the renultM
nearly coincided. The HtM, method adopted w■■^ to a^ccrlniii the
qu»ntlty of water divplaccd by the e.iiiloMvn of a fs'i-'tn volume of
hydrogen Kiix mixed with atmueplieric air. A i>qiiHre tin vcwwl,
open at ibe Wttom, wm made ; to the top uf wbicn there *aa jwl-
dered ft snalli-r tin lesael tbut held oue cubic inch. Thie mialler
vend for boIdiuK tlie k^S "'^ open entirely at llie boltoni, «o na
,to form in fact only a projection from tbo top of the lartter one.
Insulated wirei ■'cre introduced into thv nnaU K<»>-boliler. for the
purpose of cnusiiiK exvluolon by means of »u elei:tnc »park. The
Teasel haviue be«n filW with nod invertod in water, a cubic inch
of an exploitive niixlare of liydroi^eii iioc and atmospheric air nas
pBSned up into the imull reservoir. A aumll Irmjah, into which the
tin reMelwHs iavertcd.wna then fill«rl exactly to the brim; and the
held tirnily on fiij|i{>i>rt>i, ubit^h rHt»c-d it iicverij inches
Bbo*e the bottom of the troui;h, The el^'tric <tpnrk wa* pMWcd
thnmjsh the g*", and the explosion forced over a ouhotity of water
into a receiver, lly meaxurliiff thl^ water thus diitplaccd, the tx-
ptiRcifln uf the f^« by heat during* the etplosiun uaa axcvrtuiood.
Tliia experimcnl wa* wveral time* r^pefited with nearly corre
apunding rcmilts : the nmount of water ai^plaecd being about eight
timea the volume of the mixed (fa*.
la the second msthod the experimenln wen* mitdo in the dry way.
L'tider the imprctuiiw that thGej:ph)«ivv force wax verygreNt, a g^in
barrel wu procured ; and a piston, ultitehi'd tu u «miill rod. was
looeely fittt^d into the hnrret. Tlie mixed ^a^es were introduced
from a bladder tliruugh a hole at the hreacb ; (he Hpaco aceiipied by
tJie ^uuei. beiiif meaiured by the height to whivh iho piiiton wiw
dntwD up. The oxplonion of UiO' |r»»4w whm etTectod by an elentrie
flptrk : and the itpace in tho Kun-lnirrcl thcoo^h which the piHton
rae forced wuv ancertaiued by a narrow rih)iun attached to the
wtonrod ; the ribbou beingdfitvnaut witli tberod during the ex-
r
»tin ret*t.
tin VM
ploDton, and left loose afterward*. The loc«e part of the ribbon
indicatMl the extent tu which the plHon had been forced from tta
fimt ponition. and by men«urtng and roinparing it uith the epace
occupied by the gaa, the cxpanaive force of the explosion wsh de-
termined, and it nearly ngreed with the retultK vf^the firHt set of
vxperiniont^. In th«:' course of thpue exiierimenti the operator had,
nnexpeetedlv, personal experience of tlio fon-e exerted by tbo
explosion. Yhe bladder containing the mixed gtiaoa, whiUl held
under bin arm, wna inadvertently brought near the Hame uf e
candle, and the contents cxplodt-d with a loud report uid ooocue-
sion, that blew out the eaniUea and left htm in the dark, Mmewhat
Klunni'd, indued, by the forcd, hut without InHieting any injury.
Th»uf;h these mode* of experimenting were eertaiuly not calcu-
lated lo alTurd very accurate re>ultB, yet they proved taat the ex-
pnnxive force of hydrogen gnsiaver)' much leas than we had antici-
pated, and that conNC(|uently itwaaneeleas lo pursue our atteopta
torender it available as a motive power. It i* very prohiihle that,liy
uxiiift other iiniportionN of hydrogen gas and atntotpherie air than
we entploved, graaler f«r<» may be uhtained; but it cannot, we feel
convinced, be under any circunutance* at all ntroparabli; to th^
exjilitiive force of gunpowder. The terrific effect* »o frei|oently
produced In roul mmeM by ezploeions uf cjiiburettcd hydrogen
(;as, may prohiibly lead to the auppoaition that tlio explosive force
i* immcuM-; but if the Inrge rolumea of k» exploded in uniducing
xuch dlaastroiiii result* be taken into considerntioii, it will he fouud
that the power exerted la iDsignificaal, compared with the explo-
sive force uf oth<.-r agcats.
NEW ELECTRIC LIGHT.
An experiment me made on the Great M'cHtem Hailway, on tho
IHlb uh.,tote>^t the power of a new species of light produced by
electricity, pHrticularly with a view to itF beinjr uu-il bv railway
trains. The ll^ht is produced by an Kpimratiin invented ty .M. Lo
Molt, a French genilenian, who has been for M'vcral yoarv cm-
ployed in electrind cx|K)rinienlH in Huana, and whose discoveries
In that department are well known to the ncientific world. At balf-
pBHt six o'clock a truck, coolaUitii^a sijuare wooden box, about the
• lite, thinujh nut the shape, of a xentr^'-box and having a ga]vafti<;
battery of some 60 or TO small Jurt ditpoM.->l around it, u as attsi^h^xl
lo Ihu laiit carriape of the liaiii then about to proceed from I'ad-
dington. The licht was produced in«de the box, and the rnys
coadenHied and heightened by a powerful reflector, wer« emit ted by
an aperture contrived for the purpose. The light was produced
before the train left I'addington, when a duzsling hlaee biled the
whole of the miciouii station, catting the numerous vav )am|>«
there completely into the ahiule. As the train proceeded on it«
way, tlie rcdcction lefl a long track of clear bright light for the
dintanceof a mile and mure behind it, in such a manner at! to ren-
der it utterly impossible that any train comtnt; up behind should
run into it, exw-jit aa the effect of deliberate intention. The re-
flection, aa iieeii fnim the carrinxr, waa very biiauliful, the ppi»-
nialic colours hcin^ ditUnclIy and vividly delineated along tho
outer cdsr of the circle of radiatlun; and aa theau fell uui^n tlio
ilenxe coliima of Hnioke aaicnditig from the engine, the elfect waa
■injruliii and strikluff. The nif^ht aits dark, but clear, and so far
faiourublc to the cxpenmcnt; and object*, auch m a bridge, were
rendered distinctly viaible at the distaneo of about two tuile*. The
experiment was made aa far an Sluuffh, <i» arriving at which litatioit
the truck was detached from the imii. and continued there for
about half-an-huur, till the op-train arrived, with which itrcturntMl
to town. While at Sluui^h, the light wa^s turned in the dirrclioit
of Windsor Castle, as it waa tlie expectation of M. Lc Mott,
who accompanied the experiment, that it would he seen firom
thence. Hhile there n gentleman stationed himself ill the dis-
tance of £00 yards or so from the apparntux, and read a ncirspaper
by tho light pn."luc*d, which ho found he could do with perfect
ra«e. The appumtua then returned to town in the »ame manner,
the light being cootiuuoufrly internee during the whole of the jour-
ney and return ; and wu were informed by ihc ingenious inventor
that there could b« no difficulty in kccpiiiK it iiii for the wliolc
night. The experiment aiTurded great Mtiifoction to all who wit-
ne«eed it, tho only drawback being, that the apparatus, hevin«
been in the fin^t instance adapted for slationory exiteriments, Hif-
fervd considerably from tlie jolt lug iii*cpnrnble fiom raUway mo*
tiou — a defect which the inventor coumdered might be witb CMS
ovcrcotno in any future experiment.
riL ENOINBBR AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL.
LDkcm
FROOCGOIMOS OT SCIEHTIFIO SOOIETIEB.
ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH AHCHITFXTS.
Nbw. 20.— E«Il Dt G>tT, Preddrnt, in tbe Chair.
Tliii wa« ih<! npanlns nteetinf. Thn f rhimivt, in prpttotinc lb*
Roml Mnltl which h«J bMD awartlvil lo Mr. (.'uriicrrll by iht Imlllulc,
in t'cbrUNr] lut, — but which, iii ctinseilitencB tit ihr riinr rtijuiml <o prr-
pa'r Ihc liitr, nmiiv rtpfOMlji fuT ibit pgqiLnf , lm<l n<>( hti-n proraicd >1
■ he f IcMiFifi ni'plinK of tbo Iiitl **««loii — nantplimr'atrd Ihnt f^nlletnan on
hi! hving the llritt ifidi<iifaAlMlMl«dbf bt« prorriAUiniil bnthrpn tu rfc*i\t
lh« buiuur which tliti SoTrrvlgD had placed at tliv iliip>i>al uf the Id-
Hlriile.
Prof. DuKALMoN thno Rsn ■ dPKrtpttoa of the C*lhc^nl Church of
St. [mm, Pcici>t>urKb.
SOCIETY OF ARTS. LONDON.
-Vno. t2. — J. U'4LKiK, E»<i , C.E., is lb* Cbair.
A l«41«r froiD the Kuyal Sooiet; uf EdinbiirRh nai rpail. tt wai acconi'
kifunM b]t a mmlal brnriiig the rflig)' (if Niiiriet of Mcrchutua, anil ma.t
|oi«r«d ■• ■ nnrk of respcci fix the Sixictv or ArU.
Tb« SinRCTARY r««tl ao addrcM from (b* Coundl, whioh eonduded ai
fbUawa: — " [f U prop**, h«ir»T»r, that lh» Coiia<il ■b«uld dir»el *|iiietal
UlMtioD lo a iww f«aioK tn the ^iblbiliMisof (he prcant itaiiaii. Iibai
bMB fomplalnril. (hat fur a citupte uf yvars Iba ^ocMy haa dlractfd »tu»-
tlM tooexcluMiiHy to Dm Finn Aria, lo<he n«jcl*cl of tbs HtwhanioB] Art*
Md Manufacture). Tliii may. pertiapi. h* in pan inio. But in rcfomiins
th* oiirmliuna til lb« Sumi-t), it niu n'ceBWiry to ilo onv tbDiK ftt a lime
Tbe Coiilicil bai« |H»tpun«d lb(i luvclunicv — nui ImI *>i|bl "f ihfrn ; ftod
batr Kinilxl (heinwiriii of tbe pad latallon lo prrparn ihn iHrgr rnnni dd
tba erouod liwtr for lb» rrc«pl4»n at Chrlatwu nF an •\hibiiioii of Ilie
RWtcU of larcc iOTtrMluatuf recent date anil i>f anwr lianical naiurr. Thli
Ibtt hope will alfunllhe pubha Itir c ran deal inn of bating Iniil i^'alenja-
Ittcaltj bcfora th«iu all Ut»l i* mimI Lutponant in tine rec«nb of notlrrn in-
■ vnlion."
" On K piim /or rotitritcliiir a >lalltttliU /r»» LtMr Bridge." Bf
Mr. T. M. CiLADiruxi.— Tbe advauiaxca nhicb the amlxjr coiiaidera ii m
tn avcrullicr pLaaatan Uial of coablinK hrulfca of 107 apwa (u b*
PRitt withool a c«DlBriaB, wbercbj ti taving iicfTNtrd ; aUo vnabtiux a
(rroadna; lo b«obtaia*d while a highpr waurwaf It lotutvd thAn
IB be got by a<ij [tiau Id which the arob spriti^init from th* pipr l» nwilo
■• of. The pniipr cuaduiled with a diftalltd account nt (ho ompsratlve
[coat «r cooBlruciriic hrtil^t ua ihe varioui pdins hlihcrta uicd, and also of
[ifaa w«i([hta of mnuU ecupluyed.
INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.
At tb< lait •juirlcrly ueding of tha tnambafi of ihU inalilitUon, buld at
Birminghan, (bu lacanl d«alh of C«orga St^phBoaon, th« liBantcd Pieii.
d«nl of ih< Sndeiv, and tlie Intiinalion iTiai a paper rclaiini to hii «b*raet*r
and life would he read at itilt lutetiug, inteiled ihe {iruceedijigt viih an uo>
uiual degree of intereit.
After the miiiiilrt hid hon roi'l and conAinied. Ur. M'CoXKII.i., who
occu|ilri1 the clulr.aaui that In contrquciiiri: of tiM abteace, from il1nu>, of
Ur. Scott RuMtll. tljB duiT devdUoil upon him (the chairman) at readin;
tbe paper on Ihv «Iia'-t<('?r uf their iate woitliir and niu«h-Unieiitcd I'rcii-
dent. They had m4t for the tint tim* iincaihe death of Ihe great maa who
hadlat«l)i preiidedarer Ihem — ait ctent wnieh Iha lociet^ grtatlj >lcplO'riii<,
•nd tb«ir grinf waa abamd bv all who cnuld aiiprrdaln honpslf and Rvnlui.
[la till death Iha world hail loU one of ili liii||hte«t oinampiits. He liad
^ibcn by Iho force of hi* owu talenti from a humhle rauk in life. He urai a
Ijnd frieott, and not let) dijiiaguiahed a) a man ibtn a« a gmt oiMlianinal
'gtaim. At luog ai nilnaya eiUtcd, the name of StepbraMB wonld liie
with itiem.
Tilt Chairman thitn peocMdad to read Mr. RuMtll't mvmoir, tUo lingth
of wbieh prrcFiiilei Ihe pixtiliililj- uf in*ec(>un hrtt.
AI Ihe ennrfluiion of Ihe piper. Mr. GaAca th»ii aald tie rou nnder feel.
hipof no erdiitiiy kind tu prupoie tbailbeaodelj'iltuuld.ai iliia theearltvit
poinbla ntament. place on Iheir minuiea an ripreiiiun of their deep legrtt
at tilt tonof thrir much ritcemcd fncnd and Prriident. M>, George Slc-
pbtnaoit. Raalty when thcjr renicmbercil hit lait appraraiicc aroongtt them
at ibalx laal meeting, iii high ipititi, icoud health, and iudumltabl* ttreoglh
. and adivit}' of mind, it wag not euj tu rtatiae the full eiteril vf Ibe caU-
I mitjr ibat had b^ffalleti them, noi to ipeak of the hereavemt^at whhnat feel.
iJBga of atrong t/notion. lie TMr. (leach) had not kno«n their lata I'teti.
*<d*Bt M long u many prrsnni ; hiil Die peruMnriiy of Mr. Slepbenmii'i clia-
' tactar Wat, thai une did uoi require (liat itnte ilinntd nlipte bnfiMe be waa
known ami loved. It «»■ ioipuwible for an; one jouitger llian hini lo r'gard
bini wilhanr other feelinga than ihote of deep alTeclluu. There waa lome.
Ihiag in hii tuatiacrt In Iho Terr .tone of hit Toice, which eodeaccU him to
all. He wn vftm, honest, tuAnlj, and ilraigblforwird in all hia iteBlapj
i-tnwKmca roo^, h«l that peculiariljr never could bide lb* inhaerat bad.
it«n of Vii* ditpoaiilon, Peeoliariiiei he had, nndnubcrdly, bui In hli Im|
battle wiih lh« world hf had an often found himaelf right, lliat he oia, m
it were, pritileged to ipeak authontatiTnlf ; anil, marenver, wlial in olbtf
men would haie been uupirildiialile. If. In hltn. noilr«d al all, oaly nuda
hint tbt belter tiked. Tliere *u anuilicr pecullinlj Ihatwai rcmarkabln
he waa BCier aabaineil — najr, he wai proud iii hit e«rlf life. 11* oe*« al-
Umpled l« gloce OTcr hia itraigUa irilh an oofaeourahl* pMtioa ; and
whUe ke waa the iHodate of pe«ra of tliere«tni, be looked tt*<k 0« hit
early aaaoeialioM «ilfa plratore and pride. And tbii waa alnXMt Ibe ooly
pride he had, for hit grealeol dellcht wit In mirrtmy wittf the aon of ••■•
early friend who had laboartd aloageide of him, and tladly MikMmrMtni
Ibe cltin nieh a man had npo* hia kindly aid. Ho (Mr. GeMch) tmU sot
refrain frtwi fitlnB ihcae feeliafa eipreuion : aod, in cttncinileB, be wonM
propote Itie roUowtoi; nMrludoa t—" Thai tbe member* uf Ihit iMliiailan
deiire to expma Iheir deep ragrct ai the dcceaae of th«r Ut« PrtiUart,
Gcoegt Stepheaaoii) whoae early lapporl of tbtt ioiUtution ha* greatly u*>
Irlbnud to bring it to il« present itale el tiieecta."
Ui. PoTucaOiLt, bncQy Mcgudol the loolion, which wia carried maal-
me Italy,
Mr. M'CaHMaLi. reautlted, iba> innDodlnidy aAei the death of Mr. 34n-
pbcDwiD, the Council of the iniiiiutiou luat at UaacbnUri and inm »t
and forwarded a letter of tondolenea to liii widow foe the geeal loaa lb*
bad eap*ri*ne«d. They at Ihe tane lime Ihougbl that Ihe bMt tnbnU Ibtf
could pa; to hi* ncinory, and the beet aerviee they eoald re«dat tbe aodatj.
woLld be the leleelion of Mr. Kobert Slepbenton M • incMaaoe Mbti
folhcr. Accordingly. Mr. PotbertLll and Mr. Buekle bad pot tbctuehei
into communicalloQ willi that gcntleniaD, and ihe rovli waa, itiai be bai
ooatentcd to accept tbe olHca u( rroHdonl. The auncuoceBeai waa t^
ceiifd with load appliUM.
Mr. roTHiioii-L detailed tlie atepa they had Itheo te briag afaoal lUade*
tlratilcconauuiniation.
Mr. M'CoKMSLL then formally prnpnied Ihe election of Mr. Robert Stc-
phenton. A Ueilor cboica coold not tigvr hei^n made, and the actiie coBaae-
linn of that gentleman with Ibcir aociely woald giic ihcir prooecdtiiga aill-
Iionat Imire.
Thr inntinii wu lecotided by Mr. FoTHcaotLC. anri pasted by aoeUMalleM.
" 04 lAe AAaftaiion uf Ihr Camirian Enyiiu r» ^^oiofive Pwy«itr."—
A paper on Ihit tutijecl, ai-cgmpaoicd by drnniuga, coDlribalrd by XIr. John
Jonea. of Briitol. wit ihen read by Ih.: SfCftUry. Tb* adeaolaiee dahMl
(or Bu engine conatincted on Ihii prioi^iple are Ihe ohtainlng a long llicti
in the i?r«nk, without the diaadiir'taget of a long.itroked C}liMler, whan
hi;h reiodliei are required, the arfang[<iii<>nt nf the leren wtilcb batance tha
engine. Ih? entire iliiappegruiice uf any oaclllillng mnlian of tbe eMgiac,
and doing away with all centre preiture.— A aoiuewliat leaglby and iot^
reaiing diicuailon followed ilic reading of this paper, in wbkb tha Cbilr-
raan, Mr. Cowper, Mr, Slate, Mr. Peacock, Mr. Crampton, Mr. HumpbriM,
Mr. Beyer, and olhen, luoh pad. Coniidcrahle difference of ofiinon
eiia'ed aa lo the viijlue of the engine d««uril)«il. Ihe weigbt of tha a(gi>>
aiecii, ivIiK'b oi^ h've not tpace lo loUow, wai e|;ainat (he preauntptioa lb«
Ihe adaputioa wDulil be ad*aniageout ; but ai tlie aug^tloa of tha cftaii-
man it waa proposed to reactre ant deciaion on itt luerita until there via
more information before tbe meeting.^l'hii aujgeiiion «a* adopted, awl
tbe diacuiaion terininated.
"On a £aUtiftif lJmilar."-~Ut. FoTiiaaoiLi. read I peptr eealribalaJfar
Mr. W. L Kinmund, of Olatgow, on an eierator erected for iho Claaguw aad
Ayr Railway Company. Several nentlirr* ilatcd that they bad teen tbe na*
ehlns ai work, and it waa an admirable picre of meduniiai. 1( bad boa
ereoled in 1040, and had ncrer rcquued repair, except in one iruianoe laai*
few yeua ago.
•■ BraclMdan'B Patt^f fwfio IMirr /niitfe."— Mr. Cow^aa brought tbk
lubjcd before the meeting; in a brief eiplanation of Ihc applieaiioa of ml'
oaniied India rubber to p'pnjainti.acd Ibeirecoaoniy compared with theee
of lead, tbe coal being ibotii half. — Mr. ruTHtauit.L apprehciMled thu UN
praclinl olijeclion tu the adnpiioit of ihcjiiinli would IM Ihe diiBcutly «f
repairing litem.— Mr. Riciiahu*. of Woice*t«r, (aid be bad had mora than
twelve monlhi' cipciiencn of Itie jutnu, and be could tpeak in conBdeot
Icroii of the Bre4l value of the inventioo. Tlicy had witbalood the inflo.
cncca of amtnorU and other gaaet, and did not aecn to he at all atfceied by
tbediango* of tempera i<irn. Ha eimiidrred that tha lepatn oonM ba d«aa
»i*n more eaViIy with JojuH lorh ai (lioie thiin wilh lead, for the«« waa aa
Die for thn ibouldcra wild which the "piROl in Ihe drawing befure Ihein su
encumbered. He iiilcnilcd to aglopt Ihc jninia citrTiaitdy. — Mr. Foriiaa-
niLL ktid that Mr. Ricliordi't ctplanailon had rrmoved tbe objection atattd.
— Aftcra few other co'n mend alory remarka, in "■hub (be value of tbraAT-
llon of India rutihc waa unanimooily aoknowleilged, th« Cu«iiuf ax re-
marked that Ibey scoineil In be ejirted ai to Ihe uielulMta of Ibrte joentt.
Iheir durabiliiy being ibc only point on which the MCtMy eould not gire aa ,
rpiniun. |
I9I8.J
Tint tlVlL EWCIVEEIl AN» ABCHITECra JOURNAL.
MI
NOTES OF rnE MONTH.
P aittmg e r Loetrmoliv*t. — Seicnl Iripi owa (Mile on WedoMdty,
nit., 011 lh« WMt London Railwajr, with • tiitlo pHifnger-Mrrit^
engine, the FuMIM, uhlrh hat lw«n cnnftract«d for one of the braachn of
tbe llriilo] ftnit Hietcr line. Tlic engine, " Uiiiler." aiid ctnia^t. which
have Wen couitiuctttl by Mr. Ailaaii. uf I'airGdd Vlatkt, Bow, >rt con-
nccUd tvgecber upua qdc inaie, and neigh, viih coke ■nd mUri, ibout 10
t«itt. Tba oljeot nought is laecaiioniiti: tlin woiklng ci|i«ntM of bran cb
lines, mil lo inlrodnee Ifght rail) init tight en^oci Into vtriQua dittricU of
tbe eounliy, th« pnuingcr and goodi likf^fi at nhidi are not «slc<ila.ted (o
f^y ■ ditidend upon th« ordintry aoiUy for lijing Aa%ti lli« prMcnl chk-
raetcr of ptrmaoenc wif, and lupplylng l!i« preieat loconiotiTa and earruga
kinck. The engine iii<] ctititga run ttfion lU whceti. Tbe ettglno ha« Int
two ohfc!)— rU. 1 ibf diiting-nbceJi. nhicli ue la (rant. Sbc it futmed
to IIjo cariicge \>y langiludinal lide-pUCn, which are wrcwcd together, and
kito by bolti BQd Krcwi tbr«vgb a iraniTcrtc fraoie. to iliu >bou in wurk-
Ing crder the wtiata may be uid lo run upon oim firutia. Tba ungiue bu
an u[irighi boilrr iiinilar to th« litlta 2'i ewt. «jprMi engise bclongipg to
Mr. Simtitl, the roeldent englBMrof tlie Eaitern Cntmtiei R^lway. The
txiilei hu ISO (ubei of 14 iiidi dia to eter outside, i»d 1 fctt long. Tba fire-
hot b 2 feci b iucbci. by Z (eel. Th« Uiamcler of Ibe driiiug >b««]i, whirh
bavealiuul 3 lunt upon Ihem, U 4 feel 6 incltai tba cylindir 8 Inchaa, and
tbe Birtko 12 ioclici. Tlie engine it ta bo WMked at about ItMlbt, pre«>
>ure. and ibc contuniptlon of cokoit calculalcd at lOlbt. per mile, [n front
of Ilia driving ^l'hl^«b if the lank, wliidi linldi 220 yatl^na of water. Tbo
coke it eirriod in an lion box atu^-lird to the carriage. Th« carriage ii a
rompotita one, and will aiTdrd aitiiiig-room for 16 firat,eliaa and 'XZ aeeond.
rlaai patteugeri ; but by a itiglit altcraliun the lame eomjiarlmenit mlgbt be
nade to accomiDodaie to penoni. Tbe cyllnden of Iho engine commnnl-
cate with Itieatle thrniijli an mictnitdiale crank abaft. TliU li connected
with th(! atlc by aldc-roda. Tbe rraiting and ccnCro-whceli run looie on
their Dile*; llic tilei alto ruo loaio in tbclr journalt. Tba tripa irera ruo
uiiJrr Ktcat diiailvaiLtuKt*. Heiiif a now engine, li<« boiloi ia ncscMarity
4iriT, and tk« tani ttilT. It wat not till three or tour JoaiDeya had beea
maile that tbe primiDg could be kept domi lutttelentty la get anything like
an efTeciivB working |ire»ure in the cylioiten. But, with theie dinadvan-
tagei. tbe tittle rniinR and carriagn maintained a ajiprd of 'H milrt an licur
Up I in 100, and 4 1 mile* prr hour dowo tbe lame Incline. About 30 per*
(•na vcre In the carriage and upoa the engine daring tbeae cripi. Anuiber
ol IhcM carriage enginet ia ia ibe courte uf vuualructiun fur the Eoaicra
Countiet li'>ei. The boiler ia to be the comiuun buriioiiul one. In a few
dayt the t'ahfiM will, do dotitl, be in pretty good worliing order. We ihall
tben make a (<w more tripa upon ber, and be able to oOer an opinioik upon
ber apeed and power.— /*eMW.
Lainlaa and StrlA-Wrfttrn Railiray — Dttcriaratiqn of Ptrmatcnt lf'«ir.
— It 11 ilaied aconiinittcc bat Iktu sppoiuled by the dirvclori ot <he Lou-
don and Norllii-U'iMlfrn Kailway Company, eouaiatlng uf Mr. Doekray,
the retidcDt eagiiicer : Mr. M'Cotincll, tbe loconnollte tuperioleodeiil ;
Hr. Madigao, the bnllaat-carryini; coDtraciof fur Ibe auuthetti diiiilou of
Ihe line; aad Mr.Craaipluu, C.E.; fur the purputcuf dit[:u>aiui; by what
OMftlia llieciuinv«r«livadeteTiuTiitlLiuof Ibe permuueul nuy, caused by haary
cngioea of dillcreat cluAca, may l>r aaccrtaiaod,
CfTbiin Ptrmtitm uf ExploxioH* in XIntm Enginu.^iX ia iropoMible
(iortli«for[«nf cliuttciileam In prmluce the brrakiag vfeoglnet and rendiog
of boiler* that bo frcc)aenlly occur, they urn the irork of the ex pint ite
peinriplc, nben diorntaced fmm it.i cuiutiinalioii with iieam. Similar in
ila rOccIa lo ligiiloiiig, il ia idruticiil nnh d-clridly in its Jialinelive pro-
pertiea ', ita relooiliei are in edVcl unllmiied ; it is devoid of uelght, nud
net (ubjeol tu Ibe laws orgruriiuiiuii, whinb are iubereni in all uiatier tbal
baa weight, and it ia heni^e eviilenl tbal il ina) be cuntejed away by ■!•
milar CDudDCluia. Il it ubmlutety ct-rlaiu Uial the riploAite principle ia
diaeiiRagci) froiu niroiu at it is lei lutv tlii' cavity of iLd tiuixle, ut valio
fhamber, 00 Ibe oprciog of the ateam valfH ; Ibnr pr*»aur» thnl k.pl tlir<ai
Mimblned it Ihea lu grt'al part taken o(T, unlil the cavity it lillt^d with
SletaiB, 1'bera b nu pru|ier etcape of (b» eiploslv* elDmenl from Ibe
Dozile, wbtoh Li liualed, and ia alliicl iatulated, and tbe nccuniiilailon Is
highly duugcrous ; bnl il nay tn wicly carried offhy proper conduct ote —
lhi»a niuai coiit-eiiicDt aroaniall copper tubta. One end ufa tube of proper
ICDglli t* lo be terniinalvd in liio Lcttiuanoer for tbe dilTutiua of (he electric
fluid — the olhar e«d lo eator ibn cavit; of Uienoi^Ie, und have oter ila
orillee a sllgbl talve, kept by a apriu;; a litllu upeit, lu alluw Hit- eipSutivo
eleiueut to paaaoffby lbs tubular oonducior.ihe tuhe lu ciuoe by iheforco
of iieaiD, aa tbe caili; broomca filled therewith. The cuuduGlur« uf a con,
ilnating oDKioe thould be carrird high cuouKh above ilie vratvr la which
ibey icruiualo to prencrve tlic vaouum. The aecurily from explutiont and
hrrsfaing of cnftiDc* mutt be complete, lite coil uud trouble only nuniiual. —
J. Wilder : K. V. Tribune.
Titlifg i^ ASelalat U'aaitrteh Ihiirkjf aril. —The trial of ihfi large gDne
•upplifd 10 the Board ol OrdnauM>, » hich hat biien cnninil on durini; Ibo
laal Ignonlba, liir the pur pine uf aBceriaiiiiiiK 'be best daAripIionofgnn,
and tha beil mclal tupplieJ by cunlrucloiM. hjiajuiit beeu cuncludrd, anil
Culnnci nuadB»,C.Il., and Mr. Monk, deMtre great credit for ibc excel-
lence of their niodrln. Tbe former 3V pouodef gun, of ftO twt., it now
reduced on CdIodcI Uundua'a principle of eonMroction to 3i ewt., elfeei-
k
lag a ta*lag of 1} Ion 011 cacti gun of (ka( calibre— lite avwrage price of
Iho metal being from 101. lo 191. per Ion. Tli«« ii alio u aaTing of ff lb.
of powder on e^icb chiir^o. Ihc funtar ehargM beiog 10 lb., and the new
patlem being fUoail e(|itally eScleol wilb a «harg« «f lib. The gont
catl at the Low Moor PouuJry, ia Yorkshire, have been found lu aiaad
the hcaTlesI cbargea wbon And, and nill cootaquetitly reorire the largeat
onlera. The etpon** of thu inala baa been oooaidot^le ; bat tiie aavinc
uhieb wilt ulttniatKly be cifeeicd, aod tbe kBnwUd](« (ImI ou da«ar ••
uuw lo In! appr<!hnnil*d from tho bunting of guna <rhe* plaud on Mifd
of iihipt, or nioant«^ fur aervtce in the garritona, nnti glee oonftdeoM in
wurhiuc ibem. A trial haa alto been luadeof a wrougbt-lrDii It-paiindet
gui>, dviinitted bj Mr. Morgan, of llri«loI. bul il had been found ioappU>
cabie 10 tho aervice, to eonaoqueoc* of Ihe great rvcotl brcakiag tlic «np
a<|oarf«, or ooeeriiiga, of the iraaaioH,
Mariiit Compou.— A now (oTeuliuo, by Coplnia Sir Sannel Brmra.
K.H., paleoiccof the cbua cables, has been exhibited In the furtaaiMilli
Uockyard. Ji ia a oowpata lo aglaat box, taatalaed by a tinall pillar
Willi teleacope alldea, by which it enn be eUiated or lowendtoenydettred
iMlgbt It ia deaigued to ubviala the local attraction of Ihe thipt. Thai
card ia iruspareat, and Ibo whoir apparatus will anpertede tlio u>a of Uut
bionacle. Tbera Is a mirror ailacbcd la It, on which tho belniamuD will bo
able lo ••• lb* rafcclkin of the ooapata card. A lamp will be plaoni
o*4r it at oighl. Tho whuJii •■ a ibuhI ingeoiout cumrirance, and, if aac-
etfsful, wUI olTact a great deaKteraium for Ibu aaattcal world.
Supply m' tt'attr from flic Ntu- Itid SanditKae.—Wo Irani, fWim Ihe
iVen-rAett^r Guvn/jiin, Ihal ibe mayor of thai lunn bdcI xiTirml of the cnun-
ell, on Ihe iQ*italion of tbe dircotort of ihr Mnockcalvr and :>nlford U'aler-
warka t'umpioy, proceeded lately to tl>n worka of Ihe eoiapany at
UurloD, to wilnett Ibe soeoeM viith which a shaft had been auok
iDioUio new (odaandMoBe. After inipiKiinji the re«ar\'olr. they vi^ied
ihi! chief ohjccl uf anmalion — the tidendid new and puvrerful Uunu*bMi<
gluet whidi haa juil boea put duwu by Uio company, and whicli wai actio
work to eitiibil Ua great capabilitieo in pwtapias up a *aat rolame oif llio
ww«r obtained by aloklng in ih« red sandtloao to a depth of TO larda.
Tba walor Is stored by means of galleriet from Iho main thnft. which aemo
a* internal and aublvrranean rMc^rfulrt. Tbe lulnmo of wuler thut rttlaad
by Ihu eugiao is etillmatml to b« equal to about V,OOO.tfOO of galloni per
day, a quantity cuntidcrablji exceeding llie uapcotatlonii of the cooipuny
thcBkMlvet.
A Ntv Xttiad 9jEttnn<i*g Pan Gold from Allait<t»i /ram Orrt,^^
The fallowioy uvlbod uf vbtaloiug pure metallic gold in Ihe form of •
ipbngy roJM, ban been pracliaed by sia lor aoveral yean, and no account
of ibeprocptt bn>,to my h nowladge, horMofon be«B poblithed. Ilia very
utrful lu ilirchrmitl and lo the manufaciurer, and It moraaeoaontcalUiaii
aa|i ulliet method that I am aci]iiaintM With. After Mparaling Um gold
from aiUcr, by meant of a miitiiro of nibiu and bydrocbloric acklai aa ia
utually dooe, tbe aolullon coniuiniug ^old anil copper is lo bo oramntod
lo small bulk, und the eaceii of oilrio aeid ia Uint dnTca off. A Ultla
oxalic add it added, and Ibea a suIuUmi ofcarbunaiaof polush, lulHeicnt
tu lake up Donrly nil Ibe gold id Ibe alata of auriCe 01 potash it gritdually
added. A large ■juaiilily of cbryatalliaed malic acid ia now added, so ua
to bo in grcal exoeae, auj tho wiiule la lu he ((uickly budrd. All Ihe gold
ia iiiiniipdialoly precipiiaivd lu Ihe form of • bcaulil'ul vellu-iv apoose, which
ia abcolulcly pure ntetullic gold. Alt the op per ia lsk<>ii op by the excces
of oialtc acid, and any be wailied ooi. Bull ihe aponjie jn pure water so
loDg as any trace of ucldiiy remalaB, and the k^IJ tt tlieo to be removed
from Ihecaptule, and dried ou Ultcfing-paper. It may be funned lulo rulls,
bars, or tbio abeett, by prcaaing It noderairly lo paper, 1 have matte se<
vcral usarulapplicallooa of ibe gold spuuRo thus prepared, and hail aloMk
plugged with it la Oelobtir, I MO, tu which purpom il ii well adaplad. By
moderale preasure lh« ipoagy geld becnniet a solid matt, and huralsfaw
quite brillrnntly. Tba jewHiar or Boldsmitb will lioil ipongy gold lo ba
quite GootuDirnt when he rrquirn II for a loldcr. cud 11 is a cunrrnlent
form of Ihe metnl for making no anialgnni for fine gilding. I have used It
for socBe years in soldering platina, uud prefer il lo the Cimgi of gold or
(oil for iliul piirpoic. Thii melbud of arrimritiu^ line guIJ Iroo) coarse ia
<ery tiinp9<.>, and cheaper than lite usual pruciiites, Il Is applicable lo the
tepuraliun of giild frum oras Ihal may he treated by acids, and is easily
preferable to Ibc Dielhod camamnly used by cbemisia and auaycrs, Wlirn
inuhing usiitc i>f gold for (lentiit's use, Ibe chemist will flntl thai oxalic
acid, added to this potatMC tolulion, will at ooce recover all Itio gold Ibat
It diunlird in uoritessof the alkaline aoLullun. Many other applioa-
lions of tliii very simple tntthod will occur lo chemists and ailJBalla.— C
T. JacKSON : Xiffiniaa*a JoitmnL
Exlnenlimary Blaeio/GntiiUe.—A block ef granitct conlaiiiiug upward*
of |;I,0UI> cubic foci of ttouc, and esceediog in wcigbl BiO lous was lately
diaiudged at Iba granite quarries of Metira. i;'re<iniaa nud Co., at Haen,
A bole II feet d*ep tiBVing boon bored, 1 ( pouud uf puwiler, with which il
was churKed. praducrd a allKbt crack ; inio this was Ihruuu uuolber cliari;*
of ii Ibt., which, nociplo^inu, ibren out this imuieose block actcral yards
from ila bed. Uonsidenng tho liirgeoeat of aoine of the stunut prodoced %l
these quarries, il iaustouiihing in how comparatively aliurl a tjuta Ibiy UM
prepared for «k port at ion. \ few days aince, aaother large rock was an-
seoled, oeuiucing wbeu wrought 130 feel, and In weight II Ions; Ihn
preparing and vioikiug uf which was iiarrormed by a ooupleof men in
a week.
s»
Sufely FrHtuit'Gaufftfir Cm- ITarAi,— Iq tlic minuftctnre of (i* there
■re muif citcuuiilucei *n4tt which tcodrnU ire terr Itktij (• MCur ; tot
intUnci!, if the pipn which c«iHi»ft Ibe gu happen lo become obtU ucud
bj dcpoaiU of crytl«li»t4 Mptbtlin*, or carbonktc, ot li<|M>-tul)tlulc »/ >io.
iB0«i4, tli<t« ar« itfcki iutgm of UfilMlftot. Aajr im|U«1 in ih* eomplk*
ctled •rtinf^rnrnii of the TtlnawiU form in oViUuetion, Mi lijpnveaUng
Iht Iwtf. Quw of Ibe gu generaUtl in the (Mortt Idio ttae cuuincieri, ui ex-
^ealoB to th« tnult. The nnlf muni at prcieai in general um to «1UI-
t«ail«n Ml Ibc alaic of ttic |M in Uie tnbca U Ibe ontiniUT preijure gauge,
which it, utiAti (iitiij clrcumiUnccSi inmfficient. M. Uagnicr cuminuni-
caied at Ihc Uil tilling of Hie P«rit AcaJcnty of ScivaMi. a plaa (or an
ipparaiu* for giiing linelr warning <il ai>)' olntructiDn |« ih« puMxe of lbs
gu, vtlkich i« ttniple and I dm pant I**. li< urm> it a ■* SaJTrty Pramr*-
Gauge," uhicli eoniiiti af a itutll Ik)Ii1» abaprd rturl, with two oriflCM, OM
ot wUete ii aliaclieil tu lUe gbu lube foriulDg tha orrtinii; prtHnie-gtai*.
T<itbeoth«( of ibue oiificc* it atiactieil a whnile, iii *ach lutuntr, ibat
whcncTcr itif otuiruciian or etcoi of picHuio uccura, a lui»j warning b
givca. Water U inlioiluecd into tbe pttnate gaus', wlikb oamFnaaiealea
with Ibo gti apptralui. ua nliicli liic prcstuie i* reproduced, and all Ibc va-
rialion* ol jirt(»uiF, lu Mi«itl iii()i<« of waur. cm be traced; but if
gCMlHlhan ordiiisr*, th4 otter tiLinliined in tha prciMire^nuge ii fureacl
intutliF hou\r. anil ilic gai, ii> «ioapiD| thmugh the otifloc. acli oq Itaa
wliiillr. prodocjnj a lotiiiil nrhick giTM notioa of danfcr, and which aauad
hccomti M much loDilcr ai the preutirt IncreaaeSi that |lfi*g avBdeat
llndr notictr to *Toiil dangM.
J SutH Sttam fift»i.—Pnetle«l jipfUcaticn ^ Watwe fa th» Sfh»-
roUat Siatf.'^li will be rcmenibercU bj uuc readers, that at Ibc luKting of
the Britiab Aaidciatiaa at Cambiiilge. a oamiiteritjle komiIou wa* produce>l
hj M< IIo«tiga)r, who brought befDre the iiic«tiiig a icriti of eipatiiBBitti o*
wbal be call) ike *pktni49i tt«U of water, and Ibe remaikiblc phpneraoaou
ef frreiing water in roi.iiol cridblc*, under the influAnM af thia |>«<uiiar
condilion. At a receet meeting of the Aeidenijr of SneoCM at J>aro, M.
Uautignr announced, lliat bf the perMveriiig tfT^rta of a T<iao| engiiieef,
M. Teiiuil do licMiregard. a tlnani -engine hail been ramtracied. which wo*
moved ivf ihe tapour uC wilee in iu tiibcn^ildl ilate- Thtt li a michlDe of
one-hoFK power, the boiler of which ii so tinall thai it can be easiljr cartied
In the pocket. It was alio itated, that two other machine) Keioin progreu,
one of Iwo, ami ilic other of four-bone |)Dwer; and tfaal a tliird, of four
liuRiIied hirw-poKcr, woi aboul tabe made in Bagland. J'Vum a cotouiw-
nicatioa ta La /"retie, we Irtara Ibat tlie boiler ti placed in a liaih of melted
lead, ind water projected in iioall ijuanttliet at t tirne upon tti heatMl lur-
(ace. The tpliciuiiJal itate it produceil, and ilt!ii>ugh iha leinperature of
Iha walet neier rim alture I9II degs.,tlie elailic force of Ihe vapour given
•nir ii found til be tc'y fir lupetiof lo that ol iieam in ita ordtnarj coadi*
liani; and if we iindcrttand the aoBcithat oWare dtacriptlon pvan, a por*
ticri of ibc wiier ii decoinpMcd, a* in Profcetor Grevc'i tieaatiful cxptri-
■Df-nl), and the additi'jnil force of Iha g»M* ii rendered available. We may
biieflj iltle, fur the benefit of Ihou who ma/ not be fauiilitr with Uau.
trgajr') etportmenti, that if wftter h prejeoleit upun a i»«ial-pliie heated to
dull redriett, it i« not vapoeiMiI at once, but it furma ilielf into a tpbcre,
and mlting with great rapidity over the heated turfaot. eva|)oraiei with
coenpaintiie ilawnoia, Thli ii the nphcrniiUI itale— u rrn>artah!e pbytical
roiiiliUati \s produced. In which ereo the ordinary pgwert trf chemical alS<
niii arc >uj|)cndrd, hot ibo vapour of wbkh a]>;>ca(> tu ubcy other Uwt
ibnn thoio of ilcani. We may Iherefnre hope Ihet we »te un tlie cto of a
great iaiproKCmciil in Ihe employmeut (kf heal ai a iridtive power. — [The
above fmrh mpmtiOTt li not new in KogUnd. i'lienli havB been taken out
ia tfala oeunUr h; Smith, Howard, and oihera.— £11. C. E. ft A. Joufoahj
X.ZST OF MEW PATENTS.
'4tAMTBI> ly CKQLX.VO rnOM OcrgHBK 26, TO ^l•VEMDlIK 23, 1848.
Six iSonlht Alleietd/or Bnnlnt*tU, mnlfM othertritt tjpmud.
Alfred VlMMut Kt-rWo, of At, Cbeaeery-Unr, fnfchanUai diaagtiUBiiD, fyt "eettala
bnprgvanUBM lii Ihe maDUlacinirr uC ••«l.~— Staled Rut, Z
Chirlaa VIIEUd, KeaBtflnicyrT. <tf KlajKhvaier, w4fvT]mivinan, *a4 TtiDniu Uellewdrw.
Bf OMIiam, fUi " <rtiit<i IniiMDTrniitiu lu Etic uiiiiufwlvir ef VvlvtU, r*ltBl4«na.ud
Other ilmlhv faliilu. -■—Nut. I.
Ctiartea Uivmn.ar Hardl nta.ilmi. Iiltarlsn. pmrtBor of oiailp, Tor "ccrialn In-
pi«mniB Id muilcsl <>i>iiu(iienu, aud 111 ■ppualu* M be uKil la rauerctljn villb niib
■lad inamuBcoia."— Not. z
BeliTrl nunDHia PallbuD, of Ute«|ow, priiitn, rar "an liDprcml {jrepiiBiiun <n mXi.
IM Air IWiif palfil, OT iilr"'"! eoloui*, on eottuu, lliirn, iruailui, aUk, aBd uliier nnn
liteka."— N«T. 3.
Ja»N Bari, ol Bemondiev-KiMn:, rnglnrer, l^r " tnyiovuneata In matfcfaar ^
BUnalatUilat txtcK, MuL and Um*, jiuta ar uklefa aicfaUcry ar* ipiillialili ta WimU.
hif Mhtr —Iwliaera."— No», V.
WilHam tVfllil. af llaMtiealtr. iKKhanlnl dfaaftilanan, Air "outata liapiwa^M
to Bactitnvni ff •I'laniai tvluw anitutticrabmniaalHUiiMi.*' — ttwt. 7
Hkhaid Brlftil, ot UrntOB.elfvtl, UldLll««, lamp raaauCKinm. /4r" lia|ii iietan
Inliapa, wklnt vdt^vvnlMvnntafur haldliiaullaiiilaiiiai iluUa."— Nu.2.
Oolitn WalUi Wlnftdd, ef IbBliiabain, aaDObf (urer, fur " ttt uIb laipnmamnr h
tba rdaititirllan anil imnalMlnrear netaUle bedauwl*. ■ouehev, and aafaa."— Kdt •
/•hu fttrila. III mclmd'a- mw ca, Rmbcflillh*. EuTr(]>. rafttrer, te " • iBsda ae oaan
Hi loDndlnK tn>r, lK,tD4ti MlltDg Id «n*al, plMUi, mBil<*rUia ■aalaflaU.'*— Mm 1.
Junr* Koberwvn. of I.lT*>)iiMt. eoaper. Ibr " a raoile up inadn of riwaemraj MHfa
mud vtlitl f—raat pfvdacla aililiit rrooi (ui-1 ailil ult.tr (uManiH.**— Nur. II.
aiibanl ArtklUId Siaonao, of nnl-itiMi, UtutaA, (vniteoaM, tar "ccMda to.
trtnin'oM Id lb* iiwa«raclun tt klacti^ and IIie aiaCUMrr or aopannaa atatl ttwtia,'
lev. a.
Wllllani Halloth TIUMta. ot Hvainatoo, Non^nplon, icnlllwuB, lUe " InpnnBeaU
laob«*lDla(,applTlnt,aad(DntreU1nirBMlHixi'n'. |,>rli nl whit* lianisreaxiU »■
atfilkabh Ulbt laUni anil lunluivr llijiilitt.'— }<eT. *.
f^acta Othban Hi>ll,liury, ol SI. John'* Wind, («adaB>^ Rw " IwpnmaaMi b
padnUand plf meDla."— Nov, X
Geotv* Aitbur lIldAr, uf lynrltb, n>|liiKt, for " ImMonoeaM anpBcablo u n
bBturta."— N««. 1
lter«rJac«bf,«(*plUlfltldihHldillatt,»nllniMn, (ur"crrtala Inprarr«enti la d*
ouBOCaMuie. Manplna, knd irral<ac c«i«allj, al wtrm tiUtiit ot all Kl.^a.''-])H.t.
Thunai Jr.tin KnaalTa,al llrriliain tTuoiv. Diar Idntialr'. ■vcillfiiiu.fae "Imfun.
mctifa la Ih* a|>pllcitluii, tamuvai, an J <4ni L^fvaa^uit af auvrt, t'Ct^ alf."— ..Vvr. X,
Ow im H«TT ltirtiholfa», oTIha Royal Pnlrta^hnle laMllullM. Laodaat, 4aa a ■ (
pldlaas|ib)F, prureeavinr iHCinl phlkMa|>l>r. *vt ■■ i— y— t -"—eirf 1-aimil^i.Tim'
auinlcaiiDi, or nnnilni inuUirrDn."— Nov. A.
/oavpta <;aopn-,«r Walir«cUi,l4Usr,rar '*tni|irvrtsicnt(lB tMMoiaaa lor ■aaHoe l»
p»Ml."— Kiit. 4. ~
tniaf1«l]N,af mreiiliietiau. mocblniM, for " tniprarmtnlt la lb* aiioiibiw* >l
nalala itMnltiHum nt ilnaa raaUsuIaiia, aad to tte omIuu op *4 ilieaa emiian mat
otbnarUckoforaait.-'-tfrt. .
tlaar; KrinpiBD, of P>ntoii,|II*, tlUilnrc, mllefkM, All " iMUcwaataMB la Nte-
ttiri an. I api'arnliia riir an racial ll^ht "— Kot. *,
llsaca fiKtU.ol the paXial trill ulDsr, Lminiin. (vMbmin, Tnt "cnulw lanioeMiMa
In nicbloaiT '>jr miklne nalli.'* (A MniTiiunit:>!laii.j— X«r. 7.
7ajnn Napirt, of CtwiUM*. eimaUn chm lit, Tuf " lri|irirTaninlola Ha iiiaiaiftiiiw
af (op^ranfl DiheraitUla,BiaJallt>r* ul iuf4ala.*'.-.>r4v, 9.
Blcharil Clad, uf KtiiBln4[Uiu. lunvr, rIviRliC. r,ar " InpiweniMei la Ibe aaaalndtoB
■df blaal acid vLhtr furaavra aud &r«-)fUcti.'*— .Nwv. >.
Jasiia ioderxui. of AbltfiUlsrd^tn, lihafuur, aUrch naniirarlurTr, fg« "aMVMhl
Impruied iBwU of atparatlOK Ule OlfanotquMUIeaal (Mlalife* auii uibe/ rrjat atari "
tfot. II.
AliiiiiiTrr I^ikea and Hi-nty nuliM.of RlnnlDghtm. for " (nyi onaeniala th* ou-
niif^iuja of inaULft au.I alluyi ul matAla, and id Uia l/^4aiecil «l mvtaltk mtUVM. uNb
tBJU.U4 tikL«iiannt."- Sat. U,
J»Tii> Rninar, of l>iniil,i>'||ti.*lr«i, MIdJInn, eaallcman, for ■•InprMnaeMa tobe
eicBpcs.aiid 10 apparaiui Id taillltaii pMtuiia •wpiu^ M itmnlns wiDilawa."— Mea. IL
Alrsari'lerDallsur, of fill] life, SiotUud.lEMhetnuiitfiant and naasfaeUirve, lBr*'l
piwrnnvnlalaaDtmluafvf FOillut iDNal wiatien aud atliit utiola, and Is tha
■tiuclkn of VuSin."— NifT. IC.
Stiituil aiUma. ef IVsat UttiiDHiih, Sufford, BrfBiilat, far '* Innnntisaak bi ■•I
(iUiil)i.(."— Nor. ID.
M'liiiuii Wiikliituo, vf Farrow, nni Oainbmd, Itarfaam, cobr mmianaew
" nitolB lirifniicnxiiu in ihe nuutfiicduu uf >olo eaao*. and la tba niaVhliiwi ae aaea-
lalualaiN .■ji..,..1p1 ih,ir»Hli. "—»«,. 10. ' -rr
TllilRtta II altera, of il,,t''i<'t-ttmt. r>l' "tclnlii I ntarDrrm«ili bi ■ppamm f-p niiitM
ai'rai.il «ai<r>. am! In aiijiKraiut fur ilii'ilur biHllM arul vllirr natrli iilUl naM
Kuld I alM lm[iii>»B>tnt> in bolilra antlnllur .eatcli. ami in apiiaialu* fur iiairUu uV
Uijuldai lu ■•Hiring caika or atofiiMn In liolUw oi DlUti' leuaU, aad la laoa •■dHM
pegi
mi.
ThonaaCaltvn.of thtcHiDf li«iidiin. erntlmigii, loi " ImnnnvnaBU ia Mnaa
hirite(nDiitil|i**nduUi(tnHrl*.".-N..>.IM. *'
Jnho Jiickat.iif Ihiunirind.ceUage. Falluui, etntltnan. for "InpRHwaMala la i
naeii iiid fira [ilacia."— N^r. IH.
Ale»aud»r aicllounat, of LiniBalKtil. UtnclvMler, cbemlo. ait-l n.aar KaWMhef
'*•""."«»"'. '"' " >at],rvvtmtuu III the manulhuurs uf talptiuilc «(M. alula
ntilt acld.clilailiie. Dudiiiliilmr."— Miiv.Il.
Jubii Oltr.r Verk, gf I^ live data UalMriiie, ■»-■■- —f-j- frr-l iiwiimn
Ibe manufaclun uf melallie tuDef."— Nor. :l. '
WUIlara Hoaa Cleinenl. nf PhllailrlpUU, lor "cerulii In laMtmnita la |ke ■•a.^hr.
tartar lUgai. |iai( or wLltli lmi>T,f**iDania ai« tt>^lii<ii>,t ium|rwailon aner^ri ^
ImiiivTcd apparataa (a/ jiiciiailiiE tbennc iraib to l>r uMd uffltl."— Xar. SI.
Saort Kenan, <•! Suipihaiifc, mat Blinihighua, (or " liaiitumiitDU Iw lra^>.
Nov. 3a<
Baeh ndl.of LondoD. (enUrnan, '•ir''e(rtiTii tm|irDr«n*aialii whUI naehlaaa.aaa
WMhloerT mconnecULia ■im in* LuoTanl power ptoductd b, gnmim matin."- HnTa
Tlhrbtlan ScjUele, of lIwHlmur. mrrhanlelan, fnt ■■ rxialfl I»i>-d(m.^ii )« "ifc,
mnMnictloa of OMVior Vilew. Hhul] In, pin>*n..,iia««ai(v anollakla fur laidiulii lAj
frlsUijd of axlta, JuniMli^ Ucailvst, ur oldtv iiiblrliig luifjm u nacbiiwix '" i«iial "
l"eier l.Icwrllla, nl llilitul. Iiraai an,] copper minqraelnrer. tat Jaha tltmmiwi. of lb
tniir |>ti>-e. bra-a-KiiiiiJar, lui " Ini|>iDTrnif»<a tu tlie inaaufatlwa or ewfta ««!■_ to
(Irawluf un llqulda."— .Nut, jj, "■"■ "w
tlvniT Arclter, of Greai Rj'Jtgr.aiiDi, U'ntTnlnaur, leiilliwaa (ui "lioiMiMioiaM
hi Iiidllunlnj(tJjedI»lalou of ihreUat pienra ul paii". pariBuieDi. or oUiaTLBUMa^
aUni~>."— ^clr, ;J1. —-^wmr
Prediitick BraEBHr!), of WUl-mill. Piirlir, engineer, nnd jtinu.l CoHrt tTnmiri^M d
(be AdelpU, iiaaUenaa, fee " llnpniTeinciiU la fetdlaf turaacxa aMk l^tl."— NovTl!^
K N I> OF V O L I' StK XI.
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